CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2009

IEA

STATISTICS

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION ÉMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES À LA COMBUSTION D’ÉNERGIE

2009 E D I T I O N

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International Energy Agency

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION In recognition of fundamental changes in the way governments approach energy-related environmental issues, the IEA has prepared this publication on CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. This annual publication was first published in 1997 and has become an essential tool for analysts and policy makers in many international fora such as the Conference of the Parties. The fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention (COP 15), in conjunction with the fifth meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 5), will be meeting in Copenhagen from 7 to 18 December 2009. The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO2 from 1971 to 2007 for more than 140 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

ÉMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES À LA COMBUSTION D’ÉNERGIE Prenant acte des changements fondamentaux qui ont affecté l’approche des gouvernements face aux problèmes d’environnement liés à l’énergie, l’AIE a préparé ce document présentant les émissions de CO2 liées à la combustion d’énergie fossile. Ce document, publié pour la première fois en 1997, est devenu un outil essentiel pour les analystes et décideurs politiques de nombreux forums tels que les Conférences des Parties. La quinzième Conférence des Parties à la Convention sur le Changement Climatique (COP 15), en conjonction avec la cinquième Rencontre des Parties au Protocole de Kyoto (CMP 5), se tiendra à Copenhague du 7 au 18 décembre 2009. Les données présentées dans ce document ont été structurées afin d’aider à mieux comprendre l’évolution des émissions de CO2 de plus de 140 pays et régions, par secteur d’activité et par combustible, pour la période de 1971 à 2007. Les émissions calculées se fondent sur les bases de données de l’AIE ainsi que sur les méthodes et les facteurs d’émission définies dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996.

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(61 2009 10 3 P1) e165 ISBN 978-92-64-06102-6

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION ÉMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES À LA COMBUSTION D’ÉNERGIE

2009 E D I T I O N

IEA member countries: Australia

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in November 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme.

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It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among twenty-eight of the thirty OECD member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are:

Denmark

n To maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions.

Finland

n To promote rational energy policies in a global context through co-operative relations with non-member countries, industry and international organisations.

France

n To operate a permanent information system on international oil markets. n To provide data on other aspects of international energy markets.

Germany

n To improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy use.

Greece

n To promote international collaboration on energy technology.

Hungary

n To assist in the integration of environmental and energy policies, including relating to climate change.

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Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA.

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of thirty democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies.

© OECD/IEA, 2009 International Energy Agency (IEA) 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp

Pays membres de l’AIE :

AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ÉNERGIE L’Agence Internationale de l’Énergie (AIE) est un organe autonome institué en novembre 1974 dans le cadre de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) afin de mettre en œuvre un programme international de l’énergie. Elle applique un programme général de coopération dans le domaine de l’énergie entre vingt-huit des trente pays membres de l’OCDE. Les objectifs fondamentaux de l’AIE sont les suivants :

Allemagne Australie Autriche Belgique Canada

n Tenir à jour et améliorer des systèmes permettant de faire face à des perturbations des approvisionnements pétroliers. Danemark n Œuvrer en faveur de politiques énergétiques rationnelles dans un contexte mondial grâce Espagne à des relations de coopération avec les pays non membres, l’industrie et les organisations internationales. États-Unis n Gérer un système d’information continue sur le marché international du pétrole. n Fournir des données sur différents aspects des marchés internationaux de l’énergie. Finlande n Améliorer la structure de l’offre et de la demande mondiales d’énergie en favorisant la mise en valeur de sources d’énergie de substitution et une utilisation plus France rationnelle de l’énergie. n Promouvoir la collaboration internationale dans le domaine de la Grèce technologie énergétique. Hongrie n Contribuer à l’intégration des politiques d’énergie et d’environnement, notamment en matière Irlande de changement climatique.

Italie Japon Luxembourg Norvège Nouvelle-Zélande Pays-Bas

ORGANISATION DE COOPÉRATION ET DE DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉCONOMIQUES

Pologne Portugal République de Corée République slovaque République tchèque Royaume-Uni Suède Suisse Turquie La Commission européenne participe également aux travaux de l’AIE.

L’OCDE est un forum unique en son genre où les gouvernements de trente démocraties œuvrent ensemble pour relever les défis économiques, sociaux et environnementaux que pose la mondialisation. L’OCDE est aussi à l’avantgarde des efforts entrepris pour comprendre les évolutions du monde actuel et les préoccupations qu’elles font naître. Elle aide les gouvernements à faire face à des situations nouvelles en examinant des thèmes tels que le gouvernement d’entreprise, l’économie de l’information et les défis posés par le vieillissement de la population. L’Organisation offre aux gouvernements un cadre leur permettant de comparer leurs expériences en matière de politiques, de chercher des réponses à des problèmes communs, d’identifier les bonnes pratiques et de travailler à la coordination des politiques nationales et internationales.

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iv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

FOREWORD Recent years have witnessed a fundamental change in the way governments approach energy-related environmental issues. Promoting sustainable development and combating climate change have become integral aspects of energy planning, analysis and policy making in many countries, including all IEA member states. In recognition of the importance attached to the environmental aspects of energy, the IEA Secretariat has prepared this edition of its published statistics on CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion. These data are also available on CD-ROM and on the Internet. The purpose of this volume is to put our best and most current information in the hands of those who need it, including in particular the participants in the UNFCCC process. The IEA Secretariat is a contributor to the official Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies for estimating greenhouse-gas emissions. The IEA’s basic energy balance data are the figures most often cited in the field. For these reasons, we felt it appropriate to publish this information in a comprehensive form. It is our hope that this book will assist the reader in better understanding the evolution of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion from 1971 to 2007 for more than 140 countries and regions, by sector and by fuel. This publication incorporates comments and suggestions received since the first edition in November 1997. Most of the data presented in this publication are only for energy-related CO2. Thus they may differ from countries' official submissions of emissions inventories to the UNFCCC Secretariat. In addition, summary data for CO2 from non-energy-related sources and gas flaring, and emissions of CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC and SF6 are shown in Part III in cooperation with the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) and the Joint Research Centre (JRC). The publication also includes information on “Key Sources” from fuel combustion, as developed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. This report is published under my responsibility as Executive Director of the IEA and does not necessarily reflect the views of IEA member countries. Nobuo Tanaka Executive Director

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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AVANT-PROPOS Ces dernières années, l’attitude des gouvernements à l’égard des problèmes d’environnement liés à l’énergie a radicalement changé. L’action en faveur du développement durable et la lutte contre le changement climatique sont désormais des aspects intégrés à la planification, l’analyse et la prise de décisions dans le domaine de l’énergie dans nombre de pays, et notamment dans tous les pays membres de l’AIE. Reconnaissant l’importance attachée aux aspects environnementaux de l’énergie, le secrétariat de l’AIE a préparé cette édition de ses statistiques sur les émissions de CO2 imputables à la combustion de combustibles fossiles. Ces données sont également disponibles sous forme de CD-ROM et sur Internet. Le présent ouvrage a pour objet de mettre nos informations les meilleures et les plus récentes à la disposition de ceux qui en ont besoin, et tout particulièrement des participants aux travaux relatifs à la CCNUCC. Le secrétariat de l’AIE contribue à l’élaboration des méthodologies officielles du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) pour l’estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les données de base des bilans énergétiques de l’AIE sont les chiffres les plus fréquemment cités dans ce domaine. Il nous a donc semblé opportun, pour ces motifs, de publier ces informations de manière très complète. Nous avons bon espoir que le présent ouvrage aidera le lecteur à mieux appréhender l’évolution des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie entre 1971 et 2007 dans plus de 140 pays et régions, par secteur et par combustible. Cette publication tient compte des observations et suggestions qui nous ont été communiquées depuis la première édition de novembre 1997. La majorité des données concernent seulement les émissions de CO2 liées à l’énergie. Elles peuvent donc différer des données figurant dans les communications nationales officielles des inventaires des émissions transmises au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC. De plus, des données synthétiques relatives aux émissions de CO2 liées à des sources non-énergétiques et au gaz brûlé à la torche, et aux émissions de CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC et SF6 figurent dans la Partie III en coopération avec la Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) et le Joint Research Centre (JRC). La publication comprend aussi des informations sur les « sources principales » dues à la combustion d’énergie, comme l’indique l’IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre) du GIEC. Le présent rapport est publié sous ma responsabilité, en qualité de Directeur exécutif de l’AIE, et ne traduit pas nécessairement les points de vue des pays Membres de l’AIE. Nobuo Tanaka Directeur exécutif

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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION The energy - climate challenge .............................................................................................................................. xvii

PART I: 1. 2. 3.

METHODOLOGY

IEA emissions estimates .................................. I.3 Units and conversions .................................... I.11 Indicators ........................................................ I.13

PART II:

4. 5.

Geographical coverage ................................... I.17 IPCC methodologies ....................................... I.21

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION

SUMMARY TABLES CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach ......................... II.4 CO2 emissions: Reference Approach .................... II.16 CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers ........................................................... II.19 CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers ........................................................... II.22 Total primary energy supply ................................. II.25 GDP ....................................................................... II.31 Population ............................................................. II.37

CO2 emissions / TPES .......................................... II.40 CO2 emissions / GDP ............................................ II.43 CO2 emissions / population ................................... II.49 Per capita emissions by sector in 2007 ................. II.52 Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2007 ......... II.55 Electricity and heat output .................................... II.58 CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation ........................................ II.61

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TOTALS World .................................................................... II.74 Annex 1 Parties ................................................. II.76 Annex II Parties............................................. II.78 North America ........................................... II.80 Europe ....................................................... II.82 Pacific ....................................................... II.84 Economies in Transition................................ II.86 Non-Annex 1 Parties ......................................... II.88 Annex I Kyoto Parties ....................................... II.90 OECD Total .......................................................... II.92 OECD North America ........................................... II.94

OECD Pacific ....................................................... II.96 OECD Europe ....................................................... II.98 European Union - 27........................................... II.100 Africa .................................................................. II.102 Middle East......................................................... II.104 Non-OECD Europe............................................. II.106 Former Soviet Union .......................................... II.108 Latin America ..................................................... II.110 Asia (excluding China) ....................................... II.112 China................................................................... II.114

COUNTRY TABLES Albania ................................................................ II.118 Algeria ................................................................. II.120 Angola ................................................................. II.122 Argentina ............................................................. II.124 Armenia ............................................................... II.126 Australia .............................................................. II.128 Austria ................................................................. II.130 Azerbaijan ........................................................... II.132 Bahrain ................................................................ II.134 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Bangladesh ......................................................... II.136 Belarus ................................................................ II.138 Belgium .............................................................. II.140 Benin................................................................... II.142 Bolivia ................................................................ II.144 Bosnia and Herzegovina ..................................... II.146 Botswana ............................................................ II.148 Brazil .................................................................. II.150 Brunei Darussalam ............................................. II.152

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Bulgaria ............................................................... II.154 Cambodia ............................................................ II.156 Cameroon ............................................................ II.158 Canada ................................................................. II.160 Chile .................................................................... II.162 People’s Republic of China ................................. II.164 Chinese Taipei..................................................... II.166 Colombia ............................................................. II.168 Congo .................................................................. II.170 Democratic Republic of Congo ........................... II.172 Costa Rica ........................................................... II.174 Côte d’Ivoire ....................................................... II.176 Croatia ................................................................. II.178 Cuba .................................................................... II.180 Cyprus ................................................................. II.182 Czech Republic ................................................... II.184 Denmark .............................................................. II.186 Dominican Republic............................................ II.188 Ecuador ............................................................... II.190 Egypt ................................................................... II.192 El Salvador .......................................................... II.194 Eritrea .................................................................. II.196 Estonia ................................................................. II.198 Ethiopia ............................................................... II.200 Finland ................................................................ II.202 France .................................................................. II.204 Gabon .................................................................. II.206 Georgia ................................................................ II.208 Germany .............................................................. II.210 Ghana .................................................................. II.212 Gibraltar .............................................................. II.214 Greece ................................................................. II.216 Guatemala ........................................................... II.218 Haiti ..................................................................... II.220 Honduras ............................................................. II.222 Hong Kong, China .............................................. II.224 Hungary ............................................................... II.226 Iceland ................................................................. II.228 India .................................................................... II.230 Indonesia ............................................................. II.232 Islamic Republic of Iran ...................................... II.234 Iraq ...................................................................... II.236 Ireland ................................................................. II.238 Israel .................................................................... II.240 Italy ..................................................................... II.242 Jamaica ................................................................ II.244 Japan.................................................................... II.246 Jordan .................................................................. II.248 Kazakhstan .......................................................... II.250 Kenya .................................................................. II.252 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ............. II.254 Korea ................................................................... II.256 Kuwait ................................................................. II.258

Kyrgyzstan .......................................................... II.260 Latvia .................................................................. II.262 Lebanon .............................................................. II.264 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ..................................... II.266 Lithuania ............................................................. II.268 Luxembourg ....................................................... II.270 Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia ................. II.272 Malaysia ............................................................. II.274 Malta ................................................................... II.276 Mexico ................................................................ II.278 Republic of Moldova .......................................... II.280 Mongolia............................................................. II.282 Morocco.............................................................. II.284 Mozambique ....................................................... II.286 Myanmar............................................................. II.288 Namibia .............................................................. II.290 Nepal................................................................... II.292 Netherlands ......................................................... II.294 Netherlands Antilles ........................................... II.296 New Zealand ....................................................... II.298 Nicaragua............................................................ II.300 Nigeria ................................................................ II.302 Norway ............................................................... II.304 Oman .................................................................. II.306 Pakistan............................................................... II.308 Panama ............................................................... II.310 Paraguay ............................................................. II.312 Peru ..................................................................... II.314 Philippines .......................................................... II.316 Poland ................................................................. II.318 Portugal............................................................... II.320 Qatar ................................................................... II.322 Romania .............................................................. II.324 Russian Federation ............................................. II.326 Saudi Arabia ....................................................... II.328 Senegal ............................................................... II.330 Serbia .................................................................. II.332 Singapore ............................................................ II.334 Slovak Republic.................................................. II.336 Slovenia .............................................................. II.338 South Africa........................................................ II.340 Spain ................................................................... II.342 Sri Lanka ............................................................ II.344 Sudan .................................................................. II.346 Sweden ............................................................... II.348 Switzerland ......................................................... II.350 Syrian Arab Republic ......................................... II.352 Tajikistan ............................................................ II.354 United Republic of Tanzania .............................. II.356 Thailand .............................................................. II.358 Togo.................................................................... II.360 Trinidad and Tobago .......................................... II.362 Tunisia ................................................................ II.364

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Turkey ................................................................. II.366 Turkmenistan....................................................... II.368 Ukraine ................................................................ II.370 United Arab Emirates .......................................... II.372 United Kingdom .................................................. II.374 United States ....................................................... II.376 Uruguay ............................................................... II.378

PART III: 1. 2.

Uzbekistan .......................................................... II.380 Venezuela ........................................................... II.382 Vietnam .............................................................. II.384 Yemen................................................................. II.386 Zambia ................................................................ II.388 Zimbabwe ........................................................... II.390

GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS

Shares and trends in GHG emissions ............ III.3 Sources and methods ................................... III.11

3.

Total greenhouse-gas emissions .................. III.25

Kyoto Protocol base years The year 1990 should be the base year for the estimation and reporting of inventories. According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, the following Annex I Parties that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy, are allowed to use a base year or a period of years other than 1990, as follows: Bulgaria: Hungary: Poland: Romania: Slovenia:

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to use 1988 to use the average of the years 1985 to 1987 to use 1988 to use 1989 to use 1986

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TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION Energie et climat : le défi (non-disponible en français) ......................................................................................... xvii

PARTIE I: METHODOLOGIE 1. 2. 3.

Estimation des émissions de l’AIE................. I.39 Unités et coefficients de conversion............... I.49 Indicateurs ...................................................... I.51

4. 5.

Couverture géographique ............................... I.55 Méthodologies GIEC ...................................... I.59

PARTIE II : EMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE TABLEAUX RECAPITULATIFS Emissions de CO2 : Méthode sectorielle ................. II.4 Emissions de CO2 : Méthode de référence ............ II.16 Emissions de CO2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales................................ II.19 Emissions de CO2 imputables aux soutes aériennes internationales ................................ II.22 Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire .............................................. II.25 PIB ........................................................................ II.31 Population ............................................................. II.37

Emissions de CO2 / ATEP ..................................... II.40 Emissions de CO2 / PIB ........................................ II.43 Emissions de CO2 / population ............................... II.49 Emissions 2007 par habitant ventilées par secteur ..... II.52 Emissions 2007 par habitant avec allocation de l’électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation ............................. II.55 Production d’électricité et de chaleur ................... II.58 Emissions de CO2 par kWh pour le secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur ....................... II.61

TOTAUX MONDIAUX ET REGIONAUX Monde ................................................................... II.74 Parties de l’Annexe I ......................................... II.76 Parties de l’Annexe II.................................... II.78 Amérique du Nord ..................................... II.80 Europe ....................................................... II.82 Pacifique ................................................... II.84 Economies en transition ................................ II.86 Parties ne figurant pas à l’Annexe I.................. II.88 Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto ..................... II.90 Total OCDE .......................................................... II.92 OCDE Amérique du Nord ..................................... II.94

OCDE Pacifique ................................................... II.96 OCDE Europe ....................................................... II.98 Union européenne - 27 ....................................... II.100 Afrique................................................................ II.102 Moyen-Orient ..................................................... II.104 Europe Non-OCDE............................................. II.106 Ex-Union Soviétique .......................................... II.108 Amérique latine .................................................. II.110 Asie (Chine non incluse) .................................... II.112 Chine................................................................... II.114

TABLEAUX PAR PAYS Afrique du Sud .................................................... II.340 Albanie ................................................................ II.118 Algérie ................................................................. II.120 Allemagne ........................................................... II.210 Angola ................................................................. II.122 Antilles néerlandaises.......................................... II.296

Arabie saoudite ................................................... II.328 Argentine ............................................................ II.124 Arménie .............................................................. II.126 Australie ............................................................. II.128 Autriche .............................................................. II.130 Azerbaïdjan......................................................... II.132 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Bahreïn ................................................................ II.134 Bangladesh .......................................................... II.136 Bélarus ................................................................ II.138 Belgique .............................................................. II.140 Bénin ................................................................... II.142 Bolivie ................................................................. II.144 Bosnie-Herzégovine ............................................ II.146 Botswana ............................................................. II.148 Brésil ................................................................... II.150 Brunei Darussalam .............................................. II.152 Bulgarie ............................................................... II.154 Cambodge ........................................................... II.156 Cameroun ............................................................ II.158 Canada ................................................................. II.160 Chili ..................................................................... II.162 République populaire de Chine ........................... II.164 Chypre ................................................................. II.182 Colombie ............................................................ II.168 Congo .................................................................. II.170 République démocratique du Congo ................... II.172 Corée ................................................................... II.256 République populaire dém. de Corée .................. II.254 Costa Rica ........................................................... II.174 Côte d'Ivoire ........................................................ II.176 Croatie ................................................................. II.178 Cuba .................................................................... II.180 Danemark ............................................................ II.186 République dominicaine...................................... II.188 Egypte ................................................................. II.192 El Salvador .......................................................... II.194 Emirats arabes unis ............................................. II.374 Equateur .............................................................. II.190 Erythrée ............................................................... II.196 Espagne ............................................................... II.342 Estonie ................................................................. II.198 Etats-Unis ............................................................ II.376 Ethiopie ............................................................... II.200 Finlande ............................................................... II.202 France .................................................................. II.204 Gabon .................................................................. II.206 Géorgie ................................................................ II.208 Ghana .................................................................. II.212 Gibraltar .............................................................. II.214 Grèce ................................................................... II.216 Guatemala ........................................................... II.218 Haïti ..................................................................... II.220 Honduras ............................................................. II.222 Hong Kong, Chine .............................................. II.224 Hongrie................................................................ II.226 Inde...................................................................... II.230 Indonésie ............................................................. II.232 Iraq ...................................................................... II.236 République islamique d’Iran ............................... II.234

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Irlande ................................................................. II.238 Islande................................................................. II.228 Israël ................................................................... II.240 Italie .................................................................... II.242 Jamaïque ............................................................. II.244 Japon ................................................................... II.246 Jordanie............................................................... II.248 Kazakhstan ......................................................... II.250 Kenya .................................................................. II.252 Kirghizistan ........................................................ II.260 Koweït ................................................................ II.258 Lettonie ............................................................... II.262 Liban ................................................................... II.264 Jamahiriya arabe libyenne .................................. II.266 Lituanie ............................................................... II.268 Luxembourg ....................................................... II.270 Ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine ......... II.272 Malaisie .............................................................. II.274 Malte ................................................................... II.276 Maroc.................................................................. II.284 Mexique .............................................................. II.278 République de Moldova...................................... II.280 Mongolie............................................................. II.282 Mozambique ....................................................... II.286 Myanmar............................................................. II.288 Namibie .............................................................. II.290 Népal................................................................... II.292 Nicaragua............................................................ II.300 Nigéria ................................................................ II.302 Norvège .............................................................. II.304 Nouvelle-Zélande ............................................... II.298 Oman .................................................................. II.306 Ouzbékistan ........................................................ II.380 Pakistan............................................................... II.308 Panama ............................................................... II.310 Paraguay ............................................................. II.312 Pays-Bas ............................................................. II.294 Pérou ................................................................... II.314 Philippines .......................................................... II.316 Pologne ............................................................... II.318 Portugal............................................................... II.320 Qatar ................................................................... II.322 Roumanie ............................................................ II.324 Royaume-Uni ..................................................... II.374 Fédération de Russie........................................... II.326 Sénégal ............................................................... II.330 Serbie .................................................................. II.332 Singapour............................................................ II.334 République slovaque........................................... II.336 Slovénie .............................................................. II.338 Soudan ................................................................ II.346 Sri Lanka ............................................................ II.344 Suède .................................................................. II.348

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Suisse .................................................................. II.350 République arabe syrienne .................................. II.352 Tadjikistan ........................................................... II.354 Taipei chinois ...................................................... II.166 République unie de Tanzanie .............................. II.356 République tchèque ............................................. II.184 Thaïlande ............................................................. II.358 Togo .................................................................... II.360 Trinité-et-Tobago ................................................ II.362 Tunisie ................................................................. II.364

Turkménistan ...................................................... II.368 Turquie ............................................................... II.366 Ukraine ............................................................... II.370 Uruguay .............................................................. II.378 Vénézuela ........................................................... II.382 Viet Nam ............................................................ II.384 Yémen................................................................. II.386 Zambie ................................................................ II.388 Zimbabwe ........................................................... II.390

PARTIE III : EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE 1. 2.

Parts et tendances des gaz à effet de serre ..... III.3 Sources et méthodes .................................... III.11

3.

Total des émissions de gaz à effet de serre......................................................... III.25

Années de référence du Protocole de Kyoto L’année de référence pour l’estimation et la notification des inventaires devrait être 1990. En application des dispositions de l’article 4.6 de la Convention et des Décisions 9/CP.2 et 11/CP.4, les Parties de l’Annexe I citées ci-après qui sont en transition vers une économie de marché sont autorisées à utiliser une année ou période d’années de référence autre que 1990, à savoir : Bulgarie : Hongrie : Pologne : Roumanie : Slovénie :

1988 moyenne des années 1985 à 1987 1988 1989 1986

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Important cautionary notes x

x

x

The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion presented in this publication are calculated using the IEA energy balances and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. There are many reasons why the IEA Secretariat estimates may not be the same as the numbers that a country submits to the UNFCCC, even if a country has accounted for all of its energy use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines. In this publication, the IEA Secretariat presents CO2 emissions calculated using both the IPCC Reference Approach and the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach. In some of the OECD non-member countries, there can be large differences between the two sets of calculations due to various problems in some energy data. As a consequence, this can lead to different emission trends between 1990 and 2007 for certain countries. Please see Chapter 1, “IEA emissions estimates” for further details. Information on “key sources” from fuel combustion, as developed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, are only given for combustion sources and will not include key sources from fugitive emissions, industrial processes, solvents, agriculture and waste. Please see Chapter 1, “IEA emissions estimates” and Chapter 5, “IPCC methodologies” for further information.

Energy data on OECD member and non-member countries are collected by the Energy Statistics Division (ESD) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Jean-Yves Garnier. Karen Tréanton, with the assistance of Stève Gervais, is responsible for the estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Desktop publishing support was provided by Sharon Burghgraeve. CO2 emission estimates from 1960 to 2007 for the Annex II countries and from 1971 to 2007 for all other countries are available on CD-ROM suitable for use on IBM-compatible personal computers. To order, please see the information provided at the end of this publication.

Note Attention Achtung Attenzione ᵈᗧ੐㗄 Nota ¯ÐÈÌÅ×

In addition, a data service is available on the Internet. It includes unlimited access through an annual subscription as well as the possibility to obtain data on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at http://www.iea.org. Enquiries about data or methodology should be addressed to: Karen Tréanton: Telephone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-33, Fax: (+33-1) 40-57-66-49, E-mail: [email protected].

See multilingual glossary at the end of the publication. Voir le glossaire en plusieurs langues à la fin du présent recueil. Deutsches GLOSSAR auf der letzten Umschlagseite. Riferirsi al glossario multilingue alla fine del libro. Ꮞᧃߩᣣᧄ⺆↪⺆㓸ࠍෳᾖ

Véase el glosario plurilingüe al final del libro. ±ÌÎÒÐÈÒÅÌÍÎÃÎßÇÛ×ÍÛÉÑËÎÂÀÐÜÂÊÎÍÖÅÊÍÈÃÈ

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Avertissement important x

x

x

Les estimations des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie présentées dans cette publication sont calculées à partir des bilans énergétiques de l’AIE ainsi qu’à l’aide des méthodes et des coefficients d’émission par défaut des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996. Pour de nombreuses raisons, les estimations du secrétariat de l’AIE peuvent différer des chiffres communiqués par un pays à la CCNUCC, même si ce pays a rendu compte de la totalité de sa consommation d’énergie et correctement appliqué les Lignes directrices du GIEC. Dans cette publication, le secrétariat de l’AIE présente les émissions de CO2 calculées selon deux méthodes : la méthode de référence du GIEC et la méthode sectorielle du niveau 1 du GIEC. Dans certains pays non membres de l’OCDE, d’importantes différences entre les deux méthodes peuvent apparaître suite à des problèmes dans les données énergétiques. En conséquence, la tendance pour certains pays entre 1990 et 2007 peut différer selon la méthode de calcul choisie. Le lecteur est invité à se reporter au chapitre 1, “Estimations des émissions de l’AIE”, pour plus de détails. Des informations sur les sources principales dues à la combustion d’énergie, selon la méthodologie développée dans le Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre), concernent uniquement les sources de combustion et ne comprennent pas les émissions fugitives, ainsi que les émissions liées aux procédés industriels, aux solvants, à l’agriculture et aux déchets. Pour plus d’informations, consultez le chapitre 1, « Estimations des émissions de l’AIE » et le chapitre 5, « Méthodologies GIEC ».

Les données énergétiques concernant les pays membres et non membres de l’OCDE sont recueillies par la Division des statistiques de l’énergie (ESD) du Secrétariat de l’AIE, dirigée par Jean-Yves Garnier. Karen Tréanton, avec l’assistance de Stève Gervais, est responsable des estimations des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie. Les travaux de mise en page ont été assurés par Sharon Burghgraeve. Les estimations des émissions de CO2 entre 1960 et 2007 pour les pays de l’Annexe II et entre 1971 et 2007 pour tous les autres pays sont disponibles sur CDROM utilisables sur ordinateur personnel compatible IBM. Pour les commander, on trouvera des informations à la fin de la présente publication.

Note Attention Achtung Attenzione ᵈᗧ੐㗄 Nota ¯ÐÈÌÅ×

En outre, un service de données est disponible sur Internet. Ce service comprend un abonnement annuel pour un accès illimité ou bien la possibilité de payer uniquement pour des données sélectionnées. Pour plus de détails, veuillez consulter http://www.iea.org. Les demandes d’information sur les données ou la méthodologie doivent être adressées à : Karen Tréanton: Téléphone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-33, Fax: (+33-1) 40-57-66-49, E-mail: [email protected].

See multilingual glossary at the end of the publication. Voir le glossaire en plusieurs langues à la fin du présent recueil. Deutsches GLOSSAR auf der letzten Umschlagseite. Riferirsi al glossario multilingue alla fine del libro. Ꮞᧃߩᣣᧄ⺆↪⺆㓸ࠍෳᾖ

Véase el glosario plurilingüe al final del libro. ±ÌÎÒÐÈÒÅÌÍÎÃÎßÇÛ×ÍÛÉÑËÎÂÀÐÜÂÊÎÍÖÅÊÍÈÃÈ

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xiv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

ABBREVIATIONS Btu: GJ: Gt C: GWh: J: kcal: kg: kt: ktoe: kWh: MJ: Mt: Mtoe: m3: PJ: t: t C: Tcal: TJ: toe:

British thermal unit gigajoule gigatonnes of carbon gigawatt hour joule kilocalorie kilogramme thousand tonnes thousand tonnes of oil equivalent kilowatt hour megajoule million tonnes million tonnes of oil equivalent cubic metre petajoule metric ton = tonne = 1 000 kg tonne of carbon teracalorie terajoule tonne of oil equivalent = 107 kcal

CEF: CHP: GCV: GDP: HHV: LHV: NCV: PPP: TPES:

carbon emission factor combined heat and power gross calorific value gross domestic product higher heating value = GCV lower heating value = NCV net calorific value purchasing power parity total primary energy supply

AGBM:

Annex I: Annex II: CDM: Convention: COP: EITs: IEA: IPCC: OECD: OLADE: SBI: SBSTA: TCA: UN: UNECE: UNFCCC:

Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Activities Implemented Jointly under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change See Chapter 4, Geographical coverage See Chapter 4, Geographical coverage Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties to the Convention Economies in Transition (see Chapter 4, Geographical coverage) International Energy Agency Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Organización Latino Americana De Energía Subsidiary Body for Implementation Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice Technology Co-operation Agreement United Nations United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

.. x +

not available nil not applicable growth greater than 1 000%

AIJ:

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ABREVIATIONS Btu: GJ: Gt C: GWh: J: kcal: kg: kt: ktep: kWh: m3: MJ: Mt: Mtep: PJ: t: t C: Tcal: tep: TJ:

unité thermique britannique gigajoule gigatonne de carbone gigawattheure joule kilocalorie kilogramme millier de tonnes millier de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole kilowattheure mètre cube mégajoule million de tonnes million de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole pétajoule tonne = 1 000 kg tonne de carbone téracalorie tonne d’équivalent pétrole = 107 kcal térajoule

ATEP: CEC: PCI: PCS: PIB: PPA:

approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire coefficient d’émission de carbone pouvoir calorifique inférieur pouvoir calorifique supérieur produit intérieur brut parité de pouvoir d’achat

AGBM:

Groupe spécial du Mandat de Berlin sous couvert de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques AIE: Agence internationale de l’énergie AIJ: Activités exécutées conjointement en application de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques Annexe I: Voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique Annexe II: Voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique CCNUCC: Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques CEE(ONU): Commission économique pour l’Europe des Nations Unies Convention: Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques COP: Conférence des Parties à la Convention EET: Economies en transition (voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique) GIEC: Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat OCDE: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques OLADE: Organización Latino Americana D’Energía ONU: Organisation des Nations Unies SBI: Organe subsidiaire de mise en œuvre SBSTA: Organe subsidiaire de conseil scientifique et technologique .. x +

non disponible néant sans objet croissance de plus de 1 000%

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THE ENERGY - CLIMATE CHALLENGE Energy and climate change In its Fourth Assessment Report,1 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)2 concluded, “Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhousegas concentrations”. The language “very likely” has been upgraded from the “likely” that was referred to six years earlier in the Third Assessment Report, thus confirming the broad acceptance by scientists of the link between greenhouse-gas emissions and global climate change. Energy production and use has various environmental implications: since energy represents about 65% of global anthropogenic greenhousegas emissions, reducing emissions must necessarily start with actions geared to reduce emissions from fuel combustion.

Greenhouse gases and global warming The increased concentrations of key greenhouse gases (GHG) are a direct consequence of human activities. Since anthropogenic greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere, they produce net warming by strengthening the natural “greenhouse effect”.

1. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2007, available at http://www.ipcc.ch. In the summary for Policymakers, the following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood, using expert judgement, of an outcome or a result: Virtually certain > 99% probability of occurrence, Extremely likely > 95%, Very likely > 90%, Likely > 66%, More likely than not > 50%, Unlikely < 33%, Very unlikely < 10%, Extremely unlikely < 5%. 2. The IPCC was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organisation and the United Nations Environment Programme to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts, and options for adaptation and mitigation.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been increasing over the past century compared to the rather steady level of the pre-industrial era (about 280 parts per million in volume, or ppmv). The 2005 concentration of CO2 (379 ppmv) was about 35% higher than a century and a half ago, with the fastest growth occurring in the last ten years (1.9 ppmv/year in the period 1995-2005). Comparable growth has also occurred in levels of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Some impacts of the increased greenhouse-gas concentrations may be slow to become apparent since stability is an inherent characteristic of the interacting climate, ecological and socio-economic systems. Even after stabilisation of the atmospheric concentration of CO2, anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks. Some changes in the climate system would be effectively irreversible. Given the long lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere, stabilising concentrations of greenhouse gases at any level would require large reductions of global CO2 emissions from current levels. The lower the chosen level for stabilisation, the sooner the decline in global CO2 emissions would need to begin, or the deeper the emission reduction would need to be on the longer term. The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)3 creates a structure for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate change. The Convention’s ultimate objective is to stabilise GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic

3. See http://unfccc.int.

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interference with the climate system. This would require significant reductions in global greenhouse-gas emissions.

Energy use and greenhouse gases Among the many human activities that produce greenhouse gases the use of energy represents by far the largest source of emissions. As seen in Figure 1, energy accounts for over 80% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases in Annex I countries, with emissions resulting from the production, transformation, handling and consumption of all kinds of energy commodities. Smaller shares correspond to agriculture, producing mainly CH4 and N2O from domestic livestock and rice cultivation, and to industrial processes not related to energy, producing mainly fluorinated gases and N2O. Figure 1. Shares of anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions in Annex I countries, 2006*

CO2 from energy represents about 80% of the anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions for the Annex I countries5 and about 60% of global emissions. This percentage varies greatly by country, due to diverse national energy structures. Worldwide economic stability and development require energy. Global total primary energy supply (TPES) doubled between 1971 and 2007, mainly relying on fossil fuels (Figure 2). However, with the current economic crisis, early indicators suggest that growth in TPES slowed in 2008 and may have declined in 2009. Figure 2. World primary energy supply* Gt of oil equivalent 14 12 18%

10 8 6

14%

82%

4 86% 2 0

Waste 3% Agriculture 7%

1971 Energy 83%

CO2 94%

Industrial processes 7%

Fossil

Non f ossil

* World primary energy supply includes international bunkers.

CH4 5% N2O 1%

* Based on Annex I data for 2006; without Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, and with Solvent Use included in Industrial Processes. Source: UNFCCC.

Key point: Accounting for the largest share of global greenhouse-gas emissions, energy emissions are predominantly CO2. The energy sector is dominated by the direct combustion of fuels,4 a process leading to large emissions of CO2. A by-product of fuel combustion, CO2 results from the oxidation of carbon in fuels (in perfect combustion conditions, the total carbon content of fuels would be converted to CO2).

4. Energy includes emissions from “fuel combustion” (the large majority) and “fugitive emissions”, which are intentional or unintentional releases of gases resulting from production, processes, transmission, storage and use of fuels (e.g. CH4 emissions from coal mining or oil and gas systems).

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2007

Key point: Fossil fuels still account for most of the world energy supply. Despite the growth of non-fossil energy (such as nuclear and hydropower) considered as non-emitting,6 fossil fuels have maintained their shares of the world energy supply relatively unchanged over the course of the past 35 years. In 2007, fossil sources accounted for 82% of the global TPES. Still dependent upon fossil fuels, the growing world energy demand clearly plays a key role in the

5. Based on Annex I countries. The Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC are: Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Economic Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States. 6. Excluding the life cycle of all non-emitting sources and excluding combustion of biomass (considered as non-emitting CO2, based on the assumption that the released carbon will be reabsorbed by biomass regrowth, under balanced conditions).

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - xix

observed upward trends in CO2 emissions (Figure 3). Since the Industrial Revolution, annual CO2 emissions from fuel combustion dramatically increased from near zero to 29 Gt CO2 in 2007.

Scrutinising the sources of CO2 emissions Trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion illustrate the need for the global economy to shape a more sustainable energy future, with special emphasis first on the industrialised nations, with the highest per capita incomes and that are responsible for the bulk of cumulative emissions. However, with the rapidly growing energy demand of developing countries, it is important that they also strive to use energy in a rational way. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 shows that enhancing energy efficiency and reducing the carbon intensity of a supply largely reliant on fossil fuels are fundamental steps towards a global lowcarbon energy system.

Figure 3. Trend in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion Gt CO2 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4

Annual snapshot: 2006-2007

0 1870

1890

1910

1930

1950

1970

1990

2006

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., United States.

Key point: Since 1870, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion have risen exponentially. The World Energy Outlook7 projects that world energy supply will rise by 40% between 2007 and 2030. With fossil fuels remaining at around 80% of TPES, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion are consequently expected to continue their growth unabated, reaching 40.2 Gt CO2 by 2030. Such an emission-growth trend would be in line with the worst-case scenario presented in the IPCC report,8 which projects a world average temperature change between 2.4 and 6.4°C by 2100.

Global CO2 emissions increased by 0.9 Gt CO2 between 2006 and 2007, primarily due to an increase in the coal demand of developing countries (Figure 4, non-Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC). This represented a growth rate of 3% in CO2 emissions, identical to that of the previous year. However, as with TPES, early indicators suggest that growth in emissions slowed in 2008 and may have declined in 2009 as a result of the global economic crisis. Figure 4. Global change in CO2 emissions (2006-2007) Mt CO2 800 700 600 500 400 300

The link between climate change and energy is a part of the larger challenge of sustainable development. The socio-economic and technological characteristics of development paths will strongly affect emissions, the rate and magnitude of climate change, climate change impacts, the capability to adapt and the capacity to mitigate the emissions themselves.

200 100 0 -100 Coal

Oil

Gas

Annex I

Other

Total

Non-Annex I

Key point: Combustion of coal in developing countries drove the growth in global emissions between 2006 and 2007. 7. Unless otherwise specified, projections from the World Energy Outlook refer to the Reference Scenario from the IEA information paper “How the Energy Sector can Deliver on a Climate Agreement in Copenhagen”, a special early excerpt of the World Energy Outlook 2009 for the Bangkok UNFCCC meeting. 8. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2007.

In the future, coal is expected to satisfy much of the growing energy demand of those developing countries, such as China and India, where energy-intensive industrial production is growing rapidly and large coal INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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reserves exist with limited reserves of other energy sources. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 shows that intensified use of coal would substantially increase the emissions of CO2 unless there was very widespread deployment of carbon capture and storage.

Fuel contribution to CO2 emissions Though coal represented only a quarter of the world TPES in 2007, as shown in Figure 5, it accounted for 42% of the global CO2 emissions due to its heavy carbon content per unit of energy released. As compared to gas, coal is on average nearly twice as emission intensive.9 Without additional measures, the World Energy Outlook projects that coal supply will grow from 3 184 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2007 to 4 887 Mtoe in 2030.

Emissions by region The dramatic increase of non-Annex I emissions between 2006 and 2007, seen in Figure 4 above, corroborated the growth already observed over the last decade. Figure 6 shows trends over the period 1971-2007, highlighting changes in the relative contributions from major world regions. Figure 6. Trends in regional CO2 emissions Gt CO2 30 25 20 15

Figure 5. World primary energy supply and CO2 emissions: shares by fuel in 2007

10

Percent share 5 0 TPES

34%

26%

21%

1971

19%

Annex II

1990 Annex I EIT

2007 Asia*

Other**

* Asia includes Korea and excludes Japan (which is included in Annex II). CO2

38%

42%

20%

** Other includes Africa, Latin America, Middle East, non-Annex I EIT, Turkey, international bunkers, and, for 1971, Annex I EIT. 0%

20%

40%

Oil

Coal

60%

Gas

80%

100%

Other*

* Other includes nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, tide, wind, combustible renewables and waste.

Key point: Coal generates about twice the CO2 emissions of gas, despite having a comparable share in the world energy supply. Oil still dominates TPES, with a share of 34% in 2007. However, the share of oil in TPES decreased by about ten percentage points since 1971, largely counterbalanced by the penetration of gas. The supply of gas in 2007 was almost three times higher than in 1971 and its share in emissions increased by five percentage points over that period.

Key point: Asian emissions will soon rival those of Annex II. Between 1971 and 2007, global emissions doubled, with industrialised countries (Annex II Parties to the UNFCCC10) dominating historical totals. However, the share of Annex II progressively shrank (61% in 1971, 47% in 1990 and 39% in 2007), as developing countries, led by Asia, increased at a much faster rate. Between 1990 and 2007, CO2 emissions rose by 108% for non-Annex I countries as a whole and more than doubled for Asia. This is in contrast to the 15% growth which occurred in the Annex II countries. The growth in Asian emissions reflects a striking rate of economic development, particularly within China and India.

Observed and projected trends in TPES and CO2 emissions vary greatly by country, depending on stages of economic development and related energy choices, as illustrated in the next section.

9. IPCC default carbon emission factors from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines: 15.3 t C/TJ for gas, 16.8 to 27.5 t C/TJ for oil products, 25.8 to 29.1 t C/TJ for primary coal products.

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10. The original Annex II Parties to the UNFCCC are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, European Economic Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States. Turkey was removed from Annex II on 28 June 2002.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - xxi

Emissions from the group of countries with economies in transition (Annex I EIT11) followed a peculiar path due to a rapid decline in industrial productivity subsequent to the 1989 collapse of their centrally planned economies. Between 1990 and 2000, the EIT emissions declined by 36%. Emissions in the Former Soviet Union alone fell by over 1.4 Gt CO2, or 39%, between 1990 and 2000. However, this trend was reversed in recent years. Regional differences in contributions to global emissions conceal even larger differences among individual countries (Figure 7). Two-thirds of world emissions for 2007 originated from just ten countries, with the shares of China and the United States far surpassing those of all others. Combined, these two countries alone produced 11.8 Gt CO2, about 41% of world CO2 emissions. In 2007, China overtook the United States to become the world’s largest emitter of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.

Coupling emissions with socio-economic indicators13 In 2007, China, the United States, the Russian Federation, India and Japan, the largest five emitters, produced together 55% of the global CO2 emissions, 50% of the world GDP and comprised 46% of the total population. However, for all three variables, the relative shares of these five countries within the subtotal of the group were very diverse (Figure 8). Figure 8. Top 5 emitting countries: relative shares in 2007 Percent share 100% 80% 60% 40%

Figure 7. Top 10 emitting countries in 2007 20%

Gt CO2 0

2

4

6

8

0% CO2

China

China

United States

GDP*

United States

Russian Federation

Population India

Japan

* GDP using purchasing power parities.

Russian Federation

Note: this is not “world shares”, but “relative shares” within the Top 5.

India

Key point: Within the Top 5 emitting countries, the relative share of CO2 emissions does not necessarily follow those of GDP and population.

Japan Germany Canada United Kingdom Korea Iran

Top-10 total: 18.8 Gt CO2 World total: 29.0 Gt CO2

Key point: The Top 10 emitting countries account for about two-thirds of the world CO2 emissions. This Top 10 group, which includes countries of very diverse economic structures, also produced 61% of the global GDP.12 As detailed in the following section, economic output and CO2 emissions are generally strongly linked.

11. Annex I EIT Parties include: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia and Ukraine. 12. In this discussion, GDP refers to GDP using purchasing power parities.

In 2007, the United States alone generated 20% of world CO2 emissions, despite a population of less than 5% of the global total. Conversely, China, contributing to a comparable share of world emissions (21%), accounted for 20% of the world population. India, with 17% of world population contributed less than 5% of the CO2 emissions. Thus, the levels of per capita emissions were very diverse, ranging from one tonne of CO2 per capita for India and five tonnes for China to 19 tonnes for the United States. In the United States, the large share of global emissions is associated with a commensurate share of economic output (GDP), the largest in the world. While the high per capita emissions of the United States in 2007 were comparable to those of 1971, its

13. No single indicator can provide a complete picture of a country’s CO2 emissions performance or its relative capacity to reduce emissions. The indicators discussed here provide some guidance but are certainly incomplete.

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emissions intensity in terms of economic output (CO2/GDP) was about half, due to energy efficiency improvements and to economic growth in less-CO2intensive sectors over the 36-year period. With a GDP more than double that of the Russian Federation, Japan emits 22% less. As illustrated by major world regions, economies can achieve quite diverse emission efficiencies (Figure 9). Figure 9. CO2 emissions per GDP* by major world regions in 2007 Kg CO2 per US$

The ratio of CO2 emissions per GDP responds to changes in energy intensity (energy per unit of GDP) and in the CO2 intensity of the fuel mix (CO2 per unit of energy).15 For example, industrialised countries witnessed a rapid reduction in emissions per unit of GDP between 1973 and 1990, following the oil price shocks of the 1970s, through a decline in their energy intensity. On the contrary, even on a global scale, the CO2 intensity of the fuel mix (as measured for example by the ratio of CO2/TPES) has remained rather constant between 1971 and 2007 as fossil fuels continued to dominate the global energy supply. As compared to emissions per unit of GDP, the range of per capita emissions levels across the world is even larger (Figure 10), highlighting wide divergences in the way different regions use energy.

World

Middle East Annex I EIT China**

Figure 10. CO2 emissions per population by major world regions in 2007

Other Non-Annex I Annex II North America

T CO2 per capita

Annex II Pacific

World

Africa Asia excluding China Annex II Europe

Annex II North America

Latin America

Annex II Pacific 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Annex I EIT Annex II Europe

* GDP in 2000 US$ using purchasing power parities. ** China includes Hong Kong.

Middle East Other Non-Annex I

Key point: Emissions intensity in economic terms varies greatly around the world.

China* Latin America Asia excluding China

Worldwide, the highest levels of emissions per GDP are observed for the oil and gas exporting region of the Middle East, for the relatively energy-intensive EITs and for China. The rapid decoupling of emissions from economic growth that characterised the Chinese economy during the 1980s and 1990s has recently slowed and reversed, as noted in subsequent sections.

Key point: Emissions per capita vary even more widely across world regions than GDP per capita.

Relatively high values of emissions per GDP indicate a potential for decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth. Possible improvements can derive from fuel switching away from carbon-intensive sources or from energy efficiency at all stages of the energy supply chain (from fuel extraction to energy end-use).14

Industrialised countries emit far larger amounts of CO2 per capita than the world average. However, some rapidly expanding economies are significantly increasing their emissions per capita. For example, between 1990 and 2007, China more than doubled its per capita emissions and India increased them by

14. The IEA has developed a database on policies and measures taken or planned in IEA Member countries, Russia, and five of the world’s most powerful developing economies. Comprising records collected over six years, the database provides a comprehensive annual update of the policy making process in place since 2000. The online database is available at: http://www.iea.org/textbase/effi/index.asp. Another data-

base on Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures provides information on policies and measures taken or planned to encourage the uptake of renewable energy and can be consulted at http://renewables.iea.org. 15. See discussion in Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, IEA, 2008, p. 71.

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Africa 0

5

10

15

20

* China includes Hong Kong.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - xxiii

more than two-thirds. Clearly, these two countries contributed much to the 10% increase of global per capita emissions over the period. Indicators such as those briefly discussed in this section strongly reflect energy constraints and choices made to supply the economic activities of each country. They also reflect the sectors that predominate in different countries’ economies. The major sectors driving the observed growth in global emissions are discussed in the next section.

Emissions by sector In 2007, two sectors, electricity and heat generation and transport, produced nearly two-thirds of the global CO2 emissions (Figure 11). The emissions of these same sectors also increased at faster rates than global emissions (60% and 45%, respectively, versus the average 38%, between 1990 and 2007). Figure 11. World CO2 emissions by sector

Other* 16%

1971 Total emissions: 14.1 Gt CO2 Electricity and heat 27%

Residential 10%

Transport 20%

Industry 27%

2007 Total emissions: 29.0 Gt CO2

Residential 6%

Other* 10%

Electricity and heat 41%

almost twice as high as in 2007, driven by rapid growth in population and income in developing countries, by the continuing increase in the number of electrical devices used in homes and commercial buildings, and by the growth in electrically-driven industrial processes. Worldwide, the generation of electricity and heat relies heavily on coal, the most carbon-intensive of fossil fuels, amplifying the sector’s share in global emissions. Countries such as Australia, China, India, Poland and South Africa produce between 68% and 95% of their electricity and heat through the combustion of coal. Fossil fuels provide over 70% of the world electricity and heat generation (Figure 12). Coal, the dominant source, supplied 41% of the generation in 2007. In non-Annex I countries, the share of coal in electricity and heat generation increased from 43% in 1992 to 53% in 2007. On the contrary, the share of oil generally decreased across the world (from 12% in 1992 to 6% in 2007 globally). Gas grew significantly in industrialised countries as a result of their fuel switching efforts: Annex II countries increased the share of gas in electricity and heat generation from 12% in 1992 to 23% in 2007. The future development of the emissions intensity of this sector depends strongly on the fuels that are used to generate the electricity and on the share of non-emitting sources, such as renewables and nuclear. As an indication, Box 1 presents productspecific implied emission factors per unit of electricity produced. Figure 12. Coal, oil and gas: shares in world electricity and heat generation* 80% 70%

Industry 20%

60% Transport 23%

50% 40% 30%

* Other includes commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat generation, and other emissions not specified elsewhere.

20% 10% 0%

Key point: Between 1971 and 2007, the combined share of electricity and heat generation and transport jumped from one-half to two-thirds of global emissions. Generation of electricity and heat was responsible in 2007 for 41% of the world total CO2 emissions, as compared to 27% in 1971. By 2030, the World Energy Outlook projects that demand for electricity will be

1992**

2007 Coal

Oil

Gas

* Refers to main activity producers and autoproducers of electricity and heat. **Complete data on heat production for 1990 is not available.

Key point: World electricity and heat generation increasingly rely on coal. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

xxiv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Box 1: Implied emission factors from electricity and heat generation Summary tables presenting CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation by country are presented in Part II. However, these values will vary enormously depending on the fuel mix of individual countries. Average implied emission factors by individual product for this sector are presented below. These values represent the average grammes of CO2 per kWh of electricity and heat produced in the OECD member countries between 2005 and 2007. These figures will reflect any problems that may occur in net calorific values or in input/output efficiencies. Consequently, these values are given as an approximation and actual values may vary considerably. Fuel

g CO2 / kWh

Anthracite *

870

Coking coal *

710

Other bituminous coal

840

Sub-bituminous coal

930

Lignite/brown coal

950

Patent fuel

860

Coke oven coke *

500

BKB/peat briquettes *

Gt CO2 12 10

13% 6%

8

14% 8% 17% 10%

6

21%

4

59%

13% 2

39%

0 1971 Transport

Electricity and heat

2007 Industry

Residential

Other*

* Other includes commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat generation, and other emissions not specified elsewhere.

Key point: With a share that increased by about 50% since 1971, transport dominates emissions from oil.

720-1200

Gas works gas *

400

Coke oven gas *

370

Blast furnace gas *

2200

Oxygen steel furnace gas *

1900

Natural gas

380

Crude oil *

640

Natural gas liquids *

560

Liquefied petroleum gases *

480

Kerosene *

630

Gas/diesel oil *

750

Residual fuel oil

650

Petroleum coke *

950

Peat *

570

Industrial waste *

450-1600

Municipal waste (non-renewable) *

450-1900

* These fuels represent less than 1% of electricity and heat output in the OECD. Values will be less reliable and should be used with caution.

While electricity and heat generation draws from various energy sources, the transport sector relies almost entirely on oil (94% of the energy used for transport came from oil in 2007). The share of transport in global oil emissions was close to 60% in 2007, as shown in Figure 13. While CO2 emissions from oil consumption in most sectors remained nearly steady in absolute terms since 1971, those of transport more than doubled. Dominated by road traffic, this end-use sector is the strongest driver of world dependence on oil. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Figure 13. CO2 emissions from oil

Economic growth contributes to the increasing demand for transport, both for personal mobility and for shipping goods. For example, the United States has the highest level of travel per capita in the world (more than 25 000 kilometres per person per year). In addition, larger incomes favour the switch to faster modes: air travel is the most rapidly growing mode of transport in industrialised countries, while growth in car travel is first in developing countries. Car ownership generally grows with increasing income per capita. As for energy intensity and consequent emissions, relatively high fuel prices provide an incentive for more efficient vehicles. In the United States (until recently), lower fuel prices have contributed to a trend towards the use of larger vehicles, while in Europe higher fuel prices have helped encourage improved fuel economy (along with the EU voluntary agreement with manufacturers). As a result, there is more than a 50% variation in the average fuel consumption of new light-duty vehicles across OECD member countries.16 Global demand for transport appears unlikely to decrease in the foreseeable future; the World Energy Outlook projects that transport will grow by 45% by 2030. To limit the emissions from this sector, policy makers first and foremost should consider measures to encourage or require improved vehicle efficiency, as the United States has recently done and the European

16. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, IEA, 2008, p. 435.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - xxv

Box 2: Biofuels Compatible with many conventional engines and blendable with current transport fuels, biofuels have the potential to contribute to energy security by diversifying supply sources for transport and to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. However, the economic, environmental and social benefits of the current generation of biofuels vary enormously. Though there are important uncertainties about their efficacy in reducing GHG emissions, biofuels can be classified on the basis of their well-to-wheel performance with respect to conventional fossil fuels. When ethanol is derived from corn, the wellto-wheel greenhouse-gas reduction with respect to conventional gasoline is typically in the range of 10 to 30%. The reduction is much higher for sugarcane-based ethanol from Brazil, reaching an estimated 90%. Similarly, oilseed-derived biodiesel leads to greenhouse-gas reductions, on a well-to-wheel basis, of 40% to 60% when compared to conventional petroleum diesel. “Second generation” biofuels, derived from non-food crops such as trees and perennial grasses, have the potential to dramatically expand the scope for very low-carbon biofuels production. However these biofuels are still under development. None of these estimates takes into account the possibility that changes in land use from starting biofuels production can result in one-time releases of CO2 that could be quite large; more research is needed into the impacts of both direct and indirect landuse change and how to minimise adverse impacts. For both current and second generation biofuels, production cost is the main barrier to a larger penetration of biofuels in the transport fuel mix. Without subsidies, only ethanol from sugarcane produced in Brazil has been competitive with petroleum fuels, although this may change with the higher oil prices occurring recently. The cost barrier is such that market introduction of biofuels has typically required substantial regulatory intervention and governmental support. Currently, several countries have mandated or promoted biofuel blending standards to displace oil in domestic transport supply. In Brazil, gasoline contains 20-25% ethanol. Furthermore, 95% of the cars purchased in Brazil in 2008 can run on either 100% ethanol or on the gasoline/ethanol blend. With recent high oil prices, most drivers are choosing to operate these vehicles mainly on ethanol. In 2006, the United States introduced mandatory standards and these were extended in 2007 under the EISA law. Blending requirements will reach 12.9 billion gallons in 2010 and 36 billion gallons by 2022 (of which more than half will be required to be advanced biofuels and about one-third cellulosic). Several years ago the European Union introduced a target for biofuel use equivalent to 2% of the market share of motor fuel by 2005 (although it was not reached) and 5.75% by the end of 2010, while the target for renewable energy sources in transport for 2020 is now set at 10%. The current legislation also requires "sustainability criteria" favouring biofuels derived from waste, residues, non-food cellulosic material, and lignocellulosic material in order to prevent mass investment in potentially environmentally harmful biofuels. Australia (New South Wales and Queensland) and Canada are also mandating the use of biofuels, as are a number of OECD non-member countries. For the future, it is crucial that policies foster innovation and support the most sustainable biofuels only, through a continuous monitoring and assessment of their effectiveness in reducing GHG emissions and in providing benefits for rural workers. Suitable land availability and potential influence of biofuel production on global food prices also need to be carefully monitored, taking into account all global food, fibre and energy needs for the growing world population out to 2100. However, barriers to the commercial viability of biofuels shrink as technologies evolve and as prices of conventional fossil fuels remain high. Moreover, if well managed and coordinated with investments in infrastructures and agriculture, biofuels can provide an opportunity for increasing land productivity and creating economic development, in particular in rural areas.

Union is currently doing as a follow-up to the voluntary agreements. Policies that encourage a shift from cars to public transportation and to lower-emission modes of transportation can also help. Finally, policies can encourage a shift to new, preferably low-carbon fuels. These include electricity (e.g. electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles), hydrogen (e.g. through the introduction of fuel cell vehicles) and greater use of biofuels (e.g. as a blend in gasoline and diesel fuel, Box 2). These policies would both reduce the environmental impact of transport and help to secure domestic fuel supplies sometimes unsettled by the geopolitics of oil trade. As they will ease demand growth, these policies are also likely to help reduce oil prices below what they otherwise might be.

The importance of electricity generation and transport in shaping global CO2 emissions is apparent in Figures 14 and 15, which detail the contributions from individual sectors to trends of the socio-economic indicators discussed in previous sections such as CO2 emissions per GDP and CO2 emissions per capita. The world average per capita carbon intensity remained fairly constant between 1971 and 2001. Since then it has been steadily increasing, with 2007 levels 14% above those of 2001. However, this trend concealed a significant rise in the emissions per capita of electricity generation and transport. Between 1971 and 2007, the emissions per capita for these two sectors grew by 82% and 32%, respectively. The growth in the number of people accessing electricity and the growth in electricity infrastructure contributed significantly to this rise. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

xxvi - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Figure 14. Per capita emissions by sector

Figure 15. Per GDP* emissions by sector

1971=100

1971=100

200

120

175

100

150 80

125 60

100 40

75 50

20

1971

1977 Elec.+ heat Residential

1983

1989

1995

2001

Transport Total

2007

Industry

Key point: Relative to the almost-stable average emissions per capita, those of power generation and transport have grown markedly since 1971. Overall, the emissions intensity of the world economy, in terms of CO2 per GDP, declined by 41% between 1971 and 2007. However, the electricity and heat sector slowed the global decoupling between emissions and economic growth with a decrease in emissions per global unit of GDP of only 9% over that period. Power generation and transport challenge the sustainability of both the global economy and the environment. This is particularly pronounced for developing countries that increased their emissions from these two sectors, respectively, by three times and by one and a half times faster than the global average between 1990 and 2007. Access to modern energy services is crucial to eradicating poverty and for economic development of these countries and the challenge will be to help developing countries use energy in a rational way. Strong energy efficiency gains, the increased use of new technologies for road transport and the decarbonisation of electricity supply (both through a shift toward less carbon-intensive fuels such as natural gas and renewables and through the introduction of CO2 capture and storage) are some of the potential means to achieve a more sustainable energy path.17 Investment decisions taken over the next few years will have a huge long-term impact, since energy systems could be locked into a fuel mix for about 50 years, and consequently into a CO2 emissions trajectory, that may be difficult to change.

17. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, IEA, 2008.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1971

1977 Elec.+ heat Residential

1983

1989

1995

Transport Total

2001

2007

Industry

* GDP using purchasing power parities.

Key point: Generation of electricity and heat and to a lesser extent transport have slowed down the global decoupling of emissions from economic growth.

The BRICS countries One of the most important recent developments in the world economy is the increasing economic integration of large OECD non-member countries, in particular Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa, the so-called BRICS countries. Already, the BRICS represent over one-fourth of world GDP, up from 18% in 1990. In 2007, these five countries represented 30% of global energy use and 33% of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (Figure 16). These shares are likely to rise further in coming years, if the ongoing strong economic performance currently enjoyed by most of these countries continues, as many commentators expect. In fact, China, the Russian Federation and India are already three of the four countries that emit the most CO2 emissions in absolute terms. This brief discussion focuses on the BRICS countries, of which only the Russian Federation is a member of Annex I. Each of these countries has very different endemic resources, energy supply constraints and sectoral consumption patterns. Consequently, the issues relating to CO2 emissions that these five countries are facing are quite different.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - xxvii

Figure 16. The growing importance of the BRICS countries Gt CO2 16 NonAnnex I Annex I

Annex I 14

12

Other NonAnnex I

10 Other Annex I NonAnnex I

8

6

Brazil South Africa

Other Annex I India

Other NonAnnex I

4

India

China

Brazil South Africa

2 Russian China Bunkers Fed. 0 1990

Bunkers

Russian Fed. 2007

Key point: With the exception of the Russian Federation, the BRICS countries represent a growing share of CO2 emissions in the world.

Brazil Brazil is the fifth largest emitter of GHGs in the world, with the particularity that the country’s energy system has a relatively minor impact on GHG emissions (only 19%). The bulk of Brazilian GHG emissions (81%) come, instead, from agriculture, land-use and forestry activities, mainly through the expansion of agricultural frontiers in the Amazon region.

Compared to the Russian Federation, China and India, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Brazil are small, representing only 1.2% of global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Brazil’s energy matrix is one of the cleanest in the world with renewables accounting for 45% of TPES. Brazil is also one of the world’s largest producers of hydropower. Within the energy sector, the sub-sectors that contribute the most to total GHG emissions - the transport sector (42% in 2007) and the industrial sector (31%) - are also the ones that are likely to grow the most over the next years. Electricity generation relies heavily on hydropower. Over the last three decades, the number of major dams has grown steadily and hydropower accounted for 84% of the total in 2007. Many of Brazil's hydropower generating facilities are located far away from the main demand centres, resulting in high transmission and distribution losses. Droughts in recent years have led to a wider diversification in the electricity production mix, increasing the use of gas. In 2008, the government announced plans to build two new hydroelectric plants along Brazil’s borders with Argentina and Bolivia, representing 12 GW of new generation capacity. In addition, Suez Energy won a tender to build a 3.3 GW hydropower plant near Brasilia. However, unclear regulation of the power sector remains a source of concern. Environmental issues have also delayed some of the large hydropower projects. Figure 18. Brazil: Electricity generation by fuel TWh 500 450

Figure 17. Brazil: CO2 emissions by sector

400

Mt CO2

350

400

300 250

350

200

300

150

250

100

200

50

150

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

100 50

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

2007

Other

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Key point: The transport sector produces the largest share of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Brazil.

Key point: Brazilian electricity generation draws heavily on hydropower. In 2007, the Brazilian government announced the development of five new nuclear power plants amid concerns about the risk of power-supply shortages INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

xxviii - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

beyond 2012 unless Brazil builds new capacity. The government's 2030 National Energy Plan anticipates 5.3 GW of additional installed generation capacity from new nuclear plants (Angra 3 and four other plants) by 2030. Moreover, electricity produced from cogeneration, mainly from sugarcane bagasse, is to make up 11.4% of the country’s electricity supply by 2030. Biofuels supply a comparatively significant share of the energy consumed for road transport (Figure 19). As such, Brazilian transport has a relatively low CO2 emissions intensity.18 CO2 emissions per unit of fuel consumed in road traffic are 10% lower than the world average (2.6 versus 2.9 t CO2 per toe). Figure 19: Share of biofuels energy in road transport (2007) 18% 15% 12% 9% 6% 3% 0% United States

European Union

Brazil

Key point: Brazil’s relative consumption of biofuels far outstrips that of any other country. Brazil is the world’s largest exporter and consumer of fuel ethanol from sugarcane.19 In 2007, Brazil produced 390 000 bbl/d of ethanol, up from 306 000 bbl/d in 2006. Currently, cars that can run on either 100% ethanol or a gasoline-anhydrous ethanol blend represent more than 80% of the new cars purchased in Brazil (an estimated 1.3 million in 2006) and cost the same as cars that can only run on conventional fuel. The commercial viability of biofuels in Brazil reflects both an economy well-suited to large-scale sugarcane production and several decades of government intervention through the Brazilian Alcohol Programme (Proalcool) launched in the 1970s. The government

18. Box 2 provides a more complete discussion on the advantages and limitations of using biofuels to replace oil. Note: CO2 emissions intensity considers the tank-to-wheel emissions and assumes that the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of biomass are zero. 19. In 2005, the United States displaced Brazil as the largest ethanol producer, although mainly derived from corn and not sugarcane.

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offered a variety of incentives, including low-interest loans to build distilleries and favourable pricing relative to gasoline. Mandatory ethanol blending targets were set up for 1977 (4.5% of the gasoline, by volume) and during the 1980s (20-25%). After experiencing severe problems in the 1990s,20 the program has now become the largest commercial application of biomass for energy production and use in the world. Brazil’s profile as an energy producer will be transformed in the medium term, following the discovery in November 2007 of a major deepwater oilfield in the Santos Basin. Brazil’s oil and gas reserves are currently estimated at 14 billion barrels.

Russian Federation The Russian Federation is the only one of the BRICS countries where CO2 emissions fell between 1990 and 2007, with a 27% drop over the period. The economic downturn after the break-up of the Former Soviet Union caused emissions to fall by 34% between 1990 and 1998. CO2 emissions grew in 1999 and 2000 (3% a year) due to the Russian Federation’s strong economic recovery, stimulated by the increase in world energy prices. CO2 emissions remained fairly constant for the next five years. After a 4% increase in 2006, the CO2 emissions were stable in 2007. The World Energy Outlook projects the Russian Federation CO2 emissions will continue to increase steadily, and in 2030 will represent around 90% of the estimated 1990 level. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in the Russian Federation have stabilised following the collapse of the Former Soviet Union. However, other sources of greenhouse gases, in particular CH4 emissions from leaks in the oil and gas transmission/distribution system and CO2 emissions from flaring of associated gas represent an important share of the Russian GHG

20. By the mid-1980s more than three-quarters of the 800 000 cars could run on ethanol. However, when sugar prices rose sharply in 1989, sugarcane growers diverted crops to the export market, and a severe shortage of ethanol occurred in the second quarter of 1989. This shortage resulted in a loss of consumer confidence in the security of ethanol supply and discredited ProAlcool. In response, the government authorised ethanol imports and Brazil became the world’s largest importer of ethanol. Brazilian drivers as well as Brazilian car makers were left in disarray for lack of fuel and, as a result, ethanol fell into discredit for some time. By the end of the 1990s, the sales of ethanolfuelled cars amounted to less than 1% of total annual auto sales because fuel manufacturers could not assure hydrous-ethanol consumers security of supply. The turning points took place in the late 1990s with the price liberalisation of ethanol and sugar and in 2003 when car manufacturers (beginning with Volkswagen) introduced the “flex fuel” car, which gave consumers the choice and resilience to buy any combination of the cheapest fuel while protecting them from any fuel shortages. Over the whole period, industry was able to achieve remarkable improvements in productivity and cost reductions.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - xxix

emissions. To effectively reduce GHG emissions from energy, these two problems would also need to be addressed.21 Figure 20. Russian Federation: CO2 emissions by sector Mt CO2 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Of the BRICS countries, in 2007, the Russian Federation had the highest CO2 emissions per capita (11.2 t CO2), which put it close to the average of OECD member countries (11.0 t CO2). In terms of CO2/GDP, the Russian Federation’s economy remains CO2 intensive with 1.0 kg CO2 per unit of GDP, more than 2.5 times higher than the OECD average. Canada, whose geography and natural resources are comparable to those of the Russian Federation, has a carbon intensity of 0.5 kg CO2/US$ – half of the Russian Federation’s level. However, IEA statistics show a reduction of the Russian Federation’s energy intensity of GDP of about 5% per year since 1998. It is not clear how much this can be attributed to energy efficiency improvements as opposed to the dramatic increase in GDP due to the Russian Federation’s much higher oil and gas-based export earnings.

India

Key point: CO2 emissions in the Russian Federation have remained fairly constant over the last ten years. In 2007, the electricity and heat generation sector represented 55% of Russian CO2 emissions, compared to a global average of 41%. Within this sector, 48% of the electricity was generated by natural gas, 17% by coal and only 2% by oil. Figure 21. Russian Federation: Electricity generation by fuel TWh 1200

India emits nearly 5% of global CO2 emissions, and emissions continue to grow. As with China, CO2 emissions have more than doubled between 1990 and 2007 and the World Energy Outlook projects that CO2 emissions in India will more than double between 2007 and 2030 (increasing by 4.1% per year). A large share of these emissions is produced by the electricity and heat sector, which represented 56% of CO2 in 2007, up from 42% in 1990. The transport sector, which was only 9% of CO2 emissions in 2007, is growing relatively slowly compared to other sectors of the economy.

1000

Figure 22. India: CO2 emissions by sector Mt CO2

800

1400

600

1200 400

1000

200

800 600

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

2007

Other

Key point: A large portion of the Russian Federation’s electricity and heat generation come from nonemitting (nuclear and hydro) or low-emitting (natural gas) sources.

21. Optimising Russian Natural Gas: Reform and Climate Policy, IEA, 2006.

400 200 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Key point: The bulk of CO2 emissions in India come from the electricity and heat generation sector and its share is continuing to grow. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

xxx - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

In 2007, 68% of electricity came from coal, another 8% from natural gas and 4% from oil. The share of fossil fuels in the generation mix grew from 73% in 1990 to 85% in 2002. Since then the share of fossil fuels has declined steadily, falling to 81% in 2007. Although electricity produced from hydro has actually increased during this period, the share fell from 25% in 1990 to 15% in 2007. India is promoting the installation of other renewable power sources into its generation mix. India had an installed capacity of 13 GW of renewable energy sources on 31 August 2009. Under its National Action Plan on Climate Change, India plans to install 20 GW of solar power by 2020. With an installed wind capacity of 10 GW in July 2009,22 India has the fifth largest installed capacity of wind power in the world. Figure 23. India: Electricity generation by fuel

China With six billion tonnes of CO2 in 2007 (21% of global emissions), Chinese emissions surpass by far those of the other BRICS countries – in fact, China overtook the United States in 2007 as the world’s largest emitter of energy-related CO2. Chinese CO2 emissions have almost tripled between 1990 and 2007. The increase was especially large in the last five years (16% in 2003, 19% in 2004, 11% in both 2005 and 2006 and 8% in 2007). The World Energy Outlook Reference Scenario projects that the growth in Chinese emissions will slow down to 2.9% per year up to 2030. Even with this slower growth, emissions in 2030 will be almost twice those in 2007. Figure 24. China: CO2 emissions by sector Mt CO2 7000

TWh

6000

900

5000

800

4000

700

3000

600 500

2000

400

1000

300

0

200

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

100 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

2007

Other

Key point: About two-thirds of India’s electricity comes from coal. Of the BRICS countries, India has the lowest CO2 emissions per capita (1.2 t CO2 in 2007), about onefourth that of the world average. However, due to the recent large increases in emissions, the ratio is more than one and a half times that of 1990 and will continue to grow. But India’s per capita emissions in 2030 will still be well below those in the OECD member countries today.

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Key point: For the last five years, China showed dramatic growth in CO2 emissions from electricity and heat generation. Since 1990, the electricity and heat generation sector grew the most, representing 50% of Chinese CO2 emissions in 2007. The transport sector also grew rapidly, but from a much smaller base. The World Energy Outlook projects that the transport sector will continue to grow and will go from 7% of the energy demand in 2007 to 12% in 2030.

In terms of CO2/GDP, India has continuously improved the efficiency of its economy and reduced the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 21% between 1990 and 2007.

Chinese demand for electricity was the largest driver of the rise in emissions. The rate of capacity additions peaked in 2006, but in 2008 China still added over 90 GW of new capacity,23 equivalent to the total installed capacity of Italy. At the same time, it closed nearly 17 GW of small, inefficient fossil fuel-fired

22. According to the website of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy of the Government of India (http://mnes.nic.in).

23. China Electricity Council, China National Power Industry Statistics Flash Report 2008, January 2009.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - xxxi

plants,24 about the size of Finland’s power sector. Figure 20 illustrates the growing demand for electricity generation and the large role played by coal. Nearly all (99%) of the 1990-2007 emissions growth from power generation derived from coal. Figure 25. China: Electricity generation by fuel TWh 3500

albeit at a much slower rate than in the past. The increasing share of coal in power generation, however, means that a small decline in energy intensity may still be paired with an increase in emissions intensity, as was the case in 2003 and 2004. Although per capita emissions in China in 2007 were only about one-third that of the OECD average, they have more than doubled since 1990, with the largest increases occurring in the last five years.

3000

South Africa

2500

South Africa currently relies for a large part on fossil fuels as a primary energy source (88% in 2007); with coal providing most of that. Although South Africa accounted for 39% of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Africa in 2007, it represented only 1.2% of the global total. The electricity and heat sector produced 64% of South Africa’s CO2 emissions in 2007.

2000 1500 1000 500 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

2007

Other

Key point: Coal dominates China’s electricity generation and its very fast growth. In the past few decades, China had experienced a rapid decoupling of energy consumption and CO2 emissions from economic growth. During the 1980s, the central government in China reduced industrial energy intensity by establishing standards and quotas for the energy supplied to firms and had the authority to shut off the power supply when enterprises exceeded their limits.25 However, as the Chinese economy has moved towards an open-market operation, investment in energy conservation as a percentage of total energy investment has gradually declined.26 Especially since 2003, rapid expansion of heavy industrial sectors to serve huge infrastructure investments and burgeoning demand for Chinese products from domestic and overseas consumers pushed up demand for fossil fuels, and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP actually rose from 2003 to 2005. Still, the 2007 TPES/GDP is 57% less than in 1990, and a recent push by the government to reduce energy intensity has helped to resume the long-term intensity decline,

24. National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration, State Environmental Protection Administration and China Electricity Council, Status of Nationwide Closures of Small Thermal Power Units, March 2009. 25. See the complete discussion in Trends in Energy Efficiency Investments in China and the US, Jiang Lin, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 2005. 26. For a discussion on China’s electricity sector, see also China’s Power Sector Reforms, IEA, 2006.

Coal dominates the South African energy system, accounting for 72% of primary energy supply and nearly a quarter of final energy consumption. In 2007, South Africa generated 95% of its electricity using coal. It follows that the major climate change issue facing South Africa is to reduce its greenhouse-gas emissions, primarily by reducing its reliance on fossil fuels. Figure 26. South Africa: CO2 emissions by sector Mt CO2 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Key point: The largest share of CO2 emissions in South Africa comes from the electricity and heat sector, but growth remains moderate compared to some of the other BRICS countries. Prices of commercial forms of energy in South Africa are in general quite low by international standards. Given the relatively lower rate of electrification (about 88% in urban areas and only 55% in rural areas), the direct use of commercial forms of energy by households is more limited. Biomass, and especially wood, dominates energy use by rural INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

xxxii - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

households, generating health and safety problems as well as concerns about the sustainability of wood supplies. Over the last 17 years, per capita CO2 emissions in South Africa have remained fairly constant while emissions per unit of GDP have decreased by 15%. Figure 27. South Africa: Electricity generation by fuel TWh 300

Despite its possible worldwide influence, the Protocol is limited in its potential to address global emissions since not all the major emitters are included. The United States remains outside of its jurisdiction and though most of the developing countries (i.e. nonAnnex I countries) signed the Protocol, they committed to no emissions targets. The Kyoto Protocol implies action on less than a third of global CO2 emissions as measured in 2007 (Table 1). The Protocol’s quantitative emissions reductions further engendered a commoditisation of carbon, as detailed in the following examination of emissions trading schemes.

250 200 150

Emissions trading schemes

100

Emissions trading schemes (ETS) are developing or being proposed in several regions and countries around the world. While some have definite and defined rules in the short term (e.g. EU ETS, ten Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic US states, New Zealand, Norway), others have not yet finalised their precise rules of functioning (e.g. Australia, Canada, Japan). Nonetheless, even for those schemes in which trading has commenced, policy makers have allowed flexibility in the changing design options over the longer term. Indeed, lessons from the first years of existing schemes are helping the elaboration of others.27

50 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Coal/peat

Oil

Nuclear

Hydro

2007

Other

Key point: South Africa relies almost solely on coal to produce its electricity.

Development of a carbonconstrained world Until now, industrialised countries have emitted the large majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. However, shares of developing countries are rising very rapidly and are projected to continue to do so. To shift towards a carbon-constrained world, mitigation measures now taking shape within industrialised countries will need to be refined and complemented by comprehensive efforts worldwide.

International mitigation measures Complementing various national policies and measures, the Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC is by far the most comprehensive multinational effort to mitigate climate change, both politically and geographically. Having entered into force in February 2005, the Protocol commits industrialised countries to curb domestic emissions by about 5% as a group relative to 1990 by the 2008-2012 first commitment period. The Protocol also creates “flexible mechanisms” by which industrialised countries can transfer emission allowances among themselves and earn emission credits from emissions reductions of developing countries and countries with economies in transition. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

In the European Union, the largest scheme in operation is the EU ETS. The lessons from its first phase helped to shape the scheme’s post-2012 design.28 In December 2008, the European Council and the European Parliament endorsed an agreement on the climate change and energy package, which translates into details a political commitment by the European Union to reduce its GHG emissions by 20% by 2020 compared to 1990 levels.29 The ETS will play a key role in achieving this target, as the 2020 cap for ETS installations is 21% below the actual level of 2005 emissions.30

27. Reinaud, J. and C. Philibert, 2007. Emissions Trading: Trends and Prospects, IEA information paper. 28. Convery, F., Ellerman, A.D. and C. de Perthuis. 2008. The European Carbon Market in Action: Lessons from the First Trading Period, APREC research program on the ex-post evaluation of the European CO2 market, Paris. Downloadable at www.aprec.net. 29. A 30% reduction target is proposed if other Parties were to take equally ambitious mitigation objectives. 30. Annual cap: 1 974 Mt in 2013, falling in linear fashion to 1 720 Mt by 2020; average annual cap over 2013-20: 1 846 Mt (compared to an annual cap of 2 083 Mt in phase 2).

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - xxxiii

Table 1. World CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and Kyoto targets Mt CO2 % change Kyoto 90-07 Target (1)

1990

2007

8 792.2

8 162.1

432.3

572.9

32.5%

432.3

572.9

32.5%

3 158.7

3 281.3

3.9%

Austria Belgium Denmark

56.2 107.9 50.4

69.7 106.0 50.5

24.0% -1.8% 0.2%

-13% -7.5% -21%

Finland France (2) Germany Greece

54.4 352.1 950.4 70.1

64.4 369.3 798.4 97.8

18.5% 4.9% -16.0% 39.5%

0% 0% -21% +25%

Africa Middle East Non-OECD Europe (3) Other FSU (3)

Iceland Ireland Italy

1.9 30.6 397.8

2.3 44.1 437.6

24.6% 44.1% 10.0%

+10% +13% -6.5%

Latin America (3) Asia (excl. China) (3) China

Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal

10.5 156.6 28.3 39.3

10.7 182.2 36.9 55.2

2.5% 16.4% 30.6% 40.5%

-28% -6% +1% +27%

Spain Sweden Switzerland

205.8 52.8 40.7

344.7 46.2 42.2

67.5% -12.4% 3.6%

+15% +4% -8%

United Kingdom

553.0

523.0

-5.4%

-12.5%

1 346.5 259.8 1 065.3 21.3

1 668.1 396.3 1 236.3 35.5

23.9% 52.5% 16.1% 66.4%

+8% -6% 0%

Economies in Transition 3 854.7 Bulgaria 74.9 Croatia 21.6 Czech Republic 155.4 Estonia 36.2 Hungary 66.7 Latvia 18.4 Lithuania 33.1 Poland 343.7 Romania 167.1 Russian Federation 2 179.9 Slovak Republic 56.7 Slovenia 13.1 Ukraine 687.9

2 639.8 50.2 22.0 122.1 18.0 53.9 8.3 14.4 304.7 91.9 1 587.4 36.8 15.9 314.0

-31.5% -33.0% 2.1% -21.4% -50.1% -19.1% -54.6% -56.4% -11.4% -45.0% -27.2% -35.1% 21.2% -54.4%

KYOTO PARTIES North America Canada Europe

Pacific Australia Japan New Zealand

-7.2%

2007

11 577.8

19 778.3

70.8%

Non-participating Annex I Parties Belarus Turkey

5 106.3 116.1 126.9

6 097.0 62.7 265.0

19.4% -46.0% 108.8%

none none

United States

4 863.3

5 769.3

18.6%

-7%

6 471.5

13 681.3

111.4%

546.2 588.2 106.1 581.6

882.0 1 389.0 91.4 406.7

61.5% 136.1% -13.9% -30.1%

none none none none

897.0 1 508.4 2 244.0

1 453.9 3 387.1 6 071.2

62.1% 124.6% 170.6%

none none none

356.9 253.6

610.4 411.6

71.1% 62.3%

20 980.5

28 962.4

38.0%

-4.7% e NON-KYOTO PARTIES

-6%

-8% -5% -8% -8% -6% -8% -8% -6% -8% 0% -8% -8% 0%

% change Kyoto 90-07 Target (1)

1990

Other Regions

INTL. MARINE BUNKERS INTL. AVIATION BUNKERS WORLD

Gt CO2 30

25

International Bunkers

20 Non-Annex I Parties

15 Kyoto target(4)

Non-Participating Annex I Parties

10

5

Kyoto Parties

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2007

(1) The targets apply to a basket of six greenhouse gases and take sinks into account. The overall EU target under the Protocol is 8%, but the member countries have agreed on a burden-sharing arrangement as listed. Because of lack of data and information on base years and gases, an overall "Kyoto target" cannot be precisely calculated for total Kyoto Parties: estimates applying the targets to IEA energy data suggest the target is equivalent to about 4.7% on an aggregate basis for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. (2) Emissions from Monaco are included with France. (3) Composition of regions differs from elsewhere in this publication to take into account countries that are not Kyoto Parties. (4) The Kyoto target is calculated as percentage of the 1990 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only, therefore it does not represent the total target for the six-gas basket. This assumes that the reduction targets are spread equally across all gases.

Key point: Existing climate goals have not always led to reductions in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.

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xxxiv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

The trajectory of the ETS cap proposed by the Commission in January 2008 is retained, but there will be less auctioning and more imports of credits from the Kyoto flexible mechanisms CDM and Joint Implementation (JI) than the Commission had proposed. Although this will make the ETS less effective in terms of emission reductions in the European Union than it would have been under the Commission’s proposals, overall this agreement is still an achievement, establishing an aggressive trajectory for ETS emissions reductions over 2013-20 and meaningful scarcity. At present, the lower energy demand is expected to have created a surplus in the system. In addition, since December 2006, the Commission has adopted legislation to broaden the scheme to the aviation sector. In July 2008, the European Parliament backed the proposal to include aviation in the EU ETS from January 2012, based on a deal struck by negotiators from the European Council and the European Parliament in June 2008.

are currently translated into amendments to the existing legislation, and a revised law is expected to be passed by December 2009. In Australia, the federal government published its revised climate change policy in July 2007, announcing a plan to establish an emission trading scheme (the so-called “Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS)”) as part of an effective framework for meeting the climate change challenge. The proposal includes broad coverage of GHG emissions and sectors, covering around 75% of Australian GHG emissions, a mix of direct and upstream point of obligation and assistance to help households and business adjust. The draft bill to enact the scheme was introduced in May 2009 into parliament. The CPRS bill will be considered in the parliament before the end of 2009.

Several other ETS are being developed, including in countries that are not Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. In the United States, the first regional scheme (i.e. in the Northeastern States) began on January 1, 2009. Others may follow. Further, on June 26, the House of Representatives passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES), a comprehensive draft climate change and energy legislation introduced by the House Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Rep. Henry Waxman and Global Warming Subcommittee Chairman Ed Markley. The bill calls for a cap-and-trade programme covering 85% of US GHG emissions, including power, industry, transport, commercial and residential sectors. The targets are set against 2005 emission levels, at 3% reduction by 2012, 17% by 2020, 42% by 2030 and 83% by 2050. ACES is currently under consideration in the Senate.

The government of Canada is committed to reducing Canada’s total GHG emissions by 20% from 2006 levels by 2020 and by 60 to 70 % by 2050. The creation of a carbon market is part of the government's commitment to reduce total GHG emissions. In June 2009, the Canadian government published new guidelines for Canada's Offset System for Greenhouse Gases. The domestic offset system is an important step in the creation of a carbon market in Canada, establishing tradable credits for GHG reductions and encouraging cost-effective domestic emission reductions in areas that will not be covered by planned federal regulations (e.g., forestry and agriculture). Under the proposed regulations, firms will have several options to meet their compliance obligations including domestic offset credits and emissions trading as an important component of the government’s market-driven approach to reducing GHG emissions. The government has indicated that it will continue to monitor and consider US developments to ensure harmonised rules.

In New Zealand, the government announced an emission trading system (NZ ETS) in September 2007, proposing a staged introduction with the aim of having all the major sectors included in the scheme by 2013. In addition, unlimited use of Kyoto Protocol project credits is foreseen. The ETS, which currently only covers the forestry sector, started on 1 January 2008 and was approved by parliament in September 2008. However, the new government that came into place in 2008 established in December 2008 a committee to review the ETS. Its recommendations

In September 2008, Japan unveiled an outline of a GHG emissions trading scheme, which was launched on a trial basis in October 2008. Initially, the system is voluntary and Japanese companies are allowed to set their own emission reduction targets. In addition to allowance trading, companies will be able to use CDM credits, national offset credits and credits from Japan’s voluntary emissions trading scheme. Only recently, the new Japanese Prime Minister announced plans to introduce a mandatory domestic emissions trading system, tentatively scheduled for 2011.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - xxxv

Steps for future action Held in late 2005, the first Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP1) witnessed the official opening of talks on post-2012 climate change policy. Parties organised two official fora: the Ad Hoc Working Group (AWG) on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties and the UNFCCC “Dialogue on longterm cooperative action to address climate change by enhancing implementation of the Convention” (UNFCCC Dialogue). The AWG focuses on the design of post-2012 commitments for Annex I Parties under the Protocol. Ideally, it would also provide some certainty to carbonconstrained investments in infrastructure and to the carbon market itself. However, the AWG has no mandate to encourage participation from non-Annex I Parties or from non-participating Annex I Parties. The broader UNFCCC Dialogue was instead designed to explore worldwide climate change mitigation and adaptation through an “open and non-binding exchange of views, information and ideas”. Participants in its first meeting discussed strategic adaptation to climate change, sustainable development, and the mitigation potential of technology and market mechanisms. The Bali Road Map adopted at COP/MOP3 in Bali established a two-track process, i.e. both for the Convention and Kyoto Protocol strands, aiming at the identification of a post-2012 global climate regime to be adopted by COP15 and COP/MOP5 in Copenhagen in 2009. While the Bali Action Plan, adopted under the Convention track, did not introduce binding commitments to reduce GHG emissions, it included the request for developed countries to contribute to the mitigation of global warming in the context of sustainable development. In addition, the plan envisaged enhanced actions on adaptation, technology development and on the provision of financial resources, as well as measures against deforestation. The challenge of post-2012 discussions is the need to engage developing countries with approaches, possibly including the carbon market, that suit their capacity and their legitimate aspiration for economic and social development. The Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (APP or AP6), the G8 2005 Gleneagles Plan of Action, and the Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate (MEF) seek to involve developed and developing nations in common measures to address climate change.

The AP6, which groups Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea and the United States, is one of many initiatives. AP6 focuses on the emissions of specific sectors: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, mining, buildings and appliances; and the methods of clean fossil energy use, renewable energy generation and more efficient power generation and transmission. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States launched the July 2005 G8 Gleneagles Plan of Action to, in part, promote clean energy and sustainable development while mitigating climate change. Through the Plan of Action the G8 members committed to: 1) transform the way they use energy, namely through means of energy efficiency; 2) foster research and development of lower-emission technology; 3) finance the economic transition to cleaner energy and 4) manage the effects of climate change. The IEA was tasked under the Plan of Action to develop concrete recommendations to help the G8 achieve these four objectives. Additionally, the G8 sought to engage South Africa, India, Brazil, China and Mexico in an official Dialogue to address climate change, clean energy, and sustainable development worldwide. This commitment by the G8 was reiterated at the St. Petersburg summit in July 2006 and subsequently at the 2007 summit in Heiligendamm, the 2008 summit in Hokkaido and the 2009 summit in L’Aquila. In L’Aquila, Italy on 9 July 2009, 17 heads of industrialised and non-industrialised countries participating in the MEF set a clear goal for international climate policy: the increase in global climate temperature above pre-industrial levels ought not to exceed 2°C. In all these efforts, timely and accurate CO2 and other GHG statistics will prove essential to ascertain compliance to international agreements and to inform carbon market participants. The ability of countries to monitor and review emissions from their sources is essential in their engagement towards global GHG mitigation.

Conclusion Fossil fuel combustion is the single largest human influence on climate. Over the past two decades, the global community has recognised the pressing need to address and reduce CO2 emissions from fuel combustion that enter the atmosphere. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

xxxvi - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Two sectors, both growing rapidly, represent the bulk of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: the electricity and heat generation sector and the transport sector. Improving the energy efficiency and reducing the carbon intensity of both sectors could significantly diminish their contribution to global climate change. Since the emissions countries. lived due

Industrial Revolution, most of the CO2 have originated from the industrialised However, this dominance appears shortto the size of some of the developing

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

economies and the growth in their energy needs. Effective emissions mitigation will require all countries, regardless of energy demand and infrastructure, to use energy in a sustainable manner. This analysis is based on energy statistics collected from various sources. Although quality and completeness of these statistics have increased over the last years, up-to-date and accurate information on energy use and GHG emissions will be more and more essential for monitoring progress towards addressing the energy-climate challenge.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.1

PART I: METHODOLOGY

PARTIE I : METHODOLOGIE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.3

1. IEA EMISSIONS ESTIMATES The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion presented in this publication are calculated using the IEA energy data1 and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC/ OECD/IEA, Paris, 1997 (1996 IPCC Guidelines). Although the IPCC approved the 2006 Guidelines at the 25th session of the IPCC in April 2006 in Mauritius, most countries (as well as the IEA Secretariat) are still calculating their inventories using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The IEA Secretariat reviews its energy databases each year. In the light of new assessments, important revisions may be made to the time series of individual countries. Therefore, certain data in this publication may have been revised with respect to previous editions.

Inventory quality The IPCC Guidelines allow Parties under the UNFCCC to prepare and periodically update national inventories that are accurate, complete, comparable and transparent. Inventory quality is an important issue since countries are now implementing legallybinding commitments. One way to assess inventory quality is to do comparisons among inventories, methodologies and input data. The IPCC Guidelines recommend that countries which have used a detailed Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from energy combustion also use the Reference Approach for verification purposes. This will identify areas where a full accounting of emissions may not have been made (see Chapter 5, IPCC methodologies).

1. Published in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, Energy Balances of OECD Countries, Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009.

Reference Approach vs. Sectoral Approach The Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach often give different results because the Reference Approach is a top-down approach using a country’s energy supply data and has no detailed information on how the individual fuels are used in each sector. The Reference Approach provides estimates of CO2 to compare with estimates derived using a Sectoral Approach. Theoretically, it indicates an upper bound to the Sectoral Approach “1A fuel combustion”, because some of the carbon in the fuel is not combusted but will be emitted as fugitive emissions (as leakage or evaporation in the production and/or transformation stage). Calculating CO2 emissions inventories with the two approaches can lead to different results for some countries. In general the gap between the two approaches is relatively small (5 per cent or less) when compared to the total carbon flows involved. In cases where 1) fugitive emissions are proportional to the mass flows entering production and/or transformation processes, 2) stock changes at the level of the final consumer are not significant and 3) statistical differences in the energy data are limited, the Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach should lead to similar evaluations of the CO2 emissions trends. When significant discrepancies and/or large timeseries deviations do occur, they may be due to various reasons such as: Large statistical differences between the energy supply and the energy consumption in the basic energy data. Statistical differences arise from the collection of data from different parts of the fuel flow from its supply origins to the various stages of downstream conversion and use. They are a normal part of a fuel INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

balance. Large random statistical differences must always be examined to determine the reason for the difference, but equally importantly smaller statistical differences which systematically show an excess of supply over demand (or vice versa) should be pursued. Significant mass imbalances between crude oil and other feedstock entering refineries and the (gross) petroleum products manufactured. The use of aggregate net calorific and carbon content values for primary fuels which are converted rather than combusted. For example, it may appear that there is not conservation of energy or carbon depending on the calorific value and/or the carbon content chosen for the crude oil entering refineries and for the mix of products produced from the refinery for a particular year. This may cause an overestimation or underestimation of the emissions associated with the Reference Approach. The misallocation of the quantities of fuels used for conversion into derived products (other than power or heat) or quantities combusted in the energy sector. When reconciling differences between the Reference Approach and a Sectoral Approach it is important to ensure that the quantities reported in the transformation and energy sectors (e.g. for coke ovens) reflect correctly the quantities used for conversion and for fuel use, respectively, and that no misallocation has occurred. Note that the quantities of fuels converted to derived products should have been reported in the transformation sector of the energy balance. If any derived products are used to fuel the conversion process, the amounts involved should have been reported in the energy sector of the energy balance. In a Sectoral Approach the inputs to the transformation sector should not be included in the activity data used to estimate emissions. Missing information on certain transformation outputs. Emissions from combustion of secondary fuels produced in integrated processes (for example, coke oven gas) may be overlooked in a Tier 1 Sectoral Approach if data are poor or unavailable. The use of secondary fuels (the output from the transformation process) should be included in the Sectoral Approach. Failure to do so will result in an underestimation of the Sectoral Approach. Simplifications in the Reference Approach. Certain quantities of carbon should be included in the Reference Approach because their emissions fall under fuel combustion. These quantities have been excluded where the flows are small or not represented by a major statistic available within energy data. Examples of quantities not accounted for in the Reference INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Approach include lubricants used in two-stroke engines, blast furnace and other by-product gases which are used for fuel combustion outside their source category of production and combustion of waxed products in waste plants with heat recovery. On the other hand, certain flows of carbon should be excluded from the Reference Approach, but for reasons similar to the above no practical means can be found to exclude them without over complicating the calculations. These include coals and other hydrocarbons injected into blast furnaces as well as cokes used as reductants in the manufacture of inorganic chemicals. These simplifications will determine discrepancies between the Reference Approach and a Sectoral Approach. If data are available, the magnitudes of these effects can be estimated. Missing information on stock changes that may occur at the final consumer level. The relevance of consumer stocks depends on the method used for the Sectoral Approach. If delivery figures are used (this is often the case) then changes in consumers’ stocks are irrelevant. If, however, the Sectoral Approach is using actual consumption of the fuel, then this could cause either an overestimation or an underestimation of the Reference Approach. High distribution losses or unrecorded consumption for gas may mean that the emissions are overestimated by the Reference Approach or underestimated by the Sectoral Approach. The treatment of transfers and reclassifications of energy products may cause a difference in the Sectoral Approach estimation since different net calorific values and emission factors may be used depending on how the fuel is classified.

Differences between IEA estimates and UNFCCC submissions It is possible to use the IEA CO2 estimates for comparison with the greenhouse-gas inventories reported by countries to the UNFCCC Secretariat. In this way, problems in methods, input data or emission factors may become apparent. However, care should be used in interpreting the results of any comparison since the IEA estimates may differ from a country’s official submission for many reasons. A recent comparison of the IEA estimates with the inventories submitted to the UNFCCC showed that for most Annex II countries, the two calculations were

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.5

within 5%. For some EIT and non-Annex I countries, differences between the IEA estimates and national inventories were larger. In some of the countries the underlying energy data were different; suggesting that more work is needed on the collecting and reporting of energy statistics for those countries. Some countries have incorrectly defined bunkers as fuel used abroad by their own ships and planes. Still other countries have made calculation errors for carbon oxidation or have included international bunkers in their totals. Since all of the above will affect the national totals of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, a systematic comparison with the IEA estimates would allow countries to verify their calculations and produce more internationally comparable inventories. In addition, the main bias in the energy data and emission factors will probably be systematic and not random. This means that the emission trends will usually be more reliable than the absolute emission levels. By comparing trends in the IEA estimates with trends in emissions as reported to the UNFCCC, it should be possible to identify definition problems or changes in the calculations, which were not reflected in the base year. For many reasons the IEA estimates may differ from the numbers that a country submits to the UNFCCC, even if a country has accounted for all of its energy use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines. No attempt has been made to quantify the effects of these differences. In most cases these differences will be relatively small. Some of the reasons for these differences are: x The IEA uses a Tier 1 method. The IEA uses a Tier 1 Sectoral Approach based on the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Countries may be using a Tier 2 or Tier 3 method that takes into account different technologies. x The IEA is using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The IEA is still using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Some countries may have already started using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. x Energy activity data are extracted from the IEA energy balances and may differ from those used for the UNFCCC calculations. Countries often have several “official” sources of data such as a Ministry, a Central Bureau of Statistics, a nationalised electricity company, etc. Data can also be collected from the energy suppliers, the energy consumers or customs statistics. The IEA Secretariat tries to collect the most accurate data, but does not necessarily

have access to the complete data set that may be available to national experts calculating emission inventories for the UNFCCC. In addition to different sources, the methodology used by the national bodies providing the data to the IEA and to the UNFCCC may differ. For example, general surveys, specific surveys, questionnaires, estimations, combined methods and classifications of data used in national statistics and in their subsequent reclassification according to international standards may result in different series. x The IEA uses average net calorific values. The IEA uses an average net calorific value (NCV) for each secondary oil product. These NCVs are regionspecific and constant over time. Country-specific NCVs that can vary over time are used for NGL, refinery feedstocks and additives. Crude oil NCVs are further split into production, imports, exports and average. Different coal types have specific NCVs for production, imports, exports, inputs to main activity power plants and coal used in coke ovens, blast furnaces and industry, and can vary over time for each country. Country experts may have the possibility of going into much more detail when calculating the heat content of the fuels. This in turn could produce different values than the IEA. x The IEA uses average emission factors. The IEA uses the default emission factors which are given in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Country experts may have better information available. x The IEA does not have detailed information for the stored carbon calculation. The IEA does not have complete information on the non-energy use of fuels. The amount of carbon stored is estimated using the default values given in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. For “other products” in the stored carbon calculation, the IEA assumes that 100% of kerosene, white spirit and petroleum coke that is reported as non-energy use in the energy balance is also stored. Country experts calculating the inventories may have more detailed information. x The IEA cannot allocate emissions from autoproducers into the end-use sectors. The 1996 IPCC Guidelines recommend that emissions from autoproduction should be included with emissions from other fuel use by end-consumers. At the same time, the emissions from the autoproduction of electricity and heat should be excluded from the energy transformation source category to avoid double counting. The IEA is not able to allocate the fuel use INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.6 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

from autoproducers between the industrial and “other” sectors. Therefore, this publication shows a category called “Unallocated autoproducers”. However, this should not affect the total emissions for a country.

double count these emissions in both energy and industrial processes. The IEA estimates of emissions from fuel combustion in this publication include the coke inputs to blast furnaces.

x Military emissions may be treated differently.

x The units may be different.

According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, military emissions should be reported in Source/Sink Category 1 A 5, Other (not elsewhere specified). Previously, the IEA questionnaires requested that warships be included in international marine bunkers and that the military use of aviation fuels be included in domestic air. All other military use should have been reported in non-specified other sector.

The 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2 emissions be reported in Gg of CO2. A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1 000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication with national inventories expressed in Gg, the IEA emissions must be multiplied by 1 000.

At the IEA/Eurostat/UNECE Energy Statistics Working Group meeting (Paris, November 2004), participants decided to harmonise the definitions used to collect energy data on the joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE questionnaires with those used by the IPCC to report greenhouse-gas inventories. As a result, starting in the 2006 edition of this publication, all military consumption should be reported in non-specified other sectors. Sea-going versus coastal is no longer a criterion for splitting international and domestic navigation. For more information on the changes, please consult the Energy Statistics Working Group meeting report on our website at http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/ questionnaire/index.asp. However, it is not clear whether countries are reporting on the new basis, and if they are, whether they will be able to revise their historical data. The IEA has found that in practice most countries consider information on military consumption as confidential and therefore either combine it with other information or do not include it at all. x The IEA estimates include emissions from coke inputs into blast furnaces. Countries may have included these emissions in the IPCC category industrial processes. National greenhouse-gas inventories submitted to the UNFCCC divide emissions according to source categories. Two of these IPCC Source/Sink Categories are energy and industrial processes. The IPCC Reference Approach estimates national emissions from fuel combustion based on the supply of fuel to a country and by implication includes emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces in the energy sector. However, within detailed sectoral calculations certain nonenergy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Key sources In May 2000, the IPCC Plenary accepted the report on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The report provides good practice guidance to assist countries in determining their key source categories. By identifying these key sources in the national inventory, inventory agencies can prioritise their efforts and improve their overall estimates. The Good Practice Guidance identifies a key source category as one that is prioritised within the national inventory system because its estimate has a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of direct greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both. For a more complete description of the IPCC methodology for determining key sources, see Chapter 5, IPCC methodologies. In the Good Practice Guidance, the recommendation for choosing the level of the key source analysis is to “disaggregate to the level where emission factors are distinguished. In most inventories, this will be the main fuel types. If emission factors are determined independently for some sub-source categories, these should be distinguished in the analysis.” Since the emission estimates in this publication were produced using the default emission factors from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, this means that the fuel combustion categories would have been divided into: stationary combustion – coal stationary combustion – oil stationary combustion – gas mobile combustion – coal mobile combustion – oil mobile combustion – gas

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.7

Clearly this level of aggregation is not particularly useful in identifying where additional work is needed in refining the inventory. It does not take into account the possibility of improving data collection methods, improving emission factors or using a higher tier calculation for certain key sectors within the energy from fuel combustion source category. For this reason the IEA has disaggregated the key source analysis to the same level of detail presented in the country tables of this publication. For each country, the 11 largest sources, split by coal, oil, gas and other, are shown in the key sources table. To calculate the level assessment, the IEA has started with the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated by the IEA. To supplement this, where possible, the IEA has used the emissions that were submitted by the Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC in the 2009 submission of the Common Reporting Format for CO2 (only fugitive), CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6, not taking into account CO2 emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry.2 For the non-Annex I Parties, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion were from the IEA and the rest of the 2007 emissions were estimated by PBL. The cumulative contribution only includes the 11 largest key sources of CO2 from fuel combustion. As a result, in most cases the cumulative contribution will not be 95% as recommended in the Good Practice Guidance and key sources from fugitive emissions, industrial processes, solvents, agriculture and waste will not be shown. The percentage of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in total greenhouse-gas emissions has been included as a memo item at the bottom of the table.

Notes on tables and graphs Table of CO2 emissions by sector Row 1: Sectoral Approach contains total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated using the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach and corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A. Emissions calculated using a Sectoral Approach include emissions only when the fuel is actually combusted.

2. As recommended in the Good Practice Guidance.

Row 2: Main activity producer electricity and heat contains the sum of emissions from main activity producer electricity generation, combined heat and power generation and heat plants. Main activity producers (formerly known as public utilities) are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or privately owned. Emissions from own on-site use of fuel are included. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a. Row 3: Unallocated autoproducers contains the emissions from the generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and “other” sectors. Row 4: Other energy industries contains emissions from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the industrial processes source/sink category. Within detailed sectoral calculations, certain non-energy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both energy and industrial processes. In the IEA estimations, these emissions have been included in this category. Row 5: Manufacturing industries and construction contains the emissions from combustion of fuels in industry. The IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 2 includes these emissions. However, in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the IPCC category also includes emissions from industry autoproducers that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated autoproducers. Manufacturing industries and construction also includes emissions from coke inputs into blast furnaces, which may be reported either in the transformation sector, the industry sector or the INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.8 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

separate IPCC Source/Sink Category 2, industrial processes.

includes statistical differences, product transfers, transformation losses and distribution losses.

Row 6: Transport contains emissions from the combustion of fuel for all transport activity, regardless of the sector, except for international marine bunkers and international aviation. This includes domestic aviation, domestic navigation, road, rail and pipeline transport, and corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3. In addition, the IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the autoproducer consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated autoproducers.

Row 11: Differences due to losses and/or transformation contains emissions that result from the transformation of energy from a primary fuel to a secondary or tertiary fuel. Included here are solid fuel transformation, oil refineries, gas works and other fuel transformation industries. These emissions are normally reported as fugitive emissions in the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 B, but will be included in 1 A in inventories that are calculated using the IPCC Reference Approach. Theoretically, this category should show relatively small emissions representing the loss of carbon by other ways than combustion, such as evaporation or leakage.

Note: Starting in the 2006 edition, military consumption previously included in domestic aviation and in road should be in non-specified other sectors. See the section on Differences between IEA estimates and UNFCCC submissions, for further details.

Row 7: Road contains the emissions arising from fuel use in road vehicles, including the use of agricultural vehicles on highways. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 b. Row 8: Other Sectors contains the emissions from commercial/institutional activities, agriculture/forestry, fishing, residential and other emissions not specified elsewhere that are included in the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 4 and 1 A 5. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the category also includes emissions from autoproducers in the commercial/residential/agricultural sectors that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated autoproducers. Row 9: Residential contains all emissions from fuel combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b. Row 10: Reference Approach contains total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated using the IPCC Reference Approach. The Reference Approach is based on the supply of energy in a country and as a result, all inventories calculated using this method include fugitive emissions from energy transformation (e.g. from oil refineries) which are normally included in Category 1 B. For this reason, Reference Approach estimates are likely to overestimate national CO2 emissions. In these tables, the difference between the Sectoral Approach and the Reference Approach INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Negative emissions for one product and positive emissions for another product would imply a change in the classification of the emission source as a result of an energy transformation between coal and gas, between coal and oil, etc. In practice, however, it often proves difficult to correctly account for all inputs and outputs in energy transformation industries, and to separate energy that is transformed from energy that is combusted. Therefore, the row Differences due to losses and/or transformation sometimes shows quite large positive emissions or even negative ones due to problems in the underlying energy data.

Row 12: Statistical differences can be due to unexplained discrepancies in the underlying energy data. They can also be caused by differences between emissions calculated using the Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach. Row 13: International marine bunkers contains emissions from fuels burned by ships of all flags that are engaged in international navigation. The international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing vessels and by military forces is also excluded. Emissions from international marine bunkers should be excluded from the national totals. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 d i. Row 14: International aviation contains emissions from fuels used by aircraft for international aviation. Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded. The domestic/international split should be

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.9

determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. Emissions from international aviation should be excluded from the national totals. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 a i.

Figures 2 and 3: Emissions by sector The sector Other includes emissions from commercial and public services, agriculture/forestry and fishing. Emissions from unallocated autoproducers are included in Electricity and heat.

France The methodology for calculating main activity electricity and heat production from gas changed in 2000.

Italy Prior to 1990, gas use in commercial/public services was included in residential.

Japan

The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this report relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

For four consecutive years, the IEA received revisions from the Japanese Administration. The first set of revisions received in 2004 increased the 1990 supply by 5% for coal, 2% for natural gas and 0.7% for oil compared to the previous data. This led to an increase of 2.5% in 1990 CO2 emissions calculated using the Reference Approach while the Sectoral Approach remained fairly constant. For the 2006 edition, the IEA received revisions to the coal and oil data which had a significant impact on both the energy data and the CO2 emissions. The most significant revisions occurred for coke oven coke, naphtha, blast furnace gas and petroleum coke. These revisions affected consumption rather than supply in the years concerned. As a result, the sectoral approach CO2 emissions increased for all the years, however at different rates. For example, the sectoral approach CO2 emissions for 1990 were 4.6% higher than those calculated for the 2005 edition while the 2003 emissions were 1.1% higher than those of the previous edition. Due to the impact these successive revisions have had on the final energy balance as well as on CO2 emissions, the IEA was in close contact with the Japanese Administration to better understand the reasons be-hind these changes. These changes are mainly due to the Government of Japan's efforts to improve the inputoutput balances in the production of oil products and coal products in response to inquiries from the UNFCCC Secretariat. To cope with this issue, the Japanese Administration established a working group in March 2004. The working group completed its work in April 2006. Many of its conclusions were incorporated in the 2006 edition but some further revisions to the time series (especially in industry and other sectors) were submitted for the 2007 edition.

Estonia

Netherlands Antilles

The data reported as lignite in the energy balance have been considered as oil shale for the calculation of CO2 emissions.

Prior to 1992, the Reference Approach overstates emissions since data for lubricants and bitumen (which store carbon) are not available.

Figure 5: Electricity generation by fuel The product Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables and waste, etc. Electricity generation includes both main activity producer and autoproducer electricity.

Country notes Cuba International marine bunkers for residual fuel oil in the period 1971-1983 were estimated on the basis of 1984 figures and the data reported as domestic navigation in the energy balance.

Cyprus Note by Turkey: With respect to Cyprus, Turkey reserves its position as stated in its declaration of 1 May 2004. The information in the report under the heading Cyprus relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Commission:

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.10 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Norway

basis of commercial and residential consumption in 1978 and the data reported as commercial consumption in the energy balance in previous years.

Discrepancies between Reference and Sectoral Approach estimates and the difference in the resulting growth rates arise from statistical differences between supply and consumption data for oil and natural gas. For Norway, supply of these fuels is the residual of two very large and opposite terms, production and exports.

United Kingdom

Switzerland

Vietnam

The sectoral breakdown for gas/diesel oil used in the residential sector before 1978 was estimated on the

A detailed sectoral breakdown is available starting in 1980.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

For reasons of confidentiality, gas for main activity electricity is included in autoproducers for 1990.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.11

2. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS General conversion factors for energy To: From:

TJ

Gcal

Mtoe

MBtu

GWh

238.8

2.388 x 10-5

947.8

0.2778

3.968

1.163 x 10-3

multiply by:

terajoule (TJ)

1 -3

-7

gigacalorie (Gcal)

4.1868 x 10

million tonne of oil equivalent (Mtoe)

4.1868 x 104

107

1

3.968 x 107

11630

million British thermal unit (MBtu)

1.0551 x 10-3

0.252

2.52 x 10-8

1

2.931 x 10-4

3.6

860

8.6 x 10-5

3412

1

gigawatt hour (GWh)

1

10

Conversion factors for mass To: From:

kg

T

lt

st

lb

0.001

9.84 x 10-4

1.102 x 10-3

2.2046

multiply by:

kilogramme (kg)

1

tonne (t)

1000

1

0.984

1.1023

2204.6

long ton (lt)

1016

1.016

1

1.120

2240.0

short ton (st)

907.2

0.9072

0.893

1

2000.0

pound (lb)

0.454

4.54 x 10-4

4.46 x 10-4

5.0 x 10-4

1

Conversion factors for volume To: From:

gal U.S.

gal U.K.

bbl

ft3

l

m3

0.8327

0.02381

0.1337

3.785

0.0038

multiply by:

U.S. gallon (gal)

1

U.K. gallon (gal)

1.201

1

0.02859

0.1605

4.546

0.0045

barrel (bbl)

42.0

34.97

1

5.615

159.0

0.159

3

cubic foot (ft ) litre (l) 3

cubic metre (m )

7.48

6.229

0.1781

1

28.3

0.0283

0.2642

0.220

0.0063

0.0353

1

0.001

264.2

220.0

6.289

35.3147

1000.0

1

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I.12 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Decimal prefixes

Tonne of CO2

101

deca (da)

10-1

deci (d)

102

hecto (h)

10-2

centi (c)

103

kilo (k)

10-3

milli (m)

106

mega (M)

10-6

micro (μ)

109

giga (G)

10-9

nano (n)

1012

tera (T)

10-12

pico (p)

1015

peta (P)

10-15

femto (f)

1018

exa (E)

10-18

atto (a)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

The 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2 emissions be reported in Gg of CO2. A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1 000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication with national inventories expressed in Gg, multiply the IEA emissions by 1 000. Other organisations may present CO2 emissions in tonnes of carbon instead of tonnes of CO2. To convert from tonnes of carbon, multiply by 44/12, which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.13

3. INDICATORS Population The main source of the 1970 to 2007 population data for the OECD member countries is National Accounts of OECD Countries, Volume 1, OECD, Paris, 2009. Data for 1960 to 1969 have been estimated using the growth rates from the population series published in the OECD Economic Outlook No. 76. For the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland (1960 to 1969) and Mexico (1960 to 1962), the data are estimated using the growth rates from the population series from the World Bank published in the World Development Indicators CD-ROM. For the Slovak Republic, population data for 1960 to 1989 are from the Demographic Research Centre, Infostat, Slovak Republic. The main source of the population data for the OECD non-member countries is World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington D.C., 2009. Population data for Chinese Taipei, Gibraltar, Iraq and a few countries within the regions Other Africa, Other Latin America and Other Asia are based on the CHELEM-CEPII online database, 2009.

GDP The main source of the 1970 to 2007 GDP series for the OECD member countries is National Accounts of OECD Countries, Volume 1, 2009. GDP data for 1960 to 1969 have been estimated using the growth rates from the series in the OECD Economic Outlook No 76 and data previously published by the OECD Secretariat. Data prior to 1990 for the Czech Republic and Poland, prior to 1991 for Hungary, and prior to 1992 for the Slovak Republic are IEA Secretariat estimates based on GDP growth rates from the World Bank. The main source of the GDP series for the non-OECD member countries is World Development Indicators,

World Bank, Washington D.C., 2009. GDP figures for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Chinese Taipei, Cuba, Gibraltar, Iraq, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Myanmar, Namibia (1971-1979), Netherlands Antilles (available from 1980), Qatar, Turkmenistan, Former Soviet Union (before 1990), Former Yugoslavia (before 1990) and a few countries within the regions3 Other Africa, Other Latin America and Other Asia are from the CHELEM-CEPII online databases 2008, 2009. GDP figures for Albania (1971-1979), Angola (19711984), Bahrain (1971-1979, 2006-2007), Bulgaria (1971-1979), Ethiopia (1971-1980), Jordan (19711974), Kuwait (1990-1991, 2006-2007), Lebanon (1971-1987), Malta (2007), Mozambique (19711979), Oman (2006-2007), Romania (1971-1979), Serbia4 (1990-1998), United Republic of Tanzania (1971-1987), the United Arab Emirates (1971-1972 and 2006-2007), Vietnam (1971-1983), Yemen (1971-1989) and Zimbabwe (2006-2007) have been estimated based on the growth rates of the CHELEMCEPII online database, 2009. The GDP data have been compiled for individual countries at market prices in local currency and annual rates. These data have been scaled up/down to the price levels of 2000 and then converted to US dollars using the yearly average 2000 exchange rates or purchasing power parities (PPPs).5

3. Due to lack of complete time series, figures for population and for GDP of Other Latin America do not include British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Martinique, Montserrat, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Turks and Caicos Islands; and figures for population and GDP of Other Asia do not include Cook Islands. 4. Data for GDP for Serbia include Montenegro until 2004. 5. Purchasing power parities are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. A given sum of money, when converted into different currencies at the PPP rates, buys the same basket of goods and services in all countries. In other words, PPPs are the rates of currency conversion which eliminate the differences in price levels between different countries.

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I.14 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

For the OECD member countries, the PPPs selected to convert the GDP from national currencies to US dollars come from the OECD Secretariat and were aggregated using the Geary-Khamis (GK) method and rebased on the United States. For a more detailed description of the methodology please see Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures, GK Results, Volume II, 1990, OECD, 1993. The PPPs for the other countries come from the World Bank and CHELEMCEPII. For the OECD non-member countries, while both the World Bank and CHELEM-CEPII rebased this year their GDP PPP time series on 2005, this publication shows GDP data on a 2000 basis. Therefore, only for this edition, time series of GDP PPP 2000 US$ were obtained by applying the ratio GDP 2000 US$ to GDP PPP 2000 US$ of last year’s edition to the new GDP 2000 US$ figures.

CO2 emissions The estimates of CO2 emissions in this publication are based on the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and represent the total emissions from fuel combustion. Emissions have been calculated using both the IPCC Reference Approach and the IPCC Sectoral Approach (which corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A). Reference Approach totals may include certain fugitive emissions from energy transformation which should normally be included in Category 1 B. National totals do not include emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation. See Chapter 1, IEA emissions estimates for further details.

Total primary energy supply Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production + imports - exports - international marine bunkers - international aviation bunkers ± stock changes. Note: In October 2008 the IEA hosted the third meeting of InterEnerStat. This group is made up of 24 international organisations that collect or use energy statistics. One of the objectives of the group is to improve the quality of energy data by harmonising definitions for energy sources and flows. As a result of this meeting, the IEA has decided to align its energy statistics and balances with most other international organisations and to treat international aviation bunkers in the same way as international marine bunkers. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Starting with this edition, international aviation bunkers will no longer be included in the transport sector at the country level. It will be subtracted out of supply in the same way as international marine bunkers.

Electricity and heat output Total output (shown in the summary tables section) includes electricity and heat generated in the transformation sector using fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, biomass, etc. Both main activity6 producer (formerly known as public) and autoproducer7 plants have been included where available. For electricity, data include the total number of TWh generated by both electricity plants and CHP plants. For heat, data include the total amount of TJ generated by both CHP plants and heat plants. To calculate the total electricity and heat output, the heat generated in TJ has been converted to TWh using the relationship 1 TWh = 3 600 TJ and added to electricity generated.

Ratios CO2 / TPES: This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2 per terajoule. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions and total primary energy supply (including biomass and other non-fossil forms of energy). CO2 / GDP: This ratio is expressed in kilogrammes of CO2 per 2000 US dollar. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions and is shown with both GDP calculated using exchange rates and GDP calculated using purchasing power parities. CO2 / population: This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2 per capita. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions.

6. Main activity producers (formerly known as public supply undertakings) generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid. 7. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.15

Per capita CO2 emissions by sector: These ratios are expressed in kilogrammes of CO2 per capita. They have been calculated in two different ways. In the first ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat production are shown separately. In the second ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat have been allocated to final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity and heat consumed by those sectors.

CO2 emissions per kWh: These ratios are expressed in grammes of CO2 per kWh. They have been calculated using CO2 emissions from electricity and heat as shown in the country tables in the rows “main activity producer electricity and heat” and “unallocated autoproducers”, and electricity and heat output as described above. In the first table on CO2 emissions per kWh, the CO2 emissions include emissions from fossil fuels, industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste that

are consumed for electricity and heat generation in the transformation sector and output includes electricity and heat generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, biomass, etc. As a result, the emissions per kWh can vary from year to year depending on the generation mix. In the ratios of CO2 emissions per kWh by fuel: x Coal/peat includes primary and secondary coal, peat and manufactured gases (excluding gas works gas). x Oil includes petroleum products (and small amounts of crude oil for some countries). x Gas includes natural gas and gas works gas. Note: Emissions per kWh should be used with caution due to data quality problems relating to electricity efficiencies for some countries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.17

4. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE Africa includes Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana (from 1981), Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia (from 1991), Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa. Other Africa includes Botswana (until 1980), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Namibia (until 1990), Niger, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Swaziland and Uganda. Middle East includes Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Non-OECD Europe includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,8 Gibraltar, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Malta, Romania, Serbia,9 and Slovenia. Former Soviet Union includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela and Other Latin America. Other Latin America includes Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Falkland Islands, French Guyana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico10 (for natural gas), St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Turks/Caicos Islands. China includes the People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong (China). Asia includes Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (from 1995), Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, DPR of Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia (from 1985), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and Other Asia. Other Asia includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia (until 1994), Cook Islands, East Timor, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Laos, Macau, Maldives, Mongolia (until 1984), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu.

Latin America includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti,

The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.

8. See the note concerning Cyprus in Chapter 1. 9. Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.

10. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are included under the United States.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.18 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Within OECD: Australia excludes the overseas territories. Denmark excludes Greenland and the Danish Faroes, except prior to 1990, where data on oil for Greenland were included with the Danish statistics. The Administration is planning to revise the series back to 1974 to exclude these amounts. France includes Monaco, and excludes the following overseas departments and territories (Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Reunion and St.-Pierre and Miquelon). Germany includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970 onwards. Italy includes San Marino and the Vatican. Japan includes Okinawa. The Netherlands excludes Netherlands Antilles.

Suriname

and

the

Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira. Spain includes the Canary Islands. Switzerland includes Liechtenstein for the oil data. Data for other fuels do not include Liechtenstein. United States includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics also include Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Midway Islands, Wake Island and the Northern Mariana Islands. The European Union - 27 (EU-27) includes Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The International Energy Agency (IEA) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Annex I Parties include Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic,11 Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, 11. Czechoslovakia was in the original list of Annex I countries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic,11 Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States. The countries that are listed above are included in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as amended on 11 December 1997 by the 12th Plenary meeting of the Third Conference of the Parties in Decision 4/CP.3. This includes the countries that were members of the OECD at the time of the signing of the Convention, the EEC, and fourteen countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union that are undergoing the process of transition to market economies. Annex II Parties include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication), Luxembourg, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. According to Decision 26/CP.7 in document FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4, Turkey has been deleted from the list of Annex II countries to the Convention. This amendment entered into force on 28 June 2002. Economies in Transition (EITs) are those countries in Annex I that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy. This includes Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic,11 Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic,11 Slovenia and Ukraine. Annex I Kyoto Parties include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. Membership in the Kyoto Protocol is almost identical to that of Annex I, except for Turkey and Belarus which did not agree to a target under the Protocol

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.19

and the United States which has expressed the intention not to ratify the Protocol. Australia ratified the Protocol on 12 December 2007 and has been included in the Kyoto aggregate in this edition.

America: Anguilla.

Please note that the following countries have not been considered due to lack of data:

Non-OECD Europe: Montenegro12 (after 2004).

Africa: Saint Helena and Western Sahara.

Asia and Oceania: Christmas Island, Nauru, Niue and Palau.

12. Data for Montenegro are included under Serbia until 2004.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.21

5. IPCC METHODOLOGIES General notes The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC (the Convention) is the stabilisation of greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Convention also calls for all Parties to commit themselves to the following objectives: x to develop, update periodically, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties (COP) their national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks, of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. x to use comparable methodologies for inventories of greenhouse-gas emissions and removals, to be agreed upon by the COP. As a response to the objectives of the UNFCCC, the IEA Secretariat, together with the IPCC, the OECD and numerous international experts, has helped to develop and refine an internationally-agreed methodology for the calculation and reporting of national greenhouse-gas emissions from fuel combustion. This methodology was published in 1995 in the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. After the initial dissemination of the methodology, revisions were added to several chapters, and published as the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1996 IPCC Guidelines). In April 2006, the IPCC approved the 2006 Guidelines at the 25th session of the IPCC in Mauritius. For now, most countries (as well as the IEA Secretariat) are still calculating their inventories using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines.13

13. Both the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines are available from the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

Since the IPCC methodology for fuel combustion is largely based on energy balances, the IEA estimates for CO2 from fuel combustion published in this document have been calculated using the IEA energy balances and the default IPCC methodology. However, other possibly more detailed methodologies may be used by Parties to calculate their inventories. This may lead to different estimates of emissions. See Chapter 1, IEA emissions estimates, for further details. The calculation of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion may be done at three different levels referred to as Tiers 1, 2 and 3. The Tier 1 methods estimate the emissions from the carbon content of fuels supplied to the country as a whole (the Reference Approach) or to the main fuel combustion activities (Sectoral Approach). The following chapter summarises the IPCC Tier 1 methodology from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines.

Reference Approach Introduction Carbon dioxide emissions are produced when carbonbased fuels are burned. National emissions estimates are based on the amounts of fuels used and on the carbon content of fuels. Fuel combustion is widely dispersed throughout most activities in national economies and a complete record of the quantities of each fuel type consumed in each end-use activity is a considerable task, which some countries have not undertaken. Fortunately, it is possible to obtain a relatively accurate estimate of national CO2 emissions by accounting for the carbon in fuels supplied to the economy. The supply of fuels INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.22 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

is simple to record and the statistics are more likely to be available in many countries. 14

In accounting for fuels supplied it is important to distinguish between primary fuels (i.e. fuels which are found in nature such as coal, crude oil, natural gas), and secondary fuels or fuel products, such as gasoline and lubricants, which are derived from primary fuels. Accounting for carbon is based mainly on the supply of primary fuels and the net quantities of secondary fuels brought into the country. To calculate supply of fuels to the country necessitates the following data for each fuel and year chosen: x the amounts of primary fuels produced (production of secondary fuels is excluded); x the amounts of primary and secondary fuels imported; x the amounts of primary and secondary fuels exported; x the amounts of fuel used for international marine bunkers and international aviation (hereafter referred to as bunkers); x the net increases or decreases in stocks of the fuels. For each fuel, the production (where appropriate) and imports are added together and the exports, bunkers, and stock changes are subtracted to calculate the apparent consumption of the fuels. In cases where exports of secondary fuels exceed imports or stock increases exceed net imports, negative numbers will result.

x Stored carbon Not all fuel supplied to an economy is burned for heat energy. Some is used as a raw material (or feedstock) for manufacture of products such as plastics or in a non-energy use (e.g. bitumen for road construction), without oxidation (emissions) of the carbon. This is called stored carbon, and is deducted from the carbon emissions calculation. Estimation of the stored carbon requires data for fuel use by activities using the fuel as raw material. x International bunker fuels The procedures given for calculating emissions ensure that emissions from the use of fuels for international marine and air transport are excluded from national emissions totals. However, for information purposes, the quantities and types of fuels delivered and the corresponding emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation should be separately reported. x Biomass fuels In the IPCC methodology, biomass fuels are not included in the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and are only shown for informational purposes. This is because for CO2 emissions, biomass consumption for fuel is assumed to equal its regrowth. Any departures from this hypothesis are counted within the land use, land use change and forestry module of the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. For this reason, emissions from the burning of biomass for energy are not included in the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in this publication.

Methodology

The manufacture of secondary fuels is ignored in the main calculation, as the carbon in these fuels has already been accounted for in the supply of primary fuels from which they are derived. However, information on production of some secondary fuel products is required to adjust for carbon stored in these products.

The IPCC methodology breaks the calculation of carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion into six steps:

Three other important points influence the accounting methodology:

Step 3: Multiply by emission factors to compute the carbon content

Step 1: Estimate apparent original units

fuel

consumption

Step 2: Convert to a common energy unit

Step 4: Compute carbon stored Step 5: Correct for carbon unoxidised 14. The following discussion excludes all non-carbon energy sources such as nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, etc.

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in

Step 6: Convert carbon oxidised to CO2 emissions

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.23

Completing Worksheet 1 This section is from the Workbook of the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and provides step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions at the detailed fuels and fuel products level. Worksheet 1 can be consulted at the end of this chapter. NOTE: The main worksheet allows CO2 emissions from biomass fuels to be calculated but it does not include them in the national total.

Quantities are expressed in terms of the net calorific values (NCV) of the fuels concerned. NCV is sometimes referred to as the lower heating value (LHV). NCVs are approximately 95% of the gross calorific value (GCV) for liquid fossil, solid fossil and biomass fuels, and 90% of the GCV for natural gas. 2 Apparent consumption is calculated for each fuel using this formula: Apparent consumption = Production + Imports - Exports - International bunkers - Stock change

Step 1

Estimating apparent fuel consumption

1 Apparent consumption is the basis for calculating the carbon supply for the country. To calculate apparent consumption (or total fuel supplied) for each fuel, the following data for primary fuels are entered: x Production (Column A) x Imports (Column B) x Exports (Column C)

The results are entered in Column F. Particular attention is given to the algebraic sign of “stock change” as it is entered in Column E. When more fuel is added to stock than is taken from it during the year there is a net stock build and the quantity is entered in Column E with a plus sign. In the converse case (a stock draw) the quantity is entered in Column E with a minus sign.

Step 2

Converting to a common energy unit (TJ)

x International bunkers (Column D) x Stock change (Column E) For secondary fuels and products, the only figures entered are: x Imports (Column B) x Exports (Column C)

1 The conversion factor used for each fuel is entered in Column G. 2 The Apparent consumption is multiplied by the relevant conversion factor (NCV or scaling factor) to give apparent consumption in terajoules. The result is entered in Column H.

x International bunkers (Column D)

TABLE 1 CONVERSION FACTORS

x Stock change (Column E) These allow the overall calculation to account for all consumption. Amounts of all fuels can be expressed in joules (J), megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), terajoules (TJ) or thousands of tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe). Solid or liquid fuels can be expressed as thousands of tonnes (kt) and dry natural gas can be expressed as teracalories (Tcal) or cubic metres (m3). NOTE: The figure for production of natural gas, used in Worksheet 1, does not include quantities of gas vented, flared or re-injected into the well.

Unit

Conversion factor

J, MJ or GJ

Number is divided by the appropriate factor, 1012, 106 or 103 respectively, to convert to TJ.

106 toe

Number is multiplied by the conversion factor, 41868 TJ/106 toe, to convert to TJ.

Tcal

Number is multiplied by the conversion factor, 4.1868 TJ/Tcal.

103 t

The net calorific value of each fuel is used (see Table 2).

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I.24 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

TABLE 3 CARBON EMISSION FACTORS (CEF)

TABLE 2 SELECTED NET CALORIFIC VALUES Factors (TJ/103 tonnes) Refined petroleum products

Fuel

Carbon emission factor (t C/TJ)

LIQUID FOSSIL

Gasoline

44.80

Jet kerosene

44.59

Other kerosene

44.75

Shale oil

36.00

Gas/diesel oil

43.33

Residual fuel oil

40.19

Gasoline

18.9

LPG

47.31

Jet kerosene

19.5

Ethane

47.49

Other kerosene

19.6

Naphtha

45.01

Shale oil

20.0

Bitumen

40.19

Gas/diesel oil

20.2

Lubricants

40.19

Residual fuel oil

21.1

Petroleum coke

31.00

LPG

17.2

Refinery feedstocks

44.80

Ethane

16.8

Refinery gas

48.15

Naphtha

(20.0) (a)

Other oil products

40.19

Bitumen

22.0

Primary fuels Crude oil

20.0

Orimulsion

22.0

Natural gas liquids

17.2

Secondary fuels/products

(20.0) (a)

Lubricants

Other products Coal oils and tars derived from coking coals

28.00

Oil shale

9.40

Orimulsion

27.50

Petroleum coke

27.5

Refinery feedstocks

(20.0) (a)

Refinery gas

18.2 (b) (20.0) (a)

Other oil SOLID FOSSIL

3

NOTE: When converting from 10 t, for anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite, separate country-specific net calorific values are used for production (Column A), imports (Column B), and exports (Column C). For these fuels, apparent consumption is calculated by converting production, imports, exports, and stock changes to TJ first. For international bunkers (Column D) and stock change (Column E), either a weighted average net calorific value or a factor appropriate to the dominant source of supply is used.

Step 3

Multiplying by carbon emission factors

1 The carbon emission factor (CEF) used to convert apparent consumption into carbon content is entered in Column I. Table 3 shows the default values used in this publication. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Primary fuels Anthracite

26.8

Coking coal

25.8

Other bituminous coal

25.8

Sub-bituminous coal

26.2

Lignite

27.6

Oil shale

29.1

Peat

28.9

Secondary fuels/products BKB & patent fuel Coke oven / gas coke

(25.8) (a) 29.5

Coke oven gas

13.0 (b)

Blast furnace gas

66.0 (b)

GASEOUS FOSSIL Natural gas (dry) BIOMASS

15.3

(c)

Solid biomass

29.9

Liquid biomass

(20.0) (a)

Gas biomass

(30.6) (a)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.25

Notes to Table 3 (a) This value is a default value until a fuel specific CEF is determined. For gas biomass, the CEF is based on the assumption that 50% of the carbon in the biomass is converted to methane and 50% is emitted as CO2. The CO2 emissions from biogas should not be included in national inventories. If biogas is released and not combusted, 50% of the carbon content should be included as methane. (b) For use in the sectoral calculations. (c) Emissions from the use of biomass for fuel are not shown in this publication.

2 The apparent consumption in TJ (in Column H) is multiplied by the carbon emission factor (in Column I) to give the carbon content in tonnes of C. The result is entered in Column J. 3 The carbon content in tonnes C is divided by 103 to give gigagrammes of carbon. The result is entered in Column K.

Step 4

Calculating carbon stored

1 Estimating fuel quantities Bitumen and lubricants Domestic production for bitumen and lubricants is added to the apparent consumption (shown in Column F of the main Worksheet 1) for these products and the sum is entered in Column A of Auxiliary Worksheet 1. Coal oils and tars For coking coal, the default assumption is that 6% of the carbon in coking coal consumed is converted to oils and tars. The apparent consumption for coking coal (from Worksheet 1, Column F) is multiplied by 0.06. Starting with the 2006 edition, the IEA Secretariat has requested coal tar data on its annual coal questionnaire. In cases where this information has been provided, to be consistent with the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, 75% of the part reported as nonenergy was considered to be stored and the default 6% of coking coal was not applied. Natural gas, LPG, ethane, naphtha and gas/diesel oil The amount of these fuels used as a feedstock for non-energy purposes is entered in Column A.

2 Converting to TJ The appropriate conversion factors are inserted in Column B of Auxiliary Worksheet 1. The estimated fuel quantities (Column A) are multiplied by the relevant conversion factor to give the estimated fuel quantities in TJ. The result is entered in Column C. 3 Calculating carbon content The estimated fuel quantities in TJ (Column C of Auxiliary Worksheet 1) are multiplied by the emission factor in tonnes of carbon per terajoule (Column D) to give the carbon content in tonnes of C (Column E). The figures are divided by 103 to express the amount as gigagrammes of carbon. The results are entered in Column F. 4 Calculating actual carbon stored The carbon content (Column F of Auxiliary Worksheet 1) is multiplied by the fraction of carbon stored (Column G) to give the carbon stored. The result is entered in Column H. When Auxiliary Worksheet 1 is completed 5 The values for carbon stored for the relevant fuels/ products are entered in Column L of the main Worksheet 1. 6 The values for carbon stored (Column L) are subtracted from carbon content (Column K) to give net carbon emissions. The results are entered in Column M.

Step 5

Correcting for carbon unoxidised

1 The values for fraction of carbon oxidised are entered in Column N of Worksheet 1. Table 4 provides information on typical values measured from various facilities and suggests global default values for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. 2 Net carbon emissions (Column M) are multiplied by the fraction of carbon oxidised (Column N) and the results are entered in Column O, actual carbon emissions. TABLE 4 FRACTION OF CARBON OXIDISED Coal1

0.98

Oil and oil products

0.99

Gas

0.995

Peat for electricity generation2

0.99

1.This figure is a global average but varies for different types of coal, and can be as low as 0.91. 2.The fraction for peat used in households may be much lower.

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I.26 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Step 6

Converting to CO2 emissions

1 Actual carbon emissions (Column O) are multiplied by 44/12 (which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C) to find total carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from fuel combustion. The results are entered in Column P. 2 The sum is total national emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion. These are the numbers shown for total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in this publication.

Sectoral Approach Introduction A sectoral breakdown of national CO2 emissions using the defined IPCC Source/Sink Categories is needed for monitoring and abatement policy discussions. The IPCC Reference Approach provides a rapid estimate of the total CO2 emissions from fuels supplied to the country but it does not break down the emissions by sector. The more detailed calculations used for the Sectoral Approach are essentially similar in content to those used for the Reference Approach.

Transformation sector 1 Fuels transformed into secondary fuels by physical or chemical processes not involving combustion (e.g. crude oil to petroleum products in refineries, coal to coke and coke oven gas in coke ovens); 2 Fuels combusted to generate electricity and/or heat (excluding fuels used for autoproduction of electricity and heat, which are reported in the sector where they are used); Energy sector 3 Fuels combusted by the energy (energy extraction and transformation) industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes (e.g. refinery gas for heating distillation columns, use of colliery methane at mines for heating purposes). In this worksheet, only fuel use by Groups 2 and 3 (fuels that are combusted) is included. However, see Step 4 for the reporting of lubricants used by the energy industries. For emissions resulting from fuel use by Group 1, no worksheets are available. They should be reported under the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1B: fugitive emissions from fuels. It is most important that this distinction be appreciated. The quantities of primary fuels reported in Column A will understate the quantities used for Group 1 activities. The reported quantities cover only the combustion needs of these industries.

Completing Worksheet 2 This section is from the Workbook of the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and provides step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions by fuels for each of the main source categories using the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach. A sample sheet of Worksheet 2 can be consulted at the end of this chapter.

Step 1

Estimating sectoral fuel consumption

The amount of each fuel consumed by sector is entered in Column A. Energy and transformation sector Special care needs to be taken when considering the fuel use of the energy and transformation sector so that double counting is avoided. Fuel use in the energy and transformation sector can be divided into three groups: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Step 2

Converting to a common energy unit (TJ)

1 The conversion factor (NCV or scaling factor) to convert to terajoules is entered in Column B. 2 The consumption is multiplied by the relevant conversion factor to give consumption in terajoules. The result is entered in Column C.

Step 3

Multiplying by carbon emission factors

1 The carbon emission factor used to convert consumption into carbon content is entered in Column D. 2 The consumption in TJ (in Column C) is multiplied by the carbon emission factor (in Column D) to give the carbon content in tonnes of carbon. The result is entered in Column E.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.27

3 The carbon content in tonnes of carbon is divided by 103 to be expressed as gigagrammes of carbon. The result is entered in Column F.

Step 4

Calculating carbon stored

For the calculation of carbon stored, fuels are distinguished into four groups: x Fuels used as feedstocks, such as naphtha, natural gas, gas/diesel oil, LPG or ethane; x Lubricants; x Bitumen and coal tars; x Fuels for which no carbon is stored. Fuels used as feedstocks, such as naphtha, natural gas, gas/diesel oil, LPG or ethane: This subsection on feedstocks applies only to the industry source category. 1 Estimating fuel quantities The amount of fuel used as a feedstock for nonenergy purposes is entered in Column A of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. 2 Converting to TJ The appropriate conversion factor is inserted in Column B. Feedstock use (Column A) is multiplied by the relevant conversion factor to give the feedstock use in TJ. The result is entered in Column C of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. 3 Calculating carbon content The feedstock use in TJ (Column C) is multiplied by the emission factor in tonnes of carbon per terajoule (Column D) to give the carbon content in tonnes C (Column E). The figures are divided by 103 to express the amount as gigagrammes of carbon. The results are entered in Column F of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. 4 Calculating actual carbon stored The carbon content (Column F) is multiplied by the fraction of carbon stored (Column G) to give the carbon stored. The result is entered in Column H of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. After completion of Auxiliary Worksheet 2 5 The amount of carbon stored for the relevant fuel/ product is entered in Column H of Worksheet 2 for the industry source category. 6 The amount of carbon stored (Column H) is subtracted from the carbon content (Column F) to give net carbon emissions. The results are entered in Column I.

Lubricants: It has been estimated that during the first use, recycling and final disappearance of lubricants, approximately half of the production is oxidised as CO2. 1 For each sector where lubricants are used, the fraction of carbon stored for lubricants is entered in Column G. The default value of 0.5 is used for this publication. 2 The carbon content (Column F) is multiplied by the fraction of carbon stored (Column G) to obtain the amount of carbon stored. The result is entered in Column H. 3 The amount of carbon stored (Column H) is subtracted from the carbon content (Column F) to obtain the net carbon emissions. The result is entered in Column I. Bitumen and coal tars: Bitumen and coal tars are usually not combusted but used in a manner that stores almost all of the carbon. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from the use of bitumen for road paving are estimated in the industrial processes chapter. Fuels for which no carbon is stored: Step 4 is skipped and the values from Column F are entered in Column I before continuing with Step 5.

Step 5

Correcting for carbon unoxidised

1 Values for fraction of carbon oxidised are entered in Column J of Worksheet 2. Table 4 provides information on typical values measured from coal facilities and suggests global default values for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. 2 Net carbon emissions (Column I) are multiplied by fraction of carbon oxidised (Column J) and the results are entered in Column K, actual carbon emissions.

Step 6

Converting to CO2 emissions

1 Actual carbon emissions (Column K) are multiplied by 44/12 (which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C) to find actual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results are entered in Column L and correspond to the sectoral emissions included in the present publication. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.28 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

1 OF 5 STEP 1 A Production

B Imports

FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(a) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-Bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat

Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with other bituminous coal.

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C Exports

D International Bunkers

E Stock Change

F Apparent Consumption F=(A+B -C-D-E)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.29

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

2 OF 5 STEP 2 H

Conversion Factor (TJ/Unit)

Apparent Consumption (TJ)

Carbon Carbon Content Carbon Content Emission Factor (t C/TJ) (t C) (Gg C)

H=(FxG)

J=(HxI)

FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil

Primary Fuels

STEP 3

G(a)

I

J

K

K=(Jx10-3)

Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(b) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-Bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat

Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) Please specify units. (b) If anthracite is not separately available, include with other bituminous coal.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.30 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

3 OF 5 STEP 4 L Carbon Stored (Gg C)

M=(K-L)

FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels

Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil

Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(a) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-Bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat

Secondary Fuels

BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke

Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil

M Net Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with other bituminous coal.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

STEP 5 N Fraction of Carbon Oxidised

STEP 6

O Actual Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

P Actual CO2 Emissions (Gg CO2)

O=(MxN)

P=(Ox[44/12])

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.31

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

4 OF 5 EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS (INTERNATIONAL MARINE AND AIR TRANSPORT) STEP 1

STEP 2 B

C

D

E

F

Quantities Delivered(a)

Conversion Factor (TJ/unit)

Quantities Delivered (TJ)

Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

C=(AxB)

FUEL TYPES Solid Fossil

STEP 3

A

Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal

Liquid Fossil

Gasoline Jet Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Lubricants Total

(a) Enter the quantities from Worksheet 1, Sheet 1, Column D: “International Bunkers”.

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

5 OF 5 EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS (INTERNATIONAL MARINE AND AIR TRANSPORT) STEP 4

Liquid Fossil

I

J

K

L

Fraction of Carbon Stored

Carbon Stored (Gg C)

Net Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Fraction of Carbon Oxidised

Actual Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Actual CO2 Emissions (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(Kx44/12)

Other Bituminous Coal

0

0

Sub-Bituminous Coal

0

0

Gasoline

0

0

Jet Kerosene

0

0

Gas/Diesel Oil

0

0

0

0

Residual Fuel Oil Lubricants

STEP 6

H

FUEL TYPES Solid Fossil

STEP 5

G

0.5 Total(a)

(a) The bunker emissions are not to be added to national totals.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.32 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY

WORKSHEET

AUXILIARY WORKSHEET 1: ESTIMATING CARBON STORED IN PRODUCTS

SHEET

1 OF 1 A Estimated Fuel Quantities

FUEL TYPES

B Conversion Factor (TJ/Units)

D C Carbon Estimated Fuel Quantities Emission Factor (t C/TJ) (TJ) C=(AxB)

E Carbon Content (t C)

F Carbon Content (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

G Fraction of Carbon Stored

H=(FxG)

Naphtha(a)

0.80

Lubricants

0.50

Bitumen

1.0

Coal Oils and Tars (from Coking Coal)

0.75

Natural Gas(a)

0.33

Gas/Diesel Oil(a)

0.50

LPG(a)

0.80

Ethane(a)

0.80

Other fuels(b)

(a) Enter these fuels when they are used as feedstocks. (b) Use the other fuels rows to enter any other products in which carbon may be stored.

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H Carbon Stored (Gg C)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.33

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (TIER I SECTORAL APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONS

SHEET

SAMPLE SHEET - FILLED OUT FOR EACH SECTOR

STEP 1 Energy Industries

STEP 2

STEP 3

A

B

C

D

E

F

Consumption

Conversion Factor (TJ/unit)

Consumption (TJ)

Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

specific fuels listed for each sector (a)

C=(AxB)

Total Memo items: Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Certain sectors have specific calculations for some products. See the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for further details.

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I.34 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (TIER I SECTORAL APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONS

SHEET

SAMPLE SHEET - FILLED OUT FOR EACH SECTOR

STEP 4 Energy Industries

STEP 5

STEP 6

G

H

I

J

K

L

Fraction of Carbon Stored

Carbon Stored (Gg C)

Net Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Fraction of Carbon Oxidised

Actual Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Actual CO2 Emissions (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(K x [44/12])

specific fuels listed for each sector (a)

Total Memo items: Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Certain sectors have specific calculations for some products. See the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for further details.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.35

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION BY (TIER I SECTORAL APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

AUXILIARY WORKSHEET 2: ESTIMATING CARBON STORED IN PRODUCTS

SHEET

1

A Feedstock Use

FUEL TYPES

B Conversion Factor (TJ/Units)

C Feedstock Use (TJ) C=(AxB)

D Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

E Carbon Content (t C)

F Carbon Content (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

G Fraction of Carbon Stored

H Carbon Stored(a) (Gg C) H=(FxG)

Gas/Diesel Oil

0.5

LPG

0.8

Ethane

0.8

Naphtha

0.8

Natural Gas

0.33

Other Fuels(b)

(a) Enter the result of this calculation in Worksheet 2 Step by Step Calculation, in the manufacturing industries and construction sector. (b) Please specify.

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I.36 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Key sources In May 2000, the IPCC Plenary, at its 16th session held in Montreal, accepted the report on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,15 The report provides good practice guidance to assist countries in producing inventories that are neither over nor underestimates so far as can be judged, and in which uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable. It supports the development of inventories that are transparent, documented, consistent over time, complete, comparable, assessed for uncertainties, subject to quality control and quality assurance, and efficient in the use of resources. The report does not revise or replace the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, but provides a reference that complements and is consistent with those guidelines. Methodological choice for individual source categories is important in managing overall inventory uncertainty. Generally, inventory uncertainty is lower when emissions are estimated using the most rigorous methods, but due to finite resources, this may not be feasible for every source category. To make the most efficient use of available resources, it is good practice to identify those source categories that have the greatest contribution to overall inventory uncertainty. By identifying these key source categories in the national inventory, inventory agencies can prioritise their efforts and improve their overall estimates. Such a process will lead to improved inventory quality, as well as greater confidence in the resulting emissions estimates. It is good practice for each inventory agency to identify its national key source categories in a systematic and objective manner.

in terms of their contribution to the absolute level of national emissions. For those inventory agencies that have prepared a time series, the quantitative determination of key source categories should include evaluation of both the absolute level and the trend in emissions. Evaluating only the influence of a source category on the overall level of emissions provides limited information about why the source category is key. Some key source categories may not be identified if the influence of their trend is not taken into account. The Good Practice Guidance describes both a basic Tier 1 approach and a Tier 2 approach. The basic difference between the two approaches is that the Tier 2 approach accounts for uncertainty. In each country’s national inventory, certain source categories are particularly significant in terms of their contribution to the overall uncertainty of the inventory. It is important to identify these key source categories so that the resources available for inventory preparation may be prioritised and the best possible estimates prepared for the most significant source categories. The results of the key source category determination will be most useful if the analysis is done at the appropriate level of detail. The Good Practice Guidance suggests at which levels of details the various IPCC Source Categories should be analysed. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels is a large emission source category that can be broken down into subsource categories, and even to the level of individual plants or boilers. The following guidance describes good practice in determining the appropriate level of analysis to identify key source categories:

Any inventory agency that has prepared an emissions inventory will be able to identify key source categories

x The analysis should be performed at the level of IPCC source categories (i.e. at the level at which the IPCC methods are described). The analysis should be performed using CO2-equivalent emissions calculated using the global warming potentials (GWPs) specified for the preparation of national greenhouse-gas inventories by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories (UNFCCC Guidelines).

15. The report on IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is available from the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp).

x Each greenhouse gas emitted from a single source category should be considered separately, unless there are specific methodological reasons for treating gases collectively. For example, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are

A key source category is one that is prioritised within the national inventory system because its estimate has a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of direct greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.37

emitted from mobile sources. The key source category evaluation should be performed for each of these gases separately because methods, emission factors and related uncertainties differ for each gas. In contrast, a collective evaluation of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) may be appropriate for some source categories, such as emissions from substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS substitutes). x Source categories that use the same emission factors based on common assumptions should be aggregated before analysis. This approach can also help deal with cross-correlations between source categories in the uncertainty analysis. The same pattern of aggregation should be used both to quantify uncertainties and to identify key source categories unless the associated activity data uncertainties are very different.

Quantitative approaches to identify key source categories It is good practice for each inventory agency to identify its national key source categories in a systematic and objective manner, by performing a quantitative analysis of the relationships between the level and the trend of each source category’s emissions and total national emissions. Any inventory agency that has developed an emissions inventory will be able to perform the Tier 1 Level Assessment and identify the source categories whose level has a significant effect on total national emissions. Those inventory agencies that have developed emissions inventories for more than one year will also be able to perform the Tier 1 Trend Assessment and identify sources that are key because of their contribution to the total trend of national emissions. Both assessments are described in detail in the Good Practice Guidance. For CO2 emissions from stationary combustion, the Good Practice Guidance suggests that the emissions be disaggregated to the level where emission factors are distinguished. In most inventories, this will be the main fuel types. If emission factors are determined independently for some sub-source categories, these should be distinguished in the analysis. When using the Tier 1 approach, key source categories are identified using a pre-determined cumulative emissions threshold. The pre-determined threshold is

based on an evaluation of several inventories, and is aimed at establishing a general level where 90% of inventory uncertainty will be covered by key source categories. The Tier 1 method to identify key source categories of the national emissions inventory assesses the impacts of various source categories on the level and, if possible, on the trend. When national inventory estimates are available for several years, it is good practice to assess the contribution of each source category to both the level and trend of the national inventory. If only a single year’s inventory is available, only a Level Assessment can be performed. For the Tier 1 Level Assessment, the contribution of each source category to the total national inventory level is calculated according to Equation 1:

EQUATION 1 Source Category Level Assessment = Source Category Estimate / Total Estimate Lx,t = Ex,t / Et

Where: Lx,t is the Level Assessment for source x in year t Source category estimate (Ex,t) is the emission estimate of source category x in year t Total estimate (Et) is the total inventory estimate in year t The value of the source category Level Assessment should be calculated separately for each source category, and the cumulative sum of all the entries is calculated. Key source categories are those that, when summed together in descending order of magnitude, add up to over 95% of the total. Any source category that meets the 95% threshold in any year should be identified as a key source category. The Tier 1 Trend Assessment calculates the contribution of each source category trend to the trend in the total national inventory. This assessment will identify source categories that have a different trend to the trend of the overall inventory. As differences in trend are more significant to the overall inventory level for larger source categories, the result of the trend difference (i.e. the source category trend minus INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.38 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

total trend) is multiplied by the result of the level assessment (Lx,t from Equation 1) to provide appropriate weighting. Thus, key source categories will be those where the source category trend diverges significantly from the total trend, weighted by the emission level of the source category. If nationally derived source-level uncertainties are available, inventory agencies can use Tier 2 to identify

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key source categories. The Tier 2 approach is a more detailed analysis that builds on the Tier 1 approach, and it is likely to reduce the number of key source categories. Under Tier 2, the results of the Tier 1 analysis are multiplied by the relative uncertainty of each source category. In this case, the pre-determined threshold applies to the cumulative uncertainty and not to the cumulative emissions. Key source categories are those that together represent 90% of total uncertainty.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.39

1. ESTIMATION DES EMISSIONS DE L’AIE Les estimations des émissions de CO2 imputables à la combustion d’énergie qui figurent dans la présente publication sont calculées en utilisant les données énergétiques de l’AIE1 ainsi que les méthodes et les coefficients d’émission par défaut tirés des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996, GIEC/ OCDE/AIE, Paris, 1997 (Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC). Bien que le GIEC ait adopté les Lignes directrices de 2006 lors de sa 25ème session en avril 2006 à l'Ile Maurice, de nombreux pays (ainsi que l'AIE) utilisent encore les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC pour calculer leurs inventaires. Le Secrétariat de l’AIE réexamine ses bases de données sur l’énergie chaque année. A la lumière des nouvelles évaluations, d’importantes révisions peuvent être apportées aux séries chronologiques des pays. En conséquence, certaines données de la présente publication ont été révisées par rapport aux éditions précédentes.

Qualité des inventaires Conformément aux Lignes directrices du GIEC, les Parties à la CCNUCC doivent préparer et mettre à jour périodiquement des inventaires nationaux précis, exhaustifs, comparables et transparents. La qualité des inventaires est un aspect important depuis que les

1. Publiées dans les Statistiques de l’énergie des pays de l’OCDE, les Bilans énergétiques des pays de l’OCDE, les Statistiques énergétiques des pays non-membres et les Bilans énergétiques des pays nonmembres, AIE, Paris, 2009.

pays ont commencé à mettre en application les engagements juridiquement contraignants. Pour évaluer la qualité des inventaires, on peut notamment effectuer des comparaisons entre inventaires, méthodologies et données d’entrée. Les Lignes directrices du GIEC recommandent aux pays qui ont utilisé une méthode sectorielle détaillée pour comptabiliser les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie de recourir également à la méthode de référence à des fins de vérification. Cette démarche permet d’identifier les domaines dans lesquels les émissions risquent de ne pas avoir été comptabilisées intégralement (voir chapitre 5, Méthodologies GIEC).

Méthode de référence et méthode sectorielle La méthode de référence et la méthode sectorielle donnent souvent des résultats différents car la première est une approche « top-down » utilisant les données sur l’approvisionnement énergétique d’un pays alors que la seconde utilise des données détaillées sur l’emploi des différents combustibles dans chaque secteur. Les estimations des émissions de CO2 fournies par les deux méthodes peuvent être comparées. Théoriquement, les chiffres de la méthode de référence sont supérieurs à ceux de la méthode sectorielle « 1A combustion » car une partie du carbone contenu dans le combustible n’est pas brûlée mais est considérée comme émission fugace (en tant que fuite ou évaporation lors du processus de production et/ou de transformation). Le calcul des inventaires des émissions de CO2 avec les deux méthodes peut donner des résultats différents, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.40 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

comme on le constate pour certains pays. D’une manière générale, l’écart entre les résultats obtenus en appliquant les deux méthodes est relativement faible (5% ou moins) par rapport aux flux totaux de carbone concernés. Lorsque 1) les émissions fugaces sont proportionnelles aux flux massiques entrant dans les processus de transformation, 2) que les variations de stocks au niveau du consommateur final ne sont pas significatives et 3) que les écarts statistiques des données énergétiques sont faibles, on devrait obtenir, avec la méthode de référence et la méthode sectorielle, des évaluations similaires des tendances des émissions de CO2. Des divergences importantes dans les données et/ou les déviations dans les séries chronologiques peuvent s’expliquer par plusieurs raisons, notamment : Des écarts statistiques importants entre les approvisionnements énergétiques et la demande d’énergie dans les données énergétiques de référence. Les écarts statistiques proviennent de la collecte des données en différents points du flux de combustible allant de l’approvisionnement aux diverses transformations et utilisations. Ils font partie intégrante d’un bilan énergétique. Il convient alors de rechercher la raison de l’existence de toutes valeurs aléatoires élevées, mais aussi de valeurs plus petites montrant systématiquement un excès d’approvisionnement par rapport à la demande (ou vice-versa). Des déséquilibres significatifs entre la masse des produits destinés à être raffinés (pétrole brut et autres produits d’alimentation des raffineries) et la masse des produits raffinés. L’utilisation de pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs et de contenus en carbone agrégés pour les produits primaires qui sont transformés et non brûlés. Par exemple, il peut apparaître qu’il n’y a pas de conservation de l’énergie ou du carbone en fonction des pouvoirs calorifiques et/ou des contenus en carbone du pétrole brut entrant dans les raffineries et du mélange de produits sortant des raffineries pour une certaine année. Il peut se produire avec la méthode de référence une surestimation ou une sous-estimation des émissions qui y sont associées. L’affectation des quantités de combustibles utilisées dans le secteur de la transformation (à l’exclusion de la production de chaleur et d’électricité) ou dans le secteur énergie. Lorsque l’on rapproche la méthode de référence et la méthode sectorielle, il est important de s’assurer que les quantités reportées dans les secteurs transformation et énergie (par exemple pour les cokeries) reflètent correctement les quantités INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

transformées et les quantités utilisées pour la consommation propre. Il convient de noter que les quantités de combustibles transformés en produits dérivés doivent avoir été reportées dans le secteur transformation du bilan énergétique ; si des produits dérivés sont utilisés pour alimenter le processus de transformation, ces derniers doivent être reportés dans le secteur énergie du bilan énergétique. Dans la méthode sectorielle, les entrants du secteur transformation ne doivent pas être inclus dans les données sur les activités énergétiques utilisées pour estimer les émissions. Des informations manquantes sur certains produits issus de la transformation. Les émissions issues de la combustion de produits secondaires fabriqués dans des processus intégrés (par exemple le gaz de cokerie) peuvent être négligées dans la méthode sectorielle de type 1 si les données sont de mauvaise qualité ou non disponibles. L’utilisation de combustibles secondaires (produits issus du processus de transformation) doit être prise en compte dans la méthode sectorielle. Si ce n’est pas le cas, la méthode sectorielle sous-estimera les émissions. Des simplifications dans l’approche de référence. De petites quantités de carbone doivent être incluses dans la méthode de référence car leurs émissions sont classées comme combustion. Ces quantités ont été exclues quand les flux sont trop petits ou quand les données correspondantes ne sont pas disponibles. Des exemples de quantités non prises en compte dans la méthode de référence incluent les lubrifiants utilisés dans les moteurs à deux temps, le gaz de hautfourneau et les autres gaz dérivés qui sont brûlés dans un autre secteur que celui où ils ont été produits, et la combustion de produits paraffinés dans des incinérateurs avec récupération de chaleur. D’un autre côté, des flux de carbone doivent être exclus de la méthode de référence, mais pour des raisons similaires à celles mentionnées ci-dessus, il n’est pas possible de les exclure sans compliquer exagérément les calculs. Ces flux comprennent les injections de charbon et autres hydrocarbures dans les hauts-fourneaux ainsi que le coke utilisé comme réducteur lors de la fabrication de produits chimiques inorganiques. Les effets de ces simplifications se retrouveront dans la différence entre la méthode de référence et la méthode sectorielle, et si les données sont disponibles, ces différences pourront être quantifiées. Des informations manquantes sur les variations de stocks au niveau du consommateur final. L’importance des données sur les stocks détenus par les consommateurs dépend de l’approche retenue dans la méthode sectorielle. Si l’on utilise des données sur les livraisons

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.41

(ceci est souvent le cas), les variations des stocks détenus par les consommateurs n’ont pas d’importance. Si au contraire la méthode sectorielle utilise la consommation réelle des combustibles, il peut alors se produire avec la méthode de référence une surestimation ou une sous-estimation des émissions qui y sont associées. Des pertes de distribution élevées ou une consommation non reportée de gaz naturel risquent d’entraîner une surestimation de la méthode de référence ou une sous-estimation des émissions calculées à l’aide de la méthode sectorielle. Le traitement des transferts et les reclassements de produits énergétiques peuvent entraîner une différence dans l’estimation de la méthode sectorielle étant donné que différents pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs et facteurs d’émissions sont utilisés en fonction de la classification choisie pour le combustible.

Ecarts par rapport aux communications destinées à la CCNUCC Il est possible également de se servir des estimations des émissions de CO2 établies par l’AIE pour les comparer aux inventaires de gaz à effet de serre adressés au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC, ce qui peut faire ressortir des problèmes concernant les méthodes, les données d’entrée ou les coefficients d’émission. Il faudrait toutefois interpréter avec prudence les résultats des comparaisons quelles qu’elles soient, car les estimations de l’AIE risquent, pour plusieurs raisons, de différer des chiffres indiqués dans les communications nationales officielles. Une comparaison récente entre les estimations de l’AIE et les inventaires soumis à la CCNUCC a révélé que, pour la plupart des pays de l’Annexe II, l’écart entre les deux calculs ne dépassait pas 5%. Pour certains pays EET et certains pays non visés par l’Annexe I, les écarts entre les estimations de l’AIE et les inventaires nationaux sont plus grands. Dans certains de ces pays, les données énergétiques fondamentales étaient différentes ; il y a donc lieu de penser que des travaux plus poussés doivent être réalisés sur la collecte et publication des statistiques de l’énergie. Certains pays (figurant ou non à l’Annexe I) ont incorrectement défini les soutes, considérant qu’il s’agissait du carburant utilisé à l’étranger par les navires et avions de leurs flottes nationales. En outre,

d’autres pays ont fait des erreurs de calcul de l’oxydation du carbone, ou ont inclus dans leurs totaux les soutes internationales. Etant donné que tout ce qui précède influe sur les totaux nationaux des émissions de CO2 imputables à la combustion d’énergie, une comparaison systématique avec les estimations de l’AIE permettrait aux pays de vérifier leurs calculs et de produire des inventaires se prêtant davantage aux comparaisons internationales. De surcroît, les erreurs sur les données énergétiques et les coefficients d’émission sont probablement plus systématiques qu’aléatoires. De ce fait, les tendances des émissions seront généralement plus fiables que les niveaux absolus de ces émissions. En comparant les tendances qui se dégagent des estimations de l’AIE aux tendances des émissions reportées à la CCNUCC, on devrait pouvoir identifier des problèmes de définition ou des changements dans les calculs qui n’apparaissaient pas dans l’année de référence. Pour de nombreuses raisons, il se peut que les estimations de l’AIE diffèrent des chiffres qu’un pays communique à la CCNUCC, même si celui-ci a rendu compte de la totalité de sa consommation d’énergie et appliqué correctement les Lignes directrices du GIEC. On n’a pas encore chiffré l’impact de ces différences. Dans la plupart des cas, ce sont des écarts relativement faibles. Certaines des causes de ces différences sont les suivantes : x L’AIE utilise une méthode du niveau 1. L’AIE utilise une méthode de niveau 1 avec une approche sectorielle suivant les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. Les pays peuvent utiliser une méthode de niveau 2 ou 3 qui prenne en compte des technologies différentes. x L’AIE utilise les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. L'AIE utilise toujours les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. Cependant, quelques pays peuvent déjà avoir commencé à utiliser celles de 2006. x Les données sur les activités énergétiques sont extraites des bilans énergétiques de l’AIE et peuvent différer de celles utilisées pour les calculs destinés à la CCNUCC. Les pays disposent fréquemment de plusieurs sources « officielles » de données, par exemple un ministère, un bureau central de statistiques, une entreprise d’électricité nationalisée, etc. Les données peuvent aussi être recueillies en s’adressant aux fournisseurs et aux consommateurs d’énergie, ou en puisant dans les INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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statistiques douanières. L’AIE s’efforce de rassembler les données les plus exactes, mais elle n’a pas toujours accès à la série complète de données dont peuvent disposer les experts nationaux chargés de calculer les inventaires des émissions pour la CCNUCC. Outre le fait que les données émanent de différentes sources, les organismes nationaux qui communiquent des données à l’AIE et à la CCNUCC emploient leur propre méthodologie (par exemple, enquêtes de caractère général, enquêtes spécifiques, questionnaires, estimations, méthodes associées) et les données utilisées dans les statistiques nationales ne sont pas classées suivant les mêmes critères ; ces données sont ensuite soumises à une nouvelle classification selon des normes internationales : cela explique les éventuelles différences entre les données communiquées à l’AIE et à la CCNUCC. x L’AIE utilise les pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs moyens. L’AIE applique à chacun des produits pétroliers secondaires un pouvoir calorifique inférieur (PCI) moyen. Ces PCI sont différenciés par région et constants au fil du temps. Des PCI propres aux différents pays qui peuvent varier dans le temps sont utilisés pour les LGN, les produits d’alimentation des raffineries et les additifs. Les PCI du pétrole brut sont subdivisés en production, importations, exportations et moyenne. Les différents types de charbon ont des PCI spécifiques pour la production, les importations, les exportations et les apports dans les centrales électriques publiques, de même que le charbon utilisé dans les fours à coke, les hauts fourneaux et l’industrie, lesquels peuvent varier dans la durée et par pays. Les experts nationaux ont parfois la possibilité de procéder à des calculs beaucoup plus détaillés des pouvoirs calorifiques des combustibles, ce qui peut donner des valeurs différentes de celles de l’AIE. x L’AIE moyens.

utilise

des

coefficients

d’émission

L’AIE utilise les coefficients d’émission par défaut qui sont indiqués dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. Les experts nationaux peuvent disposer d’informations plus précises. x L’AIE ne dispose pas d’informations détaillées pour le calcul du carbone stocké. L’AIE n’a pas accès à des données complètes sur les utilisations non énergétiques des combustibles. La quantité de carbone stocké est estimée à partir des valeurs données par défaut dans les Lignes directrices INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

de 1996 du GIEC. S’agissant des « autres produits », pour calculer le carbone stocké, l’AIE table sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle 100 pour cent du carbone contenu dans les kérosènes, le white spirit et le coke de pétrole figurant à la rubrique des utilisations non énergétiques du bilan énergétique sont également stockés. Les experts nationaux qui calculent les inventaires peuvent être à même de procéder de façon beaucoup plus détaillée. x L’AIE ne peut pas imputer les émissions produites par les autoproducteurs aux différents secteurs d’utilisation finale. Dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, il est recommandé de comptabiliser les émissions dues à l’autoproduction avec les émissions attribuables à l’utilisation d’autres combustibles par les consommateurs finaux. Dans le même temps, les émissions résultant de l’autoproduction de chaleur et d’électricité devraient être exclues de la catégorie de source « Transformation de l’énergie » afin d’éviter une double comptabilisation. L’AIE n’est pas en mesure de répartir entre l’industrie et les « autres secteurs » la consommation de combustibles des autoproducteurs. Par conséquent, la présente publication prévoit une ligne dénommée « Autoproducteurs non spécifiés ». Toutefois, le total des émissions au niveau national ne devrait pas s’en trouver modifié. x Les émissions imputables à la consommation à des fins militaires peuvent faire l’objet d’un traitement différent. Dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, les émissions liées à la consommation à des fins militaires devraient être indiquées dans la catégorie 1 A 5 de sources et puits, Autres (non spécifié ailleurs). Auparavant, les questionnaires de l’AIE demandaient que la consommation des navires de guerre soit prise en compte dans la rubrique des soutes maritimes internationales et que la consommation de carburants dans l’aviation à des fins militaires soit comptabilisée dans la rubrique du transport aérien intérieur. Toutes les autres consommations à des fins militaires devaient être indiquées dans la rubrique autres secteurs non spécifiés. A la réunion du Groupe de travail AIE/EUROSTAT/ CEE-ONU (Paris, novembre 2004) sur les statistiques de l’énergie, les participants ont décidé d’harmoniser les définitions employées pour la collecte de données sur l’énergie dans les questionnaires communs AIE/ EUROSTAT/CEE-ONU avec celles qu’applique le GIEC pour communiquer les inventaires de gaz à effet

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.43

de serre. En conséquence, à partir de l’édition 2006 de cette publication, toute la consommation liée aux activités militaires devrait être comptabilisée dans les Autres secteurs non spécifiés. La répartition entre navigation internationale et navigation intérieure n’obéit plus au critère qui distingue navigation en haute mer et navigation côtière. Pour de plus amples renseignements sur les changements, veuillez consulter le compte rendu de la réunion du Groupe de travail (Energy Statistics Working Group) sur notre site web : http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/questionnaire/ index.asp. Cependant, on ne sait pas si les pays ont indiqué les données sur la nouvelle base, et si oui, s'ils pourront mettre à jour leurs données historiques. L’AIE a toutefois constaté, dans la pratique, que la plupart des pays considèrent qu’il s’agit de données confidentielles et, par conséquent, soit ils les regroupent avec d’autres informations, soit ils s’abstiennent de les communiquer. x Les estimations de l’AIE tiennent compte des émissions liées à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux. Il est possible que des pays aient inclus ces émissions dans la catégorie de procédés industriels du GIEC. Les inventaires nationaux des émissions de gaz à effet de serre communiqués à la CCNUCC répartissent ces émissions par catégories de sources. Deux de ces catégories de sources/puits s’intitulent « Energie » et « Procédés industriels ». En appliquant la méthode de référence du GIEC, on estime les émissions nationales dues à la combustion d’énergie sur la base des approvisionnements énergétiques d’un pays, ce qui sousentend que les émissions dues à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux sont comptabilisées dans le secteur de l’énergie. Cependant, si l’on procède à des calculs sectoriels détaillés, il est possible de distinguer certains procédés non énergétiques. Lors de la réduction du fer dans un haut fourneau par combustion de coke, l’oxydation du coke a pour principal objectif de produire de la fonte brute et les émissions correspondantes peuvent être considérées comme imputables à un procédé industriel. Il faut veiller alors à ne pas compter en double ces émissions dans les catégories de l’énergie et de procédés industriels. Les estimations des émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie qui figurent dans la présente publication comprennent les émissions associées à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux.

x Les unités peuvent être différentes. Dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC aussi bien que dans les CCNUCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories, il est demandé que les émissions de CO2 soient indiquées en Gg de CO2. Un million de tonnes de CO2 étant égal à 1 000 Gg de CO2, pour comparer les chiffres de la présente publication avec les données des inventaires nationaux exprimées en Gg, il faut multiplier par 1 000 les émissions calculées par l’AIE.

Sources principales En mai 2000, la Session plénière du GIEC a accepté le rapport intitulé Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre), qui indique les bonnes pratiques pour aider les pays à définir leurs catégories de sources principales. En identifiant ces sources principales dans leur inventaire national, les entités responsables des inventaires peuvent hiérarchiser les priorités de leurs travaux et améliorer leurs estimations globales. Dans le Good Practice Guidance, l’expression catégorie de sources principales désigne une catégorie de sources qui bénéficie d’un rang de priorité élevé dans l’inventaire national car les estimations la concernant influent beaucoup sur l’inventaire total des émissions directes de gaz à effet de serre du pays, que cette influence s’exerce sur le niveau absolu des émissions ou sur l’évolution des émissions ou sur les deux. Pour une description plus complète de la méthodologie employée par le GIEC pour définir les sources principales, se reporter au chapitre 5, Méthodologies GIEC. Dans le Good Practice Guidance, il est recommandé, pour choisir le niveau d’analyse des sources principales, de procéder à une désagrégation jusqu’au niveau où les coefficients d’émission sont discernables. Dans la plupart des inventaires, il s’agira des principaux types de combustibles. Si les coefficients d’émission sont déterminés de manière indépendante pour certaines sous-catégories, il faudrait que cela apparaisse dans l’analyse. Etant donné que les estimations des émissions dans cette publication ont été calculées en utilisant les coefficients d’émission par défaut des Lignes directrices INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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de 1996 du GIEC, les catégories de combustion d’énergie devraient se subdiviser en: combustion, sources fixes – charbon combustion, sources fixes – pétrole combustion, sources fixes – gaz combustion, sources mobiles – charbon combustion, sources mobiles – pétrole combustion, sources mobiles – gaz. A l’évidence, ce niveau d’agrégation n’est pas particulièrement utile pour déceler sur quoi doivent porter les travaux complémentaires nécessaires pour affiner l’inventaire. Il ne tient pas compte de la possibilité d’améliorer les méthodes de collecte de données, d’affiner les coefficients d’émission ou d’utiliser un calcul à un niveau supérieur pour certains secteurs principales dans la catégorie d’activités de combustion de combustibles. C’est pourquoi l’AIE présente l’analyse des sources principales au même niveau de détail des tableaux par pays de cette publication. Pour chaque pays, les 11 sources les plus importantes, ventilées entre charbon, pétrole, gaz et autres, sont indiquées dans le tableau des sources principales. Pour calculer l’évaluation du niveau, l’AIE a commencé par les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie calculées d’après sa propre méthode. En complément, lorsqu’il en existait la possibilité, l’AIE a utilisé les émissions communiquées par les Parties visées à l’Annexe I à la CCNUCC dans la soumission de 2009 du cadre uniformisé de présentation concernant le CO2 (émissions fugaces uniquement), le CH4, le N2O, les HFC, les PFC et le SF6, sans tenir compte des émissions/absorptions de CO2 dues à l’affectation de terres, au changement d’affectation de terres et à la sylviculture.2 Pour les Parties non visées à l'Annexe I, les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie ont été calculées par l'AIE tandis que le reste des émissions pour 2007 ont été estimées par le PBL. Parmi les principales sources d'émission dues à la combustion d'énergie, seules les 11 plus importantes ont été prises en compte dans le calcul cumulé des émissions. De ce fait, dans la plupart des cas, la contribution cumulée ne représentera pas 95% comme le préconise le Good Practice Guidance, et les sources principales d’émissions fugitives, ainsi que d’émissions liées aux procédés industriels, aux solvants, à l’agriculture et aux déchets, ne seront pas

2. Comme le préconise le Good Practice Guidance.

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indiquées. Le pourcentage d’émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie dans les émissions totales de GES a été précisé pour mémoire dans le bas du tableau.

Notes concernant les tableaux et graphiques Tableau sur les émissions de CO2 par secteur Ligne 1 : La rubrique intitulée méthode sectorielle indique les émissions totales de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie calculées en appliquant la méthode sectorielle de niveau 1 du GIEC et correspondent à la catégorie 1 A des sources/puits du GIEC. Les émissions calculées à l’aide de la méthode sectorielle ne tiennent compte des émissions que lorsqu’il y a combustion effective de l’énergie. Ligne 2 : La rubrique production d’électricité et de chaleur (activité principale) représente la somme des émissions imputables à la production d’électricité, à la cogénération et aux centrales calogènes des producteurs dont c’est l’activité principale. Ces producteurs (précédemment appelés entreprises de service public) sont, par définition, ceux dont l’activité principale est d’approvisionner le public. Ils peuvent être publics ou privés. Il conviendrait de tenir compte des émissions associées à la consommation propre d’énergie sur site, qui correspondent à la catégorie 1 A 1 a des sources/ puits du GIEC. Ligne 3 : La rubrique autoproducteurs non spécifiés présente les émissions liées à la production de chaleur et/ou d’électricité assurée par des autoproducteurs. On entend par autoproducteurs des entreprises qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur, en totalité ou en partie pour leur consommation propre, en tant qu’activité venant à l’appui de leur activité principale. Ces entreprises peuvent être publiques ou privées. Selon les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, ces émissions devraient normalement être réparties entre les secteurs industrie, transports et « autres ». Ligne 4 : La rubrique autres industries de l’énergie comprend les émissions dues à la consommation propre dans le raffinage du pétrole, l’élaboration de combustibles solides, l’extraction du charbon, l’extraction du pétrole et du gaz ainsi que dans d’autres industries productrices d’énergie. Elle correspond aux catégories 1 A 1 b et 1 A 1 c des sources/puits du GIEC. Selon les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, les émissions liées à la consommation

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.45

de coke des hauts fourneaux peuvent être comptabilisées dans cette ligne ou dans la catégorie de sources et puits intitulée « Procédés industriels ». Si l’on procède à des calculs sectoriels détaillés, il est possible de distinguer certains procédés non énergétiques. Lors de la réduction du fer dans un haut fourneau par combustion de coke, l’oxydation du coke a pour principal objectif de produire de la fonte brute et les émissions correspondantes peuvent être considérées comme imputables à un procédé industriel. Il faut veiller à ne pas compter en double ces émissions dans les catégories d’énergie et de procédés industriels. Dans les estimations de l’AIE, ces émissions ont été prises en compte dans cette catégorie.

Ligne 5 : La rubrique industries manufacturières et construction représente les émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie dans l’industrie, qui sont comptabilisées dans la catégorie 1 A 2 des sources/ puits du GIEC. Cependant, dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, cette catégorie du GIEC comprend également les émissions des autoproducteurs de l’industrie qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur. Les données de l’AIE ne sont pas recueillies de manière à permettre la répartition de la consommation d’énergie par utilisation finale spécifique, de sorte que les autoproducteurs figurent dans une rubrique à part dans la présente publication. A cet égard, le lecteur devra se reporter à la ligne 3, autoproducteurs non spécifiés. La rubrique industries manufacturières et construction comprend aussi les émissions imputables à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux, qui peuvent être comptabilisées dans le secteur de la transformation, dans celui de l’industrie ou dans la catégorie distincte 2 des sources/ puits du GIEC, correspondant aux procédés industriels. Ligne 6 : La rubrique transport fait état des émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie dans toutes les activités de transport, quel que soit le secteur, à l’exception des émissions liées à l’utilisation du carburant dans les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales. Elle comprend l’aviation intérieure, la navigation intérieure, le transport routier, ferroviaire et par conduits, et correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 des sources/puits du GIEC. D’autre part, le mode de collecte des données de l’AIE ne permet pas de répartir par utilisation finale spécifique la consommation des autoproducteurs, c’est pourquoi ils figurent dans une rubrique à part dans la présente publication. A cet égard, le lecteur devra se reporter à la ligne 3, autoproducteurs non spécifiés. Note : A partir de l’édition de 2006, la consommation pour les activités militaires, comptabilisée auparavant

dans les rubriques aviation intérieure et transport routier, devrait être prise en compte dans les autres secteurs non spécifiés. Pour plus de détails, se reporter à la section sur les Ecarts par rapport aux communications destinées à la CCNUCC

Ligne 7 : La rubrique transport routier présente les émissions découlant de la consommation de carburant des véhicules routiers, y compris celle des véhicules agricoles sur route. Elle correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 b des sources/puits du GIEC. Ligne 8 : La rubrique autres secteurs indique les émissions imputables aux activités commerciales et institutionnelles, à l’agriculture/sylviculture, à la pêche, au secteur résidentiel et d’autres émissions non spécifiées ailleurs qui sont incluses dans les catégories 1 A 4 et 1 A 5 des sources/puits du GIEC. Dans les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, dans cette catégorie sont comptabilisées aussi les émissions rejetées par les autoproducteurs des secteurs commercial, résidentiel ou agricole qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur. Le mode de collecte des données de l’AIE ne permet pas de répartir par utilisation finale spécifique la consommation des autoproducteurs, c’est pourquoi ils figurent dans une rubrique à part dans la présente publication. A cet égard, le lecteur devra se reporter à la ligne 3, autoproducteurs non spécifiés. Ligne 9 : La rubrique résidentiel fait état de toutes les émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie dans le secteur des ménages. Elle correspond à la catégorie 1 A 4 b des sources/puits du GIEC. Ligne 10 : La rubrique intitulée méthode de référence indique les émissions totales de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie calculées en appliquant la méthode de référence du GIEC. La méthode de référence est basée sur les approvisionnements d’énergie d’un pays, donc, tous les inventaires calculés selon cette méthode de référence comprennent les émissions fugitives dues à la transformation de l’énergie qui entrent normalement dans la catégorie 1 B. En conséquence, il est probable que les chiffres de cette méthode surestiment les émissions nationales de CO2. Dans ces tableaux, la différence entre les données obtenues au moyen de la méthode sectorielle et de la méthode de référence s’explique notamment par les écarts statistiques, les transferts de produits, les pertes de transformation et les pertes de distribution. Ligne 11 : La rubrique écarts dus aux pertes et/ou aux transformations correspond aux émissions découlant de la transformation de l’énergie pour faire d’un combustible primaire un combustible secondaire ou tertiaire. Elle recouvre la transformation de combustibles INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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solides, les raffineries de pétrole, les usines à gaz et d’autres industries de transformation de combustibles. Ces émissions entrent normalement dans la catégorie 1 B des sources/puits du GIEC en tant qu’émissions fugitives, mais elles figureront à la catégorie 1 A dans les inventaires calculés exclusivement avec la méthode de référence du GIEC. Théoriquement, les émissions correspondantes devraient être relativement faibles et représenter le carbone émis autrement que par la combustion, par exemple par évaporation ou fuites. Des émissions négatives pour un produit et des émissions positives pour un autre produit implique un changement de classification de la source d’émissions par suite de la transformation de l’énergie de charbon en gaz, de gaz en huiles, etc. Toutefois, dans la pratique, il est souvent difficile de comptabiliser correctement tous les intrants et les extrants dans les industries de transformation de l’énergie et de faire la distinction entre l’énergie transformée et l’énergie brûlée. Par conséquent, la ligne écarts dus aux pertes et/ou aux transformations présente parfois des émissions positives très importantes, voire des émissions négatives, en raison des problèmes que posent les données énergétiques de base.

Ligne 12 : Les écarts statistiques peuvent provenir d’anomalies inexpliquées dans les données énergétiques de base. Elles peuvent aussi avoir pour origine des écarts dus aux différences entre les émissions calculées au moyen de la méthode de référence et de la méthode sectorielle. Ligne 13 : La rubrique soutes maritimes internationales fait état des émissions dues à l’utilisation de combustibles de soute par des navires engagés dans la navigation internationale. La navigation internationale peut intervenir en mer, sur des lacs et des cours d’eau, ainsi que dans les eaux côtières. La consommation des navires engagés dans la navigation intérieure n’est pas prise en compte. La différenciation entre navigation intérieure et internationale est fonction du port de départ et du port d’arrivée, et non du pavillon ou de la nationalité du navire. La consommation des navires de pêche et des forces militaires n'est pas prise en compte non plus. Il convient d’exclure les émissions de soutes maritimes internationales des totaux nationaux. Cette rubrique correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 d i des sources/puits du GIEC. Ligne 14 : A la rubrique de l’aviation internationale figurent les émissions dues à l’utilisation de carburants aviation pour les aéronefs utilisés dans l'aviation internationale. Les carburants utilisés par les compagnies INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

aériennes pour leurs véhicules routiers ne sont pas prises en considération. La différenciation entre aviation intérieure et internationale devrait être établie en fonction des aéroports de départ et d’arrivée, et non de la nationalité de la compagnie aérienne. Les émissions de l’aviation internationale devraient être exclues des totaux nationaux. Cette ligne correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 a i de sources et puits du GIEC.

Graphiques 2 et 3 : Emissions par secteur Le secteur Autres comprend les émissions des secteurs commerce/services publics, agriculture/sylviculture et pêche. Les émissions des autoproducteurs non spécifiés sont comprises dans la catégorie électricité et chaleur.

Figure 5 : Production d’électricité par source d’énergie Le produit Autres comprend les énergies géothermique, solaire et éolienne, les énergies renouvelables combustibles et les déchets, etc. La production d’électricité inclut la génération des centrales dont c’est l’activité principale ainsi que des installations des autoproducteurs.

Notes concernant les différents pays Antilles néerlandaises Avant 1992, la méthode de référence surestime les émissions, les données sur les lubrifiants et le bitume (qui stockent du carbone) n’étant pas disponibles.

Chypre Note de la Turquie : S’agissant de Chypre, la Turquie réserve sa position, comme elle l’a indiqué dans sa déclaration du 1er mai 2004. Les informations figurant dans le rapport au titre de Chypre concernent la partie méridionale de l’île. Aucune autorité ne représente à la fois les Chypriotes turcs et grecs. La Turquie reconnaît la République turque de Chypre du Nord (RTCN). Note de tous les pays de l’OCDE membres de l’Union européenne et de la Commission européenne : La République de Chypre est reconnue par tous les pays membres des Nations Unies, à l’exception de la Turquie. Les informations présentées dans ce rapport concernent la région qui se trouve sous l’autorité effective du Gouvernement de la République de Chypre.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.47

Cuba Les soutes maritimes internationales correspondant aux huiles lourdes dans la période 1971-1983 ont été estimées sur la base des données de 1984 et de celles figurant à la rubrique navigation intérieure dans le bilan énergétique.

Estonie Les données indiquées à la rubrique lignite dans le bilan énergétique ont entièrement été considérées en tant que schistes bitumineux pour le calcul des émissions de CO2.

France La méthode de calcul de la production d’électricité et de chaleur à partir de gaz par des installations dont c’est l’activité principale a changé en 2000.

Italie Avant 1990, l’utilisation de gaz dans le secteur commercial/services publics était comptabilisée avec celle du secteur résidentiel.

Japon Pendant quatre années consécutives, l'AIE a reçu des révisions de la part de l'administration japonaise. La première série de révisions reçue en 2004 montre pour les approvisionnements de 1990 une augmentation de 5% dans le cas du charbon, de 2% dans celui du gaz naturel et de 0,7% dans celui des produits pétroliers par rapport aux données antérieures, ce qui entraîne une hausse de 2,5% des émissions de CO2 en 1990 lorsqu'elles sont calculées avec la méthode de référence, tandis qu'elles restent relativement constantes avec la méthode sectorielle. Pour l'édition 2006, l'AIE a reçu des données révisées concernant le charbon et le pétrole qui ont un impact significatif sur les bilans énergétiques et les émissions de CO2. Les modifications les plus importantes concernent le coke de cokerie, le naphta, le gaz de haut fourneau et le coke de pétrole, et ce plutôt du côté de la consommation que des approvisionnements. En conséquence, les émissions de CO2 calculées avec la méthode sectorielle ont augmenté tous les ans, mais dans des proportions différentes. Par exemple, les émissions de CO2 calculées avec la méthode sectorielle pour 1990 étaient de 4,6% supérieures à celles figurant dans

l'édition de 2005, tandis que les émissions de 2003 dépassaient de 1,1% celles figurant dans la précédente édition. En raison de l'impact de ces révisions sur le bilan énergétique final et les émissions de CO2, l'AIE a eu une série de contacts étroits avec l'administration japonaise pour mieux comprendre les raisons qui expliquent ces changements. Ces révisions sont surtout le fruit des efforts déployés par le Gouvernement japonais pour préciser les bilans entrées-sorties concernant la production de produits charbonniers et pétroliers afin de communiquer au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC les données demandées. A cet effet, l'administration japonaise a mis en place en mars 2004 un groupe de travail qui a terminé ses travaux en avril 2006. La plupart de ses conclusions avaient été incorporées dans l’édition de 2006, mais certaines nouvelles révisions des séries chronologiques (concernant en particulier l’industrie et les autres secteurs) ont été communiquées pour l’édition de 2007.

Norvège Les écarts entre les estimations utilisant l’approche sectorielle et celle de référence avec leurs taux de croissance sous-jacents proviennent des différences statistiques entre les données de l’offre et de consommation de pétrole et du gaz naturel. Pour la Norvège, l’offre de ces combustibles est le résiduel de deux entités très grandes et opposées, soit la production et les exportations.

Royaume-Uni Les données étant confidentielles, le gaz consommé pour la production d’électricité par des installations dont c’est l’activité principale est comptabilisé à la rubrique des autoproducteurs en 1990.

Suisse La ventilation sectorielle du gazole/carburant diesel utilisé dans le secteur résidentiel avant 1978 a été estimée sur la base de la consommation du secteur commercial et résidentiel en 1978 et des données figurant en tant que consommation du secteur commercial dans le bilan énergétique les années antérieures.

Vietnam Une ventilation sectorielle détaillée est disponible à partir de 1980.

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2. UNITES ET COEFFICIENTS DE CONVERSION Coefficients de conversion généraux pour l’énergie TJ

Vers : De :

Gcal

Mtep

MBtu

GWh

238,8

2,388 x 10-5

947,8

0,2778

3,968

1,163 x 10-3

multiplier par :

térajoule (TJ)

1 -3

-7

gigacalorie (Gcal)

4,1868 x 10

million de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole (Mtep)

4,1868 x 104

107

1

3,968 x 107

11630

million d’unité thermique britannique (MBtu)

1,0551 x 10-3

0,252

2,52 x 10-8

1

2,931 x 10-4

3,6

860

8,6 x 10-5

3412

1

gigawattheure (GWh)

1

10

Coefficients de conversion pour les mesures de masse Vers : De :

kg

t

lt

st

lb

1

0,001

9,84 x 10-4

1,102 x 10-3

2,2046

1000

1

0,984

1,1023

2204,6

multiplier par :

kilogramme (kg) tonne (t) tonne longue (lt)

1016

1,016

1

1,120

2240,0

tonne courte (st)

907,2

0,9072

0,893

1

2000,0

livre (lb)

0,454

4,54 x 10-4

4,46 x 10-4

5,0 x 10-4

1

Coefficients de conversion pour les mesures de volume Vers : De :

gal U.S.

gal U.K.

bbl

ft3

l

m3

multiplier par :

gallon U.S. (gal)

1

0,8327

0,02381

0,1337

3,785

0,0038

gallon U.K. (gal)

1,201

1

0,02859

0,1605

4,546

0,0045

baril (bbl)

42,0

34,97

1

5,615

159,0

0,159

pied cube (ft3)

7,48

6,229

0,1781

1

28,3

0,0283

litre (l)

0,2642

0,220

0,0063

0,0353

1

0,001

mètre cube (m3)

264,2

220,0

6,289

35,3147

1000,0

1

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I.50 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Préfixes décimaux

Tonnes de CO2

101

déca (da)

10-1

déci (d)

102

hecto (h)

10-2

centi (c)

103

kilo (k)

10-3

milli (m)

106

méga (M)

10-6

micro (μ)

109

giga (G)

10-9

nano (n)

1012

téra (T)

10—12

pico (p)

1015

péta (P)

10—15

femto (f)

1018

exa (E)

10-18

atto (a)

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Les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC aussi bien que les CCNUCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories, demandent que les émissions de CO2 soient communiquées en Gg de CO2. Un million de tonnes de CO2 étant égal à 1 000 Gg de CO2, pour comparer les chiffres de la présente publication avec les données des inventaires nationaux exprimées en Gg, il faut multiplier par 1 000 les émissions calculées par l’AIE. D’autres organisations peuvent exprimer les émissions de CO2 en tonnes de carbone au lieu de tonnes de CO2. Pour effectuer la conversion des tonnes de carbone, il faut multiplier les émissions par 44/12, ratio du poids moléculaire du CO2 à celui du C.

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3. INDICATEURS Population Pour les pays membres de l’OCDE, la source principale des données de population de 1970 à 2007 est la publication Comptes Nationaux des pays de l’OCDE, Volume 1, 2009. Les données pour la période de 1960 à 1969 ont été estimées à partir des taux de croissance des séries de population publiées dans Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE, No 76. Pour la Hongrie, le Mexique (1960 à 1962), la Pologne et la République tchèque (1960 à 1969) les données ont été estimées à partir du taux de croissance des séries de population de la Banque mondiale publiées dans le World Development Indicators CD-ROM. Pour la République slovaque, les données de population de 1960 à 1989 proviennent du Centre de Recherche Démographique, Infostat, République slovaque. World Development Indicators, La Banque mondiale, Washington D.C., 2009 est la principale source de données concernant la population des pays non membres de l’OCDE. Les données de population pour Gibraltar, l’Irak et le Taipei chinois ainsi que pour quelques pays dans les trois régions Autre Afrique, Autre Amérique latine et Autre Asie proviennent de la base Chelem CEPII, 2009.

PIB Pour les pays membres de l’OCDE, la source principale des données de PIB de 1970 à 2007 est Comptes Nationaux, Volume 1, 2009. Les données du PIB pour la période de 1960 à 1969 ont été estimées à partir des taux de croissance des séries publiées dans Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE No 76 et des données publiées précédemment par l’OCDE. Les données antérieures à 1990 pour la Pologne et la République tchèque, antérieures à 1991 pour la Hongrie, et

antérieures à 1992 pour la République slovaque ont été estimées par le Secrétariat de l’AIE basées sur les taux de croissance du PIB de la Banque mondiale. World Development Indicators, La Banque mondiale, Washington D.C., 2009 est la principale source de données concernant le PIB des pays non membres de l’OCDE. Les données du PIB pour les Antilles néerlandaises (disponibles depuis 1980), la BosnieHerzégovine, Brunei Darussalam, la République populaire démocratique de Corée, Cuba, Gibraltar, l’Irak, la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, Myanmar, la Namibie (1971-1979), le Qatar, le Taipei chinois, le Turkménistan, l’Ex-Union Soviétique (avant 1990), l’Ex-Yougoslavie (avant 1990) ainsi que pour quelques pays dans les trois régions3 autres pays d’Afrique, autres pays d’Amérique latine et autres pays d’Asie proviennent des bases Chelem CEPII 2008 et 2009. Les données du PIB pour l’Albanie (1971-1979), l’Angola (1971-1984), Bahreïn (19711979 et 2006-2007), la Bulgarie (1971-1979), les Emirats arabes unies (1971-1972 et 2006-2007), l’Ethiopie (1971-1980), la Jordanie (1971-1974), le Koweït (1990-1991 et 2006-2007), le Liban (19711987), Malte (2007), le Mozambique (1971-1979), Oman (2006-2007), la Roumanie (1971-1979), la Serbie4 (1990-1992 et 2005), la République unie de Tanzanie (1971-1987), le Viêt-Nam (1971-1983), le Yémen (1971-1989) et le Zimbabwe (2006-2007) ont été estimées à partir des taux de croissance de la banque de données en ligne Chelem 2008 du CEPII. Les données relatives au PIB ont été calculées pour chaque pays à partir des prix du marché en monnaie

3. En raison de séries incomplètes, la population et le PIB des Autres pays d'Amérique latine n'incluent pas les Iles Vierges Britanniques, les Iles Caïmans, les Iles Malouines, la Martinique, Montserrat, SaintPierre et Miquelon et les Iles Turques et Caïques; les Autres pays d’Asie n’incluent pas les Iles Cook. 4. La Serbie inclut le Monténégro jusqu’en 2004.

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nationale et des taux annuels. Ces données ont ensuite été recalées par rapport au niveau des prix de 2000, puis converties en dollars US en utilisant les taux de change moyens annuels pour 2000 ou les parités de pouvoir d’achat (PPA).5 Les PPA retenues pour convertir le PIB d’unités monétaires nationales en dollars US pour les pays membres de l’OCDE sont agrégées selon la méthode de Geary-Kharies (GK) et recalées sur les Etats-Unis. Pour une description plus détaillée de cette méthodologie, il convient de se référer au document suivant: Parités de Pouvoir d’Achat et Dépenses Réelles, Résultats GK, Volume II, 1990, OCDE, 1993. Les PPA des autres pays proviennent de la Banque mondiale et de la base de données Chelem-PIB du CEPII. Pour les pays non membres de l’OCDE, alors que la Banque mondiale et Chelem CEPII ont rebasé leurs séries temporelles de PIB PPA sur 2005, cette publication reporte les données du PIB sur la base de 2000. Ainsi, uniquement pour cette édition, les séries temporelles du PIB PPA ont été obtenues en appliquant le ratio PIB PPA 2000 US$ sur PIB 2000 US$ de l’édition de l’année dernière aux nouvelles données du PIB 2000 US$.

Emissions de CO2 Les émissions de CO2 présentées dans cette publication sont estimées suivant les Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC et représentent le total des émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie. Les émissions de CO2 ont été calculées selon deux méthodes : la méthode de référence du GIEC et la méthode sectorielle (qui correspond à la catégorie 1 A des sources/puits) du GIEC. Le total de la méthode de référence peut comprendre aussi certaines émissions fugitives liées à la transformation de l’énergie qui devraient normalement être comptabilisées à la catégorie 1 B. Les totaux nationaux d’émissions n’incluent pas les émissions dues à l’utilisation de carburant pour les soutes maritimes internationales et pour l’aviation internationale. Le lecteur est invité à se reporter au chapitre 1, Estimation des émissions de l’AIE, pour plus de détails.

5. Les parités de pouvoir d’achat représentent les taux de conversion monétaire qui égalisent les pouvoirs d’achat des différentes monnaies. Ainsi, une somme donnée d’argent, une fois convertie en différentes unités monétaires à partir des taux PPA, permet d’acheter le même panier de biens et de services dans tous les pays. En d’autres termes, les PPA sont les taux de conversion monétaires qui permettent d’éliminer les différences dans les niveaux de prix entre pays.

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Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire Les approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire (ATEP) correspondent à la production + importations - exportations - soutes maritimes internationales soutes aériennes internationales ± variations des stocks. Note : En octobre 2008 s’est tenue à l’AIE la troisième réunion InterEnerStat. Ce groupe se compose de 24 organisations internationales qui collectent et utilisent des statistiques sur l’énergie. L’un des objectifs de ce groupe est d’améliorer la qualité des données sur l’énergie en harmonisant les définitions des sources et des flux d’énergie. A la suite de cette réunion, l’AIE a décidé d’aligner ses statistiques et ses bilans énergétiques sur la plupart des autres organisations internationales et de traiter les soutes aériennes internationales comme les soutes maritimes internationales. A partir de cette édition, les soutes aériennes internationales ne sont plus comptabilisées dans le secteur des transports au niveau du pays. Elles sont déduites de l’approvisionnement de la même manière que les soutes maritimes internationales.

Production d’électricité et de chaleur La production totale (présentée dans la section des tableaux récapitulatifs) comprend l’électricité et la chaleur produites dans le secteur de la transformation en utilisant des combustibles fossiles, de l’énergie hydraulique (à l’exclusion des centrales d’accumulation par pompage), de l’énergie géothermique et solaire, de la biomasse, etc. Les producteurs dont la production est l’activité principale (auparavant appelés entreprises de service public)6 et les autoproducteurs7 sont pris en compte lorsque les données sont disponibles.

6. Les producteurs dont la production est l’activité principale (auparavant appelés entreprises de service public) produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur pour la vente à des tiers. Elles peuvent appartenir au secteur privé ou public. Il convient de noter que les ventes ne se font pas nécessairement par l’intermédiaire du réseau public. 7. L’autoproduction désigne les installations qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur, en totalité ou en partie pour leur consommation propre, en tant qu’activité qui contribue à leur activité principale. Elles peuvent appartenir au secteur privé ou public.

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En ce qui concerne l’électricité, les données indiquent la quantité totale de TWh produite dans les centrales électriques et centrales de cogénération. S’agissant de la chaleur, les données correspondent à la quantité totale de TJ produite dans les centrales de cogénération et centrales calogènes. Pour calculer la production totale de chaleur et d’électricité, la chaleur produite exprimée en TJ est convertie en TWh en appliquant le rapport 1 TWh = 3 600 TJ, puis ajoutée à la production d’électricité.

Rapports CO2 / ATEP : Ce rapport est exprimé en tonnes de CO2 par térajoule. Il a été calculé en utilisant les émissions de CO2 estimées selon la méthode sectorielle et les approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire (y compris la biomasse et d’autres formes non fossiles d’énergie). CO2 / PIB : Ce rapport est exprimé en kilogrammes de CO2 par dollar des Etats-Unis de 2000. Il a été calculé en utilisant les émissions de CO2 estimées selon la méthode sectorielle. Deux variantes sont indiquées : dans l’une, le PIB est calculé en appliquant les taux de change et, dans l’autre, en fonction des parités de pouvoirs d’achat. CO2 / population : Ce rapport est exprimé en tonnes de CO2 par habitant. Il a été calculé en utilisant les émissions de CO2 estimées selon la méthode sectorielle. CO2 par habitant ventilées par secteur : Ces rapports sont exprimés en kilogramme de CO2 par habitant. Ils ont été calculés selon deux méthodes différentes. Dans le premier rapport les émissions pour le secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur sont présentées séparément. Dans le second rapport, les émissions pour le secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur ont été allouées aux secteurs de consommation finale proportionnellement

à l’électricité et la chaleur consommées par ces secteurs. CO2 par kWh : Ces rapports sont exprimés en grammes de CO2 par kWh. Ils ont été calculés en utilisant les émissions de CO2 du secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur présentées dans les tableaux par pays dans les lignes « production d’électricité et de chaleur (activité principale) » et « autoproducteurs non spécifiés » ainsi que la production d’électricité et de chaleur décrite ci-dessus. Dans le premier tableau concernant les émissions de CO2 par kWh les émissions de CO2 englobent les émissions imputables à la consommation de combustibles fossiles, de déchets industriels et de déchets urbains et assimilés non renouvelables pour la production d’électricité et de chaleur dans le secteur de la transformation et la production tient compte de l’électricité et de la chaleur produites à partir de combustibles fossiles, d’énergie nucléaire, d’énergie hydraulique (à l’exclusion des centrales d’accumulation par pompage), d’énergie géothermique, d’énergie solaire, de biomasse, etc. En conséquence, les émissions par kWh peuvent varier d’une année sur l’autre en fonction du type d’énergie utilisée. Dans les rapports de CO2 par kWh par source d’énergie : x Le charbon/tourbe recouvre le charbon primaire et secondaire, la tourbe et les gaz manufacturés (à l’exclusion du gaz d’usine à gaz). x Le pétrole recouvre les produits pétroliers (et de faibles quantités de pétrole brut dans certains pays). x Le gaz recouvre le gaz naturel et le gaz d’usine à gaz. Note : Les émissions par kWh doivent être considérées avec précaution en raison des problèmes de qualité des données relatives aux efficacités électriques de certains pays.

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4. COUVERTURE GEOGRAPHIQUE L’Afrique comprend l’Afrique du Sud, l’Algérie, l’Angola, le Bénin, le Botswana (depuis 1981), le Cameroun, le Congo, la République démocratique du Congo, la Côte d’Ivoire, l’Egypte, l’Erythrée, l’Ethiopie, le Gabon, le Ghana, le Kenya, la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, le Maroc, le Mozambique, la Namibie (depuis 1991), le Nigéria, le Sénégal, le Soudan, la République unie de Tanzanie, le Togo, la Tunisie, la Zambie, le Zimbabwe et les autres pays d’Afrique. Les autres pays d’Afrique comprennent le Botswana (jusqu’en 1980), le Burkina Faso, le Burundi, le CapVert, la République centrafricaine, les Comores, Djibouti, la Gambie, la Guinée, la Guinée-Bissau, la Guinée équatoriale, le Lesotho, le Libéria, Madagascar, le Malawi, le Mali, la Mauritanie, Maurice, la Namibie (jusqu’en 1990), le Niger, l’Ouganda, la Réunion, le Rwanda, Sao Tomé et Principe, les Seychelles, la Sierra Leone, la Somalie, le Swaziland et le Tchad. Le Moyen-Orient comprend l’Arabie saoudite, Bahreïn, les Emirats arabes unis, la République islamique d’Iran, l’Iraq, Israël, la Jordanie, le Koweït, le Liban, Oman, le Qatar, la République arabe syrienne et le Yémen. La région Europe hors OCDE comprend l’Albanie, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Bulgarie, Chypre,8 la Croatie, Gibraltar, l’ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine (FYROM), Malte, la Roumanie, la Serbie,9 et la Slovénie. L’ex-Union Sovétique comprend l’Arménie, l’Azerbaïdjan, le Bélarus, l’Estonie, la Géorgie, le Kazakhstan, le Kirghizistan, la Lettonie, la Lituanie,

8. Se référer à la note sur Chypre au chapitre 1. 9. La Serbie inclut le Monténégro jusqu’en 2004 et le Kosovo jusqu’en 1999.

la République de Moldavie, l’Ouzbékistan, la Fédération de Russie, le Tadjikistan, le Turkménistan et l’Ukraine. L’Amérique latine comprend les Antilles néerlandaises, l’Argentine, la Bolivie, le Brésil, le Chili, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, Cuba, la République dominicaine, El Salvador, l’Equateur, le Guatemala, Haïti, Honduras, la Jamaïque, le Nicaragua, Panama, le Paraguay, le Pérou, Trinité-et-Tobago, l’Uruguay, le Venezuela et les autres pays d’Amérique latine. Les autres pays d’Amérique latine comprennent Antigua-et-Barbuda, Aruba, les Bahamas, la Barbade, le Belize, les Bermudes, la Dominique, la Grenade, la Guadeloupe, le Guyana, la Guyane française, les Iles Vierges Britanniques, les Iles Caïmans, les Iles Malouines, les Iles Turques et Caïques, Montserrat, Porto-Rico,10 la Martinique, Saint-Kitts et Nevis, Sainte-Lucie, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, Saint-Vincent et les Grenadines et le Suriname. La Chine comprend la République populaire de Chine et Hong Kong (Chine). L’Asie comprend le Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, le Cambodge (depuis 1995), la République populaire démocratique de Corée, l’Inde, l’Indonésie, la Malaisie, la Mongolie (depuis 1985), Myanmar, le Népal, le Pakistan, les Philippines, Singapour, le Sri Lanka, le Taipei chinois, la Thaïlande, le Viêt Nam et les autres pays d’Asie. Les autres pays d’Asie comprennent l’Afghanistan, le Bhoutan, la Cambodge (jusqu’en 1994), les Fidji, les Iles Cook, Kiribati, le Laos, Macao, les Maldives, la Mongolie (jusqu’en 1984), la Nouvelle-Calédonie, la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, la Polynésie française,

10. Les statistiques sur le pétrole et sur les échanges de charbon de Porto-Rico sont incluses dans les Etats-Unis.

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le Samoa, les Iles Salomon, Timor Oriental, Tonga et Vanuatu. L’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) comprend l'Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada, la Corée, le Danemark, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l'Irlande, l’Islande, l'Italie, le Japon, le Luxembourg, le Mexique, la Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la République slovaque, la République tchèque, le Royaume-Uni, la Suède, la Suisse et la Turquie. Dans la zone de l’OCDE : L’Allemagne tient compte des nouveaux Länder à partir de 1970. L’Australie ne comprend pas les territoires d’outremer. Le Groenland et les Iles Féroé danoises ne sont pas pris en compte dans les données relatives au Danemark. Cependant, les données sur le pétrole du Groenland sont prises en compte dans les statistiques avant 1990. L’administration danoise envisage de les réviser jusqu’en 1974 afin d’exclure ces montants. L'Espagne englobe les Iles Canaries. Les Etats-Unis englobent les 50 Etats fédérés et le District de Columbia. Les statistiques sur le pétrole et sur les échanges de charbon concernent également Porto-Rico, l’Ile de Guam, les Iles Vierges des EtatsUnis, le Territoire non incorporé des Samoa américaines, l’Ile Johnston, les Iles Midway, l’Ile de Wake et les Iles Mariannes-du-Nord. Dans les données relatives à la France, Monaco est pris en compte, mais non les départements et territoires d’outre-mer (à savoir la Guadeloupe, Guyane, la Martinique, la Nouvelle Calédonie, la Polynésie française, l’Ile de la Réunion et St.-Pierre et Miquelon). L’Italie englobe Saint-Marin et le Vatican. Le Japon englobe Okinawa. Ni le Suriname ni les Antilles néerlandaises ne sont pris en compte dans les données relatives aux PaysBas. Le Portugal englobe les Açores et l'Ile de Madère. La Suisse englobe le Liechtenstein en ce qui concerne les données sur le pétrole. Les données pour les autres combustibles n’englobent pas le Liechtenstein. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

L’Union européenne-27 (UE-27) comprend l'Allemagne, l’Autriche, la Bulgarie, la Belgique, Chypre, le Danemark, l'Espagne, l’Estonie, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l'Irlande, l'Italie, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, Malte, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la Roumanie, le Royaume-Uni, la République slovaque, la Slovénie, la Suède et la République tchèque. L’Agence internationale de l’énergie (AIE) comprend l'Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada, la Corée, le Danemark, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l'Irlande, l'Italie, le Japon, le Luxembourg, la NouvelleZélande, la Norvège, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, le Royaume-Uni, la République slovaque, la Suède, la Suisse, la République tchèque et la Turquie. Les Parties de l’Annexe I comprennent l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, le Bélarus, la Belgique, la Bulgarie, le Canada, la Croatie, le Danemark, l’Espagne, l’Estonie, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, la Lettonie, le Liechtenstein (nondisponible dans cette publication), la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, Monaco (inclus avec la France), la Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la Roumanie, le Royaume-Uni, la Fédération de Russie, la République slovaque,11 la Slovénie, la Suède, la Suisse, la République tchèque9, la Turquie et l’Ukraine. Les pays énumérés ci-dessus figurent à l’Annexe I de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques telle qu’elle a été amendée le 11 décembre 1997 par la 12ème réunion plénière de la troisième Conférence des Parties dans la Décision 4/CP.3. Cette Annexe regroupe les pays qui étaient membres de l’OCDE à la date de la signature de la Convention, la Communauté européenne, ainsi que quatorze pays d’Europe centrale et orientale et l’exURSS qui se trouvent en transition vers une économie de marché. Les Parties de l’Annexe II comprennent l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada, le Danemark, l’Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, le Liechtenstein (non-disponible dans cette publication), le Luxembourg, Monaco

11. La Tchécoslovaquie figurait dans la liste initiale des pays de l’Annexe I.

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(inclus avec la France), la Norvège, la NouvelleZélande, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, le Royaume-Uni, la Suède et la Suisse. La décision 26/CP.7 (FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4), stipule que la Turquie a été ôtée de la liste des pays de l’Annexe II à la Convention. Cet amendement est entré en vigueur le 28 juin 2002. Les économies en transition (EET) sont les pays de l’Annexe I qui se trouvent en transition vers une économie de marché, à savoir le Bélarus, la Bulgarie, la Croatie, l’Estonie, la Hongrie, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, la Pologne, la Roumanie, la Fédération de Russie, la République slovaque9, la Slovénie, la République tchèque9 et l’Ukraine. Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto comprennent l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, la Bulgarie, le Canada, la Croatie, le Danemark, l’Espagne, l’Estonie, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, la Lettonie, le Liechtenstein (non-disponible dans cette publication), la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, Monaco

(inclus avec la France), la Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la Roumanie, le Royaume-Uni, la Fédération de Russie, la République slovaque, la Slovénie, la Suède, la Suisse, la République tchèque et l’Ukraine. La liste des pays participant au Protocole de Kyoto est très proche de celle de l’Annexe I à l’exception de la Turquie et du Bélarus qui n’ont pas établi d’objectif dans le cadre du Protocole et des EtatsUnis qui ont exprimé leur intention de ne pas ratifier le Protocole. L'Australie, ayant ratifié le Protocole le 12 décembre 2007, a été ajoutée aux Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto dans cette édition. On notera que les pays suivants n’ont pas été pris en compte par suite d’un manque de données : Europe hors OCDE : Monténégro12 (après 2004). Afrique : Sainte-Hélène et Sahara Occidental. Amérique : Anguilla. Asie et Océanie : Ile Christmas, Nauru, Nioué-etPalaos.

12. Les données du Monténégro sont incluses dans la Serbie jusqu’en 2004.

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5. METHODOLOGIES GIEC Notes générales L’objectif ultime de la CCNUCC (la Convention) est de stabiliser les concentrations de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans l’atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système climatique. La Convention stipule aussi que toutes les Parties s’engagent à atteindre les objectifs suivants : x établir, mettre à jour périodiquement, publier et mettre à la disposition de la Conférence des Parties (COP) leurs inventaires nationaux des émissions anthropiques par leurs sources et de l’absorption par leurs puits de tous les gaz à effet de serre non réglementés par le Protocole de Montréal. x utiliser des méthodes comparables pour établir les inventaires des émissions et des absorptions de GES, dont il sera convenu par la COP. En réponse aux objectifs de la CCNUCC, l’AIE, en collaboration avec le GIEC, l’OCDE et de nombreux experts internationaux, a contribué à élaborer et à perfectionner une méthodologie qui a recueilli l’approbation internationale pour le calcul et la notification des émissions nationales de GES dues à la combustion d’énergie. Cette méthodologie a été publiée en 1995 dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre. Depuis sa première mise en diffusion, des révisions ont été apportées à plusieurs chapitres, et les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996 (Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC) ont été publié. Bien que le GIEC ait adopté les Lignes directrices de 2006 lors de sa 25ème session en avril 2006 à l'Ile Maurice, de nombreux pays (ainsi que l'AIE) utilisent toujours les

Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC pour calculer leurs inventaires.13 Etant donné que la méthodologie du GIEC utilisée pour calculer les émissions imputables à la combustion d’énergie est largement fondée sur les bilans énergétiques, les estimations de l’AIE des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie publiées dans le présent document ont été calculées en recourant aux bilans énergétiques de l’AIE et à la méthode par défaut du GIEC. Il peut arriver toutefois que des Parties utilisent d’autres méthodologies, éventuellement plus détaillées, pour établir leurs inventaires. De ce fait, elles peuvent aboutir à des estimations différentes. Le lecteur est invité à se reporter au chapitre 1, Estimation des émissions de l’AIE, pour plus de détails. Le calcul des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie peut être effectué à trois niveaux différents, référencés méthodes de Niveau 1, de Niveau 2 et de Niveau 3. Les méthodes de Niveau 1 calculent les émissions dues à la teneur en carbone des combustibles fournis, soit au pays considéré dans son ensemble (méthode de référence), soit pour les principales activités de combustion d’énergie (méthode sectorielle). Ce chapitre résume la méthode GIEC du Niveau 1 des Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC.

Méthode de référence Introduction Les émissions de dioxyde de carbone accompagnent toute combustion de combustible à base de carbone.

13. Les Lignes directrices de 1996 ainsi que les Lignes directrices de 2006 sont disponibles auprès du Programme des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre du GIEC (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

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Les estimations des émissions nationales seront alors fondées sur les quantités de combustibles consommées et sur la teneur en carbone des combustibles.

x les quantités de combustibles utilisées pour les soutes maritimes internationales et l’aviation internationale (ci-après appelées soutes) ;

La combustion est un processus intervenant largement dans la plupart des activités des économies nationales ; l’établissement d’un inventaire exhaustif des quantités de chaque type de combustible consommé dans chaque activité de consommation finale représente donc un travail considérable, que certains pays n’ont pas entrepris. Heureusement, il est possible d’établir une estimation relativement précise des émissions nationales de CO2 en se basant sur la quantité de carbone contenue dans les combustibles livrés à une économie. Il est en effet relativement facile d’évaluer et de consigner l’approvisionnement en combustibles ; par conséquent il est probable que les statistiques correspondantes sont disponibles dans de nombreux pays.

x les variations nettes de stocks de combustibles.

Lors de l’inventaire des combustibles livrés à l’économie,14 il est important de faire la distinction entre, d’une part, les combustibles primaires, (c’est-àdire ceux que l’on trouve à l’état naturel tels que le charbon, le pétrole brut et le gaz naturel), et, d’autre part, les combustibles secondaires ou produits combustibles, tels que l’essence et les lubrifiants, qui sont tirés des combustibles primaires. Le calcul du carbone consommé est basé principalement sur les approvisionnements en combustibles primaires et les quantités nettes de combustibles secondaires importées dans le pays. Afin de calculer la quantité de combustibles disponibles pour le pays, il est alors nécessaire de disposer des données suivantes relatives à chaque combustible et pour chaque année retenue : x les quantités de combustibles primaires produites (à l’exclusion de la production de combustibles secondaires) ; x les quantités de combustibles secondaires importées ;

primaires

et

x les quantités de combustibles secondaires exportées ;

primaires

et

14. Les explications suivantes ne concernent pas les sources d’énergie qui ne contiennent pas de carbone, comme le nucléaire, l’hydraulique, le géothermique, le solaire, etc.

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Pour chaque combustible, il convient de faire la somme des quantités produites (le cas échéant) et des importations et soustraire du total les exportations, les soutes et les variations de stocks pour calculer la consommation apparente de combustibles. Au cas où les exportations de combustibles secondaires dépassent les importations ou lorsque l’accroissement des stocks dépasse les importations nettes, le calcul conduit à des nombres négatifs. La production de combustibles secondaires ne doit pas être prise en compte dans le calcul principal, étant donné que le carbone de ces combustibles a déjà été pris en compte dans l’offre des combustibles primaires d’où ils sont dérivés. Toutefois, il y a lieu de mentionner les informations disponibles sur la production de certains combustibles secondaires afin d'apporter des rectifications pour tenir compte de la quantité de carbone stocké dans ces produits. Trois autres éléments importants entrent en ligne de compte dans la méthode de comptabilisation : x Le carbone stocké La totalité des combustibles livrés à une économie n’est pas brûlée pour produire de l’énergie thermique. Une partie est utilisée comme matière première (ou intrant) pour la fabrication de produits tels que les plastiques ou à des fins non énergétiques (par exemple la fabrication de bitume pour le revêtement des routes), sans que le carbone ne soit oxydé et par conséquent, sans émissions. C’est ce carbone qui est appelé carbone stocké, et qu'il convient de ne pas prendre en compte dans les calculs des émissions de carbone. L’estimation du carbone stocké fait appel à des données relatives à la consommation de combustibles, ventilée par activités utilisant le combustible comme matière première. x Combustibles de soutes internationales Les méthodes de calcul des émissions présentées ici font en sorte que les émissions imputables aux combustibles de soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales soient exclues des totaux des émissions nationales. Toutefois, à des fins d’information, les

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.61

quantités ainsi que les types de combustibles réservés aux soutes, maritimes et aéronautiques internationales, de même que les émissions, doivent être consignés séparément.

NOTE : la feuille de calcul principale permet de calculer les émissions de CO2 à partir de combustibles issus de la biomasse mais le résultat de ce calcul ne figure pas dans le total national.

x Combustibles issus de la biomasse D’après la méthodologie du GIEC, les combustibles issus de la biomasse ne figurent pas dans les inventaires nationaux d’énergie de CO2 et sont montrés uniquement à des fins d’information. Ceci est dû au fait que dans le cadre des calculs de CO2, la biomasse consommée est supposée être équivalente à la biomasse régénérée. Tous les écarts à cette hypothèse doivent être mentionnés dans le module consacré à l’affectation de terres, au changement d’affectation de terres et à la sylviculture des Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC. Pour cette raison, les émissions dues à la combustion de la biomasse ne sont pas comprises dans les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie dans cette publication.

Etape 1 : Estimation de la consommation apparente de combustible 1 La consommation apparente est la base sur laquelle s'effectue le calcul de l’offre en carbone du pays. Afin de calculer cette grandeur pour chaque combustible, les données ci-après relatives aux combustibles primaires sont entrées : x Production (colonne A) x Importations (colonne B) x Exportations (colonne C) x Soutes internationales (colonne D) x Variations de stocks (colonne E)

Méthodologie La méthodologie du GIEC répartit le calcul des émissions de dioxyde de carbone issues de la combustion en six étapes successives : Etape 1 :

Etape 2 :

S’agissant des combustibles secondaires et des produits dérivés, les seules données à entrer sont les suivantes : x Importations (colonne B)

Estimation de la consommation apparente de combustible, exprimée en unités d’origine

x Exportations (colonne C)

Conversion en une unité énergétique commune

x Variations de stocks (colonne E)

Etape 3 :

Multiplication par les facteurs d’émission pour calculer la teneur en carbone

Etape 4 :

Calcul du carbone stocké

Etape 5 :

Correction pour tenir compte de la combustion incomplète

Etape 6 :

Conversion du carbone oxydé en émissions de CO2

Pour remplir la feuille de calcul 1 Cette section provient du Manuel simplifié des Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC et fournit des instructions étape par étape pour le calcul détaillé des émissions au niveau des combustibles et des produits dérivés. La feuille de calcul 1 peut être consultée à la fin de ce chapitre.

x Soutes internationales (colonne D)

Ces données permettent d’effectuer le calcul global rendant compte de la totalité de la consommation. Pour tous les combustibles, les quantités peuvent être exprimées en joules (J), en mégajoules (MJ), en gigajoules (GJ), en térajoules (TJ) ou en milliers de tonnes équivalent pétrole (ktep). Les quantités de combustibles solides et liquides peuvent être exprimées en milliers de tonnes (kt) et les quantités de gaz naturel sec peuvent être exprimées en téracalories (Tcal) ou en mètres cubes (m3). NOTE : les valeurs de production de gaz naturel reportées dans la feuille de calcul 1, ne comprennent pas les quantités de gaz rejetées dans l’atmosphère, brûlées à la torche ou réinjectées dans le puits. Les quantités de combustibles sont exprimées en pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs (PCI). Le PCI représente INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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approximativement 95% du pouvoir calorifique supérieur des combustibles fossiles liquides et solides ainsi que des combustibles issus de la biomasse, et 90% du pouvoir calorifique supérieur pour le gaz naturel. 2 La consommation apparente pour chaque combustible est calculée à partir de la formule ci-dessous :

TABLEAU 2 VALEURS CHOISIES DE POUVOIR CALORIFIQUE INFERIEUR Facteurs (TJ/103 tonnes) Produits pétroliers raffinés Essence

44,80

Consommation Apparente =

Kérosène pour carburéacteurs

44,59

Production + Importations - Exportations - Soutes internationales - Variations de stocks

Autres kérosènes

44,75

Huile de schiste

36,00

Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne F.

Gazole/diesel

43,33

Une attention particulière est accordée au signe algébrique de la « variation de stocks » au moment du report de cette grandeur dans la colonne E. Lorsque la quantité de combustibles ajoutée au stock dépasse la quantité qui en est soustraite au cours de l’année, il y a un accroissement net du stock et cette quantité entrée dans la colonne E est dotée du signe plus. Dans le cas inverse (un prélèvement sur le stock), la quantité figure dans la colonne E avec le signe moins.

Fioul résiduel

40,19

GPL

47,31

Ethane

47,49

Naphta

45,01

Bitume

40,19

Lubrifiants

40,19

Coke de pétrole

31,00

Produits d’alimentation des raffineries

44,80

Gaz de raffinerie

48,15

Autres produits pétroliers

40,19

Etape 2 : Conversion en une unité énergétique commune (TJ)

Autres produits

1 Le facteur de conversion utilisé pour chaque combustible est inscrit dans la colonne G. 2 La consommation apparente est multipliée par le facteur de conversion appropriée (PCI ou facteur d’échelle) pour obtenir la consommation apparente en térajoules. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H. TABLEAU 1 FACTEURS DE CONVERSION Unité

Facteur de Conversion

J, MJ or GJ

La donnée est divisée par le facteur approprié respectivement, 1012, 106 or 103 pour convertir en TJ.

106 tep

La donnée est multipliée par le facteur de conversion, à savoir 41868 TJ/106 tep pour convertir en TJ.

Tcal

La donnée est multipliée par le facteur de conversion, à savoir 4,1868 TJ/ Tcal.

103 t

Le pouvoir calorifique inférieur pour chaque combustible est utilisé (voir tableau 2).

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Huiles et goudrons de houille dérivés des charbons à coke Schistes bitumineux Orimulsion

28,00 9,40 27,50

NOTE : Lors de la conversion d’une quantité d’anthracite, de charbon à coke, d’autres charbons bitumineux, de charbons sous-bitumineux et de lignite, exprimée en 103 tonnes, des pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs spécifiques par pays sont utilisés pour la production (colonne A), les importations (colonne B) et les exportations (colonne C). Pour ces combustibles, la consommation apparente est calculée en convertissant d’abord en TJ les chiffres de production, d’importation, d’exportation et de variation de stock. S’agissant des soutes internationales (colonne D) et des variations de stocks (colonne E), on utilisera soit une valeur moyenne pondérée du facteur de conversion, soit un facteur de conversion correspondant à la source d’approvisionnement dominante.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.63

Etape 3 : Multiplication par les coefficients d'émission de carbone

considérés comme stockés et la valeur par défaut de 6% du charbon à coke n'a pas été appliquée.

Gaz naturel, GPL, éthane, naphta et gazole/diesel 1 Le coefficient d’émission de carbone (CEC) utilisé pour convertir la consommation apparente en teneur en carbone, est inscrit dans la colonne I. Le tableau 3 présente les valeurs par défaut qui sont utilisées dans cette publication. 2 La consommation apparente exprimée en TJ (dans la colonne H) est multipliée par le coefficient d’émission de carbone (dans la colonne I) pour obtenir la teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de C. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne J. 3 La teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de C est divisée par 103 afin de l’exprimer en gigagrammes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne K.

Etape 4 : Calcul de carbone stocké 1 Estimation des quantités de combustibles

Bitume et lubrifiants La production intérieure du pays pour le bitume et les lubrifiants est ajoutée à la consommation apparente (exposée à la colonne F de la feuille de calcul principale 1) pour ces produits et la somme obtenue est inscrite dans la colonne A de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1.

Huiles et goudron de houille Pour le charbon à coke, l'hypothèse par défaut postule que 6% du carbone du charbon à coke consommé est transformé en huiles et goudron. La consommation apparente du charbon à coke (figurant à la feuille de calcul 1, colonne F) est multipliée par 0,06. A partir de l’édition de 2006, l'AIE a demandé des données sur le goudron de houille dans son questionnaire annuel sur le charbon. Dans les cas où ces informations ont été fournies, et pour être conforme aux Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC, 75% de la consommation non-énergétique ont été

La quantité de ces combustibles utilisée comme produit d’alimentation à des fins non énergétiques est inscrite dans la colonne A. 2 Conversion en TJ Les facteurs de conversion appropriés sont insérés dans la colonne B de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1. Les quantités estimées de combustibles (colonne A) sont multipliées par le facteur de conversion approprié pour estimer les quantités de combustibles exprimées en TJ. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne C. 3 Calcul de la teneur en carbone Les quantités estimées de combustibles en TJ (colonne C de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1) sont multipliées par le facteur d’émission exprimé en tonnes de carbone par térajoule (colonne D) pour obtenir le contenu en carbone exprimé en tonnes de C (colonne E). Les chiffres sont ensuite divisés par 103 pour exprimer la quantité en gigagrammes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne F. 4 Calcul du carbone réellement stocké La teneur en carbone (colonne F de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1) est multipliée par la fraction de carbone stocké (colonne G) pour obtenir le carbone stocké. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H. Lorsque la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1 est complétée 5 Les valeurs du carbone stocké applicables aux combustibles/produits sont reportées à la colonne L de la feuille principale de calcul 1. 6 Les valeurs de carbone stocké (colonne L) sont soustraites de la teneur en carbone (colonne K) pour obtenir les émissions nettes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne M. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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TABLEAU 3 COEFFICIENTS D’EMISSION DE CARBONE (CEC) Combustible

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES LIQUIDES Combustibles primaires Pétrole brut

20,0

Orimulsion

22,0

Liquides de gaz naturel

17,2

Combustibles secondaires/produits Essence

18,9

Kérosène pour carburéacteurs

19,5

Autres kérosènes

19,6

Huile de schiste

20,0

Gazole/diesel

20,2

Fioul résiduel

21,1

GPL

17,2

Ethane

16,8

Naphta

(20,0)

Bitume

22,0

Coke de pétrole

(c) Les émissions liées à l’utilisation de la biomasse en tant que combustible ne sont pas montrées dans cette publication.

(a)

27,5

Produits d’alimentation des raffineries

(20,0) (a)

Gaz de raffinerie

18,2 (b)

Autres produits pétroliers

(20,0) (a)

COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES SOLIDES Combustibles primaires Anthracite

26,8

Charbon à coke

25,8

Autres charbons bitumineux

25,8

Charbons sous-bitumineux

26,2

Lignite

27,6

Schistes bitumineux

29,1

Tourbe

28,9

Coke de four à coke/coke de gaz Gaz de cokerie Gaz de haut-fourneau

(25,8)

BIOMASSE

13,0 (b)

Pétrole et produits pétroliers

0,99

Gaz

0,995

Tourbe pour la production d’électricité2

15,3

Biomasse solide

29,9

Biomasse liquide

(20,0) (a)

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0,98

(b)

(c)

Biomasse gazeuse

Charbon1 (a)

COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES GAZEUX Gaz naturel (sec)

1 Les valeurs de la fraction de carbone oxydé sont inscrites dans la colonne N de la feuille de calcul 1. Le tableau 4 présente des valeurs types mesurées dans des centrales et propose des valeurs globales par défaut applicables aux combustibles solides, liquides et gazeux.

TABLEAU 4 FRACTION DE CARBONE OXYDE

29,5 66,0

Etape 5 : Correction pour tenir compte du carbone non-oxydé

2 Les émissions nettes de carbone (colonne M) sont multipliées par la fraction de carbone oxydé (colonne N) et le résultat obtenu est inscrit dans la colonne O, émissions de carbone réellement stocké.

Produits/combustibles secondaires BKB et agglomérés

(a) Cette valeur est une valeur par défaut à retenir jusqu'à ce que soit déterminé un CEC propre au combustible. Pour les combustibles gazeux issus de la biomasse, le CEC est fondé sur l'hypothèse que 50% du carbone de la biomasse est converti en méthane et que 50% sont émis sous forme de CO2. Les émissions de CO2 liées à la combustion de biogaz ne doivent pas être incorporées dans les inventaires nationaux. Si le biogaz est relâché dans l'atmosphère au lieu d'être brûlé, 50% de la teneur en carbone devrait être pris en compte comme méthane. (b) A utiliser pour les calculs sectoriels.

(20,0) (a)

Lubrifiants

Notes relatives au Tableau 3

(30,6)

(a)

0,99

1

Cette valeur représente une moyenne globale mais elle varie en fonction des différents types de charbon et peut descendre jusqu'à 0,91.

2

La fraction de carbone oxydé pour le tourbe utilisée par les ménages peut être beaucoup plus faible.

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Secteur de l’énergie et de la transformation

Etape 6 : Conversion en émissions de CO2 1 Les émissions de carbone réelles (colonne O) sont multipliées par 44/12 (le coefficient du poids moléculaire du CO2 par rapport à celui du C) pour obtenir le total de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) émis lors de la combustion. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne P. 2 La somme ainsi obtenue représente le total des émissions nationales de dioxyde de carbone provenant de la combustion. Celles-ci correspondent aux émissions totales de CO2 dues à la combustion présentées dans cette publication.

Méthode sectorielle Introduction Il est nécessaire de procéder à une analyse sectorielle des émissions nationales de CO2 selon les catégories des sources/puits du GIEC en vue d'établir un suivi et une discussion des politiques de réduction des émissions. La méthode de référence du GIEC offre un cadre d’estimation rapide du total des émissions de CO2 provenant des combustibles livrés dans les pays mais elle ne permet pas de subdiviser les émissions par secteur. Les calculs plus détaillés utilisés pour la méthode sectorielle sont dans l’ensemble similaires à ceux utilisés pour la méthode de référence.

Pour remplir les feuilles de calcul 2 Cette section provient du Manuel simplifié des Lignes directrices de 1996 du GIEC et fournit des instructions relatives aux calculs étape par étape des émissions par combustibles pour chacune des principales catégories de sources selon la méthode sectorielle de niveau 1 du GIEC. Un exemple de la feuille de calcul 2 peut être consulté à la fin de ce chapitre.

Etape 1 : Estimation de la consommation de combustible par secteur La quantité de chaque combustible consommé est inscrite par secteur dans la colonne A.

Il convient de prendre soigneusement en considération l'utilisation des combustibles dans le secteur de l'énergie et de la transformation afin d'éviter toute double comptabilisation. On peut diviser l’utilisation des combustibles dans le secteur de l’énergie et de la transformation en trois groupes :

Secteur de la transformation 1 Les combustibles transformés en combustibles secondaires au moyen de procédés physiques ou chimiques ne comportant pas de combustion (par exemple : du pétrole brut transformé en produits pétroliers raffinés dans les raffineries, le charbon transformé en coke et en gaz de hauts fourneaux dans les fours à coke) ; 2 Les combustibles utilisés pour la production d'électricité et/ou de chaleur (non compris les combustibles utilisés à des fins autoproduction de l'électricité et de chaleur, qui sont mentionnés dans le secteur où on les utilise) ;

Secteur de l'énergie 3 Les combustibles utilisés par les industries énergétiques (extraction et transformation) pour les besoins de la production de chaleur, le pompage, la traction et l’éclairage (par exemple : les gaz de raffinerie utilisés pour le chauffage des colonnes de distillation, l'utilisation du méthane des houillères à des fins de production de chaleur). Dans cette feuille de calcul, seul les combustibles des groupes 2 et 3 (combustibles brûlés) sont notifiés. Toutefois il convient de se reporter à l'étape 4 pour la présentation des lubrifiants utilisés dans les industries énergétiques. Aucune feuille de calcul pour les émissions imputables à l'utilisation de combustibles du groupe 1 n'est disponible. Ils doivent être mentionnés sous la catégorie de sources/puits I B du GIEC : émissions fugitives issues des combustibles. Il est très important de veiller à cette distinction. Les quantités de combustibles primaires mentionnées dans la colonne A devront venir en déduction des quantités utilisées pour les activités du groupe 1. Les quantités mentionnées ne prendront en compte que les besoins en combustion de ces industries. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Etape 2 : Conversion en une unité énergétique commune (TJ) 1 Le coefficient de conversion en térajoules (PCI ou facteur d'échelle) est inscrit dans la colonne B. 2 La consommation est multipliée par le facteur de conversion approprié pour obtenir la consommation en térajoules. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne C.

Etape 3 : Multiplication par les coefficients d’émission de carbone 1 Le facteur d’émission de carbone utilisé pour convertir la consommation en teneur en carbone est inscrit dans la colonne D. 2 La consommation en TJ (colonne C) est multipliée par le facteur d’émission de carbone (colonne D) pour obtenir la teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne E. 3 La teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de carbone est divisée par 103 afin de l’exprimer en gigagrammes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne F.

Etape 4 : Calcul du carbone stocké Pour calculer le carbone stocké, les combustibles sont divisés en quatre groupes. x Les combustibles utilisés comme produits d'alimentation, tels que le naphta, le gaz naturel, le gazole/ diesel, le GPL ou l’éthane ;

1 Estimation des quantités de combustibles La quantité de combustibles utilisée comme produits d'alimentation à des fins non-énergétiques (intrant) est inscrite dans la colonne A de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. 2 Conversion en TJ Les facteurs de conversion appropriés sont inscrits dans la colonne B. La quantité d’intrant utilisée (colonne A) est multipliée par le facteur de conversion approprié pour obtenir la consommation utilisée exprimée en TJ. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne C de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. 3 Calcul de la teneur en carbone La quantité d’intrant utilisée exprimée en TJ (colonne C) est multipliée par le facteur d’émission en tonnes de carbone par térajoule (colonne D) pour obtenir la teneur en carbone en tonnes de C (colonne E). Les chiffres sont alors divisés par 103 pour exprimer la quantité en gigagrammes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne F de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. 4 Calcul du carbone réellement stocké La teneur en carbone (colonne F) est multipliée par la fraction de carbone stocké (colonne G) pour obtenir le carbone stocké. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. Lorsque la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2 est complétée 5 La quantité de carbone stocké du combustible/ produit approprié est inscrite dans la colonne H de la feuille de calcul 2 pour chaque catégorie de sources d’émissions de l’industrie.

x Les lubrifiants ;

6 La quantité de carbone stocké (colonne H) est soustraite de la teneur en carbone (colonne F) pour obtenir les émissions nettes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne I.

x Le bitume et les goudrons de houille ;

Lubrifiants :

x Les combustibles pour lesquels le carbone n’est pas stocké.

On estime qu'environ la moitié de la production est oxydée sous forme de CO2 au cours de la première utilisation, du recyclage et de la disparition finale des lubrifiants.

Les combustibles utilisés comme produits d'alimentation, tels que le naphta, le gaz naturel, le gazole/diesel, le GPL ou l’éthane : Cette sous-section concerne uniquement la catégorie des sources d’émissions de l’industrie. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1 Pour chaque secteur où des lubrifiants sont utilisés, la fraction de carbone stocké par les lubrifiants est inscrite dans la colonne G. La valeur par défaut de cette fraction utilisée dans cette publication est 0,5.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.67

2 La teneur en carbone (colonne F) est multipliée par la fraction de carbone stockée (colonne G) pour obtenir la quantité de carbone stocké. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H. 3 La quantité de carbone stocké (colonne H) est soustraite de la teneur en carbone (colonne F) pour obtenir les émissions nettes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne I. Bitume et goudrons de houille : Habituellement, le bitume et les goudrons de houille ne sont pas brûlés mais plutôt utilisés d’une manière telle que presque tout le carbone se trouve stocké. Les émissions de composés organiques volatiles non méthaniques (COVNM) liées au bitumage des routes sont estimées dans le chapitre consacré aux procédés industriels. Combustibles pour lesquels aucun carbone n’est stocké : L’étape 4 ne s’applique pas ; les valeurs de la colonne F sont alors inscrites dans la colonne I avant de passer à l’étape 5.

Etape 5 : Correction pour tenir compte du carbone non-oxydé 1 Les valeurs de la fraction de carbone oxydé sont inscrites dans la colonne J de la feuille de calcul 2. Le tableau 4 présente des valeurs types mesurées à partir de centrales à charbon et propose des valeurs globales par défaut pour les combustibles solides, liquides et gazeux. 2 Les émissions nettes de carbone (colonne I) sont multipliées par la fraction de carbone oxydé (colonne J) et le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne K : émissions réelles de carbone.

Etape 6 : Conversion en émissions de CO2 1 Les émissions réelles de carbone (colonne K) sont multipliées par 44/12 (le coefficient du poids moléculaire du CO2 par rapport à celui du C) pour obtenir les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne L. Ceuxci correspondent aux émissions sectorielles qui sont présentées dans cette publication.

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I.68 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 1 DE 5 ETAPE 1 A Production

B Importations

C Exportations

D E Soutes Variation de internationales stocks

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles liquides

Combustibles Pétrole brut Primaires Orimulsion Liquides de gaz naturel Combustibles Essence Secondaires Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Autres kérosènes Huile de schiste Gazole Fioul résiduel GPL Ethane Naphta Bitume Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole Produits d’alimentation des raffineries Autres produits pétroliers Totaux combustibles fossiles liquides Fossiles solides Combustibles Anthracite(a) Primaires Charbon à coke Autres charbons bitumineux Charbons sousbitumineux Lignite Schistes bitumineux Tourbe Combustibles BKB & agglomérés secondaires coke de four à coke / coke de gaz Totaux combustibles fossiles solides Fossiles gazeux Gaz naturel (sec) Total Biomasse totale Biomasse solide Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse (a) Si les données relatives à l’anthracite ne sont pas disponibles séparément, les inclure dans les autres charbons bitumineux.

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F Consommation F=(A+B -C-D-E)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.69

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 2 DE 5 ETAPE 2

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles liquides

Combustibles Primaires

Combustibles Secondaires

ETAPE 3

G(a)

H

I

J

K

Facteur de conversion

Consommation apparente

Teneur en carbone

Teneur en carbone

(TJ/unité)

(TJ)

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

(t C)

(Gg C) K=(Jx10-3)

H=(FxG)

J=(HxI)

Pétrole brut Orimulsion Liquides de gaz naturel Essence Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Autres kérosènes Huile de schiste Gazole Fioul résiduel GPL Ethane Naphta Bitume Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole Produits d’alimentation des raffineries Autres produits pétroliers

Totaux combustibles fossiles liquides Combustibles Fossiles solides Anthracite(b) Primaires Charbon à coke Autres charbons bitumineux Charbons sousbitumineux Lignite Schistes bitumineux Tourbe Combustibles BKB & agglomérés secondaires coke de four à coke / coke de gaz Totaux combustibles fossiles solides Fossiles gazeux Gaz naturel (sec) Total Biomasse totale Biomasse solide Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse (a) Prière de préciser les unités. (b) Si les donnés relatives à l’anthracite ne sont pas disponibles séparément, les inclure dans les autres charbons bitumineux.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.70 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 3 DE 5 ETAPE 4

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles liquides

Combustibles Primaires

Combustibles Secondaires

Totaux combustibles fossiles liquides Combustibles Fossiles solides Primaires

Combustibles secondaires Totaux combustibles fossiles solides Fossiles gazeux

ETAPE 5 O Emissions réelles de C (Gg C)

P Emissions réelles de CO2 (Gg CO2)

M=(K-L)

O=(MxN)

P=(Ox[44/12])

Pétrole brut Orimulsion Liquides de gaz naturel Essence Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Autres kérosènes Huile de schiste Gazole Fioul résiduel GPL Ethane Naphta Bitume Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole Produits d’alimentation des raffineries Autres produits pétroliers Anthracite(a) Charbon à coke Autres charbons bitumineux Charbons sousbitumineux Lignite Schistes bitumineux Tourbe BKB & agglomérés coke de four à coke / coke de gaz Gaz naturel (sec)

Total Biomasse totale Biomasse solide Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse (a) Si les données relatives à l’anthracite ne sont pas disponibles séparément, les inclure dans les autres charbons bitumineux.

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ETAPE 6

L M N Carbone stocké Emissions nettes Fraction de (Gg C) de carbone carbone oxydé (Gg C)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.71

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 4

DE

5 EMISSIONS

PROVENANT DES SOUTES INTERNATIONALES (TRANSPORTS

INTERNATIONAUX MARITIMES ET AERIENS)

ETAPE 1

ETAPE 2

A

B

C

D

E

F

Quantités livrées(a)

Coefficient de conversion (TJ/unité)

Quantités livrées (TJ)

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

C=(AxB)

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles solides

ETAPE 3

Autres charbons bitumineux Charbon sousbitumineux

Fossiles liquides

Essence Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Gazole Fioul résiduel Lubrifiants Total

(a) Entrez les valeurs reportées en Feuille de calcul 1, Feuille 1, Colonne D : « Soutes internationales ».

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 5

DE 5 EMISSIONS PROVENANT DES SOUTES INTERNATIONALES (TRANSPORTS INTERNATIONAUX MARITIMES ET AERIENS)

ETAPE 4

Fossiles liquides

I

J

K

L

Fraction de carbone stocké

Carbone stocké (Gg C)

Emissions nettes de carbone (Gg C)

Fraction de carbone oxydé

Emissions réelles de carbone (Gg C)

Emissions réelles de CO2 (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(Kx44/12)

Autres charbons bitumineux

0

0

Charbon sousbitumineux

0

0

Essence

0

0

Kérosène pour carburéacteurs

0

0

Gazole

0

0

Fioul résiduel

0

0

Lubrifiants

ETAPE 6

H

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles solides

ETAPE 5

G

0.5 Total(a)

(a) Les émissions issues des soutes internationales ne doivent pas être incluses dans les totaux nationaux.

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I.72 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) FEUILLE DE CALCUL AUXILIAIRE 1 : ESTIMATION DU CARBONE STOCKE DANS CERTAINS PRODUITS 1 DE 1

B A Quantités Coefficient de conversion estimées de (TJ/unités) combustible TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE

C Quantités estimées de combustible (TJ) C=(AxB)

D Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

E Teneur en carbone (t C)

F Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

G Fraction de carbone stocké

H=(FxG)

Naphta(a)

0.80

Lubrifiants

0.50

Bitume

1.0

Huile de houille et goudrons (à partir du charbon à coke)

0.75

Gaz naturel(a)

0.33

Gazole(a)

0.50

GPL(a)

0.80

Ethane(a)

0.80

Autres combustibles(b)

(a) Reporter ces combustibles s’ils sont utilisés en tant que produits d’alimentation. (b) Entrez dans la ligne « Autres combustibles » tout produit susceptible de stocker du carbone.

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H Carbone stocké (Gg C)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.73

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 DU A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE (METHODE SECTORIELLE DE NIVEAU 1) 2 CALCULS ETAPE PAR ETAPE FEUILLE DONNEE A TITRE D’EXEMPLE - A REMPLIR POUR CHAQUE SECTEUR ETAPE 1

Industries énergétiques

ETAPE 2

ETAPE 3

A

B

C

D

E

F

Consommation

Coefficient de conversion (TJ/unité)

Consommation (TJ)

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

liste de combustibles par secteur (a)

C=(AxB)

Total Pour mémoire : Bois/Déchets provenant du bois Charbon de bois Autres biomasses solides Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse Total biomasse (a) Certains secteurs nécessitent des calculs spécifiques pour quelques produits. Pour plus de détails, voir les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996.

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I.74 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 DU A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE (METHODE SECTORIELLE DE NIVEAU 1) 2 CALCULS ETAPE PAR ETAPE FEUILLE DONNEE A TITRE D’EXEMPLE - A REMPLIR POUR CHAQUE SECTEUR ETAPE 4

Industries énergétiques

liste de combustibles par secteur (a)

G Fraction de carbone stocké

ETAPE 5

H Carbone stocké (Gg C)

I Emissions nettes de carbone (Gg C)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

J Fraction de carbone oxydé

ETAPE 6

K Emissions réelles de carbone (Gg C)

L Emissions réelles de CO2 (Gg CO2)

K=(IxJ)

L=(K x [44/12])

Total Pour mémoire : Bois/Déchets provenant du bois Charbon de bois Autres biomasses solides Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse Total biomasse (a) Certains secteurs nécessitent des calculs spécifiques pour quelques produits. Pour plus de détails, voir les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.75

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 DU A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE PAR (METHODE SECTORIELLE DE NIVEAU 1) FEUILLE DE CALCUL AUXILIAIRE 2 : ESTIMATION DE LA TENEUR EN CARBONE DANS LES PRODUITS 1

A Quantité de produits d’alimentation utilisée TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE

B Coefficient de conversion (TJ/unités)

C Quantité de produit d’alimentation utilisée (TJ) C=(AxB)

D Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

E Teneur en carbone (t C)

F Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

G Fraction de carbone stocké

H Teneur en carbone(a) (Gg C)

H=(FxG)

Gazole

0.5

GPL

0.8

Ethane

0.8

Naphta

0.8

Gaz naturel

0.33

Autres combustibles(b)

(a) Inscrivez le résultat de ces calculs dans la feuille 2 : Calcul étape par étape, Feuille 4, dans le secteur Industries de fabrication et construction. (b) Veuillez préciser.

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I.76 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Sources principales En mai 2000, la Session plénière du GIEC, lors de sa 16ème réunion tenue à Montréal, a accepté le rapport intitulé Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre).15 Le rapport donne des orientations pour aider les pays à établir des inventaires qui ne soient ni sousestimés ni surestimés, pour autant que l’on puisse en juger, et dans lesquels les incertitudes seront aussi minimes que possible. Il sert à étayer la mise au point d’inventaires transparents, documentés, cohérents dans la durée, exhaustifs, comparables, dont les incertitudes sont quantifiées, qui sont soumis à des procédures de contrôle et d’assurance de la qualité, et qui reposent sur une utilisation rationnelle des ressources. Le rapport n’est pas une révision ou une version de remplacement des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - version révisée 1996, mais sert de référence pour compléter ces lignes directrices, tout en étant compatible avec elles. Le choix méthodologique appliqué aux différentes catégories de sources est important pour gérer l’incertitude de l’inventaire global. D’une manière générale, l’incertitude de l’inventaire est moindre lorsque les émissions sont estimées à l’aide des méthodes les plus rigoureuses, mais étant donné le caractère fini des ressources, ce ne sera peut-être pas possible pour toutes les catégories de sources. Afin d’utiliser aussi rationnellement que possible les ressources disponibles, une bonne pratique consiste à identifier les catégories de sources qui contribuent le plus à l’incertitude de l’inventaire global. En recensant ces catégories de sources principales dans l’inventaire national, les entités responsables des inventaires peuvent hiérarchiser les priorités de leurs travaux et améliorer leurs estimations globales. Cette démarche permettra d’améliorer la qualité des inventaires, ainsi que d’accroître la fiabilité des estimations

15. Le lecteur trouvera le rapport IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories dans le Programme d’inventaires nationaux des gaz à effet de serre (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

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des émissions. La bonne pratique consiste, pour chaque entité responsable de l’inventaire, à définir de manière systématique et objective les catégories de sources principales. L’expression catégorie de sources principales désigne une catégorie de sources qui bénéficie d’un rang de priorité élevé dans l’inventaire national car les estimations la concernant influent beaucoup sur l’inventaire total des émissions directes de gaz à effet de serre du pays, que cette influence s’exerce sur le niveau absolu des émissions ou sur l’évolution des émissions ou sur les deux. Toute entité responsable de l’inventaire ayant déjà préparé un inventaire des émissions sera en mesure d’identifier les catégories de sources principales compte tenu de leur influence sur le niveau absolu des émissions nationales. Pour les entités qui ont préparé une série chronologique, la détermination quantitative des catégories de sources principales devrait comporter une évaluation à la fois du niveau absolu et de l’évolution des émissions. Si l’évaluation ne porte que sur l’influence d’une catégorie de sources sur le niveau global des émissions, elle renseignera peu sur les raisons pour lesquelles cette catégorie de sources est principale. On risque de ne pas inventorier certaines catégories de sources principales si l’influence de l’évolution des émissions n’est pas prise en considération. Le Good Practice Guidance décrit la méthode de référence de Niveau 1 et la méthode de Niveau 2. La différence fondamentale entre les deux tient à la prise en compte de l’incertitude dans la méthode de Niveau 2. Dans l’inventaire national de chaque pays, certaines catégories de sources sont particulièrement importantes compte tenu de leur influence sur l’incertitude globale de l’inventaire. Il importe d’identifier ces catégories de sources principales afin de pouvoir définir les priorités d’utilisation des ressources disponibles pour la préparation de l’inventaire et établir les meilleures estimations possibles des catégories de sources les plus significatives. On pourra tirer le meilleur parti des résultats de la détermination des catégories de sources principales à condition d’effectuer l’analyse au niveau de détail approprié. Le Good Practice Guidance propose les niveaux de détail convenant à l’analyse des diverses

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - I.77

catégories de sources du GIEC. Par exemple, la combustion de combustibles fossiles est une grande catégorie de sources d’émissions qui peut être ventilée en sous-catégories, et même au niveau des installations ou des chaudières elles-mêmes. Les conseils ciaprès indiquent ce qu’il convient de faire pour choisir le niveau approprié d’analyse afin d’identifier les catégories de sources principales : x L’analyse devrait être réalisée au niveau des catégories de sources du GIEC (c’est-à-dire au niveau où sont décrites les méthodes du GIEC). Elle devrait utiliser les émissions exprimées en équivalents CO2, calculées à l’aide des potentiels de réchauffement de la planète (PRP) spécifiés pour la préparation des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre des Parties visées à l’Annexe I de la Convention, Première partie : Directives CCNUCC pour la notification des inventaires annuels (Directives CCNUCC). x Chaque gaz à effet de serre émis par une catégorie de sources devrait faire l’objet d’une évaluation distincte, à moins qu’il ne faille considérer plusieurs gaz ensemble pour des raisons méthodologiques particulières. Par exemple, le dioxyde de carbone (CO2), le méthane (CH4) et l’hémioxyde d’azote (N2O) sont rejetés par des sources mobiles. L’évaluation des catégories de sources principales devrait porter sur chacun de ces gaz séparément, parce que les méthodes, les coefficients d’émission et les incertitudes connexes diffèrent pour chacun d’eux. En revanche, il peut s’avérer approprié d’évaluer ensemble les hydrofluorocarbones et les hydrocarbures perfluorés (PFC) pour certaines catégories de sources, telles que les émissions de substituts des substances qui appauvrissent la couche d’ozone (substituts des SAO). x Les catégories de sources auxquelles s’appliquent les mêmes coefficients d’émission sur la base d’hypothèses communes devraient être agrégées avant l’analyse. Cette méthode peut également aider à traiter les corrélations croisées entre catégories de sources dans l’analyse de l’incertitude. Le même modèle d’agrégation devrait servir à quantifier les incertitudes et à identifier les catégories de sources principales, à moins que les incertitudes des données d’activité associées ne soient très différentes.

Méthodes quantitatives pour identifier les catégories de sources principales La bonne pratique veut que chaque entité responsable de l’inventaire définisse ses catégories nationales de sources principales de manière systématique et objective, en effectuant une analyse quantitative des relations entre le niveau et l’évolution des émissions de chaque catégorie de sources, d’une part, et les émissions nationales totales, de l’autre. Toute entité responsable ayant établi un inventaire des émissions sera en mesure de procéder à l’évaluation du niveau de Niveau 1 et d’identifier les catégories de sources dont le niveau des émissions influe beaucoup sur les émissions nationales totales. Les entités ayant établi des inventaires des émissions depuis plus d’une année seront également à même d’effectuer l’évaluation de l’évolution des émissions de Niveau 1 et d’identifier les sources qui sont principales en raison de leur influence sur l’évolution globale des émissions nationales. Ces deux types d’évaluations sont décrits en détail dans le Good Practice Guidance. Pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion dans des installations fixes, le Good Practice Guidance recommande de présenter les émissions au niveau de désagrégation auquel les coefficients d’émission sont discernables. Dans la plupart des inventaires, il s’agira des principaux types de combustibles. Si les coefficients d’émission sont déterminés de manière indépendante pour certaines sous-catégories, il faudrait que cela apparaisse dans l’analyse. Lorsque l’on applique la méthode de Niveau 1, les catégories de sources principales sont identifiées à l’aide d’un seuil prédéterminé d’émissions cumulées. Le seuil prédéterminé a été défini après évaluation de plusieurs inventaires pour fixer un niveau général auquel 90% de l’incertitude de l’inventaire correspondent aux catégories de sources principales. La méthode de Niveau 1 utilisée pour identifier les catégories de sources principales de l’inventaire des émissions nationales évalue les incidences des diverses catégories de sources sur le niveau et, si possible, sur l’évolution. Lorsque l’on dispose d’estimations sur plusieurs années dans l’inventaire national, la bonne pratique consiste à quantifier la part qui revient à chaque catégorie de sources dans le niveau aussi bien que dans l’évolution des émissions INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.78 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

de l’inventaire national. En revanche, on ne peut évaluer que le niveau des émissions si l’inventaire disponible couvre seulement une année. Pour l’évaluation du niveau de Niveau 1, la contribution de chaque catégorie de sources au niveau total de l’inventaire national est calculée à l’aide de l’Équation 1 :

EQUATION 1 Évaluation du niveau de la catégorie de sources = Estimation de la catégorie de sources / Estimation totale Lx,t = Ex,t / Et

dans laquelle : Lx,t est l’évaluation du niveau de la source x dans l’année t L’estimation de la catégorie de sources (Ex,t) est l’estimation des émissions de la source x dans l’année t L’estimation totale (Et) est l’inventaire total dans l’année t

l’estimation

de

La valeur de l’évaluation du niveau de la catégorie de sources devrait être calculée à part pour chaque catégorie de sources, pour ensuite procéder à la somme de toutes les entrées. Les catégories de sources principales sont celles dont la somme dépasse 95% du total, lorsque les émissions correspondantes sont

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

additionnées par ordre décroissant. Toute catégorie de sources qui atteint le seuil de 95% dans une année donnée, quelle qu’elle soit, devrait être considérée comme une catégorie de sources principales. L’évaluation de l’évolution de Niveau 1 calcule l’influence de l’évolution de chaque catégorie de sources sur l’évolution de l’inventaire national. Cette évaluation permettra de trouver les catégories de sources dont l’évolution s’écarte de celle de l’inventaire global. Dans la mesure où les différences d’évolution sont plus significatives pour le niveau global de l’inventaire lorsqu’il s’agit de catégories de sources plus importantes, le résultat de la différence d’évolution (c’est-à-dire évolution de la catégorie de sources moins évolution du total) est multiplié par le résultat de l’évaluation du niveau (Lx,t dans l’équation 1) pour effectuer la pondération appropriée. Par conséquent, les catégories de sources principales seront celles dont l’évolution s’écartera sensiblement de l’évolution du total, pondérée par le niveau d’émissions de la catégorie de sources dont il s’agit. Si les incertitudes au niveau des sources sont connues à l’échelon national, les entités responsables des inventaires pourront utiliser la méthode de Niveau 2 pour identifier les catégories de sources principales. La méthode de Niveau 2 est une analyse plus fine qui s’appuie sur la méthode de Niveau 1 et qui est susceptible de réduire le nombre de catégories de sources principales. Dans la méthode de Niveau 2, les résultats de l’analyse fondée sur la méthode de Niveau 1 sont multipliés par l’incertitude relative de chaque catégorie de sources. Les catégories de sources principales sont celles qui représentent 90% de la part d’incertitude, et non plus celles qui répondent au critère du seuil prédéterminé d’émissions cumulées.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.1

PART II: CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION

PARTIE II : EMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.3

SUMMARY TABLES

TABLEAUX RECAPITULATIFS

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle million tonnes of CO 2

2007

% change 90-07

14 095.0 15 690.6 18 054.8 18 627.7 20 980.5 21 810.4 23 497.3 26 336.1 27 147.0 28 028.0 28 962.4

38.0%

1971 World * Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

.. 8 607.3 4 630.7 3 059.9 916.7 .. ..

.. 8 884.2 4 738.0 3 092.8 1 053.4 .. ..

.. 9 530.9 5 088.5 3 337.3 1 105.1 .. ..

..

..

..

..

8 792.2

7 829.0

7 808.7

8 098.4

8 096.8

8 146.5

8 162.1

-7.2%

344.5 168.4

328.6 172.6

344.0 200.6

291.7 223.8

356.9 253.6

402.0 284.5

466.0 344.0

521.7 368.1

549.7 391.1

580.6 400.2

610.4 411.6

71.1% 62.3%

Non-OECD Total

4 245.5

5 423.6

6 853.2

7 724.6

9 297.5

9 549.5 10 195.0 12 559.7 13 284.0 14 181.6 14 939.6

60.7%

OECD Total

9 336.7

9 765.9 10 657.1 10 387.6 11 072.6 11 574.5 12 492.2 12 886.6 12 922.2 12 865.6 13 000.8

17.4%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

339.4 97.1 4 291.3 4 727.8

377.1 138.8 4 360.8 4 876.8

426.9 212.1 4 661.6 5 300.5

402.2 251.6 4 545.7 5 199.6

432.3 292.9 4 863.3 5 588.6

465.2 309.6 5 133.3 5 908.1

532.8 356.8 5 693.0 6 582.6

550.6 375.8 5 772.4 6 698.8

556.4 403.8 5 784.5 6 744.7

537.7 417.7 5 698.3 6 653.7

572.9 437.9 5 769.3 6 780.2

32.5% 49.5% 18.6% 21.3%

144.1 758.8 52.1 13.7 968.7

180.0 856.3 76.8 17.1 1 130.1

208.0 880.7 124.4 16.4 1 229.5

221.0 876.0 153.3 19.6 1 269.8

259.8 1 065.3 229.3 21.3 1 575.8

285.2 1 146.3 364.8 24.3 1 820.6

338.7 1 181.4 431.3 32.3 1 983.6

368.2 1 210.6 478.8 35.5 2 093.1

385.8 1 217.8 469.1 36.3 2 108.9

391.0 1 201.9 476.5 37.2 2 106.7

396.3 1 236.3 488.7 35.5 2 156.8

52.5% 16.1% 113.1% 66.4% 36.9%

48.7 116.8 151.0 55.0 39.8 431.9 978.6 25.2 62.2 1.4 21.7 292.9 15.4 129.6 23.5 286.7 14.4 39.1 120.0 82.4 38.9 41.4 623.5 3 640.2

50.2 115.6 152.6 52.5 44.4 430.6 975.5 34.5 72.3 1.6 21.1 319.6 12.1 140.8 24.1 338.2 18.1 43.8 156.6 79.4 36.7 59.2 579.5 3 759.0

55.7 125.7 165.1 62.5 55.2 461.4 1 055.6 45.3 85.4 1.7 25.9 359.8 11.9 153.2 28.0 413.1 23.8 55.3 187.9 73.4 39.2 70.9 571.1 4 127.1

54.3 101.9 168.6 60.5 48.6 360.3 1 014.6 54.6 82.2 1.6 26.4 347.5 9.9 146.7 27.2 419.5 24.6 54.4 175.5 58.8 41.4 94.6 544.5 3 918.3

56.2 107.9 155.4 50.4 54.4 352.1 950.4 70.1 66.7 1.9 30.6 397.8 10.5 156.6 28.3 343.7 39.3 56.7 205.8 52.8 40.7 126.9 553.0 3 908.2

58.8 115.1 123.9 57.6 56.0 353.7 869.3 72.7 57.3 1.9 33.0 409.7 8.2 171.3 32.8 331.3 48.3 40.8 233.7 57.5 41.0 152.7 519.1 3 845.8

61.4 118.6 122.1 49.9 53.9 376.7 827.1 87.2 54.2 2.1 41.2 423.7 8.0 173.1 33.7 291.8 59.5 37.4 283.9 52.8 41.7 200.6 525.6 3 926.0

73.5 116.5 122.0 50.7 66.8 385.5 843.4 93.3 55.9 2.2 42.1 450.0 11.0 185.1 36.7 295.0 59.8 37.3 327.4 53.6 44.0 207.2 535.6 4 094.7

74.0 112.6 119.7 47.3 55.0 388.5 811.3 95.0 56.1 2.2 43.7 453.8 11.2 182.6 35.5 294.0 62.7 38.1 339.7 50.3 44.5 216.4 534.3 4 068.6

73.9 109.6 120.8 55.1 66.7 378.3 823.5 94.1 55.7 2.2 45.2 455.4 11.2 178.3 36.0 305.7 56.3 37.5 332.3 48.0 44.1 239.7 535.8 4 105.2

69.7 106.0 122.1 50.5 64.4 369.3 798.4 97.8 53.9 2.3 44.1 437.6 10.7 182.2 36.9 304.7 55.2 36.8 344.7 46.2 42.2 265.0 523.0 4 063.9

24.0% -1.8% -21.4% 0.2% 18.5% 4.9% -16.0% 39.5% -19.1% 24.6% 44.1% 10.0% 2.5% 16.4% 30.6% -11.4% 40.5% -35.1% 67.5% -12.4% 3.6% 108.8% -5.4% 4.0%

..

..

..

..

4 059.4

3 848.2

3 831.1

4 002.9

3 970.2

3 987.7

3 926.4

-3.3%

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union - 27

.. 13 898.6 13 175.5 13 758.4 14 138.4 14 158.4 14 148.6 14 259.1 9 163.5 9 800.8 10 194.2 10 998.1 11 314.6 11 324.9 11 212.2 11 291.6 4 948.0 5 295.6 5 598.6 6 225.8 6 323.0 6 340.8 6 236.1 6 342.3 3 099.0 3 158.7 3 139.9 3 220.0 3 377.3 3 344.3 3 345.9 3 281.3 1 116.5 1 346.5 1 455.8 1 552.3 1 614.3 1 639.8 1 630.2 1 668.1 .. 3 970.8 2 828.6 2 559.7 2 616.5 2 617.1 2 696.7 2 702.5 .. 6 471.5 7 948.5 8 928.8 11 307.9 12 047.8 12 898.7 13 681.3

* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2.6% 15.2% 19.8% 3.9% 23.9% -31.9% 111.4%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.5

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle million tonnes of CO 2

2007

% change 90-07

9 549.5 10 195.0 12 559.7 13 284.0 14 181.6 14 939.6

60.7%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

4 245.5

5 423.6

6 853.2

7 724.6

9 297.5

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

8.7 1.7 0.3 .. 0.7 0.6 2.5 2.4 20.4 .. 1.3 0.5 1.9 3.8 3.7 6.8 2.9 .. 5.9 1.2 173.8 3.3 1.5 0.3 3.7 3.4 7.2 7.6 266.2

14.0 2.0 0.5 .. 1.0 0.7 2.6 3.0 25.9 .. 1.2 0.7 2.3 4.4 9.2 9.9 2.3 .. 11.7 1.6 209.2 3.3 1.5 0.3 4.8 4.4 7.2 9.2 333.0

28.4 2.7 0.4 .. 1.7 0.8 3.1 3.4 42.3 .. 1.4 1.3 2.3 5.6 18.6 14.0 2.3 .. 26.7 2.0 214.5 3.7 1.6 0.4 7.8 3.4 8.0 13.0 409.1

43.2 2.9 0.5 1.6 2.4 0.8 3.2 3.0 65.5 .. 1.4 1.7 2.2 5.5 22.5 16.5 1.5 .. 32.4 2.1 229.1 4.2 1.5 0.3 9.6 2.8 9.6 11.8 477.7

51.7 4.0 0.3 2.9 2.7 0.7 3.0 2.6 79.2 .. 2.2 0.9 2.7 6.3 27.4 19.6 1.1 .. 29.2 2.0 254.7 5.5 1.7 0.6 12.1 2.6 16.0 14.6 546.2

55.7 4.0 0.2 3.3 2.5 0.5 2.1 3.2 84.0 0.8 2.3 1.3 3.3 7.3 35.1 25.4 1.1 1.8 30.4 2.5 276.9 4.6 2.5 0.6 14.3 2.0 14.8 16.8 599.5

62.4 5.1 1.4 4.2 2.8 0.6 2.0 6.1 110.2 0.6 3.2 1.4 5.1 8.9 39.7 28.3 1.3 1.9 41.1 3.6 298.5 5.5 2.6 1.0 18.0 1.7 12.7 18.4 688.3

73.9 8.7 2.4 4.1 3.0 0.9 2.2 5.5 138.0 0.7 4.7 1.7 6.2 8.8 43.7 34.7 1.7 2.7 49.2 4.5 337.6 9.5 3.8 1.0 19.7 2.0 9.7 22.7 803.2

78.6 7.0 2.5 4.3 2.9 1.0 2.3 5.8 151.9 0.6 4.8 2.1 6.6 10.0 42.5 39.2 1.5 2.8 55.6 4.6 330.5 9.7 5.1 1.0 19.3 2.1 10.4 23.0 828.0

81.7 8.7 3.0 4.5 3.1 1.2 2.3 5.8 160.1 0.5 5.3 2.1 8.5 11.3 42.5 39.6 1.6 3.0 51.4 4.5 331.6 11.0 5.7 0.9 19.8 2.2 9.9 25.0 847.0

85.7 10.7 3.1 4.8 4.6 1.3 2.4 5.1 168.7 0.5 6.0 2.6 9.0 11.4 43.1 40.8 2.0 3.2 51.4 4.2 345.8 10.9 5.4 0.9 20.4 2.4 9.3 26.3 882.0

65.8% 165.9% + 62.0% 73.8% 80.9% -17.7% 92.0% 113.0% .. 169.9% 183.5% 232.0% 80.3% 57.7% 107.9% 81.7% .. 76.2% 110.9% 35.8% 97.4% 217.8% 57.2% 69.2% -9.0% -41.7% 80.5% 61.5%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

3.0 41.4 12.3 14.4 1.3 23.2 4.6 0.3 2.2 13.3 6.8 2.4 1.2 126.5

5.3 74.9 15.6 17.1 2.1 22.9 5.7 0.7 4.9 23.7 10.3 4.9 1.7 189.6

7.4 92.3 32.3 19.6 4.2 30.8 6.6 2.2 7.8 101.3 15.1 19.1 3.4 342.1

10.4 146.3 43.8 24.5 7.4 37.8 7.7 5.5 12.5 129.0 23.6 35.4 4.8 488.6

11.7 175.3 52.8 33.6 9.2 24.3 6.4 9.9 14.5 161.4 31.0 51.6 6.4 588.2

11.6 249.4 71.8 46.3 12.1 41.0 12.6 14.4 19.1 204.5 38.6 70.0 9.3 800.7

14.1 304.8 81.8 55.5 14.3 50.2 14.2 19.8 24.3 251.1 45.8 86.1 13.2 975.1

16.8 380.6 84.8 60.9 16.7 67.0 15.3 25.0 34.8 303.6 47.7 107.5 17.2 1 178.0

18.1 399.9 85.4 61.1 17.9 74.3 15.8 28.0 37.3 321.9 47.7 110.0 18.8 1 236.2

20.2 440.0 88.8 62.6 18.3 66.7 13.3 30.6 42.0 340.0 50.8 115.7 19.7 1 308.7

21.3 465.9 91.4 65.9 19.2 66.8 11.4 35.9 48.5 357.9 53.7 130.6 20.5 1 389.0

81.7% 165.8% 73.0% 96.3% 108.3% 174.4% 77.7% 261.2% 235.2% 121.7% 73.4% 153.0% 219.6% 136.1%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

3.9 .. 62.8 .. 1.8 0.1 .. 0.6 114.9 .. .. 63.2 247.3

4.5 .. 72.2 .. 1.7 0.1 .. 0.6 140.6 .. .. 75.2 294.8

7.6 .. 83.8 .. 2.6 0.1 .. 1.0 176.1 .. .. 87.6 358.8

7.2 .. 81.1 .. 2.8 0.1 .. 1.1 173.3 .. .. 121.7 387.3

6.2 23.6 74.9 21.6 3.8 0.2 8.5 2.3 167.1 61.4 13.1 382.9

1.9 3.3 53.4 15.8 5.2 0.3 8.2 2.4 117.1 44.0 13.8 265.4

3.2 13.7 42.0 17.7 6.3 0.4 8.4 2.1 86.3 42.5 14.0 236.5

3.5 14.9 45.3 20.4 6.9 0.4 8.5 2.6 91.5 55.1 15.4 264.5

4.6 15.7 45.8 20.7 7.0 0.4 8.8 2.7 91.7 45.2 15.6 258.2

4.1 17.2 47.1 20.7 7.1 0.5 8.8 2.6 94.9 48.0 15.9 266.9

4.0 18.0 50.2 22.0 7.4 0.5 9.1 2.7 91.9 49.7 15.9 271.5

-35.6% -23.9% -33.0% 2.1% 91.4% 164.3% 7.1% 19.1% -45.0% -19.1% 21.2% -29.1%

Non-OECD Total

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.6 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 995.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 567.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 056.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 197.5

20.5 65.0 116.1 36.2 28.7 236.4 22.7 18.4 33.1 30.2 2 179.9 11.7 46.6 687.9 119.8 3 653.1

3.4 31.5 60.5 16.0 7.1 167.0 4.6 8.8 14.2 10.9 1 582.9 4.7 34.4 392.8 101.6 2 440.4

3.4 29.4 56.1 14.5 4.4 123.3 4.6 6.8 11.2 6.5 1 513.8 4.2 36.2 292.0 116.5 2 222.7

3.5 30.0 60.3 16.5 3.3 154.5 5.6 7.5 12.7 7.5 1 524.1 5.4 39.3 312.6 115.7 2 298.7

4.1 32.0 60.8 16.2 3.9 165.2 5.4 7.6 13.5 7.9 1 531.2 5.7 41.4 306.0 109.8 2 310.6

4.1 30.2 64.0 15.3 4.4 185.7 5.2 8.0 13.7 7.4 1 587.2 6.3 41.3 310.3 112.9 2 396.1

4.8 27.6 62.7 18.0 5.1 190.5 5.7 8.3 14.4 7.5 1 587.4 6.9 45.3 314.0 113.4 2 411.6

-76.6% -57.6% -46.0% -50.1% -82.1% -19.4% -74.9% -54.6% -56.4% -75.1% -27.2% -40.9% -2.8% -54.4% -5.4% -34.0%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

83.1 2.1 90.5 20.8 26.2 1.3 18.4 3.4 3.7 1.3 2.3 0.4 1.1 5.5 14.4 1.5 2.5 0.6 15.6 6.1 5.2 52.1 7.8 366.0

85.9 3.2 136.3 17.0 28.3 1.7 25.4 5.1 6.2 2.0 3.0 0.4 1.3 7.4 10.2 1.8 3.2 0.7 18.4 5.8 5.5 62.8 10.8 442.6

95.9 4.3 178.1 21.2 33.8 2.2 28.5 6.2 10.6 1.7 4.2 0.6 1.7 6.5 8.7 1.8 2.9 1.4 20.5 7.9 5.6 92.4 10.2 547.0

88.6 4.5 167.0 19.4 38.3 2.0 30.6 6.1 12.1 1.7 3.3 0.8 1.7 4.6 4.6 1.8 2.6 1.4 18.2 9.6 3.1 95.2 9.2 526.4

100.4 5.4 193.0 32.7 45.0 2.6 27.6 7.6 13.2 2.2 3.3 0.9 2.1 7.2 2.7 1.8 2.5 1.9 19.2 11.4 3.7 105.1 12.4 604.1

118.2 8.2 239.0 41.4 58.0 4.4 22.1 11.4 16.3 4.7 6.0 0.9 3.5 8.4 2.8 2.5 4.1 3.4 23.7 12.3 4.5 118.3 13.4 727.5

139.2 7.6 303.3 56.0 58.7 4.6 24.8 17.4 18.5 5.2 8.8 1.4 4.4 9.8 4.0 3.5 4.7 3.3 26.4 17.9 5.3 126.7 15.0 866.6

146.2 9.3 320.7 62.6 56.2 5.5 26.2 17.9 22.2 5.8 10.4 1.9 6.7 10.7 4.1 4.1 5.5 3.7 28.9 22.2 5.4 128.1 17.0 921.2

149.2 10.7 326.8 63.6 56.9 5.4 25.2 17.5 23.6 5.9 11.0 2.0 6.9 10.6 4.2 4.1 5.7 3.4 28.5 23.3 5.2 136.5 17.5 943.6

159.4 10.1 333.0 66.2 57.0 5.9 24.6 18.6 25.4 5.8 11.1 2.0 6.4 11.7 4.2 4.0 6.5 3.6 28.0 26.9 6.1 143.9 17.7 978.3

162.6 12.3 347.1 71.0 55.9 6.6 26.2 19.3 27.0 6.2 11.7 2.3 8.2 12.7 4.5 4.4 6.5 3.7 30.3 29.1 5.7 143.8 18.9 1 016.0

62.0% 126.2% 79.8% 117.4% 24.4% 151.5% -5.1% 152.4% 104.6% 187.7% 254.4% 144.9% 282.6% 76.5% 63.9% 140.3% 163.7% 93.1% 57.8% 156.2% 52.7% 36.8% 51.9% 68.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

3.2 0.4 .. 31.0 199.3 25.1 67.5 12.7 .. 4.5 0.2 16.6 23.1 6.0 2.8 17.2 16.1 8.4 434.0

4.7 1.4 .. 42.5 240.2 38.0 76.7 16.1 .. 3.9 0.3 20.9 29.0 8.4 2.7 21.9 16.7 10.2 533.6

7.2 2.6 .. 72.2 292.5 69.1 105.6 24.2 .. 5.1 0.5 26.4 33.1 12.7 3.7 34.2 14.8 16.4 720.1

8.8 2.9 .. 71.7 419.5 84.8 126.4 33.9 11.6 5.8 0.5 39.5 27.7 16.3 3.6 40.5 17.2 9.7 920.3

13.6 3.4 .. 114.7 589.3 140.2 114.0 49.7 12.7 4.0 0.9 58.8 39.5 28.8 3.7 78.6 17.3 10.1 1 279.1

20.5 4.7 1.4 157.8 782.5 192.2 74.9 81.1 10.1 6.7 1.7 79.8 59.0 38.0 5.5 141.3 28.0 9.0 1 694.1

25.2 4.6 2.4 219.4 976.4 264.6 68.8 116.1 8.8 8.1 3.1 97.5 69.9 38.1 10.6 159.5 44.5 10.4 2 128.3

33.5 5.2 3.5 255.1 1 112.2 316.3 71.1 139.7 9.2 10.6 2.7 115.7 72.7 39.4 12.5 213.4 80.0 14.8 2 507.8

36.3 5.1 3.7 262.0 1 153.6 330.9 74.3 159.4 9.6 13.4 3.0 118.0 72.1 43.2 13.3 214.1 81.6 14.7 2 608.4

37.4 5.8 4.1 270.0 1 244.0 344.0 75.4 165.3 10.6 12.1 3.1 126.6 67.7 43.2 11.8 217.1 86.1 14.9 2 739.5

40.0 5.8 4.4 276.2 1 324.0 377.2 62.3 177.4 11.3 12.4 3.2 138.4 71.8 45.0 12.8 225.7 93.6 16.8 2 898.4

195.0% 73.2% .. 140.9% 124.7% 169.0% -45.3% 257.0% -10.9% 210.7% 262.6% 135.5% 81.5% 56.1% 242.8% 187.2% 441.5% 67.2% 126.6%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

800.4 9.2 809.6

1 051.2 10.8 1 062.0

1 405.3 14.7 1 420.0

1 704.5 22.3 1 726.8

2 211.0 33.1 2 244.0

2 985.9 35.9 3 021.8

3 037.8 39.7 3 077.6

4 546.1 40.3 4 586.4

5 058.3 40.7 5 099.1

5 603.5 41.7 5 645.2

6 027.9 43.4 6 071.2

172.6% 31.2% 170.6%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.7

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Charbon/tourbe million tonnes of CO 2

2007

% change 90-07

8 541.4

8 827.4 10 480.3 11 019.8 11 693.4 12 228.1

47.2%

5 108.9 3 482.0 1 890.8 1 155.8 435.4 1 569.0 3 199.3

4 596.3 3 391.8 1 994.3 923.0 474.5 1 143.7 3 945.2

4 716.1 3 652.5 2 247.0 843.3 562.1 974.7 4 111.3

4 760.6 3 725.0 2 210.2 877.0 637.8 950.4 5 719.7

4 768.2 3 740.8 2 233.6 848.5 658.7 941.1 6 251.6

4 836.6 3 739.9 2 201.1 872.2 666.6 994.9 6 856.8

4 884.4 3 780.2 2 238.6 864.8 676.8 988.8 7 343.7

-4.4% 8.6% 18.4% -25.2% 55.4% -37.0% 129.5%

..

3 249.7

2 639.1

2 503.4

2 574.1

2 559.3

2 642.6

2 652.1

-18.4%

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2 476.8

2 974.9

3 358.2

4 205.2

4 570.6

4 569.5

6 123.6

6 646.7

7 288.1

7 763.5

84.6%

3 130.3

3 132.3

3 594.8

4 013.8

4 103.1

3 970.8

4 257.9

4 356.7

4 373.1

4 405.3

4 464.6

8.8%

61.7 5.2 1 078.7 1 145.6

56.6 6.6 1 196.4 1 259.6

80.5 7.2 1 400.7 1 488.5

99.4 11.6 1 625.5 1 736.6

98.8 14.2 1 792.0 1 905.1

103.3 21.5 1 891.0 2 015.8

127.0 27.0 2 120.0 2 274.1

111.3 31.2 2 098.9 2 241.4

113.2 40.0 2 120.4 2 273.6

111.1 37.1 2 090.0 2 238.1

123.8 39.2 2 114.8 2 277.8

25.3% 175.8% 18.0% 19.6%

73.2 194.1 21.2 4.2 292.7

90.3 197.7 30.6 4.8 323.5

104.0 190.8 48.1 3.8 346.8

116.7 246.7 80.2 3.9 447.4

137.1 294.4 86.3 3.9 521.7

152.3 318.2 101.6 3.9 576.2

189.3 366.5 156.9 6.4 719.1

208.1 418.8 195.4 10.8 833.1

220.5 426.9 195.0 11.4 853.7

226.5 428.4 204.8 11.8 871.4

222.7 444.8 209.8 9.3 886.5

62.4% 51.1% 143.0% 136.7% 69.9%

15.9 42.2 129.2 6.0 8.4 135.3 554.1 6.8 36.8 0.0 8.8 31.7 11.3 14.4 3.7 252.5 2.4 23.5 36.9 5.4 2.0 16.0 348.4 1 692.0

13.5 37.0 121.7 8.0 9.3 104.2 494.5 11.0 34.5 7.1 30.2 7.5 11.5 3.9 289.7 1.6 23.7 37.5 6.9 1.0 20.7 274.2 1 549.2

13.7 40.2 128.8 23.8 19.6 121.2 552.2 13.4 38.0 0.1 8.0 43.0 7.9 13.8 3.9 350.9 1.6 32.0 47.9 5.4 1.4 26.8 266.1 1 759.5

16.9 37.8 131.6 28.4 19.8 91.3 580.7 24.9 35.9 0.3 10.5 58.1 6.3 23.1 4.4 359.8 2.9 33.3 69.4 10.6 2.0 45.1 236.8 1 829.8

15.8 39.0 121.0 23.7 21.1 73.3 504.6 33.4 24.1 0.3 14.5 55.1 5.0 31.8 3.4 286.9 10.6 30.7 74.1 10.4 1.4 57.9 238.2 1 676.3

13.2 33.4 88.7 25.3 23.2 57.3 370.1 33.3 17.0 0.2 12.3 44.9 2.1 33.5 4.1 268.3 13.9 21.1 71.8 9.4 0.8 60.7 174.1 1 378.8

14.2 29.0 84.1 15.4 20.9 57.4 337.2 37.4 15.1 0.4 10.6 43.3 0.5 29.9 4.2 217.3 14.7 16.0 81.5 8.1 0.6 88.9 138.2 1 264.7

16.5 21.4 79.6 17.1 30.4 49.7 348.9 38.3 13.8 0.4 9.6 62.4 0.4 31.7 3.5 210.0 12.9 16.5 79.9 10.9 0.6 85.2 142.5 1 282.2

15.6 19.1 76.3 14.4 20.0 53.6 331.9 37.8 12.0 0.4 10.6 62.8 0.3 30.3 3.0 207.1 13.1 15.6 80.2 9.8 0.7 86.3 144.7 1 245.8

16.5 17.7 78.0 21.6 30.7 50.4 339.3 34.7 11.7 0.4 9.7 69.8 0.4 28.8 2.6 215.9 13.0 16.2 69.2 9.0 0.7 101.7 157.8 1 295.8

15.0 16.7 80.1 18.1 29.0 50.9 347.5 36.6 11.7 0.5 9.0 60.5 0.3 31.3 2.9 212.4 11.2 15.8 78.7 8.9 0.7 115.4 146.9 1 300.2

-5.1% -57.1% -33.8% -23.6% 37.2% -30.6% -31.1% 9.7% -51.4% 74.9% -37.7% 9.8% -93.7% -1.5% -15.4% -26.0% 5.3% -48.5% 6.3% -14.8% -51.5% 99.4% -38.3% -22.4%

..

..

..

..

1 736.7

1 402.3

1 241.6

1 273.0

1 235.0

1 273.3

1 269.4

-26.9%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

World *

5 201.2

5 609.0

6 569.7

7 372.0

8 308.2

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 2 645.9 1 140.5 1 234.0 271.5 .. ..

.. 2 604.8 1 253.0 1 059.0 292.9 .. ..

.. 2 962.8 1 481.2 1 182.9 298.7 .. ..

.. 3 316.3 1 725.0 1 224.1 367.3 .. ..

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

..

..

Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers

0.1 -

-

Non-OECD Total

2 070.8

OECD Total Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union - 27

2000

2004

2005

2006

* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.8 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Charbon/tourbe million tonnes of CO 2

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

2 070.8

2 476.8

2 974.9

3 358.2

4 205.2

4 570.6

4 569.5

6 123.6

6 646.7

7 288.1

7 763.5

84.6%

0.4 .. 1.0 1.3 .. 0.2 1.2 1.5 .. 0.5 146.3 0.3 2.0 5.6 0.5 160.7

0.3 .. 0.8 2.1 .. 0.1 1.7 1.2 .. 0.6 175.1 0.3 1.9 5.0 0.7 190.0

0.2 .. 0.8 2.1 .. 0.0 1.6 0.7 .. 0.4 179.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 6.1 0.7 193.7

1.0 1.1 0.8 2.7 .. 0.2 2.7 0.2 .. 0.2 189.5 0.0 0.3 1.1 7.5 0.9 208.3

1.3 1.9 0.9 2.7 .. 0.4 4.1 0.1 .. 0.2 208.3 0.0 0.3 0.9 13.4 1.1 235.6

1.4 2.2 1.0 2.8 0.2 6.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 227.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 11.2 1.1 254.2

0.7 2.5 0.8 3.3 0.2 9.2 0.0 0.0 248.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 9.7 1.7 276.9

1.0 2.2 0.9 3.3 0.3 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 280.0 0.2 0.4 7.8 1.9 308.9

1.1 2.3 1.0 3.2 0.2 11.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 271.0 0.2 0.4 8.3 1.8 301.1

1.0 2.5 1.0 3.1 0.3 11.3 0.1 0.0 0.4 272.3 0.2 0.4 7.9 2.1 302.6

1.2 2.6 1.1 3.1 0.3 11.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 283.0 0.2 0.4 7.4 2.2 313.7

-7.3% 34.8% 26.0% 13.1% .. -27.2% 178.4% -84.5% .. -89.5% x 35.9% + .. -51.5% -44.7% 104.7% 33.2%

0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2

3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9

3.1 7.2 0.0 10.3

2.3 9.3 11.6

3.3 16.2 0.5 0.0 20.0

4.1 25.1 0.5 0.0 29.7

3.4 31.1 0.5 0.0 35.0

3.9 31.0 0.5 0.0 35.5

4.8 31.0 0.5 0.0 36.3

5.1 32.6 0.5 0.0 38.3

124.6% 250.6% x x 230.3%

1.2 .. 33.2 .. .. 31.2 .. .. 35.8 101.4

1.6 .. 35.0 .. .. 38.0 .. .. 40.5 115.0

2.5 .. 37.8 .. .. 48.9 .. .. 42.6 131.7

3.7 .. 42.2 .. 0.2 .. 0.5 57.6 .. .. 72.4 176.5

2.4 17.3 36.8 3.4 0.2 5.5 0.7 49.7 41.3 6.3 163.7

0.1 1.4 29.7 0.7 0.2 5.9 0.1 40.5 36.2 5.5 120.3

0.1 9.9 25.3 1.7 0.1 5.6 28.7 35.0 5.4 111.8

0.1 11.1 28.4 2.7 0.2 5.8 32.9 39.9 6.2 127.4

0.1 11.7 27.6 2.7 0.1 6.1 33.2 30.6 6.3 118.4

0.1 13.1 28.0 2.5 0.2 5.9 36.6 33.0 6.4 125.7

0.1 13.6 31.3 2.7 0.1 5.9 36.1 33.1 6.6 129.6

-95.7% -21.6% -15.1% -19.8% -44.0% 8.2% .. -27.3% -19.8% 4.0% -20.8%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.9

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Charbon/tourbe million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 875.2

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 028.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 141.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 982.9

1.0 0.3 9.4 24.0 2.2 153.3 10.0 2.5 3.1 7.8 688.2 2.5 1.2 283.0 13.7 1 202.1

0.0 0.0 5.5 11.3 0.1 111.1 1.3 1.0 1.0 2.3 492.3 0.1 161.2 4.4 791.4

3.8 10.4 0.0 80.0 1.9 0.5 0.4 0.4 449.7 0.0 116.3 3.6 667.1

2.5 11.8 0.0 99.1 2.4 0.3 0.7 0.3 417.5 0.2 127.4 3.8 666.0

2.3 11.3 0.0 99.7 2.2 0.3 0.8 0.3 422.4 0.2 123.3 4.2 667.0

0.0 2.2 10.4 0.0 112.1 2.0 0.3 1.1 0.3 444.6 0.2 141.0 4.4 718.8

0.0 2.0 13.1 0.1 111.0 2.1 0.4 1.0 0.2 427.6 0.3 148.0 4.6 710.4

-99.5% .. -78.3% -45.5% -96.3% -27.6% -78.8% -83.2% -66.5% -97.1% -37.9% -88.1% .. -47.7% -66.4% -40.9%

3.5 7.1 5.0 5.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.1 22.8

3.7 8.6 3.5 6.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.1 1.0 0.1 24.5

3.3 17.7 4.7 7.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.1 35.1

3.7 0.2 29.9 4.8 8.8 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.7 50.4

3.9 29.0 10.2 10.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 57.2

4.9 36.5 9.5 12.4 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.7

4.5 43.5 13.0 11.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 2.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 77.1

4.6 47.6 10.9 8.7 0.2 0.4 1.9 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.2 3.3 0.0 0.0 79.2

5.2 47.5 10.7 9.7 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.0 1.4 0.4 0.1 3.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 80.4

6.3 47.6 13.9 8.9 0.2 0.4 2.0 0.0 1.5 0.5 0.1 3.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 84.6

6.5 49.4 13.9 9.5 0.3 0.4 2.1 0.0 1.6 0.5 0.1 4.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 88.5

65.4% 70.7% 36.3% -11.5% + -48.1% + x x .. + -30.8% .. 611.9% -55.8% -90.3% 299.9% 54.8%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.4 .. 10.0 142.6 0.5 64.9 0.0 .. 0.6 0.0 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 5.6 4.1 231.9

0.5 .. 8.4 176.1 0.5 72.5 0.0 .. 0.6 0.1 2.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.6 10.0 4.3 276.2

0.5 .. 14.7 206.0 0.8 97.5 0.2 .. 0.6 0.2 2.9 1.4 0.1 0.0 1.9 9.2 7.7 343.6

0.2 .. 26.4 294.6 1.5 119.0 1.1 9.4 0.6 0.0 5.2 4.7 0.1 0.0 6.5 11.3 0.9 481.6

1.1 .. 42.6 406.3 11.7 106.1 4.0 10.2 0.3 0.2 7.2 5.5 0.1 0.0 16.1 9.0 0.8 621.3

1.2 64.5 528.0 17.5 70.9 4.8 9.0 0.1 0.3 8.1 7.8 0.2 0.0 29.4 13.4 0.5 755.7

1.3 111.1 635.1 49.1 65.7 6.9 7.5 0.2 1.0 6.9 20.7 0.2 0.0 31.4 17.6 1.3 956.0

1.4 142.0 745.3 79.2 67.7 22.2 7.5 0.4 0.6 14.9 20.9 0.2 0.1 43.5 33.6 1.6 1 181.1

1.4 146.8 782.1 90.2 71.4 26.7 7.9 0.4 1.0 14.6 22.7 0.2 0.3 46.9 32.8 1.6 1 246.8

1.4 154.1 844.4 114.3 73.3 28.3 8.8 0.5 1.0 16.2 23.0 0.2 0.2 49.8 36.5 1.6 1 353.6

1.4 160.6 895.0 143.7 59.7 34.3 9.0 0.5 1.0 21.1 25.1 0.3 0.2 56.0 39.9 1.9 1 449.7

24.3% .. 276.6% 120.3% + -43.7% 752.6% -12.4% 99.1% 527.1% 191.1% 360.7% 73.9% 881.2% 248.4% 345.4% 125.2% 133.3%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

677.9 0.1 678.0

837.9 0.1 838.1

1 125.0 0.2 1 125.2

1 435.4 12.8 1 448.1

1 889.3 24.4 1 913.7

2 538.9 24.4 2 563.3

2 433.3 17.7 2 451.0

3 699.1 26.9 3 726.0

4 170.1 27.2 4 197.3

4 638.0 28.6 4 666.6

5 002.7 30.7 5 033.3

164.8% 25.7% 163.0%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union * Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.10 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Oil Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Pétrole million tonnes of CO 2

2007

% change 90-07

9 089.0

9 870.7 10 553.4 10 691.8 10 763.1 10 898.6

23.5%

5 681.9 4 489.7 2 251.2 1 482.3 756.3 1 129.7 2 530.1

5 333.4 4 628.7 2 265.8 1 565.2 797.8 625.7 3 069.2

5 482.6 4 850.6 2 517.9 1 565.5 767.2 549.3 3 578.0

5 658.6 5 025.9 2 707.4 1 581.8 736.8 554.0 4 005.0

5 660.4 5 032.1 2 721.3 1 570.8 739.9 551.2 4 090.6

5 572.1 4 925.8 2 668.1 1 554.7 703.0 569.1 4 210.2

5 504.3 4 847.2 2 648.2 1 493.5 705.5 578.5 4 372.2

-3.1% 8.0% 17.6% 0.8% -6.7% -48.8% 72.8%

..

3 497.7

3 171.4

3 099.6

3 120.3

3 114.8

3 063.4

3 023.7

-13.6%

344.0 200.6

291.7 223.8

356.9 253.6

402.0 284.5

466.0 344.0

521.7 368.1

549.7 391.1

580.6 400.2

610.4 411.6

71.1% 62.3%

2 226.6

2 863.9

2 928.4

3 202.9

3 136.1

3 545.7

3 987.4

4 070.0

4 214.0

4 372.1

36.5%

4 723.9

5 068.7

5 304.4

4 642.9

5 009.2

5 266.5

5 514.9

5 676.3

5 681.0

5 568.4

5 504.5

9.9%

209.8 71.7 2 023.0 2 304.6

233.2 106.5 2 108.4 2 448.1

246.7 161.6 2 181.2 2 589.5

188.8 186.5 1 976.0 2 351.3

209.4 226.6 2 041.8 2 477.8

212.2 230.4 2 053.5 2 496.1

237.1 255.9 2 280.8 2 773.8

267.4 249.3 2 440.1 2 956.7

272.4 259.1 2 449.0 2 980.4

258.9 257.7 2 409.3 2 925.8

266.7 266.1 2 381.5 2 914.3

27.3% 17.4% 16.6% 17.6%

66.8 556.2 30.9 9.3 663.2

80.8 639.4 46.2 11.6 778.0

87.3 638.6 76.2 10.7 812.9

79.9 547.4 73.1 9.6 710.0

89.1 655.4 135.3 11.7 891.6

94.4 689.5 240.2 13.9 1 038.0

104.6 647.1 229.9 15.5 997.1

105.6 613.5 216.9 17.7 953.6

109.1 613.0 203.8 17.9 943.8

107.9 577.0 196.2 18.1 899.1

109.2 578.2 197.5 18.1 903.1

22.6% -11.8% 46.0% 54.5% 1.3%

27.2 63.3 19.9 49.0 31.4 277.3 385.7 18.4 18.6 1.4 12.9 237.3 4.1 68.1 19.8 21.9 12.0 12.6 82.4 77.1 36.9 25.4 253.5 1 756.2

29.2 60.4 27.9 44.2 33.6 293.5 392.4 23.5 27.2 1.6 14.0 248.6 3.8 56.8 19.8 33.5 16.5 15.2 117.3 72.5 34.8 38.5 238.0 1 842.6

33.0 65.0 30.6 38.5 33.9 292.8 385.9 32.0 29.8 1.7 16.2 267.5 3.0 70.0 22.0 42.8 22.2 18.1 136.9 67.6 36.0 44.1 212.7 1 902.0

26.9 46.7 27.9 30.2 26.9 214.5 326.6 29.6 27.0 1.4 11.4 229.6 2.9 48.3 19.8 39.2 21.8 14.3 101.6 47.3 35.8 49.4 202.5 1 581.6

27.7 48.7 23.0 22.0 28.2 220.1 323.1 36.5 22.7 1.6 12.1 252.7 4.4 52.7 20.0 34.9 28.7 14.4 121.0 40.1 34.2 62.5 208.4 1 639.8

29.8 55.4 20.5 24.4 26.2 227.3 345.7 39.1 19.8 1.7 15.7 261.3 4.7 57.8 20.4 40.9 34.4 7.1 143.4 45.4 33.5 78.9 198.8 1 732.4

31.0 56.9 20.2 23.4 24.0 234.0 324.0 45.7 17.3 1.7 22.9 245.3 5.9 60.7 21.0 51.5 39.9 6.8 166.8 41.5 33.2 82.7 187.5 1 744.0

37.7 58.7 23.8 21.8 26.8 239.7 304.0 49.7 15.9 1.8 23.8 232.2 7.7 66.0 22.4 57.3 38.8 8.6 190.0 39.0 34.0 78.7 187.5 1 766.0

37.6 57.9 24.9 21.6 26.1 237.2 295.7 51.7 16.8 1.8 24.9 224.8 8.0 68.5 21.9 58.1 40.5 9.1 191.4 36.6 34.2 77.1 190.5 1 756.8

37.6 54.9 24.7 21.9 26.6 232.8 297.7 53.1 17.8 1.9 26.2 222.3 7.8 67.8 22.4 59.9 34.6 9.1 189.5 35.0 33.8 77.3 188.9 1 743.4

35.6 51.9 25.1 21.9 26.5 226.1 261.3 53.5 17.7 1.9 25.0 212.8 7.5 71.3 22.9 62.7 34.8 9.5 190.2 33.6 31.9 78.6 184.9 1 687.1

28.5% 6.7% 9.3% -0.6% -6.0% 2.7% -19.1% 46.6% -22.2% 15.8% 106.1% -15.8% 69.1% 35.1% 14.6% 79.5% 21.2% -33.6% 57.3% -16.3% -6.7% 25.7% -11.3% 2.9%

..

..

..

..

1 647.1

1 675.4

1 670.1

1 698.4

1 693.1

1 679.5

1 624.5

-1.4%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

World *

6 834.7

7 796.5

8 712.8

8 086.8

8 822.5

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 4 522.9 2 232.9 1 657.7 632.3 .. ..

.. 4 773.7 2 341.6 1 700.3 731.8 .. ..

.. 4 901.2 2 427.9 1 736.7 736.6 .. ..

.. 4 225.5 2 164.8 1 423.8 636.9 .. ..

..

..

..

344.4 168.4

328.6 172.6

Non-OECD Total

1 598.0

OECD Total Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union - 27

2000

2004

2005

2006

* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.11

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Oil Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Pétrole million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

1 598.0

2 226.6

2 863.9

2 928.4

3 202.9

3 136.1

3 545.7

3 987.4

4 070.0

4 214.0

4 372.1

36.5%

5.9 1.6 0.3 .. 0.7 0.6 1.5 2.4 18.9 .. 1.3 0.5 1.9 3.6 1.6 5.6 1.4 .. 5.0 1.2 27.5 3.3 1.5 0.3 3.4 1.5 1.6 7.1 100.3

9.1 1.9 0.5 .. 1.0 0.7 1.8 3.0 23.6 .. 1.2 0.7 2.3 4.3 6.7 8.1 1.1 .. 10.1 1.6 34.1 3.3 1.5 0.3 4.0 2.5 2.1 8.5 134.1

14.8 2.5 0.4 .. 1.7 0.8 2.3 3.4 36.9 .. 1.4 1.3 2.3 5.5 13.1 12.3 1.6 .. 23.4 2.0 35.1 3.7 1.6 0.4 6.7 1.9 1.8 12.3 189.2

20.5 2.7 0.5 0.5 2.4 0.8 2.4 3.0 54.8 .. 1.4 1.6 2.2 5.3 15.5 13.6 1.2 .. 25.2 2.1 39.6 4.2 1.5 0.3 7.1 1.7 2.0 10.9 223.1

23.0 3.0 0.3 1.0 2.7 0.7 2.1 2.6 61.6 .. 2.2 0.7 2.7 6.0 18.3 15.4 0.9 .. 22.1 2.0 46.4 5.5 1.7 0.6 9.0 1.7 2.6 13.5 248.2

21.8 2.9 0.2 1.2 2.5 0.5 1.1 3.1 58.2 0.8 2.3 1.1 3.3 7.0 26.6 19.3 1.0 1.8 21.2 2.4 49.6 4.6 2.4 0.6 9.5 1.7 3.6 15.7 266.1

24.1 4.0 1.4 1.7 2.8 0.6 1.2 3.2 66.9 0.6 3.2 1.1 5.1 8.7 30.9 19.0 1.3 1.9 28.6 3.6 50.4 5.5 2.4 1.0 11.3 1.4 3.0 16.8 301.6

29.7 7.2 2.4 1.9 3.0 0.8 1.3 2.8 77.6 0.7 4.7 1.4 6.2 8.5 31.7 24.0 1.7 2.7 32.9 4.1 57.6 9.5 3.4 1.0 11.9 1.7 1.9 19.8 352.2

30.7 5.6 2.5 2.0 2.9 1.0 1.3 2.9 83.0 0.6 4.8 1.8 6.6 9.8 32.1 27.0 1.5 2.8 38.5 4.2 59.5 9.7 4.2 1.0 12.1 1.8 2.1 20.3 372.2

31.7 7.2 3.0 2.1 3.1 1.1 1.3 3.0 86.5 0.5 5.3 1.8 8.5 11.0 31.2 27.2 1.6 2.9 32.3 4.0 59.3 11.0 4.5 0.9 11.7 1.9 2.0 20.9 377.6

34.3 9.3 3.1 2.1 4.0 1.2 1.3 2.7 92.0 0.5 6.0 2.2 9.0 11.2 31.8 28.1 1.9 3.0 28.8 3.8 62.7 10.9 4.2 0.9 11.9 2.0 1.9 21.9 392.8

49.4% 213.0% + 115.8% 49.6% 75.0% -35.8% 2.7% 49.5% .. 169.9% 218.9% 232.0% 86.8% 73.1% 82.2% 97.9% .. 30.2% 89.3% 35.2% 97.4% 146.2% 57.2% 33.2% 12.0% -26.6% 62.6% 58.2%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.2 35.2 10.5 14.2 1.3 13.3 4.6 0.3 0.3 10.6 6.8 0.4 1.2 99.9

1.2 62.7 12.4 17.0 2.1 13.0 5.6 0.7 0.7 18.3 10.3 1.6 1.7 147.4

1.7 80.0 29.8 19.4 4.2 17.6 6.6 1.5 1.5 80.1 15.0 9.4 3.4 270.3

1.8 126.4 42.1 17.3 7.4 28.2 7.7 3.3 2.0 95.0 23.3 15.6 4.8 374.7

2.1 136.0 49.1 24.2 9.0 12.5 6.4 5.0 2.3 114.6 27.8 18.5 6.4 413.9

2.4 166.0 65.7 30.1 11.6 23.0 12.1 7.7 2.9 143.1 33.8 21.4 9.3 529.1

2.5 181.9 75.8 30.4 13.8 32.3 13.7 8.4 3.4 176.2 35.3 21.9 13.2 608.7

3.1 205.2 82.9 27.6 13.9 47.4 14.8 10.9 6.8 204.3 35.4 28.8 17.2 698.3

3.6 211.2 82.6 26.9 14.7 52.3 15.3 12.0 7.8 212.2 37.0 30.1 18.8 724.3

4.3 232.6 86.0 27.4 13.6 44.1 12.8 13.0 9.0 226.7 39.6 31.4 19.7 760.2

4.2 233.4 88.7 28.9 13.6 44.8 10.8 14.3 11.3 241.2 42.9 32.9 20.5 787.4

103.7% 71.5% 80.7% 19.3% 51.1% 257.8% 69.7% 184.8% 389.6% 110.4% 54.4% 78.0% 219.6% 90.2%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

2.4 .. 29.1 .. 1.8 0.1 .. 0.6 31.5 .. .. 25.5 91.1

2.3 .. 34.9 .. 1.7 0.1 .. 0.6 40.0 .. .. 31.8 111.4

4.4 .. 38.6 .. 2.6 0.1 .. 1.0 51.6 .. .. 39.2 137.4

2.8 .. 28.0 .. 2.6 0.1 .. 0.7 41.1 .. .. 38.3 113.7

3.4 5.4 26.1 13.4 3.6 0.2 3.0 1.6 50.0 14.1 5.0 125.8

1.7 1.6 13.7 11.0 5.0 0.3 2.3 2.2 32.0 4.8 6.7 81.3

3.1 3.3 10.4 11.3 6.1 0.4 2.7 2.1 26.5 4.1 6.7 76.8

3.4 3.3 11.5 12.4 6.7 0.4 2.5 2.6 27.2 10.0 7.1 87.1

4.4 3.2 12.0 12.9 6.8 0.4 2.6 2.7 27.8 10.3 7.2 90.5

4.0 3.4 12.6 13.2 6.9 0.5 2.7 2.6 27.0 10.7 7.4 91.0

3.9 3.6 12.4 13.5 7.2 0.5 3.0 2.7 27.6 12.0 7.3 93.5

14.4% -33.0% -52.7% 0.2% 99.2% 164.3% -1.5% 73.6% -44.8% -14.7% 44.3% -25.7%

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.12 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Oil Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Pétrole million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 688.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 018.6

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 210.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 193.3

11.2 31.3 79.9 9.3 15.8 58.3 9.1 10.3 19.7 14.8 625.4 5.9 16.9 195.5 30.6 1 134.1

0.7 18.8 29.5 3.5 4.8 32.5 1.6 5.5 9.0 3.1 351.2 3.5 8.2 75.4 19.8 567.1

0.8 18.6 19.5 2.6 2.1 22.7 1.3 3.8 6.5 1.2 332.4 2.7 10.7 33.7 19.5 478.3

0.9 12.0 19.6 3.1 1.6 24.1 1.7 4.1 7.0 1.9 318.0 4.0 12.4 38.5 19.7 468.7

1.0 14.0 19.5 3.1 2.0 26.2 1.8 4.1 7.5 1.9 309.9 4.3 12.7 38.2 16.1 462.4

0.9 10.5 22.1 3.1 2.0 28.0 1.7 4.4 7.3 1.9 321.0 4.8 12.5 39.3 15.0 474.7

0.9 10.7 20.6 3.2 2.5 28.4 2.0 4.7 7.5 1.9 325.8 5.3 14.0 40.9 14.6 483.1

-91.6% -66.0% -74.3% -65.4% -84.2% -51.3% -78.4% -54.1% -61.8% -86.9% -47.9% -10.1% -17.0% -79.1% -52.3% -57.4%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

67.3 2.0 83.2 14.5 18.0 1.3 18.0 3.4 3.5 1.3 2.3 0.4 1.1 5.5 14.4 1.5 2.5 0.6 14.4 2.7 5.1 30.7 7.7 301.6

65.1 2.9 126.9 12.4 18.5 1.7 25.1 5.1 5.9 2.0 3.0 0.4 1.3 7.4 10.2 1.8 3.2 0.7 17.0 3.0 5.4 37.5 10.7 367.4

70.9 3.7 158.8 15.1 20.6 2.2 28.0 6.2 10.5 1.7 4.2 0.6 1.7 6.5 8.7 1.8 2.9 1.4 18.9 2.8 5.5 59.1 10.1 442.0

54.4 3.4 132.8 13.0 22.2 2.0 29.9 5.6 11.7 1.7 3.3 0.6 1.7 4.6 4.6 1.8 2.6 1.4 16.2 2.5 3.1 56.0 9.1 384.2

53.1 3.9 157.7 20.4 26.8 2.6 26.8 7.6 12.7 2.2 3.3 0.9 2.1 7.1 2.7 1.8 2.4 1.9 17.6 2.1 3.7 57.0 12.4 428.7

62.1 5.7 194.0 29.7 37.4 4.4 21.4 11.2 15.6 4.7 6.0 0.9 3.5 8.2 2.8 2.5 4.0 3.4 21.8 2.2 4.5 59.9 13.3 519.5

66.1 5.3 242.5 32.7 34.6 4.6 23.3 17.2 17.9 5.2 8.3 1.4 4.1 9.6 4.0 3.5 4.6 3.3 23.0 2.7 5.2 64.6 14.2 597.9

66.9 6.5 237.7 37.1 33.9 5.3 24.4 15.8 21.1 5.8 9.3 1.9 6.3 10.5 4.1 4.1 5.5 3.7 23.5 2.8 5.2 76.5 15.5 623.3

68.6 7.1 241.2 38.8 32.9 5.3 23.4 15.8 22.7 5.9 9.6 2.0 6.5 10.4 4.2 4.1 5.7 3.4 21.4 3.1 5.0 83.8 16.0 637.0

74.2 6.3 245.5 39.8 33.7 5.8 22.1 16.0 24.0 5.8 9.6 2.0 6.0 11.7 4.2 4.0 6.5 3.6 21.1 3.9 5.9 88.7 16.2 656.5

74.5 7.8 257.0 50.6 32.3 6.2 23.4 16.4 25.5 6.2 10.1 2.3 7.7 12.6 4.5 4.4 6.5 3.7 20.7 3.9 5.5 89.7 17.5 688.9

40.3% 98.9% 62.9% 147.8% 20.6% 139.8% -12.4% 115.4% 101.0% 187.6% 205.9% 152.6% 260.5% 78.5% 63.9% 140.3% 172.2% 93.1% 17.8% 83.8% 48.2% 57.4% 41.0% 60.7%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

2.2 0.2 .. 19.0 55.5 24.4 2.6 12.6 .. 3.8 0.2 8.8 22.9 5.9 2.8 16.8 10.6 3.8 192.0

3.3 0.2 .. 31.3 62.3 36.4 4.2 16.0 .. 3.0 0.2 11.0 28.8 8.3 2.7 21.3 6.7 5.4 241.2

4.6 0.5 .. 54.2 84.1 61.0 8.0 23.9 .. 3.8 0.3 13.2 31.6 12.6 3.7 32.3 5.6 8.5 348.0

4.6 0.6 .. 43.5 117.7 69.7 7.4 27.9 2.2 3.4 0.5 20.9 23.0 16.1 3.6 28.3 5.8 7.5 382.6

5.2 0.9 .. 68.7 164.0 91.2 7.9 38.0 2.4 2.0 0.7 30.6 34.1 28.7 3.7 52.6 8.3 8.7 547.6

8.4 1.3 1.4 85.5 221.7 116.5 3.9 50.6 1.0 3.9 1.5 43.7 51.2 34.4 5.5 93.7 14.2 7.9 746.3

9.4 1.4 2.4 94.5 299.1 153.5 3.1 58.7 1.3 5.2 2.1 56.1 49.2 35.1 10.6 90.8 24.2 8.6 905.4

11.6 1.6 3.5 91.5 311.4 176.3 3.4 66.1 1.7 5.6 2.1 47.1 46.8 26.8 12.5 117.4 35.6 13.0 974.0

12.9 1.6 3.7 92.4 307.9 179.5 2.8 66.6 1.7 5.9 2.1 47.3 42.8 29.1 13.0 113.4 37.3 12.6 972.6

12.1 1.8 4.1 92.5 333.0 166.9 2.2 65.0 1.9 5.3 2.1 54.3 38.7 28.0 11.7 112.3 37.5 12.7 981.9

12.7 1.9 4.4 90.1 357.8 165.7 2.6 68.3 2.3 5.6 2.2 58.6 39.6 28.9 12.6 112.0 40.9 14.3 1 020.7

145.6% 121.9% .. 31.1% 118.1% 81.7% -67.0% 79.9% -4.3% 177.7% 202.8% 91.4% 16.1% 0.9% 239.5% 113.1% 392.0% 65.6% 86.4%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

115.2 9.0 124.2

195.9 10.7 206.6

252.4 14.5 267.0

247.2 9.6 256.8

295.8 8.7 304.5

415.3 11.5 426.7

560.8 16.3 577.1

775.5 8.3 783.8

802.5 8.4 810.9

864.4 7.7 872.1

897.7 8.0 905.7

203.4% -7.3% 197.5%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.13

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Gas Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Gaz million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

World *

2 058.3

2 281.1

2 767.1

3 161.1

3 809.8

4 107.5

4 705.6

5 205.6

5 344.4

5 472.1

5 733.8

50.5%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 1 438.5 1 257.4 168.1 12.9 .. ..

.. 1 503.1 1 143.4 331.0 28.7 .. ..

.. 1 663.5 1 179.4 414.3 69.8 .. ..

.. 1 616.2 1 058.1 446.1 112.0 .. ..

3 069.0 1 794.0 1 135.1 505.8 153.1 1 268.5 740.8

3 176.9 2 121.9 1 309.4 631.3 181.3 1 042.0 930.5

3 471.7 2 426.3 1 423.0 784.1 219.1 1 016.6 1 233.9

3 631.3 2 496.7 1 378.0 883.5 235.2 1 091.3 1 574.3

3 647.6 2 490.3 1 359.9 894.0 236.4 1 104.4 1 696.9

3 650.2 2 479.5 1 337.9 885.9 255.6 1 110.2 1 822.0

3 778.6 2 590.9 1 427.3 882.7 280.9 1 116.8 1 955.2

23.1% 44.4% 25.7% 74.5% 83.5% -12.0% 163.9%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

..

..

..

2 024.3

1 978.1

2 155.7

2 343.6

2 366.7

2 379.9

2 423.0

19.7%

Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

576.7

720.2

1 014.4

1 438.0

1 889.5

1 830.6

2 064.0

2 428.8

2 548.1

2 658.7

2 786.9

47.5%

OECD Total

1 481.6

1 560.9

1 752.7

1 723.1

1 920.3

2 276.9

2 641.6

2 776.9

2 796.3

2 813.4

2 946.9

53.5%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

67.9 20.2 1 189.5 1 277.6

87.3 25.6 1 056.1 1 169.0

99.7 43.2 1 079.7 1 222.6

113.9 53.6 944.2 1 111.7

123.8 52.1 1 011.3 1 187.2

149.1 57.7 1 160.2 1 367.1

168.1 73.8 1 254.9 1 496.8

171.2 95.3 1 206.8 1 473.3

170.2 104.7 1 189.7 1 464.6

167.2 122.9 1 170.8 1 460.9

181.9 132.6 1 245.5 1 559.9

46.9% 154.5% 23.2% 31.4%

4.1 8.5 0.2 12.9

8.9 19.2 0.6 28.7

16.7 51.2 1.8 69.8

24.4 81.5 6.1 112.0

32.8 114.6 6.4 5.7 159.4

37.7 137.1 19.4 6.5 200.6

43.9 164.8 39.9 10.4 259.0

53.8 174.4 60.0 7.0 295.2

55.7 173.7 63.8 7.0 300.2

56.1 192.0 68.2 7.4 323.8

63.9 208.8 73.7 8.1 354.6

94.9% 82.3% + 42.7% 122.4%

5.6 11.3 1.9 19.2 38.8 6.8 23.9 0.0 47.0 11.4 2.9 0.7 0.0 21.6 191.1

7.5 18.2 3.1 0.0 1.5 33.0 86.4 10.7 40.8 0.8 72.5 0.4 13.5 4.9 1.8 1.0 67.2 363.2

9.0 20.5 5.6 0.0 1.7 47.4 114.9 17.6 1.7 49.3 1.0 69.4 2.0 17.6 5.1 3.1 1.9 92.3 460.3

10.1 16.9 9.1 1.5 1.9 54.5 105.3 0.1 19.2 4.5 59.8 0.7 75.3 2.8 18.2 6.7 4.5 0.2 2.9 0.1 105.2 499.4

11.8 18.9 11.5 4.2 5.1 56.1 118.1 0.2 19.8 4.0 89.2 1.0 71.0 4.6 18.4 11.7 10.5 1.2 3.8 6.5 106.0 573.7

14.7 24.5 14.5 7.3 6.6 65.8 147.0 0.1 20.3 5.0 102.8 1.3 78.6 8.1 18.3 11.7 17.4 1.6 5.1 13.0 145.4 709.2

15.0 30.7 17.0 10.3 7.9 81.1 158.4 3.9 21.6 7.7 134.0 1.6 79.8 8.2 21.0 4.6 13.1 34.7 1.6 5.6 28.9 199.0 885.7

17.2 33.9 18.0 10.9 9.2 90.9 182.3 5.1 26.0 8.7 152.4 2.8 84.2 10.3 25.6 7.7 12.0 56.9 1.9 6.3 43.3 203.0 1 008.3

18.9 33.3 17.8 10.4 8.4 92.5 179.8 5.4 27.0 8.2 163.2 2.8 80.6 10.1 26.7 8.6 13.2 67.2 1.7 6.5 52.8 196.6 1 031.5

17.2 34.3 17.4 10.6 9.0 90.1 182.2 6.3 25.8 9.3 159.8 2.9 78.5 10.4 27.0 8.3 12.0 72.4 1.7 6.3 60.5 186.6 1 028.8

16.1 34.5 16.2 9.5 8.5 87.1 179.4 7.7 24.2 10.1 160.6 2.8 76.3 10.5 27.1 8.8 11.3 74.3 1.9 6.1 70.9 188.4 1 032.4

36.3% 82.5% 41.8% 129.0% 68.1% 55.4% 51.8% + 22.1% 154.0% 79.9% 180.0% 7.5% 128.4% 47.1% x -3.6% 605.3% 54.8% 62.4% 984.6% 77.7% 80.0%

..

..

..

..

658.7

745.6

890.0

996.3

1 010.6

1 001.0

992.0

50.6%

Non-OECD Total

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union - 27

* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.14 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Gas Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Gaz million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

576.7

720.2

1 014.4

1 438.0

1 889.5

1 830.6

2 064.0

2 428.8

2 548.1

2 658.7

2 786.9

47.5%

2.4 0.1 .. 0.0 0.2 .. 2.1 0.1 .. 0.4 0.0 5.2

4.6 0.1 .. 0.0 0.1 .. 2.5 0.1 .. 1.0 0.5 9.0

13.4 0.2 .. 3.4 .. 0.0 5.5 0.1 .. 2.9 0.8 26.3

21.7 0.2 0.0 7.9 .. 0.1 7.0 0.2 .. 6.9 2.2 46.2

27.4 1.0 14.9 .. 0.2 9.0 0.1 .. 6.9 0.0 2.8 62.4

32.4 1.1 0.1 22.9 0.3 8.5 0.0 0.0 9.2 0.1 4.6 79.2

37.6 1.1 3.0 40.1 0.2 8.8 0.1 0.0 12.5 0.0 6.4 0.0 109.8

43.1 1.4 0.0 2.6 57.1 0.3 12.1 0.1 0.0 16.3 0.0 0.2 7.8 0.9 142.1

46.9 1.4 0.0 2.9 65.7 0.3 10.4 0.9 0.0 17.1 0.0 0.8 7.2 0.9 154.6

48.9 1.5 0.0 2.9 70.5 0.3 11.3 1.1 0.1 19.1 0.0 1.0 8.1 2.0 166.8

50.2 1.3 0.6 0.0 2.4 73.6 0.3 11.4 1.3 0.1 22.6 0.0 1.0 8.5 2.1 175.5

82.9% 29.6% x x x 392.9% .. 65.6% 26.3% + x .. 228.3% 57.1% x 204.0% x 181.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.8 5.5 1.8 0.2 9.9 1.9 2.7 2.0 25.8

4.1 8.1 3.1 0.1 9.9 4.2 5.4 3.3 38.1

5.7 8.5 2.4 0.2 13.2 0.7 6.3 21.2 0.1 9.6 67.9

8.6 16.8 1.6 0.1 9.7 2.1 10.5 34.1 0.3 19.8 103.6

9.6 37.0 3.8 0.0 0.2 11.8 4.9 12.2 46.8 3.2 33.1 162.7

9.3 80.0 6.0 0.0 0.5 18.0 6.7 16.2 61.5 4.8 48.5 251.6

11.6 118.9 6.0 0.0 0.5 17.9 11.4 20.9 75.0 10.4 64.2 336.7

13.7 172.0 1.9 2.3 2.8 19.6 14.1 27.9 99.3 12.3 78.7 444.7

14.6 184.8 2.8 3.1 3.2 22.0 16.0 29.4 109.8 10.8 79.9 476.4

15.9 202.6 2.8 4.2 4.7 22.6 17.6 33.0 113.3 11.2 84.3 512.2

17.0 227.4 2.8 4.4 5.6 22.0 21.6 37.2 116.7 10.8 97.7 563.3

77.0% 514.8% -26.3% + + 86.2% 339.0% 205.9% 149.4% 238.6% 194.9% 246.2%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

0.2 .. 0.6 .. .. 52.1 .. .. 1.9 54.8

0.6 .. 2.3 .. .. 62.6 .. .. 2.9 68.4

0.8 .. 7.4 .. .. 75.7 .. .. 5.8 89.6

0.8 .. 10.8 .. .. 74.6 .. .. 11.0 97.1

0.5 0.9 12.0 4.7 67.4 6.0 1.8 93.3

0.1 0.3 10.0 4.1 43.1 3.0 1.7 62.3

0.0 0.5 6.2 4.7 0.1 30.6 3.4 1.8 47.4

0.0 0.6 5.2 5.3 0.1 30.9 5.2 2.0 49.4

0.0 0.7 5.9 5.1 0.1 30.2 4.3 2.1 48.6

0.0 0.7 6.2 5.1 0.2 30.9 4.4 2.0 49.5

0.0 0.8 6.3 5.8 0.2 28.0 4.5 2.0 47.7

-92.9% -12.5% -47.4% 23.2% x -58.4% -25.2% 13.6% -48.9%

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.15

CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Gas Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle - Gaz million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 431.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 520.4

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 704.2

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 021.2

8.3 33.3 26.9 2.9 10.6 24.8 3.6 5.6 10.3 7.6 866.3 3.2 28.6 209.4 75.5 1 316.9

2.7 12.7 25.5 1.2 2.2 23.5 1.7 2.3 4.3 5.5 728.8 1.2 26.2 156.1 77.4 1 071.3

2.6 10.8 32.2 1.4 2.2 20.6 1.3 2.5 4.3 4.8 718.1 1.5 25.5 141.9 93.4 1 063.1

2.5 18.0 37.6 1.7 1.7 31.3 1.6 3.1 5.0 5.2 772.2 1.3 26.8 146.7 92.2 1 146.9

3.1 18.0 38.3 1.7 1.8 39.3 1.4 3.2 5.3 5.6 783.4 1.3 28.7 144.5 89.4 1 164.9

3.2 19.7 38.9 1.8 2.4 45.7 1.5 3.3 5.2 5.2 804.5 1.3 28.8 130.0 93.4 1 184.7

3.8 16.9 39.3 1.7 2.5 51.1 1.6 3.2 5.9 5.3 820.7 1.3 31.3 125.1 94.2 1 203.9

-54.0% -49.2% 46.3% -38.7% -76.1% 105.8% -54.5% -43.1% -43.0% -30.2% -5.3% -61.0% 9.4% -40.3% 24.7% -8.6%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

12.3 0.1 0.2 1.3 2.6 0.0 0.1 0.6 3.4 20.8 0.0 41.6

17.1 0.3 0.7 1.1 3.2 0.0 0.3 0.8 2.8 24.3 0.0 50.8

21.7 0.6 1.7 1.4 5.7 0.0 0.1 1.0 5.1 32.6 0.0 70.0

30.5 0.8 4.3 1.6 7.3 0.0 0.4 1.3 7.1 38.5 0.0 91.9

43.4 1.5 6.4 2.1 7.5 0.1 0.5 1.0 9.3 46.3 0.0 118.1

51.2 2.5 8.5 2.1 8.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 10.0 58.4 0.0 142.3

68.5 2.3 17.3 10.3 12.8 1.1 0.7 1.1 15.3 0.1 61.7 0.7 191.7

74.7 2.9 35.5 14.6 13.6 1.3 0.3 1.2 2.0 19.4 0.2 51.6 1.5 218.7

75.4 3.6 38.0 14.0 14.3 1.4 0.5 0.9 3.5 20.2 0.2 52.6 1.5 226.2

78.9 3.8 39.9 12.5 14.3 2.1 0.6 1.5 3.9 23.0 0.2 55.0 1.4 237.2

81.6 4.5 40.7 6.6 14.2 2.3 0.9 1.5 5.5 25.3 0.2 53.9 1.4 238.6

88.2% 197.8% 537.8% 215.1% 88.7% + x 191.5% 423.7% 172.5% x 16.4% + 101.9%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.6 0.2 .. 1.9 1.2 0.3 0.0 .. 0.1 5.3 0.5 10.1

0.9 1.2 .. 2.7 1.8 1.0 0.1 .. 0.3 7.7 0.5 16.2

2.1 2.1 .. 3.3 2.4 7.3 0.2 .. 0.6 10.3 0.2 28.5

4.0 2.3 .. 1.9 7.2 13.5 4.9 1.8 13.4 5.7 0.1 1.2 56.1

7.3 2.5 .. 3.3 18.9 37.3 7.7 1.7 20.9 10.0 0.0 0.6 110.2

10.8 3.4 7.8 32.8 58.2 25.7 2.8 28.0 0.0 3.5 18.2 0.4 0.5 192.1

14.5 3.2 12.9 42.3 62.1 50.6 2.7 34.5 0.0 2.8 37.3 2.6 0.5 265.9

20.6 3.6 19.4 55.5 60.7 51.3 4.6 53.7 5.0 12.4 52.5 10.8 0.2 350.4

22.1 3.5 20.7 63.6 61.3 66.0 7.1 56.0 6.7 13.9 53.9 11.5 0.5 386.7

24.0 4.0 21.1 66.7 62.7 72.0 6.3 56.1 6.0 15.0 55.1 12.1 0.6 401.7

25.9 3.9 23.1 71.2 67.8 74.7 6.3 58.7 7.0 15.8 57.8 12.8 0.6 425.7

255.6% 56.7% .. 605.7% 276.9% 81.4% 872.6% 266.8% 180.9% x x 479.8% + 8.9% 286.4%

7.3 7.3

17.3 17.3

27.8 27.8

21.9 21.9

25.8 25.8

31.7 0.1 31.8

43.7 5.7 49.5

71.5 5.1 76.6

85.7 5.1 90.8

101.2 5.4 106.5

127.5 4.7 132.2

393.5% x 411.7%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.16 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence million tonnes of CO 2

2007

% change 90-07

14 617.1 16 160.4 18 660.7 19 304.5 21 474.1 22 067.2 23 758.5 26 807.5 27 600.3 28 446.3 29 320.5

36.5%

1971 World * Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

.. 8 638.1 4 612.3 3 098.9 927.0 .. ..

.. 8 951.2 4 775.0 3 118.9 1 057.4 .. ..

.. 9 721.8 5 191.6 3 387.8 1 142.4 .. ..

..

..

..

..

9 001.7

7 910.8

7 883.9

8 176.3

8 162.6

8 197.9

8 154.2

-9.4%

344.5 168.4

328.6 172.6

344.0 200.6

291.7 223.8

356.9 253.6

402.0 284.5

466.0 344.0

521.7 368.1

549.7 391.1

580.6 400.2

610.4 411.6

71.1% 62.3%

Non-OECD Total

4 681.5

5 773.8

7 195.9

8 213.3

9 710.8

9 766.3 10 380.9 12 924.3 13 619.0 14 488.5 15 205.6

56.6%

OECD Total

9 422.7

9 885.4 10 920.3 10 575.7 11 152.8 11 614.5 12 567.5 12 993.4 13 040.5 12 977.1 13 092.9

17.4%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

337.2 100.8 4 275.1 4 713.0

392.3 145.1 4 382.7 4 920.1

428.6 242.2 4 763.0 5 433.8

399.9 265.7 4 609.9 5 275.4

423.6 294.3 4 853.7 5 571.6

452.7 307.4 5 134.9 5 895.0

517.9 355.8 5 715.2 6 588.9

536.6 397.0 5 817.0 6 750.7

543.4 430.6 5 857.1 6 831.1

534.8 428.1 5 778.5 6 741.5

540.8 451.4 5 853.5 6 845.7

27.7% 53.3% 20.6% 22.9%

156.9 755.6 54.8 14.4 981.8

182.7 857.1 77.9 17.7 1 135.3

212.1 913.0 125.7 17.3 1 268.1

220.0 896.4 157.7 21.7 1 295.7

260.9 1 069.4 238.6 23.0 1 591.9

278.6 1 153.8 361.4 27.1 1 820.9

333.6 1 203.6 441.1 30.6 2 009.0

343.2 1 245.9 486.7 32.1 2 107.9

373.5 1 223.5 465.4 32.1 2 094.5

379.5 1 214.0 473.1 32.6 2 099.3

380.4 1 235.1 499.0 31.7 2 146.1

45.8% 15.5% 109.1% 38.0% 34.8%

51.2 120.0 168.5 56.2 39.9 434.6 993.1 25.3 58.2 1.4 22.5 280.3 15.2 130.4 23.4 310.3 14.9 48.3 121.5 84.5 39.7 43.7 644.9 3 727.9

52.3 119.5 158.9 52.6 45.5 431.8 976.5 35.4 67.4 1.6 21.8 311.2 13.1 138.0 24.0 367.5 18.9 55.0 162.1 80.9 37.4 62.4 596.3 3 830.0

58.3 129.8 165.3 61.0 57.4 473.0 1 076.4 45.4 80.7 1.8 26.3 349.0 12.0 155.7 28.6 450.4 24.6 60.9 192.0 72.0 39.8 73.3 584.7 4 218.3

55.9 103.9 169.4 61.0 50.5 374.3 1 022.5 55.9 78.8 1.6 27.2 339.6 10.0 147.2 27.1 445.3 25.5 59.4 187.6 61.8 39.5 99.7 560.8 4 004.5

57.1 109.4 161.0 50.7 52.1 366.7 971.7 69.2 67.7 2.0 31.3 384.8 10.5 158.5 28.5 363.3 38.5 54.5 212.1 51.8 42.1 138.2 567.7 3 989.3

60.1 116.3 127.0 57.7 54.0 348.2 877.5 72.6 59.3 1.9 31.5 413.5 8.3 172.3 31.8 340.0 49.5 42.3 239.2 54.7 39.6 157.3 544.2 3 898.6

62.4 121.4 125.4 50.4 54.2 360.1 843.9 85.3 55.0 2.1 40.1 430.9 8.0 174.7 35.9 294.6 60.0 37.4 286.7 49.5 40.1 203.5 548.0 3 969.6

73.7 118.4 126.7 51.1 69.0 388.5 843.5 91.6 57.2 2.2 41.2 452.6 10.9 187.8 41.3 297.6 60.9 38.4 332.1 54.4 42.4 209.5 544.0 4 134.9

75.1 114.8 125.0 47.4 56.3 389.5 820.1 93.1 57.3 2.2 41.5 455.7 11.2 182.6 40.5 300.4 63.3 38.9 341.9 51.3 43.5 219.7 543.8 4 114.9

74.1 113.3 127.1 54.7 67.5 377.2 821.3 91.1 56.5 2.2 41.5 449.9 11.2 179.2 43.5 313.7 57.1 38.3 335.6 49.0 44.3 242.6 545.4 4 136.3

70.8 108.2 128.2 50.6 65.4 368.7 801.5 99.5 54.9 2.3 43.2 442.0 10.7 183.7 36.4 309.7 55.8 36.2 345.7 47.8 40.4 265.8 533.3 4 101.1

24.0% -1.1% -20.4% -0.1% 25.6% 0.5% -17.5% 43.8% -19.0% 19.0% 37.9% 14.9% 2.6% 15.9% 27.9% -14.7% 44.7% -33.5% 63.0% -7.6% -3.9% 92.3% -6.1% 2.8%

..

..

..

..

4 135.4

3 914.9

3 874.1

4 040.9

4 012.0

4 014.5

3 971.1

-4.0%

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union - 27

.. 14 111.2 13 266.2 13 862.5 14 267.7 14 303.2 14 287.1 14 339.6 9 299.8 9 835.2 10 219.8 11 054.7 11 380.4 11 403.2 11 297.6 11 347.7 5 009.7 5 277.3 5 587.6 6 233.1 6 353.6 6 400.5 6 313.3 6 394.3 3 152.0 3 204.6 3 172.7 3 253.7 3 405.5 3 373.7 3 358.1 3 306.2 1 138.1 1 353.3 1 459.4 1 567.9 1 621.2 1 629.0 1 626.2 1 647.2 .. 4 137.8 2 889.2 2 604.4 2 677.8 2 680.4 2 746.9 2 726.1 .. 6 752.5 8 114.6 9 085.9 11 650.1 12 356.3 13 178.5 13 958.8

* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1.6% 15.4% 21.2% 3.2% 21.7% -34.1% 106.7%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.17

CO2 emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence million tonnes of CO 2

2007

% change 90-07

9 766.3 10 380.9 12 924.3 13 619.0 14 488.5 15 205.6

56.6%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

4 681.5

5 773.8

7 195.9

8 213.3

9 710.8

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

9.8 1.7 0.3 .. 0.7 0.6 2.7 2.4 20.6 .. 1.4 1.7 1.9 3.8 3.8 6.8 3.0 .. 5.9 1.2 148.8 4.1 2.1 0.3 3.7 3.4 7.9 7.3 246.1

15.0 2.1 0.5 .. 1.0 0.7 2.9 3.1 26.3 .. 1.2 2.1 2.5 4.3 9.9 9.9 2.4 .. 11.8 1.6 175.6 3.9 1.9 0.3 5.0 3.3 7.7 8.7 303.9

29.0 2.7 0.4 .. 1.7 0.8 2.9 3.4 39.6 .. 1.4 2.2 2.2 5.4 17.2 13.9 2.4 .. 26.9 2.0 214.5 3.9 2.2 0.4 8.0 3.4 8.0 11.1 405.8

46.4 2.9 0.5 1.6 2.5 1.0 3.4 2.5 67.1 .. 1.4 1.9 2.5 5.4 24.7 16.4 1.5 .. 33.2 1.9 288.4 4.3 2.0 0.3 10.1 2.9 9.6 12.0 546.3

55.3 4.1 0.2 2.9 2.7 0.8 4.1 2.9 82.0 .. 2.4 1.1 2.8 6.5 28.0 20.2 1.0 .. 38.2 2.2 291.1 5.6 2.0 0.6 12.3 2.7 15.4 14.6 601.9

60.0 3.9 0.2 3.3 2.6 0.6 3.0 3.7 87.6 0.8 2.6 1.2 3.6 6.8 40.6 25.2 1.1 1.8 41.6 2.5 337.8 4.7 3.0 0.6 14.0 2.1 15.3 16.9 687.2

66.8 5.1 1.5 4.2 3.0 0.6 2.0 6.6 109.8 0.6 3.2 1.3 5.3 9.9 42.6 30.0 1.5 1.9 42.9 3.7 351.7 7.1 2.3 1.0 17.4 1.7 12.8 18.3 754.5

77.5 8.4 2.4 4.1 3.5 1.0 2.3 6.3 135.6 0.8 4.7 1.5 6.2 9.5 46.5 36.4 1.7 2.7 51.9 4.6 415.1 11.9 3.8 1.0 19.8 2.1 9.8 22.4 893.3

80.1 7.2 2.5 4.3 3.2 1.4 2.4 6.5 147.7 0.8 4.9 1.9 7.0 10.1 45.1 39.5 1.5 2.8 60.8 4.7 405.6 12.1 5.1 1.0 19.2 2.2 10.6 22.8 912.9

86.7 8.6 3.0 4.5 3.4 1.3 2.4 5.5 154.8 0.6 5.4 1.9 8.4 11.5 45.1 39.7 1.6 3.0 54.4 4.7 416.1 10.9 5.7 0.9 19.7 2.4 10.1 24.6 936.7

92.2 10.3 3.1 4.8 5.7 1.4 2.5 6.0 163.1 0.6 5.9 2.1 9.1 10.8 45.7 42.2 2.1 3.2 53.7 4.4 434.1 11.9 5.4 0.9 20.4 2.5 9.5 25.9 979.5

66.7% 149.1% + 62.4% 109.9% 76.0% -39.3% 110.8% 99.0% .. 145.0% 94.7% 218.2% 65.4% 63.3% 109.4% 112.8% .. 40.6% 99.9% 49.1% 113.3% 165.5% 65.4% 65.5% -8.9% -38.4% 77.1% 62.7%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

3.1 45.1 12.4 17.2 1.4 13.6 4.6 0.3 2.2 18.4 8.0 2.4 1.9 130.6

4.8 73.9 15.0 21.0 2.1 13.5 5.5 0.7 5.0 24.1 10.3 4.9 1.8 182.7

6.4 106.8 29.9 23.1 4.3 39.7 6.5 2.2 7.7 87.7 14.2 18.8 3.4 350.8

9.8 150.7 45.2 23.5 7.5 38.5 7.6 7.5 12.5 125.4 24.4 34.4 4.8 492.0

10.2 183.3 50.8 35.3 9.4 19.7 6.4 11.0 14.1 141.9 32.4 49.9 7.1 571.6

11.6 243.9 74.6 48.6 12.4 41.9 12.6 15.9 18.0 215.2 39.6 67.6 9.9 811.9

13.8 304.3 72.1 56.3 14.3 54.5 14.2 22.2 23.9 258.3 46.9 82.1 13.9 976.9

16.4 381.6 98.8 60.6 17.1 68.7 15.3 28.3 35.7 304.0 47.4 102.7 18.1 1 194.9

17.7 400.5 97.5 62.6 18.4 76.5 15.8 32.0 35.6 324.4 47.5 105.4 19.3 1 253.1

19.8 433.3 101.2 65.5 18.5 67.2 13.3 36.8 40.0 340.4 50.5 111.1 20.1 1 317.5

20.9 464.1 97.7 67.9 19.4 68.6 11.4 37.0 49.6 358.3 54.1 126.2 21.2 1 396.2

104.6% 153.1% 92.4% 92.2% 106.9% 249.0% 77.2% 236.6% 251.1% 152.4% 66.8% 152.9% 196.1% 144.3%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

4.1 .. 63.8 .. 1.8 0.1 .. 0.6 111.6 .. .. 65.5 247.4

4.7 .. 73.0 .. 1.7 0.1 .. 0.6 138.9 .. .. 77.1 296.1

7.9 .. 84.2 .. 2.6 0.1 .. 1.0 177.8 .. .. 101.5 375.1

7.4 .. 85.1 .. 2.8 0.1 .. 1.1 178.9 .. .. 127.2 402.7

6.5 23.9 76.2 21.6 4.1 0.2 8.6 2.3 171.8 61.6 13.3 390.1

1.9 3.5 57.5 16.0 5.2 0.3 8.2 2.2 127.2 44.4 14.0 280.3

3.1 13.7 43.4 17.9 6.3 0.4 8.6 2.1 87.7 41.9 14.0 239.0

3.7 15.2 46.5 20.6 6.5 0.4 8.6 2.6 92.9 55.9 15.5 268.5

4.4 15.8 47.8 20.9 6.6 0.4 9.1 2.7 91.9 46.9 15.7 262.4

4.0 17.4 48.8 21.0 6.9 0.5 8.9 2.6 98.2 49.6 16.0 273.8

4.1 18.2 52.5 22.2 7.3 0.5 9.3 2.7 94.3 49.7 15.9 276.7

-37.6% -24.1% -31.1% 3.0% 77.2% 164.3% 8.3% 19.1% -45.1% -19.3% 19.6% -29.1%

Non-OECD Total

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.18 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 368.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 842.6

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 242.5

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 448.3

20.5 67.0 117.5 37.1 29.2 237.0 22.7 18.4 33.7 30.2 2 302.6 11.9 52.4 699.1 120.6 3 800.0

3.4 33.9 63.2 17.2 7.2 169.3 4.6 9.0 14.5 11.4 1 573.1 4.7 34.7 428.8 103.8 2 479.0

3.4 30.5 60.0 15.3 4.4 130.7 4.6 6.4 10.9 6.5 1 510.7 4.2 36.3 325.7 120.9 2 270.6

3.5 31.3 64.9 17.6 3.7 165.9 5.7 6.9 12.8 7.6 1 540.5 5.5 39.4 339.7 118.8 2 363.7

4.1 33.2 63.9 17.8 4.5 177.7 5.4 6.9 13.6 8.0 1 545.0 5.7 41.5 335.4 112.9 2 375.6

4.1 33.4 68.1 17.0 5.1 200.2 5.2 7.6 13.7 7.5 1 595.3 6.3 41.4 325.7 116.2 2 447.0

4.8 28.9 66.1 20.1 5.8 205.8 5.7 7.9 14.4 7.5 1 579.0 6.9 45.5 324.7 116.7 2 439.8

-76.7% -56.8% -43.7% -46.0% -80.2% -13.1% -74.8% -56.9% -57.3% -75.1% -31.4% -42.1% -13.2% -53.6% -3.2% -35.8%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

86.0 2.3 93.5 21.5 27.0 1.4 21.6 3.4 3.4 1.5 2.4 0.4 1.1 5.2 13.6 1.5 3.8 0.6 16.1 5.0 5.8 43.6 11.6 372.5

89.8 3.4 144.0 17.5 31.9 1.8 28.0 5.6 6.5 2.1 2.7 0.4 1.3 7.4 9.6 1.9 3.8 0.7 19.4 4.8 5.9 60.3 15.5 464.3

101.2 4.5 189.8 21.7 38.3 2.2 32.1 6.5 10.9 1.8 4.3 0.6 1.7 6.4 10.0 1.9 2.6 1.4 21.8 8.3 6.0 88.8 15.1 577.8

92.7 4.6 180.2 19.8 42.7 2.0 30.6 7.1 12.3 1.9 3.4 0.8 1.6 4.5 4.9 1.9 2.8 1.4 18.4 11.0 3.4 99.1 9.3 556.5

106.8 5.3 203.5 32.0 48.9 2.8 31.8 9.3 13.0 2.3 3.7 0.9 2.2 7.1 4.0 1.7 2.6 1.9 18.2 12.7 4.0 105.0 12.5 632.3

117.6 8.4 251.4 42.0 57.9 4.2 22.3 13.5 16.0 4.8 6.0 0.9 3.5 8.4 3.3 2.6 4.1 3.5 22.8 13.3 4.7 116.7 13.4 741.2

134.1 11.2 312.5 57.8 57.6 4.7 24.5 18.9 19.1 5.3 9.3 1.4 4.5 10.0 3.9 3.4 5.4 3.2 26.0 19.6 6.1 125.7 14.4 878.7

137.8 10.8 325.5 64.0 56.8 5.2 22.5 18.5 24.5 5.7 10.3 1.9 6.7 10.5 4.1 4.1 5.5 3.7 27.0 24.7 5.5 128.5 17.4 921.3

138.7 10.6 331.6 65.0 60.2 5.2 23.3 18.4 24.7 5.9 11.1 2.0 7.0 9.9 3.7 4.2 5.7 3.4 28.6 25.1 5.7 135.2 18.0 943.2

151.1 10.4 335.0 67.0 63.0 6.0 24.9 18.9 27.6 5.9 11.1 2.0 6.4 11.8 3.6 4.0 6.5 3.6 26.3 27.8 6.6 133.9 18.2 971.6

163.0 12.2 350.1 71.9 60.4 6.6 25.3 19.3 29.2 6.1 11.8 2.3 8.2 13.7 4.3 4.3 6.5 3.7 28.7 30.4 5.9 140.9 19.3 1 024.0

52.6% 130.5% 72.1% 124.9% 23.5% 136.7% -20.6% 106.8% 124.5% 161.2% 221.9% 145.7% 277.8% 93.9% 7.7% 146.4% 151.6% 90.2% 57.2% 139.2% 47.9% 34.1% 54.2% 61.9%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

3.4 0.4 .. 31.2 197.8 25.5 69.4 13.8 .. 4.6 0.2 17.1 24.2 7.0 2.9 17.3 16.1 8.3 439.2

4.7 1.7 .. 43.2 237.5 39.3 79.6 16.9 .. 4.1 0.3 21.2 29.3 9.7 2.9 21.8 16.7 10.1 539.2

7.2 3.2 .. 75.1 292.8 73.3 108.6 30.1 .. 5.2 0.5 27.1 33.7 14.1 3.9 34.3 14.8 16.3 740.2

9.3 4.3 .. 74.8 427.9 90.0 129.8 39.2 11.6 6.0 0.5 40.4 26.7 16.2 3.7 42.0 17.2 9.6 949.3

14.1 4.1 .. 115.9 597.9 146.1 117.6 56.9 12.7 4.1 0.9 61.1 39.1 29.3 4.0 81.4 17.3 10.0 1 312.4

21.3 5.5 1.4 162.7 797.2 215.4 75.8 96.1 10.1 6.7 1.8 82.6 58.7 50.9 5.8 143.5 28.0 10.4 1 773.8

26.7 6.0 2.3 226.9 978.1 264.4 68.9 124.0 8.8 8.8 3.1 100.9 68.8 52.0 10.6 162.9 44.4 10.4 2 168.1

35.0 6.3 3.5 269.2 1 139.9 326.8 71.2 143.9 9.2 11.3 2.6 117.0 69.5 50.6 12.2 222.3 79.9 14.5 2 585.0

38.2 6.2 3.8 270.0 1 188.4 337.9 74.4 170.6 9.6 14.3 3.0 119.2 71.0 62.3 12.4 227.9 80.9 13.9 2 704.1

39.4 6.6 4.1 277.3 1 265.9 353.0 75.5 173.0 10.7 12.8 3.1 127.8 68.6 59.9 12.0 232.2 85.3 14.0 2 821.2

41.7 6.7 4.4 284.0 1 369.9 388.8 62.4 188.7 11.3 12.9 3.2 140.4 71.6 58.4 12.8 240.1 92.7 16.1 3 006.3

195.1% 63.4% .. 145.0% 129.1% 166.2% -46.9% 231.5% -10.5% 215.6% 251.9% 129.6% 83.1% 99.5% 221.8% 195.1% 436.1% 61.3% 129.1%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

867.6 9.1 876.7

1 133.9 11.1 1 145.0

1 489.2 14.5 1 503.7

1 794.7 23.5 1 818.1

2 371.2 31.3 2 402.5

2 957.9 35.0 2 992.9

3 054.8 38.4 3 093.2

4 656.6 41.0 4 697.6

5 126.4 41.4 5 167.8

5 678.4 42.3 5 720.7

6 039.1 43.9 6 083.0

154.7% 40.2% 153.2%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.19

CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

World

344.47

328.58

343.95

291.73

356.85

401.96

466.03

521.69

549.67

580.59

610.43

71.1%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 202.63 26.41 120.20 56.02 .. ..

.. 216.81 36.12 110.37 70.31 .. ..

.. 234.71 93.91 97.05 43.75 .. ..

.. 171.25 56.43 87.88 26.94 .. ..

233.61 223.46 93.55 109.06 20.84 9.78 123.25

230.93 227.78 93.68 112.25 21.85 2.58 171.02

252.32 249.27 92.24 136.38 20.65 1.80 213.71

258.91 253.11 78.69 153.29 21.13 2.69 262.78

273.58 267.14 83.63 160.02 23.48 3.14 276.08

287.38 281.19 89.86 168.54 22.79 3.13 293.20

296.51 290.90 97.98 170.64 22.27 2.98 313.92

26.9% 30.2% 4.7% 56.5% 6.9% -69.5% 154.7%

..

..

..

..

142.55

139.85

162.16

179.03

188.52

196.17

197.92

38.8%

Non-OECD Total

138.16

108.73

105.71

115.57

124.49

156.07

190.25

238.99

242.26

259.40

282.53

127.0%

OECD Total

206.31

219.85

238.24

176.15

232.36

245.88

275.79

282.69

307.40

321.19

327.90

41.1%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

3.07 0.26 23.34 26.67

2.58 0.38 33.54 36.51

4.71 1.00 89.20 94.91

1.18 1.33 55.26 57.76

2.87 2.03 90.68 95.58

3.17 1.89 90.51 95.57

3.34 4.16 88.90 96.39

1.91 2.38 76.78 81.07

1.88 2.70 81.76 86.34

1.70 2.71 88.16 92.57

2.02 2.69 95.96 100.67

-29.4% 32.7% 5.8% 5.3%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

5.10 49.88 1.53 1.04 57.55

5.03 64.20 0.17 1.08 70.48

3.68 38.90 0.31 1.18 44.06

2.28 23.92 1.69 0.74 28.63

2.14 17.66 5.27 1.04 26.11

2.79 17.92 15.20 1.13 37.04

2.96 16.93 20.21 0.76 40.86

2.75 17.63 23.29 0.75 44.42

2.81 19.81 33.24 0.87 56.73

3.21 18.63 33.30 0.95 56.09

2.67 18.61 30.90 0.99 53.17

24.9% 5.4% 486.4% -5.0% 103.6%

8.06 2.09 0.24 12.71 12.93 1.78 .. 0.24 22.80 28.26 1.90 1.63 2.32 5.94 3.58 .. 0.26 17.37 122.10

8.64 1.67 0.30 14.53 10.52 2.70 .. 0.20 17.97 32.86 1.49 2.21 2.00 3.44 3.45 .. 0.29 10.60 112.87

7.52 1.32 1.84 12.52 11.00 2.63 .. 0.23 13.08 29.39 0.87 2.22 1.34 5.07 2.66 .. .. 7.57 99.26

7.30 1.34 1.45 7.52 10.85 3.51 0.02 0.09 10.75 27.45 1.03 1.63 1.48 6.76 1.76 .. 0.25 6.56 89.76

12.97 3.02 1.78 7.96 7.79 7.97 0.10 0.06 8.37 34.29 1.39 1.24 1.91 11.46 2.09 0.06 0.37 7.84 110.68

12.36 4.96 1.04 7.94 6.43 11.17 0.14 0.36 7.59 35.59 2.19 0.44 1.52 10.00 3.30 0.05 0.58 7.62 113.27

17.03 4.18 2.10 9.42 6.85 11.28 0.21 0.47 8.49 41.98 2.56 0.90 2.08 18.97 4.28 0.03 1.25 6.44 138.53

24.65 2.49 1.62 9.48 8.36 10.16 0.22 0.47 10.54 46.39 1.60 0.80 2.07 22.78 5.99 0.03 3.11 6.45 157.20

24.40 2.57 1.59 8.65 7.83 9.02 0.20 0.32 10.64 53.31 2.16 1.01 1.82 25.00 6.12 0.04 3.31 6.34 164.34

26.40 3.34 1.75 8.97 8.11 9.74 0.11 0.38 10.95 55.26 1.56 0.93 2.00 26.11 6.57 0.03 3.06 7.26 172.53

29.54 3.46 1.44 9.20 9.66 10.05 0.20 0.34 11.07 50.92 2.05 0.78 2.10 26.71 6.54 0.03 2.63 7.32 174.05

127.8% 14.6% -19.4% 15.5% 24.0% 26.1% 111.7% 515.4% 32.3% 48.5% 47.5% -37.0% 9.8% 133.2% 212.6% -50.0% 607.8% -6.6% 57.3%

..

..

..

..

111.56

112.70

137.98

157.32

163.67

173.21

174.79

56.7%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union - 27

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.20 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

138.16

108.73

105.71

115.57

124.49

156.07

190.25

238.99

242.26

259.40

282.53

127.0%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.61 0.77 .. .. .. .. 0.40 0.06 0.06 .. 0.07 0.20 0.16 1.47 0.01 0.24 0.76 .. 0.02 2.99 10.81 .. 0.05 .. 0.06 .. 3.02 21.76

0.77 0.48 .. .. .. .. 0.22 0.01 1.08 .. 0.01 0.14 0.14 1.05 0.01 0.18 0.35 .. 0.11 2.09 7.15 0.01 0.05 .. 0.02 .. 2.08 15.95

1.29 0.83 .. .. 0.12 .. 0.08 1.35 3.19 .. 0.01 0.19 0.10 0.56 0.02 0.21 0.27 .. 0.25 0.84 5.25 0.02 0.12 .. 0.02 .. 1.77 16.48

1.16 0.10 .. .. 0.03 .. 0.09 0.73 4.71 .. 0.03 0.22 .. 0.45 0.04 0.04 0.10 .. 0.34 0.33 3.41 0.02 0.08 .. 0.01 .. 1.82 13.70

1.36 0.02 .. .. 0.04 .. 0.10 0.12 5.25 .. 0.04 0.08 .. 0.55 0.25 0.06 0.09 .. 0.58 0.11 5.95 0.02 0.08 .. 0.07 .. 1.71 16.49

1.17 0.03 .. .. 0.09 .. 0.01 0.27 7.73 0.42 0.52 0.44 .. 0.17 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.42 0.09 10.28 0.03 0.07 .. 0.06 .. 1.68 24.79

0.77 .. .. .. 0.06 .. 0.01 0.29 8.58 .. .. 0.60 0.16 0.26 0.28 0.04 0.00 .. 0.86 0.30 8.51 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 .. 2.00 22.86

1.03 0.50 .. .. 0.05 .. 0.01 0.28 5.73 .. .. 0.46 0.06 0.12 0.28 0.04 0.13 .. 1.64 0.26 7.56 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.03 .. 1.61 19.89

1.17 0.35 .. .. 0.04 .. 0.01 0.35 4.51 .. .. 0.48 0.12 0.13 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.95 0.36 8.52 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 .. 1.75 20.19

1.07 0.05 .. .. 0.13 .. 0.01 0.15 3.36 .. .. 0.48 0.12 0.15 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.91 0.24 8.07 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 .. 1.76 17.96

1.09 .. .. .. 0.16 0.09 0.01 0.34 3.08 .. .. 0.48 0.14 0.15 0.28 0.04 .. .. 1.91 0.24 8.06 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.03 .. 1.84 18.03

-20.1% .. .. .. 290.4% .. -94.1% 183.3% -41.3% .. .. 507.1% .. -72.3% 12.5% -34.9% .. .. 228.0% 115.0% 35.4% 14.3% -11.5% .. -62.9% .. 7.6% 9.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

3.27 1.29 0.26 .. .. 5.60 0.71 3.85 .. 40.05 .. .. 1.13 56.17

1.95 1.57 0.29 .. .. 5.63 0.03 2.54 .. 25.86 .. .. 0.91 38.79

1.50 1.55 0.37 .. .. 5.00 .. 0.71 .. 13.62 .. 5.53 2.13 30.42

0.64 1.15 0.46 0.35 .. 2.12 .. 0.35 .. 28.01 .. 9.69 1.24 44.02

.. 1.56 0.40 0.38 .. 0.55 .. 0.06 .. 5.74 .. 18.99 1.24 28.93

.. 2.34 .. 0.65 0.03 1.82 0.04 0.08 .. 5.96 .. 33.16 0.31 44.39

.. 1.98 .. 0.58 0.13 1.50 0.05 0.19 .. 6.60 .. 29.30 0.30 40.64

.. 1.92 .. 0.71 0.15 2.53 0.06 .. .. 7.00 .. 33.74 0.39 46.52

.. 1.73 .. 0.87 0.25 1.26 0.06 0.00 .. 7.09 .. 37.44 0.39 49.08

.. 1.43 .. 0.81 0.13 1.02 0.06 .. .. 8.27 .. 40.83 0.39 52.93

.. 2.61 .. 0.86 0.12 1.55 0.06 .. .. 8.66 .. 44.22 0.39 58.47

.. 67.5% .. 125.6% .. 180.5% .. .. .. 50.9% .. 132.8% -68.2% 102.1%

.. .. .. .. 0.01 0.55 0.19 .. .. .. .. 0.75

.. .. .. .. 0.06 0.58 0.08 .. .. .. .. 0.72

.. .. .. .. 0.05 0.41 0.09 .. .. .. .. 0.55

.. .. 0.71 .. 0.11 0.88 0.06 .. .. .. .. 1.75

.. .. 0.18 0.15 0.18 1.38 0.09 .. .. .. .. 1.97

.. .. 0.85 0.10 0.21 2.69 0.14 .. .. .. .. 3.99

.. .. 0.20 0.06 0.60 3.22 2.07 .. .. .. .. 6.14

.. .. 0.36 0.07 0.17 3.56 3.09 .. .. .. .. 7.25

.. .. 0.34 0.08 0.90 3.63 2.09 .. .. 0.07 .. 7.10

.. .. 0.33 0.06 0.91 3.73 2.38 .. .. 0.09 .. 7.51

.. .. 0.16 0.07 0.85 3.84 2.67 0.11 .. 0.15 .. 7.86

.. .. -10.1% -49.2% 374.7% 179.2% + .. .. .. .. 297.9%

Non-OECD Total

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.21

CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.17

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.79

.. 0.57 .. .. 1.48 0.30 .. 5.87 .. .. 8.21

.. 0.28 0.16 .. 0.47 0.44 .. .. .. .. 1.35

.. 0.33 .. .. 0.02 0.29 .. .. .. .. 0.64

.. 0.47 .. .. 0.63 0.36 .. .. .. .. 1.46

.. 0.38 .. .. 0.81 0.45 .. .. .. .. 1.64

.. 0.67 .. .. 0.62 0.44 .. .. .. .. 1.72

.. 0.78 .. .. 0.56 0.37 .. .. .. .. 1.71

.. 36.6% .. .. -62.3% 26.1% .. .. .. .. -79.2%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

0.66 1.00 0.60 0.95 .. 0.49 .. 0.28 .. 0.18 .. .. 0.16 7.71 .. .. 0.04 5.12 0.27 9.13 3.08 29.66

0.28 1.17 0.37 0.49 .. 0.55 .. .. .. 0.27 .. .. 0.26 7.34 .. .. 0.05 3.54 0.20 4.82 2.04 21.38

1.32 1.42 0.27 0.31 .. 0.56 .. 0.34 .. 0.40 .. .. 0.10 7.27 .. .. 0.38 1.42 0.24 1.99 2.79 18.83

2.00 1.71 0.09 0.22 .. 0.68 .. 0.11 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.04 6.13 .. .. 0.53 0.31 0.33 1.76 1.87 16.16

2.22 1.72 .. 0.33 .. 0.75 .. 0.57 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.18 .. .. 0.03 0.11 0.37 2.50 0.86 15.12

1.71 3.64 .. 0.58 .. 0.26 .. 1.05 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.32 .. .. 0.41 0.16 1.21 2.30 0.71 17.80

1.48 9.27 .. 0.72 .. 0.32 .. 0.87 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.31 .. .. 0.13 0.87 0.90 2.06 0.79 23.20

1.62 10.08 .. 0.94 .. 0.22 .. 0.70 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.49 .. .. 0.18 2.80 1.06 2.11 1.03 26.71

2.19 10.96 .. 1.05 .. 0.23 .. 0.69 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.57 .. .. 0.71 0.82 1.11 2.37 1.07 27.25

2.34 10.63 .. 1.21 .. 0.20 .. 0.77 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.67 .. .. 0.31 0.85 0.77 2.56 1.06 26.85

2.82 11.44 .. 1.22 .. 0.17 .. 0.85 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.77 .. .. 0.47 0.82 1.04 2.77 1.10 28.95

27.1% 566.7% .. 271.1% .. -76.9% .. 48.8% .. .. .. 11.6% .. .. + 657.2% 181.3% 10.7% 27.5% 91.5%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.06 .. .. 0.39 0.71 0.70 .. 0.11 .. 0.01 0.29 1.27 8.89 1.19 0.21 .. 0.57 14.39

0.05 .. .. 0.33 0.57 1.09 .. 0.22 .. 0.00 0.21 0.44 10.43 1.29 0.25 .. 0.53 15.42

0.19 .. .. 0.66 0.72 0.79 .. 0.18 .. 0.47 0.59 14.96 1.10 0.50 .. 0.46 20.61

0.07 .. .. 1.62 0.34 0.68 .. 0.31 .. 0.08 0.49 15.14 1.01 0.65 .. 0.20 20.58

0.06 .. .. 4.86 0.47 1.68 .. 0.28 .. 0.11 0.21 33.87 1.21 1.70 .. 0.21 44.66

0.11 .. .. 7.57 0.39 1.28 .. 0.52 .. 0.01 0.05 0.35 35.28 1.09 3.02 .. 0.33 49.99

0.11 .. .. 11.02 0.27 0.36 .. 0.67 .. 0.01 0.08 0.67 57.58 0.50 2.46 .. 0.32 74.06

0.11 .. .. 7.64 0.09 1.12 .. 0.31 .. 0.01 0.20 0.43 72.71 0.38 4.53 .. 0.50 88.01

0.11 .. .. 7.72 0.08 1.17 .. 0.26 .. 0.01 0.25 0.37 78.60 0.53 5.18 .. 0.47 94.76

0.11 .. .. 7.39 0.05 1.23 .. 0.27 .. 0.01 0.32 0.40 87.62 0.43 5.26 .. 0.47 103.56

0.11 .. .. 6.62 0.15 1.31 .. 0.21 .. 0.01 0.41 0.74 97.28 0.43 5.06 .. 0.53 112.86

78.6% .. .. 36.2% -67.5% -22.2% .. -27.3% .. x 288.3% 260.8% 187.2% -64.1% 197.6% .. 152.7% 152.7%

0.30 1.96 2.26

0.69 1.69 2.37

1.87 2.86 4.72

2.47 3.10 5.57

4.59 4.52 9.11

6.62 7.15 13.77

12.13 10.58 22.71

25.17 23.98 49.15

24.47 17.76 42.23

26.10 22.76 48.86

28.70 25.95 54.65

525.2% 474.5% 500.1%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.22 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes aériennes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

168.39

172.58

200.55

223.76

253.62

284.46

344.05

368.07

391.10

400.16

411.60

62.3%

.. 58.57 16.61 35.96 6.01 .. ..

.. 61.75 17.53 37.67 6.55 .. ..

.. 70.77 21.18 42.70 6.90 .. ..

.. 81.47 21.83 48.59 11.05 .. ..

163.45 126.28 41.50 65.82 18.96 36.64 90.17

174.68 155.41 48.54 82.93 23.94 18.50 109.77

218.66 199.99 60.20 111.33 28.46 17.12 125.39

221.72 199.81 53.10 115.95 30.76 19.04 146.34

231.97 208.06 54.63 121.31 32.12 20.69 159.13

230.68 205.89 50.42 125.70 29.77 21.87 169.48

236.60 210.93 51.75 129.05 30.14 22.25 175.00

44.8% 67.0% 24.7% 96.0% 59.0% -39.3% 94.1%

..

..

..

..

124.13

127.95

160.00

168.46

176.68

179.87

182.99

47.4%

106.97

106.63

122.72

134.14

118.68

117.08

130.67

151.37

161.88

170.90

175.27

47.7%

OECD Total

61.42

65.95

77.83

89.62

134.95

167.37

213.38

216.70

229.22

229.26

236.33

75.1%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1.25 1.39 15.35 17.99

1.93 2.40 15.60 19.92

1.35 4.23 19.83 25.41

1.22 4.53 20.61 26.36

2.71 5.48 38.79 46.98

2.58 7.10 45.96 55.64

3.08 8.07 57.11 68.27

2.71 7.62 50.39 60.72

2.55 7.89 52.07 62.52

2.53 8.45 47.90 58.87

1.55 9.37 50.19 61.12

-42.6% 71.1% 29.4% 30.1%

1.57 3.80 0.64 6.01

1.89 4.32 0.36 0.34 6.91

2.40 3.92 0.83 0.57 7.72

2.76 7.63 1.69 0.66 12.74

4.29 13.31 0.84 1.35 19.80

5.75 16.61 2.05 1.58 25.99

7.15 19.57 1.70 1.74 30.16

6.92 21.22 3.92 2.62 34.69

8.10 21.37 7.25 2.65 39.36

7.29 19.84 8.83 2.65 38.60

9.13 18.39 9.39 2.62 39.53

112.6% 38.1% + 93.9% 99.6%

0.28 1.21 0.69 1.92 0.18 4.57 7.57 1.29 0.15 0.22 0.96 3.47 0.11 2.01 0.70 0.52 0.70 1.74 0.33 1.63 0.09 7.08 37.41

0.24 1.05 0.58 1.56 0.40 5.71 8.16 1.31 0.20 0.13 0.73 2.44 0.15 2.26 0.51 0.53 0.80 2.77 0.33 1.80 0.14 7.32 39.12

0.38 1.22 0.85 1.59 0.46 5.62 8.22 2.23 0.36 0.09 0.60 4.15 0.19 2.72 0.67 0.67 0.88 2.58 0.49 2.02 0.12 8.59 44.70

0.65 1.62 0.63 1.56 0.48 6.43 9.46 2.33 0.44 0.18 0.57 4.33 0.22 3.47 0.92 0.67 1.27 2.67 0.51 2.41 0.18 9.53 50.51

0.82 2.82 0.65 1.70 0.97 9.32 12.58 2.34 0.49 0.22 1.03 4.07 0.39 4.29 1.24 0.68 1.49 3.32 1.07 3.00 0.53 15.14 68.17

1.29 2.61 0.56 1.84 0.86 11.44 14.13 2.52 0.54 0.20 1.11 5.55 0.56 7.38 1.09 0.82 1.49 0.12 6.01 1.76 3.63 0.78 19.45 85.74

1.63 4.37 0.48 2.32 1.02 15.07 17.39 2.41 0.69 0.39 1.73 7.75 0.95 9.65 1.05 0.82 1.69 0.08 8.03 2.06 4.57 1.54 29.24 114.95

1.48 4.01 0.86 2.42 1.23 15.91 18.29 2.39 0.69 0.35 2.04 7.98 1.26 10.38 0.72 0.84 2.05 0.08 9.15 1.85 3.41 2.87 31.02 121.29

1.67 3.80 0.94 2.55 1.24 16.10 19.69 2.30 0.79 0.40 2.35 8.45 1.28 10.67 0.80 0.96 2.13 0.12 9.18 1.87 3.48 3.21 33.36 127.34

1.75 3.49 0.99 2.56 1.38 16.86 20.69 2.76 0.80 0.53 2.40 9.00 1.20 10.81 1.11 1.27 2.28 0.12 9.57 1.96 3.68 2.91 33.66 131.79

1.68 3.00 1.02 2.63 1.59 17.47 21.45 2.82 0.74 0.49 2.87 9.61 1.29 10.87 1.09 1.33 2.61 0.15 10.07 1.93 3.87 3.42 33.70 135.69

105.2% 6.6% 56.3% 54.1% 63.1% 87.4% 70.5% 20.7% 51.2% 128.2% 178.2% 136.2% 230.5% 153.0% -12.5% 95.6% 75.5% x 203.2% 79.6% 29.0% 541.7% 122.6% 99.0%

..

..

..

..

66.31

82.89

109.48

116.39

121.98

126.15

129.51

95.3%

World Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union - 27

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.23

CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes aériennes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

106.97

106.63

122.72

134.14

118.68

117.08

130.67

151.37

161.88

170.90

175.27

47.7%

0.29 0.23 0.02 .. 0.17 0.28 0.13 0.21 .. 0.14 0.03 0.13 0.27 0.35 0.12 .. 0.24 0.30 0.53 0.34 0.08 0.39 0.04 0.08 4.35

0.66 0.31 0.01 .. 0.10 0.24 0.21 0.27 .. 0.16 0.04 0.15 0.53 0.44 0.05 .. 0.70 0.37 0.73 0.14 0.20 0.38 0.14 0.19 6.01

0.93 0.25 0.03 .. 0.15 0.37 0.27 0.51 .. 0.20 0.07 0.12 0.89 0.78 0.08 .. 1.14 0.58 0.87 0.20 0.17 0.56 0.23 0.21 1.06 9.66

1.31 0.99 0.06 0.01 0.15 0.40 0.29 0.12 .. 0.34 0.08 0.10 1.05 0.70 0.09 .. 1.33 0.43 0.93 0.21 0.13 0.30 0.12 0.33 0.98 10.47

1.09 1.03 0.05 0.03 0.15 0.32 0.27 0.44 .. 0.53 0.20 0.14 0.63 0.79 0.13 .. 0.95 0.45 1.09 0.09 0.22 0.10 0.57 0.19 0.25 0.93 10.66

0.96 1.17 0.07 0.02 0.17 0.35 0.26 0.79 0.02 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.91 0.73 0.06 1.25 0.45 1.58 0.10 0.19 0.12 0.74 0.10 0.35 1.32 12.26

1.17 1.42 0.07 0.02 0.18 0.32 0.37 1.71 0.03 0.24 0.24 0.32 1.33 0.90 0.13 1.74 0.75 2.79 0.33 0.18 0.03 0.85 0.13 0.36 2.31 17.91

1.13 0.81 0.08 0.03 0.20 0.36 0.28 2.18 0.03 0.37 0.21 0.35 0.66 1.01 0.13 0.60 0.74 2.28 1.18 0.24 0.12 0.70 0.15 0.03 2.48 16.34

1.16 0.56 0.07 0.03 0.20 0.38 0.28 2.23 0.03 0.46 0.21 0.39 0.58 1.16 0.14 0.71 0.74 2.21 0.24 0.26 0.15 0.65 0.16 0.03 2.53 15.57

1.14 0.24 0.08 0.03 0.13 0.40 0.28 2.45 0.02 0.56 0.20 0.50 0.55 1.32 0.17 0.71 0.80 2.44 0.67 0.28 0.11 0.65 0.17 0.03 2.53 16.43

1.12 0.35 0.08 0.03 0.20 0.42 0.15 3.05 0.02 0.69 0.16 0.24 0.57 1.53 0.20 0.73 0.98 2.58 0.63 0.30 0.09 0.68 0.17 0.03 2.66 17.65

2.6% -66.0% 56.2% -9.1% 26.6% 30.3% -43.5% 590.7% .. 30.4% -16.4% 70.6% -9.0% 94.4% 53.7% .. -23.2% 114.9% 136.1% 564.5% 34.5% -9.1% 19.8% -9.5% -89.9% 184.9% 65.5%

0.43 7.02 0.24 1.79 0.14 0.34 0.83 0.01 0.47 0.24 0.02 0.09 11.63

0.84 7.01 0.81 1.88 0.22 0.34 0.76 0.15 0.16 1.40 0.65 0.34 0.18 14.76

1.53 2.15 1.05 2.21 0.62 1.04 0.58 0.38 0.23 3.45 0.72 0.80 0.21 14.98

1.21 1.64 1.12 1.99 0.68 0.97 0.38 0.57 0.24 4.57 0.87 1.80 0.46 16.50

1.43 1.48 2.89 1.56 0.71 0.51 0.19 0.93 0.34 6.14 0.87 9.79 0.17 27.03

1.15 1.97 1.34 2.10 0.77 1.12 0.66 0.46 0.43 5.71 0.62 10.08 0.28 26.70

1.12 2.70 1.80 2.35 0.77 1.15 0.40 0.65 0.57 5.72 0.41 9.87 0.38 27.87

1.62 2.47 2.02 1.96 0.63 1.69 0.40 1.17 1.07 5.20 0.37 10.02 0.33 28.95

1.72 2.69 2.19 2.19 0.99 1.82 0.46 1.24 1.43 5.22 0.33 11.04 0.36 31.69

1.86 3.14 2.38 1.91 0.95 1.75 0.33 1.28 1.85 5.43 0.31 11.33 0.35 32.85

1.85 3.19 2.56 2.01 0.92 1.92 0.41 1.30 2.34 5.64 0.19 11.81 0.40 34.53

29.6% 114.9% -11.4% 28.3% 31.1% 274.8% 116.7% 38.9% 580.7% -8.3% -78.5% 20.6% 129.2% 27.7%

.. 0.61 .. 0.15 0.02 .. 0.17 0.06 .. .. 0.64 1.65

.. 0.61 .. 0.02 0.02 .. 0.18 0.05 .. .. 0.88 1.76

.. 0.91 .. 0.23 0.01 .. 0.23 .. .. 1.00 2.39

.. 1.11 .. 0.44 0.01 .. 0.14 .. .. 0.99 2.70

0.08 0.71 0.15 0.72 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.69 0.43 0.08 3.09

0.98 0.17 0.79 0.01 0.09 0.22 0.54 0.11 0.06 2.98

0.12 0.24 0.10 0.82 0.01 0.09 0.37 0.37 0.09 0.07 2.27

0.17 0.45 0.09 0.90 0.01 0.02 0.30 0.40 0.14 0.06 2.54

0.21 0.56 0.12 0.89 0.01 0.02 0.26 0.33 0.15 0.07 2.61

0.25 0.53 0.12 0.91 0.01 0.01 0.23 0.40 0.16 0.07 2.71

0.30 0.54 0.13 0.87 0.01 0.02 0.27 0.32 0.14 0.09 2.71

x .. -23.7% -10.4% 21.6% -42.9% 40.0% 25.7% -53.3% -66.4% 19.2% -12.4%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.24 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes aériennes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union * Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66.66

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 70.62

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76.70

0.59 0.71 0.11 0.60 2.68 0.22 0.40 0.22 26.37 6.11 38.00

0.10 1.27 0.05 0.01 0.78 0.08 0.12 0.03 13.99 0.02 0.47 16.92

0.19 0.36 0.06 0.05 0.34 0.08 0.08 0.06 13.27 0.01 0.78 15.27

0.12 1.01 0.08 0.11 0.65 0.14 0.10 0.03 14.13 0.01 1.11 17.50

0.13 1.45 0.12 0.11 0.70 0.17 0.14 0.04 15.27 0.01 1.11 19.25

0.12 1.48 0.09 0.11 0.75 0.19 0.16 0.04 16.13 0.01 0.99 20.07

0.17 1.16 0.15 0.14 0.93 0.24 0.21 0.04 16.28 0.01 1.06 20.40

-71.1% 63.5% 40.0% -76.1% -65.3% 9.9% -46.6% -80.6% -38.2% x -82.7% -46.3%

0.43 0.77 0.02 0.28 0.08 0.27 0.03 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.42 0.15 0.05 0.43 0.03 0.51 0.21 0.29 1.10 5.28

0.35 1.03 0.03 0.45 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.33 0.13 0.06 1.11 0.04 0.74 0.12 0.37 0.63 5.85

0.61 0.54 1.42 0.07 0.49 0.17 0.45 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.06 0.30 0.16 0.06 0.41 0.06 0.92 0.17 0.73 0.91 7.76

0.74 0.49 1.39 0.04 0.67 0.16 0.45 0.10 0.12 0.04 0.12 0.39 0.13 0.04 0.26 0.06 0.71 0.22 0.81 0.86 7.81

1.41 1.56 0.13 1.02 0.11 0.39 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.09 0.46 0.12 0.08 0.20 0.03 0.64 0.20 1.02 1.01 8.79

1.58 2.06 2.14 0.32 0.56 0.17 0.55 0.15 0.14 0.07 0.07 0.52 0.20 0.06 0.31 0.03 1.10 0.17 1.00 1.08 12.28

2.83 2.03 1.89 0.37 0.65 0.22 0.66 0.22 0.15 0.09 0.11 0.53 0.21 0.08 0.54 0.04 1.06 0.18 0.94 1.73 14.53

2.21 3.35 0.01 1.78 0.29 0.56 0.31 0.85 0.23 0.14 0.07 0.09 0.55 0.22 0.06 0.53 0.05 1.35 0.03 1.92 1.19 15.79

2.14 3.35 0.01 1.83 0.59 0.54 0.31 0.96 0.24 0.12 0.07 0.07 0.60 0.22 0.05 0.57 0.05 0.96 0.18 2.31 1.22 16.39

2.06 3.87 0.01 1.75 0.58 0.57 0.30 1.00 0.23 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.78 0.23 0.05 0.67 0.07 1.43 0.22 2.13 1.24 17.48

2.25 4.20 1.53 0.56 0.54 0.29 1.04 0.30 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.76 0.23 0.08 0.81 0.07 0.52 0.25 0.20 0.44 1.28 15.59

x 197.1% -1.6% 321.3% -46.7% 158.3% 168.3% 176.5% -34.0% -13.0% -13.8% 63.3% 97.3% 0.1% 301.6% 144.8% -19.6% 29.0% x -56.7% 26.6% 77.3%

0.06 0.00 .. 1.48 2.39 0.16 0.42 .. 0.09 0.01 1.13 0.75 0.70 1.26 6.88 0.66 16.00

0.08 0.06 .. 1.62 2.83 0.32 0.74 .. 0.08 0.02 1.08 0.88 1.32 0.00 2.17 2.60 0.52 14.33

0.15 0.07 .. 1.66 3.55 0.73 0.80 .. 0.13 0.04 1.69 0.69 2.71 0.00 2.39 0.48 15.07

0.22 0.05 .. 0.92 4.59 0.65 0.89 0.13 0.06 1.41 1.08 3.19 3.12 0.90 17.19

0.27 0.11 .. 1.79 5.29 0.96 1.94 0.01 0.09 0.05 1.39 1.14 5.63 5.59 0.70 24.98

0.30 0.21 0.03 4.09 6.57 1.78 3.44 0.06 0.14 0.11 1.70 1.31 7.81 7.51 0.12 0.54 35.74

0.38 0.21 0.06 5.38 7.10 1.52 4.67 0.06 0.20 0.17 2.28 1.60 8.60 0.32 8.27 0.30 1.29 42.39

0.75 0.24 0.06 6.24 8.87 2.43 6.10 0.07 0.20 0.17 2.70 2.15 9.12 0.40 10.05 0.79 1.97 52.31

0.87 0.25 0.06 6.46 10.40 2.23 5.96 0.06 0.15 0.19 2.84 2.39 9.74 0.93 10.17 0.79 1.97 55.47

0.86 0.23 0.08 6.72 12.57 2.19 6.38 0.13 0.24 0.20 2.72 2.39 10.54 0.95 10.70 0.85 2.28 60.04

0.75 0.24 0.09 6.64 14.38 2.33 6.39 0.12 0.20 0.20 2.27 3.20 11.03 0.32 11.67 0.81 2.58 63.24

175.6% 113.9% .. 270.4% 171.7% 142.3% 229.5% 875.0% 125.0% 313.3% 62.6% 181.2% 95.8% x 108.8% x 269.3% 153.2%

1.41 1.41

1.83 1.83

2.24 2.24

0.22 2.55 2.77

0.50 5.62 6.12

0.99 9.22 10.20

2.13 8.31 10.43

4.55 13.38 17.93

6.19 14.71 20.90

7.29 14.02 21.31

6.59 14.56 21.15

+ 158.9% 245.6%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.25

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire petajoules

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

World *

231 665

259 340

302 655

324 559

366 834

386 311

419 463

465 685

478 361

490 696

503 664

37.3%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 130 359 72 382 44 325 13 651 .. ..

.. 138 423 76 178 46 579 15 666 .. ..

.. 153 296 83 622 51 959 17 715 .. ..

.. 154 047 82 358 53 015 18 674 .. ..

233 080 167 864 88 838 56 518 22 509 63 007 125 462

228 979 180 459 96 390 58 904 25 165 45 943 148 014

241 429 195 314 106 112 62 263 26 939 42 918 167 032

249 483 200 818 107 982 65 637 27 199 45 280 204 133

251 157 201 683 108 651 65 564 27 468 45 941 214 448

251 382 200 577 107 684 65 362 27 530 46 910 226 026

252 193 201 101 109 247 64 458 27 397 46 905 237 631

8.2% 19.8% 23.0% 14.0% 21.7% -25.6% 89.4%

..

..

..

..

148 998

138 642

141 602

148 217

149 223

149 874

148 863

-0.1%

4 521 2 381

4 313 2 439

4 517 2 834

3 841 3 162

4 708 3 583

5 299 4 019

6 141 4 861

6 868 5 200

7 231 5 526

7 634 5 654

8 024 5 815

70.4% 62.3%

84 177

101 740

125 699

145 680

171 048

174 713

188 665

226 137

236 556

248 734

259 671

51.8%

140 587

150 848

169 605

171 877

187 494

202 279

219 796

227 479

229 049

228 674

230 154

22.8%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

5 918 1 800 66 464 74 182

6 948 2 477 69 231 78 655

8 064 3 982 75 558 87 604

8 080 4 547 74 278 86 905

8 737 5 073 80 101 93 910

9 668 5 398 86 722 101 788

10 516 6 173 95 596 112 285

11 227 6 839 96 755 114 821

11 375 7 334 97 276 115 984

11 271 7 331 96 414 115 016

11 278 7 715 97 969 116 961

29.1% 52.1% 22.3% 24.5%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

2 161 11 201 711 289 14 362

2 528 12 772 1 024 366 16 690

2 914 14 424 1 725 376 19 440

3 049 15 157 2 241 469 20 915

3 610 18 342 3 897 557 26 407

3 875 20 650 6 141 640 31 306

4 561 21 674 7 907 704 34 846

4 691 21 807 8 841 700 36 040

5 057 21 725 8 808 686 36 276

5 134 21 700 8 953 696 36 483

5 194 21 500 9 303 702 36 700

43.9% 17.2% 138.7% 26.0% 39.0%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

788 1 660 1 900 775 761 6 639 12 772 364 797 38 281 4 413 170 2 130 557 3 606 263 597 1 784 1 509 686 818 8 737 52 043

842 1 772 1 828 732 825 6 907 13 126 492 959 46 278 4 889 158 2 471 611 4 314 322 702 2 408 1 634 719 1 120 8 347 55 503

969 1 958 1 965 801 1 030 8 029 14 954 627 1 187 63 345 5 478 149 2 695 767 5 301 418 831 2 834 1 695 839 1 317 8 308 62 561

967 1 846 2 060 808 1 082 8 533 14 956 735 1 246 74 361 5 414 128 2 539 836 5 221 459 868 2 970 1 977 924 1 646 8 406 64 057

1 038 2 020 2 041 726 1 188 9 398 14 713 898 1 200 87 417 6 142 143 2 750 879 4 317 701 893 3 772 1 976 996 2 209 8 674 67 177

1 118 2 249 1 712 814 1 211 9 938 14 112 949 1 083 94 434 6 666 132 2 953 981 4 165 846 744 4 221 2 107 989 2 577 9 089 69 185

1 194 2 449 1 685 778 1 344 10 602 14 122 1 134 1 047 130 569 7 146 139 3 063 1 061 3 731 1 033 743 5 106 1 991 1 024 3 197 9 378 72 665

1 382 2 466 1 905 812 1 541 11 332 14 383 1 244 1 095 141 600 7 562 176 3 314 1 170 3 828 1 082 768 5 823 2 202 1 082 3 385 9 326 76 618

1 412 2 457 1 880 787 1 422 11 363 14 180 1 266 1 155 146 602 7 657 179 3 298 1 183 3 868 1 107 788 5 938 2 159 1 082 3 533 9 326 76 788

1 430 2 433 1 920 841 1 548 11 208 14 287 1 265 1 144 174 613 7 584 180 3 207 1 216 4 074 1 032 780 5 923 2 102 1 130 3 895 9 187 77 175

1 389 2 387 1 916 823 1 527 11 041 13 869 1 347 1 119 205 631 7 459 177 3 367 1 125 4 066 1 049 747 6 027 2 111 1 077 4 187 8 847 76 493

33.9% 18.2% -6.2% 13.3% 28.5% 17.5% -5.7% 50.1% -6.7% 134.4% 51.1% 21.4% 23.6% 22.5% 27.9% -5.8% 49.7% -16.3% 59.8% 6.8% 8.1% 89.6% 2.0% 13.9%

..

..

..

..

68 533

68 563

70 579

74 439

74 477

74 477

73 639

7.5%

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers Non-OECD Total OECD Total

European Union - 27

* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.26 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire petajoules

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

84 177

101 740

125 699

145 680

171 048

174 713

188 665

226 137

236 556

248 734

259 671

51.8%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

145 161 46 .. 113 21 280 103 325 .. 360 45 125 235 66 102 289 .. 1 510 52 1 890 294 317 30 69 147 228 1 102 8 057

231 173 52 .. 127 24 313 124 411 .. 395 54 153 272 153 143 280 .. 1 747 58 2 251 313 321 33 91 163 248 1 201 9 331

469 191 57 .. 153 27 354 150 635 .. 454 58 168 331 288 204 281 .. 2 196 65 2 727 350 336 37 137 188 272 1 371 11 500

743 209 65 37 187 33 417 155 1 077 .. 518 57 182 384 418 234 267 .. 2 572 65 3 619 396 367 41 174 206 310 1 533 14 266

929 246 70 53 208 33 494 181 1 332 .. 622 49 222 470 474 291 248 .. 2 955 71 3 804 445 407 53 207 226 389 1 750 16 232

1 010 268 77 63 230 33 548 213 1 478 42 687 57 271 535 661 360 263 38 3 350 78 4 394 502 461 66 243 244 412 1 963 18 544

1 132 311 83 77 263 36 613 282 1 891 30 780 61 324 630 694 429 300 43 3 713 100 4 619 565 561 88 306 261 414 2 314 20 918

1 300 390 104 76 292 45 689 389 2 340 31 877 68 348 704 764 508 351 56 4 177 115 5 385 651 677 97 354 288 389 2 732 24 198

1 353 382 107 79 293 51 712 403 2 547 32 899 73 365 726 735 548 356 59 4 388 117 5 307 645 716 99 345 296 406 2 807 24 846

1 454 412 117 82 281 50 735 399 2 672 29 927 74 389 761 738 559 366 62 4 389 115 5 409 633 744 99 357 304 401 2 916 25 472

1 543 445 121 85 305 53 757 418 2 815 30 955 77 398 766 746 601 383 65 4 467 112 5 624 614 765 103 370 312 396 3 009 26 337

66.1% 80.7% 73.5% 60.3% 46.5% 58.8% 53.3% 130.8% 111.3% .. 53.4% 56.4% 79.6% 63.1% 57.3% 106.9% 54.5% .. 51.1% 58.5% 47.8% 38.1% 87.8% 94.6% 78.6% 37.8% 1.6% 71.9% 62.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

59 700 185 240 20 244 71 4 39 316 110 42 31 2 062

89 1 129 237 294 31 242 83 10 87 385 145 81 29 2 843

118 1 608 441 328 63 621 98 36 146 1 323 214 300 53 5 346

174 2 268 661 317 109 598 112 117 254 1 957 362 559 73 7 560

182 2 861 757 485 136 328 94 178 288 2 481 477 832 105 9 204

206 3 936 1 087 655 180 672 181 256 364 3 640 588 1 141 143 13 049

246 4 936 1 063 772 206 838 206 364 480 4 391 730 1 411 198 15 841

292 6 289 1 403 832 260 1 039 221 464 693 5 451 748 1 766 258 19 715

314 6 640 1 386 857 279 1 153 227 537 686 5 809 733 1 805 275 20 701

347 7 209 1 435 886 287 1 034 195 622 770 6 079 777 1 900 287 21 829

367 7 743 1 385 920 301 1 055 167 648 929 6 294 822 2 162 302 23 096

101.7% 170.6% 82.9% 89.6% 120.9% 222.1% 77.8% 264.5% 222.2% 153.7% 72.5% 159.8% 187.0% 150.9%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

71 .. 797 .. 25 1 .. 9 1 764 .. .. 918 3 584

82 .. 973 .. 24 1 .. 9 2 169 .. .. 1 068 4 326

128 .. 1 189 .. 36 2 .. 13 2 731 .. .. 1 411 5 510

113 .. 1 283 .. 39 2 .. 14 2 719 .. .. 1 722 5 892

111 293 1 196 377 57 2 104 29 2 606 810 237 .. 5 824

55 64 967 295 73 4 105 30 1 938 569 251 .. 4 352

74 182 781 326 89 5 112 28 1 515 557 269 .. 3 940

84 202 788 370 91 6 116 34 1 606 730 298 .. 4 325

97 211 833 373 93 6 121 36 1 603 629 305 .. 4 307

90 226 856 374 97 6 122 34 1 668 658 307 .. 4 439

91 235 847 390 102 6 127 36 1 629 662 307 .. 4 432

-18.4% -20.1% -29.2% 3.5% 79.1% 162.9% 22.0% 24.9% -37.5% -18.3% 29.4% .. -23.9%

Non-OECD Total

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.27

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire petajoules

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 169

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 351

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 453

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 248

322 1 082 1 772 401 507 3 046 317 326 675 413 36 425 233 822 10 540 1 941 58 822

68 534 1 038 201 156 2 176 102 192 366 184 26 131 127 582 6 859 1 782 40 499

84 479 1 034 189 120 1 688 102 155 299 119 25 544 119 607 5 601 2 109 38 249

87 529 1 125 214 116 2 138 117 182 384 141 26 693 141 655 6 024 2 069 40 615

105 559 1 125 217 132 2 352 117 185 360 148 27 267 147 692 5 982 1 968 41 355

107 568 1 198 210 127 2 658 118 190 355 141 28 083 155 690 5 750 2 029 42 380

119 499 1 174 236 140 2 783 122 196 387 140 28 141 163 757 5 750 2 038 42 644

-63.0% -53.9% -33.7% -41.1% -72.4% -8.6% -61.5% -40.0% -42.6% -66.2% -22.7% -30.0% -7.9% -45.4% 5.0% -27.5%

1 409 43 2 913 364 577 47 457 98 96 73 115 63 58 84 229 52 70 57 382 110 101 818 198 8 417

1 505 63 3 815 320 645 54 546 129 137 95 140 72 64 112 161 62 71 62 434 96 102 1 045 251 9 981

1 751 102 4 763 397 776 63 620 144 211 105 159 87 78 95 164 64 59 87 471 160 111 1 482 250 12 201

1 731 109 5 405 401 876 69 602 153 242 110 158 79 84 72 75 81 65 95 443 212 84 1 651 162 12 960

1 929 116 5 841 579 1 014 83 691 172 251 103 186 65 100 117 61 88 62 129 408 250 94 1 824 203 14 365

2 258 166 6 706 788 1 192 106 429 247 287 141 224 71 118 135 55 98 83 165 459 264 108 2 160 218 16 476

2 552 207 7 920 1 097 1 121 133 472 324 338 166 297 84 125 157 83 114 108 161 510 410 129 2 362 241 19 111

2 616 206 8 792 1 210 1 129 151 408 321 416 182 315 96 161 163 85 137 107 168 535 518 121 2 361 287 20 486

2 642 201 9 031 1 240 1 172 164 397 323 416 188 338 108 168 155 82 139 109 166 571 531 124 2 493 296 21 054

2 869 202 9 334 1 275 1 240 183 413 324 459 194 341 111 169 181 80 144 121 169 553 596 134 2 552 299 21 946

3 059 228 9 862 1 289 1 216 200 415 330 494 205 347 116 199 207 91 145 118 176 589 640 133 2 669 315 23 065

58.6% 96.1% 68.9% 122.7% 19.9% 140.8% -39.9% 92.5% 96.8% 97.9% 86.8% 78.0% 99.4% 77.7% 49.2% 66.0% 89.4% 36.8% 44.6% 155.9% 40.7% 46.3% 55.2% 60.6%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

238 7 .. 422 6 540 1 511 813 247 .. 330 153 713 628 114 159 573 730 185 13 364

282 31 .. 602 7 427 1 755 932 300 .. 350 169 851 739 155 172 726 776 222 15 490

352 57 .. 1 171 8 685 2 397 1 271 507 .. 393 191 1 043 917 215 190 921 820 307 19 436

417 75 .. 1 432 10 751 2 833 1 507 666 131 459 213 1 356 960 283 209 1 056 907 244 23 499

533 74 .. 2 020 13 321 4 291 1 391 949 143 446 242 1 796 1 151 480 231 1 760 1 018 253 30 098

666 97 141 2 672 16 132 5 504 920 1 606 113 493 281 2 247 1 446 789 249 2 614 1 258 285 37 513

778 103 167 3 563 19 150 6 319 828 2 080 99 523 339 2 645 1 715 809 349 3 024 1 552 287 44 330

944 109 194 4 302 21 627 7 169 862 2 284 105 610 370 3 072 1 660 951 368 3 950 2 090 350 51 016

1 000 106 200 4 295 22 362 7 336 898 2 732 109 670 382 3 157 1 661 1 159 377 4 072 2 135 345 52 997

1 031 114 208 4 389 23 486 7 562 907 2 790 121 649 391 3 290 1 649 1 135 380 4 181 2 208 353 54 845

1 078 116 215 4 600 24 908 7 982 769 3 039 129 655 400 3 486 1 674 1 120 389 4 354 2 336 387 57 637

102.3% 57.0% .. 127.7% 87.0% 86.0% -44.7% 220.2% -9.7% 46.9% 65.0% 94.2% 45.4% 133.5% 68.3% 147.4% 129.3% 53.1% 91.5%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

16 400 126 16 526

20 266 152 20 418

25 057 196 25 254

28 973 283 29 256

36 135 368 36 503

43 833 447 44 280

45 726 549 46 275

65 237 545 65 782

70 746 549 71 295

77 264 559 77 823

81 884 575 82 459

126.6% 56.6% 125.9%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union * Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.28 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire million tonnes of oil equivalent

2007

% change 90-07

8 761.7

9 226.9 10 018.7 11 122.7 11 425.5 11 720.1 12 029.8

37.3%

.. 3 679.3 1 967.1 1 266.2 446.0 .. ..

5 567.0 4 009.4 2 121.8 1 349.9 537.6 1 504.9 2 996.6

5 469.1 4 310.2 2 302.2 1 406.9 601.1 1 097.3 3 535.3

5 766.4 4 665.0 2 534.4 1 487.1 643.4 1 025.1 3 989.5

5 958.8 4 796.5 2 579.1 1 567.7 649.6 1 081.5 4 875.6

5 998.8 4 817.1 2 595.1 1 566.0 656.1 1 097.3 5 122.0

6 004.2 4 790.7 2 572.0 1 561.1 657.5 1 120.4 5 398.5

6 023.5 4 803.2 2 609.3 1 539.6 654.4 1 120.3 5 675.7

8.2% 19.8% 23.0% 14.0% 21.7% -25.6% 89.4%

..

..

3 558.8

3 311.4

3 382.1

3 540.1

3 564.1

3 579.7

3 555.5

-0.1%

103.0 58.3

107.9 67.7

91.7 75.5

112.5 85.6

126.6 96.0

146.7 116.1

164.0 124.2

172.7 132.0

182.3 135.0

191.6 138.9

70.4% 62.3%

2 010.5

2 430.0

3 002.3

3 479.5

4 085.4

4 173.0

4 506.2

5 401.2

5 650.0

5 940.9

6 202.1

51.8%

OECD Total

3 357.9

3 603.0

4 051.0

4 105.2

4 478.2

4 831.4

5 249.7

5 433.2

5 470.7

5 461.8

5 497.1

22.8%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

141.3 43.0 1 587.5 1 771.8

165.9 59.2 1 653.5 1 878.6

192.6 95.1 1 804.7 2 092.4

193.0 108.6 1 774.1 2 075.7

208.7 121.2 1 913.2 2 243.0

230.9 128.9 2 071.3 2 431.2

251.2 147.4 2 283.3 2 681.9

268.2 163.3 2 311.0 2 742.5

271.7 175.2 2 323.4 2 770.2

269.2 175.1 2 302.8 2 747.1

269.4 184.3 2 339.9 2 793.6

29.1% 52.1% 22.3% 24.5%

51.6 267.5 17.0 6.9 343.0

60.4 305.1 24.5 8.8 398.6

69.6 344.5 41.2 9.0 464.3

72.8 362.0 53.5 11.2 499.6

86.2 438.1 93.1 13.3 630.7

92.6 493.2 146.7 15.3 747.7

108.9 517.7 188.9 16.8 832.3

112.1 520.9 211.2 16.7 860.8

120.8 518.9 210.4 16.4 866.4

122.6 518.3 213.8 16.6 871.4

124.1 513.5 222.2 16.8 876.6

43.9% 17.2% 138.7% 26.0% 39.0%

18.8 39.7 45.4 18.5 18.2 158.6 305.0 8.7 19.0 0.9 6.7 105.4 4.1 50.9 13.3 86.1 6.3 14.3 42.6 36.0 16.4 19.5 208.7 1 243.0

20.1 42.3 43.7 17.5 19.7 165.0 313.5 11.7 22.9 1.1 6.6 116.8 3.8 59.0 14.6 103.0 7.7 16.8 57.5 39.0 17.2 26.8 199.4 1 325.7

23.2 46.8 46.9 19.1 24.6 191.8 357.2 15.0 28.4 1.5 8.2 130.8 3.6 64.4 18.3 126.6 10.0 19.8 67.7 40.5 20.0 31.4 198.4 1 494.2

23.1 44.1 49.2 19.3 25.8 203.8 357.2 17.6 29.8 1.8 8.6 129.3 3.1 60.6 20.0 124.7 11.0 20.7 70.9 47.2 22.1 39.3 200.8 1 530.0

24.8 48.2 48.8 17.3 28.4 224.5 351.4 21.4 28.7 2.1 10.0 146.7 3.4 65.7 21.0 103.1 16.7 21.3 90.1 47.2 23.8 52.8 207.2 1 604.5

26.7 53.7 40.9 19.4 28.9 237.4 337.1 22.7 25.9 2.3 10.4 159.2 3.2 70.5 23.4 99.5 20.2 17.8 100.8 50.3 23.6 61.5 217.1 1 652.5

28.5 58.5 40.3 18.6 32.1 253.2 337.3 27.1 25.0 3.1 13.6 170.7 3.3 73.1 25.4 89.1 24.7 17.7 121.9 47.6 24.5 76.3 224.0 1 735.6

33.0 58.9 45.5 19.4 36.8 270.7 343.5 29.7 26.2 3.4 14.3 180.6 4.2 79.2 27.9 91.4 25.8 18.4 139.1 52.6 25.9 80.9 222.7 1 830.0

33.7 58.7 44.9 18.8 34.0 271.4 338.7 30.2 27.6 3.5 14.4 182.9 4.3 78.8 28.2 92.4 26.4 18.8 141.8 51.6 25.8 84.4 222.7 1 834.0

34.2 58.1 45.9 20.1 37.0 267.7 341.2 30.2 27.3 4.2 14.7 181.1 4.3 76.6 29.1 97.3 24.7 18.6 141.5 50.2 27.0 93.0 219.4 1 843.3

33.2 57.0 45.8 19.6 36.5 263.7 331.3 32.2 26.7 4.9 15.1 178.2 4.2 80.4 26.9 97.1 25.1 17.8 144.0 50.4 25.7 100.0 211.3 1 827.0

33.9% 18.2% -6.2% 13.3% 28.5% 17.5% -5.7% 50.1% -6.7% 134.4% 51.1% 21.4% 23.6% 22.5% 27.9% -5.8% 49.7% -16.3% 59.8% 6.8% 8.1% 89.6% 2.0% 13.9%

..

..

..

..

1 636.9

1 637.6

1 685.7

1 777.9

1 778.9

1 778.9

1 758.8

7.5%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

World *

5 533.2

6 194.2

7 228.8

7 752.0

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 3 113.6 1 728.8 1 058.7 326.1 .. ..

.. 3 306.2 1 819.5 1 112.5 374.2 .. ..

.. 3 661.4 1 997.3 1 241.0 423.1 .. ..

..

..

108.0 56.9

Non-OECD Total

Annex I Kyoto Parties Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union - 27

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.29

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire million tonnes of oil equivalent

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

2 010.5

2 430.0

3 002.3

3 479.5

4 085.4

4 173.0

4 506.2

5 401.2

5 650.0

5 940.9

6 202.1

51.8%

3.5 3.9 1.1 .. 2.7 0.5 6.7 2.5 7.8 .. 8.6 1.1 3.0 5.6 1.6 2.4 6.9 .. 36.1 1.2 45.1 7.0 7.6 0.7 1.7 3.5 5.4 26.3 192.4

5.5 4.1 1.2 .. 3.0 0.6 7.5 3.0 9.8 .. 9.4 1.3 3.7 6.5 3.7 3.4 6.7 .. 41.7 1.4 53.8 7.5 7.7 0.8 2.2 3.9 5.9 28.7 222.9

11.2 4.6 1.4 .. 3.7 0.7 8.5 3.6 15.2 .. 10.8 1.4 4.0 7.9 6.9 4.9 6.7 .. 52.5 1.6 65.1 8.4 8.0 0.9 3.3 4.5 6.5 32.7 274.7

17.7 5.0 1.5 0.9 4.5 0.8 10.0 3.7 25.7 .. 12.4 1.4 4.4 9.2 10.0 5.6 6.4 .. 61.4 1.6 86.4 9.5 8.8 1.0 4.2 4.9 7.4 36.6 340.7

22.2 5.9 1.7 1.3 5.0 0.8 11.8 4.3 31.8 .. 14.9 1.2 5.3 11.2 11.3 6.9 5.9 .. 70.6 1.7 90.9 10.6 9.7 1.3 4.9 5.4 9.3 41.8 387.7

24.1 6.4 1.8 1.5 5.5 0.8 13.1 5.1 35.3 1.0 16.4 1.4 6.5 12.8 15.8 8.6 6.3 0.9 80.0 1.9 104.9 12.0 11.0 1.6 5.8 5.8 9.8 46.9 442.9

27.0 7.4 2.0 1.8 6.3 0.8 14.6 6.7 45.2 0.7 18.6 1.5 7.7 15.0 16.6 10.2 7.2 1.0 88.7 2.4 110.3 13.5 13.4 2.1 7.3 6.2 9.9 55.3 499.6

31.0 9.3 2.5 1.8 7.0 1.1 16.5 9.3 55.9 0.7 20.9 1.6 8.3 16.8 18.2 12.1 8.4 1.3 99.8 2.7 128.6 15.5 16.2 2.3 8.5 6.9 9.3 65.2 578.0

32.3 9.1 2.6 1.9 7.0 1.2 17.0 9.6 60.8 0.8 21.5 1.7 8.7 17.3 17.6 13.1 8.5 1.4 104.8 2.8 126.8 15.4 17.1 2.4 8.2 7.1 9.7 67.0 593.4

34.7 9.8 2.8 1.9 6.7 1.2 17.6 9.5 63.8 0.7 22.1 1.8 9.3 18.2 17.6 13.4 8.7 1.5 104.8 2.8 129.2 15.1 17.8 2.4 8.5 7.3 9.6 69.6 608.4

36.9 10.6 2.9 2.0 7.3 1.3 18.1 10.0 67.2 0.7 22.8 1.8 9.5 18.3 17.8 14.4 9.1 1.6 106.7 2.7 134.3 14.7 18.3 2.5 8.8 7.4 9.4 71.9 629.0

66.1% 80.7% 73.5% 60.3% 46.5% 58.8% 53.3% 130.8% 111.3% .. 53.4% 56.4% 79.6% 63.1% 57.3% 106.9% 54.5% .. 51.1% 58.5% 47.8% 38.1% 87.8% 94.6% 78.6% 37.8% 1.6% 71.9% 62.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.4 16.7 4.4 5.7 0.5 5.8 1.7 0.1 0.9 7.6 2.6 1.0 0.7 49.2

2.1 27.0 5.7 7.0 0.7 5.8 2.0 0.2 2.1 9.2 3.5 1.9 0.7 67.9

2.8 38.4 10.5 7.8 1.5 14.8 2.3 0.9 3.5 31.6 5.1 7.2 1.3 127.7

4.2 54.2 15.8 7.6 2.6 14.3 2.7 2.8 6.1 46.7 8.7 13.3 1.7 180.6

4.4 68.3 18.1 11.6 3.3 7.8 2.2 4.2 6.9 59.3 11.4 19.9 2.5 219.8

4.9 94.0 26.0 15.6 4.3 16.0 4.3 6.1 8.7 86.9 14.0 27.3 3.4 311.7

5.9 117.9 25.4 18.4 4.9 20.0 4.9 8.7 11.5 104.9 17.4 33.7 4.7 378.4

7.0 150.2 33.5 19.9 6.2 24.8 5.3 11.1 16.6 130.2 17.9 42.2 6.2 470.9

7.5 158.6 33.1 20.5 6.7 27.5 5.4 12.8 16.4 138.7 17.5 43.1 6.6 494.4

8.3 172.2 34.3 21.2 6.8 24.7 4.7 14.9 18.4 145.2 18.6 45.4 6.9 521.4

8.8 184.9 33.1 22.0 7.2 25.2 4.0 15.5 22.2 150.3 19.6 51.6 7.2 551.6

101.7% 170.6% 82.9% 89.6% 120.9% 222.1% 77.8% 264.5% 222.2% 153.7% 72.5% 159.8% 187.0% 150.9%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

1.7 .. 19.0 .. 0.6 0.0 .. 0.2 42.1 .. .. 21.9 85.6

2.0 .. 23.2 .. 0.6 0.0 .. 0.2 51.8 .. .. 25.5 103.3

3.1 .. 28.4 .. 0.9 0.0 .. 0.3 65.2 .. .. 33.7 131.6

2.7 .. 30.6 .. 0.9 0.0 .. 0.3 64.9 .. .. 41.1 140.7

2.7 7.0 28.6 9.0 1.4 0.1 2.5 0.7 62.3 19.3 5.7 .. 139.1

1.3 1.5 23.1 7.0 1.7 0.1 2.5 0.7 46.3 13.6 6.0 .. 103.9

1.8 4.4 18.7 7.8 2.1 0.1 2.7 0.7 36.2 13.3 6.4 .. 94.1

2.0 4.8 18.8 8.8 2.2 0.1 2.8 0.8 38.4 17.4 7.1 .. 103.3

2.3 5.0 19.9 8.9 2.2 0.1 2.9 0.9 38.3 15.0 7.3 .. 102.9

2.1 5.4 20.4 8.9 2.3 0.1 2.9 0.8 39.8 15.7 7.3 .. 106.0

2.2 5.6 20.2 9.3 2.4 0.2 3.0 0.9 38.9 15.8 7.3 .. 105.8

-18.4% -20.1% -29.2% 3.5% 79.1% 162.9% 22.0% 24.9% -37.5% -18.3% 29.4% .. -23.9%

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.30 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Total primary energy supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire million tonnes of oil equivalent

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 768.3

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 939.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 109.5

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 247.9

7.7 25.8 42.3 9.6 12.1 72.7 7.6 7.8 16.1 9.9 870.0 5.6 19.6 251.8 46.4 1 404.9

1.6 12.7 24.8 4.8 3.7 52.0 2.4 4.6 8.7 4.4 624.1 3.0 13.9 163.8 42.6 967.3

2.0 11.4 24.7 4.5 2.9 40.3 2.4 3.7 7.1 2.8 610.1 2.9 14.5 133.8 50.4 913.6

2.1 12.6 26.9 5.1 2.8 51.1 2.8 4.3 9.2 3.4 637.5 3.4 15.7 143.9 49.4 970.1

2.5 13.4 26.9 5.2 3.1 56.2 2.8 4.4 8.6 3.5 651.3 3.5 16.5 142.9 47.0 987.7

2.5 13.6 28.6 5.0 3.0 63.5 2.8 4.5 8.5 3.4 670.8 3.7 16.5 137.3 48.5 1 012.2

2.8 11.9 28.0 5.6 3.3 66.5 2.9 4.7 9.3 3.3 672.1 3.9 18.1 137.3 48.7 1 018.5

-63.0% -53.9% -33.7% -41.1% -72.4% -8.6% -61.5% -40.0% -42.6% -66.2% -22.7% -30.0% -7.9% -45.4% 5.0% -27.5%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

33.7 1.0 69.6 8.7 13.8 1.1 10.9 2.3 2.3 1.8 2.7 1.5 1.4 2.0 5.5 1.2 1.7 1.4 9.1 2.6 2.4 19.5 4.7 201.0

35.9 1.5 91.1 7.6 15.4 1.3 13.0 3.1 3.3 2.3 3.3 1.7 1.5 2.7 3.8 1.5 1.7 1.5 10.4 2.3 2.4 25.0 6.0 238.4

41.8 2.4 113.8 9.5 18.5 1.5 14.8 3.4 5.0 2.5 3.8 2.1 1.9 2.3 3.9 1.5 1.4 2.1 11.3 3.8 2.6 35.4 6.0 291.4

41.3 2.6 129.1 9.6 20.9 1.7 14.4 3.6 5.8 2.6 3.8 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.6 2.3 10.6 5.1 2.0 39.4 3.9 309.5

46.1 2.8 139.5 13.8 24.2 2.0 16.5 4.1 6.0 2.5 4.4 1.6 2.4 2.8 1.5 2.1 1.5 3.1 9.7 6.0 2.3 43.6 4.8 343.1

53.9 4.0 160.2 18.8 28.5 2.5 10.3 5.9 6.9 3.4 5.4 1.7 2.8 3.2 1.3 2.3 2.0 3.9 11.0 6.3 2.6 51.6 5.2 393.5

61.0 4.9 189.2 26.2 26.8 3.2 11.3 7.7 8.1 4.0 7.1 2.0 3.0 3.7 2.0 2.7 2.6 3.9 12.2 9.8 3.1 56.4 5.8 456.5

62.5 4.9 210.0 28.9 27.0 3.6 9.8 7.7 9.9 4.4 7.5 2.3 3.9 3.9 2.0 3.3 2.6 4.0 12.8 12.4 2.9 56.4 6.9 489.3

63.1 4.8 215.7 29.6 28.0 3.9 9.5 7.7 9.9 4.5 8.1 2.6 4.0 3.7 2.0 3.3 2.6 4.0 13.6 12.7 3.0 59.5 7.1 502.9

68.5 4.8 222.9 30.5 29.6 4.4 9.9 7.7 11.0 4.6 8.1 2.6 4.0 4.3 1.9 3.4 2.9 4.0 13.2 14.2 3.2 61.0 7.2 524.2

73.1 5.4 235.6 30.8 29.0 4.8 9.9 7.9 11.8 4.9 8.3 2.8 4.7 5.0 2.2 3.5 2.8 4.2 14.1 15.3 3.2 63.7 7.5 550.9

58.6% 96.1% 68.9% 122.7% 19.9% 140.8% -39.9% 92.5% 96.8% 97.9% 86.8% 78.0% 99.4% 77.7% 49.2% 66.0% 89.4% 36.8% 44.6% 155.9% 40.7% 46.3% 55.2% 60.6%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

5.7 0.2 .. 10.1 156.2 36.1 19.4 5.9 .. 7.9 3.7 17.0 15.0 2.7 3.8 13.7 17.4 4.4 319.2

6.7 0.7 .. 14.4 177.4 41.9 22.3 7.2 .. 8.4 4.0 20.3 17.7 3.7 4.1 17.3 18.5 5.3 370.0

8.4 1.4 .. 28.0 207.4 57.3 30.4 12.1 .. 9.4 4.6 24.9 21.9 5.1 4.5 22.0 19.6 7.3 464.2

9.9 1.8 .. 34.2 256.8 67.7 36.0 15.9 3.1 11.0 5.1 32.4 22.9 6.8 5.0 25.2 21.7 5.8 561.3

12.7 1.8 .. 48.2 318.2 102.5 33.2 22.7 3.4 10.7 5.8 42.9 27.5 11.5 5.5 42.0 24.3 6.0 718.9

15.9 2.3 3.4 63.8 385.3 131.5 22.0 38.3 2.7 11.8 6.7 53.7 34.5 18.9 5.9 62.4 30.1 6.8 896.0

18.6 2.5 4.0 85.1 457.4 150.9 19.8 49.7 2.4 12.5 8.1 63.2 41.0 19.3 8.3 72.2 37.1 6.9 1 058.8

22.5 2.6 4.6 102.7 516.6 171.2 20.6 54.6 2.5 14.6 8.8 73.4 39.6 22.7 8.8 94.3 49.9 8.4 1 218.5

23.9 2.5 4.8 102.6 534.1 175.2 21.4 65.3 2.6 16.0 9.1 75.4 39.7 27.7 9.0 97.3 51.0 8.2 1 265.8

24.6 2.7 5.0 104.8 561.0 180.6 21.7 66.6 2.9 15.5 9.3 78.6 39.4 27.1 9.1 99.9 52.7 8.4 1 309.9

25.8 2.8 5.1 109.9 594.9 190.6 18.4 72.6 3.1 15.6 9.6 83.3 40.0 26.8 9.3 104.0 55.8 9.2 1 376.6

102.3% 57.0% .. 127.7% 87.0% 86.0% -44.7% 220.2% -9.7% 46.9% 65.0% 94.2% 45.4% 133.5% 68.3% 147.4% 129.3% 53.1% 91.5%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

391.7 3.0 394.7

484.0 3.6 487.7

598.5 4.7 603.2

692.0 6.8 698.8

863.1 8.8 871.9

1 046.9 10.7 1 057.6

1 092.2 13.1 1 105.3

1 558.2 13.0 1 571.2

1 689.8 13.1 1 702.9

1 845.4 13.4 1 858.8

1 955.8 13.7 1 969.5

126.6% 56.6% 125.9%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.31

GDP using exchange rates PIB selon les taux de change billion 2000 US dollars

2007

% change 90-07

World

12 913.4 14 963.9 18 112.3 20 509.0 24 199.8 27 133.3 31 979.8 35 356.1 36 585.9 38 046.5 39 493.3

63.2%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. .. .. .. 19 869.2 21 607.5 25 091.8 27 075.0 27 760.1 28 579.5 29 299.4 10 319.9 11 697.5 13 928.5 15 822.3 18 844.8 20 761.3 24 112.4 25 899.7 26 512.6 27 245.4 27 880.9 4 138.8 4 620.2 5 540.0 6 482.7 7 598.6 8 564.9 10 489.7 11 421.7 11 757.5 12 086.9 12 337.3 4 094.4 4 602.3 5 345.0 5 795.6 6 803.1 7 374.8 8 502.9 9 073.5 9 240.9 9 508.9 9 764.5 2 086.8 2 474.9 3 043.6 3 544.0 4 443.0 4 821.7 5 119.7 5 404.5 5 514.2 5 649.6 5 779.1 .. .. .. .. 838.5 628.3 712.9 868.0 914.5 978.2 1 046.7 .. .. .. .. 4 330.6 5 525.9 6 888.0 8 281.1 8 825.8 9 466.9 10 193.9

47.5% 48.0% 62.4% 43.5% 30.1% 24.8% 135.4%

1971

Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total OECD Total

1975

1980

..

..

..

2 073.7

2 599.1

3 347.1

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

.. 12 613.9 13 407.5 15 047.7 16 127.1 16 472.1 16 962.8 17 437.8 3 717.4

4 196.2

5 012.0

6 156.1

7 521.4

8 050.3

8 667.0

38.2%

9 383.7

123.6%

10 839.7 12 364.8 14 765.2 16 791.7 20 003.6 22 121.3 25 823.7 27 834.7 28 535.6 29 379.4 30 109.6

50.5%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

288.3 208.0 3 850.5 4 346.8

343.3 274.1 4 276.9 4 894.4

412.0 378.4 5 128.0 5 918.3

471.7 416.5 6 011.0 6 899.2

543.6 452.6 7 055.0 8 051.2

592.1 724.9 797.8 820.8 846.3 869.3 488.2 636.7 676.4 698.1 731.7 755.1 7 972.8 9 764.8 10 623.9 10 936.7 11 240.6 11 468.0 9 053.1 11 126.4 12 098.2 12 455.6 12 818.6 13 092.4

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

163.2 1 894.9 66.1 28.7 2 152.8

181.1 2 259.9 87.8 33.9 2 562.8

210.1 2 800.6 122.8 32.9 3 166.4

243.6 3 261.9 179.0 38.5 3 723.0

281.0 4 122.4 283.6 39.6 4 726.5

330.1 4 445.4 413.0 46.2 5 234.7

399.6 4 667.5 511.7 52.7 5 631.4

457.6 4 885.1 613.6 61.8 6 018.2

471.2 4 979.6 639.4 63.5 6 153.6

507.7 5 205.0 705.6 66.4 6 484.8

80.7% 26.3% 148.9% 67.5% 37.2%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

87.9 114.5 38.3 83.2 53.0 630.8 950.5 64.8 26.0 3.2 22.2 518.2 6.1 173.6 61.0 89.2 41.3 12.9 241.9 134.8 166.1 79.3 741.4 4 340.0

101.4 131.5 43.7 88.1 64.1 727.7 1 038.9 76.8 33.3 3.8 27.3 594.6 6.8 196.5 73.1 114.1 48.0 14.7 299.4 151.8 166.2 99.6 806.3 4 907.6

119.2 153.7 48.7 101.0 74.5 861.1 1 225.9 94.2 39.6 5.2 34.1 739.1 7.6 223.9 91.2 119.0 61.5 16.3 330.0 162.2 180.7 111.9 879.9 5 680.5

128.2 161.1 51.1 115.5 85.1 929.8 1 311.9 94.8 43.3 5.8 38.7 803.5 8.6 237.6 107.5 120.0 64.3 17.6 353.6 177.7 194.7 141.9 977.1 6 169.5

149.1 187.5 55.3 123.9 100.3 1 091.8 1 543.2 100.8 44.4 6.8 48.7 937.6 12.4 282.0 117.0 118.2 84.7 18.9 440.6 201.5 224.8 186.0 1 150.5 7 225.9

165.0 203.0 52.7 139.1 96.5 1 156.3 1 720.5 107.3 39.4 6.9 61.1 998.7 15.1 315.8 140.5 131.6 92.2 17.3 474.9 208.4 225.9 217.8 1 247.9 7 833.6

191.2 231.9 56.7 160.1 121.9 1 328.0 1 900.2 127.1 48.0 8.7 96.6 1 097.3 20.3 385.1 168.3 171.3 112.7 20.4 580.7 245.6 249.9 266.6 1 477.5 9 065.8

201.9 246.8 64.1 166.3 134.2 1 415.5 1 942.8 151.7 56.8 10.0 119.0 1 139.4 23.0 402.9 182.8 192.4 116.6 24.3 658.1 269.7 259.8 307.2 1 633.0 9 718.3

207.7 214.8 221.3 251.3 258.8 266.0 68.1 72.8 77.1 170.4 176.1 179.0 138.0 144.7 151.3 1 442.3 1 473.6 1 505.6 1 957.8 2 015.8 2 065.4 156.1 163.2 169.7 59.0 61.5 62.1 10.7 11.2 11.6 126.6 133.8 141.9 1 145.7 1 166.8 1 183.8 24.2 25.7 27.1 411.2 425.1 439.8 187.8 192.1 198.1 199.4 211.8 225.9 117.7 119.3 121.6 25.9 28.1 31.1 681.9 708.4 734.3 278.6 290.4 297.8 266.3 275.3 284.5 333.0 356.0 371.8 1 666.6 1 713.9 1 765.8 9 926.4 10 239.0 10 532.4

48.5% 41.8% 39.4% 44.5% 50.8% 37.9% 33.8% 68.3% 39.9% 72.0% 191.4% 26.3% 118.1% 56.0% 69.4% 91.1% 43.5% 64.2% 66.7% 47.8% 26.6% 100.0% 53.5% 45.8%

..

..

..

..

6 808.1

7 341.6

8 480.0

9 091.5

9 268.9

European Union - 27

486.2 5 099.0 672.2 64.5 6 321.8

9 555.2

9 827.3

59.9% 66.9% 62.6% 62.6%

44.3%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.32 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

GDP using exchange rates PIB selon les taux de change billion 2000 US dollars

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

2 073.7

2 599.1

3 347.1

3 717.4

4 196.2

5 012.0

6 156.1

7 521.4

8 050.3

8 667.0

9 383.7

123.6%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

17.5 6.7 0.8 .. 3.5 1.0 7.1 5.1 21.0 .. 4.2 1.9 2.7 4.0 34.4 12.8 2.8 .. 22.6 2.3 71.5 4.0 3.6 0.6 4.7 2.4 3.5 24.0 264.7

26.1 6.7 0.9 .. 4.7 1.4 7.6 6.3 24.1 .. 4.6 3.9 2.5 5.2 27.8 15.4 2.4 .. 26.0 2.5 82.0 4.9 4.3 0.8 6.3 2.7 4.1 26.0 299.1

35.3 6.7 1.1 .. 6.3 1.7 7.0 7.7 38.5 .. 5.1 3.6 2.6 7.1 43.8 20.1 2.5 .. 31.5 2.7 95.5 5.5 4.9 1.0 8.6 2.7 4.4 30.6 376.6

44.6 7.2 1.4 1.9 9.9 2.8 7.7 7.8 53.3 .. 4.9 4.1 2.6 8.0 37.7 23.6 1.9 .. 27.0 3.1 102.2 5.7 5.2 0.9 10.6 2.8 5.4 32.3 414.5

46.4 8.5 1.4 3.4 8.8 2.8 7.7 8.3 65.6 .. 6.2 4.3 3.3 10.5 29.8 29.3 2.5 .. 35.0 3.5 110.9 7.1 6.8 1.1 12.2 3.0 6.7 37.3 462.3

47.0 6.7 1.7 4.1 8.0 2.9 5.3 8.9 77.5 0.6 6.6 5.0 4.0 11.4 31.8 30.7 3.0 2.9 39.5 3.8 115.8 9.1 7.4 1.1 14.8 2.8 7.1 38.3 497.8

54.8 9.1 2.3 6.2 10.1 3.2 4.3 10.4 99.8 0.6 8.2 5.1 5.0 12.7 34.5 37.0 4.2 3.4 46.0 4.7 132.9 12.4 9.1 1.3 19.4 3.2 7.4 48.5 595.8

66.2 12.4 2.7 7.7 11.8 3.7 4.9 10.3 113.7 0.7 10.0 5.4 6.0 14.3 42.5 45.8 5.9 4.1 58.7 5.6 153.0 15.6 11.7 1.5 23.2 3.9 5.9 59.8 707.0

69.6 14.9 2.7 8.1 12.1 4.0 5.2 10.4 118.8 0.7 11.2 5.5 6.4 15.2 44.0 47.2 6.4 4.3 61.9 5.9 160.7 16.6 12.5 1.5 24.1 4.1 5.6 62.7 742.2

70.8 17.7 2.8 8.4 12.5 4.2 5.5 10.5 126.9 0.7 12.4 5.6 6.8 16.1 46.5 50.9 7.0 4.4 65.7 6.0 169.3 18.4 13.4 1.5 25.5 4.3 5.3 65.6 784.9

73.0 21.4 3.0 8.8 12.9 4.2 5.9 10.7 135.9 0.7 13.8 5.9 7.2 17.2 49.6 52.2 7.5 4.7 69.6 6.3 178.0 20.3 14.3 1.6 27.1 4.6 5.0 68.9 830.3

57.5% 153.4% 109.7% 160.0% 46.9% 48.6% -23.5% 28.6% 107.2% .. 120.8% 37.2% 120.3% 63.6% 66.6% 78.2% 198.9% .. 99.1% 82.4% 60.5% 187.6% 110.6% 46.2% 121.6% 52.0% -25.4% 84.7% 79.6%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.3 46.6 50.5 31.8 2.1 31.9 12.7 3.2 9.0 52.9 4.0 8.8 1.3 256.1

2.4 66.1 64.2 41.3 2.0 26.4 12.4 4.1 9.1 110.0 6.9 22.7 1.9 369.6

4.0 57.3 96.6 49.8 4.2 27.9 10.5 5.4 10.6 153.7 9.5 47.3 3.3 480.1

3.7 69.4 61.8 57.6 5.4 22.0 14.8 10.9 9.0 121.8 10.9 41.3 4.7 433.2

4.6 70.3 33.0 71.1 5.1 25.3 8.4 12.7 8.8 144.1 11.8 46.4 5.5 447.2

6.5 83.1 12.6 97.4 7.2 34.3 14.9 16.8 10.2 166.0 17.3 54.8 7.2 528.4

8.0 101.3 25.9 123.7 8.5 37.7 16.8 19.9 17.8 188.4 19.3 70.6 9.4 647.3

9.9 127.1 19.1 130.8 10.7 50.8 20.3 23.5 24.6 215.0 22.7 90.4 11.0 756.0

10.7 133.0 19.8 137.6 11.4 56.6 20.5 24.9 26.1 226.9 23.8 97.8 11.6 800.7

11.5 140.8 19.9 144.7 12.1 59.4 20.5 26.8 28.4 234.1 25.0 107.3 12.0 842.6

12.3 151.8 20.9 152.5 12.9 62.2 20.9 28.9 32.4 242.0 26.6 115.2 12.4 891.0

164.7% 116.0% -36.7% 114.3% 150.7% 145.3% 149.7% 128.1% 267.2% 67.9% 126.2% 148.4% 125.4% 99.2%

1.7 .. 6.4 .. 2.1 0.4 .. 0.6 18.8 .. .. 33.7 63.7

2.1 .. 8.8 .. 1.9 0.4 .. 0.9 28.4 .. .. 41.3 83.9

2.8 .. 11.8 .. 3.4 0.4 .. 1.6 40.9 .. .. 55.6 116.7

3.1 .. 13.9 .. 4.4 0.5 .. 1.8 48.2 .. .. 56.6 128.5

3.2 1.4 15.0 21.5 6.2 0.6 3.9 2.4 44.0 10.2 16.6 .. 125.0

2.8 1.5 13.1 15.6 7.7 0.6 3.1 3.1 39.5 10.0 16.1 .. 113.2

3.7 5.1 12.6 18.4 9.3 0.7 3.6 3.9 37.1 9.9 19.9 .. 124.2

4.5 6.1 15.3 22.3 10.5 0.8 3.7 3.9 46.9 12.0 22.8 .. 149.0

4.8 6.4 16.3 23.2 10.9 0.8 3.8 4.1 48.9 11.6 23.8 .. 154.7

5.0 6.8 17.3 24.4 11.4 0.9 4.0 4.2 52.8 12.2 25.2 .. 164.1

5.3 7.2 18.4 25.7 11.9 0.9 4.2 4.3 55.9 13.1 26.9 .. 173.9

65.9% 416.7% 22.6% 19.7% 91.3% 52.0% 6.8% 81.8% 27.1% 28.9% 61.9% .. 39.1%

Non-OECD Total

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.33

GDP using exchange rates PIB selon les taux de change billion 2000 US dollars

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 404.4

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 505.6

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 616.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 685.7

2.8 9.0 14.4 5.9 8.2 26.3 2.1 10.4 16.1 3.6 385.9 2.3 3.7 72.0 14.0 576.7

1.5 3.7 9.4 4.2 2.3 16.2 1.0 5.9 9.3 1.5 239.7 0.9 2.3 34.5 11.4 343.9

1.9 5.3 12.7 5.6 3.1 18.3 1.4 7.8 11.4 1.3 259.7 0.9 2.9 31.3 13.8 377.2

3.0 7.9 16.7 7.5 4.0 27.3 1.7 10.5 15.4 1.7 328.8 1.3 5.3 44.0 16.7 491.8

3.4 9.9 18.3 8.2 4.4 30.0 1.6 11.6 16.6 1.8 349.9 1.3 5.8 45.2 17.9 526.0

3.9 13.4 20.1 9.1 4.8 33.2 1.7 13.0 17.9 1.9 375.7 1.4 6.3 48.5 19.2 570.1

4.4 16.7 21.8 9.6 5.4 36.1 1.8 14.4 19.5 2.0 406.2 1.6 7.1 52.2 21.0 619.7

55.5% 86.4% 51.5% 62.1% -34.3% 37.1% -10.5% 37.9% 21.0% -45.9% 5.3% -31.3% 89.2% -27.4% 49.8% 7.5%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

167.5 4.1 212.7 23.0 32.0 4.6 15.5 4.9 5.9 7.2 7.2 3.3 2.5 5.6 .. 3.2 4.5 2.0 28.5 4.5 11.4 68.3 10.0 628.5

184.7 5.2 311.6 19.7 39.7 5.8 18.5 6.8 8.4 8.7 8.9 3.5 2.9 6.0 .. 4.0 5.2 2.7 34.9 5.1 12.3 77.8 10.3 782.8

212.1 5.7 430.4 28.0 51.6 7.5 21.8 8.8 10.9 8.7 11.8 4.6 4.0 5.1 1.0 3.2 6.2 4.5 39.1 7.5 15.4 87.8 13.9 989.6

186.6 5.2 454.2 29.2 57.7 7.5 32.8 9.6 11.7 7.6 11.2 4.4 4.4 5.2 1.0 3.3 7.3 4.9 39.7 6.7 12.7 83.8 14.8 1 001.4

182.2 5.8 501.8 40.5 73.4 9.6 32.5 11.1 13.3 8.4 12.9 4.4 5.1 6.6 1.0 2.8 7.1 5.9 36.1 6.0 15.4 95.3 19.4 1 096.5

250.3 7.1 583.6 61.4 89.9 12.5 22.5 13.6 15.2 11.3 15.9 3.4 6.1 8.0 1.2 3.1 9.3 7.1 47.1 6.4 18.6 112.9 20.7 1 327.3

284.2 8.4 644.7 75.2 94.1 15.9 28.2 19.8 15.9 13.1 19.3 3.8 7.1 8.0 1.2 3.9 11.6 7.1 53.3 8.2 20.7 117.1 24.8 1 485.7

287.3 9.4 717.0 87.5 107.8 18.4 31.7 21.4 19.6 14.2 21.7 3.7 8.4 8.6 1.2 4.4 13.4 7.8 61.3 11.3 20.3 120.5 26.6 1 623.4

313.6 9.8 739.6 92.4 114.0 19.5 35.5 23.4 20.8 14.7 22.4 3.7 8.9 8.7 1.3 4.6 14.3 8.0 65.4 12.0 21.6 132.9 27.5 1 714.7

340.2 10.2 767.4 96.4 121.9 21.2 39.9 25.9 21.6 15.3 23.6 3.8 9.5 8.9 1.3 4.8 15.6 8.4 70.5 13.5 23.2 146.6 28.5 1 818.1

369.6 10.7 808.9 101.3 131.1 22.8 42.7 28.1 22.1 16.0 24.9 4.0 10.1 8.3 1.3 5.0 17.4 8.9 76.7 14.2 24.9 159.0 29.5 1 937.6

102.9% 84.7% 61.2% 150.5% 78.6% 138.5% 31.4% 153.6% 66.1% 91.2% 93.5% -10.0% 95.9% 24.9% 24.8% 75.7% 144.9% 50.8% 112.6% 138.0% 62.1% 66.9% 51.9% 76.7%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

17.8 2.2 .. 35.1 119.1 29.5 3.0 13.1 .. 2.6 1.7 17.4 28.2 10.5 4.3 20.1 8.1 10.6 323.4

16.7 2.7 .. 47.7 135.2 40.2 4.7 17.5 .. 2.9 1.9 20.2 35.4 14.5 5.0 25.4 8.2 11.8 390.1

20.4 4.4 .. 79.4 157.6 58.8 8.2 26.4 .. 4.0 2.1 27.3 47.6 21.8 6.5 37.3 8.6 13.8 524.2

24.5 3.7 .. 109.9 202.6 77.4 13.1 33.9 0.9 5.0 2.7 37.9 44.6 29.7 8.3 48.6 11.9 15.6 670.2

29.5 3.8 .. 170.9 270.5 109.2 15.6 47.2 1.1 4.5 3.4 50.2 56.2 44.7 9.8 79.4 15.0 17.9 928.8

36.5 4.1 2.6 242.4 346.6 159.4 12.2 74.2 1.0 5.9 4.3 63.0 62.6 68.2 12.8 120.0 22.3 22.0 1 260.2

47.1 4.3 3.7 321.2 460.2 165.0 10.9 93.8 1.1 8.9 5.5 74.0 75.9 92.7 16.3 122.7 31.2 23.7 1 558.2

57.9 4.8 5.2 361.3 589.6 196.7 11.1 112.2 1.4 14.4 6.3 87.6 90.1 106.3 18.7 150.5 41.3 30.7 1 885.9

61.4 4.8 5.9 376.0 644.7 207.9 11.3 118.2 1.5 16.2 6.5 94.4 94.5 114.1 19.8 157.3 44.8 32.3 2 011.5

65.4 5.0 6.5 393.6 707.0 219.3 11.5 125.1 1.6 17.4 6.7 100.2 99.6 123.4 21.4 165.3 48.5 35.2 2 152.7

69.6 5.1 7.1 416.0 771.1 233.2 11.4 133.0 1.8 18.3 6.9 106.2 106.8 132.9 22.8 173.2 52.6 39.9 2 307.8

136.3% 34.8% .. 143.4% 185.1% 113.7% -26.9% 181.7% 62.3% 307.9% 105.1% 111.4% 89.9% 197.6% 132.2% 118.2% 250.0% 122.6% 148.5%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

107.1 25.9 133.0

133.4 34.6 168.0

182.9 60.2 243.1

304.5 79.4 383.8

444.6 115.2 559.8

792.8 148.5 941.3

1 198.5 169.1 1 367.6

1 715.0 193.4 1 908.4

1 893.4 207.1 2 100.4

2 113.0 221.6 2 334.6

2 387.7 235.7 2 623.4

437.0% 104.7% 368.7%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.34 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

GDP using purchasing power parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat billion 2000 US dollars

2007

% change 90-07

World

17 506.0 20 608.5 25 055.8 28 618.6 33 299.1 37 759.5 45 572.7 52 626.0 55 156.7 58 179.4 61 428.0

84.5%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. .. .. .. 22 366.9 23 480.2 27 338.1 29 844.8 10 521.3 11 910.8 14 138.7 15 982.2 18 948.5 20 888.6 24 416.6 26 279.0 4 197.7 4 690.4 5 624.1 6 579.1 7 709.7 8 685.8 10 637.8 11 584.7 4 747.6 5 359.1 6 240.8 6 755.9 7 942.3 8 607.2 9 927.5 10 601.6 1 575.9 1 861.2 2 273.8 2 647.2 3 296.5 3 595.6 3 851.2 4 092.7 .. .. .. .. 3 007.8 2 110.7 2 333.0 2 887.4 .. .. .. .. 10 932.2 14 279.3 18 234.6 22 781.2

1971

Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total OECD Total

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

32 627.2 28 311.0 12 514.9 11 408.1 4 388.0 3 495.2 28 800.8

45.9% 49.4% 62.3% 43.6% 33.1% 16.2% 163.5%

.. 14 847.2 14 991.2 16 936.7 18 479.5 18 939.4 19 596.3 20 256.1

36.4%

9 335.2 10 822.1 12 211.6 14 404.2 18 066.8 22 848.1 24 589.4 26 653.6 29 067.1

138.0%

11 537.6 13 204.7 15 720.6 17 796.5 21 087.5 23 355.3 27 505.9 29 777.9 30 567.3 31 525.8 32 360.9

53.5%

..

..

5 968.4

7 403.8

..

30 680.4 26 901.1 11 925.2 10 797.2 4 178.7 3 044.0 24 476.3

2006

31 698.8 27 652.7 12 259.8 11 109.9 4 283.0 3 260.1 26 480.6

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

347.2 322.1 3 850.5 4 519.8

413.5 424.5 4 276.9 5 114.9

496.1 585.8 5 128.0 6 210.0

568.1 644.9 6 011.0 7 224.0

654.7 700.7 7 055.0 8 410.4

713.0 873.0 960.8 988.5 1 019.2 1 046.9 756.0 985.9 1 047.4 1 080.9 1 133.0 1 169.2 7 972.8 9 764.8 10 623.9 10 936.7 11 240.6 11 468.0 9 441.8 11 623.7 12 632.1 13 006.1 13 392.8 13 684.1

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

214.3 1 317.9 99.8 43.7 1 675.7

237.9 1 571.8 132.7 51.6 1 993.9

275.8 1 947.9 185.5 50.1 2 459.3

319.9 2 268.7 270.3 58.6 2 917.5

369.0 2 867.2 428.3 60.3 3 724.7

433.5 3 091.8 623.8 70.3 4 219.4

666.8 3 620.2 1 065.7 101.1 5 453.8

80.7% 26.3% 148.9% 67.5% 46.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

105.8 139.3 103.9 79.9 57.7 728.2 1 065.6 102.3 67.8 2.9 25.1 687.4 7.0 210.8 58.7 210.3 64.0 37.3 357.1 135.1 151.4 175.1 769.5 5 342.1

122.1 159.9 118.6 84.6 69.9 840.0 1 164.7 121.3 86.9 3.5 30.8 788.8 7.9 238.6 70.4 269.0 74.3 42.6 442.1 152.0 151.4 219.8 836.8 6 096.0

143.5 187.0 132.0 97.0 81.1 994.0 1 374.3 148.7 103.6 4.8 38.5 980.5 8.8 271.9 87.9 280.5 95.3 47.4 487.3 162.4 164.6 247.1 913.2 7 051.4

154.3 196.0 138.6 110.9 92.7 1 073.3 1 470.7 149.8 113.0 5.4 43.6 1 065.9 10.0 288.6 103.5 283.0 99.6 51.2 522.2 178.0 177.4 313.3 1 014.1 7 655.0

179.5 228.2 150.0 118.9 109.3 1 260.3 1 730.0 159.3 116.0 6.3 54.9 1 243.8 14.3 342.4 112.6 278.6 131.3 54.9 650.7 201.9 204.8 410.6 1 194.0 8 952.4

198.7 230.2 243.2 250.1 258.6 266.5 246.9 282.2 300.2 305.8 314.9 323.6 142.9 153.8 173.8 184.8 197.4 209.1 133.5 153.7 159.7 163.6 169.0 171.8 105.2 132.8 146.2 150.4 157.7 164.8 1 334.7 1 532.9 1 633.9 1 664.9 1 701.0 1 738.0 1 928.7 2 130.2 2 177.9 2 194.8 2 259.7 2 315.3 169.5 200.8 239.7 246.6 257.7 268.1 102.9 125.3 148.4 154.2 160.6 162.3 6.4 8.1 9.3 10.0 10.4 10.8 68.8 108.9 134.1 142.7 150.8 159.9 1 324.9 1 455.7 1 511.5 1 519.8 1 547.8 1 570.4 17.4 23.4 26.5 27.9 29.7 31.2 383.5 467.7 489.3 499.3 516.2 534.1 135.2 162.1 176.0 180.8 185.0 190.8 310.2 403.8 453.6 470.0 499.3 532.4 142.9 174.5 180.6 182.3 184.8 188.3 50.1 59.2 70.6 75.2 81.6 90.1 701.2 857.4 971.8 1 006.9 1 046.0 1 084.3 208.7 246.0 270.2 279.1 290.9 298.3 205.8 227.7 236.7 242.6 250.8 259.2 480.9 588.6 678.3 735.3 786.0 821.0 1 295.2 1 533.5 1 694.8 1 729.7 1 778.8 1 832.6 9 694.2 11 258.2 12 126.3 12 416.8 12 834.8 13 223.1

48.5% 41.8% 39.4% 44.5% 50.8% 37.9% 33.8% 68.3% 39.9% 71.9% 191.3% 26.3% 118.1% 56.0% 69.4% 91.1% 43.5% 64.2% 66.7% 47.8% 26.6% 100.0% 53.5% 47.7%

..

..

..

..

8 557.2

9 151.5 10 570.2 11 398.6 11 641.5 12 025.8 12 392.8

44.8%

European Union - 27

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

524.8 3 246.3 772.8 80.2 4 624.0

601.0 3 397.6 926.8 94.1 5 019.5

618.7 3 463.4 965.7 96.6 5 144.4

638.4 3 546.4 1 015.3 98.2 5 298.2

59.9% 66.9% 62.6% 62.7%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.35

GDP using purchasing power parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat billion 2000 US dollars

2007

% change 90-07

9 335.2 10 822.1 12 211.6 14 404.2 18 066.8 22 848.1 24 589.4 26 653.6 29 067.1

138.0%

77.4 14.9 2.8 .. 12.9 1.6 52.9 16.1 57.4 .. 30.6 5.7 19.3 13.0 37.8 46.5 9.1 .. 59.6 8.6 238.0 19.7 8.3 4.2 19.6 7.0 17.3 102.4 882.6

104.5 15.0 3.4 .. 17.6 2.0 49.1 19.7 91.5 .. 34.1 5.3 20.3 17.7 59.6 60.7 9.3 .. 72.2 9.1 277.2 22.1 9.5 5.3 26.6 7.1 18.6 117.5 1 074.8

132.2 16.0 4.2 4.6 27.4 3.2 53.8 20.0 126.8 .. 32.2 6.0 19.8 20.0 51.2 71.3 7.3 .. 61.9 10.4 296.5 22.9 10.0 5.2 32.7 7.3 22.9 124.3 1 190.0

137.3 18.8 4.4 8.1 24.4 3.1 53.6 21.2 155.9 .. 41.3 6.3 25.1 26.3 40.5 88.5 9.5 .. 80.3 11.7 322.0 28.3 13.2 5.9 37.8 7.9 28.6 140.5 1 340.3

139.1 14.9 5.4 9.8 22.1 3.2 36.8 22.8 184.2 3.5 43.4 7.3 30.9 28.5 43.2 92.7 11.2 9.3 90.8 13.0 336.1 36.3 14.4 5.9 45.7 7.3 30.4 141.6 1 429.9

162.3 20.2 7.0 14.7 27.9 3.6 30.1 26.6 237.3 3.6 54.2 7.4 38.2 31.7 46.9 111.8 16.1 11.1 105.6 15.8 385.6 49.6 17.6 7.3 60.1 8.4 31.5 176.0 1 708.2

196.0 27.5 8.2 18.3 32.7 4.2 34.4 26.2 270.2 4.0 66.2 7.9 46.1 35.7 57.8 138.4 22.4 13.3 134.9 18.8 444.1 62.4 22.7 8.0 71.7 10.1 25.2 209.5 2 017.3

206.0 33.1 8.5 19.2 33.5 4.5 36.6 26.6 282.3 4.1 74.1 8.1 48.8 37.8 59.8 142.6 24.3 14.0 142.2 19.9 466.3 66.4 24.3 8.1 74.5 10.6 23.9 219.2 2 119.4

209.7 39.3 8.8 19.9 34.6 4.8 38.5 26.8 301.6 4.1 82.1 8.2 52.0 40.2 63.1 153.6 26.4 14.4 151.0 20.4 491.5 73.9 26.0 8.4 78.8 11.3 22.8 229.1 2 241.0

216.2 47.6 9.2 20.9 35.8 4.7 41.0 27.2 323.0 4.1 91.2 8.7 55.2 43.0 67.4 157.8 28.3 15.2 159.9 21.3 516.6 81.4 27.8 8.6 83.8 12.0 21.4 243.1 2 372.5

57.5% 153.4% 109.7% 160.0% 46.9% 48.7% -23.5% 28.6% 107.2% .. 120.8% 37.2% 120.3% 63.6% 66.6% 78.2% 198.9% .. 99.1% 82.4% 60.5% 187.6% 110.6% 46.2% 121.6% 52.0% -25.4% 73.1% 77.0%

1.7 170.0 69.0 39.9 4.9 36.3 12.2 4.9 8.1 78.8 11.1 8.7 2.1 447.7

3.2 241.3 87.8 51.8 4.8 30.0 12.0 6.4 8.2 164.0 18.9 22.4 2.9 653.6

5.2 209.1 132.0 62.4 10.0 31.7 10.2 8.3 9.5 229.1 26.1 46.7 5.1 785.5

4.9 253.3 84.5 72.2 12.9 25.1 14.2 16.8 8.0 181.5 30.1 40.8 7.3 751.6

6.1 256.5 45.1 89.2 12.2 28.8 8.1 19.6 7.9 214.8 32.4 45.8 8.6 775.1

8.5 303.2 17.2 122.1 17.2 39.1 14.4 26.1 9.1 247.4 47.5 54.2 11.3 917.2

10.4 369.7 35.4 155.0 20.1 42.9 16.2 30.8 15.9 280.8 53.2 69.7 14.7 1 115.0

13.0 463.8 26.1 164.0 25.4 57.8 19.6 36.5 22.0 320.4 62.5 89.3 17.2 1 317.7

14.0 485.2 27.1 172.4 27.2 64.4 19.8 38.7 23.3 338.2 65.4 96.7 18.1 1 390.5

15.1 513.8 27.2 181.3 28.9 67.6 19.8 41.6 25.4 348.9 68.7 106.0 18.7 1 463.1

16.1 554.0 28.5 191.1 30.6 70.7 20.2 44.7 29.0 360.7 73.2 113.9 19.4 1 552.2

164.7% 116.0% -36.7% 114.3% 150.7% 145.3% 149.7% 128.1% 267.2% 67.9% 126.2% 148.4% 125.4% 100.3%

5.3 .. 24.9 .. 3.1 0.4 .. 1.1 67.0 .. .. 73.0 174.8

6.6 .. 34.0 .. 2.8 0.4 .. 1.7 101.4 .. .. 89.6 236.5

8.8 .. 45.8 .. 4.9 0.5 .. 2.9 146.2 .. .. 120.6 329.6

9.7 .. 54.0 .. 6.4 0.5 .. 3.2 172.0 .. .. 122.7 368.5

9.9 5.7 58.2 47.8 9.0 0.6 13.3 4.2 157.0 37.5 28.8 .. 372.2

8.7 6.1 51.0 34.7 11.2 0.7 10.5 5.5 141.0 36.8 27.9 .. 334.1

11.4 20.5 48.9 41.0 13.6 0.8 12.2 6.9 132.3 36.6 34.5 .. 358.6

14.0 24.9 59.5 49.6 15.3 0.9 12.5 7.0 167.6 44.1 39.5 .. 435.0

14.8 26.2 63.2 51.8 15.9 0.9 13.1 7.2 174.6 42.6 41.3 .. 451.4

15.5 27.8 67.2 54.2 16.5 0.9 13.6 7.4 188.4 45.0 43.7 .. 480.2

16.5 29.3 71.4 57.3 17.2 0.9 14.2 7.7 199.7 48.4 46.7 .. 509.3

65.9% 416.0% 22.6% 19.7% 91.4% 52.2% 6.8% 81.8% 27.1% 28.9% 61.9% .. 36.8%

1971

1975

5 968.4

7 403.8

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

51.8 14.8 2.5 .. 9.7 1.1 49.9 12.9 50.0 .. 28.0 2.8 20.6 10.0 46.7 38.6 10.8 .. 51.9 7.6 207.5 16.0 6.9 3.5 14.5 6.2 14.9 95.9 775.2

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

Non-OECD Total

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.36 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

GDP using purchasing power parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat billion 2000 US dollars

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 665.5

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 082.2

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 540.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 823.8

11.0 33.8 54.2 13.6 25.1 93.2 11.0 25.2 43.0 15.9 1 523.6 11.5 20.2 456.9 37.7 2 375.9

5.8 14.2 35.4 9.6 7.1 57.2 5.6 14.4 25.0 6.4 946.5 4.4 12.6 219.3 30.6 1 393.8

7.5 19.9 48.1 12.9 9.4 64.7 7.4 18.9 30.5 5.6 1 025.4 4.4 15.4 198.5 36.9 1 505.4

11.7 29.7 63.1 17.2 12.3 96.5 8.9 25.4 41.2 7.4 1 298.3 6.4 28.8 279.7 44.9 1 971.3

13.3 37.5 69.0 18.8 13.4 105.9 8.9 28.0 44.5 7.9 1 381.3 6.9 31.4 287.2 48.0 2 102.1

15.0 50.5 75.9 20.7 14.7 117.2 9.1 31.5 47.9 8.3 1 483.6 7.3 34.2 308.2 51.6 2 275.7

17.1 63.1 82.1 22.0 16.5 127.7 9.9 34.7 52.1 8.6 1 603.7 7.9 38.2 331.6 56.4 2 471.6

55.5% 86.4% 51.5% 62.1% -34.3% 37.1% -10.5% 38.0% 21.0% -45.9% 5.3% -31.3% 89.2% -27.4% 49.8% 4.0%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

263.1 9.7 410.5 43.0 95.0 9.3 35.7 13.8 14.7 15.9 16.9 10.9 7.7 6.5 .. 12.6 7.0 6.4 65.6 6.5 16.2 81.6 15.5 1 163.9

290.0 12.2 601.4 36.8 118.1 11.7 42.8 19.2 21.0 19.2 21.0 11.6 8.9 7.0 .. 15.7 8.0 8.4 80.3 7.3 17.4 93.0 16.3 1 467.1

333.1 13.6 830.6 52.3 153.4 15.0 50.3 24.8 27.1 19.1 27.7 15.3 12.5 5.9 2.3 12.7 9.5 14.2 89.9 10.7 21.8 105.0 20.7 1 867.5

292.9 12.3 876.7 54.7 171.4 15.0 75.7 27.3 29.0 16.6 26.2 14.5 13.7 6.0 2.2 13.1 11.3 15.4 91.4 9.6 18.0 100.2 21.4 1 914.5

286.1 13.7 968.4 75.7 218.1 19.3 75.0 31.3 33.2 18.4 30.2 14.7 15.9 7.7 2.4 11.0 10.9 18.7 83.0 8.6 21.7 113.8 27.1 2 104.9

392.9 16.8 1 126.4 114.8 267.1 25.2 52.0 38.4 37.9 24.8 37.2 11.4 19.0 9.3 2.7 12.1 14.2 22.5 108.4 9.2 26.4 134.9 29.4 2 533.0

446.3 19.9 1 244.3 140.7 279.5 32.1 65.1 55.9 39.7 28.9 45.2 12.9 22.0 9.3 2.7 15.4 17.8 22.3 122.6 11.7 29.3 140.0 34.7 2 838.2

451.0 22.1 1 383.7 163.8 320.4 37.0 73.2 60.5 48.8 31.3 50.8 12.3 26.1 10.0 2.8 17.3 20.6 24.6 140.9 16.2 28.7 144.0 37.4 3 123.6

492.4 23.1 1 427.4 172.9 338.7 39.2 81.8 66.2 51.8 32.3 52.5 12.5 27.6 10.1 2.8 18.0 22.0 25.3 150.5 17.2 30.6 158.8 38.6 3 292.6

534.1 24.2 1 481.0 180.4 362.3 42.7 92.1 73.2 53.8 33.6 55.3 12.8 29.4 10.4 2.9 18.7 23.9 26.4 162.2 19.3 32.8 175.2 40.3 3 486.9

580.4 25.3 1 561.3 189.6 389.6 46.0 98.5 79.5 55.2 35.2 58.4 13.2 31.2 9.6 2.9 19.4 26.7 28.1 176.5 20.3 35.2 190.0 41.7 3 713.9

102.9% 84.7% 61.2% 150.5% 78.6% 138.5% 31.4% 153.6% 66.1% 91.2% 93.5% -10.0% 96.0% 24.9% 24.8% 75.7% 144.9% 50.8% 112.6% 137.9% 62.1% 66.9% 54.1% 76.4%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

75.3 2.7 .. 53.6 621.7 107.2 10.6 28.7 .. 15.8 10.1 61.5 113.6 10.8 17.5 63.8 41.0 36.0 1 269.9

70.4 3.3 .. 73.0 705.5 145.9 16.7 38.3 .. 17.6 11.2 71.7 142.6 14.8 20.6 80.4 41.4 39.0 1 492.2

86.4 5.3 .. 121.4 822.5 213.6 28.7 57.7 .. 23.9 12.5 96.8 191.5 22.3 26.6 118.0 43.8 44.3 1 915.2

103.7 4.4 .. 168.1 1 057.5 280.9 45.9 74.0 3.5 30.3 15.9 134.3 179.6 30.4 33.9 153.8 60.4 51.1 2 427.7

124.5 4.5 .. 261.4 1 411.9 396.4 54.8 103.0 4.3 27.2 19.9 178.0 226.3 45.7 40.1 251.1 76.3 52.8 3 278.1

154.3 4.9 16.0 370.8 1 809.1 578.8 43.0 162.0 3.7 35.9 25.6 223.2 251.9 69.8 52.1 379.8 113.2 57.3 4 351.4

199.0 5.2 22.8 491.4 2 402.0 599.3 38.2 204.7 4.2 53.9 32.4 262.0 305.5 94.8 66.7 388.4 158.4 62.5 5 391.1

244.6 5.8 31.5 552.6 3 077.3 714.3 39.1 245.0 5.4 86.8 37.0 310.4 362.4 108.7 76.2 476.1 209.7 80.8 6 663.8

259.2 5.8 35.6 575.1 3 365.1 754.9 39.8 258.1 5.8 98.2 38.2 334.2 380.4 116.6 81.0 497.7 227.5 86.0 7 159.2

276.4 6.0 39.5 602.0 3 690.5 796.6 40.5 273.0 6.3 105.1 39.6 354.9 400.9 126.2 87.2 523.1 246.2 91.9 7 705.7

294.1 6.0 43.5 636.3 4 024.9 846.9 40.0 290.3 6.9 110.9 40.8 376.2 429.7 135.9 93.1 548.0 267.0 101.0 8 291.7

136.3% 34.7% .. 143.4% 185.1% 113.7% -26.9% 181.7% 62.3% 307.9% 105.1% 111.4% 89.9% 197.6% 132.2% 118.2% 250.0% 91.4% 152.9%

444.5 26.8 471.3

553.6 35.9 589.5

759.4 62.3 821.7

1 263.9 82.2 1 346.1

1 845.6 119.2 1 964.9

3 291.0 153.8 3 444.8

4 975.2 175.1 5 150.2

7 119.3 200.2 7 319.6

7 859.8 214.4 8 074.2

8 771.5 9 911.8 229.4 244.1 9 000.9 10 155.8

437.0% 104.7% 416.9%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.37

Population Population millions

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

World

3 758.4

4 063.9

4 435.4

4 828.5

5 259.2

5 675.7

6 072.7

6 382.3

6 458.9

6 535.2

6 609.3

25.7%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

827.8 705.1 229.7 354.6 120.8 86.6 2 930.5

858.5 729.1 239.1 361.4 128.6 89.3 3 205.3

891.8 754.8 252.2 367.8 134.8 92.7 3 543.5

920.9 775.7 264.3 371.3 140.0 94.9 3 907.6

1 176.5 799.2 277.9 377.3 144.0 321.1 4 082.8

1 208.7 827.6 295.9 384.4 147.3 319.5 4 467.0

1 234.3 853.0 313.1 389.9 150.0 313.9 4 838.3

1 256.0 876.2 325.6 398.5 152.1 308.0 5 126.3

1 260.8 881.9 328.7 400.8 152.4 306.8 5 198.2

1 266.2 887.6 331.8 403.0 152.7 305.6 5 269.0

1 271.5 893.3 335.1 405.2 153.1 304.3 5 337.8

8.1% 11.8% 20.6% 7.4% 6.3% -5.2% 30.7%

583.9

602.5

619.7

632.1

859.9

870.3

874.4

880.7

882.5

884.3

885.8

3.0%

2 876.8

3 143.3

3 470.7

3 824.9

4 215.7

4 586.0

4 942.8

5 219.5

5 289.1

5 357.7

5 424.0

28.7%

OECD Total

881.6

920.6

964.6

1 003.6

1 043.6

1 089.8

1 129.9

1 162.7

1 169.8

1 177.4

1 185.3

13.6%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

22.0 49.9 207.7 279.5

23.1 56.7 216.0 295.9

24.5 65.7 227.7 317.9

25.8 73.5 238.5 337.9

27.7 81.3 250.2 359.1

29.3 91.1 266.6 387.0

30.7 98.3 282.4 411.4

32.0 102.9 293.6 428.5

32.3 103.8 296.4 432.5

32.6 104.7 299.2 436.6

33.0 105.7 302.1 440.7

19.1% 30.1% 20.7% 22.7%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

13.2 104.8 32.9 2.9 153.7

14.0 111.5 35.3 3.1 163.9

14.8 116.8 38.1 3.1 172.9

15.9 120.8 40.8 3.3 180.8

17.2 123.5 42.9 3.4 186.9

18.2 125.5 45.1 3.7 192.4

19.3 126.8 47.0 3.9 197.0

20.2 127.8 48.0 4.1 200.1

20.5 127.8 48.1 4.1 200.5

20.8 127.8 48.3 4.1 201.0

21.1 127.8 48.5 4.2 201.5

23.1% 3.5% 13.0% 24.5% 7.8%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

7.5 9.7 9.8 5.0 4.6 52.4 78.3 9.0 10.4 0.2 3.0 54.1 0.3 13.2 3.9 32.8 8.7 4.6 34.3 8.1 6.3 36.2 55.9 448.4

7.6 9.8 10.1 5.1 4.7 53.9 78.7 9.2 10.5 0.2 3.2 55.4 0.4 13.7 4.0 34.0 9.2 4.7 35.7 8.2 6.4 40.1 56.2 460.9

7.5 9.9 10.3 5.1 4.8 55.1 78.3 9.8 10.7 0.2 3.4 56.4 0.4 14.1 4.1 35.6 9.9 5.0 37.7 8.3 6.4 44.4 56.3 473.8

7.6 9.9 10.3 5.1 4.9 56.6 77.7 10.1 10.6 0.2 3.5 56.6 0.4 14.5 4.2 37.2 10.1 5.2 38.6 8.4 6.5 50.3 56.6 484.9

7.7 10.0 10.4 5.1 5.0 58.2 79.4 10.3 10.4 0.3 3.5 56.7 0.4 14.9 4.2 38.0 10.0 5.3 39.0 8.6 6.8 56.2 57.2 497.6

7.9 10.1 10.3 5.2 5.1 59.4 81.7 10.6 10.3 0.3 3.6 56.8 0.4 15.5 4.4 38.3 10.0 5.4 39.4 8.8 7.0 61.6 58.0 510.3

8.0 10.2 10.3 5.3 5.2 60.8 82.2 10.9 10.2 0.3 3.8 56.9 0.4 15.9 4.5 38.3 10.2 5.4 40.3 8.9 7.2 67.5 58.9 521.5

8.2 10.4 10.2 5.4 5.2 62.4 82.5 11.1 10.1 0.3 4.1 58.2 0.5 16.3 4.6 38.2 10.5 5.4 42.7 9.0 7.4 71.8 59.8 534.1

8.2 10.5 10.2 5.4 5.2 62.8 82.5 11.1 10.1 0.3 4.1 58.6 0.5 16.3 4.6 38.2 10.5 5.4 43.4 9.0 7.4 72.1 60.2 536.8

8.3 10.5 10.3 5.4 5.3 63.2 82.4 11.1 10.1 0.3 4.3 58.9 0.5 16.3 4.7 38.1 10.6 5.4 44.1 9.1 7.5 73.0 60.6 539.8

8.3 10.6 10.3 5.5 5.3 63.6 82.3 11.2 10.1 0.3 4.4 59.3 0.5 16.4 4.7 38.1 10.6 5.4 44.9 9.1 7.5 73.9 60.8 543.0

8.3% 6.6% -0.4% 6.2% 6.1% 9.3% 3.7% 8.3% -3.0% 22.0% 24.3% 4.6% 25.7% 9.6% 11.0% 0.2% 6.1% 1.9% 15.0% 6.9% 10.5% 31.5% 6.2% 9.1%

European Union - 27

431.7

441.0

450.6

456.2

472.9

478.7

482.9

489.8

492.0

493.9

495.9

4.9%

Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.38 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Population Population millions

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

2 876.8

3 143.3

3 470.7

3 824.9

4 215.7

4 586.0

4 942.8

5 219.5

5 289.1

5 357.7

5 424.0

28.7%

14.2 6.2 2.9 .. 7.0 1.4 21.2 5.5 36.0 .. 30.7 0.5 9.3 11.7 2.1 15.4 9.7 .. 55.1 4.5 22.6 14.9 14.0 2.2 5.2 4.4 5.4 68.9 371.0

16.0 6.8 3.2 .. 7.8 1.5 24.0 6.6 39.2 .. 34.2 0.6 10.3 13.5 2.5 17.1 10.6 .. 61.2 5.1 24.7 16.8 16.0 2.4 5.6 5.0 6.2 75.9 412.9

18.8 7.8 3.7 .. 9.1 1.8 28.1 8.3 43.7 .. 37.1 0.7 11.4 16.3 3.1 19.4 12.1 .. 71.1 5.9 27.6 19.6 18.7 2.8 6.4 5.9 7.3 88.7 475.3

22.1 9.3 4.4 1.2 10.5 2.1 32.4 10.5 49.2 .. 43.5 0.8 13.5 19.7 3.9 21.8 13.3 .. 81.6 6.8 31.3 23.1 21.8 3.4 7.3 7.0 8.9 99.8 549.0

25.3 10.5 5.2 1.4 12.2 2.4 37.9 12.8 55.1 .. 51.2 0.9 15.6 23.4 4.4 24.2 13.5 .. 94.5 7.9 35.2 25.9 25.5 4.0 8.2 8.1 10.5 116.0 631.8

28.3 12.3 6.2 1.6 14.1 2.8 45.3 15.0 60.6 3.2 56.6 1.1 17.9 27.4 4.8 26.4 15.9 1.7 109.0 9.1 39.1 29.5 29.9 4.5 9.0 9.3 11.8 127.0 719.3

30.5 13.9 7.2 1.7 15.9 3.2 50.7 17.0 66.5 3.7 65.8 1.2 20.1 31.3 5.3 28.5 18.2 1.9 124.8 10.3 44.0 33.3 33.8 5.4 9.6 10.5 12.7 148.1 815.2

32.4 15.6 8.2 1.8 17.4 3.5 56.9 18.3 71.6 4.4 73.2 1.3 22.1 34.7 5.8 29.8 20.1 2.0 138.0 11.5 46.3 36.1 37.5 6.1 9.9 11.3 13.0 166.4 895.2

32.9 16.1 8.5 1.8 17.8 3.6 58.7 18.6 72.9 4.5 75.2 1.3 22.5 35.6 5.9 30.1 20.5 2.0 141.4 11.8 46.9 36.9 38.5 6.2 10.0 11.5 13.1 171.3 916.2

33.4 16.6 8.8 1.9 18.2 3.7 60.6 18.9 74.2 4.7 77.2 1.3 23.0 36.6 6.0 30.5 21.0 2.0 144.7 12.1 47.4 37.7 39.5 6.4 10.1 11.7 13.2 176.3 937.5

33.9 17.0 9.0 1.9 18.5 3.8 62.4 19.3 75.5 4.8 79.1 1.3 23.5 37.5 6.2 30.9 21.4 2.1 148.0 12.4 47.6 38.6 40.4 6.6 10.2 11.9 13.4 181.4 958.4

33.9% 61.6% 74.3% 37.6% 51.4% 55.5% 64.5% 50.8% 36.9% .. 54.5% 44.9% 50.6% 60.1% 41.1% 27.7% 57.8% .. 56.7% 57.2% 35.2% 48.7% 58.6% 66.1% 25.7% 46.8% 27.8% 56.4% 51.7%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.2 29.4 9.7 3.1 1.6 0.8 2.5 0.8 0.1 6.0 6.6 0.3 6.5 67.5

0.3 33.2 11.1 3.5 1.8 1.0 2.7 0.9 0.2 7.3 7.5 0.5 7.1 77.1

0.3 39.1 13.2 3.9 2.2 1.4 2.8 1.2 0.2 9.6 9.0 1.0 8.4 92.3

0.4 47.1 15.7 4.2 2.6 1.7 2.9 1.5 0.4 12.9 10.8 1.4 10.1 111.8

0.5 54.4 18.1 4.7 3.2 2.1 3.0 1.8 0.5 16.4 12.7 1.8 12.3 131.5

0.6 59.0 19.6 5.5 4.2 1.8 3.5 2.2 0.5 18.5 14.6 2.4 15.5 147.9

0.7 63.9 22.7 6.3 4.8 2.2 3.8 2.4 0.6 20.7 16.5 3.2 18.2 165.9

0.7 68.1 25.4 6.8 5.3 2.5 4.0 2.5 0.8 22.5 18.4 3.9 20.5 181.3

0.7 69.1 26.1 6.9 5.4 2.5 4.0 2.5 0.8 23.1 18.9 4.1 21.1 185.3

0.7 70.1 26.8 7.0 5.5 2.6 4.1 2.5 0.8 23.7 19.4 4.2 21.7 189.3

0.8 71.0 27.5 7.2 5.7 2.7 4.1 2.6 0.8 24.2 19.9 4.4 22.4 193.2

52.7% 30.6% 51.6% 53.9% 80.4% 25.3% 37.8% 41.1% 79.0% 47.7% 56.4% 146.2% 81.8% 47.0%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

2.2 .. 8.5 .. 0.6 0.0 .. 0.3 20.5 .. .. 20.0 52.2

2.4 .. 8.7 .. 0.5 0.0 .. 0.3 21.2 .. .. 20.7 54.0

2.7 .. 8.9 .. 0.5 0.0 .. 0.4 22.2 .. .. 21.6 56.3

3.0 .. 8.9 .. 0.5 0.0 .. 0.3 22.7 .. .. 22.2 57.7

3.3 4.3 8.7 4.8 0.6 0.0 1.9 0.4 23.2 9.9 2.0 .. 59.1

3.2 3.3 8.4 4.7 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.4 22.7 10.9 2.0 .. 58.1

3.1 3.7 8.1 4.5 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.4 22.4 8.2 2.0 .. 55.1

3.1 3.8 7.8 4.4 0.7 0.0 2.0 0.4 21.7 8.1 2.0 .. 54.1

3.2 3.8 7.7 4.4 0.8 0.0 2.0 0.4 21.6 7.4 2.0 .. 53.4

3.2 3.8 7.7 4.4 0.8 0.0 2.0 0.4 21.6 7.4 2.0 .. 53.3

3.2 3.8 7.6 4.4 0.8 0.0 2.0 0.4 21.5 7.4 2.0 .. 53.2

-3.3% -12.4% -12.3% -7.2% 35.7% -3.4% 6.7% 13.6% -7.2% -25.6% 1.0% .. -9.9%

Non-OECD Total Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.39

Population Population millions

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 244.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 254.5

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 265.9

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 277.8

3.5 7.2 10.2 1.6 5.5 16.3 4.4 2.7 3.7 4.4 148.3 5.3 3.7 51.9 20.5 289.1

3.2 7.7 10.2 1.4 5.0 15.8 4.6 2.5 3.6 4.4 148.1 5.8 4.2 51.5 22.8 290.9

3.1 8.0 10.0 1.4 4.7 14.9 4.9 2.4 3.5 4.1 146.3 6.2 4.5 49.2 24.7 287.8

3.0 8.3 9.8 1.3 4.5 15.0 5.1 2.3 3.4 3.9 143.9 6.5 4.8 47.5 25.9 285.2

3.0 8.4 9.8 1.3 4.5 15.1 5.1 2.3 3.4 3.9 143.2 6.6 4.8 47.1 26.2 284.7

3.0 8.5 9.7 1.3 4.4 15.3 5.2 2.3 3.4 3.8 142.5 6.6 4.9 46.8 26.5 284.3

3.0 8.6 9.7 1.3 4.4 15.5 5.2 2.3 3.4 3.8 141.6 6.7 5.0 46.4 26.9 283.8

-15.3% 19.7% -4.8% -14.5% -19.5% -5.3% 18.5% -14.8% -8.7% -13.6% -4.5% 27.1% 35.3% -10.6% 31.0% -1.8%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

24.4 4.3 98.4 9.7 23.1 1.9 8.9 4.7 6.1 3.7 5.6 4.8 2.8 1.9 0.2 2.5 1.5 2.4 13.6 1.0 2.8 11.1 2.6 237.8

26.0 4.8 108.1 10.4 25.3 2.1 9.4 5.3 6.9 4.1 6.2 5.1 3.1 2.0 0.2 2.8 1.7 2.7 15.2 1.0 2.8 12.7 2.7 260.6

28.1 5.4 121.6 11.2 28.4 2.3 9.8 5.9 8.0 4.6 7.0 5.7 3.6 2.1 0.2 3.3 1.9 3.1 17.3 1.1 2.9 15.1 2.7 291.4

30.3 6.0 136.1 12.1 31.6 2.7 10.1 6.6 9.1 4.8 7.9 6.4 4.2 2.3 0.2 3.7 2.2 3.6 19.5 1.2 3.0 17.5 2.9 323.9

32.6 6.7 149.5 13.2 34.9 3.1 10.6 7.3 10.3 5.1 8.9 7.1 4.9 2.4 0.2 4.1 2.4 4.2 21.8 1.2 3.1 19.8 3.0 356.3

34.8 7.5 161.6 14.4 38.3 3.5 10.9 8.0 11.4 5.6 10.0 7.8 5.6 2.5 0.2 4.7 2.7 4.8 23.9 1.3 3.2 22.0 3.2 387.8

36.9 8.3 174.2 15.4 41.7 3.9 11.1 8.7 12.3 6.2 11.2 8.6 6.2 2.6 0.2 5.1 3.0 5.3 25.7 1.3 3.3 24.3 3.3 418.9

38.4 9.0 184.3 16.1 44.3 4.3 11.2 9.3 12.9 6.6 12.4 9.1 6.7 2.6 0.2 5.4 3.2 5.8 27.0 1.3 3.3 26.1 3.5 443.1

38.7 9.2 186.8 16.3 44.9 4.3 11.3 9.5 13.1 6.7 12.7 9.3 6.8 2.7 0.2 5.5 3.2 5.9 27.3 1.3 3.3 26.6 3.6 449.1

39.1 9.4 189.3 16.4 45.6 4.4 11.3 9.6 13.2 6.8 13.0 9.4 7.0 2.7 0.2 5.5 3.3 6.0 27.6 1.3 3.3 27.0 3.6 455.0

39.5 9.5 191.6 16.6 46.1 4.5 11.3 9.8 13.3 6.9 13.3 9.6 7.1 2.7 0.2 5.6 3.3 6.1 27.9 1.3 3.3 27.5 3.6 460.6

21.2% 42.7% 28.1% 25.9% 32.2% 45.1% 6.1% 33.7% 29.9% 34.1% 49.8% 35.2% 45.0% 12.0% .. 35.4% 38.6% 45.1% 28.2% 8.9% 6.9% 39.1% 20.2% 29.3%

71.6 0.1 .. 14.9 560.3 120.4 14.6 11.1 .. 27.0 12.4 62.5 37.6 2.1 12.6 38.2 43.7 28.9 1 058.3

79.0 0.2 .. 16.1 613.5 132.6 16.1 12.3 .. 29.8 13.5 71.0 42.0 2.3 13.5 42.2 48.0 31.3 1 163.4

88.9 0.2 .. 17.8 687.3 148.3 17.2 13.8 .. 33.3 15.2 82.7 48.1 2.4 14.7 46.8 53.7 32.8 1 303.3

100.5 0.2 .. 19.3 765.1 163.0 18.7 15.7 1.9 36.8 17.0 94.8 54.3 2.7 15.8 50.8 58.9 32.4 1 448.2

113.0 0.3 .. 20.3 849.5 178.2 20.1 18.1 2.1 40.1 19.1 108.0 61.2 3.0 17.0 54.3 66.2 36.3 1 607.0

126.3 0.3 11.4 21.3 932.2 192.8 21.7 20.6 2.3 43.1 21.7 122.4 68.6 3.5 18.1 57.5 73.0 34.3 1 771.0

139.4 0.3 12.8 22.2 1 015.9 206.3 22.9 23.3 2.4 45.9 24.4 138.1 76.2 4.0 19.4 60.7 77.6 38.8 1 930.6

150.5 0.4 13.7 22.6 1 079.7 217.6 23.5 25.2 2.5 47.6 26.6 152.1 82.9 4.2 19.5 62.6 82.0 44.7 2 057.7

153.3 0.4 14.0 22.7 1 094.6 220.6 23.6 25.7 2.6 48.0 27.1 155.8 84.6 4.3 19.7 63.0 83.1 46.4 2 089.1

156.0 0.4 14.2 22.8 1 109.8 223.0 23.7 26.1 2.6 48.4 27.6 159.0 86.3 4.4 19.9 63.4 84.1 47.9 2 119.6

158.6 0.4 14.4 22.9 1 123.3 225.6 23.8 26.6 2.6 48.8 28.1 162.4 87.9 4.6 19.9 63.8 85.1 49.0 2 147.9

40.3% 51.4% .. 12.7% 32.2% 26.6% 18.1% 46.7% 24.0% 21.5% 47.1% 50.4% 43.6% 50.6% 17.2% 17.6% 28.6% 35.0% 33.7%

841.1 4.0 845.2

916.4 4.5 920.9

981.2 5.1 986.3

1 051.0 5.5 1 056.5

1 135.2 5.7 1 140.9

1 204.9 6.2 1 211.0

1 262.6 6.7 1 269.3

1 296.2 6.8 1 302.9

1 304.5 6.8 1 311.3

1 311.8 6.9 1 318.7

1 320.0 6.9 1 326.9

16.3% 21.4% 16.3%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.40 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

World *

60.8

60.5

59.7

57.4

57.2

56.5

56.0

56.6

56.7

57.1

57.5

0.5%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 66.0 64.0 69.0 67.1 .. ..

.. 64.2 62.2 66.4 67.2 .. ..

.. 62.2 60.9 64.2 62.4 .. ..

.. 59.5 60.1 58.5 59.8 .. ..

59.6 58.4 59.6 55.9 59.8 63.0 51.6

57.5 56.5 58.1 53.3 57.8 61.6 53.7

57.0 56.3 58.7 51.7 57.6 59.6 53.5

56.7 56.3 58.6 51.5 59.4 57.8 55.4

56.4 56.2 58.4 51.0 59.7 57.0 56.2

56.3 55.9 57.9 51.2 59.2 57.5 57.1

56.5 56.1 58.1 50.9 60.9 57.6 57.6

-5.2% -3.8% -2.6% -8.9% 1.8% -8.6% 11.6%

..

..

..

..

59.0

56.5

55.1

54.6

54.3

54.4

54.8

-7.1%

Non-OECD Total

50.4

53.3

54.5

53.0

54.4

54.7

54.0

55.5

56.2

57.0

57.5

5.8%

OECD Total

66.4

64.7

62.8

60.4

59.1

57.2

56.8

56.6

56.4

56.3

56.5

-4.3%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

57.4 53.9 64.6 63.7

54.3 56.0 63.0 62.0

52.9 53.3 61.7 60.5

49.8 55.3 61.2 59.8

49.5 57.7 60.7 59.5

48.1 57.3 59.2 58.0

50.7 57.8 59.6 58.6

49.0 55.0 59.7 58.3

48.9 55.1 59.5 58.2

47.7 57.0 59.1 57.9

50.8 56.8 58.9 58.0

2.7% -1.7% -3.0% -2.6%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

66.7 67.7 73.3 47.5 67.5

71.2 67.0 75.0 46.5 67.7

71.4 61.1 72.1 43.6 63.2

72.5 57.8 68.4 41.8 60.7

72.0 58.1 58.8 38.3 59.7

73.6 55.5 59.4 38.0 58.2

74.3 54.5 54.5 45.8 56.9

78.5 55.5 54.2 50.8 58.1

76.3 56.1 53.3 52.8 58.1

76.2 55.4 53.2 53.5 57.7

76.3 57.5 52.5 50.5 58.8

6.0% -1.0% -10.7% 32.0% -1.5%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

61.8 70.4 79.4 71.0 52.3 65.1 76.6 69.2 78.1 37.0 77.2 66.4 90.7 60.8 42.2 79.5 55.0 65.4 67.3 54.6 56.8 50.6 71.4 69.9

59.5 65.2 83.5 71.7 53.8 62.3 74.3 70.3 75.4 34.7 75.8 65.4 76.6 57.0 39.4 78.4 56.3 62.4 65.0 48.6 51.0 52.9 69.4 67.7

57.4 64.2 84.0 78.1 53.6 57.5 70.6 72.3 71.9 27.7 75.1 65.7 80.0 56.8 36.5 77.9 56.9 66.6 66.3 43.3 46.8 53.9 68.7 66.0

56.2 55.2 81.8 74.9 44.9 42.2 67.8 74.3 66.0 21.8 73.0 64.2 77.4 57.8 32.5 80.3 53.7 62.7 59.1 29.7 44.8 57.5 64.8 61.2

54.2 53.4 76.2 69.4 45.8 37.5 64.6 78.1 55.6 21.5 73.4 64.8 73.3 56.9 32.2 79.6 56.1 63.5 54.6 26.7 40.9 57.5 63.8 58.2

52.6 51.2 72.4 70.8 46.3 35.6 61.6 76.6 52.9 20.7 76.1 61.5 61.9 58.0 33.5 79.5 57.1 54.9 55.4 27.3 41.5 59.2 57.1 55.6

51.4 48.4 72.4 64.1 40.1 35.5 58.6 76.9 51.7 16.5 72.3 59.3 57.8 56.5 31.7 78.2 57.6 50.3 55.6 26.5 40.7 62.7 56.0 54.0

53.2 47.3 64.1 62.4 43.4 34.0 58.6 75.0 51.0 15.8 70.2 59.5 62.4 55.9 31.4 77.1 55.3 48.5 56.2 24.3 40.6 61.2 57.4 53.4

52.4 45.8 63.7 60.1 38.7 34.2 57.2 75.0 48.6 15.0 72.6 59.3 62.5 55.4 30.0 76.0 56.7 48.3 57.2 23.3 41.1 61.2 57.3 53.0

51.7 45.1 62.9 65.5 43.1 33.7 57.6 74.4 48.7 12.8 73.7 60.0 62.0 55.6 29.6 75.0 54.6 48.0 56.1 22.8 39.0 61.5 58.3 53.2

50.2 44.4 63.8 61.3 42.2 33.4 57.6 72.6 48.2 11.4 70.0 58.7 60.7 54.1 32.8 74.9 52.6 49.2 57.2 21.9 39.2 63.3 59.1 53.1

-7.4% -16.9% -16.3% -11.6% -7.8% -10.7% -10.9% -7.1% -13.3% -46.8% -4.6% -9.4% -17.1% -5.0% 2.1% -5.9% -6.2% -22.5% 4.8% -18.0% -4.1% 10.2% -7.3% -8.7%

..

..

..

..

59.2

56.1

54.3

53.8

53.3

53.5

53.3

-10.0%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

European Union - 27

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.41

CO2 emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Non-OECD Total

50.4

53.3

54.5

53.0

54.4

54.7

54.0

55.5

56.2

57.0

57.5

5.8%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

59.6 10.3 6.5 .. 6.4 27.1 9.0 23.2 62.8 .. 3.7 10.5 15.4 16.2 56.8 67.2 10.0 .. 3.9 23.3 92.0 11.1 4.8 11.2 53.1 23.4 31.8 6.9 33.0

60.6 11.6 8.8 .. 8.2 27.6 8.2 24.3 63.0 .. 3.0 13.8 15.3 16.1 59.8 69.4 8.4 .. 6.7 27.6 92.9 10.5 4.7 9.6 52.7 26.9 29.0 7.7 35.7

60.5 14.0 6.9 .. 10.8 29.2 8.8 22.5 66.7 .. 3.1 22.2 13.5 16.8 64.3 68.4 8.2 .. 12.2 30.5 78.7 10.6 4.7 9.8 57.3 17.8 29.3 9.5 35.6

58.1 13.8 7.2 42.5 13.0 25.4 7.7 19.6 60.8 .. 2.7 29.7 11.9 14.2 53.9 70.5 5.6 .. 12.6 32.3 63.3 10.6 4.2 7.1 54.9 13.6 30.9 7.7 33.5

55.6 16.3 3.6 55.6 12.8 20.9 6.0 14.6 59.4 .. 3.6 18.2 12.2 13.5 57.7 67.6 4.4 .. 9.9 28.5 66.9 12.4 4.2 10.8 58.3 11.5 41.1 8.3 33.7

55.2 14.8 2.8 53.2 10.8 16.0 3.8 15.1 56.8 18.5 3.4 23.4 12.2 13.6 53.1 70.7 4.3 47.7 9.1 31.7 63.0 9.1 5.5 8.8 58.9 8.4 36.0 8.6 32.3

55.2 16.4 17.0 54.5 10.6 16.6 3.3 21.7 58.3 20.3 4.1 22.5 15.9 14.1 57.2 66.0 4.4 44.0 11.1 35.8 64.6 9.6 4.6 10.8 58.9 6.5 30.7 8.0 32.9

56.8 22.2 23.1 54.1 10.3 19.7 3.2 14.0 58.9 22.1 5.3 24.9 17.9 12.5 57.3 68.3 4.8 47.2 11.8 39.0 62.7 14.5 5.6 10.6 55.6 7.0 24.9 8.3 33.2

58.1 18.4 23.5 54.6 10.0 19.7 3.2 14.5 59.7 18.8 5.4 29.2 18.0 13.9 57.8 71.5 4.3 47.9 12.7 39.7 62.3 15.1 7.2 9.8 56.0 7.2 25.5 8.2 33.3

56.2 21.1 25.8 55.4 11.0 23.5 3.2 14.6 59.9 17.8 5.7 28.8 21.8 14.9 57.6 70.8 4.4 48.8 11.7 38.7 61.3 17.4 7.6 9.0 55.4 7.4 24.7 8.6 33.3

55.5 24.0 26.0 56.2 15.2 23.8 3.2 12.1 59.9 16.9 6.2 33.0 22.6 14.9 57.8 67.9 5.1 48.9 11.5 37.9 61.5 17.7 7.1 8.7 55.3 7.6 23.6 8.7 33.5

-0.2% 47.1% 611.4% 1.1% 18.6% 13.9% -46.3% -16.8% 0.8% .. 75.9% 81.3% 84.9% 10.5% 0.3% 0.5% 17.6% .. 16.6% 33.1% -8.2% 43.0% 69.2% -19.2% -5.2% -34.0% -42.7% 5.0% -0.5%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

51.1 59.2 66.4 59.9 64.8 95.2 65.3 71.4 57.3 42.0 61.7 57.8 38.7 61.4

59.5 66.3 65.6 58.0 67.5 94.8 68.0 71.5 56.1 61.5 70.9 60.2 60.0 66.7

62.9 57.4 73.2 59.8 66.9 49.6 67.5 61.5 53.4 76.6 70.7 63.7 64.6 64.0

59.7 64.5 66.2 77.3 67.7 63.3 68.5 46.7 49.1 65.9 65.1 63.4 66.1 64.6

64.2 61.3 69.8 69.2 67.4 74.3 67.9 55.8 50.2 65.1 65.0 62.0 61.1 63.9

56.3 63.3 66.0 70.7 67.5 61.0 69.5 56.2 52.5 56.2 65.7 61.3 65.3 61.4

57.5 61.8 77.0 71.9 69.3 59.8 68.7 54.3 50.6 57.2 62.7 61.0 66.6 61.6

57.6 60.5 60.4 73.2 64.3 64.5 69.2 54.0 50.2 55.7 63.8 60.9 66.5 59.7

57.8 60.2 61.6 71.3 64.1 64.5 69.4 52.1 54.3 55.4 65.1 60.9 68.4 59.7

58.2 61.0 61.9 70.7 63.8 64.5 68.2 49.2 54.5 55.9 65.3 60.9 68.7 60.0

57.9 60.2 66.0 71.7 63.6 63.3 67.9 55.3 52.2 56.9 65.3 60.4 68.0 60.1

-9.9% -1.8% -5.4% 3.5% -5.7% -14.8% -0.0% -0.9% 4.1% -12.6% 0.5% -2.6% 11.4% -5.9%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

54.5 .. 78.9 .. 72.2 72.1 .. 73.5 65.1 .. .. 68.9 69.0

54.0 .. 74.2 .. 70.8 72.4 .. 73.6 64.8 .. .. 70.4 68.1

59.4 .. 70.5 .. 71.9 73.6 .. 73.9 64.5 .. .. 62.1 65.1

63.5 .. 63.2 .. 72.3 72.8 .. 79.6 63.7 .. .. 70.7 65.7

56.0 80.5 62.6 57.2 67.4 72.6 82.1 78.6 64.1 75.8 55.4 .. 65.7

33.5 52.2 55.2 53.6 71.5 72.9 78.1 79.2 60.4 77.4 55.0 .. 61.0

42.7 74.9 53.8 54.1 70.1 72.9 75.4 74.5 56.9 76.3 51.9 .. 60.0

41.8 74.1 57.5 55.1 75.1 72.9 73.3 74.8 57.0 75.5 51.5 .. 61.2

47.1 74.1 55.0 55.6 75.3 73.0 72.7 74.8 57.2 71.9 51.1 .. 60.0

45.9 76.0 55.1 55.4 73.0 73.0 72.0 74.8 56.9 73.0 51.8 .. 60.1

44.2 76.7 59.3 56.5 72.1 73.0 72.1 74.9 56.4 75.1 51.9 .. 61.3

-21.1% -4.8% -5.3% -1.3% 6.9% 0.5% -12.2% -4.6% -12.0% -1.0% -6.3% .. -6.8%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.42 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 65.3

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 65.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 61.2

63.5 60.1 65.5 90.3 56.6 77.6 71.6 56.3 49.1 73.1 59.8 50.0 56.7 65.3 61.7 62.1

50.0 59.0 58.3 79.7 45.3 76.7 45.0 45.8 38.7 59.4 60.6 37.2 59.2 57.3 57.0 60.3

40.6 61.3 54.3 76.7 36.4 73.1 44.7 43.8 37.5 54.4 59.3 35.1 59.6 52.1 55.2 58.1

39.6 56.7 53.6 77.1 28.3 72.3 48.4 41.0 33.1 53.4 57.1 38.7 59.9 51.9 55.9 56.6

39.3 57.2 54.0 74.6 29.5 70.2 46.4 40.9 37.5 53.1 56.2 39.0 59.8 51.2 55.8 55.9

38.9 53.2 53.4 72.6 34.6 69.9 44.4 42.1 38.5 52.5 56.5 40.5 59.8 54.0 55.6 56.5

40.2 55.3 53.4 76.5 36.6 68.4 46.8 42.6 37.3 53.7 56.4 42.3 59.9 54.6 55.6 56.6

-36.7% -7.9% -18.5% -15.3% -35.3% -11.8% -34.6% -24.3% -24.0% -26.5% -5.7% -15.5% 5.5% -16.3% -9.9% -8.9%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

58.9 49.4 31.1 57.2 45.3 26.7 40.3 35.2 38.2 17.9 19.9 5.9 19.2 65.5 63.0 28.4 36.2 10.0 40.7 56.0 51.6 63.6 39.5 43.5

57.1 50.8 35.7 53.1 43.9 31.9 46.6 39.8 45.4 21.0 21.8 5.7 20.4 66.0 63.1 29.4 45.5 11.2 42.5 60.4 53.3 60.1 43.1 44.3

54.8 42.2 37.4 53.5 43.6 34.6 45.9 43.4 50.4 15.9 26.6 7.0 21.5 68.2 53.2 27.9 49.3 15.5 43.6 49.7 50.2 62.4 40.9 44.8

51.2 41.0 30.9 48.5 43.7 28.8 50.8 40.2 50.1 15.3 20.6 10.0 19.8 64.3 60.9 22.2 40.3 14.8 41.1 45.2 37.3 57.6 56.6 40.6

52.0 46.9 33.0 56.5 44.3 31.5 39.9 44.5 52.6 20.9 17.8 14.5 21.4 61.5 45.0 20.9 39.4 14.9 47.1 45.5 39.8 57.6 61.3 42.1

52.3 49.2 35.6 52.5 48.7 41.9 51.4 46.1 56.8 33.4 26.8 12.8 29.9 62.2 51.4 25.4 49.4 21.0 51.6 46.5 42.0 54.8 61.5 44.2

54.5 36.9 38.3 51.0 52.3 34.2 52.4 53.8 54.9 31.6 29.7 16.7 35.4 62.3 48.7 31.0 43.6 20.2 51.9 43.7 41.2 53.7 62.1 45.3

55.9 45.3 36.5 51.7 49.8 36.4 64.1 55.7 53.5 31.7 33.2 19.8 41.6 65.5 47.5 30.0 50.9 22.3 54.0 42.7 44.4 54.2 59.2 45.0

56.5 53.2 36.2 51.3 48.6 33.0 63.5 54.1 56.6 31.6 32.6 18.3 41.3 68.3 51.4 29.5 51.8 20.8 49.8 43.8 42.2 54.8 59.1 44.8

55.6 50.1 35.7 51.9 45.9 32.3 59.5 57.5 55.4 30.2 32.5 18.3 38.0 64.8 51.8 27.7 53.9 21.1 50.5 45.2 46.0 56.4 59.0 44.6

53.1 54.1 35.2 55.1 46.0 32.9 63.1 58.3 54.6 30.4 33.7 19.9 41.1 61.1 49.4 30.3 54.9 21.0 51.4 45.5 43.2 53.9 60.0 44.0

2.1% 15.3% 6.5% -2.4% 3.7% 4.4% 58.0% 31.1% 4.0% 45.4% 89.8% 37.6% 91.9% -0.6% 9.9% 44.8% 39.2% 41.2% 9.1% 0.1% 8.6% -6.5% -2.1% 4.7%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

13.4 53.7 .. 73.4 30.5 16.6 83.1 51.5 .. 13.6 1.2 23.3 36.7 52.1 17.4 30.1 22.1 45.3 32.5

16.5 45.4 .. 70.6 32.3 21.6 82.3 53.7 .. 11.3 1.9 24.6 39.2 54.1 15.7 30.1 21.5 46.0 34.4

20.5 46.5 .. 61.7 33.7 28.8 83.0 47.7 .. 12.9 2.7 25.3 36.0 59.0 19.6 37.1 18.0 53.5 37.0

21.2 39.3 .. 50.1 39.0 29.9 83.8 50.8 88.5 12.6 2.6 29.1 28.9 57.4 17.1 38.4 19.0 39.8 39.2

25.4 45.6 .. 56.8 44.2 32.7 82.0 52.4 88.5 8.9 3.6 32.7 34.3 60.0 16.2 44.7 17.0 39.8 42.5

30.7 48.6 9.9 59.0 48.5 34.9 81.3 50.5 88.8 13.7 6.2 35.5 40.8 48.2 22.2 54.0 22.3 31.5 45.2

32.4 45.3 14.5 61.6 51.0 41.9 83.1 55.8 89.0 15.5 9.0 36.9 40.8 47.1 30.5 52.7 28.7 36.3 48.0

35.6 47.8 18.1 59.3 51.4 44.1 82.4 61.2 87.9 17.4 7.2 37.7 43.8 41.4 34.0 54.0 38.3 42.4 49.2

36.3 47.9 18.7 61.0 51.6 45.1 82.7 58.3 88.4 20.0 7.9 37.4 43.4 37.3 35.3 52.6 38.2 42.5 49.2

36.3 50.5 19.5 61.5 53.0 45.5 83.2 59.3 87.8 18.6 8.0 38.5 41.1 38.1 31.2 51.9 39.0 42.1 49.9

37.1 50.3 20.6 60.0 53.2 47.3 81.0 58.4 87.3 18.9 8.0 39.7 42.9 40.1 33.0 51.8 40.1 43.5 50.3

45.9% 10.3% .. 5.8% 20.2% 44.6% -1.2% 11.5% -1.4% 111.6% 119.7% 21.3% 24.8% -33.1% 103.7% 16.1% 136.1% 9.2% 18.3%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

48.8 72.9 49.0

51.9 71.1 52.0

56.1 75.0 56.2

58.8 78.9 59.0

61.2 89.9 61.5

68.1 80.2 68.2

66.4 72.5 66.5

69.7 73.9 69.7

71.5 74.2 71.5

72.5 74.6 72.5

73.6 75.4 73.6

20.3% -16.2% 19.8%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.43

CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

World *

1.09

1.05

1.00

0.91

0.87

0.80

0.73

0.74

0.74

0.74

0.73

-15.4%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 0.83 1.12 0.75 0.44 .. ..

.. 0.76 1.03 0.67 0.43 .. ..

.. 0.68 0.92 0.62 0.36 .. ..

.. 0.58 0.76 0.53 0.32 .. ..

0.70 0.52 0.70 0.46 0.30 4.74 1.49

0.61 0.49 0.65 0.43 0.30 4.50 1.44

0.55 0.46 0.59 0.38 0.30 3.59 1.30

0.52 0.44 0.55 0.37 0.30 3.01 1.37

0.51 0.43 0.54 0.36 0.30 2.86 1.37

0.50 0.41 0.52 0.35 0.29 2.76 1.36

0.49 0.41 0.51 0.34 0.29 2.58 1.34

-30.4% -22.1% -26.2% -27.6% -4.8% -45.5% -10.2%

..

..

..

..

0.70

0.58

0.52

0.50

0.49

0.48

0.47

-32.8%

Non-OECD Total

2.04

2.08

2.05

2.08

2.22

1.91

1.66

1.67

1.65

1.64

1.59

-28.1%

OECD Total

0.86

0.79

0.72

0.62

0.55

0.52

0.48

0.46

0.45

0.44

0.43

-22.0%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1.18 0.47 1.11 1.09

1.10 0.51 1.02 1.00

1.04 0.56 0.91 0.90

0.85 0.60 0.76 0.75

0.80 0.65 0.69 0.69

0.79 0.63 0.64 0.65

0.74 0.56 0.58 0.59

0.69 0.56 0.54 0.55

0.68 0.58 0.53 0.54

0.64 0.57 0.51 0.52

0.66 0.58 0.50 0.52

-17.1% -10.4% -27.0% -25.4%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.88 0.40 0.79 0.48 0.45

0.99 0.38 0.87 0.50 0.44

0.99 0.31 1.01 0.50 0.39

0.91 0.27 0.86 0.51 0.34

0.92 0.26 0.81 0.54 0.33

0.86 0.26 0.88 0.53 0.35

0.85 0.25 0.84 0.61 0.35

0.80 0.25 0.78 0.58 0.35

0.82 0.24 0.73 0.57 0.34

0.80 0.24 0.71 0.58 0.33

0.78 0.24 0.69 0.53 0.33

-15.6% -8.1% -14.3% -0.7% -0.2%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

0.55 1.02 3.94 0.66 0.75 0.68 1.03 0.39 2.40 0.44 0.98 0.57 2.54 0.75 0.39 3.21 0.35 3.04 0.50 0.61 0.23 0.52 0.84 0.84

0.49 0.88 3.49 0.60 0.69 0.59 0.94 0.45 2.17 0.42 0.77 0.54 1.77 0.72 0.33 2.96 0.38 2.99 0.52 0.52 0.22 0.59 0.72 0.77

0.47 0.82 3.39 0.62 0.74 0.54 0.86 0.48 2.15 0.34 0.76 0.49 1.56 0.68 0.31 3.47 0.39 3.39 0.57 0.45 0.22 0.63 0.65 0.73

0.42 0.63 3.30 0.52 0.57 0.39 0.77 0.58 1.90 0.28 0.68 0.43 1.15 0.62 0.25 3.50 0.38 3.08 0.50 0.33 0.21 0.67 0.56 0.64

0.38 0.58 2.81 0.41 0.54 0.32 0.62 0.70 1.50 0.28 0.63 0.42 0.84 0.56 0.24 2.91 0.46 3.00 0.47 0.26 0.18 0.68 0.48 0.54

0.36 0.57 2.35 0.41 0.58 0.31 0.51 0.68 1.45 0.28 0.54 0.41 0.54 0.54 0.23 2.52 0.52 2.37 0.49 0.28 0.18 0.70 0.42 0.49

0.32 0.51 2.15 0.31 0.44 0.28 0.44 0.69 1.13 0.25 0.43 0.39 0.40 0.45 0.20 1.70 0.53 1.83 0.49 0.21 0.17 0.75 0.36 0.43

0.36 0.47 1.90 0.30 0.50 0.27 0.43 0.61 0.98 0.22 0.35 0.40 0.48 0.46 0.20 1.53 0.51 1.53 0.50 0.20 0.17 0.67 0.33 0.42

0.36 0.45 1.76 0.28 0.40 0.27 0.41 0.61 0.95 0.20 0.35 0.40 0.46 0.44 0.19 1.47 0.53 1.47 0.50 0.18 0.17 0.65 0.32 0.41

0.34 0.42 1.66 0.31 0.46 0.26 0.41 0.58 0.91 0.20 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.42 0.19 1.44 0.47 1.33 0.47 0.17 0.16 0.67 0.31 0.40

0.31 0.40 1.58 0.28 0.43 0.25 0.39 0.58 0.87 0.20 0.31 0.37 0.40 0.41 0.19 1.35 0.45 1.19 0.47 0.16 0.15 0.71 0.30 0.39

-16.5% -30.7% -43.6% -30.7% -21.5% -23.9% -37.2% -17.1% -42.2% -27.5% -50.5% -12.9% -53.0% -25.4% -22.9% -53.6% -2.0% -60.5% 0.5% -40.8% -18.1% 4.4% -38.4% -28.7%

..

..

..

..

0.60

0.52

0.45

0.44

0.43

0.42

0.40

-33.0%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

European Union - 27

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.44 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Non-OECD Total

2.04

2.08

2.05

2.08

2.22

1.91

1.66

1.67

1.65

1.64

1.59

-28.1%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.49 0.25 0.37 .. 0.21 0.57 0.35 0.47 0.97 .. 0.31 0.25 0.72 0.95 0.11 0.54 1.01 .. 0.26 0.53 2.43 0.82 0.43 0.53 0.79 1.44 2.07 0.32 1.01

0.54 0.30 0.52 .. 0.22 0.48 0.34 0.48 1.07 .. 0.26 0.19 0.93 0.84 0.33 0.65 0.97 .. 0.45 0.63 2.55 0.67 0.35 0.41 0.76 1.64 1.77 0.35 1.11

0.81 0.40 0.36 .. 0.26 0.46 0.44 0.44 1.10 .. 0.27 0.36 0.86 0.78 0.42 0.69 0.94 .. 0.85 0.74 2.25 0.67 0.32 0.38 0.91 1.23 1.82 0.43 1.09

0.97 0.40 0.35 0.81 0.25 0.30 0.42 0.39 1.23 .. 0.29 0.42 0.84 0.68 0.60 0.70 0.78 .. 1.20 0.69 2.24 0.74 0.30 0.31 0.90 1.00 1.78 0.36 1.15

1.12 0.47 0.18 0.86 0.30 0.25 0.39 0.32 1.21 .. 0.35 0.21 0.83 0.60 0.92 0.67 0.43 .. 0.83 0.58 2.30 0.78 0.25 0.53 0.99 0.86 2.38 0.39 1.18

1.19 0.59 0.13 0.81 0.31 0.18 0.40 0.36 1.08 1.27 0.36 0.27 0.82 0.64 1.11 0.83 0.39 0.63 0.77 0.64 2.39 0.50 0.34 0.53 0.97 0.73 2.08 0.44 1.20

1.14 0.56 0.63 0.68 0.28 0.18 0.47 0.59 1.10 0.95 0.39 0.27 1.03 0.70 1.15 0.76 0.31 0.55 0.89 0.77 2.25 0.44 0.28 0.72 0.93 0.52 1.72 0.38 1.16

1.12 0.70 0.91 0.53 0.25 0.24 0.45 0.53 1.21 0.98 0.47 0.32 1.04 0.61 1.03 0.76 0.29 0.65 0.84 0.80 2.21 0.61 0.33 0.71 0.85 0.52 1.63 0.38 1.14

1.13 0.47 0.92 0.53 0.24 0.25 0.44 0.56 1.28 0.84 0.43 0.38 1.03 0.66 0.97 0.83 0.24 0.66 0.90 0.79 2.06 0.59 0.41 0.66 0.80 0.52 1.84 0.37 1.12

1.15 0.49 1.06 0.54 0.25 0.28 0.43 0.56 1.26 0.73 0.43 0.38 1.25 0.70 0.92 0.78 0.23 0.68 0.78 0.74 1.96 0.60 0.42 0.58 0.78 0.52 1.85 0.38 1.08

1.17 0.50 1.06 0.54 0.36 0.30 0.42 0.47 1.24 0.71 0.43 0.43 1.25 0.66 0.87 0.78 0.26 0.68 0.74 0.67 1.94 0.54 0.38 0.57 0.75 0.51 1.86 0.38 1.06

5.3% 4.9% 488.8% -37.7% 18.3% 21.7% 7.5% 49.4% 2.8% .. 22.3% 106.5% 50.7% 10.2% -5.3% 16.7% -39.2% .. -11.5% 15.6% -15.4% -31.3% 50.9% 7.5% -23.6% -40.1% -21.9% -2.3% -10.1%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

2.29 0.89 0.24 0.45 0.63 0.73 0.37 0.08 0.25 0.25 1.68 0.28 0.90 0.49

2.18 1.13 0.24 0.41 1.03 0.87 0.46 0.17 0.54 0.22 1.50 0.22 0.93 0.51

1.86 1.61 0.33 0.39 1.00 1.10 0.62 0.42 0.73 0.66 1.59 0.40 1.05 0.71

2.80 2.11 0.71 0.43 1.36 1.72 0.52 0.50 1.39 1.06 2.16 0.86 1.03 1.13

2.52 2.49 1.60 0.47 1.79 0.96 0.76 0.78 1.64 1.12 2.63 1.11 1.17 1.32

1.80 3.00 5.69 0.48 1.68 1.19 0.84 0.86 1.88 1.23 2.24 1.28 1.29 1.52

1.77 3.01 3.16 0.45 1.69 1.33 0.84 0.99 1.37 1.33 2.37 1.22 1.40 1.51

1.69 2.99 4.44 0.47 1.57 1.32 0.75 1.06 1.42 1.41 2.10 1.19 1.56 1.56

1.69 3.01 4.31 0.44 1.57 1.31 0.77 1.12 1.43 1.42 2.01 1.12 1.62 1.54

1.75 3.13 4.47 0.43 1.51 1.12 0.65 1.14 1.48 1.45 2.03 1.08 1.65 1.55

1.73 3.07 4.38 0.43 1.49 1.08 0.54 1.24 1.50 1.48 2.02 1.13 1.65 1.56

-31.3% 23.1% 173.5% -8.4% -16.9% 11.9% -28.8% 58.3% -8.7% 32.0% -23.3% 1.9% 41.8% 18.5%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

2.27 .. 9.78 .. 0.83 0.26 .. 1.05 6.12 .. .. 1.88 3.88

2.07 .. 8.24 .. 0.87 0.24 .. 0.68 4.95 .. .. 1.82 3.51

2.68 .. 7.10 .. 0.77 0.26 .. 0.60 4.30 .. .. 1.58 3.08

2.29 .. 5.82 .. 0.63 0.24 .. 0.65 3.60 .. .. 2.15 3.01

1.94 16.90 5.00 1.00 0.62 0.31 2.17 0.96 3.80 6.03 0.79 .. 3.06

0.66 2.22 4.06 1.02 0.68 0.51 2.64 0.75 2.96 4.41 0.86 .. 2.35

0.86 2.71 3.34 0.96 0.67 0.53 2.35 0.54 2.33 4.28 0.70 .. 1.90

0.77 2.44 2.95 0.91 0.65 0.52 2.29 0.65 1.95 4.60 0.67 .. 1.78

0.95 2.43 2.81 0.89 0.64 0.53 2.29 0.67 1.88 3.91 0.66 .. 1.67

0.82 2.52 2.72 0.85 0.62 0.53 2.20 0.61 1.80 3.93 0.63 .. 1.63

0.75 2.49 2.73 0.86 0.62 0.53 2.17 0.63 1.64 3.78 0.59 .. 1.56

-61.2% -85.3% -45.3% -14.7% 0.0% 73.9% 0.3% -34.5% -56.7% -37.2% -25.2% .. -49.0%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.45

CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.94

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.95

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.66

7.26 7.26 8.09 6.09 3.52 8.97 11.05 1.76 2.06 8.34 5.65 5.16 12.47 9.56 8.53 6.33

2.30 8.40 6.45 3.82 3.07 10.32 4.42 1.48 1.52 7.52 6.60 5.52 14.77 11.37 8.92 7.10

1.78 5.57 4.40 2.57 1.43 6.74 3.34 0.87 0.98 5.03 5.83 4.86 12.70 9.34 8.46 5.89

1.16 3.83 3.61 2.20 0.83 5.66 3.42 0.71 0.82 4.45 4.64 4.32 7.36 7.10 6.91 4.67

1.21 3.22 3.32 1.97 0.89 5.51 3.29 0.65 0.81 4.33 4.38 4.25 7.11 6.77 6.13 4.39

1.08 2.26 3.18 1.69 0.92 5.60 3.07 0.62 0.76 3.91 4.22 4.35 6.51 6.39 5.87 4.20

1.09 1.65 2.88 1.87 0.96 5.27 3.10 0.58 0.74 3.83 3.91 4.45 6.40 6.01 5.39 3.89

-85.0% -77.2% -64.4% -69.2% -72.8% -41.2% -71.9% -67.1% -64.0% -54.1% -30.8% -13.9% -48.6% -37.1% -36.8% -38.6%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

0.50 0.52 0.43 0.91 0.82 0.27 1.19 0.71 0.62 0.18 0.32 0.12 0.45 0.98 .. 0.46 0.56 0.28 0.55 1.36 0.46 0.76 0.78 0.56

0.47 0.62 0.44 0.86 0.71 0.30 1.37 0.76 0.74 0.23 0.34 0.12 0.46 1.23 .. 0.46 0.62 0.26 0.53 1.14 0.44 0.81 1.05 0.55

0.45 0.75 0.41 0.76 0.66 0.29 1.31 0.71 0.98 0.19 0.36 0.13 0.42 1.28 8.41 0.55 0.47 0.30 0.53 1.06 0.36 1.05 0.74 0.55

0.47 0.86 0.37 0.67 0.66 0.27 0.93 0.64 1.04 0.22 0.29 0.18 0.38 0.89 4.61 0.54 0.36 0.29 0.46 1.44 0.25 1.14 0.62 0.53

0.55 0.94 0.38 0.81 0.61 0.27 0.85 0.69 0.99 0.26 0.26 0.22 0.42 1.09 2.62 0.65 0.35 0.32 0.53 1.90 0.24 1.10 0.64 0.55

0.47 1.15 0.41 0.67 0.65 0.35 0.98 0.84 1.07 0.42 0.38 0.26 0.58 1.04 2.32 0.81 0.44 0.48 0.50 1.92 0.24 1.05 0.65 0.55

0.49 0.91 0.47 0.74 0.62 0.29 0.88 0.88 1.16 0.40 0.46 0.37 0.62 1.22 3.36 0.90 0.40 0.46 0.50 2.20 0.26 1.08 0.60 0.58

0.51 1.00 0.45 0.71 0.52 0.30 0.83 0.84 1.14 0.41 0.48 0.52 0.80 1.25 3.26 0.94 0.41 0.48 0.47 1.96 0.26 1.06 0.64 0.57

0.48 1.09 0.44 0.69 0.50 0.28 0.71 0.75 1.14 0.41 0.49 0.53 0.78 1.21 3.32 0.89 0.40 0.43 0.44 1.94 0.24 1.03 0.63 0.55

0.47 0.99 0.43 0.69 0.47 0.28 0.62 0.72 1.18 0.38 0.47 0.53 0.68 1.32 3.24 0.83 0.42 0.43 0.40 2.00 0.27 0.98 0.62 0.54

0.44 1.15 0.43 0.70 0.43 0.29 0.61 0.69 1.22 0.39 0.47 0.59 0.81 1.53 3.44 0.89 0.37 0.41 0.40 2.05 0.23 0.90 0.64 0.52

-20.2% 22.4% 11.5% -13.2% -30.4% 5.4% -27.8% -0.5% 23.2% 50.5% 83.2% 172.1% 95.3% 41.3% 31.3% 36.7% 7.7% 28.0% -25.8% 7.6% -5.8% -18.0% 0.0% -4.8%

0.18 0.18 .. 0.88 1.67 0.85 22.35 0.97 .. 1.72 0.11 0.96 0.82 0.57 0.64 0.86 2.00 0.79 1.34

0.28 0.52 .. 0.89 1.78 0.94 16.20 0.92 .. 1.35 0.17 1.03 0.82 0.58 0.53 0.86 2.05 0.86 1.37

0.35 0.59 .. 0.91 1.86 1.17 12.93 0.92 .. 1.28 0.24 0.96 0.70 0.58 0.57 0.92 1.72 1.19 1.37

0.36 0.80 .. 0.65 2.07 1.10 9.67 1.00 12.75 1.15 0.20 1.04 0.62 0.55 0.43 0.83 1.45 0.62 1.37

0.46 0.90 .. 0.67 2.18 1.28 7.32 1.05 11.52 0.89 0.26 1.17 0.70 0.64 0.38 0.99 1.15 0.56 1.38

0.56 1.16 0.53 0.65 2.26 1.21 6.12 1.09 10.55 1.13 0.40 1.27 0.94 0.56 0.43 1.18 1.26 0.41 1.34

0.53 1.08 0.64 0.68 2.12 1.60 6.34 1.24 8.09 0.91 0.56 1.32 0.92 0.41 0.65 1.30 1.43 0.44 1.37

0.58 1.07 0.68 0.71 1.89 1.61 6.40 1.24 6.63 0.74 0.43 1.32 0.81 0.37 0.67 1.42 1.94 0.48 1.33

0.59 1.05 0.64 0.70 1.79 1.59 6.57 1.35 6.44 0.82 0.47 1.25 0.76 0.38 0.67 1.36 1.82 0.45 1.30

0.57 1.15 0.63 0.69 1.76 1.57 6.55 1.32 6.57 0.70 0.47 1.26 0.68 0.35 0.55 1.31 1.78 0.42 1.27

0.57 1.15 0.62 0.66 1.72 1.62 5.48 1.33 6.32 0.68 0.46 1.30 0.67 0.34 0.56 1.30 1.78 0.42 1.26

24.9% 28.5% .. -1.0% -21.2% 25.9% -25.2% 26.7% -45.1% -23.8% 76.8% 11.4% -4.4% -47.5% 47.6% 31.6% 54.7% -24.9% -8.8%

7.47 0.35 6.09

7.88 0.31 6.32

7.68 0.24 5.84

5.60 0.28 4.50

4.97 0.29 4.01

3.77 0.24 3.21

2.53 0.24 2.25

2.65 0.21 2.40

2.67 0.20 2.43

2.65 0.19 2.42

2.52 0.18 2.31

-49.2% -35.9% -42.3%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.46 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

World *

0.80

0.76

0.72

0.65

0.63

0.58

0.52

0.50

0.49

0.48

0.47

-25.2%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 0.82 1.10 0.64 0.58 .. ..

.. 0.75 1.01 0.58 0.57 .. ..

.. 0.67 0.90 0.53 0.49 .. ..

.. 0.57 0.75 0.46 0.42 .. ..

0.62 0.52 0.69 0.40 0.41 1.32 0.59

0.56 0.49 0.64 0.36 0.40 1.34 0.56

0.50 0.45 0.59 0.32 0.40 1.10 0.49

0.47 0.43 0.55 0.32 0.39 0.91 0.50

0.46 0.42 0.53 0.31 0.39 0.86 0.49

0.45 0.41 0.51 0.30 0.38 0.83 0.49

0.44 0.40 0.51 0.29 0.38 0.77 0.48

-29.7% -22.9% -26.2% -27.7% -7.0% -41.4% -19.8%

..

..

..

..

0.59

0.52

0.46

0.44

0.43

0.42

0.40

-32.0%

Non-OECD Total

0.71

0.73

0.73

0.71

0.76

0.66

0.56

0.55

0.54

0.53

0.51

-32.5%

OECD Total

0.81

0.74

0.68

0.58

0.53

0.50

0.45

0.43

0.42

0.41

0.40

-23.5%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

0.98 0.30 1.11 1.05

0.91 0.33 1.02 0.95

0.86 0.36 0.91 0.85

0.71 0.39 0.76 0.72

0.66 0.42 0.69 0.66

0.65 0.41 0.64 0.63

0.61 0.36 0.58 0.57

0.57 0.36 0.54 0.53

0.56 0.37 0.53 0.52

0.53 0.37 0.51 0.50

0.55 0.37 0.50 0.50

-17.1% -10.4% -27.0% -25.4%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.67 0.58 0.52 0.31 0.58

0.76 0.54 0.58 0.33 0.57

0.75 0.45 0.67 0.33 0.50

0.69 0.39 0.57 0.33 0.44

0.70 0.37 0.54 0.35 0.42

0.66 0.37 0.58 0.35 0.43

0.65 0.36 0.56 0.40 0.43

0.61 0.36 0.52 0.38 0.42

0.62 0.35 0.49 0.38 0.41

0.61 0.34 0.47 0.38 0.40

0.59 0.34 0.46 0.35 0.40

-15.6% -8.1% -14.3% -0.7% -6.5%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

0.46 0.84 1.45 0.69 0.69 0.59 0.92 0.25 0.92 0.48 0.87 0.43 2.20 0.61 0.40 1.36 0.23 1.05 0.34 0.61 0.26 0.24 0.81 0.68

0.41 0.72 1.29 0.62 0.64 0.51 0.84 0.28 0.83 0.45 0.69 0.41 1.53 0.59 0.34 1.26 0.24 1.03 0.35 0.52 0.24 0.27 0.69 0.62

0.39 0.67 1.25 0.65 0.68 0.46 0.77 0.30 0.82 0.36 0.67 0.37 1.35 0.56 0.32 1.47 0.25 1.17 0.39 0.45 0.24 0.29 0.63 0.59

0.35 0.52 1.22 0.55 0.52 0.34 0.69 0.36 0.73 0.30 0.60 0.33 0.99 0.51 0.26 1.48 0.25 1.06 0.34 0.33 0.23 0.30 0.54 0.51

0.31 0.47 1.04 0.42 0.50 0.28 0.55 0.44 0.58 0.30 0.56 0.32 0.73 0.46 0.25 1.23 0.30 1.03 0.32 0.26 0.20 0.31 0.46 0.44

0.30 0.47 0.87 0.43 0.53 0.27 0.45 0.43 0.56 0.31 0.48 0.31 0.47 0.45 0.24 1.07 0.34 0.81 0.33 0.28 0.20 0.32 0.40 0.40

0.27 0.42 0.79 0.32 0.41 0.25 0.39 0.43 0.43 0.26 0.38 0.29 0.34 0.37 0.21 0.72 0.34 0.63 0.33 0.21 0.18 0.34 0.34 0.35

0.30 0.39 0.70 0.32 0.46 0.24 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.24 0.31 0.30 0.41 0.38 0.21 0.65 0.33 0.53 0.34 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.32 0.34

0.30 0.37 0.65 0.29 0.37 0.23 0.37 0.39 0.36 0.22 0.31 0.30 0.40 0.37 0.20 0.63 0.34 0.51 0.34 0.18 0.18 0.29 0.31 0.33

0.29 0.35 0.61 0.33 0.42 0.22 0.36 0.37 0.35 0.21 0.30 0.29 0.38 0.35 0.19 0.61 0.30 0.46 0.32 0.17 0.18 0.30 0.30 0.32

0.26 0.33 0.58 0.29 0.39 0.21 0.34 0.36 0.33 0.22 0.28 0.28 0.34 0.34 0.19 0.57 0.29 0.41 0.32 0.15 0.16 0.32 0.29 0.31

-16.5% -30.8% -43.6% -30.7% -21.5% -23.9% -37.2% -17.1% -42.2% -27.5% -50.5% -12.9% -53.0% -25.4% -22.9% -53.6% -2.0% -60.5% 0.5% -40.7% -18.1% 4.4% -38.4% -29.6%

..

..

..

..

0.47

0.42

0.36

0.35

0.34

0.33

0.32

-33.2%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

European Union - 27

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.47

CO2 Emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Non-OECD Total

0.71

0.73

0.73

0.71

0.76

0.66

0.56

0.55

0.54

0.53

0.51

-32.5%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.17 0.11 0.12 .. 0.08 0.51 0.05 0.18 0.41 .. 0.05 0.17 0.09 0.38 0.08 0.18 0.27 .. 0.11 0.16 0.84 0.20 0.22 0.10 0.25 0.55 0.49 0.08 0.34

0.18 0.13 0.17 .. 0.08 0.42 0.05 0.19 0.45 .. 0.04 0.13 0.12 0.34 0.24 0.21 0.26 .. 0.20 0.19 0.88 0.17 0.18 0.08 0.24 0.63 0.42 0.09 0.38

0.27 0.18 0.12 .. 0.09 0.41 0.06 0.17 0.46 .. 0.04 0.24 0.11 0.31 0.31 0.23 0.25 .. 0.37 0.22 0.77 0.17 0.17 0.07 0.29 0.47 0.43 0.11 0.38

0.33 0.18 0.11 0.34 0.09 0.26 0.06 0.15 0.52 .. 0.04 0.28 0.11 0.27 0.44 0.23 0.20 .. 0.52 0.20 0.77 0.18 0.15 0.06 0.29 0.39 0.42 0.09 0.40

0.38 0.21 0.06 0.36 0.11 0.22 0.06 0.12 0.51 .. 0.05 0.14 0.11 0.24 0.68 0.22 0.11 .. 0.36 0.17 0.79 0.19 0.13 0.10 0.32 0.33 0.56 0.10 0.41

0.40 0.27 0.04 0.34 0.11 0.16 0.06 0.14 0.46 0.22 0.05 0.18 0.11 0.26 0.81 0.27 0.10 0.19 0.33 0.19 0.82 0.13 0.17 0.10 0.31 0.28 0.49 0.12 0.42

0.38 0.25 0.20 0.29 0.10 0.16 0.07 0.23 0.46 0.17 0.06 0.19 0.13 0.28 0.85 0.25 0.08 0.17 0.39 0.23 0.77 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.30 0.20 0.40 0.10 0.40

0.38 0.32 0.29 0.22 0.09 0.21 0.06 0.21 0.51 0.17 0.07 0.22 0.14 0.25 0.76 0.25 0.08 0.20 0.36 0.24 0.76 0.15 0.17 0.13 0.28 0.20 0.38 0.11 0.40

0.38 0.21 0.30 0.22 0.09 0.22 0.06 0.22 0.54 0.15 0.07 0.26 0.13 0.27 0.71 0.27 0.06 0.20 0.39 0.23 0.71 0.15 0.21 0.12 0.26 0.20 0.43 0.11 0.39

0.39 0.22 0.34 0.23 0.09 0.25 0.06 0.22 0.53 0.13 0.06 0.26 0.16 0.28 0.67 0.26 0.06 0.21 0.34 0.22 0.67 0.15 0.22 0.11 0.25 0.20 0.43 0.11 0.38

0.40 0.22 0.34 0.23 0.13 0.27 0.06 0.19 0.52 0.12 0.07 0.30 0.16 0.27 0.64 0.26 0.07 0.21 0.32 0.20 0.67 0.13 0.19 0.10 0.24 0.20 0.44 0.11 0.37

5.3% 4.9% 488.4% -37.7% 18.3% 21.7% 7.4% 49.4% 2.8% .. 22.2% 106.6% 50.7% 10.2% -5.3% 16.7% -39.2% .. -11.5% 15.6% -15.4% -31.3% 50.9% 7.5% -23.6% -40.1% -21.9% 4.2% -8.8%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.74 0.24 0.18 0.36 0.27 0.64 0.38 0.05 0.28 0.17 0.61 0.28 0.58 0.28

1.66 0.31 0.18 0.33 0.43 0.76 0.47 0.11 0.60 0.14 0.54 0.22 0.60 0.29

1.42 0.44 0.24 0.31 0.42 0.97 0.65 0.27 0.82 0.44 0.58 0.41 0.67 0.44

2.14 0.58 0.52 0.34 0.57 1.51 0.54 0.32 1.55 0.71 0.78 0.87 0.66 0.65

1.92 0.68 1.17 0.38 0.75 0.84 0.79 0.51 1.83 0.75 0.96 1.13 0.75 0.76

1.37 0.82 4.16 0.38 0.71 1.05 0.87 0.55 2.09 0.83 0.81 1.29 0.83 0.87

1.35 0.82 2.31 0.36 0.71 1.17 0.87 0.64 1.53 0.89 0.86 1.23 0.90 0.87

1.29 0.82 3.25 0.37 0.66 1.16 0.78 0.69 1.58 0.95 0.76 1.20 1.00 0.89

1.29 0.82 3.15 0.35 0.66 1.15 0.80 0.72 1.60 0.95 0.73 1.14 1.04 0.89

1.34 0.86 3.27 0.35 0.63 0.99 0.67 0.74 1.65 0.97 0.74 1.09 1.05 0.89

1.32 0.84 3.21 0.34 0.63 0.94 0.56 0.80 1.67 0.99 0.73 1.15 1.06 0.89

-31.4% 23.1% 173.5% -8.4% -16.9% 11.9% -28.8% 58.3% -8.7% 32.0% -23.3% 1.9% 41.8% 17.9%

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

0.73 .. 2.52 .. 0.57 0.25 .. 0.59 1.71 .. .. 0.87 1.41

0.67 .. 2.12 .. 0.60 0.23 .. 0.38 1.39 .. .. 0.84 1.25

0.87 .. 1.83 .. 0.53 0.25 .. 0.34 1.20 .. .. 0.73 1.09

0.74 .. 1.50 .. 0.43 0.23 .. 0.36 1.01 .. .. 0.99 1.05

0.63 4.16 1.29 0.45 0.43 0.29 0.64 0.54 1.06 1.64 0.46 .. 1.03

0.21 0.55 1.05 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.78 0.42 0.83 1.20 0.50 .. 0.79

0.28 0.67 0.86 0.43 0.46 0.51 0.69 0.30 0.65 1.16 0.40 .. 0.66

0.25 0.60 0.76 0.41 0.45 0.50 0.68 0.37 0.55 1.25 0.39 .. 0.61

0.31 0.60 0.72 0.40 0.44 0.50 0.68 0.37 0.53 1.06 0.38 .. 0.57

0.27 0.62 0.70 0.38 0.43 0.51 0.65 0.35 0.50 1.07 0.36 .. 0.56

0.24 0.61 0.70 0.38 0.43 0.51 0.64 0.35 0.46 1.03 0.34 .. 0.53

-61.1% -85.2% -45.3% -14.7% 0.0% 73.6% 0.3% -34.5% -56.7% -37.2% -25.2% .. -48.2%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.48 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.20

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.23

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.20

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.13

1.86 1.92 2.14 2.66 1.14 2.54 2.06 0.73 0.77 1.90 1.43 1.01 2.31 1.51 3.18 1.54

0.59 2.22 1.71 1.67 0.99 2.92 0.82 0.61 0.57 1.72 1.67 1.08 2.74 1.79 3.32 1.75

0.46 1.47 1.17 1.13 0.46 1.91 0.62 0.36 0.37 1.15 1.48 0.95 2.35 1.47 3.15 1.48

0.30 1.01 0.96 0.96 0.27 1.60 0.64 0.29 0.31 1.02 1.17 0.85 1.36 1.12 2.58 1.17

0.31 0.85 0.88 0.86 0.29 1.56 0.61 0.27 0.30 0.99 1.11 0.83 1.32 1.07 2.28 1.10

0.28 0.60 0.84 0.74 0.30 1.58 0.57 0.25 0.29 0.89 1.07 0.85 1.21 1.01 2.19 1.05

0.28 0.44 0.76 0.82 0.31 1.49 0.58 0.24 0.28 0.87 0.99 0.87 1.19 0.95 2.01 0.98

-84.9% -77.2% -64.4% -69.2% -72.8% -41.2% -71.9% -67.1% -64.0% -54.1% -30.8% -13.9% -48.7% -37.1% -36.8% -36.5%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

0.32 0.22 0.22 0.48 0.28 0.14 0.52 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.14 0.03 0.14 0.84 .. 0.12 0.37 0.09 0.24 0.95 0.32 0.64 0.50 0.30

0.30 0.26 0.23 0.46 0.24 0.15 0.59 0.27 0.30 0.10 0.15 0.04 0.15 1.06 .. 0.12 0.41 0.08 0.23 0.79 0.31 0.68 0.67 0.29

0.29 0.32 0.21 0.41 0.22 0.14 0.57 0.25 0.39 0.09 0.15 0.04 0.13 1.10 3.74 0.14 0.31 0.10 0.23 0.74 0.25 0.88 0.49 0.29

0.30 0.36 0.19 0.36 0.22 0.13 0.40 0.23 0.42 0.10 0.12 0.05 0.12 0.77 2.05 0.14 0.23 0.09 0.20 1.00 0.17 0.95 0.43 0.28

0.35 0.40 0.20 0.43 0.21 0.14 0.37 0.24 0.40 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.13 0.94 1.16 0.17 0.23 0.10 0.23 1.33 0.17 0.92 0.46 0.29

0.30 0.49 0.21 0.36 0.22 0.18 0.42 0.30 0.43 0.19 0.16 0.08 0.19 0.90 1.03 0.21 0.29 0.15 0.22 1.34 0.17 0.88 0.46 0.29

0.31 0.38 0.24 0.40 0.21 0.14 0.38 0.31 0.47 0.18 0.20 0.11 0.20 1.05 1.49 0.23 0.26 0.15 0.22 1.54 0.18 0.91 0.43 0.31

0.32 0.42 0.23 0.38 0.18 0.15 0.36 0.30 0.46 0.18 0.21 0.15 0.26 1.07 1.45 0.24 0.27 0.15 0.20 1.37 0.19 0.89 0.45 0.29

0.30 0.46 0.23 0.37 0.17 0.14 0.31 0.26 0.46 0.18 0.21 0.16 0.25 1.04 1.48 0.23 0.26 0.14 0.19 1.35 0.17 0.86 0.45 0.29

0.30 0.42 0.22 0.37 0.16 0.14 0.27 0.25 0.47 0.17 0.20 0.16 0.22 1.14 1.44 0.21 0.27 0.14 0.17 1.40 0.19 0.82 0.44 0.28

0.28 0.49 0.22 0.37 0.14 0.14 0.27 0.24 0.49 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.26 1.32 1.53 0.23 0.24 0.13 0.17 1.43 0.16 0.76 0.45 0.27

-20.2% 22.4% 11.5% -13.2% -30.4% 5.5% -27.8% -0.5% 23.2% 50.5% 83.2% 172.0% 95.2% 41.3% 31.3% 36.8% 7.7% 28.0% -25.8% 7.7% -5.7% -18.0% -1.4% -4.7%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.04 0.15 .. 0.58 0.32 0.23 6.35 0.44 .. 0.28 0.02 0.27 0.20 0.55 0.16 0.27 0.39 0.23 0.34

0.07 0.43 .. 0.58 0.34 0.26 4.61 0.42 .. 0.22 0.03 0.29 0.20 0.57 0.13 0.27 0.40 0.26 0.36

0.08 0.50 .. 0.59 0.36 0.32 3.68 0.42 .. 0.21 0.04 0.27 0.17 0.57 0.14 0.29 0.34 0.37 0.38

0.09 0.67 .. 0.43 0.40 0.30 2.75 0.46 3.29 0.19 0.03 0.29 0.15 0.53 0.11 0.26 0.28 0.19 0.38

0.11 0.75 .. 0.44 0.42 0.35 2.08 0.48 2.97 0.15 0.04 0.33 0.17 0.63 0.09 0.31 0.23 0.19 0.39

0.13 0.97 0.09 0.43 0.43 0.33 1.74 0.50 2.72 0.19 0.07 0.36 0.23 0.55 0.11 0.37 0.25 0.16 0.39

0.13 0.90 0.11 0.45 0.41 0.44 1.80 0.57 2.09 0.15 0.09 0.37 0.23 0.40 0.16 0.41 0.28 0.17 0.39

0.14 0.90 0.11 0.46 0.36 0.44 1.82 0.57 1.71 0.12 0.07 0.37 0.20 0.36 0.16 0.45 0.38 0.18 0.38

0.14 0.88 0.10 0.46 0.34 0.44 1.87 0.62 1.66 0.14 0.08 0.35 0.19 0.37 0.16 0.43 0.36 0.17 0.36

0.14 0.96 0.10 0.45 0.34 0.43 1.86 0.61 1.70 0.11 0.08 0.36 0.17 0.34 0.14 0.42 0.35 0.16 0.36

0.14 0.97 0.10 0.43 0.33 0.45 1.56 0.61 1.63 0.11 0.08 0.37 0.17 0.33 0.14 0.41 0.35 0.17 0.35

24.9% 28.6% .. -1.0% -21.2% 25.9% -25.2% 26.7% -45.1% -23.8% 76.8% 11.4% -4.4% -47.5% 47.5% 31.7% 54.7% -12.6% -10.4%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

1.80 0.34 1.72

1.90 0.30 1.80

1.85 0.24 1.73

1.35 0.27 1.28

1.20 0.28 1.14

0.91 0.23 0.88

0.61 0.23 0.60

0.64 0.20 0.63

0.64 0.19 0.63

0.64 0.18 0.63

0.61 0.18 0.60

-49.2% -35.9% -47.7%

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.49

CO2 emissions / population Emissions de CO 2 / population tonnes CO 2 / capita

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

3.75

3.86

4.07

3.86

3.99

3.84

3.87

4.13

4.20

4.29

4.38

9.8%

.. 12.21 20.16 8.63 7.59 .. ..

.. 12.18 19.81 8.56 8.19 .. ..

.. 12.63 20.17 9.08 8.20 .. ..

.. 11.81 18.72 8.35 7.97 .. ..

11.81 12.26 19.06 8.37 9.35 12.37 1.59

10.90 12.32 18.92 8.17 9.88 8.85 1.78

11.15 12.89 19.88 8.26 10.35 8.16 1.85

11.26 12.91 19.42 8.48 10.62 8.50 2.21

11.23 12.84 19.29 8.34 10.76 8.53 2.32

11.17 12.63 18.79 8.30 10.67 8.82 2.45

11.21 12.64 18.93 8.10 10.90 8.88 2.56

-5.1% 3.1% -0.7% -3.3% 16.5% -28.2% 61.7%

..

..

..

..

10.22

9.00

8.93

9.20

9.17

9.21

9.21

-9.9%

1.48

1.73

1.97

2.02

2.21

2.08

2.06

2.41

2.51

2.65

2.75

24.9%

OECD Total

10.59

10.61

11.05

10.35

10.61

10.62

11.06

11.08

11.05

10.93

10.97

3.4%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

15.46 1.95 20.66 16.91

16.30 2.45 20.19 16.48

17.41 3.23 20.47 16.67

15.56 3.42 19.06 15.39

15.61 3.61 19.44 15.56

15.88 3.40 19.26 15.27

17.36 3.63 20.16 16.00

17.21 3.65 19.66 15.63

17.22 3.89 19.52 15.59

16.47 3.99 19.05 15.24

17.37 4.14 19.10 15.38

11.3% 14.9% -1.8% -1.1%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

10.92 7.24 1.58 4.80 6.30

12.89 7.68 2.18 5.52 6.90

14.05 7.54 3.26 5.22 7.11

13.90 7.25 3.76 5.99 7.02

15.13 8.63 5.35 6.34 8.43

15.68 9.14 8.09 6.62 9.46

17.57 9.31 9.17 8.36 10.07

18.20 9.48 9.97 8.75 10.46

18.80 9.53 9.75 8.84 10.52

18.78 9.41 9.87 8.99 10.48

18.75 9.68 10.09 8.48 10.70

23.9% 12.2% 88.6% 33.7% 26.9%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

6.49 12.09 15.35 11.09 8.62 8.24 12.49 2.80 6.00 6.79 7.29 5.42 45.11 9.82 6.02 8.74 1.66 8.57 3.49 10.18 6.14 1.14 11.15 8.12

6.62 11.82 15.17 10.37 9.42 7.99 12.40 3.75 6.87 7.37 6.64 5.76 33.69 10.31 6.01 9.94 1.97 9.25 4.39 9.69 5.73 1.48 10.31 8.16

7.37 12.75 15.98 12.21 11.54 8.37 13.48 4.62 7.97 7.62 7.62 6.38 32.75 10.82 6.85 11.61 2.41 11.10 4.99 8.84 6.14 1.60 10.14 8.71

7.18 10.34 16.31 11.83 9.91 6.37 13.06 5.41 7.77 6.71 7.45 6.14 27.03 10.13 6.54 11.28 2.44 10.54 4.55 7.04 6.34 1.88 9.63 8.08

7.32 10.82 15.00 9.80 10.91 6.05 11.98 6.78 6.43 7.37 8.74 7.01 27.40 10.48 6.67 9.04 3.93 10.71 5.28 6.16 5.99 2.26 9.66 7.85

7.39 11.36 11.99 11.02 10.97 5.95 10.65 6.84 5.54 7.30 9.17 7.21 19.92 11.08 7.53 8.66 4.82 7.61 5.93 6.52 5.85 2.48 8.95 7.54

7.66 11.57 11.88 9.34 10.42 6.20 10.06 7.99 5.30 7.60 10.84 7.44 18.27 10.87 7.50 7.63 5.82 6.92 7.05 5.95 5.81 2.97 8.93 7.53

8.99 11.19 11.95 9.38 12.79 6.17 10.22 8.43 5.53 7.62 10.38 7.74 23.92 11.37 7.99 7.73 5.70 6.93 7.67 5.96 5.97 2.89 8.95 7.67

8.99 10.75 11.70 8.73 10.49 6.18 9.84 8.56 5.56 7.36 10.53 7.74 24.11 11.19 7.67 7.71 5.94 7.07 7.83 5.58 6.00 3.00 8.87 7.58

8.92 10.40 11.77 10.14 12.67 5.99 10.00 8.44 5.53 7.31 10.62 7.73 23.64 10.91 7.72 8.02 5.32 6.95 7.54 5.29 5.91 3.28 8.84 7.60

8.38 9.97 11.83 9.24 12.19 5.81 9.71 8.74 5.36 7.53 10.13 7.38 22.35 11.13 7.85 7.99 5.20 6.82 7.68 5.05 5.62 3.59 8.60 7.48

14.5% -7.8% -21.1% -5.7% 11.7% -4.0% -19.0% 28.8% -16.7% 2.2% 16.0% 5.2% -18.4% 6.2% 17.7% -11.6% 32.4% -36.3% 45.6% -18.1% -6.2% 58.8% -10.9% -4.7%

..

..

..

..

8.58

8.04

7.93

8.17

8.07

8.07

7.92

-7.8%

World * Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties Annex I Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total

European Union - 27

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.50 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions / population Emissions de CO 2 / population tonnes CO 2 / capita

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Non-OECD Total

1.48

1.73

1.97

2.02

2.21

2.08

2.06

2.41

2.51

2.65

2.75

24.9%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.61 0.27 0.10 .. 0.10 0.42 0.12 0.43 0.57 .. 0.04 0.87 0.21 0.32 1.79 0.45 0.30 .. 0.11 0.27 7.69 0.22 0.11 0.15 0.71 0.78 1.34 0.11 0.72

0.88 0.29 0.14 .. 0.13 0.43 0.11 0.46 0.66 .. 0.03 1.26 0.23 0.32 3.72 0.58 0.22 .. 0.19 0.31 8.46 0.20 0.09 0.13 0.85 0.87 1.17 0.12 0.81

1.51 0.34 0.11 .. 0.18 0.45 0.11 0.40 0.97 .. 0.04 1.87 0.20 0.34 6.06 0.72 0.19 .. 0.38 0.34 7.78 0.19 0.09 0.13 1.23 0.56 1.09 0.15 0.86

1.95 0.31 0.11 1.34 0.23 0.40 0.10 0.29 1.33 .. 0.03 2.14 0.16 0.28 5.84 0.76 0.11 .. 0.40 0.31 7.32 0.18 0.07 0.09 1.32 0.40 1.08 0.12 0.87

2.05 0.38 0.05 2.15 0.22 0.29 0.08 0.21 1.44 .. 0.04 0.98 0.17 0.27 6.27 0.81 0.08 .. 0.31 0.25 7.24 0.21 0.07 0.14 1.48 0.32 1.53 0.13 0.86

1.97 0.32 0.04 2.13 0.18 0.19 0.05 0.21 1.38 0.24 0.04 1.26 0.19 0.27 7.27 0.96 0.07 1.09 0.28 0.27 7.08 0.15 0.08 0.13 1.60 0.22 1.26 0.13 0.83

2.05 0.37 0.20 2.42 0.18 0.18 0.04 0.36 1.66 0.16 0.05 1.17 0.25 0.29 7.42 0.99 0.07 1.00 0.33 0.35 6.78 0.16 0.08 0.18 1.88 0.16 1.00 0.12 0.84

2.28 0.55 0.29 2.26 0.17 0.25 0.04 0.30 1.93 0.16 0.06 1.33 0.28 0.25 7.54 1.16 0.08 1.34 0.36 0.39 7.28 0.26 0.10 0.17 1.99 0.18 0.74 0.14 0.90

2.39 0.44 0.30 2.35 0.16 0.28 0.04 0.31 2.09 0.13 0.06 1.64 0.29 0.28 7.18 1.30 0.07 1.40 0.39 0.39 7.05 0.26 0.13 0.16 1.92 0.19 0.79 0.13 0.90

2.45 0.53 0.34 2.43 0.17 0.32 0.04 0.31 2.16 0.11 0.07 1.63 0.37 0.31 7.04 1.30 0.08 1.47 0.36 0.37 7.00 0.29 0.14 0.14 1.95 0.19 0.75 0.14 0.90

2.53 0.63 0.35 2.53 0.25 0.34 0.04 0.26 2.24 0.11 0.08 1.92 0.38 0.30 7.01 1.32 0.09 1.54 0.35 0.34 7.27 0.28 0.13 0.14 2.00 0.20 0.70 0.15 0.92

23.8% 64.6% 608.4% 17.8% 14.7% 16.4% -49.9% 27.4% 55.6% .. 74.5% 95.7% 120.5% 12.6% 11.8% 62.8% 15.1% .. 12.5% 34.2% 0.4% 32.8% 100.4% -5.4% 34.6% -38.0% -54.4% 15.4% 6.4%

13.21 1.41 1.26 4.69 0.83 29.21 1.85 0.33 18.26 2.22 1.03 9.71 0.18 1.87

19.53 2.26 1.40 4.94 1.15 22.74 2.06 0.78 28.64 3.26 1.36 9.67 0.24 2.46

21.31 2.36 2.44 5.05 1.93 22.40 2.36 1.88 33.94 10.55 1.68 18.28 0.41 3.71

25.16 3.11 2.79 5.79 2.78 22.09 2.65 3.57 34.53 10.02 2.18 25.67 0.47 4.37

23.73 3.22 2.91 7.20 2.90 11.46 2.15 5.39 30.98 9.85 2.44 29.11 0.52 4.47

20.11 4.23 3.67 8.35 2.89 22.76 3.60 6.63 36.31 11.05 2.64 29.02 0.60 5.41

21.74 4.77 3.61 8.83 2.98 22.90 3.76 8.23 39.34 12.15 2.77 26.50 0.73 5.88

23.68 5.59 3.34 8.95 3.16 27.24 3.85 10.10 45.53 13.48 2.60 27.24 0.84 6.50

25.03 5.79 3.27 8.82 3.31 29.33 3.94 11.15 46.81 13.92 2.53 26.80 0.89 6.67

27.31 6.28 3.31 8.89 3.30 25.66 3.28 12.02 51.13 14.36 2.61 27.24 0.91 6.91

28.23 6.56 3.33 9.19 3.35 25.09 2.77 13.79 58.01 14.79 2.70 29.91 0.92 7.19

19.0% 103.6% 14.1% 27.5% 15.5% 119.0% 29.0% 156.0% 87.3% 50.1% 10.9% 2.8% 75.8% 60.7%

1.78 .. 7.36 .. 2.86 3.51 .. 2.00 5.61 .. .. 3.16 4.74

1.85 .. 8.28 .. 3.39 3.37 .. 1.97 6.62 .. .. 3.63 5.46

2.84 .. 9.46 .. 5.07 3.99 .. 2.71 7.93 .. .. 4.05 6.38

2.43 .. 9.07 .. 5.13 4.17 .. 3.34 7.63 .. .. 5.48 6.71

1.90 5.49 8.60 4.51 6.62 6.13 4.46 6.35 7.20 6.19 6.57 .. 6.48

0.59 1.01 6.36 3.39 8.03 11.97 4.17 6.22 5.16 4.05 6.95 .. 4.57

1.03 3.70 5.21 3.92 9.04 13.94 4.20 5.40 3.84 5.20 7.02 .. 4.29

1.12 3.97 5.82 4.59 9.28 15.26 4.17 6.41 4.22 6.82 7.70 .. 4.89

1.45 4.14 5.92 4.66 9.23 15.59 4.34 6.68 4.24 6.08 7.80 .. 4.83

1.30 4.56 6.13 4.67 9.14 16.24 4.32 6.33 4.39 6.48 7.92 .. 5.00

1.27 4.77 6.57 4.96 9.34 16.79 4.48 6.65 4.27 6.73 7.89 .. 5.10

-33.4% -13.1% -23.5% 10.0% 41.1% 173.7% 0.4% 4.8% -40.7% 8.8% 20.0% .. -21.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria Croatia * Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia * Malta Romania Serbia * Slovenia * Former Yugoslavia * Non-OECD Europe

* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.51

CO2 emissions / population Emissions de CO 2 / population tonnes CO 2 / capita

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.15

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.49

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.51

5.77 9.08 11.40 23.06 5.25 14.46 5.14 6.87 8.95 6.88 14.70 2.20 12.71 13.26 5.84 12.64

1.06 4.10 5.93 11.14 1.40 10.56 1.01 3.49 3.90 2.49 10.69 0.82 8.21 7.63 4.46 8.39

1.10 3.65 5.61 10.57 0.93 8.29 0.93 2.87 3.20 1.56 10.35 0.68 8.04 5.94 4.72 7.72

1.14 3.62 6.14 12.26 0.73 10.29 1.11 3.23 3.70 1.91 10.60 0.84 8.24 6.59 4.47 8.06

1.37 3.81 6.22 12.00 0.87 10.91 1.05 3.29 3.96 2.03 10.70 0.87 8.56 6.50 4.20 8.12

1.38 3.56 6.58 11.36 0.99 12.13 1.01 3.50 4.02 1.94 11.14 0.94 8.43 6.63 4.26 8.43

1.60 3.22 6.46 13.45 1.17 12.30 1.09 3.66 4.28 1.98 11.21 1.02 9.13 6.77 4.22 8.50

-72.4% -64.6% -43.3% -41.7% -77.8% -14.9% -78.8% -46.7% -52.2% -71.2% -23.8% -53.5% -28.2% -48.9% -27.8% -32.7%

3.41 0.50 0.92 2.14 1.13 0.68 2.08 0.73 0.60 0.35 0.41 0.08 0.40 2.91 89.64 0.60 1.64 0.24 1.15 6.26 1.85 4.70 3.00 1.54

3.30 0.67 1.26 1.63 1.12 0.85 2.70 0.97 0.90 0.48 0.49 0.08 0.42 3.68 61.14 0.65 1.88 0.26 1.22 5.76 1.93 4.93 4.06 1.70

3.41 0.81 1.46 1.90 1.19 0.93 2.90 1.05 1.33 0.37 0.60 0.11 0.46 3.05 50.26 0.55 1.49 0.44 1.19 7.33 1.91 6.12 3.72 1.88

2.92 0.75 1.23 1.61 1.21 0.74 3.03 0.93 1.33 0.35 0.41 0.12 0.39 2.01 25.01 0.48 1.21 0.39 0.93 8.15 1.04 5.45 3.20 1.63

3.08 0.82 1.29 2.48 1.29 0.85 2.60 1.05 1.28 0.42 0.37 0.13 0.44 3.01 14.38 0.44 1.02 0.45 0.88 9.29 1.21 5.32 4.16 1.70

3.39 1.09 1.48 2.87 1.52 1.28 2.02 1.42 1.43 0.83 0.60 0.12 0.63 3.37 14.79 0.53 1.54 0.72 0.99 9.66 1.41 5.37 4.22 1.88

3.77 0.92 1.74 3.63 1.41 1.16 2.22 1.99 1.51 0.85 0.79 0.16 0.72 3.78 22.30 0.69 1.59 0.61 1.03 13.79 1.61 5.21 4.49 2.07

3.81 1.04 1.74 3.88 1.27 1.29 2.33 1.92 1.72 0.88 0.84 0.21 1.00 4.04 22.05 0.76 1.72 0.64 1.07 16.79 1.62 4.90 4.83 2.08

3.85 1.17 1.75 3.90 1.27 1.25 2.24 1.84 1.80 0.89 0.87 0.21 1.02 3.98 22.56 0.75 1.75 0.58 1.04 17.57 1.59 5.14 4.92 2.10

4.07 1.08 1.76 4.03 1.25 1.35 2.18 1.94 1.93 0.86 0.85 0.21 0.92 4.41 22.01 0.72 1.98 0.59 1.01 20.28 1.85 5.32 4.95 2.15

4.12 1.29 1.81 4.28 1.21 1.47 2.32 1.98 2.02 0.91 0.88 0.24 1.15 4.74 23.57 0.79 1.94 0.60 1.09 21.85 1.73 5.24 5.26 2.21

33.6% 58.5% 40.3% 72.6% -5.9% 73.4% -10.6% 88.8% 57.6% 114.5% 136.5% 81.3% 163.9% 57.6% 63.9% 77.5% 90.3% 33.1% 23.1% 135.2% 42.9% -1.6% 26.4% 30.1%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

0.04 2.93 .. 2.08 0.36 0.21 4.61 1.14 .. 0.17 0.02 0.27 0.61 2.82 0.22 0.45 0.37 0.29 0.41

0.06 8.74 .. 2.63 0.39 0.29 4.77 1.31 .. 0.13 0.02 0.29 0.69 3.71 0.20 0.52 0.35 0.33 0.46

0.08 13.64 .. 4.04 0.43 0.47 6.12 1.76 .. 0.15 0.03 0.32 0.69 5.25 0.25 0.73 0.28 0.50 0.55

0.09 13.16 .. 3.71 0.55 0.52 6.75 2.16 6.08 0.16 0.03 0.42 0.51 5.94 0.23 0.80 0.29 0.30 0.64

0.12 13.08 .. 5.65 0.69 0.79 5.66 2.74 6.01 0.10 0.05 0.54 0.65 9.45 0.22 1.45 0.26 0.28 0.80

0.16 15.94 0.12 7.41 0.84 1.00 3.45 3.94 4.42 0.16 0.08 0.65 0.86 10.79 0.30 2.46 0.38 0.26 0.96

0.18 13.96 0.19 9.89 0.96 1.28 3.00 4.99 3.68 0.18 0.13 0.71 0.92 9.47 0.55 2.63 0.57 0.27 1.10

0.22 14.18 0.26 11.28 1.03 1.45 3.02 5.55 3.66 0.22 0.10 0.76 0.88 9.44 0.64 3.41 0.98 0.33 1.22

0.24 13.62 0.27 11.54 1.05 1.50 3.14 6.21 3.76 0.28 0.11 0.76 0.85 10.14 0.68 3.40 0.98 0.32 1.25

0.24 15.10 0.29 11.85 1.12 1.54 3.18 6.33 4.12 0.25 0.11 0.80 0.79 9.83 0.60 3.42 1.02 0.31 1.29

0.25 14.97 0.31 12.08 1.18 1.67 2.62 6.68 4.32 0.25 0.11 0.85 0.82 9.80 0.64 3.54 1.10 0.34 1.35

110.3% 14.4% .. 113.7% 69.9% 112.5% -53.7% 143.4% -28.1% 155.6% 146.4% 56.6% 26.4% 3.7% 192.5% 144.3% 321.0% 24.0% 69.5%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

0.95 2.27 0.96

1.15 2.42 1.15

1.43 2.91 1.44

1.62 4.09 1.63

1.95 5.79 1.97

2.48 5.83 2.50

2.41 5.96 2.42

3.51 5.94 3.52

3.88 5.98 3.89

4.27 6.08 4.28

4.57 6.26 4.58

134.5% 8.1% 132.6%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union * Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.52 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Per capita emissions by sector* in 2007 Emissions 2007 par habitant ventilées par secteur* kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 Main activity producer emissions from fuel electricity and heat combustion World

Unallocated Other energy auto- industries** producers

Manuf. industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

4 382

1 650

162

217

865

1 004

731

485

11 215 12 640 18 929 8 098 10 897 8 882 2 563

4 123 4 644 7 527 2 376 4 338 3 309 1 060

567 356 209 395 575 1 288 66

549 642 1 012 412 441 384 138

1 684 1 794 2 207 1 307 2 177 1 565 670

2 846 3 559 5 886 2 160 2 170 1 284 373

2 415 3 094 4 939 2 010 1 928 870 330

1 446 1 644 2 087 1 448 1 196 1 051 257

Annex I Kyoto Parties

9 215

3 088

723

471

1 611

1 983

1 690

1 339

Non-OECD Total

2 754

1 130

122

138

704

381

319

279

OECD Total

10 969

4 029

346

576

1 599

2 990

2 618

1 428

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

17 375 4 144 19 098 15 384

3 839 1 101 7 930 5 986

197 232 211 215

2 036 490 900 887

3 078 593 2 112 1 820

4 997 1 397 5 983 4 810

3 859 1 323 5 057 4 072

3 227 331 1 963 1 666

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

18 749 9 677 10 086 8 477 10 702

10 568 3 395 3 717 1 663 4 189

361 591 801 1 199 630

1 015 350 631 304 486

2 265 2 192 1 857 1 275 2 100

3 703 1 874 1 826 3 487 2 088

3 181 1 680 1 671 3 170 1 866

838 1 277 1 253 548 1 210

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

8 378 9 975 11 832 9 243 12 185 5 809 9 706 8 741 5 363 7 526 10 132 7 376 22 347 11 125 7 848 7 994 5 203 6 818 7 681 5 050 5 618 3 586 8 604 7 484

1 252 2 128 5 868 4 002 5 201 489 3 764 4 179 1 892 64 3 080 2 111 2 179 3 021 194 4 111 1 553 1 403 2 374 783 4 1 170 2 841 2 382

660 148 698 224 682 375 632 52 21 143 275 433 492 28 236 282 285 239 84 215 147 501 348

850 460 336 462 473 264 304 385 147 140 312 1 038 2 283 233 244 1 016 423 239 130 101 532 357

1 511 2 572 2 046 982 2 307 1 091 1 425 968 724 2 551 1 188 1 335 3 476 2 356 1 515 1 041 882 1 795 1 227 1 168 833 844 1 000 1 233

2 876 2 355 1 790 2 543 2 569 2 054 1 807 2 036 1 286 3 005 3 267 2 041 13 499 2 130 3 098 1 107 1 765 1 212 2 573 2 466 2 239 649 2 154 1 848

2 725 2 284 1 714 2 382 2 330 1 958 1 712 1 732 1 258 2 748 3 171 1 963 13 421 2 061 2 292 1 067 1 703 1 013 2 242 2 299 2 203 563 1 961 1 717

1 228 2 311 1 094 1 030 953 1 537 1 773 1 121 1 292 1 907 2 314 1 302 2 760 2 088 729 1 266 476 1 107 846 311 2 197 674 1 577 1 317

7 917

2 623

367

372

1 276

1 941

1 814

1 337

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

European Union - 27

* This table shows per capita emissions for the same sectors which are present throughout this publication. In particular, the emissions from electricity and heat production are shown separately and not reallocated as in the table on pages II.55-II.57. ** Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.53

Per capita emissions by sector in 2007 Emissions 2007 par habitant ventilées par secteur kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 Main activity producer emissions from fuel electricity and heat combustion

Unallocated Other energy autoindustries producers

Manuf. industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

Non-OECD Total

2 754

1 130

122

138

704

381

319

279

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

2 532 626 347 2 528 251 335 39 262 2 235 105 75 1 922 383 304 7 007 1 323 92 1 536 347 342 7 266 282 134 136 1 995 199 695 145 920

644 31 8 848 22 11 107 747 38 2 417 107 55 3 530 459 81 64 104 4 435 61 22 11 714 2 393 39 385

12 3 2 254 71 2 201 69 17 188 3 1 83 3 11 18

319 14 10 8 174 20 5 16 432 12 76 2 77 13 21 6 4 46

350 168 18 475 13 7 13 23 578 5 19 701 44 43 1 032 202 18 125 33 50 994 26 18 7 331 85 112 20 150

585 251 211 854 113 299 9 67 478 25 44 377 162 149 1 606 319 65 914 144 139 973 162 75 97 464 86 87 49 209

505 209 211 832 108 227 9 56 437 25 44 377 151 86 1 605 319 59 819 144 123 899 161 75 97 452 78 81 48 194

622 159 108 97 21 18 17 57 258 36 10 205 65 40 407 263 9 415 30 30 599 21 15 20 383 16 100 27 113

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

28 233 6 560 3 325 9 187 3 353 25 094 2 770 13 789 58 008 14 792 2 701 29 915 918 7 189

12 264 1 439 979 5 690 1 276 11 806 1 492 4 783 3 598 4 774 1 124 14 491 166 2 300

99 38 60 8 387 979 53 17 206

5 445 347 132 434 119 5 362 2 439 19 451 1 744 129 458 133 635

6 570 1 244 776 255 513 4 150 266 4 195 19 331 3 417 576 8 739 102 1 517

3 698 1 463 1 065 1 484 877 3 602 724 1 764 7 011 3 719 628 5 559 241 1 588

3 698 1 463 1 065 1 484 873 3 602 724 1 764 7 011 3 641 609 5 559 241 1 576

256 1 968 374 1 286 507 174 289 607 230 159 192 668 259 943

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

1 265 4 769 6 574 4 964 9 341 16 785 4 478 6 652 4 266 6 730 7 888 5 099

8 3 133 3 682 1 258 4 634 4 267 2 866 5 184 1 708 3 883 3 178 2 426

31 72 190 71 74 117 169 383 49 169

53 37 236 485 3 291 1 3 198

237 324 1 169 981 1 351 2 233 679 970 1 085 1 276 925

658 702 1 031 1 425 2 473 10 285 574 1 312 613 743 2 511 876

590 690 924 1 326 2 469 10 285 561 1 312 556 738 2 491 823

278 501 266 745 808 239 155 514 635 870 504

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.54 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Per capita emissions by sector in 2007 Emissions 2007 par habitant ventilées par secteur kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 Main activity producer emissions from fuel electricity and heat combustion

Unallocated Other energy autoindustries producers

Manuf. industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

1 595 3 218 6 462 13 449 1 166 12 302 1 090 3 663 4 278 1 978 11 207 1 024 9 130 6 769 4 220 8 498

358 1 398 2 603 9 815 324 5 731 297 861 906 943 3 777 88 2 704 2 322 1 323 2 974

109 634 148 57 31 75 2 418 421 3 1 303

193 162 149 677 486 535 1 314 176 162 389

577 247 1 387 1 100 138 2 516 304 525 992 157 1 705 2 172 771 1 508

170 423 633 1 796 451 773 227 1 649 1 486 283 1 615 644 514 689 316 1 106

170 389 437 1 667 438 677 146 1 523 1 384 225 848 644 514 508 166 661

490 847 1 043 441 253 2 605 261 571 377 520 1 158 292 4 598 989 1 645 1 218

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

4 115 1 294 1 812 4 281 1 213 1 470 2 324 1 977 2 024 907 876 241 1 152 4 740 23 573 785 1 942 604 1 087 21 851 1 725 5 235 5 260 2 206

819 289 100 1 317 131 117 1 284 694 296 236 225 25 374 1 062 2 386 301 612 178 4 232 295 826 1 865 355

206 10 71 33 22 28 45 252 126 8 12 1 227 2 483 2 22 19 1 47 185 76

249 177 135 201 110 17 14 14 72 7 2 7 977 13 64 3 055 83 1 069 6 183

977 131 553 946 347 262 666 147 326 169 149 55 265 137 3 092 117 315 13 330 12 737 248 1 434 341 582

1 057 473 764 1 491 456 959 75 595 952 400 446 137 447 1 104 6 677 290 872 560 385 1 609 759 1 619 1 505 766

986 429 690 1 009 438 957 74 474 854 400 446 71 447 569 6 677 274 390 553 380 1 609 754 1 608 1 457 694

807 214 188 292 147 86 240 275 253 88 45 24 66 1 207 959 64 141 31 107 200 339 241 1 358 245

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

252 14 973 307 12 082 12 082 1 179 1 672 2 620 6 681 254 114 852 817 9 799 643 3 537 1 099 343 1 349

103 6 678 108 5 149 5 149 590 435 424 2 253 46 255 304 4 792 196 1 094 296 90 546

651 1 707 1 707 73 2 110 110 42 41 64

2 4 010 784 784 40 155 2 862 12 12 52 2 254 8 232 72

66 483 11 2 430 2 430 257 602 1 643 1 746 58 38 292 118 1 125 66 1 000 353 84 347

31 2 866 81 1 571 1 571 106 318 50 1 507 80 31 200 295 1 581 322 844 274 83 202

23 2 866 80 1 508 1 508 98 291 50 1 487 78 31 194 272 1 581 290 837 255 64 191

51 285 107 440 440 112 160 502 203 57 44 93 47 46 52 257 134 46 119

4 567 6 263 4 575

2 254 4 357 2 265

41 41

168 168

1 430 915 1 427

309 631 310

209 631 211

365 360 365

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.55

Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors* in 2007 Emissions 2007 par habitant avec allocation de l'électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation* kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Other energy industries**

Manufacturing industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

4 382

301

1 598

1 027

731

1 455

11 215 12 640 18 929 8 098 10 897 8 882 2 563

795 787 1 261 490 539 928 180

3 243 3 376 4 247 2 356 3 876 3 256 1 256

2 924 3 615 5 907 2 217 2 253 1 434 382

2 415 3 094 4 939 2 010 1 928 870 330

4 253 4 862 7 514 3 036 4 228 3 265 745

Annex I Kyoto Parties

9 215

716

3 019

2 075

1 690

3 404

Non-OECD Total

2 754

218

1 301

400

319

835

OECD Total

10 969

707

3 059

3 038

2 618

4 164

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

17 375 4 144 19 098 15 384

2 261 532 1 136 1 086

4 631 1 348 4 124 3 535

5 027 1 405 6 000 4 827

3 859 1 323 5 057 4 072

5 456 859 7 838 5 935

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

18 749 9 677 10 086 8 477 10 702

1 544 407 646 337 562

6 916 3 497 4 241 2 338 3 991

3 832 1 947 1 851 3 514 2 155

3 181 1 680 1 671 3 170 1 866

6 457 3 827 3 347 2 288 3 994

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

8 378 9 975 11 832 9 243 12 185 5 809 9 706 8 741 5 363 7 526 10 132 7 376 22 347 11 125 7 848 7 994 5 203 6 818 7 681 5 050 5 618 3 586 8 604 7 484

883 596 822 526 527 303 398 551 346 1 163 373 1 220 2 290 676 266 1 107 504 251 130 119 617 449

2 273 3 647 4 460 1 801 5 279 1 323 3 375 2 087 1 215 2 593 2 237 2 264 5 128 3 783 1 610 2 420 1 627 2 416 2 192 1 467 906 1 502 2 153 2 266

2 957 2 396 1 961 2 567 2 600 2 076 1 904 2 054 1 330 3 005 3 274 2 107 13 541 2 169 3 101 1 181 1 782 1 240 2 612 2 480 2 250 656 2 230 1 902

2 725 2 284 1 714 2 382 2 330 1 958 1 712 1 732 1 258 2 748 3 171 1 963 13 421 2 061 2 292 1 067 1 703 1 013 2 242 2 299 2 203 563 1 961 1 717

2 266 3 336 4 589 4 348 3 780 2 107 4 029 4 049 2 471 1 927 4 459 2 632 3 678 3 953 847 3 716 1 528 2 055 2 374 852 2 332 1 308 3 604 2 867

7 917

484

2 378

2 001

1 814

3 053

World Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

European Union - 27

* Emissions from electricity and heat generation have been allocated to final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity and heat consumed. The detailed unallocated emissions are shown in the table on pages II.52-II.54. ** Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.56 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2007 Emissions 2007 par habitant avec allocation de l'électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Other energy industries

Manufacturing industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

Non-OECD Total

2 754

218

1 301

400

319

835

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

2 532 626 347 2 528 251 335 39 262 2 235 105 75 1 922 383 304 7 007 1 323 92 1 536 347 342 7 266 282 134 136 1 995 199 695 145 920

332 14 10 8 174 34 5 16 432 27 76 2 318 13 1 21 6 4 1 59

574 179 20 1 048 76 13 13 51 838 16 20 865 96 77 1 839 413 18 141 47 87 3 465 36 30 11 698 89 288 31 326

597 251 211 854 113 299 9 67 478 25 44 379 162 149 1 606 327 65 914 144 139 1 048 162 75 97 475 86 87 49 213

505 209 211 832 108 227 9 56 437 25 44 377 151 86 1 605 319 59 819 144 123 899 161 75 97 452 78 81 48 194

1 029 183 116 626 52 23 17 137 746 64 11 645 121 61 3 130 556 9 481 80 115 2 436 71 29 28 802 17 317 64 323

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

28 233 6 560 3 325 9 187 3 353 25 094 2 770 13 789 58 008 14 792 2 701 29 915 918 7 189

5 445 365 132 434 132 7 183 2 439 19 451 2 195 129 458 133 724

8 426 1 753 776 1 769 861 4 150 657 4 691 23 426 4 003 1 031 10 179 102 1 983

3 698 1 465 1 065 1 484 877 3 602 724 1 764 7 011 3 719 628 5 559 241 1 589

3 698 1 463 1 065 1 484 873 3 602 724 1 764 7 011 3 641 609 5 559 241 1 576

10 664 2 977 1 353 5 500 1 483 10 160 1 389 4 895 8 119 4 875 913 13 720 442 2 894

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

1 265 4 769 6 574 4 964 9 341 16 785 4 478 6 652 4 266 6 730 7 888 5 099

53 37 598 518 6 120 502 95 40 364

244 1 187 2 492 1 303 1 998 2 233 1 767 1 484 1 682 2 507 2 987 1 828

658 702 1 069 1 448 2 510 10 285 585 1 312 653 771 2 552 910

590 690 924 1 326 2 469 10 285 561 1 312 556 738 2 491 823

310 2 843 2 416 1 695 4 826 4 267 2 006 3 855 1 430 3 357 2 310 1 997

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.57

Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2007 Emissions 2007 par habitant avec allocation de l'électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Other energy industries

Manufacturing industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

1 595 3 218 6 462 13 449 1 166 12 302 1 090 3 663 4 278 1 978 11 207 1 024 9 130 6 769 4 220 8 498

386 348 516 46 860 9 15 522 55 1 378 1 661 317 188 883

678 795 2 611 3 377 176 5 447 384 660 1 240 387 3 947 37 689 3 561 1 057 3 113

178 477 693 1 854 466 899 230 1 659 1 490 292 1 838 644 563 797 341 1 250

170 389 437 1 667 438 677 146 1 523 1 384 225 848 644 514 508 166 661

739 1 560 2 810 7 703 477 5 096 467 1 329 1 026 1 243 4 044 343 6 217 2 094 2 634 3 252

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

4 115 1 294 1 812 4 281 1 213 1 470 2 324 1 977 2 024 907 876 241 1 152 4 740 23 573 785 1 942 604 1 087 21 851 1 725 5 235 5 260 2 206

249 177 135 216 110 17 14 14 72 7 2 7 977 13 64 3 055 83 1 091 6 184

1 446 243 636 1 848 397 297 1 128 528 409 296 245 66 363 1 815 5 771 205 357 13 440 15 241 328 1 814 1 035 782

1 063 473 765 1 502 456 959 85 595 952 400 446 137 447 1 104 6 677 290 872 560 385 1 609 759 1 622 1 505 768

986 429 690 1 009 438 957 74 474 854 400 446 71 447 569 6 677 274 390 553 380 1 609 754 1 608 1 457 694

1 356 402 275 715 249 197 1 097 841 592 205 185 38 342 1 818 3 148 277 712 31 198 1 946 555 708 2 714 472

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

252 14 973 307 12 082 1 179 1 672 2 620 6 681 4 318 254 114 852 817 9 799 643 3 537 1 099 343 1 349

2 4 010 924 40 155 2 862 15 12 12 52 2 541 8 232 8 75

110 1 793 34 6 200 558 767 1 855 2 849 1 562 78 38 364 221 2 839 136 1 553 531 136 620

31 2 866 81 1 597 119 318 50 1 508 631 80 31 200 296 1 633 322 845 277 83 208

23 2 866 80 1 508 98 291 50 1 487 430 78 31 194 272 1 581 290 837 255 64 191

110 6 304 192 3 361 461 431 714 1 461 2 109 84 44 276 248 2 787 177 906 292 116 446

4 567 6 263 4 575

318 316

2 921 1 304 2 910

327 631 328

209 631 211

1 001 4 329 1 021

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.58 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Electricity and heat output * Production d'électricité et de chaleur * terawatt hours

2007

% change 90-07

.. 17 055.9 18 005.1 18 753.4 18 898.6 19 515.2 20 264.5 21 079.5 22 015.5 22 877.8 23 631.5

..

.. 12 728.0 12 799.5 13 132.1 13 022.7 13 251.2 13 478.7 13 705.6 14 005.1 14 225.9 14 269.3 .. 8 183.4 8 868.5 9 154.0 9 008.3 9 280.6 9 455.0 9 679.3 9 939.6 10 057.5 10 177.1 .. 4 241.0 4 567.8 4 731.2 4 523.2 4 740.9 4 757.3 4 824.6 4 975.2 5 051.2 5 125.8 2 547.1 2 769.2 3 025.5 3 121.0 3 192.9 3 217.4 3 384.4 3 503.0 3 580.4 3 611.5 3 622.3 1 025.1 1 173.1 1 275.2 1 301.8 1 292.2 1 322.3 1 313.2 1 351.7 1 384.1 1 394.9 1 429.1 .. 4 458.4 3 814.5 3 848.7 3 888.2 3 836.4 3 878.9 3 870.4 3 893.6 3 980.9 3 888.6 .. 4 327.8 5 205.7 5 621.3 5 875.9 6 263.9 6 785.8 7 373.9 8 010.4 8 651.9 9 362.1

.. .. .. 42.2% 39.4% .. ..

1990 World Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

..

8 864.2

8 592.5

8 783.5

8 866.3

8 882.1

9 070.3

9 482.5

..

Non-OECD Total

..

7 985.4

8 137.2

8 494.1

8 740.6

9 060.4

9 590.0 10 133.1 10 750.7 11 455.6 12 047.3

..

OECD Total

..

9 070.5

9 868.0 10 259.3 10 157.9 10 454.8 10 674.4 10 946.4 11 264.8 11 422.2 11 584.2

..

490.0 124.1 .. ..

568.8 157.5 3 672.2 4 398.5

588.7 189.9 3 979.1 4 757.6

615.6 203.6 4 115.6 4 934.9

600.3 209.1 3 922.9 4 732.3

611.7 214.6 4 129.2 4 955.5

601.0 217.8 4 156.2 4 975.1

611.3 224.1 4 213.3 5 048.6

637.4 242.0 4 337.8 5 217.2

626.4 249.6 4 424.8 5 300.8

649.6 257.5 4 476.2 5 383.2

32.6% 107.4% .. ..

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

155.0 837.9 105.4 32.3 1 130.5

173.0 964.8 190.8 35.3 1 364.0

203.0 1 034.0 248.5 38.2 1 523.8

207.4 1 055.1 327.4 39.2 1 629.2

216.5 1 036.3 347.6 39.4 1 639.9

226.2 1 055.0 369.9 41.1 1 692.2

227.9 1 044.1 382.4 41.2 1 695.7

234.3 1 074.3 418.1 43.2 1 769.8

245.1 1 095.6 441.3 43.3 1 825.4

251.3 1 099.9 454.8 43.6 1 849.7

254.6 1 130.4 481.1 44.0 1 910.2

64.3% 34.9% 356.6% 36.3% 69.0%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

57.2 73.0 105.3 51.6 78.5 422.8 672.2 34.8 49.0 6.0 14.2 213.1 0.6 76.1 123.4 339.9 28.7 34.8 151.2 167.7 58.2 57.5 317.8 3 133.6

66.1 76.3 109.4 69.7 91.2 497.5 648.5 41.3 51.1 7.2 17.6 237.4 0.6 100.5 124.2 253.9 33.6 38.1 165.6 193.6 65.9 86.2 332.5 3 308.0

73.2 88.4 104.8 73.2 104.0 528.0 658.0 49.7 58.0 9.6 21.8 259.3 0.6 117.9 124.8 243.2 43.9 38.7 205.9 201.1 72.8 116.4 393.4 3 586.6

73.2 89.2 111.6 69.2 104.8 573.7 660.1 53.8 54.4 9.9 23.7 269.9 0.7 121.9 141.9 237.8 44.9 41.0 222.2 189.1 70.2 129.4 402.7 3 695.3

75.3 85.2 115.7 73.4 112.5 591.3 671.1 53.4 56.3 10.2 24.6 271.9 0.9 125.6 122.0 246.6 48.0 48.1 233.2 209.9 75.4 126.2 408.9 3 785.7

74.1 87.3 115.6 74.6 115.1 601.4 669.8 54.3 53.4 11.3 24.8 277.5 3.2 127.6 133.2 240.1 48.0 46.4 241.6 194.9 69.7 134.2 408.9 3 807.1

72.6 90.0 123.7 82.4 131.6 607.8 799.8 58.4 51.9 11.2 24.9 286.3 3.3 128.5 110.1 252.3 49.1 46.4 257.9 184.2 69.9 144.8 416.6 4 003.6

77.6 90.9 123.9 76.5 133.1 615.8 810.9 59.3 51.1 11.4 25.2 348.4 4.0 135.7 113.6 248.6 47.8 45.4 277.2 201.0 68.5 155.9 406.0 4 127.9

79.8 91.9 120.6 71.9 115.9 619.9 839.8 60.0 53.4 11.3 25.6 350.5 4.1 147.7 140.8 250.0 50.0 45.9 288.9 208.7 62.6 171.8 411.3 4 222.2

79.3 93.9 120.1 81.1 137.7 614.3 854.0 60.8 52.9 12.8 27.1 365.7 4.3 137.7 124.9 255.5 52.4 44.2 295.5 193.7 67.0 187.4 409.2 4 271.7

78.6 95.6 121.5 72.8 135.3 609.0 847.4 63.2 55.8 14.5 27.9 365.0 3.8 142.0 140.5 247.9 50.8 39.7 300.2 198.1 71.2 203.6 406.1 4 290.8

37.4% 31.0% 15.3% 41.0% 72.3% 44.1% 26.1% 81.7% 14.0% 143.4% 95.9% 71.2% 512.9% 86.6% 13.9% -27.0% 77.2% 14.1% 98.6% 18.1% 22.4% 253.8% 27.8% 36.9%

..

3 328.2

3 506.1

3 578.6

3 696.8

3 696.3

3 908.6

4 016.1

4 073.1

4 117.9

4 094.6

..

European Union - 27

9 384.3

2006

Annex I Kyoto Parties

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

9 225.3

2005

9 500.9

* Includes electricity, CHP and heat only from both main activity producer and autoproducer plants. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the output for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.59

Electricity and heat output Production d'électricité et de chaleur terawatt hours

2007

% change 90-07

9 590.0 10 133.1 10 750.7 11 455.6 12 047.3

..

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Non-OECD Total

..

7 985.4

8 137.2

8 494.1

8 740.6

9 060.4

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

19.7 1.0 0.0 1.0 2.8 0.4 6.2 2.9 52.0 0.2 1.5 1.1 6.1 4.2 11.4 12.3 0.4 1.2 15.9 1.1 186.6 1.9 1.9 0.3 7.7 7.9 7.8 8.8 364.3

24.8 1.3 0.1 1.1 3.4 0.1 5.3 4.8 68.5 0.2 1.6 1.3 5.9 4.5 14.4 13.5 7.7 1.2 16.1 1.4 200.4 2.4 2.4 0.2 10.0 7.8 7.1 10.6 418.3

25.4 1.4 0.1 0.9 3.5 0.3 6.0 4.8 78.1 0.2 1.7 1.3 7.2 4.1 15.5 13.7 9.7 1.3 14.7 1.9 207.8 2.6 2.5 0.2 10.6 7.8 7.0 11.2 441.7

26.6 1.6 0.1 1.0 3.5 0.3 5.9 4.9 83.3 0.2 2.0 1.4 7.9 4.6 16.1 15.6 11.9 1.4 15.5 2.2 208.2 2.8 2.8 0.1 11.4 7.9 7.9 11.6 458.7

27.6 1.8 0.1 1.1 3.3 0.4 6.1 5.3 89.2 0.3 2.0 1.5 7.3 5.0 17.5 16.7 12.7 1.4 19.7 2.5 215.7 3.1 2.9 0.2 11.8 8.2 8.6 12.0 483.7

29.6 2.0 0.1 1.1 3.7 0.4 6.4 5.1 95.2 0.3 2.3 1.5 5.9 5.3 18.9 18.1 10.9 1.6 20.2 2.6 231.2 3.4 2.7 0.2 12.4 8.3 8.8 12.2 510.3

31.3 2.2 0.1 1.0 4.1 0.4 6.9 5.5 101.3 0.3 2.5 1.5 6.0 5.7 20.2 19.3 11.7 1.6 24.2 2.7 240.9 3.5 2.9 0.2 13.1 8.5 9.7 12.8 540.2

33.9 2.6 0.1 1.0 4.0 0.4 7.4 5.7 108.7 0.3 2.8 1.6 6.8 6.1 22.3 22.5 13.3 1.6 23.5 3.0 242.1 3.8 3.6 0.2 13.8 8.9 10.3 13.1 563.4

35.2 3.0 0.1 1.0 5.1 0.5 7.8 5.7 115.4 0.3 3.3 1.7 8.4 6.6 24.0 23.2 14.7 1.5 23.1 2.5 250.9 4.2 3.5 0.2 14.1 9.4 9.8 13.2 588.4

37.2 3.8 0.1 1.1 5.8 0.4 8.3 5.6 125.1 0.3 3.5 1.8 7.0 6.8 25.7 22.9 16.1 1.7 23.0 2.1 260.5 4.5 4.2 0.2 14.7 9.9 9.2 13.8 615.2

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4.6 85.0 29.0 30.4 5.6 24.1 5.5 6.5 6.0 97.8 16.6 25.0 2.4 338.6

6.0 112.7 31.6 39.2 7.1 32.1 8.2 8.4 8.6 119.0 22.8 37.1 3.1 435.9

6.3 121.4 31.9 42.7 7.4 32.9 7.8 9.1 9.1 126.2 25.2 39.9 3.4 463.3

6.8 130.1 32.3 44.0 7.5 34.8 8.2 9.7 10.0 133.7 26.7 43.2 3.6 490.5

7.3 140.8 33.9 45.5 8.1 36.9 9.7 10.3 10.9 141.7 28.0 46.9 3.8 523.7

7.8 152.6 28.3 47.0 8.0 39.8 10.5 10.7 12.0 153.0 29.5 49.5 4.1 552.9

8.4 166.0 32.3 47.2 9.0 41.3 10.2 11.5 13.2 159.4 32.1 52.4 4.4 587.4

8.9 180.4 30.4 48.6 10.1 43.7 10.1 12.6 14.4 175.0 34.9 60.7 4.8 634.6

9.7 192.7 31.9 50.6 11.6 47.6 9.3 13.6 15.3 179.8 37.3 66.8 5.4 671.4

10.9 204.0 33.2 53.8 13.0 48.8 9.6 14.4 16.1 189.1 38.6 76.1 6.0 713.6

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4.5 4.5 78.9 12.5 2.5 0.1 7.7 1.6 139.0 39.8 15.4 306.5

5.6 10.8 53.4 15.8 3.1 0.1 9.0 1.9 110.6 38.3 15.7 264.3

5.0 10.9 54.7 13.8 3.4 0.1 8.9 1.9 104.9 39.0 16.2 258.9

3.9 11.1 57.8 15.6 3.6 0.1 8.2 1.9 107.1 40.6 17.1 267.1

3.9 11.3 56.0 15.5 3.8 0.1 7.9 2.1 98.2 40.9 17.1 256.8

5.3 11.9 57.3 16.2 4.1 0.1 8.5 2.2 97.0 41.3 16.5 260.4

5.6 13.5 55.5 16.7 4.2 0.1 8.3 2.2 94.1 45.0 18.0 263.3

5.5 13.6 58.4 16.1 4.4 0.1 8.6 2.2 94.9 50.0 17.9 271.9

5.2 14.4 59.5 15.6 4.7 0.2 8.6 2.3 97.0 49.0 17.8 274.1

2.9 13.0 57.4 15.3 4.9 0.2 8.2 2.3 92.3 49.0 17.5 263.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.60 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Electricity and heat output Production d'électricité et de chaleur terawatt hours

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

% change 90-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union *

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

6.5 28.4 105.4 17.4 8.9 163.0 17.2 16.8 32.1 10.2 3 095.9 15.7 9.8 492.5 77.6 4 097.4

6.4 23.7 111.4 16.4 7.7 121.1 16.5 14.2 27.9 7.4 2 604.5 16.8 11.0 400.0 75.9 3 461.0

6.8 23.4 103.6 16.0 7.4 130.2 18.7 13.0 24.5 5.4 2 678.4 15.1 11.2 378.7 77.7 3 510.2

6.3 24.4 107.2 16.0 6.9 137.2 17.3 13.7 27.6 5.9 2 674.9 15.3 12.0 384.4 77.7 3 527.0

6.0 25.6 105.7 16.1 8.1 150.6 15.2 13.2 31.3 5.1 2 638.5 16.2 12.1 389.4 79.5 3 512.7

5.9 27.8 107.3 17.4 8.1 163.4 17.5 13.3 33.1 5.3 2 665.9 17.5 12.2 380.5 79.5 3 554.8

6.4 28.1 111.1 17.8 7.9 168.8 18.4 13.3 32.5 7.2 2 665.1 17.5 13.5 377.2 80.0 3 564.9

6.8 27.5 111.2 17.6 8.0 174.1 18.5 13.6 28.3 7.7 2 683.1 18.1 14.5 382.5 77.7 3 589.2

6.5 30.1 112.7 17.2 7.7 168.6 19.1 13.2 26.6 8.0 2 780.0 18.0 15.5 368.4 79.2 3 670.9

6.6 29.6 107.1 19.4 8.8 185.2 18.4 12.7 27.1 7.6 2 720.4 18.6 16.9 354.3 78.8 3 611.6

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

67.0 3.0 275.6 28.0 42.7 4.9 12.5 5.5 8.4 3.4 3.4 0.5 2.7 5.8 1.0 1.8 3.5 42.2 16.1 4.3 6.3 73.4 9.0 621.2

80.5 3.9 335.6 38.4 42.9 6.2 14.5 7.7 10.3 3.8 5.2 0.7 3.4 6.6 1.1 2.1 4.6 52.0 19.0 5.2 7.2 80.6 10.3 741.8

88.9 3.9 350.0 40.1 43.2 6.9 15.0 8.5 10.6 3.9 6.0 0.5 3.7 6.6 1.1 2.3 4.9 53.5 19.9 5.5 7.6 85.3 10.6 778.5

90.1 4.0 328.9 42.5 43.5 6.9 15.3 10.3 11.1 3.9 5.9 0.6 3.9 6.7 1.1 2.5 5.1 45.3 20.8 5.6 9.3 90.1 10.8 764.2

84.5 4.2 346.6 43.7 45.1 7.5 15.7 11.5 11.9 4.1 6.2 0.5 4.1 6.9 1.1 2.7 5.3 48.2 22.0 5.6 9.6 91.9 11.1 790.0

92.0 4.3 366.0 46.8 46.6 7.6 15.8 13.5 11.5 4.4 6.6 0.5 4.5 7.1 1.2 2.7 5.6 51.8 22.9 6.4 8.6 91.8 11.3 829.6

100.2 4.5 388.7 51.2 49.8 8.2 15.6 13.8 12.6 4.4 7.0 0.5 4.9 7.2 1.2 2.8 5.8 51.9 24.3 6.4 5.9 98.6 11.4 877.0

105.5 4.9 404.2 52.5 50.4 8.3 15.3 12.9 13.4 4.8 7.6 0.6 5.6 7.4 1.2 2.9 5.8 51.2 25.5 7.1 7.7 106.0 11.7 912.3

115.0 5.3 421.0 55.3 53.9 8.7 16.5 14.2 15.7 5.6 7.9 0.6 6.0 7.5 1.3 3.0 6.0 53.8 27.4 7.0 5.6 112.3 12.0 961.2

115.1 5.7 449.5 58.5 55.3 9.1 17.6 14.8 17.3 5.8 8.8 0.5 6.3 7.8 1.3 3.2 6.5 53.7 29.9 7.7 9.4 114.9 12.3 1 011.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

10.8 2.0 0.2 129.1 417.6 58.9 23.0 45.5 10.6 4.1 1.2 57.0 33.6 22.2 4.8 80.1 14.6 8.7 923.9

14.5 2.4 0.4 165.6 537.4 84.3 18.6 65.2 10.8 4.6 1.5 65.8 41.4 29.5 6.2 90.0 23.6 11.4 1 173.2

15.8 2.5 0.5 180.6 562.2 92.6 19.4 69.3 11.0 5.1 1.7 68.1 45.3 31.7 7.0 96.0 26.6 12.8 1 248.0

17.4 2.6 0.5 184.5 581.0 101.6 20.2 71.4 10.7 4.7 1.9 72.4 47.1 33.1 6.8 102.4 30.6 13.8 1 302.7

18.7 2.7 0.6 195.2 598.4 108.2 19.8 74.2 11.2 5.1 2.1 75.7 48.5 34.7 7.1 109.0 35.8 14.8 1 361.7

19.7 3.2 0.6 205.2 635.2 112.9 21.0 78.5 11.5 5.4 2.3 80.8 52.9 35.3 7.7 117.0 40.9 15.2 1 445.5

21.5 3.3 0.8 215.1 667.6 120.2 22.0 82.0 12.4 5.6 2.4 85.7 56.0 36.8 8.2 125.7 46.0 16.1 1 527.2

22.6 3.3 0.9 223.5 699.1 127.4 22.9 84.8 12.6 6.0 2.6 93.8 56.6 38.2 9.3 132.2 53.5 16.0 1 605.4

24.3 3.3 1.1 231.6 753.0 133.1 22.4 89.8 12.8 6.2 2.7 98.4 56.8 39.4 9.5 138.7 61.8 16.1 1 701.1

24.4 3.4 1.3 239.2 803.4 142.2 21.5 101.3 12.8 6.5 2.8 95.7 59.6 41.1 9.9 143.4 69.5 18.3 1 796.4

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

1 305.6 27.9 1 333.5

1 613.3 29.5 1 642.8

1 762.2 31.3 1 793.5

1 898.0 32.4 1 930.4

2 097.5 34.3 2 131.8

2 401.0 35.5 2 436.5

2 736.0 37.1 2 773.1

3 135.4 38.5 3 173.8

3 549.8 38.6 3 588.4

3 997.6 39.0 4 036.5

.. .. ..

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.61

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur * grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

..

471

488

486

492

488

497

501

501

503

507

504

.. .. .. 399 482 .. ..

418 459 526 355 461 342 626

430 458 542 329 467 360 632

428 456 539 326 469 357 622

435 468 566 325 480 355 618

426 454 522 332 504 357 619

429 454 527 326 521 367 631

421 447 526 316 506 355 651

418 443 522 307 513 355 646

412 432 499 310 506 359 652

418 439 506 310 526 360 642

416 438 509 309 515 358 647

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

352

356

354

355

361

365

353

350

352

356

352

Non-OECD Total

..

473

513

512

511

519

536

552

555

564

564

561

OECD Total

..

469

468

465

476

461

461

454

450

441

448

446

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

203 538 .. ..

184 507 579 526

212 561 591 543

222 566 586 540

231 568 617 566

216 570 567 524

226 576 571 529

209 528 572 526

196 567 570 524

190 554 542 501

205 547 549 508

197 556 554 511

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

813 434 520 128 486

808 411 540 113 472

867 397 482 239 469

863 401 447 230 465

890 402 477 278 479

934 422 454 250 493

913 445 449 295 505

909 428 475 275 499

918 430 460 312 500

917 419 464 320 496

907 450 455 272 508

914 433 460 301 501

245 344 597 476 227 109 553 990 420 1 740 575 2 588 588 3 641 516 376 427 48 22 568 672 435

214 357 602 430 247 76 522 871 432 2 727 545 1 340 530 4 671 569 375 453 50 22 512 529 393

193 278 580 363 212 86 489 817 412 4 697 494 258 468 6 664 539 340 444 49 22 549 441 367

180 284 596 339 211 84 494 813 401 1 642 498 255 447 4 671 479 267 430 42 22 519 461 364

202 272 584 336 241 72 506 832 394 1 668 482 240 460 6 660 442 241 382 42 21 544 474 362

196 266 561 332 252 77 508 814 391 1 635 503 329 458 5 662 512 215 434 52 22 472 460 364

235 274 524 357 292 81 434 774 425 1 603 511 330 463 8 662 413 255 378 59 23 444 478 358

228 281 525 308 253 79 436 776 392 1 574 416 334 440 7 664 452 240 382 51 24 419 485 347

223 271 525 283 193 93 405 776 341 1 582 413 328 387 6 657 501 229 397 44 26 426 484 338

214 260 527 343 241 87 404 727 344 1 546 424 326 394 7 659 416 223 369 48 26 438 506 342

202 253 558 317 230 90 427 749 345 1 504 388 328 405 7 668 383 229 390 40 23 478 500 345

213 261 537 314 221 90 412 751 343 1 544 408 327 395 7 661 434 227 385 44 25 448 497 342

..

415

383

382

378

382

375

364

355

358

362

358

World Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union - 27

* CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by the output of electricity and heat generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excl. pumped storage), geothermal, solar and biomass. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.62 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

Non-OECD Total

..

473

513

512

511

519

536

552

555

564

564

561

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

633 177 951 1 800 10 9 4 275 443 1 463 42 255 3 72 1 131 869 64 37 292 881 878 465 284 185 588 7 920 413 684

627 341 659 1 575 11 114 4 414 455 700 10 326 187 412 1 056 758 3 30 350 908 890 428 126 399 598 7 812 431 677

620 382 601 1 876 10 4 379 412 713 11 326 68 562 1 022 770 5 5 407 782 893 508 192 561 574 7 740 480 665

621 381 955 1 318 16 4 394 381 749 9 272 115 392 996 764 4 6 340 799 829 481 70 1 493 584 7 848 586 622

632 354 950 1 323 27 4 409 437 659 8 282 255 265 971 766 3 354 645 819 592 57 333 564 7 717 594 624

632 373 752 1 320 31 82 3 384 432 694 6 306 277 196 978 737 3 13 340 520 849 662 51 216 554 7 515 598 637

632 216 740 1 739 28 97 3 356 473 722 6 329 84 274 888 756 3 1 400 555 871 690 121 442 532 7 572 592 651

606 154 709 1 851 40 103 3 457 474 677 3 390 147 301 907 728 1 29 383 634 852 509 361 352 476 7 572 594 636

621 98 696 1 851 83 102 3 385 473 690 3 365 276 312 879 713 1 95 386 726 832 512 431 459 546 7 573 646 628

597 153 694 1 852 301 102 3 368 450 666 36 446 360 305 846 712 1 100 413 713 845 516 248 404 557 7 573 646 627

608 135 700 1 852 141 102 3 403 466 678 14 400 261 306 877 718 1 74 394 691 843 512 347 405 526 7 573 629 630

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

815 605 698 821 834 638 654 830 1 131 815 586 737 946 728

852 582 678 767 747 673 815 809 823 811 598 708 921 709

868 568 731 766 708 689 733 796 771 810 567 728 930 706

840 578 813 771 702 670 751 817 781 778 559 746 930 705

835 560 751 820 740 624 722 829 782 751 554 764 919 691

883 534 787 818 680 663 709 853 779 739 563 805 884 687

881 532 811 801 682 754 565 885 649 762 556 913 874 702

873 528 811 797 631 808 667 862 618 752 588 844 841 697

831 545 811 777 602 643 695 870 626 755 606 820 781 687

847 536 811 764 588 645 638 861 623 736 606 831 679 678

850 536 811 779 607 698 667 864 622 748 600 832 767 687

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

37 173 429 272 822 766 776 957 440 900 362 491

39 709 446 305 856 766 687 903 360 730 340 455

49 797 431 303 838 760 682 819 396 807 330 485

60 767 465 313 777 754 780 928 412 764 340 496

58 825 433 357 756 760 724 849 412 795 374 503

30 849 470 380 833 755 709 840 451 825 368 532

32 740 470 300 773 766 708 872 418 781 341 505

34 752 447 314 788 761 701 917 400 596 345 468

32 801 441 320 758 771 698 878 429 642 355 489

43 932 515 385 761 771 740 923 438 644 372 526

36 828 468 340 769 768 713 906 422 627 357 494

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.63

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

214 502 325 680 487 448 127 238 174 514 292 36 931 383 433 315

225 614 299 700 154 438 104 218 178 631 327 41 791 339 483 336

236 648 308 691 193 480 106 200 160 739 321 38 795 347 458 334

243 561 298 678 133 422 101 189 147 767 321 36 795 330 467 330

153 490 299 663 72 465 106 188 123 738 327 28 795 325 475 334

148 523 294 717 76 466 94 183 114 755 329 29 795 381 454 342

120 511 302 701 100 455 90 166 114 515 325 33 795 316 448 332

138 504 296 671 103 440 82 162 136 519 325 32 795 331 442 333

138 473 296 642 147 549 79 167 138 476 329 33 795 344 446 341

163 436 293 688 162 479 85 164 117 507 323 32 795 359 452 336

147 471 295 667 138 490 82 164 130 500 325 32 795 345 447 337

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

273 480 55 256 205 156 1 137 876 314 403 306 327 326 888 717 484 317 2 186 711 53 219 687 182

365 312 83 451 122 21 1 032 850 236 279 338 289 241 823 719 605 224 0 171 708 187 199 507 198

338 304 88 336 160 8 1 024 759 215 293 392 346 281 821 717 610 231 152 691 57 191 595 193

267 507 104 266 165 14 991 658 272 308 421 340 332 824 717 613 399 120 694 3 241 594 201

258 469 86 270 154 15 1 090 734 281 315 484 399 287 803 718 563 270 143 772 4 266 600 196

275 448 79 287 152 20 1 138 661 299 302 404 320 352 795 717 558 356 148 731 2 265 608 196

317 525 85 322 117 17 1 075 605 313 280 434 301 452 825 718 557 266 206 759 150 222 598 199

307 513 84 318 131 27 1 012 590 355 268 384 307 412 824 718 539 275 199 709 103 210 597 194

307 505 81 304 127 47 856 624 403 221 334 305 267 787 717 550 310 174 724 296 221 595 192

352 497 73 383 127 72 849 622 324 288 361 511 420 787 719 526 317 187 740 104 209 597 196

322 505 80 335 128 49 906 612 361 259 360 375 366 799 718 538 301 186 724 168 213 597 194

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

601 880 1 816 533 927 552 481 556 610 508 26 404 458 939 51 606 301 263 711

592 831 1 764 596 920 626 552 528 560 572 34 467 448 656 229 596 403 270 722

556 795 1 798 626 939 596 584 517 587 457 12 479 494 664 448 564 427 269 731

602 799 1 940 641 935 679 583 541 585 405 7 463 480 635 429 562 399 286 734

604 818 1 970 631 920 655 568 591 613 376 2 443 450 595 470 548 430 332 721

574 801 1 880 651 904 711 542 525 554 426 1 371 453 574 488 528 381 359 709

628 802 1 301 646 943 690 528 538 526 414 6 397 452 556 513 539 413 365 727

557 782 1 205 651 937 694 522 641 533 365 4 380 463 544 476 535 412 364 726

584 821 1 141 659 931 701 533 643 523 346 4 413 433 536 335 511 439 350 727

667 840 1 152 655 928 692 469 619 563 346 4 432 449 535 394 536 414 350 729

603 814 1 166 655 932 695 508 634 540 352 4 408 448 538 402 527 421 355 727

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

803 854 804

798 716 796

765 712 764

740 720 739

748 725 748

776 795 776

805 749 804

787 755 787

788 754 787

758 775 758

778 761 777

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.64 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using coal/peat* Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Charbon/tourbe* grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

..

883

902

879

899

882

891

912

909

910

903

907

.. .. .. 858 1 033 .. ..

838 923 941 857 992 614 985

857 910 914 849 1 007 675 984

840 911 917 847 1 003 613 951

874 959 984 868 1 004 616 940

851 919 919 868 1 012 627 929

854 910 917 847 993 666 941

858 914 923 851 987 661 980

865 906 912 845 978 711 959

864 904 900 865 984 717 958

876 916 920 867 979 723 927

868 908 911 859 980 717 948

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

758

803

768

778

789

798

800

820

827

834

827

Non-OECD Total

..

849

904

858

852

856

883

920

922

924

902

916

OECD Total

..

909

900

897

939

905

897

904

894

893

903

897

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1 010 921 .. ..

992 919 938 940

935 1 084 913 915

934 1 090 916 919

915 1 058 988 985

890 1 063 921 921

900 1 011 918 918

927 1 004 923 924

874 979 914 913

853 897 903 900

910 963 920 920

879 946 912 911

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

963 1 099 2 017 2 056 1 101

968 1 006 1 250 2 055 1 028

1 044 966 1 105 2 476 1 025

1 046 961 891 2 753 977

1 064 950 940 2 471 988

1 101 940 898 2 663 984

1 073 930 943 1 878 981

1 062 925 987 1 854 987

1 065 911 971 1 634 977

1 061 917 980 1 769 983

1 068 910 902 2 282 959

1 064 913 951 1 895 973

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

866 990 736 577 504 1 053 825 1 137 867 917 963 3 170 859 1 100 666 886 745 936 467 495 1 199 910 810

922 1 024 777 555 536 1 111 854 1 019 860 923 987 3 701 907 574 682 854 795 911 473 908 1 132 880 822

898 1 104 777 521 556 1 036 813 982 893 964 1 006 961 663 682 851 811 899 624 1 131 916 820

845 992 782 519 546 938 814 979 838 898 974 951 612 689 865 760 917 638 1 080 906 819

840 1 072 777 517 567 903 873 981 931 897 963 960 721 681 849 700 915 621 1 082 898 831

865 1 088 787 538 572 919 871 988 940 912 976 962 663 686 842 788 912 608 1 102 890 834

846 1 092 773 600 622 886 820 983 955 908 967 965 664 687 838 838 910 616 1 068 901 818

926 1 136 790 556 613 905 818 1 006 987 877 942 958 584 692 843 778 891 585 1 045 927 823

940 1 180 780 536 532 898 803 1 000 962 868 970 788 655 687 857 786 886 638 916 935 813

935 1 237 787 602 590 931 839 1 007 916 866 1 117 756 666 689 859 790 901 620 1 015 923 832

987 1 337 818 589 576 938 848 983 915 831 1 001 774 639 703 848 783 941 621 1 037 927 840

954 1 251 795 576 566 922 830 996 931 855 1 029 773 653 693 854 786 909 626 989 928 828

..

818

813

813

825

829

815

821

814

828

835

826

World Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

European Union - 27

* CO2 emissions from coal consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by output of electricity and heat generated from coal. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.65

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Charbon/tourbe grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

Non-OECD Total

..

849

904

858

852

856

883

920

922

924

902

916

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1 815 912 1 346 938 1 116 1 718 1 287 956 952

1 588 856 1 148 955 1 111 1 636 1 379 955 964

1 900 839 1 262 960 1 107 1 636 1 383 955 966

1 325 821 1 403 884 1 116 1 527 1 362 956 894

1 329 821 879 1 116 1 527 1 287 955 888

1 326 817 1 403 902 1 114 1 575 1 311 955 906

1 776 814 2 104 927 1 113 1 617 1 321 955 932

1 856 822 1 503 900 1 111 1 654 1 321 955 907

1 856 831 1 388 878 1 106 1 688 1 321 956 888

1 857 829 1 339 888 1 101 1 718 1 322 956 896

1 856 827 1 410 889 1 106 1 687 1 321 956 897

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

849 849

848 848

853 853

855 855

847 847

855 855

849 849

855 855

864 908

873 917

864 894

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

977 892 1 037 991 1 382 861 1 568 811 1 031

799 1 622 875 985 986 827 1 354 830 1 018

920 1 615 853 894 959 823 1 367 817 1 013

967 1 554 882 938 1 014 826 1 308 827 1 000

759 1 686 870 907 967 830 1 335 883 1 020

1 898 1 479 897 859 1 011 824 1 277 840 1 003

1 898 1 436 934 913 1 022 845 1 261 840 1 023

1 898 1 445 952 896 1 005 822 993 826 949

1 898 1 449 931 863 1 038 853 1 022 840 964

1 898 1 447 890 862 999 877 1 004 873 957

1 898 1 447 924 874 1 014 851 1 006 846 957

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.66 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using coal/peat Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Charbon/tourbe grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

560 931 967 450 517 498 525 804 471 1 222 1 140 535

478 1 016 453 531 580 441 1 011 592 1 024 1 019 612

483 1 002 494 527 697 468 1 011 501 1 042 1 019 542

575 984 433 509 608 500 1 010 509 939 1 019 533

576 954 477 508 564 487 1 058 523 953 1 019 551

592 963 483 668 537 526 1 013 565 1 120 1 018 596

648 986 480 608 486 477 400 558 1 091 1 018 583

490 962 455 474 510 435 398 634 1 166 1 018 641

475 928 581 475 460 433 390 645 1 085 1 018 677

473 936 501 449 478 445 377 633 1 085 1 018 654

479 942 512 466 483 438 388 637 1 112 1 018 657

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2 026 1 543 853 1 167 886 1 258

1 149 1 333 946 916 887 1 055 1 100

1 246 1 464 966 1 091 886 1 029 1 112 1 221

1 370 1 487 959 1 218 886 957 1 113 1 283

1 945 1 511 1 115 1 204 886 957 1 112 1 321

1 709 1 566 1 275 1 200 886 925 1 112 1 334

1 420 1 455 850 1 124 886 919 1 112 1 167

1 372 1 585 923 1 140 886 929 1 112 1 256

1 229 1 616 866 1 063 886 948 1 112 1 185

1 149 1 605 763 948 886 957 1 113 1 090

1 250 1 602 850 1 050 886 945 1 112 1 177

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

854 1 213 806 1 253 856 613 1 498 1 436 986 1 415 1 130

938 1 220 1 038 1 218 855 560 1 402 970 970 1 469 1 142

944 1 203 836 1 217 975 586 1 412 970 959 1 479 1 117

937 1 199 1 072 1 208 771 585 1 475 840 955 1 605 1 118

923 1 153 967 1 208 856 612 1 542 912 976 1 240 1 081

924 1 161 1 025 1 208 1 083 552 1 819 952 989 958 1 090

923 1 224 983 1 208 972 523 1 945 917 989 961 1 124

929 1 244 1 027 1 208 972 530 2 194 1 038 980 991 1 142

938 1 247 980 1 208 972 519 2 478 1 038 812 991 1 137

935 1 252 980 1 208 972 559 2 497 1 008 927 988 1 142

934 1 248 996 1 208 972 536 2 390 1 028 907 990 1 141

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

987 855 984

952 879 951

911 868 911

901 875 901

902 879 902

918 889 917

968 880 967

937 880 937

930 887 930

893 890 893

920 886 920

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.67

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using oil * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Pétrole * grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

..

591

658

667

656

659

665

655

675

663

662

667

.. .. .. 635 631 .. ..

485 605 506 611 652 352 766

560 652 766 581 633 394 776

573 659 789 589 630 403 757

558 643 705 600 631 399 750

562 633 743 575 616 409 750

576 651 741 596 614 401 752

555 622 761 502 610 385 740

576 638 738 560 615 400 758

531 589 752 491 598 394 759

542 594 707 507 603 390 745

550 607 732 519 606 395 754

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

487

514

526

524

528

534

495

528

494

512

511

Non-OECD Total

..

572

650

672

665

677

677

686

701

700

701

701

OECD Total

..

620

669

660

645

635

650

613

641

603

599

614

701 734 .. ..

624 690 491 582

613 765 784 766

613 756 811 775

687 756 707 724

688 795 750 763

705 851 747 772

668 733 777 753

685 855 744 772

940 878 731 797

819 844 693 754

815 859 723 774

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

652 630 765 1 223 640

743 651 682 1 087 658

552 634 689 639

557 631 482 589

634 631 484 583

470 620 410 562

554 615 400 986 558

823 607 404 744 545

765 613 420 781 561

769 594 415 679 543

749 601 407 553

761 603 414 730 552

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

500 403 430 413 341 603 497 746 457 520 756 672 1 021 693 1 640 385 693 381 802 297 498 899 660 616

422 341 351 551 323 506 363 737 574 490 736 663 1 226 534 1 035 451 709 753 795 301 556 951 672 610

449 907 551 589 319 538 334 761 577 327 712 665 386 372 444 624 926 652 339 460 889 460 589

378 729 550 624 322 238 438 731 599 296 696 704 536 400 463 593 757 630 333 349 852 431 598

414 536 473 562 333 201 564 730 637 327 736 706 563 383 452 623 405 657 326 342 735 563 602

388 511 456 531 332 191 473 743 555 270 759 640 536 281 456 621 414 654 316 339 672 553 575

419 825 440 407 350 275 496 749 574 270 826 690 530 316 456 616 410 645 324 342 668 641 593

420 828 406 400 341 320 376 721 779 781 766 489 534 299 484 596 382 660 345 351 688 668 509

391 747 398 389 344 585 718 714 751 624 740 472 383 401 492 600 400 696 329 363 654 585 560

383 749 406 394 340 521 411 694 827 781 818 451 403 314 510 550 403 603 333 368 740 534 498

436 719 414 414 333 542 532 731 813 493 650 403 389 359 508 545 386 723 338 418 675 542 514

403 739 406 399 339 549 554 713 797 633 736 442 391 358 503 565 396 674 334 383 690 553 524

..

560

559

571

576

561

583

507

559

499

518

525

World Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

European Union - 27

* CO2 emissions from oil consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by output of electricity and heat generated from oil. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.68 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using oil Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Pétrole grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

Non-OECD Total

..

572

650

672

665

677

677

686

701

700

701

701

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1 178 2 835 951 1 054 893 1 587 1 219 692 660 1 463 641 803 836 728 1 290 916 907 833 693 980 819 972 1 495 1 058 921 917 782 909

1 135 1 034 678 1 051 907 794 1 097 1 068 768 703 836 846 1 465 1 253 1 194 750 866 804 964 948 855 1 488 769 934 743 2 556 756 928

863 1 037 616 1 051 919 1 155 970 708 717 828 777 802 1 083 1 144 769 1 058 966 1 045 942 1 488 1 309 907 922 1 539 863 935

840 1 006 985 1 050 853 1 155 970 698 752 1 003 648 720 1 197 1 111 820 1 058 965 1 012 1 026 869 1 509 2 516 937 896 2 020 1 073 967

968 1 004 981 1 085 753 1 097 970 773 661 756 680 824 1 161 1 089 801 1 027 965 993 1 154 1 014 1 482 780 919 896 3 175 1 103 973

864 986 771 1 085 733 1 045 1 042 744 696 794 676 811 1 124 1 067 793 840 1 666 963 845 769 1 014 1 459 732 1 000 896 2 963 1 113 961

869 988 749 1 055 600 997 718 778 725 882 682 665 1 069 943 895 814 964 876 1 014 1 499 799 953 896 1 965 1 107 905

948 984 716 1 026 698 954 933 810 680 794 697 860 1 041 1 003 898 907 666 988 917 1 026 759 924 589 960 847 2 117 1 099 926

957 988 696 1 026 739 914 968 743 696 953 702 827 1 040 1 078 874 794 740 1 002 871 1 042 758 919 798 839 847 2 117 1 101 904

912 989 699 1 026 739 844 1 037 621 671 955 686 772 1 059 1 077 850 1 058 740 1 360 883 753 759 891 842 813 847 2 117 1 101 845

939 987 704 1 026 725 904 979 725 682 900 695 820 1 046 1 053 874 920 716 1 116 890 940 759 911 743 871 847 2 117 1 101 891

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

968 712 777 860 734 753 1 056 804 777 968 946 811

1 020 691 603 756 730 849 1 056 830 763 925 921 800

883 745 578 717 746 778 1 056 844 729 953 930 793

812 829 518 716 722 783 1 056 805 728 976 930 781

830 763 730 755 667 776 1 055 743 730 999 919 756

816 799 695 686 700 814 1 055 718 714 1 052 884 748

811 824 707 753 795 634 1 055 763 730 1 194 874 781

841 823 685 700 847 744 1 056 744 729 1 194 841 787

1 229 1 400 824 723 675 693 751 1 056 746 779 1 194 781 832

1 269 1 509 824 705 675 695 680 1 055 714 731 1 194 679 813

1 249 1 250 824 704 683 745 725 1 055 735 746 1 194 767 811

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

501 583 321 456 822 766 376 932 378 418 973 412

811 582 497 584 856 766 344 903 373 419 406 485

665 288 511 582 838 760 434 819 374 394 477 485

658 425 635 639 777 754 376 928 385 422 667 491

599 510 577 630 756 760 382 849 392 676 494 518

1 115 498 595 622 833 755 328 840 406 688 436 554

1 203 470 522 578 773 766 336 872 411 437 439 564

1 709 477 542 531 789 761 324 917 395 381 437 543

1 189 462 570 547 758 771 389 878 389 427 396 548

1 005 476 575 600 761 771 474 923 428 465 535 607

1 301 472 562 559 769 768 396 906 404 424 456 566

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.69

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using oil Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Pétrole grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

306 600 352 349 1 349 1 033 341 353 760 328 481 606 369

725 364 368 1 055 686 372 379 875 384 366 698 413

725 359 365 1 052 1 109 373 376 805 398 372 530 429

725 353 412 2 999 815 356 390 839 391 377 594 413

725 346 404 2 603 1 293 337 398 835 407 395 730 435

725 343 419 2 603 682 354 409 815 392 433 526 419

725 370 380 2 603 233 372 439 345 372 771 442 390

725 350 396 2 603 478 350 463 402 392 889 380 409

577 362 373 2 603 423 386 433 379 383 940 398 395

660 328 403 2 603 398 409 331 458 375 914 430 391

654 347 390 2 603 433 382 409 413 383 915 403 398

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

632 972 819 863 891 918 1 199 998 810 938 873 669 842 923 717 842 1 027 926 964 810 1 200 821 933

896 838 785 777 874 974 1 101 1 009 777 753 773 688 638 851 719 794 719 1 467 763 1 058 814 1 062 595 855

1 013 925 804 989 864 949 1 086 836 761 605 769 716 737 849 717 748 781 854 1 058 850 890 655 850

1 141 1 266 794 800 864 980 1 051 687 756 685 769 649 655 844 717 748 787 863 1 058 1 126 983 653 834

1 059 1 267 702 429 861 936 1 158 792 749 665 774 761 476 826 718 714 764 827 1 058 1 104 909 659 830

1 132 1 272 766 330 874 1 119 1 211 689 739 711 774 611 578 820 717 741 727 793 1 058 1 214 915 669 843

922 1 275 714 1 305 877 747 1 129 653 729 615 775 573 646 859 718 741 782 763 705 820 936 658 836

808 1 275 764 1 104 877 818 1 058 689 748 632 811 587 619 859 718 772 769 898 794 821 900 659 829

767 1 275 730 1 139 874 772 886 682 744 502 810 582 423 823 717 740 778 825 635 843 998 658 791

777 1 272 699 705 871 902 872 681 663 630 792 761 674 821 719 740 735 683 1 411 805 929 658 762

784 1 274 731 983 874 831 939 684 718 588 804 643 572 834 718 751 761 802 947 823 943 658 794

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1 004 847 1 816 697 1 105 685 1 379 778 481 894 827 757 646 1 201 696 741 900 532 792

939 722 1 764 686 1 003 737 1 380 837 548 917 761 747 652 707 703 744 936 574 766

1 078 690 1 798 689 1 036 786 1 379 856 606 868 755 755 675 707 826 749 914 574 791

1 182 794 1 940 673 1 035 693 1 380 856 600 778 755 758 661 707 795 805 936 551 778

1 121 762 2 076 676 870 713 1 379 861 700 747 850 773 705 707 761 751 907 632 770

1 084 762 2 010 752 915 775 1 379 839 682 738 850 675 720 707 855 725 894 669 795

1 017 766 1 350 793 930 709 1 379 845 726 736 971 795 711 707 803 715 891 688 789

1 097 766 1 269 807 924 691 1 379 831 864 735 1 020 692 752 707 758 729 1 148 687 776

1 097 770 1 199 784 843 688 1 378 812 906 984 1 020 749 751 707 657 739 1 053 694 761

1 123 770 1 201 832 798 688 1 380 896 844 988 1 020 719 748 707 657 764 1 056 694 757

1 105 769 1 223 808 855 689 1 379 846 871 902 1 020 720 750 707 691 744 1 085 692 765

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

619 813 620

650 844 651

637 942 637

635 934 636

645 1 011 645

667 863 667

667 818 667

683 935 683

648 979 648

615 977 616

649 964 649

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.70 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using gas* Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Gaz* grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

..

366

395

388

389

390

386

387

390

384

388

387

.. .. .. 403 469 .. ..

332 457 502 372 455 265 561

360 455 532 370 432 288 542

350 415 459 353 428 296 540

348 407 453 340 429 297 539

349 404 434 346 447 298 536

344 390 426 328 447 302 527

342 389 436 320 448 298 529

344 386 435 316 452 301 531

337 372 393 320 453 299 527

342 373 397 317 450 304 521

341 377 408 318 452 301 526

Annex I Kyoto Parties

..

294

320

324

323

326

326

319

320

321

325

322

Non-OECD Total

..

325

361

373

379

383

386

387

393

391

396

393

OECD Total

..

454

449

411

403

400

387

388

386

376

377

380

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

371 555 .. ..

360 542 509 504

379 536 541 532

407 529 462 463

411 486 455 455

395 461 437 436

424 468 427 430

392 497 438 442

395 512 437 443

391 550 393 409

384 528 398 411

390 530 409 421

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

496 465 496 506 470

417 457 389 533 448

374 436 356 469 423

362 433 336 471 417

392 431 353 451 419

583 432 338 440 431

577 432 325 439 429

560 434 347 428 428

570 437 343 429 429

577 440 349 434 431

559 437 351 404 429

569 438 348 423 429

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

384 454 237 222 241 337 372 459 343 499 475 662 434 289 442 423 217 241 488 521 397

404 412 227 235 274 335 314 435 359 480 466 307 363 302 318 429 469 218 232 419 426 371

344 346 284 255 233 325 360 518 296 507 439 221 341 296 297 392 387 363 220 230 408 386 368

315 335 271 250 238 250 345 505 305 460 431 206 300 293 304 364 333 311 227 230 346 382 349

318 311 267 249 242 250 314 482 286 473 402 202 313 328 313 346 278 281 222 232 359 387 337

308 310 269 250 242 245 326 446 315 445 435 327 316 288 330 347 239 325 252 233 357 379 342

314 336 266 252 244 240 259 434 335 421 420 322 317 283 320 347 240 316 219 237 347 379 327

300 334 284 254 243 233 259 416 308 407 348 328 308 288 332 339 251 324 216 236 355 388 321

313 348 273 249 233 241 260 459 305 412 344 325 282 283 334 337 241 319 219 238 357 383 318

290 307 283 252 247 263 257 416 312 405 336 326 297 283 330 331 236 356 218 242 341 391 320

291 307 275 244 236 265 258 416 329 413 317 329 302 320 335 329 239 350 215 245 347 385 320

298 321 277 248 238 257 258 430 315 410 332 327 294 295 333 332 239 342 217 242 348 386 319

..

356

356

343

331

336

324

315

312

315

314

314

World Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

European Union - 27

* CO2 emissions from gas consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by output of electricity and heat generated from gas. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.71

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using gas Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Gaz grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

Non-OECD Total

..

325

361

373

379

383

386

387

393

391

396

393

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

621 736 529 876 591 652 410 604 533 544

618 615 515 919 591 628 515 611 555 554

614 598 467 929 591 778 628 628 536 529

616 622 442 894 591 1 106 515 550 508

625 606 484 893 529 1 155 515 518 529 527

632 573 600 484 899 632 1 674 515 512 521 529

631 576 536 490 965 662 775 515 517 484 502 533

609 573 627 490 1 007 662 332 724 515 519 569 440 523

618 572 539 490 1 017 591 334 684 515 516 602 503 527

594 1 470 575 554 490 1 063 562 368 573 515 511 579 511 524

607 1 470 573 574 490 1 029 605 345 660 515 515 583 485 525

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

815 507 516 681 539 776 1 131 830 543 730 680

852 507 525 688 539 759 823 784 543 700 638

868 507 541 671 553 742 771 766 543 721 637

840 529 529 626 539 765 781 749 543 740 651

835 527 535 646 478 780 782 759 543 758 654

883 525 542 667 516 809 779 761 543 798 660

881 511 535 622 586 848 649 760 543 906 668

873 516 555 582 627 819 618 761 543 836 661

805 451 468 576 510 830 626 765 543 812 620

833 430 412 566 515 819 623 764 543 824 612

837 466 478 574 551 822 622 763 543 824 631

Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

302 423 322 241 234 314

275 285 337 238 285 259 229 285

287 296 339 238 295 260 237 294

287 288 324 235 292 270 249 291

287 288 346 235 309 258 271 302

287 261 313 248 349 268 278 320

287 232 318 254 313 268 246 293

287 236 304 242 311 230 260 284

287 244 323 242 315 229 244 291

287 266 356 238 308 266 266 300

287 249 327 241 311 242 256 292

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.72 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using gas Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Gaz grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Average 05-07

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

328 341 299 223 934 559 309 247 255 402 259 515 931 273 422 272

457 445 281 227 924 535 309 249 270 609 286 517 791 300 472 299

457 582 298 232 887 591 309 240 268 734 293 517 795 317 465 308

458 521 288 235 616 585 309 241 268 769 298 517 795 308 466 311

454 444 292 236 393 585 309 239 257 744 301 428 795 294 467 311

455 481 289 236 348 585 309 236 257 752 297 422 795 347 468 314

351 496 298 231 369 585 309 238 260 525 299 501 795 293 469 310

404 496 297 233 389 585 309 236 264 527 305 498 795 283 469 313

442 496 297 234 459 585 309 234 257 483 305 459 795 264 469 312

495 435 300 232 704 585 310 232 258 509 309 405 795 274 469 317

447 476 298 233 517 585 309 234 260 506 306 454 795 274 469 314

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

437 845 742 358 646 377 670 716 675 580 570

520 563 494 398 510 477 670 710 715 708 557

514 605 496 425 534 477 670 693 644 703 541

490 1 043 455 448 480 477 646 697 615 711 524

482 882 478 424 495 477 937 646 776 654 703 535

474 635 445 416 502 502 976 646 732 451 652 692 515

467 898 472 400 492 502 903 604 762 578 638 659 508

448 738 473 465 496 502 630 1 016 711 469 658 686 514

459 743 451 414 485 502 723 818 727 536 654 697 513

468 745 450 463 544 502 767 468 739 578 631 720 518

458 742 458 448 509 502 707 768 726 528 648 701 515

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

586 881 505 539 575 569 843 594 854 447 468 514 546

595 832 444 448 484 547 692 545 860 454 486 601 506

555 796 462 503 495 527 686 550 1 202 472 489 591 515

597 799 473 493 560 547 637 537 333 449 506 584 526

603 819 446 538 475 568 654 529 300 449 503 643 520

573 801 432 469 472 454 725 536 349 488 483 522 483

639 802 425 480 507 432 725 526 356 488 475 546 486

552 782 428 480 429 560 725 537 343 488 472 515 493

583 822 429 480 469 568 725 536 325 488 472 515 496

676 840 423 462 442 506 725 573 330 488 470 515 489

604 815 427 474 447 545 725 548 333 488 471 515 493

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

.. .. ..

516 859 524

353 500 426

334 468 388

315 467 375

304 448 360

326 457 367

325 451 365

351 454 378

370 454 392

434 454 437

385 454 403

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.73

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TOTALS

TOTAUX MONDIAUX ET REGIONAUX

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.74 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

World / Monde Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 35000

30000

30000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 35000

25000 20000 15000 10000

25000 20000 15000 10000

5000

5000

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

30000

100%

29000 28000 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

27000 26000 25000 24000 23000 22000 21000 20000

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 25000

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120 20000

TWh

100 15000

80

10000

60 40

5000 20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.75

World / Monde Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

20 980.5 21 474.1

21 810.4 22 067.2

23 497.3 23 758.5

26 336.1 26 807.5

27 147.0 27 600.3

28 028.0 28 446.3

28 962.4 29 320.5

38.0% 36.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

366 834 8 761.7 24 199.8 33 299.1 5 259.2

386 311 9 226.9 27 133.3 37 759.5 5 675.7

419 463 10 018.7 31 979.8 45 572.7 6 072.7

465 685 11 122.7 35 356.1 52 626.0 6 382.3

478 361 11 425.5 36 585.9 55 156.7 6 458.9

490 696 11 720.1 38 046.5 58 179.4 6 535.2

503 664 12 029.8 39 493.3 61 428.0 6 609.3

37.3% 37.3% 63.2% 84.5% 25.7%

57.2 0.87 0.63 3.99

56.5 0.80 0.58 3.84

56.0 0.73 0.52 3.87

56.6 0.74 0.50 4.13

56.7 0.74 0.49 4.20

57.1 0.74 0.48 4.29

57.5 0.73 0.47 4.38

0.5% -15.4% -25.2% 9.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Oil

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers ** Memo: international aviation bunkers **

12 228.1 8 207.5 473.1 249.6 2 847.4 13.7 436.6 267.5 12 411.5 229.4 - 46.0 -

10 898.6 730.7 167.4 673.6 1 544.0 6 444.0 4 806.3 1 338.8 624.2 11 027.5 72.0 56.8 610.4 411.6

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

5 733.8 1 930.4 394.4 508.2 1 297.6 174.7 28.2 1 428.4 949.9 5 779.2 77.7 - 32.2 -

102.0 34.0 37.6 0.5 25.8 4.1 0.0 102.4 0.0 0.3 -

28 962.4 10 902.6 1 072.6 1 432.0 5 714.8 6 632.5 4 834.5 3 208.0 1 841.7 29 320.5 379.1 - 21.1 610.4 411.6

38.0% 57.0% 87.9% 40.9% 26.4% 44.5% 46.9% -3.9% 1.3% 36.5%

71.1% 62.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. ** World includes international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

8 207.5 4 806.3 2 847.4 1 930.4 1 637.7 1 544.0 1 297.6 949.9 730.7 714.6 673.6

76.9% 46.2% 29.9% 59.2% 45.4% 15.2% 31.8% 48.3% -32.8% -2.0% 19.2%

19.2 11.2 6.6 4.5 3.8 3.6 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.6

19.2 30.4 37.0 41.5 45.3 48.9 52.0 54.2 55.9 57.6 59.1

28 962.4

38.0%

67.6

67.6

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.76 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Annex I Parties / Parties de l'Annexe I Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 16000

14000

14000

12000

12000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 16000

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

14600

100%

14400 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

14200 14000 13800 13600 13400 13200

0%

13000 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

12000

TWh

2007

10000

100

8000

80

6000

60

4000

40

2000

20

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.77

Annex I Parties / Parties de l'Annexe I Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

13 898.6 14 111.2

13 175.5 13 266.2

13 758.4 13 862.5

14 138.4 14 267.7

14 158.4 14 303.2

14 148.6 14 287.1

14 259.1 14 339.6

2.6% 1.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

233 080 5 567.0 19 869.2 22 366.9 1 176.5

228 979 5 469.1 21 607.5 23 480.2 1 208.7

241 429 5 766.4 25 091.8 27 338.1 1 234.3

249 483 5 958.8 27 075.0 29 844.8 1 256.0

251 157 5 998.8 27 760.1 30 680.4 1 260.8

251 382 6 004.2 28 579.5 31 698.8 1 266.2

252 193 6 023.5 29 299.4 32 627.2 1 271.5

8.2% 8.2% 47.5% 45.9% 8.1%

59.6 0.70 0.62 11.81

57.5 0.61 0.56 10.90

57.0 0.55 0.50 11.15

56.7 0.52 0.47 11.26

56.4 0.51 0.46 11.23

56.3 0.50 0.45 11.17

56.5 0.49 0.44 11.21

-5.2% -30.4% -29.7% -5.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

4 884.4 3 795.0 276.4 75.0 646.6 0.5 90.9 61.3 4 935.9 5.8 45.7 -

Oil 5 504.3 207.1 93.4 392.9 696.1 3 476.9 3 065.9 638.0 287.2 5 526.0 0.1 21.6 296.5 236.6

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

3 778.6 1 206.2 317.0 229.5 779.1 140.8 4.7 1 106.2 728.7 3 785.6 25.5 - 18.5 -

91.8 34.0 34.5 0.5 19.3 3.6 0.0 92.2 0.0 0.3 -

14 259.1 5 242.2 721.2 697.9 2 141.0 3 618.2 3 070.7 1 838.6 1 077.2 14 339.6 31.4 49.1 296.5 236.6

2.6% 2.7% 62.9% 7.6% -15.1% 20.9% 26.1% -16.0% -10.0% 1.6%

26.9% 44.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

3 795.0 3 065.9 1 206.2 779.1 728.7 696.1 646.6 411.0 392.9 377.5 350.8

10.9% 26.1% 21.6% 1.7% 21.5% -13.9% -31.4% -6.0% -0.9% 29.9% -26.5%

20.6 16.7 6.6 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.5 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9

20.6 37.3 43.8 48.1 52.0 55.8 59.3 61.6 63.7 65.7 67.6

14 259.1

2.6%

77.5

77.5

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.78 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Annex II Parties / Parties de l'Annexe II Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 12000

10000

10000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 12000

8000 6000 4000

8000 6000 4000

2000

2000

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

11600

100%

11400 80% million tonnes of CO2

11200

60% 40% 20%

11000 10800 10600 10400 10200 10000 9800

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

10000 9000

160

8000

140

7000

120

6000 TWh

2007

100

5000 80

4000

60

3000 2000

40

1000

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.79

Annex II Parties / Parties de l'Annexe II Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

9 800.8 9 835.2

10 194.2 10 219.8

10 998.1 11 054.7

11 314.6 11 380.4

11 324.9 11 403.2

11 212.2 11 297.6

11 291.6 11 347.7

15.2% 15.4%

167 864 4 009.4 18 844.8 18 948.5 799.2

180 459 4 310.2 20 761.3 20 888.6 827.6

195 314 4 665.0 24 112.4 24 416.6 853.0

200 818 4 796.5 25 899.7 26 279.0 876.2

201 683 4 817.1 26 512.6 26 901.1 881.9

200 577 4 790.7 27 245.4 27 652.7 887.6

201 101 4 803.2 27 880.9 28 311.0 893.3

19.8% 19.8% 48.0% 49.4% 11.8%

58.4 0.52 0.52 12.26

56.5 0.49 0.49 12.32

56.3 0.46 0.45 12.89

56.3 0.44 0.43 12.91

56.2 0.43 0.42 12.84

55.9 0.41 0.41 12.63

56.1 0.41 0.40 12.64

-3.8% -22.1% -22.9% 3.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

3 780.2 3 170.3 130.4 56.4 400.1 0.3 22.6 10.0 3 834.6 6.7 47.7 -

Oil 4 847.2 183.5 56.7 329.4 599.0 3 131.1 2 761.4 547.6 251.0 4 864.5 - 5.6 22.8 290.9 210.9

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

2 590.9 761.4 109.3 187.7 589.0 48.1 3.0 895.4 558.7 2 575.3 4.1 - 19.7 -

73.3 33.7 21.9 14.2 3.4 0.0 73.3 0.0 -

11 291.6 4 148.8 318.3 573.5 1 602.3 3 179.6 2 764.4 1 469.0 819.7 11 347.7 5.2 50.8 290.9 210.9

15.2% 30.3% 8.8% 8.3% -8.2% 25.7% 29.5% -3.4% -2.9% 15.4%

30.2% 67.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

3 170.3 2 761.4 761.4 599.0 589.0 558.7 400.1 369.7 336.8 329.4 296.6

25.6% 29.4% 151.9% -0.5% 12.8% 25.4% -35.3% 4.9% 35.1% -0.2% -17.1%

22.6 19.7 5.4 4.3 4.2 4.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1

22.6 42.3 47.7 52.0 56.2 60.2 63.0 65.6 68.0 70.4 72.5

11 291.6

15.2%

80.5

80.5

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.80 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Annex II: North America / Annexe II: Amérique du Nord Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7000

6000

6000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7000

5000 4000 3000 2000

5000 4000 3000 2000

1000

1000

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

6600

100%

6400 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6200 6000 5800 5600 5400 5200

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

6000

160 5000

140 120

4000 TWh

100 3000 80 2000

60 40

1000

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.81

Annex II: North America / Annexe II: Amérique du Nord Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

5 295.6 5 277.3

5 598.6 5 587.6

6 225.8 6 233.1

6 323.0 6 353.6

6 340.8 6 400.5

6 236.1 6 313.3

6 342.3 6 394.3

19.8% 21.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

88 838 2 121.8 7 598.6 7 709.7 277.9

96 390 2 302.2 8 564.9 8 685.8 295.9

106 112 2 534.4 10 489.7 10 637.8 313.1

107 982 2 579.1 11 421.7 11 584.7 325.6

108 651 2 595.1 11 757.5 11 925.2 328.7

107 684 2 572.0 12 086.9 12 259.8 331.8

109 247 2 609.3 12 337.3 12 514.9 335.1

23.0% 23.0% 62.4% 62.3% 20.6%

59.6 0.70 0.69 19.06

58.1 0.65 0.64 18.92

58.7 0.59 0.59 19.88

58.6 0.55 0.55 19.42

58.4 0.54 0.53 19.29

57.9 0.52 0.51 18.79

58.1 0.51 0.51 18.93

-2.6% -26.2% -26.2% -0.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2 238.6 2 061.7 18.7 14.6 136.7 6.9 0.1 2 286.8 3.7 44.5 -

Oil 2 648.2 60.1 9.9 187.6 251.5 1 927.2 1 653.4 211.9 80.6 2 649.7 - 35.2 36.7 98.0 51.7

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1 427.3 386.9 36.6 136.9 342.2 45.0 1.5 479.7 291.6 1 429.7 1.4 0.9 -

28.1 13.3 4.9 9.1 0.8 28.1 0.0 -

6 342.3 2 522.0 70.1 339.0 739.6 1 972.2 1 654.8 699.3 372.3 6 394.3 - 30.1 82.1 98.0 51.7

19.8% 34.9% -26.4% 7.5% -5.6% 27.8% 34.2% 1.7% 2.1% 21.2%

4.7% 24.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat

2 061.7 1 653.4 386.9 342.2 291.6 273.9 251.5 188.1 187.6 136.9 136.7

27.6% 34.1% 148.6% 5.9% 9.5% 2.3% 3.7% 14.9% 0.1% 9.5% -37.1%

26.5 21.3 5.0 4.4 3.8 3.5 3.2 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.8

26.5 47.8 52.8 57.2 60.9 64.5 67.7 70.1 72.5 74.3 76.0

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

6 342.3

19.8%

81.6

81.6

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.82 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Annex II: Europe / Annexe II: Europe Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4000

3500

3500

3000

3000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4000

2500 2000 1500 1000

2500 2000 1500 1000

500

500

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

3450

100%

3400 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3350 3300 3250 3200 3150 3100

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

3500

160

3000

140

TWh

2500

120

2000

100

1500

80 60

1000

40 500

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.83

Annex II: Europe / Annexe II: Europe Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 158.7 3 204.6

3 139.9 3 172.7

3 220.0 3 253.7

3 377.3 3 405.5

3 344.3 3 373.7

3 345.9 3 358.1

3 281.3 3 306.2

3.9% 3.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

56 518 1 349.9 6 803.1 7 942.3 377.3

58 904 1 406.9 7 374.8 8 607.2 384.4

62 263 1 487.1 8 502.9 9 927.5 389.9

65 637 1 567.7 9 073.5 10 601.6 398.5

65 564 1 566.0 9 240.9 10 797.2 400.8

65 362 1 561.1 9 508.9 11 109.9 403.0

64 458 1 539.6 9 764.5 11 408.1 405.2

14.0% 14.0% 43.5% 43.6% 7.4%

55.9 0.46 0.40 8.37

53.3 0.43 0.36 8.17

51.7 0.38 0.32 8.26

51.5 0.37 0.32 8.48

51.0 0.36 0.31 8.34

51.2 0.35 0.30 8.30

50.9 0.34 0.29 8.10

-8.9% -27.6% -27.7% -3.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

864.8 664.7 58.1 22.4 107.3 12.4 9.7 880.2 8.3 7.1 -

Oil 1 493.5 47.0 27.4 107.9 214.0 872.9 813.0 224.3 128.7 1 500.8 20.7 - 13.4 170.6 129.0

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

882.7 232.0 60.0 36.8 204.5 2.1 1.4 347.3 238.3 885.0 5.4 - 3.2 -

40.3 19.2 14.7 3.8 2.6 0.0 40.3 0.0 -

3 281.3 962.8 160.1 167.1 529.6 875.1 814.4 586.6 376.8 3 306.2 34.4 - 9.5 170.6 129.0

3.9% 9.3% 18.5% 8.7% -15.0% 23.9% 25.0% -11.2% -9.7% 3.2%

56.5% 96.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

813.0 664.7 238.3 232.0 214.0 204.5 128.7 109.0 107.9 107.3 95.5

24.9% -4.7% 51.4% 290.7% 0.6% 17.4% -30.5% 46.5% 1.6% -54.1% -29.2%

19.2 15.7 5.6 5.5 5.1 4.8 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3

19.2 34.9 40.6 46.1 51.1 55.9 59.0 61.6 64.1 66.7 68.9

3 281.3

3.9%

77.6

77.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.84 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Annex II: Pacific / Annexe II: Pacifique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1800

1600

1600

1400

1400

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1800

1200 1000 800 600 400

1200 1000 800 600 400

200

200

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1700

100%

1650 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1600 1550 1500 1450 1400 1350 1300

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

1600

TWh

2007

1400

140

1200

120

1000

100

800

80

600

60

400

40

200

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.85

Annex II: Pacific / Annexe II: Pacifique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 346.5 1 353.3

1 455.8 1 459.4

1 552.3 1 567.9

1 614.3 1 621.2

1 639.8 1 629.0

1 630.2 1 626.2

1 668.1 1 647.2

23.9% 21.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

22 509 537.6 4 443.0 3 296.5 144.0

25 165 601.1 4 821.7 3 595.6 147.3

26 939 643.4 5 119.7 3 851.2 150.0

27 199 649.6 5 404.5 4 092.7 152.1

27 468 656.1 5 514.2 4 178.7 152.4

27 530 657.5 5 649.6 4 283.0 152.7

27 397 654.4 5 779.1 4 388.0 153.1

21.7% 21.7% 30.1% 33.1% 6.3%

59.8 0.30 0.41 9.35

57.8 0.30 0.40 9.88

57.6 0.30 0.40 10.35

59.4 0.30 0.39 10.62

59.7 0.30 0.39 10.76

59.2 0.29 0.38 10.67

60.9 0.29 0.38 10.90

1.8% -4.8% -7.0% 16.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

676.8 443.9 53.6 19.5 156.1 0.3 3.3 0.2 667.6 - 5.3 - 3.8 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

705.5 76.3 19.4 34.0 133.5 331.0 295.0 111.4 41.7 713.9 8.9 - 0.5 22.3 30.1

280.9 142.5 12.7 14.0 42.2 1.0 0.1 68.4 28.8 260.7 - 2.7 - 17.4 -

4.9 1.2 2.3 1.4 4.9 0.0 -

1 668.1 664.0 88.1 67.4 333.2 332.2 295.1 183.1 70.6 1 647.2 0.8 - 21.7 22.3 30.1

23.9% 53.7% 41.8% 11.7% -2.0% 18.8% 18.6% 6.4% 14.2% 21.7%

6.9% 59.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

443.9 295.0 156.1 142.5 133.5 76.3 69.7 53.6 42.2 41.7 39.7

109.9% 18.6% -6.7% 63.4% -9.2% -42.7% -26.4% 60.3% 69.6% 5.6% 259.2%

21.9 14.6 7.7 7.0 6.6 3.8 3.4 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0

21.9 36.4 44.1 51.2 57.8 61.5 65.0 67.6 69.7 71.8 73.7

1 668.1

23.9%

82.3

82.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.86 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Economies in Transition / Economies en transition Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4500

4000

4000

3500

3500

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4500

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

4300

100%

4100 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

3900 3700 3500 3300 3100 2900 2700

0%

2500 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

2000 1800

100

1600 1400

80

TWh

1200 1000

60

800 40

600 400

20

200 0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.87

Economies in Transition / Economies en transition Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 970.8 4 137.8

2 828.6 2 889.2

2 559.7 2 604.4

2 616.5 2 677.8

2 617.1 2 680.4

2 696.7 2 746.9

2 702.5 2 726.1

-31.9% -34.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

63 007 1 504.9 838.5 3 007.8 321.1

45 943 1 097.3 628.3 2 110.7 319.5

42 918 1 025.1 712.9 2 333.0 313.9

45 280 1 081.5 868.0 2 887.4 308.0

45 941 1 097.3 914.5 3 044.0 306.8

46 910 1 120.4 978.2 3 260.1 305.6

46 905 1 120.3 1 046.7 3 495.2 304.3

-25.6% -25.6% 24.8% 16.2% -5.2%

63.0 4.74 1.32 12.37

61.6 4.50 1.34 8.85

59.6 3.59 1.10 8.16

57.8 3.01 0.91 8.50

57.0 2.86 0.86 8.53

57.5 2.76 0.83 8.82

57.6 2.58 0.77 8.88

-8.6% -45.5% -41.4% -28.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

988.8 574.1 140.9 16.8 199.7 0.2 57.1 40.2 984.1 - 2.7 - 1.9 -

Oil 578.5 20.5 35.3 59.0 90.5 298.2 262.9 75.0 31.4 584.0 6.3 - 0.9 3.0 22.3

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1 116.8 412.0 203.4 40.6 181.1 92.3 1.8 187.4 153.9 1 139.3 21.3 1.2 -

18.4 0.3 12.4 0.5 5.0 0.2 18.8 0.0 0.3 -

2 702.5 1 006.9 392.0 116.9 476.3 390.7 264.7 319.8 225.5 2 726.1 25.0 - 1.4 3.0 22.3

-31.9% -46.8% 171.8% 2.8% -35.9% -10.4% -3.8% -50.1% -32.0% -34.1%

-69.5% -39.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other transport - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

574.1 412.0 262.9 203.4 199.7 181.1 153.9 140.9 90.5 90.5 59.0

-34.5% -39.8% -3.5% 439.1% -34.5% -25.2% -0.2% 76.9% 17.3% -53.3% -5.8%

14.3 10.2 6.5 5.1 5.0 4.5 3.8 3.5 2.3 2.3 1.5

14.3 24.5 31.1 36.1 41.1 45.6 49.4 52.9 55.2 57.4 58.9

2 702.5

-31.9%

67.2

67.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.88 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Non-Annex I Parties / Parties ne figurant pas à l'Annexe I Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 16000

14000

14000

12000

12000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 16000

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

14400

100%

13400 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

12400 11400 10400 9400 8400 7400

0%

6400 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

9000

TWh

2007

8000

160

7000

140

6000

120

5000

100

4000

80

3000

60

2000

40

1000

20

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.89

Non-Annex I Parties / Parties ne figurant pas à l'Annexe I Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

6 471.5 6 752.5

7 948.5 8 114.6

8 928.8 9 085.9

11 307.9 11 650.1

12 047.8 12 356.3

12 898.7 13 178.5

13 681.3 13 958.8

111.4% 106.7%

125 462 2 996.6 4 330.6 10 932.2 4 082.8

148 014 3 535.3 5 525.9 14 279.3 4 467.0

167 032 3 989.5 6 888.0 18 234.6 4 838.3

204 133 4 875.6 8 281.1 22 781.2 5 126.3

214 448 5 122.0 8 825.8 24 476.3 5 198.2

226 026 5 398.5 9 466.9 26 480.6 5 269.0

237 631 5 675.7 10 193.9 28 800.8 5 337.8

89.4% 89.4% 135.4% 163.5% 30.7%

51.6 1.49 0.59 1.59

53.7 1.44 0.56 1.78

53.5 1.30 0.49 1.85

55.4 1.37 0.50 2.21

56.2 1.37 0.49 2.32

57.1 1.36 0.49 2.45

57.6 1.34 0.48 2.56

11.6% -10.2% -19.8% 61.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

7 343.7 4 412.6 196.8 174.6 2 200.9 13.2 345.7 206.2 7 475.6 223.6 - 91.7 -

Oil 4 372.2 523.5 74.0 280.8 847.9 1 945.1 1 740.4 700.9 337.0 4 479.4 71.9 35.3 313.9 175.0

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1 955.2 724.2 77.5 278.7 518.5 34.0 23.5 322.3 221.2 1 993.7 52.2 - 13.7 -

10.2 3.2 6.5 0.5 10.1 - 0.0 -

13 681.3 5 660.3 351.5 734.1 3 573.8 1 992.2 1 763.8 1 369.3 764.4 13 958.8 347.7 - 70.2 313.9 175.0

111.4% 207.7% 174.3% 99.5% 78.7% 102.2% 105.9% 19.0% 22.8% 106.7%

154.7% 94.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

4 412.6 2 200.9 1 740.4 847.9 724.2 523.5 518.5 363.9 337.0 280.8 278.7

262.7% 76.2% 103.3% 59.6% 228.0% 30.1% 137.6% 44.6% 62.2% 66.4% 113.1%

18.0 9.0 7.1 3.5 3.0 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.1

18.0 27.0 34.2 37.6 40.6 42.7 44.9 46.3 47.7 48.9 50.0

13 681.3

111.4%

55.9

55.9

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.90 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Annex I Kyoto Parties / Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 10000

9000

9000

8000

8000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 10000

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000

2000

2000

1000

1000

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

9200

100%

9000 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

8800 8600 8400 8200 8000 7800

0%

7600 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

8000 7000

100

6000 80

TWh

5000 4000

60

3000

40

2000 20

1000 0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.91

Annex I Kyoto Parties / Parties avec objectifs dans Kyoto Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

8 792.2 9 001.7

7 829.0 7 910.8

7 808.7 7 883.9

8 098.4 8 176.3

8 096.8 8 162.6

8 146.5 8 197.9

8 162.1 8 154.2

-7.2% -9.4%

148 998 3 558.8 12 613.9 14 847.2 859.9

138 642 3 311.4 13 407.5 14 991.2 870.3

141 602 3 382.1 15 047.7 16 936.7 874.4

148 217 3 540.1 16 127.1 18 479.5 880.7

149 223 3 564.1 16 472.1 18 939.4 882.5

149 874 3 579.7 16 962.8 19 596.3 884.3

148 863 3 555.5 17 437.8 20 256.1 885.8

-0.1% -0.1% 38.2% 36.4% 3.0%

59.0 0.70 0.59 10.22

56.5 0.58 0.52 9.00

55.1 0.52 0.46 8.93

54.6 0.50 0.44 9.20

54.3 0.49 0.43 9.17

54.4 0.48 0.42 9.21

54.8 0.47 0.40 9.21

-7.1% -32.8% -32.0% -9.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2 652.1 1 787.8 252.4 60.1 479.6 0.5 71.8 49.2 2 647.5 1.1 - 5.7 -

Oil 3 023.7 150.3 83.2 229.8 457.1 1 652.1 1 493.9 451.1 205.3 3 015.5 10.2 - 18.3 197.9 183.0

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

2 423.0 776.3 275.7 126.6 480.3 104.1 3.3 660.0 452.5 2 427.4 27.7 - 23.3 -

63.4 20.7 29.4 0.4 10.1 2.8 0.0 63.7 0.0 0.3 -

8 162.1 2 735.1 640.6 416.9 1 427.1 1 756.7 1 497.2 1 185.8 707.1 8 154.2 39.1 - 47.0 197.9 183.0

-7.2% -16.2% 95.4% 13.5% -19.1% 14.4% 18.5% -22.7% -16.4% -9.4%

38.8% 47.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil

1 787.8 1 493.9 776.3 480.3 479.6 457.1 452.5 275.7 252.4 245.9 229.8

-4.3% 18.6% -5.4% -0.2% -33.5% -17.9% 26.3% 398.2% 25.4% -30.9% 2.8%

16.3 13.6 7.1 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.1 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1

16.3 29.9 37.0 41.4 45.7 49.9 54.0 56.5 58.8 61.1 63.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

8 162.1

-7.2%

74.4

74.4

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.92 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

OECD Total / Total OCDE Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14000

12000

12000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14000

10000 8000 6000 4000

10000 8000 6000 4000

2000

2000

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

13500

80%

13000 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

Other energy industries Transport Other

12500 12000 11500 11000

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

12000

160 10000

140 120

8000 TWh

100 6000 80 4000

60 40

2000

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.93

OECD Total / Total OCDE Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

11 072.6 11 152.8

11 574.5 11 614.5

12 492.2 12 567.5

12 886.6 12 993.4

12 922.2 13 040.5

12 865.6 12 977.1

13 000.8 13 092.9

17.4% 17.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

187 494 4 478.2 20 003.6 21 087.5 1 043.6

202 279 4 831.4 22 121.3 23 355.3 1 089.8

219 796 5 249.7 25 823.7 27 505.9 1 129.9

227 479 5 433.2 27 834.7 29 777.9 1 162.7

229 049 5 470.7 28 535.6 30 567.3 1 169.8

228 674 5 461.8 29 379.4 31 525.8 1 177.4

230 154 5 497.1 30 109.6 32 360.9 1 185.3

22.8% 22.8% 50.5% 53.5% 13.6%

59.1 0.55 0.53 10.61

57.2 0.52 0.50 10.62

56.8 0.48 0.45 11.06

56.6 0.46 0.43 11.08

56.4 0.45 0.42 11.05

56.3 0.44 0.41 10.93

56.5 0.43 0.40 10.97

-4.3% -22.0% -23.5% 3.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

4 464.6 3 610.1 180.7 82.3 523.0 0.4 68.2 48.0 4 535.7 22.8 48.3 -

Oil 5 504.5 239.7 74.3 375.6 688.3 3 489.0 3 098.8 637.6 287.9 5 556.5 2.9 49.1 327.9 236.3

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

2 946.9 891.9 131.9 224.7 660.5 54.5 4.4 983.3 618.2 2 915.8 5.3 - 36.4 -

84.9 34.0 23.6 0.0 23.3 4.0 0.0 84.9 0.0 0.0 -

13 000.8 4 775.7 410.4 682.7 1 895.1 3 543.8 3 103.2 1 693.1 954.1 13 092.9 31.0 61.1 327.9 236.3

17.4% 34.5% 4.5% 14.2% -6.9% 30.0% 34.3% -4.3% -4.4% 17.4%

41.1% 75.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

3 610.1 3 098.8 891.9 688.3 660.5 618.2 523.0 390.1 375.6 365.1 349.7

29.1% 34.2% 172.6% -3.8% 14.0% 33.3% -28.7% 4.9% 2.1% 41.6% -15.5%

22.0 18.9 5.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.2 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1

22.0 40.8 46.3 50.4 54.5 58.2 61.4 63.8 66.1 68.3 70.4

13 000.8

17.4%

79.1

79.1

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.94 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

OECD North America / OCDE Amérique du Nord Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 8000

7000

7000

6000

6000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 8000

5000 4000 3000 2000

5000 4000 3000 2000

1000

1000

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

7100

100%

6900 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6700 6500 6300 6100 5900 5700 5500

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

6000

160 5000

140 120

4000 TWh

100 3000 80 2000

60 40

1000

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.95

OECD North America / OCDE Amérique du Nord Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

5 588.6 5 571.6

5 908.1 5 895.0

6 582.6 6 588.9

6 698.8 6 750.7

6 744.7 6 831.1

6 653.7 6 741.5

6 780.2 6 845.7

21.3% 22.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

93 910 2 243.0 8 051.2 8 410.4 359.1

101 788 2 431.2 9 053.1 9 441.8 387.0

112 285 2 681.9 11 126.4 11 623.7 411.4

114 821 2 742.5 12 098.2 12 632.1 428.5

115 984 2 770.2 12 455.6 13 006.1 432.5

115 016 2 747.1 12 818.6 13 392.8 436.6

116 961 2 793.6 13 092.4 13 684.1 440.7

24.5% 24.5% 62.6% 62.7% 22.7%

59.5 0.69 0.66 15.56

58.0 0.65 0.63 15.27

58.6 0.59 0.57 16.00

58.3 0.55 0.53 15.63

58.2 0.54 0.52 15.59

57.9 0.52 0.50 15.24

58.0 0.52 0.50 15.38

-2.6% -25.4% -25.4% -1.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2 277.8 2 091.3 19.5 14.7 145.5 6.9 0.1 2 322.9 3.4 41.7 -

Oil 2 914.3 96.5 17.6 207.1 276.7 2 072.1 1 793.2 244.3 100.5 2 948.8 - 28.1 62.6 100.7 61.1

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1 559.9 437.3 52.6 169.0 371.0 47.8 1.5 482.3 293.6 1 545.9 1.4 - 15.4 -

28.1 13.3 4.9 9.1 0.8 28.1 0.0 -

6 780.2 2 638.4 94.6 390.8 802.2 2 119.8 1 794.7 734.3 394.2 6 845.7 - 23.4 88.9 100.7 61.1

21.3% 36.2% -0.7% 10.6% -6.4% 30.1% 36.2% 2.6% 2.7% 22.9%

5.3% 30.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat

2 091.3 1 793.2 437.3 371.0 293.6 278.9 276.7 207.1 188.7 169.0 145.5

28.8% 36.1% 167.2% 5.3% 9.5% 3.4% -1.3% -2.5% 15.2% 22.5% -35.1%

24.8 21.3 5.2 4.4 3.5 3.3 3.3 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.7

24.8 46.1 51.3 55.7 59.2 62.5 65.8 68.2 70.5 72.5 74.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

6 780.2

21.3%

80.5

80.5

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.96 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

OECD Pacific / OCDE Pacifique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 2500

2000

2000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 2500

1500

1000

1500

1000

500

500

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2200

100%

2100 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

2000 1800

140

1600

120

1400

TWh

2007

1200

100

1000

80

800

60

600

40

400

20

200 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.97

OECD Pacific / OCDE Pacifique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 575.8 1 591.9

1 820.6 1 820.9

1 983.6 2 009.0

2 093.1 2 107.9

2 108.9 2 094.5

2 106.7 2 099.3

2 156.8 2 146.1

36.9% 34.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

26 407 630.7 4 726.5 3 724.7 186.9

31 306 747.7 5 234.7 4 219.4 192.4

34 846 832.3 5 631.4 4 624.0 197.0

36 040 860.8 6 018.2 5 019.5 200.1

36 276 866.4 6 153.6 5 144.4 200.5

36 483 871.4 6 321.8 5 298.2 201.0

36 700 876.6 6 484.8 5 453.8 201.5

39.0% 39.0% 37.2% 46.4% 7.8%

59.7 0.33 0.42 8.43

58.2 0.35 0.43 9.46

56.9 0.35 0.43 10.07

58.1 0.35 0.42 10.46

58.1 0.34 0.41 10.52

57.7 0.33 0.40 10.48

58.8 0.33 0.40 10.70

-1.5% -0.2% -6.5% 26.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

886.5 576.4 83.6 34.4 184.7 0.3 7.2 4.0 886.1 4.9 - 5.3 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

903.1 91.6 26.3 49.3 177.0 418.1 374.6 140.8 50.8 913.9 10.2 0.7 53.2 39.5

354.6 174.9 14.0 14.4 53.7 2.3 1.5 95.3 47.9 333.5 - 2.8 - 18.2 -

12.6 1.2 3.1 7.8 0.5 12.6 0.0 -

2 156.8 844.1 126.9 98.0 423.2 420.7 376.1 243.8 102.7 2 146.1 12.2 - 22.9 53.2 39.5

36.9% 80.9% 53.9% 43.4% 7.5% 30.3% 34.1% 0.9% 0.2% 34.8%

103.6% 99.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

576.4 374.6 184.7 177.0 174.9 91.6 90.1 83.6 53.7 50.8 49.3

154.2% 33.6% 1.7% -4.3% 90.2% -37.9% -26.9% 55.4% 114.1% 11.4% 18.4%

21.1 13.7 6.8 6.5 6.4 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.0 1.9 1.8

21.1 34.8 41.5 48.0 54.4 57.7 61.0 64.1 66.1 67.9 69.7

2 156.8

36.9%

78.9

78.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.98 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

OECD Europe / OCDE Europe Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4500

4000

4000

3500

3500

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4500

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

500

500

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

4200

100%

4150 4100 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4050 4000 3950 3900 3850 3800 3750 3700

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

4000

160

3500

140

3000

120

2500 TWh

100 2000 80 1500

60

1000

40

500

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.99

OECD Europe / OCDE Europe Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 908.2 3 989.3

3 845.8 3 898.6

3 926.0 3 969.6

4 094.7 4 134.9

4 068.6 4 114.9

4 105.2 4 136.3

4 063.9 4 101.1

4.0% 2.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

67 177 1 604.5 7 225.9 8 952.4 497.6

69 185 1 652.5 7 833.6 9 694.2 510.3

72 665 1 735.6 9 065.8 11 258.2 521.5

76 618 1 830.0 9 718.3 12 126.3 534.1

76 788 1 834.0 9 926.4 12 416.8 536.8

77 175 1 843.3 10 239.0 12 834.8 539.8

76 493 1 827.0 10 532.4 13 223.1 543.0

13.9% 13.9% 45.8% 47.7% 9.1%

58.2 0.54 0.44 7.85

55.6 0.49 0.40 7.54

54.0 0.43 0.35 7.53

53.4 0.42 0.34 7.67

53.0 0.41 0.33 7.58

53.2 0.40 0.32 7.60

53.1 0.39 0.31 7.48

-8.7% -28.7% -29.6% -4.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

1 300.2 942.5 77.6 33.2 192.8 0.0 54.1 43.9 1 326.7 14.5 12.0 -

Oil 1 687.1 51.5 30.4 119.3 234.6 998.8 931.0 252.4 136.6 1 693.7 20.8 - 14.2 174.1 135.7

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1 032.4 279.7 65.4 41.4 235.8 4.4 1.5 405.7 276.6 1 036.4 6.7 - 2.7 -

44.2 19.5 15.6 0.0 6.4 2.7 0.0 44.2 0.0 0.0 -

4 063.9 1 293.2 188.9 193.9 669.7 1 003.2 932.5 714.9 457.1 4 101.1 42.1 - 4.9 174.1 135.7

4.0% 12.7% -12.2% 10.2% -14.6% 29.6% 30.8% -11.9% -10.6% 2.8%

57.3% 99.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

942.5 931.0 279.7 276.6 235.8 234.6 192.8 136.6 129.1 119.3 115.8

-0.4% 30.7% 290.7% 60.1% 17.0% -6.3% -41.2% -31.0% 56.1% 4.6% -24.6%

17.9 17.7 5.3 5.3 4.5 4.5 3.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2

17.9 35.6 40.9 46.1 50.6 55.0 58.7 61.3 63.8 66.0 68.2

4 063.9

4.0%

77.1

77.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.100 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

European Union - 27 / Union européenne - 27 Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4500

4000

4000

3500

3500

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4500

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

4200

100%

4150 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

4100 4050 4000 3950 3900 3850

0%

3800 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

3500 3000

100

2500 80 TWh

2000 60 1500 40

1000

20

500 0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.101

European Union - 27 / Union européenne - 27 Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

4 059.4 4 135.4

3 848.2 3 914.9

3 831.1 3 874.1

4 002.9 4 040.9

3 970.2 4 012.0

3 987.7 4 014.5

3 926.4 3 971.1

-3.3% -4.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

68 533 1 636.9 6 808.1 8 557.2 472.9

68 563 1 637.6 7 341.6 9 151.5 478.7

70 579 1 685.7 8 480.0 10 570.2 482.9

74 439 1 777.9 9 091.5 11 398.6 489.8

74 477 1 778.9 9 268.9 11 641.5 492.0

74 477 1 778.9 9 555.2 12 025.8 493.9

73 639 1 758.8 9 827.3 12 392.8 495.9

7.5% 7.5% 44.3% 44.8% 4.9%

59.2 0.60 0.47 8.58

56.1 0.52 0.42 8.04

54.3 0.45 0.36 7.93

53.8 0.44 0.35 8.17

53.3 0.43 0.34 8.07

53.5 0.42 0.33 8.07

53.3 0.40 0.32 7.92

-10.0% -33.0% -33.2% -7.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

1 269.4 962.8 76.0 32.9 153.5 0.0 44.2 33.6 1 301.3 18.3 13.6 -

Oil 1 624.5 55.9 29.8 118.6 232.7 958.0 898.1 229.6 126.5 1 630.4 20.0 - 14.0 174.8 129.5

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

992.0 263.4 62.2 33.1 240.7 4.8 1.5 387.9 264.1 998.5 7.9 - 1.4 -

40.5 19.0 14.1 0.0 5.8 1.7 0.0 40.9 0.0 0.3 -

3 926.4 1 301.1 182.0 184.6 632.7 962.7 899.6 663.3 424.3 3 971.1 46.3 - 1.5 174.8 129.5

-3.3% 2.1% -20.8% 7.2% -23.6% 27.6% 29.3% -17.1% -14.3% -4.0%

56.7% 95.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

962.8 898.1 264.1 263.4 240.7 232.7 153.5 126.5 123.7 118.6 103.0

-4.2% 29.2% 48.8% 153.6% -3.6% -7.1% -52.6% -30.0% 45.0% 2.2% -32.4%

18.8 17.5 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.5 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.0

18.8 36.4 41.5 46.7 51.4 55.9 58.9 61.4 63.8 66.1 68.1

3 926.4

-3.3%

76.7

76.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.102 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Africa / Afrique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1000

900

900

800

800 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1000

700 600 500 400 300

700 600 500 400 300

200

200

100

100

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1040

100%

990 940 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

890 840 790 740 690 640 590 540

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 700 600

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 120

Figure 6. Key indicators

100

500

80

TWh

400 60 300 40

200

20

100 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.103

Africa / Afrique Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

546.2 601.9

599.5 687.2

688.3 754.5

803.2 893.3

828.0 912.9

847.0 936.7

882.0 979.5

61.5% 62.7%

16 232 387.7 462.3 1 340.3 631.8

18 544 442.9 497.8 1 429.9 719.3

20 918 499.6 595.8 1 708.2 815.2

24 198 578.0 707.0 2 017.3 895.2

24 846 593.4 742.2 2 119.4 916.2

25 472 608.4 784.9 2 241.0 937.5

26 337 629.0 830.3 2 372.5 958.4

62.3% 62.3% 79.6% 77.0% 51.7%

33.7 1.18 0.41 0.86

32.3 1.20 0.42 0.83

32.9 1.16 0.40 0.84

33.2 1.14 0.40 0.90

33.3 1.12 0.39 0.90

33.3 1.08 0.38 0.90

33.5 1.06 0.37 0.92

-0.5% -10.1% -8.8% 6.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

313.7 229.8 9.6 0.1 51.7 0.0 22.6 14.4 410.7 83.3 13.7 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

392.8 50.8 6.6 13.8 52.1 196.9 185.2 72.5 47.0 381.0 - 12.9 1.2 18.0 17.7

175.5 88.6 0.6 30.2 39.6 3.4 0.7 13.1 12.6 187.8 12.6 - 0.4 -

-

882.0 369.2 16.8 44.1 143.4 200.3 185.9 108.2 74.1 979.5 83.0 14.5 18.0 17.7

61.5% 84.4% 34.2% 41.9% 4.9% 86.2% 83.0% 86.3% 83.1% 62.7%

9.3% 65.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - coal/peat

229.8 185.2 88.6 52.1 51.7 50.8 47.0 39.6 30.2 25.5 14.4

60.2% 82.3% 254.9% 1.2% -26.8% 59.7% 48.9% 169.6% 56.7% 110.5% 134.0%

9.0 7.3 3.5 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.6

9.0 16.3 19.8 21.9 23.9 25.9 27.8 29.3 30.5 31.5 32.1

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

882.0

61.5%

34.7

34.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.104 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Middle East / Moyen-Orient Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1600

1400

1400

1200

1200

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1600

1000 800 600 400

1000 800 600 400

200

200

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1470

100%

1370 80% million tonnes of CO2

1270

60% 40% 20%

1170 1070 970 870 770 670 570

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

800

160

700

140

600

120

500 TWh

100 400 80 300

60

200

40

100

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.105

Middle East / Moyen-Orient Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

588.2 571.6

800.7 811.9

975.1 976.9

1 178.0 1 194.9

1 236.2 1 253.1

1 308.7 1 317.5

1 389.0 1 396.2

136.1% 144.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

9 204 219.8 447.2 775.1 131.5

13 049 311.7 528.4 917.2 147.9

15 841 378.4 647.3 1 115.0 165.9

19 715 470.9 756.0 1 317.7 181.3

20 701 494.4 800.7 1 390.5 185.3

21 829 521.4 842.6 1 463.1 189.3

23 096 551.6 891.0 1 552.2 193.2

150.9% 150.9% 99.2% 100.3% 47.0%

63.9 1.32 0.76 4.47

61.4 1.52 0.87 5.41

61.6 1.51 0.87 5.88

59.7 1.56 0.89 6.50

59.7 1.54 0.89 6.67

60.0 1.55 0.89 6.91

60.1 1.56 0.89 7.19

-5.9% 18.5% 17.9% 60.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

38.3 32.6 1.7 0.8 3.2 0.0 0.0 37.9 - 0.2 - 0.1 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

787.4 196.0 6.5 45.0 144.9 304.7 302.4 90.3 53.2 795.1 5.2 2.5 58.5 34.5

563.3 215.8 31.5 77.0 145.1 2.1 2.1 91.8 80.0 563.3 3.5 - 3.5 -

-

1 389.0 444.3 39.8 122.8 293.2 306.8 304.5 182.2 133.2 1 396.2 8.4 - 1.2 58.5 34.5

136.1% 208.3% 41.7% 152.7% 105.8% 104.9% 106.3% 141.9% 196.0% 144.3%

102.1% 27.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - gas Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

302.4 215.8 196.0 145.1 144.9 80.0 77.0 53.2 45.0 37.1 32.6

104.9% 311.7% 137.7% 143.8% 79.8% + 259.1% 36.8% 65.8% 30.8% 251.5%

16.6 11.8 10.8 8.0 8.0 4.4 4.2 2.9 2.5 2.0 1.8

16.6 28.4 39.2 47.2 55.1 59.5 63.7 66.7 69.1 71.2 73.0

1 389.0

136.1%

76.2

76.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.106 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Non-OECD Europe / Europe non-OCDE Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 450

400

400

350

350

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 450

300 250 200 150 100

300 250 200 150 100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

400

100%

380 80% million tonnes of CO2

360

60% 40% 20%

340 320 300 280 260 240 220

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 250

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120 200

TWh

100 150

80

100

60 40

50 20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.107

Non-OECD Europe / Europe non-OCDE Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

382.9 390.1

265.4 280.3

236.5 239.0

264.5 268.5

258.2 262.4

266.9 273.8

271.5 276.7

-29.1% -29.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

5 824 139.1 125.0 372.2 59.1

4 352 103.9 113.2 334.1 58.1

3 940 94.1 124.2 358.6 55.1

4 325 103.3 149.0 435.0 54.1

4 307 102.9 154.7 451.4 53.4

4 439 106.0 164.1 480.2 53.3

4 432 105.8 173.9 509.3 53.2

-23.9% -23.9% 39.1% 36.8% -9.9%

65.7 3.06 1.03 6.48

61.0 2.35 0.79 4.57

60.0 1.90 0.66 4.29

61.2 1.78 0.61 4.89

60.0 1.67 0.57 4.83

60.1 1.63 0.56 5.00

61.3 1.56 0.53 5.10

-6.8% -49.0% -48.2% -21.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

129.6 104.8 4.3 1.5 14.5 0.0 4.5 3.0 133.6 3.4 0.6 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

93.5 10.2 2.6 6.8 16.0 45.9 43.7 12.0 4.8 92.3 - 0.7 - 0.6 7.9 2.7

47.7 14.2 2.0 2.3 18.2 0.8 0.1 10.3 6.6 50.0 1.5 0.8 -

0.6 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.3 -

271.5 129.2 9.0 10.6 49.3 46.7 43.8 26.8 14.4 276.7 4.2 1.0 7.9 2.7

-29.1% -24.1% -50.5% -6.1% -52.5% 36.3% 38.0% -40.8% -20.4% -29.1%

297.9% -12.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Residential - gas Residential - oil

104.8 43.7 18.2 16.0 14.5 14.2 10.2 7.2 6.8 6.6 4.8

-5.2% 37.8% -64.3% -38.1% -45.9% -51.3% -66.6% -39.7% -29.5% 13.7% 9.7%

26.0 10.8 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.5 2.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.2

26.0 36.8 41.3 45.3 48.9 52.4 55.0 56.8 58.5 60.1 61.3

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

271.5

-29.1%

67.4

67.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.108 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Former Soviet Union / Ex-Union Soviétique * Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4000

3500

3500

3000

3000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4000

2500 2000 1500 1000

2500 2000 1500 1000

500

500

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

3900

100%

3700 80% million tonnes of CO2

3500

60% 40% 20%

3300 3100 2900 2700 2500 2300 2100

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 2000

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 120

Figure 6. Key indicators

1800 100

1600 1400

80

TWh

1200 60

1000 800

40

600 400

20

200 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.109

Former Soviet Union / Ex-Union Soviétique * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 653.1 3 800.0

2 440.4 2 479.0

2 222.7 2 270.6

2 298.7 2 363.7

2 310.6 2 375.6

2 396.1 2 447.0

2 411.6 2 439.8

-34.0% -35.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

58 822 1 404.9 576.7 2 375.9 289.1

40 499 967.3 343.9 1 393.8 290.9

38 249 913.6 377.2 1 505.4 287.8

40 615 970.1 491.8 1 971.3 285.2

41 355 987.7 526.0 2 102.1 284.7

42 380 1 012.2 570.1 2 275.7 284.3

42 644 1 018.5 619.7 2 471.6 283.8

-27.5% -27.5% 7.5% 4.0% -1.8%

62.1 6.33 1.54 12.64

60.3 7.10 1.75 8.39

58.1 5.89 1.48 7.72

56.6 4.67 1.17 8.06

55.9 4.39 1.10 8.12

56.5 4.20 1.05 8.43

56.6 3.89 0.98 8.50

-8.9% -38.6% -36.5% -32.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Data for 1990 and 1991 have been estimated for the individual countries of Former Soviet Union. This may cause breaks in the regional time series.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

710.4 371.8 123.1 6.3 181.3 0.2 27.7 16.5 701.0 - 0.9 - 8.5 -

Oil 483.1 26.0 32.9 51.0 77.1 220.5 185.7 75.7 27.4 492.5 9.5 - 0.1 1.7 20.4

Gas

Other **

Total

90-07

1 203.9 446.2 202.3 52.5 167.8 93.1 1.8 242.1 165.0 1 232.2 25.9 2.4 -

14.1 11.6 0.5 1.9 0.1 14.1 -

2 411.6 844.0 369.9 110.3 428.1 313.8 187.5 345.6 208.8 2 439.8 34.5 - 6.3 1.7 20.4

-34.0% -52.2% 593.1% 8.0% -35.1% -23.6% -26.0% -47.7% -18.8% -35.8%

-79.2% -46.3%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other transport - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

446.2 371.8 202.3 185.7 181.3 167.8 165.0 123.1 91.3 77.1 77.1

-37.7% -46.7% 482.2% -25.9% -35.2% -11.5% 14.8% + 17.7% -59.3% -34.8%

12.0 10.0 5.4 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.4 3.3 2.5 2.1 2.1

12.0 22.0 27.5 32.5 37.3 41.9 46.3 49.6 52.1 54.1 56.2

2 411.6

-34.0%

64.9

64.9

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.110 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Latin America / Amérique latine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1200

1000

1000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1200

800 600 400

800 600 400

200

200

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1050

100%

1000 80% million tonnes of CO2

950

60% 40% 20%

900 850 800 750 700 650 600

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1200

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

1000

100

800 TWh

80 600 60 400

40

200

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.111

Latin America / Amérique latine Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

604.1 632.3

727.5 741.2

866.6 878.7

921.2 921.3

943.6 943.2

978.3 971.6

1 016.0 1 024.0

68.2% 61.9%

14 365 343.1 1 096.5 2 104.9 356.3

16 476 393.5 1 327.3 2 533.0 387.8

19 111 456.5 1 485.7 2 838.2 418.9

20 486 489.3 1 623.4 3 123.6 443.1

21 054 502.9 1 714.7 3 292.6 449.1

21 946 524.2 1 818.1 3 486.9 455.0

23 065 550.9 1 937.6 3 713.9 460.6

60.6% 60.6% 76.7% 76.4% 29.3%

42.1 0.55 0.29 1.70

44.2 0.55 0.29 1.88

45.3 0.58 0.31 2.07

45.0 0.57 0.29 2.08

44.8 0.55 0.29 2.10

44.6 0.54 0.28 2.15

44.0 0.52 0.27 2.21

4.7% -4.8% -4.7% 30.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

88.5 25.6 10.7 4.7 46.8 0.1 0.8 0.5 87.9 0.4 - 1.0 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

688.9 81.3 14.2 40.5 130.7 339.4 307.7 82.7 39.0 694.1 12.2 - 7.0 29.0 15.6

238.6 56.4 9.9 39.1 90.4 13.3 11.9 29.5 23.4 241.9 1.3 2.1 -

-

1 016.0 163.3 34.8 84.2 267.8 352.8 319.6 113.0 63.0 1 024.0 13.9 - 5.9 29.0 15.6

68.2% 110.3% 64.6% 29.1% 79.9% 73.9% 75.3% 28.0% 35.3% 61.9%

91.5% 77.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Residential - oil Other transport - oil

307.7 130.7 90.4 81.3 56.4 46.8 43.7 40.5 39.1 39.0 31.8

69.2% 69.0% 121.5% 113.1% 116.6% 52.1% 19.0% 32.7% 25.8% 8.8% 54.9%

12.3 5.2 3.6 3.2 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.3

12.3 17.5 21.1 24.3 26.6 28.4 30.2 31.8 33.4 34.9 36.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

1 016.0

68.2%

40.5

40.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.112 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Asia (excluding China) / Asie (Chine non incluse) Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3500

3000

3000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3500

2500 2000 1500 1000

2500 2000 1500 1000

500

500

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

3200

100%

3000 2800 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

2000 1800

160

1600

140

1400

120

1200 TWh

2007

100

1000 80

800

60

600 400

40

200

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.113

Asia (excluding China) / Asie (Chine non incluse) Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 279.1 1 312.4

1 694.1 1 773.8

2 128.3 2 168.1

2 507.8 2 585.0

2 608.4 2 704.1

2 739.5 2 821.2

2 898.4 3 006.3

126.6% 129.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

30 098 718.9 928.8 3 278.1 1 607.0

37 513 896.0 1 260.2 4 351.4 1 771.0

44 330 1 058.8 1 558.2 5 391.1 1 930.6

51 016 1 218.5 1 885.9 6 663.8 2 057.7

52 997 1 265.8 2 011.5 7 159.2 2 089.1

54 845 1 309.9 2 152.7 7 705.7 2 119.6

57 637 1 376.6 2 307.8 8 291.7 2 147.9

91.5% 91.5% 148.5% 152.9% 33.7%

42.5 1.38 0.39 0.80

45.2 1.34 0.39 0.96

48.0 1.37 0.39 1.10

49.2 1.33 0.38 1.22

49.2 1.30 0.36 1.25

49.9 1.27 0.36 1.29

50.3 1.26 0.35 1.35

18.3% -8.8% -10.4% 69.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

1 449.7 878.6 100.9 15.2 396.3 0.2 58.4 15.7 1 496.5 29.1 17.7 -

Oil 1 020.7 101.5 17.9 76.0 225.5 427.0 402.4 172.8 107.4 1 056.2 28.6 6.9 112.9 63.2

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

425.7 191.9 16.1 63.7 122.6 7.5 7.1 23.9 18.1 451.3 24.9 0.8 -

2.4 2.4 2.4 -

2 898.4 1 172.0 137.3 154.9 744.4 434.7 409.5 255.1 141.2 3 006.3 82.6 25.3 112.9 63.2

126.6% 198.4% 317.5% 103.0% 91.1% 92.9% 106.6% 57.2% 65.6% 129.1%

152.7% 153.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

878.6 402.4 396.3 225.5 191.9 122.6 107.4 101.5 100.9 76.0 65.4

223.7% 103.0% 63.6% 102.6% 450.4% 241.3% 61.0% 17.4% 274.9% 119.9% 133.3%

16.4 7.5 7.4 4.2 3.6 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.2

16.4 23.9 31.3 35.5 39.1 41.3 43.4 45.2 47.1 48.5 49.8

2 898.4

126.6%

54.0

54.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.114 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

China (incl. Hong Kong) / Chine (Hong Kong incl.) Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7000

6000

6000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7000

5000 4000 3000 2000

5000 4000 3000 2000

1000

1000

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

6700

100%

6200 80% million tonnes of CO2

5700

60% 40% 20%

5200 4700 4200 3700 3200 2700 2200

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 3500

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

3000 200 2500 150

TWh

2000 1500

100

1000 50 500 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.115

China (incl. Hong Kong) / Chine (Hong Kong incl.) Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2 244.0 2 402.5

3 021.8 2 992.9

3 077.6 3 093.2

4 586.4 4 697.6

5 099.1 5 167.8

5 645.2 5 720.7

6 071.2 6 083.0

170.6% 153.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

36 503 871.9 559.8 1 964.9 1 140.9

44 280 1 057.6 941.3 3 444.8 1 211.0

46 275 1 105.3 1 367.6 5 150.2 1 269.3

65 782 1 571.2 1 908.4 7 319.6 1 302.9

71 295 1 702.9 2 100.4 8 074.2 1 311.3

77 823 1 858.8 2 334.6 9 000.9 1 318.7

82 459 1 969.5 2 623.4 10 155.8 1 326.9

125.9% 125.9% 368.7% 416.9% 16.3%

61.5 4.01 1.14 1.97

68.2 3.21 0.88 2.50

66.5 2.25 0.60 2.42

69.7 2.40 0.63 3.52

71.5 2.43 0.63 3.89

72.5 2.42 0.63 4.28

73.6 2.31 0.60 4.58

19.8% -42.3% -47.7% 132.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

5 033.3 2 954.3 42.2 138.9 1 630.7 12.9 254.4 169.4 5 008.2 91.4 - 116.6 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

905.7 25.2 12.5 64.8 209.5 398.6 280.3 195.2 57.5 937.9 27.2 5.0 54.6 21.1

132.2 25.5 18.7 53.4 0.2 0.1 34.5 26.1 136.9 2.7 2.0 -

-

6 071.2 3 004.9 54.7 222.4 1 893.6 411.6 280.5 484.0 253.0 6 083.0 121.4 - 109.6 54.6 21.1

170.6% 369.0% 366.9% 163.6% 108.7% 240.1% 328.2% 1.1% -23.0% 153.2%

500.1% 245.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Other energy industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil

2 954.3 1 630.7 280.3 209.5 169.4 138.9 137.6 118.2 85.0 64.8 57.5

395.8% 102.5% 328.0% 136.1% -46.6% 172.4% 199.7% 593.3% -18.4% 139.6% 612.6%

32.6 18.0 3.1 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.6

32.6 50.6 53.7 56.0 57.9 59.4 61.0 62.3 63.2 63.9 64.6

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

6 071.2

170.6%

67.0

67.0

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.117

COUNTRY TABLES

TABLEAUX PAR PAYS

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.118 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Albania / Albanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 8

7

7

6

6

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 8

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 8

100%

7 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6 5 4 3 2

0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990

1992

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

7

140

6

120

5

100

4 TWh

1994

80 3 60 2

40

1

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.119

Albania / Albanie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

6.25 6.51

1.86 1.87

3.16 3.13

3.50 3.72

4.56 4.44

4.12 3.99

4.02 4.06

-35.6% -37.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

111 2.66 3.22 9.93 3.29

55 1.32 2.83 8.73 3.15

74 1.77 3.69 11.39 3.08

84 2.00 4.54 14.03 3.13

97 2.31 4.79 14.80 3.15

90 2.14 5.03 15.55 3.17

91 2.17 5.34 16.48 3.18

-18.4% -18.4% 65.9% 65.9% -3.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

56.0 1.94 0.63 1.90

33.5 0.66 0.21 0.59

42.7 0.86 0.28 1.03

41.8 0.77 0.25 1.12

47.1 0.95 0.31 1.45

45.9 0.82 0.27 1.30

44.2 0.75 0.24 1.27

-21.1% -61.2% -61.1% -33.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.10 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.10 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

3.89 0.10 0.14 0.70 2.09 1.88 0.85 0.21 3.92 0.04 - 0.00 .. 0.30

0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 -

-

4.02 0.03 0.10 0.17 0.75 2.09 1.88 0.88 0.24 4.06 0.04 - 0.00 .. 0.30

-35.6% -94.9% x -27.3% -72.6% 199.2% 168.1% -56.7% -20.0% -37.6%

.. x

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Residential - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat

1.88 0.70 0.64 0.22 0.21 0.14 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03

168.1% -57.8% x x -24.8% -40.1% x -92.9% x x x

23.8 8.9 8.2 2.8 2.7 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3

23.8 32.8 40.9 43.7 46.4 48.1 49.4 50.0 50.4 50.7 51.0

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

4.02

-35.6%

51.1

51.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.120 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Algeria / Algérie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 96

100%

91 80% million tonnes of CO2

86

60% 40% 20%

81 76 71 66 61 56

0%

51 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 40 35

2007

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

30

100

25 TWh

80 20 60

15 10

40

5

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.121

Algeria / Algérie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

51.71 55.29

55.70 59.98

62.43 66.79

73.87 77.51

78.57 80.08

81.69 86.66

85.72 92.17

65.8% 66.7%

929 22.20 46.37 137.32 25.28

1 010 24.12 46.96 139.09 28.27

1 132 27.03 54.79 162.27 30.51

1 300 31.04 66.19 196.03 32.37

1 353 32.32 69.57 206.03 32.85

1 454 34.72 70.82 209.74 33.35

1 543 36.86 73.01 216.24 33.85

66.1% 66.1% 57.5% 57.5% 33.9%

55.6 1.12 0.38 2.05

55.2 1.19 0.40 1.97

55.2 1.14 0.38 2.05

56.8 1.12 0.38 2.28

58.1 1.13 0.38 2.39

56.2 1.15 0.39 2.45

55.5 1.17 0.40 2.53

-0.2% 5.3% 5.3% 23.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

1.20 1.20 3.17 1.97 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

34.35 0.30 0.42 1.23 3.75 17.09 17.09 11.56 11.56 37.81 - 0.30 3.75 1.09 1.12

50.17 21.49 9.57 6.92 2.71 9.49 9.49 51.19 1.10 - 0.08 -

-

85.72 21.79 0.42 10.80 11.86 19.80 17.09 21.04 21.04 92.17 2.77 3.68 1.09 1.12

65.8% 130.7% -41.7% -10.0% 61.4% 69.2% 55.2% 100.7% 100.7% 66.7%

-20.1% 2.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - oil

21.49 17.09 11.56 9.57 9.49 6.92 3.75 2.71 1.23 1.20 0.42

132.3% 55.2% 43.7% -13.0% 288.3% 71.0% 86.0% 294.1% 22.5% -7.3% -41.7%

13.3 10.6 7.2 5.9 5.9 4.3 2.3 1.7 0.8 0.7 0.3

13.3 23.9 31.1 37.1 42.9 47.2 49.6 51.2 52.0 52.7 53.0

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

85.72

65.8%

53.2

53.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.122 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Angola Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 12

10

10 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 12

8 6 4

8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 12

100%

11 80% million tonnes of CO2

10

60% 40% 20%

9 8 7 6 5 4

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

4 3.5

160

3

140 120

2.5 TWh

2007

100

2

80 1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.123

Angola Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

4.01 4.12

3.96 3.93

5.10 5.07

8.67 8.36

7.02 7.17

8.70 8.58

10.66 10.28

165.9% 149.1%

246 5.88 8.46 18.77 10.53

268 6.39 6.70 14.85 12.32

311 7.42 9.13 20.24 13.93

390 9.31 12.38 27.45 15.64

382 9.12 14.94 33.11 16.10

412 9.84 17.71 39.26 16.56

445 10.63 21.45 47.56 17.02

80.7% 80.7% 153.4% 153.4% 61.6%

16.3 0.47 0.21 0.38

14.8 0.59 0.27 0.32

16.4 0.56 0.25 0.37

22.2 0.70 0.32 0.55

18.4 0.47 0.21 0.44

21.1 0.49 0.22 0.53

24.0 0.50 0.22 0.63

47.1% 4.9% 4.9% 64.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

9.33 0.52 0.06 0.24 1.53 4.27 3.56 2.71 0.93 8.94 - 0.29 - 0.10 .. 0.35

1.34 1.34 1.34 -

-

10.66 0.52 0.06 0.24 2.86 4.27 3.56 2.71 0.93 10.28 - 0.29 - 0.10 .. 0.35

165.9% 143.2% 11.9% 55.1% 323.9% 254.0% 313.4% 290.2% 149.1%

.. -66.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

3.56 1.78 1.53 1.34 0.93 0.70 0.52 0.24 0.06 -

254.0% 326.7% 87.3% 29.6% 290.2% x 143.2% 11.9% -21.7% -

2.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 -

2.7 4.0 5.1 6.1 6.8 7.4 7.8 7.9 8.0 -

10.66

165.9%

8.0

8.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.124 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Argentina / Argentine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 180

160

160

140

140

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 180

120 100 80 60 40

120 100 80 60 40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

170

100%

160 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

150 140 130 120 110 100 90

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

140

140

120

120

100

100 TWh

80 80 60 60 40

40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.125

Argentina / Argentine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

100.38 106.81

118.20 117.60

139.21 134.07

146.17 137.83

149.21 138.75

159.43 151.11

162.57 162.97

62.0% 52.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

1 929 46.07 182.21 286.10 32.58

2 258 53.94 250.26 392.95 34.84

2 552 60.95 284.20 446.25 36.90

2 616 62.48 287.26 451.05 38.37

2 642 63.11 313.63 492.45 38.75

2 869 68.53 340.18 534.14 39.13

3 059 73.07 369.62 580.36 39.50

58.6% 58.6% 102.9% 102.9% 21.2%

52.0 0.55 0.35 3.08

52.3 0.47 0.30 3.39

54.5 0.49 0.31 3.77

55.9 0.51 0.32 3.81

56.5 0.48 0.30 3.85

55.6 0.47 0.30 4.07

53.1 0.44 0.28 4.12

2.1% -20.2% -20.2% 33.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

6.49 1.34 1.52 0.00 3.62 4.05 - 2.68 0.24 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

74.49 7.21 1.17 2.66 16.46 35.13 33.37 11.86 2.44 73.03 1.26 - 2.72 2.82 2.25

81.59 23.79 5.45 7.19 18.52 6.62 5.59 20.03 17.60 85.89 0.32 3.97 -

-

162.57 32.35 8.14 9.85 38.60 41.75 38.96 31.89 20.04 162.97 - 1.09 1.49 2.82 2.25

62.0% 111.2% 73.4% -30.0% 137.0% 48.3% 49.3% 45.9% 60.1% 52.6%

27.1% x

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - gas Road - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat

33.37 23.79 18.52 17.60 16.46 9.42 7.21 7.19 5.59 5.45 3.62

30.0% 128.6% 86.2% 108.8% 237.7% 60.2% 58.5% -19.1% + 202.2% 146.6%

10.5 7.5 5.8 5.5 5.2 3.0 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.1

10.5 18.0 23.8 29.3 34.5 37.5 39.7 42.0 43.8 45.5 46.6

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

162.57

62.0%

51.1

51.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.126 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Armenia / Arménie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 27

80%

22 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

not available 40% 20% 0%

17 12 7 2

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

12

120

10

100

8 TWh

80 6 60 4 40 2

20

0

0 1990

Oil

1992

1994

Gas

1996

1998

Nuclear

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

* From 1992 to 2005, emissions for the residential sector have been included with Other sectors.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.127

Armenia / Arménie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

20.46 20.52

3.42 3.42

3.40 3.40

3.46 3.46

4.12 4.12

4.14 4.14

4.79 4.79

-76.6% -76.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

322 7.70 2.82 11.01 3.55

68 1.63 1.49 5.81 3.23

84 2.00 1.91 7.46 3.08

87 2.08 2.99 11.66 3.03

105 2.51 3.40 13.28 3.02

107 2.55 3.85 15.04 3.01

119 2.84 4.38 17.11 3.00

-63.0% -63.0% 55.5% 55.5% -15.3%

63.5 7.26 1.86 5.77

50.0 2.30 0.59 1.06

40.6 1.78 0.46 1.10

39.6 1.16 0.30 1.14

39.3 1.21 0.31 1.37

38.9 1.08 0.28 1.38

40.2 1.09 0.28 1.60

-36.7% -85.0% -84.9% -72.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

0.94 0.02 0.51 0.51 0.41 0.94 0.17

3.84 1.08 1.71 1.05 3.84 0.00 -

-

4.79 1.08 1.73 0.51 0.51 1.47 0.01 4.79 0.00 0.17

-76.6% -82.2% -62.1% -82.6% -82.6% -78.7% -99.9% -76.7%

-71.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat -

1.71 1.08 1.05 0.51 0.41 0.02 0.01 -

-24.6% -44.0% -30.4% -82.6% -67.9% -99.1% -99.5% -

18.5 11.6 11.4 5.5 4.5 0.2 0.1 -

18.5 30.2 41.6 47.1 51.6 51.8 51.8 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

4.79

-76.6%

51.8

51.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.128 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Australia / Australie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 450

400

400

350

350

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 450

300 250 200 150 100

300 250 200 150 100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

410

100%

390 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

370 350 330 310 290 270 250

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 300

2007

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

250

100

200 TWh

80 150 60 100

40

50

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.129

Australia / Australie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

259.81 260.93

285.19 278.56

338.66 333.65

368.23 343.20

385.77 373.46

391.02 379.47

396.26 380.36

52.5% 45.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

3 610 86.23 280.99 369.00 17.17

3 875 92.56 330.09 433.48 18.19

4 561 108.93 399.61 524.77 19.27

4 691 112.05 457.63 600.97 20.23

5 057 120.77 471.15 618.72 20.53

5 134 122.62 486.16 638.43 20.82

5 194 124.07 507.75 666.78 21.14

43.9% 43.9% 80.7% 80.7% 23.1%

72.0 0.92 0.70 15.13

73.6 0.86 0.66 15.68

74.3 0.85 0.65 17.57

78.5 0.80 0.61 18.20

76.3 0.82 0.62 18.80

76.2 0.80 0.61 18.78

76.3 0.78 0.59 18.75

6.0% -15.6% -15.6% 23.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

222.67 207.27 0.18 2.19 12.25 0.34 0.44 0.10 217.11 - 0.59 - 4.96 -

Oil 109.21 1.23 0.40 7.75 14.48 76.99 67.15 8.35 0.71 104.02 - 6.75 1.57 2.67 9.13

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

63.92 14.85 7.04 11.51 20.67 0.94 0.08 8.91 6.71 58.76 0.95 - 6.11 -

0.46 0.46 0.46 0.00 -

396.26 223.35 7.63 21.45 47.86 78.27 67.23 17.70 7.52 380.36 - 6.39 - 9.51 2.67 9.13

52.5% 84.8% 46.8% 49.1% 4.1% 27.5% 23.4% 47.8% 33.5% 45.8%

24.9% 112.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas

207.27 67.15 20.67 14.85 14.48 12.25 11.51 9.84 7.75 7.64 7.04

84.0% 23.2% 50.6% 109.9% 12.4% -33.9% 138.7% 49.5% 7.5% 86.2% 580.8%

36.3 11.8 3.6 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2

36.3 48.0 51.6 54.2 56.8 58.9 60.9 62.7 64.0 65.3 66.6

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

396.26

52.5%

69.3

69.3

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.130 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Austria / Autriche Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70

60

60

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 77

80%

72 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20% 0%

67 62 57 52

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

70

140

60

120

50

100

40 TWh

Other energy industries Transport Other

80 30 60 20

40

10

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.131

Austria / Autriche Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

56.20 57.12

58.75 60.06

61.37 62.45

73.52 73.65

74.03 75.08

73.89 74.11

69.66 70.81

24.0% 24.0%

1 038 24.78 149.06 179.49 7.68

1 118 26.70 165.04 198.73 7.95

1 194 28.52 191.20 230.22 8.01

1 382 33.00 201.94 243.15 8.18

1 412 33.72 207.74 250.14 8.23

1 430 34.15 214.75 258.58 8.28

1 389 33.18 221.33 266.51 8.32

33.9% 33.9% 48.5% 48.5% 8.3%

54.2 0.38 0.31 7.32

52.6 0.36 0.30 7.39

51.4 0.32 0.27 7.66

53.2 0.36 0.30 8.99

52.4 0.36 0.30 8.99

51.7 0.34 0.29 8.92

50.2 0.31 0.26 8.38

-7.4% -16.5% -16.5% 14.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

14.99 5.07 3.26 4.12 2.05 0.50 0.43 15.37 0.38 - 0.01 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

35.61 0.71 0.63 2.33 2.98 23.47 22.66 5.48 4.05 36.37 0.77 - 0.01 1.68

16.12 3.97 1.09 0.62 5.84 0.45 4.15 2.98 16.12 0.00 -

2.94 0.66 0.50 1.70 0.08 2.94 - 0.00 -

69.66 10.41 5.49 7.07 12.56 23.92 22.66 10.21 7.46 70.81 1.16 - 0.01 1.68

24.0% -0.4% 55.2% 22.1% 28.2% 74.8% 73.5% -21.0% -24.1% 24.0%

105.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Other energy industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat

22.66 5.84 5.07 4.12 4.05 3.97 3.26 2.98 2.98 2.33 2.05

73.5% 33.7% -13.2% 36.4% -23.4% 20.9% 122.2% 66.7% 15.9% 22.7% -19.8%

24.2 6.2 5.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 2.5 2.2

24.2 30.5 35.9 40.3 44.6 48.9 52.4 55.6 58.8 61.2 63.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

69.66

24.0%

74.5

74.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.132 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Azerbaijan / Azerbaïdjan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 70

50 40 30 20 10

50 40 30 20 10

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 71

100%

66 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

61 56 51 46 41 36 31

0%

26 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

30

120

25

100

20 TWh

80 15 60 10 40 5

20

0

0 1990

1992

Oil

1994

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

2004

Hydro

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.133

Azerbaijan / Azerbaïdjan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

64.99 67.05

31.48 33.89

29.37 30.53

30.04 31.26

31.99 33.21

30.23 33.37

27.58 28.94

-57.6% -56.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

1 082 25.84 8.95 33.83 7.16

534 12.75 3.75 14.16 7.69

479 11.43 5.27 19.92 8.05

529 12.65 7.85 29.68 8.31

559 13.35 9.93 37.51 8.39

568 13.58 13.35 50.45 8.48

499 11.91 16.69 63.06 8.57

-53.9% -53.9% 86.4% 86.4% 19.7%

60.1 7.26 1.92 9.08

59.0 8.40 2.22 4.10

61.3 5.57 1.47 3.65

56.7 3.83 1.01 3.62

57.2 3.22 0.85 3.81

53.2 2.26 0.60 3.56

55.3 1.65 0.44 3.22

-7.9% -77.2% -77.2% -64.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

10.66 3.13 0.57 1.02 3.60 3.34 2.34 1.11 10.93 0.27 0.00 .. 1.16

16.93 8.85 0.94 1.08 1.10 0.03 4.92 4.86 18.02 1.09 -

-

27.58 11.98 0.94 1.65 2.12 3.63 3.34 7.26 5.97 28.94 1.36 0.00 .. 1.16

-57.6% -54.7% x -22.8% -86.9% 5.2% 6.0% -56.7% 23.5% -56.8%

.. 63.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industries - oil

8.85 4.86 3.34 3.13 1.23 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.57

-19.2% 0.5% 10.6% -79.8% -86.9% x -92.6% x -21.8% x -73.3%

10.6 5.8 4.0 3.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.7

10.6 16.4 20.4 24.1 25.6 26.9 28.2 29.5 30.7 31.8 32.5

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

27.58

-57.6%

32.9

32.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.134 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Bahrain / Bahrein Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 23

100%

21 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

19 17 15 13 11

0%

9 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 12

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

10

100

8 TWh

80 6 60 4 40 2

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.135

Bahrain / Bahrein Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

11.70 10.20

11.63 11.65

14.13 13.79

16.81 16.42

18.15 17.73

20.18 19.78

21.26 20.87

81.7% 104.6%

182 4.35 4.65 6.09 0.49

206 4.93 6.45 8.46 0.58

246 5.86 7.97 10.45 0.65

292 6.97 9.94 13.02 0.71

314 7.50 10.71 14.04 0.73

347 8.28 11.53 15.12 0.74

367 8.77 12.30 16.12 0.75

101.7% 101.7% 164.7% 164.7% 52.7%

64.2 2.52 1.92 23.73

56.3 1.80 1.37 20.11

57.5 1.77 1.35 21.74

57.6 1.69 1.29 23.68

57.8 1.69 1.29 25.03

58.2 1.75 1.34 27.31

57.9 1.73 1.32 28.23

-9.9% -31.3% -31.4% 19.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

4.24 0.43 0.83 2.78 2.78 0.19 0.19 3.85 - 0.39 0.00 .. 1.85

17.02 8.80 3.27 4.95 17.02 -

-

21.26 9.23 4.10 4.95 2.78 2.78 0.19 0.19 20.87 - 0.39 0.00 .. 1.85

81.7% 150.0% 42.1% 23.5% 181.3% 181.3% 54.7% 54.7% 104.6%

.. 29.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Road - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil -

8.80 4.95 3.27 2.78 0.83 0.43 0.19 -

138.3% 23.5% 70.6% 181.3% -14.5% x 54.7% -

35.6 20.0 13.2 11.3 3.3 1.8 0.8 -

35.6 55.6 68.9 80.1 83.5 85.2 86.0 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

21.26

81.7%

86.0

86.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.136 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Bangladesh Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 45

40

40

35

35

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 45

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 47

100%

42 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

37 32 27 22 17

0%

12 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 30 25

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

200

20 TWh

150 15 100 10 50

5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.137

Bangladesh Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

13.56 14.13

20.45 21.27

25.19 26.72

33.55 35.02

36.34 38.15

37.45 39.37

40.01 41.72

195.0% 195.1%

533 12.74 29.47 124.50 113.05

666 15.90 36.54 154.34 126.30

778 18.58 47.10 198.96 139.43

944 22.54 57.91 244.62 150.53

1 000 23.90 61.36 259.19 153.28

1 031 24.64 65.42 276.38 155.99

1 078 25.76 69.63 294.14 158.57

102.3% 102.3% 136.3% 136.3% 40.3%

25.4 0.46 0.11 0.12

30.7 0.56 0.13 0.16

32.4 0.53 0.13 0.18

35.6 0.58 0.14 0.22

36.3 0.59 0.14 0.24

36.3 0.57 0.14 0.24

37.1 0.57 0.14 0.25

45.9% 24.9% 24.9% 110.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

1.36 1.36 1.36 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

12.71 1.85 0.24 2.09 4.96 3.59 3.59 1.46 12.82 0.11 0.11 0.75

25.93 14.42 6.97 4.54 3.92 27.53 1.60 -

-

40.01 16.27 0.24 10.42 4.96 3.59 8.13 5.38 41.72 1.71 0.11 0.75

195.0% 279.5% 58.0% 131.2% 200.4% 201.6% 173.8% 164.3% 195.1%

78.6% 175.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas

14.42 6.97 3.92 3.59 2.13 2.09 1.85 1.46 1.37 1.36 0.61

267.9% 159.8% 641.8% 201.6% 176.1% 185.9% 403.3% -3.3% 197.2% 24.3% 282.4%

8.8 4.2 2.4 2.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.4

8.8 13.0 15.4 17.6 18.9 20.2 21.3 22.2 23.0 23.8 24.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

40.01

195.0%

24.3

24.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.138 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Belarus / Bélarus Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 140

120

120 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 140

100 80 60 40 20

100 80 60 40 20

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Coal/peat

2000 2002 2004

Oil

Gas

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

129

100%

119 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

109 99 89 79 69 59

0%

49 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

45 40

100

35 30

80

TWh

25 60

20 15

40

10 20

5 0

0 1990

1992

Oil

1994

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

Hydro

2002

2004

Other

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.139

Belarus / Bélarus Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

116.14 117.52

60.49 63.21

56.11 59.98

60.31 64.87

60.76 63.91

64.04 68.09

62.70 66.11

-46.0% -43.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

1 772 42.33 14.36 54.19 10.19

1 038 24.79 9.38 35.38 10.19

1 034 24.69 12.74 48.05 10.01

1 125 26.87 16.72 63.06 9.82

1 125 26.87 18.29 69.02 9.78

1 198 28.62 20.12 75.92 9.73

1 174 28.05 21.77 82.11 9.70

-33.7% -33.7% 51.5% 51.5% -4.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

65.5 8.09 2.14 11.40

58.3 6.45 1.71 5.93

54.3 4.40 1.17 5.61

53.6 3.61 0.96 6.14

54.0 3.32 0.88 6.22

53.4 3.18 0.84 6.58

53.4 2.88 0.76 6.46

-18.5% -64.4% -64.4% -43.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2.03 0.11 0.40 0.06 0.29 0.03 1.14 0.90 2.44 0.44 - 0.03 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

20.55 0.52 0.65 1.42 6.83 5.09 4.19 6.04 3.51 23.20 2.60 0.05 -

39.28 24.62 4.90 5.80 1.02 0.04 2.94 2.80 39.64 0.36 0.00 -

0.83 0.20 0.09 0.54 0.83 0.00 -

62.70 25.26 6.15 1.57 13.46 6.14 4.24 10.12 7.21 66.11 3.40 0.02 -

-46.0% -35.0% -63.7% -46.0% -50.1% -38.4% -48.0% -50.5% 20.1% -43.7%

-

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Road - oil Residential - oil Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - gas Other transport - oil

24.62 6.83 5.80 4.90 4.19 3.51 2.80 2.53 1.42 0.98 0.90

78.0% -69.2% 31.4% 19.9% -48.5% 82.3% 59.5% -65.8% -49.2% 560.6% -46.4%

27.7 7.7 6.5 5.5 4.7 4.0 3.2 2.8 1.6 1.1 1.0

27.7 35.4 41.9 47.4 52.2 56.1 59.3 62.1 63.7 64.8 65.8

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

62.70

-46.0%

70.6

70.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.140 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Belgium / Belgique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 140

120

120 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 140

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

125

80%

120 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

115 110 105 100

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 200

100

TWh

Other energy industries Transport Other

90

180

80

160

70

140

60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.141

Belgium / Belgique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

107.88 109.38

115.15 116.25

118.59 121.39

116.53 118.36

112.57 114.80

109.64 113.26

105.95 108.19

-1.8% -1.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 020 48.24 187.54 228.17 9.97

2 249 53.73 202.96 246.93 10.14

2 449 58.50 231.93 282.18 10.25

2 466 58.89 246.76 300.22 10.42

2 457 58.68 251.32 305.77 10.47

2 433 58.11 258.83 314.90 10.54

2 387 57.02 265.96 323.58 10.62

18.2% 18.2% 41.8% 41.8% 6.6%

53.4 0.58 0.47 10.82

51.2 0.57 0.47 11.36

48.4 0.51 0.42 11.57

47.3 0.47 0.39 11.19

45.8 0.45 0.37 10.75

45.1 0.42 0.35 10.40

44.4 0.40 0.33 9.97

-16.9% -30.7% -30.8% -7.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

16.71 9.97 1.16 0.37 4.76 0.45 0.45 16.03 1.05 - 1.72 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

51.91 0.52 0.07 4.08 9.40 25.02 24.27 12.84 8.00 55.15 4.69 - 1.45 29.54 3.00

34.50 9.69 0.35 0.44 12.78 11.24 7.66 34.18 - 0.32 -

2.83 2.42 0.39 0.02 2.83 0.00 -

105.95 22.60 1.58 4.88 27.32 25.02 24.27 24.55 16.12 108.19 5.74 - 3.50 29.54 3.00

-1.8% 2.9% -50.4% -19.7% -10.7% 25.1% 26.0% -5.8% -12.7% -1.1%

127.8% 6.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

24.27 12.78 9.97 9.69 9.40 8.00 7.66 4.83 4.76 4.08 3.58

26.0% 72.9% -44.2% 258.5% 20.4% -24.6% 32.0% -6.6% -68.6% -3.3% 47.9%

18.3 9.6 7.5 7.3 7.1 6.0 5.8 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.7

18.3 27.9 35.5 42.8 49.9 55.9 61.7 65.3 68.9 72.0 74.7

105.95

-1.8%

79.9

79.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.142 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Benin / Bénin Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3.5

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

100%

3 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0%

0 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 800

0.14

700

0.12

600

0.1

500

0.08 TWh

2007

400 0.06 300 0.04

200

0.02

100

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.143

Benin / Bénin Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.25 0.24

0.22 0.21

1.41 1.48

2.41 2.42

2.52 2.47

3.01 3.01

3.13 3.13

+ +

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

70 1.66 1.41 4.39 5.18

77 1.85 1.74 5.41 6.21

83 1.98 2.26 7.02 7.23

104 2.49 2.65 8.25 8.22

107 2.56 2.73 8.48 8.49

117 2.79 2.83 8.81 8.76

121 2.88 2.96 9.21 9.03

73.5% 73.5% 109.7% 109.7% 74.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

3.7 0.18 0.06 0.05

2.8 0.13 0.04 0.04

17.0 0.63 0.20 0.20

23.1 0.91 0.29 0.29

23.5 0.92 0.30 0.30

25.8 1.06 0.34 0.34

26.0 1.06 0.34 0.35

611.4% 488.8% 488.4% 608.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

3.13 0.07 0.02 0.16 1.91 1.91 0.97 0.97 3.13 - 0.00 .. 0.08

+ 187.8% x 420.6% + + + + +

3.13 0.07 0.02 0.16 1.91 1.91 0.97 0.97 3.13 - 0.00 .. 0.08

.. 56.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil -

1.91 0.97 0.16 0.07 0.02 0.00 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

3.13

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

+ + 420.6% 187.8% x x +

Cumulative total (%)

15.8 8.0 1.3 0.6 0.2 0.0 -

15.8 23.9 25.2 25.8 25.9 26.0 -

26.0

26.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.144 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Bolivia / Bolivie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12

12 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 13

100%

12 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

11 10 9 8 7 6

0%

5 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

7

160

6

140

TWh

5

120

4

100

3

80 60

2

40 1

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.145

Bolivia / Bolivie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

5.45 5.30

8.16 8.37

7.63 11.22

9.32 10.75

10.70 10.59

10.13 10.41

12.31 12.21

126.2% 130.5%

116 2.77 5.80 13.72 6.67

166 3.96 7.09 16.77 7.48

207 4.94 8.40 19.86 8.32

206 4.92 9.36 22.14 9.01

201 4.80 9.78 23.12 9.18

202 4.83 10.25 24.23 9.35

228 5.44 10.72 25.33 9.52

96.1% 96.1% 84.7% 84.7% 42.7%

46.9 0.94 0.40 0.82

49.2 1.15 0.49 1.09

36.9 0.91 0.38 0.92

45.3 1.00 0.42 1.04

53.2 1.09 0.46 1.17

50.1 0.99 0.42 1.08

54.1 1.15 0.49 1.29

15.3% 22.4% 22.4% 58.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

7.84 0.97 0.08 0.64 0.21 4.00 3.59 1.94 1.06 8.29 0.41 0.04 -

4.47 1.79 0.02 1.04 1.04 0.49 0.49 0.09 0.05 3.92 0.37 - 0.93 -

-

12.31 2.75 0.09 1.68 1.25 4.50 4.08 2.04 1.11 12.21 0.78 - 0.89 -

126.2% 337.7% 34.8% 91.1% 98.9% 109.9% 131.6% 86.1% 93.3% 130.5%

-

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Road - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil

3.59 1.79 1.06 1.04 1.04 0.97 0.88 0.64 0.49 0.41 0.21

103.6% 207.5% 84.4% 170.1% 94.1% + 69.9% 86.5% x 9.2% -14.1%

4.9 2.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.3

4.9 7.4 8.8 10.3 11.7 13.0 14.2 15.1 15.8 16.3 16.6

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

12.31

126.2%

16.9

16.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.146 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Bosnia and Herzegovina / Bosnie-Herzégovine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 28

80%

23 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

not available 40% 20% 0%

18 13 8 3

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

16 14

100

12 80

TWh

10 8

60

6

40

4 20

2 0

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

2004

Hydro

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.147

Bosnia and Herzegovina / Bosnie-Herzégovine Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

23.63 23.94

3.35 3.50

13.66 13.69

14.94 15.21

15.66 15.80

17.21 17.40

17.99 18.18

-23.9% -24.1%

293 7.01 1.40 5.69 4.31

64 1.53 1.51 6.14 3.33

182 4.36 5.05 20.54 3.69

202 4.82 6.13 24.93 3.76

211 5.05 6.44 26.19 3.78

226 5.41 6.83 27.76 3.78

235 5.60 7.22 29.34 3.77

-20.1% -20.1% 416.7% 416.0% -12.4%

80.5 16.90 4.16 5.49

52.2 2.22 0.55 1.01

74.9 2.71 0.67 3.70

74.1 2.44 0.60 3.97

74.1 2.43 0.60 4.14

76.0 2.52 0.62 4.56

76.7 2.49 0.61 4.77

-4.8% -85.3% -85.2% -13.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

13.60 11.68 0.11 0.06 0.67 1.08 13.78 0.16 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

3.60 0.17 0.08 0.03 2.65 2.60 0.67 3.59 0.00 - 0.01 .. -

0.80 0.14 0.52 0.14 0.12 0.81 0.01 - 0.00 -

-

17.99 11.82 0.27 0.14 1.22 2.65 2.60 1.89 0.12 18.18 0.18 0.01 .. -

-23.9% 37.9% -73.2% x -80.4% 22.1% 20.0% -66.4% -58.7% -24.1%

.. -100.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil

11.68 2.60 1.08 0.67 0.67 0.52 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.08

38.0% 20.0% -79.8% -81.0% x -28.9% -83.7% 27.6% 64.9% x x

50.6 11.3 4.7 2.9 2.9 2.2 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4

50.6 61.8 66.5 69.4 72.3 74.6 75.3 75.9 76.4 76.9 77.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

17.99

-23.9%

77.9

77.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.148 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Botswana Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 5

4.5

4.5

4

4 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

Coal/peat

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 5

100%

4.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40%

2007

not available

20% 0%

4 3.5 3 2.5 2

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

1.2

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

1

100

0.8 TWh

80 0.6 60 0.4 40 0.2

20

0

0 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

Coal/peat

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Oil

2007

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.149

Botswana Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.93 2.93

3.33 3.35

4.19 4.20

4.10 4.10

4.31 4.31

4.52 4.52

4.76 4.76

62.0% 62.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

53 1.26 3.40 8.05 1.37

63 1.50 4.14 9.82 1.57

77 1.84 6.18 14.65 1.73

76 1.81 7.73 18.33 1.82

79 1.89 8.11 19.22 1.84

82 1.95 8.38 19.88 1.86

85 2.02 8.83 20.94 1.88

60.3% 60.3% 160.0% 160.0% 37.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

55.6 0.86 0.36 2.15

53.2 0.81 0.34 2.13

54.5 0.68 0.29 2.42

54.1 0.53 0.22 2.26

54.6 0.53 0.22 2.35

55.4 0.54 0.23 2.43

56.2 0.54 0.23 2.53

1.1% -37.7% -37.7% 17.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2.63 1.59 0.48 0.55 0.01 2.63 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

4.76 1.59 0.48 0.89 1.61 1.56 0.18 0.10 4.76 0.00 .. 0.03

62.0% 23.8% 42.9% 68.5% 148.1% 160.6% 35.6% 35.8% 62.4%

2.13 0.01 0.34 1.61 1.56 0.17 0.10 2.13 0.00 .. 0.03

.. -9.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil -

1.59 1.56 0.55 0.48 0.34 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.01 -

35.8% 160.6% 27.8% 42.9% 244.5% 56.2% 25.8% -10.8% 150.1% -94.8% -

12.4 12.2 4.3 3.7 2.7 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 -

12.4 24.6 28.9 32.6 35.3 36.1 36.7 37.0 37.1 37.1 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

4.76

62.0%

37.1

37.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.150 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Brazil / Brésil Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 400

350

350

300

300

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 400

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

370

100%

350 80% million tonnes of CO2

330

60% 40% 20%

310 290 270 250 230 210 190

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

500 450

140

400

120

350

TWh

2007

300

100

250

80

200

60

150

40

100

20

50 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.151

Brazil / Brésil Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

193.04 203.45

238.95 251.42

303.26 312.46

320.75 325.50

326.75 331.61

333.03 335.04

347.09 350.08

79.8% 72.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

5 841 139.50 501.77 968.41 149.52

6 706 160.18 583.63 1 126.39 161.62

7 920 189.17 644.70 1 244.26 174.16

8 792 210.00 716.97 1 383.74 184.32

9 031 215.70 739.61 1 427.44 186.83

9 334 222.94 767.38 1 481.03 189.32

9 862 235.56 808.95 1 561.26 191.60

68.9% 68.9% 61.2% 61.2% 28.1%

33.1 0.38 0.20 1.29

35.6 0.41 0.21 1.48

38.3 0.47 0.24 1.74

36.5 0.45 0.23 1.74

36.2 0.44 0.23 1.75

35.7 0.43 0.22 1.76

35.2 0.43 0.22 1.81

6.5% 11.5% 11.5% 40.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

49.44 7.79 8.44 3.56 29.46 0.06 0.13 53.05 3.37 0.24 -

Oil 256.95 6.67 2.95 13.83 57.41 141.40 127.28 34.68 15.58 256.07 2.48 - 3.36 11.44 4.20

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

40.70 4.66 2.31 8.46 19.04 4.98 4.98 1.25 0.49 40.96 0.53 - 0.27 -

-

347.09 19.13 13.70 25.85 105.91 146.44 132.26 36.06 16.07 350.08 6.38 - 3.40 11.44 4.20

79.8% 200.7% 136.9% 67.2% 83.8% 81.6% 89.6% 32.7% 16.9% 72.1%

566.7% 197.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat

127.28 57.41 29.46 19.10 19.04 15.58 14.12 13.83 8.46 8.44 7.79

82.5% 61.2% 67.0% 44.7% 335.5% 16.0% 30.3% 28.1% 369.2% 119.4% 92.0%

10.8 4.9 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.7

10.8 15.7 18.2 19.8 21.4 22.7 23.9 25.1 25.8 26.5 27.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

347.09

79.8%

29.4

29.4

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.152 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Brunei Darussalam Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 7

100%

6.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

4

TWh

2007

3.5

140

3

120

2.5

100

2

80

1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.153

Brunei Darussalam Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3.36 4.13

4.70 5.52

4.65 6.01

5.19 6.28

5.09 6.18

5.77 6.60

5.82 6.75

73.2% 63.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

74 1.76 3.75 4.48 0.26

97 2.31 4.07 4.86 0.30

103 2.45 4.32 5.16 0.33

109 2.60 4.83 5.77 0.37

106 2.54 4.85 5.79 0.37

114 2.73 5.03 6.01 0.38

116 2.77 5.05 6.03 0.39

57.0% 57.0% 34.8% 34.7% 51.4%

45.6 0.90 0.75 13.08

48.6 1.16 0.97 15.94

45.3 1.08 0.90 13.96

47.8 1.07 0.90 14.18

47.9 1.05 0.88 13.62

50.5 1.15 0.96 15.10

50.3 1.15 0.97 14.97

10.3% 28.5% 28.6% 14.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1.89 0.03 0.51 0.19 1.11 1.11 0.05 0.05 1.98 0.05 0.04 .. 0.24

3.93 2.57 0.25 1.05 0.06 0.06 4.77 0.80 0.03 -

-

5.82 2.60 0.25 1.56 0.19 1.11 1.11 0.11 0.11 6.75 0.85 0.07 .. 0.24

73.2% 140.0% x 8.3% -23.7% 103.5% 103.5% 145.0% 145.0% 63.4%

.. 113.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil -

2.57 1.11 1.05 0.51 0.25 0.19 0.06 0.05 0.03 -

139.8% 103.5% -27.1% + x -23.7% x 11.7% 166.6% -

17.8 7.7 7.3 3.5 1.8 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 -

17.8 25.5 32.8 36.3 38.1 39.4 39.8 40.1 40.3 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

5.82

73.2%

40.3

40.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.154 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Bulgaria / Bulgarie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 90

80

80

70

70

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 90

60 50 40 30 20

60 50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

102

100%

92 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

82 72 62 52 42

1971

1988

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1988

50

1994

1997

2000

2003

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1991

1988 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

45 200

40 35

TWh

30

150

25 20

100

15 10

50

5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.155

Bulgaria / Bulgarie * Key indicators % change

1988

1990

1995

2004

2005

2006

2007

88-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

82.07 84.56

74.94 76.17

53.40 57.54

45.31 46.49

45.80 47.75

47.14 48.77

50.24 52.47

-38.8% -37.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

1 312 31.33 17.06 66.22 8.98

1 196 28.57 15.00 58.20 8.72

967 23.10 13.14 50.98 8.40

788 18.82 15.34 59.54 7.78

833 19.89 16.29 63.23 7.74

856 20.44 17.32 67.21 7.69

847 20.23 18.39 71.38 7.64

-35.4% -35.4% 7.8% 7.8% -14.9%

62.6 4.81 1.24 9.14

62.6 5.00 1.29 8.60

55.2 4.06 1.05 6.36

57.5 2.95 0.76 5.82

55.0 2.81 0.72 5.92

55.1 2.72 0.70 6.13

59.3 2.73 0.70 6.57

-5.2% -43.2% -43.2% -28.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Bulgaria is allowed to use 1988 as the base year.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

31.26 26.00 0.74 0.97 2.67 0.87 0.83 31.97 0.70 0.01 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

88-07

12.36 0.21 0.33 0.67 3.12 7.18 6.98 0.85 0.07 13.52 1.09 0.07 0.16 0.54

6.31 1.92 0.37 0.16 2.86 0.70 0.09 0.31 0.08 6.68 0.16 0.20 -

0.31 0.01 0.30 0.31 0.00 -

50.24 28.13 1.45 1.81 8.94 7.88 7.06 2.03 0.97 52.47 1.96 0.27 0.16 0.54

-38.8% -27.2% -18.2% -1.7% -52.0% 16.1% 4.1% -85.9% -78.4% -37.9%

-82.7% -57.5%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 88-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - coal/peat Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil

26.00 6.98 3.12 2.86 2.67 1.92 0.97 0.83 0.78 0.74 0.67

8.8% 2.9% -59.0% x -75.8% -70.9% x -75.3% -82.3% -58.1% -63.3%

35.8 9.6 4.3 3.9 3.7 2.6 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9

35.8 45.4 49.7 53.6 57.3 59.9 61.3 62.4 63.5 64.5 65.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

50.24

-38.8%

69.2

69.2

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.156 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Cambodia / Cambodge Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

5

5

4.5

4.5 4 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

1995

1997

1999

2001

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

2003

2005

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 5

100%

4.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1995 = 100 300

1.6 1.4

250

1.2 200

TWh

1 0.8

150

0.6

100

0.4 50

0.2 0

0 1995

1997

Oil

1999

2001

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2003

2005

Other

2007

1995

1997

CO2/TPES

1999

2001

CO2/GDP

2003

2005

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.157

Cambodia / Cambodge * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

.. ..

1.40 1.40

2.42 2.28

3.51 3.54

3.73 3.76

4.06 4.11

4.43 4.43

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

.. .. .. .. ..

141 3.37 2.63 16.02 11.40

167 3.98 3.75 22.80 12.78

194 4.64 5.17 31.46 13.72

200 4.78 5.85 35.63 13.96

208 4.96 6.49 39.47 14.20

215 5.13 7.15 43.50 14.45

.. .. .. .. ..

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

9.9 0.53 0.09 0.12

14.5 0.64 0.11 0.19

18.1 0.68 0.11 0.26

18.7 0.64 0.10 0.27

19.5 0.63 0.10 0.29

20.6 0.62 0.10 0.31

.. .. .. ..

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Prior to 1995, data for Cambodia were included in Other Asia.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-07

-

-

4.43 1.55 0.16 1.17 1.16 1.54 1.20 4.43 0.00 .. 0.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4.43 1.55 0.16 1.17 1.16 1.54 1.20 4.43 0.00 .. 0.09

.. ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil -

1.55 1.20 1.16 0.34 0.16 0.01 -

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4.8 3.7 3.6 1.1 0.5 0.0 -

4.8 8.5 12.1 13.1 13.6 13.7 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

4.43

..

13.7

13.7

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.158 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Cameroon / Cameroun Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 5

4.5

4.5

4

4 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 6

100%

5.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 7

TWh

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.159

Cameroon / Cameroun Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.67 2.73

2.50 2.60

2.79 2.96

3.01 3.46

2.93 3.20

3.11 3.37

4.64 5.73

73.8% 109.9%

208 4.98 8.79 24.35 12.24

230 5.50 7.99 22.13 14.06

263 6.29 10.08 27.90 15.86

292 6.97 11.82 32.72 17.41

293 6.99 12.09 33.47 17.80

281 6.72 12.48 34.55 18.18

305 7.29 12.91 35.76 18.53

46.5% 46.5% 46.9% 46.9% 51.4%

12.8 0.30 0.11 0.22

10.8 0.31 0.11 0.18

10.6 0.28 0.10 0.18

10.3 0.25 0.09 0.17

10.0 0.24 0.09 0.16

11.0 0.25 0.09 0.17

15.2 0.36 0.13 0.25

18.6% 18.3% 18.3% 14.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

4.00 0.27 0.81 0.18 0.25 2.10 2.00 0.39 0.38 4.92 0.09 0.83 0.16 0.20

0.65 0.14 0.51 0.81 0.16 0.00 -

-

4.64 0.41 1.32 0.18 0.25 2.10 2.00 0.39 0.38 5.73 0.25 0.84 0.16 0.20

73.8% + x x 12.0% 20.8% 15.3% -42.7% -44.0% 109.9%

290.4% 26.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil -

2.00 0.81 0.51 0.38 0.27 0.25 0.18 0.14 0.10 0.01 -

15.3% x x -44.0% 682.2% 12.0% x x x x -

4.9 2.0 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 -

4.9 6.9 8.1 9.0 9.7 10.3 10.8 11.1 11.3 11.4 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

4.64

73.8%

11.4

11.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.160 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Canada Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 700

600

600 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 700

500 400 300 200

500 400 300 200

100

100

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

600

100%

580 560 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

540 520 500 480 460 440 420 400

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

700

140

600

120

500

100 TWh

400 80 300 60 200

40

100

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.161

Canada Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

432.35 423.56

465.23 452.70

532.78 517.95

550.58 536.61

556.36 543.36

537.71 534.77

572.94 540.81

32.5% 27.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

8 737 208.68 543.64 654.70 27.70

9 668 230.92 592.05 713.00 29.30

10 516 251.16 724.91 873.01 30.69

11 227 268.16 797.85 960.84 32.00

11 375 271.68 820.79 988.47 32.31

11 271 269.20 846.32 1 019.21 32.65

11 278 269.37 869.28 1 046.87 32.98

29.1% 29.1% 59.9% 59.9% 19.1%

49.5 0.80 0.66 15.61

48.1 0.79 0.65 15.88

50.7 0.74 0.61 17.36

49.0 0.69 0.57 17.21

48.9 0.68 0.56 17.22

47.7 0.64 0.53 16.47

50.8 0.66 0.55 17.37

2.7% -17.1% -17.1% 11.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

123.81 105.16 0.17 1.57 16.77 0.14 0.14 118.10 1.34 - 7.05 -

Oil 266.69 7.00 1.66 30.46 26.01 155.08 127.15 46.48 6.95 240.08 - 23.19 - 3.43 2.02 1.55

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

181.86 14.43 4.49 35.11 58.32 9.69 0.09 59.81 34.33 182.05 4.02 - 3.83 -

0.58 0.18 0.40 0.58 0.00 -

572.94 126.59 6.50 67.14 101.51 164.77 127.25 106.43 41.43 540.81 - 17.83 - 14.31 2.02 1.55

32.5% 31.2% 105.2% 58.5% 18.9% 33.1% 33.0% 31.3% 1.6% 27.7%

-29.4% -42.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat

127.15 105.16 58.32 39.52 35.11 34.33 30.46 27.93 26.01 25.48 16.77

33.0% 26.8% 30.5% 101.2% 68.7% 29.4% 43.9% 29.9% 2.6% 23.6% 10.3%

16.2 13.4 7.4 5.0 4.5 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.2 2.1

16.2 29.6 37.0 42.0 46.5 50.9 54.7 58.3 61.6 64.8 67.0

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

572.94

32.5%

72.9

72.9

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.162 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Chile / Chili Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70

60

60

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 75

100%

70 80% million tonnes of CO2

65

60% 40% 20%

60 55 50 45 40 35

0%

30 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 200

70

180

60

TWh

160 50

140

40

120 100

30

80 60

20

40

10

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.163

Chile / Chili Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

32.68 31.95

41.37 41.95

56.00 57.84

62.58 64.02

63.56 65.02

66.24 66.99

71.04 71.87

117.4% 124.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

579 13.82 40.46 75.70 13.18

788 18.82 61.36 114.82 14.40

1 097 26.21 75.21 140.74 15.41

1 210 28.90 87.55 163.82 16.12

1 240 29.61 92.42 172.93 16.30

1 275 30.46 96.43 180.44 16.43

1 289 30.79 101.34 189.63 16.60

122.7% 122.7% 150.5% 150.5% 25.9%

56.5 0.81 0.43 2.48

52.5 0.67 0.36 2.87

51.0 0.74 0.40 3.63

51.7 0.71 0.38 3.88

51.3 0.69 0.37 3.90

51.9 0.69 0.37 4.03

55.1 0.70 0.37 4.28

-2.4% -13.2% -13.2% 72.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

13.88 10.09 0.03 1.03 2.63 0.10 0.03 12.65 - 1.04 - 0.18 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

50.56 9.71 0.44 2.04 10.15 24.69 16.69 3.54 2.50 52.56 2.03 - 0.03 .. -

6.60 2.06 0.09 0.27 2.93 0.05 0.05 1.21 0.90 6.65 0.05 0.00 -

-

71.04 21.86 0.55 3.34 15.70 24.75 16.75 4.85 3.43 71.87 1.03 - 0.21 .. -

117.4% 171.6% x 31.8% 82.1% 144.3% 116.0% 44.9% 35.3% 124.9%

.. -

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil

16.69 10.15 10.09 9.71 8.00 2.93 2.63 2.50 2.06 2.04 1.04

115.6% 115.6% 57.3% 551.0% 237.0% 150.4% -4.5% 20.2% + 41.9% 78.8%

16.5 10.1 10.0 9.6 7.9 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.0

16.5 26.6 36.6 46.2 54.1 57.0 59.6 62.1 64.1 66.2 67.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

71.04

117.4%

70.4

70.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.164 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

People's Republic of China / République populaire de Chine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7000

6000

6000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7000

5000 4000 3000 2000

5000 4000 3000 2000

1000

1000

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

6700

100%

6200 80% million tonnes of CO2

5700

60% 40% 20%

5200 4700 4200 3700 3200 2700 2200

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 3500

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

3000 200 2500 150

TWh

2000 1500

100

1000 50 500 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.165

People's Republic of China / République populaire de Chine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2 210.95 2 371.19

2 985.91 2 957.90

3 037.82 3 054.81

4 546.11 4 656.59

5 058.33 5 126.36

5 603.54 5 678.41

6 027.85 6 039.12

172.6% 154.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

36 135 863.08 444.60 1 845.63 1 135.19

43 833 1 046.93 792.79 3 291.04 1 204.86

45 726 1 092.15 1 198.48 4 975.16 1 262.65

65 237 1 558.16 1 715.00 7 119.34 1 296.16

70 746 1 689.75 1 893.36 7 859.75 1 304.50

77 264 1 845.42 2 112.99 8 771.48 1 311.80

81 884 1 955.77 2 387.68 9 911.78 1 319.98

126.6% 126.6% 437.0% 437.0% 16.3%

61.2 4.97 1.20 1.95

68.1 3.77 0.91 2.48

66.4 2.53 0.61 2.41

69.7 2.65 0.64 3.51

71.5 2.67 0.64 3.88

72.5 2.65 0.64 4.27

73.6 2.52 0.61 4.57

20.3% -49.2% -49.2% 134.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

5 002.67 2 928.87 42.19 138.87 1 626.75 12.90 253.09 168.62 4 978.89 92.77 - 116.55 -

Oil 897.66 25.08 12.48 64.83 207.09 394.21 275.97 193.97 57.47 928.53 25.92 4.96 28.70 6.59

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

127.53 20.79 18.71 53.40 0.16 0.13 34.47 26.08 131.70 2.17 2.00 -

-

6 027.85 2 974.75 54.67 222.41 1 887.24 407.27 276.10 481.52 252.17 6 039.12 120.86 - 109.59 28.70 6.59

172.6% 382.3% 366.9% 163.6% 108.7% 249.4% 352.3% 0.9% -23.1% 154.7%

525.2% +

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Other energy industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil

2928.87 1626.75 275.97 207.09 168.62 138.87 136.50 118.24 84.47 64.83 57.47

411.9% 102.1% 352.1% 142.0% -46.7% 172.4% 200.8% 593.6% -18.6% 139.6% 632.6%

32.5 18.1 3.1 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.6

32.5 50.6 53.6 55.9 57.8 59.4 60.9 62.2 63.1 63.8 64.5

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

6027.85

172.6%

66.9

66.9

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.166 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Chinese Taipei / Taipei chinois Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 300

250

250 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 300

200 150 100

200 150 100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

310

100%

290 270 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

250 230 210 190 170 150 130 110

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 300 250

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

200

200 TWh

150 150 100 100 50

50 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.167

Chinese Taipei / Taipei chinois Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

114.66 115.91

157.78 162.66

219.43 226.92

255.09 269.17

262.04 270.03

270.04 277.34

276.18 284.03

140.9% 145.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 020 48.24 170.92 261.44 20.28

2 672 63.82 242.44 370.83 21.29

3 563 85.10 321.23 491.35 22.18

4 302 102.74 361.28 552.62 22.62

4 295 102.59 375.99 575.11 22.70

4 389 104.84 393.58 602.02 22.78

4 600 109.86 416.00 636.32 22.86

127.7% 127.7% 143.4% 143.4% 12.7%

56.8 0.67 0.44 5.65

59.0 0.65 0.43 7.41

61.6 0.68 0.45 9.89

59.3 0.71 0.46 11.28

61.0 0.70 0.46 11.54

61.5 0.69 0.45 11.85

60.0 0.66 0.43 12.08

5.8% -1.0% -1.0% 113.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

160.61 91.38 32.00 10.40 26.83 162.05 0.26 1.17 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

90.09 8.61 4.33 6.77 26.76 35.91 34.47 7.70 3.08 96.54 4.73 1.72 6.62 6.64

23.12 17.71 0.34 0.75 1.95 2.36 1.78 23.08 - 0.03 -

2.35 2.35 2.35 -

276.18 117.71 39.03 17.93 55.54 35.91 34.47 10.06 4.86 284.03 4.99 2.86 6.62 6.64

140.9% 228.6% 668.2% 85.4% 61.6% 82.8% 85.9% -0.2% 19.6% 145.0%

36.2% 270.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

91.38 34.47 32.00 26.83 26.76 17.71 10.40 8.61 6.77 4.62 4.33

361.9% 85.9% 645.8% 86.5% 38.6% + 149.9% -44.3% 41.7% -20.1% 493.4%

29.6 11.2 10.4 8.7 8.7 5.7 3.4 2.8 2.2 1.5 1.4

29.6 40.8 51.2 59.9 68.5 74.3 77.7 80.4 82.6 84.1 85.5

276.18

140.9%

89.5

89.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.168 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Colombia / Colombie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 70

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 69

80%

64 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20% 0%

Other energy industries Transport Other

59 54 49 44

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

60

140

50

120

TWh

40

100

30

80 60

20

40 10

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.169

Colombia / Colombie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

44.96 48.87

58.05 57.93

58.67 57.59

56.25 56.77

56.90 60.17

56.96 62.98

55.92 60.36

24.4% 23.5%

1 014 24.22 73.39 218.11 34.88

1 192 28.46 89.86 267.05 38.26

1 121 26.78 94.05 279.52 41.68

1 129 26.96 107.81 320.42 44.32

1 172 27.99 113.98 338.75 44.95

1 240 29.62 121.90 362.27 45.56

1 216 29.05 131.09 389.60 46.12

19.9% 19.9% 78.6% 78.6% 32.2%

44.3 0.61 0.21 1.29

48.7 0.65 0.22 1.52

52.3 0.62 0.21 1.41

49.8 0.52 0.18 1.27

48.6 0.50 0.17 1.27

45.9 0.47 0.16 1.25

46.0 0.43 0.14 1.21

3.7% -30.4% -30.4% -5.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

9.45 2.62 0.70 0.06 5.84 0.24 0.24 9.21 1.06 - 1.31 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

32.28 0.06 0.07 1.77 6.40 20.29 19.44 3.69 1.81 36.99 2.77 1.94 1.22 1.53

14.18 3.34 0.25 3.23 3.77 0.75 0.75 2.84 2.41 14.15 - 0.03 -

-

55.92 6.02 1.01 5.06 16.01 21.04 20.19 6.77 4.47 60.36 3.84 0.60 1.22 1.53

24.4% 3.4% -42.6% 50.5% 29.8% 26.6% 29.0% 33.8% 56.3% 23.5%

271.1% -1.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil

19.44 6.40 5.84 3.77 3.34 3.23 2.62 2.41 1.88 1.81 1.77

24.1% 36.2% 1.0% 103.3% 15.0% 30.5% 0.5% + -13.1% -16.5% 117.8%

13.0 4.3 3.9 2.5 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2

13.0 17.3 21.2 23.7 26.0 28.2 29.9 31.5 32.8 34.0 35.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

55.92

24.4%

37.5

37.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.170 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Congo Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1.4

1.2

1.2 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1.4

1 0.8 0.6 0.4

1 0.8 0.6 0.4

0.2

0.2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 1.6

100%

1.4 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0%

0 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 0.6 0.5

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

200

0.4 TWh

150 0.3 100 0.2 50

0.1 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.171

Congo Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.70 0.79

0.53 0.62

0.59 0.60

0.88 1.00

1.00 1.38

1.18 1.26

1.26 1.38

80.9% 76.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

33 0.80 2.80 3.15 2.42

33 0.79 2.86 3.22 2.79

36 0.85 3.22 3.62 3.20

45 1.07 3.69 4.15 3.53

51 1.22 3.98 4.47 3.61

50 1.21 4.22 4.75 3.69

53 1.27 4.16 4.68 3.77

58.8% 58.8% 48.6% 48.7% 55.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

20.9 0.25 0.22 0.29

16.0 0.18 0.16 0.19

16.6 0.18 0.16 0.18

19.7 0.24 0.21 0.25

19.7 0.25 0.22 0.28

23.5 0.28 0.25 0.32

23.8 0.30 0.27 0.34

13.9% 21.7% 21.7% 16.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1.22 0.03 1.13 0.85 0.07 0.07 1.34 0.12 0.09 -

0.04 0.04 0.04 -

-

1.26 0.04 0.03 1.13 0.85 0.07 0.07 1.38 0.12 0.09 -

80.9% + -100.0% -56.6% 103.4% 88.8% -9.3% -9.3% 76.0%

.. -

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil -

0.85 0.27 0.07 0.04 0.03 -

88.8% 169.0% -9.3% x -56.6% -

6.1 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 -

6.1 8.1 8.6 8.9 9.1 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

1.26

80.9%

9.1

9.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.172 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Democratic Republic of Congo / République démocratique du Congo Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4

3.5

3.5

3

3

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 4

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 4.5

100%

4 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

9 8

140

7

120

6

100

TWh

5 80

4

60

3 2

40

1

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.173

Democratic Republic of Congo / République démocratique du Congo Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.96 4.13

2.10 3.05

2.03 1.99

2.21 2.27

2.28 2.35

2.35 2.42

2.44 2.51

-17.7% -39.3%

494 11.80 7.66 53.57 37.94

548 13.08 5.26 36.76 45.34

613 14.63 4.31 30.11 50.69

689 16.47 4.92 34.41 56.92

712 17.00 5.24 36.64 58.74

735 17.56 5.51 38.50 60.64

757 18.09 5.86 41.00 62.40

53.3% 53.3% -23.5% -23.5% 64.5%

6.0 0.39 0.06 0.08

3.8 0.40 0.06 0.05

3.3 0.47 0.07 0.04

3.2 0.45 0.06 0.04

3.2 0.44 0.06 0.04

3.2 0.43 0.06 0.04

3.2 0.42 0.06 0.04

-46.3% 7.5% 7.4% -49.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

1.09 0.80 0.29 0.29 1.14 0.05 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

2.44 0.02 0.81 0.54 0.54 1.07 0.31 2.51 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.42

-17.7% -13.3% -100.0% -6.4% -4.6% -4.6% -25.7% -1.0% -39.3%

1.35 0.02 0.01 0.54 0.54 0.77 0.02 1.37 0.02 0.01 0.42

-94.1% 30.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Road - oil Residential - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil -

0.80 0.75 0.54 0.29 0.02 0.02 0.01 -

21.7% -32.8% -4.6% 39.7% -13.3% -79.8% -93.6% -

0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 -

0.4 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

2.44

-17.7%

1.4

1.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.174 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Costa Rica Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 7

100%

6.5 6 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 200

10

TWh

2007

9

180

8

160

7

140

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.175

Costa Rica Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.61 2.80

4.45 4.24

4.55 4.72

5.49 5.20

5.42 5.20

5.92 5.96

6.56 6.64

151.5% 136.7%

83 1.98 9.58 19.28 3.08

106 2.53 12.54 25.23 3.48

133 3.18 15.95 32.10 3.93

151 3.60 18.40 37.04 4.25

164 3.93 19.48 39.22 4.33

183 4.38 21.19 42.66 4.40

200 4.77 22.85 45.98 4.46

140.8% 140.8% 138.5% 138.5% 45.1%

31.5 0.27 0.14 0.85

41.9 0.35 0.18 1.28

34.2 0.29 0.14 1.16

36.4 0.30 0.15 1.29

33.0 0.28 0.14 1.25

32.3 0.28 0.14 1.35

32.9 0.29 0.14 1.47

4.4% 5.4% 5.5% 73.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.33 0.33 0.36 0.04 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

6.56 0.52 0.13 0.08 1.17 4.28 4.27 0.38 0.12 6.64 0.02 0.06 .. 0.56

151.5% + 344.4% -34.3% 66.4% 172.4% 619.9% 159.7% 171.7% 136.7%

6.23 0.52 0.13 0.08 0.84 4.28 4.27 0.38 0.12 6.28 - 0.02 0.06 .. 0.56

.. 321.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil -

4.27 0.84 0.52 0.33 0.26 0.13 0.12 0.08 0.01 -

619.9% 21.4% + + 154.5% 344.4% 171.7% -34.3% -99.0% -

36.2 7.2 4.4 2.8 2.2 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.1 -

36.2 43.4 47.8 50.6 52.8 53.8 54.9 55.5 55.6 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

6.56

151.5%

55.6

55.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.176 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Côte d'Ivoire Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 9

100%

8 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

7 6 5 4 3

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1992

6

1990 = 100 300

5

250

4

200

3

150

2

100

1

50

0

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1990

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.177

Côte d'Ivoire Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.63 2.86

3.21 3.67

6.13 6.58

5.45 6.25

5.85 6.51

5.84 5.48

5.06 6.03

92.0% 110.8%

181 4.32 8.30 21.17 12.78

213 5.08 8.93 22.77 14.99

282 6.73 10.42 26.58 17.05

389 9.30 10.29 26.25 18.28

403 9.63 10.42 26.58 18.59

399 9.54 10.49 26.76 18.91

418 9.98 10.67 27.22 19.27

130.8% 130.8% 28.6% 28.6% 50.8%

14.6 0.32 0.12 0.21

15.1 0.36 0.14 0.21

21.7 0.59 0.23 0.36

14.0 0.53 0.21 0.30

14.5 0.56 0.22 0.31

14.6 0.56 0.22 0.31

12.1 0.47 0.19 0.26

-16.8% 49.4% 49.4% 27.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

2.71 0.02 .. 0.15 0.45 1.29 1.07 0.80 0.40 3.68 0.93 0.04 0.34 0.15

2.35 2.05 .. 0.30 2.35 0.00 -

.. -

5.06 2.07 .. 0.15 0.45 1.29 1.07 1.10 0.40 6.03 0.93 0.04 0.34 0.15

92.0% 416.3% .. -21.4% 5.2% 9.0% 4.6% 157.2% 85.3% 110.8%

183.3% -43.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil -

2.05 1.07 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.22 0.15 0.02 -

x 4.6% 5.2% 89.2% 85.3% x 38.6% -21.4% -95.3% -

6.5 3.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.1 -

6.5 9.9 11.4 12.6 13.9 14.9 15.5 16.0 16.1 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

5.06

92.0%

16.1

16.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.178 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Croatia / Croatie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 23

100%

22 21 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

20 19 18 17 16 15 14

0%

13 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

14 12

100

10 80 TWh

8 60 6 40

4

20

2 0

0 1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.179

Croatia / Croatie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

21.57 21.57

15.81 15.96

17.66 17.91

20.38 20.60

20.72 20.94

20.74 20.96

22.03 22.22

2.1% 3.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

377 9.00 21.47 47.82 4.78

295 7.05 15.57 34.67 4.67

326 7.79 18.40 40.99 4.50

370 8.83 22.29 49.64 4.44

373 8.90 23.25 51.78 4.44

374 8.94 24.35 54.24 4.44

390 9.32 25.70 57.25 4.44

3.5% 3.5% 19.7% 19.7% -7.2%

57.2 1.00 0.45 4.51

53.6 1.02 0.46 3.39

54.1 0.96 0.43 3.92

55.1 0.91 0.41 4.59

55.6 0.89 0.40 4.66

55.4 0.85 0.38 4.67

56.5 0.86 0.38 4.96

-1.3% -14.7% -14.7% 10.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2.72 2.07 0.02 0.60 0.04 0.03 2.70 - 0.02 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

13.47 1.72 0.11 1.74 1.81 6.32 5.89 1.77 0.76 13.53 0.05 0.00 0.07 0.13

5.83 1.79 0.19 0.41 1.94 1.50 1.19 5.99 0.16 -

-

22.03 5.58 0.31 2.15 4.35 6.32 5.89 3.31 1.98 22.22 0.19 0.00 0.07 0.13

2.1% 41.2% -24.9% -41.3% -28.4% 61.5% 87.0% -6.6% 14.9% 3.0%

-49.2% -10.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

5.89 2.07 1.94 1.81 1.79 1.74 1.72 1.19 1.01 0.76 0.60

87.0% 222.6% -4.5% -17.4% 67.5% -29.7% -23.3% 211.3% -34.0% -12.6% -67.8%

17.7 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.2 3.6 3.0 2.3 1.8

17.7 23.9 29.8 35.2 40.6 45.9 51.0 54.6 57.6 59.9 61.7

22.03

2.1%

66.2

66.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.180 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Cuba Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 40

35

35

30

30

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 40

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 34

100%

32 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

30 28 26 24 22 20

0%

18 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

20 18

160

16

140

14

120

12 TWh

2007

100

10

80

8 6

60

4

40

2

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.181

Cuba Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

27.57 31.80

22.05 22.25

24.77 24.54

26.19 22.51

25.20 23.34

24.60 24.87

26.16 25.25

-5.1% -20.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

691 16.49 32.49 74.98 10.61

429 10.25 22.54 52.01 10.93

472 11.28 28.21 65.09 11.14

408 9.75 31.72 73.20 11.25

397 9.48 35.46 81.84 11.26

413 9.87 39.90 92.07 11.27

415 9.90 42.69 98.51 11.26

-39.9% -39.9% 31.4% 31.4% 6.1%

39.9 0.85 0.37 2.60

51.4 0.98 0.42 2.02

52.4 0.88 0.38 2.22

64.1 0.83 0.36 2.33

63.5 0.71 0.31 2.24

59.5 0.62 0.27 2.18

63.1 0.61 0.27 2.32

58.0% -27.8% -27.8% -10.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.39 0.12 0.26 0.26 0.06 - 0.32 - 0.01 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

23.45 14.45 0.51 0.15 5.05 0.85 0.84 2.44 0.71 22.87 1.46 - 2.04 0.17 0.54

2.32 2.32 0.00 2.32 -

-

26.16 14.45 0.51 0.15 7.49 0.85 0.84 2.70 0.97 25.25 1.14 - 2.05 0.17 0.54

-5.1% 28.6% -46.4% -47.3% 47.6% -80.8% -81.0% -51.7% -60.5% -20.6%

-76.9% -46.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Road - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Residential - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - oil

14.45 5.05 2.32 1.73 0.84 0.71 0.51 0.26 0.15 0.12 0.01

28.6% 12.0% + -44.9% -81.0% -68.1% -45.9% 10.2% -47.3% -75.5% -63.2%

32.1 11.2 5.2 3.9 1.9 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0

32.1 43.4 48.5 52.4 54.3 55.8 57.0 57.6 57.9 58.2 58.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

26.16

-5.1%

58.2

58.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.182 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Cyprus / Chypre Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 8

7

7

6

6

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 8

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 8

100%

7.5 7 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

6

160 5 140

TWh

4

120 100

3

80 2

60 40

1

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.183

Cyprus / Chypre Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3.84 4.11

5.23 5.20

6.27 6.31

6.87 6.52

7.00 6.63

7.06 6.94

7.35 7.29

91.4% 77.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

57 1.36 6.20 9.01 0.58

73 1.75 7.73 11.24 0.65

89 2.14 9.32 13.55 0.69

91 2.18 10.50 15.28 0.74

93 2.22 10.92 15.89 0.76

97 2.31 11.36 16.53 0.77

102 2.44 11.86 17.25 0.79

79.1% 79.1% 91.3% 91.4% 35.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

67.4 0.62 0.43 6.62

71.5 0.68 0.47 8.03

70.1 0.67 0.46 9.04

75.1 0.65 0.45 9.28

75.3 0.64 0.44 9.23

73.0 0.62 0.43 9.14

72.1 0.62 0.43 9.34

6.9% 0.0% 0.0% 41.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.13 0.13 0.00 0.13 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

0.03 0.03 0.03 -

7.35 3.65 0.06 1.06 1.95 1.94 0.64 0.33 7.29 - 0.06 0.85 0.87

91.4% 120.4% x -100.0% 38.5% 69.6% 69.3% 258.4% 84.3% 77.2%

7.19 3.65 0.06 0.90 1.95 1.94 0.63 0.33 7.13 - 0.06 0.85 0.87

374.7% 21.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - oil Manufacturing industries -other Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat -

3.65 1.94 0.90 0.33 0.31 0.13 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.00 -

120.4% 69.3% 68.0% 84.3% x -44.5% x x x x -

38.5 20.5 9.5 3.5 3.3 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 -

38.5 59.1 68.6 72.0 75.3 76.6 77.3 77.6 77.7 77.7 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

7.35

91.4%

77.7

77.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.184 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Czech Republic / République tchèque Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 200

180

180

160

160 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 200

140 120 100 80 60

140 120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

170

100%

160 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

150 140 130 120 110 100

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

100 90

140

80

120

70

TWh

2007

60

100

50

80

40

60

30

40

20

20

10 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.185

Czech Republic / République tchèque Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

155.44 161.01

123.91 127.02

122.08 125.42

122.01 126.73

119.74 124.96

120.82 127.11

122.14 128.17

-21.4% -20.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 041 48.76 55.30 149.98 10.36

1 712 40.90 52.69 142.91 10.33

1 685 40.25 56.72 153.83 10.27

1 905 45.49 64.10 173.85 10.21

1 880 44.90 68.15 184.83 10.23

1 920 45.85 72.77 197.37 10.27

1 916 45.76 77.10 209.12 10.32

-6.2% -6.2% 39.4% 39.4% -0.4%

76.2 2.81 1.04 15.00

72.4 2.35 0.87 11.99

72.4 2.15 0.79 11.88

64.1 1.90 0.70 11.95

63.7 1.76 0.65 11.70

62.9 1.66 0.61 11.77

63.8 1.58 0.58 11.83

-16.3% -43.6% -43.6% -21.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

80.07 58.53 6.51 2.36 10.39 0.02 2.25 2.00 85.80 2.82 2.92 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

25.09 0.31 0.08 0.84 4.37 18.35 17.67 1.14 0.07 24.89 - 0.19 - 0.01 1.02

16.24 1.70 0.49 0.27 5.86 0.11 0.03 7.82 4.76 16.73 0.20 0.29 -

0.75 0.04 0.12 0.50 0.09 0.75 - 0.00 -

122.14 60.58 7.20 3.47 21.12 18.48 17.70 11.29 6.82 128.17 2.83 3.20 1.02

-21.4% 14.5% -28.1% -0.3% -54.7% 157.3% 157.3% -68.0% -68.9% -20.4%

56.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - coal/peat Residential - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

58.53 17.67 10.39 6.51 5.86 4.76 4.37 3.06 2.36 2.00 1.70

15.6% 156.9% -66.6% -28.3% 3.8% 121.7% -55.7% 44.2% -24.0% -89.8% 62.9%

37.4 11.3 6.6 4.2 3.7 3.0 2.8 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.1

37.4 48.6 55.3 59.4 63.2 66.2 69.0 70.9 72.5 73.7 74.8

122.14

-21.4%

78.0

78.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.186 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Denmark / Danemark Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70

60

60

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 77

100%

72 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

67 62 57 52 47

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

60

160 50 140

TWh

40

120 100

30

80 20

60 40

10

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.187

Denmark / Danemark Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

50.38 50.65

57.62 57.71

49.88 50.41

50.65 51.12

47.32 47.36

55.11 54.72

50.46 50.61

0.2% -0.1%

726 17.34 123.89 118.93 5.14

814 19.43 139.06 133.50 5.23

778 18.58 160.08 153.68 5.34

812 19.39 166.32 159.66 5.40

787 18.80 170.38 163.56 5.42

841 20.08 176.08 169.03 5.44

823 19.65 178.98 171.82 5.46

13.3% 13.3% 44.5% 44.5% 6.2%

69.4 0.41 0.42 9.80

70.8 0.41 0.43 11.02

64.1 0.31 0.32 9.34

62.4 0.30 0.32 9.38

60.1 0.28 0.29 8.73

65.5 0.31 0.33 10.14

61.3 0.28 0.29 9.24

-11.6% -30.7% -30.7% -5.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

18.12 17.07 0.01 0.85 0.20 0.02 18.07 - 0.02 - 0.03 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

21.89 0.90 0.17 0.95 2.73 13.88 13.00 3.26 1.56 22.11 0.84 - 0.63 3.46 2.63

9.51 3.60 0.45 1.58 1.75 2.14 1.47 9.49 0.03 - 0.05 -

0.94 0.28 0.60 0.03 0.03 0.94 0.00 -

50.46 21.85 1.22 2.52 5.36 13.88 13.00 5.63 3.04 50.61 0.85 - 0.71 3.46 2.63

0.2% -8.5% 71.2% 73.1% -2.6% 35.4% 42.8% -34.4% -38.2% -0.1%

14.6% 54.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Residential - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil

17.07 13.00 3.60 2.73 1.75 1.70 1.58 1.56 1.47 0.95 0.90

-22.1% 42.8% 267.4% -8.4% 39.7% -41.5% 209.3% -60.0% 63.3% -0.1% -2.3%

25.9 19.7 5.5 4.1 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.2 1.4 1.4

25.9 45.6 51.0 55.2 57.8 60.4 62.8 65.2 67.4 68.8 70.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

50.46

0.2%

76.5

76.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.188 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Dominican Republic / République dominicaine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 21

100%

19 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

17 15 13 11 9

0%

7 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 16

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

14 200

12

TWh

10

150

8 100

6 4

50 2 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.189

Dominican Republic / République dominicaine Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

7.64 9.31

11.39 13.46

17.40 18.94

17.88 18.48

17.47 18.42

18.65 18.88

19.28 19.26

152.4% 106.8%

172 4.10 11.08 31.33 7.30

247 5.89 13.58 38.40 8.01

324 7.73 19.77 55.91 8.74

321 7.66 21.41 60.54 9.33

323 7.71 23.40 66.16 9.47

324 7.74 25.90 73.24 9.62

330 7.89 28.10 79.46 9.75

92.5% 92.5% 153.6% 153.6% 33.7%

44.5 0.69 0.24 1.05

46.1 0.84 0.30 1.42

53.8 0.88 0.31 1.99

55.7 0.84 0.30 1.92

54.1 0.75 0.26 1.84

57.5 0.72 0.25 1.94

58.3 0.69 0.24 1.98

31.1% -0.5% -0.5% 88.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2.06 1.74 0.32 2.06 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

16.37 4.17 2.46 0.14 1.11 5.80 4.62 2.69 2.33 16.35 - 0.06 0.04 .. 0.29

0.86 0.86 0.86 -

-

19.28 6.76 2.46 0.14 1.43 5.80 4.62 2.69 2.33 19.26 - 0.06 0.04 .. 0.29

152.4% 280.9% 82.4% x 81.7% 113.4% 75.5% 165.9% 150.9% 106.8%

.. 158.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

4.62 4.17 2.46 2.33 1.74 1.18 1.11 0.86 0.36 0.32 0.14

75.5% 140.1% 82.4% 150.9% + + 41.5% x 334.6% x x

15.9 14.3 8.4 8.0 6.0 4.0 3.8 2.9 1.2 1.1 0.5

15.9 30.2 38.6 46.6 52.6 56.6 60.4 63.4 64.6 65.7 66.2

19.28

152.4%

66.2

66.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.190 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Ecuador / Equateur Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 30

25

25 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 30

20 15 10

20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 31

100%

29 80% million tonnes of CO2

27

60% 40% 20%

25 23 21 19 17 15

0%

13 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

20 18

160

16

140

14

120

12 TWh

2007

100

10

80

8 6

60

4

40

2

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.191

Ecuador / Equateur Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

13.19 13.03

16.29 16.00

18.54 19.12

22.25 24.53

23.57 24.71

25.44 27.56

27.00 29.25

104.6% 124.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

251 6.00 13.33 33.24 10.27

287 6.86 15.21 37.93 11.40

338 8.07 15.94 39.75 12.31

416 9.94 19.58 48.83 12.92

416 9.94 20.76 51.76 13.06

459 10.97 21.57 53.77 13.20

494 11.80 22.14 55.20 13.34

96.8% 96.8% 66.1% 66.1% 29.9%

52.6 0.99 0.40 1.28

56.8 1.07 0.43 1.43

54.9 1.16 0.47 1.51

53.5 1.14 0.46 1.72

56.6 1.14 0.46 1.80

55.4 1.18 0.47 1.93

54.6 1.22 0.49 2.02

4.0% 23.2% 23.2% 57.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

25.47 3.43 1.28 0.33 4.35 12.70 11.39 3.37 2.62 27.72 0.23 2.01 0.85 1.04

1.53 0.51 0.39 0.62 1.53 0.00 -

-

27.00 3.95 1.68 0.95 4.35 12.70 11.39 3.37 2.62 29.25 0.23 2.01 0.85 1.04

104.6% 231.9% x 17.6% 95.6% 86.3% 94.6% 56.7% 68.0% 124.5%

48.8% 168.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industries - oil

11.39 4.35 3.43 2.62 1.30 1.28 0.75 0.62 0.51 0.39 0.33

94.6% 95.6% 188.6% 68.0% 36.0% x 26.8% 18.7% x x 15.6%

21.3 8.1 6.4 4.9 2.4 2.4 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.6

21.3 29.4 35.8 40.7 43.1 45.5 46.9 48.1 49.0 49.8 50.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

27.00

104.6%

50.4

50.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.192 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Egypt / Egypte Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 180

160

160

140

140

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 180

120 100 80 60 40

120 100 80 60 40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

174

100%

164 154 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

144 134 124 114 104 94 84 74

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

140

160

120

140

TWh

100

120

80

100

60

80 60

40

40 20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.193

Egypt / Egypte Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

79.21 81.97

83.99 87.57

110.24 109.83

137.95 135.59

151.94 147.67

160.14 154.82

168.70 163.09

113.0% 99.0%

1 332 31.83 65.58 155.89 55.14

1 478 35.30 77.50 184.23 60.65

1 891 45.17 99.84 237.33 66.53

2 340 55.90 113.67 270.20 71.55

2 547 60.84 118.76 282.30 72.85

2 672 63.82 126.89 301.64 74.17

2 815 67.25 135.87 322.98 75.47

111.3% 111.3% 107.2% 107.2% 36.9%

59.5 1.21 0.51 1.44

56.8 1.08 0.46 1.38

58.3 1.10 0.46 1.66

58.9 1.21 0.51 1.93

59.7 1.28 0.54 2.09

59.9 1.26 0.53 2.16

59.9 1.24 0.52 2.24

0.8% 2.8% 2.8% 55.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

3.07 3.05 0.02 0.02 3.01 0.15 - 0.21 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

92.02 14.42 3.55 20.89 35.39 32.27 17.78 11.82 86.47 - 3.83 - 1.72 3.08 3.05

73.61 41.94 9.55 19.71 0.70 0.70 1.70 1.70 73.61 - 0.00 -

-

168.70 56.36 13.10 43.65 36.09 32.97 19.50 13.54 163.09 - 3.68 - 1.93 3.08 3.05

113.0% 155.8% 249.3% 54.1% 129.7% 118.7% 107.6% 44.2% 99.0%

-41.3% 590.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat

41.94 32.27 20.89 19.71 14.42 11.82 9.55 5.96 3.55 3.12 3.05

351.9% 114.0% -0.2% 319.5% 13.1% 28.1% + x 20.3% 391.5% 13.2%

16.2 12.5 8.1 7.6 5.6 4.6 3.7 2.3 1.4 1.2 1.2

16.2 28.7 36.8 44.4 50.0 54.6 58.3 60.6 62.0 63.2 64.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

168.70

113.0%

65.3

65.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.194 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

El Salvador Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 6.5

100%

6 80% million tonnes of CO2

5.5

60% 40% 20%

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 7

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

6 200 5 150

TWh

4 3

100

2 50

1 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.195

El Salvador Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.16 2.34

4.69 4.76

5.24 5.32

5.78 5.74

5.95 5.89

5.84 5.92

6.22 6.10

187.7% 161.2%

103 2.47 8.37 18.40 5.11

141 3.36 11.30 24.84 5.63

166 3.96 13.13 28.87 6.20

182 4.35 14.25 31.31 6.58

188 4.50 14.68 32.28 6.67

194 4.62 15.30 33.63 6.76

205 4.88 16.01 35.19 6.85

97.9% 97.9% 91.2% 91.2% 34.1%

20.9 0.26 0.12 0.42

33.4 0.42 0.19 0.83

31.6 0.40 0.18 0.85

31.7 0.41 0.18 0.88

31.6 0.41 0.18 0.89

30.2 0.38 0.17 0.86

30.4 0.39 0.18 0.91

45.4% 50.5% 50.5% 114.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

6.22 1.62 0.05 0.05 1.16 2.74 2.74 0.60 0.59 6.10 - 0.01 - 0.11 .. 0.30

187.7% 989.3% 466.6% 114.3% 106.0% 118.6% 118.6% 263.7% 258.1% 161.2%

6.22 1.62 0.05 0.05 1.16 2.74 2.74 0.60 0.59 6.10 - 0.01 - 0.11 .. 0.30

.. 176.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat -

2.74 1.62 1.16 0.59 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.00 -

118.6% 989.3% 105.5% 258.1% 466.6% 114.3% x x -

23.4 13.8 9.9 5.0 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.0 -

23.4 37.2 47.0 52.1 52.5 52.9 53.0 53.0 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

6.22

187.7%

53.0

53.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.196 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Eritrea / Erythrée Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 0.9

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

0

0 1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

1992

1995

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

2001

2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 0.9

100%

0.8 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

0%

0 1971

1990

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1992 = 100 200

0.35

180

0.3

TWh

160 0.25

140

0.2

120 100

0.15

80 60

0.1

40

0.05

20 0

0 1992

1995

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2001

Other

2004

2007

1992

1995

CO2/TPES

1998

2001

CO2/GDP

2004

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.197

Eritrea / Erythrée * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

.. ..

0.77 0.78

0.60 0.60

0.69 0.77

0.60 0.77

0.52 0.55

0.51 0.57

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

.. .. .. .. ..

42 1.00 0.61 3.49 3.21

30 0.71 0.63 3.64 3.68

31 0.74 0.70 4.03 4.35

32 0.76 0.72 4.13 4.53

29 0.70 0.71 4.09 4.69

30 0.72 0.72 4.14 4.84

.. .. .. .. ..

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

18.5 1.27 0.22 0.24

20.3 0.95 0.17 0.16

22.1 0.98 0.17 0.16

18.8 0.84 0.15 0.13

17.8 0.73 0.13 0.11

16.9 0.71 0.12 0.11

.. .. .. ..

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Prior to 1992, data for Eritrea were included in Ethiopia.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-07

-

-

0.51 0.18 0.01 0.02 0.12 0.12 0.17 0.07 0.57 0.06 .. 0.02

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

0.51 0.18 0.01 0.02 0.12 0.12 0.17 0.07 0.57 0.06 .. 0.02

.. ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil -

0.18 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.01 -

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4.2 2.8 2.5 1.5 0.6 0.2 -

4.2 7.0 9.5 11.0 11.6 11.8 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

0.51

..

11.8

11.8

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.198 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Estonia / Estonie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 40

35

35

30

30

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 40

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 39

80%

34 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

not available 40% 20% 0%

29 24 19 14

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

20 18

100

16 14

80

TWh

12 10

60

8 40

6 4

20

2 0

0 1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.199

Estonia / Estonie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

36.19 37.12

16.00 17.22

14.47 15.31

16.53 17.60

16.16 17.78

15.27 17.01

18.05 20.06

-50.1% -46.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

401 9.57 5.94 13.59 1.57

201 4.80 4.19 9.59 1.44

189 4.51 5.62 12.86 1.37

214 5.12 7.52 17.20 1.35

217 5.18 8.21 18.77 1.35

210 5.02 9.06 20.72 1.34

236 5.63 9.63 22.03 1.34

-41.1% -41.1% 62.1% 62.1% -14.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

90.3 6.09 2.66 23.06

79.7 3.82 1.67 11.14

76.7 2.57 1.13 10.57

77.1 2.20 0.96 12.26

74.6 1.97 0.86 12.00

72.6 1.69 0.74 11.36

76.5 1.87 0.82 13.45

-15.3% -69.2% -69.2% -41.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

13.08 12.16 0.08 0.10 0.67 0.06 0.04 16.30 3.17 0.05 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

3.22 0.16 0.02 0.07 0.26 2.41 2.24 0.30 0.02 2.00 - 1.23 0.01 0.78 0.15

1.75 0.85 0.10 0.03 0.55 0.23 0.11 1.75 0.00 -

-

18.05 13.17 0.20 0.20 1.48 2.41 2.24 0.59 0.18 20.06 1.94 0.06 0.78 0.15

-50.1% -48.3% -61.9% -53.6% -67.8% 2.4% 4.3% -79.1% -83.1% -46.0%

36.6% 40.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas

12.16 2.24 0.85 0.67 0.55 0.28 0.26 0.17 0.16 0.11 0.11

-41.2% 4.3% -52.3% -55.4% -37.3% -74.9% -88.2% -8.1% -94.7% -14.1% 405.1%

56.0 10.3 3.9 3.1 2.5 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5

56.0 66.3 70.2 73.3 75.8 77.0 78.2 79.0 79.8 80.3 80.8

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

18.05

-50.1%

83.1

83.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.200 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Ethiopia / Ethiopie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 7

100%

6 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

5 4 3 2 1

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 200

4

180

3.5

160

3

TWh

Other energy industries Transport Other

140

2.5

120

2

100

1.5

80 60

1

40 0.5

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.201

Ethiopia / Ethiopie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.21 2.40

2.35 2.64

3.18 3.21

4.66 4.73

4.82 4.91

5.27 5.37

5.96 5.89

169.9% 145.0%

622 14.87 6.23 41.33 51.18

687 16.40 6.55 43.43 56.60

780 18.64 8.18 54.23 65.80

877 20.94 9.99 66.25 73.21

899 21.48 11.17 74.08 75.17

927 22.13 12.39 82.12 77.15

955 22.81 13.76 91.24 79.09

53.4% 53.4% 120.8% 120.8% 54.5%

3.6 0.35 0.05 0.04

3.4 0.36 0.05 0.04

4.1 0.39 0.06 0.05

5.3 0.47 0.07 0.06

5.4 0.43 0.07 0.06

5.7 0.43 0.06 0.07

6.2 0.43 0.07 0.08

75.9% 22.3% 22.2% 74.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

.. -

.. -

5.96 0.13 .. 1.51 3.50 3.50 0.83 0.83 5.89 - 0.08 .. 0.69

169.9% 41.2% .. -100.0% 150.4% 281.2% 281.2% 112.3% 743.6% 145.0%

5.96 0.13 .. 1.51 3.50 3.50 0.83 0.83 5.89 - 0.08 .. 0.69

.. 30.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil -

3.50 1.51 0.83 0.13 -

281.2% 150.4% 743.6% 41.2% -

3.7 1.6 0.9 0.1 -

3.7 5.4 6.2 6.4 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

5.96

169.9%

6.4

6.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.202 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Finland / Finlande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70

60

60

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 78

100%

73 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

68 63 58 53 48

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

100 90

160

80

140

70

120

60 TWh

Other energy industries Transport Other

100

50

80

40 30

60

20

40

10

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.203

Finland / Finlande Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

54.40 52.06

56.02 53.98

53.91 54.17

66.85 68.97

55.03 56.27

66.73 67.49

64.44 65.40

18.5% 25.6%

1 188 28.38 100.29 109.27 4.99

1 211 28.92 96.54 105.18 5.11

1 344 32.11 121.87 132.78 5.18

1 541 36.81 134.21 146.23 5.23

1 422 33.96 138.02 150.38 5.25

1 548 36.97 144.72 157.68 5.27

1 527 36.47 151.26 164.81 5.29

28.5% 28.5% 50.8% 50.8% 6.1%

45.8 0.54 0.50 10.91

46.3 0.58 0.53 10.97

40.1 0.44 0.41 10.42

43.4 0.50 0.46 12.79

38.7 0.40 0.37 10.49

43.1 0.46 0.42 12.67

42.2 0.43 0.39 12.19

-7.8% -21.5% -21.5% 11.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

29.00 21.62 2.25 0.00 4.99 0.13 0.05 29.32 - 0.24 0.56 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

26.47 1.24 0.24 1.78 4.94 13.55 12.31 4.72 1.99 27.10 - 0.18 0.80 1.44 1.59

8.53 4.46 0.98 0.72 2.15 0.04 0.01 0.18 0.09 8.54 0.01 -

0.44 0.19 0.13 0.11 0.01 0.44 0.00 -

64.44 27.50 3.61 2.50 12.20 13.59 12.32 5.04 2.13 65.40 - 0.42 1.38 1.44 1.59

18.5% 75.4% 67.9% 32.9% -16.1% 17.2% 15.7% -41.1% -67.1% 25.6%

-19.4% 63.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil

21.62 12.31 4.99 4.94 4.46 2.73 2.25 2.15 1.99 1.78 1.24

73.9% 15.6% -31.2% -3.2% 129.0% 32.6% 67.8% -1.2% -68.4% 30.9% 31.1%

26.6 15.2 6.2 6.1 5.5 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.5

26.6 41.8 48.0 54.1 59.6 62.9 65.7 68.4 70.8 73.0 74.5

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

64.44

18.5%

79.4

79.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.204 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

France Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 600

500

500 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 600

400 300 200

400 300 200

100

100

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

400

100%

390 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

380 370 360 350 340 330

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 700

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

600 200 500 150

TWh

400 300

100

200 50 100 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.205

France Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

352.11 366.74

353.69 348.16

376.75 360.15

385.47 388.54

388.47 389.55

378.27 377.18

369.31 368.75

4.9% 0.5%

9 398 224.48 1 091.83 1 260.31 58.17

9 938 237.37 1 156.28 1 334.72 59.42

10 602 253.22 1 327.96 1 532.89 60.75

11 332 270.66 1 415.46 1 633.88 62.45

11 363 271.41 1 442.29 1 664.86 62.82

11 208 267.71 1 473.60 1 701.00 63.20

11 041 263.72 1 505.62 1 737.96 63.57

17.5% 17.5% 37.9% 37.9% 9.3%

37.5 0.32 0.28 6.05

35.6 0.31 0.27 5.95

35.5 0.28 0.25 6.20

34.0 0.27 0.24 6.17

34.2 0.27 0.23 6.18

33.7 0.26 0.22 5.99

33.4 0.25 0.21 5.81

-10.7% -23.9% -23.9% -4.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

50.90 21.93 8.51 3.54 15.38 1.54 1.35 51.17 1.19 - 0.92 -

Oil 226.11 3.31 4.14 12.66 30.21 130.42 124.30 45.37 24.83 223.89 - 2.33 0.11 9.20 17.47

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

87.12 5.28 7.87 0.60 23.74 0.14 0.14 49.49 30.23 88.51 1.37 0.02 -

5.19 0.56 3.29 1.34 5.19 -

369.31 31.07 23.81 16.80 69.34 130.56 124.45 97.73 56.41 368.75 0.23 - 0.80 9.20 17.47

4.9% 26.1% 10.7% -3.7% -13.4% 16.0% 15.5% 1.9% 2.0% 0.5%

15.5% 87.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Road - oil Residential - gas *** Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat

124.30 30.23 30.21 24.83 23.74 21.93 20.54 19.25 15.38 12.66 8.51

15.4% 96.4% 8.8% -25.7% -2.9% 4.9% -21.1% 32.1% -44.8% -16.6% -48.1%

23.5 5.7 5.7 4.7 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.6 2.9 2.4 1.6

23.5 29.2 34.9 39.6 44.1 48.3 52.1 55.8 58.7 61.1 62.7

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

369.31

4.9%

69.8

69.8

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. *** The high growth in gas is due to changes in methodology in 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.206 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Gabon Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3

2.5

2.5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3

2 1.5 1

2 1.5 1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 3

100%

2.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 2

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 300

Figure 6. Key indicators

1.8 250

1.6 1.4

200

TWh

1.2 1

150

0.8 100

0.6 0.4

50

0.2 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.207

Gabon Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.90 1.06

1.33 1.18

1.38 1.28

1.69 1.53

2.12 1.85

2.13 1.85

2.56 2.07

183.5% 94.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

49 1.18 4.30 6.31 0.92

57 1.35 5.00 7.34 1.06

61 1.46 5.07 7.44 1.18

68 1.62 5.36 7.87 1.27

73 1.73 5.52 8.11 1.29

74 1.77 5.59 8.20 1.31

77 1.85 5.90 8.66 1.33

56.4% 56.4% 37.2% 37.2% 44.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

18.2 0.21 0.14 0.98

23.4 0.27 0.18 1.26

22.5 0.27 0.19 1.17

24.9 0.32 0.22 1.33

29.2 0.38 0.26 1.64

28.8 0.38 0.26 1.63

33.0 0.43 0.30 1.92

81.3% 106.5% 106.6% 95.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

2.21 0.36 0.15 0.93 0.50 0.50 0.27 0.12 1.77 0.08 - 0.52 0.48 0.16

0.34 0.19 0.12 0.03 0.00 0.30 - 0.04 -

-

2.56 0.55 0.27 0.03 0.93 0.50 0.50 0.27 0.12 2.07 0.08 - 0.56 0.48 0.16

183.5% 168.7% 360.5% -30.8% 584.7% 56.7% 56.7% 92.1% 6.1% 94.7%

507.1% -16.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Manufacturing industries - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas -

0.93 0.50 0.36 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.00 -

596.8% 56.7% 339.2% 55.2% 487.5% 820.0% 6.1% 187.6% -30.8% 29.4% -

5.9 3.2 2.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.0 -

5.9 9.1 11.4 12.6 13.5 14.4 15.2 16.0 16.2 16.2 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

2.56

183.5%

16.2

16.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.208 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Georgia / Géorgie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 35

30

30 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 35

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 37

100%

32 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

27 22 17 12 7

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

16 14

160

12

140 120

10 TWh

2007

100

8

80 6

60

4

40

2

20

0

0 1990

1992

Oil

1994

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

2004

Hydro

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.209

Georgia / Géorgie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

28.69 29.17

7.06 7.18

4.37 4.39

3.29 3.67

3.88 4.50

4.39 5.13

5.12 5.78

-82.1% -80.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

507 12.11 8.15 25.15 5.46

156 3.72 2.30 7.11 5.03

120 2.87 3.06 9.43 4.72

116 2.78 3.97 12.26 4.52

132 3.15 4.36 13.44 4.47

127 3.03 4.76 14.70 4.43

140 3.34 5.36 16.52 4.40

-72.4% -72.4% -34.3% -34.3% -19.5%

56.6 3.52 1.14 5.25

45.3 3.07 0.99 1.40

36.4 1.43 0.46 0.93

28.3 0.83 0.27 0.73

29.5 0.89 0.29 0.87

34.6 0.92 0.30 0.99

36.6 0.96 0.31 1.17

-35.3% -72.8% -72.8% -77.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.08 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.08 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

2.50 0.06 0.11 1.89 1.89 0.43 0.20 2.50 0.01 - 0.01 .. 0.14

2.54 1.36 0.49 0.06 0.03 0.63 0.44 3.20 0.66 - 0.00 -

-

5.12 1.42 0.61 1.98 1.93 1.11 0.66 5.78 0.66 - 0.01 .. 0.14

-82.1% -89.3% -90.6% -47.1% -44.3% -78.7% -82.1% -80.2%

.. -76.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - gas Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat

1.89 1.36 0.49 0.44 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.03

-45.3% -70.3% -84.0% -83.2% -79.6% -79.5% -34.9% -94.5% -99.2% x -74.3%

15.9 11.4 4.1 3.7 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3

15.9 27.4 31.5 35.2 37.1 38.8 40.4 41.4 41.9 42.2 42.5

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

5.12

-82.1%

43.1

43.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.210 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Germany / Allemagne Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1200

1000

1000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1200

800 600 400

800 600 400

200

200

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1000

80%

950 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

Other energy industries Transport Other

900 850 800 750

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

700

160

600

140

TWh

500

120

400

100

300

80 60

200

40 100

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.211

Germany / Allemagne Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

950.42 971.70

869.33 877.47

827.14 843.88

843.38 843.55

811.27 820.05

823.46 821.34

798.44 801.51

-16.0% -17.5%

14 713 351.40 1 543.20 1 729.99 79.36

14 112 337.05 1 720.46 1 928.71 81.66

14 122 337.29 1 900.22 2 130.23 82.19

14 383 343.53 1 942.79 2 177.94 82.50

14 180 338.69 1 957.80 2 194.77 82.46

14 287 341.24 2 015.76 2 259.75 82.37

13 869 331.26 2 065.35 2 315.34 82.26

-5.7% -5.7% 33.8% 33.8% 3.7%

64.6 0.62 0.55 11.98

61.6 0.51 0.45 10.65

58.6 0.44 0.39 10.06

58.6 0.43 0.39 10.22

57.2 0.41 0.37 9.84

57.6 0.41 0.36 10.00

57.6 0.39 0.34 9.71

-10.9% -37.2% -37.2% -19.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

347.54 270.25 28.86 6.20 38.97 3.25 2.18 346.09 - 2.98 1.54 -

Oil 261.29 2.23 7.67 17.78 32.33 148.69 140.81 52.60 33.76 267.71 9.51 - 3.09 9.66 21.45

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

179.36 28.26 14.12 1.04 45.95 90.00 65.79 177.46 0.14 - 2.04 -

10.25 8.90 1.35 10.25 - 0.00 -

798.44 309.63 51.99 25.03 117.25 148.69 140.81 145.85 101.73 801.51 6.66 - 3.60 9.66 21.45

-16.0% 0.1% -16.5% -19.6% -34.6% -6.1% -5.3% -30.6% -20.0% -17.5%

24.0% 70.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil

270.25 140.81 65.79 45.95 38.97 33.76 32.33 28.86 28.26 24.21 18.84

-3.6% -5.3% 110.0% 6.0% -58.5% -38.9% -23.0% -43.8% 53.1% 63.1% -52.4%

27.0 14.1 6.6 4.6 3.9 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.4 1.9

27.0 41.1 47.7 52.3 56.2 59.6 62.8 65.7 68.6 71.0 72.9

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

798.44

-16.0%

79.9

79.9

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.212 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Ghana Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

9

9

8

8 million tonnes of CO2

10

million tonnes of CO2

10

7 6 5 4 3

7 6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 10

100%

9 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

8 7 6 5 4 3

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 9

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

8 200

7 6

150

TWh

5 4

100

3 2

50

1 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.213

Ghana Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.71 2.85

3.31 3.59

5.13 5.34

6.23 6.16

6.58 6.98

8.47 8.37

9.00 9.07

232.0% 218.2%

222 5.29 3.27 25.07 15.58

271 6.47 4.03 30.91 17.89

324 7.73 4.98 38.19 20.15

348 8.32 6.01 46.11 22.06

365 8.72 6.36 48.83 22.54

389 9.30 6.77 51.96 23.01

398 9.50 7.20 55.23 23.46

79.6% 79.6% 120.3% 120.3% 50.6%

12.2 0.83 0.11 0.17

12.2 0.82 0.11 0.19

15.9 1.03 0.13 0.25

17.9 1.04 0.14 0.28

18.0 1.03 0.13 0.29

21.8 1.25 0.16 0.37

22.6 1.25 0.16 0.38

84.9% 50.7% 50.7% 120.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

9.00 2.51 0.12 1.04 3.80 3.55 1.53 0.73 9.07 0.01 0.06 0.14 0.24

232.0% x 54.2% 117.4% 137.5% 134.3% 175.8% 85.0% 218.2%

9.00 2.51 0.12 1.04 3.80 3.55 1.53 0.73 9.07 0.01 0.06 0.14 0.24

.. 70.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil -

3.55 2.51 1.04 0.80 0.73 0.24 0.12 -

134.3% x 117.4% 395.6% 85.0% 196.2% 54.2% -

14.5 10.2 4.3 3.3 3.0 1.0 0.5 -

14.5 24.7 29.0 32.3 35.2 36.2 36.7 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

9.00

232.0%

36.7

36.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.214 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Gibraltar Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 0.5

0.45

0.45

0.4

0.4 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 0.5

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15

0.1

0.1

0.05

0.05

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

0.5

100%

0.45 0.4 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05

0%

0 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 0.18

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 300

Figure 6. Key indicators

0.16 250 0.14 0.12

200

TWh

0.1 150

0.08 0.06

100

0.04 50

0.02 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.215

Gibraltar Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.18 0.18

0.32 0.32

0.39 0.39

0.43 0.43

0.44 0.44

0.45 0.45

0.47 0.47

164.3% 164.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 0.06 0.58 0.61 0.03

4 0.11 0.63 0.66 0.03

5 0.13 0.74 0.77 0.03

6 0.14 0.82 0.85 0.03

6 0.14 0.83 0.87 0.03

6 0.15 0.85 0.89 0.03

6 0.15 0.88 0.92 0.03

162.9% 162.9% 52.0% 52.2% -3.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

72.6 0.31 0.29 6.13

72.9 0.51 0.49 11.97

72.9 0.53 0.51 13.94

72.9 0.52 0.50 15.26

73.0 0.53 0.50 15.59

73.0 0.53 0.51 16.24

73.0 0.53 0.51 16.79

0.5% 73.9% 73.6% 173.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

0.47 0.12 0.06 0.29 0.29 0.47 3.84 0.01

164.3% 95.0% 86.7% 246.6% 246.6% 164.3%

0.47 0.12 0.06 0.29 0.29 0.47 3.84 0.01

179.2% -42.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil -

0.29 0.12 0.06 -

246.6% 95.0% 86.7% -

60.1 24.9 13.1 -

60.1 85.1 98.1 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

0.47

164.3%

98.1

98.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.216 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Greece / Grèce Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 120

100

100 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 120

80 60 40

80 60 40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

109

100%

104 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

99 94 89 84 79 74 69

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

70

1990 = 100 140

60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.217

Greece / Grèce Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

70.13 69.23

72.74 72.62

87.19 85.28

93.29 91.57

95.04 93.10

94.10 91.07

97.84 99.52

39.5% 43.8%

898 21.44 100.82 159.27 10.34

949 22.68 107.27 169.45 10.63

1 134 27.09 127.09 200.76 10.92

1 244 29.71 151.73 239.69 11.06

1 266 30.25 156.13 246.64 11.10

1 265 30.22 163.15 257.73 11.15

1 347 32.18 169.74 268.13 11.19

50.1% 50.1% 68.3% 68.3% 8.3%

78.1 0.70 0.44 6.78

76.6 0.68 0.43 6.84

76.9 0.69 0.43 7.99

75.0 0.61 0.39 8.43

75.0 0.61 0.39 8.56

74.4 0.58 0.37 8.44

72.6 0.58 0.36 8.74

-7.1% -17.1% -17.1% 28.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

36.64 34.55 2.08 0.01 0.01 44.79 0.03 8.11 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

53.50 6.52 0.53 4.24 7.58 22.74 19.35 11.89 8.10 46.99 - 1.20 - 5.31 10.05 2.82

7.67 5.70 0.03 0.07 1.17 0.04 0.03 0.66 0.41 7.72 0.02 0.04 -

0.03 0.03 0.03 -

97.84 46.77 0.58 4.31 10.83 22.78 19.39 12.55 8.52 99.52 - 1.15 2.84 10.05 2.82

39.5% 37.8% 19.8% 93.5% 4.3% 51.0% 68.5% 57.0% 85.5% 43.8%

26.1% 20.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas

34.55 19.35 8.10 7.58 6.52 5.70 4.24 3.79 3.39 2.08 1.17

20.8% 68.2% 79.8% 36.0% 22.2% x 95.2% 12.5% -5.4% -55.3% 673.0%

27.8 15.6 6.5 6.1 5.2 4.6 3.4 3.0 2.7 1.7 0.9

27.8 43.4 49.9 56.0 61.2 65.8 69.2 72.3 75.0 76.7 77.6

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

97.84

39.5%

78.7

78.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.218 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Guatemala Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12

12 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 13

100%

12 11 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 10

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

9 200

8 7

TWh

6

150

5 4

100

3 2

50

1 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.219

Guatemala Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

3.30 3.67

6.01 5.99

8.83 9.30

10.44 10.33

11.00 11.06

11.08 11.15

11.70 11.81

254.4% 221.9%

186 4.43 12.89 30.20 8.91

224 5.35 15.89 37.24 10.00

297 7.10 19.29 45.21 11.23

315 7.51 21.69 50.82 12.40

338 8.07 22.39 52.47 12.71

341 8.14 23.58 55.25 13.03

347 8.28 24.93 58.43 13.35

86.8% 86.8% 93.5% 93.5% 49.8%

17.8 0.26 0.11 0.37

26.8 0.38 0.16 0.60

29.7 0.46 0.20 0.79

33.2 0.48 0.21 0.84

32.6 0.49 0.21 0.87

32.5 0.47 0.20 0.85

33.7 0.47 0.20 0.88

89.8% 83.2% 83.2% 136.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

1.60 1.07 0.53 1.60 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

11.70 3.00 0.15 1.99 5.96 5.95 0.59 0.58 11.81 0.04 0.08 0.38 0.09

254.4% + x -100.0% 165.5% 243.5% 243.2% 3.7% 83.9% 221.9%

10.10 1.93 0.15 1.46 5.96 5.95 0.59 0.58 10.21 0.04 0.08 0.38 0.09

-34.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

5.95 1.93 1.46 1.07 0.58 0.53 0.15 0.01 0.01 -

243.2% + 94.9% x 83.9% x x -94.3% x -

20.0 6.5 4.9 3.6 1.9 1.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 -

20.0 26.4 31.3 34.9 36.9 38.7 39.2 39.2 39.3 -

11.70

254.4%

39.3

39.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.220 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Haiti Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 2.5

2

2 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 2.5

1.5

1

1.5

1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 2.5

80%

2 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20% 0%

Other energy industries Transport Other

1.5 1 0.5 0

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 0.8 0.7

2007

1990 = 100 300

Figure 6. Key indicators

250

0.6 200

TWh

0.5 0.4

150

0.3

100

0.2 50

0.1 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.221

Haiti Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

0.94 0.94

0.90 0.90

1.41 1.41

1.89 1.89

1.98 1.98

2.03 2.03

2.31 2.31

144.9% 145.7%

65 1.56 4.39 14.67 7.11

71 1.69 3.42 11.41 7.84

84 2.01 3.85 12.85 8.57

96 2.29 3.68 12.28 9.15

108 2.58 3.74 12.50 9.30

111 2.65 3.83 12.79 9.45

116 2.78 3.95 13.20 9.61

78.0% 78.0% -10.0% -10.0% 35.2%

14.5 0.22 0.06 0.13

12.8 0.26 0.08 0.12

16.7 0.37 0.11 0.16

19.8 0.52 0.15 0.21

18.3 0.53 0.16 0.21

18.3 0.53 0.16 0.21

19.9 0.59 0.18 0.24

37.6% 172.1% 172.0% 81.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

.. -

.. -

2.31 0.24 .. 0.52 1.31 0.69 0.24 0.24 2.31 0.00 .. 0.06

144.9% 8.3% .. 159.6% 211.0% 271.7% 207.1% 207.1% 145.7%

2.31 0.24 .. 0.52 1.31 0.69 0.24 0.24 2.31 0.00 .. 0.06

.. -13.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil -

0.69 0.63 0.52 0.24 0.24 -

271.7% 164.0% 202.7% 8.3% 207.1% -

8.4 7.7 6.4 2.9 2.9 -

8.4 16.1 22.5 25.4 28.3 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

2.31

144.9%

28.3

28.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.222 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Honduras Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 9

8

8

7

7

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 9

6 5 4 3 2

6 5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 9

100%

8 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

7 6 5 4 3

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990

1992

7 6

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1994

1990 = 100 300

Figure 6. Key indicators

250

5

200

TWh

4 150 3 100

2

50

1 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.223

Honduras Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.13 2.16

3.53 3.54

4.44 4.47

6.71 6.71

6.94 6.97

6.43 6.43

8.17 8.17

282.6% 277.8%

100 2.38 5.14 15.93 4.89

118 2.82 6.12 18.95 5.57

125 3.00 7.11 22.01 6.20

161 3.85 8.41 26.05 6.70

168 4.02 8.92 27.63 6.83

169 4.05 9.48 29.36 6.97

199 4.74 10.08 31.21 7.09

99.4% 99.4% 95.9% 96.0% 45.0%

21.4 0.42 0.13 0.44

29.9 0.58 0.19 0.63

35.4 0.62 0.20 0.72

41.6 0.80 0.26 1.00

41.3 0.78 0.25 1.02

38.0 0.68 0.22 0.92

41.1 0.81 0.26 1.15

91.9% 95.3% 95.2% 163.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.48 0.48 0.48 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

8.17 2.65 1.88 3.17 3.17 0.47 0.15 8.17 0.00 .. 0.08

282.6% x -100.0% 151.2% 206.3% 206.3% 41.8% 30.0% 277.8%

7.69 2.65 1.40 3.17 3.17 0.47 0.15 7.69 0.00 .. 0.08

.. -13.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil -

3.17 2.65 1.40 0.48 0.32 0.15 -

206.3% x 87.6% + 48.4% 30.0% -

18.0 15.1 8.0 2.7 1.8 0.9 -

18.0 33.1 41.1 43.8 45.6 46.5 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

8.17

282.6%

46.5

46.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.224 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Hong Kong, China / Hong Kong, Chine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 47

100%

45 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

43 41 39 37 35 33

0%

31 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 45 40

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

35 100

TWh

30 25

80

20

60

15 40 10 20

5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.225

Hong Kong, China / Hong Kong, Chine Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

33.05 31.31

35.87 34.98

39.74 38.35

40.31 41.00

40.72 41.42

41.70 42.33

43.38 43.90

31.2% 40.2%

368 8.78 115.16 119.23 5.71

447 10.68 148.51 153.75 6.16

549 13.10 169.12 175.09 6.67

545 13.02 193.39 200.22 6.79

549 13.11 207.09 214.40 6.81

559 13.36 221.62 229.45 6.86

575 13.75 235.73 244.06 6.93

56.6% 56.6% 104.7% 104.7% 21.4%

89.9 0.29 0.28 5.79

80.2 0.24 0.23 5.83

72.5 0.24 0.23 5.96

73.9 0.21 0.20 5.94

74.2 0.20 0.19 5.98

74.6 0.19 0.18 6.08

75.4 0.18 0.18 6.26

-16.2% -35.9% -35.9% 8.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

30.66 25.40 3.97 1.29 0.73 29.33 - 1.34 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

8.03 0.09 2.37 4.37 4.37 1.20 0.06 9.34 1.30 0.00 25.95 14.56

4.68 4.68 5.24 0.56 0.00 -

-

43.38 30.18 6.34 4.37 4.37 2.50 0.79 43.90 0.52 0.00 25.95 14.56

31.2% 25.9% 101.8% -2.3% -2.1% 68.2% 31.0% 40.2%

474.5% 158.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil -

25.40 4.68 4.37 3.97 2.37 1.15 0.73 0.56 0.09 0.06 -

7.5% x -2.1% + -23.6% 112.0% 95.4% 64.4% -71.1% -75.3% -

52.1 9.6 9.0 8.1 4.9 2.4 1.5 1.1 0.2 0.1 -

52.1 61.8 70.7 78.9 83.7 86.1 87.6 88.7 88.9 89.0 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

43.38

31.2%

89.0

89.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.226 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Hungary / Hongrie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 88

100%

83 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

78 73 68 63 58

0%

53 1971

Avg 85-87

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 45 40

85-87 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

35 100

TWh

30 25

80

20

60

15 40 10 20

5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.227

Hungary / Hongrie * Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

Avg 85-87

1990

1995

2004

2005

2006

2007 base-07

81.59 77.85

66.70 67.74

57.26 59.35

55.86 57.15

56.12 57.33

55.67 56.53

53.93 54.86

-33.9% -29.5%

1 258 30.04 44.30 115.71 10.53

1 200 28.66 44.40 115.98 10.37

1 083 25.87 39.39 102.90 10.33

1 095 26.16 56.79 148.35 10.11

1 155 27.58 59.04 154.23 10.09

1 144 27.33 61.47 160.58 10.07

1 119 26.73 62.13 162.30 10.06

-11.0% -11.0% 40.3% 40.3% -4.5%

64.9 1.84 0.71 7.75

55.6 1.50 0.58 6.43

52.9 1.45 0.56 5.54

51.0 0.98 0.38 5.53

48.6 0.95 0.36 5.56

48.7 0.91 0.35 5.53

48.2 0.87 0.33 5.36

-25.7% -52.9% -52.9% -30.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Hungary is allowed to use average 85-87 as the base year.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

11.73 9.48 0.01 0.17 1.51 0.56 0.54 12.36 0.62 0.01 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

base-07

17.67 0.47 0.97 2.22 12.92 12.64 1.09 0.30 17.45 - 0.18 - 0.04 0.74

24.19 8.83 0.21 0.34 3.46 0.00 0.00 11.34 7.42 24.71 0.52 - 0.00 -

0.34 0.25 0.09 0.34 - 0.00 -

53.93 19.03 0.21 1.48 7.28 12.93 12.65 13.00 8.25 54.86 0.97 - 0.03 0.74

-33.9% -25.5% -94.3% -42.2% -64.3% 60.9% 82.0% -38.9% -41.8% -29.5%

67.3%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change base-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - coal/peat

12.64 9.48 8.83 7.42 3.92 3.46 2.22 1.51 0.97 0.79 0.54

82.0% -43.3% 86.1% 198.3% 127.2% -61.0% -48.3% -79.1% -48.9% -80.9% -94.1%

16.6 12.4 11.6 9.7 5.2 4.5 2.9 2.0 1.3 1.0 0.7

16.6 29.0 40.6 50.4 55.5 60.1 63.0 65.0 66.2 67.3 68.0

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

53.93

-33.9%

70.8

70.8

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.228 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Iceland / Islande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 2.5

2

2 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 2.5

1.5

1

1.5

1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 2.6

100%

2.4 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 200

14

180

12

TWh

160 10

140

8

120 100

6

80 60

4

40

2

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.229

Iceland / Islande Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1.88 1.97

1.95 1.94

2.14 2.14

2.23 2.23

2.18 2.18

2.22 2.24

2.34 2.35

24.6% 19.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

87 2.09 6.76 6.30 0.26

94 2.25 6.85 6.38 0.27

130 3.10 8.70 8.10 0.28

141 3.37 9.98 9.29 0.29

146 3.48 10.72 9.99 0.30

174 4.16 11.20 10.43 0.30

205 4.89 11.63 10.83 0.31

134.4% 134.4% 72.0% 71.9% 22.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

21.5 0.28 0.30 7.37

20.7 0.28 0.31 7.30

16.5 0.25 0.26 7.60

15.8 0.22 0.24 7.62

15.0 0.20 0.22 7.36

12.8 0.20 0.21 7.31

11.4 0.20 0.22 7.53

-46.8% -27.5% -27.5% 2.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.45 0.45 0.45 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

0.01 0.01 0.01 -

2.34 0.02 0.79 0.93 0.85 0.59 0.01 2.35 0.01 0.20 0.49

24.6% 536.1% 48.0% 50.3% 61.4% -17.4% -80.4% 19.0%

1.88 0.01 0.34 0.93 0.85 0.59 0.01 1.88 0.01 0.20 0.49

111.7% 128.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - other Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil -

0.85 0.58 0.45 0.34 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 -

61.4% -13.0% 74.9% 23.0% -13.6% x -80.4% 98.1% -

17.7 12.1 9.4 7.1 1.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 -

17.7 29.8 39.1 46.2 47.9 48.2 48.3 48.5 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

2.34

24.6%

48.5

48.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.230 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

India / Inde Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1400

1200

1200 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1400

1000 800 600 400

1000 800 600 400

200

200

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1480

100%

1380 80% million tonnes of CO2

1280

60% 40% 20%

1180 1080 980 880 780 680 580

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

900

TWh

2007

800

160

700

140

600

120

500

100

400

80

300

60

200

40

100

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.231

India / Inde Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

589.27 597.89

782.53 797.22

976.43 978.11

1 112.25 1 139.86

1 153.57 1 188.44

1 244.04 1 265.86

1 324.05 1 369.93

124.7% 129.1%

13 321 318.16 270.50 1 411.90 849.52

16 132 385.30 346.59 1 809.11 932.18

19 150 457.38 460.18 2 402.02 1 015.92

21 627 516.56 589.56 3 077.33 1 079.72

22 362 534.10 644.70 3 365.13 1 094.58

23 486 560.97 707.03 3 690.51 1 109.81

24 908 594.91 771.09 4 024.89 1 123.32

87.0% 87.0% 185.1% 185.1% 32.2%

44.2 2.18 0.42 0.69

48.5 2.26 0.43 0.84

51.0 2.12 0.41 0.96

51.4 1.89 0.36 1.03

51.6 1.79 0.34 1.05

53.0 1.76 0.34 1.12

53.2 1.72 0.33 1.18

20.2% -21.2% -21.2% 69.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

894.97 622.69 65.08 2.90 164.39 39.91 10.93 939.99 28.67 16.36 -

Oil 357.84 17.04 9.53 36.41 94.74 115.80 107.21 84.32 62.14 358.69 - 1.24 2.09 0.15 14.38

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

71.24 23.29 7.54 5.43 30.08 2.92 2.92 1.97 1.66 71.24 0.00 -

-

1 324.05 663.02 82.15 44.75 289.21 118.72 110.12 126.20 74.73 1 369.93 27.43 18.45 0.15 14.38

124.7% 203.0% 209.8% 182.0% 71.0% 45.2% 67.4% 63.5% 71.6% 129.1%

-67.5% 171.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

622.69 164.39 107.21 94.74 65.08 62.14 36.41 30.08 28.98 23.29 22.18

206.3% 32.7% 63.0% 160.1% 187.6% 95.2% 333.6% 240.9% -2.6% 231.2% 496.1%

27.3 7.2 4.7 4.2 2.9 2.7 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0

27.3 34.6 39.3 43.4 46.3 49.0 50.6 51.9 53.2 54.2 55.2

1324.05

124.7%

58.1

58.1

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.232 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Indonesia / Indonésie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 400

350

350

300

300

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 400

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

420

100%

370 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

320 270 220 170 120

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 160

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

140 200

120

TWh

100

150

80 100

60 40

50

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.233

Indonesia / Indonésie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

140.22 146.10

192.22 215.43

264.62 264.36

316.28 326.77

330.94 337.89

343.96 353.01

377.18 388.84

169.0% 166.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

4 291 102.48 109.15 396.38 178.23

5 504 131.46 159.38 578.79 192.75

6 319 150.93 165.02 599.27 206.27

7 169 171.22 196.70 714.29 217.59

7 336 175.23 207.89 754.95 220.56

7 562 180.61 219.35 796.55 223.04

7 982 190.65 233.20 846.86 225.63

86.0% 86.0% 113.7% 113.7% 26.6%

32.7 1.28 0.35 0.79

34.9 1.21 0.33 1.00

41.9 1.60 0.44 1.28

44.1 1.61 0.44 1.45

45.1 1.59 0.44 1.50

45.5 1.57 0.43 1.54

47.3 1.62 0.45 1.67

44.6% 25.9% 25.9% 112.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

143.74 62.58 81.11 0.05 0.05 143.72 - 0.02 -

Oil 165.68 25.63 0.33 7.61 24.43 71.78 65.73 35.90 23.28 168.52 2.88 - 0.04 1.31 2.33

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

67.77 9.89 0.01 27.35 30.38 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.04 76.60 8.84 -

-

377.18 98.09 0.34 34.96 135.92 71.79 65.75 36.08 23.38 388.84 11.70 - 0.04 1.31 2.33

169.0% 346.8% x 14.9% 312.9% 125.3% 129.9% 56.5% 27.7% 166.2%

-22.2% 142.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

81.11 65.73 62.58 30.38 27.35 25.63 24.43 23.28 12.62 9.89 7.61

+ 129.8% 583.2% 145.4% 12.9% 112.7% 35.8% 27.2% 165.1% + 22.9%

10.1 8.2 7.8 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 1.6 1.2 0.9

10.1 18.3 26.0 29.8 33.2 36.4 39.4 42.3 43.9 45.1 46.1

377.18

169.0%

46.9

46.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.234 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Islamic Republic of Iran / République islamique d'Iran Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 500

450

450

400

400 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 500

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

520

100%

470 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

370 320 270 220 170

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

250

1990 = 100 250

200

200

150

150

100

100

50

50

0

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

420

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.235

Islamic Republic of Iran / République islamique d'Iran Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

175.31 183.33

249.35 243.87

304.85 304.34

380.57 381.58

399.92 400.52

439.96 433.31

465.90 464.05

165.8% 153.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 861 68.33 70.29 256.54 54.40

3 936 94.02 83.07 303.18 58.95

4 936 117.89 101.29 369.66 63.94

6 289 150.21 127.08 463.77 68.07

6 640 158.61 132.95 485.22 69.09

7 209 172.19 140.79 513.81 70.10

7 743 184.94 151.80 554.02 71.02

170.6% 170.6% 116.0% 116.0% 30.6%

61.3 2.49 0.68 3.22

63.3 3.00 0.82 4.23

61.8 3.01 0.82 4.77

60.5 2.99 0.82 5.59

60.2 3.01 0.82 5.79

61.0 3.13 0.86 6.28

60.2 3.07 0.84 6.56

-1.8% 23.1% 23.1% 103.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

5.12 1.67 0.76 2.65 0.03 0.03 4.87 - 0.26 -

Oil 233.35 36.46 2.13 9.89 34.30 101.85 101.85 48.71 25.33 232.03 3.59 - 4.91 2.61 3.19

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

227.43 65.75 3.24 13.96 51.41 2.06 2.06 91.01 79.95 227.15 0.90 - 1.18 -

-

465.90 102.21 7.05 24.62 88.36 103.91 103.91 139.76 105.31 464.05 4.24 - 6.09 2.61 3.19

165.8% 212.4% 145.5% 359.1% 103.2% 168.1% 168.1% 168.1% 244.0% 153.1%

67.5% 114.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Road - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil

101.85 79.95 65.75 51.41 36.46 34.30 25.33 23.39 13.96 11.06 9.89

162.8% + 319.6% 264.9% 113.9% 26.5% 3.3% 8.7% + x 134.2%

15.7 12.3 10.1 7.9 5.6 5.3 3.9 3.6 2.1 1.7 1.5

15.7 27.9 38.0 45.9 51.6 56.8 60.7 64.3 66.5 68.2 69.7

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

465.90

165.8%

71.6

71.6

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.236 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Iraq / Iraq Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

114

100%

104 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

94 84 74 64 54

0%

44 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 400

40

TWh

2007

35

350

30

300

25

250

20

200

15

150

10

100

5

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.237

Iraq / Iraq Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

52.85 50.76

71.77 74.61

81.81 72.10

84.77 98.83

85.36 97.50

88.78 101.20

91.45 97.69

73.0% 92.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

757 18.09 32.96 45.06 18.14

1 087 25.96 12.62 17.25 19.56

1 063 25.38 25.90 35.41 22.68

1 403 33.50 19.10 26.11 25.38

1 386 33.10 19.81 27.08 26.08

1 435 34.27 19.87 27.16 26.78

1 385 33.09 20.86 28.52 27.50

82.9% 82.9% -36.7% -36.7% 51.6%

69.8 1.60 1.17 2.91

66.0 5.69 4.16 3.67

77.0 3.16 2.31 3.61

60.4 4.44 3.25 3.34

61.6 4.31 3.15 3.27

61.9 4.47 3.27 3.31

66.0 4.38 3.21 3.33

-5.4% 173.5% 173.5% 14.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

88.66 26.92 3.63 18.55 29.28 29.28 10.28 10.28 94.90 2.46 3.78 .. 2.56

2.79 2.79 2.79 -

-

91.45 26.92 3.63 21.34 29.28 29.28 10.28 10.28 97.69 2.46 3.78 .. 2.56

73.0% 144.2% -7.9% 47.7% 57.8% 57.8% 110.6% 110.6% 92.4%

.. -11.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas -

29.28 26.92 18.55 10.28 3.63 2.79 -

57.8% 144.2% 74.0% 110.6% -7.9% -26.3% -

25.6 23.5 16.2 9.0 3.2 2.4 -

25.6 49.1 65.3 74.3 77.5 79.9 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

91.45

73.0%

79.9

79.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.238 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Ireland / Irlande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 46

100%

44 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

42 40 38 36 34 32

0%

30 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

30

160 25 140

TWh

20

120 100

15

80 10

60 40

5

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.239

Ireland / Irlande Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

30.63 31.32

33.00 31.50

41.19 40.09

42.13 41.19

43.71 41.52

45.18 41.53

44.14 43.17

44.1% 37.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

417 9.97 48.70 54.89 3.51

434 10.37 61.09 68.84 3.60

569 13.60 96.60 108.86 3.80

600 14.34 119.02 134.13 4.06

602 14.37 126.61 142.68 4.15

613 14.65 133.83 150.82 4.25

631 15.06 141.90 159.91 4.36

51.1% 51.1% 191.4% 191.3% 24.3%

73.4 0.63 0.56 8.74

76.1 0.54 0.48 9.17

72.3 0.43 0.38 10.84

70.2 0.35 0.31 10.38

72.6 0.35 0.31 10.53

73.7 0.34 0.30 10.62

70.0 0.31 0.28 10.13

-4.6% -50.5% -50.5% 16.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

9.05 6.32 0.05 0.11 0.54 2.02 1.92 9.61 0.33 0.24 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

25.02 1.27 0.02 0.50 3.10 14.24 13.82 5.89 3.39 23.55 0.50 - 1.97 0.34 2.87

10.08 5.83 0.55 1.53 2.17 1.38 10.01 0.13 - 0.20 -

-

44.14 13.42 0.62 0.61 5.17 14.24 13.82 10.08 6.69 43.17 0.96 - 1.93 0.34 2.87

44.1% 29.2% 339.8% 154.3% 9.3% 190.0% 202.1% -1.3% -8.9% 37.9%

515.4% 178.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas

13.82 6.32 5.83 3.39 3.10 2.51 1.92 1.53 1.38 1.27 0.78

202.1% -14.8% 205.6% 193.6% 39.5% -3.3% -67.6% 1.2% 405.6% 19.5% 258.0%

20.2 9.2 8.5 4.9 4.5 3.7 2.8 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.1

20.2 29.4 37.9 42.9 47.4 51.0 53.8 56.1 58.1 59.9 61.1

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

44.14

44.1%

64.4

64.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.240 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Israel / Israël Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 70

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 73

100%

68 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

63 58 53 48 43 38

0%

33 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 60

2007

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

50

100

40 TWh

80 30 60 20 40 10

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.241

Israel / Israël Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

33.57 35.32

46.32 48.59

55.51 56.30

60.92 60.62

61.08 62.55

62.64 65.46

65.89 67.87

96.3% 92.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

485 11.59 71.14 89.17 4.66

655 15.65 97.45 122.13 5.55

772 18.45 123.68 155.01 6.29

832 19.87 130.85 164.00 6.80

857 20.47 137.57 172.41 6.92

886 21.16 144.69 181.35 7.05

920 21.96 152.46 191.09 7.17

89.6% 89.6% 114.3% 114.3% 53.9%

69.2 0.47 0.38 7.20

70.7 0.48 0.38 8.35

71.9 0.45 0.36 8.83

73.2 0.47 0.37 8.95

71.3 0.44 0.35 8.82

70.7 0.43 0.35 8.89

71.7 0.43 0.34 9.19

3.5% -8.4% -8.4% 27.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

32.64 32.57 0.07 32.49 - 0.15 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

28.90 3.89 0.20 3.12 1.83 10.64 10.64 9.22 2.80 31.03 1.00 1.14 0.86 2.01

4.35 4.35 4.35 -

-

65.89 40.81 0.27 3.12 1.83 10.64 10.64 9.22 2.80 67.87 1.00 0.99 0.86 2.01

96.3% 142.0% -40.3% 42.1% -57.5% 64.3% 65.7% 179.9% 100.2% 92.2%

125.6% 28.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat -

32.57 10.64 6.42 4.35 3.89 3.12 2.80 1.83 0.20 0.07 -

251.5% 65.7% 238.9% x -48.8% 42.1% 100.2% -56.5% -56.1% x -

42.9 14.0 8.5 5.7 5.1 4.1 3.7 2.4 0.3 0.1 -

42.9 56.9 65.3 71.1 76.2 80.3 84.0 86.4 86.6 86.7 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

65.89

96.3%

86.7

86.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.242 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Italy / Italie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 500

450

450

400

400 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 500

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

470

100%

460 450 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

440 430 420 410 400 390 380 370

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

350

140

300

120

250

100 TWh

200 80 150 60 100

40

50

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.243

Italy / Italie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

397.79 384.79

409.66 413.52

423.71 430.91

450.01 452.58

453.82 455.69

455.35 449.92

437.56 441.99

10.0% 14.9%

6 142 146.70 937.60 1 243.79 56.72

6 666 159.22 998.73 1 324.89 56.84

7 146 170.67 1 097.34 1 455.71 56.94

7 562 180.62 1 139.37 1 511.45 58.18

7 657 182.88 1 145.68 1 519.83 58.61

7 584 181.13 1 166.78 1 547.81 58.94

7 459 178.16 1 183.77 1 570.36 59.32

21.4% 21.4% 26.3% 26.3% 4.6%

64.8 0.42 0.32 7.01

61.5 0.41 0.31 7.21

59.3 0.39 0.29 7.44

59.5 0.40 0.30 7.74

59.3 0.40 0.30 7.74

60.0 0.39 0.29 7.73

58.7 0.37 0.28 7.38

-9.4% -12.9% -12.9% 5.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

60.47 50.35 0.15 0.20 9.12 0.64 0.02 64.43 2.41 1.54 -

Oil 212.77 14.11 7.83 16.66 31.94 119.94 115.32 22.29 13.07 211.95 - 1.63 0.80 11.07 9.61

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

160.56 57.52 8.10 1.65 37.87 1.13 1.13 54.29 37.33 161.86 1.30 0.00 -

3.75 3.24 0.23 0.28 3.75 0.00 -

437.56 125.22 16.32 18.51 79.22 121.08 116.45 77.22 50.42 441.99 2.08 2.35 11.07 9.61

10.0% 17.0% 5.5% -7.7% -5.6% 26.2% 27.3% 2.4% -9.5% 14.9%

32.3% 136.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil

115.32 57.52 50.35 37.87 37.33 31.94 16.96 16.66 14.11 13.07 9.22

26.8% 257.9% 82.0% 15.0% 41.2% -9.6% 71.5% 13.6% -77.7% -54.1% -6.0%

21.1 10.5 9.2 6.9 6.8 5.9 3.1 3.1 2.6 2.4 1.7

21.1 31.7 40.9 47.8 54.7 60.5 63.6 66.7 69.3 71.7 73.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

437.56

10.0%

80.2

80.2

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.244 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Jamaica / Jamaïque Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12

12 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 15

100%

14 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

13 12 11 10 9 8

0%

7 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

9

TWh

2007

8

160

7

140

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.245

Jamaica / Jamaïque Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

7.19 7.09

8.36 8.43

9.78 10.04

10.68 10.50

10.56 9.91

11.75 11.78

12.69 13.75

76.5% 93.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

117 2.79 6.62 7.69 2.39

135 3.21 8.04 9.33 2.48

157 3.75 8.03 9.32 2.59

163 3.89 8.58 9.96 2.64

155 3.69 8.74 10.14 2.66

181 4.33 8.92 10.35 2.67

207 4.96 8.27 9.60 2.68

77.7% 77.7% 24.9% 24.9% 12.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

61.5 1.09 0.94 3.01

62.2 1.04 0.90 3.37

62.3 1.22 1.05 3.78

65.5 1.25 1.07 4.04

68.3 1.21 1.04 3.98

64.8 1.32 1.14 4.41

61.1 1.53 1.32 4.74

-0.6% 41.3% 41.3% 57.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.09 0.09 0.09 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

12.69 2.84 3.29 0.01 0.37 2.96 1.52 3.23 0.28 13.75 - 0.03 1.09 0.09 0.76

76.5% 52.8% x -95.6% -38.4% 174.6% 110.2% -8.1% 30.7% 93.9%

12.60 2.84 3.29 0.01 0.28 2.96 1.52 3.23 0.28 13.66 - 0.03 1.09 0.09 0.76

63.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

3.29 2.95 2.84 1.52 1.43 0.28 0.28 0.09 0.01 -

x -10.6% 52.8% 110.2% 307.9% 30.7% -40.5% -30.8% -95.6% -

21.6 19.4 18.7 10.0 9.4 1.8 1.8 0.6 0.0 -

21.6 41.0 59.6 69.7 79.1 80.9 82.8 83.3 83.4 -

12.69

76.5%

83.4

83.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.246 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Japan / Japon Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1400

1200

1200 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1400

1000 800 600 400

1000 800 600 400

200

200

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

1300

100%

1250 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1200 1150 1100 1050 1000

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

1200

160 1000

140 120

800 TWh

100 600 80 400

60 40

200

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.247

Japan / Japon * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 065.34 1 069.38

1 146.25 1 153.81

1 181.40 1 203.63

1 210.55 1 245.93

1 217.76 1 223.46

1 201.95 1 214.05

1 236.34 1 235.08

16.1% 15.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

18 342 438.09 4 122.36 2 867.16 123.48

20 650 493.21 4 445.39 3 091.83 125.47

21 674 517.69 4 667.47 3 246.29 126.84

21 807 520.86 4 885.09 3 397.65 127.76

21 725 518.90 4 979.57 3 463.36 127.77

21 700 518.29 5 098.95 3 546.39 127.76

21 500 513.52 5 205.02 3 620.16 127.76

17.2% 17.2% 26.3% 26.3% 3.5%

58.1 0.26 0.37 8.63

55.5 0.26 0.37 9.14

54.5 0.25 0.36 9.31

55.5 0.25 0.36 9.48

56.1 0.24 0.35 9.53

55.4 0.24 0.34 9.41

57.5 0.24 0.34 9.68

-1.0% -8.1% -8.1% 12.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Please see the note in Chapter 1 on the revisions provided by the Japanese Administration.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

444.84 234.15 48.82 17.28 142.26 2.32 444.46 - 1.72 1.34 -

Oil 578.21 75.09 18.99 25.26 117.61 239.38 214.61 101.88 40.78 592.35 15.81 - 1.67 18.61 18.39

Gas

Other **

Total

90-07

208.84 123.23 5.31 2.17 19.21 58.91 21.77 193.79 - 3.72 - 11.33 -

4.46 1.24 2.32 0.91 4.49 0.03 -

1 236.34 433.71 75.44 44.71 279.99 239.38 214.61 163.11 62.55 1 235.08 10.37 - 11.63 18.61 18.39

16.1% 40.8% 34.5% -0.6% -3.1% 14.2% 14.8% 3.3% 12.1% 15.5%

5.4% 38.1%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

234.15 214.61 142.26 123.23 117.61 75.09 61.10 48.82 40.78 37.14 25.26

138.1% 14.8% -3.0% 59.4% -11.6% -43.1% -31.6% 62.2% 6.3% 308.6% -11.4%

17.0 15.6 10.3 9.0 8.6 5.5 4.4 3.5 3.0 2.7 1.8

17.0 32.6 43.0 51.9 60.5 65.9 70.4 73.9 76.9 79.6 81.4

1236.34

16.1%

89.9

89.9

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.248 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Jordan / Jordanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 21

100%

19 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

17 15 13 11 9

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

14

1990 = 100 140

12

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.249

Jordan / Jordanie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

9.20 9.36

12.13 12.40

14.29 14.30

16.70 17.14

17.90 18.40

18.30 18.49

19.17 19.36

108.3% 106.9%

136 3.26 5.13 12.21 3.17

180 4.29 7.23 17.21 4.20

206 4.93 8.46 20.15 4.80

260 6.21 10.66 25.38 5.29

279 6.67 11.41 27.17 5.41

287 6.84 12.13 28.88 5.54

301 7.20 12.86 30.61 5.72

120.9% 120.9% 150.7% 150.7% 80.4%

67.4 1.79 0.75 2.90

67.5 1.68 0.71 2.89

69.3 1.69 0.71 2.98

64.3 1.57 0.66 3.16

64.1 1.57 0.66 3.31

63.8 1.51 0.63 3.30

63.6 1.49 0.63 3.35

-5.7% -16.9% -16.9% 15.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

13.55 1.67 0.34 0.68 2.94 5.02 4.99 2.90 1.79 13.74 0.13 0.06 0.12 0.92

5.62 5.62 5.62 -

-

19.17 7.30 0.34 0.68 2.94 5.02 4.99 2.90 1.79 19.36 0.13 0.06 0.12 0.92

108.3% 174.2% 12.2% 16.2% 124.4% 88.8% 87.9% 72.1% 79.9% 106.9%

.. 31.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other transport - oil -

5.62 4.99 2.94 1.79 1.67 1.11 0.68 0.34 0.02 -

+ 87.9% 124.4% 79.9% -30.9% 60.9% 16.2% 12.2% x -

23.5 20.8 12.3 7.5 7.0 4.6 2.8 1.4 0.1 -

23.5 44.3 56.5 64.0 71.0 75.6 78.5 79.9 80.0 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

19.17

108.3%

80.0

80.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.250 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Kazakhstan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 300

250

250 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 300

200 150 100 50

200 150 100 50

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Coal/peat

2000 2002 2004

Oil

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

270

100%

250 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

230 210 190 170 150 130

0%

110 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

100 90

120

80

100

70 60 TWh

2007

80

50 40

60

30

40

20 20

10 0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.251

Kazakhstan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

236.41 236.96

167.02 169.27

123.33 130.73

154.53 165.88

165.19 177.69

185.75 200.23

190.45 205.83

-19.4% -13.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

3 046 72.75 26.35 93.16 16.35

2 176 51.98 16.18 57.20 15.82

1 688 40.31 18.29 64.67 14.88

2 138 51.06 27.31 96.55 15.01

2 352 56.17 29.96 105.91 15.15

2 658 63.48 33.16 117.25 15.31

2 783 66.46 36.11 127.68 15.48

-8.6% -8.6% 37.1% 37.1% -5.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

77.6 8.97 2.54 14.46

76.7 10.32 2.92 10.56

73.1 6.74 1.91 8.29

72.3 5.66 1.60 10.29

70.2 5.51 1.56 10.91

69.9 5.60 1.58 12.13

68.4 5.27 1.49 12.30

-11.8% -41.2% -41.2% -14.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

110.97 81.40 28.64 0.93 119.65 8.79 - 0.11 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

28.41 2.54 1.03 8.46 11.97 10.48 4.42 0.27 30.96 2.66 - 0.11 .. 0.93

51.07 4.79 9.45 1.85 34.98 55.21 1.66 2.49 -

-

190.45 88.73 10.48 38.96 11.97 10.48 40.32 0.27 205.83 13.10 2.27 .. 0.93

-19.4% -17.6% 86.0% -52.7% -16.2% -12.3% 52.5% x -13.1%

.. -65.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

81.40 34.98 28.64 10.48 9.45 8.46 4.79 4.14 2.54 1.85 1.49

-13.0% 92.6% -52.1% -12.3% 198.3% -62.6% 37.4% -50.0% -76.1% x -36.0%

30.5 13.1 10.7 3.9 3.5 3.2 1.8 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.6

30.5 43.7 54.4 58.3 61.9 65.0 66.8 68.4 69.3 70.0 70.6

190.45

-19.4%

71.4

71.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.252 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Kenya Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

10

10 million tonnes of CO2

12

million tonnes of CO2

12

8 6 4

8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 12

100%

11 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

10 9 8 7 6 5

0%

4 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

8 7

160

6

140 120

5 TWh

2007

100

4

80 3

60

2

40

1

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.253

Kenya Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

6.34 6.53

7.26 6.84

8.91 9.88

8.79 9.48

10.05 10.10

11.33 11.54

11.43 10.81

80.3% 65.4%

470 11.22 10.54 26.31 23.45

535 12.79 11.41 28.47 27.38

630 15.04 12.69 31.67 31.25

704 16.82 14.33 35.74 34.68

726 17.33 15.16 37.82 35.60

761 18.17 16.13 40.24 36.55

766 18.31 17.25 43.04 37.53

63.1% 63.1% 63.6% 63.6% 60.1%

13.5 0.60 0.24 0.27

13.6 0.64 0.26 0.27

14.1 0.70 0.28 0.29

12.5 0.61 0.25 0.25

13.9 0.66 0.27 0.28

14.9 0.70 0.28 0.31

14.9 0.66 0.27 0.30

10.5% 10.2% 10.2% 12.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat ** Unallocated autoproducers ** Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.26 .. 0.26 0.26 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

.. -

.. -

11.43 2.06 .. 0.61 1.63 5.61 3.22 1.51 1.04 10.81 0.07 - 0.69 0.15 -

80.3% + .. 118.7% 14.4% 60.5% 27.4% 55.2% 82.6% 65.4%

11.16 2.06 .. 0.61 1.36 5.61 3.22 1.51 1.04 10.55 0.07 - 0.69 0.15 -

-72.3% -

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. ** Emissions from autoproducers in 2007 have been included with main activity producer electricity and heat

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

3.22 2.39 2.06 1.36 1.04 0.61 0.48 0.26 -

27.4% 147.2% + 28.6% 82.6% 118.7% 17.1% -27.2% -

7.1 5.3 4.6 3.0 2.3 1.4 1.1 0.6 -

7.1 12.4 17.0 20.0 22.3 23.7 24.8 25.3 -

11.43

80.3%

25.3

25.3

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.254 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Dem. People's Rep. of Korea / Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 140

120

120 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 140

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

128

100%

118 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

108 98 88 78 68

0%

58 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 35

TWh

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 350

30

300

25

250

20

200

15

150

10

100

5

50

0

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.255

Dem. People's Rep. of Korea / Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

114.01 117.57

74.86 75.77

68.82 68.92

71.06 71.19

74.26 74.38

75.43 75.54

62.32 62.42

-45.3% -46.9%

1 391 33.22 15.57 54.75 20.14

920 21.99 12.23 43.00 21.72

828 19.78 10.85 38.17 22.95

862 20.60 11.11 39.06 23.51

898 21.44 11.31 39.76 23.62

907 21.66 11.51 40.48 23.71

769 18.38 11.38 40.03 23.78

-44.7% -44.7% -26.9% -26.9% 18.1%

82.0 7.32 2.08 5.66

81.3 6.12 1.74 3.45

83.1 6.34 1.80 3.00

82.4 6.40 1.82 3.02

82.7 6.57 1.87 3.14

83.2 6.55 1.86 3.18

81.0 5.48 1.56 2.62

-1.2% -25.2% -25.2% -53.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

59.72 9.04 38.84 11.84 59.79 0.07 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

62.32 10.09 0.04 39.08 1.18 1.18 11.94 0.09 62.42 0.09 0.00 .. -

-45.3% -35.6% -80.0% -49.1% -74.6% -74.6% -28.4% -82.4% -46.9%

2.60 1.05 0.04 0.24 1.18 1.18 0.09 0.09 2.63 0.03 0.00 .. -

.. -

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil -

38.84 11.84 9.04 1.18 1.05 0.24 0.09 0.04 -

-48.6% -26.7% -37.0% -74.6% -20.2% -80.2% -82.4% -80.0% -

43.4 13.2 10.1 1.3 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 -

43.4 56.6 66.7 68.0 69.2 69.5 69.6 69.6 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

62.32

-45.3%

69.6

69.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.256 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Korea / Corée Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 600

500

500 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 600

400 300 200

400 300 200

100

100

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

520

100%

470 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

420 370 320 270 220

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 200

450 400

180

350

160 140

300

120

250 TWh

Other energy industries Transport Other

100 200

80

150

60

100

40

50

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.257

Korea / Corée Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

229.30 238.60

364.80 361.43

431.29 441.14

478.79 486.69

469.15 465.44

476.50 473.12

488.71 498.97

113.1% 109.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

3 897 93.09 283.56 428.27 42.87

6 141 146.67 413.01 623.78 45.09

7 907 188.85 511.66 772.77 47.01

8 841 211.17 613.63 926.78 48.04

8 808 210.38 639.39 965.69 48.14

8 953 213.84 672.22 1 015.26 48.30

9 303 222.20 705.65 1 065.75 48.46

138.7% 138.7% 148.9% 148.9% 13.0%

58.8 0.81 0.54 5.35

59.4 0.88 0.58 8.09

54.5 0.84 0.56 9.17

54.2 0.78 0.52 9.97

53.3 0.73 0.49 9.75

53.2 0.71 0.47 9.87

52.5 0.69 0.46 10.09

-10.7% -14.3% -14.3% 88.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

209.79 132.44 29.98 14.91 28.57 3.89 3.89 218.47 10.21 - 1.53 -

Oil 197.52 15.29 6.87 15.30 43.50 87.14 79.62 29.43 9.10 200.01 1.30 1.19 30.90 9.39

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

73.71 32.39 1.23 0.38 11.43 1.36 1.36 26.92 19.17 72.80 - 0.11 - 0.79 -

7.69 0.74 6.47 0.48 7.69 - 0.00 -

488.71 180.12 38.82 30.59 89.97 88.50 80.98 60.71 32.15 498.97 11.40 - 1.13 30.90 9.39

113.1% 422.8% 90.6% 282.6% 67.9% 104.5% 156.6% -12.8% -21.1% 109.1%

486.4% +

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - coal/peat

132.44 79.62 43.50 32.39 29.98 28.57 20.33 19.17 15.30 15.29 14.91

768.1% 152.3% 14.6% 580.5% 47.2% 101.0% -28.5% + 200.0% 5.9% 421.1%

18.7 11.2 6.1 4.6 4.2 4.0 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.1

18.7 30.0 36.1 40.7 44.9 49.0 51.8 54.5 56.7 58.9 61.0

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

488.71

113.1%

69.0

69.0

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.258 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Kuwait / Koweit Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70

60

60

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 84

100%

74 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

64 54 44 34 24

0%

14 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 60

TWh

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 300

50

250

40

200

30

150

20

100

10

50

0

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.259

Kuwait / Koweit Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

24.35 19.67

41.01 41.94

50.15 54.49

67.02 68.75

74.34 76.46

66.69 67.22

66.83 68.64

174.4% 249.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

328 7.82 25.34 28.84 2.13

672 16.04 34.33 39.06 1.80

838 20.03 37.72 42.92 2.19

1 039 24.82 50.82 57.83 2.46

1 153 27.54 56.61 64.42 2.54

1 034 24.70 59.44 67.64 2.60

1 055 25.20 62.16 70.73 2.66

222.1% 222.1% 145.3% 145.3% 25.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

74.3 0.96 0.84 11.46

61.0 1.19 1.05 22.76

59.8 1.33 1.17 22.90

64.5 1.32 1.16 27.24

64.5 1.31 1.15 29.33

64.5 1.12 0.99 25.66

63.3 1.08 0.94 25.09

-14.8% 11.9% 11.9% 119.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

44.79 24.50 5.52 4.72 9.59 9.59 0.46 0.46 46.60 1.45 0.37 1.55 1.92

22.04 6.94 8.76 6.33 22.04 -

-

66.83 31.44 14.28 11.05 9.59 9.59 0.46 0.46 68.64 1.45 0.37 1.55 1.92

174.4% 189.8% 224.1% 109.2% 162.9% 162.9% 186.0% 186.0% 249.0%

180.5% 274.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil -

24.50 9.59 8.76 6.94 6.33 5.52 4.72 0.46 -

264.9% 162.9% 143.6% 67.9% 54.5% 581.9% 299.0% 186.0% -

28.0 11.0 10.0 7.9 7.2 6.3 5.4 0.5 -

28.0 38.9 48.9 56.9 64.1 70.4 75.8 76.3 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

66.83

174.4%

76.3

76.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.260 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Kyrgyzstan / Kirghizistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 33

100%

28 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

23 18 13 8

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

18 16

100

14 12

80

TWh

10 60

8 6

40

4 20

2 0

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

2000

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2002

2004

Hydro

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.261

Kyrgyzstan / Kirghizistan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

22.72 22.72

4.61 4.61

4.57 4.59

5.65 5.66

5.42 5.40

5.23 5.23

5.71 5.72

-74.9% -74.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

317 7.57 2.06 11.04 4.42

102 2.45 1.04 5.60 4.59

102 2.44 1.37 7.36 4.92

117 2.79 1.65 8.88 5.09

117 2.79 1.65 8.86 5.14

118 2.81 1.70 9.13 5.19

122 2.91 1.84 9.88 5.24

-61.5% -61.5% -10.5% -10.5% 18.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

71.6 11.05 2.06 5.14

45.0 4.42 0.82 1.01

44.7 3.34 0.62 0.93

48.4 3.42 0.64 1.11

46.4 3.29 0.61 1.05

44.4 3.07 0.57 1.01

46.8 3.10 0.58 1.09

-34.6% -71.9% -71.9% -78.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2.13 0.55 1.58 2.13 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1.97 0.02 1.19 0.77 0.76 1.98 0.01 - 0.00 -

1.62 1.01 0.60 1.62 -

-

5.71 1.56 1.59 1.19 0.77 1.37 5.72 0.01 0.00 -

-74.9% -59.8% -80.7% -63.4% -74.3% -81.3% -74.8%

-

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil -

1.58 1.01 0.77 0.76 0.60 0.55 0.42 0.02 -

-81.0% -52.6% -74.3% -87.0% -57.3% -68.5% 61.6% x -

13.6 8.7 6.6 6.6 5.2 4.7 3.6 0.1 -

13.6 22.3 28.9 35.5 40.7 45.4 49.1 49.2 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

5.71

-74.9%

49.2

49.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.262 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Latvia / Lettonie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 20

18

18

16

16 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 20

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

Coal/peat

1998

2000

Oil

2002

Gas

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 20

100%

18 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

16 14 12 10 8

0%

6 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

7

TWh

2007

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0

0 1990

1992

Coal/peat

1994

1996

Oil

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.263

Latvia / Lettonie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

18.35 18.41

8.79 9.04

6.80 6.36

7.46 6.94

7.57 6.92

8.02 7.60

8.34 7.94

-54.6% -56.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

326 7.78 10.42 25.16 2.67

192 4.58 5.95 14.36 2.52

155 3.71 7.83 18.92 2.37

182 4.35 10.50 25.35 2.31

185 4.42 11.61 28.04 2.30

190 4.55 13.03 31.47 2.29

196 4.67 14.37 34.71 2.28

-40.0% -40.0% 37.9% 38.0% -14.8%

56.3 1.76 0.73 6.87

45.8 1.48 0.61 3.49

43.8 0.87 0.36 2.87

41.0 0.71 0.29 3.23

40.9 0.65 0.27 3.29

42.1 0.62 0.25 3.50

42.6 0.58 0.24 3.66

-24.3% -67.1% -67.1% -46.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.41 0.03 0.01 0.19 0.17 0.08 0.41 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

4.74 0.10 0.32 3.75 3.46 0.57 0.09 4.33 - 0.02 - 0.39 0.56 0.24

3.16 1.82 0.12 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.56 0.26 3.18 0.02 -

0.02 0.02 0.02 -

8.34 1.96 0.13 1.19 3.75 3.47 1.30 0.42 7.94 - 0.01 - 0.39 0.56 0.24

-54.6% -67.7% -96.3% -100.0% -52.8% 21.5% 49.0% -58.7% -62.0% -56.9%

-62.3% 9.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other transport - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil

3.46 1.82 0.66 0.48 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.19 0.12 0.10

49.9% -33.5% -35.7% -63.8% -77.0% -0.1% -59.1% 14.6% 62.8% -90.2% -96.5%

28.6 15.0 5.4 3.9 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.0 0.9

28.6 43.6 49.1 53.0 55.6 58.1 60.5 62.6 64.2 65.2 66.0

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

8.34

-54.6%

68.8

68.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.264 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Lebanon / Liban Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 18

16

16

14

14

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 18

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 18

100%

16 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

14 12 10 8 6

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 12 10

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

200

8 TWh

150 6 100 4 50

2 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.265

Lebanon / Liban Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

6.39 6.41

12.57 12.57

14.17 14.17

15.27 15.27

15.79 15.79

13.32 13.32

11.35 11.35

77.7% 77.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

94 2.25 8.39 8.09 2.97

181 4.32 14.91 14.38 3.49

206 4.93 16.82 16.23 3.77

221 5.27 20.32 19.60 3.97

227 5.43 20.53 19.80 4.01

195 4.67 20.53 19.80 4.06

167 3.99 20.94 20.20 4.10

77.8% 77.8% 149.7% 149.7% 37.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

67.9 0.76 0.79 2.15

69.5 0.84 0.87 3.60

68.7 0.84 0.87 3.76

69.2 0.75 0.78 3.85

69.4 0.77 0.80 3.94

68.2 0.65 0.67 3.28

67.9 0.54 0.56 2.77

0.0% -28.8% -28.8% 29.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.51 0.51 0.51 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

11.35 6.11 1.09 2.97 2.97 1.18 1.18 11.35 0.06 0.41

77.7% 122.1% -100.0% 236.5% 60.9% 60.9% -18.5% -18.5% 77.2%

10.84 6.11 0.57 2.97 2.97 1.18 1.18 10.84 0.06 0.41

.. 116.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

6.11 2.97 1.18 0.57 0.51 -

122.1% 60.9% -18.5% 77.7% x -

41.3 20.0 8.0 3.9 3.5 -

41.3 61.3 69.3 73.2 76.6 -

11.35

77.7%

76.6

76.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.266 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Jamahiriya arabe libyenne Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 52

80%

47 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20% 0%

Other energy industries Transport Other

42 37 32 27

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 30

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

25

100

20 TWh

80 15 60 10 40 5

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.267

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Jamahiriya arabe libyenne Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

27.35 27.97

35.12 40.56

39.69 42.62

43.75 46.47

42.48 45.08

42.54 45.07

43.13 45.66

57.7% 63.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

474 11.33 29.79 40.48 4.36

661 15.79 31.77 43.18 4.83

694 16.57 34.50 46.89 5.35

764 18.24 42.50 57.76 5.80

735 17.56 44.00 59.80 5.92

738 17.63 46.46 63.15 6.04

746 17.82 49.61 67.42 6.16

57.3% 57.3% 66.6% 66.6% 41.1%

57.7 0.92 0.68 6.27

53.1 1.11 0.81 7.27

57.2 1.15 0.85 7.42

57.3 1.03 0.76 7.54

57.8 0.97 0.71 7.18

57.6 0.92 0.67 7.04

57.8 0.87 0.64 7.01

0.3% -5.3% -5.3% 11.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

31.77 15.25 2.06 2.07 9.89 9.88 2.51 2.51 34.30 2.53 0.00 0.28 0.57

11.37 6.48 0.60 4.28 11.37 -

-

43.13 21.73 2.66 6.35 9.89 9.88 2.51 2.51 45.66 2.53 0.00 0.28 0.57

57.7% 174.4% -68.4% 76.3% 61.5% 61.5% 93.0% 93.0% 63.3%

12.5% -9.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Other transport - oil -

15.25 9.88 6.48 4.28 2.51 2.07 2.06 0.60 0.01 -

92.5% 61.5% x 68.1% 93.0% 96.4% 5.2% -90.7% 50.0% -

23.8 15.4 10.1 6.7 3.9 3.2 3.2 0.9 0.0 -

23.8 39.2 49.3 56.0 59.9 63.1 66.3 67.3 67.3 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

43.13

57.7%

67.3

67.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.268 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Lithuania / Lituanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 40

35

35

30

30

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 40

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 40

100%

35 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

30 25 20 15

0%

10 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

35 30

100

25 80 TWh

20 60 15 40

10

20

5 0

0 1990

Oil

1992

1994

Gas

1996

1998

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.269

Lithuania / Lituanie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

33.11 33.68

14.17 14.51

11.20 10.93

12.71 12.85

13.53 13.57

13.65 13.71

14.44 14.39

-56.4% -57.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

675 16.11 16.10 43.02 3.70

366 8.75 9.34 24.95 3.63

299 7.13 11.42 30.51 3.50

384 9.18 15.41 41.19 3.44

360 8.61 16.64 44.46 3.41

355 8.48 17.91 47.86 3.39

387 9.25 19.49 52.07 3.38

-42.6% -42.6% 21.0% 21.0% -8.7%

49.1 2.06 0.77 8.95

38.7 1.52 0.57 3.90

37.5 0.98 0.37 3.20

33.1 0.82 0.31 3.70

37.5 0.81 0.30 3.96

38.5 0.76 0.29 4.02

37.3 0.74 0.28 4.28

-24.0% -64.0% -64.0% -52.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

1.04 0.06 0.01 0.55 0.42 0.20 1.04 0.00 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

7.51 0.30 0.01 1.63 0.37 4.95 4.67 0.25 0.10 7.45 0.04 - 0.10 0.37 0.21

5.90 2.71 0.08 0.01 2.43 0.06 0.61 0.34 5.90 0.00 -

-

14.44 3.06 0.10 1.64 3.35 5.02 4.67 1.27 0.64 14.39 0.04 - 0.10 0.37 0.21

-56.4% -72.1% -89.8% -2.3% -53.2% -8.2% -8.1% -81.4% -72.2% -57.3%

26.1% -46.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat

4.67 2.71 2.43 1.63 0.55 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.22

-8.1% -50.0% -21.0% -2.7% 197.4% -90.6% -33.3% -94.6% -26.9% -70.3% -83.2%

17.8 10.3 9.2 6.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8

17.8 28.1 37.3 43.5 45.6 47.0 48.3 49.4 50.5 51.5 52.3

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

14.44

-56.4%

54.9

54.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.270 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Luxembourg Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 18

16

16

14

14

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 18

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

12

100%

11.5 11 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

10.5 10 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5

0%

7 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 4 3.5

2007

1990 = 100 350

Figure 6. Key indicators

300

3

250

2.5 TWh

200 2 150

1.5 1

100

0.5

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.271

Luxembourg Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

10.47 10.45

8.17 8.33

8.02 8.03

10.95 10.93

11.21 11.21

11.18 11.19

10.73 10.72

2.5% 2.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

143 3.41 12.40 14.30 0.38

132 3.15 15.05 17.36 0.41

139 3.32 20.27 23.38 0.44

176 4.20 22.97 26.49 0.46

179 4.28 24.16 27.86 0.47

180 4.31 25.71 29.66 0.47

177 4.22 27.05 31.20 0.48

23.6% 23.6% 118.1% 118.1% 25.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

73.3 0.84 0.73 27.40

61.9 0.54 0.47 19.92

57.8 0.40 0.34 18.27

62.4 0.48 0.41 23.92

62.5 0.46 0.40 24.11

62.0 0.43 0.38 23.64

60.7 0.40 0.34 22.35

-17.1% -53.0% -53.0% -18.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.31 0.31 0.31 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

7.49 0.24 6.48 6.44 0.77 0.71 7.49 - 0.00 1.29

2.81 0.93 0.21 1.11 0.55 0.55 2.81 -

0.11 0.11 0.11 -

10.73 1.05 0.21 1.67 6.48 6.44 1.32 1.26 10.72 - 0.00 1.29

2.5% + -86.5% -66.3% 148.9% 148.2% 2.5% -1.2% 2.6%

230.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - other Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

6.44 1.11 0.93 0.71 0.55 0.31 0.24 0.21 0.11 0.06 0.04

148.2% 70.8% x -23.4% 68.4% -90.8% -72.6% 824.3% 57.3% 300.0% 390.2%

51.5 8.9 7.5 5.7 4.4 2.5 1.9 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.3

51.5 60.4 67.9 73.6 78.0 80.5 82.4 84.1 85.0 85.5 85.8

10.73

2.5%

85.8

85.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.272 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

FYR of Macedonia / Ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

10

10 million tonnes of CO2

12

million tonnes of CO2

12

8 6 4 2

8 6 4 2

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Coal/peat

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 10

100%

9.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

9 8.5 8 7.5

0%

7 1971

1990

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

8

TWh

2007

7

140

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Gas

2004

Hydro

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.273

FYR of Macedonia / Ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

8.52 8.63

8.18 8.19

8.44 8.55

8.47 8.60

8.83 9.11

8.79 8.94

9.12 9.35

7.1% 8.3%

104 2.48 3.93 13.34 1.91

105 2.50 3.10 10.51 1.96

112 2.67 3.59 12.17 2.01

116 2.76 3.70 12.54 2.03

121 2.90 3.85 13.05 2.03

122 2.91 4.00 13.57 2.04

127 3.02 4.20 14.25 2.04

22.0% 22.0% 6.8% 6.8% 6.7%

82.1 2.17 0.64 4.46

78.1 2.64 0.78 4.17

75.4 2.35 0.69 4.20

73.3 2.29 0.68 4.17

72.7 2.29 0.68 4.34

72.0 2.20 0.65 4.32

72.1 2.17 0.64 4.48

-12.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

5.94 5.26 0.04 0.61 0.02 0.00 5.99 0.05 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

2.98 0.49 0.16 0.01 0.69 1.17 1.14 0.46 0.13 3.16 0.17 0.00 0.02

0.20 0.08 0.03 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 -

-

9.12 5.84 0.24 0.01 1.38 1.17 1.14 0.49 0.13 9.35 0.17 0.05 0.02

7.1% 13.6% -37.7% x -13.4% 54.3% 55.3% -24.2% -68.5% 8.3%

40.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat

5.26 1.14 0.69 0.61 0.49 0.34 0.16 0.13 0.08 0.08 0.04

5.9% 55.2% -41.6% 48.4% 187.5% 58.1% -46.7% -68.5% x x -46.8%

45.0 9.8 5.9 5.3 4.2 2.9 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.4

45.0 54.8 60.7 65.9 70.1 73.0 74.4 75.5 76.2 76.9 77.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

9.12

7.1%

78.0

78.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.274 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Malaysia / Malaisie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 200

180

180

160

160 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 200

140 120 100 80 60

140 120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

209

100%

189 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

169 149 129 109 89 69 49

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

120

1990 = 100 300

100

250

80

200

60

150

40

100

20

50

0

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.275

Malaysia / Malaisie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

49.69 56.93

81.06 96.11

116.12 124.03

139.71 143.87

159.38 170.59

165.32 172.99

177.38 188.71

257.0% 231.5%

949 22.67 47.21 103.05 18.10

1 606 38.35 74.22 162.02 20.59

2 080 49.68 93.79 204.74 23.27

2 284 54.55 112.24 245.01 25.19

2 732 65.26 118.22 258.08 25.65

2 790 66.64 125.05 272.98 26.11

3 039 72.59 132.99 290.31 26.55

220.2% 220.2% 181.7% 181.7% 46.7%

52.4 1.05 0.48 2.74

50.5 1.09 0.50 3.94

55.8 1.24 0.57 4.99

61.2 1.24 0.57 5.55

58.3 1.35 0.62 6.21

59.3 1.32 0.61 6.33

58.4 1.33 0.61 6.68

11.5% 26.7% 26.7% 143.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

34.34 29.06 5.28 34.37 0.03 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

68.30 1.60 0.26 2.57 18.90 39.67 39.48 5.30 2.16 74.98 3.43 3.26 0.21 6.39

74.74 29.15 2.66 20.32 22.18 0.34 0.08 0.01 79.36 3.91 0.71 -

-

177.38 59.81 2.92 22.90 46.36 40.01 39.48 5.38 2.17 188.71 7.34 4.00 0.21 6.39

257.0% 294.0% x 709.0% 204.3% 179.8% 176.1% 150.9% 7.7% 231.5%

-27.3% 229.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

39.48 29.15 29.06 22.18 20.32 18.90 5.28 3.14 2.66 2.57 2.16

176.1% 816.7% + + 739.7% 62.7% 227.6% + x 527.9% 11.1%

15.0 11.1 11.0 8.4 7.7 7.2 2.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8

15.0 26.0 37.0 45.5 53.2 60.3 62.3 63.5 64.5 65.5 66.3

177.38

257.0%

67.3

67.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.276 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Malta / Malte Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3

2.5

2.5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3

2 1.5 1

2 1.5 1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 3

100%

2.8 2.6 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 2.5

2007

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120 2 100

TWh

1.5

80 60

1

40 0.5 20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Oil

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.277

Malta / Malte Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.29 2.29

2.35 2.22

2.11 2.11

2.57 2.57

2.70 2.70

2.57 2.57

2.72 2.72

19.1% 19.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

29 0.69 2.39 4.25 0.36

30 0.71 3.12 5.54 0.38

28 0.68 3.89 6.91 0.39

34 0.82 3.93 6.97 0.40

36 0.86 4.05 7.20 0.40

34 0.82 4.19 7.44 0.41

36 0.87 4.35 7.72 0.41

24.9% 24.9% 81.8% 81.8% 13.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

78.6 0.96 0.54 6.35

79.2 0.75 0.42 6.22

74.5 0.54 0.30 5.40

74.8 0.65 0.37 6.41

74.8 0.67 0.37 6.68

74.8 0.61 0.35 6.33

74.9 0.63 0.35 6.65

-4.6% -34.5% -34.5% 4.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

2.72 2.12 0.54 0.54 0.06 0.06 2.72 2.67 0.27

19.1% 21.5% -100.0% 20.3% 20.3% -30.9% -30.9% 19.1%

2.72 2.12 0.54 0.54 0.06 0.06 2.72 2.67 0.27

+ 25.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Residential - oil -

2.12 0.54 0.06 -

106.3% 20.3% -30.9% -

68.7 17.4 2.1 -

68.7 86.1 88.2 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

2.72

19.1%

88.2

88.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.278 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Mexico / Mexique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 500

450

450

400

400 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 500

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

470

100%

450 430 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

410 390 370 350 330 310 290 270

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 300

2007

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

250

100

200 TWh

80 150 60 100

40

50

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.279

Mexico / Mexique Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

292.94 294.34

309.56 307.41

356.76 355.78

375.82 397.04

403.81 430.60

417.66 428.14

437.92 451.36

49.5% 53.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

5 073 121.16 452.56 700.73 81.25

5 398 128.94 488.23 755.96 91.12

6 173 147.43 636.73 985.90 98.26

6 839 163.34 676.45 1 047.39 102.87

7 334 175.16 698.09 1 080.91 103.83

7 331 175.10 731.71 1 132.95 104.75

7 715 184.26 755.11 1 169.19 105.68

52.1% 52.1% 66.9% 66.9% 30.1%

57.8 0.65 0.42 3.61

57.3 0.63 0.41 3.40

57.8 0.56 0.36 3.63

55.0 0.56 0.36 3.65

55.1 0.58 0.37 3.89

57.0 0.57 0.37 3.99

56.8 0.58 0.37 4.14

-1.7% -10.4% -10.4% 14.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

39.23 29.59 0.80 0.11 8.73 36.05 - 0.38 - 2.80 -

Oil 266.11 36.39 7.71 19.53 25.18 144.87 139.79 32.44 19.89 299.08 7.09 25.87 2.69 9.37

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

132.58 50.42 15.96 32.13 28.78 2.73 0.04 2.57 2.05 116.23 - 16.35 -

-

437.92 116.39 24.47 51.77 62.68 147.61 139.84 35.00 21.93 451.36 6.71 6.72 2.69 9.37

49.5% 74.2% x 35.9% -15.2% 72.0% 66.8% 23.7% 14.2% 53.3%

32.7% 71.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil

139.79 50.42 36.39 32.13 29.59 28.78 25.18 19.89 19.53 15.96 12.55

66.8% 528.7% -29.5% 148.6% 313.3% -1.6% -33.3% 14.9% -22.0% x 38.2%

21.3 7.7 5.5 4.9 4.5 4.4 3.8 3.0 3.0 2.4 1.9

21.3 29.0 34.5 39.4 44.0 48.3 52.2 55.2 58.2 60.6 62.5

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

437.92

49.5%

66.8

66.8

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.280 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Republic of Moldova / République de Moldavie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 35

30

30 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 35

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

Coal/peat

1998

2000

Oil

2002

Gas

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 36

100%

31 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

26 21 16 11

0%

6 1971

1990

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

18 16

100

14 12

80

TWh

10 60

8 6

40

4 20

2 0

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

Gas

2002

2004

Hydro

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.281

Republic of Moldova / République de Moldavie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

30.18 30.24

10.92 11.38

6.48 6.54

7.51 7.62

7.86 7.99

7.42 7.54

7.50 7.52

-75.1% -75.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

413 9.87 3.62 15.86 4.39

184 4.39 1.45 6.36 4.38

119 2.85 1.29 5.65 4.15

141 3.36 1.69 7.39 3.93

148 3.54 1.81 7.95 3.88

141 3.38 1.90 8.33 3.83

140 3.34 1.96 8.58 3.79

-66.2% -66.2% -45.9% -45.9% -13.6%

73.1 8.34 1.90 6.88

59.4 7.52 1.72 2.49

54.4 5.03 1.15 1.56

53.4 4.45 1.02 1.91

53.1 4.33 0.99 2.03

52.5 3.91 0.89 1.94

53.7 3.83 0.87 1.98

-26.5% -54.1% -54.1% -71.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.22 0.01 0.01 0.21 0.09 0.23 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1.95 0.05 0.03 0.93 0.83 0.95 0.74 1.87 - 0.08 .. 0.04

5.30 3.53 0.25 0.56 0.15 0.02 0.81 0.59 5.40 0.10 -

0.03 0.03 0.03 -

7.50 3.58 0.28 0.60 1.07 0.85 1.97 1.42 7.52 0.10 - 0.08 .. 0.04

-75.1% -73.5% x -100.0% -70.6% -55.1% -63.7% -83.9% 62.4% -75.1%

.. -80.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Residential - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - gas Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Other transport - oil

3.53 0.83 0.74 0.59 0.56 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.13 0.12 0.10

-33.5% -64.5% 104.1% 14.5% -54.5% x -56.1% -97.6% + -95.4% 201.2%

29.1 6.8 6.1 4.8 4.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.8

29.1 35.9 42.0 46.9 51.5 53.5 55.4 57.1 58.1 59.1 59.9

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

7.50

-75.1%

61.8

61.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.282 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Mongolia / Mongolie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 16

14

14

12

12

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 16

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

Coal/peat

2000

2003

1985

2007

1988

1991

1994

1997

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

2000

2003

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 15

100%

14 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40%

not available

20%

13 12 11 10 9

0%

8 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

4.5 4

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

3.5 100

TWh

3 2.5

80

2

60

1.5 40 1 20

0.5 0

0 1985

1988

1991

1994

Coal/peat

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1997

2000

Oil

2003

2007

1985

1988

1991

CO2/TPES

1994

1997

CO2/GDP

2000

2003

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.283

Mongolia / Mongolie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

12.66 12.66

10.05 10.05

8.81 8.81

9.22 9.22

9.61 9.61

10.64 10.72

11.28 11.33

-10.9% -10.5%

143 3.42 1.10 4.27 2.11

113 2.70 0.95 3.70 2.28

99 2.36 1.09 4.23 2.40

105 2.50 1.39 5.39 2.52

109 2.59 1.49 5.78 2.55

121 2.90 1.62 6.28 2.59

129 3.09 1.78 6.92 2.61

-9.7% -9.7% 62.3% 62.3% 24.0%

88.5 11.52 2.97 6.01

88.8 10.55 2.72 4.42

89.0 8.09 2.09 3.68

87.9 6.63 1.71 3.66

88.4 6.44 1.66 3.76

87.8 6.57 1.70 4.12

87.3 6.32 1.63 4.32

-1.4% -45.1% -45.1% -28.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

8.95 7.05 0.04 0.77 0.17 0.92 0.54 9.00 0.05 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

11.28 7.21 0.04 1.43 1.57 1.12 1.02 0.54 11.33 0.05 - 0.00 .. 0.12

-10.9% 11.0% x -48.9% 3.2% 1.7% -44.2% -33.6% -10.5%

2.32 0.16 0.66 1.40 1.12 0.10 2.32 .. 0.12

.. 875.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Other transport - oil Other transport - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

7.05 1.12 0.77 0.66 0.54 0.39 0.28 0.17 0.16 0.10 0.04

14.1% 1.7% -64.3% 2.1% -33.6% -58.2% 7.4% 7.0% -49.3% 3.3% x

33.0 5.3 3.6 3.1 2.5 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.2

33.0 38.2 41.8 44.9 47.4 49.2 50.5 51.4 52.1 52.6 52.8

11.28

-10.9%

52.8

52.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.284 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Morocco / Maroc Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 45

40

40

35

35

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 45

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 44

80%

39 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20% 0%

Other energy industries Transport Other

34 29 24 19

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

25

160 20

140 120

TWh

15

100 80

10

60 40

5

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.285

Morocco / Maroc Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

19.64 20.16

25.43 25.17

28.29 29.96

34.73 36.38

39.19 39.52

39.57 39.73

40.84 42.22

107.9% 109.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

291 6.94 29.31 88.54 24.17

360 8.59 30.69 92.69 26.44

429 10.24 37.02 111.82 28.47

508 12.14 45.84 138.44 29.84

548 13.10 47.20 142.57 30.14

559 13.35 50.86 153.63 30.50

601 14.36 52.24 157.80 30.86

106.9% 106.9% 78.2% 78.2% 27.7%

67.6 0.67 0.22 0.81

70.7 0.83 0.27 0.96

66.0 0.76 0.25 0.99

68.3 0.76 0.25 1.16

71.5 0.83 0.27 1.30

70.8 0.78 0.26 1.30

67.9 0.78 0.26 1.32

0.5% 16.7% 16.7% 62.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

11.49 10.81 0.61 0.08 0.08 12.86 1.36 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

28.08 2.21 2.12 0.38 5.49 9.84 9.84 8.03 3.74 28.09 0.57 - 0.56 0.04 1.53

1.27 1.14 0.13 1.27 -

-

40.84 14.17 2.12 0.38 6.22 9.84 9.84 8.11 3.81 42.22 0.57 0.81 0.04 1.53

107.9% 118.4% 101.1% 21.0% 23.2% 167.2% 167.2% 166.1% 164.3% 109.4%

-34.9% 94.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas

10.81 9.84 5.49 4.30 3.74 2.21 2.12 1.14 0.61 0.38 0.13

293.3% 167.2% 53.7% 167.7% 159.1% -40.8% 101.1% x -55.9% 21.0% 23.8%

16.9 15.4 8.6 6.7 5.9 3.5 3.3 1.8 1.0 0.6 0.2

16.9 32.3 40.9 47.7 53.5 57.0 60.3 62.1 63.1 63.7 63.9

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

40.84

107.9%

64.0

64.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.286 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Mozambique Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3.5

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 2.5

80%

2 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20% 0%

Other energy industries Transport Other

1.5 1 0.5 0

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 400

18 16

350

14

300

12

250

TWh

10 200

8

150

6 4

100

2

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.287

Mozambique Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

1.08 1.00

1.14 1.10

1.32 1.46

1.69 1.69

1.52 1.52

1.63 1.63

1.97 2.13

81.7% 112.8%

248 5.92 2.50 9.47 13.54

263 6.28 2.96 11.23 15.94

300 7.18 4.25 16.10 18.19

351 8.38 5.92 22.42 20.08

356 8.49 6.41 24.30 20.53

366 8.75 6.96 26.38 20.97

383 9.15 7.47 28.31 21.37

54.5% 54.5% 198.9% 198.9% 57.8%

4.4 0.43 0.11 0.08

4.3 0.39 0.10 0.07

4.4 0.31 0.08 0.07

4.8 0.29 0.08 0.08

4.3 0.24 0.06 0.07

4.4 0.23 0.06 0.08

5.1 0.26 0.07 0.09

17.6% -39.2% -39.2% 15.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.02 0.02 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1.88 0.00 0.29 1.38 1.26 0.20 0.13 1.90 0.03 .. 0.20

0.07 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.13 -

-

1.97 0.01 0.38 1.38 1.26 0.20 0.13 2.13 0.16 .. 0.20

81.7% -91.9% 170.9% 129.7% 139.5% -14.9% 58.2% 112.8%

.. 53.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - gas -

1.26 0.29 0.13 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 -

139.4% 383.9% 58.2% 62.5% -53.8% x -73.5% x -94.1% x -

4.7 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -

4.7 5.8 6.3 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

1.97

81.7%

7.4

7.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.288 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Myanmar Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 16

14

14

12

12

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 16

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 15

100%

13 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

11 9 7 5 3

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 7 6

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 300

Figure 6. Key indicators

250

5

200

TWh

4 150 3 100

2

50

1 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.289

Myanmar Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

3.98 4.10

6.73 6.67

8.13 8.77

10.59 11.28

13.39 14.33

12.08 12.77

12.37 12.93

210.7% 215.6%

446 10.66 4.49 27.18 40.15

493 11.77 5.94 35.89 43.13

523 12.50 8.91 53.85 45.88

610 14.56 14.35 86.78 47.57

670 16.00 16.25 98.24 47.97

649 15.50 17.38 105.11 48.38

655 15.65 18.33 110.86 48.78

46.9% 46.9% 307.9% 307.9% 21.5%

8.9 0.89 0.15 0.10

13.7 1.13 0.19 0.16

15.5 0.91 0.15 0.18

17.4 0.74 0.12 0.22

20.0 0.82 0.14 0.28

18.6 0.70 0.11 0.25

18.9 0.68 0.11 0.25

111.6% -23.8% -23.8% 155.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.52 0.42 0.10 0.52 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

5.58 0.29 0.20 0.56 3.91 3.81 0.62 0.44 5.42 0.13 - 0.30 0.01 0.20

6.27 1.96 0.38 1.84 0.01 2.08 6.99 0.72 -

-

12.37 2.25 0.58 2.83 3.92 3.81 2.80 0.44 12.93 0.85 - 0.30 0.01 0.20

210.7% 78.0% 75.2% 152.9% 211.0% 202.7% + + 215.6%

x 125.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil

3.81 2.08 1.96 1.84 0.56 0.44 0.42 0.38 0.29 0.20 0.19

202.7% x 93.3% 305.8% 25.2% + 96.2% 60.3% 43.1% 113.6% +

2.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

2.3 3.6 4.8 5.9 6.3 6.5 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.3 7.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

12.37

210.7%

7.6

7.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.290 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Namibia / Namibie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3.5

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0

0 1992

1995

1998

2001

Coal/peat

2004

2007

1992

1998

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

2001

2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

80%

3 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

not available 40% 20% 0%

2.5 2 1.5 1

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1992 = 100 200

1.8 1.6

180

1.4

160

1.2

140 120

1 TWh

1995

100

0.8

80 0.6

60

0.4

40

0.2

20

0

0 1992

1995

Coal/peat

1998

2001

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2004

Hydro

2007

1992

1995

CO2/TPES

1998

2001

CO2/GDP

2004

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.291

Namibia / Namibie * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

.. ..

1.81 1.81

1.87 1.87

2.66 2.66

2.83 2.83

3.00 3.00

3.18 3.18

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

.. .. .. .. ..

38 0.91 2.87 9.31 1.66

43 1.02 3.41 11.06 1.88

56 1.35 4.12 13.33 1.99

59 1.41 4.31 13.96 2.02

62 1.47 4.43 14.36 2.05

65 1.56 4.70 15.22 2.07

.. .. .. .. ..

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

47.7 0.63 0.19 1.09

44.0 0.55 0.17 1.00

47.2 0.65 0.20 1.34

47.9 0.66 0.20 1.40

48.8 0.68 0.21 1.47

48.9 0.68 0.21 1.54

.. .. .. ..

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Prior to 1991, data for Namibia were included in Other Africa.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.16 0.16 0.16 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-07

-

-

3.18 0.17 0.26 1.90 1.70 0.86 3.18 0.00 .. -

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

3.02 0.01 0.26 1.90 1.70 0.86 3.02 0.00 .. -

.. ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil -

1.70 0.86 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.01 -

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

13.7 6.9 2.1 1.6 1.3 0.1 -

13.7 20.6 22.7 24.3 25.6 25.6 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

3.18

..

25.6

25.6

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.292 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Nepal / Népal Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 3.5

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 3.5

100%

3 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0%

0 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 3

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 350

Figure 6. Key indicators

300

2.5

250

2 TWh

200 1.5 150 1 100 0.5

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.293

Nepal / Népal Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

0.88 0.91

1.74 1.79

3.06 3.10

2.67 2.63

3.03 3.04

3.12 3.13

3.21 3.21

262.6% 251.9%

242 5.79 3.38 19.92 19.11

281 6.72 4.35 25.65 21.67

339 8.11 5.49 32.41 24.42

370 8.83 6.27 37.01 26.55

382 9.13 6.47 38.16 27.09

391 9.35 6.71 39.58 27.64

400 9.55 6.92 40.85 28.11

65.0% 65.0% 105.1% 105.1% 47.1%

3.7 0.26 0.04 0.05

6.2 0.40 0.07 0.08

9.0 0.56 0.09 0.13

7.2 0.43 0.07 0.10

7.9 0.47 0.08 0.11

8.0 0.47 0.08 0.11

8.0 0.46 0.08 0.11

119.7% 76.8% 76.8% 146.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

1.02 1.02 0.00 0.00 1.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

3.21 0.01 1.07 0.88 0.88 1.24 0.78 3.21 0.01 0.20

262.6% x 435.3% 164.1% 164.1% 255.1% 252.9% 251.9%

2.18 0.01 0.05 0.88 0.88 1.24 0.78 2.19 0.01 0.20

313.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - coal/peat -

1.02 0.88 0.78 0.46 0.05 0.01 0.00 -

524.3% 164.1% 250.8% 258.9% 43.9% x x -

3.2 2.8 2.5 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 -

3.2 6.0 8.5 9.9 10.1 10.1 10.1 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

3.21

262.6%

10.1

10.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.294 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Netherlands / Pays-Bas Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 200

180

180

160

160 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 200

140 120 100 80 60

140 120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

200

100%

190 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

180 170 160 150 140

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

120

140

100

120

TWh

80

100 80

60

60

40

40 20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.295

Netherlands / Pays-Bas Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

156.59 158.50

171.33 172.32

173.09 174.75

185.14 187.82

182.64 182.57

178.30 179.21

182.20 183.71

16.4% 15.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 750 65.67 281.96 342.42 14.95

2 953 70.54 315.81 383.53 15.46

3 063 73.15 385.08 467.65 15.92

3 314 79.16 402.92 489.33 16.28

3 298 78.78 411.17 499.34 16.32

3 207 76.61 425.05 516.20 16.34

3 367 80.42 439.76 534.06 16.38

22.5% 22.5% 56.0% 56.0% 9.6%

57.0 0.56 0.46 10.48

58.0 0.54 0.45 11.08

56.5 0.45 0.37 10.87

55.9 0.46 0.38 11.37

55.4 0.44 0.37 11.19

55.6 0.42 0.35 10.91

54.1 0.41 0.34 11.13

-5.0% -25.4% -25.4% 6.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

31.34 26.00 0.06 0.65 4.49 0.14 0.02 32.41 1.07 - 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

71.25 0.39 1.32 13.05 18.10 34.88 33.76 3.51 0.17 71.87 0.97 - 0.35 50.92 10.87

76.33 23.08 3.41 3.30 16.00 0.00 0.00 30.55 15.50 76.16 - 0.17 0.00 -

3.27 3.27 3.27 -

182.20 49.47 8.06 17.00 38.59 34.88 33.76 34.20 15.69 183.71 1.87 - 0.35 50.92 10.87

16.4% 31.2% 13.8% 15.0% 13.2% 34.8% 37.0% -7.7% -18.2% 15.9%

48.5% 153.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

33.76 26.00 23.08 18.10 16.00 15.50 15.05 13.05 4.49 3.41 3.35

37.0% 5.7% 78.1% 93.5% -14.8% -15.6% 1.4% 11.5% -24.5% -6.7% 14.2%

14.9 11.5 10.2 8.0 7.1 6.9 6.7 5.8 2.0 1.5 1.5

14.9 26.4 36.7 44.7 51.8 58.6 65.3 71.1 73.0 74.6 76.0

182.20

16.4%

80.6

80.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.296 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Netherlands Antilles / Antilles néerlandaises Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 18

16

16

14

14

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 18

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 6.5

100%

6 80% million tonnes of CO2

5.5

60% 40% 20%

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 1.4

TWh

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 700

1.2

600

1

500

0.8

400

0.6

300

0.4

200

0.2

100

0

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.297

Netherlands Antilles / Antilles néerlandaises Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) *

2.75 3.99

2.82 3.31

4.04 3.91

4.06 4.09

4.20 3.70

4.16 3.62

4.50 4.30

63.9% 7.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

61 1.46 1.05 2.36 0.19

55 1.31 1.22 2.74 0.19

83 1.98 1.20 2.71 0.18

85 2.04 1.25 2.80 0.18

82 1.95 1.26 2.84 0.19

80 1.92 1.29 2.89 0.19

91 2.18 1.31 2.95 0.19

49.2% 49.2% 24.8% 24.8% 0.0%

45.0 2.62 1.16 14.38

51.4 2.32 1.03 14.79

48.7 3.36 1.49 22.30

47.5 3.26 1.45 22.05

51.4 3.32 1.48 22.56

51.8 3.24 1.44 22.01

49.4 3.44 1.53 23.57

9.9% 31.3% 31.3% 63.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * The Reference Approach in 1990 overstates emissions since data for lubricants and bitumen (which store carbon) are not available.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach * Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-07

-

-

4.50 0.46 0.47 1.52 0.59 1.28 1.28 0.18 0.18 4.30 - 0.21 0.00 5.77 0.23

63.9% 64.4% 63.8% 248.5% -8.6% 43.8% 43.8% -13.1% -13.1% 7.7%

4.50 0.46 0.47 1.52 0.59 1.28 1.28 0.18 0.18 4.30 - 0.21 0.00 5.77 0.23

11.6% 97.3%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Other energy industries - oil Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil -

1.52 1.28 0.59 0.47 0.46 0.18 -

248.5% 43.8% -8.6% 63.8% 64.4% -13.1% -

32.7 27.4 12.7 10.2 9.8 3.9 -

32.7 60.1 72.7 82.9 92.7 96.6 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

4.50

63.9%

96.6

96.6

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.298 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

New Zealand / Nouvelle-Zélande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 40

35

35

30

30

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 40

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 39

100%

37 80% million tonnes of CO2

35

60% 40% 20%

33 31 29 27 25 23

0%

21 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

50 45

140

40

120

35

TWh

2007

30

100

25

80

20

60

15 40

10

20

5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.299

New Zealand / Nouvelle-Zélande Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

21.32 22.99

24.35 27.07

32.27 30.57

35.54 32.08

36.27 32.12

37.25 32.64

35.47 31.73

66.4% 38.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

557 13.31 39.62 60.32 3.36

640 15.29 46.17 70.30 3.68

704 16.82 52.66 80.17 3.86

700 16.72 61.81 94.11 4.06

686 16.40 63.47 96.64 4.10

696 16.63 64.46 98.15 4.14

702 16.77 66.38 101.07 4.19

26.0% 26.0% 67.5% 67.5% 24.5%

38.3 0.54 0.35 6.34

38.0 0.53 0.35 6.62

45.8 0.61 0.40 8.36

50.8 0.58 0.38 8.75

52.8 0.57 0.38 8.84

53.5 0.58 0.38 8.99

50.5 0.53 0.35 8.48

32.0% -0.7% -0.7% 33.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

9.26 2.50 4.64 1.59 0.53 0.05 6.04 - 3.02 - 0.20 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

18.12 0.98 1.40 14.58 13.25 1.16 0.16 17.56 - 0.16 - 0.40 0.99 2.62

8.10 4.47 0.38 0.30 2.34 0.01 0.01 0.60 0.28 8.13 0.04 - 0.00 -

-

35.47 6.96 5.02 1.27 5.34 14.59 13.27 2.29 0.49 31.73 - 3.14 - 0.60 0.99 2.62

66.4% 108.8% 519.1% 26.7% 0.9% 69.9% 75.9% 0.3% 41.9% 38.0%

-5.0% 93.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat

13.25 4.64 4.47 2.50 2.34 1.59 1.40 1.33 1.00 0.98 0.48

78.9% 496.9% 57.1% 418.2% 13.5% -26.1% 31.3% 26.3% -25.6% 18.4% 36.9%

16.5 5.8 5.5 3.1 2.9 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.6

16.5 22.2 27.8 30.9 33.8 35.8 37.5 39.1 40.4 41.6 42.2

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

35.47

66.4%

44.1

44.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.300 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Nicaragua Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 5

4.5

4.5

4

4 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 5

100%

4.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 3.5

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

3 200 2.5 150

TWh

2 1.5

100

1 50

0.5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.301

Nicaragua Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

1.83 1.75

2.49 2.55

3.53 3.44

4.12 4.10

4.10 4.15

3.98 4.02

4.40 4.31

140.3% 146.4%

88 2.09 2.82 11.04 4.14

98 2.34 3.08 12.06 4.66

114 2.72 3.94 15.41 5.11

137 3.28 4.41 17.26 5.39

139 3.32 4.60 18.01 5.46

144 3.43 4.77 18.67 5.53

145 3.47 4.96 19.40 5.61

66.0% 66.0% 75.7% 75.7% 35.4%

20.9 0.65 0.17 0.44

25.4 0.81 0.21 0.53

31.0 0.90 0.23 0.69

30.0 0.94 0.24 0.76

29.5 0.89 0.23 0.75

27.7 0.83 0.21 0.72

30.3 0.89 0.23 0.79

44.8% 36.7% 36.8% 77.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

.. -

.. -

4.40 1.69 .. 0.07 0.66 1.63 1.53 0.36 0.08 4.31 - 0.09 - 0.00 .. 0.08

140.3% 249.0% .. 23.7% 99.8% 120.8% 119.3% 74.3% 57.9% 146.4%

4.40 1.69 .. 0.07 0.66 1.63 1.53 0.36 0.08 4.31 - 0.09 - 0.00 .. 0.08

.. 0.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil -

1.69 1.53 0.66 0.28 0.09 0.08 0.07 -

249.0% 119.3% 99.8% 79.5% 148.8% 57.9% 23.7% -

11.6 10.6 4.5 1.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 -

11.6 22.2 26.7 28.6 29.3 29.8 30.3 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

4.40

140.3%

30.3

30.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.302 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Nigeria / Nigéria Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 60

50

50 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 60

40 30 20

40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 64

100%

59 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

54 49 44 39 34

0%

29 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

30

160 25 140

TWh

20

120 100

15

80 10

60 40

5

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.303

Nigeria / Nigéria Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) * CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) *

29.16 38.23

30.41 41.57

41.07 42.85

49.23 51.93

55.57 60.77

51.42 54.38

51.38 53.74

76.2% 40.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 955 70.58 34.98 80.34 94.45

3 350 80.00 39.54 90.82 109.01

3 713 88.68 45.98 105.62 124.77

4 177 99.77 58.73 134.89 138.00

4 388 104.80 61.90 142.18 141.36

4 389 104.83 65.74 150.99 144.72

4 467 106.68 69.63 159.92 147.98

51.1% 51.1% 99.1% 99.1% 56.7%

9.9 0.83 0.36 0.31

9.1 0.77 0.33 0.28

11.1 0.89 0.39 0.33

11.8 0.84 0.36 0.36

12.7 0.90 0.39 0.39

11.7 0.78 0.34 0.36

11.5 0.74 0.32 0.35

16.6% -11.5% -11.5% 12.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * The difference in the growth rate between the Sectoral and Reference Approaches is mainly due to statistical differences for some oil products in 1990.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach * Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach * Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.02 0.02 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-07

28.77 1.55 0.75 0.67 21.35 21.24 4.45 4.45 28.97 0.21 - 0.01 1.91 0.73

22.59 7.95 10.47 4.17 24.75 2.56 - 0.40 -

-

51.38 9.50 11.23 4.85 21.35 21.24 4.45 4.45 53.74 2.77 - 0.41 1.91 0.73

76.2% 67.8% 324.0% -3.9% 83.4% 86.0% 7.0% 7.0% 40.6%

228.0% -23.2%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat -

21.24 10.47 7.95 4.45 4.17 1.55 0.75 0.67 0.11 0.02 -

86.0% 959.7% 88.6% 7.0% 148.9% 8.8% -54.5% -79.3% -50.0% -87.5% -

8.4 4.1 3.2 1.8 1.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 -

8.4 12.6 15.7 17.5 19.1 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.3 20.4 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

51.38

76.2%

20.4

20.4

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.304 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Norway / Norvège * Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 45

40

40

35

35

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 45

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 45

100%

43 41 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

39 37 35 33 31 29 27

0%

25 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

160 140

160

120

140 120

100 TWh

2007

100

80

80 60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

* Large statistical differences for oil and gas cause discrepancies between the Sectoral and Reference Approaches; please see the note in Chapter 1.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.305

Norway / Norvège Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) * CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) * TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

28.29 28.50

32.81 31.84

33.69 35.89

36.69 41.26

35.47 40.53

35.98 43.47

36.93 36.44

30.6% 27.9%

879 21.00 116.97 112.63 4.24

981 23.42 140.45 135.25 4.36

1 061 25.35 168.29 162.05 4.49

1 170 27.93 182.78 176.01 4.59

1 183 28.24 187.79 180.83 4.62

1 216 29.05 192.07 184.95 4.66

1 125 26.86 198.09 190.75 4.71

27.9% 27.9% 69.4% 69.4% 11.0%

32.2 0.24 0.25 6.67

33.5 0.23 0.24 7.53

31.7 0.20 0.21 7.50

31.4 0.20 0.21 7.99

30.0 0.19 0.20 7.67

29.6 0.19 0.19 7.72

32.8 0.19 0.19 7.85

2.1% -22.9% -22.9% 17.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Large stastistical differences for oil and gas cause discrepancies between the Sectoral and Reference Approaches; please see note in Chapter 1.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach * Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach * Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2.90 0.19 2.72 3.09 0.16 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-07

22.92 0.07 0.01 1.80 3.20 14.47 10.78 3.36 0.60 22.79 - 1.34 1.22 2.05 1.09

10.54 0.17 0.11 8.94 1.14 0.11 0.01 0.07 0.01 10.00 - 0.54 -

0.57 0.48 0.01 0.07 0.57 0.00 -

36.93 0.91 0.13 10.74 7.13 14.58 10.79 3.43 0.61 36.44 - 1.19 0.70 2.05 1.09

30.6% 116.4% x 49.7% 3.0% 46.8% 41.9% -10.4% -56.3% 27.9%

47.5% -12.5%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Other energy industries - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - other Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat

10.78 8.94 3.69 3.20 2.76 2.72 1.80 1.14 0.60 0.48 0.19

41.8% 93.7% 58.5% -12.8% 13.9% -16.6% -29.7% x -56.2% 97.1% 34.4%

18.8 15.6 6.5 5.6 4.8 4.8 3.2 2.0 1.0 0.8 0.3

18.8 34.5 40.9 46.5 51.3 56.1 59.2 61.2 62.3 63.1 63.5

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

36.93

30.6%

64.6

64.6

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.306 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Oman Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 40

35

35

30

30

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 40

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 39

100%

34 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

29 24 19 14 9

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 16 14

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 300

Figure 6. Key indicators

250

12 200

TWh

10 8

150

6

100

4 50

2 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.307

Oman Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

9.93 10.99

14.40 15.95

19.77 22.19

25.03 28.33

27.95 32.02

30.60 36.80

35.85 36.99

261.2% 236.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

178 4.25 12.65 19.61 1.84

256 6.12 16.83 26.08 2.17

364 8.70 19.87 30.79 2.40

464 11.07 23.54 36.48 2.48

537 12.82 24.95 38.66 2.51

622 14.87 26.85 41.60 2.55

648 15.48 28.86 44.73 2.60

264.5% 264.5% 128.1% 128.1% 41.1%

55.8 0.78 0.51 5.39

56.2 0.86 0.55 6.63

54.3 0.99 0.64 8.23

54.0 1.06 0.69 10.10

52.1 1.12 0.72 11.15

49.2 1.14 0.74 12.02

55.3 1.24 0.80 13.79

-0.9% 58.3% 58.3% 156.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

14.27 2.74 0.41 5.22 4.59 4.59 1.31 0.44 14.87 0.21 0.39 .. 1.30

21.58 9.69 5.94 5.69 0.27 22.12 2.61 - 2.07 -

-

35.85 12.44 6.34 10.91 4.59 4.59 1.58 0.44 36.99 2.82 - 1.68 .. 1.30

261.2% 262.5% 222.3% 396.0% 175.2% 175.2% 138.4% 125.8% 236.6%

.. 38.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas -

9.69 5.94 5.69 5.22 4.59 2.74 0.87 0.44 0.41 0.27 -

279.0% 269.9% 861.2% 224.7% 175.2% 214.2% 186.5% 125.8% 11.9% 63.4% -

16.0 9.8 9.4 8.6 7.6 4.5 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.4 -

16.0 25.8 35.2 43.8 51.4 55.9 57.4 58.1 58.8 59.2 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

35.85

261.2%

59.2

59.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.308 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Pakistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 160

140

140

120

120

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 160

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

148

100%

138 80% million tonnes of CO2

128

60% 40% 20%

118 108 98 88 78 68 58

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

120

160 100

140 120

80 TWh

100 60 80 40

60 40

20

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Nuclear

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.309

Pakistan Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

58.77 61.15

79.80 82.61

97.54 100.93

115.73 117.03

117.98 119.19

126.58 127.81

138.42 140.39

135.5% 129.6%

1 796 42.89 50.25 178.00 107.98

2 247 53.67 63.00 223.17 122.38

2 645 63.16 73.95 261.97 138.08

3 072 73.37 87.64 310.44 152.06

3 157 75.41 94.36 334.25 155.77

3 290 78.57 100.19 354.90 159.00

3 486 83.27 106.21 376.24 162.39

94.2% 94.2% 111.4% 111.4% 50.4%

32.7 1.17 0.33 0.54

35.5 1.27 0.36 0.65

36.9 1.32 0.37 0.71

37.7 1.32 0.37 0.76

37.4 1.25 0.35 0.76

38.5 1.26 0.36 0.80

39.7 1.30 0.37 0.85

21.3% 11.4% 11.4% 56.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

21.09 0.34 20.75 0.00 0.00 21.35 0.26 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

58.62 22.16 0.03 1.22 3.64 28.79 27.84 2.77 1.42 59.33 0.40 0.32 0.41 2.27

58.71 18.85 0.80 22.96 3.74 3.74 12.36 10.60 59.70 0.99 0.00 -

-

138.42 41.36 0.03 2.02 47.35 32.53 31.58 15.13 12.03 140.39 1.65 0.32 0.41 2.27

135.5% 169.3% x 256.2% 139.3% 138.5% 147.5% 60.6% 65.1% 129.6%

288.3% 62.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Road - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil

27.84 22.96 22.16 20.75 18.85 10.60 3.74 3.64 1.76 1.42 1.35

118.2% 173.3% 221.4% 189.5% 124.7% 205.5% + -13.7% 175.3% -62.5% -10.1%

8.6 7.1 6.8 6.4 5.8 3.3 1.2 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.4

8.6 15.7 22.5 28.9 34.7 38.0 39.2 40.3 40.8 41.3 41.7

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

138.42

135.5%

42.7

42.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.310 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Panama Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6

6 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 7

100%

6.5 6 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5

0%

2 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 7

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

6 200 5 150

TWh

4 3

100

2 50

1 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.311

Panama Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.46 2.57

4.12 4.07

4.70 5.37

5.45 5.49

5.67 5.72

6.52 6.51

6.49 6.46

163.7% 151.6%

62 1.49 7.09 10.89 2.41

83 1.99 9.27 14.23 2.67

108 2.58 11.62 17.84 2.95

107 2.56 13.39 20.56 3.18

109 2.61 14.35 22.03 3.23

121 2.89 15.57 23.91 3.29

118 2.82 17.37 26.67 3.34

89.4% 89.4% 144.9% 144.9% 38.6%

39.4 0.35 0.23 1.02

49.4 0.44 0.29 1.54

43.6 0.40 0.26 1.59

50.9 0.41 0.27 1.72

51.8 0.40 0.26 1.75

53.9 0.42 0.27 1.98

54.9 0.37 0.24 1.94

39.2% 7.7% 7.7% 90.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

6.49 2.04 0.01 1.05 2.91 1.30 0.47 0.27 6.46 - 0.02 .. 0.81

163.7% 403.1% -86.9% -100.0% 101.7% 152.6% 101.9% 107.9% 69.3% 151.6%

6.49 2.04 0.01 1.05 2.91 1.30 0.47 0.27 6.46 - 0.02 .. 0.81

.. -

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other transport - oil Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil -

2.04 1.61 1.30 1.05 0.27 0.20 0.01 -

403.1% 217.1% 101.9% 136.4% 69.3% 201.2% -86.9% -

17.7 13.9 11.3 9.1 2.4 1.7 0.1 -

17.7 31.6 42.9 52.0 54.4 56.1 56.2 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

6.49

163.7%

56.2

56.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.312 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Paraguay Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4.5

4

4

3.5

3.5

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

4.5

3 2.5 2 1.5 1

3 2.5 2 1.5 1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 4.5

100%

4 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

60

160 50 140

TWh

40

120 100

30

80 20

60 40

10

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.313

Paraguay Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

1.91 1.94

3.45 3.45

3.25 3.25

3.73 3.74

3.44 3.45

3.57 3.57

3.70 3.70

93.1% 90.2%

129 3.07 5.93 18.67 4.22

165 3.93 7.14 22.49 4.80

161 3.85 7.07 22.27 5.35

168 4.00 7.80 24.57 5.79

166 3.96 8.03 25.27 5.90

169 4.04 8.37 26.36 6.02

176 4.20 8.94 28.15 6.12

36.8% 36.8% 50.8% 50.8% 45.1%

14.9 0.32 0.10 0.45

21.0 0.48 0.15 0.72

20.2 0.46 0.15 0.61

22.3 0.48 0.15 0.64

20.8 0.43 0.14 0.58

21.1 0.43 0.14 0.59

21.0 0.41 0.13 0.60

41.2% 28.0% 28.0% 33.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

.. -

.. -

3.70 .. 0.08 3.43 3.38 0.19 0.19 3.70 0.00 0.07

93.1% -100.0% .. -100.0% -47.7% 113.7% 116.4% 49.7% 49.7% 90.2%

3.70 .. 0.08 3.43 3.38 0.19 0.19 3.70 0.00 0.07

144.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil -

3.38 0.19 0.08 0.05 -

116.4% 49.7% -47.7% 11.2% -

11.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 -

11.2 11.8 12.1 12.2 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

3.70

93.1%

12.2

12.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.314 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Peru / Pérou Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 35

30

30 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 35

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 31

100%

29 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

27 25 23 21 19

0%

17 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

35

140

30

120

25

100

20 TWh

2007

80 15 60 10

40

5

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.315

Peru / Pérou Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

19.21 18.22

23.72 22.83

26.43 25.98

28.88 26.98

28.47 28.61

27.96 26.26

30.32 28.65

57.8% 57.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

408 9.74 36.09 83.02 21.76

459 10.97 47.13 108.42 23.86

510 12.18 53.29 122.59 25.66

535 12.78 61.25 140.90 26.96

571 13.65 65.43 150.52 27.27

553 13.22 70.50 162.17 27.59

589 14.08 76.74 176.54 27.90

44.6% 44.6% 112.6% 112.6% 28.2%

47.1 0.53 0.23 0.88

51.6 0.50 0.22 0.99

51.9 0.50 0.22 1.03

54.0 0.47 0.20 1.07

49.8 0.44 0.19 1.04

50.5 0.40 0.17 1.01

51.4 0.40 0.17 1.09

9.1% -25.8% -25.8% 23.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

4.14 0.94 3.18 0.02 4.10 - 0.02 - 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

20.72 0.74 0.49 0.86 5.08 10.65 10.59 2.90 1.70 19.09 - 0.00 - 1.63 0.47 0.52

5.46 3.29 0.13 0.92 0.95 0.10 0.08 0.00 5.46 0.00 -

-

30.32 4.97 0.61 1.78 9.22 10.75 10.59 2.99 1.70 28.65 - 0.02 - 1.65 0.47 0.52

57.8% 516.8% -64.5% 24.2% 113.8% 58.0% 61.8% -27.5% -34.5% 57.2%

+ -19.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil

10.59 5.08 3.29 3.18 1.70 1.20 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.86 0.74

61.8% 37.5% x 473.7% -31.4% -21.5% + x 26.1% 22.3% -8.1%

17.6 8.4 5.5 5.3 2.8 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2

17.6 26.0 31.5 36.7 39.6 41.6 43.1 44.7 46.2 47.6 48.9

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

30.32

57.8%

50.3

50.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.316 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Philippines Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 80

70

70

60

60

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 80

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 78

100%

73 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

68 63 58 53 48 43

0%

38 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

70

160

60

140

TWh

50

120

40

100

30

80 60

20

40 10

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.317

Philippines Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

39.54 39.11

59.05 58.67

69.94 68.78

72.70 69.55

72.10 71.02

67.74 68.65

71.77 71.61

81.5% 83.1%

1 151 27.50 56.23 226.29 61.23

1 446 34.54 62.59 251.89 68.59

1 715 40.96 75.91 305.50 76.21

1 660 39.64 90.06 362.44 82.87

1 661 39.68 94.52 380.39 84.57

1 649 39.38 99.62 400.93 86.26

1 674 39.98 106.78 429.74 87.89

45.4% 45.4% 89.9% 89.9% 43.6%

34.4 0.70 0.17 0.65

40.8 0.94 0.23 0.86

40.8 0.92 0.23 0.92

43.8 0.81 0.20 0.88

43.4 0.76 0.19 0.85

41.1 0.68 0.17 0.79

42.9 0.67 0.17 0.82

24.8% -4.4% -4.4% 26.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

25.15 16.97 1.88 6.30 24.60 0.03 - 0.58 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

39.59 3.36 2.23 3.86 25.96 23.94 4.17 2.58 39.93 0.29 0.05 0.74 3.20

7.04 6.41 0.45 0.18 7.09 0.04 -

-

71.77 26.75 4.56 10.34 25.96 23.94 4.17 2.58 71.61 0.32 - 0.48 0.74 3.20

81.5% 202.3% -11.8% 24.3% 88.1% 106.9% 22.2% 10.1% 83.1%

260.8% 181.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Other energy industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil

23.94 16.97 6.41 6.30 3.86 3.36 2.58 2.23 2.02 1.88 1.59

106.9% 760.2% x 113.6% -28.1% -51.1% 10.1% -51.8% -9.2% 249.7% 48.5%

16.3 11.6 4.4 4.3 2.6 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1

16.3 27.9 32.3 36.6 39.2 41.5 43.3 44.8 46.2 47.5 48.5

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

71.77

81.5%

49.0

49.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.318 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Poland / Pologne Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 500

450

450

400

400 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 500

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

480

100%

460 440 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

420 400 380 360 340 320 300 280

0% 1971

1988

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1988

2007

180 160

1994

1997

2000

2003

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1991

1988 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

140 100

TWh

120 100

80

80

60

60

40

40 20

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.319

Poland / Pologne * Key indicators % change

1988

1990

1995

2004

2005

2006

2007

88-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

429.78 467.99

343.73 363.26

331.27 339.99

295.00 297.56

294.05 300.41

305.68 313.67

304.69 309.74

-29.1% -33.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

5 538 132.27 132.16 311.56 37.86

4 317 103.10 118.17 278.59 38.03

4 165 99.47 131.59 310.23 38.28

3 828 91.42 192.41 453.59 38.18

3 868 92.38 199.36 470.00 38.16

4 074 97.30 211.78 499.27 38.13

4 066 97.11 225.85 532.45 38.12

-26.6% -26.6% 70.9% 70.9% 0.7%

77.6 3.25 1.38 11.35

79.6 2.91 1.23 9.04

79.5 2.52 1.07 8.66

77.1 1.53 0.65 7.73

76.0 1.47 0.63 7.71

75.0 1.44 0.61 8.02

74.9 1.35 0.57 7.99

-3.4% -58.5% -58.5% -29.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Poland is allowed to use 1988 as the base year.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

212.39 153.57 7.02 3.15 21.74 26.90 20.26 215.72 1.18 2.15 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

88-07

62.74 0.56 1.24 3.42 5.78 41.51 40.67 10.22 2.73 64.11 1.65 - 0.28 0.78 1.33

27.09 2.56 0.22 2.30 10.20 0.70 11.12 7.40 27.44 0.17 0.17 -

2.47 0.00 0.52 0.00 1.95 2.47 - 0.00 -

304.69 156.70 9.00 8.88 39.66 42.20 40.67 48.24 30.39 309.74 3.00 2.05 0.78 1.33

-29.1% -5.9% -87.0% 9.7% -34.8% 76.5% 100.0% -52.3% -51.7% -33.8%

-54.9% 18.2%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 88-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas

153.57 40.67 21.74 20.26 10.20 7.50 7.40 7.02 6.63 5.78 3.72

-6.9% 100.0% -47.2% -64.3% -10.2% 93.1% 29.2% -88.9% -80.1% -10.9% 390.8%

38.3 10.1 5.4 5.1 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.4 0.9

38.3 48.5 53.9 58.9 61.5 63.3 65.2 66.9 68.6 70.0 71.0

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

304.69

-29.1%

76.0

76.0

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.320 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Portugal Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 70

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 68

100%

63 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

58 53 48 43 38

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

60

160 50 140

TWh

40

120 100

30

80 20

60 40

10

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.321

Portugal Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

39.28 38.54

48.33 49.45

59.49 60.00

59.85 60.90

62.71 63.31

56.33 57.12

55.20 55.77

40.5% 44.7%

701 16.74 84.75 131.30 10.00

846 20.21 92.22 142.87 10.03

1 033 24.67 112.65 174.52 10.23

1 082 25.84 116.60 180.65 10.50

1 107 26.44 117.66 182.29 10.55

1 032 24.66 119.27 184.78 10.58

1 049 25.07 121.57 188.34 10.61

49.7% 49.7% 43.5% 43.5% 6.1%

56.1 0.46 0.30 3.93

57.1 0.52 0.34 4.82

57.6 0.53 0.34 5.82

55.3 0.51 0.33 5.70

56.7 0.53 0.34 5.94

54.6 0.47 0.30 5.32

52.6 0.45 0.29 5.20

-6.2% -2.0% -2.0% 32.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

11.16 10.51 0.65 11.21 0.05 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

34.76 2.11 1.16 2.37 6.29 18.70 18.04 4.13 1.63 35.21 0.13 0.32 2.10 2.61

8.82 3.86 1.39 0.22 2.42 0.03 0.03 0.92 0.51 8.90 0.08 0.00 -

0.45 0.45 0.45 -

55.20 16.48 3.00 2.59 9.36 18.72 18.07 5.05 2.14 55.77 0.21 0.37 2.10 2.61

40.5% 15.9% 410.6% 69.1% -3.9% 93.4% 99.8% 43.2% 31.5% 44.7%

9.8% 75.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Unallocated autoproducers - oil

18.04 10.51 6.29 3.86 2.50 2.42 2.37 2.11 1.63 1.39 1.16

99.5% 33.5% -14.5% x 33.8% x 58.4% -66.7% 6.3% x 190.8%

21.9 12.7 7.6 4.7 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.0 1.7 1.4

21.9 34.6 42.2 46.9 50.0 52.9 55.8 58.3 60.3 62.0 63.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

55.20

40.5%

66.9

66.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.322 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Qatar Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 60

50

50 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 60

40 30 20

40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 54

100%

49 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

44 39 34 29 24 19

0%

14 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 200

18 16

180

14

160 140

12

120

10 TWh

2007

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.323

Qatar Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

14.47 14.13

19.10 18.02

24.27 23.93

34.79 35.71

37.26 35.61

41.98 39.97

48.49 49.59

235.2% 251.1%

288 6.89 8.82 7.90 0.47

364 8.69 10.18 9.12 0.53

480 11.46 17.76 15.91 0.62

693 16.55 24.57 22.01 0.76

686 16.39 26.07 23.35 0.80

770 18.40 28.36 25.40 0.82

929 22.19 32.40 29.02 0.84

222.2% 222.2% 267.2% 267.2% 79.0%

50.2 1.64 1.83 30.98

52.5 1.88 2.09 36.31

50.6 1.37 1.53 39.34

50.2 1.42 1.58 45.53

54.3 1.43 1.60 46.81

54.5 1.48 1.65 51.13

52.2 1.50 1.67 58.01

4.1% -8.7% -8.7% 87.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

11.30 0.66 4.58 5.86 5.86 0.19 0.19 12.67 0.09 1.29 .. 2.34

37.20 3.01 7.01 15.60 11.58 36.91 - 0.29 -

-

48.49 3.01 7.01 16.26 16.16 5.86 5.86 0.19 0.19 49.59 0.09 1.00 .. 2.34

235.2% 149.9% 76.0% 543.7% 210.7% 301.9% 301.9% 106.0% 106.0% 251.1%

.. 580.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil -

15.60 11.58 7.01 5.86 4.58 3.01 0.66 0.19 -

614.6% 141.7% 76.0% 301.9% + 149.9% 92.0% 106.0% -

23.4 17.3 10.5 8.8 6.9 4.5 1.0 0.3 -

23.4 40.7 51.2 60.0 66.9 71.4 72.3 72.6 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

48.49

235.2%

72.6

72.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.324 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Romania / Roumanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 250

200

200 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 250

150

100

150

100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

219

100%

199 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

179 159 139 119 99 79

0% 1971

1989

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 80

TWh

Figure 6. Key indicators 1989 = 100 160

70

140

60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.325

Romania / Roumanie * Key indicators % change

1989

1990

1995

2004

2005

2006

2007

89-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

187.82 193.68

167.08 171.76

117.07 127.17

91.53 92.93

91.70 91.94

94.86 98.17

91.93 94.33

-51.1% -51.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 897 69.18 46.60 166.36 23.15

2 606 62.25 43.99 157.05 23.21

1 938 46.28 39.50 141.03 22.68

1 606 38.36 46.94 167.58 21.69

1 603 38.28 48.90 174.57 21.63

1 668 39.84 52.76 188.36 21.59

1 629 38.91 55.93 199.67 21.55

-43.8% -43.8% 20.0% 20.0% -6.9%

64.8 4.03 1.13 8.11

64.1 3.80 1.06 7.20

60.4 2.96 0.83 5.16

57.0 1.95 0.55 4.22

57.2 1.88 0.53 4.24

56.9 1.80 0.50 4.39

56.4 1.64 0.46 4.27

-13.0% -59.2% -59.2% -47.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Romania is allowed to use 1989 as the base year.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

36.15 26.60 2.63 0.43 6.42 0.07 0.04 39.50 1.85 1.50 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

89-07

27.59 1.06 0.39 4.20 5.21 13.13 11.98 3.60 1.65 24.67 - 2.35 - 0.57 0.11 0.32

28.00 9.14 0.61 1.64 9.11 0.09 7.41 4.83 29.68 1.09 0.58 -

0.19 0.02 0.01 0.17 0.48 0.29 -

91.93 36.81 3.64 6.27 20.91 13.22 11.98 11.08 6.52 94.33 0.60 1.80 0.11 0.32

-51.1% -46.6% -43.6% -14.2% -73.3% 26.0% 33.5% -31.4% -21.7% -51.3%

.. -56.7%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 89-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil

26.60 11.98 9.14 9.11 6.42 5.21 4.83 4.20 2.63 2.58 1.95

-23.5% 33.5% -58.9% -80.1% -71.2% -49.8% -4.8% -33.9% -59.3% 30.3% -60.7%

17.5 7.9 6.0 6.0 4.2 3.4 3.2 2.8 1.7 1.7 1.3

17.5 25.3 31.3 37.3 41.5 45.0 48.1 50.9 52.6 54.3 55.6

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

91.93

-51.1%

60.4

60.4

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.326 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Russian Federation / Fédération de Russie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 2500

2000

2000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 2500

1500

1000

500

1500

1000

500

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

2500

100%

2300 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

2100 1900 1700 1500

0%

1300 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

1200

120

1000

100

800 TWh

80 600 60 400 40 200

20

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.327

Russian Federation / Fédération de Russie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2 179.9 2 302.6

1 582.9 1 573.1

1 513.8 1 510.7

1 524.1 1 540.5

1 531.2 1 545.0

1 587.2 1 595.3

1 587.4 1 579.0

-27.2% -31.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

36 425 870.0 385.9 1 523.6 148.3

26 131 624.1 239.7 946.5 148.1

25 544 610.1 259.7 1 025.4 146.3

26 693 637.5 328.8 1 298.3 143.9

27 267 651.3 349.9 1 381.3 143.2

28 083 670.8 375.7 1 483.6 142.5

28 141 672.1 406.2 1 603.7 141.6

-22.7% -22.7% 5.3% 5.3% -4.5%

59.9 5.65 1.43 14.70

60.6 6.60 1.67 10.69

59.3 5.83 1.48 10.35

57.1 4.64 1.17 10.60

56.2 4.38 1.11 10.70

56.5 4.22 1.07 11.14

56.4 3.91 0.99 11.21

-5.7% -30.8% -30.8% -23.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

427.6 206.2 112.8 2.7 88.8 17.1 9.5 398.4 - 29.1 - 0.0 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

325.8 14.2 32.2 40.3 51.0 147.1 118.6 41.0 19.4 330.6 4.8 - 0.0 .. 16.3

820.7 314.5 186.1 32.3 100.5 81.7 1.5 105.8 90.7 836.7 16.0 -

13.3 11.4 0.4 1.3 0.1 13.3 - 0.0 -

1 587.4 534.9 342.4 75.7 241.5 228.8 120.1 164.0 119.5 1 579.0 - 8.4 - 0.0 .. 16.3

-27.2% -54.0% x 33.7% -17.4% -22.7% -21.2% -56.0% -34.3% -31.4%

.. -38.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other transport - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

314.5 206.2 186.1 118.6 112.8 100.5 90.7 88.8 80.2 51.0 40.3

-40.9% -52.3% x -20.8% x -3.7% -17.6% -13.0% 4.2% -40.7% 4.2%

13.1 8.6 7.7 4.9 4.7 4.2 3.8 3.7 3.3 2.1 1.7

13.1 21.6 29.4 34.3 39.0 43.2 46.9 50.6 54.0 56.1 57.8

1 587.4

-27.2%

66.0

66.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.328 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Saudi Arabia / Arabie saoudite Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 400

350

350

300

300

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 400

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

390

80%

340 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

290 240 190 140

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

200 180

140

160

120

140

TWh

Other energy industries Transport Other

120

100

100

80

80

60

60

40

40

20

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.329

Saudi Arabia / Arabie saoudite Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

161.41 141.94

204.53 215.24

251.12 258.34

303.64 304.03

321.92 324.41

340.04 340.37

357.90 358.32

121.7% 152.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 481 59.26 144.13 214.80 16.38

3 640 86.94 166.00 247.40 18.51

4 391 104.88 188.44 280.85 20.66

5 451 130.18 215.00 320.44 22.53

5 809 138.74 226.95 338.23 23.12

6 079 145.20 234.11 348.91 23.68

6 294 150.33 242.05 360.74 24.20

153.7% 153.7% 67.9% 67.9% 47.7%

65.1 1.12 0.75 9.85

56.2 1.23 0.83 11.05

57.2 1.33 0.89 12.15

55.7 1.41 0.95 13.48

55.4 1.42 0.95 13.92

55.9 1.45 0.97 14.36

56.9 1.48 0.99 14.79

-12.6% 32.0% 32.0% 50.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil 241.16 72.05 2.40 14.60 58.28 89.98 88.10 3.85 3.85 241.58 0.42 0.00 8.66 5.64

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

116.74 43.47 21.28 27.59 24.40 116.74 -

-

357.90 115.52 23.68 42.19 82.68 89.98 88.10 3.85 3.85 358.32 0.42 0.00 8.66 5.64

121.7% 190.0% 23.4% 91.4% 187.2% 83.4% 87.5% 53.0% 53.0% 152.4%

50.9% -8.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other transport - oil

88.10 72.05 58.28 43.47 27.59 24.40 21.28 14.60 3.85 2.40 1.88

87.5% 154.6% 176.6% 277.1% 169.8% 216.3% 22.8% 23.6% 53.0% 29.2% -8.3%

20.4 16.7 13.5 10.1 6.4 5.6 4.9 3.4 0.9 0.6 0.4

20.4 37.1 50.6 60.6 67.0 72.6 77.6 80.9 81.8 82.4 82.8

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

357.90

121.7%

82.8

82.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.330 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Senegal / Sénégal Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 5

4.5

4.5

4

4 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 5

100%

4.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

4 3.5 3 2.5 2

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

3

160 2.5 140

TWh

2

120 100

1.5

80 1

60 40

0.5

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.331

Senegal / Sénégal Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

2.01 2.19

2.47 2.53

3.59 3.65

4.46 4.57

4.64 4.73

4.46 4.74

4.24 4.37

110.9% 99.9%

71 1.69 3.46 11.70 7.90

78 1.86 3.84 12.96 9.05

100 2.40 4.69 15.84 10.33

115 2.74 5.58 18.84 11.47

117 2.79 5.89 19.90 11.77

115 2.75 6.03 20.36 12.07

112 2.67 6.32 21.33 12.41

58.5% 58.5% 82.4% 82.4% 57.2%

28.5 0.58 0.17 0.25

31.7 0.64 0.19 0.27

35.8 0.77 0.23 0.35

39.0 0.80 0.24 0.39

39.7 0.79 0.23 0.39

38.7 0.74 0.22 0.37

37.9 0.67 0.20 0.34

33.1% 15.6% 15.6% 34.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.44 0.44 0.44 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

3.78 1.27 0.21 0.03 0.18 1.72 1.53 0.38 0.32 3.91 0.06 0.07 0.24 0.98

0.02 0.02 0.02 -

-

4.24 1.29 0.21 0.03 0.62 1.72 1.53 0.38 0.32 4.37 0.06 0.07 0.24 0.98

110.9% 81.2% + 14.3% 152.9% 138.5% 131.7% 27.3% 148.5% 99.9%

115.0% 114.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas -

1.53 1.27 0.44 0.32 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.06 0.03 0.02 -

131.7% 81.6% x 148.5% + 211.7% -26.5% -65.4% 14.3% 57.1% -

9.2 7.6 2.6 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 -

9.2 16.9 19.5 21.4 22.7 23.8 24.9 25.3 25.4 25.5 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

4.24

110.9%

25.5

25.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.332 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Serbia / Serbie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 70

50 40 30 20 10

50 40 30 20 10

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

Coal/peat

1998

2000

Oil

2002

Gas

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 67

100%

62 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

57 52 47 42

0%

37 1971

1990

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 120

45 40

100

35 30

80

TWh

25 60

20 15

40

10 20

5 0

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

Gas

2002

2004

Hydro

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.333

Serbia / Serbie * Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

61.44 61.58

44.01 44.41

42.54 41.88

55.12 55.91

45.23 46.93

48.04 49.63

49.71 49.73

-19.1% -19.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

810 19.35 10.20 37.53 9.93

569 13.58 9.98 36.76 10.86

557 13.31 9.95 36.62 8.19

730 17.43 11.97 44.08 8.08

629 15.03 11.56 42.56 7.44

658 15.73 12.22 44.99 7.41

662 15.81 13.14 48.37 7.39

-18.3% -18.3% 28.9% 28.9% -25.6%

75.8 6.03 1.64 6.19

77.4 4.41 1.20 4.05

76.3 4.28 1.16 5.20

75.5 4.60 1.25 6.82

71.9 3.91 1.06 6.08

73.0 3.93 1.07 6.48

75.1 3.78 1.03 6.73

-1.0% -37.2% -37.2% 8.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Data for Serbia include Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

33.11 27.01 0.70 2.98 0.00 2.43 2.09 32.84 0.74 - 1.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

90-07

12.02 0.82 1.30 2.83 5.49 5.45 1.59 0.74 12.29 0.32 - 0.05 .. 0.14

4.52 0.86 0.78 0.01 2.21 0.00 0.66 0.19 4.55 0.03 - 0.00 -

0.05 0.05 0.05 -

49.71 28.68 2.83 0.01 8.01 5.49 5.45 4.69 3.02 49.73 1.09 - 1.07 .. 0.14

-19.1% -27.8% x x -21.4% 24.0% 23.2% -34.1% 50.2% -19.3%

.. -66.4%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas

27.01 5.45 2.98 2.83 2.21 2.09 1.30 0.86 0.85 0.82 0.78

-27.9% 23.2% 92.4% -58.6% 21.5% 12.4% x 62.3% -13.8% -51.9% x

39.5 8.0 4.4 4.1 3.2 3.1 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1

39.5 47.5 51.8 55.9 59.2 62.2 64.1 65.4 66.6 67.8 69.0

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

49.71

-19.1%

72.7

72.7

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.334 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Singapore / Singapour Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 66

100%

61 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

56 51 46 41 36 31

0%

26 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 45 40

2007

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

35 100

TWh

30 25

80

20

60

15 40 10 20

5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.335

Singapore / Singapour Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

28.80 29.26

38.03 50.91

38.13 51.99

39.36 50.63

43.25 62.29

43.25 59.93

44.97 58.37

56.1% 99.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

480 11.46 44.66 45.66 3.05

789 18.85 68.23 69.76 3.53

809 19.33 92.72 94.79 4.03

951 22.72 106.31 108.69 4.17

1 159 27.69 114.07 116.62 4.27

1 135 27.12 123.39 126.15 4.40

1 120 26.75 132.91 135.88 4.59

133.5% 133.5% 197.6% 197.6% 50.6%

60.0 0.64 0.63 9.45

48.2 0.56 0.55 10.79

47.1 0.41 0.40 9.47

41.4 0.37 0.36 9.44

37.3 0.38 0.37 10.14

38.1 0.35 0.34 9.83

40.1 0.34 0.33 9.80

-33.1% -47.5% -47.5% 3.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.25 .. 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.04 - 0.22 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

28.92 6.20 .. 10.34 5.02 7.26 7.26 0.11 0.11 42.55 13.62 0.00 97.28 11.03

15.79 15.79 .. 15.79 -

.. -

44.97 21.99 .. 10.34 5.16 7.26 7.26 0.21 0.21 58.37 13.40 0.00 97.28 11.03

56.1% 57.2% .. 21.2% 169.4% 80.3% 80.3% 17.4% 17.4% 99.5%

187.2% 95.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - oil Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - coal/peat Residential - oil -

15.79 10.34 7.26 6.20 5.02 0.15 0.11 0.11 -

x 21.2% 80.3% -55.7% 172.3% 98.3% 53.8% -5.3% -

30.7 20.1 14.1 12.1 9.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 -

30.7 50.9 65.0 77.1 86.9 87.1 87.4 87.6 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

44.97

56.1%

87.6

87.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.336 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Slovak Republic / République slovaque Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 60

50

50 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 60

40 30 20

40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 63

100%

58 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

53 48 43 38 33

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 35 30

2007

1990 = 100 120

Figure 6. Key indicators

100

25

80

TWh

20 60 15 40

10

20

5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.337

Slovak Republic / République slovaque Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

56.73 54.49

40.83 42.26

37.37 37.42

37.28 38.38

38.10 38.85

37.46 38.31

36.80 36.25

-35.1% -33.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

893 21.33 18.91 54.90 5.30

744 17.78 17.26 50.11 5.36

743 17.74 20.39 59.20 5.40

768 18.35 24.33 70.62 5.38

788 18.83 25.92 75.25 5.39

780 18.64 28.12 81.64 5.39

747 17.85 31.05 90.15 5.40

-16.3% -16.3% 64.2% 64.2% 1.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

63.5 3.00 1.03 10.71

54.9 2.37 0.81 7.61

50.3 1.83 0.63 6.92

48.5 1.53 0.53 6.93

48.3 1.47 0.51 7.07

48.0 1.33 0.46 6.95

49.2 1.19 0.41 6.82

-22.5% -60.5% -60.5% -36.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

15.80 5.69 0.82 3.37 5.13 0.78 0.17 15.50 - 0.18 - 0.12 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

9.55 0.02 0.33 1.67 1.69 5.47 5.46 0.37 0.03 8.87 - 0.55 - 0.13 0.15

11.25 1.86 0.28 0.44 2.80 1.07 4.82 2.59 11.64 0.39 - 0.00 -

0.20 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.24 0.04 0.00 -

36.80 7.57 1.54 5.48 9.69 6.54 5.46 5.97 2.80 36.25 - 0.30 - 0.25 0.15

-35.1% -30.3% -30.5% 32.9% -47.6% 61.7% 35.1% -64.8% -36.9% -33.5%

x

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

5.69 5.46 5.13 3.37 2.80 2.59 2.22 1.86 1.69 1.67 1.07

-30.2% 35.1% -38.6% -1.2% -10.3% 1.8% -36.2% -9.4% -75.8% 272.2% x

11.4 11.0 10.3 6.8 5.6 5.2 4.5 3.7 3.4 3.4 2.2

11.4 22.4 32.7 39.5 45.1 50.3 54.8 58.5 61.9 65.3 67.4

36.80

-35.1%

74.0

74.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.338 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Slovenia / Slovénie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 18

16

16

14

14

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 18

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1986

1989

1992

Coal/peat

1995

1998

Oil

Gas

2001

2004

1986

2007

1989

1992

1995

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

1998

2001

2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

16.5

100%

16 80% million tonnes of CO2

15.5

60% 40%

not available

20%

15 14.5 14 13.5 13 12.5

0%

12 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1986

1990 = 100 140

18 16

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

1989

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

14 100

TWh

12 10

80

8

60

6 40 4 20

2 0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

2007

Other

1986

1989

CO2/TPES

1992

1995

1998

CO2/GDP

2001

2004

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.339

Slovenia / Slovénie * Key indicators % change

1986

1990

1995

2004

2005

2006

2007

86-07

14.59e 14.83e

13.14 13.33

13.84 13.96

15.38 15.48

15.61 15.69

15.89 15.97

15.92 15.94

9.1% 7.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

243e 5.81e .. .. 1.98e

237 5.66 16.62 28.82 2.00

251 6.01 16.07 27.86 1.99

298 7.13 22.81 39.55 2.00

305 7.30 23.80 41.27 2.00

307 7.32 25.21 43.70 2.01

307 7.33 26.91 46.66 2.02

26.2% 26.2% .. .. 1.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

60.0e .. .. 7.36e

55.4 0.79 0.46 6.57

55.0 0.86 0.50 6.95

51.5 0.67 0.39 7.70

51.1 0.66 0.38 7.80

51.8 0.63 0.36 7.92

51.9 0.59 0.34 7.89

-13.5% .. .. 7.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Slovenia is allowed to use 1986 as the base year.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

6.57 6.11 0.05 0.41 6.59 0.02 -

Oil

Gas

Other **

Total

86-07

7.26 0.03 0.00 0.62 5.07 5.03 1.53 0.86 7.26 0.00 0.15 0.09

2.04 0.27 0.05 0.01 1.49 0.23 0.20 2.04 - 0.00 -

0.06 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.00 -

15.92 6.41 0.10 0.01 2.58 5.07 5.03 1.76 1.06 15.94 0.02 0.15 0.09

9.1% 8.6% -89.2% -88.8% -25.7% 120.3% 121.8% -9.0% -44.8% 7.4%

.. -3.1%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries -other Unallocated autoproducers - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 86-07

Level assessment (%) ***

Cumulative total (%)

6.11 5.03 1.49 0.86 0.67 0.62 0.41 0.27 0.20 0.06 0.05

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

29.4 24.2 7.1 4.1 3.2 3.0 2.0 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.2

29.4 53.5 60.7 64.8 68.0 71.0 73.0 74.3 75.2 75.5 75.7

15.92

9.1%

76.5

76.5

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.340 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

South Africa / Afrique du Sud Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 400

350

350

300

300

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 400

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

450

100%

430 410 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

390 370 350 330 310 290 270 250

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

300

140

250

120

TWh

200

100 80

150

60

100

40 50

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.341

South Africa / Afrique du Sud Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

254.67 291.15

276.91 337.80

298.50 351.73

337.57 415.06

330.51 405.61

331.60 416.13

345.77 434.13

35.8% 49.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

3 804 90.86 110.95 321.98 35.20

4 394 104.94 115.81 336.11 39.12

4 619 110.33 132.88 385.64 44.00

5 385 128.62 153.03 444.13 46.35

5 307 126.77 160.69 466.34 46.89

5 409 129.19 169.34 491.47 47.39

5 624 134.34 178.01 516.63 47.59

47.8% 47.8% 60.5% 60.5% 35.2%

67.0 2.30 0.79 7.24

63.0 2.39 0.82 7.08

64.6 2.25 0.77 6.78

62.7 2.21 0.76 7.28

62.3 2.06 0.71 7.05

61.3 1.96 0.67 7.00

61.5 1.94 0.67 7.27

-8.2% -15.4% -15.4% 0.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

283.05 210.18 8.95 42.76 21.16 14.02 376.56 80.85 12.66 -

Oil 62.72 0.87 3.69 4.53 46.30 42.80 7.34 2.43 48.77 - 13.93 - 0.02 8.06 2.58

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

8.80 8.80 -

-

345.77 211.05 8.95 3.69 47.28 46.30 42.80 28.50 16.45 434.13 75.72 12.64 8.06 2.58

35.8% 59.9% 4.5% 57.2% -30.9% 58.3% 53.2% 101.9% 117.3% 49.1%

35.4% 136.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Residential - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil

210.18 42.80 42.76 14.02 8.95 7.14 4.91 4.53 3.69 3.51 2.43

59.2% 53.2% -26.3% 143.5% 4.5% 94.4% 71.1% -56.3% 59.6% 209.4% 34.1%

45.6 9.3 9.3 3.0 1.9 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5

45.6 54.9 64.2 67.2 69.2 70.7 71.8 72.7 73.5 74.3 74.8

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

345.77

35.8%

75.0

75.0

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.342 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Spain / Espagne Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 400

350

350

300

300

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 400

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

360

100%

340 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

320 300 280 260 240 220 200

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

350

140

300

120

250

100 TWh

200 80 150 60 100

40

50

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.343

Spain / Espagne Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

205.85 212.09

233.67 239.18

283.87 286.67

327.45 332.06

339.71 341.91

332.28 335.61

344.70 345.72

67.5% 63.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

3 772 90.09 440.64 650.66 39.01

4 221 100.82 474.85 701.18 39.39

5 106 121.95 580.67 857.44 40.26

5 823 139.08 658.09 971.76 42.69

5 938 141.83 681.88 1 006.88 43.40

5 923 141.48 708.39 1 046.04 44.07

6 027 143.95 734.34 1 084.35 44.87

59.8% 59.8% 66.7% 66.7% 15.0%

54.6 0.47 0.32 5.28

55.4 0.49 0.33 5.93

55.6 0.49 0.33 7.05

56.2 0.50 0.34 7.67

57.2 0.50 0.34 7.83

56.1 0.47 0.32 7.54

57.2 0.47 0.32 7.68

4.8% 0.5% 0.5% 45.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

78.73 69.42 0.60 1.74 6.00 0.97 0.79 77.45 0.49 - 1.77 -

Oil 190.25 11.56 1.82 13.06 26.93 115.30 100.61 21.58 10.61 192.81 2.49 0.07 26.71 10.07

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

74.32 25.06 7.36 4.19 22.15 0.15 15.40 8.87 74.06 0.28 - 0.54 -

1.40 0.49 0.92 1.40 -

344.70 106.52 10.71 19.00 55.08 115.45 100.61 37.95 20.27 345.72 3.26 - 2.24 26.71 10.07

67.5% 70.2% 431.3% 52.3% 21.1% 83.4% 90.7% 86.2% 62.3% 63.0%

133.2% 203.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Residential - gas

100.61 69.42 26.93 25.06 22.15 14.69 13.06 11.56 10.97 10.61 8.87

90.7% 23.6% 15.9% + 159.8% 44.3% 23.4% 93.4% 49.4% 6.8% 878.8%

22.3 15.4 6.0 5.6 4.9 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.0

22.3 37.7 43.6 49.2 54.1 57.3 60.2 62.8 65.2 67.6 69.5

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

344.70

67.5%

76.4

76.4

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.344 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Sri Lanka Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12

12 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 15

100%

13 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

11 9 7 5 3

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 12

2007

1990 = 100 350

Figure 6. Key indicators

300

10

250

8 TWh

200 6 150 4 100 2

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.345

Sri Lanka Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

3.74 3.98

5.52 5.77

10.62 10.63

12.54 12.21

13.29 12.44

11.85 11.97

12.83 12.80

242.8% 221.8%

231 5.52 9.82 40.09 17.02

249 5.95 12.77 52.14 18.14

349 8.33 16.33 66.65 19.36

368 8.80 18.67 76.21 19.46

377 9.00 19.84 80.97 19.67

380 9.08 21.36 87.18 19.89

389 9.28 22.81 93.09 19.95

68.3% 68.3% 132.2% 132.2% 17.2%

16.2 0.38 0.09 0.22

22.2 0.43 0.11 0.30

30.5 0.65 0.16 0.55

34.0 0.67 0.16 0.64

35.3 0.67 0.16 0.68

31.2 0.55 0.14 0.60

33.0 0.56 0.14 0.64

103.7% 47.6% 47.5% 192.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.19 0.19 0.19 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

12.83 3.90 0.17 1.31 6.42 5.78 1.04 0.31 12.80 0.24 - 0.28 0.43 0.32

242.8% + 5.3% 168.5% 159.8% 162.6% 66.9% 275.3% 221.8%

12.65 3.90 0.17 1.12 6.42 5.78 1.04 0.31 12.61 0.24 - 0.28 0.43 0.32

-64.1% x

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

5.78 3.90 1.12 0.73 0.64 0.31 0.19 0.17 -

162.6% + 139.4% 34.9% 136.8% 275.3% 881.2% 5.3% -

22.0 14.9 4.3 2.8 2.4 1.2 0.7 0.6 -

22.0 36.9 41.1 43.9 46.3 47.5 48.2 48.9 -

12.83

242.8%

48.9

48.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.346 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Sudan / Soudan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 12

10

10 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 12

8 6 4

8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 13

100%

12 11 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

5 4.5

160

4

140

3.5

120

3 TWh

2007

100

2.5

80

2 1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.347

Sudan / Soudan Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

5.50 5.58

4.56 4.71

5.45 7.08

9.46 11.91

9.72 12.15

11.02 10.87

10.87 11.89

97.4% 113.3%

445 10.63 7.06 28.31 25.93

502 11.98 9.06 36.31 29.49

565 13.50 12.37 49.57 33.35

651 15.54 15.58 62.44 36.15

645 15.42 16.56 66.39 36.90

633 15.12 18.43 73.89 37.71

614 14.67 20.31 81.40 38.56

38.1% 38.1% 187.6% 187.6% 48.7%

12.4 0.78 0.19 0.21

9.1 0.50 0.13 0.15

9.6 0.44 0.11 0.16

14.5 0.61 0.15 0.26

15.1 0.59 0.15 0.26

17.4 0.60 0.15 0.29

17.7 0.54 0.13 0.28

43.0% -31.3% -31.3% 32.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

10.87 2.34 0.50 1.00 6.23 6.19 0.79 0.50 11.89 0.40 0.63 0.03 0.63

97.4% 375.9% + 7.0% 58.9% 57.9% 437.3% 253.6% 113.3%

10.87 2.34 0.50 1.00 6.23 6.19 0.79 0.50 11.89 0.40 0.63 0.03 0.63

14.3% 564.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

6.19 2.34 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.29 0.04 -

57.9% 375.9% 7.0% + 253.6% + x -

4.7 1.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 -

4.7 6.5 7.3 7.7 8.1 8.3 8.3 -

10.87

97.4%

8.3

8.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.348 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Sweden / Suède Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 65

100%

63 61 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

59 57 55 53 51 49 47

0%

45 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 180

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

160 200

140 120

150

TWh

100 80

100

60 40

50

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.349

Sweden / Suède Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

52.75 51.76

57.52 54.69

52.76 49.47

53.56 54.45

50.34 51.28

48.03 48.95

46.20 47.83

-12.4% -7.6%

1 976 47.20 201.52 201.85 8.56

2 107 50.33 208.38 208.73 8.83

1 991 47.56 245.57 245.98 8.87

2 202 52.58 269.70 270.15 8.99

2 159 51.57 278.60 279.06 9.03

2 102 50.20 290.43 290.91 9.08

2 111 50.42 297.82 298.31 9.15

6.8% 6.8% 47.8% 47.8% 6.9%

26.7 0.26 0.26 6.16

27.3 0.28 0.28 6.52

26.5 0.21 0.21 5.95

24.3 0.20 0.20 5.96

23.3 0.18 0.18 5.58

22.8 0.17 0.17 5.29

21.9 0.16 0.15 5.05

-18.0% -40.8% -40.7% -18.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

8.87 3.87 0.54 0.29 4.13 0.04 0.03 10.23 2.02 - 0.66 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

33.58 0.83 0.21 1.89 5.72 22.51 20.98 2.43 0.45 33.65 2.40 - 2.33 6.54 1.93

1.93 0.65 0.02 0.00 0.84 0.05 0.05 0.37 0.09 2.13 0.01 0.18 -

1.82 1.82 1.82 -

46.20 7.16 0.77 2.18 10.69 22.56 21.03 2.84 0.58 47.83 4.43 - 2.80 6.54 1.93

-12.4% -7.8% 136.7% 34.2% -16.5% 14.1% 18.1% -72.9% -88.1% -7.6%

212.6% 79.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - other Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas

20.98 5.72 4.13 3.87 1.98 1.89 1.82 1.53 0.84 0.83 0.65

17.7% -24.4% -10.6% -26.1% -62.8% 42.5% 90.9% -21.6% 42.4% -27.5% 47.0%

31.6 8.6 6.2 5.8 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.3 1.3 1.2 1.0

31.6 40.2 46.4 52.2 55.2 58.0 60.8 63.1 64.3 65.6 66.6

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

46.20

-12.4%

69.5

69.5

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.350 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Switzerland / Suisse Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 45

100%

44 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

43 42 41 40 39

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

80

TWh

Other energy industries Transport Other

70

140

60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.351

Switzerland / Suisse Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

40.71 42.06

41.03 39.56

41.65 40.08

43.96 42.41

44.48 43.49

44.07 44.28

42.18 40.43

3.6% -3.9%

996 23.79 224.77 204.77 6.80

989 23.62 225.89 205.79 7.02

1 024 24.46 249.91 227.67 7.16

1 082 25.85 259.83 236.71 7.36

1 082 25.83 266.33 242.63 7.42

1 130 26.98 275.34 250.84 7.46

1 077 25.72 284.50 259.18 7.51

8.1% 8.1% 26.6% 26.6% 10.5%

40.9 0.18 0.20 5.99

41.5 0.18 0.20 5.85

40.7 0.17 0.18 5.81

40.6 0.17 0.19 5.97

41.1 0.17 0.18 6.00

39.0 0.16 0.18 5.91

39.2 0.15 0.16 5.62

-4.1% -18.1% -18.1% -6.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.69 0.46 0.23 0.23 0.69 - 0.00 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

31.86 0.00 0.09 0.97 2.61 16.81 16.54 11.37 7.91 30.06 0.35 - 2.15 0.03 3.87

6.11 0.03 0.18 2.07 3.83 2.19 6.16 0.05 -

3.53 1.35 1.11 1.07 3.53 - 0.00 -

42.18 0.03 1.62 0.97 6.25 16.81 16.54 16.50 10.34 40.43 0.39 - 2.15 0.03 3.87

3.6% -93.0% 97.5% 140.2% 5.6% 16.8% 19.2% -11.9% -11.6% -3.9%

-50.0% 29.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Residential - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Unallocated autoproducers - other Manufacturing industries -other Non-specified other sectors - other Other energy industries - oil

16.54 7.91 3.46 2.61 2.19 2.07 1.63 1.35 1.11 1.07 0.97

19.2% -22.5% -44.5% 2.6% 54.9% 51.4% 104.5% 102.6% 58.4% x 140.2%

31.7 15.2 6.6 5.0 4.2 4.0 3.1 2.6 2.1 2.0 1.9

31.7 46.8 53.5 58.5 62.7 66.7 69.8 72.4 74.5 76.5 78.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

42.18

3.6%

80.8

80.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.352 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Syrian Arab Republic / République arabe syrienne Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 60

50

50 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 60

40 30 20

40 30 20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 60

100%

55 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

50 45 40 35 30

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 45 40

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

35 100

TWh

30 25

80

20

60

15 40 10 20

5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.353

Syrian Arab Republic / République arabe syrienne Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

30.98 32.44

38.61 39.60

45.76 46.92

47.72 47.41

47.73 47.47

50.75 50.45

53.73 54.12

73.4% 66.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

477 11.38 11.77 32.38 12.72

588 14.03 17.26 47.48 14.61

730 17.43 19.33 53.17 16.51

748 17.87 22.73 62.54 18.39

733 17.50 23.76 65.36 18.89

777 18.56 24.97 68.69 19.41

822 19.64 26.62 73.24 19.89

72.5% 72.5% 126.2% 126.2% 56.4%

65.0 2.63 0.96 2.44

65.7 2.24 0.81 2.64

62.7 2.37 0.86 2.77

63.8 2.10 0.76 2.60

65.1 2.01 0.73 2.53

65.3 2.03 0.74 2.61

65.3 2.02 0.73 2.70

0.5% -23.3% -23.3% 10.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

42.89 15.80 1.04 2.16 8.10 12.50 12.12 3.30 1.59 43.28 0.24 0.14 .. 0.19

10.83 6.55 0.40 3.34 0.53 10.83 -

-

53.73 22.36 1.04 2.56 11.45 12.50 12.12 3.83 1.59 54.12 0.25 0.14 .. 0.19

73.4% 308.7% 9.7% 84.9% 79.4% 31.9% 27.9% -47.7% 1.4% 66.8%

.. -78.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - gas

15.80 12.12 8.10 6.55 3.34 2.16 1.71 1.59 1.04 0.53 0.40

278.5% 27.9% 26.9% 406.2% x 75.0% -57.3% 1.4% 9.7% -69.7% 166.1%

20.9 16.0 10.7 8.7 4.4 2.9 2.3 2.1 1.4 0.7 0.5

20.9 37.0 47.7 56.4 60.8 63.7 65.9 68.0 69.4 70.1 70.6

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

53.73

73.4%

71.2

71.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.354 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Tajikistan / Tadjikistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12

12 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 14

10 8 6 4

10 8 6 4

2

2

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 26

80%

21 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

not available 40% 20% 0%

16 11 6 1

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

20 18

140

16 120

TWh

14 12

100

10

80

8

60

6 40

4

20

2 0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.355

Tajikistan / Tadjikistan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

11.67 11.93

4.74 4.74

4.19 4.19

5.45 5.45

5.72 5.73

6.27 6.27

6.90 6.91

-40.9% -42.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

233 5.57 2.26 11.52 5.30

127 3.04 0.86 4.38 5.77

119 2.85 0.86 4.39 6.17

141 3.36 1.26 6.43 6.47

147 3.50 1.35 6.86 6.55

155 3.70 1.44 7.34 6.64

163 3.90 1.55 7.91 6.74

-30.0% -30.0% -31.3% -31.3% 27.1%

50.0 5.16 1.01 2.20

37.2 5.52 1.08 0.82

35.1 4.86 0.95 0.68

38.7 4.32 0.85 0.84

39.0 4.25 0.83 0.87

40.5 4.35 0.85 0.94

42.3 4.45 0.87 1.02

-15.5% -13.9% -13.9% -53.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.30 0.30 0.30 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

5.34 4.34 4.34 1.00 5.35 0.01 0.01

1.26 0.59 0.67 1.26 -

-

6.90 0.59 4.34 4.34 1.97 6.91 0.01 0.01

-40.9% -61.3% 179.0% 179.0% -77.0% -42.1%

x

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat -

4.34 1.00 0.67 0.59 0.30 -

179.0% -77.1% -60.8% -61.3% -88.1% -

33.2 7.7 5.1 4.5 2.3 -

33.2 40.8 46.0 50.5 52.8 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

6.90

-40.9%

52.8

52.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.356 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

United Republic of Tanzania / République unie de Tanzanie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 6

5

5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 6

4 3 2

4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 6

100%

5.5 5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 4.5

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

4 200

3.5 3

150

TWh

2.5 2

100

1.5 1

50

0.5 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.357

United Republic of Tanzania / République unie de Tanzanie Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

1.71 2.04

2.52 3.01

2.57 2.30

3.80 3.80

5.15 5.15

5.66 5.65

5.42 5.42

217.8% 165.5%

408 9.73 6.80 13.21 25.49

461 11.02 7.43 14.44 29.90

561 13.39 9.08 17.64 33.85

677 16.17 11.67 22.66 37.51

716 17.11 12.53 24.33 38.48

744 17.76 13.37 25.97 39.46

765 18.28 14.32 27.81 40.43

87.8% 87.8% 110.6% 110.6% 58.6%

4.2 0.25 0.13 0.07

5.5 0.34 0.17 0.08

4.6 0.28 0.15 0.08

5.6 0.33 0.17 0.10

7.2 0.41 0.21 0.13

7.6 0.42 0.22 0.14

7.1 0.38 0.19 0.13

69.2% 50.9% 50.9% 100.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.20 0.12 0.08 0.20 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

4.18 0.03 0.48 3.04 3.04 0.62 0.56 4.18 - 0.00 0.07 0.30

1.04 0.88 0.17 1.04 - 0.00 -

-

5.42 0.91 0.12 0.73 3.04 3.04 0.62 0.56 5.42 - 0.00 0.07 0.30

217.8% 267.2% x -100.0% 91.5% 338.7% 338.7% 84.1% 64.4% 165.5%

-11.5% 34.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil -

3.04 0.88 0.56 0.48 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.03 -

338.7% x 64.4% 30.0% x x 676.6% x -86.3% -

4.8 1.4 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 -

4.8 6.2 7.1 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

5.42

217.8%

8.6

8.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.358 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Thailand / Thailande Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 250

200

200 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 250

150

100

150

100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

258

100%

238 80% million tonnes of CO2

218

60% 40% 20%

198 178 158 138 118 98 78

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 160 140

2007

1990 = 100 300

Figure 6. Key indicators

250

120 200

TWh

100

150

80 60

100

40 50

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.359

Thailand / Thailande Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

78.59 81.36

141.26 143.49

159.46 162.88

213.43 222.35

214.15 227.94

217.14 232.15

225.75 240.11

187.2% 195.1%

1 760 42.03 79.36 251.14 54.29

2 614 62.44 120.01 379.77 57.52

3 024 72.23 122.73 388.38 60.67

3 950 94.35 150.46 476.14 62.57

4 072 97.25 157.27 497.68 63.00

4 181 99.86 165.30 523.10 63.44

4 354 103.99 173.15 547.96 63.83

147.4% 147.4% 118.2% 118.2% 17.6%

44.7 0.99 0.31 1.45

54.0 1.18 0.37 2.46

52.7 1.30 0.41 2.63

54.0 1.42 0.45 3.41

52.6 1.36 0.43 3.40

51.9 1.31 0.42 3.42

51.8 1.30 0.41 3.54

16.1% 31.6% 31.7% 144.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

55.97 26.33 2.11 27.53 56.69 0.02 0.71 -

Oil 112.00 2.92 0.03 7.68 31.54 53.41 52.96 16.42 5.82 117.62 5.57 0.04 5.06 11.67

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

57.78 40.56 4.85 7.16 4.76 0.45 0.45 65.80 8.02 - 0.00 -

-

225.75 69.80 6.99 14.84 63.83 53.86 53.41 16.42 5.82 240.11 13.61 0.75 5.06 11.67

187.2% 152.2% x + 331.7% 98.6% 108.0% 104.8% 136.6% 195.1%

197.6% 108.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

52.96 40.56 31.54 27.53 26.33 10.60 7.68 7.16 5.82 4.85 4.76

106.3% 353.9% 257.8% 402.0% 148.9% 90.8% + + 136.6% x 880.4%

14.9 11.4 8.9 7.8 7.4 3.0 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.3

14.9 26.3 35.2 43.0 50.4 53.4 55.5 57.5 59.2 60.5 61.9

225.75

187.2%

63.6

63.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.360 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Togo Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1.2

1

1 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 1.2

0.8 0.6 0.4

0.8 0.6 0.4

0.2

0.2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 1.2

100%

1 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

0.35

160

0.3

140

TWh

0.25

120

0.2

100

0.15

80 60

0.1

40 0.05

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.361

Togo Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.57 0.57

0.57 0.57

0.96 0.96

1.04 1.03

0.98 0.98

0.90 0.85

0.90 0.94

57.2% 65.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

53 1.26 1.07 5.87 3.96

66 1.57 1.08 5.89 4.52

88 2.11 1.33 7.28 5.40

97 2.33 1.46 8.01 6.07

99 2.37 1.48 8.10 6.24

99 2.37 1.54 8.42 6.41

103 2.46 1.57 8.58 6.58

94.6% 94.6% 46.2% 46.2% 66.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

10.8 0.53 0.10 0.14

8.8 0.53 0.10 0.13

10.8 0.72 0.13 0.18

10.6 0.71 0.13 0.17

9.8 0.66 0.12 0.16

9.0 0.58 0.11 0.14

8.7 0.57 0.10 0.14

-19.2% 7.5% 7.5% -5.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

0.90 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.64 0.64 0.13 0.13 0.94 0.05 0.01 0.09

57.2% 20.7% x 98.0% 50.9% 50.9% 133.1% 133.1% 65.4%

0.90 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.64 0.64 0.13 0.13 0.94 0.05 0.01 0.09

.. -9.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil -

0.64 0.13 0.07 0.05 0.01 -

50.9% 133.1% 20.7% 98.0% -

10.1 2.1 1.2 0.8 0.1 -

10.1 12.2 13.4 14.2 14.3 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

0.90

57.2%

14.3

14.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.362 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Trinidad and Tobago / Trinité-et-Tobago Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 35

30

30 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 35

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 34

80%

29 million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20% 0%

Other energy industries Transport Other

24 19 14 9

1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 9

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

8 200

7 6

150

TWh

5 4

100

3 2

50

1 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.363

Trinidad and Tobago / Trinité-et-Tobago Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

11.37 12.71

12.27 13.34

17.94 19.56

22.15 24.71

23.26 25.09

26.94 27.78

29.13 30.41

156.2% 139.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

250 5.97 5.97 8.55 1.22

264 6.30 6.40 9.16 1.27

410 9.80 8.15 11.68 1.30

518 12.38 11.31 16.20 1.32

531 12.68 12.00 17.19 1.32

596 14.23 13.47 19.29 1.33

640 15.28 14.21 20.35 1.33

155.9% 155.9% 138.0% 137.9% 8.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

45.5 1.90 1.33 9.29

46.5 1.92 1.34 9.66

43.7 2.20 1.54 13.79

42.7 1.96 1.37 16.79

43.8 1.94 1.35 17.57

45.2 2.00 1.40 20.28

45.5 2.05 1.43 21.85

0.1% 7.6% 7.7% 135.2%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

3.86 0.03 1.01 0.41 2.15 2.15 0.27 0.27 5.14 1.83 - 0.55 0.82 0.25

25.27 5.62 0.03 3.06 16.57 25.27 0.00 -

-

29.13 5.64 0.03 4.07 16.98 2.15 2.15 0.27 0.27 30.41 1.83 - 0.55 0.82 0.25

156.2% 134.3% -79.8% 85.9% 228.0% 61.1% 66.9% 91.7% 91.7% 139.2%

657.2% 29.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other energy industries - gas Road - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil -

16.57 5.62 3.06 2.15 1.01 0.41 0.27 0.03 0.03 -

239.6% 133.6% 64.3% 66.9% 208.8% 38.1% 91.7% -79.8% 700.3% -

41.0 13.9 7.6 5.3 2.5 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.1 -

41.0 54.9 62.5 67.8 70.3 71.4 72.0 72.1 72.1 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

29.13

156.2%

72.1

72.1

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.364 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Tunisia / Tunisie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 21

100%

20 80% million tonnes of CO2

19

60% 40% 20%

18 17 16 15 14 13

0%

12 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 160

16

TWh

2007

14

140

12

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.365

Tunisia / Tunisie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

12.08 12.34

14.32 14.01

18.02 17.41

19.72 19.83

19.29 19.19

19.78 19.72

20.44 20.41

69.2% 65.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

207 4.95 12.24 37.79 8.15

243 5.80 14.79 45.69 8.96

306 7.31 19.44 60.05 9.56

354 8.47 23.21 71.69 9.93

345 8.23 24.14 74.54 10.03

357 8.52 25.50 78.76 10.13

370 8.84 27.12 83.75 10.25

78.6% 78.6% 121.6% 121.6% 25.7%

58.3 0.99 0.32 1.48

58.9 0.97 0.31 1.60

58.9 0.93 0.30 1.88

55.6 0.85 0.28 1.99

56.0 0.80 0.26 1.92

55.4 0.78 0.25 1.95

55.3 0.75 0.24 2.00

-5.2% -23.6% -23.6% 34.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

11.93 1.09 0.85 0.21 1.70 4.75 4.64 3.32 1.34 11.87 0.04 - 0.09 0.03 0.68

8.52 6.22 1.69 0.60 0.43 8.54 0.02 -

-

20.44 7.31 0.85 0.21 3.40 4.75 4.64 3.92 1.78 20.41 0.04 - 0.07 0.03 0.68

69.2% 128.6% 44.9% 3.7% 1.8% 92.8% 90.5% 71.1% 61.7% 65.5%

-62.9% 19.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Residential - gas Other energy industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas

6.22 4.64 1.97 1.70 1.69 1.34 1.09 0.85 0.43 0.21 0.17

200.9% 90.5% 72.9% -29.5% 183.8% 33.1% -3.6% 44.9% 402.0% 3.7% 230.8%

17.3 12.9 5.5 4.7 4.7 3.7 3.0 2.4 1.2 0.6 0.5

17.3 30.2 35.7 40.4 45.1 48.9 51.9 54.3 55.5 56.1 56.5

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

20.44

69.2%

56.8

56.8

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.366 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Turkey / Turquie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 300

250

250 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 300

200 150 100

200 150 100

50

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

300

100%

280 80% million tonnes of CO2

260

60% 40% 20%

240 220 200 180 160 140 120

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

250

160 200

140 120

TWh

150

100 80

100

60 40

50

20 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.367

Turkey / Turquie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

126.91 138.20

152.66 157.28

200.56 203.48

207.25 209.50

216.36 219.65

239.67 242.61

265.00 265.83

108.8% 92.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

2 209 52.76 185.95 410.58 56.20

2 577 61.55 217.79 480.87 61.64

3 197 76.35 266.56 588.55 67.46

3 385 80.86 307.22 678.33 71.79

3 533 84.38 333.03 735.32 72.07

3 895 93.04 355.99 786.01 72.97

4 187 100.01 371.84 821.01 73.90

89.6% 89.6% 100.0% 100.0% 31.5%

57.5 0.68 0.31 2.26

59.2 0.70 0.32 2.48

62.7 0.75 0.34 2.97

61.2 0.67 0.31 2.89

61.2 0.65 0.29 3.00

61.5 0.67 0.30 3.28

63.3 0.71 0.32 3.59

10.2% 4.4% 4.4% 58.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

115.40 50.52 5.11 1.81 46.77 11.20 11.20 117.17 1.80 - 0.03 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

78.56 3.17 1.37 4.49 6.60 47.58 41.57 15.35 4.74 77.58 - 0.67 - 0.31 2.63 3.42

70.88 32.82 4.21 1.16 9.00 0.39 0.02 23.29 16.13 70.93 0.05 0.00 -

0.15 0.15 0.15 -

265.00 86.50 10.84 7.46 62.37 47.97 41.60 49.84 32.06 265.83 1.18 - 0.34 2.63 3.42

108.8% 221.9% 85.9% 32.7% 85.0% 72.8% 65.2% 83.9% 50.8% 92.3%

607.8% 541.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

50.52 46.77 41.57 32.82 16.13 11.20 10.61 9.00 7.17 6.60 6.01

143.1% 140.0% 65.1% 560.1% + -8.5% 81.7% 529.8% x -48.4% 138.1%

14.2 13.2 11.7 9.2 4.5 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.7

14.2 27.4 39.1 48.3 52.9 56.0 59.0 61.6 63.6 65.4 67.1

265.00

108.8%

74.6

74.6

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.368 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Turkmenistan / Turkménistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 50

45

45

40

40 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Coal/peat

2000

2002

Oil

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 57

100%

52 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

47 42 37 32

0%

27 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

16 14

120

12

100

10 TWh

80 8 60

6 4

40

2

20

0

0 1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

2002

Hydro

2004

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.369

Turkmenistan / Turkménistan Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

46.64 52.41

34.43 34.74

36.19 36.30

39.26 39.40

41.37 41.52

41.30 41.45

45.31 45.47

-2.8% -13.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

822 19.63 3.74 20.18 3.67

582 13.90 2.33 12.57 4.19

607 14.51 2.85 15.38 4.50

655 15.66 5.34 28.80 4.77

692 16.52 5.82 31.39 4.83

690 16.49 6.34 34.21 4.90

757 18.07 7.08 38.18 4.96

-7.9% -7.9% 89.2% 89.2% 35.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

56.7 12.47 2.31 12.71

59.2 14.77 2.74 8.21

59.6 12.70 2.35 8.04

59.9 7.36 1.36 8.24

59.8 7.11 1.32 8.56

59.8 6.51 1.21 8.43

59.9 6.40 1.19 9.13

5.5% -48.6% -48.7% -28.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

13.99 3.41 2.55 2.55 8.03 14.14 0.16 .. -

31.32 13.42 3.11 14.79 31.32 - 0.00 -

-

45.31 13.42 6.52 2.55 2.55 22.82 45.47 0.16 - 0.00 .. -

-2.8% 33.9% 38.9% 5.6% 5.6% -22.7% -13.2%

.. -

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Non-specified other sectors - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Road - oil -

14.79 13.42 8.03 3.41 3.11 2.55 -

-6.0% 33.9% -36.3% 86.1% 8.7% 5.6% -

18.5 16.8 10.0 4.3 3.9 3.2 -

18.5 35.3 45.4 49.6 53.5 56.7 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

45.31

-2.8%

56.7

56.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.370 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Ukraine Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 800

700

700

600

600

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 800

500 400 300 200 100

500 400 300 200 100

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Coal/peat

2000 2002 2004

Oil

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

810

100%

710 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

610 510 410 310

0%

210 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

350

TWh

2007

300

120

250

100

200

80

150

60

100

40

50

20

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

2007

Other

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.371

Ukraine Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

687.86 699.10

392.78 428.82

291.96 325.75

312.61 339.67

306.02 335.36

310.29 325.72

313.96 324.68

-54.4% -53.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

10 540 251.75 71.95 456.90 51.89

6 859 163.81 34.54 219.32 51.51

5 601 133.78 31.26 198.51 49.18

6 024 143.87 44.04 279.67 47.45

5 982 142.89 45.23 287.22 47.11

5 750 137.33 48.53 308.19 46.79

5 750 137.34 52.22 331.61 46.38

-45.4% -45.4% -27.4% -27.4% -10.6%

65.3 9.56 1.51 13.26

57.3 11.37 1.79 7.63

52.1 9.34 1.47 5.94

51.9 7.10 1.12 6.59

51.2 6.77 1.07 6.50

54.0 6.39 1.01 6.63

54.6 6.01 0.95 6.77

-16.3% -37.1% -37.1% -48.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

147.96 67.48 9.79 3.42 60.33 0.15 6.78 5.61 155.34 15.83 - 8.45 -

Oil 40.94 0.77 2.00 6.93 24.95 23.41 6.29 1.88 42.07 0.64 0.49 .. 1.06

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

125.06 39.45 9.75 2.73 33.47 6.87 0.14 32.79 31.23 127.27 2.29 - 0.08 -

-

313.96 107.70 19.54 8.15 100.74 31.97 23.56 45.87 38.71 324.68 18.76 - 8.04 .. 1.06

-54.4% -63.8% -37.8% -66.8% -49.6% -41.1% -49.8% -42.8% -24.3% -53.6%

.. -82.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Unallocated autoproducers - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - gas Residential - coal/peat Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

67.48 60.33 39.45 33.47 31.23 23.41 9.79 9.75 6.93 6.73 5.61

-50.4% -42.8% -57.5% -38.5% 53.0% -50.1% 303.9% -66.4% -82.6% x -74.5%

13.4 12.0 7.8 6.7 6.2 4.7 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.1

13.4 25.4 33.3 39.9 46.1 50.8 52.7 54.7 56.0 57.4 58.5

313.96

-54.4%

62.4

62.4

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.372 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

United Arab Emirates / Emirats arabes unis Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 140

120

120 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 140

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

139

100%

129 80% million tonnes of CO2

119

60% 40% 20%

109 99 89 79 69 59 49

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 80 70

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

60

100

50 TWh

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

80

40 60

30

40

20

20

10 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.373

United Arab Emirates / Emirats arabes unis Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

51.61 49.89

69.97 67.62

86.06 82.12

107.52 102.71

109.97 105.37

115.70 111.06

130.58 126.19

153.0% 152.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

832 19.88 46.40 45.84 1.77

1 141 27.25 54.82 54.16 2.41

1 411 33.69 70.59 69.74 3.25

1 766 42.18 90.42 89.33 3.95

1 805 43.11 97.83 96.65 4.10

1 900 45.38 107.32 106.03 4.25

2 162 51.64 115.24 113.85 4.37

159.8% 159.8% 148.4% 148.4% 146.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

62.0 1.11 1.13 29.11

61.3 1.28 1.29 29.02

61.0 1.22 1.23 26.50

60.9 1.19 1.20 27.24

60.9 1.12 1.14 26.80

60.9 1.08 1.09 27.24

60.4 1.13 1.15 29.91

-2.6% 1.9% 1.9% 2.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

32.91 1.69 0.51 3.53 24.26 24.26 2.92 2.92 28.52 - 4.39 - 0.00 44.22 11.81

97.67 61.56 1.49 34.62 97.67 -

-

130.58 63.25 2.00 38.14 24.26 24.26 2.92 2.92 126.19 - 4.39 - 0.00 44.22 11.81

153.0% 398.1% 117.4% 43.9% 117.2% 117.2% 868.6% 868.6% 152.9%

132.8% 20.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other energy industries - gas Other energy industries - oil -

61.56 34.62 24.26 3.53 2.92 1.69 1.49 0.51 -

409.5% 69.6% 117.2% -42.2% 868.6% 175.2% 138.1% 72.8% -

37.7 21.2 14.9 2.2 1.8 1.0 0.9 0.3 -

37.7 58.9 73.8 75.9 77.7 78.8 79.7 80.0 -

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

130.58

153.0%

80.0

80.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.374 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

United Kingdom / Royaume-Uni Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 700

600

600 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 700

500 400 300 200

500 400 300 200

100

100

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

590

100%

580 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

570 560 550 540 530 520 510

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 200

450 400

180

350

160 140

300

120

250 TWh

2007

100 200

80

150

60

100

40

50

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.375

United Kingdom / Royaume-Uni Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

552.97 567.72

519.07 544.15

525.56 547.95

535.64 543.96

534.30 543.79

535.76 545.40

523.01 533.29

-5.4% -6.1%

8 674 207.17 1 150.46 1 194.02 57.24

9 089 217.10 1 247.91 1 295.16 58.03

9 378 223.99 1 477.51 1 533.45 58.89

9 326 222.75 1 633.01 1 694.84 59.83

9 326 222.75 1 666.61 1 729.71 60.22

9 187 219.43 1 713.90 1 778.80 60.59

8 847 211.31 1 765.77 1 832.63 60.78

2.0% 2.0% 53.5% 53.5% 6.2%

63.8 0.48 0.46 9.66

57.1 0.42 0.40 8.95

56.0 0.36 0.34 8.93

57.4 0.33 0.32 8.95

57.3 0.32 0.31 8.87

58.3 0.31 0.30 8.84

59.1 0.30 0.29 8.60

-7.3% -38.4% -38.4% -10.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

146.94 117.59 12.64 5.13 9.34 2.24 2.18 149.46 2.40 0.12 -

Oil 184.91 1.26 1.50 13.75 25.31 130.92 119.17 12.17 7.90 190.22 4.78 0.53 7.32 33.70

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

188.41 53.86 13.75 13.47 26.00 81.33 63.27 190.88 2.20 0.27 -

2.74 2.53 0.11 0.10 0.03 2.74 - 0.00 -

523.01 172.71 30.42 32.36 60.77 130.92 119.17 95.83 73.38 533.29 9.37 0.91 7.32 33.70

-5.4% -13.7% 127.4% 9.9% -27.3% 10.9% 11.7% -11.6% -2.1% -6.1%

-6.6% 122.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas *** Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas *** Other energy industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat

119.17 117.59 63.27 53.86 26.00 25.31 18.05 13.75 13.75 13.47 12.64

11.7% -34.8% 16.5% x -2.8% -4.2% 17.4% -31.2% 428.5% 92.4% 65.2%

18.7 18.5 9.9 8.5 4.1 4.0 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0

18.7 37.2 47.1 55.6 59.6 63.6 66.4 68.6 70.8 72.9 74.9

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

523.01

-5.4%

82.1

82.1

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. *** For reasons of confidentiality, gas for main activity producer electricity is included in autoproducers for 1990

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.376 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

United States / Etats-Unis Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7000

6000

6000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 7000

5000 4000 3000 2000

5000 4000 3000 2000

1000

1000

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

6000

100%

5800 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5600 5400 5200 5000 4800

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 180

5000 4500

160

4000

140

3500

120

3000 TWh

Other energy industries Transport Other

100

2500 80

2000

60

1500 1000

40

500

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.377

United States / Etats-Unis Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

4 863.3 4 853.7

5 133.3 5 134.9

5 693.0 5 715.2

5 772.4 5 817.0

5 784.5 5 857.1

5 698.3 5 778.5

5 769.3 5 853.5

18.6% 20.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

80 101 1 913.2 7 055.0 7 055.0 250.2

86 722 2 071.3 7 972.8 7 972.8 266.6

95 596 2 283.3 9 764.8 9 764.8 282.4

96 755 2 311.0 10 623.9 10 623.9 293.6

97 276 2 323.4 10 936.7 10 936.7 296.4

96 414 2 302.8 11 240.6 11 240.6 299.2

97 969 2 339.9 11 468.0 11 468.0 302.1

22.3% 22.3% 62.6% 62.6% 20.7%

60.7 0.69 0.69 19.44

59.2 0.64 0.64 19.26

59.6 0.58 0.58 20.16

59.7 0.54 0.54 19.66

59.5 0.53 0.53 19.52

59.1 0.51 0.51 19.05

58.9 0.50 0.50 19.10

-3.0% -27.0% -27.0% -1.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

2 114.8 1 956.5 18.5 13.0 120.0 6.8 2 168.7 2.4 51.5 -

Oil 2 381.5 53.1 8.2 157.1 225.5 1 772.1 1 526.2 165.4 73.7 2 409.7 - 12.0 40.1 96.0 50.2

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

1 245.5 372.4 32.1 101.8 283.9 35.3 1.4 419.9 257.2 1 247.6 - 2.6 4.8 -

27.5 13.3 4.8 8.6 0.8 27.5 -

5 769.3 2 395.4 63.6 271.9 638.0 1 807.5 1 527.6 592.9 330.9 5 853.5 - 12.2 96.4 96.0 50.2

18.6% 35.1% -30.9% -0.4% -8.6% 27.3% 34.3% -2.3% 2.2% 20.6%

5.8% 29.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - gas Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas

1 956.5 1 526.2 372.4 283.9 257.2 245.9 225.5 162.7 157.1 120.0 101.8

27.6% 34.1% 144.0% 1.9% 7.3% -0.1% 3.9% 13.6% -5.5% -40.7% -2.3%

28.0 21.8 5.3 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.2 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.5

28.0 49.9 55.2 59.2 62.9 66.5 69.7 72.0 74.3 76.0 77.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

5 769.3

18.6%

82.6

82.6

IPCC source category

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.378 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Uruguay Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 8

7

7

6

6

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 8

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2

1

1

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 7.5

100%

7 80% million tonnes of CO2

6.5

60% 40% 20%

6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5

0%

3 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 12 10

2007

1990 = 100 250

Figure 6. Key indicators

200

8 TWh

150 6 100 4 50

2 0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.379

Uruguay Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

3.75 4.02

4.52 4.70

5.30 6.06

5.36 5.54

5.25 5.69

6.14 6.57

5.73 5.94

52.7% 47.9%

94 2.25 15.35 21.74 3.11

108 2.57 18.62 26.36 3.22

129 3.08 20.67 29.27 3.30

121 2.88 20.30 28.74 3.30

124 2.97 21.64 30.65 3.31

134 3.19 23.16 32.79 3.31

133 3.17 24.88 35.23 3.32

40.7% 40.7% 62.1% 62.1% 6.9%

39.8 0.24 0.17 1.21

42.0 0.24 0.17 1.41

41.2 0.26 0.18 1.61

44.4 0.26 0.19 1.62

42.2 0.24 0.17 1.59

46.0 0.27 0.19 1.85

43.2 0.23 0.16 1.73

8.6% -5.8% -5.7% 42.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.01 0.01 0.01 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

5.52 0.98 0.00 0.26 0.70 2.52 2.50 1.06 0.39 5.71 0.19 0.00 1.04 0.20

0.19 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.22 0.02 -

-

5.73 0.98 0.00 0.27 0.82 2.52 2.50 1.12 0.43 5.94 0.19 0.02 1.04 0.20

52.7% 231.1% -80.4% 37.6% 12.8% 67.5% 75.2% 12.6% -3.9% 47.9%

181.3% x

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat

2.50 0.98 0.70 0.67 0.39 0.26 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

75.2% 231.1% -3.8% 21.8% -9.9% 32.5% x x x -79.4% 112.6%

7.3 2.9 2.0 1.9 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

7.3 10.1 12.2 14.1 15.2 16.0 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.6 16.6

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

5.73

52.7%

16.7

16.7

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.380 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Uzbekistan / Ouzbékistan Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 140

120

120 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 140

100 80 60 40 20

100 80 60 40 20

0

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Coal/peat

2000 2002 2004

Oil

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

132

100%

127 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60%

not available 40% 20%

122 117 112 107 102

0%

97 1971

1990

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other energy industries Transport Other

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 140

60

120

50

100

40 TWh

80 30 60 20 40 10

20

0

0 1990

1992

1994

Coal/peat

1996

1998

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2000

Gas

2002

2004

Hydro

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

2007

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.381

Uzbekistan / Ouzbékistan Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

119.83 120.58

101.59 103.83

116.46 120.93

115.72 118.84

109.77 112.94

112.87 116.19

113.37 116.73

-5.4% -3.2%

1 941 46.37 14.04 37.68 20.51

1 782 42.57 11.39 30.56 22.79

2 109 50.38 13.76 36.92 24.65

2 069 49.42 16.74 44.90 25.86

1 968 47.00 17.91 48.04 26.17

2 029 48.45 19.21 51.55 26.49

2 038 48.68 21.04 56.45 26.87

5.0% 5.0% 49.8% 49.8% 31.0%

61.7 8.53 3.18 5.84

57.0 8.92 3.32 4.46

55.2 8.46 3.15 4.72

55.9 6.91 2.58 4.47

55.8 6.13 2.28 4.20

55.6 5.87 2.19 4.26

55.6 5.39 2.01 4.22

-9.9% -36.8% -36.8% -27.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

4.61 3.81 0.22 0.58 0.06 4.65 0.04 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

14.59 4.12 0.02 0.56 1.79 5.22 4.32 2.88 0.05 14.16 - 0.43 - 0.00 -

94.17 27.63 0.06 3.79 18.70 3.27 0.14 40.73 33.64 97.91 3.74 0.00 -

-

113.37 35.55 0.09 4.35 20.71 8.49 4.46 44.19 33.76 116.73 3.36 -

-5.4% -18.1% x 27.9% 254.6% 49.8% -17.8% -28.2% x -3.2%

-

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Other energy industries - gas Other transport - gas Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

33.64 27.63 18.70 7.09 4.32 4.12 3.81 3.79 3.12 2.83 1.79

x 1.8% x -84.6% -20.5% -45.1% -56.7% 56.7% x -73.2% -69.4%

19.9 16.3 11.1 4.2 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.1

19.9 36.2 47.3 51.5 54.0 56.4 58.7 60.9 62.8 64.4 65.5

113.37

-5.4%

67.0

67.0

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.382 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Venezuela / Vénézuela Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 160

140

140

120

120

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 160

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40

20

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

150

100%

145 140 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100

0% 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 140

TWh

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 140

120

120

100

100

80

80

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.383

Venezuela / Vénézuela Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

105.10 105.03

118.29 116.68

126.74 125.66

128.06 128.50

136.49 135.16

143.87 133.92

143.79 140.87

36.8% 34.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

1 824 43.57 95.26 113.85 19.75

2 160 51.60 112.85 134.86 22.04

2 362 56.41 117.15 140.00 24.31

2 361 56.40 120.46 143.95 26.13

2 493 59.54 132.89 158.81 26.58

2 552 60.96 146.64 175.24 27.02

2 669 63.75 158.96 189.96 27.47

46.3% 46.3% 66.9% 66.9% 39.1%

57.6 1.10 0.92 5.32

54.8 1.05 0.88 5.37

53.7 1.08 0.91 5.21

54.2 1.06 0.89 4.90

54.8 1.03 0.86 5.14

56.4 0.98 0.82 5.32

53.9 0.90 0.76 5.24

-6.5% -18.0% -18.0% -1.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.18 0.18 0.18 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

89.68 12.18 15.12 14.09 44.20 44.16 4.09 3.55 87.42 - 0.68 - 1.57 2.77 0.44

53.94 10.50 1.29 14.23 25.12 0.27 2.53 1.95 53.28 - 0.66 -

-

143.79 22.68 1.29 29.35 39.39 44.47 44.16 6.62 5.50 140.87 - 0.68 - 2.23 2.77 0.44

36.8% 48.9% -67.1% 27.5% 34.0% 57.3% 56.4% 25.4% 32.8% 34.1%

10.7% -56.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Other energy industries - oil Other energy industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - oil Residential - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Non-specified other sectors - gas

44.16 25.12 15.12 14.23 14.09 12.18 10.50 3.55 1.95 1.29 0.58

56.4% 39.0% 63.9% 3.1% 48.2% 115.3% 9.6% -4.0% 344.1% -62.9% -40.2%

18.5 10.5 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.1 4.4 1.5 0.8 0.5 0.2

18.5 29.0 35.3 41.3 47.2 52.3 56.7 58.1 59.0 59.5 59.7

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

143.79

36.8%

60.2

60.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.384 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Vietnam / Viet Nam * Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 100

90

90

80

80 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 100

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Gas

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector

106

100%

96 80% million tonnes of CO2

86

60% 40% 20%

76 66 56 46 36 26

0%

16 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Other energy industries Transport Other

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 450

80 70

400

60

350 300

50 TWh

2007

250

40

200 30

150

20

100

10

50

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

Gas

* A detailed sectoral breakdown is available starting in 1980.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.385

Vietnam / Viet Nam Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

17.29 17.29

28.01 28.02

44.47 44.42

80.05 79.95

81.57 80.89

86.14 85.27

93.59 92.69

441.5% 436.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

1 018 24.32 15.02 76.30 66.20

1 258 30.05 22.28 113.18 72.98

1 552 37.07 31.17 158.37 77.64

2 090 49.91 41.28 209.75 82.03

2 135 50.99 44.77 227.45 83.11

2 208 52.73 48.45 246.17 84.11

2 336 55.79 52.56 267.04 85.14

129.3% 129.3% 250.0% 250.0% 28.6%

17.0 1.15 0.23 0.26

22.3 1.26 0.25 0.38

28.7 1.43 0.28 0.57

38.3 1.94 0.38 0.98

38.2 1.82 0.36 0.98

39.0 1.78 0.35 1.02

40.1 1.78 0.35 1.10

136.1% 54.7% 54.7% 321.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

39.91 12.94 1.72 19.78 5.47 4.06 39.91 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

40.93 1.22 1.38 9.03 23.36 21.73 5.94 1.97 40.02 - 0.91 0.00 .. 0.81

12.75 11.01 0.47 1.27 12.75 -

-

93.59 25.17 3.58 30.07 23.36 21.73 11.41 6.04 92.69 - 0.91 0.00 .. 0.81

441.5% 425.1% x 433.1% 455.0% 479.8% 332.0% 467.7% 436.1%

.. x

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Other transport - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat

21.73 19.78 12.94 11.01 9.03 4.06 3.96 1.97 1.72 1.63 1.41

479.8% 376.5% 261.2% + 505.8% 386.5% 219.4% 764.7% x 302.4% 318.8%

9.7 8.9 5.8 4.9 4.0 1.8 1.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

9.7 18.6 24.4 29.3 33.3 35.2 36.9 37.8 38.6 39.3 39.9

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

93.59

441.5%

41.9

41.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.386 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Yemen / Yémen Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 25

20

20 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 25

15

10

15

10

5

5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 22

100%

20 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

18 16 14 12 10 8

0%

6 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2007

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel

Figure 6. Key indicators 1990 = 100 200

7

180

6

TWh

160 5

140

4

120 100

3

80 60

2

40

1

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Oil

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1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.387

Yemen / Yémen Key indicators % change CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2) TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

6.43 7.14

9.34 9.87

13.21 13.90

17.20 18.12

18.83 19.31

19.73 20.10

20.55 21.15

219.6% 196.1%

105 2.51 5.51 8.60 12.31

143 3.42 7.22 11.28 15.52

198 4.74 9.44 14.74 18.18

258 6.17 11.00 17.18 20.48

275 6.58 11.61 18.14 21.10

287 6.86 11.98 18.71 21.73

302 7.21 12.42 19.39 22.38

187.0% 187.0% 125.4% 125.4% 81.8%

61.1 1.17 0.75 0.52

65.3 1.29 0.83 0.60

66.6 1.40 0.90 0.73

66.5 1.56 1.00 0.84

68.4 1.62 1.04 0.89

68.7 1.65 1.05 0.91

68.0 1.65 1.06 0.92

11.4% 41.8% 41.8% 75.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

20.55 3.71 0.38 2.98 2.28 5.40 5.40 5.80 2.15 21.15 0.38 0.23 0.39 0.40

219.6% 304.0% 17.6% 779.2% + 36.0% 36.0% 753.4% 217.0% 196.1%

20.55 3.71 0.38 2.98 2.28 5.40 5.40 5.80 2.15 21.15 0.38 0.23 0.39 0.40

-68.2% 129.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Non-specified other sectors - oil Other energy industries - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

5.40 3.71 3.64 2.98 2.28 2.15 0.38 -

36.0% 304.0% x 779.2% + 217.0% 17.6% -

17.1 11.8 11.6 9.4 7.2 6.8 1.2 -

17.1 28.9 40.5 49.9 57.1 64.0 65.2 -

20.55

219.6%

65.2

65.2

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

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II.388 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Zambia / Zambie Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 5

4.5

4.5

4

4 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 3

100%

2.8 2.6 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

0%

1 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 12

TWh

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach

1990 = 100 300

10

250

8

200

6

150

4

100

2

50

0

2007

Figure 6. Key indicators

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

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Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.389

Zambia / Zambie Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.60 2.73

2.05 2.10

1.70 1.71

2.03 2.13

2.12 2.23

2.24 2.35

2.37 2.49

-9.0% -8.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

226 5.40 3.03 7.86 8.12

244 5.83 2.82 7.33 9.26

261 6.23 3.24 8.41 10.45

288 6.89 3.89 10.09 11.27

296 7.06 4.09 10.62 11.48

304 7.25 4.34 11.27 11.70

312 7.44 4.60 11.95 11.92

37.8% 37.8% 52.0% 52.0% 46.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)

11.5 0.86 0.33 0.32

8.4 0.73 0.28 0.22

6.5 0.52 0.20 0.16

7.0 0.52 0.20 0.18

7.2 0.52 0.20 0.19

7.4 0.52 0.20 0.19

7.6 0.51 0.20 0.20

-34.0% -40.1% -40.1% -38.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

0.42 0.03 0.35 0.03 0.42 0.00 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

2.37 0.03 0.04 0.07 1.02 1.02 0.93 0.19 0.04 2.49 0.12 0.00 0.17

-9.0% 28.5% -46.1% 0.2% -23.9% 33.5% 35.7% -43.2% -57.6% -8.9%

1.95 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.67 1.02 0.93 0.15 0.04 2.07 0.12 0.17

-9.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Other transport - oil Other energy industries - oil Residential - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - oil

0.93 0.67 0.35 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00

35.7% 7.0% -51.1% -26.2% 15.4% 0.2% -57.6% -48.3% -57.1% 28.5% -

1.7 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

1.7 2.9 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

2.37

-9.0%

4.3

4.3

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

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II.390 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Zimbabwe Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 20

18

18

16

16 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 20

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Oil

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector 19

100%

18 17 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

16 15 14 13 12 11 10

0%

9 1971

1990

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

2007

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC database

Other energy industries Transport Other

Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel 12

2007

1990 = 100 140

Figure 6. Key indicators

120

10

100

8 TWh

80 6 60 4 40 2

20

0

0 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

Coal/peat

Oil

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Hydro

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007

CO2/TPES

CO2/GDP

CO2/capita

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - II.391

Zimbabwe Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2004

2005

2006

2007

90-07

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

16.00 15.44

14.85 15.33

12.71 12.79

9.70 9.76

10.36 10.58

9.88 10.09

9.32 9.51

-41.7% -38.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 2000 US$) GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$) Population (millions)

389 9.30 6.73 28.64 10.49

412 9.84 7.15 30.41 11.79

414 9.89 7.40 31.48 12.66

389 9.29 5.93 25.24 13.03

406 9.70 5.62 23.90 13.12

401 9.57 5.35 22.75 13.23

396 9.45 5.02 21.37 13.40

1.6% 1.6% -25.4% -25.4% 27.8%

41.1 2.38 0.56 1.53

36.0 2.08 0.49 1.26

30.7 1.72 0.40 1.00

24.9 1.63 0.38 0.74

25.5 1.84 0.43 0.79

24.7 1.85 0.43 0.75

23.6 1.86 0.44 0.70

-42.7% -21.9% -21.9% -54.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$) CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita) Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2007 CO2 emissions by sector % change million tonnes of CO 2

Coal/peat

Sectoral Approach Main activity producer elec. and heat Unallocated autoproducers Other energy industries Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other sectors of which: residential Reference Approach Diff. due to losses and/or transformation Statistical differences Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

7.39 5.21 0.05 1.26 0.02 0.85 0.00 7.58 0.31 - 0.12 -

Oil

Gas

Other *

Total

90-07

-

-

9.32 5.26 0.05 1.50 1.16 1.08 1.34 0.09 9.51 0.31 - 0.12 .. 0.03

-41.7% -21.2% -69.1% -68.0% -43.7% -18.1% -43.7% -64.5% -38.4%

1.93 0.05 0.24 1.14 1.08 0.49 0.08 1.93 0.00 .. 0.03

.. -89.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007 IPCC source category

CO2 emissions (Mt of CO 2)

% change 90-07

Level assessment (%) **

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat Manufacturing industries - coal/peat Road - oil Non-specified other sectors - coal/peat Non-specified other sectors - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Other transport - oil Other energy industries - coal/peat Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Other transport - coal/peat

5.21 1.26 1.08 0.85 0.41 0.24 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.02

-22.0% -70.9% -18.1% -45.7% -29.7% -34.8% -29.0% -73.3% -69.1% x -96.1%

20.1 4.9 4.2 3.3 1.6 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

20.1 24.9 29.1 32.4 33.9 34.9 35.2 35.4 35.6 35.8 35.9

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

9.32

-41.7%

35.9

35.9

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.1

PART III: GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS

PARTIE III : EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.3

1. SHARES AND TRENDS IN GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS The information in Part III (with the exception of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion) has been provided by Dr. Jos G.J. Olivier from the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) based on the EDGAR 4.0 database developed jointly by JRC and PBL as part of and in cooperation with the Global Exchange and Interactions Activity (GEIA) of IGBP and the ACCENT Network of Excellence. Country data have been provided for 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Moving to the EDGAR 4.0 database has resulted in some revisions to greenhousegas estimates. In particular, 2005 estimates for CH4 are 8% higher than in the previous edition and estimates for N20 are 25% lower (mostly due to agriculture and other). Please see Chapter 2 for further details on data sources and methodology. Emission trends for gases and sources are provided in this discussion through 2005.

CO2 emissions from fuel combustion constitute the majority of anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. However, comprehensive analysis of emissions and emission trends considers other sources of CO2 as well as other gases. To complement work regarding the emissions of CO2 from fuel combustion, the IEA elected to include the EDGAR data on other CO2 sources and on five other greenhouse gases; CH4, N2O and the fluorinated gases (or “F-gases”) HFCs, PFCs and SF6. These gases are addressed by the Kyoto Protocol.

When considering comparative shares and trends in greenhouse-gas emissions, data on gases and sources other than CO2 from fuel combustion are much more uncertain. Country-specific estimates of CO2 from biomass burning and F-gas emissions are particularly difficult to ascertain.

Shares by gas The contribution of non-CO2 gases to total emissions can be estimated by expressing the emissions of all the gases in CO2-equivalent units. For a given gas, emissions expressed in mass are multiplied by its specific weighting factor, the Global Warming Potential (GWP), an estimate of the relative contribution of a kilogramme of that gas to global radiative forcing, as compared to the same amount of CO2, integrated over a fixed period of time (e.g. 100 years). The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), following the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), uses the 100-year GWPs of 21 for CH4, 310 for N2O and 23 900 for SF6. For the most common HFCs, GWPs vary between 140 and 3 000 (1 300 for HFC-134a). For the by-product HFC-23, the GWP is 11 700. The GWPs for PFCs vary between 6 500 (CF4) to 9 200 (C2F6). These two PFCs, the ones most commonly used, are also significant sources of byproduct emissions. This chapter expresses all emission data in CO2-equivalents using these GWP values. In 2005, CO2 contributed 76% of global greenhousegas emissions, CH4 about 16%, N2O about 6% and the combined F-gases about 2% (Figure 1).

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III.4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

In 2005, the largest sources of greenhouse-gas emissions were the sectors of energy (66%, mainly CO2 fossil fuel use), and agriculture (11%, mainly CH4 and N2O, in comparable amounts). Other sources of greenhouse gases were CO2 from biomass burning (12%, mostly forest and peat fires and post-burn decay in non-Annex I countries), and CO2 from cement production (3%, of which 45% originated in China).

For nitrous oxide (N2O), agriculture contributed 64% of emissions in 2005, mainly from synthetic fertilisers and animal waste dropped on soils (either as animal manure or by animals during grazing) and agricultural waste burning (Figure 3). A much smaller source is fuel combustion (8%, mainly from coal, fuelwood and road transport). Another small source is N2O from industry (6%), mostly in Annex I countries.

Figure 1. Global greenhouse-gas emissions by gas/source in 2005

Figure 3. Global N2O emissions in 2005

N2O- N2O-Other F-gas-All Agriculture 2% 2% 4% CH4-Other 3% CH4Agriculture 7%

Energy 8% Other 22%

CH4-Energy 6%

Industrial Processes 6%

CO2-Fossil fuel use 60%

CO2-Other 16%

As seen in Figure 2, on an individual gas basis, the major global sources for methane (CH4) in 2005 were:

Agriculture 64%

x energy production and transmission (35%), mainly from coal production and gas production and transmission; x waste (19%), from landfills and wastewater.

For the fluorinated gases (Figure 4), emissions are split between “use” and “by-products” because of the different ways they are produced. HFC use represented about half of the total in 2005, of which HFC 134a alone represented nearly half. Total by-product emissions of HFC contributed 20% and by-product emissions of PFCs another 10%. SF6 use represented 19%, while PFC use represented the remaining 3%. Most F-gas emissions are emitted by Annex I countries.

Figure 2. Global CH4 emissions in 2005

Figure 4. Global F-gas emissions in 2005

x agriculture (43%), mainly from enteric fermentation by animals and animal waste, from rice cultivation and from savannah burning;

Other 3% Waste 19%

SF6 use 19%

HFC by-product 20%

Energy 35% PFC use 3% PFC by-product 10%

Agriculture 43%

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HFC use 48%

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.5

Shares by region In 2005, most methane emissions originated in nonAnnex I regions such as Asia including China (38%) and Latin America (12%). Emissions from Annex I countries contributed 28%, largely driven by emissions from the Former Soviet Union and North America. For methane, emissions from animals and their waste dominate sources in Latin America and South Asia, while emissions from rice cultivation are common in South, East and Southeast Asia. Coal production emissions are concentrated in East Asia (mainly China), North America, and EIT countries,1 while emissions from gas systems are concentrated in the Former Soviet Union and North America. Methane from landfills stems mainly from Annex I countries, whereas methane emissions from wastewater disposal originate predominantly in non-Annex I countries. Non-Annex I regions produced two-thirds of global nitrous oxide emissions in 2005: Asia including China (34%), Latin America (14%) and Africa (19%). N2O emissions from Annex I countries contributed 28% to the global total, with most emissions originating in Annex II North America (10%) and Annex II Europe (8%). Of all nitrous oxide sources, animal waste emissions occur predominantly in the non-Annex I regions of Latin America, Africa and South Asia; N2O from fertiliser use is largest in East Asia (mainly China) and Latin America followed by North America, Annex II Europe and South Asia (mainly India). N2O emissions from crop production are largest in North America, Latin America, South Asia and East Asia. Industrial processes also emit significant volumes of N2O.

The shares of Annex I countries in total CH4 and total N2O emissions (both 28%) were relatively low compared to their share in global CO2 emissions (43%). In 2005, most fluorinated gas emissions originated in Annex I countries, with Annex II North America contributing 36%, Annex II Europe 14%, Annex II Pacific 8% and the EIT countries 10%. Non-Annex I countries contributed about 30% to global F-gas emissions.

Total greenhouse-gas emission trends Emissions related to fossil-fuels dominate the global trend in total greenhouse-gas emissions. Between 1970 and 2005, global anthropogenic CO2 emissions increased by about 70%, CH4 and N2O by about 35% and the F-gases by about 500%. Total emissions of all greenhouse gases - weighted by their GWP - increased by about 65% since 1970. According to the EDGAR 4.0 dataset, global total greenhouse-gas emissions increased by 22% during the 1990-2005 period (Figure 5). A 29% growth in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion drove much of this increase. Over the same period, direct CO2 emissions from biomass burning – based on satellite observations – are assumed to have increased by only about 5%. Increases in CO2 emissions from cement production (about 100%), CH4 emissions from fossil fuel production (28%) and wastewater (44%), N2O emissions from agriculture (11%) and the F-gases (about 125%, mainly from HFC use) also contributed to the total increase. The F-gases, for which 1995 generally serves as base year, increased their share of global emissions from 0.9% in 1990 to 1.0% in 1995 and to 1.6% in 2005.

1. In this chapter, economies in transition covers the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries.

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III.6 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Figure 5. Trend in global greenhouse-gas emissions 1970-2005 Gigatonnes of CO2-eq. 50

Forest fires CO2

45

Postburn CO2 and N2O

40 HFCs, PFCs and SF6 35 Other CO2, CH4 and N2O 30 Waste CH4 25 Agriculture N2O 20 Agriculture CH4 15 Industrial processes 10 Fossil fuel: fugitive and flaring

5 0 1970

CO2 and non-CO2 from fossil fuel combustion 1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Sources: IEA for CO2 from fuel combustion and JRC/PBL (2009) EDGAR 4.0 for all other sources.

CO2 emission trends Energy dominates the trend in CO2 emissions, accounting for 80% of the global total CO2 emissions in 2005. About 6% higher in 1970, this share now varies between 90 and 99% in most Annex I countries. Within non-Annex I countries, the energy share in CO2 emissions varies more widely. Indeed, in some African, Latin American and Asian countries, it can be lower than 10%. Over the 1990-2005 period, total fossil fuel combustion emissions of CO2 increased about 29% worldwide (2% in Annex I countries and 86% in nonAnnex I countries). Emissions from electricity and heat production and from road transport dominated global trends. Between 1990 and 2005, CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production increased by 27% for Annex II countries and by 64% in the rest of the

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world. Over the same period, road transport emissions rose 29% in Annex II countries and 61% in the other countries. By 2005, these two sectors together accounted for 58% of global total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. The chapter “The Energy – Climate Challenge” at the beginning of the publication provides a more complete discussion of trends in energyrelated CO2 emissions. In 2005 deforestation accounted for about 8% of CO2 emissions (or about 16% including indirect CO2 emissions from post-burn decay of remaining aboveground biomass). According to satellite observations the share of deforestation in global emissions was about 18% in the 1970’s, 1980’s and 1990’s. Since 2000, however, this share has decreased due to rapidly increasing emissions from fossil fuel combustion. In 2005, CO2 emissions from cement production represented over 3% of total emissions worldwide. Between 1990 and 2005, CO2 from cement production increased by about 100%.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.7

CH4 emission trends Between 1970 and 2005, global methane emissions rose about 35%. In the 1980s, emissions rose about 7%, driven by growth of emissions in the Former Soviet Union from gas production and transmission (Figure 6). In addition, enteric fermentation by ruminants and wastewater disposal contributed to the increased emissions, particularly in non-Annex I regions. Emissions from rice cultivation are estimated to have decreased due to changes in types of rice and to other organic amendment practices. Furthermore, coal production shifted to incorporate more surface mining, which releases much less methane than underground mines. The economic decline of Former Soviet Union countries in the early 1990s strongly influenced global methane trends. Their emissions from coal production, from gas transmission and from animals (enteric fermentation) decreased substantially between 1990 and 1995. It should be stressed, however, that detailed statistics for this region are rather uncertain in this period. Based on country-specific trends of activity data and emission factors for the 1990-2005 period, global total

methane emissions are estimated to have effectively increased by about 10% between 1990 and 2005. Between 1990 and 2005, emissions in non-Annex I countries increased about 25%, with the largest absolute growth occurring in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Emissions in Annex I countries decreased by 15%, mainly driven by the countries of the Former Soviet Union. Annex II emissions as a whole decreased by about 5%. Annex II Europe decreased by about 20%, mainly as a result of the policies of the United Kingdom and Germany, which reduced coal production and increased methane recovery from coal mines, entailing an emission reduction of more than 50%. In Annex II North America and Annex II Europe, methane emissions from landfills also decreased more than 15% due to enhanced methane recovery. In the 1990s, emissions increased from gas production (particularly in the Middle East and North America), from waste handling sectors (particularly landfills in Latin America and wastewater in South Asia), from large-scale biomass burning in developing countries and from coal production in China. These increases were partly offset by decreases in fugitive emissions from coal production and CH4 emissions from animals in EIT countries. Since 2000, emissions increased by 11%, driven by large increases in China and Brazil.

Figure 6. Trends in global and regional CH4 emissions Million tonnes of CO2-eq. 1500 East Asia

1250

Latin America

1000

Africa

South Asia

FSU

750

Southeast Asia

Annex II N. Amer. 500

Annex II Europe Annex II Pacific

Middle East

250 EIT Europe 0 1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Source: EDGAR 4.0.

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III.8 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

N2O emission trends Between 1970 and 2005, global emissions of N2O increased by about 35%. Since the 1970s, increased use of synthetic fertilisers and manure from livestock caused agricultural emissions in South Asia and East Asia to increase by 2-3% annually. These regional emission trends continued into the 2000s (Figure 7). Emissions from Latin America and Africa also increased in the 1990s, predominantly from the same sources and from forest fires. In contrast, N2O emissions from industrial processes have decreased by 40% during the 1980s. This decrease resulted from the gradual upgrade of global production facilities for nitric acid. In 1990 about 20% of the facilities were equipped for non-selective catalytic reduction limiting NOx emissions while simultaneously reducing N2O emissions. During the 1970s, North America and Japan introduced catalytic converters in gasoline-fired cars to reduce emissions of precursors of tropospheric ozone.

Since the 1990s this technology was also introduced in Europe and Australia. However, the catalytic converters contributed to the increase in N2O emissions in these countries. In the 1990-2005 period, global N2O emissions are estimated to have increased by almost 5%. The threequarter reduction in industrial emissions from adipic acid manufacturing particularly limited this increase. Over this period, emissions in non-Annex I countries increased by about 20%, mainly in the agricultural sector in South Asia, East Asia and Latin America. This increase was partially offset by decreasing emissions in the Former Soviet Union countries (about -45%) and, to a lesser extent, in other EIT countries. In Annex II Europe, N2O decreased by more than 20% since 1990, mainly due to emission abatement in the chemical industry and to a decrease in the use of nitrogen fertilisers. When considering these trends, one should note that the uncertainties in annual emissions of most sources of N2O are very large, e.g. the uncertainty for agricultural sources may sometimes exceed 100%.

Figure 7. Trends in global and regional N2O emissions Million tonnes of CO2-eq 700

600 Africa

500 Latin America

400

East Asia Annex II N. America Southeast Asia

300 Annex II Europe South Asia 200 FSU Annex II Pacific 100

EIT Europe Middle East

0 1970

1975

Source: EDGAR 4.0.

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1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.9

HFC, PFC and SF6 emission trends Between 1990 and 2005, the emissions of F-gases increased by 125%, mainly due to an increase in HFC emissions: emissions of HFC in 2005 were more than 6 times higher than in 1990. During the same period, PFC emissions decreased by 20% while SF6 emissions increased by 6%. Annex I regions experienced large growth in F-gas emissions, with average increases on the order of 100-150%. On a regional basis, total Fgas emission trends varied between 0% and 800% for the non-Annex I regions, with the largest absolute increases coming from China (included in East Asia).

Since 1995, global F-gas emissions increased more rapidly. The increase in HFC emissions (almost four times higher) more than offset the 10% reduction in SF6 emissions and the 11% reduction in PFC emissions since 1995. The reductions in SF6 were mainly due to reductions in emissions from manufacture and use of switchgear for the electricity sector. At present, global emissions of HFCs other than HFC-134a exceed emissions of HFC-134a, widely used for refrigeration and air-conditioning. When considering these trends, one should note that the uncertainties in annual emissions of most sources of F-gases are very large, e.g. at a country level they may well exceed 100%. Therefore, the figures provided for individual countries should only be considered as order-of-magnitude estimates.

Figure 8. Trends in regional* F-gas emissions Million tonnes of CO2-eq.

300 Annex II N. America 250

200

East Asia 150 Annex II Europe 100

Annex II Pacific

FSU

50 EIT Europe

Latin America

0 1970 *

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Only regions with significant emissions of F-gases have been included in this figure.

Source: EDGAR 4.0.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.11

2. SOURCES AND METHODS When looking at greenhouse-gas emission trends, limiting the emissions to CO2 from fuel combustion means that the estimates give an incomplete picture of total greenhouse-gas emissions. Therefore, to put the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion into context, information has been added from the emissions model “EDGAR”, developed by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) and the European Commissions’ Joint Research Centre (JRC) to provide global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases to be used as a reference database for policy applications. The information in Part III (with the exception of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion) has been provided by Jos G.J. Olivier from PBL and John A. van Aardenne and Suvi Monni from JRC based on the EDGAR 4.0 datasets. PBL and JRC are responsible for the calculation of the EDGAR 4.0 data. Please see below for further details.

Background on PBL and JRC The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), is a government-funded agency that supports national and international policymakers by analysing spatial and social developments and environmental and spatial policies, which impact the human, plant and animal environment. PBL explores the future quality of this environment and advises on possible policy options and aims to contribute to the integrated spatial and ecological considerations for European and global policy-making. PBL provides independent integrated assessments on topics such as sustainable development, energy and climate change, biodiversity, spatial planning, transport, land use and air quality. PBL acts as an interface between science and policy and provides the Netherlands government and international organisations such as EU/EEA, UN,

OECD and the World Bank with sound, evidencebased assessments. PBL employs about 275 people and works in close collaboration with national and international partners, to assess future policies and the effects of policies already in place. PBL analyses interrelated environmental issues and their interaction with economic, spatial and social developments. This ranges from Dutch problems in the European and global context to global topics such as climate change, as well as European and global sustainability issues. The Joint Research Centre (JRC) is a Directorate General of the European Commission (EC). The mission of the JRC is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of the EU Policies. JRC employs about 2750 staff. The Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) is one of seven institutes of JRC, located in Ispra (Italy). The mission of IES is to provide scientific-technical support to the European Union's policies for the protection and sustainable development of the European and global environment. The IES is engaged in five main fields of activity: global change; emissions, air quality and health; water; terrestrial and natural resources; and renewable energies. The IES has over 400 staff members. The IES manages several large-scale research infrastructures and hosts a large number of unique pan-European and global databases. The main customers of the IES are the Policy DirectoratesGeneral of the European Commission, other European bodies such as the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Space Agency (ESA), and global organisations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO). PBL participates in the Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change of the European Environmental Agency (EEA), whose aim is to support EU policy on air pollution and climate change, together with 12 other INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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organisations in Europe. PBL has been designated to lead the Centre. PBL and JRC were also involved in the work of the IPCC’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Programme (NGGIP). The Institute for Environment and Sustainability of JRC cooperates with other European bodies like the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Space Agency (ESA), with authorities and other institutions in the EU member states and with international organisations such as UN-ECE, WHO, IPCC and NASA.

General note on EDGAR Version 4 of the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, in short the EDGAR 4.0 system, has been developed jointly by the European Commissions’ Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). The aim of the EDGAR system, which was started in 1992 with financial support from the Netherlands’ Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM) and the Netherlands’ National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change (NRP), is to provide global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 and of precursor gases and air pollutants CO, NOx, NMVOC, SO2 and the aerosols BC/OC, per source category, both at country/region levels as well as on a 0.1x0.1 degree grid. It is meant to serve as a reference database for policy applications, e.g. to provide JRC’s POLES global economic energy scenario model and PBL's integrated global change model IMAGE 2 with emissions data and for assessments of potentials for emission reductions, as well as for scientific studies by providing gridded emissions as input for atmospheric models. The latter function is part of the Global Exchange and Interactions Activity (GEIA), that combines efforts to produce gridded inventories for all compounds relevant for the modelling activities within the Analysis, Integration and Modelling of the Earth System (AIMES) project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and of ACCENT, a Network of Excellence funded by the EC, 6th Framework Programme (FP6), Priority 1.1.6.3 Global Change and Ecosystems. EDGAR data have also been used in the Fourth Report of IPCC Working Group III, which was published in 2007 (IPCC, 2007). Activity data were mostly taken from international statistical data sources and emission factors for greenhouse gases were selected mostly from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

(IPCC, 2006) to ensure a consistent approach across countries. JRC and PBL have made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the information was generated correctly, but it is the responsibility of the EDGAR consortium to modify activity data when required to arrive at complete time series and for selecting the emission factors. It is stressed that the uncertainty in the resulting dataset at national level may be substantial, especially for methane and nitrous oxide, and even more so for the F-gases. The uncertainty is caused by the limited accuracy of international activity data used and in particular of emission factors selected for calculating emissions on a country level (Olivier et al., 1999, 2001; Olivier and Berdowski, 2001; Olivier, 2002; Olivier et al., 2005). However, since the methods used are either IPCC methodologies or comparable with them (see below) and global totals comply with budgets used in atmospheric studies and the data were based on international information sources, this dataset provides a sound basis for comparability. Although this dataset has been constructed with great care, JRC and PBL do not accept any liability from using the data provided in this report including any inaccuracies or omissions in the data provided. For details on uncertainty and caveats identified in the dataset, as well as more detailed source category estimates, we refer to the EDGAR 4.0 website at http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/. Also preliminary estimates for recent years than 2005 will be made publicly available through this website. Preliminary global trends of greenhouse-gas emissions will also be made available at PBL (2009).

Source definitions For carbon dioxide: Fuel combustion refers to fossil fuel combustion and the unstored fraction of non-energy/feedstock use (IPCC Source/Sink Category 1A) estimated using the IPCC Sectoral Approach from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (see Part I). Fugitive refers to flaring of associated gas in oil and gas production (including indirect CO2 from methane venting) (IPCC Source/Sink Category 1B). Industrial Processes refers to production of cement, lime, soda ash, carbides, ammonia, urea, methanol and ferrous metals and to the use of soda ash, limestone and dolomite (IPCC Source/Sink Category 2). Other refers to direct emissions from forest fires and peat fires plus emissions from decay (decomposition) of aboveground biomass that remains after logging

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.13

and deforestation and emissions from peat fires and decay of drained peat soils (IPCC Source/Sink Category 5). CO2 from fossil fuel fires, notably coal fires and the Kuwait oil fires, are also included here.

For methane: Energy comprises production, handling, transmission and combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1A and 1B). Agriculture comprises animals, animal waste, rice production, agricultural waste burning (non-energy, on-site) and savannah burning (IPCC Source/Sink Category 4). Waste comprises landfills, wastewater treatment, human wastewater disposal and waste incineration (nonenergy) (IPCC Source/Sink Category 6). Others includes industrial process emissions such as methanol production, forest and peat fires and other vegetation fires (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2 and 5).

For nitrous oxide: Energy comprises combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1A and 1B). Agriculture comprises fertiliser use (synthetic and animal manure), animal waste management, agricultural waste burning (non-energy, on-site) and savannah burning (IPCC Source/Sink Category 4). Industrial Processes comprises non-combustion emissions from manufacturing of adipic acid, nitric acid, caprolactam and glyoxal (IPCC Source/Sink Category 2). Others includes N2O usage, forest and peat fires (including post-burn emissions from remaining biomass) and other vegetation fires, and human sewage discharge and waste incineration (non-energy) (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 3, 5 and 6).

For fluorinated gases: HFC emissions comprise by-product emissions of HFC-23 from HCFC-22 manufacture and the use of HFCs (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2E and 2F). PFC emissions comprise by-product emissions of CF4 and C2F6 from primary aluminium production and the use of PFCs, in particular for the manufacture of semiconductors, flat panel displays and photovoltaic cells (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2C, 2E and 2F); and SF6 emissions stem from various sources of SF6 use, of which the largest is the use and manufacture of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) used in the electricity distribution networks (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2C and 2F).

Data sources and methodology for EDGAR 4.0 For EDGAR 4.0 the same methods were applied as for EDGAR 3.2 that was used in last year’s edition, however, taking more explicitly into account changes of emission factors over time due to the application of control technology or other emission reduction measures. In addition, for greenhouse gases the default emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC, 2006) were used instead of those of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC, 1997). To take into account emission reductions that have occurred due to control measures implemented since 1990, officially reported emissions were used for Annex I countries (mainly countries that were members of the OECD in 1990). These emission trends have been taken from the CRF emission data files which are part of the National Inventory Reports (NIR) to the UNFCCC (UNFCCC, 2008).

Energy / Fugitive / Biofuel CO2 emissions from fuel combustion were calculated by the International Energy Agency. See Part I for details on the estimation methodology. The data sources for fugitive CO2 emissions and CH4 and N2O from energy are listed below. Data for fossil fuel production and use for 138 countries were taken from the IEA energy statistics for OECD and non-OECD countries 1970-2005 (extended energy balances, in energy units) (IEA, 2007). This dataset comprises 94 sectors and 64 fuel types. For the countries of the Former Soviet Union and Former Yugoslavia a modified dataset was used to achieve a complete time series for the new countries for 19702005 of which the sum converges to the older dataset for the total Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. For another 62 countries, the aggregated IEA data for the regions ‘Other America’, ‘Other Africa’ and ‘Other Asia’ have been split using the sectoral IEA data per region and total production and consumption figures per country of coal, gas and oil from energy statistics reported by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA, 2007). Please note that the figures of CO2 from fuel combustion and non-energy use of fuels in this report differ somewhat from the EDGAR 4.0 dataset. This is due to the following reasons: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.14 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

x IEA energy statistics used may differ slightly due to updates included in more recent IEA releases. For EDGAR 4.0 the release of 2007 was used (IEA, 2007); x the IEA uses the default CO2 emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, which differ slightly due to different default oxidation factors (coal updated value +2%, oil products +1%, natural gas +0.5%) and due to updated defaults for carbon content for some fuels of which the quality may vary considerably (mainly refinery gas, updated value -7%, coke oven gas -7%, blast furnace gas +7%, coke -1%); x the IEA estimates CO2 emissions from carbon released in fossil fuel use labelled in the sectoral energy balance as ‘non-energy use’ or ‘chemical feedstock’ using default fractions stored. For EDGAR 4.0, default emission factors and methods from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines were applied, which may give rise to considerable differences compared to the 1996 guidelines. In addition, the subtraction of the nonenergy/feedstock fuel use part of the EDGAR dataset for combining with the IEA CO2 dataset also introduces some uncertainty. For estimating CH4 emissions from fossil fuel production and transmission, hard coal and brown coal production data have been split into surface and underground mining based on various national reports. For gas transport and distribution, pipeline length was used as activity data. Pipeline length and material statistics are taken from reports on Europe by Eurogas and Marcogaz, national reports (e.g. the United States and Canada), UNFCCC (2008) and supplemental data from CIA (2008). Total amounts of natural gas flared (including venting) are based on CO2 trends from CDIAC (Marland et al., 2006), supplemented with EIA (2008) and UNFCCC (2008) for missing years and missing countries and GGFR (2008) for 2004 and 2005. Biofuel data were also taken from IEA (2007). However, to avoid incomplete time series for large sectors, solid biomass production and consumption in the residential and commercial sectors in nonOECD countries were replaced by fuelwood and charcoal consumption from FAO (2007a). Vegetal waste used as fuel is based on the amounts of crop residues per country and fractions used as fuel based on Yevich and Logan (2003) and IPCC (2006). The amount of dung used a fuel is based on the total amount of manure produced per country and the

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fraction of total manure burned as fuel with fractions from IPCC (2006) and UNFCCC (2008). The results are rather close to the work of Fernandes et al. (2007) who did an extensive analysis of global and regional biofuel use in 2000. Emission factors for fossil fuel production and use are based on the default values in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC, 2006). Methane emission factors for coal mining are based on average depths of coal production based on CIAB (1994), EURACOAL (2008), Kirchgessner et al. (1993) and include post mining emissions. Methane recovery from coal mining was included for twelve countries amounting to about 1.3 Tg in 1990 (of which about one-third was allocated to the United States and Germany). Recovery in 2005 was estimated at 2.2 Tg (of which 40% in the United States and 20% in China) (UNFCCC, 2008; Thakur et al., 1994, 1996; EPA, 2008). Emission factors for oil and gas production, transport and distribution are from IPCC (2006), supplemented with data from UNFCCC (2008), except for the emission factor for CH4 from oil tanker transport which is from Rudd and Hill (2001). The CH4 emission factor for venting and flaring has been derived from countryspecific data reported to UNFCCC (2008); the CO2 emission factor for venting and flaring includes the indirect emissions through gas venting. For N2O from gasoline cars in road transport, the fraction of cars equipped with a different types of catalytic converters was taken into account (based on various references). The factors for biofuel combustion and charcoal production were also taken from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

Industrial processes Production data of CO2 sources cement, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals and various chemicals were based on UN Industrial Commodity Statistics (UN, 2006), often supplemented for recent years by data from the US Geological Survey (USGS, 2007). This also applies to paper, wine, beer and bread production. Other CO2 sources such as production of lime, soda ash, ammonia and ferroalloys are from USGS (2007), supplemented by data reported to the UNFCCC (2008). IFA (2008) was used for urea production (where it is assumed that the fossil carbon in CO2 from ammonia production is stored) and FAO (2007a,c) for production of pulp, meat and poultry. Iron and steel production was further split into technologies (basic oxygen furnace, open hearth, electric arc furnace) using data from WSA (2008).

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.15

For the N2O sources nitric acid, adipic acid and caprolactam, production data are based on UNFCCC (2008) and on (smoothed and averaged data) SRIC (2006). For other industrial production for which no international statistics were available, such as silicon carbide and glyoxal, UNFCCC (2008) was used, which is limited to Annex I countries. However, for many countries interpolations and extrapolations were necessary to arrive at complete time series per country for 1970-2005. Special attention had to be given to new EIT countries, in particular to Former Soviet Union and Former Yugoslavia countries, to match the older totals for the former countries. Emission factors for CO2, CH4 and N2O are described in IPCC (2006). Note that emissions of CO2 from cement production are only a proxy for cement clinker production. The N2O emission factors for the production of adipic acid, nitric acid, caprolactam and glyoxal are based on IPCC (2006). For adipic acid, abatement is only assumed from 1990 onwards if indicated in UNFCCC (2008) combined with activity data from SRIC (2005). For nitric acid in 1970, all old technology is assumed, changing their technology towards 1990 into high pressure plants in non-Annex I countries and a mix of low and medium pressure plants in Annex I countries that matches reported emissions in UNFCCC (2008). In addition, about 20% of global total production is equipped with NonSelective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) technology all in Annex II countries (Choe et al., 1993). The emission factors for the F-gases as by-product emissions were based on IPCC (2006), but modified to match global emissions to observations of atmospheric concentrations. Global annual total production of HCFC-22 was taken from AFEAS (2008) and McCulloch and Lindley (2007) to include captive production. Primary aluminium production statistics per country from UN (2006) were combined with smelters types characterised by one of five technologies according to Aluminium Verlag (2007) and for China also Hunt (2004). The default emission factor for HFC-23 from HCFC-22 manufacture was set for non-OECD countries to the IPCC default for old, unoptimised plants and for OECD countries somewhat lower and decreasing over time to reflect atmospheric concentrations. Countryspecific fractions of emission abatement were estimated for six Annex II countries based on reported emissions in UNFCCC (2008). For aluminium production the CF4 emission factors per technology are based on factors for 1990-2002 reported by IAI (2006, 2008) based on large surveys, but with modifications

for Söderberg technologies to comply with atmospheric concentration trends, and for C2F6 based on the ratio to CF4 reported in IPCC (2006) for default tier 2 emission factors. Global consumption of HFC-125, 134a (in three applications) and 143a was from AFEAS (2008), for HFC-152a, 227ea, 245fa, 32 and 365mfc from Ashford et al. (2004) and for HFC-23, 236fa and 43-10mee from UNFCCC (2008). Global HFC consumption was distributed to countries according to their share in global CFC-12 or CFC-11 consumption (ODP consumption statistics from the UN Ozone Secretariat) depending on their characteristics (mostly for refrigeration/air-conditioning or mostly for other applications (i.e. foams/aerosols)) and calibrated to regional totals calculated by Ashford et al. (2004)). Global emission factors for HFC use were derived from the emissions also reported by these data sources, except for HFC-125 and 143a which were from Ashford et al. (2004). Global consumption data of PFCs (and SF6) for semiconductor manufacture were for Annex I countries in 1990-2005 based on UNFCCC (2008) and the National Inventory Report 2008 of Japan., for Taiwan on Lu (2006) and other non-Annex I countries for 1995 and 2005 based on their global share in semiconductor manufacture (SEMI, 1998; SEMI, 2009). The trend from 1982 to 2005 of PFC use within four regions/countries (the United States, Japan, Europe and Rest of the World) was estimated from the world market sales (SIA, 2006). Global CF4 and SF6 consumption and consumption in Taiwan for the production of flat panel displays for 2003 is from Lu (2006); trends and market shares per country from SEMI (2007). National consumption of PFCs for PV cells is based on the production per country of PV systems in m2 (estimated from production statistics in MW for 1985-2003: Kammen, 2005; and for 1990, 1995, 2000-2007: Jäger-Waldau, 2008). The emission factors are from IPCC (2006), for semiconductors and FPD using the tier 2a factors and for PV production taking into account the fraction of thin film production per country and assuming that 50% of the manufacturers uses PFCs. PFC consumption for other PFC uses was based on data for PFC use in fire extinguishing and air-conditioning, and use as solvent reported by a few Annex I countries (UNFCCC, 2008) and extrapolated to all Annex I countries and assuming an emission factor of 1. Global consumption of SF6 per application was taken from Knopman and Smythe (2007). For SF6 containing switchgear, equipment manufacture and utility stock estimates were adjusted as in Mais and INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.16 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

Brenninkmeijer (1998) and the regional and per country distribution was based on various references (e.g. Mais and Brenninkmeijer, 1998; Bitch, 1998, pers. comm.) and for missing countries and years based on the trend in the increase of electricity consumption as a proxy for GIS stock additions. For primary magnesium production and diecasting global consumption was distributed using production statistics from USGS (2007) and IMA (1999a,b) and others for the number of diecasting companies per country. Other sources were distributed as follows: sport shoes among Annex I countries based on GDP, tyres according to reported consumption in Germany (UNFCCC, 2008), sound insulating windows mainly in Germany with 10% used in neighbouring countries, aluminium production as reported in UNFCCC (2008), accelerators were distributed according to the number of high-energy physics labs and miscellaneous sources according to the number of airborne early warning systems such as AWACs. Note that both the variables for distributing global total consumption per source category and the emission factors may vary widely between different plants and countries. This implies that the estimated emissions of F-gases at country level should be considered as very uncertain (an order of magnitude). Please note that CO2 from fossil carbon accounted for in this sector (such as from ammonia and carbide production, iron and steel production using a blast furnace and metal production through smelting processes with carbon anode consumption) and CO2 from urea application in agriculture have been subtracted from the EDGAR 4.0 data to avoid double counting with the IEA CO2 dataset for fuel combustion that includes these emissions (see previous section on Energy).

Solvent and other product use For N2O from the use of anaesthesia an amount of 24 g N2O and 34 g N2O per capita in 2000 was used for EIT and Annex II countries, respectively, based on the average values in UNFCCC (2008) and tentatively set at 5 g/cap/year for non-Annex I countries, based on Kroeze (1994). Globally a declining rate from 1990 to 2005 of 20% was assumed as observed for total Annex I countries. For N2O from aerosol spray cans an amount of 10 g N2O per capita in 2000 was used for Annex I countries based on the average values in UNFCCC (2008) and none for non-Annex I countries. A uniform inclining rate from 1990 to 2005 of 50% was assumed as observed for total Annex I countries. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Agriculture In general, the IPCC (2006) methodology and new default emission factors for CO2, CH4 and N2O were used to estimate agricultural emissions, except for the instances mentioned below. Please note that N2O emissions from agriculture as reported in EDGAR 4.0 are substantially lower than those presently reported by most Annex I countries and in EDGAR 3.2 due to two markedly lower emission factors: the default IPCC emission factor (“EF1”) for direct soil emissions of N2O from the use of synthetic fertilisers, manure used as fertiliser and from crop residues left in the field has been reduced by 20% and the default emission factor (“EF5”) for indirect N2O emissions from nitrogen leaching and run-off been reduced by 70% compared to the values recommended in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance (IPCC, 1997, 2000). Livestock numbers were taken from FAO (2007b,c). For enteric fermentation for cattle, country-specific methane emission factors were calculated following the IPCC methodology (IPCC, 2006) using countryspecific milk yield (dairy cattle) and carcass weight (other cattle) trends from FAO (2007c) to estimate the trends in the emission factors. For other animal types, regional emission factors from IPCC (2006) were used. Livestock numbers were combined with estimates for animal waste generated per head to estimate the total amount of animal waste generated. Nitrogen excretion rates for cattle, pigs and chicken in Europe were based on the CAPRI model (Pérez, 2005; Britz, 2005; Leip et al., 2007) and for all other countries and animal types in IPCC (2006), The trend in carcass weight was used to determine the development in nitrogen excretion over time. The shares of different animal waste management systems were based on regional defaults provided in IPCC (2006) and regional trend estimates for diary and non-dairy cattle for the fractions stallfed, extensive grazing and mixed systems from Bouwman et al. (2005). Methane emissions from manure management were estimated by applying default IPCC emission factors for each country and temperature zone. For the latter, the 1x1 degree grid map for non-dairy cattle from Lerner et al. (1988) was used and the annual average temperature per grid cell from New et al. (1999) to calculate the livestock fractions of the countries in 19 annual mean temperature zones for cattle, swine and buffalo and three climates zones for other animals (cold, temperate, warm). N2O

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emissions from manure management were based on distribution of manure management systems from Annex I countries reporting to the UNFCCC (2008), Zhou et al. (2007) for China and IPCC (2006) for the rest of the countries.

fractions burned in the field by Annex I countries. Subsequently, N2O emissions from crop residues left in the field and non-CO2 emissions from field burning of the residues were calculated using IPCC (2006) emission factors.

The total area harvested for rice cultivation was obtained from FAO (2007c), which was split over different ecology types (rainfed, irrigated, deep water and upland) using IRRI (2007). The total harvested area of rice production in China was increased by 40%, due to recognition that official harvested rice area statistics of China are largely underestimating the actual area (Denier van der Gon, 1999; 2000; personal communication, 2000). However, methane emission factors were not from IPCC (2006) but from a review of Neue (1997), and country-specific studies by Mitra et al. (2004), Gupta et al. (2002) and IIASA (2007). For the period 1970-2000 a trend in the emission factors was assumed based on data of Denier van der Gon (1999, 2000).

Indirect N2O emissions from leaching and runoff were estimated based on nitrogen input to agricultural soils as described above. Leaching and run-off was assumed to occur in other areas than non-irrigated dryland regions, which were identified based on FAO (1999; 2000; 2005) and Murray et al. (1999). The fraction of nitrogen lost through leaching and runoff was based on a study of Van Drecht et al. (2003). IPCC (2006) emission factors were used for indirect N2O from leaching and runoff, as well as from deposition of agricultural NH3 and NOx emissions.

The same data as described above for manure management were used to estimate N2O emissions from the use of animal waste as fertiliser by taking into account loss of nitrogen that occurs from manure management systems before manure is applied to soils and additional nitrogen introduced by bedding material. N2O emissions from fertiliser use and CO2 from urea fertilisation were estimated based on IFA (2007) and FAO (2007b) statistics and emission factors from IPCC (2006). CO2 emissions from liming of soils were estimated based on reporting of Annex I countries to the UNFCCC (2008), and on the use of ammonium fertilisers for other countries (FAO, 2007e), as liming is needed to balance the acidity caused by ammonium fertilisers. Areas of cultivated histosols were estimated by combining three different maps: the FAO climate map (FAO Geonetwork, 2007a), the FAO soil map (FAO Geonetwork, 2007b) and the land use map of Goldewijk et al. (2007). However, where available areas reported by Annex I countries to the UNFCCC (2008) were used. Separate N2O emission factors were applied for tropical and non-tropical regions (IPCC, 2006). Nitrogen and dry-matter content of agricultural residues were estimated based on cultivation area and yield for 24 crop types from FAO (2007d) and IPCC (2006) factors. The fractions of crop residues removed from and burned in the field were estimated using data of Yevich and Logan (2003) and UNFCCC (2008) for

For savannah burning, estimates for areas burned are based on satellite measurements (see next section) and emission factors from IPCC (2006).

Large-scale biomass burning For estimating the amounts of biomass burned in large-scale fires the three key parameters have to be multiplied: (a) area burned, (b) aboveground biomass density (fuel load) (kg/ha), and (c) fraction of aboveground biomass burned (combustion completeness). Country-specific data for large-scale biomass burning (total amount of dry matter burned, which were subdivided into tropical and non-tropical forest fires, savannah fires and grassland fires), have been taken from the gridded data at 1ox1o of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED version 2; Van der Werf et al., 2006) for the years 1997-2005. For the years before 1997, the GFED v2.0 data were scaled back to 1970 using regional biomass burning trends from the RETRO dataset, which comprises the 1960-2000 period (Schultz et al., 2008). GFED data in agricultural areas were attributed to savannah and grassland fires. There is an insignificant overlap with the EDGAR category for agricultural waste burning. The GFED data on biomass burning were estimated using burned area time series for 2001-2005 derived from the MODIS satellite sensors in combination with the fuel load estimated by the satellite-driven Carnegie-AmesStanford-Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model that was modified to account for fires. The 1997–2000 period was included using fire counts from the VIRS/ATSR sensors. The burning areas were mapped at 0.5x0.5 km spatial resolution. The greenhouse-gas emission factors are from IPCC (2006), which are taken from Andreae and Merlet (2001), including the carbon content of 0.47 kg C/kg INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.18 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

dry matter, which is the default value for tropical forest. For greenhouse gas accounting purposes, net CO2 emissions from savannah and grassland fires have been assumed to be zero (organic carbon in a short cycle). There is a large uncertainty in the assumptions for the carbon contents and the fraction of carbon that is actually being burned and thus in the amount of burned carbon.. CO2 emissions from large-scale biomass burning are only one component of emissions from forest fires. Roughly half of the aboveground biomass is not burned, but decomposes over time. This results in delayed decay emissions of approximately the same level of magnitude as the direct emissions from the fires but distributed over a period of 10 to 20 years (IPCC, 2006). Post-burn CO2 emissions have been estimated from the same activity data as direct burning emissions assuming that remaining aboveground biomass decays in 15 year after the year the fire or deforestation occurred, i.e. 1/15 per year and a carbon content of 0.47 kg C/kg dry matter tropical forest from IPCC (2006). This includes CO2 emissions from decomposition of organic carbon in drained peat soils in Indonesia (Page et al., 2002; Hooijer et al., 2006), neglecting the much smaller amounts in Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Brunei. In addition, enhanced N2O emissions that occur after large-scale tropical biomass burning (Bouwman et al., 1997) were calculated from the post-burn biomass dataset.

Waste handling For estimating the amount of organic solid waste in landfills three key parameters have to be determined: (a) Municipal Sold Waste (MSW) generated per year (kg/cap), (b) fraction of total solid waste that is landfilled, and (c) fraction of Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) in the MSW (%). The amounts of Municipal Sold Waste (MSW) generated are the primary statistics for emissions from landfills. For 70 countries, the 2006 IPCC Guidelines provide country-specific data for 2000 of the amount of MSW generated per year per capita (urban capita in case of non-Annex I countries) and the fraction landfilled and incinerated. For 58 more countries, country-specific values for the MSW generation per capita were found in the literature. For the remaining 91 countries, the waste generation per capita in 2000 was estimated using a exponential fit of the IPCC (2006) country-specific data for 70 countries of MSW/cap for 2000 to GDP/cap. For Annex I countries trend data for MSW generation/cap are available for the period 1990-2005 (UNFCCC, 2008). For other years and for other counINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

tries for which these data are not available, extrapolation from 2000 back and forward was done using the exponential fit mentioned above. When the countryspecific fraction of MSW landfilled was missing, regional defaults provided in IPCC (2006) were used. In addition, UN statistics on MSW treatment may provide country-specific data for some other years than 2000. Based on regional defaults for the composition of MSW, IPCC (2006) provides regional defaults for the fraction Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC). However, for Annex I countries, country-specific data from UNFCCC (2008) were used (sometimes including a change over time) and for 94 Non-Annex I countries, country-specific MSW composition data were found, from which the average DOC value was calculated. For calculation of methane emissions from landfills using the First Order Decay (FOD) model of IPCC (2006), the Methane Conversion Factor (MCF), the k-value and the Oxidation Factor (OX) are required. The MCF represents the type of landfill, managed aerobic or anaerobic, unmanaged deep or shallow. Apart from country-specific time series for 11 Annex I countries, two sets of MCF time series for Annex I and non-Annex I countries were determined based on assumptions for the fractions of the four landfill types over time. For the k-value, which is the methane generation rate (that is inverse proportional to the half life value of the DOC), default regional MSW composition weighted k-values for four climate zones (tropical dry/wet and non-tropical dry/wet) are provided by IPCC (2006). For EDGAR 4.0, country-specific values were calculated using the country-specific fractions of population (urban population for non-Annex I countries) in each climate zone. For the Oxidation Factor the IPCC default values were used (0.1 for Annex I and 0 for non-Annex I). Finally, the amounts of methane recovered (and used or flared), that is to be subtracted from the gross methane emissions, were used as reported by Annex I countries in UNFCCC (2008) and for 11 non-Annex I countries reported in the literature. Total recovery in 2005 is estimated at almost 11 Tg CH4, half of which by the United States and about a quarter by the United Kingdom; 2% is recovered by non-Annex I countries. For domestic wastewater, total organics in wastewater (BOD5) was estimated using regional default or country-specific default values for BOD5 generation per capita per day provided by IPCC (2006). For industrial wastewater, total organically degradable material in wastewater from industry was calculated per type

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.19

of industry from WW generation per ton of product and COD values (chemical oxygen demand (industrial degradable organic component in wastewater) in kg/m3 WW, using defaults from IPCC (2006). Production statistics for industry types that produce most organics in wastewater are available from UN (2005). Examples are meat and poultry, raw sugar, alcohol, pulp and organic chemicals. To estimate methane emissions from domestic wastewater, additional information is required on the WW treatment systems, such as sewer (to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) or to raw discharge), latrines by type, open pits and septic tanks. Regional or country-specific default fractions for 2000 were from IPCC (2006). In addition, country-specific fractions of improved sanitation over time from Van Drecht et al. (2009) were used, based on the UN Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) dataset and other national reports, and fractions reported by Doorn and Liles (1999). For industrial methane emissions, fractions on-site treatment in WWTP, sewer with and without city-WWTP, and raw discharge were based on regional values reported by Doorn et al. (1997). To calculate methane emissions from wastewater, default factors provided by IPCC (2006) per type of WW treatment were used, with default methane correction factors (MCF) per type of treatment. For Annex I countries, OECD or EIT average fractions of methane recovered in WWTPs (and either used as biogas or flared) were used, except for five countries for which country-specific values reported in UNFCCC (2008) were used. For estimating N2O emissions from wastewater, the activity data is total annual amount of nitrogen in the wastewater, which was calculated from annual protein consumption per capita reported by FAO (2007f), using correction factors for non-consumed protein and for the fraction of industrial and commercial protein that is co-discharged. For the correction factors and the N2O emission factor, defaults provided in IPCC (2006) were used. Other waste sources are incineration, with activity data from UNFCCC (2008) and IPCC (2006) and extrapolations assuming a fixed ratio to landfilling, and composting (UNFCCC, 2008; ECN, 2008; CCC, 2008). We note that EDGAR 4.0 estimates for all sources have been made for all years. For more detailed data of the EDGAR 4.0 dataset, including the complete period 1970-2005 and preliminary estimates for recent years we refer to the EDGAR version 4 website at http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/. Aggregated preliminary estimates can also be found at PBL (2009).

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Doorn, M.J. and D.S. Liles (1999). Quantification of methane emissions and discussion of nitrous oxide, and ammonia emissions from septic tanks, latrines, and stagnant open sewers in the world. EPA, Washington DC. EPA report EPA-600/R-99-089, October 1999.

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IIASA (2007). RAINS model. Internet: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web-apps/tap/RainsWeb IMA (1999a). The Magnesium Diecasters Guide 1999; Volume III; Version 23 February 1999. IMA (1999b). Magnesium International Buyers Guide. IPCC (1997). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC/OECD/ IEA, Paris. IPCC (2000). Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC-TSU NGGIP, Japan. IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Eggleston, S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K. (eds.). IPCC-TSU NGGIP, IGES, Japan. Internet: http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY. Internet: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ ar4-wg3.htm. IRRI (2007). World rice statistics. Distribution of rice crop area, by environment. 2001. Internet: http://www.irri.org/science/ricestat/

Kroeze, C. (1994). Nitrous oxide (N2O). Emission inventory and options for control in the Netherlands. RIVM, Bilthoven. Report no. 773001 004. Leip, A., Koeble, R., Marchi, G., Kempen, M., Heckelei, T., and W. Britz (2007). Linking an economic model for European agriculture with a mechanistic model to estimate nitrogen losses from cropland soil in Europe, Biogeosciences Discussion, 4, 22152278, 2007. Lerner, J., Matthews, E. and Fung, I. (1988). Methane emission from animals: a global high resolution database, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2, 139-156. Lu, C.-H. (2006) SF6 Emission Reduction: What Taiwan is Doing. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on SF6 and the Environment, San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 28-30, 2006. Internet: http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/electricpower-sf6/work shops/conf06/index.html Mais, M. and C.M. Brenninkmeijer (1998). Atmospheric SF6: Trends, Sources, and Prospects. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3077-3086. Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres. (2006). Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Internet: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_glob.htm

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Olivier, J.G.J., Bouwman, A.F., Berdowski, J.J.M., Veldt, C., Bloos, J.P.J., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Van der Maas, C.W.M. and P.Y.J. Zandveld (1999). Sectoral emission inventories of greenhouse gases for 1990 on a per country basis as well as on 1ox1o. Environmental Science & Policy, 2, 241-264. Olivier, J.G.J., Berdowski, J.J.M., Peters, J.A.H.W., Bakker, J., Visschedijk, A.J.H. and J.P.J. Bloos (2001). Applications of EDGAR. Including a description of EDGAR 3.2: reference database with trend data for 1970-1995. RIVM, Bilthoven. RIVM report 773301 001/NRP report 410200 051. Internet: http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/410200051. html Olivier, J.G.J. and J.J.M. Berdowski (2001). Global emissions sources and sinks. In: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R. and B.J. Heij (eds.), The Climate System, pp. 33-78, A.A. Balkema Publishers/Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands, ISBN 90 5809 255 0. Olivier, J.G.J. (2002). On the Quality of Global Emission Inventories, Approaches, Methodologies, Input Data and Uncertainties, Thesis Utrecht University, Utrecht, ISBN 90 393 3103 0. Internet: http://www.library.uu.nl/digiarchief/dip/diss/20021025-131210/inhoud.htm Olivier, J.G.J., Van Aardenne, J.A., Dentener, F., Pagliari, V., Ganzeveld, L.N. and J.A.H.W. Peters (2005). Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: regional trends 1970-2000 and spatial distribution of key sources in 2000. Environm.. Sc., 2 (2-3), 81-99. DOI: 10.1080/15693430500400345. Page, S.E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J.O., Boehm, H-D.V., Jaya, A. and S. Limin (2002). The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997. Nature, 420, 61-65.. PBL (2009). Environmental Data Compendium 2009 (in Dutch). Internet: http://www.milieuennatuur compendium.nl Pérez, I. (2005). Greenhouse Gases: Inventories, Abatement Costs and Markets for Emission Permits in European Agriculture. A Modelling Approach, European University Studies, Series V Economics and Management 3184, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2005. Rudd, H.J. and N.A. Hill (2001). Measures to Reduce Emissions of VOCs during Loading and Unloading of Ships in the EU. AEAT, Culham, UK. Report no. AEAT/ENV/R/0469. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Schultz, M. G., A. Heil, J. J. Hoelzemann, A. Spessa, K. Thonicke, J. G. Goldammer, A. C. Held, J. M. C. Pereira, and M. van het Bolscher (2008). Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, doi:10.1029/2007GB003031. SEMI (1998, 2009). International Fabs on Disk database, October 1998; World Fab Forecast, January 2009. SEMI (2007). SEMI and the FPD Industry it Serves. Presentation at TAITA Seminar, 7 September, 2007 SIA (2006). Total Semiconductor World Market Sales and Shares for 1982–2005. Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA), San Jose. Internet: http://www.siaonline.org/galleries/press_release_files/shares.pdf SRIC (2005). Adipic acid, nitric acid and caprolactam production data 1974-2004. SRI Consulting, Gaithersburg, Maryland. Tables from the Directory of Chemical Producers, dated 2 December 2005. Thakur, P.C., I.J. Graham-Bryce, W.G. Karis and K.M. Sullivan (1994). Global methane emissions from the world coal industry, EnvironmentaI Monitoring and Assessment, 31, 73-91. Thakur, P.C., H.G. Little and W.G. Karis (1996). Global Coalbed Methane Recovery and Use, in: Riemer, P. and A. Smith (eds.) (1996). Proceedings of the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gases Mitigation Options Conference, Pergamon-Elsevier, 789-794. UN (2005). Industrial Commodity Production Statistics 1970-2001. UN Statistical Division, New York. UN (2006). World Population Prospects. The 2004 Revision. UN Population Division, New York. UNFCCC (2008). Emissions data (1990-2006) from CRF data files submitted by Annex I countries to the UN Climate Convention as part of their 2009 National Inventory Report submission. UNFCCC, Bonn. Internet: http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_invent ories/items/2715.php USGS (2007). US Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Internet: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/ Van der Werf, G.R., Randerson, J.T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G.J. , Kasibhatla, P.S. and A.F. Arellano (2006). Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441. Van Drecht, G., Bouwman, A., Knoop, J., Beusen, A. and C. Meinardi (2003). Global modeling of the fate of nitrogen from point and nonpoint sources in soils, groundwater, and surface water. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, 1115, doi:10.1029/2003GB002060.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.23

Van Drecht, G, Bouwman, A.F. Harrison, J. and J. M. Knoop (2009). Global nitrogen and phosphate in urban wastewater for the period 1970 to 2050. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23, GB0A03, doi:10.1029/ 2009GB003458. WSA (2008). Steel Statistical Yearbook. 2008. World Steel Association (WSA), Brussels, Belgium. [And older yearbooks from the International Iron and Steel Institute.]

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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.25

TOTAL GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS

TOTAL DES EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.26 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb. Monde *

Fugitive 376.8

20 980.5

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

760.5 5 378.5

Parties de l'Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

13 898.6 9 800.8 5 295.6 3 158.7 1 346.5 3 970.8 6 471.5

156.1 79.1 29.8 34.5 14.8 72.9 220.7

365.2 212.7 239.2 144.4 60.2 89.1 124.3 16.8 54.7 38.5 112.6 67.6 395.4 5 165.7

Parties Kyoto (Annexe I)

8 792.2

127.5

297.4

Soutes internat.

610.5

-

Total Non-OCDE

9 297.5

282.2

11 072.6

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

Total

14 632.6 10 263.5 5 474.8 3 334.3 1 454.4 4 223.9 12 253.3

144.0

9 361.1 -

610.5

454.2 5 203.5

94.7

306.4

432.3 292.9 4 863.3 5 588.6

5.3 3.2 24.4 33.0

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

259.8 1 065.3 229.3 21.3 1 575.8

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe

56.2 107.9 155.4 50.4 54.4 352.1 950.4 70.1 66.7 1.9 30.6 397.8 10.5 156.6 28.3 343.7 39.3 56.7 205.8 52.8 40.7 126.9 553.0 3 908.2

Total OCDE

Union européenne - 27

4 059.4

77.7% 2 146.7 96.1% 1 049.1 96.3% 410.3 97.3% 267.6 95.8% 115.7 93.6% 26.9 95.7% 632.7 54.6% 1 097.6 95.3%

799.3

3 195.4 1 004.5

Share of energy

Total

308.7

6 655.2

32.3%

842.0 541.5 191.7 210.8 139.0 276.0 2 353.4

484.3 382.3 222.6 134.0 25.7 93.3 520.1

28.8 13.9 7.9 2.0 4.0 14.8 279.9

2 404.2 1 348.0 689.8 462.6 195.6 1 016.9 4 251.0

43.6% 30.4% 38.8% 25.0% 13.8% 62.2% 25.8%

630.4

262.2

23.6

1 715.5

46.6%

-

-

-

-

-

15 237.3

62.9% 1 614.3

2 521.1

566.6

292.8

4 994.7

32.3%

175.0

11 648.6

95.9%

532.4

674.3

437.9

15.9

1 660.5

32.1%

7.9 17.1 52.4 77.3

23.4 26.4 65.7 115.5

469.0 339.6 5 005.8 5 814.4

93.3% 87.2% 97.6% 96.7%

24.6 32.1 243.1 299.7

18.9 52.4 172.8 244.2

10.9 15.3 211.7 237.9

2.8 1.5 5.2 9.4

57.1 101.3 632.7 791.1

43.0% 31.6% 38.4% 37.9%

3.5 11.0 1.5 0.3 16.3

4.6 49.7 17.3 0.4 71.9

18.9 19.2 0.0 0.4 38.5

286.8 1 145.3 248.1 22.4 1702.5

91.8% 94.0% 93.0% 96.5% 93.5%

21.3 4.8 6.1 0.8 33.1

74.9 40.5 15.0 23.6 154.0

10.8 12.7 15.8 2.2 41.5

3.4 0.5 0.1 4.0

110.4 58.6 36.9 26.6 232.5

19.3% 8.2% 16.6% 3.1% 14.2%

0.5 1.3 4.0 0.3 0.1 4.1 13.5 0.1 0.5 0.0 3.9 1.4 1.3 1.9 0.2 0.2 1.9 0.9 0.0 4.2 5.0 45.4

3.8 5.3 4.5 0.9 1.0 16.3 27.8 6.9 2.6 0.1 0.9 23.5 0.3 2.1 0.7 9.3 3.8 3.0 15.3 2.9 2.6 13.4 10.1 157.1

0.1 0.2 1.2 0.6 0.9 3.6 2.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.4 1.3 0.2 1.1 2.2 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.5 1.7 0.7 2.3 21.0

60.6 114.6 165.1 52.2 56.4 376.1 994.1 77.6 70.0 1.9 31.9 426.4 10.8 160.3 31.4 357.2 43.5 59.9 224.0 57.1 45.1 145.3 570.4 4 131.7

93.6% 95.2% 96.6% 97.1% 96.6% 94.7% 97.0% 90.5% 96.1% 96.8% 96.1% 94.2% 97.1% 98.6% 94.3% 96.8% 90.9% 95.0% 92.8% 94.0% 90.4% 90.3% 97.8% 95.7%

1.6 2.2 4.4 0.5 0.5 18.2 33.2 1.7 1.5 0.0 0.6 8.1 0.1 6.5 6.0 71.1 0.6 0.9 4.9 0.9 1.1 6.1 29.1 199.7

5.0 6.6 8.9 5.5 2.6 40.7 41.8 3.7 5.3 0.2 10.8 21.0 0.8 11.6 2.2 22.8 4.3 4.0 17.7 3.4 3.7 24.5 29.1 276.2

3.0 5.5 1.9 7.0 5.8 15.8 30.3 0.4 2.5 0.1 0.6 17.3 0.1 12.2 2.4 9.9 1.3 1.4 8.9 6.7 0.9 8.7 16.1 158.5

0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 2.4

9.6 14.3 15.4 13.0 8.9 74.8 105.5 5.9 9.4 0.3 12.0 46.7 1.0 30.3 10.7 103.9 6.3 6.3 32.2 11.0 5.7 39.4 74.5 636.8

16.5% 15.0% 28.8% 4.0% 5.8% 24.3% 31.5% 29.2% 15.7% 1.7% 5.1% 17.3% 9.7% 21.3% 56.3% 68.4% 10.0% 14.2% 15.1% 7.9% 18.6% 15.5% 39.1% 31.4%

156.4

18.4

4 275.7

100%

Other

-

41.5

-

27 496.4

Share of Energy Agricult. Waste energy

95.9%

209.5

278.3

158.6

2.4

648.8

32.3%

* Total Monde comprend le total Non-OCDE, le total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 4 pour les autres émissions. En général, pour les émissions autres que celles de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie, les estimations sont sujettes à une incertitude significativement plus grande.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.27

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy 197.3

Industrial processes

Agriculture 1 771.5

HFCs Other

239.8

Share of energy

Total

619.8

2 828.5

7.0%

Total

SF6

PFCs

Share of energy

Industrial processes

Total

75.8

37 300.2

117.0

127.2

63.5%

World *

123.3 99.3 73.0 19.2 7.0 20.8 73.9

601.2 388.9 152.3 166.3 70.3 190.6 1 170.3

218.7 168.6 56.4 101.0 11.2 50.0 21.1

78.7 48.5 19.9 18.6 10.0 28.6 541.2

1 021.9 705.3 301.7 305.1 98.5 290.0 1 806.5

12.1% 14.1% 24.2% 6.3% 7.1% 7.2% 4.1%

61.5 56.5 29.6 17.1 9.8 5.0 14.3

88.1 66.6 29.4 26.4 10.9 20.9 28.9

97.4 90.7 46.1 33.8 10.8 4.6 29.8

18 305.8 12 530.6 6 571.4 4 179.2 1 780.0 5 561.4 18 383.9

83.2% 82.9% 86.2% 79.6% 78.4% 84.5% 42.8%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

52.7

431.2

171.8

60.6

716.3

7.4%

32.3

66.7

53.2

11 945.2

81.8%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

610.5

100.0%

Internat. bunkers

87.4

1 293.6

59.0

563.0

2 003.0

4.4%

15.9

47.4

30.0

22 328.2

50.5%

Non-OECD Total

109.9

477.9

180.9

56.8

825.5

13.3%

60.0

69.7

97.2

14 361.4

82.2%

OECD Total

6.1 1.6 66.9 74.7

16.4 30.3 135.9 182.6

11.8 1.0 44.6 57.4

3.8 3.4 16.1 23.3

38.2 36.4 263.5 338.0

16.1% 4.5% 25.4% 22.1%

0.4 1.6 29.2 31.2

8.6 0.5 20.8 30.0

3.9 0.9 42.2 47.0

577.2 480.3 5 994.2 7 051.7

81.2% 68.7% 86.7% 85.0%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1.7 5.1 1.0 0.2 8.0

50.8 9.6 4.8 9.9 75.1

0.8 10.3 1.1 12.3

4.9 4.9 0.8 0.1 10.8

58.3 30.0 7.7 10.2 106.2

3.0% 17.1% 12.9% 1.9% 7.6%

0.6 9.2 1.9 0.0 11.7

3.9 6.1 0.8 0.9 11.6

0.4 10.4 3.5 0.0 14.3

460.3 1 259.5 299.0 60.2 2 078.9

62.2% 86.2% 79.6% 37.6% 78.6%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.4 0.5 1.7 0.3 0.5 1.9 9.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.2 1.5 0.3 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.2 3.2 2.1 27.2

2.9 3.3 5.1 5.8 3.8 34.8 33.5 4.5 5.4 0.3 6.6 15.0 0.3 7.2 1.9 18.8 2.9 2.9 15.4 4.0 1.6 21.6 22.6 220.2

0.9 3.9 1.3 1.1 1.5 26.7 21.8 0.7 3.2 0.0 0.9 7.2 7.2 2.1 4.7 0.5 0.8 3.0 0.8 0.2 0.2 22.6 111.1

0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 2.3 4.1 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.2 2.9 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.3 0.5 0.2 2.7 0.4 0.4 1.6 2.3 22.7

4.5 8.3 8.7 7.3 6.1 65.7 68.4 6.1 9.5 0.4 7.9 26.2 0.3 15.4 4.4 26.3 4.1 4.9 22.2 5.8 2.3 26.7 49.5 381.2

7.8% 6.0% 19.8% 4.0% 8.3% 2.8% 13.1% 7.1% 4.7% 1.8% 1.8% 4.6% 8.2% 3.2% 4.2% 5.8% 6.6% 20.8% 5.0% 10.8% 7.5% 12.2% 4.2% 7.1%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 2.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 17.1

1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 4.4 1.7 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 3.1 6.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 3.8 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.6 28.1

0.6 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 3.7 22.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.5 2.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.8 2.0 1.1 36.0

76.3 137.5 189.2 72.7 71.4 526.5 1 196.9 92.0 89.5 3.7 51.8 503.6 12.1 212.4 55.0 487.9 54.0 71.2 284.5 74.8 54.2 213.9 699.7 5 230.8

76.9% 81.3% 87.5% 70.8% 77.7% 71.5% 84.0% 78.7% 77.3% 51.3% 60.6% 81.6% 87.8% 77.7% 65.0% 85.7% 74.8% 82.7% 75.1% 73.8% 77.5% 65.7% 84.2% 79.9%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

80.6%

European Union - 27

25.4

222.5

115.8

22.1

385.8

6.6%

17.1

22.6

30.9

5 380.9

* Total World includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 4 database for other emissions. In general, estimates for emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are subject to significantly larger uncertainties.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.28 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

9 297.5

282.2

454.2

5 203.5

15 237.3

62.9%

1 614.3

2 521.1

566.6

292.8

4 994.7

32.3%

Algérie Angola Bénin Botswana Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Jamahiriya arabe libyenne Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d'Afrique Afrique

51.7 4.0 0.3 2.9 2.7 0.7 3.0 2.6 79.2 .. 2.2 0.9 2.7 6.3 27.4 19.6 1.1 .. 29.2 2.0 254.7 5.5 1.7 0.6 12.1 2.6 16.0 14.6 546.2

8.9 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 38.6 0.0 14.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 77.2

3.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 7.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.5 2.7 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.2 4.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 2.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 28.2

0.1 562.9 36.8 62.2 49.7 1 186.0 128.5 0.9 0.0 4.1 12.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 14.1 8.3 2.3 44.5 7.3 0.1 138.6 243.1 2 502.3

63.9 568.9 37.2 2.9 65.3 50.6 1 189.3 131.3 89.7 .. 2.4 8.4 15.7 7.3 36.3 22.5 15.2 .. 77.5 2.2 276.0 5.6 46.6 8.1 14.8 141.5 16.5 258.1 3 154.0

94.9% 1.0% 0.7% 100.0% 4.1% 1.8% 0.2% 2.0% 91.0% .. 92.2% 51.2% 17.3% 86.8% 95.6% 87.3% 7.1% .. 87.4% 89.5% 97.5% 98.5% 3.7% 7.0% 81.8% 1.8% 97.2% 5.6% 19.8%

33.6 5.0 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.9 3.5 0.6 10.5 0.1 3.1 7.6 1.0 1.4 20.6 0.8 1.2 0.0 85.2 0.4 20.7 1.4 1.6 0.4 1.0 0.5 1.1 8.4 212.3

3.7 13.1 1.8 5.3 7.4 2.3 24.7 2.1 10.6 1.5 32.1 0.1 3.5 13.3 1.1 5.4 7.2 3.3 21.8 3.6 19.1 37.8 19.1 1.5 1.8 17.8 8.0 101.2 370.0

3.1 1.1 0.5 0.2 1.6 0.3 4.0 1.5 6.0 0.3 4.2 0.2 1.7 2.1 0.8 2.9 1.5 0.1 8.8 1.0 8.4 2.9 2.3 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.9 11.2 69.8

0.0 30.3 2.0 0.1 3.4 2.7 63.9 6.9 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.9 0.4 1.6 2.4 0.4 0.0 7.5 0.0 13.3 136.6

40.4 49.5 4.8 5.8 13.4 6.2 96.1 11.1 27.2 1.9 39.4 8.1 7.0 16.8 22.4 9.1 10.7 3.4 116.2 5.0 49.8 42.1 25.4 2.6 3.9 26.6 10.0 134.0 788.7

83.2% 10.1% 9.2% 5.0% 7.4% 13.9% 3.7% 5.7% 38.8% 7.0% 7.9% 94.1% 14.4% 8.0% 91.7% 9.0% 10.9% 0.5% 73.3% 7.8% 41.5% 3.3% 6.2% 13.6% 26.9% 1.9% 10.9% 6.3% 26.9%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Iraq Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Rép. arabe syrienne Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

11.7 175.3 52.8 33.6 9.2 24.3 6.4 9.9 14.5 161.4 31.0 51.6 6.4 588.2

0.0 22.3 8.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.1 1.3 4.1 2.2 0.0 41.2

0.1 7.7 6.5 1.6 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 6.0 1.5 1.6 0.5 27.5

0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

11.8 205.7 67.6 35.2 10.1 26.2 6.8 11.4 14.6 168.7 36.6 55.4 7.0 657.3

99.4% 96.1% 90.3% 95.3% 91.3% 98.3% 93.3% 99.7% 99.1% 96.4% 95.8% 97.1% 92.3% 95.8%

1.6 60.7 23.2 0.1 0.1 5.9 0.1 5.5 2.9 23.7 10.1 14.0 0.6 148.5

0.0 17.7 3.3 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.8 2.6 0.3 2.2 29.5

0.1 7.9 2.9 1.1 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 3.0 1.3 0.4 1.0 19.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.8 86.3 29.4 1.9 0.8 6.5 0.7 6.1 3.2 28.6 14.0 14.7 3.8 197.9

90.9% 70.4% 78.9% 5.9% 10.8% 90.6% 8.7% 90.9% 90.6% 82.9% 72.1% 95.4% 15.1% 75.1%

Albanie Bosnie-Herzégovine Bulgarie Croatie Chypre Gibraltar ex-RY de Macédoine Malte Roumanie Serbie Slovénie Europe Non-OCDE

6.2 23.6 74.9 21.6 3.8 0.2 8.5 2.3 167.1 61.4 13.1 382.9

0.1 0.7 1.1 3.3 0.0 0.3 0.5 3.6 0.0 9.4

0.3 0.2 4.2 1.5 0.6 0.3 0.0 7.4 2.3 0.8 17.6

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.8

6.7 24.5 80.3 26.3 4.4 0.2 9.1 2.3 175.6 67.3 13.9 410.7

94.2% 99.2% 94.7% 94.4% 86.9% 99.8% 96.2% 99.8% 95.4% 96.6% 94.4% 95.5%

0.6 3.7 1.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 17.4 10.9 0.9 42.6

1.6 1.6 5.5 1.8 0.2 1.1 0.1 15.7 6.2 1.4 35.1

0.2 0.2 4.3 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 3.8 1.2 1.1 11.6

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

2.3 5.5 10.8 9.6 0.4 0.0 2.1 0.1 36.9 18.3 3.4 89.5

24.0% 66.7% 9.0% 77.0% 2.8% 11.6% 37.2% 2.2% 47.2% 59.5% 26.0% 47.6%

Total Non-OCDE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.29

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

87.4

1 293.6

59.0

563.0

2 003.0

4.4%

15.9

47.4

30.0

22 328.2

50.5%

Non-OECD Total

0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.1 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.8 9.5

2.5 16.3 1.8 5.0 7.1 2.1 32.9 1.7 8.2 0.9 23.3 0.1 3.9 8.2 0.8 4.3 8.9 2.4 15.4 2.6 13.4 33.7 17.7 1.6 1.2 26.8 6.1 88.5 337.5

0.4 1.4 1.0 0.4 0.5 3.7

0.4 49.0 3.2 0.1 5.5 4.3 103.2 11.3 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 1.5 0.0 1.9 0.1 2.7 0.4 4.2 0.7 0.1 12.1 0.1 22.4 227.2

3.6 65.4 5.1 5.1 12.8 6.5 136.8 13.1 11.1 1.0 24.5 0.5 5.4 8.8 1.0 4.9 10.6 2.4 18.5 2.8 18.6 34.4 22.2 2.4 1.8 39.6 6.4 112.7 577.9

9.4% 0.1% 1.7% 0.5% 1.0% 0.3% 0.5% 1.0% 4.5% 2.8% 2.7% 5.8% 4.4% 3.8% 12.3% 3.6% 2.2% 0.7% 6.3% 2.9% 8.2% 0.9% 1.5% 3.3% 4.0% 0.3% 3.3% 1.6% 1.6%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.9 1.3 0.6 0.4 3.2

0.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 1.1 2.7

108.2 683.7 47.1 13.8 92.4 63.3 1 422.3 155.5 130.0 .. 66.3 17.0 28.6 33.0 60.0 36.5 36.5 .. 212.4 10.0 345.8 82.0 94.1 13.1 20.5 207.7 33.0 504.9 4 526.5

87.4% 1.6% 1.7% 23.5% 4.1% 2.8% 0.5% 2.2% 71.3% .. 9.0% 70.4% 13.8% 24.4% 92.3% 56.5% 6.8% .. 72.5% 24.7% 84.2% 8.8% 3.8% 7.7% 64.5% 1.6% 52.7% 4.9% 18.7%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.4

0.0 14.3 3.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 3.1 3.1 0.2 1.7 27.1

0.3 0.2 0.5

0.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 2.0

0.0 16.4 3.3 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 4.1 3.7 0.4 2.0 32.1

70.1% 4.5% 6.6% 13.9% 8.6% 57.8% 10.6% 18.3% 59.2% 16.4% 4.3% 41.3% 2.8% 7.6%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

2.5 0.2 0.0 0.4 3.2

2.4 0.3 1.0 0.3 2.5 0.5 6.9

16.1 311.0 100.6 39.2 11.3 33.2 7.8 17.7 18.0 203.9 54.3 71.4 12.8 897.3

82.8% 83.3% 84.0% 86.3% 82.6% 95.8% 82.8% 95.4% 97.4% 91.8% 83.5% 95.3% 55.5% 87.0%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.0 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.1 2.8

1.1 0.9 5.7 2.2 0.2 0.6 0.0 13.3 3.3 1.0 28.2

2.3 0.9 4.9 0.7 8.8

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.1 2.1

1.2 1.9 8.7 3.5 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.1 19.5 4.7 1.2 41.8

3.2% 46.2% 4.2% 6.4% 6.6% 73.6% 13.3% 15.6% 2.8% 9.6% 9.4% 6.6%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.6 0.0 0.9 2.0 0.8 0.8 5.0

0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2

10.2 32.5 99.8 40.3 5.1 0.2 12.1 2.5 234.0 91.3 19.3 547.2

67.4% 88.7% 77.5% 80.6% 76.2% 97.3% 80.3% 92.9% 79.3% 83.6% 73.3% 80.0%

Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.30 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Fédération de Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-Union Soviétique

20.5 65.0 116.1 36.2 28.7 236.4 22.7 18.4 33.1 30.2 2 179.9 11.7 46.6 687.9 119.8 3 653.1

3.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 26.8 0.0 0.1 34.5 0.0 65.1

0.7 0.5 1.9 0.6 0.3 5.1 0.8 0.7 1.9 1.3 55.6 0.6 0.6 18.6 3.7 92.9

0.0 0.1 2.3 0.1 0.1 16.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 57.9 0.0 0.2 3.0 0.5 80.6

21.2 68.7 120.4 37.0 29.0 258.1 23.7 19.0 35.1 31.6 2 320.1 12.3 47.6 743.9 124.0 3 891.7

96.3% 99.1% 96.5% 98.1% 98.9% 91.8% 96.0% 96.4% 94.4% 95.6% 95.1% 94.9% 98.2% 97.1% 96.7% 95.5%

1.1 11.7 0.6 1.1 1.5 30.6 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 471.3 0.6 25.9 52.5 15.7 617.2

1.3 4.3 14.3 1.7 2.6 25.6 4.3 3.2 4.9 2.2 132.5 2.9 2.8 54.1 13.2 269.7

0.3 1.4 1.7 0.5 0.7 2.1 0.6 0.5 1.9 0.5 54.0 0.6 0.6 9.5 2.6 77.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 20.9

2.7 17.3 16.6 3.2 4.8 64.5 5.8 5.1 8.1 3.9 671.9 4.1 29.3 116.4 31.6 985.3

40.8% 67.4% 3.8% 33.0% 31.2% 47.4% 11.9% 26.8% 16.8% 31.3% 70.1% 15.2% 88.3% 45.1% 49.9% 62.6%

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

100.4 5.4 193.0 32.7 45.0 2.6 27.6 7.6 13.2 2.2 3.3 0.9 2.1 7.2 2.7 1.8 2.5 1.9 19.2 11.4 3.7 105.1 12.4 604.1

7.0 0.8 6.9 0.6 1.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.5 0.0 7.9 0.0 30.2

1.8 16.8 0.3 149.1 17.3 891.3 2.0 0.8 4.2 51.8 0.3 0.0 2.0 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 3.8 0.2 0.2 1.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 37.0 1.1 19.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 3.0 36.3 1.1 15.9 37.0 1 225.9

126.0 155.6 1 108.6 36.1 102.4 2.9 31.6 8.5 16.3 2.7 7.6 1.1 4.2 7.5 2.7 1.9 2.6 39.2 39.7 14.1 4.0 152.3 29.4 1 897.1

85.2% 4.0% 18.0% 92.2% 45.3% 90.1% 90.2% 89.5% 91.2% 81.3% 43.5% 82.4% 51.2% 96.3% 100.0% 96.2% 93.7% 4.9% 49.4% 98.2% 93.5% 74.2% 42.4% 33.4%

22.6 3.8 13.3 3.0 7.7 0.1 1.5 0.3 4.4 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 2.1 7.0 0.1 32.7 0.2 101.4

78.2 11.2 208.6 5.8 36.1 3.2 8.2 4.2 7.3 1.6 2.8 1.7 2.9 0.6 0.0 3.8 2.3 11.8 7.9 0.1 15.0 19.3 2.6 435.1

7.1 0.9 41.2 3.0 4.7 0.4 2.6 1.2 1.3 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.7 2.9 0.6 0.7 4.0 1.8 77.7

2.9 7.3 43.7 0.2 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 2.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.8 62.6

110.8 23.2 306.8 11.9 51.0 3.7 12.3 5.8 13.0 2.7 4.7 2.8 3.9 1.1 0.1 4.7 2.8 15.0 13.8 7.6 15.8 57.8 5.3 676.8

20.4% 16.5% 4.3% 24.9% 15.2% 3.9% 12.4% 5.0% 34.1% 11.9% 15.1% 7.1% 8.5% 7.7% 55.2% 4.9% 4.8% 3.2% 15.0% 91.2% 0.7% 56.6% 3.4% 15.0%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodge Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Mongolie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viet Nam Autres pays d'Asie Asie

13.6 3.4 .. 114.7 589.3 140.2 114.0 49.7 12.7 4.0 0.9 58.8 39.5 28.8 3.7 78.6 17.3 10.1 1 279.1

0.0 0.1 1.2 19.3 9.2 2.0 3.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.8

0.2 8.7 0.0 10.3 0.0 8.8 0.5 24.6 48.4 8.2 411.5 8.0 0.4 2.9 92.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 736.0 0.1 0.2 3.8 0.1 3.2 2.6 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.5 9.3 10.8 1.8 0.8 0.2 34.0 72.8 1 357.2

22.4 13.8 .. 125.2 681.5 569.2 124.5 147.7 13.2 740.2 1.1 63.4 45.3 30.0 4.5 98.6 19.9 44.3 2 744.9

60.5% 24.9% .. 92.5% 89.3% 26.3% 93.2% 35.8% 96.0% 0.5% 77.5% 93.7% 87.2% 96.6% 82.6% 79.7% 86.9% 22.8% 47.9%

6.1 3.1 1.1 0.9 87.0 47.0 10.9 13.5 0.4 2.5 1.4 15.9 2.0 0.3 0.6 5.1 5.9 2.3 206.1

69.4 0.0 13.1 1.4 366.9 84.3 5.6 6.8 6.4 38.9 17.3 65.2 28.6 0.1 8.6 61.2 46.8 15.7 836.1

11.6 0.1 0.8 3.9 77.0 26.2 2.7 3.0 0.2 4.5 1.7 10.8 9.0 0.5 2.3 8.6 7.0 3.3 173.3

0.4 0.5 0.0 2.5 18.4 0.9 4.6 1.0 37.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.6 68.2

87.4 3.7 15.1 6.2 533.4 175.9 20.1 28.0 8.0 83.3 20.4 91.9 39.9 0.9 11.5 75.4 59.8 22.9 1 283.8

7.0% 84.0% 7.3% 14.7% 16.3% 26.7% 54.2% 48.4% 5.2% 3.0% 6.8% 17.3% 5.1% 37.5% 5.4% 6.8% 9.9% 10.0% 16.1%

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

2 211.0 33.1 2 244.0

22.6 0.7 23.3

2 446.9 34.7 2 481.6

91.3% 97.4% 91.4%

286.0 0.1 286.1

545.6 545.6

135.7 1.2 136.9

4.2 4.2

971.6 1.3 972.9

29.4% 6.7% 29.4%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

177.1 0.9 178.0

36.2 0.0 36.2

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.31

1990 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

0.0 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 2.2 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 11.0 0.0 0.1 2.6 0.3 18.7

0.6 2.1 12.5 1.2 1.6 18.3 2.2 2.5 3.9 1.3 84.1 1.2 1.8 32.1 7.8 173.1

2.1 0.8 16.8 0.1 13.0 0.2 33.0

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 8.8 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 22.1 0.2 0.1 1.9 0.7 35.4

0.7 2.5 15.4 1.7 2.7 29.2 3.4 2.8 4.2 1.6 134.0 1.4 2.2 49.6 9.0 260.3

6.4% 6.2% 3.1% 25.1% 4.3% 7.5% 22.8% 6.2% 4.2% 6.9% 8.2% 2.9% 6.1% 5.3% 3.5% 7.2%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.9 2.8 0.2 19.1

0.0 4.5 4.5

24.6 88.7 152.5 41.9 36.5 351.8 32.9 26.9 47.4 37.1 3 151.5 20.6 79.0 910.1 164.6 5 166.0

87.7% 90.1% 76.9% 90.2% 83.1% 76.7% 73.6% 74.0% 73.1% 85.0% 85.3% 59.9% 92.0% 85.4% 82.6% 84.3%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

0.5 0.1 2.6 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 6.3

28.9 7.6 96.0 4.1 16.2 1.5 7.3 1.7 2.7 1.1 1.8 0.7 1.9 0.3 0.0 2.8 0.9 6.1 3.9 0.1 5.9 9.2 2.5 203.2

0.1 4.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.0 5.4

4.5 14.0 85.1 0.4 5.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.7 2.0 0.0 0.1 3.6 1.5 121.4

33.9 21.7 187.8 4.7 22.1 1.7 8.7 1.9 3.0 1.2 2.5 0.8 2.2 0.4 0.0 2.9 1.0 9.9 6.3 0.2 5.9 13.3 4.1 336.3

1.3% 0.4% 1.4% 5.8% 2.4% 2.8% 6.0% 4.9% 4.6% 6.5% 6.9% 6.5% 4.0% 12.1% 60.6% 2.2% 3.7% 1.4% 3.4% 29.5% 0.7% 3.7% 1.8% 1.9%

0.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.1

1.9 5.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.3 9.1

0.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.0

273.0 200.5 1 611.5 52.8 175.6 8.4 52.6 16.2 32.3 6.5 14.8 4.8 10.3 9.0 2.9 9.6 6.4 64.1 59.8 21.9 25.8 226.7 39.1 2 924.5

47.8% 5.1% 13.4% 69.2% 31.1% 33.5% 58.1% 49.4% 60.3% 39.1% 28.3% 25.1% 24.9% 81.7% 98.1% 22.2% 41.3% 3.9% 36.6% 95.2% 15.2% 64.5% 32.4% 25.4%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

1.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 17.6 3.0 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.5 2.0 0.5 0.1 0.2 2.1 0.8 0.4 30.4

12.0 0.1 3.4 2.4 117.4 57.6 5.3 8.3 3.3 8.4 2.7 13.4 7.1 0.1 1.2 14.1 9.4 10.4 276.5

0.5 1.1 0.1 0.6 2.4

1.9 0.9 0.1 0.0 14.5 50.5 1.7 8.6 1.4 67.3 0.3 1.5 0.9 0.0 0.2 1.6 0.8 3.4 155.6

15.1 1.0 3.7 3.3 150.7 111.3 7.5 17.1 4.8 76.1 3.5 17.5 8.5 0.2 1.7 17.9 11.0 14.2 465.0

7.7% 1.5% 5.7% 11.7% 11.7% 2.7% 8.0% 1.7% 1.8% 0.5% 13.6% 11.6% 5.9% 40.5% 14.6% 12.0% 7.3% 2.7% 6.5%

0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7

0.1 2.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 3.0

2.0 5.8 1.1 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.4 12.4

125.0 18.5 .. 136.7 1 375.2 858.1 152.1 193.4 25.9 899.6 25.0 173.9 93.8 31.6 17.7 193.3 90.7 81.4 4 510.8

16.7% 35.4% .. 85.7% 51.9% 23.2% 83.8% 34.5% 50.7% 0.8% 11.0% 44.5% 44.8% 93.0% 26.0% 44.4% 26.5% 15.7% 34.4%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

17.2 0.1 17.3

247.8 247.8

5.1 5.1

19.3 0.0 19.3

289.4 0.2 289.6

5.9% 93.4% 6.0%

6.0 6.0

4.7 4.7

0.9 0.4 1.3

3 719.4 36.5 3 756.0

68.2% 93.1% 68.4%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.32 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb. Monde *

21 810.4

Fugitive 372.0

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

921.5 5 143.2

Parties de l'Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

13 175.5 10 194.2 5 598.6 3 139.9 1 455.8 2 828.6 7 948.5

151.3 82.8 35.8 28.2 18.8 66.0 220.7

313.0 261.1 233.9 234.6 65.0 182.4 112.1 14.9 56.8 37.3 60.9 25.9 608.6 4 882.0

Parties Kyoto (Annexe I)

7 829.0

117.9

236.0

Soutes internat.

686.4

-

Total Non-OCDE

9 549.5

274.2

11 574.5

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

Total

13 900.9 10 745.5 5 881.8 3 295.0 1 568.8 2 981.4 13 659.9

238.2

8 421.1 -

686.4

606.5 4 874.5

97.9

315.0

465.2 309.6 5 133.3 5 908.1

4.9 4.3 30.9 40.1

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

285.2 1 146.3 364.8 24.3 1 820.6

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe

58.8 115.1 123.9 57.6 56.0 353.7 869.3 72.7 57.3 1.9 33.0 409.7 8.2 171.3 32.8 331.3 48.3 40.8 233.7 57.5 41.0 152.7 519.1 3 845.8

Total OCDE

Union européenne - 27

3 848.2

78.5% 2 124.1 95.9% 908.6 95.6% 402.8 95.8% 271.7 96.1% 102.7 94.0% 28.3 97.1% 499.1 59.8% 1 215.5 94.4%

658.1

3 110.9 1 110.5

Share of energy

Total

255.0

6 600.6

32.2%

738.6 536.5 207.8 197.1 131.6 177.8 2 372.3

467.7 371.2 221.7 124.1 25.4 85.2 642.8

28.7 24.6 20.0 1.4 3.2 4.1 226.3

2 143.6 1 335.1 721.3 425.3 188.5 766.2 4 457.0

42.4% 30.2% 37.7% 24.2% 15.0% 65.1% 27.3%

517.6

245.1

27.2

1 448.0

45.5%

-

-

-

-

-

15 304.7

64.2% 1 618.0

2 457.8

633.8

228.3

4 937.9

32.8%

268.7

12 256.1

95.2%

506.1

653.1

476.7

26.7

1 662.7

30.4%

7.2 17.8 57.8 82.8

161.9 30.7 20.5 213.1

639.3 362.4 5 242.5 6 244.2

73.5% 86.6% 98.5% 95.3%

28.5 33.4 243.2 305.1

21.4 51.0 186.4 258.8

12.2 16.9 209.5 238.6

18.5 1.8 1.5 21.8

80.6 103.1 640.7 824.3

35.4% 32.4% 38.0% 37.0%

2.6 15.9 1.7 0.3 20.6

4.6 51.8 28.4 0.4 85.2

15.2 21.6 0.0 0.5 37.4

307.7 1 235.6 395.0 25.5 1963.7

93.5% 94.1% 92.8% 96.5% 93.8%

23.2 4.2 4.2 0.9 32.5

69.1 38.5 14.9 24.1 146.5

12.0 11.3 61.4 2.1 86.8

2.6 0.5 0.1 3.3

106.9 54.6 80.5 27.0 269.1

21.7% 7.8% 5.2% 3.3% 12.1%

0.3 0.4 3.8 0.4 1.0 4.1 4.2 0.1 0.9 0.0 2.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.4 0.3 1.0 1.2 0.0 2.5 10.6 37.2

3.4 5.5 3.3 1.4 0.7 12.9 26.9 7.0 1.8 0.0 0.8 19.8 0.4 2.0 0.9 9.5 4.0 2.2 14.7 1.4 2.0 18.1 8.4 147.0

0.1 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.7 3.8 2.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.3 1.3 0.2 1.0 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.6 2.0 18.2

62.5 121.3 131.8 59.8 58.4 374.5 902.6 80.2 60.1 2.0 34.2 433.1 8.5 174.4 35.8 344.0 52.8 43.4 250.2 60.5 44.2 173.9 540.0 4 048.2

94.4% 95.3% 96.9% 96.9% 97.6% 95.6% 96.8% 90.8% 96.8% 97.7% 96.6% 95.1% 95.8% 98.8% 94.9% 96.7% 92.2% 94.8% 93.8% 97.1% 93.0% 89.3% 98.1% 95.9%

1.6 1.7 2.8 0.8 0.5 17.8 24.7 1.7 1.4 0.0 0.8 7.8 0.1 6.0 9.0 54.0 0.7 0.9 4.3 1.0 0.9 6.8 23.4 168.5

4.7 6.7 5.0 5.5 2.2 39.0 33.6 3.7 3.0 0.2 11.3 18.2 1.1 11.4 2.3 16.4 4.4 2.2 17.9 3.5 3.5 24.2 27.9 247.8

2.8 6.1 1.8 7.2 6.2 16.5 26.0 0.3 2.7 0.1 0.7 19.7 0.1 11.4 2.7 10.1 1.3 1.3 9.5 6.5 0.8 11.3 6.3 151.3

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.7

9.2 14.5 9.6 13.4 9.0 73.5 84.4 5.7 7.1 0.3 12.8 45.9 1.2 28.8 14.1 80.6 6.4 4.4 32.2 11.0 5.3 42.3 57.7 569.3

17.6% 11.7% 28.8% 5.6% 5.8% 24.3% 29.2% 29.3% 19.3% 1.5% 6.3% 17.0% 8.0% 20.7% 64.2% 67.0% 10.5% 19.9% 13.2% 9.1% 18.0% 15.9% 40.5% 29.6%

135.3

15.8

4 035.1

100%

Other

-

35.7

-

28 247.1

Share of Energy Agricult. Waste energy

96.3%

168.6

236.0

149.1

1.6

555.3

30.4%

* Total Monde comprend le total Non-OCDE, le total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 4 pour les autres émissions. En général, pour les émissions autres que celles de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie, les estimations sont sujettes à une incertitude significativement plus grande.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.33

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy 211.3

Industrial processes

Agriculture 1 746.7

HFCs Other

243.1

Share of energy

Total

641.1

2 842.2

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

7.4%

128.8

105.7

Share of energy

Total

151.3

38 075.7

64.4%

World *

124.4 106.8 82.4 15.8 8.6 14.9 86.9

520.7 386.4 164.2 156.7 65.5 114.1 1 226.0

211.4 174.1 62.2 100.6 11.4 32.1 31.7

78.5 62.2 34.5 18.5 9.2 14.5 562.6

934.9 729.6 343.3 291.6 94.7 175.6 1 907.3

13.3% 14.6% 24.0% 5.4% 9.1% 8.5% 4.6%

90.3 81.3 44.0 21.0 16.3 8.9 38.5

82.3 56.1 23.9 15.6 16.6 25.7 23.5

127.4 116.9 54.5 47.9 14.5 8.8 23.9

17 279.3 13 064.6 7 068.8 4 096.4 1 899.3 3 966.6 20 110.0

83.1% 82.6% 84.7% 80.2% 79.6% 85.9% 47.1%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

45.5

347.5

154.4

62.6

610.0

7.5%

47.3

65.9

75.8

10 668.1

81.1%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

686.4

100.0%

Internat. bunkers

93.8

1 280.3

49.6

570.1

1 993.9

4.7%

43.1

46.8

27.9

22 354.3

51.6%

Non-OECD Total

117.5

466.4

193.5

71.0

848.3

13.8%

85.7

59.0

123.3

15 035.1

81.8%

OECD Total

6.6 1.9 75.8 84.3

19.5 28.2 144.7 192.4

11.8 1.7 50.4 63.9

20.7 3.8 13.8 38.4

58.6 35.6 284.7 378.9

11.2% 5.3% 26.6% 22.2%

1.1 1.9 42.9 45.9

8.1 0.3 15.8 24.2

4.5 0.7 49.9 55.2

792.1 503.9 6 276.6 7 572.7

63.8% 69.3% 87.4% 83.7%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1.8 6.5 1.5 0.2 10.1

45.9 9.0 5.8 10.5 71.3

1.2 10.1 3.3 14.7

4.0 5.1 0.8 0.1 10.1

53.0 30.8 11.5 10.9 106.2

3.5% 21.3% 13.3% 2.0% 9.5%

1.2 15.0 2.2 0.1 18.5

1.6 14.3 1.1 0.7 17.7

0.5 14.0 3.8 0.1 18.3

470.9 1 364.2 494.1 64.3 2 393.4

66.4% 86.0% 75.3% 40.0% 78.7%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.4 0.5 1.8 0.3 0.5 1.9 4.9 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.0 0.5 0.2 1.7 0.3 0.8 1.2 0.7 0.2 2.7 2.1 23.1

2.7 3.2 3.3 5.2 3.4 33.2 30.2 3.9 3.6 0.3 7.1 13.8 0.3 7.1 1.9 17.6 2.9 1.4 15.2 3.8 1.6 20.1 20.9 202.7

0.6 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.3 25.0 29.4 0.6 1.4 0.0 0.7 7.5 0.0 7.7 1.7 5.7 0.5 1.0 2.5 0.7 0.1 5.1 20.4 114.8

0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 2.4 3.7 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2 3.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 1.3 0.5 0.2 2.5 0.4 0.3 1.7 2.3 22.5

4.2 5.4 6.8 6.7 5.4 62.5 68.3 5.4 5.6 0.3 8.1 25.7 0.4 15.9 4.1 26.2 4.2 3.3 21.4 5.6 2.2 29.7 45.7 363.2

9.0% 9.5% 26.7% 4.8% 10.0% 3.1% 7.2% 8.7% 5.7% 2.0% 1.7% 4.9% 7.2% 3.4% 5.1% 6.4% 7.4% 23.4% 5.7% 12.5% 9.0% 9.1% 4.5% 6.4%

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.1 4.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.2 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.6 0.1 0.2 0.0 3.4 21.3

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.8 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 2.1 4.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.7 0.1 0.6 1.0 17.1

1.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.2 3.5 35.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.7 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.7 1.7 1.9 49.9

77.3 141.9 148.4 80.5 73.0 517.3 1 097.1 92.9 73.2 2.8 55.2 509.8 10.2 225.3 58.8 451.6 63.6 51.1 310.4 78.1 52.5 248.2 649.7 5 068.9

79.0% 83.0% 89.2% 73.4% 79.5% 73.0% 82.3% 80.7% 81.7% 71.2% 61.5% 82.6% 81.6% 79.4% 73.5% 86.0% 78.1% 83.7% 77.4% 77.3% 80.5% 66.3% 85.4% 80.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

81.1%

European Union - 27

21.3

192.3

113.5

21.6

348.8

6.1%

21.3

13.8

47.0

5 021.2

* Total World includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 4 database for other emissions. In general, estimates for emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are subject to significantly larger uncertainties.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.34 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

9 549.5

274.2

606.5

4 874.5

15 304.7

64.2%

1 618.0

2 457.8

633.8

228.3

4 937.9

32.8%

Algérie Angola Bénin Botswana Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Jamahiriya arabe libyenne Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d'Afrique Afrique

55.7 4.0 0.2 3.3 2.5 0.5 2.1 3.2 84.0 0.8 2.3 1.3 3.3 7.3 35.1 25.4 1.1 1.8 30.4 2.5 276.9 4.6 2.5 0.6 14.3 2.0 14.8 16.8 599.5

16.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 47.9 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.9 95.1

3.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 7.7 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.9 1.3 3.2 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 5.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 2.9 0.3 0.5 0.6 29.7

0.0 508.5 35.1 59.6 44.9 1 071.4 123.1 1.2 0.0 3.7 12.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 12.7 7.9 1.8 40.2 7.0 0.1 125.2 231.6 2 286.3

74.9 514.4 35.5 3.5 66.8 45.7 1 073.5 126.5 95.3 0.8 2.7 8.3 16.1 8.2 40.1 28.8 13.9 1.8 87.1 2.8 298.0 4.7 43.1 7.8 17.6 127.5 15.4 250.0 3 010.7

95.8% 1.1% 0.6% 96.1% 10.4% 1.6% 0.2% 2.5% 90.7% 96.5% 87.0% 55.3% 20.6% 88.4% 96.6% 88.3% 8.2% 100.0% 90.0% 89.4% 97.7% 97.3% 5.8% 7.4% 82.9% 1.6% 96.8% 7.1% 23.1%

50.1 5.4 0.5 0.3 9.7 0.9 4.6 0.8 12.1 0.2 6.3 7.6 1.6 1.6 13.4 0.4 1.3 0.0 105.1 0.4 22.4 1.5 1.8 0.4 2.0 0.6 1.1 11.5 263.4

3.7 11.1 1.7 4.6 7.0 1.9 19.9 2.2 12.3 1.3 30.1 0.1 3.5 13.2 1.0 4.4 6.0 3.0 24.0 3.9 18.1 44.2 19.5 1.2 1.9 14.2 5.8 99.1 358.6

3.6 1.3 0.6 0.2 1.9 0.4 4.7 1.8 6.8 0.3 4.9 0.2 2.1 2.7 1.0 3.3 1.7 0.2 10.5 1.1 9.2 3.6 2.9 0.5 1.2 0.9 1.1 12.9 81.7

0.0 24.0 1.8 0.0 2.9 2.1 50.6 6.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.4 1.3 1.9 0.3 0.0 5.9 0.0 11.5 110.3

57.4 41.8 4.6 5.1 21.5 5.4 79.8 10.7 31.2 1.8 41.3 8.1 7.8 17.4 15.3 8.1 9.7 3.2 140.1 5.5 51.0 49.3 26.1 2.4 5.1 21.6 8.0 134.9 814.0

87.3% 12.8% 10.0% 6.3% 45.0% 17.2% 5.8% 7.1% 38.9% 8.5% 15.2% 93.9% 20.6% 9.0% 87.5% 4.4% 13.8% 0.6% 75.1% 7.9% 43.9% 3.1% 6.9% 17.0% 39.7% 2.7% 13.6% 8.5% 32.4%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Iraq Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Rép. arabe syrienne Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

11.6 249.4 71.8 46.3 12.1 41.0 12.6 14.4 19.1 204.5 38.6 70.0 9.3 800.7

0.0 23.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.8 0.0 1.5 4.0 1.0 0.0 31.9

0.1 8.5 9.0 2.6 1.7 1.0 1.7 0.0 0.3 7.9 2.2 3.0 0.7 38.8

0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.6

11.7 281.2 81.0 48.9 13.8 43.3 14.4 15.2 19.4 213.9 45.0 73.9 10.1 872.0

99.2% 96.9% 88.8% 94.7% 87.6% 97.6% 87.3% 99.8% 98.5% 96.3% 94.7% 96.0% 93.3% 95.5%

1.7 72.6 4.1 0.1 0.2 9.4 0.1 5.4 3.5 29.5 11.0 15.4 0.9 153.9

0.0 19.4 3.1 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 2.1 2.4 0.4 2.2 31.8

0.2 9.7 3.1 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 4.0 1.6 0.6 1.3 24.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

1.9 101.7 10.3 2.4 1.2 10.1 0.8 6.1 3.9 35.6 15.0 16.4 4.4 209.7

90.1% 71.4% 40.0% 5.9% 14.2% 93.2% 10.7% 87.6% 90.0% 82.8% 73.3% 94.3% 21.1% 73.4%

Albanie Bosnie-Herzégovine Bulgarie Croatie Chypre Gibraltar ex-RY de Macédoine Malte Roumanie Serbie Slovénie Europe Non-OCDE

1.9 3.3 53.4 15.8 5.2 0.3 8.2 2.4 117.1 44.0 13.8 265.4

0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.2

0.1 0.1 1.9 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 5.1 1.2 1.1 11.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3

2.0 3.5 56.1 16.8 5.8 0.3 8.5 2.4 123.7 45.2 15.0 279.1

94.2% 96.6% 96.5% 94.2% 90.9% 99.9% 96.4% 99.8% 95.7% 97.4% 92.5% 95.9%

0.4 0.3 0.9 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 12.1 3.3 0.8 19.8

2.1 1.0 2.4 1.2 0.3 0.9 0.0 10.0 5.1 1.1 24.2

0.2 0.2 4.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 3.9 0.9 1.1 11.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

2.7 1.6 7.9 3.4 0.5 0.0 1.4 0.1 26.0 9.3 3.0 55.8

13.6% 18.9% 11.4% 51.4% 2.7% 13.8% 18.2% 3.2% 46.5% 35.8% 26.5% 35.4%

Total Non-OCDE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.35

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

93.8

1 280.3

49.6

570.1

1 993.9

4.7%

43.1

46.8

27.9

22 354.3

51.6%

Non-OECD Total

0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 1.7 0.1 1.8 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 2.3 12.7

2.3 13.4 1.8 4.2 6.6 1.8 26.2 1.9 10.1 0.8 21.5 0.1 3.6 8.1 0.7 3.6 7.2 2.2 15.6 2.8 12.9 35.9 16.6 1.3 1.2 22.1 4.5 83.7 312.6

0.1 0.2 2.7 0.4 0.5 4.0

0.5 48.6 3.3 0.1 5.7 4.3 102.5 11.6 1.2 0.0 0.6 0.4 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.4 0.0 2.1 0.1 2.3 0.5 4.2 0.7 0.2 12.0 0.1 23.0 227.8

3.3 62.2 5.2 4.3 12.6 6.1 129.7 13.7 12.0 0.9 23.4 0.5 5.3 9.0 0.9 4.2 8.9 2.2 19.4 3.0 19.7 36.9 21.2 2.1 1.9 34.8 4.8 109.0 557.1

12.2% 0.2% 1.8% 0.7% 1.7% 0.4% 0.8% 1.3% 4.7% 4.1% 5.5% 7.6% 6.9% 5.4% 14.1% 2.7% 3.3% 1.2% 8.7% 3.5% 9.0% 1.3% 2.1% 4.3% 4.7% 0.5% 4.0% 0.9% 2.3%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

0.7 1.2 0.3 0.2 2.4

0.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.9 1.8

135.7 618.4 45.3 12.9 101.5 57.2 1 283.0 150.9 140.4 3.5 67.4 16.9 29.4 34.6 56.4 41.1 32.5 7.2 246.6 11.2 369.8 90.8 90.4 12.3 24.6 183.9 28.2 493.9 4 386.1

90.1% 1.8% 1.7% 28.5% 16.6% 2.9% 0.6% 2.8% 70.6% 27.7% 14.7% 72.4% 17.9% 26.9% 92.5% 63.1% 8.5% 25.8% 75.1% 26.8% 85.3% 7.2% 5.3% 8.7% 67.9% 1.5% 57.4% 6.4% 22.1%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.0 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.1 3.1

0.0 16.2 3.2 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 2.5 3.4 0.4 1.7 29.3

0.4 0.1 0.5

0.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 2.3

0.0 18.6 3.5 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 3.7 4.0 0.7 2.0 35.3

73.7% 5.2% 6.6% 16.0% 8.7% 62.0% 15.4% 18.9% 56.2% 22.7% 5.0% 34.5% 3.3% 8.9%

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.8

1.8 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.4 4.8

14.0 403.6 94.9 53.4 15.5 54.0 15.6 21.7 23.5 254.5 64.0 91.5 16.5 1 122.7

95.7% 85.7% 80.4% 87.3% 79.5% 95.8% 81.4% 94.9% 96.9% 92.9% 84.1% 94.6% 63.1% 88.1%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.1 1.6

0.8 0.6 2.1 1.4 0.2 0.5 0.0 7.0 2.8 0.7 16.1

2.0 0.8 3.6 0.4 6.8

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.1 2.0

0.9 0.8 4.6 2.5 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.1 12.0 3.8 0.9 26.5

2.6% 11.9% 5.3% 5.0% 8.3% 83.9% 14.2% 16.5% 4.8% 7.0% 11.9% 5.9%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3

0.1 0.0 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.3 2.2

0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1

5.6 5.9 68.6 23.0 6.5 0.3 10.6 2.6 163.0 58.8 19.2 364.1

40.3% 63.5% 80.6% 76.9% 80.7% 98.4% 80.8% 92.4% 80.4% 81.0% 76.7% 79.4%

Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.36 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Fédération de Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-Union Soviétique

3.4 31.5 60.5 16.0 7.1 167.0 4.6 8.8 14.2 10.9 1 582.9 4.7 34.4 392.8 101.6 2 440.4

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.2 0.0 0.0 44.0 0.0 59.9

0.1 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.1 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 26.3 0.0 0.2 7.0 1.9 39.1

0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 18.9 0.0 0.2 2.1 0.4 27.9

3.5 31.6 63.3 16.4 7.2 174.9 4.8 8.9 14.6 11.0 1 641.4 4.8 34.8 445.9 103.9 2 567.3

96.4% 99.6% 95.5% 98.5% 98.7% 96.9% 95.7% 98.5% 97.2% 98.9% 97.2% 98.2% 98.8% 97.9% 97.8% 97.4%

1.1 4.3 0.5 0.6 1.3 19.3 0.3 1.0 1.5 1.5 367.9 0.5 12.1 53.1 18.7 483.7

1.0 3.4 10.3 0.9 1.8 18.5 2.7 1.3 2.3 1.9 85.3 2.5 3.3 36.4 11.8 183.4

0.3 1.4 1.8 0.4 0.7 2.0 0.7 0.5 2.0 0.5 45.3 0.7 0.7 9.4 2.9 69.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 5.4

2.4 9.1 12.6 1.9 3.8 41.4 3.7 2.8 5.8 3.8 502.2 3.6 16.1 99.0 33.4 741.7

45.9% 47.1% 4.0% 31.2% 34.8% 46.6% 7.2% 37.0% 25.4% 38.7% 73.3% 13.6% 75.0% 53.6% 56.0% 65.2%

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

118.2 8.2 239.0 41.4 58.0 4.4 22.1 11.4 16.3 4.7 6.0 0.9 3.5 8.4 2.8 2.5 4.1 3.4 23.7 12.3 4.5 118.3 13.4 727.5

4.6 1.9 6.5 0.6 1.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.0 0.0 12.7 0.0 32.4

2.8 0.4 18.5 2.4 5.7 0.5 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.9 0.3 0.3 3.6 1.0 43.0

13.1 127.2 761.2 0.6 44.2 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.1 4.4 2.2 0.0 31.3 16.2 0.0 31.0 13.5 1 047.0

138.8 137.7 1 025.1 45.0 108.9 5.0 24.9 12.5 19.4 5.3 11.1 1.1 6.0 8.8 2.8 2.7 4.5 35.1 42.3 14.6 4.9 165.6 27.9 1 849.8

88.5% 7.3% 23.9% 93.3% 54.2% 89.4% 93.5% 90.9% 91.7% 88.9% 54.1% 80.0% 59.3% 95.5% 100.0% 93.3% 92.6% 9.8% 57.1% 97.8% 93.5% 79.1% 47.9% 41.1%

23.2 6.4 14.1 2.8 8.3 0.1 0.8 0.3 4.3 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 1.9 6.0 0.1 45.7 0.2 116.9

74.5 10.9 252.4 6.5 37.4 2.5 7.2 4.4 9.7 1.5 3.2 1.9 2.9 0.7 0.0 3.5 2.4 13.2 9.0 0.1 17.7 18.8 2.9 483.3

7.9 1.0 47.9 4.7 5.3 0.5 2.4 1.4 1.4 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.8 3.2 0.7 0.7 4.6 2.1 90.2

2.0 5.2 31.2 0.1 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.6 44.8

107.7 23.5 345.6 14.1 52.9 3.0 10.5 6.1 15.5 2.7 5.3 3.1 4.0 1.2 0.1 4.6 2.9 16.0 14.8 6.8 18.5 70.4 5.7 735.2

21.6% 27.0% 4.1% 19.6% 15.7% 3.2% 7.4% 4.8% 28.0% 13.5% 14.0% 6.9% 8.5% 6.8% 58.9% 5.8% 4.7% 3.0% 12.8% 88.1% 0.6% 65.0% 3.3% 15.9%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodge Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Mongolie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viet Nam Autres pays d'Asie Asie

20.5 4.7 1.4 157.8 782.5 192.2 74.9 81.1 10.1 6.7 1.7 79.8 59.0 38.0 5.5 141.3 28.0 9.0 1 694.1

0.0 1.0 0.6 19.1 9.8 0.4 5.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 37.8

0.2 0.0 11.1 35.1 11.7 8.5 5.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 4.1 5.3 1.6 0.4 17.3 3.4 0.3 104.7

8.7 11.1 0.0 0.5 48.3 464.8 0.1 98.5 0.2 790.8 0.2 0.1 2.6 0.1 0.5 11.8 0.7 36.1 1 475.1

29.3 16.8 1.4 169.9 885.0 678.5 83.9 190.4 10.3 797.8 2.0 84.6 66.9 40.0 6.5 170.3 32.6 45.3 3 311.7

69.8% 33.7% 99.8% 93.2% 90.6% 29.8% 89.8% 45.5% 97.2% 0.8% 85.1% 95.0% 88.2% 95.7% 85.2% 82.9% 87.5% 19.9% 52.3%

6.9 5.4 1.1 1.0 84.3 53.4 7.8 21.8 0.7 3.0 1.4 19.7 2.1 0.8 0.9 6.9 9.0 2.4 228.7

64.8 0.0 13.7 1.5 374.5 83.6 4.7 6.4 6.8 44.2 17.5 69.5 30.0 0.0 8.1 60.4 49.1 15.6 850.6

13.5 0.1 1.0 4.6 88.3 33.4 3.0 3.8 0.3 5.0 1.9 13.1 10.5 0.6 2.6 10.2 8.1 1.3 201.3

0.4 0.5 0.0 2.5 11.5 0.9 4.6 1.0 37.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 3.6 63.3

85.7 6.0 15.8 7.0 549.5 181.9 16.4 36.7 8.8 89.7 20.8 102.2 42.9 1.5 11.6 78.1 66.2 23.0 1 343.9

8.1% 90.0% 7.1% 13.8% 15.3% 29.4% 47.8% 59.5% 7.7% 3.3% 6.9% 19.3% 5.0% 53.3% 7.4% 8.9% 13.5% 10.6% 17.0%

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

2 985.9 35.9 3 021.8

14.0 0.8 14.8

339.0 1.0 340.0

37.4 0.0 37.4

3 376.3 37.6 3 414.0

88.9% 97.4% 88.9%

351.2 0.4 351.6

526.0 526.0

154.3 1.5 155.8

4.3 4.3

1 035.8 1.9 1 037.6

33.9% 20.5% 33.9%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.37

1995 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.3 11.9

0.4 1.4 8.3 0.6 0.9 13.6 1.2 1.0 1.8 1.2 46.5 1.2 1.8 18.8 5.9 104.5

1.5 0.5 10.4 0.3 4.6 0.1 17.4

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 2.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.6 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.7 15.2

0.5 1.7 10.5 0.8 1.7 18.1 1.5 1.2 2.1 1.3 72.5 1.3 2.4 26.5 6.9 149.0

2.0% 3.9% 3.3% 21.9% 4.6% 10.7% 7.6% 10.4% 5.1% 3.6% 9.7% 1.4% 3.9% 5.5% 4.5% 8.0%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.6

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.5 1.8 0.3 24.7

0.0 8.6 8.6

6.4 42.5 86.5 19.2 12.6 234.5 10.0 12.9 22.5 16.2 2 255.7 11.6 53.3 571.8 144.3 3 499.9

70.5% 84.4% 70.9% 88.4% 67.0% 81.3% 49.8% 77.2% 69.9% 76.9% 87.4% 45.2% 87.4% 85.9% 83.6% 85.6%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

0.6 0.1 2.7 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 6.7

28.7 6.8 111.1 4.8 16.4 1.4 5.9 1.9 3.5 0.9 2.2 0.9 2.3 0.4 0.0 2.7 0.9 6.1 4.6 0.1 6.5 8.6 2.5 219.3

0.1 6.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.0 8.5

3.6 13.3 81.5 0.4 5.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 2.0 0.0 0.1 3.5 1.4 115.8

33.0 20.2 202.3 5.8 22.4 1.7 6.9 2.1 3.8 1.1 2.9 1.0 2.6 0.4 0.0 2.8 1.0 9.7 7.0 0.2 6.6 12.7 4.0 350.2

1.8% 0.6% 1.4% 6.0% 2.6% 2.4% 3.8% 5.7% 3.8% 8.4% 6.5% 6.1% 3.6% 10.8% 62.5% 2.5% 4.0% 1.6% 2.9% 31.6% 0.7% 4.6% 2.0% 1.9%

0.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 3.6

0.1 4.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 5.8

0.2 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.4

279.9 181.4 1 580.6 64.9 184.3 9.7 42.3 20.8 38.8 9.1 19.3 5.3 12.5 10.4 3.0 10.0 8.4 60.8 64.0 21.5 30.0 251.0 37.9 2 946.0

52.4% 9.1% 16.6% 69.5% 36.9% 47.3% 57.4% 56.9% 57.6% 56.7% 35.9% 22.5% 31.6% 81.3% 98.1% 28.1% 51.2% 6.7% 41.0% 94.3% 15.7% 70.6% 36.0% 30.0%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

1.2 0.0 0.2 0.6 20.6 3.0 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.5 2.5 0.7 0.1 0.3 3.3 1.0 0.4 35.8

15.0 0.1 3.7 2.6 135.9 59.0 1.3 8.5 3.6 9.4 3.0 15.3 7.4 0.1 1.3 15.5 12.7 9.1 303.7

0.5 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.0 4.0

2.0 1.1 0.1 0.0 16.1 66.5 1.6 9.7 1.4 76.0 0.3 1.7 1.0 0.0 0.2 1.9 1.0 4.1 184.8

18.2 1.2 4.1 3.7 174.3 128.7 3.4 18.8 5.1 85.8 3.8 20.2 9.2 1.1 1.8 20.7 14.6 13.6 528.2

6.7% 2.2% 5.2% 16.1% 11.8% 2.3% 13.1% 2.3% 1.3% 0.5% 13.1% 12.4% 7.8% 9.1% 15.4% 16.0% 6.5% 3.0% 6.8%

0.0 0.0 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.2

0.7 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.2 3.1

1.3 3.4 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.9 8.4

133.3 24.0 21.3 182.6 1 615.8 990.6 103.7 246.6 24.2 973.3 26.7 207.4 119.4 43.3 19.9 270.1 113.4 82.0 5 197.5

21.5% 46.2% 12.8% 87.6% 56.1% 26.1% 80.6% 44.1% 44.7% 1.0% 13.8% 49.5% 51.9% 90.4% 33.4% 56.1% 33.9% 14.5% 38.4%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

21.9 0.2 22.1

294.8 294.8

8.4 8.4

22.3 0.0 22.3

347.4 0.2 347.5

6.3% 93.7% 6.4%

28.1 28.1

7.7 7.7

2.7 0.2 2.9

4 798.0 39.9 4 837.8

70.3% 93.4% 70.5%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.38 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb. Monde *

Industrial Fugitive processes

23 497.3

358.3

CH4 Other

1 025.6 4 554.8

Parties de l'Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

13 758.4 10 998.1 6 225.8 3 220.0 1 552.3 2 559.7 8 928.8

132.2 70.7 24.4 25.9 20.4 59.0 226.2

322.9 290.1 245.2 135.5 72.6 64.5 120.0 12.7 52.6 58.3 58.7 153.9 702.7 4 264.7

Parties Kyoto (Annexe I)

7 808.7

110.7

238.4

Soutes internat.

810.1

-

Total Non-OCDE

10 195.0

268.9

Total OCDE

12 492.2

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

Total

14 503.6 11 449.5 6 387.2 3 378.7 1 683.6 2 831.3 14 122.3

247.6

8 405.4 -

810.1

697.4 4 386.7

89.5

328.2

532.8 356.8 5 693.0 6 582.6

5.4 9.3 19.0 33.7

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

338.7 1 181.4 431.3 32.3 1 983.6

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe

61.4 118.6 122.1 49.9 53.9 376.7 827.1 87.2 54.2 2.1 41.2 423.7 8.0 173.1 33.7 291.8 59.5 37.4 283.9 52.8 41.7 200.6 525.6 3 926.0

Union européenne - 27

3 831.1

81.0% 2 152.9 95.8% 855.0 96.7% 390.8 97.9% 249.1 96.1% 109.2 93.4% 32.5 92.5% 456.0 64.8% 1 297.9 94.2%

626.8

3 022.7 1 229.2

Share of energy

Total

198.0

6 602.8

32.6%

685.0 535.2 208.6 193.7 132.9 127.3 2 337.7

439.6 333.0 203.9 106.5 22.6 91.1 789.6

35.2 14.3 6.3 1.6 6.4 20.9 162.8

2 014.7 1 273.3 667.8 411.0 194.5 695.2 4 588.1

42.4% 30.7% 37.3% 26.6% 16.7% 65.6% 28.3%

469.0

231.8

30.9

1 358.5

46.1%

-

-

-

-

-

15 548.0

67.3% 1 661.7

2 375.4

724.3

182.2

4 943.6

33.6%

168.1

13 077.9

96.2%

491.2

647.3

504.9

15.8

1 659.2

29.6%

8.4 20.9 64.2 93.5

24.2 29.8 40.3 94.3

570.8 416.8 5 816.4 6 804.0

94.3% 87.8% 98.2% 97.2%

29.6 43.8 219.5 292.9

23.3 53.4 185.2 261.9

13.7 18.7 190.2 222.6

2.1 1.2 4.2 7.5

68.7 117.1 599.2 784.9

43.1% 37.4% 36.6% 37.3%

2.9 17.3 1.9 0.3 22.3

5.1 47.0 26.0 0.5 78.6

35.7 22.1 0.0 0.6 58.4

382.2 1 267.8 459.2 33.6 2142.8

89.3% 94.5% 94.3% 96.8% 93.6%

28.7 2.8 5.1 1.0 37.6

77.6 31.8 12.5 23.5 145.5

12.0 8.6 120.7 2.0 143.3

6.0 0.4 0.1 6.5

124.3 43.6 138.4 26.5 332.9

23.1% 6.4% 3.7% 3.9% 11.3%

0.5 0.0 2.2 0.5 0.4 2.2 3.2 0.0 0.6 0.0 3.9 0.8 1.8 1.8 0.3 0.4 2.1 1.4 0.0 2.5 8.7 33.5

3.5 5.0 2.9 1.1 1.0 12.6 23.4 7.7 2.0 0.1 1.4 22.7 0.4 2.0 1.0 10.0 5.4 2.2 20.5 1.7 1.9 19.0 8.8 156.1

0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.6 3.9 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.3 1.2 0.1 0.8 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.7 1.6 15.5

65.4 123.9 127.7 51.8 55.9 395.4 855.7 95.2 57.0 2.2 42.9 451.6 8.4 176.0 37.3 304.9 65.3 40.0 307.2 56.1 43.7 222.8 544.7 4 131.1

94.5% 95.7% 97.3% 97.3% 97.2% 95.8% 97.0% 91.6% 96.1% 96.6% 96.1% 94.7% 95.5% 98.8% 95.1% 96.3% 91.5% 94.4% 93.1% 96.6% 95.4% 91.2% 98.1% 95.8%

1.6 1.3 3.8 1.0 0.5 32.6 18.8 1.8 2.1 0.0 1.0 6.8 0.1 4.9 11.6 36.5 0.8 0.8 3.8 1.0 0.8 8.2 20.6 160.7

4.4 6.5 4.3 5.4 2.1 38.3 31.8 3.7 3.0 0.2 11.8 18.3 0.8 10.1 2.2 14.7 4.4 1.8 20.0 3.3 3.2 22.4 27.2 239.9

2.6 5.8 1.8 6.6 6.5 12.6 17.7 0.3 2.8 0.1 0.4 20.8 0.1 9.2 2.4 10.6 1.1 1.7 10.5 6.6 0.8 15.5 2.5 139.0

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.8

8.7 13.6 10.0 13.0 9.1 83.6 68.5 5.9 8.0 0.3 13.3 46.0 1.0 24.2 16.2 61.9 6.7 4.3 34.7 10.9 4.9 46.2 50.3 541.4

19.0% 9.5% 38.3% 7.6% 5.9% 39.0% 27.5% 31.3% 26.8% 1.3% 7.9% 14.8% 9.9% 20.2% 71.6% 59.0% 12.1% 19.4% 10.8% 9.1% 17.3% 17.8% 40.9% 29.7%

144.3

14.0

4 020.5

100%

Other

-

31.1

-

29 436.0

Share of Energy Agricult. Waste energy

96.1%

154.9

227.4

133.4

2.2

517.9

29.9%

* Total Monde comprend le total Non-OCDE, le total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 4 pour les autres émissions. En général, pour les émissions autres que celles de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie, les estimations sont sujettes à une incertitude significativement plus grande.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.39

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy 222.7

Industrial processes

Agriculture 1 757.2

HFCs Other

167.5

Share of energy

Total

634.1

2 781.4

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

8.0%

287.5

Share of energy

Total

101.7

124.6

39 334.0

66.7%

World *

128.1 108.8 83.1 16.0 9.7 16.2 94.7

513.3 397.3 165.4 155.6 76.3 94.8 1 243.8

125.4 82.5 29.6 46.8 6.2 38.6 42.1

88.8 54.3 21.4 19.9 13.0 32.7 545.2

855.6 642.9 299.6 238.2 105.2 182.3 1 925.9

15.0% 16.9% 27.8% 6.7% 9.2% 8.9% 4.9%

205.8 188.7 115.0 45.6 28.1 16.1 81.7

74.6 46.9 21.8 13.8 11.3 27.1 27.1

94.3 84.9 50.2 28.0 6.7 8.4 30.3

17 748.5 13 686.3 7 541.6 4 115.2 2 029.4 3 760.4 20 775.4

83.8% 84.5% 87.3% 81.9% 79.6% 82.2% 50.8%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

48.0

339.4

93.6

68.4

549.4

8.7%

95.5

59.3

48.0

10 516.0

81.7%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

810.1

100.0%

Internat. bunkers

99.9

1 276.5

62.5

570.0

2 008.9

5.0%

90.8

50.5

33.6

22 675.4

53.9%

Non-OECD Total

122.8

480.7

105.0

64.1

772.5

15.9%

196.7

51.1

91.0

15 848.5

83.3%

OECD Total

6.5 2.2 76.7 85.3

20.6 32.1 144.8 197.5

3.8 1.2 25.8 30.8

3.1 4.7 18.3 26.2

34.0 40.3 265.5 339.8

19.1% 5.4% 28.9% 25.1%

5.8 2.8 109.1 117.7

7.1 0.6 14.7 22.4

4.8 0.8 45.4 51.0

691.3 578.3 6 850.4 8 120.0

83.1% 71.3% 87.7% 86.1%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

2.6 6.8 2.2 0.3 11.9

57.0 8.6 4.7 10.8 81.0

1.7 4.4 6.8 13.0

8.0 4.9 0.9 0.1 13.9

69.3 24.7 14.6 11.2 119.8

3.7% 27.6% 15.3% 2.5% 9.9%

2.5 25.2 2.6 0.3 30.8

1.2 9.8 2.2 0.4 13.5

0.5 6.2 4.1 0.1 10.8

580.0 1 377.3 621.1 72.1 2 650.5

64.3% 87.7% 70.9% 46.9% 77.5%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.4 0.6 3.4 0.3 0.6 2.0 4.1 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.0 0.6 0.2 2.4 0.4 0.5 1.5 0.7 0.2 3.1 2.1 25.6

2.5 3.1 3.2 4.8 3.2 33.2 30.4 3.7 4.0 0.3 7.0 13.7 0.3 6.2 1.8 16.9 2.8 1.2 17.3 3.8 1.4 21.2 19.9 202.1

0.5 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 8.8 7.5 0.5 1.8 0.6 8.1 7.0 1.7 6.0 0.6 1.1 2.5 0.7 0.1 4.3 5.0 61.2

0.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 2.6 3.3 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.2 3.4 0.0 0.7 0.4 1.3 1.1 0.2 2.8 0.4 0.3 1.8 2.4 24.0

3.9 5.4 8.3 6.4 5.1 46.6 45.4 5.3 6.5 0.4 7.9 26.8 0.3 14.4 4.2 26.6 4.8 2.9 24.1 5.6 2.0 30.4 29.5 312.9

10.0% 10.2% 41.0% 4.6% 11.9% 4.4% 9.1% 10.0% 4.0% 2.2% 2.1% 5.5% 11.2% 4.1% 5.2% 9.1% 7.9% 15.7% 6.4% 12.3% 9.7% 10.1% 7.2% 8.2%

1.0 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.4 7.1 9.3 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 7.6 0.1 5.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.1 3.3 0.6 0.8 1.0 6.4 48.2

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.0 1.0 4.6 0.5 0.0 0.1 2.3 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.9 15.3

0.4 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 2.7 17.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.1 2.5 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.2 29.2

79.5 144.2 146.5 72.1 70.7 536.6 997.5 107.9 72.2 3.0 65.0 533.7 9.8 221.4 63.4 394.8 77.4 47.5 374.1 74.1 51.9 301.9 633.0 5 078.1

80.3% 83.6% 89.8% 71.7% 78.5% 77.1% 85.5% 83.0% 79.2% 70.7% 65.2% 81.7% 83.2% 81.0% 74.6% 84.2% 78.8% 82.4% 77.9% 75.4% 82.3% 71.0% 88.0% 81.6%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

82.1%

European Union - 27

23.4

189.8

59.6

23.5

296.3

7.9%

47.0

10.8

26.8

4 919.4

* Total World includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 4 database for other emissions. In general, estimates for emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are subject to significantly larger uncertainties.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.40 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Industrial Fugitive processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

10 195.0

268.9

697.4

4 386.7

15 548.0

67.3%

1 661.7

2 375.4

724.3

182.2

4 943.6

33.6%

Algérie Angola Bénin Botswana Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Jamahiriya arabe libyenne Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d'Afrique Afrique

62.4 5.1 1.4 4.2 2.8 0.6 2.0 6.1 110.2 0.6 3.2 1.4 5.1 8.9 39.7 28.3 1.3 1.9 41.1 3.6 298.5 5.5 2.6 1.0 18.0 1.7 12.7 18.4 688.3

11.5 1.8 0.0 3.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.9 3.2 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 31.6 0.0 12.9 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 1.8 71.2

4.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 12.7 0.0 0.4 0.1 1.0 0.7 1.7 4.0 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.5 5.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 3.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 38.8

0.0 492.3 24.1 54.8 43.1 910.3 137.0 1.0 0.0 2.2 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 38.1 7.6 0.0 2.1 0.1 47.2 6.0 0.1 106.4 207.3 2 088.5

78.2 499.4 25.7 4.3 61.6 44.0 912.5 143.4 125.8 0.7 3.7 6.8 14.6 9.7 43.5 32.6 39.5 1.9 81.5 4.1 318.6 5.6 50.2 7.3 21.6 108.3 13.5 228.4 2 886.7

94.6% 1.4% 5.5% 97.1% 10.3% 2.0% 0.2% 4.3% 89.2% 92.3% 86.9% 66.5% 35.2% 92.0% 96.1% 86.8% 3.3% 100.0% 89.1% 87.3% 97.8% 97.7% 5.1% 13.1% 84.8% 1.6% 96.3% 8.9% 26.3%

50.0 5.7 0.5 0.3 8.1 1.3 5.1 1.1 13.9 0.2 6.9 7.1 1.6 1.6 10.1 0.2 1.3 0.0 76.5 0.4 24.4 2.0 1.9 0.4 3.3 0.6 1.1 13.8 239.6

4.2 12.6 2.0 3.2 8.3 1.5 13.4 2.1 13.4 2.0 32.8 0.1 3.9 12.5 0.8 5.4 5.8 4.2 24.7 4.6 18.9 52.2 19.0 1.2 2.1 9.8 7.0 96.8 364.5

4.1 1.5 0.8 0.2 2.2 0.5 5.3 2.1 7.5 0.4 5.8 0.3 2.5 3.3 1.0 3.8 1.9 0.2 12.5 1.3 11.0 4.3 3.5 0.6 1.4 1.0 1.3 15.1 95.5

0.0 22.6 0.8 0.0 2.6 2.1 38.5 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.9 0.4 1.3 2.5 0.3 0.0 4.4 0.0 9.3 95.2

58.4 42.5 4.1 3.8 21.2 5.4 62.3 12.7 34.7 2.5 45.5 7.6 8.3 17.4 11.9 9.4 11.9 4.4 114.0 6.3 55.5 58.6 26.9 2.5 6.8 15.8 9.5 134.9 794.8

85.7% 13.5% 11.6% 9.0% 38.2% 23.6% 8.2% 8.8% 39.9% 7.1% 15.1% 94.6% 19.5% 9.4% 84.5% 2.3% 11.3% 0.4% 67.1% 6.8% 44.0% 3.5% 7.1% 17.3% 48.5% 3.7% 11.9% 10.2% 30.1%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Iraq Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Rép. arabe syrienne Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

14.1 304.8 81.8 55.5 14.3 50.2 14.2 19.8 24.3 251.1 45.8 86.1 13.2 975.1

0.0 24.8 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.0 0.1 2.2 0.9 3.3 0.1 36.7

0.0 13.7 1.0 3.7 1.3 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.5 9.3 2.4 3.1 0.8 38.7

0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6

14.2 343.6 85.0 59.2 15.6 52.2 15.6 22.4 24.9 262.6 49.2 92.5 14.1 1 051.1

99.7% 95.9% 98.7% 93.8% 91.5% 98.5% 90.7% 97.1% 97.9% 96.5% 94.8% 96.7% 94.2% 96.3%

2.0 84.5 12.2 0.1 0.2 9.3 0.1 10.5 9.5 33.4 6.5 22.8 1.2 192.2

0.0 19.8 2.8 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 1.9 2.7 0.5 2.7 32.8

0.3 11.3 3.4 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 4.9 1.9 0.8 1.5 28.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

2.4 115.6 18.4 2.7 1.3 10.1 0.9 11.4 9.9 40.3 11.1 24.1 5.3 253.6

86.6% 73.1% 66.5% 4.7% 12.9% 91.8% 9.2% 91.8% 95.0% 82.9% 58.2% 94.7% 21.6% 75.8%

Albanie Bosnie-Herzégovine Bulgarie Croatie Chypre Gibraltar ex-RY de Macédoine Malte Roumanie Serbie Slovénie Europe Non-OCDE

3.2 13.7 42.0 17.7 6.3 0.4 8.4 2.1 86.3 42.5 14.0 236.5

0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.8

0.1 0.2 2.7 1.6 0.7 0.3 0.0 4.5 1.4 1.6 13.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3

3.2 13.9 45.6 19.3 7.0 0.4 8.8 2.1 91.9 44.0 15.5 251.6

98.0% 98.5% 94.1% 91.7% 89.8% 99.9% 96.5% 99.8% 94.9% 96.7% 89.8% 94.7%

0.3 1.0 1.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 9.5 2.8 0.9 17.7

1.8 1.0 2.4 1.1 0.3 0.7 0.1 8.4 4.0 1.1 20.8

0.2 0.3 4.2 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 4.3 1.2 1.2 12.5

0.2 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.3

2.5 2.6 7.9 3.3 0.6 0.0 1.4 0.2 22.4 8.2 3.3 52.3

12.0% 36.1% 12.5% 53.1% 2.7% 12.4% 27.2% 1.5% 42.5% 34.6% 28.7% 33.8%

Total Non-OCDE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.41

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

99.9

1 276.5

62.5

570.0

2 008.9

5.0%

90.8

50.5

33.6

22 675.4

53.9%

Non-OECD Total

0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 1.8 0.1 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 2.4 14.0

2.7 14.8 2.0 2.3 7.6 1.4 17.4 2.1 12.0 1.2 23.5 0.1 4.0 8.0 0.7 4.5 6.8 3.3 15.9 3.4 13.6 41.2 15.0 1.3 1.5 15.7 5.0 74.3 301.0

0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 1.5

0.5 47.9 2.8 0.0 5.4 4.0 93.0 12.2 1.3 0.0 0.8 0.3 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.5 2.7 0.0 2.3 0.1 2.3 0.5 4.5 0.7 0.2 11.1 0.1 22.7 218.0

4.3 62.8 4.9 2.4 13.2 5.5 111.5 14.4 14.1 1.3 25.7 0.4 5.5 8.9 0.9 5.1 9.8 3.3 20.0 3.6 17.9 42.2 20.1 2.0 2.2 27.4 5.3 99.4 534.5

10.1% 0.2% 2.2% 1.6% 1.7% 0.5% 1.0% 1.3% 5.0% 3.4% 5.6% 9.0% 6.9% 5.8% 16.4% 2.6% 3.2% 0.4% 9.0% 3.0% 10.9% 1.3% 2.5% 4.7% 5.0% 0.7% 4.2% 2.4% 2.6%

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5

0.6 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.5 2.6

0.3 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.8 2.6

141.2 604.7 34.6 10.5 96.6 54.8 1 086.3 170.6 177.1 4.5 74.9 14.8 28.6 36.0 56.4 47.1 61.2 9.6 215.8 14.1 393.6 106.4 97.1 11.8 30.6 151.6 28.3 462.7 4 221.8

88.1% 2.1% 5.8% 43.5% 15.2% 3.9% 0.8% 4.4% 71.5% 18.4% 15.4% 79.2% 24.9% 30.7% 92.1% 60.8% 4.9% 19.9% 69.9% 29.3% 85.8% 7.6% 5.1% 12.5% 70.9% 1.6% 50.7% 7.9% 24.0%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.1 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 3.9

0.0 18.2 3.3 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 2.7 3.5 0.5 2.1 32.4

0.5 0.2 0.7

0.0 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 2.7

0.1 21.2 3.7 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 4.2 4.2 0.8 2.4 39.7

79.3% 5.6% 7.2% 20.1% 11.0% 58.0% 16.9% 23.7% 62.0% 24.9% 5.0% 37.8% 3.5% 9.9%

0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.9

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7

1.7 0.2 1.0 0.4 1.3 0.7 5.2

16.9 482.2 107.3 65.0 17.5 63.1 17.0 34.3 35.0 308.4 64.5 118.3 21.8 1 351.2

96.4% 86.1% 89.9% 86.0% 83.1% 96.4% 84.3% 94.3% 96.9% 93.3% 82.7% 95.1% 66.5% 89.4%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.1 1.8

0.7 0.7 2.2 1.5 0.2 0.4 0.0 5.9 2.4 0.8 14.8

1.1 0.9 3.4 0.5 5.9

0.4 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.1 3.6

1.1 1.6 4.1 2.6 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.1 10.8 3.9 1.0 26.1

4.0% 13.0% 5.2% 4.3% 10.2% 84.8% 8.6% 14.1% 5.8% 11.5% 10.0% 7.0%

0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.7 0.1 2.3

0.3 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.6

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

6.9 18.5 57.7 25.3 7.8 0.4 10.8 2.4 125.9 58.1 20.2 334.0

51.0% 80.1% 76.4% 77.3% 80.4% 98.5% 82.3% 89.4% 77.3% 78.9% 74.3% 77.2%

Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.42 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Fédération de Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-Union Soviétique

3.4 29.4 56.1 14.5 4.4 123.3 4.6 6.8 11.2 6.5 1 513.8 4.2 36.2 292.0 116.5 2 222.7

12.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.1 0.0 0.0 38.0 0.0 72.0

0.1 0.1 1.4 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 23.5 0.0 0.2 5.7 1.9 35.2

0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 148.9 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.3 152.5

3.5 42.1 59.0 14.8 4.6 132.0 4.9 7.0 11.5 6.6 1 700.3 4.2 36.6 336.8 118.7 2 482.4

96.5% 99.8% 95.2% 98.7% 95.7% 98.9% 93.9% 97.2% 97.2% 98.2% 89.9% 99.0% 99.0% 97.9% 98.1% 92.4%

1.3 28.9 0.5 0.7 1.1 20.9 0.3 1.1 1.6 1.5 344.8 0.5 15.1 50.9 21.4 490.3

0.9 4.1 8.4 0.6 2.1 9.4 2.5 0.8 1.9 1.1 58.1 2.1 4.2 20.8 11.0 128.1

0.4 1.5 2.1 0.5 0.6 2.0 0.7 0.5 2.0 0.4 49.3 0.7 0.8 9.5 3.2 74.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 22.3

2.6 34.5 10.9 1.8 3.8 34.2 3.5 2.5 5.5 3.0 472.2 3.3 20.0 81.3 35.6 714.9

50.9% 83.7% 4.1% 36.5% 28.2% 61.0% 7.3% 44.2% 29.2% 48.0% 73.0% 14.1% 75.2% 62.6% 60.0% 68.6%

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

139.2 7.6 303.3 56.0 58.7 4.6 24.8 17.4 18.5 5.2 8.8 1.4 4.4 9.8 4.0 3.5 4.7 3.3 26.4 17.9 5.3 126.7 15.0 866.6

1.7 0.5 8.0 0.4 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 4.3 0.0 3.9 0.0 23.3

4.5 0.5 24.4 2.5 5.9 0.6 0.9 1.6 1.4 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 2.0 0.4 0.4 4.6 1.1 54.4

8.5 131.1 592.9 0.1 41.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 108.4 0.0 26.1 20.2 0.0 34.8 10.4 974.5

154.0 139.8 928.5 59.0 107.0 5.2 27.0 19.0 21.9 5.9 118.1 1.6 5.0 10.2 4.0 3.8 5.1 29.8 48.9 22.7 5.7 170.0 26.5 1 918.9

91.5% 5.8% 33.5% 95.6% 56.0% 87.9% 96.3% 91.4% 91.7% 88.6% 7.5% 86.2% 89.0% 95.5% 100.0% 94.0% 92.5% 10.9% 54.6% 98.2% 93.4% 76.8% 56.5% 46.4%

17.3 3.8 24.3 4.0 10.7 0.2 1.4 0.3 4.4 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.7 12.7 0.2 31.4 0.2 115.3

71.6 10.5 245.0 6.9 36.6 2.2 7.0 3.7 8.4 1.4 7.7 2.3 2.5 0.6 0.0 4.2 2.1 12.4 10.1 0.1 17.3 22.1 2.4 477.0

9.2 1.2 53.3 5.6 5.9 0.5 2.5 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 3.5 1.0 0.8 5.3 2.5 101.7

1.9 4.8 15.9 0.0 1.8 0.0 9.0 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.2 37.4

99.9 20.3 338.6 16.5 55.0 2.9 10.9 5.5 14.3 2.8 18.9 3.7 3.4 1.2 0.1 5.5 2.8 14.9 16.3 13.9 18.2 60.3 5.2 731.3

17.3% 18.5% 7.2% 24.1% 19.4% 6.7% 13.0% 5.5% 30.5% 14.1% 4.9% 6.7% 9.1% 7.2% 57.6% 5.6% 5.8% 3.1% 10.1% 91.1% 0.8% 52.0% 3.2% 15.8%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodge Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Mongolie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viet Nam Autres pays d'Asie Asie

25.2 4.6 2.4 219.4 976.4 264.6 68.8 116.1 8.8 8.1 3.1 97.5 69.9 38.1 10.6 159.5 44.5 10.4 2 128.3

0.0 0.7 1.7 12.9 9.4 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 32.3

1.8 5.8 0.1 7.0 3.2 9.5 0.5 49.1 53.5 14.1 518.4 2.0 0.1 5.7 56.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 448.8 0.2 0.1 5.1 0.1 6.0 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.1 13.1 6.3 7.4 1.5 0.3 35.1 115.6 1 137.2

32.8 12.4 5.6 231.0 1 092.0 806.5 70.9 184.0 8.9 457.3 3.3 103.3 76.4 39.0 11.2 178.8 54.1 45.8 3 413.3

76.9% 43.0% 43.1% 95.7% 90.6% 34.0% 97.1% 66.4% 99.2% 1.8% 92.1% 95.0% 91.5% 98.1% 94.5% 89.2% 83.6% 22.8% 63.3%

8.3 4.9 1.1 1.1 90.8 54.9 8.9 28.4 0.1 6.6 1.5 24.4 4.3 0.8 0.6 10.0 12.0 2.2 260.7

65.7 0.0 12.4 1.1 375.9 78.8 3.9 5.5 8.5 44.2 17.6 77.5 31.5 0.0 6.2 54.5 51.3 15.9 850.7

15.5 0.1 1.3 5.3 101.1 39.9 3.1 4.8 0.3 5.7 2.2 15.4 12.2 0.8 2.8 12.5 9.6 0.9 233.3

0.1 0.1 0.0 2.4 3.6 0.1 1.0 0.2 10.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 4.0 22.7

89.6 5.0 14.9 7.5 570.2 177.1 16.1 39.8 9.0 67.4 21.3 117.4 48.0 1.6 9.5 77.0 73.0 23.0 1 367.4

9.3% 98.1% 7.2% 14.9% 15.9% 31.0% 55.6% 71.4% 0.7% 9.8% 7.0% 20.8% 8.9% 50.3% 5.8% 13.0% 16.4% 9.6% 19.1%

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

3 037.8 39.7 3 077.6

30.8 0.8 31.6

401.0 0.6 401.6

3 502.7 41.2 3 543.9

87.6% 98.4% 87.7%

345.1 0.8 345.8

501.6 501.6

176.8 1.7 178.5

3.3 3.3

1 026.8 2.5 1 029.3

33.6% 31.2% 33.6%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

33.2 0.0 33.2

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.43

2000 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2000 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 6.8 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.3 10.7

0.4 1.6 8.0 0.6 1.1 9.8 1.2 0.9 2.0 0.6 35.8 0.9 2.1 11.8 7.5 84.2

1.6 0.6 12.6 0.5 8.8 0.1 24.3

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 3.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 26.4 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.7 33.5

0.5 1.9 10.3 0.7 1.9 14.3 1.5 1.1 2.2 0.7 81.7 1.1 2.9 23.3 8.6 152.7

2.8% 5.9% 3.3% 19.7% 2.7% 9.3% 8.5% 10.8% 4.7% 4.6% 8.4% 1.3% 3.5% 4.6% 4.0% 7.0%

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 14.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.9 0.9 0.2 26.1

0.0 8.0 0.2 8.2

6.6 78.5 80.3 17.4 10.4 180.5 9.9 10.7 19.4 10.4 2 300.6 9.5 59.5 441.9 163.2 3 398.7

71.7% 90.3% 70.9% 88.6% 53.2% 84.6% 50.2% 74.6% 66.4% 76.8% 81.7% 49.1% 86.4% 86.4% 84.7% 82.3%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

0.7 0.1 3.1 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.1 7.4

29.5 5.1 111.5 5.3 17.1 1.3 5.6 1.6 3.5 1.0 8.4 1.2 2.6 0.4 0.0 2.8 0.9 5.2 5.8 0.1 6.1 10.2 2.4 227.5

0.1 7.7 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 9.6

3.7 14.4 75.3 0.3 4.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 5.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.1 2.2 0.0 0.1 3.8 1.5 115.3

33.9 19.6 197.6 6.8 22.6 1.5 6.7 1.8 3.8 1.2 14.0 1.3 2.8 0.5 0.0 3.0 1.0 8.5 8.2 0.2 6.2 14.7 3.9 359.8

2.0% 0.5% 1.6% 6.6% 2.3% 2.6% 4.2% 8.0% 4.0% 8.6% 1.7% 5.4% 3.2% 11.7% 65.3% 2.8% 5.1% 1.7% 2.6% 34.3% 0.7% 4.4% 2.4% 2.1%

0.3 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.0 4.9

0.1 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 4.7

0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.2

288.5 179.7 1 472.3 82.3 184.7 9.6 44.6 26.4 40.1 9.9 151.2 6.6 11.2 11.9 4.2 12.2 8.8 53.1 73.6 36.8 30.2 247.1 35.6 3 020.8

55.1% 6.7% 23.0% 73.9% 38.6% 49.9% 62.1% 67.7% 61.4% 57.7% 6.6% 26.0% 43.3% 83.3% 98.6% 32.0% 55.6% 7.3% 38.9% 95.2% 18.3% 65.8% 42.7% 33.5%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

1.3 0.0 0.2 0.9 21.9 3.0 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.5 3.0 1.2 0.1 0.2 2.8 1.1 0.5 38.6

16.1 0.1 2.7 2.1 145.5 59.9 1.8 8.4 4.6 9.4 3.2 17.6 8.8 0.0 1.4 13.3 16.5 8.3 319.5

0.5 1.6 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.0 5.6 0.4 9.5

2.2 1.1 0.5 0.0 17.8 74.9 0.5 7.8 0.3 57.0 0.3 2.1 1.0 0.0 0.2 1.6 1.1 4.6 173.1

19.6 1.2 3.3 3.5 186.8 138.0 2.7 17.4 4.9 67.2 4.0 23.4 11.1 5.8 1.8 18.1 18.7 13.3 540.8

6.7% 2.1% 6.1% 25.8% 11.7% 2.2% 15.6% 3.7% 1.5% 1.1% 13.1% 12.7% 10.8% 1.8% 13.0% 15.5% 6.0% 3.5% 7.1%

0.1 0.1 2.3 1.8 0.0 0.7 0.0 5.0

4.1 2.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 6.8

1.6 3.4 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 7.6

141.9 18.7 23.8 247.9 1 856.7 1 122.7 91.4 241.7 22.8 591.8 28.7 244.4 135.8 47.8 22.6 274.3 145.8 82.1 5 341.0

24.5% 54.8% 15.5% 90.0% 59.4% 29.6% 85.5% 62.5% 39.2% 2.6% 17.7% 51.3% 55.5% 82.0% 50.5% 62.8% 40.0% 15.9% 46.1%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

23.3 0.2 23.5

297.0 297.0

11.0 11.0

23.7 0.0 23.7

355.0 0.2 355.2

6.6% 94.4% 6.6%

62.7 62.7

8.0 8.0

8.6 0.2 8.7

4 963.8 44.1 5 007.9

69.2% 94.3% 69.5%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.44 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb. Monde *

Industrial Fugitive processes

27 147.0

340.5

Parties de l'Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

14 158.4 11 324.9 6 340.8 3 344.3 1 639.8 2 617.1 12 047.8

117.7 59.5 21.5 18.0 20.0 55.9 222.8

Parties Kyoto (Annexe I)

8 096.8

98.4

Total

355.8 168.6 257.0 121.8 79.8 70.6 129.1 11.4 48.1 39.8 74.2 45.9 1 027.2 5 399.1 258.2 -

Total Non-OCDE

13 284.0

256.1

Total OCDE

12 922.2

84.4

346.5

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

556.4 403.8 5 784.5 6 744.7

4.5 8.6 17.0 30.1

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

385.8 1 217.8 469.1 36.3 2 108.9

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe

74.0 112.6 119.7 47.3 55.0 388.5 811.3 95.0 56.1 2.2 43.7 453.8 11.2 182.6 35.5 294.0 62.7 38.1 339.7 50.3 44.5 216.4 534.3 4 068.6

8 590.2 -

940.8

1 036.5 5 401.1

79.8% 2 548.1 96.5% 912.6 96.8% 364.7 97.7% 227.6 96.0% 100.1 95.0% 37.0 95.7% 539.1 65.6% 1 635.5 95.4%

704.1

3 160.8 1 355.4

Share of energy

Total

254.8

7 319.1

34.8%

663.0 525.8 216.7 184.1 125.0 115.5 2 497.8

468.1 347.9 233.0 93.4 21.5 100.6 887.3

19.9 11.0 6.4 1.6 3.0 8.8 234.9

2 063.6 1 249.5 683.8 379.3 186.4 764.2 5 255.5

44.2% 29.2% 33.3% 26.4% 19.8% 70.6% 31.1%

442.6

228.1

16.8

1 391.6

50.6%

-

-

-

-

-

19 977.6

67.8% 2 077.6

2 523.4

822.2

241.4

5 664.6

36.7%

166.6

13 519.7

96.2%

470.5

637.4

533.2

13.4

1 654.5

28.4%

9.0 22.4 70.8 102.2

40.8 42.4 29.8 113.0

610.6 477.2 5 902.1 6 989.9

91.8% 86.4% 98.3% 96.9%

28.4 51.0 199.2 278.7

26.1 54.2 190.6 271.0

15.0 20.2 218.0 253.2

3.3 2.1 3.1 8.5

72.9 127.5 610.9 811.3

39.0% 40.0% 32.6% 34.3%

3.0 16.4 11.0 0.6 31.0

5.8 41.7 26.5 0.6 74.6

15.8 23.4 0.0 0.7 39.9

410.4 1 299.3 506.7 38.1 2254.4

94.7% 95.0% 94.8% 96.8% 94.9%

34.2 1.8 5.5 1.0 42.5

69.6 30.4 12.4 24.9 137.4

13.0 6.8 128.3 1.7 149.8

2.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 3.1

119.6 39.3 146.3 27.6 332.8

28.6% 4.5% 3.8% 3.4% 12.8%

0.5 0.0 1.6 0.3 0.4 2.8 2.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.9 0.0 2.3 7.2 23.3

4.0 5.3 2.9 1.2 1.0 13.8 21.4 8.0 2.1 0.0 2.1 27.2 0.4 1.5 0.8 8.6 4.7 2.4 26.7 1.9 1.3 24.6 7.9 169.7

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 4.1 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.3 1.2 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.9 1.3 13.8

78.6 118.1 124.6 49.0 56.8 409.2 836.7 103.2 58.8 2.3 46.0 482.6 11.6 185.0 38.2 304.3 67.7 40.7 368.2 53.2 45.9 244.2 550.6 4 275.4

94.8% 95.3% 97.4% 97.2% 97.7% 95.6% 97.2% 92.1% 96.1% 97.8% 94.9% 94.1% 96.8% 99.2% 96.0% 96.9% 92.7% 94.0% 92.5% 96.3% 97.0% 89.5% 98.3% 95.7%

1.5 1.0 3.4 1.2 0.6 32.9 15.3 1.8 2.0 0.1 1.6 5.4 0.1 4.8 12.5 34.4 1.5 0.6 3.4 1.0 0.8 8.7 14.6 149.3

4.1 5.7 3.9 5.2 2.0 36.9 29.6 3.6 2.6 0.2 11.8 16.2 0.9 9.2 2.1 15.4 4.3 1.5 20.6 3.2 3.2 21.6 25.1 229.0

2.5 5.0 1.9 5.6 6.1 9.7 12.0 0.3 2.9 0.1 0.2 18.5 0.1 7.0 1.9 10.8 1.2 1.7 13.1 7.0 0.7 19.6 2.5 130.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8

8.2 11.8 9.3 12.0 8.7 79.5 57.0 5.8 7.5 0.4 13.5 40.2 1.1 21.1 16.6 60.7 7.7 3.8 37.5 11.2 4.8 50.0 42.3 510.5

18.8% 8.6% 37.1% 9.9% 6.5% 41.3% 26.8% 31.5% 26.7% 18.4% 11.9% 13.4% 10.3% 22.9% 75.3% 56.8% 19.8% 15.7% 9.1% 8.6% 17.3% 17.5% 34.6% 29.3%

155.2

12.4

4 158.5

100%

Other

-

20.7

-

34 438.1 14 800.5 11 763.2 6 512.7 3 502.8 1 747.7 2 793.0 18 696.9

136.8

940.8

3 970.2

Other

1 382.9 5 567.7

Soutes internat.

Union européenne - 27

CH4 Share of Energy Agricult. Waste energy

96.0%

142.3

217.5

121.8

1.8

483.4

29.4%

* Total Monde comprend le total Non-OCDE, le total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 4 pour les autres émissions. En général, pour les émissions autres que celles de CO2 dues à la combustion d'énergie, les estimations sont sujettes à une incertitude significativement plus grande.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.45

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy 234.2

Industrial processes

Agriculture 1 897.3

HFCs Other

162.1

Share of energy

Total

659.4

2 953.1

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

7.9%

486.5

93.6

Share of energy

Total

135.4

45 425.8

66.6%

World *

117.1 97.2 69.3 17.9 10.0 17.2 117.1

505.2 390.2 173.4 147.4 69.3 93.6 1 392.2

129.0 83.2 25.7 52.5 4.9 42.0 33.1

73.7 51.7 22.0 20.6 9.2 20.0 585.7

824.9 622.3 290.4 238.4 93.4 172.9 2 128.2

14.2% 15.6% 23.9% 7.5% 10.7% 10.0% 5.5%

352.3 317.9 199.4 71.5 47.0 31.4 134.3

64.8 36.1 15.2 11.5 9.3 28.2 28.8

80.6 70.1 45.8 20.4 3.9 8.9 54.8

18 186.6 14 059.0 7 747.4 4 223.9 2 087.8 3 798.6 26 298.4

84.2% 84.3% 86.0% 82.4% 81.8% 85.0% 53.3%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

50.2

323.4

99.4

53.7

526.7

9.5%

161.1

55.2

37.3

10 762.1

83.2%

Annex I Kyoto Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

940.8

100.0%

Internat. bunkers

121.8

1 423.6

60.8

596.9

2 203.1

5.5%

154.0

53.6

58.5

28 111.5

56.0%

Non-OECD Total

112.4

473.7

101.3

62.5

750.0

15.0%

332.5

40.0

77.0

16 373.6

83.0%

OECD Total

5.4 2.8 63.9 72.1

21.5 31.4 151.9 204.8

2.2 1.2 23.5 26.9

4.2 5.7 17.7 27.7

33.4 41.0 257.1 331.5

16.3% 6.7% 24.9% 21.7%

11.6 4.1 187.8 203.6

6.2 9.0 15.2

4.1 0.4 41.7 46.2

738.8 650.3 7 008.6 8 397.7

80.5% 71.7% 86.5% 84.9%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

3.1 6.6 2.7 0.4 12.7

48.9 8.2 4.8 12.2 74.1

1.8 3.1 2.6 7.5

4.1 4.9 0.9 0.2 10.1

57.9 22.8 11.0 12.7 104.4

5.3% 28.8% 24.5% 3.0% 12.2%

5.2 41.1 3.2 0.7 50.2

0.8 8.3 2.5 0.2 11.8

0.5 3.4 4.6 0.1 8.5

594.3 1 414.1 674.2 79.3 2 762.0

71.7% 87.9% 72.4% 48.1% 79.5%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

0.5 0.6 3.4 0.3 0.6 2.2 3.9 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.2 2.4 0.1 0.7 0.2 2.9 0.4 0.4 1.9 0.7 0.2 2.7 2.4 27.6

2.3 2.9 3.3 4.6 3.0 32.4 29.4 3.5 4.1 0.3 6.8 12.3 0.3 5.8 1.8 17.3 2.6 1.3 16.5 3.5 1.4 21.3 18.1 194.8

0.4 1.7 1.3 0.5 1.2 8.3 15.8 0.3 1.8 0.0 7.9 6.8 1.8 6.2 0.6 1.3 2.0 0.4 0.1 3.9 4.7 66.9

0.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 2.8 3.4 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2 3.3 0.0 0.6 0.5 1.3 1.5 0.2 2.7 0.4 0.3 1.9 2.6 24.8

3.6 5.9 8.4 5.8 5.0 45.6 52.6 4.8 6.6 0.4 7.1 25.8 0.4 13.8 4.4 27.8 5.2 3.1 23.2 5.0 2.0 29.8 27.7 314.1

14.3% 10.2% 41.0% 5.8% 12.8% 4.8% 7.5% 10.7% 4.3% 2.1% 2.7% 9.1% 18.0% 4.8% 5.1% 10.6% 8.3% 13.4% 8.4% 13.4% 10.2% 9.0% 8.5% 8.8%

1.9 1.9 1.1 1.3 0.8 12.9 15.3 1.6 1.2 0.0 0.9 12.4 0.1 3.2 0.3 1.8 0.7 0.3 6.3 1.1 1.6 2.9 9.2 78.8

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.3 4.6 0.5 0.0 0.1 2.0 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.6 12.9

0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.9 14.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.6 0.6 22.3

92.7 137.9 143.3 68.2 71.3 549.8 977.2 115.7 74.5 3.2 67.9 562.2 13.1 223.6 64.3 395.2 81.4 48.0 438.0 71.5 54.8 329.0 631.1 5 213.9

82.6% 82.8% 89.5% 72.1% 79.5% 77.6% 85.2% 84.2% 78.9% 72.0% 67.0% 82.2% 86.7% 84.5% 76.7% 84.1% 79.5% 81.7% 79.0% 74.0% 83.1% 69.9% 88.5% 81.9%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

82.4%

European Union - 27

25.9

182.9

65.4

23.6

297.9

8.7%

76.9

8.1

19.9

5 044.7

* Total World includes Non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 4 database for other emissions. In general, estimates for emissions other than CO2 from fuel combustion are subject to significantly larger uncertainties.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.46 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Industrial Fugitive processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

13 284.0

256.1

1 036.5

5 401.1

19 977.6

67.8%

2 077.6

2 523.4

822.2

241.4

5 664.6

36.7%

78.6 7.0 2.5 4.3 2.9 1.0 2.3 5.8 151.9 0.6 4.8 2.1 6.6 10.0 42.5 39.2 1.5 2.8 55.6 4.6 330.5 9.7 5.1 1.0 19.3 2.1 10.4 23.0 828.0

7.3 1.6 0.0 3.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.7 3.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 35.9 0.0 15.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.4 2.6 74.6

4.6 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.3 15.1 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.9 1.3 2.0 5.5 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.8 7.6 0.2 0.7 0.4 3.6 0.3 0.2 1.2 48.4

0.1 538.0 19.4 34.1 37.6 832.0 113.1 0.9 0.1 6.1 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 31.4 6.5 4.2 0.0 64.8 7.3 0.1 119.5 217.8 2 042.6

90.5 547.0 22.0 4.5 40.6 39.1 834.5 119.2 169.6 0.6 5.7 11.7 17.0 11.4 46.3 44.9 33.1 2.8 99.2 5.5 358.0 9.9 70.6 8.7 23.7 122.0 11.0 244.6 2 993.6

94.9% 1.6% 11.4% 96.3% 14.9% 3.8% 0.3% 4.9% 90.6% 96.1% 85.1% 46.9% 38.7% 88.3% 95.7% 87.3% 4.6% 100.0% 92.3% 84.5% 96.7% 98.4% 7.3% 11.2% 84.5% 1.7% 98.2% 10.5% 30.2%

44.6 6.4 0.5 0.3 7.2 1.7 5.6 1.3 23.0 0.2 7.6 7.4 1.6 1.7 12.6 0.8 2.6 0.0 89.2 0.5 26.9 2.6 2.3 0.5 4.4 0.6 1.0 17.6 270.7

4.5 12.7 2.0 3.8 7.9 1.8 13.1 1.9 14.9 1.8 37.9 0.1 3.6 14.5 0.8 5.5 5.7 4.8 25.8 4.9 20.0 57.5 20.2 1.2 2.1 11.4 7.0 102.7 389.7

4.7 1.9 1.0 0.3 2.5 0.5 6.3 2.4 8.3 0.4 6.9 0.3 2.9 3.9 1.1 4.2 2.3 0.2 14.5 1.6 12.3 5.2 4.2 0.7 1.5 1.2 1.5 17.3 110.1

0.0 23.8 0.5 0.0 0.9 1.5 31.3 4.8 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.2 2.4 3.6 0.4 0.0 5.4 0.0 9.6 87.1

53.7 44.7 3.9 4.5 18.5 5.5 56.2 10.4 46.2 2.4 52.3 8.2 8.5 20.1 14.6 10.5 12.6 5.1 129.8 6.9 61.6 65.3 30.2 2.7 8.0 18.6 9.5 147.2 857.6

83.0% 14.3% 12.6% 7.8% 38.9% 30.7% 9.9% 12.4% 49.8% 8.2% 14.5% 90.4% 19.1% 8.6% 86.4% 7.3% 21.0% 0.4% 68.8% 6.8% 43.7% 4.0% 7.5% 17.0% 54.7% 3.2% 11.0% 12.0% 31.6%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Iraq Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Rép. arabe syrienne Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

18.1 399.9 85.4 61.1 17.9 74.3 15.8 28.0 37.3 321.9 47.7 110.0 18.8 1 236.2

0.0 14.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 2.4 3.3 0.6 1.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 25.8

0.1 18.3 1.5 2.5 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.3 0.7 13.3 2.0 4.0 0.9 49.7

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4

18.3 433.0 88.3 63.6 19.9 78.1 17.5 32.5 38.5 336.7 50.7 115.2 19.8 1 312.1

99.5% 95.7% 98.3% 96.1% 89.8% 98.2% 90.3% 96.0% 98.2% 96.0% 95.9% 96.5% 95.5% 96.2%

2.4 80.6 9.3 0.6 0.4 13.4 0.1 16.8 15.1 40.1 6.8 21.6 1.1 208.5

0.0 20.9 3.0 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 1.9 3.5 0.6 3.7 36.1

0.3 12.6 3.7 1.8 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 5.7 2.3 1.0 1.9 32.6

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

2.8 114.2 15.9 3.5 1.8 14.4 1.0 17.8 15.7 47.8 12.5 23.2 6.6 277.2

88.7% 70.6% 58.4% 18.2% 23.9% 93.4% 8.8% 94.1% 96.5% 83.9% 54.1% 93.1% 16.6% 75.2%

Albanie Bosnie-Herzégovine Bulgarie Croatie Chypre Gibraltar ex-RY de Macédoine Malte Roumanie Serbie Slovénie Europe Non-OCDE

4.6 15.7 45.8 20.7 7.0 0.4 8.8 2.7 91.7 45.2 15.6 258.2

0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.9

0.3 0.5 3.5 1.9 0.9 0.4 0.0 5.3 1.4 1.7 15.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3

4.9 16.2 49.6 22.7 7.9 0.4 9.2 2.7 97.7 46.7 17.3 275.4

93.7% 96.6% 93.0% 91.4% 88.4% 99.9% 95.6% 99.9% 94.4% 96.9% 90.1% 94.1%

0.4 1.1 1.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 9.3 2.8 1.0 18.1

1.7 1.2 2.1 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.0 8.8 3.4 1.1 20.5

0.2 0.3 4.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 5.2 1.1 1.3 13.2

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

2.3 2.6 7.2 3.8 0.6 0.0 1.4 0.2 23.3 7.4 3.4 51.9

16.2% 42.8% 14.9% 55.7% 1.4% 11.3% 29.5% 1.1% 40.0% 38.2% 28.3% 34.9%

Total Non-OCDE Algérie Angola Bénin Botswana Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Jamahiriya arabe libyenne Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d'Afrique Afrique

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.47

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Share of energy

Total

121.8

1 423.6

60.8

596.9

2 203.1

5.5%

154.0

53.6

58.5

28 111.5

56.0%

Non-OECD Total

0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.9 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 2.0 0.1 2.2 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 2.8 15.7

2.9 14.9 1.7 2.8 6.8 1.8 17.0 2.2 15.0 1.1 26.7 0.1 3.4 9.2 0.7 4.7 6.7 3.6 16.0 3.6 14.3 45.7 16.9 1.2 1.5 18.0 5.2 78.5 322.1

0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 2.0

0.6 53.6 2.5 0.1 4.4 4.0 90.0 11.6 1.5 0.0 0.9 0.5 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.6 3.0 0.0 2.5 0.2 3.8 0.5 5.9 0.7 0.2 11.9 0.1 24.1 225.0

4.6 68.6 4.3 2.9 11.5 5.9 108.3 14.0 17.7 1.2 29.2 0.7 5.1 10.2 0.9 5.5 10.0 3.6 20.5 3.9 20.5 46.9 23.4 2.0 2.1 30.5 5.5 105.3 564.7

10.1% 0.2% 2.8% 1.4% 2.1% 0.6% 1.1% 1.5% 5.0% 4.1% 5.4% 7.1% 7.9% 5.5% 17.6% 3.2% 3.2% 0.4% 9.9% 3.0% 10.8% 1.3% 2.5% 5.2% 5.6% 0.7% 3.7% 2.6% 2.8%

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.1 1.6

0.4 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.5 2.9

0.3 1.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.2

149.3 660.2 30.3 11.9 71.0 50.5 999.0 143.7 236.6 4.2 87.2 20.5 30.6 41.7 62.1 60.9 56.0 11.5 250.2 16.3 442.3 122.1 124.3 13.3 33.9 171.1 26.0 497.2 4 423.6

87.7% 2.3% 10.3% 39.6% 19.0% 6.4% 0.9% 5.1% 75.0% 20.2% 16.0% 62.9% 28.1% 29.6% 91.9% 65.9% 8.0% 24.9% 73.1% 32.2% 84.9% 10.6% 6.4% 11.5% 72.5% 1.7% 46.3% 9.3% 26.9%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.1 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 4.9

0.0 19.8 2.2 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.0 3.0 4.2 0.5 2.3 34.3

0.6 0.3 0.9

0.0 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.3 2.9

0.1 23.2 2.5 1.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.2 4.7 5.0 1.1 2.7 43.0

82.9% 6.5% 13.1% 20.4% 13.4% 58.3% 15.4% 27.8% 73.6% 26.6% 4.1% 42.9% 3.9% 11.4%

1.3 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 2.3

0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.8

2.5 0.1 0.6 0.4 2.0 0.8 6.3

21.4 573.0 106.9 70.5 22.4 93.8 19.0 51.1 54.4 391.3 68.2 140.6 29.1 1 641.7

96.7% 86.7% 90.2% 88.0% 82.3% 96.4% 83.9% 94.3% 97.6% 93.2% 81.5% 94.8% 69.0% 89.9%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.1 2.2

0.8 0.7 2.0 1.5 0.2 0.4 0.0 6.4 2.8 0.8 15.5

1.2 0.8 3.1 0.5 5.6

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.1 2.0

1.0 1.1 3.8 2.5 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 10.9 4.2 1.0 25.3

5.5% 27.0% 7.0% 5.1% 10.5% 87.8% 17.0% 15.4% 5.7% 14.2% 9.9% 8.6%

0.1 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 4.4 0.4 6.5

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

8.2 20.4 60.9 29.1 9.0 0.4 11.2 3.0 132.5 62.7 22.2 359.8

60.8% 83.4% 78.0% 79.0% 78.5% 98.6% 82.9% 89.1% 77.0% 77.6% 75.1% 77.7%

Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Gibraltar FYR of Macedonia Malta Romania Serbia Slovenia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.48 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition)

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of energy

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of energy

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Fédération de Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-Union Soviétique

4.1 32.0 60.8 16.2 3.9 165.2 5.4 7.6 13.5 7.9 1 531.2 5.7 41.4 306.0 109.8 2 310.6

12.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.0 0.0 0.0 24.9 0.0 71.0

0.3 0.8 2.2 0.4 0.2 2.6 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.3 32.0 0.1 0.2 10.7 2.7 53.5

0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.8 0.1 0.3 0.3 45.0

4.5 45.4 64.0 16.6 4.1 174.4 5.9 7.7 14.0 8.1 1 633.0 5.9 41.8 342.0 112.8 2 480.1

92.6% 98.2% 94.9% 97.8% 93.7% 98.4% 92.1% 97.9% 96.6% 96.8% 95.4% 97.5% 99.1% 96.8% 97.4% 96.0%

1.5 30.0 0.5 0.8 1.3 30.2 0.2 1.4 1.6 1.5 440.7 0.5 21.0 40.3 22.6 594.1

1.1 5.0 8.1 0.6 2.2 11.9 2.6 0.9 1.9 1.0 51.0 2.7 6.1 16.4 13.4 124.9

0.4 1.6 2.5 0.6 0.6 2.0 0.7 0.5 1.9 0.8 57.2 0.7 0.9 10.0 3.5 83.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 10.7

3.0 36.6 11.1 2.0 4.1 46.1 3.6 2.8 5.3 3.3 557.2 3.9 28.0 67.0 39.5 813.5

50.8% 82.0% 4.4% 38.8% 31.7% 65.4% 6.7% 49.4% 29.6% 44.5% 79.1% 13.2% 75.2% 60.2% 57.2% 73.0%

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

149.2 10.7 326.8 63.6 56.9 5.4 25.2 17.5 23.6 5.9 11.0 2.0 6.9 10.6 4.2 4.1 5.7 3.4 28.5 23.3 5.2 136.5 17.5 943.6

2.4 0.4 6.6 0.3 1.1 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 17.9

5.7 9.1 0.7 219.6 23.6 1 452.2 2.3 0.1 6.0 24.2 1.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.3 0.1 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.2 1.2 37.4 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.4 20.3 2.3 10.9 0.4 0.5 0.0 5.3 44.6 1.2 10.3 57.6 1 830.7

166.4 231.4 1 809.1 66.2 88.2 6.4 27.2 18.9 28.7 6.8 49.6 2.2 7.9 11.2 4.2 4.5 6.1 24.2 42.1 23.7 5.8 190.0 28.9 2 849.7

91.1% 4.8% 18.4% 96.4% 65.7% 84.1% 97.3% 92.3% 88.9% 87.5% 22.2% 88.3% 87.4% 94.4% 100.0% 92.2% 93.1% 14.2% 68.7% 98.2% 90.4% 73.7% 60.4% 33.7%

18.6 7.8 29.7 4.2 11.2 0.2 1.1 0.3 5.3 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 2.3 8.4 0.3 29.0 0.2 122.0

71.8 10.4 300.6 7.2 39.5 1.7 5.9 3.9 9.9 1.7 4.1 2.3 4.1 0.7 0.0 4.5 2.5 12.9 10.5 0.1 18.5 24.5 2.5 539.6

9.3 1.3 59.7 6.4 6.5 0.6 2.5 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.1 1.1 0.5 1.1 3.9 1.3 0.8 5.6 2.7 112.1

1.4 10.9 92.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 1.7 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.0 2.0 0.2 111.1

101.2 30.4 482.9 17.8 57.7 2.6 9.5 5.9 17.1 3.1 8.3 3.9 5.2 1.2 0.1 6.0 3.2 15.3 17.0 9.9 19.6 61.2 5.6 884.8

18.4% 25.7% 6.1% 23.7% 19.3% 9.2% 11.4% 5.6% 31.2% 12.8% 12.1% 8.7% 7.0% 6.6% 56.8% 6.4% 4.3% 3.5% 13.2% 84.9% 1.5% 47.4% 2.9% 13.8%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodge Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Mongolie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viet Nam Autres pays d'Asie Asie

36.3 5.1 3.7 262.0 1 153.6 330.9 74.3 159.4 9.6 13.4 3.0 118.0 72.1 43.2 13.3 214.1 81.6 14.7 2 608.4

0.0 0.7 1.2 25.3 6.7 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 41.8

2.5 5.9 0.1 11.5 31.0 10.3 0.5 74.0 44.9 18.7 838.0 2.8 0.0 8.9 69.9 0.1 0.0 0.3 382.2 0.2 0.2 9.1 0.1 6.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.1 19.3 10.6 15.8 4.6 0.4 47.9 169.8 1 448.0

44.7 17.4 34.8 274.0 1 297.8 1 194.3 77.1 244.3 9.7 396.2 3.4 127.6 79.3 43.7 14.0 244.1 102.6 63.0 4 267.9

81.2% 33.2% 10.7% 96.1% 90.8% 28.3% 96.3% 67.7% 99.1% 3.5% 90.3% 92.7% 91.4% 99.4% 94.8% 87.7% 80.1% 23.3% 62.1%

10.0 5.1 1.1 1.3 98.8 53.4 9.6 31.9 0.1 10.0 1.5 33.5 4.3 1.3 0.6 11.4 19.5 2.5 295.8

65.1 0.0 15.4 1.1 375.9 97.0 4.3 5.8 5.6 53.3 18.4 87.3 33.1 0.0 6.7 54.9 53.0 18.4 895.2

17.9 0.1 1.6 5.7 113.1 50.8 3.2 5.7 0.3 6.4 2.5 17.6 14.0 0.9 3.0 13.7 10.9 1.9 269.0

0.1 0.5 2.3 0.0 1.8 7.8 0.1 2.8 0.0 7.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 5.1 29.1

93.2 5.8 20.4 8.1 589.6 208.9 17.1 46.1 6.0 77.4 22.4 138.4 51.3 2.2 10.2 80.5 83.7 27.8 1 489.1

10.8% 89.2% 5.5% 16.4% 16.8% 25.5% 55.9% 69.1% 1.3% 12.9% 6.9% 24.2% 8.4% 59.1% 5.4% 14.1% 23.3% 9.0% 19.9%

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

5 058.3 40.7 5 099.1

23.1 1.0 24.0

641.0 0.5 641.5

5 756.5 42.2 5 798.8

88.3% 98.8% 88.3%

567.6 0.7 568.4

517.5 517.5

199.7 1.9 201.5

3.1 3.1

1 287.9 2.6 1 290.5

44.1% 28.7% 44.0%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

34.2 0.0 34.2

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.49

2005 Greenhouse gas emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 2005 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of energy

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of energy

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 7.2 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.3 11.7

0.5 2.0 8.5 0.6 1.1 11.0 1.1 1.0 2.1 0.6 33.3 1.2 3.3 11.6 8.4 86.2

2.2 0.7 14.4 0.6 9.8 0.1 27.8

0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 3.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 14.0 0.1 0.2 1.7 0.8 21.5

0.6 2.5 11.4 0.8 2.0 15.9 1.5 1.2 2.4 0.8 68.9 1.4 4.3 24.2 9.6 147.2

1.8% 6.5% 3.4% 20.0% 2.6% 10.9% 11.8% 11.9% 5.1% 5.3% 10.4% 1.5% 3.0% 4.4% 3.4% 8.0%

0.3 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.0 23.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 27.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.6 0.4 0.2 27.2

0.0 8.4 0.3 8.7

8.3 84.5 87.0 19.5 10.3 236.8 11.0 12.6 22.3 12.2 2 317.7 11.5 74.1 433.8 162.5 3 504.0

67.7% 88.5% 70.9% 88.3% 51.2% 85.9% 53.2% 72.3% 68.1% 76.7% 86.6% 54.3% 84.4% 85.8% 81.7% 85.3%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union

0.7 0.1 3.9 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.1 8.4

32.2 5.0 140.1 5.9 18.3 1.1 5.0 1.7 3.8 1.0 3.0 1.2 2.4 0.4 0.0 3.0 1.0 6.3 6.1 0.1 6.6 11.2 2.4 258.0

0.2 2.5 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 4.5

2.8 20.3 109.6 0.3 3.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 3.7 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.7 1.7 0.0 0.1 4.7 1.3 152.1

35.9 25.4 256.0 7.6 22.7 1.2 6.0 2.0 4.3 1.2 7.0 1.4 2.6 0.4 0.0 3.2 1.1 9.2 8.0 0.2 6.8 16.8 3.9 422.9

1.8% 0.5% 1.5% 6.4% 2.2% 3.6% 3.1% 7.9% 4.0% 9.1% 3.9% 6.8% 4.2% 11.8% 70.5% 3.2% 4.6% 1.7% 2.8% 25.7% 0.6% 4.7% 2.8% 2.0%

0.3 5.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 2.0 0.0 8.5

0.1 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 6.0

0.3 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.9

304.3 287.2 2 559.8 91.7 168.7 10.3 42.8 26.8 50.1 11.3 65.3 7.5 15.7 12.9 4.3 13.6 10.4 48.7 67.4 33.9 32.2 270.4 38.5 4 173.8

56.2% 6.6% 14.3% 74.8% 41.3% 55.2% 64.7% 66.9% 61.8% 57.4% 18.8% 32.2% 47.1% 82.8% 98.6% 33.7% 56.2% 8.5% 46.5% 93.9% 17.3% 62.8% 46.1% 26.2%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

1.4 0.0 0.2 1.2 24.1 3.0 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.6 3.2 1.1 0.2 0.2 3.5 1.4 0.5 42.6

17.6 0.1 3.8 1.7 151.2 87.8 1.9 9.8 3.3 12.5 3.4 19.7 9.4 0.0 1.3 14.4 18.9 10.6 367.5

0.7 1.8 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.5 5.0

2.2 1.1 2.1 0.0 19.0 74.3 0.4 7.6 0.1 50.7 0.4 2.1 1.1 0.0 0.3 1.8 1.4 5.3 170.0

21.3 1.3 6.0 3.7 196.1 165.4 2.7 18.6 3.4 64.0 4.3 25.7 11.7 1.0 1.8 20.2 21.7 16.4 585.1

6.5% 2.2% 3.4% 33.2% 12.3% 1.8% 16.5% 4.2% 2.2% 1.3% 12.9% 12.6% 9.0% 15.9% 13.4% 17.4% 6.3% 3.2% 7.3%

0.3 0.1 2.8 2.8 0.0 1.4 0.1 7.5

3.2 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.8 5.5

3.3 4.6 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.3 1.1 12.0

159.2 24.7 61.1 292.5 2 091.9 1 569.6 99.7 310.0 19.1 537.6 30.0 292.5 142.6 49.3 26.1 345.9 207.9 107.3 6 367.2

30.0% 44.4% 8.3% 90.9% 62.2% 25.1% 84.5% 63.9% 51.1% 4.6% 17.0% 53.0% 54.5% 90.9% 54.0% 66.2% 49.6% 16.5% 46.9%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

36.2 0.2 36.4

340.1 340.1

15.1 15.1

23.4 0.0 23.4

414.8 0.2 415.0

8.7% 94.6% 8.8%

100.3 100.3

10.6 10.6

26.2 0.1 26.4

7 596.3 45.1 7 641.5

74.8% 94.5% 75.0%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.51

MULTILINGUAL GLOSSARIES

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.53

français

'HXWVFK

Indicateurs principaux

Hauptkennzahlen

CO2 Méthode sectorielle (Mt de CO2) CO2 Méthode de référence (Mt de CO2)

CO2 Sektorspezifischer Ansatz (MT CO2) CO2 Referenzansatz (MT CO2)

ATEP (PJ) ATEP (Mtep) PIB (milliards de $EU 2000) PIB PPA (milliards de $EU 2000) Population (millions)

PEV (PJ) PEV (Mtoe) BIP (Mrd. 2000 US$) BIP Kaufkraftparität (Mrd. 2000 US$) Bevölkerung (Mio.)

CO2 / ATEP (t CO 2 par TJ) CO2 / PIB (kg CO 2 par $EU 2000) CO2 / PIB PPA (kg CO 2 par $EU 2000) CO2 / Population (t CO2 par habitant)

CO2 / PEV (t CO 2 pro TJ) CO2 / BIP (kg CO 2 pro 2000 US$) CO2 / BIP Kaufkraftparität (kg CO 2 pro 2000 US$ ) t CO2 pro Kopf

Les rapports sont fondés sur la méthode sectorielle.

Verhältniszahlen basieren auf dem Sektorspezifischer Ansatz.

Emissions de CO2 par secteur en 2007

CO2-Emissionen nach Sektoren (2007)

millions de tonnes de CO 2

Mio. Tonnen CO 2

Méthode sectorielle Production d'électricité et de chaleur (activité principale) Autoproducteurs non spécifiés Autres industries de l'énergie Industries manufacturières et de construction Transport dont: transport routier Autres secteurs dont: résidentiel Méthode de référence Ecarts dus aux pertes et/ou aux transformations Ecarts statistiques Pour mémoire : soutes maritimes internationales Pour mémoire : soutes aériennes internationales

Sektorspezifischer Ansatz Öffentliche Elektrizitäts- und Wärmeerzeugung Nicht zugeordnete Eigenerzeuger Andere Energieindustrien Verarbeitende Industrie und Baugewerbe Verkehr davon: Straßenverkehr Andere Sektoren davon: Haushalte Referenzansatz Differenzen infolge von Verlusten und/oder Umwandlung Stat. Differenzen Anmerkung: Bunkerung von Brennstoffen durch seegehende Schiffe Anmerkung: Bunkerung von Brennstoffen im luftverkehr

La catégorie Autres inclut les déchets industriels et les déchets urbains non renouvelables.

Andern inklusive Industrieabfälle und nichterneuerbane städtische Abfälle.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.55

italiano

Japanese

Principali indicatori

ਥⷐᜰᮡ

CO2 Metodo settoriale (Mt di CO2) CO2 Metodo di base (Mt di CO2)

%1² ឃ಴㊂ ࠮ࠢ࠲࡯೎ ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ (ੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛ ⊖ਁ ऩ)

ATEP (PJ) ATEP (Mtep) PIL (miliardi di US$ 2000) PIL PPA (miliardi di US$ 2000) Popolazione (milioni)

৻ᰴࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ଏ⛎ 2, ৻ᰴࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ଏ⛎ ⍹ᴤ឵▚⊖ਁऩ )&2 ం☨࠼࡞‫ޔ‬ᐕଔᩰ )&2222 ⾼⾈ജᐔଔࡌ࡯ࠬߩ)&2 ం☨࠼࡞‫ޔ‬ᐕଔᩰ ੱญ ⊖ਁ

CO2 / ATEP (t di CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / PIL (kg di CO2 per US$ 2000) CO2 / PIL PPA (kg di CO 2 per US$ 2000) CO2 / Popolazione (t di CO2 per abitante)

%1² ឃ಴㊂ / ৻ᰴࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ ଏ ⛎ (CO² ऩ / PJ)

I rapporti sono basati sul metodo settoriale.

࡟࡯࠻ߪ࠮ࠢ࠲࡯೎ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ࠍၮߦ▚಴

Emissioni di CO2 per settore in 2007

ᐕߩㇱ㐷೎ੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛ឃ಴㊂

milioni di tonnellate di CO 2

%1² ⊖ ਁ ऩ

Metodo settoriale Produzione di elettricità e di calore (attività principale) Auto-produttori non specificati Altri settori energetici Industrie manifatturiere e della costruzione Settore dei trasporti di cui: trasporti stradali Altri settori di cui: settore domestico Metodo di base Differenza dovuta alle perdite e/o alle trasformaz. Differenza statistica Memo: bunkeraggi marittimi internazionali Memo: bunkeraggi aerei internazionali

㔚᳇࡮ᾲଏ⛎੐ᬺ⠪ ⥄ኅ⊒ ߘߩઁߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯↥ᬺ ⵾ㅧᬺ࡮ᑪ⸳ᬺ ㆇャᬺ ࿖ౝ㆏〝ㆇㅍᬺ ߘߩઁ ࿖ౝ᳃↢࡮ኅᐸ↪ ࡟ࡈࠔ࡟ࡦࠬ࡮ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ ォ឵ࡠࠬ╬ߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ⺋Ꮕ ⛔⸘⺋Ꮕ ࡔࡕ㧦࿖㓙ᶏㆇࡃࡦࠞ࡯ ࡔࡕ㧦࿖㓙⥶ⓨࡃࡦࠞ࡯

La categoria Altri comprende rifiuti industriali e rifiuti urbani non rinnovabili.

%1² ឃ಴㊂ ࡟ࡈࠔ࡟ࡦࠬ࡮ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ (ੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛ ⊖ਁ ऩ)

%1² ឃ಴㊂ / GDP (CO² ख च / ☨࠼࡞‫ޔ‬2000ᐕ ଔᩰ) %1² ឃ಴㊂ / GDP PPP (CO² 䋄 䋅 / ☨䊄䊦䇮2000ᐕ ଔᩰ) ৻ੱᒰߚࠅ%1² ឃ಴㊂ (ੑ㉄ൻ὇⚛ ऩ / ੱ)

࠮ࠢ࠲㧙೎ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴

‫↥ޟߪޠઁߩߘޟ‬ᬺᑄ᫈‛‫ޠ‬෸߮‫ޟ‬ౣ೑↪ਇนߩㇺᏒᑄ᫈‛‫ࠍޠ‬฽߻

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2009 Edition) - III.57

español

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Indicadores Básicos

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CO2 Metodo Sectorial (Mt de CO2) CO2 Metodo Base (Mt de CO2)

&2ÑÅÊÒÎÐÍÛÉÏÎÄÕÎÄÌËÍÒ&2 &2ÑÈÑÒÅÌÍÛÉÏÎÄÕÎÄÌËÍÒ&2

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtep) PIB (billón de 2000 USD) PIB PPP (billón de 2000 USD) Población (millones)

®¯¯²½ 3- ®¯¯²½ ÌËÍÒÍÝ ¢¢¯ÌÈËËÈÀÐÄÎÂÄÎËËÀÐα¸ Ã ¢¢¯¯¯±ÌÈËËÈÀÐÄÎÂÄÎËËÀÐα¸ Ã ­ÀÑÅËÅÍÈÅÌÈËËÈÎÍÎÂ×ÅËÎÂÅÊ

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 por TJ) CO2 / PIB (kg CO 2 por 2000 USD) CO2 / PIB PPP (kg CO 2 por 2000 USD) CO2 / Población (t CO2 per capita)

±®®¯¯²½Ò±®ÍÀÒÍÝ ±®¢¢¯Êñ®ÍÀÄÎËËÀб¸ Ã ±®¢¢¯¯¯±Êñ®ÍÀÄÎËËÀб¸ Ã ±®·ÈÑËÅÍÍÎÑÒÜÍÀÑÅËÅÍÈßÒÍÝÍÀ×ÅËÎÂÅÊÀ

Los ratios estan calculados a partir del metodo sectorial.

ÊÎÝÔÔÈÖÈÅÍÒÛÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÛÍÀÑÅÊÒÎÐÍÎÌÏÎÄÕÎÄÅ

Emisiones de CO2 por Sector en 2007

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millón de toneladas de CO 2

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Metodo Sectorial Producción de electricidad y calor (actividad principal) Autoproductores no especificados Otras Industrias de Energía Industrias Manufactureras y Construcción Transporte del cual: Carretera Otros sectores del cual: Residencial Metodo Base Diferencias por Pérdidas y/o Transformación Diferencias estadísticas Memo: Bunkers de Navegación Internacional Memo: Bunkers de Aviación Internacional

ÑÅÊÒÎÐÍÛÉÏÎÄÕÎÄ ½ËÅÊÒÐÎÑÒÀÍÖÈÈÈÒÅÏËÎÖÅÍÒÐÀËÈÎÁÙÅÃÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈß ½ËÅÊÒÐÎÑÒÀÍÖÈÈÈÒÅÏËÎÖÅÍÒÐÀËÈÏÐÅÄÏÐÈßÒÈÉ ¯ÐÎ×ÈÅÒÎÏËÈÂÍÎÝÍÅÐÃÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅÎÒÐÀÑËÈ ®ÁÐÀÁÀÒÛÂÀÞÙÈÅÎÒÐÀÑËÈÏÐÎÌÛØËÅÍÍÎÑÒÈÈÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÑÒÂÎ ²ÐÀÍÑÏÎÐÒÂÊËÞ×ÀßÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÓÞÌÎÐÑÊÓÞÁÓÍÊÅÐÎÂÊÓ

Otros incluye residuos industriales y residuos municipales no renovables.

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ªÑÂÅÄÅÍÈÞ¬ÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀßÌÎÐÑÊÀßÁÓÍÊÅÐÎÂÊÀ ªÑÂÅÄÅÍÈÞ¬ÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÀßÂÎÇÄÓØÍÀßÁÓÍÊÅÐÎÂÊÀ Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɨɦ.-ɛɵɬ. ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Energy Data Manager / Statistician Possible Staff Vacancies International Energy Agency, Paris, France The IEA

Principal Qualifications

The International Energy Agency, based in Paris, acts as energy policy advisor to 27 member countries in their effort to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for their citizens. Founded during the oil crisis of 1973-74, the IEA’s initial role was to co-ordinate measures in times of oil supply emergencies. As energy markets have changed, so has the IEA. Its mandate has broadened to incorporate the “Three E’s” of balanced energy policy making: energy security, economic development and environmental protection. Current work focuses on climate change policies, market reform, energy technology collaboration and outreach to the rest of the world, especially major consumers and producers of energy like China, India, the Russian Federation and the OPEC countries.

x University degree in a topic relevant to energy, computer programming or statistics. We currently have staff with degrees in Mathematics, Statistics, Information Technology, Economics, Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Environmental Studies, Hydrology, Public Administration and Business.

The Energy Statistics Division, with a staff of around 30 people, provides a dynamic environment for young people just finishing their studies or with one to two years of work experience. Job description The data managers/statisticians compile, verify and disseminate information on all aspects of energy including production, transformation and consumption of all fuels, renewables, the emergency reporting system, energy efficiency indicators, CO2 emissions, and energy prices and taxes. The data managers are responsible for receiving, reviewing and inputting data submissions from Member countries and other sources into large computerised databases. They check for completeness, correct calculations, internal consistency, accuracy and consistency with definitions. Often this entails proactively investigating and helping to resolve anomalies in collaboration with national administrations of Member and non-Member countries. The data managers/statisticians also play a key role in helping to design and implement computer macros used in the preparation of their energy statistics publication(s).

x Experience in the basic use of databases and computer software. Good computer programming skills in Visual Basic. x Ability to work accurately, pay attention to detail and work to deadlines. Ability to deal simultaneously with a wide variety of tasks and to organise work efficiently. x Good communication skills; ability to work well in a team and in a multicultural environment, particularly in liaising with contacts in national administrations and industry. x Very good knowledge of one of the two official languages of the Organisation (English or French). Knowledge of other languages would be an advantage. x Some knowledge of energy industry operations and terminology would also be an advantage, but is not required. Nationals of any OECD Member country are eligible for appointment. Basic salaries range from 2 900 to 3 900 Euros per month, depending on qualifications. The possibilities for advancement are good for candidates with appropriate qualifications and experience. Tentative enquiries about future vacancies are welcomed from men and women with relevant qualifications and experience. Applications in French or English, accompanied by a curriculum vitae, should be sent to: Personnel and Finance Division International Energy Agency 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Email: [email protected]

Gestionnaire de données sur l’énergie / Statisticien Vacances d’emploi éventuelles Agence internationale de l’énergie, Paris, France L’AIE

Principales qualifications

l’Agence internationale de l’énergie, établie à Paris, dispense des conseils de politique énergétique à ses 27 pays membres qui s’emploient à assurer pour leurs citoyens des approvisionnements en énergie fiables, propres et à des prix abordables. Créée pendant la crise pétrolière de 1973-74, l’AIE avait pour mission dans un premier temps de coordonner les mesures à prendre en temps de crise des approvisionnements pétroliers. Au fur et à mesure que les marchés de l’énergie évoluaient, l’AIE a elle aussi changé. Son mandat s’est élargi pour prendre en considération les « trois E » qui sont à la base d’une élaboration équilibrée des politiques énergétiques : la sécurité énergétique, le développement économique et la protection de l’environnement. Les travaux actuels de l’Agence sont axés sur les politiques climatiques, la réforme des marchés, la coopération en matière de technologie de l’énergie et les relations avec le reste du monde, notamment avec de grands producteurs et consommateurs d’énergie tels la Chine, l’Inde, la Russie et les pays de l’OPEP. La Division des statistiques de l'énergie, qui compte quelque 30 personnes, offre un environnement dynamique pour de jeunes diplômés de fraîche date ou possédant une ou deux années d’expérience professionnelle.

x Diplôme universitaire dans un domaine se rapportant à l’énergie, aux langages de programmation ou à la statistique. Nous comptons actuellement dans nos effectifs des diplômés en mathématiques, statistiques, technologies de l'information, économie, sciences de l’ingénieur, physique, chimie, sciences de l’environnement, hydrologie, administration publique et études commerciales. x Notions pratiques de l’utilisation de bases de données et de logiciels. Bonnes compétences en programmation en langage Visual Basic. x Aptitude à travailler avec précision et sens de la minutie, ainsi qu’à respecter les délais. Aptitude à traiter simultanément des tâches variées et à s'organiser avec efficacité. x Bonne capacité de communication ; esprit d'équipe avéré et aptitude à travailler dans un environnement pluriculturel, notamment en assurant la liaison avec les contacts dans les administrations nationales et dans l’industrie. x Très bonne connaissance de l'une des deux langues officielles de l'Organisation (anglais ou français). La connaissance d’autres langues constituerait un avantage. x Une certaine connaissance des activités de l’industrie de l’énergie et de la terminologie correspondante serait également un atout, mais n’est pas indispensable. Ces postes sont ouverts aux ressortissants des pays membres de l'OCDE. Les traitements de base sont compris entre 2 900 et 3 900 euros par mois, suivant les qualifications. Les candidats possédant les qualifications et l'expérience appropriées se verront offrir des perspectives de promotion. Les demandes de renseignements sur les postes susceptibles de se libérer qui émanent de personnes dotées des qualifications et de l'expérience voulues seront les bienvenues. Les candidatures, rédigées en français ou en anglais et accompagnées d'un curriculum vitae, doivent être envoyées à l'adresse suivante : Division du personnel et des finances Agence internationale de l’énergie 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Email: [email protected]

Description de poste Les gestionnaires de données/statisticiens compilent, vérifient et diffusent des informations sur tous les aspects de l’énergie, notamment la production, la transformation et la consommation de tous les combustibles, les énergies renouvelables, le système de notification des situations d’urgence, les indicateurs d’efficacité énergétique, les émissions de CO2, ainsi que les prix et la fiscalité de l’énergie. Les gestionnaires de données sont chargés de recevoir, contrôler et introduire dans des bases de données informatisées de taille importante les données communiquées par les pays membres et d'autres sources. Ils en vérifient l’exhaustivité, corrigent les calculs, et s’assurent de la cohérence interne, de l’exactitude et de l’homogénéité de ces données par rapport aux définitions. A cet effet, ils sont souvent amenés à entreprendre activement des recherches, et à aider à résoudre les anomalies en concertation avec les administrations nationales des pays membres et non membres. Les gestionnaires de données/statisticiens jouent également un rôle essentiel en contribuant à la conception et à l’exécution des macros utilisées pour préparer leur(s) publication(s) de statistiques énergétiques.

S T A T I S T I C S PUB LI C A T I O N S

On-Line Data Services Users can instantly access not only all the data published in this book, but also all the time series used for preparing this publication and all the other statistics publications of the IEA. The data are available on-line, either through annual subscription or pay-per-view access. More information on this service can be found on our website: http://data.iea.org

Ten Annual Publications n Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, 2009 Edition No other publication offers such in-depth statistical coverage. It is intended for anyone involved in analytical or policy work related to energy issues. It contains data on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, natural gas, combustible renewables/wastes and products derived from these primary fuels, as well as for electricity and heat. Complete data are available for 2006 and 2007 and supply estimates are available for the most recent year (i.e. 2008). Historical tables summarise data on production, trade and final consumption. Each issue includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data. Published July 2009 - Price €120

n Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 2009 Edition A companion volume to Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, this publication presents standardised energy balances expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent. Energy supply and consumption data are divided by main fuel: coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydro, geothermal/solar, combustible renewables/ wastes, electricity and heat. This allows for easy comparison of the contributions each fuel makes to the economy and their interrelationships through the conversion of one fuel to another. All of this is essential for estimating total energy supply, forecasting, energy conservation, and analysing the potential for interfuel substitution. Complete data are available for 2006 and 2007 and supply estimates are available for the most recent year (i.e. 2008). Historical tables summarise key energy and economic indicators as well as data on production, trade and final consumption. Each issue includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data as well as conversion factors from original units to tonnes of oil equivalent. Published July 2009 - Price €120

n Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, 2009 Edition This publication offers the same in-depth statistical coverage as the homonymous publication covering OECD countries. It includes data in original units for more than 100 individual countries and nine main regions. The consistency of OECD and non-OECD countries’ detailed statistics provides an accurate picture of the global energy situation for 2006 and 2007. For a description of the content, please see Energy Statistics of OECD Countries above. Published August 2009 - Price €120

S T A T I S T I C S PUB LI C A T I O N S

n Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2009 Edition A companion volume to the publication Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, this publication presents energy balances in million tonnes of oil equivalent and key economic and energy indicators for more than 100 individual countries and nine main regions. It offers the same statistical coverage as the homonymous publication covering OECD countries, and thus provides an accurate picture of the global energy situation for 2006 and 2007. For a description of the content, please see Energy Balances of OECD Countries above. Published August 2009 - Price €120

n Electricity Information 2009 This reference document provides essential statistics on electricity and heat for each OECD member country by bringing together information on production, installed capacity, input energy mix to electricity and heat production, input fuel prices, consumption, end-user electricity prices and electricity trades. The document also presents selected non-OECD country statistics on the main electricity and heat flows. It is an essential document for electricity and heat market and policy analysts. Published August 2009 - Price €150

n Coal Information 2009 This well-established publication provides detailed information on past and current evolution of the world coal market. It presents country-specific statistics for OECD member countries and selected non-OECD countries on coal production, demand, trade and prices. This publication represents a key reference tool for all those involved in the coal supply or consumption stream, as well as institutions and governments involved in market and policy analysis of the world coal market. Published August 2009 - Price €165

n Natural Gas Information 2009 A detailed reference work on gas supply and demand, covering not only the OECD countries but also the rest of the world. Contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book, however, concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed gas supply and demand balance for each individual country and for the three OECD regions: North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end-user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination. Published August 2009 - Price €165

n Oil Information 2009 A comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. The first part of this publication contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s. The second part gives a more detailed and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by end-user for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively by origin and destination. Published August 2009 - Price €165

S T A T I S T I C S PUB LI C A T I O N S

n Renewables Information 2009 This reference document brings together in one volume essential statistics on renewables and waste energy sources. It presents a detailed and comprehensive picture of developments for renewable and waste energy sources for each of the OECD member countries, encompassing energy indicators, generating capacity, electricity and heat production from renewable and waste sources, as well as production and consumption of renewable and waste products. It also includes a selection of indicators for non-OECD countries. This report provides a strong foundation for renewables energy policy and market analysis to assess progress towards domestic and international objectives. Published August 2009 - Price €110

n CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2009 Edition In order for nations to tackle the problem of climate change, they need accurate greenhouse gas emissions data. This publication provides a basis for comparative analysis of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, a major source of anthropogenic emissions. The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO2 from 1971 to 2007 for more than 140 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emissions factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Published November 2009 - Price €165

Two Quarterlies n Oil, Gas, Coal and Electricity, Quarterly Statistics This publication provides up-to-date, detailed quarterly statistics on oil, coal, natural gas and electricity for the OECD countries. Oil statistics cover production, trade, refinery intake and output, stock changes and consumption for crude oil, NGL and nine selected oil product groups. Statistics for electricity, natural gas and coal show supply and trade. Import and export data are reported by origin and destination. Moreover, oil as well as hard coal and brown coal production are reported on a worldwide basis. Published Quarterly - Price €120, annual subscription €380

n Energy Prices and Taxes This publication responds to the needs of the energy industry and OECD governments for upto-date information on prices and taxes in national and international energy markets. It contains prices at all market levels for OECD countries and certain non-OECD countries: import prices, industry prices and consumer prices. The statistics cover the main petroleum products, gas, coal and electricity, giving for imported products an average price both for importing country and country of origin. Every issue includes full notes on sources and methods and a description of price mechanisms in each country. Published Quarterly - Price €120, annual subscription €380

S T A T I S T I C S PUB LI C A T I O N S

Electronic Editions n CD-ROMs and Online Data Services To complement its publications, the Energy Statistics Division produces CD-ROMs containing the complete databases which are used for preparing the statistics publications. State-of-the-art software allows you to access and manipulate all these data in a very user-friendly manner and includes graphic facilities. These databases are also available on the internet from our online data service. Annual CD-ROMS / Online Databases

. . . . . . . . . . .

Energy Energy Energy Energy

Statistics of OECD Countries, 1960-2008 Balances of OECD Countries, 1960-2008 Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, 1971-2007 Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 1971-2007

Price: Price: Price: Price:

€550 €550 €550 €550

(single (single (single (single

user) user) user) user)

Combined subscription of the above four series

Price: €1 400 (single user)

Electricity Information 2009 Coal Information 2009 Natural Gas Information 2009 Oil Information 2009 Renewables Information 2009 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 1971-2007

Price: Price: Price: Price: Price: Price:

€550 €550 €550 €550 €400 €550

(single (single (single (single (single (single

user) user) user) user) user) user)

Quarterly CD-ROMs / Online Databases

.

Energy Prices and Taxes

Price: (four quarters) €900 (single user)

A description of these services are available on our website: http://data.iea.org

Other Online Services n The Monthly Oil Data Service The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service provides the detailed databases of historical and projected information which is used in preparing the IEA’s monthly Oil Market Report (OMR). The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service comprises three packages available separately or combined as a subscriber service on the Internet. The data are available at the same time as the official release of the Oil Market Report. The packages include: Supply, Demand, Balances and Stocks Trade Field-by-Field Supply Complete Service

. . . .

Price: Price: Price: Price:

€6 €2 €3 €9

000 000 000 000

(single (single (single (single

user) user) user) user)

A description of this service is available on our website: http://modsinfo.iea.org

S T A T I S T I C S PUB LI C A T I O N S

n The Monthly Gas Data Service The service provides monthly natural gas data for OECD countries: . supply balances in terajoules and cubic metres; . production, trade, stock changes and levels where available, gross inland deliveries, own use and losses; . highly detailed trade data with about 50 imports origins and exports destinations; . LNG trade detail available from January 2002. The databases cover the time period January 1984 to current month with a time lag of two months for the most recent data.

.

Monthly Gas Data Service: Natural Gas Balances & Trade Historical plus 12 monthly updates Price: €800 (single user)

For more information consult: http://data.iea.org

Moreover, the IEA statistics website contains key energy indicators by country, graphs on the world and OECD’s energy situation evolution from 1971 to the most recent year available, as well as selected databases for demonstration. The IEA statistics website can be accessed at: http://www.iea.org/statistics/

Notes

Notes

IEA Publications, 9, rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15 Printed in France by Jouve, November 2009 (61 2009 10 3 P1) ISBN 978-92-64-06102-6