Asymptotics for Dissipative Nonlinear Equations

Lecture Notes in Mathematics Editors: J.-M. Morel, Cachan F. Takens, Groningen B. Teissier, Paris 1884 N. Hayashi · E...

Author: Nakao Hayashi | Elena I. Kaikina | Pavel Naumkin | Ilya A. Shishmarev

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Lecture Notes in Mathematics Editors: J.-M. Morel, Cachan F. Takens, Groningen B. Teissier, Paris

1884

N. Hayashi · E.I. Kaikina · P.I. Naumkin I.A Shishmarev

Asymptotics for Dissipative Nonlinear Equations

ABC

Authors Nakao Hayashi Department of Mathematics Graduate School of Science Osaka University, Osaka Toyonaka 560-0043 Japan e-mail: [email protected]

Pavel I. Naumkin Instituto de Matemáticas UNAM Campus Morelia AP 61-3 (Xangari) Morelia CP 5 8 0 89, Michoacán Mexico e-mail: [email protected]

Elena I. Kaikina Instituto de Matemáticas UNAM Campus Morelia AP 61-3 (Xangari) Morelia CP 5 8 0 89, Michoacán Mexico e-mail: [email protected]

Ilya A. Shishmarev Department of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics Moscow State University Moscow 119 899 Russia e-mail: [email protected]

Library of Congress Control Number: 200692i737 Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 35Axx, 35Bxx, 35Qxx, 35Sxx, 45XX, 76XX ISSN print edition: 0075-8434 ISSN electronic edition: 1617-9692 ISBN-10 3-540-32059-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-32059-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York DOI 10.1007/b133345

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Preface

Modern mathematical physics is almost exclusively a mathematical theory of nonlinear partial diﬀerential equations describing various physical processes. Since only a few partial diﬀerential equations have succeeded in being solved explicitly, diﬀerent qualitative methods play a very important role. One of the most eﬀective ways of qualitative analysis of diﬀerential equations are asymptotic methods, which enable us to obtain an explicit approximate representation for solutions with respect to a large parameter time. Asymptotic formulas allow us to know such basic properties of solutions as how solutions grow or decay in diﬀerent regions, where solutions are monotonous and where they oscillate, which information about initial data is preserved in the asymptotic representation of the solution after large time, and so on. It is interesting to study the inﬂuence of the nonlinear term in the asymptotic behavior of solutions. For example, compared with the corresponding linear case, the solutions of the nonlinear problem can obtain rapid oscillations, can converge to a self-similar proﬁle, can grow or decay faster, and so on. It is very diﬃcult to obtain this information via numerical experiments. Thus asymptotic methods are important not only from the theoretical point of view, but also they are widely used in practice as a complement to numerical methods. It is worth mentioning that in practice large time could be a rather bounded value, which is suﬃcient for all the transitional processes caused by the initial perturbations in the system to happen. The theory of asymptotic methods for nonlinear evolutionary equations is relatively young and traditional questions of general theory are far from being answered. A description of the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions of nonlinear evolution equations requires principally new approaches and the reorientation of points of view in the asymptotic methods. For example, the requirements of the inﬁnite diﬀerentiability and a compact support usually acceptable in the linear theory are too strong in the nonlinear theory. Asymptotic theory is diﬃcult even in the case of linear evolutionary equations (see books Dix [1997], Fedoryuk [1999]). The diﬃculty of the asymptotic methods is explained by the fact that they need not only a global existence

VI

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of solutions, but also a number of additional a priori estimates of the difference between the solution and the approximate solution (usually in the weighted norms). Also the generalized solutions could not be acceptable for the asymptotic theory, so we consider classical and semiclassical (mild) solutions, belonging to some Lebesgue spaces. Moreover in the case of nonlinear equations it is necessary to prove global existence of classical solutions and to obtain some additional estimates to clarify the asymptotic expansions. Every type of nonlinearity should be studied individually, especially in the case of large initial data. A great number of publications have dealt with asymptotic representations of solutions to the Cauchy problem for nonlinear evolution equations in the last twenty years. While not attempting to provide a complete review of these publications, we do list some known results: Amick et al. [1989], Biler [1984], Biler et al. [1998], Biler et al. [2000], Bona et al. [1999], Bona and Luo [2001], Dix [1991], Dix [1992], Escobedo et al. [1995], Escobedo et al. [1993a], Galaktionov et al. [1985], Giga and Kambe [1988], Gmira and V´eron [1984], Hayashi et al. [2001], Il in and Ole˘ınik [1960], Karch [1999a], Kavian [1987], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1989], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1990], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b], Schonbek [1986], Schonbek [1991], Strauss [1981], Zhang [2001], Zuazua [1993], Zuazua [1994], where, in particular, the optimal time decay estimates and asymptotic formulas of solutions to diﬀerent nonlinear local and nonlocal dissipative equations were obtained. In the case of dispersive equations some progress in the asymptotic methods was achieved due to the discovery of the Inverse Scattering Transform method (see books Ablowitz and Segur [1981], Novikov et al. [1984] and papers Deift et al. [1993], Deift et al. [1994]). Some other functional analytic methods were applied for the study of the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to dispersive equations in Cazenave [2003], Christ and Weinstein [1991], Cl´ement and Nohel [1981], Georgiev and Milani [1998], Giga and Kambe [1988], Ginibre and Ozawa [1993], Glassey [1973a], Kenig et al. [2000], Kenig et al. [1997], Kita and Ozawa [2005], Kita and Wada [2002], Klainerman [1982], Klainerman and Ponce [1983], Ozawa [1995], Ozawa [1991], Ponce and Vega [1990], Segal [1968], Shimomura and Tonegawa [2004], Strauss [1974], Strichartz [1977], Tsutsumi and Hayashi [1984], Tsutsumi [1994]. This book is the ﬁrst attempt to give a systematic approach for obtaining the large time asymptotic representations of solutions to the nonlinear evolution equations with dissipation. We restrict our attention to the investigation of the Cauchy problems (initial value problems) leaving outside the wide and important class of the initial-boundary value problems (in some respects the reader can ﬁll this gap by consulting a recent book Hayashi and Kaikina [2004]). In our book we pay much attention to typical well-known equations which have huge applications: the nonlinear heat equation, Burgers equation, Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation, nonlinear damped wave equation, Landau-Ginzburg equation, Sobolev type equations, systems of equations of Boussinesq, Navier-Stokes equations and others. Certainly we do not claim

Preface

VII

that we could embrace all equations and all cases. However we succeeded in selecting a suﬃciently wide class of equations, which could be treated by a uniﬁed approach and which fall into the same theory. Many of the methods proposed in this book have been developed by a great number of authors. The results and proofs presented throughout the book are mainly based on the research articles of the authors. We divide nonlinear equations into three general types: asymptotically weak nonlinearity, critical nonlinearity and strong (or subcritical) nonlinearity. Also the critical and subcritical nonlinearities are divided into convective type and nonconvective type. In many cases nonlinearity leads to the blow-up of solutions in a ﬁnite time, so to be able to study global solutions we have to restrict our attention to small initial data. However we also closely examine the large time asymptotics for initial data of arbitrary size (not small). Let us explain our classiﬁcation taking the nonlinear heat equation as an example: ut − ∆u + uρ = 0. We assume that initial data are most general; however, in applications, the initial data are usually considered as suﬃciently rapidly decaying at inﬁnity n and smooth, for example initial data u0 ∈ C∞ 0 (R ) are acceptable. The decay rate at inﬁnity of the initial data u0 appears very essential, since for example taking u0 = C with a constant C, we then obtain the solution u (t, x) = C of the Cauchy problem for the linear heat equation ut − ∆u = 0, so the solution does not decay at all. Physically this situation is slightly special, since usually some physical quantities, such as energy, mass and momentum, expressed via integrals of the solution, should be ﬁnite. Therefore we are interested when the initial data are integrable u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) . Another special case occurs when the total mass of the initial data vanishes: Rn u0 (x) dx = 0. Then the solution of the linear heat equation ut − ∆u = 0 obtains some more rapid decay rate with time. In this case the critical value of the order of the nonlinearity is changed. Now let us give a heuristic classiﬁcation of the nonlinearities. Consider initial data u0 (x) ∈ L1 (Rn ) with nonzero total mass Rn u0 (x) dx = 0. Then the solution u (t, x) of the Cauchy problem for the linear heat equation n ut − ∆u = 0 has the following time decay rate u (t, x) ∼ t− 2 . If we compute n the decay rate of the linear part of the equation we get ut − ∆u ∼ t− 2 −1 . ρ ρ −n ρ For such behavior of the solution the nonlinearity u decays as u ∼ t 2 for t → ∞. Now we see that if ρ > 1 + n2 , then the nonlinear term decays more rapidly than the linear part as time goes to inﬁnity. We can expect that in this case the large time behavior of solutions is similar to the linear one, and it is possible to apply the results of the well-developed linear theory. We call ρ > 1+ n2 supercritical and the nonlinearity asymptotically weak. Respectively, cases ρ = 1 + n2 and ρ < 1 + n2 we call critical and subcritical. In the critical case there is a kind of equilibrium in the large time asymptotic behavior of linear and nonlinear parts of the equation. In the subcritical case as well,

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the nonlinear eﬀects win in the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions. Hence the particular form of the nonlinearity is very important to determine the large time asymptotics of solutions in the critical and subcritical cases. We found that there are two types of nonlinearity which deﬁne diﬀerent asymptotic behavior of solutions in the critical and subcritical cases. By the convective type we mean the nonlinearity N (u) such that f (N (u)) = 0, where the linear functional f determines the large time asymptotics of the corresponding linear problem (see Deﬁnition 2.1 for details). For example, the Burgers equation ut − uxx + uux = 0 has this type of the nonlinearity if the total mass of the initial data is nonzero. Then in the critical case the large time asymptotics is described by the self-similar solution and in the subcritical case the asymptotics of solutions is represented as a product of a rarefaction wave and a shock wave. Another asymptotic behavior occurs for the nonlinearities of nonconvective type, as in the nonlinear heat equation ut − ∆u + uρ = 0. In the critical case ρ = 1 + n2 solutions have some additional logarithmic decay rate compared with the corresponding linear heat equation. In the subcritical case 1 < ρ < 1 + n2 solutions asymptotically approach special self-similar solutions also. Our method for critical and subcritical nonconvective equations is based on a change of the dependent variable such that the nonlinear term N (u) of (u) = 0. Then the solutions of a modiﬁed equation has the property f N this new nonlinear equation have the asymptotic properties similar to that for the supercritical or critical convective equations. In the case of subcritical convective equations this method does not work, since the functional f (N (u)) is already zero. Thus we develop another approach representing solutions in the form of the rarefaction and shock waves. We would like to thank Professors T. Ozawa and K. Kato for many fruitful discussions on the subject of this book. Also we are grateful to unknown referees for many useful suggestions and comments.

Osaka, Morelia, Moscow November, 2005

Nakao Hayashi Elena I. Kaikina Pavel I. Naumkin Ilya A. Shishmarev

Contents

1

Preliminary results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Deﬁnitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Asymptotic notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 H¨ older inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 Young inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.5 Sobolev imbedding inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.6 An interpolation inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.7 Contraction mapping principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.8 Gronwall’s Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Local existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Small initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Large initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1 Estimates in weighted Lebesgue spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2 Estimates in the L2 - theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.3 Estimates in Fourier spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.4 Estimates for large x and t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 13 17 26 26 37 41 46

2

Weak Nonlinearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.1 General approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.2.1 Small initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.2.2 Large initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.2.3 Nonlinear heat equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2.3 Damped wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 2.3.1 Large initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 2.4 Sobolev type equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 2.4.1 Local existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 2.4.2 Small data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 2.4.3 Large data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

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2.5 Whitham type equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2.5.1 A model equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2.5.2 Local existence and smoothing eﬀect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 2.5.3 Small initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2.5.4 Large initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 2.6 Weak dissipation, strong dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 2.6.1 Preliminary Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 2.6.2 Proof of Theorem 2.59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2.7 A system of nonlinear equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 2.7.1 Local existence and smoothing eﬀect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 2.7.2 Global existence and asymptotic behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 2.7.3 Large initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 2.8 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 3

Critical Nonconvective Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 3.1 General approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 3.2 Fractional equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 3.2.1 Small data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 3.2.2 Large data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 3.3 Asymptotics for large x and t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 3.3.1 Small initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 3.3.2 Large initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 3.3.3 Nonlinear heat equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 3.4.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 3.4.2 Proof of Theorem 3.22 for Re δ(α, β) > 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 3.4.3 Proof of Theorem 3.22 for η = 0, µ > 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 3.4.4 Proof of Theorem 3.22 for η = 0, µ = 0, κ > 0 . . . . . . . . . 231 3.4.5 Asymptotic expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 3.5 Damped wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 3.5.1 Small initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 3.5.2 Large initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 3.6 Sobolev type equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 3.6.1 Small initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 3.6.2 Large initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 3.7 Whitham type equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 3.7.1 Preliminary Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 3.7.2 Proof of Theorem 3.56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 3.8 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

4

Critical Convective Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 4.1 General approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 4.2 Whitham equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 4.2.1 Preliminary Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 4.2.2 Proof of Theorem 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Contents

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

XI

4.2.3 Self-similar solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 4.2.4 Proof of Theorem 4.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 KdV-B equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 4.3.1 Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 4.3.2 Proof of Theorem 4.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 4.3.3 Second term of asymptotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 4.3.4 Proof of Theorem 4.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 BBM-B equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 4.4.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 4.4.2 Proof of Theorem 4.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 4.4.3 Proof of Theorem 4.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 A system of nonlinear equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 4.5.1 Preliminary Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 4.5.2 Proof of Theorem 4.36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 4.5.3 Self-similar solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 4.5.4 Proof of Theorem 4.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

5

Subcritical Nonconvective Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 5.1 General approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 5.2 Fractional heat equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 5.2.1 Small initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 5.2.2 Large initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 5.3 Whitham type equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 5.3.1 Preliminary Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 5.3.2 Proof of Theorem 5.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 5.4 Damped wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 5.4.1 Small initial data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 5.4.2 Large data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 5.5 Sobolev type equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 5.5.1 Small data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 5.5.2 Large data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 5.6 Oscillating solutions to nonlinear heat equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 5.6.1 Lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 5.6.2 Proof of Theorem 5.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 5.7 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

6

Subcritical Convective Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 6.1 Burgers type equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 6.1.1 Rarefaction wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 6.1.2 Shock wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 6.1.3 Zero boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 6.2 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

1 Preliminary results

1.1 Notations and some inequalities 1.1.1 Deﬁnitions

|x| We denote everywhere in the book x = 1 + |x| , {x} = x , |x| = 12 n 2 so that the decomposition |x| = {x} xis true for all x ∈ Rn . j=1 xj 2

By [α] we denote the integer part of α ∈ R;more precisely [α] = maxk≤α k, where k ∈ Z. Direct Fourier transformation Fx→ξ is −n u (ξ) ≡ Fx→ξ u = (2π) 2 e−iξx u (x) dx, Rn

and the inverse Fourier transformation F ξ→x is deﬁned by −n u ˇ (x) ≡ F ξ→x u = (2π) 2 eiξx u (ξ) dξ, Rn

by ξx as usually we denote ξx = (ξ · x) the inner product in Rn . Lebesgue space Lp (Rn ) = {ϕ ∈ S ; ϕ Lp < ∞}, where ϕ Lp = for 1 ≤ p < ∞ and

p

|ϕ (x)| dx

p1

Rn

ϕ L∞ = ess. sup |ϕ (x)| x∈Rn

for p = ∞. Weighted Lebesgue space Lp,a (Rn ) = {ϕ ∈ S ; ϕ Lp,a < ∞}, where the norm a ϕ Lp,a ≡ x ϕ (x) Lp .

2

1 Preliminary results

Sobolev spaces

k Wpk (Rn ) = ϕ ∈ S ; i∂x ϕ

Lp

<∞ ,

for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and k ≥ 0. Also we denote Hk (Rn ) = W2k (Rn ) for k ≥ 0 (see Besov et al. [1979]). Weighted Sobolev space is deﬁned by Wps,a (Rn ) = {ϕ ∈ S : x i∂x ϕ (x) Lp < ∞} a

s

for any s, a ∈ R, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. In particular, we denote Hs,a (Rn ) = W2s,a (Rn ) = {ϕ ∈ S : x i∂x ϕ (x) L2 < ∞} . a

s

Obviously we have Wps,0 (Rn ) = Wps (Rn ) . We denote the norm −n−ω ϕ Bω,q = |y| ϕ (x − y) − ϕ (x) Lq dy Rn

of the homogeneous Besov (see. Besov et al. [1979]) space Bω,q (Rn ) of order ω ∈ (0, 1) . By C (I; B) we denote the space of continuous functions from a time interval I to the Banach space B. Diﬀerent positive constants are denoted by the same letter C. 1.1.2 Asymptotic notations We say that the function f (x) is equivalent to the function g (x) at some point (x) = 1. x0 and write f (x) ∼ g (x) as x → x0 if limx→x0 fg(x) We say that the function f (x) is inﬁnitesimal with respect to the function (x) g (x) at some point x0 and write f (x) = o (g (x)) as x → x0 if limx→x0 fg(x) = 0. Finally we say that the function f (x) is of the same order as the function g (x) at some point x0 and denote f (x) = O (g (x)) as x → x0 if the inequality |f (x)| ≤ C |g (x)| is valid with a constant C > 0 for a neighborhood of the point x0 . Also it is common to write f (x) = O (g (x)) for x ∈ D, when the inequality |f (x)| ≤ C |g (x)| is true for all x ∈ D ⊆ Rn , where C > 0 is some constant. 1.1.3 H¨ older inequality Theorem 1.1. Let f ∈ Lp (Rn ) and g ∈ Lq (Rn ) with 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞, such older inequality that p1 + 1q = 1. Then f g ∈ L1 (Rn ) and the H¨ |f (x) g (x)| dx ≤ f Lp g Lq (1.1) Rn

is true.

1.1 Notations

3

1.1.4 Young inequality We now state the Young inequality for convolutions (see Zygmund [2002] for the proof). Theorem 1.2. Let the functions f ∈ Lp (Rn ) and g ∈ Lq (Rn ), where 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞, p1 + 1q ≥ 1. Then the convolution h (x) ≡

f (x − y)g(y)dy Rn

belongs to Lr (Rn ) , where

1 r

=

1 p

+

1 q

− 1, and the Young inequality

h Lr ≤ f Lp g Lq

(1.2)

is true. Remark 1.3. In the case of weighted Lebesgue spaces Lr,a (Rn ) with 1 ≤ r ≤ ∞, a ≥ 0 we have a simple modiﬁcation of the Young inequality h Lr,a ≤ f Lp1 ,a g Lq1 + f Lp2 g Lq2 ,a , where

1 r

=

1 p1

+

1 q1

−1 =

1 p2

+

1 q2

(1.3)

− 1.

1.1.5 Sobolev imbedding inequality Theorem 1.4. Let 1 ≤ p, q < ∞ and α ≥ 0 be such that the inequality α φ Lp ≤ C |∇| φ Lq

1 p

=

1 q

−

α n.

Then

is true, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite, where C > 0 is a constant, which does not depend on φ. For some more properties of Sobolev spaces we refer to books Adams [1975], Besov et al. [1979], Nikol ski˘ı [1977]. 1.1.6 An interpolation inequality Lemma 1.5. The interpolation inequality is true a

1−β

β

φ L1 ≤ |·| φ L1 φ Lp , (1.4) where β1 = 1 + na 1 − p1 for a > 0 and p > 1, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite. We give the proof for the convenience of the reader.

4

1 Preliminary results

−1 p Proof. We take b > 0 such that 1 + na p−1 < b < 1. By virtue of the H¨older inequality we have for ρ > 0 b a a −b 1−b ((ρ + |x| ) |φ (x)|) (ρ + |x| ) |φ (x)| dx φ L1 = Rn

1−b b a a − b . ≤ (ρ + |·| ) φ L1 (ρ + |·| ) 1−b φ 1 L

Then again applying the H¨ older inequality with q =

p p−1

>1

1−b b a a − b 1−b φ L1 ≤ (ρ + |·| ) φ L1 (ρ + |·| ) 1−b φ Lp Lq

≤ Cρ since

abq 1−b

n aq (1−b)

b φ L1

1−b φ Lp

+ Cρ

n aq (1−b)−b

a

b

1−b

|·| φ L1 φ Lp ,

−1

a

> n. Hence taking ρ = |·| φ L1 φ L1 > 0, we obtain b−

n

φ L1 ≤ φ L1 aq

(1−b)

a

n

|·| φ Laq1

(1−b)

1−b

φ Lp ,

from which inequality (1.4) follows. Lemma 1.5 is proved. 1.1.7 Contraction mapping principle First we give a deﬁnition. Deﬁnition 1.6. We call a transformation M by a contraction mapping in a metric space X with a distance d if d(M (u) , M (v)) ≤ αd(u, v)

(1.5)

for all u, v ∈ X, where α ∈ (0, 1) . The following result is usually called the contraction mapping principle (see Kolmogorov and Fomin [1957] for the proof). Theorem 1.7. Let X be a complete metric space and M : X → X be a contraction mapping. Then there exists a unique ﬁxed point w ∈ X, that is: M (w) = w. 1.1.8 Gronwall’s Lemma Lemma 1.8. If b, φ ≥ 0 and a > 0 is a constant, and if t b (τ ) φ (τ ) dτ, φ (t) ≤ a + 0

then φ (t) ≤ a exp

b (τ ) dτ 0

See Bellman [1969] for the proof.

t

.

(1.6)

1.2 Local existence

5

1.2 Local existence In this section we prove local existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (1.7) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where L is a linear pseudodiﬀerential operator Lφ = F ξ→x L (ξ) φ (ξ) and N (u) is some nonlinear operator, which in general can depend on derivatives of the unknown function u (t, x) . We always assume that N (0) = 0. Here and below the subscripts denote the diﬀerentiation with respect to the spatial and time coordinates. By the Duhamel principle we rewrite the Cauchy problem (1.7) as the following integral equation t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ (1.8) u (t) = G (t) u0 − 0 t G (t, x − y) u0 (y) dy − G (t − τ, x − y) N (u) (τ, y) dydτ, = Rn

0

Rn

where the Green operator G of the corresponding linear problem is deﬁned by the inverse Fourier transformation G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy; G (t) φ = F ξ→x e−tL(ξ) φ (ξ) = Rn

here L (ξ) is the symbol of the operator L in equation (1.7). By the local solution of the Cauchy problem (1.7) we always understand the solution u (t) of the corresponding integral equation (1.8) belonging to some complete metric space XT of functions deﬁned on [0, T ] × Rn (the socalled mild solution). We ﬁx a metric space Z of functions deﬁned on Rn and a complete metric space XT of functions deﬁned on [0, T ] × Rn . In applications the space XT often has the following form XT = C ([0, T ] ; Z) ∩ C ((0, T ] ; Z1 ) with some metric space Z1 of functions on Rn . First we consider the case of arbitrary initial data from some space Z; however, the existence time T > 0 could be suﬃciently small. Theorem 1.9. Let initial data u0 ∈ Z. For some time interval T > 0 assume that G : Z → XT and the estimate is valid Gφ XT ≤ C φ Z .

(1.9)

t Also suppose that 0 G (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ ∈ XT for any v ∈ XT and the following estimate is true

6

1 Preliminary results

t G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ 0 X σ T ≤ CT µ w − v XT 1 + w XT + v XT

(1.10)

for any v, w ∈ XT , where µ ∈ (0, 1] , σ > 0. Then for some time interval T > 0 there exists a unique solution u ∈ XT to the Cauchy problem (1.7). Proof. We apply the contraction mapping principle in a ball of a radius ρ > 0 in a complete metric space XT XT, ρ = φ ∈ XT : u XT ≤ ρ , where

1 u0 Z 2C (the constant C > 0 is taken from the conditions of the theorem). For v ∈ XT, ρ we deﬁne the mapping M (v) by ρ=

M (v) = G (t) u0 −

t

G (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ.

(1.11)

0

First we prove that M (v) XT ≤ ρ, where v ∈ XT, ρ . We have by the integral formula (1.11) and the conditions of the theorem (with w ≡ 0) t M (v) XT ≤ Gu0 XT + G (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ 0 XT σ+1 µ ≤ C u0 Z + CT 1 + v XT ρ σ+1 ≤ + CT µ (1 + ρ) ≤ ρ, (1.12) 2 if T > 0 is small enough. Therefore the mapping M transforms a ball of a radius ρ > 0 into itself in the space XT . As in the proof of (1.12) we have for w, v ∈ XT, ρ t M (w) − M (v) XT ≤ G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ 0

≤ CT w − v XT 1 + w XT + v XT µ

σ

XT

1 ≤ w − v XT , 2

since T > 0 is small enough. Thus M is a contraction mapping in XT, ρ ; therefore there exists a unique solution u ∈ XT to the Cauchy problem (1.7). Theorem 1.9 is proved.

1.2 Local existence

7

Remark 1.10. Note that the existence time T can be chosen as follows (see estimate (1.12))

u0 Z

T =

1 u0 Z 1+ 2C

−σ−1 µ1 .

Now we consider the case of small initial data from a space Z, then we can guarantee that the existence time T is not small: T ≥ 1. Theorem 1.11. Let initial data u0 ∈ Z be suﬃciently small. Assume that G : Z → XT and estimate (1.9) is valid. Also suppose that

t

G (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ ∈ XT 0

for any v ∈ XT and the estimate is true t G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ 0

≤ CT w − v XT w XT + v XT

σ

XT

for any v, w ∈ XT , where σ > 0. Then for some time interval T ≥ 1 there exists a unique solution u ∈ XT to the Cauchy problem (1.7). Proof. As above we apply the contraction mapping principle in XT, ρ = φ ∈ XT : u XT ≤ ρ , where now ρ= is suﬃciently small. For v ∈ XT, ρ (1.11). First we prove that

1 u0 Z 2C we deﬁne the mapping M (v) by formula

M (v) XT ≤ ρ. We have by conditions of the theorem and integral formula (1.11) t M (v) XT ≤ Gu0 XT + G (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ 0

≤ C u0 Z + CT

σ+1 v XT

XT

ρ ≤ + CT ρσ+1 ≤ ρ, 2

if ρ > 0 is small enough, and T ≥ 1. Therefore M transforms XT, ρ into itself. In the same way we estimate the diﬀerence of two functions w, v ∈ XT, ρ

8

1 Preliminary results

t M (w) − M (v) XT ≤ G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ 0

≤ CT w − v XT

σ 1 w XT + v XT ≤ w − v XT , 2

XT

since ρ > 0 is small enough. Thus M is a contraction mapping in XT, ρ , therefore there exists a unique solution u ∈ XT to the problem (1.7). Theorem 1.11 is proved. Example 1.12. Local existence of solutions to the nonlinear heat equation Consider the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear heat equation σ ut − ∆u = λ |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (1.13) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , n where σ > 0, λ ∈ R. Here and below ∆ = j=1 ∂x2j - is a Laplacian. Note that σ problem (1.13) follows from (1.7) if we choose L = −∆ and N (u) = −λ |u| u. Deﬁne the Green operator for the linear heat equation G (t) φ = G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy, Rn

where the G (t, x) is −n 2

G (t, x) = (4πt)

e−

|x|2 4t

.

p n 1,a n Theorem Let the initial data u0 ∈ L (R )∩L (R ), with a ≥ 0 and 1.13. n p > max 1, 2 σ . Then for some T > 0 there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, T ] ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, T ] ; L∞ (Rn )) to the Cauchy problem (1.13).

Remark 1.14. The property of the solution u ∈ C ((0, T ] ; L∞ (Rn )) means a smoothing eﬀect. Proof. To apply Theorem 1.9 we choose the space Z as follows Z = φ ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) with a ≥ 0 and p > max 1, n2 σ and XT = φ ∈ C ([0, T ] ; Z) ∩ C ((0, T ] ; L∞ (Rn )) : φ XT < ∞ , where the norm n

φ XT = sup ( φ (t) L1,a + φ (t) Lp ) + sup t 2p φ (t) L∞ . t∈[0,T ]

Also we deﬁne the YT norm as follows

t∈(0,T ]

1.2 Local existence nσ

φ YT = sup t 2p

t∈(0,T ]

9

n φ (t) L1,a + φ (t) Lp + t 2p φ (t) L∞ .

By a direct calculation we have −n 2

G (t) Lq = (4πt) = (4πt)

−n 2

4t q

n

2q

e−

|x|2 4t

q

Rn −|y|2

e

q1 dx

q1

dy

≤ Ct− 2 (1− q ) , n

1

(1.14)

Rn

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞, and in the same manner |x|2 a −n a G (t) L1,a = (4πt) 2 x e− 4t dx ≤ C t 2

(1.15)

Rn

for all t > 0. First we prove the estimate Gφ XT ≤ C φ Z .

(1.16)

Therefore by virtue of (1.14) and by applying the Young inequality for convolutions (1.2) we obtain sup G (t) φ Lp ≤ φ Lp sup G (t) L1 ≤ C φ Lp

t∈[0,T ]

t∈[0,T ]

and n

n

sup t 2p G (t) φ L∞ ≤ φ Lp sup t 2p G (t)

t∈(0,T ]

p

L p−1

t∈(0,T ]

≤ C φ Lp .

Similarly by (1.15) and (1.2) we ﬁnd the estimate −a −a a sup t 2 G (t) φ L1,a = sup t 2 x G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy t∈[0,T ]

Rn

t∈[0,T ]

≤ φ L1,a sup t

−a 2

t∈[0,T ]

L1

−a 2

G (t) L1 + φ L1 sup t t∈[0,T ]

G (t) L1,a

≤ C φ L1,a ; hence (1.16) is true. Now let us prove the estimate (1.10) with µ = 1 − (0, 1) . Since σ σ σ σ ||w| w − |v| v| ≤ C |w − v| (|w| + |v| ) we obtain the estimates σ

σ

(N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) L1,a = |λ| |w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ ) L1,a σ

≤ C w − v L1,a ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) σ nσ ≤ Cτ − 2p w − v XT w XT + v XT ,

nσ 2p

∈

10

1 Preliminary results σ

(N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) Lp ≤ C w − v Lp ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) σ nσ ≤ Cτ − 2p w − v XT w XT + v XT , and

(N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) L∞ ≤ C w − v L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) σ n ≤ Cτ − 2p (σ+1) w − v XT w XT + v XT

σ

for all 0 ≤ τ ≤ t ≤ T. Hence we get σ N (w) − N (v) YT ≤ C w − v XT w XT + v XT . Thus by (1.15) and (1.2) t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 0

≤ 0

L1,a

t

G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) L1,a dτ

t

+ 0

(1.17)

G (t − τ ) L1,a φ (τ ) L1 dτ ≤ C φ YT

t

a

t − τ 2 τ − 2p dτ nσ

0

≤ CT µ φ YT for all 0 ≤ t ≤ T, where µ = 1 − nσ 2p ∈ (0, 1) . In the same manner by virtue of (1.14) and (1.2) we have t t ≤ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) Lp dτ 0

≤ C φ YT

0

Lp

t

0

τ − 2p dτ ≤ CT µ φ YT , nσ

for all 0 ≤ t ≤ T. In addition taking (1.2) with r = (1.14) we ﬁnd t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ L∞

0

≤

t 2

G (t − τ )

0

≤ C φ YT

t 2

p L p−1

(t − τ )

0

φ (τ ) Lp dτ + n − 2p

τ

− nσ 2p

p p−1

or r = 1 in view of

t

G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) L∞ dτ

t 2

t

dτ +

τ

n − 2p (σ+1)

dτ

t 2

≤ CT µ t− 2p φ YT n

for all t ∈ (0, T ] . In view of (1.17) estimate (1.10) is then fulﬁlled. Therefore by applying Theorem 1.9 we see that for some T > 0 there exists a unique solu tion u ∈ C [0, T ] ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, T ] ; L∞ (Rn )) to the Cauchy problem (1.13). Theorem 1.13 is proved.

1.2 Local existence

11

Example 1.15. Local existence of solutions to the Burgers type equations Consider the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation σ ut − ∆u = (λ · ∇) |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn ,

(1.18) σ

where σ > 0, λ ∈ Rn . Here the nonlinear term N (u) = (λ · ∇) |u| u has the form of the full derivative. In general (if the total mass of the initial data is nonzero) such a type of the nonlinearity behaves for large times as a convective one. We prove here the local existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (1.18). Theorem 1.16. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Lp (Rn )∩L1,a (Rn ), with a ≥ 0 and p > max (1, solution nσ) . Then for some T > 0 there exists a unique 1 (Rn ) to the Cauchy u ∈ C [0, T ] ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C (0, T ] ; W∞ problem (1.18). Proof. To apply Theorem 1.9 we choose the space Z as follows Z = φ ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) with a ≥ 0 and p > max (1, nσ) and 1 (Rn ) : φ XT < ∞ , XT = φ ∈ C ([0, T ] ; Z) ∩ C (0, T ] ; W∞ where the norm φ XT = sup ( φ (t) L1,a + φ (t) Lp ) t∈[0,T ]

+ sup t∈(0,T ]

n n 1 t 2p φ (t) L∞ + t 2p + 2 ∇φ (t) L∞ .

Also we deﬁne the YT norm

nσ 1 n φ YT = sup t 2p + 2 φ (t) L1,a + φ (t) Lp + t 2p φ (t) L∞ . t∈(0,T ]

By a direct calculation we have −n 2

∇G (t) Lq = (4πt) ≤ Ct− 2 (1− q )− 2 n

1

1

q1 x q |x|2 − 4t q dx e Rn 2t

q1 2 n 1 1 e−|y| dy ≤ Ct− 2 (1− q )− 2 ,

(1.19)

Rn

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞. Therefore applying the Young inequality (1.2) we get

12

1 Preliminary results n

1

n

1

sup t 2p + 2 ∇G (t) φ L∞ ≤ φ Lp sup t 2p + 2 ∇G (t)

t∈(0,T ]

t∈(0,T ]

p

L p−1

≤ C φ Lp .

Hence as in the proof of Theorem 1.13 we have estimate (1.9). Next we prove estimate (1.17) for the nonlinearity. We obtain the estimates σ

σ

(N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) L1,a = (λ · ∇) (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) L1,a σ−1

≤ C w − v L1,a ( w L∞ + v L∞ )

( ∇w L∞ + ∇v L∞ )

σ−1

+ C ∇ (w − v) L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) ( w L1,a + v L1,a ) σ n − 2p σ− 12 ≤ Cτ w − v XT w XT + v XT , (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) Lp σ−1

≤ C w − v Lp ( w L∞ + v L∞ )

( ∇w L∞ + ∇v L∞ ) σ−1

+ C ∇ (w − v) L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) ( w Lp + v Lp ) σ n − 2p σ− 12 ≤ Cτ w − v XT w XT + v XT , and (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) L∞ σ−1

≤ C w − v L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ )

( ∇w L∞ + ∇v L∞ ) σ

+ C ∇ (w − v) L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) σ n 1 ≤ Cτ − 2p (σ+1)− 2 w − v XT w XT + v XT for all 0 ≤ τ ≤ t ≤ T. Consequently estimate (1.17) is true. Now by (1.15) and (1.2) we get t t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ ≤ G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) L1,a dτ 0

+ 0

0

L1,a

t

G (t − τ ) L1,a φ (τ ) L1,a dτ ≤ C φ YT

t

a

t − τ 2 τ − 2p − 2 dτ nσ

1

0

≤ CT µ φ YT for all 0 ≤ t ≤ T, where µ = 12 − nσ 2p ∈ (0, 1) . In the same manner by virtue of (1.14) and (1.2) we have t t ≤ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) Lp dτ 0

≤ C φ YT

0

Lp

t

0

τ − 2p − 2 dτ ≤ CT µ φ YT , nσ

1

for all 0 ≤ t ≤ T. By taking (1.2) with r = ﬁnd

p p−1

or r = 1 in view of (1.14) we

1.3 Small initial data

13

t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ ∞ 0 L 2t t p ≤ G (t − τ ) p−1 φ (τ ) Lp dτ + G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) L∞ dτ 0

≤ C φ YT

L

t 2

t 2

(t − τ )

n − 2p

τ

1 − nσ 2p − 2

t

dτ +

τ

n − 2p (σ+1)− 12

dτ

t 2

0

≤ CT µ t− 2p φ YT n

for all t ∈ (0, T ] . Finally, taking (1.2) with r = we ﬁnd t ∇ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ

L∞

0

≤

t 2

∇G (t − τ )

0

≤ C φ YT

p L p−1

t 2

φ (τ ) Lp dτ +

n − 2p − 12

(t − τ )

0

τ

1 − nσ 2p − 2

p p−1

or r = 1 in view of (1.19)

t t 2

∇G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) L∞ dτ

t

dτ + t 2

− 12

(t − τ )

τ

n − 2p (σ+1)− 12

dτ

≤ CT µ t− 2p − 2 φ YT n

1

for all t ∈ (0, T ] . Thus in view of (1.17) estimate (1.10) with µ = 12 − nσ 2p ∈ (0, 1) is fulﬁlled. Therefore applying Theorem 1.9 we see that for some T > 0 there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, T ] ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ 1 (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (1.18). Theorem 1.16 is proved. C (0, T ] ; W∞

1.3 Global existence for small initial data In this section we prove the global in time existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (1.7). We ﬁx a metric space Z of functions deﬁned on Rn and a complete metric space X of functions deﬁned on [0, ∞) × Rn . Theorem 1.17. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Z be suﬃciently small. Assume that the operator G : Z → X and the estimate is valid Gφ X ≤ C φ Z .

(1.20)

t Also suppose that 0 G (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ ∈ X for any v ∈ X, and that the estimate is true t G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ 0

X

σ

≤ C w − v X ( w X + v X ) ,

(1.21)

14

1 Preliminary results

for all v, w ∈ X, where σ > 0. Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (1.7) and the estimate u X ≤ C u0 Z

(1.22)

is fulﬁlled. Proof. The proof almost repeats the proof of Theorem 1.11. We apply the contraction mapping principle in a ball Xρ = {φ ∈ X : φ X ≤ ρ} in the space X of a radius 1 ρ= u0 Z > 0. 2C For v ∈ Xρ we deﬁne the mapping M(v) by formula (1.11). First we prove that M (v) X ≤ ρ, where ρ > 0 is suﬃciently small. We have by the conditions of the theorem and the integral formula (1.11) t M (v) X ≤ Gu0 X + G (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ 0

≤ C u0 Z + C

X

σ+1 v X

ρ ≤ + Cρσ+1 < ρ, 2

since ρ > 0 is suﬃciently small. Hence the mapping M transforms a ball Xρ into itself. In the same manner we estimate the diﬀerence M (w) − M (v) X ≤

1 w − v X , 2

which shows that M is a contraction mapping. Therefore there exists a unique solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (1.7). Theorem 1.17 is proved. Example 1.18. Global existence for the nonlinear heat equation with small initial data Consider the Cauchy problem (1.13) with σ >

2 n

and λ ∈ R.

Theorem 1.19. Let σ > n2 , λ ∈ R. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ n 1,a n L (R ), with a ∈ (0, 1] and p > max 1, 2 σ , and the norm u0 L1,a + u0 Lp be suﬃciently small. Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) to the Cauchy problem (1.13). Moreover the optimal time decay estimate t− 2 u (t) L1,a + t 2 (1− p ) u (t) Lp + t 2 u (t) L∞ a

n

1

≤ C u0 Lp + C u0 L1,a is true for all t ≥ 1.

n

(1.23)

1.3 Small initial data

15

Proof. By the local existence Theorem 1.13, it follows that the global solution (if it exists) is unique. Indeed, on the contrary, we suppose that there exist two global solutions with the same initial data. And these solutions are diﬀerent at some time t > 0. By virtue of the continuity of solutions with respect to time, we can ﬁnd a maximal time segment [0, T ], where the solutions are equal, but for t > T they are diﬀerent. Now we apply the local existence theorem taking the initial time T and obtain that these solutions coincide on some interval [T, T1 ] , which gives us a contradiction with the fact that T is the maximal time of coincidence. So our main purpose in the proof of Theorem 1.19 is to show the global in time existence of solutions. To apply Theorem 1.17 we choose as above the space Z = φ ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) with a ∈ (0, 1] and p > max 1, n2 σ and the space X = {φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : φ X < ∞} , where now the norm

n −a 1− 1 φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2 ( p ) φ (t) Lp t≥0

n

n

+ sup {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ t>0

reﬂects the optimal time decay properties of the solution. Also we deﬁne the norm nσ nσ −a φ Y = sup {t} 2p t 2 t 2 φ (t) L1,a t>0 n n n 1− 1 + t 2 ( p ) φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ in order to estimate the nonlinearity. As in the proof of Theorem 1.13 by virtue of (1.14) and (1.2) we obtain G (t) φ Lp ≤ φ Lp G (t) L1 ≤ C φ Lp for all t ∈ [0, 1] and G (t) φ Lp ≤ φ L1 G (t) Lp ≤ Ct− 2 (1− p ) φ L1 n

1

for all t ≥ 1. In the same manner we ﬁnd G (t) φ L∞ ≤ φ Lp G (t)

≤ Ct− 2p φ Lp n

p

L p−1

for all t ∈ (0, 1] and G (t) φ L∞ ≤ φ L1 G (t) L∞ ≤ Ct− 2 φ Lp n

16

1 Preliminary results

for all t ≥ 1. Similarly by (1.15) and (1.2) we ﬁnd a

G (t) φ L1,a ≤ φ L1,a G (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2 φ L1,a for all t ≥ 0. Hence we obtain the estimate (1.20). As in the proof of Theorem 1.13 we obtain the estimates (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) L1,a ≤ C w − v L1,a ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) ≤ C {τ }

− nσ 2p

a

τ 2

− nσ 2

σ

σ

w − v X ( w X + v X ) , σ

(N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) Lp ≤ C w − v Lp ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) − nσ 2p

n

≤ C {τ }

τ 2p

−n 2 (σ+1)

σ

w − v X ( w X + v X ) ,

and (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) L∞ ≤ C w − v L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) n − 2p (σ+1)

≤ C {τ }

−n 2 (σ+1)

τ

σ

σ

w − v X ( w X + v X )

for all τ > 0. Thus we get σ

N (w) − N (v) Y ≤ C w − v X ( w X + v X ) .

(1.24)

By (1.4) we see that φ (τ ) L1 ≤ C {τ }

− nσ 2p

τ

− nσ 2

φ Y .

(1.25)

Now by (1.15) and (1.2) we get t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 0

L1,a

t G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) L1,a dτ + G (t − τ ) L1,a φ (τ ) L1 dτ 0 0

t t a a − nσ − nσ − nσ − nσ t − τ 2 {τ } 2p τ 2 dτ + {τ } 2p τ 2 2 dτ ≤ C φ Y t

≤

0

0

a 2

≤ C t φ Y

(1.26)

for all t ≥ 0. In the same manner by virtue of (1.14), (1.25) and (1.2) we have t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 0

≤

Lp

t 2

G (t − τ ) Lp φ (τ ) L1 dτ +

0

≤ C φ Y + C φ Y

t 2

0 t t 2

{τ }

1 −n 2 (1− p )

≤ C t

1 −n 2 (1− p )

(t − τ ) − nσ 2p

φ Y

τ

t 2

− nσ 2p

{τ }

n n 2p − 2 (σ+1)

t

G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) Lp dτ

τ

− nσ 2

dτ

dτ (1.27)

1.4 Large initial data

for all t ≥ 0. Also taking (1.2) with r =

p p−1

17

or r = 1 in view of (1.14) we ﬁnd

t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ ∞ 0 L 2t t p ≤ G (t − τ ) p−1 φ (τ ) Lp dτ + G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) L∞ dτ 0

L

≤ C φ Y

t 2

n − 2p

(t − τ )

τ

− nσ 2p

t 2

t

dτ +

τ

n − 2p (σ+1)

dτ

t 2

0

≤ Ct− 2p φ Y n

for t ∈ (0, 1] , and similarly, in view of (1.25) we have t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ L∞

0

≤ 0

t 2

G (t − τ ) L∞ φ (τ ) L1 dτ +

≤ C φ Y −n 2

≤ C t

t 2

(t − τ )

−n 2

{τ }

− nσ 2p

t t 2

τ

G (t − τ ) L1 φ (τ ) L∞ dτ

− nσ 2

t

dτ + t 2

0

−n 2 (σ+1)

τ

φ Y

dτ (1.28)

for all t ≥ 1. Thus by virtue of (1.26), (1.27) and (1.28) we get t ≤ C φ (τ ) ; G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ Y 0

X

hence in view of (1.24) estimate (1.21) follows. Therefore applying Theorem 1.17 we see that there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) to the Cauchy problem (1.13). Moreover by (1.22) we have u X ≤ C u0 Z from which the optimal time decay estimate (1.23) follows. Theorem 1.19 is proved.

1.4 Global existence for large initial data Now we deﬁne the space X [T1 , T2 ] = C ([T1 , T2 ] ; Z) ∩ C ((T1 , T2 ] ; Z1 ) where Z and Z1 are some metric spaces of functions on Rn . The norm ψ X[T1 ,T2 ] =

sup t∈[T1 ,T2 ]

ψ (t) Z +

sup t∈(T1 ,T2 ]

ψ (t) Z1 .

Theorem 1.20. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Z. Assume that G (t − T1 ) : Z → X [T1 , T2 ] for any T2 > T1 ≥ 0, and the estimate is valid G (t − T1 ) φ X[T1 ,T2 ] ≤ C φ Z .

18

1 Preliminary results

t Also suppose that T1 G (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ ∈ X [T1 , T2 ] for any v ∈ X [T1 , T2 ] , T2 > T1 ≥ 0, and the estimate is true t G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ T1

X[T1 ,T2 ]

≤ C w − v X[T1 ,T2 ] 1 + w X[T1 ,T2 ] + v X[T1 ,T2 ]

σ ,

for all v, w ∈ X [T1 , T2 ] , where σ > 0. Let the following a priori estimate be valid (1.29) ||u||X[0,T ) ≤ C (T ) u0 Z , provided that there exists a solution u ∈ X [0, T ) for some T > 0. Then there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X [0, ∞) to the Cauchy problem (1.7). Proof. Using a priori estimates (1.29) we can prolong the local solution given by Theorem 1.9 for all times t > 0. Indeed, on the contrary we can suppose that there exists a maximal existence time T > 0 such that u ∈ X [0, T ) . If we choose a new initial time T1 ∈ [0, T ) and consider the Cauchy problem (1.7) with initial data u (T1 ) , then via a priori estimate (1.29) the norm ||u (T1 )||Z is bounded uniformly with respect to T1 ∈ [0, T ) . Then the existence time given by the local existence Theorem 1.9 is bounded from below uniformly with respect to T1 ∈ [0, T ) . Therefore if a new initial time T1 > 0 is chosen to be suﬃciently close to the maximal time T, then by virtue of the local existence Theorem 1.9 we can guarantee that there exists a unique solution u ∈ X [0, T ]. Now putting u (T ) as a new initial data at time T we can apply the local existence Theorem 1.9 and prolong the solution u (t) on some bigger time interval [0, T + T2 ] . This contradicts the fact that T is a maximal existence time. Hence there exists a unique solution u ∈ X [0, ∞) to the Cauchy problem (1.7). Theorem 1.20 is proved. Example 1.21. Global positive solutions to nonlinear heat equation with large initial data We consider problem (1.13) in the case λ < 0. Using the positivity of the heat kernel we can obtain a priori estimate (1.29) for positive solutions and hence remove the smallness condition on the initial data u0 (x) in Theorem 1.19. Theorem 1.22. Let λ < 0. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ), n with a ∈ (0, 1] and p > max 1, 2 σ . Also we assume that u0 (x) ≥ 0 almost everywhere on x ∈ Rn . Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) to the Cauchy problem (1.13). Moreover estimate (1.23) is true. Remark 1.23. Note that time decay estimate (1.23) is optimal in the supercritical case σ > n2 as we will see below considering the large time asymptotics of solutions. However, in the critical σ = n2 and subcritical σ < n2 cases estimate (1.23) does not describe an optimal time decay of solutions.

1.4 Large initial data

19

Proof. By the maximum principle we can see that u (t, x) ≥ 0 for all t > 0. Since the heat kernel is positive G (t, x) > 0 we can observe from the integral equation (1.8) that 0 ≤ u (t, x) = G (t, x − y) u0 (y)dy Rn t σ dτ G (t − τ, x − y) |u (τ, y)| u (τ, y) dy +λ n R 0 G (t, x − y) u0 (y)dy (1.30) ≤ Rn

for all t > 0. By (1.30) applying the Young inequality (1.2) we obtain u (t) Lp ≤ G (t) u0 Lp ≤ u0 Lp G (t) L1 ≤ C u0 Lp for all t ≥ 0, and u (t) L∞ ≤ G (t) u0 L∞ ≤ u0 Lp G (t)

≤ Ct− 2p u0 Lp n

p

L p−1

for all t > 0. In the same manner we can estimate the L1,a norm of the solution a u (t) L1,a ≤ G (t) u0 L1,a ≤ C t 2 u0 L1,a for all t > 0. To apply Theorem 1.20 we deﬁne Z = Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) , Z1 = L∞ (Rn ) and the space X [T1 , T2 ] = C ([T1 , T2 ] ; Z) ∩ C ((T1 , T2 ] ; L∞ (Rn )) with the norm u X[T1 ,T2 ] =

sup t∈[T1 ,T2 ]

+

( u (t) Lp + u (t) L1,a )

sup t∈(T1 ,T2 ]

n

(t − T1 ) 2p u (t) L∞

for any T2 > T1 ≥ 0. Hence a priori estimate (1.29) follows and by Theorem 1.20 we see that there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) to the Cauchy problem (1.13). By virtue of the above estimates we also can write u X ≤ Gu0 X , where

n −a 1− 1 φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2 ( p ) φ (t) Lp t≥0

n

n

+ sup {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ . t>0

Hence time decay estimate (1.23) follows. Theorem 1.22 is proved.

20

1 Preliminary results

Example 1.24. Global solutions to the nonlinear heat equation with large initial data of any sign Consider the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear heat equation (1.13) with λ < 0 in the case σ > n2 . In the following theorem we remove the requirement of the positivity of the initial data and the solution. Theorem 1.25. Let σ > n2 , λ < 0. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ), with a ∈ (0, 1] and p > 2k > n2 (σ + 1) with some integer k. Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) to the Cauchy problem (1.13). Moreover the optimal time decay estimate (1.23) is true. Proof. First let us estimate the L1 norm of the solution. Denote S (t, x) = 1 for all u (t, x) > 0 and S (t, x) = −1 for all u (t, x) < 0; S (t, x) = 0 for u (t, x) = 0. We multiply equation (1.13) by S (t, x) and integrate with respect to x over Rn to get σ+1 ut (t, x) S (t, x) dx = λ |u (t, x)| dx Rn

Rn

+

∆u (t, x) S (t, x) dx. Rn

(To justify our calculations we note that by the smoothing eﬀect, see Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b] for the nonlinear heat equation (1.13) the solutions u ∈ C ((0, ∞) ; C∞ (Rn )) ∩ C1 ((0, ∞) × Rn ) .) Applying the estimates d u (t) L1 , ut (t, x) S (t, x) dx = dt Rn σ+1 λ |u (t, x)| dx ≤ 0, Rn ∆u (t, x) S (t, x) dx = −2 |∇u (t, xk )| ≤ 0, (1.31) Rn

xk :u(t,xk )=0

we get d u (t) L1 ≤ 0. dt Integration of the last inequality yields u (t) L1 ≤ u0 L1 .

(1.32)

We now multiply equation (1.13) by 2u, then integrating with respect to x ∈ Rn we get d 2 2 σ+2 u (t) L2 = −2 ∇u (t) L2 + λ u (t) Lσ+2 . dt

(1.33)

1.4 Large initial data

21

By the Plancherel theorem using the Fourier splitting method due to Schonbek [1991], we have 2 2 2 2 2 2 ∇u (t) L2 = ξ u (t) L2 = | u (t, ξ)| |ξ| dξ + | u (t, ξ)| |ξ| dξ |ξ|≤δ

≥δ

2

2 u (t) L2

− Cδ

|ξ|≥δ

2+n

2

sup | u (t, ξ)| ,

|ξ|≤δ

where δ > 0. Thus from (1.33) we have the inequality d 2 2 2 u (t) L2 ≤ −2δ 2 u (t) L2 + Cδ 2+n sup | u (t, ξ)| . dt |ξ|≤δ −1

(1.34)

−1−n

2

We choose 2δ 2 = (1 + n) (1 + t) and change u (t) L2 = (1 + t) W (t) . −n u (t, ξ)| ≤ (2π) 2 u (t) L1 , via (1.32) we Then in view of inequality supξ∈Rn | get from (1.34) n d W (t) ≤ C (1 + t) 2 . (1.35) dt Integration of (1.35) with respect to time yields n 2 +1 W (t) ≤ u0 L2 + C (1 + t) 2 − 1 . Therefore we obtain an optimal time decay estimate of the L2 norm −n 4

u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t)

(1.36)

for all t > 0. We now multiply equation (1.13) by 4u3 , then integrating with respect to x ∈ Rn we get 2 d 4 σ+4 u (t) L4 = −3 ∇ u2 (t) L2 + 4λ u (t) Lσ+4 . dt

(1.37)

As above, we have in view of (1.36) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ∇ u (t) 2 = ξ u u (t) = (t, ξ) |ξ| dξ L L2 |ξ|≤δ 2 2 2 2 2 4 + (t, ξ) u (t, ξ) |ξ| dξ ≥ δ 2 u (t) L4 − Cδ 2+n sup u |ξ|≤δ

|ξ|≥δ

≥δ

2

4 u (t) L4

− Cδ

2+n

4 u (t) L2

,

where δ > 0. Thus from (1.37) we have the inequality d 4 4 −n u (t) L4 ≤ −3δ 2 u (t) L4 + Cδ 2+n (1 + t) . dt We choose 3δ 2 = (1 + 2n) (1 + t)

−1

and change

(1.38)

22

1 Preliminary results −1−2n

4

u (t) L4 = (1 + t)

W1 (t) .

Then we get from (1.38) n d W1 (t) ≤ C (1 + t) 2 . dt

(1.39)

Integration of (1.39) with respect to time yields n 4 +1 W1 (t) ≤ u0 L4 + C (1 + t) 2 − 1 . Therefore we obtain an optimal time decay estimate of the L4 norm − 3n 8

u (t) L4 ≤ C (1 + t)

(1.40)

for all t > 0. Arguing in this way by the H¨ older inequality we will have the following optimal time decay estimates 1 −n 2 (1− q )

u (t) Lq ≤ C t

(1.41)

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ q ≤ 2k, with any integer k such that p > 2k > n 2 (σ + 1) . Let us prove estimate (1.41) with q = ∞. To get an optimal time decay r = ∞ estimate for the L∞ norm we use the integral equation (1.8) taking n for n ≥ 2 so that the inequalities n2 1 − 1r < 1 for n = 1 and 1 < r < n−2 r and n2 (σ + 1) < (σ + 1) r−1 < 2k < p are true u (t) L∞ ≤ G (t) u0 L∞ + |λ|

t 2

+ |λ| 0

≤ Ct− 2

n

+C

t 2

t t 2

σ

r G (t − τ ) Lr |u| u (τ ) L r−1 dτ

σ

G (t − τ ) L∞ |u| u (τ ) L1 dτ t n − n 1− 1 1− 1 − n (σ+1) +C (t − τ ) 2 ( r ) τ 2 ( r ) 2 dτ t 2

(t − τ )

−n 2

τ

−n 2 (σ+1)

dτ ≤ Ct− 2

n

0

for all t > 0. Now estimate u (t) Lq ≤ Ct− 2 (1− q ) n

1

for all t > 0 and 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞ follows via the H¨ older inequality. To estimate the L1,a (Rn ) norm we multiply equation (1.13) by √ a t + |x| S (t, x)

1.4 Large initial data

23

and integrate with respect to x over Rn to get √ a a √ σ+1 ut (t, x) S (t, x) t + |x| dx = λ |u (t, x)| t + |x| dx Rn Rn √ a ∆u (t, x) S (t, x) t + |x| dx. + Rn

We have

ut (t, x) S (t, x)

√ a t + |x| dx

Rn

=

a d a 1 √ t + |x| u (t) 1 − t− 2 dt 2 L

and

|u (t, x)|

λ

σ+1

√

a−1 √ t + |x| u (t)

L1

a t + |x| dx ≤ 0.

Rn

Integrating by parts and taking into account the estimate u (t) L1 ≤ C we get

a t + |x| dx √ a |∇u (t, xk )| t + |xk |

∆u (t, x) S (t, x) Rn

= −2

√

xk :u(t,xk )=0

√ a−1 x · ∇ u (t, x) dx −a S (t, x) t + |x| |x| n R √ a−2 a a ≤C |u (t, x)| t + |x| dx ≤ Ct 2 −1 u (t) L1 ≤ Ct 2 −1 .

Rn

Therefore

a a d √ t + |x| u (t) 1 ≤ Ct 2 −1 , dt L integration with respect to time yields √ a a a a |x| u (t) L1 ≤ t + |x| u (t) 1 ≤ |x| u0 L1 + Ct 2 L

for all t > 0. Thus we get the estimate a

u (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2

for all t > 0. Therefore again we arrive to the a priori estimate (1.29) if we deﬁne the spaces Z = Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) , Z1 = L∞ (Rn ) and the space X [T1 , T2 ] = C ([T1 , T2 ] ; Z) ∩ C ((T1 , T2 ] ; L∞ (Rn ))

24

1 Preliminary results

with the norm u X[T1 ,T2 ] =

sup t∈[T1 ,T2 ]

+

( u (t) Lp + u (t) L1,a ) n

sup t∈(T1 ,T2 ]

(t − T1 ) 2p u (t) L∞

for any T2 > T1 ≥ 0. Then by Theorem 1.20 we see that there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) to the Cauchy problem (1.13), which satisﬁes the optimal time decay estimates of Theorem 1.19. Theorem 1.25 is proved. Example 1.26. Global existence of solutions to the Burgers type equations Due to the special form of the nonlinearity we can prove global existence for the Cauchy problem to the Burgers type equation (1.18) without any restriction on the size of the initial data. Theorem 1.27. Let σ > n1 . Let the initial data u0 ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ), with a ∈ (0, 1] and p > 2k > n (σ + 1) for some integer a k.Then there1exists (Rn ) unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ to the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation (1.18). Moreover the optimal time decay estimate (1.23) is true. σ

Proof. Since the nonlinear term N (u) = (λ · ∇) |u| u has the form of the full derivative we have σ u2k+1 (λ · ∇) |u| udx = 0; Rn

therefore applying the energy method as in the proof of Theorem 1.25 we n , so that obtain the optimal time decay estimate (1.41). Taking 1 < r < n+1 1 n 1 r the inequalities 2 + 2 1 − r < 1 and n (σ + 1) < (σ + 1) r−1 < 2k < p are true, then using the integral equation (1.8) we ﬁnd u (t) L∞ ≤ G (t) u0 L∞ + |λ|

t 2

+ |λ| 0

≤ Ct− 2

n

+C

t 2

t t 2

σ

r ∇G (t − τ ) Lr |u| u (τ ) L r−1 dτ

σ

∇G (t − τ ) L∞ |u| u (τ ) L1 dτ t − 1 − n 1− 1 − n −nσ +C (t − τ ) 2 2 ( r ) τ 2r 2 dτ t 2

(t − τ )

− 12 − n 2

τ

−n 2σ

dτ ≤ Ct− 2

n

0

for all t ≥ 1. Taking into account the estimates of the local existence Theorem 1.16 we get

1.4 Large initial data n − 2p

25

−n 2

u (t) L∞ ≤ C {t}

t

for all t > 0. Now using the integral equation (1.8) we estimate the L1,a norm u (t) L1,a ≤ u0 L1 G (t) L1,a + u0 L1,a G (t) L1 t σ+1 +C |u (τ )| 1 ∇G (t − τ ) L1,a dτ L 0 t σ+1 +C |u (τ )| 1,a ∇G (t − τ ) L1 dτ ; L

0

hence t a a σ −1 u (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2 + C u (τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L1 t − τ 2 (t − τ ) 2 dτ 0 t σ −1 u (τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L1,a (t − τ ) 2 dτ +C 0 t a − nσ −nσ −1 {τ } 2p τ 2 u (τ ) L1,a (t − τ ) 2 dτ. ≤ C t 2 + C 0

Thus for the function h (t) = sup0≤τ ≤t u (τ ) L1,a we get the inequality

a

t

− nσ 2p

h (t) ≤ C t 2 + Ch (t)

{τ }

−n 2σ

τ

(t − τ )

− 12

dτ

t−εt t−εt

{τ }

− nσ 2p

−n 2σ

−1

h (τ ) (t − τ ) 2 dτ 0 t−εt a √ C − nσ −nσ 2 {τ } 2p τ 2 h (τ ) dτ. ≤ C t + C εh (t) + √ εt 0

+C

τ

−a 2

Hence denoting φ (t) = h (t) t

−a 2

φ (t) ≤ C + C t

we ﬁnd

t

{τ }

1 − nσ 2p − 2

1 a −n 2 σ− 2 + 2

τ

φ (τ ) dτ,

0

where nσ 2p + we obtain

1 2

< 1 and

n 2σ

−

1 2

> 1. Thus applying the Gronwall Lemma 1.8 a

u (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2

for all t ≥ 0. Therefore we again arrive at the a priori estimate (1.29), if we deﬁne the spaces Z = Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) , Z1 = W1∞ (Rn ) and the space 1 (Rn ) with the norm X [T1 , T2 ] = C ([T1 , T2 ] ; Z) ∩ C (T1 , T2 ] ; W∞ u X[T1 ,T2 ] = +

sup t∈(T1 ,T2 ]

sup t∈[T1 ,T2 ] n

( u (t) Lp + u (t) L1,a ) n

(t − T1 ) 2p u (t) L∞ + (t − T1 ) 2p

+ 12

∇u (t) L∞

26

1 Preliminary results

for any T2 > T1≥ 0. Then by Theorem 1.20we see that there exists a unique 1 (Rn ) to the solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ Cauchy problem (1.13), which satisﬁes the optimal time decay estimate (1.23). Theorem 1.27 is proved.

1.5 Some estimates for linear semigroups Consider the linear Cauchy problem ut + Lu = f, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn ,

(1.42)

where L is a linear pseudodiﬀerential operator deﬁned by the symbol L (ξ) via the inverse Fourier transformation (ξ)) . Lu = F ξ→x (L (ξ) u By virtue of the Duhamel formula the solution of problem (1.42) can be written in the form t u (t) = G (t) u0 + G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ, 0

where the Green operator G (t) is given by ˆ G (t) φ = F ξ→x e−tL(ξ) φ(ξ) =

G (t, x − y) φ(y)dy

Rn

with a kernel G (t, x) = F ξ→x e−tL(ξ) . First we obtain estimates in the weighted Lebesgue norms, which are the most suitable for the nonlinear theory. After that we ﬁnd the estimates in the frames of the L2 - theory. Finally we obtain the estimates in the Fourier spaces. 1.5.1 Estimates in weighted Lebesgue spaces Suppose that the linear operator L satisﬁes the dissipation condition which in terms of the symbol L (ξ) has the form δ

Re L (ξ) ≥ α {ξ} ξ

ν

(1.43)

for all ξ ∈ Rn , where α > 0, δ > 0, ν ≥ 0. Also we suppose that the symbol is suﬃciently smooth except the origin: L (ξ) ∈ CN (Rn \ {0}) and obeys the estimate l δ−l ν−l (1.44) ∂ξj L (ξ) ≤ C {ξ} ξ

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

27

for all ξ ∈ Rn \ {0} , l = 0, 1, ..., N , j = 1, 2, ..., n, with some N ≥ n + 2. We denote the fractional partial derivative ∂xβj for β ≥ 0, j = 1, 2, ..., n, as follows −1 k+1 (iξ ) (iξ ) φ (ξ) , ∂xβj φ (x) = Fξ−1 j j j →xj −1

is the main value of the complex where k = [β] , = β −k ∈ (0, 1) and (iξj ) −1 −1 analytic function: (iξj ) = |ξj | exp (i ( − 1) arg (iξj )) (see Stein [1970]). We have by Erd´elyi et al. [1954] π √ y − for y > 0 −1 2πΓ (1−) cos( π 2 (−1)) (iξ = ) Fξ−1 j →y j 0 for y ≤ 0 if ∈ (0, 1) , where Γ is the Euler gamma function. Then integration by parts yields ∞ 2π ∂xk+1 φ (˘ x (y)) y − dy ∂xβj φ (x) = j Γ (1 − ) 0 ∞ 2π x (y)) − ∂xkj φ (x) y −1− dy, = ∂xkj φ (˘ Γ (1 − ) 0 ˘ (y) = (x1 , ..., xj + y, ..., xn ). where x = (x1 , ..., xn ) , x First we collect some preliminary estimates of the Green operator G (t) in −1 −1 t = {t} ν t δ . the weighted Lebesgue norms φ Lp,a . Denote Lemma 1.28. Let the symbol L (ξ) satisfy (1.43) and (1.44) with ν > 0. Then the estimates are true 1 1 1 1 b β tn( r − p )+β−b φ Lr + C tn( r − p )+β φ Lr,b |·| ∂xj G (t) φ ≤ C Lp

1 b a tn(1− p )+a−b |·| φ L1 |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG (t)) p ≤ C L for all t > 0, where ϑ = Rn φ (x) dx, 1 ≤ r ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ β ≤ N − n − 2, 0 ≤ b ≤ a ≤ 1, provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite. Remark 1.29. Conditions of Lemma 1.28 are fulﬁlled for the following exam2 ples of linear equations: 1) the heat equation Lu = −∆u, L (ξ) = |ξ| ; 2) α α the fractional heat equation Lu = (−∆) u, L (ξ) = |ξ| ; 3) the linearized Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation Lu = −uxx + uxxx , L (ξ) = ξ 2 + iξ 3 ; 2 and 4) the Landau-Ginzburg equation Lu = −α∆u, L (ξ) = α |ξ| , α ∈ C, Re α > 0. Proof. Note that the kernel G (t, x) = F ξ→x e−tL(ξ) is a smooth function G (t, x) ∈ C∞ (R+ × Rn ) . First let us prove the estimate µ+n+k k tk+n , t sup x (1.45) ∂xj G (t, x) ≤ C x∈Rn

28

1 Preliminary results

for all t > 0, 1 ≤ j ≤ n, where 0 ≤ k ≤ N − n − 1, 0 < µ < min (1, δ, ν). Indeed we have δ ν k k k |ξ| e−αt|ξ| dξ + C |ξ| e−αt|ξ| dξ ∂xj G (t, x) ≤ C |ξ|≤1

− k+n δ

≤ C t

|ξ|>1

− k+n ν

+ C {t}

e−αt ≤ C tk+n .

On the other hand µ+n+k k k −tL(ξ) ξ ∂xj G (t, x) = F ξ→x ∂ξµ+n+k e xl j l ≤ C ∂ξµ+n+k ξjk e−tL(ξ) 1 . l Lξ

n+k

ξjk e−tL(ξ) We have denoting ψ (t, ξ) = ∂ξl ∞ µ+n+k k −tL(ξ) ξj e =C ψ t, ξ˘ (y) − ψ (t, ξ) y −1−µ dy = I1 + I2 , ∂ξ l 0

where ξ˘ (y) = (ξ1 , ..., ξl + y, ..., ξn ) and ∞ ψ t, ξ˘ (y) − ψ (t, ξ) y −1−µ dy, I1 =

|ξ| 2

I2 =

|ξ| 2

ψ t, ξ˘ (y) − ψ (t, ξ) y −1−µ dy.

0

Since

δ−n

|ψ (t, ξ)| ≤ Ct {ξ}

ξ

δ ν ν−n − α 2 t{ξ} ξ

e

for all ξ ∈ R , t > 0 we estimate the ﬁrst summand I1 by the Young inequality ∞ δ ν dy δ−n ν−n − α t {ξ − y} I1 L1 ≤ C ξ − y e 2 t{ξ−y} ξ−y 1+µ ξ y 0 |ξ|≤2|y| δ δ−n ν−n − α t{ξ} ξν dξ ≤ C t−µ , +t {ξ} ξ e 2 n

∗ where 0 < µ < min (1, δ, ν). In the case 0 ≤ y ≤ |ξ| 2 we have with ξ = (ξ1 , ..., ξl + λy, ..., ξn ) , λ ∈ (0, 1) ψ t, ξ˘ (y) − ψ (t, ξ) ≤ C |y| |∂ξl ψ (t, ξ ∗ )|

≤ Cty {ξ}

δ−n−1

ξ

δ ν ν−n−1 − α 2 t{ξ} ξ

e

3 ∗ for all ξ ∈ Rn , 0 ≤ y ≤ |ξ| 2 , since |ξ| ≤ |ξ | ≤ |ξ| + y ≤ 2 |ξ| . Hence we get |ξ| 2 δ−n−1 ν−n−1 − α2 t{ξ}δ ξν −µ I2 L1 ≤ Ct {ξ} ξ e y dy ξ 1 0 Lξ δ−µ−n ν−µ−n − α2 t{ξ}δ ξν −µ ≤ Ct {ξ} ξ e t . 1 ≤ C Lξ

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

29

Therefore estimate (1.45) is true. By virtue of (1.45) we ﬁnd with k ≥ max (b, [β]) , = β − k, and x ˘ (y) = (x1 , ..., xj + y, ..., xn ) 1 b β b t k ˘ (y)) − ∂xkj G (t, x) y −1− dy |·| ∂xj G (t) q ≤ C |x| ∂xj G (t, x q L 0 L ∞ b k +C ˘ (y)) − ∂xkj G (t, x) y −1− dy |x| 1 ∂xj G (t, x q t L 1 −µ−n−k−1 b t − t ≤ C tk+1+n |x| x y dy q L 0 ∞ 1 b −µ−n−k t y −1− dy ≤ C tn(1− q )+β−b ; + C tk+n |x| x q L

1

t

hence by the Young inequality (1.2) with p1 = 1q + 1r − 1, we obtain the ﬁrst estimate of the lemma b β b β |x − y| ∂xj G (t, x − y) φ(y)dy |·| ∂xj G (t) φ p ≤ p L Rn L b β + ∂xj G (t, x − y) |y| φ(y)dy Rn

Lp

1 1 n( r − p )+β−b

≤ Ct

1 1 n( r − p )+β

φ Lr + C t

φ Lr,b

for all t > 0. We now prove the second estimate. In view of (1.45) we obtain for 0 ≤ b ≤ a |x| |G (t, x − y) − G (t, x)| ≤ |x| |y| |∇x G (t, x∗ )| ∗ −n−µ−1 b a −n−µ+b−a ≤ C tn+1 |x| |y| tx tx ≤ C tn+a−b |y| b

for all x, y ∈ Rn , |y| ≤ b

b

|x| 2 .

As well for |y| ≥

|x| 2

we get

b

|x| |G (t, x − y) − G (t, x)| ≤ C |y| (|G (t, x − y)| + |G (t, x)|) b−a −n−µ b−a −n−µ a tx t (x − y) . ≤ C tn+a−b |y| t (x − y) tx + Thus we obtain b

|x| (G (t, x − y) − G (t, x)) b−a −n−µ b−a −n−µ a t x t (x − y) ≤ C tn+a−b |y| t (x − y) tx + (1.46) for all x, y ∈ Rn . In view of (1.46) applying the Young inequality (1.2) we have

30

1 Preliminary results

b b |x| (G (t, x − y) − G (t, x)) φ(y)dy |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG (t)) p ≤ p L Rn L b−a −n−µ n+a−b t (x − y) ≤ C t n t (x − y) R b−a −n−µ a t x |y| φ(y)dy tx + Lp b−a −n−µ 1 a a n+a−b t (·) t (·) ≤ C t tn(1− p )+a−b |·| φ L1 p |·| φ L1 ≤ C L

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, b ∈ [0, a] , a ∈ (0, 1) . Hence the second estimate of the lemma is true. Lemma 1.28 is proved. To ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for the solution we assume that the symbol L (ξ) has the following asymptotic representation in the origin δ+γ (1.47) L (ξ) = L0 (ξ) + O |ξ| for ξ → 0 with some γ > 0. We assume that the symbol L0 (ξ) is homogeneous of order δ and satisﬁes (1.43) and (1.44) with ν = δ > 0. Also we deﬁne 1 1 ˆ G0 (t) φ = F ξ→x e−tL0 (ξ) φ(ξ) G0 (x − y) t− δ φ (y) dy, = t− δ Rn

G0 (x) = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ) .

where

Lemma 1.30. Let the symbol L (ξ) satisfy conditions (1.43), (1.44) with ν > 0 and (1.47). Then the estimate is true n+µ n 1 G (t) φ − ϑt− δ G0 (·) t− δ ∞ ≤ Ct− δ φ L1,a for all t ≥ 1, where ϑ =

L

Rn

φ (x) dx, µ = min (a, γ) .

Proof. Taking the second estimate of Lemma 1.28 with p = ∞ and b = 0, we get n+a G (t) φ − ϑG (t) L∞ ≤ Ct− δ φ L1,a for all t ≥ 1. Then by condition (1.47) we obtain n 1 G (t) − t− δ G0 (·) t− δ ∞ ≤ e−tL(ξ) − e−tL0 (ξ) 1 L L −tL(ξ) −tL0 (ξ) −tL0 (ξ) −tL(ξ) ≤ −e e dξ + e dξ + e dξ |ξ|≤1 |ξ|≥1 |ξ|≥1 δ ν δ δ+γ ≤ Ct e−αt|ξ| |ξ| dξ + e−αt|ξ| dξ + e−αt|ξ| dξ |ξ|≤1

− n+γ δ

≤ Ct

|ξ|≥1

−α 2t

+ Ce

≤ Ct

|ξ|≥1

− n+γ δ

for all t ≥ 1. Hence we ﬁnd the estimate of the lemma. Lemma 1.30 is proved.

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

31

Now we will give some modiﬁcations of Lemma 1.28 in order to relax the restriction ν > 0 in estimates (1.43) and (1.44). For example, when the symbol L (ξ) does not grow at inﬁnity, we may assume the asymptotic expansion L (ξ) = α +

n

−2k

ak ξ

+ O ξ

−2n−2

(1.48)

k=1

for ξ → ∞, where α > 0, ak ∈ R. Deﬁne the polynomials bk (t) of order k ≥ 0 by the asymptotic expansion of e−tL(ξ) for ξ → ∞ such that e−tL(ξ) = e−tL0 (ξ) + e−αt

n

bk (t) ξ

−2k

+ R (t, ξ) .

(1.49)

k=0

Thus instead of conditions (1.43), (1.44) with ν = 0 and (1.47), (1.48) we can suppose the following condition. Let the remainder symbol R (t, ξ) ∈ CN (Rn \ {0}), satisfy the estimate δ l α α l −γ −2n−2 (1.50) ∂ξj R (t, ξ) ≤ Ct δ t δ e− 2 t|ξ| + Ce− 2 t ξ for all t > 0, ξ ∈ Rn \ {0} , l = 0, 1, ..., N , j = 1, 2, ..., n, with some N ≥ n + 2, γ > 0. Deﬁne B 0 = 1 and Bk φ = Bk (x − y) φ (y) dy Rn

with kernels Bk (x) = (2π)

−n 2

eiξx ξ

−2k

k− n 2

21−k |x| (k − 1)!

dξ =

Rn

for k ≥ 1 (see Titchmarsh [1986]), where Kν (|x|) = K−ν (|x|) = 2−ν−1 |x|

ν

∞

K n2 −k (|x|)

ξ −ν−1 e−ξ−

|x|2 4ξ

dξ

0

is the Macdonald function (or modiﬁed Bessel function) of order ν ∈ R (see Watson [1944]). By the estimates of the Macdonald function we see that for any k ≥ 1 k− n+1 2 e−|x| , for |x| ≥ 1, C |x| 1 2k−n−1 |Bk (x)| ≤ C |x| y dy, for |x| < 1 . Hence for any k ≥ 0

k B φ p,b ≤ C φ p,b L L

(1.51)

for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and b ≥ 0. Then we can obtain the following modiﬁcations of Lemmas 1.28 and 1.30.

32

1 Preliminary results

Lemma 1.31. Let the symbol L (ξ) be such that condition (1.50) takes place. Then the estimates are true n 1 1 b b |·| G (t) φ p ≤ Ct− δ ( r − p )+ δ φ Lr L

+ Ct− δ ( r − p ) φ Lr,b + e− 2 t φ Lp,b n

and

1

1

α

n 1 b |·| G (t) φ − ϑt− δ G0 (·) t− δ p a L 1 α − γδ a b −n 1− p + δb −δ ( ) δ t |·| φ L1 + e− 2 t |·| φ ≤ Ct + t

Lp

for all t > 0, where ϑ = Rn φ (x) dx, 1 ≤ r ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a, provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite. Remark 1.32. Conditions of Lemma 1.31 are fulﬁlled, for example, for the −1 Sobolev type equation Lu = − (1 − ∆) α∆u, that is, when the symbol 2 α|ξ| L (ξ) = 1+|ξ| 2 . In this case we have −αt

R (t, ξ) = e

|ξ|2 1+|ξ|2

−αt|ξ|2

−e

−αt

−e

n α k tk k=0

k!

1 + |ξ|

2

−k

.

So that representing −αt

R (t, ξ) = e

|ξ|2 1+|ξ|2

−αt

1−e

|ξ|4 1+|ξ|2

−αt

−e

n α k tk k=0

for all |ξ| ≤ 1, and

−αt|ξ|2

R (t, ξ) = −e

−αt

+e

−

e

αt 1+|ξ|2

−

k!

n α k tk k=0

k!

1 + |ξ|

1 + |ξ|

2

2

−k

for all |ξ| ≥ 1, we can easily obtain condition (1.50). Proof. We have due (1.49) G (t) = G0 (t) + e−αt

n

bk (t) B k + R (t) ,

k=0

where the remainder operator R (t) is deﬁned by its symbol R (t, ξ) R (t) φ = F ξ→x R (t, ξ) φ (ξ) −n 2 (t, x − y) φ (y) dy; R = (2π) Rn

−k

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

33

(t, x) = F ξ→x R (t, ξ). Note that the Green operator G0 (t) here the kernel R satisﬁes conditions (1.43), (1.44) with ν = δ > 0. Hence by Lemma 1.28 we have b |·| G0 (t) φ

≤ Ct− δ ( r − p )+ δ φ Lr + Ct− δ ( r − p ) φ Lr,b n

Lp

1

1

b

n

1

1

(1.52)

and n 1 b |·| G0 (t) φ − ϑt− δ G0 (·) t− δ

≤ Ct− δ (1− p )− n

Lp

1

a−b δ

a

|·| φ L1 (1.53)

for all t > 0. By estimate (1.51) we have n α b −αt b k bk (t) B φ ≤ Ce− 2 t |·| φ p |·| e L k=0

(1.54)

Lp

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, b ≥ 0. (t, x) Now by virtue of condition (1.50) we can estimate the kernel R α δ −γ R (t, x) ≤ C R (t) L1 ≤ C t δ e− 2 t|ξ|

L1

α −2n−2 + Ce− 2 t ξ

− γδ

≤ C t

L1

t− δ . n

On the other hand, integrating n + 2 times by parts with respect to ξl we obtain n −n−2 iξx n+2 e ∂ξl R (t, ξ) dξ R (t, x) ≤ C |x| l=1 −n−2

≤ C |x|

t

n+2 δ

− γδ

t

Rn

α δ − 2 t|ξ| e

L1

−n−2 − α 2t

+ C |x|

e

−2n−2 ξ

L1

−n−2 1 n −γ −n−2 − α ≤ C |x| t− δ t δ t− δ + C |x| e 2 t. Combining these two estimates we have −n−2 1 n −γ −n−2 − α t δ t− δ + C |x| e 2t R (t, x) ≤ C |x| t− δ

(1.55)

for all x ∈ Rn , t > 0. In view of (1.55) applying the Young inequality with 1 1 1 p = q + r − 1 we get

34

1 Preliminary results

≤C

b R (t, x − y) y φ (y) dy R (t) φ Lp,b p Rn L b +C n |x − y| R (t, x − y) φ (y) dy p R L ≤ C R (t) φ Lr,b + C R (t) φ Lr q,b Lq L −n−2 n −γ −n−2 − δ1 φ r,b + Ce− α2 t |x| t |x| ≤ C t δ t− δ q,b φ Lr,b L q L L −n−2 γ γ n 1 1 n 1 − − δ − δ ( r − p )+ δb −δ + C t δ t− δ φ Lr,a |x| t q,b φ Lr ≤ C t t L

(1.56) for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ r ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a. By virtue of (1.52), (1.53), (1.54) and (1.56) the estimates of the lemma follow. Lemma 1.31 is proved. Now we will give another modiﬁcation of Lemma 1.28 to the case of oscillating symbols for ξ → ∞. Consider the Green operator of the form G (t) φ = F ξ→x S (t, ξ) φ (ξ) . We restrict our attention only to the case of the space dimensions n = 1, 2, 3. We assume the following asymptotic expansion for the symbols S (t, ξ) for n = 1, 2, 3

sin (tβ |ξ|) −k ∂tk S (t, ξ) = t e−tL0 (ξ) + ∂tk e−αt + Rk (t, ξ) |ξ| for ξ → ∞, where α > 0, β ∈ R, k = 0, 1. We suppose that the remainder symbols Rk (t, ξ) ∈ CN (Rn \ {0}) obey the estimate δ l α α l − γ −k k−2 (1.57) ∂ξj Rk (t, ξ) ≤ Ct δ t δ e− 2 t|ξ| + Ce− 2 t ξ for all t > 0, ξ ∈ Rn \ {0} , l = 0, 1, ..., N , j = 1, 2, ..., n, k = 0, 1, with some N ≥ n + 2, γ > 0. is the symbol for the wave equation. Hence using the Note that sin(tβ|ξ|) |ξ| well-known formulas for the Green operator of the wave equation

sin (tβ |ξ|) W (t) φ = F ξ→x φ (ξ) |ξ| we obtain (see e.g. Mizohata [1973], Kanwal [2004]) for n = 1 W (t) φ = for n = 2

1 2

x+βt

φ (y) dy, x−βt

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

W (t) φ =

1 2π

and for n = 3 W (t) φ =

|x−y|≤βt

1 4πt

φ (y) dy

35

, 2

β 2 t2 − |x − y|

|x−y|=βt

φ (y) dωy .

By these explicit formulas we easily see that k κk ∂t W (t) φ p,b ≤ C tb+2 i∇ φ L

(1.58)

Lp,b

for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and b ≥ 0, k = 0, 1, where κ = 0 for the one dimensional case n = 1 and κ = 1 for the case of space dimensions n = 2, 3. Then we can obtain the following modiﬁcations of Lemmas 1.28 and 1.30. Lemma 1.33. Let the symbol S (t, ξ) of the operator G (t) be such that condition (1.57) takes place. Then the estimates are true provided that the righthand sides are ﬁnite n 1 1 b b k −k kκ |·| ∂t G (t) φ p ≤ Ct− δ ( r − p )+ δ t i∇ φ r L L n 1 1 α −k kκ kκ + Ct− δ ( r − p ) t i∇ φ + e− 2 t i∇ φ r,b p,b L

and

L

n 1 b |·| G (t) φ − ϑt− δ G0 (·) t− δ

Lp

≤ Ct

b−a 1 −n δ (1− p )+ δ

φ L1,a + t

1 1 b −n δ ( r − p )+ δ

− γδ

t

φ Lr,b

−α 2t

φ Lp,b 2p ≤ r ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ for all t > 0, where ϑ = Rn φ (x) dx, max 1, 2+p +e

min (γ, a) , k = 0, 1, here κ = 0 for the one dimensional case n = 1 and κ = 1 for the case of space dimensions n = 2, 3. Remark 1.34. Condition (1.57) of Lemma 1.33 is fulﬁlled for the damped wave equation, when the symbol

2 1 sin t |ξ| − 4 t S (t, ξ) = e− 2 . 2 |ξ| − 14 In this case we have Rk (t, ξ) =

∂tk S

−k −t|ξ|2

(t, ξ) − t

−1−k −t|ξ|

= O t

e

e 2

− 2t

sin (t |ξ|) |ξ|

− e t k−2 + O e− 4 ξ ∂tk

for all ξ ∈ Rn and this asymptotic representation can be diﬀerentiated with respect to ξ. Therefore we can easily obtain condition (1.57).

36

1 Preliminary results

Proof. We have ∂tk G (t) = t

−k

G0 (t) + ∂tk e−αt W (t) + Rk (t) ,

where the remainder operators Rk (t) are deﬁned by their symbols Rk (t, ξ) −κk

Rk (t) φ = F ξ→x ξ −n 2 = (2π)

κk

Rk (t, ξ) ξ

φ (ξ)

k (t, x − y) i∇κk φ (y) dy; R

Rn

k (t, x) = F ξ→x ξ−κk Rk (t, ξ) . Note that the Green operhere the kernel R ator G0 (t) satisﬁes conditions (1.43), (1.44) with ν = δ > 0. Hence by Lemma 1.28 we have n 1 1 b n 1 1 b (1.59) |·| G0 (t) φ p ≤ Ct− δ ( r − p )+ δ φ Lr + Ct− δ ( r − p ) φ Lr,b L

and n 1 b |·| G0 (t) φ − ϑt− δ G0 (·) t− δ

Lp

≤ Ct− δ (1− p )− n

1

a−b δ

φ L1,a

for all t > 0. By estimate (1.58) we have k −αt κk ∂t e W (t) φ p,b ≤ Ce− α2 t i∇ φ L

(1.60)

(1.61)

Lp,b

for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and b ≥ 0, k = 0, 1, where κ = 0 for the one dimensional case n = 1 and κ = 1 for the case of space dimensions n = 2, 3. k (t, x) Now by virtue of condition (1.57) we can estimate the kernel R δ α −κk − γ −k Rk (t) 2 ≤ C t δ e− 2 t|ξ| 2 Rk (t) 2 = C · L L L α n −κk+k−2 − γδ −k − 2δ + Ce− 2 t · ≤ Ct t . (1.62) 2 L

On the other hand n+2 Rk (t) |x|

L2

≤C

n n+2 −κk Rk (t) ∂ξl ·

L2

l=1

α δ − γ −k t δ e− 2 t|ξ|

≤ Ct

n+2 δ

≤ Ct

n 2 2δ + δ

t

− γδ −k

L2 −α t 2

+ Ce

α −κk+k−2 + Ce− 2 t ·

L2

.

(1.63) −1

ω

By virtue of the H¨ older inequality, taking a = |·| ϕ L2 ϕ L2 > 0, we obtain for p ∈ [1, 2] ω ω −1 φ Lp ≤ (a + |·| ) φ L2 (a + |·| ) 2p L 2−p

1 1 n 1 1 ω ≤ Ca ( p − 2 ) ϕ L2 + Ca ω ( p − 2 )−1 |·| ϕ L2 n ω

n 1 1− n ( 1 − 1 ) ( −1) ω ≤ |·| φ Lω2 p 2 φ L2 ω p 2 .

(1.64)

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

37

Hence the substitution of (1.62) and (1.63) into interpolation inequality (1.64) yields the estimate n 1 b α b − γ −k + Ce− 2 t (1.65) |·| Rk (t) q ≤ Ct− δ (1− q )+ δ t δ L

for 1 ≤ q ≤ 2, b ∈ [0, a] . In view of (1.65) applying the Young inequality with 1 1 1 p = q + r − 1 we get k (t, x − y) yb i∇kκ φ (y) dy R Rk (t) φ Lp,b ≤ C n p R L b kκ +C n |x − y| R (t, x − y) i∇ φ (y) dy p R L kκ kκ i∇ φ ≤ C R (t) i∇ φ + C R (t) r,b Lq Lq,b Lr L γ 1 1 − −k kκ −n − ( ) ≤ Ct δ r p t δ i∇ φ r,b L 1 1 − γδ −k kκ −n −p + δb ( ) δ r + Ct t (1.66) i∇ φ r

L

2p for all t > 0, where max 1, 2+p ≤ r ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a. By virtue of (1.59), (1.60), (1.61) and (1.66) the estimates of the lemma follow. Lemma 1.33 is proved.

1.5.2 Estimates in the L2 - theory By the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem the Lp norms can be estimated by derivatives in L2 norms and weighted L1,a norms can be estimates by weighted L2,b norms with b > a + n2 . And the L2 - theory is convenient for passing to Fourier transform representations. Consider the Green operator of the form G (t) φ = F ξ→x S (t, ξ) φ (ξ) , where the symbol S (t, ξ) satisﬁes estimates |S (t, ξ)| ≤ ξ

−µ −αt{ξ}δ

e

(1.67)

for all ξ ∈ Rn , where α > 0, δ > 0, µ ≥ 0. Also we suppose that the symbol is suﬃciently smooth except the origin: S (t, ξ) ∈ CN (R+ × Rn \ {0}) and obeys the estimate l δ α l µ (1.68) ∂ξj (ξ S (t, ξ)) ≤ C t δ e− 2 t{ξ} for all t > 0, ξ ∈ Rn \ {0} , l = 0, 1, ..., N , j = 1, 2, ..., n, with some N ≥ n + 2. We now prove L2 estimates for the Green operator G (t).

38

1 Preliminary results

Lemma 1.35. Let the symbol S (t, ξ) satisfy conditions (1.67) and (1.68). Then the estimates are true ρ − ρ−β − n 1 − 1 β −µ |∇| G (t) φ L2 ≤ C t δ δ ( q 2 ) |∇| i∇ φ Lq ρ −µ −αt + Ce |∇| i∇ φ 2 L

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ q ≤ 2, 0 ≤ β ≤ ρ, and ω ω −n −µ −n 1−1 ω −µ |·| G (t) φ L2 ≤ C t δ 2δ i∇ φ 1 + C t δ ( q 2 ) |·| i∇ φ q L L ω −µ −α t + Ce 2 · i∇ φ 2 L

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ q ≤ 2, are ﬁnite.

n 2

< ω ≤ N, provided that the right-hand sides

Remark 1.36. The conditions of Lemma 1.35 are fulﬁlled for the damped wave equation for any space dimensions

2 sin t |ξ| − 14 t S (t, ξ) = e− 2 2 |ξ| − 14 if we take δ = 2, µ = 1 and α = 12 . Proof. By condition (1.67) we get ρ

n −ρ δ − δr

µ

|ξ| ξ S (t, ξ) Lr (|ξ|≤1) ≤ C t and

ξ S (t, ξ) L∞ (|ξ|≥1) ≤ Ce−αt µ

for all t > 0; hence by the H¨ older inequality and estimate for the Fourier transform (see Titchmarsh [1986]) Fφ

q

L q−1

≤ C φ Lq

for 1 ≤ q ≤ 2, the ﬁrst estimate of the lemma follows ρ

|∇| G (t) φ L2 ρ−β µ ≤ C |ξ| ξ S (t, ξ)

β −µ q |ξ| ξ φ (ξ) q−1 L (|ξ|≤1) (|ξ|≤1) ρ −µ µ + C ξ S (t, ξ) L∞ (|ξ|≥1) |ξ| ξ φ (ξ) 2 L (|ξ|≥1) n 1 1 ρ − ρ−β − − β −µ −µ ≤ C t δ δ ( q 2 ) |∇| i∇ φ q + Ce−αt |∇| i∇ φ 2q L 2−q

L

L2

.

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

39

To prove the second estimate of the lemma we introduce a cut oﬀ function χ1 ∈ C∞ (Rn ) such that χ1 (ξ) = 1 for |ξ| ≤ 1 and χ1 (ξ) = 0 for |ξ| ≥ 2, also let χ2 (ξ) = 1 − χ1 (ξ) . Note that there exists a smooth and rapidly decaying kernel µ K (t, x) = F ξ→x (ξ S (t, ξ) χ1 (ξ)) . By condition (1.68) we have l δ α l µ ∂ξj (ξ S (t, ξ) χ1 (ξ)) ≤ C t δ e− 2 t{ξ} for all t > 0, |ξ| ≤ 2, l = 0, 1, ..., N , j = 1, 2, ..., n. Hence l µ l xj K (t, x) 2 ≤ C (ξ S (t, ξ) χ (ξ)) ∂ 1 ξ j L

L2 (|ξ|≤2)

l

≤ C t δ

n − 2δ

,

so that by the H¨ older inequality σ

σ

|·| K (t) L2 ≤ C t δ

n − 2δ

with 0 ≤ σ ≤ ω. By interpolation inequality (1.64) with p = K (t)

2q L 3q−2

(1.69) 2q 3q−2

we get

n 1− n (1− q1 ) (1− 1 ) ω ≤ |·| K (t) Lω2 q K (t) L2 ω

≤ C t

1 1 −n δ (q−2)

.

(1.70)

Then in view of (1.69) and (1.70), and by applying the Young inequality and ω ω ω estimate |x| ≤ C |x − y| + C |y| , we obtain ω µ −µ |·| F ξ→x (ξ S (t, ξ) χ1 (ξ)) ξ φ (ξ) 2 L ω −µ = K (t, · − y) i∇ φ (y) dy |·| Rn

L2

x ω −µ −µ ≤ C |·| K (t) L2 i∇ φ 1 + C K (t) 2q |·| i∇ φ q 3q−2 L L L ω n 1 1 −µ −n ω −µ δ − 2δ δ (q−2) ≤ C t (1.71) i∇ φ 1 + C t |·| i∇ φ q .

ω

L

L

Employing condition (1.68) we have α l µ ∂ξj (ξ S (t, ξ) χ2 (ξ)) ≤ Ce− 2 t for all t > 0, |ξ| ≤ 2, l = 0, 1, ..., N , j = 1, 2, ..., n. Denote m = [ω] , = ω − m, then for the fractional derivative ∂ξωj we can write ∂ξωj (ψφ) = +C

m k=1

0

m k=1 ∞

∂ξkj ψ ∂ξω−k φ j

˘ (η) η −1− dη, ∂ξkj ψ (ξ) − ∂ξkj ψ ξ˘ (η) ∂ξm−k φ ξ j

40

1 Preliminary results

where ξ˘ (η) ≡ (ξ1 , ..., ξj + η, ..., ξn ) . Then we have ω ∂ξj (ψφ)

L2

≤C

m k φ ∂ξj ψ ∂ξω−k j

L2

k=1 m m ∞ m−k k k −1− +C dηy ∂ξj ψ (ξ) − ∂ξj ψ ξ˘ (η) ∂ξj φ ξ˘ (η) η 0

≤

k=1 k=1 m k C ∂ξj ψ ∞ L k=1

ω−k ∂ξj φ

[ω]+1 ≤ C i∇ ψ

L∞

L2

+C

m

k+1 ∂ξj ψ

L

k=1

L2

m−k φ ∂ ξj ∞

L2

ω

i∇ φ L2 .

Therefore we get ω µ −µ ∂ξj (ξ S (t, ξ) χ2 (ξ)) ξ φ (ξ) 2 L ω ω −µ −µ −α t −α 2 ≤ Ce i∇ ξ φ (ξ) 2 ≤ Ce 2 t · i∇ φ

L2

L

.

(1.72)

Now estimates (1.71) and (1.72) yield the second estimate of the lemma. Lemma 1.35 is proved. To ﬁnd the large time asymptotic behavior of the Green operator we assume that the symbol S (t, ξ) has the following asymptotic representation in the origin δ γ −µ (1.73) S (t, ξ) = e−tL0 (ξ) + O |ξ| ξ e−αt{ξ} for ξ → 0 with some γ > 0. We assume that the symbol L0 (ξ) is homogeneous of order δ and satisﬁes estimate (1.43) with ν = δ > 0. Also we deﬁne 1 1 ˆ G0 (x − y) t− δ φ (y) dy, = t− δ G0 (t) φ = F ξ→x e−tL0 (ξ) φ(ξ) Rn

where the kernel

G0 (x) = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ) .

Denote the mean value θ = (2π)

−n 2

φ (x) dx. Rn

Lemma 1.37. Let the symbol S (t, ξ) satisfy conditions (1.67) and (1.73). Then the estimate is true ρ+γ n 1 1 ρ −µ |∇| (G (t) φ − θG0 (t)) L2 ≤ Ct− δ − δ ( q − 2 ) i∇ φ q L ρ+1 n 1 1 ρ −µ −µ + Ct− δ − δ ( q − 2 ) · i∇ φ q + Ce−αt |∇| i∇ φ 2 L

L

for all t ≥ 1, where 1 ≤ q ≤ 2, ρ ≥ 0, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite.

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

Proof. By (1.73) we obtain ρ µ |ξ| ξ S (t, ξ) − e−tL0 (ξ)

Lr (|ξ|≤1)

and in view of (1.67) we have µ ξ S (t, ξ) + e−tL0 (ξ)

≤ C t

L∞ (|ξ|≥1)

41

n − ρ+γ δ − δr

≤ Ce−αt

for all t ≥ 1. Hence we get for 1 ≤ q ≤ 2 ρ

|∇| (G (t) φ − θG0 (t)) L2 ρ µ −µ ≤ C |ξ| ξ S (t, ξ) − e−tL0 (ξ) ξ φ (ξ) L2 (|ξ|≤1) δ ρ + C |ξ| e−αt|ξ| φ (ξ) − φ (0) 2 L (|ξ|≤1) µ ρ −µ −tL0 (ξ) |ξ| ξ φ (ξ) + ξ S (t, ξ) + e L2 (|ξ|≥1) ρ µ −µ ≤ C |ξ| ξ S (t, ξ) − e−tL0 (ξ) 2q φ q ξ L q−1 (|ξ|≤1) L 2−q (|ξ|≤1) δ ρ+1 −αt|ξ| −µ q 2q + C |ξ| e 2−q ∂ξj ξ φ q−1 L (|ξ|≤1) L (|ξ|≤1) ρ −µ µ + C ξ S (t, ξ) L∞ (|ξ|≥1) |ξ| ξ φ L2 (|ξ|≥1) ρ+γ n 1 1 −µ ≤ Ct− δ − δ ( q − 2 ) i∇ φ q L 1 ρ −µ −µ − ρ+1 −n − 12 ) ( δ δ q + Ct · i∇ φ + Ce−αt |∇| i∇ φ . Lq

L2

Therefore the estimate of the lemma is true. Lemma 1.37 is proved. 1.5.3 Estimates in Fourier spaces We now obtain estimates for the Green operator G (t) in the norms ρ

(ξ) Lp (|ξ|≤1) , ϕ Aρ,p = |ξ| ϕ ξ

s

ϕ Bs,p = |ξ| ϕ (ξ) Lp (|ξ|≥1) , ξ ω ρ s D = {ξ} ξ ϕ (ξ) ϕ Γρ,s ∞ η L (|η|≤1) ω η

L∞ ξ

,

where ρ, s ∈ R, ω ∈ (0, 1) , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, and −ω

Dηω φ (ξ) ≡ |η|

|φ (ξ + η) − φ (ξ)| .

The norm Aρ,p is responsible for the large time asymptotic properties of solutions and the norm Bs,p describes the regularity of solutions. These norms allow us to relax condition ν > 0.

42

1 Preliminary results

Lemma 1.38. Let the symbol L (ξ) satisfy conditions (1.43) and (1.44) with ν ≥ 0. Then the following estimates are valid for all t > 0 provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite 1 1 1 −ρ δ−δ(p−q)

G (t) ϕ Aρ,p ≤ C t for ρ ≥ 0 if p = q and for ρ +

1 p

−

1 q

ϕ A0,q

> 0 if 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞, −s

ϕ B0,p

−s

ϕ Γ0,0 ω

G (t) ϕ Bsν,p ≤ Ce− 2 t {t} α

for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, s ≥ 0 (s = 0 if ν = 0), G (t) ϕ Γρ,sν ≤ C t ω + C t

ω−ρ δ

{t}

−s

−ρ δ

{t}

( ϕ A0,∞ + ϕ B0,∞ )

for s ≥ 0 (s = 0 if ν = 0), ρ ≥ 0, ω < δ if ρ = 0 and ω < ρ if ρ > 0. Moreover if ϕ (0) = 0, then 1 − δ1 (ρ+ω+ p )

G (t) ϕ Aρ,p ≤ C t

for ρ + ω ≥ 0 if p = ∞ and for ρ + ω +

1 p

, ϕ Γ0,0 ω

> 0 if 1 ≤ p < ∞ and

−ρ δ

−s

≤ C t G (t) ϕ Γρ,sν ω

{t}

ϕ Γ0,0 ω

where s ≥ 0 (s = 0 if ν = 0), ρ ≥ 0, ω < δ if ρ = 0 and ω < ρ if ρ > 0. Proof. By virtue of dissipation condition (1.43) we have δ δ α ρ ρ −ρ |ξ| e−tL(ξ) ≤ C |ξ| e−tα|ξ| ≤ C t δ e−t 2 |ξ|

(1.74) 1

for all t > 0, |ξ| ≤ 1, where ρ ≥ 0. By (1.74) changing the variable η = ξ t δ we get in the case 1 ≤ r < ∞, ρ + 1r > 0

ρ −tL(ξ) |ξ| e

Lrξ (|ξ|≤1)

1 −ρ δ − δr

≤ C t

r1

=

|ξ|≤1 ρr

1 |η|≤t δ

|η|

|ξ|

ρr

e

−rα|η|δ

e

−rtα|ξ|δ

r1

hence by the H¨ older inequality we get

1 −ρ δ − δr

≤ C t

dη

and in the case r = ∞, ρ ≥ 0 δ α ρ −tL(ξ) −ρ ≤ C t δ e−t 2 |ξ| |ξ| e ∞ Lξ (|ξ|≤1)

dξ

L∞ (|ξ|≤1) ξ

,

−ρ δ

≤ C t

(1.75)

;

(1.76)

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

43

ρ = |ξ| e−tL(ξ) ϕ (ξ)

G (t) ϕ Aρ,p

Lp (|ξ|≤1) ξ

ρ ≤ C |ξ| e−tL(ξ)

pq Lξq−p

1 1 1 −ρ δ−δ(p−q)

(|ξ|≤1)

ϕ A0,q

ϕ Lq (|ξ|≤1) ≤ C t ξ

for ρ + p1 − 1q > 0 if 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞ and for ρ ≥ 0 if p = q. To prove the second estimate of the lemma we write by condition (1.43) ν α sν sν −s |ξ| e−tL(ξ) ≤ C |ξ| e−tα|ξ| ≤ Ce− 2 t {t} for all t > 0, |ξ| ≥ 1, where s ≥ 0 (s = 0 if ν = 0). Therefore sν G (t) ϕ Bsν,p ≤ C |ξ| e−tL(ξ) ∞ ϕ Lp (|ξ|≥1) Lξ (|ξ|≥1)

−α 2t

≤ Ce

−s

{t}

ξ

ϕ B0,p .

Thus the second estimate of the lemma is true. We now prove the third estimate of the lemma. We have ω Dη {ξ}ρ ξsν e−tL(ξ) ϕ G (t) ϕ Γρ,sν = (ξ) ω

∞ L (|η|≤1) η

ρ sν ≤ {ξ} ξ e−L(ξ)t Dηω ϕ (ξ) L∞ (|η|≤1) η

L∞ ξ

L∞ (|η|≤1)

ρ sν −L(ξ)t ω ϕ (ξ − η) D + {ξ} ξ e η

L∞ ξ

η

.

(1.77)

L∞ ξ

Via the ﬁrst and second estimates of the lemma we have for the ﬁrst summand in the right-hand side of (1.77) ρ sν −L(ξ)t Dηω ϕ (ξ) L∞ (|η|≤1) {ξ} ξ e η L∞ ξ ρ − δ ω ≤ C t Dη ϕ (ξ) L∞ (|η|≤1) η L∞ (|ξ|≤1) ξ α −s + Ce− 2 t {t} Dηω ϕ (ξ) L∞ (|η|≤1) ∞ η

−ρ δ

≤ C t

−s

{t}

Lξ (|ξ|≥1)

ϕ Γ0,0 . ω

(1.78)

Consequently for the second summand in the right-hand side of (1.77) we ﬁnd ρ sν −L(ξ)t ω ϕ (ξ − η) D {ξ} ξ e η L∞ η (|η|≤1) L∞ ξ ω ρ sν −L(ξ)t . ≤ C ϕ L∞ {ξ} ξ e (1.79) ∞ Dη Lη (|η|≤1) L∞ ξ

44

1 Preliminary results

In the case |ξ| ≤ 2, |η| ≤ 1, by condition (1.44) we have for all 0 < t ≤ 1 ξ−η ∂ ρ sν −ω ρ sν Dηω {ξ} ξ e−L(ξ)t = |η| {y} y e−L(y)t dy ξ ∂y ξ−η −ω δ+ρ−1 ρ−1 ≤ C |η| + ρ |y| |y| dy ≤ C ξ 1 η = t− δ1 η, and and then for all t ≥ 1 changing the variables ξ = t− δ ξ, − δ1 y = t y we get ξ−η δ ρ sν −ω δ+ρ−1 ρ−1 dy e−Ct|y| t |y| + ρ |y| Dηω {ξ} ξ e−L(ξ)t ≤ C |η| ξ ξ− η δ ω−ρ ω−ρ −ω δ+ρ−1 ρ−1 y| ≤ Ct δ | | y| d y ≤ Ct δ η| e−C | + ρ | y| ξ

where ω < δ if ρ = 0 and ω < ρ if ρ > 0. And in the case |ξ| ≥ 2, |η| ≤ 1, by condition (1.44) we ﬁnd ξ−η ν α ρ sν −ω sν−1 e−Ct|y| |y| dy Dηω {ξ} ξ e−L(ξ)t ≤ Ce− 2 t |η| ξ ξ−η dy α α −s −ω −s ≤ Ce− 2 t {t} |η| (1.80) ≤ Ce− 2 t {t} ξ |y| for all t > 0.Thus we get the estimate ω Dη {ξ}ρ ξsν e−L(ξ)t ∞ Lη

(|η|≤1)

L∞ ξ

−s

≤ C {t}

t

ω−ρ δ

(1.81)

for all t > 0. The substitution of (1.78), (1.79) and (1.81) into (1.77) yields the third estimate of the lemma. Now we suppose that ϕ (0) = 0, then via (1.75) and (1.76) we obtain the fourth estimate of the lemma ρ (ξ) − ϕ (0)) p G (t) ϕ Aρ,p = |ξ| e−tL(ξ) (ϕ Lξ (|ξ|≤1) ρ+ω −tL(ξ) ω ≤ |ξ| e Dξ ϕ (0) p Lξ (|ξ|≤1) ω ρ+ω −tL(ξ) Dη ϕ ≤ C |ξ| e (0) L∞ (|η|≤1) p Lξ (|ξ|≤1)

≤ C t

− δ1

(

1 ρ+ω+ p

) ϕ

ξ

Γ0,0 ω

for ρ + ω ≥ 0 if p = ∞ and for ρ + ω +

1 p

> 0 if 1 ≤ p < ∞.

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

45

To prove the last estimate in view of the condition ϕ (0) = 0, instead of (1.79) we write ρ sν −L(ξ)t ω ϕ ∞ (ξ − η) Dη {ξ} ξ e Lη (|η|≤1) L∞ ξ ω ρ sν ω −L(ξ)t ≤ C ϕ Γ0,0 |ξ − η| Dη {ξ} ξ e ω L∞ η (|η|≤1) L∞ (|ξ|≤2) ξ

ω ρ sν −L(ξ)t + ϕ L∞ Dη {ξ} ξ e ∞ L (|η|≤1)

.

Using (1.81) with ρ replaced by ρ + ω we ﬁnd |ξ − η|ω Dηω {ξ}ρ ξsν e−L(ξ)t ∞ Lη (|η|≤1) L∞ (|ξ|≤2) ξ ω ρ+ω sν ≤ ξ e−L(ξ)t ∞ Dη {ξ} Lη (|η|≤1) L∞ (|ξ|≤2) ξ ρ sν −L(ξ)t ω ω −ω + ||ξ − η| − |ξ| | |η| ∞ {ξ} ξ e Lη

L∞ (|η|≤1)

ω ρ+ω sν ≤ ξ e−L(ξ)t Dη {ξ} ρ sν + C {ξ} ξ e−L(ξ)t

L∞ ξ

(1.82)

L∞ (|ξ|≥2) ξ

η

(|η|≤1)

L∞ (|ξ|≤2) ξ

L∞ ξ

η

−s

≤ C {t}

−ρ δ

t

.

(1.83)

The substitution of (1.78), (1.80), (1.82) and (1.83) into (1.77) yields the last estimate of the lemma which is then proved. In the next lemma we give the large time asymptotics for the Green operator G (t) . Lemma 1.39. Let the symbol L (ξ) satisfy conditions (1.43), (1.44) and (1.47) with ν ≥ 0. Then the estimate is true 1 1 G (t) φ − t− δ φ (0) G0 t− δ (·) ρ,p A 1 − ρ+µ δ − δp φ Γ0,0 ≤ C t + φ 0,∞ A ω for all t ≥ 1, where ϑ = φ (0) , µ = min (γ, ω) , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, ρ + ω ≥ 0 if p = ∞ and ρ + ω + p1 > 0 if 1 ≤ p < ∞. Proof. By virtue of dissipation condition (1.43) and asymptotics (1.47) we have δ −tL(ξ) δ+γ −Ct|ξ|δ − e−tL0 (ξ) ≤ Ct |L (ξ) − L0 (ξ)| e−Ct|ξ| ≤ Ct |ξ| e e

46

1 Preliminary results

for all t > 0 and |ξ| ≤ 1. Thus ρ (G (t) − G0 (t)) φ Aρ,p = |ξ| e−tL(ξ) − e−tL0 (ξ) φ (ξ) p Lξ (|ξ|≤1) δ+ρ+γ −Ct|ξ|δ − ρ+γ − 1 ≤ Ct |ξ| e ≤ C t δ δp φ A0,∞ . p φ (ξ) ∞ Lξ (|ξ|≤1)

Lξ (|ξ|≤1)

By (1.53) and (1.54), we get 1 1 G0 (t) φ − t− δ φ (0) G0 t− δ (·) ρ,p A ρ+ω −tL0 (ξ) −ω = |ξ| e |ξ| φ (ξ) − φ (0) p L (|ξ|≤1) ξ ω ρ+ω −tL0 (ξ) ≤ C |ξ| e p Dξ φ (0) ∞ Lξ (|ξ|≤1)

1 − ρ+ω δ − δp

≤ C t

Lξ (|ξ|≤1)

φ Γ0,0 . ω

Therefore the estimate of the lemma is valid and Lemma 1.39 is proved. 1.5.4 Estimates for large x and t Consider the Green operator G (t) of the form 1 α 1 ˆ G t− α (x − y) φ(y)dy = t− α G (t) φ = F η→x e−|η| t φ(η)

(1.84)

R

α with a kernel G (x) = F η→x e−|η| . In the next lemma we collect some estimates of the Green operator G (t) in the weighted Lebesgue norms φ Lp,β , where β ≥ 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Lemma 1.40. Suppose that the function φ ∈ L∞,β (R) , where β ∈ (1, 1 + α] . Then the estimates 1 G (t) φ L∞ ≤ min t− α φ L1 , φ L∞ and G (t) φ L∞,β ≤ C t

β−1 α

φ L1 + C φ L∞,β

are valid for all t > 0, and 1 < β ≤ 1 + α. Moreover if φ ∈ L∞,β (R) , where β ∈ (2, 2 + α] , then the estimate 1 − 1 β 1 −α t α (·) G (t) φ − ϑt G t− α (·) L∞

≤ Ct

2 −α

φ L1,1 + Ct

β −α

φ L∞,β is true for all t ≥ 1, 2 < β ≤ 2 + α, where ϑ = R φ(y)dy. Also the following two estimates are valid

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

47

− 1 β 1 1 t α (·) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) (t − τ )− α G (t − τ )− α (·)

L∞

≤ Ct

2 −α

φ (τ ) L1,1 + Ct

β −α

for all 0 < τ < 2t and − 1 β t α (·) G (t − τ ) φ (τ )

φ (τ ) L∞,β

β

L∞

for all

t 2

≤ C φ (τ ) L∞ + Cτ − α φ (τ ) L∞,β

≤ τ < t, where 2 < β ≤ 2 + α, and ϑ (τ ) =

R

φ(τ, y)dy.

Proof. We have the estimate G L∞,1+α ≤ C.

(1.85)

In the same manner we can obtain the estimate for the derivative G L∞,2+α ≤ C. By virtue of (1.85) we ﬁnd 1 1 t− α G t− α (·)

L1

and

1 β β t− α |·| G t− α (·)

L∞

(1.86)

−1−α = G L1 ≤ C ·

≤ C,

L1

β = |·| G

L∞

β−1−α ≤ C ·

L∞

≤ C,

for β ∈ [0, 1 + α] . Hence by the Young inequality for convolutions we obtain the ﬁrst two estimates of the lemma 1 1 G (t) φ L∞ ≤ t− α G t− α (·) φ L∞ ≤ C φ L∞ , G (t) φ L∞ and

1 1 ≤ t− α G t− α (·)

L1

L∞

φ L1 ≤ Ct− α φ L1 1

1 β 1 G (t) φ L∞,β ≤ C |·| t− α G t− α (·) φ L1 L∞ 1 1 β−1 −α −α + C t G t (·) 1 φ L∞,β ≤ C t α φ L1 + C φ L∞,β L

for all t > 0, where 0 ≤ β ≤ 1 + α. To prove the third estimate we write 1 β 1 1 −α t x G (t) φ − ϑt− α G t− α x 1 1 1 − α1 β −α =t t x G t− α (x − y) − G t− α x φ(y)dy R

48

1 Preliminary results

for any β ≥ 0. By applying the Lagrange Theorem, in view of (1.86), we obtain |ξ| |G (ξ − η) − G (ξ)| ≤ |ξ| |η| |G (ξ ∗ )| β

β

≤ C |ξ| |η| ξ ∗ β

for all ξ, η ∈ R, |η| ≤

|ξ| 2 .

For all |η| ≥

−2−α

≤ C |η| ξ

β−2−α

|ξ| 2

we get β β −1−α −1−α + η |ξ| |G (ξ − η) − G (ξ)| ≤ C |η| ξ − η .

Thus we see that 1 β 1 1 −α t x G t− α (x − y) − G t− α x 1 1 β−2−α ≤ C t− α y t− α x 1 β 1 −1−α 1 −1−α

t− α (x − y) + C t− α y + t− α η for all x, y ∈ R, t > 0. Hence by the Young inequality for convolutions − 1 β t α (·) G (t) φ − ϑt− α1 G t− α1 (·) ∞ L β−2−α 1 1 1 −α − − t α· ≤ Ct t α y φ(y)dy ∞ R L −1−α 1 −1−α 1 β 1 1 −α −α − − α α t + Ct (· − y) + t y t y φ(y)dy ∞ L R β−2−α 1 1 1 −α t− α (·) φ ≤ Ct− α (·) t ∞ L1 L −1−α β − 1 1 1 −α t α (·) φ + Ct− α (·) t L∞

L1

≤ Ct

2 −α

φ L1,1 + Ct

β −α

φ L∞,β ≤ Ct

2 −α

φ L∞,β

for all t ≥ 1, where 2 < β ≤ 2 + α. On the other hand using estimate |G (ξ − η) − G (ξ)| ≤ |η| |G (ξ ∗ )| ≤ C |η| we have 1 1 G (t) φ − ϑt− α G t− α (·) ∞ L 1 1 1 −α −α −α G t ≤ Ct (· − y) − G t x φ(y)dy ∞ L R 1 1 2 2 ≤ Ct− α t− α y φ(y)dy = Ct− α |·| φ L1 ≤ Ct− α φ L∞,β . R

1.5 Estimates for linear semigroups

49

Thus the third estimate of the lemma is true. To prove the fourth estimate we write 1 β −α −1 −1 t x G (t − τ ) α (x − y) − G (t − τ ) α x β −1 −1 −1 ≤ (t − τ ) α x G (t − τ ) α (x − y) − G (t − τ ) α x β−2−α −1 −1 ≤ C (t − τ ) α y (t − τ ) α x β −1−α −1−α

1 1 1 −α −α −α (t − τ ) + C (t − τ ) y (x − y) + (t − τ ) y for all x, y ∈ R, t > 0. Then for all 0 < τ < 2t we have − 1 β 1 1 t α (·) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) (t − τ )− α G (t − τ )− α (·) ∞ L β−2−α −1 −1 −1 (t − τ ) α · ≤ C (t − τ ) α (t − τ ) α y φ(τ, y)dy ∞ L R −1−α 1 1 −α − (t − τ ) α (· − y) + C (t − τ ) R β −1−α −1 −1 + (t − τ ) α y (t − τ ) α y φ(τ, y)dy ∞ L β−2−α 1 1 1 −α − (t − τ ) α (·) (t − τ )− α (·) φ ≤ C (t − τ ) 1 ∞ L L −1−α β 1 1 −1 −α (t − τ )− α (·) φ + C (t − τ ) α (·) (t − τ ) L∞

L1

≤ Ct

2 −α

φ (τ ) L1,1 + Ct

β −α

φ (τ ) L∞,β .

In addition for all 2t ≤ τ < t we obtain − 1 β β β −α t α (·) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) ≤ t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) |·| ∞ ∞ L L β β β β ≤ t− α (t − τ ) α φ (τ ) L∞ + t− α |·| φ (τ ) L∞

≤ C φ (τ ) L∞ + Cτ

β −α

φ (τ ) L∞,β . where 2 < β ≤ 2 + α, with ϑ (τ ) = R φ(τ, y)dy. Lemma 1.40 is then proved. Let us now compute the asymptotics of the Green function α 1 G (ξ) = √ eiξη e−|η| dη 2π R for large values of ξ.

50

1 Preliminary results

Lemma 1.41. Let α > 0. Then the asymptotics √ 2 πα −1−α −1−2α + O |ξ| sin G (ξ) = √ Γ (α + 1) |ξ| 2 π

(1.87)

is true for |ξ| → ∞. Proof. Denote m = [a] + 1. We integrate by parts m times with respect to η to get α 1 −m G (ξ) = √ (iξ) eiξη ∂ηm e−|η| dη 2π R α (α − 1) · · · (α + 1 − m) α−m √ = eiξη |η| dη ξ m 2π R α α−m eiξη |η| − ∂ηm e−|η| dη + Cξ −m R

= I1 + I2 . The ﬁrst summand I1 gives the main term of the asymptotics (1.87); it can be computed explicitly (see Erd´elyi et al. [1954]) α (α − 1) · · · (α − m + 1) α−m √ eiξη |η| dη I1 = ξ m 2π R √ 2 πα −1−α . (1.88) = √ Γ (α + 1) |ξ| sin 2 π For the second term I2 we obtain α α−m eiξη |η| − ∂ηm e−|η| dη I2 = O ξ −m R −m α α−m e−|η| − 1 dη =O ξ eiξη |η| R

+

m k=2

O ξ −m

kα−m −|η|α

eiξη |η|

e

dη.

R

In each of the integrals we can again repeat integration by parts withrespect −1−2α . Thus to η and use the explicit formula (1.88) to get estimate O |ξ| we have asymptotics (1.87), and Lemma 1.41 is proved.

2 Asymptotically weak nonlinearity

The aim of this chapter is to ﬁnd the large time asymptotic representations of solutions in the supercritical case, that is when the nonlinear term decays in time faster than the linear part of the equation. This type of nonlinearity we call the asymptotically weak one. We intend to ﬁnd the main term of the asymptotics and to give an estimate of the remainder term in the uniform norm. We will see that the large time asymptotic behavior has a quasi linear character, that is the nonlinearity alters only the coeﬃcient of the main term of the asymptotic formula. Taking into account some additional symmetry of the nonlinearity in equation we will be able to consider the case of large initial data.

2.1 General approach Now we give a general approach for obtaining the large time asymptotic representation of solutions to the Cauchy problem (1.7) ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (2.1) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , in the case of asymptotically weak nonlinearity (we often call this case supercritical). By the Duhamel principle we rewrite the Cauchy problem (2.1) as the following integral equation t G (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) dτ, (2.2) u (t) = G (t) u0 − 0

where G is the Green operator of the corresponding linear problem. We ﬁx a metric space Z of functions deﬁned on Rn and a complete metric space X of functions deﬁned on [0, ∞) × Rn .

52

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Deﬁnition 2.1. We call function G0 ∈ X an asymptotic kernel for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z if there exists a continuous linear functional f : Z → R such that the estimate is true γ

t (G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) X ≤ C φ Z

(2.3)

for any φ ∈ Z, where γ > 0. Remark 2.2. Below the functional f (φ) often will be chosen in the form n f (φ) = Rn φ (x) dx = (2π) 2 φ (0) . Sometimes the functional f also might have the form of the moments. Deﬁnition 2.3. We call the nonlinearity ∞N (u) in equation (2.2) as asymptotically weak in space X if the integral 0 f (N (u (τ ))) dτ converges for any u ∈ X. Now we state some suﬃcient conditions for obtaining the large time asymptotics of solutions to the Cauchy problem (2.1) in the supercritical case. Theorem 2.4. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Z. Assume that there exists an asymptotic kernel G0 for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z. Let the nonlinearity N (u) of equation (2.1) be asymptotically weak in space X. Suppose that there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (2.1) and that the following estimates are valid t γ 2 (G (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) − G0 (t − τ ) f (N (u (τ )))) dτ t 0 X t γ σ + t G (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) dτ ≤ C u X (2.4) t 2

and

X

∞ γ f (N (u (τ ))) dτ t G0 (t) t 2 X 2t γ + t (G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t)) f (N (u (τ ))) dτ 0

σ

≤ C u X

(2.5)

X

for any u ∈ X, where σ > 0, γ > 0. Then this solution has the following large time asymptotics γ

σ

t (u (t) − AG0 (t)) X ≤ C u0 Z + C u X , where σ > 0, γ > 0 are taken from condition (2.4), and the constant ∞ A = f (u0 ) − f (N (u (τ ))) dτ. 0

(2.6)

2.1 General approach

53

Remark 2.5. We can guarantee that the coeﬃcient A = 0 in the asymptotic representation (2.6) if f (u0 ) = 0 and N (u) is small. It happens, for example, in the case of small solutions or for convective type equations, when f (N (u)) ≡ 0 (see Example 2.15 below.) It can occur that A = 0, for instance, for convective equations f (N (u)) ≡ 0 if the initial data have zero mean value f (u0 ) = 0 (see Example 2.18 and Example 2.10). In the last case formula (2.6) gives us only some time decay estimate for the solutions. Proof. By virtue of the integral equation (2.2) we get γ

γ

t (u (t) − AG0 (t)) X ≤ t (G (t) u0 − G0 (t) f (u0 ) X t γ 2 + t (G (t − τ ) N (u (τ ) ) − G0 (t − τ ) ϑ (τ )) dτ 0 X ∞ t γ γ + t G (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) dτ + t G0 (t) ϑ (τ ) dτ t t 2 2 X X t γ 2 + t (G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t)) ϑ (τ ) dτ , (2.7) 0 X

where ϑ (τ ) = f (N (u (τ ))) . All summands in the right-hand side of (2.7) are estimated by C u0 Z + σ C u X via estimates (2.3) - (2.5). Thus by (2.7) the asymptotics (2.6) is valid. Theorem 2.4 is proved. Example 2.6. Large time asymptotics for global solutions of the nonlinear heat equation We now apply Theorem 2.4 for obtaining the large time asymptotics of global solutions to the Cauchy problem (1.13) σ ut − ∆u = λ |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (2.8) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn in the supercritical case σ > n2 , where λ ∈ R. Deﬁne the space Z Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) , where now a ∈ (0, 1] , and p > max 1, n2 σ and the space X = {φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : φ X < ∞} , where the norm

n −a 1− 1 φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2 ( p ) φ (t) Lp t≥0

n

n

+ sup {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ . t>0

54

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Also we consider the norm nσ

φ Y = sup {t} 2p t t>0

+ t 2 ( n

1 1− p )

nσ 2

−a 2

t

φ (t) L1,a

n n φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ .

1,a n Theorem 2.7. Let σ > n2 . Assume nthat the initial data u0 ∈ L (R ) ∩ p n L (R ), a ∈ (0, 1] , and p > max 1, 2 σ . Suppose that there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (2.8). Then this solution has the following large time asymptotics

u (t, x) = At− 2 e− n

n + O t− 2 −γ

|x|2 4t

(2.9) as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where 0 < γ < min 2 , n2 σ − 1 , and the constant ∞ σ A= u0 (x) dx − λ dτ |u (τ, x)| u (τ, x) dx. a

Rn

Rn

0

Remark 2.8. The existence of a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (2.8) was obtained in Theorem 1.19 for the case of small initial data and any sign of λ ∈ R and in Theorems 1.22 and 1.25 for the case of large initial data and λ < 0. Before proving Theorem 2.7 we prepare the following lemma. Lemma 2.9. The Green operator G (t) φ = G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy, Rn −n 2

where G (t, x) = (4πt)

e−

|x|2 4t

, has the asymptotic kernel (see Deﬁnition 2.1) −n 2

G0 (t, x) = (4π (t + 1))

|x|2

e− 4(t+1)

in spaces X, Z. Moreover, estimate (2.5) is valid. Proof. By a direct calculation we have −n 2

G0 (t) Lq = (4π (t + 1)) n

= C (t + 1) 2q

−n 2

|x|2

e− 4(t+1) q dx

q1

Rn

e−|y| dy 2

q1

1 −n 2 (1− q )

≤ C (t + 1)

Rn

for all t ≥ 0, where 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞, and in the same manner |x|2 a −n a G0 (t) L1,a = (4π (t + 1)) 2 x e− 4(t+1) dx ≤ C (t + 1) 2 Rn

2.1 General approach

55

for all t ≥ 0. Hence we see that G0 ∈ X. Moreover, let us deﬁne the functional f : Z → R, by φ (x) dx, f (φ) = Rn a 2

and prove estimate (2.3) with γ = > 0. We now use the estimates of Lemma 1.28 with δ = ν = 2 to obtain β−b β n 1 1 n 1 1 b β |·| ∂xj G (t) φ q ≤ Ct− 2 ( r − q )− 2 φ Lr + Ct− 2 ( r − q )− 2 φ Lr,b (2.10) L

and

b β |·| ∂xj (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t))

for all t > 0, where ϑ =

n

Lq

Rn

≤ Ct− 2 (1− q )− 1

a+β−b 2

φ L1,a

(2.11)

φ (x) dx, 1 ≤ r ≤ q ≤ ∞, β ≥ 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ a. Since G (t) φ X ≤ C φ Z

and G0 (t) f (φ) X ≤ G0 X |f (φ)| ≤ C φ Z , we get the estimates G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) L1,a + G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) Lp n

+ t 2p G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) L∞ ≤ C φ Z

(2.12)

for all t ∈ (0, 1] . Now by (2.11) we write the estimate t− 2 G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) L1,a + t 2 (1− p ) G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) Lp n

a

1

n

+ t 2 G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) L∞ ≤ C φ Z

(2.13)

for all t > 1. Combining (2.12) and (2.13) we obtain estimate (2.3) with γ = a2 . Now let us prove estimate (2.5). Also in view of the deﬁnition of the norm Y we have − nσ 2p

|f (N (u (τ )))| ≤ N (u (τ )) L1 ≤ C {τ } − nσ 2p

≤ C {τ }

τ

− nσ 2

σ u X

− nσ 2

τ

N (u) Y

.

By a direct calculation we have t b 2 |G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t)| f (N (u (τ ))) dτ |·| q 0 L 2t b −1 σ −α −γ ≤ t C u X |·| (G0 (t − τ ) + G0 (t)) {τ } τ dτ 0

1 −1+ 2b − n 2 (1− q )

≤ C t

0

Lq

t 2

{τ }

−α

τ

−γ

1 −γ+ 2b − n 2 (1− q )

dτ ≤ C t

,

56

2 Weak Nonlinearity

and in the same way ∞ γ f (N (u (τ ))) dτ t G0 (t) t 2

σ

≤ C u X .

X

Hence estimate (2.5) is true. Lemma 2.9 is proved. We now turn to the proof of Theorem 2.4. Since G0 ∈ X we have ∞ ∞ γ σ γ −α −1−γ ϑ (τ ) dτ ≤ C u X t G0 (t) {τ } τ dτ t G0 (t) t t 2

≤C

σ u X

G0 X ≤ C

X σ u X

2

X

.

From (2.5) we ﬁnd t γ 2 (G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t)) ϑ (τ ) dτ t 0 X 2t σ γ −α −1−γ ≤ C u X t |G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t)| {τ } τ dτ 0

σ

≤ C u X .

X

Let us prove the estimates t γ 2 (G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − G0 (t − τ ) ϑ (τ )) dτ t 0 X t γ + t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ ≤ C φ Y , (2.14) t 2 X where 0 < γ < min a2 , n2 σ − 1 . By estimate (2.12) we have t 2 (G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − G0 (t − τ ) ϑ (τ )) dτ 0 1,a L t t + G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ ≤C ( φ (τ ) L1,a + φ (τ ) Lp ) dτ t 1,a 0 2 L t − nσ ≤ C φ Y {τ } 2p dτ ≤ C φ Y , 0

t 2 (G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − G0 (t − τ ) ϑ (τ )) dτ 0 p L t + G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ t p 2 L t ≤C ( φ (τ ) L1,a + φ (τ ) Lp ) dτ ≤ C φ Y , 0

2.1 General approach

57

and t 2 (G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − G0 (t − τ ) ϑ (τ )) dτ t 0 ∞ L t n + t− 2p G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ t ∞ 2 L t ≤C ( φ (τ ) L1,a + φ (τ ) Lp ) dτ ≤ C φ Y n − 2p

0

for all t ∈ (0, 1]. In addition by (2.11) we get t b 2 (G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − G0 (t − τ ) ϑ (τ )) dτ |·| q 0 L t b + |·| G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ t q 2 L 2t a−b n 1 − 1− − ≤C (t − τ ) 2 ( q ) 2 φ (τ ) L1,a dτ 0 t b (t − τ ) 2 φ (τ ) Lq + φ (τ ) Lq,b dτ +C t 2

a−b 1 −n 2 (1− q )− 2

≤ Ct

φ Y

t 2

{τ }

− nσ 2p

a

τ 2

− nσ 2

dτ

0

n 1 b nσ n 1 b + Ct1− 2 (1− q )+ 2 − 2 φ Y ≤ Ct− 2 (1− q )+ 2 −γ φ Y for all t > 1, where ϑ (τ ) = Rn φ (τ, x) dx, 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a, since nσ 2 > 1 + γ. Hence estimate (2.14) is valid. Via (1.24) and (2.14) we obtain condition (2.4). Now the result of the theorem follows by application of Theorem 2.4. Theorem 2.7 is proved.

Example 2.10. The case of odd solutions to the nonlinear heat equation Now let us consider problem (2.8) with some special initial data u0 (x) , which are odd functions in Rn , that is u0 (x1 , ..., −xj , ..., xn ) = −u0 (x1 , ..., xj , ..., xn ) , for every j = 1, 2, ..., n. In this case the solutions u (t, x) will also be odd functions with respect to x ∈ Rn . Then we will show that the critical value is shifted σ > n1 .

58

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Deﬁne the space Z Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) : φ is odd function in Rn , where now a ∈ (n, n + 1] , and p > max 1, n2 σ and the space X = {φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : φ is odd function in Rn and φ X < ∞} , where the norm

− a−n n− n φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2p φ (t) Lp t≥0

n

n

+ sup {t} 2p t φ (t) L∞ . t>0

Also we deﬁne the norm to estimate the nonlinearity nσ nσ − a−n φ Y = sup {t} 2p t t 2 φ (t) L1,a t>0

n n− 2p

+ t

n n φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t φ (t) L∞ .

Theorem 2.11. Let σ > n1 . Assume that the initial data u0 are odd func1,a n p n tions in Rn , and u0 ∈ L (R ) ∩ L (R ), with a ∈ (n, n + 1] , and n p > max 1, 2 σ . Suppose that there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (2.8). Then this solution has the following large time asymptotics n |x|2 A − 4t (2.15) e xj + O t−n−γ u (t, x) = n 3n 4n π 2 t 2 j=1 as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where 0 < γ < min a−n 2 , nσ − 1 , and the constant n u0 (x) xj dx A= Rn

−λ

j=1

∞

σ

|u (τ, x)| u (τ, x)

dτ 0

Rn

n

xj dx.

j=1

Remark 2.12. The existence of a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (2.8) can be obtained in the same way as in the proof of Theorem 1.19 for the case of small initial data and any sign of λ ∈ R and as in Theorem 1.25 for the case of large initial data and λ < 0. Therefore we are interested here in the large time asymptotic representation of the solutions.

2.1 General approach

59

√ Remark 2.13. Note that in the domain x = O t the main term of the asymptotics (2.15) behaves like O (t−n ), so the remainder term decays faster. √ |x| → ∞ the main term of the asymptotic In the domains x = o t and √ t representation (2.15) decays faster than the remainder term. So formula (2.15) gives only a decay estimate for these cases. Below in Section 2.2 we will obtain uniform asymptotic representations for solutions. Before proving Theorem 2.11 we prepare the following lemma. Lemma 2.14. The Green operator G (t) φ = G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy, Rn −n 2

where G (t, x) = (4πt)

e−

|x|2 4t

G0 (t, x) =

, has the asymptotic kernel (see Deﬁnition 2.1) |x|2

1 n

4n π 2 (t + 1)

3n 2

e− 4(t+1)

n

xj

j=1

in spaces X, Z. Moreover, estimate (2.5) is valid. Proof. By a direct calculation we have − 3n 2

nq

G0 (t) Lq ≤ C (t + 1) ≤ C (t + 1)

n 2q −n

|x| Rn

nq

|y|

−|y|2

e

|x|2

− 4(t+1) q

e

q1 dy

q1 dx n −n+ 2q

≤ C (t + 1)

Rn

for all t ≥ 0, where 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞, and similarly |x|2 a−n − 3n n+a − 4(t+1) x e dx ≤ C (t + 1) 2 G0 (t) L1,a ≤ C (t + 1) 2 Rn

for all t ≥ 0. Hence we see that G0 ∈ X. We deﬁne the functional f : Z → R, by n φ (x) xj dx, f (φ) = Rn

j=1

a−n 2

and prove estimate (2.3) with γ = we get for any odd function φ b β |·| ∂xj (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t))

≤ Ct−n+ 2q − n

Lq

for all t > 0, where

> 0. Using Lemma 1.30 with δ = ν = 2

φ (x)

ϑ= Rn

n j=1

xj dx,

a+β−b 2

φ L1,a

(2.16)

60

2 Weak Nonlinearity

1 ≤ r ≤ q ≤ ∞, β ≥ 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ a. Since G (t) φ X ≤ C φ Z and G0 (t) f (φ) X ≤ G0 X |f (φ)| ≤ C φ Z , we get the estimates G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) L1,a + G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) Lp n

+ t 2p G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) L∞ ≤ C φ Z

(2.17)

for all t ∈ (0, 1] . Now by (2.16) we write the estimate a−n

t− 2 G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) L1,a + tn− 2p G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) Lp + tn G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ) L∞ ≤ C φ Z (2.18) n

for all t > 1. Combining (2.17) and (2.18) we obtain estimate (2.3) with γ = a−n 2 . Now let us prove estimate (2.5). In view of the deﬁnition of the norm Y we have |f (N (u (τ )))| ≤ N (u (τ )) L1,n ≤ C {τ } ≤ C {τ }

− nσ 2p

τ

−nσ

σ u X

− nσ 2p

τ

−nσ

N (u) Y

.

By a direct calculation we have t b 2 |G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t)| f (N (u (τ ))) dτ |·| q 0 L 2t b −1 σ −α −γ ≤ t C u X |·| (G0 (t − τ ) + G0 (t)) q {τ } τ dτ 0

n −1+ 2b −n+ 2q

≤ C t

L

t 2

{τ }

−α

−γ

τ

n −γ+ 2b −n+ 2q

dτ ≤ C t

.

0

In the same way ∞ γ f (N (u (τ ))) dτ t G0 (t) t 2

σ

≤ C u X .

X

Hence estimate (2.5) is true, and Lemma 2.14 is therefore proved. We now turn to the proof of Theorem 2.11. Since G0 ∈ X we have ∞ γ σ σ ϑ (τ ) dτ ≤ C u X G0 X ≤ C u X . t G0 (t) t 2

X

2.1 General approach

61

From (2.5) we ﬁnd t γ 2 (G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t)) ϑ (τ ) dτ t 0 X 2t σ γ −α −1−γ ≤ C u X t |G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t)| {τ } τ dτ 0

σ

≤ C u X .

X

a−n

Let us prove the estimate (2.14) with 0 < γ < min 2 , nσ − 1 . Estimates for the case of t ∈ (0, 1] are the same as in the proof of Theorem 2.7. By (2.16) we get t b 2 (G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − G0 (t − τ ) ϑ (τ )) dτ |·| q 0 L t b + |·| G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ t q 2 L 2t a−b n −n+ 2q − 2 ≤C (t − τ ) φ (τ ) L1,a dτ 0 t b−n +C (t − τ ) 2 φ (τ ) Lq,n + φ (τ ) Lq,b dτ t 2

n −n+ 2q − a−b 2

≤ Ct

n

+ Ct1−n+ 2q +

φ Y

b−n 2 −nσ

t 2

{τ }

− nσ 2p

τ

a−n 2 −nσ

dτ

0

φ Y ≤ Ct−n+ 2q + n

b−n 2 −γ

φ Y

for all t > 1, 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞, n ≤ b ≤ a, since nσ > 1 + γ. Hence estimate (2.14) is valid. Via (1.24) and (2.14) we obtain condition (2.4). Hence the condition of the Deﬁnition 2.1 is fulﬁlled. Now the result of the theorem follows by application of Theorem 2.4. Theorem 2.11 is proved. Example 2.15. Large time asymptotics for global solutions of the Burgers-type equations In the next theorem we obtain large time asymptotics for the global solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation (1.18)

σ

ut − ∆u = (λ · ∇) |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn ,

(2.19)

62

2 Weak Nonlinearity

in the supercritical case σ > n1 , where λ ∈ Rn . Deﬁne the space Z Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) , where now a ∈ (0, 1] , and p > nσ and the space 1 X = φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ (Rn ) : φ X < ∞ , where the norm

n −a 1− 1 φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2 ( p ) φ (t) Lp t≥0

n+1 n n n +1 + sup {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ + {t} 2p 2 t 2 ∇φ (t) L∞ . t>0

Also we consider the norm nσ

φ Y = sup {t} 2p t>0

+ t 2 ( n

1 1− p )

+ 12

t

nσ 1 2 +2

−a 2

t

φ (t) L1,a

n n φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ .

Theorem 2.16. Let σ > n1 . Assume that the initial data u0 ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ), with a ∈ (0, 1] and p > nσ. Suppose that there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type (2.19). aequation n , (σ − 1) and Then this solution has asymptotics (2.9) with 0 < γ < min 2 2 a constant A = R u0 (x) dx. Remark 2.17. The existence of a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (2.19) was obtained in Theorem 1.19 for the case of small initial data and in Theorem 1.27 for the case of large initial data. Proof. Revising the proof of Lemma 2.9 we add the estimates of the derivative ∇G0 (t) Lq = C (t + 1)

n+1 n 2q − 2

−|y|2

e

q1 dy

Rn

1 − 12 − n 2 (1− q )

≤ C (t + 1)

for all t ≥ 0, to see that G0 ∈ X. Using estimate (2.10) we add (2.12) and (2.13) to the estimates n

1

t 2p + 2 ∇ (G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ)) L∞ ≤ C φ Z

(2.20)

for all t ∈ (0, 1] and t

n+1+a 2

∇ (G (t) φ − G0 (t) f (φ)) L∞ ≤ C φ Z

(2.21)

for all t > 1. Then by (2.12), (2.13), (2.20) and (2.21) we can see that condition (2.3) is fulﬁlled in spaces X, Z. Likewise we have

2.1 General approach

63

t 2 −α −1−γ |G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t)| {τ } τ dτ ∇ 0 −1

Lq

t 2

≤ C t

0

∇G0 (t − τ ) + ∇G0 (t) Lq {τ }

1 − 32 − n 2 (1− q )

≤ C t

t 2

{τ }

−α

−γ

τ

−α

τ

−γ

dτ

1 −γ− 12 − n 2 (1− q )

dτ ≤ C t

.

0

Hence estimate (2.5) is true. To prove (2.14) we add the estimates of the derivatives in view of (2.20) t 2 n − 2p − 12 t (G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − G0 (t − τ ) ϑ (τ )) dτ ∇ ∞ 0 L t n + t− 2p ∇ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ t ∞ 2 L t t − nσ − 1 ≤C ( φ (τ ) L1,a + φ (τ ) Lp ) dτ ≤ C φ Y {τ } 2p 2 dτ ≤ C φ Y 0

0

for all t ∈ (0, 1] and by (2.21) we get t 2 (G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − G0 (t − τ ) ϑ (τ )) dτ ∇ q 0 L t + ∇ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ t q 2

t 2

≤C

L

(t − τ )

0 t

(t − τ )

+C t 2

1 −n 2 (1− q )

− 12

≤ Ct− 2 (1− q )− n

− a+1 2

1

+ Ct− 2 (1− q )−

φ (τ ) L1,a dτ

φ (τ ) Lq dτ

a+1 2

φ Y

t 2

1 − nσ 2p − 2

{τ }

a

τ 2

1 − nσ 2 −2

dτ

0

n 1 1 φ Y ≤ Ct− 2 (1− q )− 2 −γ φ Y for all t > 1, where ϑ (τ ) = Rn φ (τ, x) dx, 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a, since nσ 1 2 > 2 + γ. Hence estimate (2.14) is valid. Via (1.24) and (2.14) we obtain condition (2.4). Also in view of (1.24) and by the deﬁnition of the norm Y we have n

1

nσ 2

|f (N (u (τ )))| ≤ N (u (τ )) L1 ≤ C {τ } 1 − nσ 2p − 2

≤ C {τ }

τ

1 − nσ 2p − 2

1 − nσ 2 −2

σ

u X .

1 − nσ 2 −2

τ

N (u) Y

64

2 Weak Nonlinearity

1 nσ 1 Since α = nσ 2p + 2 < 1 and 2 > 2 + γ, the condition of Deﬁnition 2.1 is fulﬁlled. Then by Theorem 2.4 we see that asymptotics (2.9) is valid with a constant A = R u0 (x) dx, because the nonlinearity has the form of the full derivative so that σ (λ · ∇) |u (t, x)| u (t, x) dx = 0. Rn

Theorem 2.16 is proved. Example 2.18. Burgers type equations with initial data having zero mean value Now we consider the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation (2.19) with initial data having zero mean value Rn u0 (x) dx = 0. Since the nonlinearity of equation (2.19) has the form of the full derivative, then the solutions u (t, x) also have a zero mean value for all t > 0. Deﬁne the space Z Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) , where now a ∈ (1, 2] , p > max (1, nσ) and the space 1 X = φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ (Rn ) : φ X < ∞ , where the norm

n+1 − a−1 −n φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2 2p φ (t) Lp

t≥0

n

+ sup {t} 2p t

n+1 2

t>0

n

φ (t) L∞ + {t} 2p

+ 12

n

t 2

+1

∇φ (t) L∞ .

Also we consider the norm nσ

φ Y = sup {t} 2p t>0

+ t

n+1 n 2 − 2p

+ 12

t

(n+1)σ + 12 2

t

n

− a−1 2

φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t

n+1 2

φ (t) L1,a φ (t) L∞ .

We will need a modiﬁcation of the deﬁnition of the asymptotic kernel. Deﬁnition 2.19. We call the functions Gj ∈ X, j = 1, ..., n, by the asymptotic kernels for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z if there exist continuous linear functionals fj : Z → R such that the estimate is true n γ ≤ C φ t (G (t) φ − G (t) f (φ) (2.22) j j Z j=1 X

for any φ ∈ Z, where γ > 0.

2.1 General approach

65

In the case under consideration we choose the asymptotic kernels

and the functionals fj (φ) ≡

|x|2

xj

Gj (t, x) =

n 2

(4π) (t + 1)

Rn

1+ n 2

e− 4(t+1)

φ (x) xj dx.

1 . Assume that the initial data have zero mean Theorem 2.20. Let σ > n+1 value Rn u0 (x) dx = 0 and u0 ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ), with a ∈ (1, 2] and p > max (1, nσ) . Suppose that there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation (2.19). Then this solution has asymptotics

u (t, x) =

n

1

Aj xj

|x|2 4t

e− n

n 2

(4π) t1+ 2

j=1

1 + O t−n− 2 −γ

(2.23)

as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where

a − 1 (n + 1) σ − 1 , 0 < γ < min 2 2 and the constants Aj = u0 (x) xj dx − Rn

0

∞

σ

dxxj (λ · ∇) |u (τ, x)| u (τ, x) .

dτ Rn

Remark 2.21. The existence of a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (2.19) can be obtained in the same manner as in Theorem 1.19 for the case of small initial data and as in Theorem 1.27 for the case of large initial data. Proof. As in the proof of Lemma 2.9 we obtain the estimates 1 −1− n 2 (1− q )

∇Gj (t) Lq ≤ C (t + 1)

for all t ≥ 0, to see that G0 ∈ X. We also have the estimates ⎛ ⎞ n n ⎝G (t) φ − ⎠ ∇ t 2p +1 G (t) f (φ) ≤ C φ Z j j ∞ j=1

(2.24)

L

for all t ∈ (0, 1] and ⎛ ⎞ n n+1+a ⎝ ⎠ 2 t Gj (t) fj (φ) ∇ G (t) φ − j=1

≤ C φ Z

(2.25)

L∞

for all t > 1. Then we can see that condition (2.3) is fulﬁlled in spaces X, Z. In the same manner we obtain

66

2 Weak Nonlinearity

t 2 −α −1−γ |Gj (t − τ ) − Gj (t)| {τ } τ dτ ∇ q 0 L 2t −1 −α −γ ≤ C t ∇Gj (t − τ ) + ∇Gj (t) Lq {τ } τ dτ 0

−2− n 2

≤ C t

(1− q1 )

t 2

{τ }

−α

−γ

1 −γ−1− n 2 (1− q )

τ

dτ ≤ C t

.

0

Hence estimate (2.5) is true. To prove (2.14) we add the estimates ⎛ ⎞ t n 2 ∇ ⎝G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) − ⎠ Gj (t − τ ) ϑj (τ ) dτ 0 q j=1 L t + ∇ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ t q 2 L 2t − n+1 + n − a+1 ≤C (t − τ ) 2 2q 2 φ (τ ) L1,a dτ 0 t −1 (t − τ ) 2 φ (τ ) Lq dτ +C t 2

≤ Ct

a+1 n − n+1 2 + 2q − 2

+ Ct−

φ Y

t 2

{τ }

1 − nσ 2p − 2

τ

(n+1)σ a−1 − 12 2 − 2

dτ

0

(n+1)σ n+1 n 2 + 2q − 2

n+1

φ Y ≤ Ct− 2 + 2q − 2 −γ φ Y for all t > 1 where ϑj (τ ) = Rn φ (τ, x) xj dx, 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a, since (n+1)σ > 12 +γ. Hence estimate (2.14) is valid. Via (1.24) and (2.14) we obtain 2 condition (2.4). Also in view of (1.24) and by the deﬁnition of the norm Y we have n

1 − nσ 2p − 2

|fj (N (u (τ )))| ≤ N (u (τ )) L1,1 ≤ C {τ } ≤ C {τ }

1 − nσ 2p − 2

−

τ

(n+1)σ − 12 2

1

τ

σ u X

−

(n+1)σ − 12 2

N (u) Y

.

1 Since α = nσ 2p + 2 < 1 and (n + 1) σ > 1 + γ, the condition of Deﬁnition 2.1 is fulﬁlled. Then by Theorem 2.4 we see that asymptotics (2.23) is valid. Theorem 2.20 is proved.

2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t In this section we study the fractional nonlinear equations ut + Lu + N (u) = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R,

(2.26)

2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t

67

here the linear part L is a derivative of a fractional order α > 1 −1 |ξ| Fx→ξ u. Lu = |∂x | u = Fξ→x α

α

For simplicity we consider here the one dimensional case x ∈ R. The case of higher dimensions also can be treated by this method. The nonlinear operator N is σ ρ N (u) = a |u| u + b |u| ux , where a, b ∈ R. We suppose that the nonlinearity is asymptotically weak, that is σ > α and ρ > α − 1. Equation (2.26) with α = 2, b = 0 is a nonlinear σ heat equation ut − uxx + a |u| u = 0, it was studied in Section 2.1. 1,β If the initial data u0 ∈ L (R) , β > 0, by the method of Section 2.1 we calculate the following asymptotics for solutions of the Cauchy problem (2.26) 1+γ 1 u (t, x) = At− α G (ξ) + O t− α

(2.27)

for large time t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where ξ = t− α x, γ > 0, and α 1 G (ξ) = √ eiξη e−|η| dη. 2π R 1

Observe that formula (2.27) does not give us an answer to the question of the behavior of the solution u (t, x) , when t and x tend to inﬁnity simultaneously, because the main term of asymptotics (2.27) vanishes as |ξ| → ∞, but the dependence on ξ of the remainder in the right-hand side of (2.27) is not evaluated explicitly. In this section we ﬁll this gap and calculate the asymptotics of solutions u (t, x) to the Cauchy problem for Equation (2.26) as t → ∞ and 1 ξ = xt− α → ∞. 2.2.1 Small initial data In this section we prove the following theorem. Theorem 2.22. Let σ > α > 1 and ρ > α − 1. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ L∞,α+1 (R) have a suﬃciently small norm there u0 L∞,α+1 . Then 1 (R) to exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ the Cauchy problem (2.26). Moreover there exists a constant A such that the asymptotics 1 1 −α−1 (2.28) u (t, x) = At− α G (ξ) + O t− α −γ |ξ| is true for t → ∞ uniformly respect to x ∈ R, where G (ξ) = with α 1 F η→ξ e−|η| , ξ = t− α x, γ ∈ 0, 12 .

68

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Remark 2.23. Since the asymptotics of the function G (ξ) is (see Lemma 1.41) √ 2 πα −1−α −1−2α (2.29) + O |ξ| sin G (ξ) = √ Γ (α + 1) |ξ| 2 π for ξ → ∞, then we see that the second term in the right-hand side of asymptotic formula (2.28) remains to be the remainder, when simultaneously t → ∞ and |ξ| → ∞. When the parameter α = 2k, k ∈ N, the main term in the asymptotics (2.29) vanishes. Indeed for this case the function G (ξ) decays exponentially, so that formula (2.28) gives only the estimate of the solution as 1 t → ∞, and ξ = xt− α → ∞. Some additional decay conditions for the initial data u0 (x) must be fulﬁlled to get the asymptotic representation for large t and x (see Theorem 2.27 below). Remark 2.24. In the case of the nonlinear heat equation b = 0, by the same approach we can consider all powers α > 0. We write the Cauchy problem (2.26) as an integral equation t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ, u (t) = G (t) u0 −

(2.30)

0

with

σ

ρ

N (u) = a |u| u + b |u| vx , and the Green operator G (t) is given by 1 1 −α G (t) φ = t G t− α (x − y) φ(y)dy R

α with a kernel G (x) = F η→x e−|η| . We apply Theorem 1.17 to prove the existence of global solutions. Denote X = φ ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞,α+1 (R) : φ X < ∞ , where

1 −1 φ X = sup t φ (t) L∞,α+1 + t α φ (t) L∞ t>0 1 1 1 −1 +t α t α φx (t) L∞ + t α t φx L∞,α+1 . −1

Changing y = t α x, the L1 (R) norm can be estimated as follows u (t) L1 = |u (t, x)| dx 1 |x|≤t α − α1 α+1 − α1 −α−1 t t + x |u (t, x)| x dx 1 |x|>t α 1 −1 −α−1 ≤ C t α u (t) L∞ + C t u (t) L∞,α+1 |y| dy |y|>1

≤ C u X .

2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t

69

Applying Lemma 1.40 we obtain the estimates Gφ X ≤ C φ L∞,α+1 and t G (t − τ ) (N (w) (τ ) − N (v) (τ )) dτ 0

L∞

t 2

≤C

0 t

+C t 2

1 −α

N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L1 (t − τ )

dτ

N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L∞ dτ.

Then using the estimates N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L∞ σ

σ

ρ

ρ

≤ C w − v L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) + wx − vx L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) ≤ C τ

− σ+1 α

+ Cτ − α τ 1

σ

σ

w − v X ( w X + v X )

− ρ+1 α

ρ

ρ

w − v X ( w X + v X )

(2.31)

and N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L1 ≤ C τ

σ −α

σ

ρ −α

+ Cτ − α τ 1

σ

w − v X ( w X + v X ) ρ

ρ

w − v X ( w X + v X )

we get t t G (t − τ ) (N (u1 ) (τ ) − N (u2 ) (τ )) dτ 1 α

0

ρ v X ( w X

ρ v X

σ w X

L∞ σ v X )

≤ C w − + + + t 2 1 −σ −ρ −1 τ α + τ − α τ α (t − τ ) α dτ × 0

t + t 2

τ

− σ+1 α

+τ

1 −α

ρ

− ρ+1 α

τ

ρ

dτ

σ

σ

≤ C w − v X ( w X + v X + w X + v X ) for t > 1, since σ > α and ρ > α − 1. For all 0 < t < 1 we have

(2.32)

70

2 Weak Nonlinearity

t G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ

L∞

0

ρ

ρ

σ

σ

≤ C w − v X ( w X + v X + w X + v X ) ρ

ρ

σ

t

1 1 + τ − α dτ

0

σ

< C w − v X ( w X + v X + w X + v X ) . Combining these two estimates we get t 1 t α G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ

L∞

0

ρ

ρ

σ

σ

< C w − v X ( w X + v X + w X + v X ) for all t > 0. Similarly we obtain the estimate (for simplicity we consider only one function N (v) ) t G (t − τ ) (N (v) (τ )) dτ 0

L∞,1+a

t

≤ 0

N (v (τ )) L1 t − τ dτ +

t

0

N (v (τ )) L∞,α+1 dτ ;

(2.33)

hence via σ

ρ

N (v (τ )) L∞,α+1 ≤ C v L∞ v L∞,α+1 + C v L∞ vx L∞,α+1 σ+1

≤ C v X

σ 1− α

τ

+ C v X τ − α τ 1

ρ+1

ρ 1− α

we have for t > 0 t G (t − τ ) (N (v) (τ )) dτ

L∞,1+a

0

≤C

t 0

t + 0

σ+1

v X σ+1

v X

τ

σ+1

≤ C t ( v X

τ

σ −α

σ 1− α

+ v X τ − α τ 1

ρ+1

+ v X τ − α τ ρ+1

ρ+1

+ v X ).

In the identical manner we obtain

1

ρ −α

ρ 1− α

t − τ dτ

dτ

,

(2.34)

2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t

t ∂x G (t − τ ) (N (v) (τ )) dτ 0

t 2

≤C

0 t

+C t 2

≤

N (v (τ )) L1 (t − τ )

t + t 2

L∞

2 −α

dτ

1 −α

N (v (τ )) L∞ (t − τ )

σ+1 C( v X

τ

+

− σ+1 α

σ+1

≤ C( v X

ρ+1 v X )

+τ

1 −α

t 2

dτ

τ

σ −α

+ τ − α τ 1

0

τ

− ρ+1 α

71

ρ −α

(t − τ )

2 −α

dτ

(t − τ )

1 −α

dτ

+ v X )t− α , 2

ρ+1

for all t > 1 and for all 0 < t < 1 we have t ∂x G (t − τ ) (N (v) (τ )) dτ

L∞

0

t

−1

≤C

N (v (τ )) L∞ (t − τ ) α dτ 0 t 1 σ+1 ρ+1 −1 1 + τ − α (t − τ ) α dτ ≤ C( v X + v X ) 0

σ+1

≤ C( v X

+ v X )t− α . 1

ρ+1

Combining these estimates we get t ∂x G (t − τ ) (N (v) (τ )) dτ

σ+1

L∞

0

≤ C( v X

+ v X )t− α t ρ+1

1

1 −α

(2.35)

for all t > 0. Similarly we estimate t ∂x G (t − τ ) (N (v) (τ )) dτ

L∞,1+a

0 t

≤ 0 t

N (v (τ )) L1 t − τ (t − τ ) −1

1 −α

dτ

N (v (τ )) L∞,α+1 (t − τ ) α dτ 0 t 1 σ+1 ρ+1 −σ −ρ −1 τ α + τ − α τ α t − τ (t − τ ) α dτ ≤ C( v X + v X ) 0

t σ 1 1− 1− ρ −1 τ α + τ − α τ α (t − τ ) α dτ +

+

0 σ+1

≤ C( v X

+ v X )t− α t ρ+1

1

72

2 Weak Nonlinearity

for all t > 0, since σ > α and ρ > α − 1. Thus we get from (2.33) through (2.35) t σ+1 ρ+1 G (t − τ ) (N (v) (τ )) dτ ≤ C( v X + v X ). 0

X

In the same manner we estimate the diﬀerence N (w) − N (v) . Therefore due to Theorem 1.17 there exists a unique solution 1 (R) u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ to the problem (2.26). Now we apply Theorem 2.4 for obtaining the large time asymptotics of solutions. By Lemma 1.40 we get the following asymptotic representation 1 1 −1−α G (t) u0 = θt− α G(ξ) + O t− α −γ ξ for largetime t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where ξ = t− α x, γ = min 1, α1 and θ= u0 (x) dx. 1

R

Now we consider the diﬀerence t 1 1 G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ − t− α G t− α x 0

t 2

=

0

0

G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) (t − τ )

1 −α

∞

ϑ (τ ) dτ −1 G (t − τ ) α x dτ

1 1 −1 G (t − τ ) α x − t− α G t− α x ϑ (τ ) dτ 0 1 ∞ 1 −α ϑ (τ ) dτ, + t G t− α x

+

t 2

(t − τ )

1 −α

(2.36)

t 2

where

σ

N (u) (τ, x) dx = a

ϑ (τ ) = R

|u (τ, x)| dx. R

We have

σ

−α1

ϑ (τ ) ≤ C u X {t}

t

−1−γ

,

where 0 < α1 < 1. By Lemma 1.40 − 1 α+1 1 1 −α −α t α (·) G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) (t − τ ) G (t − τ ) (·)

L∞

≤ Ct

2 −α

N (u) (τ ) L1,1 + Ct

for all 0 < τ <

t 2

and

− α+1 α

N (u) (τ ) L∞,α+1

2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t

73

− 1 α+1 t α (·) G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ )

L∞

≤ C N (u) (τ ) L∞ + Cτ

− α+1 α

N (u) (τ ) L∞,α+1

for all 2t ≤ τ < t. Therefore we have by virtue of estimates (2.31), (2.32) and (2.34) 1 α+1 2t −α (·) (G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) t 0 −1 −1 −ϑ (τ ) (t − τ ) α G (t − τ ) α x dτ ∞ ≤C

t 2

0

≤C

+t

t− α N (u) (τ ) L1,1 dτ + C 2

t− α 2

σ u X

1 −1− α

t 2

τ

1−σ α

L

t 2

t−

0

+ τ − α τ 1

1−ρ α

0

t 2

τ

σ 1− α

+τ

1 −α

τ

ρ 1− α

α+1 α

N (u) (τ ) L∞,α+1 dτ

dτ

1 −α −γ

≤ C t

dτ

0

and

σ

u X

1 α+1 t −α (·) G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ t t σ

≤ C u X σ

≤ C u X

2

t t 2

N (u) (τ ) L∞ dτ + C

t t 2

− σ+1 α

τ

+ τ − α τ 1

L∞

t

τ−

t 2

− ρ+1 α

α+1 α

N (u) (τ ) L∞,α+1 dτ

dτ ≤ C t

1 −α −γ

σ

u X ,

σ ρ+1 , α − 1 > 0. where γ = min α We now estimate the diﬀerence 1 α+1 2t 1 1 1 1 −α −α −α −α −α (t − τ ) G (t − τ ) x − t G t x ϑ (τ ) dτ t x 0 ≤C 0

t 2

1 − 1 α+1 1 1 1 −α −α −α t α (·) (t − τ ) G (t − τ ) x − t G t− α x σ

× |ϑ (τ )| dτ ≤ C u X

L∞

L∞

t 2

(t − τ )

1 −α −γ

τ

0

For the last summand in (2.36) we have

σ γ− α

dτ ≤ C t

1 −α −γ

σ

u X .

74

2 Weak Nonlinearity

1 α+1 1 1 ∞ −α (·) t− α G t− α x ϑ (τ ) dτ t t ∞ 2 L ∞ σ 1 1 σ − − −γ σ ≤ Ct− α u X τ α dτ ≤ C t α u X . t 2

Thus in the same way as in the proof of Theorem 2.4 we see that there exists a constant ∞ ϑ (τ ) dτ A=θ+ 0

such that asymptotics (2.28) is valid. Theorem 2.22 is proved. 2.2.2 Large initial data When the coeﬃcient of the nonlinearity a > 0 and the order of derivative σ−1 u+ α ∈ (1, 2] , due to the special form of the nonlinearity N (u) = a |u| ρ b |u| ux , we can prove global existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (2.26) without any restriction to the size of the initial data. Theorem 2.25. Let σ > α, ρ > α − 1, α ∈ (1, 2) and a > 0. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ L∞,α+1 (R) . Then there exists a unique solution 1 u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ (R) to the Cauchy problem for equation (2.26). Moreover the asymptotics (2.28) is true. To prove Theorem 2.25 we ﬁrst apply the so-called energy method to estimate the L2 (R) norm: that is we multiply equation (2.26) by 2u and integrate with respect to x ∈ R, to get 2 α d 2 u (t) L2 ≤ −2 |∂x | 2 u (t) ; (2.37) dt L2 hence integrating with respect to time we see that t 2 α 2 2 u (t) L2 + 2 |∂x | 2 u (τ ) 2 dτ ≤ u0 L2 0

L

for all t ≥ 0. In particular we have sup u (t) L2 ≤ u0 L2 .

(2.38)

t≥0

Note that time decay estimate (2.38) is not optimal. To get an optimal time decay estimate we need to show that the L1 norm of the solution does not grow with time. The important point is that we can easily show that the norm u (t) L1 is bounded. Using the ideas of papers Bardos et al. [1979], Biler et al.

2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t

75

u [1998], Lax [1971] we multiply equation (2.26) by S (t, x) ≡ sign u ≡ |u| and integrate with respect to x over R to get ut (t, x) S (t, x) dx + N (u) (t, x) |S (t, x) dx R R α =− S (t, x) |∂x | u (t, x) dx. (2.39) R

We have

ut (t, x) S (t, x) dx = R

R

d ∂ |u (t, x)| dx = u (t) L1 , ∂t dt

N (u) (t, x) |S (t, x) dx ∂ b σ+1 ρ (|u (t, x)| u (t, x)) dx ≥ 0. =a |u| dx + ρ + 1 ∂x R R R

α

Representing the operator |∂x | via the Riesz potential (see Stein [1970]) let us show that α S (t, x) |∂x | u (t, x) dx ≤ 0. (2.40) R

We have by Erd´elyi et al. [1954] 1 π −ν √ |y|ν−1 |x| eixy dx = √ 2π R 2πΓ (ν) cos πν 2 for ν ∈ (0, 1) , then |∂x |

−ν

−ν

φ = F −1 |η|

φ (η) = C

ν−1

|x − y|

φ (y) dy.

R

Thus for α ∈ (1, 2) we get with ν = 2 − α ∈ (0, 1) integrating by parts with respect to y ∈ R two times α α −ν 1−α |x − y| φ (y) dy. |∂x | φ = F −1 |η| φ (η) = −∂x2 |∂x | φ = −C∂x2 R

Denote S (t, x) = sign(u (t, x)) and represent u (t, x) = S (t, x) |u (t, x)| . We make a regularization 2 1−α ∂x |x| , for |x| ≥ ε Kε (x) = 0, for |x| < ε, x = 0. Note that Kε (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R\ {0} . We can easily see that 1−α |x − y| u (t, y) dy = lim ∂x2 Kε (x − y) u (t, y) dy. ∂x2 R

ε→0

R

76

2 Weak Nonlinearity

(To justify our calculations we note that the linear operator L in equation (2.26) is strongly dissipative, therefore by the smoothing eﬀect the solutions obtain regularity u ∈ C (0, ∞) ; C2 (R) (see Naumkin and Shishmarev 2 [1994b]).) Then via identity S (t, y) S (t, x) = 1 − 12 (S (t, x) − S (t, y)) we get dxS (t, x) ∂x2 Kε (x − y) u (t, y) dy R R dxS (t, x) ∂x dyKε (x − y) S (t, y) ∂y |u (t, y)| = R R dy∂y |u (t, y)| dxS (t, y) S (t, x) ∂x Kε (x − y) = R R dy∂y |u (t, y)| dx∂x Kε (x − y) = R R 1 2 dy∂y |u (t, y)| dx (S (t, x) − S (t, y)) ∂x Kε (x − y) − 2 R R 1 2 dy∂y |u (t, y)| dx (S (t, x) − S (t, y)) ∂x Kε (x − y) =− 2 R R 1 2 =− dy |u (t, y)| dxKε (x − y) (S (t, x) − S (t, y)) ≤ 0; 2 R R hence we have α 1−α S (t, x) |∂x | u (t, x) dx = −C dxS (t, x) ∂x2 dy |x − y| u (t, y) R R R C 2 lim dy |u (t, y)| dxKε (x − y) (S (t, x) − S (t, y)) ≥ 0. = 2 ε→0 R R Thus (2.40) is true, and from (2.39) we ﬁnd d u (t) L1 ≤ 0. dt

(2.41)

By (2.41) we see that the norm u (t) L1 is bounded for all t ≥ 0. We now prove that the norm u (t) L2 → 0 as t → ∞. Taking ∈ (0, 1) from the Plancherel theorem we get 2 α α 2 α 2 2 | u (t) = |η| | u (t, η)| dη ≥ |η| | u (t, η)| dη |∂x 2 L

|η|≥

R

≥

2 u (t) L2

−

≥

2 u (t) L2

−

α

α

α+1

α+1

2

sup | u (t, η)|

|η|<

2

u (t) L1 .

Since the norm u (t) L1 is bounded, by choosing (t) = (1 + t)

1 −α

1 d 2 −1 2 −1− α u (t) L2 ≤ −2 (1 + t) u (t) L2 + C (1 + t) . dt

we obtain

2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t −2

2

We substitute u (t) L2 = h (t) (1 + t)

77

, then for h (t) we have

h (t) ≤ C (1 + t)

1 1− α

;

hence integration with respect to time yields 1 2− α

h (t) ≤ C (1 + t)

.

Therefore we get the optimal time decay estimate 1 − 2α

u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t)

.

∞

Now we estimate the L (R) norm of the solutions. Since 1 (R) u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ we see that supx∈R u (t, x) ≥ 0 and inf x∈R u (t, x) ≤ 0 for all t ∈ (0, ∞) . By the method of paper Constantin and Escher [1998] we obtain the following result. Lemma 2.26. Let u ∈ C1 (T1 , T2 ) ; L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (R) and u (t) = inf u (t, x) < 0 x∈R

(t) = for all t ∈ (T1 , T2 ) . Then there exists a point ζ (t) ∈ R such that u u (t, ζ (t)); moreover u (t) = ut (t, ζ (t)) almost everywhere on (T1 , T2 ) . Proof. Since u (t) = inf x∈R u (t, x) < 0 and u (t, x) ∈ L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (R) for every t ∈ (T1 , T2 ) , we see that there exists a point ζ (t) ∈ R such that u (t) = u (t, ζ (t)) for all t ∈ (T1 , T2 ) . By virtue of the estimate u (s) − u (t) ≤ u (s, ζ (t)) − u (t, ζ (t)) ≤ u (s) − u (t) L∞ s ≤ u (τ ) dτ t ∞ ≤ |t − s| sup uτ (τ ) L∞ t

L

τ ∈(s,t)

for all s, t ∈ (T1 , T2 ) we see that u (t) has a bounded variation on (T1 , T2 ) and consequently is almost everywhere diﬀerentiable on (T1 , T2 ) (see Kolmogorov and Fomin [1957]). Then we have u (t) = lim

s→t+0

u (s) − u (t) u (s, ζ (t)) − u (t, ζ (t)) ≤ lim = ut (t, ζ (t)) s→t+0 s−t s−t

and u (t) = lim

s→t−0

u (t) − u (s) u (t, ζ (t)) − u (s, ζ (t)) ≥ lim = ut (t, ζ (t)) s→t−0 t−s t−s

almost everywhere on (T1 , T2 ) , since ut (t, x) = lim

s→t

1 (u (t, x) − u (s, x)) t−s

uniformly with respect to x ∈ R. Therefore u (t) = ut (t, ζ (t)) almost everywhere on (T1 , T2 ). Lemma 2.26 is proved.

78

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Thus taking the point ζ (t) in equation (2.26) we get for the function u (t) = inf x∈R u (t, x) d u (t) ≥ 0, dt it then follows that u (t) ≥ u (0) for all t > 0. In the same manner we have supx∈R u (t, x) ≤ supx∈R u0 (x) for all t > 0. Thus the L∞ norm is bounded u (t) L∞ ≤ u0 L∞ for all t ≥ 0. To get an optimal time decay estimate for the L∞ (R) norm we rewrite the integral equation (2.30) in the form

t

u(x, t) = G (t) u0 + a +

b ρ+1

σ

G (t − τ, x − y) |u (τ, y)| u (τ, y) dy

dτ R

0

t

ρ

Gx (t − τ, x − y) |u (τ, y)| u (τ, y) dy.

dτ 0

R

Applying the Young inequality for convolutions we obtain with 2 α−1 2 (α − 1) , and 1 − < δ < min 1, ρ + 1 − 3 3 q

1 q

= 1−

1 p

=

u L∞ ≤ min ( u0 L1 G (t) L∞ , u0 L∞ G (t) L1 ) t σ−1 2 u (τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L2 G (t − τ ) L∞ dτ +C 0

t ρ+1 +C |u (τ )|

Lq

0 1 −α

≤ C t

t

t

ρ+1− q2

u (τ ) L∞

0

1 −α

≤ C t

σ−1

u (τ ) L∞ τ

+C 0

+C

+C 0

Gx (t − τ ) Lp dτ

t

1 −α

2

1 −α

(t − τ )

1 −α (2− p1 )

u (τ ) Lq 2 (t − τ ) δ

u (τ ) L∞ τ

1 − αq

(t − τ )

dτ dτ

1 −α (1+ q1 )

dτ ;

therefore the optimal time decay estimate follows 1 −α

u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

for all t > 0. Now we can estimate the norm L∞,α+1 (R)

(2.42)

2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t

u (t) L∞,α+1 ≤ u0 L1 G (t) L∞,α+1 + u0 L∞,α+1 G (t) L1 t σ+1 +C |u (τ )| 1 G (t − τ ) L∞,α+1 dτ L 0 t σ+1 +C |u (τ )| ∞,α+1 G (t − τ ) L1 dτ L 0 t ρ+1 +C |u (τ )| 1 Gx (t − τ ) L∞,α+1 dτ L 0 t ρ+1 +C |u (τ )| ∞,α+1 Gx (t − τ ) L1 dτ. L

0

Consequently t σ u (t) L∞,α+1 ≤ C t + C u (τ ) L∞ t − τ dτ 0 t ρ −1 u (τ ) L∞ t − τ (t − τ ) α dτ +C 0 t σ u (τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L∞,α+1 dτ +C 0 t ρ −1 u (τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L∞,α+1 (t − τ ) α dτ +C 0 t −σ −ρ −1 u (τ ) L∞,α+1 τ α + τ α (t − τ ) α dτ. ≤ C t + C 0

Thus sup u (τ ) L∞,α+1 ≤ C t + C

0≤τ ≤t

t

+C

ρ −α

u (τ ) L∞,α+1 τ

t−εt t−εt

t

τ

σ −α

0

(t − τ )

−ρ

1 −α

u (τ ) L∞,α+1 dτ

dτ

−1

u (τ ) L∞,α+1 τ α (t − τ ) α dτ 0 t −σ τ α u (τ ) L∞,α+1 dτ + Cεγ sup u (τ ) L∞,α+1 ≤ C t + C

+C

+ C (εt)

1 −α

0≤τ ≤t

0 t−εt

ρ −α

τ 0

u (τ ) L∞,α+1 dτ.

Hence for the function h (t) = sup0≤τ ≤t u (τ ) L1,α+1 we get the inequality h (t) ≤ C t + C

t

τ

σ −α

h (τ ) dτ + C (εt)

0

and by Gronwall’s Lemma it follows that

1 −α

t−εt

ρ −α

τ 0

h (τ ) dτ

79

80

2 Weak Nonlinearity

u (t) L∞,α+1 ≤ C t

(2.43)

for all t > 0. By a priori estimates (2.41) and (2.43), due to Theorem 1.20 there exists a unique solution 1 (R) u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ to the problem (2.26), such that 1 −α

u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

, u (t) L∞,α+1 ≤ C t .

Then via Theorem 2.4 the asymptotic representation (2.28) for the solutions is valid. 2.2.3 Nonlinear heat equation In this section we consider the case of the nonlinear heat equation (2.26) with α = 2. We prove the following result. Theorem 2.27. Let σ > 2, ρ > 1, α = 2 and a > 0. Suppose that the initial x2 data are such that u0 (x) e 4 ∈ L∞ (R) . Then there exists a unique solution 1 (R) to the Cauchy problem (2.26). u ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; L∞ (R)) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ Moreover there exists a function A such that the asymptotics

2 2 ξ − 12 − ξ4 − 12 −γ − ξ4 √ +O t u (t, x) = t e A e (2.44) 2 t −2 for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where ξ = t x, γ ∈ is true 0, 12 . 1

For our convenience in the case α = 2 we put the initial data at t = 1. Thus we consider the Cauchy problem ut − uxx + N (u) = 0, x ∈ R, t > 1, (2.45) u (1, x) = u1 (x) , x ∈ R. We now make a change of the dependent and independent variables u (t, x) = 2 2 1 x t− 2 e−tξ v (t, ξ) , where ξ = 2t , E = e−tξ . Then we get from (2.45)

vt −

+ P (v) = 0, ξ ∈ R, t > 1, 2 v (1, ξ) = eξ u1 (2ξ) , ξ ∈ R, 1 4t2 vξξ

where the nonlinearity is σ −σ 2

P (v) = aE t

σ

|v| v + bt

−ρ 2

ρ

E |v| ρ

1 vξ − ξv . 2t

(2.46)

2.2 Asymptotics for large x and t

81

As in the previous section we get estimate E |v| ≤ C. Then by Lemma 2.26 we get for the function v (t) = maxξ∈R |v (t, ξ)| σ ρ+1 v (t) ≤ C t− 2 + t− 2 v (t) for all t > 1, where σ > 2 and ρ > 1. Hence by integrating with respect to time we obtain v (t) L∞ ≤ C for all t > 1. In the same manner we get the estimate γ

vξ (t) L∞ ≤ C t 1 for all t > 1, where γ ∈ 0, 2 . To calculate the asymptotics as t → ∞ we rewrite (2.46) in the integral form √ 2 t t v (t, ξ) = " e− t−1 |ξ−η| v (1, η) dη π (t − 1) R t 2 1 1 1 − dτ e−|ξ−η| /( τ − t ) P (v (τ, η)) dη. 1 1 0 π τ −t R We have √ "

t

e− t−1 |ξ−η| v (1, η) dη t

2

π (t − 1) R 2 1 =√ e−|ξ−η| v (1, η) dη π R √ 2 t t 1 + " −√ e− t−1 |ξ−η| v (1, η) dη π π (t − 1) R 2 2 1 1 +√ e−|ξ−η| e− t−1 |ξ−η| − 1 v (1, η) dη π R 2 1 e−|ξ−η| v (1, η) dη + O t−1 v (1) L∞ . =√ π R

(2.47)

Then by the decay properties of the nonlinearity P (v (τ, η)) we have the estimate t 2 1 1 1 dτ e−(ξ−η) /( τ − t ) P (v (τ, η)) dη = O t−γ . t π τ1 − 1t R 2 Finally we get

82

2 Weak Nonlinearity

t 2

1

1

dτ π τ1 − 1t

2 1 1 dηe−(ξ−η) /( τ − t ) P (v (τ, η))

R

2 1 1 1 dτ P (v (τ, ξ)) dηe−(ξ−η) /( τ − t ) 1 π τ1 − 1t R 2t 2 1 1 1 + dτ dηe−(ξ−η) /( τ − t ) (P (v (τ, η)) − P (v (τ, ξ))) 1 π τ1 − 1t R 2t 2 1 1 1 = dτ P (v (τ, ξ)) dηe−(ξ−η) /( τ − t ) + O t−γ 1 π τ1 − 1t R ∞ 2t −γ = (2.48) = P (v (τ, ξ)) dτ + O t P (v (τ, ξ)) dτ + O t−γ .

t 2

=

1

1

Thus by (2.47) and (2.48) the asymptotics (2.44) is valid with a function ∞ 2 A (ξ) = e−(ξ−η) v (1, η) dη + P (v (τ, ξ)) dτ. R

1

Theorem 2.27 is proved.

2.3 Damped wave equation This section studies the global existence to the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear damped wave equation Lu = N (u) , x ∈ Rn , t > 0 (2.49) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , ∂t u (0, x) = u1 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where L = ∂t2 + ∂t − ∆. We suppose that the nonlinearity N (u) ∈ Ck (R) satisﬁes the estimate j d ρ−j , 0 ≤ j ≤ k ≤ ρ, duj N (u) ≤ C |u| ρ

thus considering as a typical example N (u) = |u| . In this section we restrict our attention to the supercritical power ρ > 1 + n2 of the nonlinearity. Note that by the Duhamel principle the Cauchy problem (2.49) can be rewritten in the form of the integral equation t G (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) dτ, (2.50) u (t) = G (t) u0 + G (t) u1 + 0

where the Green operators are

2.3 Damped wave equation

83

G (t) = e− 2 F ξ→x L (t, ξ) Fx→ξ , t

G (t) = (∂t + 1) G (t) and the symbol

2 1 sin t |ξ| − 4 L (t, ξ) = . 2 |ξ| − 14

Therefore, we see that general results of Section 2.1 can be applied with obvious modiﬁcations. Denote the heat kernel by −n 2

G0 (t, x) = (4πt)

e−

|x|2 4t

.

We then prove the following result. Theorem 2.28. Let ρ > 1 + n2 . Suppose that the initial data are suﬃciently small in space u0 ∈ Hα,0 (Rn ) ∩ H0,δ (Rn ) , u1 ∈ Hα−1,0 (Rn ) ∩ H0,δ (Rn ) , # 1 1 where δ > n2 , [α] ≤ ρ; α ≥ n2 − ρ−1 for n ≥ 2 and α ∈ 12 − 2(ρ−1) , 1 for n = 1. Then the Cauchy problem (2.49) has a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Hα,0 (Rn ) ∩ H0,δ (Rn ) . Moreover the following asymptotics is valid u (t) − AG0 (t) Lp ≤ Ct− 2 (1− p )−min(1, 2 − 4 , 2 (ρ−1)−1) n

1

δ

n n

(2.51)

for all t > 0, where

∞

N (u (t, x)) dxdt,

A = θ1 + θ0 + 0

θj = (2π)

−n 2

Rn

uj (x) dx, j = 0, 1, Rn

2≤p≤

2n n−2α

if α <

n 2,

2 ≤ p < ∞ if α =

n 2,

and 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ if α >

n 2.

Preliminary Lemmas We consider the linear Cauchy problem Lu = f (t, x) , x ∈ Rn , t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , ∂t u (0, x) = u1 (x) , x ∈ Rn ,

(2.52)

84

2 Weak Nonlinearity

where L = ∂t2 + ∂t − ∆. The solution of (2.52) can be written by the Duhamel formula t u (t) = G (t) u0 + G (t) u1 + G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ. (2.53) 0

Note that the symbol

2 1 sin t |ξ| − 4 L (t, ξ) = . 2 |ξ| − 14

is smooth and bounded: L (t, ξ) ∈ C∞ (Rn ) . Moreover the symbol L (t, ξ) 1 for |ξ| → ∞. This implies a gain of one derivative concerning decays like |ξ| the initial datum u1 and a forcing term f. By Lemma 1.35 we obtain the following result. Lemma 2.29. The estimates n 1 1 − α−β 2 − 2 (q−2)

α

|∇| G (t) ψ L2 ≤ C t

t α −1 + Ce− 4 |∇| ∆ 2

and

δ |·| G (t) ψ

δ

L2

≤ C t 2 − 4t

+ Ce

−n 4

β |∇| ψ q L ψ 2 L

1 1 −n 2 (q−2)

ψ L1 + C t −1 δ ∆ 2 · ψ 2

δ |·| ψ

Lq

L

are true for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ q ≤ 2, δ > right-hand sides are ﬁnite.

n 2,

α ≥ β ≥ 0, provided that the

As above we estimate the operator (t, ξ) Fx→ξ G (t) = (∂t + 1) G (t) = F ξ→x L with a symbol

$ (t, ξ) = e L

− 2t

cos t

1 |ξ| − 4

2

to obtain the following result. Lemma 2.30. The estimates t α −α−n α |∇| G (t) ψ 2 ≤ C t 2 4 ψ L1 + Ce− 4 |∇| ψ L2 L

and

δ |·| G (t) ψ

L2

δ

≤ C t 2

are true for all t > 0, where δ > are ﬁnite.

n 2,

−n 4

δ ψ L1 + C · ψ

L2

α ≥ 0, provided that the right-hand sides

2.3 Damped wave equation

85

We now deﬁne two norms n n n +α α −δ δ φ X = sup t 4 φ (t) L2 + t 4 2 |∇| φ (t) L2 + t 4 2 |·| φ (t) 2 , L t>0 n η [α] ρ− 1 ψ Y = sup t |∇| ψ (t) + sup t 2 ( r ) ψ (t) Lr q L t>0 1≤r≤ q µ n δ (ρ−1)( 2 + n + − δ ) 4 4 2 + t · ψ (t) q , L

1 2n 2n where δ > n2 , α ≥ µ, [α] ≤ ρ; µ = n2 − ρ−1 , q = n+2+2[α]−2α , q = n+2 , ρ α n n 1 1 1 1 η = 2 + 2 ρ − 4 − 2 for n ≥ 2 and µ = 2 − 2(ρ−1) , q = 2, q = 1, η = 2 − 4 for n = 1. The following lemma states the interpolation inequalities.

Lemma 2.31. The estimates n +β β sup sup t 4 2 |∇| φ (t) t>0

L2

0≤β≤α

+ sup t

n σ 4−2

0≤σ≤δ

σ

|·| φ (t) L2

≤ C φ X and sup

sup

t>0 1≤r≤ 2n n−2α

t 2 ( n

1− r1 )

φ (t) Lr ≤ C φ X

are valid, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded. Proof. By the H¨older inequality we have β β |∇| φ 2 = |ξ| φ 2 L

L

1− αβ β β 1− β α α α |ξ| φ = φ L2 α |∇| φ Lα2 ; ≤ φ 2 2 L

L

therefore, n

t 4

+β 2

β |∇| φ

L2

n

≤ t 4 φ (t) L2

1− αβ

n

t 4

+α 2

α

|∇| φ (t) L2

αβ

≤ φ X .

In the same manner we obtain n

−σ

σ

t 4 2 |·| φ (t) L2 σδ 1− σδ n δ n − δ t 4 2 |·| φ (t) 2 ≤ t 4 φ (t) L2 ≤ φ X . L

Thus the ﬁrst estimate of the lemma is true.

86

2 Weak Nonlinearity

2n If 2 ≤ r ≤ n−2α we apply the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem 1.4 with n n β = 2 − r ∈ [0, α] β φ Lr ≤ C |∇| φ ; L2

therefore, t 2 ( n

1− r1 )

φ (t) Lr ≤ C t 2 ( n

1− r1 )

β |∇| φ (t)

L2

≤ C u X .

For the case of 1 ≤ r ≤ 2 we also have n 1− 1 t 2 ( r ) φ (t) Lr nδ ( r1 − 12 ) n n δ 1− nδ ( r1 − 12 ) − δ ≤ C t 4 2 |·| φ t 4 φ L2 ≤ C u X .

L2

The second estimate of the lemma is true, and Lemma 2.31 is thus proved. In the next lemma we estimate the integral in the Duhamel formula (2.53). Lemma 2.32. Suppose that δ > n2 and ρ > 1 + n2 . Then the estimate t G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ ≤ C ψ Y 0

X

is true. α−1

Proof. By the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem 1.4 with φ = |∇| ψ we have α α−1 [α] −1 ψ ≤ C |∇| ψ , |∇| ∆ 2 ψ 2 ≤ C |∇| q L L2 L 2n for n ≥ 2 and q = 2, [α] = 0 for n = 1. Applying the where q = n+2+2[α]−2α ﬁrst estimate of Lemma 2.29 with β = 0, q = 1 in the case 0 < τ < 2t and β = [α] , q = q in the case 2t < τ < t, we obtain, by taking ζ = 12 for n ≥ 2 and ζ = α2 for n = 1 α t |∇| G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ 2 0 L t 2 α n [α] − − dτ ≤C t − τ 2 4 ψ (τ ) L1 + |∇| ψ (τ ) q L 0 t α−[α] 1 − 2 −n − 12 2 [α] q +C t − τ dτ |∇| ψ (τ ) t Lq 2 2t −α−n − n (ρ−1) ≤ C ψ Y t − τ 2 4 τ 2 dτ 0 t −ζ −η −α−n t − τ τ dτ ≤ C t 2 4 ψ Y + C ψ Y t 2

2.3 Damped wave equation

87

for all t > 0, since ρ > 1 + n2 . Similarly we ﬁnd t G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ 0

t 2

≤C

t − τ

t

t − τ

+C t 2

≤ C ψ Y + C ψ Y

t 2

ψ (τ ) L1 + ψ (τ ) dτ Lq

−n 4

0 −n 2

L2

1

− 12

q

t − τ

−n 4

τ

−n 2 (ρ−1)

0 t t 2

dτ ψ (τ ) Lq

t − τ

−n 2

1

− 12

q

τ

dτ

−n 2

ρ− 1

− q dτ ≤ C t 4 ψ Y . n

Finally by the second estimate of Lemma 2.29, and using the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem 1.4 δ −1 δ ∆ 2 · ψ ≤ C · ψ L2

Lq

2n , we have with q = max 1, n+2

t δ |·| G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ 0

L2

≤C

t

δ

t − τ 2 0

−n 4

ψ (τ ) L1 dτ

−n 1−1 δ t − τ 2 ( q 2 ) · ψ (τ ) q dτ L 0 t δ −n − n (ρ−1) t − τ 2 4 τ 2 dτ ≤ C ψ Y 0 t min(2,n) n δ n − −(ρ−1)( µ 4 2 + 4 )+ 2 − 4 t − τ τ dτ + C ψ Y t

+C

0

≤ C t

δ n 2− 4

ψ Y .

Lemma 2.32 is proved. Lemma 2.33. The estimate ρ

N (u) Y ≤ C u X is true, provided that the right-hand side is bounded. 1 2n 2n , q = n+2+2[α]−2α , q = n+2 Proof. As above we choose δ > n2 , µ = n2 − ρ−1 1 for n ≥ 2 and µ = 12 − 2(ρ−1) > 0, q = 2, q = 1 for n = 1. By the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem 1.4 we have with r = n (ρ − 1) for n ≥ 2 and r = 2 (ρ − 1) for n = 1

88

2 Weak Nonlinearity µ

u Lr ≤ C |∇| u L2 ;

2n as a result of the H¨ older inequality we have by taking q = max 1, 2+n δ · N (u)

δ ρ δ ρ−1 ≤ C · |u| q ≤ C · u 2 u Lr L L ρ−1 δ µ ≤ C · u |∇| u L2 . 2

(2.54)

δ · N (u) q L µ n ρ−1 δ + µ ρ ≤ C u X . · u 2 t 2 4 |∇| u L2

(2.55)

Lq

L

Using (2.54) we get n n δ (ρ−1)( µ 2 + 4 )+ 4 − 2

t

n

≤ C t 4

− δ2

L

[α] , where α ≥ µ; We now consider the estimates of the norm |∇| N (u) Lq 2n q = n+2+2[α]−2α for n ≥ 2 and q = 2 for n = 1. First let us consider the case [α] = 0, then via Lemma 2.31 we have by Sobolev Imbedding Theorem 1.4 with β = n2 − n ρ q η [α] η ρ t |∇| N (u) = t u q q L Lρ ρ β n + β ρ ≤ C t 2 4 |∇| u 2 ≤ C u X . (2.56) L

Now we consider the case [α] ≥ 1, n ≥ 2. By the Leibnitz rule and by the [α] H¨ older inequality with 1 ≤ qj ≤ ∞ such that j=0 q1j = 1 , we get (provided q that [α] ≤ ρ) ρ−[α] [α] ≤ C q u |∇| N (u) Lq L 0

[α] kj |∇| u

kj ≥0, k1 +...+k[α] =[α] j=1

Lq j

.

µ+β −k

j j 1 1 We now choose q1j = 12 − , (ρ−[α])q = 12 − nµ , so that 0 ≤ βj < kj + ρ−1 n 0 [α] are such that j=1 βj = α − µ, then we get

[α] 1 µ 1 1 [α] − α 1 + (ρ − 1) − = + = , q n 2 n 2 q j=0 j since

1 2

−

µ n

=

1 n(ρ−1) .

Then by the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem 1.4 we have kj |∇| u

Lq j

and

µ+βj ≤ C |∇| u

L2

2.3 Damped wave equation

ρ−[α] u

Lq 0

ρ−[α]

µ

ρ−[α]

≤ C u L(ρ−[α])q0 ≤ C |∇| u L2

89

.

Therefore we obtain [α] ρ−[α] [α] µ+βj µ ≤ C |∇| u u |∇| N (u) |∇| 2; 2 L Lq L j=1

hence by Lemma 2.30 ρ−[α] µ n η [α] µ 2+4 t |∇| N (u) ≤ C t |∇| u 2 L Lq [α] µ + βj + n µ+βj ρ × t 2 2 4 |∇| u ≤ C u X . L2

j=1

Now the second estimate of Lemma 2.31 yields n ρ n ρ− 1 1− 1 ρ t 2 ( r ) N (u (t)) Lr ≤ t 2 ( ρr ) u (t) Lρr ≤ C u X

(2.57)

(2.58)

for all 1 ≤ r ≤ q. Collecting estimates (2.54) through (2.58) we obtain the result of the lemma which is then proved. The following lemma says that the asymptotic behavior of solutions to the linear Cauchy problem (2.52) is similar to that of the heat equation. Denote the heat kernel |x|2 −n G0 (t, x) = (4πt) 2 e− 4t , −n 2 θ = (2π) ψ (x) dx Rn

and

G (t) = (∂t + 1)G (t) .

By application of Lemma 1.37 we ﬁnd. Lemma 2.34. The estimates − α − n −1

α

|∇| (G (t) ψ − θG0 (t)) L2 ≤ C t 2 4 ψ L1 t −α−δ δ α −1 + C t 2 2 · ψ + Ce− 2 |∇| ∆ 2 ψ L2

and

L2

α − α − n −1 |∇| G (t) ψ − θG0 (t) 2 ≤ C t 2 4 ψ L1 L δ t −α δ α 2 −2 + C t · ψ + Ce− 4 |∇| ψ L2 L2

are true for all t > 0, where sides are ﬁnite.

n 2

< δ < n, α ≥ 0, provided that the right-hand

90

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Proof of Theorem 2.28 We rewrite the Cauchy problem (2.49) in the form of the integral equation (2.50). We apply Theorem 1.17 to prove the existence of the global solution. Denote X = v ∈ L∞ 0, ∞; L2 (R) : v X ≤ C . Applying estimates of Lemma 2.29 and Lemma 2.30 we get α

|∇| G (t) u1 L2 α |∇| G (t) u0 2 L δ |·| G (t) u1 2 L δ |·| G (t) u0 2 L

n −α 2−4

( u1 H0,δ + u1 Hα−1,0 ) ,

n −α 2−4

( u0 H0,δ + u0 Hα,0 ) ,

≤ C t ≤ C t

−n 4

u1 H0,δ ,

δ n 2− 4

u0 H0,δ .

δ

≤ C t 2 ≤ C t

Applying Lemma 2.32 and Lemma 2.33 we have t G (t − τ ) (N (w) (τ ) − N (v) (τ )) dτ ≤ C N (w) − N (v) Y 0 X ρ−1 ρ−1 w − v X . ≤ C w X + v X Hence due to Theorem 1.17 there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Hα,0 (Rn ) ∩ Hδ,0 (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (2.49). We apply Theorem2.4 to prove asymptotics (2.51). By Lemma 2.34 and 2n if α < n2 , the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem 1.4 we have for 2 ≤ p ≤ n−2α n n 2 ≤ p < ∞ if α = 2 , and 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ if α > 2 G (t) u1 − θ1 G0 (t) Lp α ≤ C |∇| (G (t) u1 − θ1 G0 (t)) L2 − n 1− 2 − n −1 −δ ≤ C t 2 ( p ) t 4 u1 L1 + C t 2 u1 H0,δ δ − max( n 4 +1, 2 ) + t u1 Hα−1,0 − n 1− 1 −1 −δ+n ≤ C t 2 ( p ) t u1 L1 + C t 2 4 u1 H0,δ − max(1, δ2 − n 4) + t u1 Hα−1,0 and

G (t) u0 − θ0 G0 (t) p L 1 −n −1 −δ+n 2 (1− p ) ≤ C t t u1 L1 + C t 2 4 u1 H0,δ − max(1, δ2 − n 4) + t u0 Hα,0

2.3 Damped wave equation

for all t > 0, where θj = (2π)

−n 2

91

uj (x) dx, Rn

−n

|x|2

for j = 0, 1 and G0 (t, x) = (4πt) 2 e− 4t . We use Lemma 2.29 with β = [α] , q = q to obtain t G (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) dτ t p 2 L t α−[α] 1 − 2 −n − 12 2 −η q ≤ C N (u) Y t − τ τ dτ t 2

1 n −n 2 (1− p )−min(1, 2 (ρ−1)−1)

≤ C t

ρ

u X

2n since q = n+2+2[α]−2α , η = α2 + n2 ρ − n4 − 12 for n ≥ 2 and q = 2, η = ρ2 − 14 , [α] = 0 for n = 1. We apply Lemma 2.34 to get t

2 N (u (τ, x)) dx dτ G (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) − G0 (t − τ, x) 0 p n R L 2t n 1 n ρ − 1− −1 − (ρ−1) ≤ C u X t − τ 2 ( p ) τ 2 0 − n 1− 1 − δ + n − n (ρ−1)+ δ2 − n 4 dτ + t − τ 2 ( p ) 2 4 τ 2 ρ − n 1− 1 −1 − n 1− 1 − δ + n ≤ C u X t 2 ( p ) + t 2 ( p ) 2 4 ρ

1 δ n −n 2 (1− p )−min(1, 2 − 4 )

≤ C u X t

,

2n where 2 ≤ p ≤ n−2α if α < n2 , 2 ≤ p < ∞ if α = n2 , and 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ if α > We also have t 2 (G0 (t − τ, x) − G0 (t, x)) N (u (τ, x)) dxdτ 0 p Rn L 2t ρ − n 1− 1 −1 1− n (ρ−1) ≤ C u X t − τ 2 ( p ) τ 2 dτ 0

≤C

ρ u X

t

1 n −n 2 (1− p )−min( 2 (ρ−1)−1,1)

and ∞ N (u (τ, x)) dxdτ G0 (t, x) t Rn 2

≤ C t

1 n −n 2 (1− p )− 2 (ρ−1)+1

Lp

Thus by Theorem 2.4 we see that there exists a constant

ρ

u X .

n 2.

92

2 Weak Nonlinearity

∞

N (u (τ, x)) dxdτ

A = θ1 + θ0 + Rn

0

such that the following asymptotics is valid 1 δ n n −n 2 (1− p )−min(1, 2 − 4 , 2 (ρ−1)−1)

u (t) − AG0 (t) Lp ≤ C t

2n for all t > 0, where 2 ≤ p ≤ n−2α if α < n ∞ if α > 2 . Theorem 2.28 is proved.

n 2,

2 ≤ p < ∞ if α =

n 2,

and 2 ≤ p ≤

2.3.1 Large initial data We study the one dimensional nonlinear damped wave equation σ utt + ut − uxx = λ |u| u, x ∈ R, t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , ut (0, x) = u1 (x) , x ∈ R

(2.59)

in the supercritical case σ > 2, where λ < 0. In this section we will prove the large time asymptotic formulas for the solutions of the Cauchy problem (2.59) without any restriction on the size of the initial data u0 (x) , u1 (x) . We study the one dimensional case for simplicity. Higher dimensions can also be considered by our method. Theorem 2.35. Let λ < 0, σ > 2. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ W12 (R)∩ H2 (R)∩L1,a (R), u1 ∈ W11 (R)∩H1 (R)∩L1,a (R), a ∈ (0, 1]. Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C( [0, ∞) ; W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) ∩ L1,a (R) to the Cauchy problem (2.59). Moreover the asymptotics is true 1 x2 −1 u (t, x) = A (4πt) 2 e− 4t + O t− 2 −γ for large time t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where 0 < γ < 1 2 min (a, σ − 2) and ∞ σ A= (u0 (x) + u1 (x)) dx + λ |u| u (τ, x) dxdτ R

0

R

In Subsection 2.3.1 we obtain some preliminary estimates of the Green operator solving the linearized Cauchy problem corresponding to (2.59). Subsection 2.3.1 is devoted to the proof of Theorem 2.35. Preliminaries First we collect some preliminary estimates for the Green operator G (t) = F −1 L (t, ξ) F with a symbol

2.3 Damped wave equation

93

2 sin t |ξ| − 14 t L (t, ξ) = e− 2 . 2 |ξ| − 14 in the weighted Lebesgue norms φ Lp and φ L1,a , for a ∈ (0, 1) , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Also we show that the operator G (t) behaves asymptotically as a Green operator G0 (t) for the heat equation 1 − 12 G0 (t) ψ = t G0 (x − y) t− 2 ψ (y) dy R

with a heat kernel G0 (x) = (4π)

− 12

e−

x2 4

.

Denote ϑ=

φ (x) dx. R

Lemma 2.36. The estimates are fulﬁlled k ∂t G (t) φ p ≤ C t−k φ k W L p

and

2 ∂t G (t) φ + e−t φ p ≤ C t−1 ∂x2 φ p L L

for all t > 0, where k ≥ 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Also the estimates are valid 1 1 −1−a G (t) φ − ϑt− 2 G0 (·) t− 2 ∞ ≤ C t 2 2 φ L1,a L

1 1 G (t) φ − ϑt− 2 G0 (·) t− 2

and

L1,a

≤ C φ L1,a

for all t > 0, where a ∈ [0, 1] , provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite. Proof. We have 1 t G (t) ψ = e− 2 2

"

1 2 2 I0 t − y ψ (x − y) dy, 2 |y|≤t

where I0 (x) is the modiﬁed Bessel function of order 0 (see Watson [1944]). Note that the function I0 (x) has the following asymptotics ∞ 2 ex ((2m − 1)!!) I0 (x) ∼ √ m 2πx m=0 (2x) 22m m!

for x → +∞ (see Fedoryuk [1987], Olver [1997]). Thus we have the estimates k "

2 d 1 2 − 2t 2 ≤ Ct− 12 −k e−C yt I t − y e 0 dtk 2

94

2 Weak Nonlinearity

for all |y| ≤ estimates

t 2,

t > 0. And in the domain 2t ≤ |y| ≤ t, t > 0 we apply the −x dk I0 (x) ≤ C. sup e k dx x≥0

We rewrite the Green operator in the form "

1 1 2 − 2t 2 G (t) ψ = e I0 t − y ψ (x − y) dy 2 |y|≤ 2t 2 "

t 1 − 2t 2 te I0 1 − z ψ (x − zt) dz, + 2 12 <|z|≤1 2 hence

2 k −C yt ∂t G (t) ψ p ≤ Ct− 12 −k e ψ (x − y) dy L |y|≤ t

Lp

2

+ Ce−Ct ψ Wk ≤ Ct−k ψ Wk p

p

for all t > 0, k ≥ 0. Thus the ﬁrst estimate is true. To prove the second estimate we represent the symbol 1 2 ∂t L (t, ξ) + e−t 2 ξ ⎛ ⎞ $ 1 − 2t 2 2 1 − 2ξ sin t ξ − 4 t 1 1 ⎜e ⎟ − e− 2 cos t ξ 2 − = 2⎝ + e−t ⎠ ξ 4 1 2 2 ξ −4 = −e− 2 t

sin tξ (t, ξ) , +R ξ

where − 2t

⎛

(t, ξ) = e ⎝ R ξ2 − cosh e− 2 t

−

sinh

" t 2

"

1 − 4ξ 2

1 − 4ξ 2

t − sinh 2

" t t 1 − 4ξ 2 + cosh 2 2 sin t ξ 2 − 14 t sin tξ . + e− 2 ξ 1 ξ2 − 4

(t) ∈ C∞ (R). As ξ → 0 we have Note that R

2.3 Damped wave equation

95

" 1 − 4ξ 2 exp 2t 1 − 4ξ 2 − 2t (t, ξ) = " R ξ 2 1 − 4ξ 2

t 1 e− 2 t" 2 −2 − 2t 2 1 − 4ξ − 2e − 2 1 + 1 − 4ξ exp − 2ξ 2 " t exp − 2t 1 − 4ξ 2 2 − 2t " +e = O ξ 2 e−Ctξ + O e− 2 . 1 − 4ξ 2

1 − 2ξ 2 −

"

(t, ξ) decays at inﬁnity along with all derivatives with respect to Moreover R ξ, so that the estimate is true m 2 t m −1 −2 ∂ξ R (t, ξ) ≤ C t 2 e−Ctξ + Ce− 2 ξ for all t > 0, ξ ∈ R, m = 0, 1, 2. Therefore there exists an inverse Fourier (t, ξ) , which satisfy the estimate transform R (t, x) = Fξ→x R 2 −1 −3 sup x t 2 |R (t, x)| ≤ C t 2 .

x∈R

Hence applying the Young inequality we obtain 2 ∂t G (t) φ + e−t φ p L t −2 ≤ C e φyy (y) dy + C R (t, x − y) φ (y) dy yy p p |x−y|
≤ Ct

−1

φxx Lp

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. The last two estimates of the lemma follow from Lemma 1.33. Lemma 2.36 is proved. By using a standard contraction mapping principle we have the following result. Proposition 2.37. Let σ > 2, λ ∈ R. Let u0 ∈ W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), u1 ∈ W11 (R) ∩ H1 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), a ∈ (0, 1] . Then there exists a positive time T and a unique solution u ∈ C [0, T ] ; W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) ∩ L1,a (R) to the Cauchy problem (2.59). We now prove a global existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (2.59) in the super critical case σ > 2. Proposition 2.38. Let σ > 2, λ ∈ R. Let u0 ∈ W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), u1 ∈ W11 (R) ∩ H1 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), a ∈ (0, 1]. Suppose that the local solutions u constructed in Proposition 2.37 satisfy the optimal time decay estimate 1

sup t 2 u (t) L∞ ≤ C,

t∈[0,T ]

96

2 Weak Nonlinearity

where C > 0 does not depend on exists the existence time T. Then there a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) ∩ L1,a (R) of the Cauchy problem (2.59). Moreover the asymptotics is valid 1 x2 −1 (2.60) u (t, x) = A (4πt) 2 e− 4t + O t− 2 −γ for large time t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where 0 < γ < min a2 , σ2 − 1 and a constant A is deﬁned in Theorem 2.35. Proof of Proposition 2.38. We write problem (2.59) as integral equation (2.50). Let us prove a priori estimate 1 1 −a sup t 2 u (t) L1,a + t 2 u (t) L∞ + u (t) W2 + t 4 u (t) H2 ≤ C, 1

t∈[0,T ]

(2.61) where C > 0 does not depend on the existence time T. Applying Lemma 2.36 we obtain a

u L1,a ≤ C t 2 ( u0 L1,a + u1 L1,a ) t t a σ σ +C |u| u (τ ) L1,a dτ + C |u| u (τ ) L1 t − τ 2 dτ 0 0 t t a σ a − −σ 2 2 τ u (τ ) L1,a dτ + C τ 2 t − τ 2 u (τ ) L1 dτ, ≤ C t + C 0

0

u W2 ≤ C u0 W2 + u1 W1 + C 1 1 1 t −σ τ 2 u (τ ) W1 dτ, ≤C +C

0

σ

|u| u (τ ) W1 dτ 1

1

0

and

t

−1 u H2 ≤ C t 4 u0 W2 + u0 H2 + u1 W1 + u1 H1 1 1 2t t −1 σ σ +C t − τ 4 |u| u (τ ) W1 dτ + C |u| u (τ ) H1 dτ 1

0

− 14

≤ C + C t

0

t 2

τ

−σ 2

t 2

u (τ ) W1 dτ + C 1

t t 2

τ

−σ 2

u (τ ) H1 dτ.

Therefore the Gronwall inequality gives the desired estimate (2.61). Now the global existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (2.59) follows by Proposition 2.37 via a standard continuation argument. We now prove the asymptotics (2.60). We use the integral representation σ (2.50) with f = λ |u| u. By virtue of the third estimate of Lemma 2.36 we have the following asymptotic representation for the Green operator

2.3 Damped wave equation

(∂t + 1) G (t) u0 + G (t) u1 1+a 1 1 = θt− 2 G0 xt− 2 + O t− 2 ( u0 L1,a + u1 L1,a )

97

(2.62)

for large time t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where G0 (x) = (4π)

− 12

e−

x2 4

,

θ=

(u0 (x) + u1 (x)) dx, R

and a ∈ (0, 1] . Denote

σ

|u| u (τ ) dy,

ϑ (τ ) = λ R

and consider the diﬀerence t ∞ 1 1 σ G (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) dτ − t− 2 G0 xt− 2 ϑ (τ ) dτ λ 0 0 t σ G (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) dτ =λ

t 2

t 2

+λ

0

σ

G (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) (t − τ )

− 12

−1 dτ G0 x (t − τ ) 2

1 1 −1 ϑ (τ ) dτ G0 x (t − τ ) 2 − t− 2 G0 xt− 2 0 ∞ 1 1 + t− 2 G0 xt− 2 ϑ (τ ) dτ.

+

t 2

− 12

(t − τ )

(2.63)

t 2

In the domain 0 < τ < 2t we apply the third estimate of Lemma 2.36 to get σ −1 −1 λG (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) (t − τ ) 2 G0 x (t − τ ) 2 L∞

− 12 − a 2

≤ C (t − τ ) and in the domain

t 2

σ

|u| u (τ ) L1,a

≤ τ < t we use the estimate σ

σ

λG (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) L∞ ≤ C |u| u (τ ) L∞ . Therefore we have by virtue of estimates (2.61) t σ G (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) dτ λ t ∞ 2 L t 1 σ+1 − (σ+1) − 1 −γ ≤ C u X τ 2 dτ ≤ C t 2 , t 2

and

98

2 Weak Nonlinearity

t 2 1 1 σ − − λG (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) (t − τ ) 2 G0 x (t − τ ) 2 dτ 0 ∞ L 2t 1 a σ 1 σ+1 − − − − −γ ≤ C u X (t − τ ) 2 2 τ 2 dτ ≤ C t 2 , 0

where 0 < γ < min a2 , σ2 − 1 . Now we estimate the third summand in (2.63) t 2 − 12 − 12 G0 (t − τ, x) − t G0 xt ϑ (τ ) dτ 0 ∞ L 2t 1 1 1 1 − − −σ ≤C (t − τ ) 2 G0 x (t − τ ) 2 − t− 2 G0 xt− 2 ∞ τ 2 dτ L

0

≤C

t 2

t − τ

− 12 −γ

γ− σ 2

τ

− 12 −γ

dτ ≤ C t

.

0

For the last summand in (2.63) we have ∞ 1 ∞ 1 −2 −σ − 1 −γ − 12 ϑ (τ ) dτ ≤ Ct− 2 τ 2 dτ ≤ C t 2 . t G0 xt t t ∞ 2

2

L

Thus in view of (2.62) we see from the integral equation (2.50) that there exists a constant ∞ ϑ (τ ) dτ (2.64) A=θ+ 0

such that asymptotics (2.60) is valid. Proposition 2.38 is proved. Proof of Theorem 2.35 Deﬁne the norms

φ p,q ≡ φ (t, x) Lq (Rx )

Lp (0,∞)

.

We ﬁrst prove a global existence result for large data. Proposition 2.39. Let λ < 0, σ > 0. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ 1 1,a W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), u1 ∈ W11 (R) ∩ H (R) ∩ L (R), a ∈ (0, 1] . Then there exists a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) ∩ L1,a (R) to the Cauchy problem (2.59). Moreover the a-priory estimates of a solution are valid (2.65) u ∞,2 + u ∞,σ+2 + ut ∞,2 + ux ∞,2 ≤ C, and u σ+2,σ+2 + ux 2,2 + ut 2,2 ≤ C.

(2.66)

2.3 Damped wave equation

99

Proof. Let u be a solution constructed in Proposition 2.37. We now multiply equation (2.59) by 2 (2ut + u). Then integrating the result with respect to x ∈ R we get 2 ((ut + u) (utt + ut ) + ut utt ) dx R 2 σ (ut ) dx + 2 (2ut + u) uxx dx − 2 |λ| (2ut + u) |u| udx, = −2 R

therefore d dt

R

R

2

2

2

ut + u L2 + ut L2 + 2 ux L2 + 2

2

4 |λ| σ+2 u Lσ+2 σ+2

σ+2

= −2 ut L2 − 2 ux L2 − 2 |λ| u Lσ+2 2

from which the a-priory estimate u (t) L∞ ≤ C ux (t) L2 u (t) L2 ≤ C follows. In the same way as in the proof of Proposition 2.38, applying Lemma 2.36 we obtain a

u L1,a ≤ C t 2 ( u0 L1,a + u1 L1,a ) t t a σ σ +C |u| u (τ ) L1,a dτ + C |u| u (τ ) L1 t − τ 2 dτ 0 0 t t a a u (τ ) L1,a dτ + C t − τ 2 u (τ ) L1 dτ, ≤ C t 2 + C 0

0

t σ |u| u (τ ) W1 dτ u W2 ≤ C u0 W2 + u1 W1 + C 1 1 1 1 0 t u (τ ) W1 dτ, ≤C +C 1

0

and u H2 ≤ C ( u0 H2 + u1 H1 ) + C t u (τ ) H1 dτ ≤C +C

0

t

σ

|u| u (τ ) H1 dτ

0

for all t ∈ [0, T ] . Then the Gronwall lemma yields the estimate e−Ct u (t) L1,a + u (t) W2 + u (t) H2 ≤ C 1

for all t ∈ [0, T ] , where C > 0 does not depend on T. Therefore we can prolong the local solution to the global one. Moreover we have the desired estimates (2.65) and (2.66). Proposition 2.39 is proved.

100

2 Weak Nonlinearity

We now prepare several lemmas. √ Lemma 2.40. Let σ > 2 3 − 1 , λ < 0. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), u1 ∈ W11 (R) ∩ H1 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), a ∈ (0, 1] . Let u be a global solution constructed in Proposition 2.39. Then the estimate is true utt 1,1 ≤ C. Proof. Since u ∞,2 + u σ+2,σ+2 ≤ C, by the H¨ older inequality we get for 2≤p≤σ+2 2 1−(1− p )(1+ σ2 )

u (t) Lp ≤ u (t) L2 hence for s =

(1− 2 )(1+ σ2 ) u (t) L2+σp

2 1−(1− 2 )(1+ σ (1− p2 )(1+ σ2 ) ) u s,p ≤ u ∞,2 p u σ+2,σ+2 ≤C

σp p−2 ,

(2.67)

2 ≤ p ≤ σ + 2. Since u ∞,2 + ux 2,2 ≤ C, by the Cauchy2

Schwartz inequality we have u L∞ ≤ 2 u L2 ux L2 , hence u 4,∞ ≤ C.

(2.68)

Combining estimates (2.67) and (2.68) we obtain u s,p ≤ C

(2.69)

4p for s = p+2−σ , 2 + σ ≤ p ≤ ∞. Now we estimate the second derivative uxx . By the integral representation σ (2.50) with f = λ |u| u we ﬁnd

uxx = (∂t + 1) ∂x2 G (t) u0 + ∂x2 G (t) u1 t σ +λ ∂x2 G (t − τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ. 0

In view of estimates (2.67), (2.68) and ux 2,2 ≤ C, using Lemma 2.36 and the Young inequality we obtain t σ 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ 2 0 Lx Ls (0,∞) t t σ 1+ σ −1 σ+1 2 2 u (τ ) L2(σ+1) + u (τ ) L2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ ≤C t − τ 0

−1 σ+1 ≤ C t s1 u (t) L2(σ+1) s Lt (0,T ) Lt (0,∞) σ σ 1+ −1 2 + C t s1 u ∞,2 ux 2,2 2 Lt (0,∞)

σ

1+ σ

2 ≤ C u (σ+1)s2 ,2(σ+1) + C u ∞,2 ux 2,2 2 ,

Lst (0,∞)

2.3 Damped wave equation

where 1s = s11 + s12 −1 < s12 and Thus we get the estimate

1 s

=

1 s1

+ 2+σ 4 −1 <

1 s2 ,

101

since s1 > 1, s2 =

uxx s,2 ≤ C

8 σ+4 .

(2.70)

8 σ+4 ,

for s > if σ > 1. Next we estimate ∂t2 u. We have by the integral representation (2.50) with σ f = λ |u| u ∂t2 u (t) = (∂t + 1) ∂t2 G (t) u0 + ∂t2 G (t) u1 t σ σ + λ∂t G (t) |u0 | u0 + λ ∂t G (t − τ ) ∂τ |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ. 0

By virtue of estimates of Lemma 2.36 we obtain t −1 −1 σ utt (t) L1 ≤ C t + C t − τ u (τ ) L2σ uτ (τ ) L2 dτ. 0

In view of estimates (2.67), (2.68) and ux 2,2 ≤ C, using Lemma 2.36 and the Young inequality we obtain utt (t) L1 Ls (0,∞) t t σ ≤ C + C ∂t G (t − τ ) |u (τ )| uτ (τ ) dτ 1 0 Lx Ls (0,∞) t t −1 σ ≤C t − τ u (τ ) L2σ uτ (τ ) L2 dτ s 0 Lt (0,∞) −1 σ ≤ C t s1 u (t) L2σ Ls2 (0,∞) ut (t) L2 L2 (0,∞) Lt (0,∞)

t

t

≤ C u σs2 ,2σ ut 2,2 , where 1s = s11 + s12 − 12 < s12 + 12 , since s1 > 1, s2 = 2σ for 1 < σ ≤ 2. Thus we get the estimate s2 = 2σ−2

8 σ+2

for σ ≥ 2, and

utt s,1 ≤ C 8 2σ for σ ≥ 2, and s > 3σ−2 for 1 < σ ≤ 2. for s > σ+6 To prove the estimate of the lemma we write

∂t2 u (t) = (∂t + 1) ∂t2 G (t) u0 + ∂t2 G (t) u1 2t σ σ + λ |u (t)| u (t) + λ ∂t2 G (t − τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ 0 t σ 2 ∂t G (t − τ ) + e−(t−τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ +λ −λ

t 2

t t 2

e−(t−τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ. σ

(2.71)

102

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Integration by parts in view of equation (2.59) yields −λ

t t 2

e−(t−τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ σ

σ

σ

σ

σ

= −λ |u (t)| u (t) + λ (σ + 1) |u (t)| ut (t) σ

t t t − 2t u + λe u − (σ + 1) u 2 2 2 t σ −λ e−(t−τ ) ∂τ2 (|u (τ )| u (τ )) dτ t 2

= −λ |u (t)| u (t) + λ (σ + 1) |u (t)| (uxx (t) − utt (t)) 2σ

+ λ2 (σ + 1) |u (t)| u (t) σ

t t t − 2t + λe u u − (σ + 1) u 2 2 2 t σ −λ e−(t−τ ) ∂τ2 (|u (τ )| u (τ )) dτ. t 2

Therefore ∂t2 u (t) = (∂t + 1) ∂t2 G (t) u0 + ∂t2 G (t) u1 σ

t t t t + λe− 2 u u − (σ + 1) u 2 2 2 σ

+ λ (σ + 1) |u (t)| (uxx (t) − utt (t)) + λ2 (σ + 1) |u (t)|

t 2

+λ

σ

∂t2 G (t − τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ

0

−λ

t t 2

e−(t−τ ) ∂τ2 (|u (τ )| u (τ )) dτ

t +λ t 2

Hence we have

σ

σ ∂t2 G (t − τ ) + e−(t−τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ.

2σ

u (t)

2.3 Damped wave equation

103

utt (t) L1 ≤ (∂t + 1) ∂t2 G (t) u0 + ∂t2 G (t) u1 L1 σ

t t t − 2t + Ce u u − (σ + 1) u 2 2 2

L1

σ

σ

1+2σ

+ C |u (t)| uxx (t) L1 + C |u (t)| utt (t) L1 + C u (t) L1+2σ t σ +C e−(t−τ ) ∂τ2 (|u (τ )| u (τ )) dτ t 1 2 t L 2 σ +C ∂t2 G (t − τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ 0 1 L t σ 2 −(t−τ ) ∂t G (t − τ ) + e |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ +C (2.72) t 1 2

L

By Lemma 2.36 we have (∂t + 1) ∂t2 G (t) u0 + ∂t2 G (t) u1 1 L σ

t t t t u u ≤ Ce− 2 − (σ + 1) u 2 2 2

≤ C t

−2

.

L1

In view of estimates (2.69) and (2.70) we get σ σ ≤ uxx s1 ,2 u σs2 ,2σ |u (t)| uxx (t) L1x 1 Lt (0,T )

8 8 σ where s1 > σ+4 and s2 = σ+2 for σ ≥ 2, and s2 = σ−1 for 1 < σ ≤ 2; so that √ 1 1 3 − 1 . In the same manner by virtue of (2.69) s1 + s2 > 1, when σ > 2 and (2.71) we ﬁnd σ σ ≤ utt s,1 u 4,∞ |u (t)| utt (t) L1 1 x

8 where s > σ+6 for σ ≥ 2, and s > √ when σ > 5 − 1. By (2.69) we get 1+2σ u (t) L1+2σ 1

Lt (0,∞) 2σ 3σ−2

Lt (0,∞)

for 1 < σ ≤ 2; so that

1 s

1+2σ

L1x L1 (0,∞) t

2

σ 4

≤ C u 1+2σ,1+2σ ≤ C,

for σ > 1. Similarly we have t σ −(t−τ ) 2 e ∂ (|u (τ )| u (τ )) dτ τ t 1 2 Lx L1 (0,∞) t σ−1 σ 2 ≤C ut (t) + C |u (t)| utt (t) L1 |u (t)| σ−1

+

x

σ

≤ C u ∞,∞ ut 2,2 + C utt s,1 u 4,∞

L1t (0,∞)

> 1,

104

2 Weak Nonlinearity

√ for σ > 5 − 1. Using Lemma 2.36, we obtain t 2 σ 2 ∂t G (t − τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ 1 0 L 2t −2 σ σ ≤ C t ( |u (τ )| u (τ ) L1 + |u (τ )| ux (τ ) L1 ) dτ. 0

In view of estimates (2.67) - (2.70) we have

t 2

0

σ

σ

( |u (τ )| u (τ ) L1 + |u (τ )| ux (τ ) L1 ) dτ

≤ 0

t 2

1 σ+1 σ u (τ ) Lσ+1 + u (τ ) L2σ ux (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ Ct σ ,

therefore t 2 σ ∂t2 G (t − τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ 0 1,1 2t −2 σ σ ≤ t ( |u (τ )| u (τ ) L1 + |u (τ )| ux (τ ) L1 ) dτ 1 0 Lt (0,∞) ∞ 1 −2 ≤C t t σ dt ≤ C, 0

when σ > 1. For the last summand in (2.72) by Lemma 2.36, we get t σ ∂t2 G (t − τ ) + e−(t−τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ t 1 2 L

t 1−γ 1−γ −1−γ σ−1 2 σ ≤C t − τ ux (τ ) + |u (τ )| uxx (τ ) L1 |u (τ )| t

L1

t 2

L1

2 γ γ σ σ × |u (τ )| u (τ ) L1 + |u (τ )| ux (τ ) L1 dτ

t 1−γ 1−γ −1−γ σ−1 2 σ ≤C t − τ ux (τ ) + |u (τ )| uxx (τ ) L1 dτ |u (τ )| √ with some small γ > 0. When σ > 2 3 − 1 , and if γ > 0 is suﬃciently small, by the H¨ older inequality we obtain (σ−1)(1−γ) 2−2γ ux (t) L2 1 u (τ ) L∞ Lt (0,∞)

≤

(σ−1)(1−γ) u (σ−1)(1−γ)s1 ,∞

2−2γ ux (2−2γ)s2 ,2

≤C

2.3 Damped wave equation

with (σ − 1) (1 − γ) s1 ≥ 4, (2 − 2γ) s2 ≥ 2; so that

1 s1

+

1 s2

105

= 1 and

(1−γ)σ 1−γ uxx (τ ) L2 u (τ ) L2σ

L1t (0,∞)

≤

1−γ uxx (1−γ)s1 ,2

(1−γ)σ u (1−γ)σs2 ,2σ

≤C

8 8σ , (1 − γ) s2 = σ+2 for σ ≥ 2, and (1 − γ) s2 = with (1 − γ) s1 > σ+4 1 1 1 < σ ≤ 2; so that s1 + s2 = 1. Therefore

σ σ−1

for

t 1−γ 1−γ −1−γ σ−1 2 σ t − τ ux (τ ) 1 + |u (τ )| uxx (τ ) L1 dτ |u (τ )| t 1 L 2 Lt (0,∞) (σ−1)(1−γ) 2−2γ ≤ C u (τ ) L∞ ux (t) L2 1 Lt (0,∞) (1−γ)σ 1−γ +C uxx (τ ) L2 u (τ ) L2σ 1 ≤C. Lt (0,∞)

Thus from (2.72) we have the result of the lemma. Lemma 2.40 is proved. Now we estimate the decay rate of the Lp - norms of the solutions. Lemma 2.41. Let λ < 0. Suppose that u0 ∈ W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), u1 ∈ W11 (R) ∩ H1 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), a ∈ (0, 1] . Let the global solution constructed in Proposition 2.39 satisfy utt 1,1 ≤ C. Then the estimates − 14

u (t) L1 ≤ C, u (t) L2 ≤ C t and ux (t) L2 ≤ C t

,

− 34

are valid for all t > 0. Proof. We estimate the L1 - norm. Denote S (x) = 1 for all x > 0 and S (x) = −1 for all x < 0; S (0) = 0. We multiply equation (2.59) by S (u (t, x)) and integrate with respect to x over R to get S (u (t, x)) ut (t, x) dx = S (u (t, x)) uxx dx R R σ S (u (t, x)) (λ |u (t, x)| u (t, x) − utt (t, x)) dx. + R

We have

S (u (t, x)) ut (t, x) dx = R

d u (t) L1 , dt

106

2 Weak Nonlinearity

S (u (t, x)) uxx (t, x) dx ≤ 0 R

and

σ

R

σ+1

S (u (t, x)) λ |u (t, x)| u (t, x) dx = λ u (t) Lσ+1 ≤ 0.

Therefore we ﬁnd

d u (t) L1 ≤ utt (t) L1 . (2.73) dt Integration of inequality (2.73) in view of estimate (2.75) yields the ﬁrst estimate of the lemma. In particular, we ﬁnd − 12

sup | u (t, ξ)| ≤ (2π) ξ∈R

u (t) L1 ≤ C.

(2.74)

We now multiply equation (2.59) by 2 (2ut + u). Then integrating the result with respect to x ∈ R we get 2 ((ut + u) (utt + ut ) + ut utt ) dx R 2 σ = −2 (ut ) dx + 2 (2ut + u) uxx dx − 2 |λ| (2ut + u) |u| udx, R

therefore d dt

R

R

ut +

2 u L2

+

2 ut L2

2

+

2 2 ux L2

2

4 |λ| σ+2 u Lσ+2 + σ+2

σ+2

= −2 ut L2 − 2 ux L2 − 2 |λ| u Lσ+2 .

(2.75)

By the Plansherel theorem using the Fourier splitting method due to Schonbek [1995], we have 2 2 2 ux L2 = |ξ u (t, ξ)| dξ + |ξ u (t, ξ)| dξ |ξ|≤χ

≥χ

2

2 u L2

|ξ|≥χ

− Cχ , 3

where χ > 0. Thus from (2.75) we have the inequality

d 4 |λ| 2 2 2 σ+2 u Lσ+2 ut + u L2 + ut L2 + 2 ux L2 + dt 2+σ 2

2

2

σ+2

≤ −χ2 u L2 − ux L2 − 2 ut L2 − 2 |λ| u Lσ+2 + Cχ3

4 |λ| 2 2 2 σ+2 u Lσ+2 + Cχ3 . ≤ −χ2 ut + u L2 + ut L2 + ux L2 + 2+σ −1

We choose χ2 = 2 (t0 + t)

, t0 ≥ 2 and change

(2.76)

2.3 Damped wave equation 2

2

2

ut + u L2 + ut L2 + ux L2 +

107

4 |λ| σ+2 −2 u Lσ+2 = (t0 + t) W (t) . 2+σ

Then we get from (2.76) 1 d W (t) ≤ C (t0 + t) 2 . dt

(2.77)

Integration of (2.77) with respect to time yields 3

W (t) ≤ C (t0 + t) 2 . Therefore we obtain the second estimate of the lemma. We now diﬀerentiate equation (2.59) with respect to x and multiply the result by 2 (2uxt + ux ) . Then integrating with respect to x ∈ R we get d 2 2 (2uxt + ux ) uxxx dx (uxt + ux ) + (uxt ) dx = 2 dt R R 2 σ (uxt ) dx − 2 |λ| (σ + 1) (2uxt + ux ) |u| ux dx, −2 R

R

hence σ d 2 2 2 uxt + ux L2 + uxt L2 + 2 uxx L2 + 2 |λ| (σ + 1) |u| u2x L1 dt σ 2 2 = −2 uxx L2 − 2 uxt L2 − 2 |λ| (σ + 1) |u| u2x L1 σ−2 + 2 |λ| σ (σ + 1) u2x |u| uut dx. (2.78) R

Then using equation (2.59) we get σ−2 σ−2 σ−2 σ u2x |u| uut dx = u2x |u| uuxx dx + u2x |u| u (λ |u| u − utt ) dx R R R σ−1 σ−2 4 2σ σ−2 2 ux + λ ux |u| dx − u2x |u| uutt dx =− |u| 3 L1 R R µ (t) 2 σ−1 2 ≤ ux L2 u L∞ utt L1 ≤ ux L2 , 2 |λ| σ (σ + 1) where we denote σ−1

µ (t) = 2 |λ| σ (σ + 1) u L∞ utt L1 . ∞ By Lemma 2.40 we see that 0 µ (t) dt ≤ C. As above by the Plansherel theorem, we have 2 2 2 2 2 ξ u ξ u uxx L2 = (t, ξ) dξ + (t, ξ) dξ |ξ|≤χ

≥χ

2

2 ux (t) L2

|ξ|≥χ

− Cχ , 5

108

2 Weak Nonlinearity

where χ > 0. Thus from (2.78) we have the inequality σ d 2 2 2 uxt + ux L2 + uxt L2 + 2 uxx L2 + 2 |λ| (σ + 1) |u| u2x L1 dt 2 2 2 ≤ µ − χ2 ux L2 − 2 uxt L2 − uxx L2 σ − 2 |λ| (σ + 1) |u| u2x L1 + Cχ5 σ 2 2 2 ≤ µ − χ2 uxt + ux L2 + uxt L2 + 2 uxx L2 + 2 |λ| (σ + 1) |u| u2x L1 + Cχ5 .

(2.79) −1

We choose χ2 = 3 (t0 + t)

, t0 ≥ 6 and change

σ 2 2 2 uxt + ux L2 + uxt L2 + 2 uxx L2 + 2 |λ| (σ + 1) |u| u2x L1 t µ(τ )dτ −3 = (t0 + t) e 0 W1 (t) . Then we get from (2.79) 1 d W1 (t) ≤ C (t0 + t) 2 . dt

(2.80)

Integration of (2.80) with respect to time yields 3

W1 (t) ≤ C (t0 + t) 2 . Therefore we obtain last estimate of the lemma. Furthermore we have the optimal time decay estimate 1 − 12 (1− p )

u (t) Lp ≤ C t

(2.81)

for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ since 1

1

− 12

u (t) L∞ ≤ C u (t) L2 2 ux (t) L2 2 ≤ C t and u (t) L1 ≤ C. Lemma 2.41 is proved.

Proof of Theorem 2.35. In view of (2.65) and (2.66) we can apply Lemma 2.40 to obtain utt 1,1 ≤ C. Then from Lemma 2.41 we have the estimate (2.81) for all t > 0. Thus we have the desired result by Proposition 2.38. Theorem 2.35 is proved.

2.4 Sobolev type equations

109

2.4 Sobolev type equations This section is devoted to the study of the Cauchy problem for the Sobolev type equation in the supercritical case σ ∂t (u − ∆u) − α∆u = λ |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (2.82) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where α > 0, σ > n2 , λ ∈ R. Equation (2.82) can be viewed as a multidimensional generalization of the Boussinesq equation; it arises in liquid ﬁltration problems for a porous medium with cracks Kozhanov [1994], Kozhanov [1999] and in the theory of crystalline semiconductors Korpusov and Sveshnikov [2003]. Using the Duhamel principle we rewrite (2.82) in the form of the integral equation t

σ

G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) dτ,

u (t) = G (t) u0 + λ

(2.83)

0

where the Green operator G (t) is given by αt

ˆ G (t) φ = e−αt F ξ→x e 1+|ξ|2 φ(ξ)

and

B (x − y) φ (y) dy

Bφ = Rn

with a kernel (see Titchmarsh [1986]) −1 −n 2 1− n eiξx 1 + |ξ| dξ = |x| 2 K n2 −1 (|x|) , B (x) = (2π) 2 Rn

where −ν−1

Kν (|x|) = K−ν (|x|) = 2

ν

|x|

∞

ξ −ν−1 e−ξ−

|x|2 4ξ

dξ

0

is the Macdonald function (or the modiﬁed Bessel function) of order ν ∈ R (see Watson [1944]). If we use the Taylor expansion ∞ α k tk

αt

e 1+|ξ|2 =

k=0

k!

1 + |ξ|

2

−k

then we can represent G (t) φ = e−αt

∞ α k tk k=0

where B 0 = 1 and

k!

B k φ,

Bk (x − y) φ (y) dy

Bk φ = Rn

110

2 Weak Nonlinearity

with Bk (x) = (2π)

−n 2

−k 2 eiξx 1 + |ξ| dξ

Rn 1−k

2 k− n |x| 2 K n2 −k (|x|) (k − 1)!

=

for k ≥ 1. Thus we can easily see that the operators G (t) , G (t) B G (t) φ = φ + G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy Rn

G (t) Bφ =

H (t, x − y) φ (y) dy Rn

have positive kernels G (t, x) = e−αt

∞ α k tk

k!

k=1

H (t, x) = e−αt

∞ α k tk k=0

k!

Bk (|x|) ≥ 0,

Bk+1 (|x|) ≥ 0

(2.84)

for all t ≥ 0, x ∈ Rn . By the estimates of the Macdonald function (see Watson [1944]) we see that for any k ≥ 1 k− n+1 2 e−|x| , for |x| ≥ 1, C |x| 1 2k−n−1 |Bk (x)| ≤ C |x| y dy, for |x| < 1 . Hence for any k ≥ 0 k B φ p ≤ C n Bk (t, x − y) φ (y) dy p ≤ Bk (t) L1 φ Lp L R L 1

≤ C φ Lp

y 2k−n−1 dy +

dx |x|<1

|x|

|x|≥1

|x|

k− n+1 2

(2.85)

e−|x| dx

≤ C φ Lp for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and k B φ 1,a ≤ C xa L

R

Bk (t, x − y) φ (y) dy n

L1

≤ C Bk (t) L1,a φ L1,a ≤ C φ L1,a dx |x|<1

≤ C φ L1,a for any a ≥ 0.

1

|x|

y

2k−n−1

dy + |x|≥1

a+k− n+1 2

|x|

−|x|

e

dx (2.86)

2.4 Sobolev type equations

111

2.4.1 Local existence We now prove the existence of local solutions to the Cauchy problem (2.82). Theorem 2.42. Let u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) , a ≥ 0. Then for some T > 0 there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, T ] ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (2.82). Proof. To apply Theorem 1.9, we choose functional spaces Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) : ||u||Z < ∞ , XT = u ∈ C [0, T ] ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) : ||u||XT < ∞ , with the following norms φ Z = φ L1,a + φ L∞ , u XT = sup ( u (t) L1,a + u (t) L∞ ) . t∈[0,T ]

Applying the Young inequality for convolutions and Lemma 1.31 we have −n 2

G (t) u0 L∞ ≤ C t and

( u0 L∞ + u0 L1 )

t σ σ |λ| G (t − τ ) B (|v1 | v1 (τ ) − |v2 | v2 (τ )) dτ 0

≤C 0

t

σ

(2.87)

L∞

σ

B (|v1 | v1 (τ ) − |v2 | v2 (τ )) L∞ dτ.

(2.88)

Similarly we obtain the estimates a

G (t) u0 L1,a ≤ C t 2 u0 L1,a and

t σ σ |λ| G (t − τ ) B (|v1 | v1 (τ ) − |v2 | v2 (τ )) L1,a dτ 0

≤C 0

t

a 2

σ

σ

t − τ B (|v1 | v1 (τ ) − |v2 | v2 (τ )) L1,a dτ.

(2.89)

L1,a

(2.90)

Using the estimate σ σ σ σ ||B (|v1 | v1 (τ ) − |v2 | v2 (τ ))||XT ≤ C ||v1 − v2 ||XT ||v1 ||XT + ||v2 ||XT , we get from (2.87) to (2.90) Gφ XT ≤ C φ Z .

112

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Also we have

t G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ 0 XT σ σ ≤ CT w − v XT w XT + v XT .

Therefore if we choose suﬃciently small T > 0, due to Theorem 1.9 there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, T ] ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) to the problem (2.82). Theorem 2.42 is proved. 2.4.2 Small data In order to prove global existence in the case of the arbitrary sign of λ of the nonlinearity we have to assume a smallness condition for the initial data, since in the case of λ > 0 there could be a blow up phenomena (see Samarskii et al. [1995], Glassey [1973b], Mitidieri and Pokhozhaev [2001], Tsutsumi [1984]). Theorem 2.43. Let σ > n2 . Let u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn )∩L∞ (Rn ), a ∈ (0, 1] . Suppose Then there exists a that the norm u0 L1,a + u0 L∞ is suﬃciently small. unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (2.82). Moreover the asymptotics n n x2 u (t, x) = At− 2 e− 4t + O t− 2 −γ

(2.91)

for large time t → ∞ is uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where A is a atrue n constant, 0 < γ < min 2 , 2 σ − 1 . Proof. We apply Theorem 1.17, as well as introduce the space X = v ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) : v X < ∞ , where the norm

n −a v X = sup t 2 v (t) L1,a + t 2 v (t) L∞ . t>0

Note that sup φ (t) L1 ≤ φ X .

t>0

Also we deﬁne Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) : ||φ||Z < ∞ , with the following norms φ Z = φ L1,a + φ L∞ . Applying the Young inequality for convolutions and Lemma 1.31 we obtain

2.4 Sobolev type equations

Gφ L∞ ≤ C t and

−n 2

113

( φ L∞ + φ L1 )

t σ σ G(t − τ )B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) dτ ∞ 0 L 2t n − σ σ ≤C t − τ 2 ( B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) L∞ 0

σ

σ

+ B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) L1 dτ ) t σ σ +C B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) L∞ dτ. t 2

Using the estimates σ

σ

B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) L∞ ≤ τ

−n 2 (σ+1)

σ

σ

||w − v||X (||w||X + ||v||X )

and σ

σ

B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) L1 ≤ τ we get

−n 2σ

σ

σ

||w − v||X (||w||X + ||v||X )

t σ σ G(t − τ )B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) dτ ∞ 0 L 2t σ σ −nσ −n ≤ C ||w − v||X (||w||X + ||v||X ) τ 2 t − τ 2 dτ 0 t σ σ − n (σ+1) τ 2 dτ + C ||w − v||X (||w||X + ||v||X ) t 2

≤ t since

n 2σ

−n 2

σ

σ

||w − v||X (||w||X + ||v||X )

> 1. Similarly we estimate the norm a

Gφ L1,a ≤ C t 2 ( φ L∞ + φ L1 ) and

t σ σ G(t − τ )B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) dτ 1,a 0 L t σ σ ≤C B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) L1,a dτ 0 t a σ σ B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) L1 t − τ 2 dτ C 0 t σ σ − n σ+ a τ 2 2 dτ ≤ C ||w − v||X (||w||X + ||v||X ) 0

t a a −n σ σ σ + τ 2 t − τ 2 dτ ≤ t 2 ||w − v||X (||w||X + ||v||X ) , 0

114

2 Weak Nonlinearity

where we have used the inequality σ

σ

σ

σ

B (|w| w (τ ) − |v| v (τ )) L1,a ≤ ||w − v||X (||w||X + ||v||X ) τ

a −n 2 σ+ 2

.

Thus we get Gφ X ≤ C φ Z . Also the estimate is true t G (t − τ ) (N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ 0

X

σ

≤ C w − v X ( w X + v X ) . Therefore due to Theorem 1.17 there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a ∩ L∞ to the problem (2.82) such that −n 2

u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

a

, and u (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2 .

(2.92)

We now prove the asymptotics (2.91) by employing Theorem 2.4. By virtue of the estimate of Lemma 1.31 we have the following asymptotic representation for the Green operator n+a G(t)u0 = θG0 (t, x) + O t− 2 u0 L1,a (2.93) for large time t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where |x|2

−n

G0 (t, x) = (4παt) 2 e− 4αt , θ= u0 (x) dx, Rn

and a ∈ (0, 1]. Now consider the diﬀerence ∞ t σ G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) dτ − G0 (t, x) ϑ (τ ) dτ λ 0 0 t σ (G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) G0 (t − τ, x)) dτ =λ 0 ∞ t (G0 (t − τ, x) − G0 (t, x)) ϑ (τ ) dτ + G0 (t, x) ϑ (τ ) dτ, + 0

(2.94)

t

where

σ

σ

B |u| u (τ ) dy = λ

ϑ (τ ) = λ Rn

|u| u (τ ) dy Rn

−1 2 since Fx→ξ Bφ = 1 + |ξ| φ (ξ) . In the domain 0 < τ < estimate of Lemma 1.31

t 2

we write by the

2.4 Sobolev type equations

115

σ

λG (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) G0 (t − τ, x) L∞ ≤ C (t − τ )

a −n 2−2

σ

σ

( B |u| u (τ ) L∞ + B |u| u (τ ) L1,a )

for all 0 < τ < 2t . In the domain

t 2

≤ τ < t we use the estimate

σ

λG (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) G0 (t − τ, x) L∞ σ

≤ C B |u| u (τ ) L∞ . Therefore we have by virtue of estimate (2.92) t σ (λG (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) − ϑ (τ ) G (t − τ, x)) dτ 0

L∞

0

t 2

σ+1

≤ C u X

(t − τ )

a −n 2−2

τ

−n 2σ

0 −n 2 −γ

σ+1

≤ C u X

t

σ+1

dτ + C u X

t t 2

τ

−n 2 (σ+1)

dτ

,

a

where 0 < γ < min 2 , n2 σ − 1 . Now we estimate the diﬀerence t (G (t − τ, x) − G (t, x)) ϑ (τ ) dτ 0 0 ∞ 0

L

t

≤C

G0 (t − τ ) − G0 (t) L∞ τ

0

≤C

t 2

t − τ

−n 2 −γ

τ

γ− n 2σ

−n 2σ

−n 2 −γ

σ+1

u X

t

dτ + C t 2

0

≤ C t

dτ t − τ

−n 2

τ

−n 2σ

dτ

. σ+1

−nσ

σ+1

In view of the estimate |ϑ (t)| ≤ C u (t) Lσ+1 ≤ C t 2 u X ≤ C t we have for the last summand in (2.94) ∞ ∞ −nσ − n −γ −n G0 (t) 2 ϑ (τ ) dτ ≤ Ct τ 2 dτ ≤ C t 2 . L∞

t

−n 2σ

t

Thus all conditions of Theorem 2.4 are fulﬁlled, and, by equation (2.83) we see that there exists a constant ∞ σ A= u0 (x) dx + λ dt B |u (t)| u (t) dx Rn

= lim

t→+∞

0

Rn

u (t, x) dx. Rn

such that asymptotics (2.91) is valid. Theorem 2.43 is proved.

116

2 Weak Nonlinearity

2.4.3 Large data Now we consider the case of λ < 0, then we can remove the smallness condition on the initial data u0 (x) . Theorem 2.44. Let σ > n2 , λ < 0, n = 1, 2. Suppose that the initial data 2 (Rn ) ∩ W12 (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) , a ∈ (0, u0 ∈ W∞ 1]. Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (2.82). Moreover the asymptotics (2.91) takes place. Before proving Theorem 2.44 we prepare several lemmas. Deﬁne the norms . φ p,q ≡ φ (t, x) Lq (Rn ) x Lp (R+ t ) 2 Lemma 2.45. Let n = 1, 2. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ W∞ (Rn ) ∩ 2 n W1 (R ) . Let the norms of the solution be bounded

u ∞,2 + u σ+2,σ+2 ≤ C. Then the estimate is true t σ β |u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 dτ ≤ C t 0

for all t > 0, where β = 0 for σ > 1, and β >

1 σ

− 1 for

1 2

< σ ≤ 1.

Proof. By the H¨older inequality we get for 2 ≤ p ≤ σ + 2 2 1−(1− p )(1+ σ2 )

u (t) Lp ≤ u (t) L2 hence for s =

(1− 2 )(1+ σ2 ) u (t) L2+σp ;

2 1−(1− 2 )(1+ σ (1− p2 )(1+ σ2 ) ) u s,p ≤ u ∞,2 p u σ+2,σ+2 ≤C

σp p−2 .

Next we estimate the Lp norm for σ + 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞

u (t) Lp ≤ G (t) u0 Lp

t σ + |λ| G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) dτ 0

,

Lp

by Lemma 1.31 we also possess the estimate G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) Lp ≤ e−a(t−τ ) B |u| u (τ ) Lp σ

σ

+ C t − τ

1 1 −n 2 (r−p)

σ

B |u| u (τ ) Lr

where 1 ≤ r ≤p. Applying the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem 1.4 we have with max 1, 1+p2 p ≤ r ≤ p n

σ

σ

σ+1

B |u| u (τ ) Lp ≤ C |u| u (τ ) Lr ≤ C u (τ ) L(σ+1)r .

2.4 Sobolev type equations

117

Thus we obtain 1 1 −n 2 (r−p)

σ

G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) Lp ≤ C t − τ

σ+1

u (τ ) L(σ+1)r .

By the Young inequality and Lemma 1.31 we then get t σ G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) Lp dτ Ls (0,∞)

0

t t n 1 1 − 2 (r−p) σ+1 u (τ ) L(σ+1)r dτ ≤C t − τ s 0 Lt (0,∞) − n2 ( r1 − p1 ) σ+1 ≤ C t u (σ+1)q,(σ+1)r q

Lt (0,∞)

≤C

1 r

−

1 p

>

1 q

=

1 s

−

+ 1. We apply this inequality taking q = r = σ+2 σ+1 ,

−1 n n n = 1, 2; consequently s > max 1, σ+1 . Taking p = σ+2 1 + 2 − 1 − 2p

if

n 2

σ+1 u (σ+1)q,(σ+1)r 1 q

∞ we thus obtain

u s,∞ ≤ C

(2.95)

2(σ+2) for s > n(σ+1)−2 . Next we estimate the second derivative ∆u. Note that by the smoothing 2 properties of operator B we can see that solution u (t) ∈ W∞ (Rn ) ∩ W12 (Rn ) 2 n 2 n for all t ≥ 0, when initial data u0 ∈ W∞ (R ) ∩ W1 (R ) . By the estimate of Lemma 1.31 we have −1

σ

∆BG (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) Lp ≤ C t − τ

σ+1

u (τ ) L(σ+1)p ,

where p ≥ 1. Hence t σ ∆G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) Lp dτ s 0 Lt (0,∞) t −1 σ+1 ≤C t − τ u (τ ) L(σ+1)p dτ

Lst (0,∞)

0

−1 ≤ C t

σ+1

Lqt (0,∞)

u (σ+1)q,(σ+1)p

σ+1

≤ C u (σ+1)q,(σ+1)p , where

1 s

=

1 q

+

1 q

− 1, q > 1. Thus σ+1

∆u s,p ≤ C u (σ+1)q,(σ+1)p for s > q. Applying the estimate

(2.96)

118

2 Weak Nonlinearity σ

σ−1

u (τ ) Lσ(σ+2) ≤ u (τ ) L∞ u (τ ) Lσ+2 by the H¨ older inequality we have for σ > 1 t t σ σ |u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 dτ ≤ u (τ ) Lσ(σ+2) ∆u (τ ) 0

dτ

σ+2

L σ+1

0

≤ t1− s1 − s2 − σ+2 u (τ ) s1 (σ−1),∞ u (τ ) σ+2,σ+2 u (σ+1)s3 ,σ+2 ≤ C, 1

1

1

σ−1

σ+1

2(σ+2) , s2 > s3 = since we can choose s1 (σ − 1) > n(σ+1)−2 √ 1 3 − 1 < σ ≤ 1. Then σ+2 > 1. Consider

t

0

1− s1 − s1

≤ C t

1

2

− 1. Furthermore for 0

0

1 2

σ 2 (σ+2) σ(σ+2)−2 ,

s2 > s3 = √ <σ ≤ 3−1

σ

1− s1

1

σ+2

L σ+1

σ+1

|u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 dτ ≤

≤ C t

σ

u (τ ) Lσ(σ+2) ∆u (τ )

σ

t

so that

1 s1

+

1 s2

+

dτ

β

u (τ ) s1 σ,σ(σ+2) u (σ+1)s3 ,σ+2 ≤ C t ,

since we can choose s1 σ > 1 σ

t

σ

|u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 dτ ≤

σ+2 σ+1

t

σ+2 σ+1

so that β = 1 − s11 − s12 >

σ

u (τ ) L2 ∆u (τ )

0 σ σ+1 u (τ ) ∞,2 u (σ+1)s2 ,(σ+1) 2 2−σ

since we can choose s1 > s2 = 2.45 is proved.

σ 2σ−1

2

L 2−σ

dτ

β

≤ C t ,

so that β = 1 − s11 >

1 σ

− 1. Thus Lemma

The next lemma will be used to improve the decay estimate of Lemma 2.45 for the case of σ ≤ 1. ' Lemma 2.46. Let n = 2, σ ∈ 34 , 1 . Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ 2 R2 ∩ W12 R2 . Let the estimates for the solution be valid W∞ α−1+ 1

p u (t) Lp ≤ C t ( for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ σ + 2, α ∈ 0, 12 . Then the estimate is true

0

t

σ

|u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 dτ ≤ C t

β

1 for all t > 0, where β = 0 if max σα + σ+2 − σ, α (1 + 2σ) + 1 − 2σ < 0 1 and β > max σα + σ+2 − σ, α (1 + 2σ) + 1 − 2σ otherwise.

2.4 Sobolev type equations

119

Proof. By estimate (2.96) we have t σ ∆u (t) σ+2 ≤ C + ∆G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) σ+2 dτ L σ+1 L σ+1 0 t −1 σ+1 t − τ u (τ ) Lσ+2 dτ ≤C 0 t −1 (σ+1)(α− σ+1 δ σ+2 ) dτ ≤ C t t − τ τ ≤C 0

for all t > 0, where δ > max −1, (σ + 1) α −

σ+1 σ+2

. We then have

t σ σ |u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 dτ ≤ u (τ ) Lσ(σ+2) ∆u (τ ) σ+2 dτ L σ+1 0 0 t 1 σ(α−1)+ σ+2 δ β τ τ dτ ≤ C t ≤ t

0

where

1 β = 0 if max σα + − σ, α (1 + 2σ) + 1 − 2σ σ+2 and

β > max σα +

1 − σ, α (1 + 2σ) + 1 − 2σ σ+2

<0

otherwise. Lemma 2.46 is proved. Now we estimate the decay rate of the Lp norms of the solutions. Lemma 2.47. Let u0 ∈ H2 (Rn ) ∩ L1 (Rn ) . Assume that 0

t

σ

dτ |u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 ≤ C t

β

(2.97)

( for all t > 0, where β ∈ 0, n4 . Then the estimate 1 β− n 2 (1− p )

u (t) Lp ≤ C t

is valid for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ 2 + σ. Proof. We change w = (1 − ∆) u, then we get from (2.82) σ

σ

∂t w = α (B − 1) w + λ |Bw| w + λ |Bw| ∆Bw, −1

(2.98)

where B = (1 − ∆) . We estimate the L1 norm. We multiply equation (2.98) by S (t, x) = sign(w (t, x)) and integrate with respect to x over Rn to get

120

2 Weak Nonlinearity

∂t w (t, x) S (t, x) dx = α S (t, x) (B − 1) wdx Rn σ σ |Bw (t, x)| |w (t, x)| dx + λ S (t, x) |Bw (t, x)| ∆Bw (t, x) dx. +λ Rn

Rn

We have

Rn

wt (t, x) S (t, x) dx =

Rn

Rn

d ∂ |w (t, x)| dx = w (t) L1 , ∂t dt

σ

λ Rn

|Bw (t, x)| |w (t, x)| dx ≤ 0, S (t, x) Bwdx ≤ Rn

Rn

B |w| dx = w (t) L1 .

Therefore, we ﬁnd d σ w (t) L1 ≤ |λ| |u (t)| ∆u (t) L1 . dt

(2.99)

Integration of inequality (2.99) in view of estimate (2.97) yields β

w (t) L1 ≤ w0 L1 + C t . In particular, we ﬁnd sup | u (t, ξ)| ≤ (2π)

−n 2

ξ∈R

β

Bw (t) L1 ≤ C w (t) L1 ≤ C t .

(2.100)

Thus the estimate of the lemma with p = 1 is fulﬁlled. We now multiply equation (2.82) by 2u, then integrating with respect to x ∈ Rn we get d 2 2 2 σ+2 u (t) L2 + ∇u (t) L2 = −2α ∇u (t) L2 + 2λ u (t) Lσ+2 . (2.101) dt By the Plancherel Theorem using the Fourier splitting method from Schonbek [1991], we have 2 2 2 2 2 2 ∇u (t) L2 = |ξ| u (t) L2 = | u (t, ξ)| |ξ| dξ + | u (t, ξ)| |ξ| dξ |ξ|≤δ

|ξ|≥δ

2

2

≥ δ 2 u (t) L2 − 2δ 2+n sup | u (t, ξ)| , |ξ|≤δ

where δ > 0. Thus from (2.101) we have the inequality d 2 2 2 u (t) H1 ≤ −αδ 2 u (t) H1 + 4αδ 2+n sup | u (t, ξ)| . dt |ξ|≤δ −1

We choose αδ 2 = (1 + n) (t0 + t)

, t0 =

1+n α

and change

(2.102)

2.4 Sobolev type equations −1−n

2

u (t) H1 = (t0 + t)

121

W (t) .

Then via (2.100) we get from (2.102) d 2β+ n 2 W (t) ≤ C (t0 + t) . dt

(2.103)

Integration of (2.103) with respect to time yields n 2 +1+2β −1 . W (t) ≤ u0 H1 + C (t0 + t) 2 Therefore we obtain a time decay estimate of the L2 norm β− n 4

u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t)

(2.104)

for all t > 0. Now we diﬀerentiate equation (2.82) and multiply the result by 2∇u, then by the same considerations as above we obtain the optimal time decay estimate (see also the proof of Lemma 2.41 for details) 1 β− n 4 −2

∇u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t)

for all t > 0. Then by the Sobolev imbedding theorem and by the H¨ older inequality we arrive at the optimal time decay estimate of the lemma. Lemma 2.47 is proved. Proposition 2.48. Let σ > 1 for n = 1 and σ > 34 for n = 2. Suppose 2 (Rn ) ∩ W12 (Rn ) . Then the estimates for the that the initial data u0 ∈ W∞ solution are valid − n 1− 1 u (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p ) for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ σ + 2. Proof. Multiplying equation (2.82) by 2u and integrating with respect to x ∈ Rn we get d 2 2 2 σ+2 u (t) L2 + ∇u (t) L2 + 2α ∇u (t) L2 = 2λ u (t) Lσ+2 ; dt hence by integrating we see that t t 2 2 2 σ+2 u (t) L2 + ∇u (t) L2 + 2α ∇u (τ ) L2 dτ − 2λ u (τ ) Lσ+2 dτ 2

2

0 2

0

≤ u0 L2 + ∇u0 L2 = u0 H1 for all t ≥ 0. In particular we have u ∞,2 ≡ sup u (t) L2 ≤ u0 H1 , t≥0

(2.105)

122

2 Weak Nonlinearity

u σ+2,σ+2 ≡ u (t, x) Lσ+2 x

≤ C u0 H1 .

Lσ+2 (0,∞) t

(2.106)

Now applying estimates (2.105) and (2.106) by Lemma 2.45 we get

t

σ

dτ |u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 ≤ C

0

for all t > 0, if σ > 1. Then from Lemma 2.47 the result of the ' lemma follows for the case σ > 1. Now we consider the case of σ ∈ 34 , 1 and n = 2. By Lemma 2.45 we have t σ β dτ |u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 ≤ C t 1 (2.107) 0

for all t > 0, where β1 >

1 σ

− 1. By Lemma 2.47 we then ﬁnd the time decay 1 β1 − n 2 (1− p )

u (t) Lp ≤ C t

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ σ + 2. Now by Lemma 2.46 we obtain t σ β |u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 dτ ≤ C t 2 0

√ ' for all t > 0, where β2 = 0 if σ ∈ 14 1 + 5 , 1 , and β2 > otherwise. We again apply Lemma 2.47 to get

1 σ

− 4σ + 2

1 β2 − n 2 (1− p )

u (t) Lp ≤ C t

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ σ + 2. Now by Lemma 2.46 we obtain t σ β |u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 dτ ≤ C t 3 0

for all t > 0, where β3 = 0 if σ > 0.775 and β3 > β2 (1 + 2σ) + 1 − 2σ otherwise. We repeat these considerations to get t σ |u (τ )| ∆u (τ ) L1 dτ ≤ C 0

for all t > 0, if σ > decay estimates

3 4.

Therefore by virtue of Lemma 2.47 we obtain time 1 −n 2 (1− p )

u (t) Lp ≤ C t

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ σ + 2, for σ ∈ proved.

3

'

4, 1

, n = 2. Proposition 2.48 is

2.4 Sobolev type equations

123

Proof of Theorem 2.44 Using the result of Proposition 2.48 we can prove the following optimal time decay estimates − n 1− 1 (2.108) u (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p ) for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Let us prove (2.108) for p = ∞. We consider case t ≥ T > 0, since for t ∈ [0, T ] we have the estimate (2.108) from Proposition 2.48. Due to Lemma 1.31 with p = ∞ and r = σ+2 σ+1 and by using (2.85) and (2.95), we have σ

G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) L∞ ≤ Ce−at B |u| u (τ ) L∞ + C (t − τ ) σ

≤ C (t − τ )

n(σ+1)

− 2(σ+2)

n(σ+1)

− 2(σ+2)

σ

B |u| u (τ )

σ+2

L σ+1

σ+1

u (τ ) Lσ+2

for 2t ≤ τ ≤ t. In interval 0 ≤ τ ≤ we get

t 2

from Lemma 1.31 with p = ∞ and r = 1

σ

G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) L∞ −n

≤ Ce−at B |u| u (τ ) L∞ + C (t − τ ) 2 B |u| u (τ ) L1 −n σ+1 σ+1 ≤ C (t − τ ) 2 u (τ ) Lσ+2 + u (τ ) Lσ+1 . σ

σ

Therefore

t σ u (t) L∞ ≤ G (t) u0 L∞ + C G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) L∞ dτ 0 t n(σ+1) − 2(σ+2) σ+1 (t − τ ) u (τ ) Lσ+2 dτ ≤ G (t) u0 L∞ + C

t 2

t 2

+C 0

≤ Ct− 2

n

+C

t 2

−n σ+1 σ+1 (t − τ ) 2 u (τ ) Lσ+2 + u (τ ) Lσ+1 dτ t n(σ+1) n(σ+1)2 − − +C (t − τ ) 2(σ+2) τ 2(σ+2) dτ t 2

(t − τ )

−n 2

τ

−n 2σ

dτ ≤ Ct− 2

n

0

for all t > 0, since n2 σ > 1. Now estimate (2.108) for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ follows via the H¨ older inequality. We now estimate the L1,a norm of the solution. By Lemma 1.31 and by using (2.85) and (2.95), we ﬁnd σ

G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) L1,a a

σ

σ

≤ C t − τ 2 B |u| u (τ ) L1 + C B |u| u (τ ) L1,a a

σ

σ

≤ C t − τ 2 u (τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L1 + C u (τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L1,a ;

124

2 Weak Nonlinearity

therefore, we have u (t) L1,a ≤ G (t) u0 L1,a t t a −nσ −nσ +C t − τ 2 τ 2 dτ + C τ 2 u (τ ) L1,a dτ 0 0 t a n − σ τ 2 u (τ ) L1,a dτ. ≤ C t 2 + C 0

Hence by the Gronwall’s lemma we obtain a

u (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2

for all t > 0. Therefore again we arrive at the optimal time decay estimates (2.92). Using estimates (2.92) via Theorem 1.20, we see that there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (2.82). Thus from Theorem 2.4 we obtain the asymptotics (2.91). Theorem 2.44 is proved.

2.5 Whitham type equation 2.5.1 A model equation In this section we study the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear nonlocal evolution equations ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (2.109) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R, where the linear part Lu = F ξ→x L (ξ) u ˆ (t, ξ) and the nonlinearity N (u) are pseudodiﬀerential operators deﬁned by the Fourier transformations as follows N (u) = F ξ→x a1 (t, ξ, y1 ) u (t, ξ − y1 ) u (t, y1 ) dy1 R + F ξ→x a2 (t, ξ, y1 , y2 ) u (t, ξ − y1 − y2 ) u (t, y1 ) u (t, y2 ) dy1 dy2 . R2

We suppose that the symbols a1 (t, ξ, y) and a2 (t, ξ, y1 , y2 ) are continuous functions with respect to time t > 0 and the operators N and L have a ﬁnite order, that is the symbols a1 , a2 and L grow no faster than a power κ

κ

κ

|a1 (t, ξ, y1 ) | + |a2 (t, ξ, y1 , y2 )| + |L (ξ) | ≤ C ξ + C y1 + C y2

with C > 0. Model equation (2.109) combines many well-known equations of modern mathematical physics and describes various wave processes in diﬀerent media.

2.5 Whitham type equation

125

For example, if the solution u (t, x) is a real-valued function and the nonlinearity has the form N (u) = auux , that is a1 = 2i aξ, a2 = 0, a ∈ R, then we obtain the Whitham equation Whitham [1999] ut + auux + Lu = 0,

(2.110)

which contains a number of famous nonlinear equations in of water the theory 2 2 waves. If we take the nonlinearity N (u) = a |u| ux + c |u| u in equation x

(2.109), that is we can also deﬁne the nonlinearity taking the complex conjugation N (u) = F ξ→x a2 (t, ξ, y1 , y2 ) u (t, ξ − y1 − y2 ) u (t, y1 ) u (t, −y2 )dy1 dy2 R2

with a2 (t, ξ, y1 , y2 ) = iay1 + icξ, a, c ∈ C, then we obtain the derivative nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equation with dissipation 2 2 ut + a |u| ux + c |u| u − µuxx − iuxx = 0, (2.111) x

where µ > 0. Finally note that under the condition R u (t, y) dy = 0 for all x t ≥ 0 we can introduce a potential ϕ (t, x) = −∞ u (t, y) dy, which is also a decaying function with respect to the space variable x. Then we get the potential Whitham equation ϕt +

a 2 (ϕx ) + Lϕ = 0, 2

which also follows from (2.109) if we take a1 = − a2 y0 y1 , a2 = 0, y0 = ξ − y1 with a ∈ R. Some other nonlinear nonlocal equations appearing in the theory of waves can be found in book Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b]. 2.5.2 Local existence and smoothing eﬀect We suppose the linear operator L is strongly dissipative, that is Re L (ξ) ≥ µ |ξ| , |L (ξ)| ≤ C |ξ| ν

ν

(2.112)

for all |ξ| ≥ 1, where µ > 0, ν ≥ 0. Suppose that the symbols of the nonlinearity N are such that 1 l ∂ξ an (t, ξ, y) ≤ C ξσ

(2.113)

l=0

for all ξ ∈ R, y ∈ Rn , n = 1, 2, t > 0, where σ ∈ [0, ν] . We denote ϑ = 2 if the nonlinear operator N is quadratic: a2 (t, ξ, y) ≡ 0 and ϑ = 3 otherwise. Denote

ν − σ 2ν + 1 1 , S = − min . 2 ϑ−1 2ϑ

126

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Theorem 2.49. Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition (2.112) with ν ≥ 0 and the nonlinear operator N satisfy estimates (2.113) with σ ∈ [0, ν] . Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ Hs (R) ∩ Hλ,ω (R), where s > S, ω ∈ [0, 1) , λ = min (s, −σ) . If σ = ν > 0 we assume additionally that the norm u0 Hs,0 is small. Then for some time T > 0 there exists a unique solution u (t, x) to the Cauchy problem (2.109) such that u (t, x) ∈ C0 [0, T ] ; Hs (R) ∩ Hλ,ω (R) . In the case of ν > 0 we also have u (t, x) ∈ C1 ((0, T ] ; H∞ (R)) . For example, let us apply Theorem 2.49 to the Ott - Sudan - Ostrovsky equation Ostrovsky [1976], Ott and Sudan [1969] ut + auux + µHux + uxxx = 0; here the symbol L (ξ) = µ |ξ| − iξ 3 , µ > 0, and Hu = π1 PV R u(y) x−y dy is the Hilbert transformation. We have σ = 1 = ν. Therefore if u0 ∈ Hs (R) , s > 12 , then for some time T > 0 there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C∞ ((0, T ] ; H∞ (R)) . Before proving Theorem 2.49 we consider some estimates. Preliminary lemmas We deﬁne the Green operator G for the linear Cauchy problem

ut + Lu = f, t > 0, x ∈ R, u (0,x) = u0 , x ∈ R.

(2.114)

Using the Fourier transformation we can formally represent the Green operator as

G (t, x − y) ψ (y) dy, G (t) ψ = F ξ→x ψˆ (ξ) e−L(ξ)t = R

where the kernel G (t, x) = F ξ→x e−L(ξ)t . Therefore the solution of problem (2.114) can be written by the Duhamel’s integral u (t) = G (t) u0 +

t

G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ. 0

In the following lemma we prove the smoothing property for the Green operator G (t) . Let us denote the fractional derivative of order ω ∈ (0, 1) as follows ω −1−ω |φ (x − y) − φ (x)| |y| dy. |∂x | φ (x) ≡ R

To prove the local existence we deﬁne two norms

2.5 Whitham type equation

ϕ Xs,ω

ω s+ ν = sup (1 + |∂ξ | ) ξ p E (t, ξ) ϕ (ξ)

L2ξ Lp t

1≤p≤∞

ω

127

,

s

(ξ) L2 L1 , ϕ Ys,ω = (1 + |∂ξ | ) ξ E (t, ξ) ϕ t

ξ

µ ν1 2 tξ

, ν1 = min(1, ν), ω ∈ [0, 1) , and s ∈ R. We denote where E (t, ξ) = e Lqx Lpt ≡ Lq (R; Lp (0, T )) , where T > 0, 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞. Lemma 2.50. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation condition (2.112) with ν ≥ 0. Then the following estimates t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ ≤C φ Ys,ω G (t) φ Xs,ω ≤C φ Hs,ω and 0

Xs,ω

are valid for any ω ∈ [0, 1) , s ∈ R, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded. Proof. By virtue of dissipation condition (2.112) ν sup ∂ξl ξ p e−L(ξ)t E (t, ξ) ∞ p ≤ C sup L

1≤p≤∞

L

we have ν µ ν p − 2 t|ξ| ξ e

L∞ Lp

1≤p≤∞

≤ C, (2.115)

where l = 0, 1. We have the analogue of the Leibnitz rule ω

ω

ω

|∂x | (φψ) ≤ ψ |∂x | φ + [|∂x | , ψ] φ, where we deﬁne the commutator ω −1−ω dy. [|∂x | , ψ] φ = |ψ (x − y) − ψ (x)| |φ (x − y)| |y| Since ϕ (· − y) − ϕ (·) Lq ≤ C |y| ∂x ϕ Lq we have estimate of the Besov norm −ω |y| ∂x ϕ Lq dy + 2 ϕ Lq ϕ Bω,q ≤ |y|≤1

−1−ω

|y|>1

|y|

dy

≤ C ϕ Lq + C ∂x ϕ Lq . By the H¨older inequality we get ω

[|∂ξ | , ψ (t, ξ)] φ (t, ξ) L2 Lp ξ t −1−ω ≤ dη |η| |φ (t, ξ − η)| |ψ (t, ξ − η) − ψ (t, ξ)|

L2ξ Lp t

≤ ψ Bω,∞ Lp φ L2 L∞ ≤ C ψ L∞ Lp + ∂x ψ L∞ Lp φ L2 L∞ .

ξ

t

ξ

t

ξ

t

ξ

Therefore via the Leibnitz rule in view of (2.115) we ﬁnd

t

ξ

t

128

2 Weak Nonlinearity

ν ω s G (t) φ Xs,ω ≤ C sup ξ p e−L(ξ)t E (t, ξ) (1 + |∂ξ | ) ξ φˆ (ξ) 2 p Lξ Lt 1≤p≤∞ # ) ν ω s + C sup |∂ξ | , ξ p e−L(ξ)t E (t, ξ) ξ φˆ (ξ) 2 p Lξ Lt 1≤p≤∞ ν p −L(ξ)t ≤ C sup ξ e E (t, ξ) ∞ p φ Hs,ω Lξ Lt

1≤p≤∞

+C

1 l=0

ν sup ∂ξl ξ p e−L(ξ)t E (t, ξ)

L∞ Lp t ξ

1≤p≤∞

φ Hs,0 ≤ C φ Hs,ω .

The ﬁrst estimate of the lemma is proved. Using the identity E (t, ξ) = E (t − τ, ξ) E (τ, ξ) , s

and denoting φ (τ, ξ) = ξ E (τ, ξ) ψˆ (τ, ξ) we obtain t G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ s,ω 0 X t ν ω −L(ξ)(t−τ ) p ≤ C sup dτ ξ E (t − τ, ξ) e (1 + |∂ξ | ) φ (τ, ξ) 1≤p≤∞

L2ξ Lp t

0

t # ) ν ω −L(ξ)(t−τ ) p φ (τ, ξ) + C sup dτ |∂ξ | , ξ E (t − τ, ξ) e 1≤p≤∞

.

L2ξ Lp t

0

Via the Young inequality we obtain t ω dτ [|∂ξ | , ψ (t − τ, ξ)] φ (τ, ξ) 2 p 0 Lξ Lt t dη ≤ dτ |ψ (t − τ, ξ − η) − ψ (t − τ, ξ)| |φ (τ, ξ − η)| 1+ω 0 |η|

L2ξ Lp t

≤ C ψ (t, ξ) Bω,∞ Lp φ (t, ξ) L2 L1 ≤ C ξ

t

ξ

t

1 l ∂ξ ψ (t, ξ) ∞ p φ 2 1 ; L L L L ξ

l=0

ξ

t

t

s

hence via (2.115), denoting φ (t, ξ) = ξ E (t, ξ) ψˆ (t, ξ) we ﬁnd t ν G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ sup ξ p E (t, ξ) e−L(ξ)t ∞ p s,ω ≤ C 1≤p≤∞ L L 0

X

ξ

t

ω

× (1 + |∂ξ | ) φ (t, ξ) L2 L1 ξ

+C

1 l=0

t

ν sup ∂ξl ξ p E (t, ξ) e−L(ξ)t

1≤p≤∞

L∞ Lp t ξ

φ (t, ξ) L2 L1 ≤ C ψ Ys,ω . ξ

t

Thus the second estimate of the lemma is true, and Lemma 2.50 is proved.

2.5 Whitham type equation

129

Now we estimate the nonlinearity in the norms Ys,ω . Denote 0 (t, ξ − y1 ) φ 1 (t, y1 ) dy1 N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) = F ξ→x a1 (t, ξ, y1 ) φ R 0 (t, ξ − y1 − y2 ) φ 1 (t, y1 ) φ 2 (t, y2 ) dy1 dy2 . + F ξ→x a2 (t, ξ, y1 , y2 ) φ R2

As above we denote ϑ = 2 if the nonlinear operator N is quadratic: a2 (t, ξ, y) ≡ 0 and ϑ = 3 otherwise. Lemma 2.51. Let the symbols an of the nonlinear operator N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) satisfy condition (2.113) with σ ∈ [0, ν] , ν ≥ 0. Then the inequalities N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) Ys,0 ≤ CT γ

ϑ−1

φk Xs,0 ,

k=0

N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) Yλ,ω ≤ CT γ

ϑ−1

ϑ−1

φk Xλ,ω

k=0

φj Xs,0

j=0,j=k

s,0 λ,ω are valid for any functions φk ∈ X ∩ σXs−S with s > S, λ = min (−σ, s) , where γ = 1 if ν = 0 and γ = min 1 − ν , 2ν if ν > 0.

Proof. First we consider the case of ν = 0 in which we have σ = 0 and s > S = 12 ; by the Young inequality we then obtain n s dyan φk (t, yk ) N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) Ys,0 ≤ C ξ 2 1 Rn n=1 k=0 Lξ Lt n ϑ−1 n s ≤ CT dy y (t, y ) φ j k k n 2 ∞ n=1 R j=0 k=0 ϑ−1

Lξ Lt

s

≤ CT ξ φj (t, ξ) L2 L∞ ξ

ϑ−1

t

In addition,

φk L1 L∞ ≤ CT ξ

k=0,k=j

ϑ−1

t

k=0

φk Xs,0 .

130

2 Weak Nonlinearity

N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) Y0,ω ≤ C

ϑ−1 n=1

dyan ∂ξ

ω

Rn

n k=0

φk (t, yk )

L2ξ L1t

ϑ−1 n ω +C dy [|∂ξ | , an (t, ξ, y)] φk (t, yk ) Rn n=1

k=0

ω

≤ CT ∂ξ φ0 L2 L∞ ξ

ϑ−1

≤ CT φ0 X0,ω

ϑ−1

t

L2ξ L1t

φj L1 L∞ + CT φ0 L2 L∞ ξ

j=1

t

ξ

ϑ−1

t

φj L1 L∞ ξ

j=1

t

φj Xs,0 ,

j=1

since

n ω dy [|∂ξ | , an (t, ξ, y)] φk (t, yk ) Rn

L2ξ L∞ t

k=0

n

≤ C an (t, ξ, y) Bω,∞ L∞ ∞ φ0 (t, ξ) L2 L∞ y L t

ξ

ξ

φk (t, yk ) L1y

t

k

k=1

≤C

L∞ t

1 n l ∂ξ an (t, ξ, y) ∞ ∞ ∞ φk Xs,0 . L L L y

ξ

l=0

t

k=0

Thus we get the results of the lemma in the case of ν = 0. ≥ 0, θ = max (0, s + σ) . By the If ν > 0 we denote γ = min 1 − σν , s−S 4ν H¨older inequality we have ψ L2 L1 ≤ CT γ ψ L2 Lp with p =

1 1−γ .

Applying the Young inequality we obtain

2 n s N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) Ys,0 ≤ C dyan φk (t, yk ) ξ E 2 1 n R n=1 k=0 Lξ Lt n ϑ−1 n θ ≤ CT γ dy y E (t, y ) φ (t, y ) j k k k n 2 p n=1 R j=0 k=0 Lξ Lt

θ ≤ CT γ ξ Eφj

ϑ−1

L2ξ Lqt

s+ ν ≤ CT γ ξ q Eφj

Eφk L1 Lr ξ

t

k=0,k=j

L2ξ Lqt

ϑ−1 k=0,k=j

s+ νr Eφk ξ

L2ξ Lrt

≤ CT γ

n k=0

φk Xs,0 ,

2.5 Whitham type equation ν since p1 = 1q + ϑ−1 r , s + q ≥ θ = max (0, s + σ) and s + from the conditions s > S and 0 ≤ γ ≤ s−S 4ν . We have

ν (1 − γ) = hence s −

θ ϑ

−

1 2

−

1+2ν 2ϑ

>

ν r

131

> 12 , which follows

ν ϑ−1 ϑ−1 + ν >θ+ − ϑs; q r 2 γν ϑ .

Also denoting

λ

a* n (t, ξ, y) = ξ an (t, ξ, y) E (t, ξ)

n

E −1 (t, yk )

k=0

we get N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) Yλ,ω ϑ−1 n ω ≤ CT γ dy* an ∂ξ E (t, yk ) φk (t, yk ) Rn n=1

L2ξ Lp t

k=0

ϑ−1 n ω γ + CT dy [|∂ξ | , a* E (t, yk ) φk (t, yk ) n (t, ξ, y)] Rn n=1

;

L2ξ Lp t

k=0

thus by using estimate n ω dy [|∂ξ | , a* φk (t, yk ) n (t, ξ, y)] Rn

L2ξ Lp t

k=0

≤ C * an (t, ξ, y) Bω,∞ L∞ L∞ φ0 (t, ξ) L2 Lq y

ξ

t

n

t

ξ

φk (t, yk ) L1

r yk Lt

k=1

≤C

1 l λ+ νq ∂ξ a* φ0 n L∞ L∞ L∞ ξ

n s+ νr φk ξ

l=0

k=1

y

ξ

L2ξ Lqt

t

L2ξ Lrt

we get N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) Yλ,ω ϑ−1 ω γ q ≤ CT ∂ξ Eφ0 L2 Lq + Eφ0 L2 L Eφj L1 Lr ξ

t

t

ξ

ω λ+ ν ≤ CT γ ∂ξ ξ q E (t, ξ) φ0 (t, ξ)

L2ξ Lqt

≤ CT γ

ϑ−1

φk Xλ,ω

k=0

since

1 p

=

1 q

+

ϑ−1 r ,

ϑ−1

ξ

j=1

t

ϑ−1

s+ νr Eφj ξ

j=1

L2ξ Lrt

φj Xs,0 ,

j=0,j=k

λ+

ν q

≥ 0 and s +

ν r

> 12 . Lemma 2.51 is proved.

132

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Proof of Theorem 2.49 We apply general local existence Theorems 1.9 and 1.11. Via the Green operator G (t) of the linear Cauchy problem (2.114) we write the nonlinear Cauchy problem (2.109) as the integral equation u (t) = G (t) u0 −

t

G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ.

(2.116)

0

By virtue of Lemma 2.50 and Lemma 2.51 we can estimate t Gu0 Xs,0 ∩Xλ,ω + G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ s,0 λ,ω 0

X

∩X

≤ C u0 Hs,0 ∩Hλ,ω + C N (u) Ys,0 ∩Yλ,ω ≤ C u0 Hs,0 ∩Hλ,ω +CT γ u Xs,0 ∩Xλ,ω u Xs,0 + u ϑ−1 Xs,0 , where v Xs,0 ∩Xλ,ω = v Xs,0 + v Xλ,ω . The norms v Ys,0 ∩Yλ,ω and v Hs,0 ∩Hλ,ω similarly. Here s > S, are deﬁned if ν > 0. Similarly we ω ∈ [0, 1) , γ = 1 if ν = 0 and γ = min 1 − σν , s−S 4ν estimate the diﬀerence t G (t − τ ) (N (u1 ) − N (u2 )) dτ Xs,0 ∩Xλ,ω

0

≤ C N (u1 ) − N (u2 ) Ys,0 ∩Yλ,ω ϑ−1 ≤ CT γ u1 Xs,0 + u2 Xs,0 u1 − u2 Xs,0 ∩Xλ,ω ≤

1 u1 − u2 Xs,0 ∩Xλ,ω . 2

Consequently by virtue of Theorems 1.9 and 1.11 there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, T ] ; Hs,0 (R) ∩ Hλ,ω (R) of the Cauchy problem (2.109), such that u Xs,0 ∩Xλ,ω ≤ C u0 Hs,0 ∩Hλ,ω . By Remark 1.10 we see that the existence time T = T ( u0 Hs,0 ) is suﬃciently small if γ > 0. In the case of γ = 0 the norm u0 Hs,0 is suﬃciently small and the existence time T can be chosen such that T ≥ 1. By the deﬁnition of the norm Xs,0 we have the smoothing property for the case ν > 0 k sup v (t) Hk,0 = sup ξ vˆ (t, ξ) 2 t∈[T0 ,T ]

t∈[T0 ,T ]

s ≤ C (k, T0 ) sup E (t, ξ) ξ |ˆ v (t, ξ)| t∈[T0 ,T ]

Lξ

L2ξ

≤ C v Xs,0 ,

2.5 Whitham type equation

133

for all k ≥ 0, where T0 ∈ (0, T ]. The derivatives with respect to time t > 0 can be estimated directly from equation (2.109), since the symbols an (t) are continuous in time. Therefore in the case of ν > 0 the solution u (t, x) ∈ C1 (0, T ] ; H∞,0 (R) . Theorem 2.49 is proved. 2.5.3 Small initial data We now consider a rather general class of nonlinearities in equation (2.109), however, we have to assume a smallness condition on the initial data in order to be able to prove the global existence of solutions. Suppose that the symbols of the nonlinear operator N are such that n l α ∂ξ an (t, ξ, y) ≤ C ξσ {y0 }α0,n −l {yj } j,n

(2.117)

j=1 n for all nξ ∈ R, y ∈ R , n = 1, 2, t > 0, where σ, αj,n ≥ 0, l = 0, 1, y0 = ξ − j=1 yj . Note that condition (2.117) is general enough. We can see that the examples mentioned above satisfy this assumption if we take into account the fact that the symbols an (t, ξ, y) are deﬁned not uniquely. For example, in the case of nonlinearity N = auux , with u real-valued, we have chosen above the symbol a1 (t, ξ, y) = 2i aξ. Also in this case we can take a1 (t, ξ, y) = iay0 , or a1 (t, ξ, y) = i (ξ − y0 ) a (in view of the symmetry of the integral). If we make a combination iay0 if |y0 | ≤ 1 or |ξ − y0 | ≤ 1, a1 (t, ξ, y) = 1 2 aξ, otherwise,

then the symbol a1 (t, ξ, y) satisﬁes condition (2.117) since |y0 | ≤ C ξ {y0 } in the domain (|y0 | ≤ 1 or |ξ − y0 | ≤ 1) and |ξ| ≤ C ξ {y0 } in the domain (|y0 | ≥ 1 and |ξ − y0 | ≥ 1). 2 2 we Remark 2.52. In the case of nonlinearity N (u) = a |u| ux + c |u| u x

can use more general conditions than (2.117) n l α ζ ∂ξ an (t, ξ, y) ≤ C ξσ−ζ {y0 }α0,n −l {yj } j,n yj j=1 ζ

for n = 1, 2. By the change of dependent variable v = F ξ→x ξ Fx→ξ u this case is reduced to (2.117), therefore all the results are true if we replace the regularity condition s > S on the initial data by the following condition s > S + ζ. Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition δ

Re L (ξ) ≥ µ {ξ} ξ

ν

(2.118)

134

2 Weak Nonlinearity

for all ξ ∈ R, where µ > 0, ν ≥ σ ≥ 0, δ > 0. To ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for the solution we assume that the symbol L (ξ) has the following asymptotic representation in the origin δ δ+γ (2.119) L (ξ) = µ |ξ| + O |ξ| for all |ξ| ≤ 1, where γ > 0. Also we suppose that the symbol is smooth L (ξ) ∈ C1 (R) and has the estimate |L (ξ)| ≤ C {ξ}

δ−1

ν

ξ

(2.120)

for all ξ ∈ R. We denote ϑ = 2 if the nonlinear operator N is quadratic: a2 (t, ξ, y) ≡ 0 for all y ∈ R3 and let ϑ = 3 otherwise. Denote

ν − σ 2ν + 1 1 , S = S (σ, ν, ϑ) ≡ − min , 2 ϑ−1 2ϑ δc = min (1 + |α1 | , 2 + |α2 |) , n where |αn | = j=0 αj,n , n = 1, 2. The constant δc denotes the critical order with respect to the large time behavior. Theorem 2.53. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (2.118) through (2.120) with δ < δc . Suppose that the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes estimates (2.117) with σ ∈ [0, ν) if ν > 0 or σ = 0 = ν. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Hs,0 (R) ∩ Hλ,ω (R) be suﬃciently small, where s > S, 1 . Then ω > 2 , λ =s,0min (s, −σ) there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ 0 C [0, ∞); H (R) ∩ Hλ,ω (R) of the Cauchy problem (2.109). In the case of ν > 0 we also have a smoothing property u (t, x) ∈ C1 (0, ∞) ; H∞,0 (R) . Moreover, there exists a unique number U, such that the solution u (t, x) has the following asymptotics 1 1 1 (2.121) u (t, x) = U t− δ G xt− δ + O t− δ −γ for large time t > 0 uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where γ > 0, G (x) = δ F ξ→x e−µ|ξ| . Remark 2.54. Note that if the nonlinear term has a zero total mass N (u) dx = 0,

R

then the coeﬃcient U = √12π R u0 (x) dx, that is the main term of the asymptotics is the same as for the linear case. We can guarantee that the coeﬃcient U in the asymptotic formula (2.121) does not vanish if the initial data are small with nonzero total mass R u0 (x) dx = 0. If R u0 (x) dx = 0, the coefﬁcient U can vanish; in that case the solutions decay faster than described by (2.121).

2.5 Whitham type equation

135

As an example we apply Theorem 2.53 to the modiﬁed Korteweg-de VriesBurgers equation ut + u2 ux − µuxx + uxxx = 0. We have σ = 1, ν = 2 = δ, δc = 3, µ > 0 and S = 0. Therefore if the initial where s > 0, ω > 12 , then there data u0 ∈ Hs,ω (R) are suﬃciently small, ∞ exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C (0, ∞) ; H∞,0 (R) , and asymptotics 1 x2 −1 u (t, x) = (4πµt) 2 e− 2µt u0 (x) dx + O t− 2 −γ R

is true for t → ∞, where γ > 0. Before proving Theorem 2.53 we consider some estimates. Preliminary lemmas In the next lemmas we give large time decay estimates for the Green function G (t) in the norm ω

ρ

s

ϕ s,ρ,ω = (1 + |∂ξ | ) {·} · ϕˆ (t, ·) L2 , ξ

where s ∈ R, ω ≥ 0, ρ ≥ 0. Denote As,ρ,ω = φ ∈ L2 (R) : ϕ s,ρ,ω < ∞ . By the result of Lemma 1.38 we obtain the following. Lemma 2.55. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (2.118) and (2.120). Then the estimates are valid −ρ −q − 1 G (t) ψ (τ ) qν,ρ,0 ≤ C t δ {t} min ψ (τ ) 0,0,0 , t 2δ ψ (τ ) 0,0,ω , G (t) ψ (τ ) qν,ρ,ω ≤ C t

ω−ρ 1 δ − 2δ

−q

{t}

ψ (τ ) 0,0,ω for all 0 ≤ τ ≤ t, where q ≥ 0, ρ ≥ 0, ω ∈ 2 , 1 is such that ω < ρ = 0 and ω < 12 + min (ρ, δ) if ρ > 0. 1

1 2

+ δ if

By Lemma 1.38 in the next lemma we ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for the linear Cauchy problem (2.114). Lemma 2.56. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (2.118) and (2.120) and asymptotic representation (2.119). Then for any φ (x) ∈ s,0,0 0,0,ω s,0,0 0,0,ω , where s > 12 , ω ∈ ∩ A and ψ (t, x) ∈ C (0, ∞) ; A ∩ A A 1 1 2 , 2 + δ we have the asymptotic representation as t ≥ 1 uniformly with respect to x ∈ R 1 1 1 G (t) φ = φˆ (0) t− δ G xt− δ + O t− δ −γ φ s,0,0 + φ 0,0,ω , and

136

2 Weak Nonlinearity

∞ 1 1 G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ = t− δ G xt− δ ψˆ (τ ) dτ 0 0

1 1 θ + O t− δ −γ sup τ ψ (τ ) s,0,0 + ψ (τ ) 0,0,ω + τ δ ψ (τ ) s,β,0 , t

τ >0

where G (x) = F ξ→x e−µ|ξ| , 0 < γ < min δ

ω δ

, θ − 1 , θ > 1, β ∈ 0, 12 .

Now we estimate the nonlinearity in the norms As,ρ,ω . Remind that ϑ = 2 if the nonlinear operator N is quadratic and let ϑ = 3 otherwise. Lemma 2.57. Let the nonlinear operator N satisfy condition (2.117). Then the inequalities N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) s,0,0 ≤ C

ϑ−1

φ0 s+σ,|αn |,0

n=1

n

φj r,β,0

j=1

and N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) s,0,ω ≤ C

n ϑ−1

φ0 σ0,k ,α0,n ,ω + φ0 σ0,k ,α0,n −ω−γ,0

n=1 k=0

×

n

φj r+σj,k ,β+αj,n ,0

j=1

are valid, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded, where ω ∈ 12 , 1 , s ∈ R, r > 12 , β < 12 , ω < 12 + α0,n if α0,n > 0, n = 1, 2; σj,k = s + σ if j = k and σj,k = 0 otherwise. Proof. By virtue of condition (2.117) we obtain ϑ−1 n s N (φ0 , φ1 , φ2 ) s,0,0 ≤ C dyan φk (yk ) ξ n R n=1

k=0

L2ξ

ϑ−1 n s+σ αk,n ≤C dy {yl } ξ φk (yk ) Rn n=1

≤C

k=0

ϑ−1

s+σ |α | {ξ} n φ0 ξ

L2ξ

n=1

≤C

ϑ−1 n=1

where β <

1 2

L2ξ

φ0 s+σ,|αn |,0

n

n φk k=1

L1ξ

φj r,β,0 ,

j=1

and r > 12 . We now prove the second estimate. Denote

a* n (t, ξ, y) = an (t, ξ, y) ξ

−σ

{y0 }

−α0,n

n k=1

{yk }

−αk,n

2.5 Whitham type equation

137

for n = 1, 2. Via condition (2.117) we get ω

[|∂ξ | , a* n (t, ξ, y)] Φ (t, y0 , y) L2 ξ dη ≤ (|* an (t, ξ − η, y)| + |* an (t, ξ, y)|) Φ (t, y0 − η, y) 1+ω |y0 |≤2|η| |η| 2 Lξ dη + |* an (t, ξ − η, y) − a* ; n (t, ξ, y)| Φ (t, y0 − η, y) |y0 |>2|η| |η|1+ω 2 Lξ

hence ω

[|∂ξ | , a* n (t, ξ, y)] Φ (t, y0 , y) L2 ξ dη ω −ω−γ ≤C {η} {y − η} Φ (t, y − η, y) 0 0 |y0 |≤2|η| |η|1+ω 2 Lξ y0 −η dη ω −1 +C {y − η} {ζ} dζ 0 |y0 |>2|η| |η|1+ω y0 −ω × {y0 − η} Φ (t, y0 − η, y) 2 Lξ dη −ω−γ ω−1 ≤ C {y0 } Φ (t, y0 , y) 2 1 + {y0 } ω Lξ |y0 |>2|η| |η| −ω−γ ≤ C {y0 } Φ (t, y0 , y) 2 Lξ

for all ξ ∈ R, y ∈ Rn , n = 1, 2, t > 0, where ω ∈ n = 1, 2. Therefore, by now taking Φn (t, y0 , y) = ξ

s+σ

n k=0

we get

{yk }

αk,n

1

1 2, 2

+ α0,n if α0,n > 0,

φk (yk )

138

2 Weak Nonlinearity

N (u) s,0,ω ≤ C

n=1

ϑ−1 +C

R

n=1

≤C

ϑ−1

R

dy* an (t, ξ, y) |∂ξ | Φn (t, y0 , y) n ω

L2ξ

n ϑ−1

ω α σ |∂ξ | {ξ} 0,n ξ 0,k φ0

α0,n −ω−γ σ ξ 0,k φ0 {ξ}

L2ξ

n ϑ−1

L1ξ

j=1

n ϑ−1 n=1 k=0

≤

n αj,n σ ξ j,k φj {ξ}

L2ξ

n=1 k=0

+C

L2ξ

ω dy [|∂ξ | , a* n (t, ξ, y)] Φn (t, y0 , y) n

n αj,n σ ξ j,k φj {ξ}

L1ξ

j=1

φ0 σ0,k ,α0,n ,ω + φ0 σ0,k ,α0,n −ω−γ,0

n

n=1 k=0

φj r+σj,k ,β+αj,k ,0 .

j=1

Lemma 2.57 is proved. Proof of Theorem 2.53 By the regularizing eﬀect described in the local existence Theorem 2.49 we can consider the Cauchy problem (2.109) for t > t1 > 0 with initial data u 0 = u (t1 ) ∈ Hr,0 (R) ∩ H0,ω (R) with r > 12 , ω ∈ 12 , 1 . Changing t − t1 = t ≥ 0 via the Green operator G (t) of the linear Cauchy problem (2.114) we write the nonlinear Cauchy problem (2.109) as the integral equation (tildes are omitted) t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ. (2.122) u (t) = G (t) u0 − 0

We apply Theorem 1.17. Denote ρm = max (β, |α1 | , |α2 |) and deﬁne ρ

q

φ X = sup sup

sup {t} t δ

+ sup sup

sup {t} t

1 + 2δ

t>0 q∈[0,1) ρ∈[0,ρm ]

q

φ (t) r+qν,ρ,0

ρ−ω 1 δ + 2δ

t>0 q∈[0,1) ρ∈[0,ρm ]

φ (t) qν,ρ,ω

with r > 12 , where the norm ω

ρ

s

ϕ s,ρ,ω = (1 + |∂ξ | ) {ξ} ξ ϕˆ (t, ξ) L2 . ξ

Using Lemma 2.55 we get for q ∈ [0, 1) , ρ ∈ [0, ρm ] G(t)u0 r+qν,ρ,0 ≤ C {t} t G(t − τ )N (u) (τ ) dτ 0

r+qν,ρ,0

≤C

−q

t

u0 r,0,ω , −q

dτ {t − τ } 0

N (u) (τ ) r,0,0

2.5 Whitham type equation

139

for t ∈ [0, 1], −ω δ

G(t)u0 r+qν,ρ,0 + t 1 −ρ δ − 2δ

≤ C t

−q

{t}

G(t)u0 qν,ρ,ω

u0 r,0,ω

and t t −ω δ G(t − τ )N (v) (τ ) dτ + t G(t − τ )N (v) (τ ) dτ 0 0 r+qν,ρ,0 qν,ρ,ω t/2 −ρ− 1 ≤C dτ t − τ δ 2δ N (u) (τ ) 0,0,ω 0 t −ρ −q +C dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } N (u) (τ ) r,0,0 t/2

−ω δ

t

+ C t

dτ t − τ

ω−ρ 1 δ − 2δ

−q

{t − τ }

N (u) (τ ) 0,0,ω

0

for t ≥ 1. By Lemma 2.57 we have N (u) r,0,0 ≤ C

ϑ−1

n

u r+σ,|αn |,0 u r,β,0

n=1 ϑ−1

2

≤ C u X

{τ }

−σ ν

−

τ

|αn |+βn − n+1 δ 2δ

n=1

and N (u) (τ ) 0,0,ω ≤ C

n ϑ−1

u σ0,k ,α0,n ,ω + u σ0,k ,α0,n −ω−γ,0

n=1 k=0 n

2

× u r+σj,k ,β+αj,n ,0 ≤ C u X

ϑ−1

{τ }

−σ ν

τ

ω+γ δ

−

|αn |+βn − n+1 δ 2δ

;

n=1

hence t G(t − τ )N (u) (τ ) dτ 0

2

≤ C u X

ϑ−1 t t 2

n=1

2

+C u X

ϑ−1 n=1

2

+C u X

ϑ−1

t 2

t − τ

t − τ

2

−ρ δ

−

τ

1 −ρ δ − 2δ

t G(t − τ )N (u) (τ ) dτ 0

r+qν,ρ,0

dτ

|αn |+βn − n+1 δ 2δ

{τ }

qν,ρ,ω

q

σ

{t − τ } {τ } ν −σ ν

τ

ω+γ δ

−

|αn |+βn − n+1 δ 2δ

dτ

0 −ω δ

t

t

n=1 1 −ρ δ − 2δ

≤ 2 u X t

−ω δ

+ t

t − τ 0 −q

{t}

ω−ρ 1 δ − 2δ

τ

ω+γ δ

−

|αn |+βn − n+1 δ 2δ

dτ q

σ

{t − τ } {τ } ν

140

2 Weak Nonlinearity

since 0 < δ < δc = min (1 + |α1 | , 2 + |α2 |) . Finally, by choosing β = 12 − γ, ω = 12 + γ with suﬃciently small γ > 0 we get |αn | + βn + n+1 2 − ω > δ, for n = 1, ϑ − 1. In the same manner we estimate a diﬀerence t G(t − τ ) (N (w) (τ ) − N (v) (τ )) dτ ≤ C w − v X ( w X + v X ). 0

X

Therefore by virtue of general global existence Theorem 1.17 there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C [t1 , ∞) , Hr,0 (R) ∩ H0,ω (R) . Now applying Lemma 2.56 to integral equation (2.122) we can see that the conditions of Theorem 2.4 are fulﬁlled. Hence we ﬁnd the asymptotics (2.121) with coeﬃcient ∞ 1 1 u0 (x) dx − √ dτ N (u) (τ, x) dx. U=√ 2π R 2π 0 R Note that in view of the estimates for the solution u (t, x) , the coeﬃcient U can be calculated approximately with any desired accuracy via the integral equation (2.122). Theorem 2.53 is proved. 2.5.4 Large initial data Although Theorem 2.53 is general enough, however the application of Theorem 2.53 to the particular equations gives us rough results since we did not take into account a special character of the nonlinearity. We now intend to remove the smallness condition for the initial data. As we know the condition of strong dissipation (2.118) prevents the eﬀect of blow up for solutions to the Whitham equation and the nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equation. Therefore, the classical solutions with any large initial data exist globally in time. Because of some special symmetry of the nonlinearity of these equations which easily allows us to estimate the L2 norm of the solution. We express this symmetry property in the following form (2.123) Re BϕBN (ϕ)dx = 0 for any function ϕ ∈ C∞ 0 (R) , where B is a pseudodiﬀerential operator, such that the norm Bu L2 is equivalent to the norm of the Sobolev space u Hb,0 for some b ≥ 0. The symmetry property (2.123) with B ≡ 1 and b = 0 is fulﬁlled for the Whitham equation (2.110) and the derivative nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equation (2.111) if Re a = − Re c. Now we can state the result analogous to Theorem 2.53 without any restriction on the size of the initial data; however the critical order with respect to the large time behavior δc = min (1 + |α1 | , 2 + |α2 |) now must be shifted by 12 . Denote

ν − σ 2ν + 1 1 , S = S (σ, ν, ϑ) ≡ − min , 2 ϑ−1 2ϑ

2.5 Whitham type equation

141

n where |αn | = j=0 αj,n , n = 1, 2, ϑ = 2 if the nonlinear operator N is quadratic and ϑ = 3 otherwise. Theorem 2.58. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (2.118) through (2.120) with δ < δc − 12 . Suppose that the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes estimates (2.117) with σ ∈ [0, ν), ν > 0 and the symmetry property ν−σ s,0 (R) ∩ Hλ,ω (R), (2.123) with b > 1−ν 2 − ϑ−1 . Let the initial data u0 ∈ H 1 with s > (s, −σ). Then S, ω >s,02 , λ = min there exists a unique solution 0 u ∈ C [0, ∞); H (R) ∩ Hλ,ω (R) ∩C1 (0, ∞)); H∞,0 (R) of the Cauchy problem (2.109). Moreover, the solution has asymptotics (2.121). For example, let us apply Theorem 2.58 to the derivative nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equation (2.111) with Re a = − Re c. In this case we have ν = 2 = δ, δc = 3, σ = 1 = ζ and condition (2.123) is fulﬁlled with b = 0, s,ω wheres > 1, ω > 12 , then there exists a so if the initial data u0 ∈ H (R),∞,0 ∞ (R) with asymptotics unique solution u ∈ C (0, ∞) ; H 1 1 x2 u (t, x) = U t− 2 e− 2t + O t− 2 −γ , where γ > 0. Proof of Theorem 2.58 Since ν > 0 because of the smoothing eﬀect the solution u (t, x) of the Cauchy problem (2.109) belongs to the space Hr,ω (R) for all t ≥ t1 with r > 12 . Therefore, we consider Cauchy problem (2.109) for t ≥ t1 > 0. Multiplying equation (2.109) by BuB, then by integrating with respect to x ∈ R, and by using property (2.123), we get d 2 Bu L2 = −2 Re BuBN (u) + BuBLu dx dt R 2 Re L (ξ) Bu = −2 dξ; R

hence by integrating with respect to t ≥ t1 , we obtain ∞ 2 2 2 sup Bu (t) L2 + 2µ Bu (t) ν/2,δ/2,0 dt ≤ C Bu (t1 ) L2 . t≥t1

t1

Thus the norm Bu (t) L2 is bounded, and there exists a time T ≥ t1 such that the norms Bu (t) ν/2,δ/2,0 are suﬃciently small. Hence we can consider the Cauchy problem (2.109) for t ≥ T > 0 with suﬃciently small initial data u (T ) in Ar1 ,ρ1 ,0 , r1 = b + ν2 > S, ρ1 > 0 and apply the method of proof of Theorem 2.53. Changing t − T = t ≥ 0 via the Green operator G (t) of the linear Cauchy problem (2.114) we write the nonlinear Cauchy problem

142

2 Weak Nonlinearity

(2.109) as the integral equation (2.122) with initial data u0 , which is small in the norm Ar1 ,ρ1 ,0 , r1 = b + ν2 > S, ρ1 > 0. We deﬁne a set Y= φ ∈ S : sup sup

ρ

q

sup {t} t δ u (t) r1 +qν,ρ1 +ρ,0 ≤ 2ε

t>0 q∈[0,1) ρ∈[0,ρm ] q

sup {t} t

sup sup

ρ−ω 1 δ + 2δ

t>0 q∈[0,1) ρ∈[0,ρm ]

u (t) r1 +qν,ρ1 +ρ,ω ≤ C} .

Using Lemma 2.55, we get for q ∈ [0, 1) , ρ ∈ [0, ρm ] G (t) u0 r1 +qν,ρ1 +ρ,0 ≤ C t and

−ρ δ

{t}

−q

u0 r1 ,ρ1 ,0

t G (t − τ ) N (v) (τ ) dτ 0 r1 +qν,ρ1 +ρ,0 t ρ − −q ≤C dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } N (v) (τ ) r1 ,ρ1 ,0 . 0

By Lemma 2.57 we have N (u) r1 ,ρ1 ,0 ≤ C

ϑ−1

n

u r1 +σ,|αn |+ρ1 ,0 u r,β,0

n=1

≤ Cε

2

ϑ−1

−

{τ }

σ−ns1 ν

τ

−

nρ1 |αn |+βn − n−1 δ 2δ + δ

,

n=1

where s1 = max 0, 12 − r1 . Hence t ρ q δ t {t} G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ 0

≤ ε2

ϑ−1

ρ

r1 +qν,ρ1 +ρ,0

t

q

t δ {t}

{τ }

−

σ−ns1 ν

τ

−

ρ δ

t − τ {t − τ }

0

n=1

dτ

nρ1 |αn |+βn − n−1 δ 2δ + δ

q

≤ 2ε since by the condition b > 0 < δ < δc − 12 we get

1−ν 2

−

ν−σ ϑ−1

|αn | + βn + for n = 1, ϑ − 1 if β =

1 2

we have

σ−ns1 ν

< 1. Via the condition

n − 1 nρ1 + > δ, 2 δ

− γ, ρ1 = γ, and γ > 0 is small. Similarly

G (t) u0 r1 +qν,ρ,ω ≤ C t

ω−ρ 1 δ − 2δ

−q

{t}

u0 r1 ,0,ω

2.6 Weak dissipation, strong dispersion

and

143

t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ 0 r1 +qν,ρ,ω t ω−ρ 1 − −q ≤C dτ t − τ δ 2δ {t − τ } N (u) (τ ) r1 ,0,ω . 0

By Lemma 2.57 we have N (u) r1 ,0,ω ≤ C

ϑ−1

2 u Y

{τ }

−σ ν

τ

ω+γ δ

−

ρ |αn |+βn n − 2δ + δ1 δ

;

n=1

hence t

t {t} G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ

ρ−ω 1 δ + 2δ

q

0

2

≤ C u Y

ϑ−1

t

ρ−ω 1 δ + 2δ

{t}

q

−q

{τ }

t − τ

ω−ρ 1 δ − 2δ

0

n=1

× {t − τ }

r1 +qν,ρ,ω

t

−σ ν

τ

ω+γ δ

ρ |α |+βn n − nδ − 2δ + δ1

dτ ≤ C

since |αn | + βn + n2 − ω > δ, for n = 1, ϑ − 1, if we choose ω = 12 + γ with small γ > 0. Likewise we prove that t G (t − τ ) N (w) (τ ) − N (v) (τ ) dτ ≤ C w − v Y ( w Y + v Y ) . 0

Y

Therefore by the global existence Theorem 1.17 there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C ([T, ∞) , Hr,ω (R)) . Applying Lemma 2.56 to integral equation (2.122) we ﬁnd the asymptotics (2.121) of the solution. Theorem 2.58 is proved.

2.6 Weak dissipation, strong dispersion Consider the Cauchy problem ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R;

(2.124)

here the linear part is a pseudodiﬀerential operator deﬁned by the Fourier transformation Lu = F ξ→x (L (ξ) u (ξ)) , and the nonlinearity N (u) is a quadratic pseudodiﬀerential operator a (ξ, y) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y) dy, N (u) = F ξ→x R

144

2 Weak Nonlinearity

deﬁned by the symbol a (ξ, y) . We consider here the real-valued solutions u (t, x) . We suppose that the operators N and L have a ﬁnite order, that is the symbols a (ξ, y) and L (ξ) grow with respect to ξ and y no faster than a power: κ κ κ |L (ξ)| ≤ C ξ , |a (ξ, y)| ≤ C (ξ + y ) , where C > 0. Model equation (2.124) contains, for example, the Korteweg-de Vries equation with linear dissipation ut + uux + uxxx + λu = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0,

(2.125)

if we take N (u) = uux , Lu = uxxx + λu, that is a (ξ, y) = iξ, L (ξ) = λ − iξ 3 . Another example is the Benjamin-Ono equation with dissipation ut + uux + Huxx + Lu = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0,

(2.126) "

which comes from (2.124) if we assume a (ξ, y) = iξ, L (ξ) = |ξ| + iξ |ξ| . For some other examples we refer to Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b], Whitham [1999]. Suppose that the linear operator L satisﬁes the dissipation condition which in terms of the symbol L (ξ) has the form δ

Re L (ξ) ≥ µ {ξ} ξ

ν

(2.127)

for all ξ ∈ R, where µ > 0, ν ≥ 0, δ > 0. Thus we assume that Re L (ξ) does not grow at all or grows slowly for ξ → ∞. This behavior of the real part of the symbol L (ξ) we refer by the weak dissipation. Also we suppose that the symbol is smooth L (ξ) ∈ C1 (R) and has the estimate l ∂ξ L (ξ) ≤ C {ξ}δ−l ξν (2.128) for all ξ ∈ R \ {0} , l = 0, 1. We assume that the imaginary part |Im ∂ξ L (ξ)| of the symbol L (ξ) grows monotonically and satisﬁes the estimate ρ

|Im ∂ξ L (ξ)| ≥ C ξ (2.129) 3σ−ν for all ξ ∈ R, where ρ > max 2 , σ . This property we call by strong dispersion. To ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for the solution we assume that the symbol L (ξ) has the following asymptotic representation in the origin δ+γ (2.130) L (ξ) = L0 (ξ) + O |ξ| δ

δ−1

for all |ξ| ≤ 1, where L0 (ξ) = µ1 |ξ| + iµ2 |ξ| ξ, µ1 > 0, µ2 ∈ R, γ > 0. We suppose that the symbols of the nonlinear operator N are such that l ∂ξ a (ξ, y) ≤ C {ξ − y}−l ({ξ − y}α ξ − yσ + {y}α yσ ) (2.131)

2.6 Weak dissipation, strong dispersion

145

for all ξ, y ∈ R, t > 0, l = 0, 1, where α ≥ 0. Without a loss of generality we can assume the symmetry property a (ξ, y) = a (ξ, ξ − y) . Denote G0 (x) = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ) and deﬁne spaces

A0,∞ = φ ∈ L2 (R) : ϕ A0,∞ < ∞ , Bσ,1 = φ ∈ L2 (R) : ϕ Bσ,1 < ∞ , D0,σ = φ ∈ L2 (R) : ϕ D0,σ < ∞

with the following norms σ

(·) L∞ (|ξ|≤1) , ϕ Bσ,1 = |·| ϕ (·) L1 (|ξ|≥1) ϕ A0,∞ = ϕ ξ

and

ξ

γ

σ

(·) L∞ ϕ D0,σ = |∂ξ | |·| ϕ ξ

with some ﬁxed γ > 0. Theorem 2.59. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (2.127) through (2.130) with δ < δc = 1+α. Suppose that the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes estimates (2.131). Let the initial data u0 ∈ A0,∞ ∩Bσ,1 ∩D0,σ and be suﬃciently small. Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C0 [0, ∞); A0,∞ ∩Bσ,1 ∩ D0,σ of the Cauchy problem (2.124). In the case of ν > 0 we also have the smoothing property u ∈ C∞ ((0, ∞) × R) . Moreover, there exists a unique number A, such that the solution u has the following asymptotics 1 1 1 (2.132) u (t, x) = At− δ G0 xt− δ + O t− δ −γ1 for large time t > 0 uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, with some γ1 > 0. Remark 2.60. The conditions of the theorem on the initial data u0 can also be expressed in terms of the usual weighted Sobolev spaces as follows u0 Hω+σ,ω ≤ ε, where ω > 12 . However, the conditions on the initial data u0 are described more precisely in the norms A0,∞ ∩Bσ,1 ∩ D0,σ . Remark 2.61. As an example we apply Theorem 2.59 to the Korteweg-de Vries equation with linear dissipation (2.125). We have σ = α = 1, ν = δ = 0, and ρ = 2. Therefore if the initial data u0 ∈ H1+ω,ω (R) are suﬃciently small, where ω > 12 , then there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C∞ ((0, ∞) × R) , and asymptotics 1 1 u0 (x) dx + O e−2λt u (t, x) = e−λt t− 3 G0 xt− 3 is true for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R.

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2 Weak Nonlinearity

To apply results of Section2.1 we obtain in the next subsection some preliminary estimates for the linear and nonlinear operators of equation (2.124) and give large time asymptotics formulas for the linearized Cauchy problem. 2.6.1 Preliminary Lemmas First we collect some preliminary estimates for the Green operator G (t) φ = −L(ξ)t ˆ F ξ→x e φ (ξ) in the norms ρ

s

ϕ (t) Aρ,p = |·| ϕ (t) Lp (|ξ|≤1) , ϕ (t) Bs,p = |·| ϕ (t) Lp (|ξ|≥1) , ξ

γ

ρ

ξ

s

ϕ (t) Dρ,s = |∂ξ | {·} · ϕ (t) L∞ , ξ

where ρ, s ∈ R, γ ∈ (0, 1) . The norm Aρ,p is responsible for the large time asymptotic properties of solutions and the norm Bs,p describes the regularity of solutions. Applying Lemma 1.38 we obtain Lemma 2.62. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (2.127) and (2.128). Then the estimates are valid for all t > 0 1 − δ1 (ρ+ p − q1 )

G (t) ϕ Aρ,p ≤ C t for ρ ≥ 0, if p = q and ρ +

1 p

−

ϕ A0,q ,

> 0 if 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞,

1 q

µ

− νs

G (t) ϕ Bs,p ≤ Ce− 2 t {t}

ϕ B0,p

where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, s ≥ 0; in the case of ν = 0 we take s = 0, and −ρ δ

G (t) ϕ Dρ,s ≤ C t + C t

γ−ρ δ

− νs

{t}

− νs

{t}

ϕ D0,0

( ϕ A0,∞ + ϕ B0,∞ )

where 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞, s ≥ 0, ρ ≥ 0, γ ∈ (0, 1) is such that γ < δ if ρ = 0 and γ < min (ρ, δ) if ρ > 0. Deﬁne G0 (t) φ = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ)t φˆ (ξ) , where the symbol L0 (ξ) = δ δ−1 µ1 |ξ| +iµ2 |ξ| ξ is homogeneous, µ1 , µ2 ∈ R and G0 (x) = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ) . By Lemma 1.39 in the next lemma we ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for the Green operator G (t) . Lemma 2.63. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (2.127) through (2.128) and asymptotic representation (2.130). Then the asymptotics are true 1 1 G (t) φ = t− δ G0 xt− δ φˆ (0) − 1+γ + O t δ ( φ A0,∞ + φ B0,1 + φ D0,0 )

2.6 Weak dissipation, strong dispersion

and

t

0

147

∞ 1 1 G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ = t− δ G0 xt− δ ψ (τ, 0) dτ 0 − 1+γ δ

+ O t

sup τ

θ+ δ1

τ ∈(0,t)

− 1+γ δ

+ O t

( ψ (τ ) A0,1 + ψ (τ ) B0,1 )

θ

sup τ ( ψ (τ ) A0,∞ + ψ (τ ) D0,0 )

τ ∈(0,t)

as t > 0 uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where θ ≥ 1 + γδ , γ > 0. Now let us prove the following estimates. Lemma 2.64. Let s ∈ [0, ν) if ν > 0 and s = 0 if ν = 0. The following estimates are true for all t > 0 t −ρ− 1 θ+ 1 G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ ≤ C t δ δp sup sup τ δq f (τ ) A0,q 0

1≤q≤p τ >0

Aρ,p

for θ > 1, ρ > −1 if p = 1 and ρ ≥ 0 if p = ∞, t 1 −θ− δp θ+ 1 G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ sup τ δp f (τ ) B0,p s,p ≤ C t τ >0 0

B

for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, and t G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ

θ− γ sup τ δ f (τ ) D0,0 τ >0 0 Dρ,s

θ + sup τ ( f (τ ) A0,∞ + f (τ ) B0,∞ ) ≤ C t

γ−ρ δ

τ >0

for ρ = 0, α, and γ ∈ (0, 1) such that γ < δ if α = 0 and γ < min (α, δ) if α > 0. Proof. By virtue of the ﬁrst estimate of Lemma 2.62 we obtain for ρ > −1 if p = 1 and ρ ≥ 0 if p = ∞ t G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 0

t 2

≤C

t − τ

0 t

+C t 2

t − τ

−ρ δ

1 −ρ δ − δp

≤ C t

Aρ,p

1 −ρ δ − δp

−θ

τ

1 − δp −θ

τ

θ

dτ sup τ f (τ ) A0,∞ τ >0

1 θ+ δp

dτ sup τ τ >0

sup sup τ

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

1 θ+ δq

f (τ ) A0,p

f (τ ) A0,q .

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2 Weak Nonlinearity

Similarly by the second estimate of Lemma 2.62 we get t t 1 µ −θ− γδ − δp −s G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ ≤C e− 2 (t−τ ) τ {t − τ } ν dτ 0

0

Bs,p

× sup τ

1 θ+ δp

τ >0

f (τ ) B0,p ≤ C t

1 −θ− δp

sup τ

1 θ+ δp

τ >0

f (τ ) B0,p .

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, s ∈ [0, ν) if ν > 0 and s = 0 if ν = 0. Finally by the third estimate of Lemma 2.62 we ﬁnd t t −ρ −s G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ ≤C dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } ν f (τ ) D0,0 0

0

Dρ,s

t

dτ t − τ

+C

γ−ρ δ

{t − τ }

− νs

0

t

≤C

t − τ

−ρ δ

t − τ

γ−ρ δ

0 t

+C

γ

τ δ τ

−θ

−θ

( f (τ ) A0,∞ + f (τ ) B0,∞ )

{t − τ }

{t − τ }

− νs

θ− γδ

dτ sup τ τ >0

− νs

f (τ ) D0,0

dτ

0 θ

× sup τ ( f (τ ) A0,∞ + f (τ ) B0,∞ ) τ >0

for s ∈ [0, ν) , ρ = 0, α. Thus the third estimate of the lemma is true. Lemma 2.64 is proved. In the next lemma we estimate the nonlinear terms N1 (φ) = F ξ→x a1 (ξ, y) φ (ξ − y) φ (y) dy R

and

N2 (φ, ϕ) = F ξ→x

a3 (ξ, y, z) φ (ξ − y) φ (y − z) ϕ (z) dydz.

R2

Lemma 2.65. Suppose that α

σ

α

σ

|a1 (ξ, y)| ≤ C ({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) for |ξ| ≤ 1, y ∈ R and

β λ λ β σ σ |a1 (ξ, y)| ≤ C {ξ − y} {y} + {ξ − y} {y} ξ − y y

for |ξ| ≥ 1, y ∈ R. Also assume that λ λ λ |a2 (ξ, y, z)| ≤ C {ξ − y} {ξ − y + z} + {ξ − z} β β β σ σ × {ξ − y} + {y − z} + {z} y − z 1 z 2

2.6 Weak dissipation, strong dispersion

149

for |ξ| ≥ 1, y, z ∈ R, where β ≥ α ≥ 0, λ > −1, σ, σ1 , σ2 ≥ 0. Then the estimates N1 (ϕ) A0,p ≤ C ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,p + ϕ (t) Bσ,p ) , N1 (ϕ) B0,p ≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aλ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aβ,p + ϕ (t) Bσ,p ) and N2 (φ, ϕ) B0,p ≤ C ( φ Aβ+λ,1 + φ B0,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ Bσ1 ,p ) × ( ϕ A0,∞ + ϕ B0,∞ + ϕ Bσ2 ,1 ) + C ( φ A0,∞ + φ B0,∞ + φ B0,1 ) ( φ Aβ,p + φ Bσ1 ,p ) × ( ϕ A0,∞ + ϕ B0,∞ + ϕ Bσ2 ,1 ) + C ( φ A0,∞ + φ B0,∞ + φ B0,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ Bσ1 ,p ) × ( ϕ Aβ,∞ + ϕ B0,∞ + ϕ Bσ2 ,1 ) are true, where β ≥ α ≥ 0. Proof. By virtue of the Young inequality we obtain N1 (ϕ) A0,p

≤ |a (ξ, y)| |ϕ (t, ξ − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy

Lp (|ξ|≤1)

R

ξ α σ α σ ≤ C ({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) |ϕ (t, ξ − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy

Lp (|ξ|≤1) ξ

R

Therefore, α N1 (ϕ) A0,p ≤ C ϕ (t, ·) L1 {·} ϕ (t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≤1) ξ ξ σ + · ϕ (t, ·) Lp (|ξ|>1) ξ

≤ C ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,p + ϕ (t) Bσ,p ) . In the same manner we have σ λ N1 (ϕ) B0,p ≤ C · {·} ϕ (t, ·)

σ β {·} ϕ (t, ·) · 1

Lξ

Lp ξ

≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aλ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aβ,p + ϕ (t) Bσ,p ) . Similarly, we obtain

.

150

2 Weak Nonlinearity

N2 (φ, ϕ) B0,p λ λ λ σ1 σ2 ≤C 2 {ξ − y} {ξ − y + z} + {ξ − z} y − z z R β β β (z) p × {ξ − y} + {y − z} + {z} φ (ξ − y) φ (y − z) ϕ Lξ (|ξ|≥1) β+λ σ1 ≤ C {·} φ (·) 1 · φ (·) p Lξ Lξ σ2 σ2 × · ϕ (·) L∞ + · ϕ (·) L1 ξ ξ β σ + C φ ∞ + φ 1 {·} · 1 φ (·) p Lξ Lξ Lξ σ2 σ2 × · ϕ (·) L∞ + · ϕ (·) L1 ξ ξ

σ1 + C φ ∞ + φ 1 · φ (·) p Lξ Lξ Lξ

β σ2 β σ2 × {·} · ϕ (·) ∞ + {·} · ϕ (·) 1 ; Lξ

Lξ

hence, the last estimate of the lemma follows. Lemma 2.65 is proved. Now we estimate the nonlinearity N (u) in the norm D0,0 . Lemma 2.66. Let condition (2.131) be fulﬁlled. Then the inequality N (ϕ) D0,0 ≤ C ϕ (t) Dα,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aα−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) is valid for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, provided that the right-hand side is bounded. Proof. Denote α

σ

α

σ −1

a (ξ, y) = a (ξ, y) ({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) and α

σ

α

σ

(t, ξ − y) ϕ (t, y) . Φ (t, ξ, y) = ({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) ϕ We have N (ϕ) D0,0

γ = |∂ξ | a (·, y) Φ (t, ·, y) dy

L∞

R

ξ dηdy ≤ |Φ (t, · − η, y) − Φ (t, ·, y)| a (· − η, y) 1+γ ∞ R R |η| Lξ γ + a (·, y) dy Φ (t, ·, y) |∂ξ | .

R

L∞ ξ

(2.133)

2.6 Weak dissipation, strong dispersion

151

By virtue of condition (2.131) we estimate the ﬁrst summand as follows dηdy |Φ (t, · − η, y) − Φ (t, ·, y)| a (· − η, y) 1+γ R R ∞ |η| Lξ γ α σ ≤C (|∂ | {· − y} · − y ϕ (t, · − y)) ϕ (t, y) dy ξ ∞ R Lξ γ α σ +C (t, · − y)) {y} y ϕ (t, y) dy (|∂ξ | ϕ ∞ R

Lξ

γ

α

σ

≤ C |∂ξ | {·} · ϕ (t, ·) L∞ ϕ (t) L1 ξ

ξ

γ

α

σ

+ C |∂ξ | ϕ (t) L∞ {·} · ϕ (t, ·) L1 ξ

ξ

≤ C ϕ (t) Dα,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) . Via (2.131) we obtain γ |∂ξ | a (ξ, y) = | a (ξ − η, y) − a (ξ, y)| ≤C

dη

|η|≥ 12 {ξ−y}

1+γ

|η|

−1

+ C {ξ − y}

(2.134)

dη 1+γ

|η|

|η|≤ 12 {ξ−y}

dη −γ γ ≤ C {ξ − y} |η|

for all ξ, y ∈ R. Therefore, Φ (t, ·, y) |∂ξ |γ a (·, y) dy ∞ R Lξ α−γ σ ≤ C {· − y} · − y ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y) dy

L∞

R

ξ −γ α σ +C (t, · − y) {y} y ϕ (t, y) dy {· − y} ϕ ∞ R Lξ α−γ σ ≤ C {·} · ϕ (t, ·) 1 ϕ (t) L∞ ξ Lξ −γ α σ + C {·} ϕ (t, ·) 1 {·} · ϕ (t, ·) L∞ Lξ

ξ

≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) .

(2.135)

In view of (2.133) through (2.135) we get the estimate of the lemma. Lemma 2.66 is ﬁnally proved. 2.6.2 Proof of Theorem 2.59 First we prove the existence of classical solutions for the Cauchy problem (2.124) in the spaces Aα,p ∩ Bσ,p . Applying the Fourier transformation to

152

2 Weak Nonlinearity

equation (2.124) we transform equation (2.124) by the method similar to the normal forms of Shatah (see Shatah [1985]) u t (t, ξ) + L (ξ) u (t, ξ) = − a (ξ, y) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y) dy. R

We put v (t, ξ) = u (t, ξ) e−tL(ξ) , then we get etQ(ξ,y) a (ξ, y) v (t, ξ − y) v (t, y) dy,

∂t v (t, ξ) = R

where Q (ξ, y) ≡ L (ξ) − L (ξ − y) − L (y) . Integrating by parts with respect to time, and considering the symmetry property a (ξ, y) = a (ξ, ξ − y) we obtain R

+2

τ =0

t

dyeτ Q(ξ,y,z) a1 (ξ, y) v (τ, ξ − y)

dτ 0

×

R

τ =t eτ Q(ξ,y) a1 (ξ, y) v (τ, ξ − y) v (τ, y) dy

eτ Q(ξ,y) a2 (ξ, y) v (τ, ξ − y) v (τ, y) dy

dτ 0

+

t

v (t, ξ) = v (0, ξ) +

R

a (y, z) v (τ, y − z) v (τ, z) dz,

(2.136)

R

where (ξ, y, z) = Q (ξ, y) + Q (y, z) , Q a (ξ, y) ψ1 (ξ, y) , Q (ξ, y) a2 (ξ, y) = a (ξ, y) ψ2 (ξ, y) , a1 (ξ, y) =

ψ2 (ξ, y) = 1 − ψ1 (ξ, y) , and ψ1 (ξ, y) is the characteristic function of the domain + + |ξ| |ξ| −ρ −ρ , |ξ| ≥ 1 ∪ |ξ| ≤ |ξ − y| ≤ , |ξ| ≥ 1 . |ξ| ≤ |y| ≤ 8 8 We integrate again by parts in the last integral in (2.136) to get

2.6 Weak dissipation, strong dispersion

153

t v (t, ξ) = v (0, ξ) + dτ eτ Q(ξ,y) a2 (ξ, y) v (τ, ξ − y) v (τ, y) dy 0 R t τ Q(ξ,y,z) dτ e a4 (ξ, y, z) v (τ, ξ − y) v (τ, y − z) v (τ, z) dydz + 0 R2 τ =t τ Q(ξ,y) + e a1 (ξ, y) v (τ, ξ − y) v (τ, y) dy R

+

τ =0

τ =t eτ Q(ξ,y,z) a3 (ξ, y, z) v (τ, ξ − y) v (τ, y − z) v (τ, z) dydz

R2 t

τ =0

+3 dτ dydz eτ Q(ξ,y,z) a3 (ξ, y, z) v (τ, ξ − y) v (τ, y − z) 0 R2 a (z, q) eτ Q(z,q) v (τ, z − q) v (τ, q) dq, ×

(2.137)

R

where a3 (ξ, y, z) =

2ψ3 (ξ, y, z) a (ξ, y) a (y, z) , (ξ, y, z) 1 Q

a4 (ξ, y, z) = 2ψ4 (ξ, y, z) a1 (ξ, y) a (y, z) ψ4 (ξ, y, z) = 1 − ψ3 (ξ, y, z) , and ψ3 (ξ, y, z) is the characteristic function of the domain + + |ξ| |ξ| −ρ −ρ , |ξ| ≥ 1 × |ξ| ≤ |ξ − y + z| ≤ |ξ| ≤ |ξ − y| ≤ 8 8 +

|ξ| −ρ ∪ |ξ| ≤ |ξ − z| ≤ . 8 Returning to the solution u we write equation (2.137) in the following manner (∂t + L) (u − N1 (u) − N3 (u, u)) = N2 (u)+N4 (u)+3N3 (u, N (u)) , (2.138) where we denote

Nj (u) = F ξ→x

aj (ξ, y) u (τ, ξ − y) u (τ, y) dy, j = 1, 2, R

N3 (u, φ) = F ξ→x

a3 (ξ, y, z) u (τ, ξ − y) u (τ, y − z) φ (τ, z) dydz,

R2

N4 (u) = F ξ→x

a4 (ξ, y, z) u (τ, ξ − y) u (τ, y − z) u (τ, z) dydz. R2

By the Duhamel formula we write (2.138) as the integral equation u = N1 (u) + N3 (u, u) + G (t) (u0 − N1 (u0 ) − N3 (u0 , u0 )) t + G(t − τ ) (N2 (u) + N4 (u) + 3N3 (u, N (u))) dτ. 0

(2.139)

154

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Now we apply Theorem 1.17. Denote X = {u ∈ C (0, ∞) ; A0,∞ ∩ Bσ,1 : u X ≤ Cε}, where φ X = sup sup t

ρ+1 δ

ρ∈[λ,β] t>0

+ sup sup t

ρ

φ (t) Aρ,1 + sup sup t δ φ (t) Aρ,∞ ρ∈[0,β] t>0

β 1 δ + δp

1≤p≤∞ t>0

φ (t) Bσ,p ,

and θ > 1, β ≥ α are such that min we have the estimate

β α+1 δ, δ

≥ θ > 1. By condition (2.129) ρ

|Q (ξ, y)| ≥ |L (ξ) − L (ξ − y) − L (y)| ≥ C ξ min (|y| , |ξ − y|) ρ−γρ 1−γ 1−γ ≥ C ξ min |y| , |ξ − y| in the domain + + |ξ| |ξ| −ρ −ρ , |ξ| ≥ 1 ∪ |ξ| ≤ |ξ − y| ≤ , |ξ| ≥ 1 , |ξ| ≤ |y| ≤ 8 8 where γ > 0 is small. Therefore, by condition (2.131) we get α

σ

α

σ

({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) ρ−γρ−σ 1−γ 1−γ ξ min |y| , |ξ − y| β λ λ β σ σ ≤ C {ξ − y} {y} + {ξ − y} {y} ξ − y y σ

ξ |a1 (ξ, y)| ≤ C

for |ξ| ≥ 1, y ∈ R, with λ = γ − 1 > −1 since ρ > σ. In the same manner we ﬁnd σ β λ λ β σ σ ξ |a2 (ξ, y)| ≤ C {ξ − y} {y} + {ξ − y} {y} ξ − y y , for |ξ| ≥ 1, y ∈ R, and σ

α

σ

α

σ

ξ |a2 (ξ, y)| ≤ C ({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) , for |ξ| ≤ 1, y ∈ R. Therefore, N1 (u) A0,p = 0, and by Lemma 2.65 we get N1 (u) Bσ,p + N2 (u) Bσ,p ≤ C ( u Aλ,1 + u Bσ,1 ) ( u Aβ,p + u Bσ,p ) 1 −β δ − δp

≤ t

2

1 −θ− δp

u X ≤ C t

2

u X ,

2.6 Weak dissipation, strong dispersion

155

N2 (u) A0,p ≤ C ( u A0,1 + u Bσ,1 ) ( u Aα,p + u Bσ,p ) 1 − α+1 δ − δp

≤ C t since min

β α+1 δ, δ

1 −θ− δp

2

u X ≤ C t

2

u X

≥ θ > 1. Thus 2

N1 (u) X + N2 (u) Y ≤ C u X ,

(2.140)

where 1 θ+ δp

φ Y = sup sup t 1≤p≤∞ t>0

1 θ+ δp

φ (t) A0,p + sup sup t 1≤p≤∞ t>0

φ (t) Bσ−ν1 ,p .

Now we estimate a3 (ξ, y, z) and a4 (ξ, y, z). By condition (2.129) we have estimate Q (ξ, y, z) ≥ |Im L (ξ) − Im L (y − z) − Im L (ξ − y) − Im L (z)| ρ

≥ C ξ min (|ξ − y + z| , |ξ − z|) ρ−γρ 1−γ 1−γ ≥ C ξ min |ξ − y + z| , |ξ − z| in the domain + |ξ| −ρ |ξ| ≤ |ξ − y| ≤ , |ξ| ≥ 1 8 + +

|ξ| |ξ| −ρ −ρ × |ξ| ≤ |ξ − y + z| ≤ ∪ |ξ| ≤ |ξ − z| ≤ , 8 8 where γ > 0 is small. Therefore by condition (2.131) we obtain a1 (ξ, y) a (y, z) σ−ν1 σ−ν1 |a3 (ξ, y, z)| ≤ C ξ ξ ψ3 (ξ, y, z) (ξ, y, z) Q ξ

3σ−2ρ+2γρ−ν1

α

α

({y − z} + {z} )

1−γ 1−γ min |ξ − y + z| , |ξ − z| λ λ λ α α ≤ C {ξ − y} {ξ − y + z} + {ξ − z} ({y − z} + {z} ) ≤C

1−γ

|ξ − y|

for |ξ| ≥ 1, y, z ∈ R, since 3σ − 2ρ + 2γρ − ν1 ≤ 0. By an identical approach we have σ

σ

ξ |a3 (ξ, y, z)| + ξ |a4 (ξ, y, z)| λ λ λ ≤ C {ξ − y} {ξ − y + z} + {ξ − z} α

α

σ

σ

× ({y − z} + {z} ) y − z z

for |ξ| ≥ 1, y, z ∈ R, since ρ > σ. Thus by Lemma 2.65 we get

156

2 Weak Nonlinearity

N3 (u, N (u)) Bσ−ν1 ,p ≤ C ( u A0,∞ + u B0,∞ + u B0,1 ) ( u A0,p + u B0,p ) × ( N (u) A0,∞ + N (u) B0,∞ + N (u) B0,1 ) ≤ t

1 −θ− δp

1 −θ− δp

2

u X N (u) Y ≤ t

hence

4

u X ; 4

N3 (u, N (u)) Y ≤ C u X . In the same manner N3 (u, u) Bσ,p + N4 (u) Bσ,p ≤ C ( u Aβ+λ,1 + u B0,1 ) ( u A0,p + u Bσ,p ) × ( u A0,∞ + u B0,∞ + u Bσ,1 ) + C ( u A0,∞ + u B0,∞ + u B0,1 ) ( u Aβ,p + u Bσ,p ) × ( u A0,∞ + u B0,∞ + u Bσ,1 ) + C ( u A0,∞ + u B0,∞ + u B0,1 ) ( u A0,p + u Bσ,p ) × ( u Aβ,∞ + u B0,∞ + u Bσ,1 ) ≤ t hence,

1 −θ− δp

3

u X ;

3

N3 (u, u) X + N4 (u) Y ≤ C u X .

(2.141)

Therefore applying Lemma 2.62 and Lemma 2.64 via (2.140) to (2.141) we get the estimate N1 (u) X + N3 (u, u) X + G (t) (u0 − N1 (u0 ) − N3 (u0 , u0 )) X t + G(t − τ ) (N2 (u) + N4 (u) + N3 (u, N (u))) dτ 0

X

2 u0 A0,∞ ∩Bσ,1 ∩D0,σ

≤ C u0 A0,∞ ∩Bσ,1 ∩D0,σ + C 3

+ C u0 A0,∞ ∩Bσ,1 ∩D0,σ 2

3

4

+C u X + C u X + C u X ≤ Cε. Similarly we consider the diﬀerences t G(t − τ ) (Nj (w) − Nj (v)) + N3 (w, N (w)) − N3 (v, N (v))) dτ 0 j=2,4

X

≤ C w − v X ( w X +

2 w X

+

3 w X

+ v X +

2 v X

+

3 v X )

to see that the conditions of Theorem 1.17 are valid. Hence there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ X. To prove the estimate of the solution in the norm Dα,σ we use the usual integral representation for the Cauchy problem (2.124)

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations

157

t

u (t) = G (t) u0 −

G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ.

(2.142)

0

We deﬁne two norms φ X1 = sup sup t ρ=0,α t>0

θ− γδ

φ Y1 = sup t t>0

ρ−γ δ

φ (t) Dρ,σ ,

φ (t) D0,0 ,

here γ ∈ (0, min (1, δ)) is such that γ < α if α > 0. By employing Lemma 2.62 and Lemma 2.64 we have the estimate t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ u X1 ≤ G (t) u0 X1 + 0

X1

≤ Cε + C N (u) Y1 + C N (u) Y ≤ Cε, since by Lemma 2.65 and Lemma 2.66 we ﬁnd 2 N (u) Y1 + N (u) Y ≤ C u X + u X1 . Now applying Lemma 2.63 to integral equation (2.142) we ﬁnd the asymptotics (2.132) with the following coeﬃcient ∞ 1 u0 (x) dx A=u 0 (0) − N (u (τ )) (0) dτ = √ 2π 0 ∞ 1 dτ N (u (τ )) (x) dx. −√ 2π 0 Thus we see that the large time asymptotics has a quasi linear character, that is the nonlinearity alters only the coeﬃcient of the main term of the asymptotic formula. Theorem 2.59 is proved.

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations Consider a system of nonlinear nonlocal evolution equations ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0

(2.143)

with initial data u (0, x) = u (x) , x ∈ Rn , where the unknown function u (t, x) is a vector u = {uj }|j=1,...,m . The linear part of system (2.143) is a pseudodifferential operator deﬁned by the Fourier transformation as follows Lu = F ξ→x L (ξ) Fx→ξ u, where the symbol L (ξ) is a matrix L = {Ljk }|j,k=1,...,m . The nonlinearity N (u) is a quadratic pseudodiﬀerential operator

158

2 Weak Nonlinearity

N (u) = F ξ→x

m k,l=1

akl (t, ξ, y) u ˆk (t, ξ − y) u ˆl (t, y) dy;

Rn

here the symbols akl (t, ξ, y) are vectors akl = akl . j j=1,...,m We suppose that the symbols akl (t, ξ, y) are continuous vector-functions with respect to time t > 0 and the operators N and L have a ﬁnite order, that is the symbols akl (t, ξ, y) and L (ξ) grow with respect to y and ξ no faster than a power of some order κ kl a (t, ξ, y) ≤ C (ξκ + yκ ) , |L (ξ)| ≤ C ξκ kl and matrix |L| we unwhere C > 0. The absolute value for vectors kla derstand as maximum of their components: a = maxj=1,..,m akl j , |L| = maxj,k=1,..,m |Ljk | . Model system (2.143) combines many famous equations. For example, let the solution u (t, x) be a real-valued vector-function, m = n, and the linear part be a Laplacian Lu = −∆u. Also consider the nonlinearity of the form N (u) = (u · ∇) u + ∇ (−∆)

−1

n

∇k ∇l uk ul ,

k,l=1

that is the symbols akl j (t, ξ, y) = iξk δjl − iξj

ξk ξl 2

|ξ|

,

where δjj = 1 and δjl = 0 if j = l. Let the initial data obey the restriction (∇ · u ) = 0; then the solution u (t, x) for all t ≥ 0 also satisfy this restriction (∇ · u) = 0. Thus from (2.143) we obtain the famous Navier-Stokes system of equations ut + (u · ∇) u + ∇h − ∆u = 0, (2.144) (∇ · u) = 0. System (2.143) also contains the shallow water system of equations (see Whitham [1999]) ηt + (∇ · vη) = 0, vt + (v · ∇) v + ∇η = 0, which contains the nonlinearity but does not take into account the dispersion; here η (t, x) is the free surface of water, v (t, x) is the velocity vector and the spatial dimension n = 2. If attention is restricted to only the simplest dispersion term, then system (2.143) leads to the well-known Boussinesq equations (see Whitham [1970]) ηt + (∇ · vη) + 13 ∆ (∇ · v) = 0, vt + (v · ∇) v + ∇η = 0. System (2.143) goes over into the system of Dobrokhotov (see Dobrokhotov [1987]), in the ﬁrst approximation for the nonlinearity

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations

159

ηt + (∇ · vη) + Bv = 0, vt + (v · ∇) v + ∇η = 0, n iξj where the operator Bv = j=1 Bj vj has the symbols Bj (ξ) = |ξ| tanh |ξ| and corresponds to the exact potential theory of water waves. Note that the Boussinesq system is a long wave approximation of the Dobrokhotov system. Another particular case of system (2.143) is the one-dimensional in spatial variable x system of equations proposed by Broer (see Broer [1975]), Kaup (see Kaup [1975]) ηt + (ηv)x − βηxx − αvxxx = 0, vt + vvx + ηx + βvxx = 0 as well as others (see Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b]). Note that in the one dimensional case n = m = 1 system (2.143) contains in particular the Whitham equation (see Whitham [1999]) ut + uux + Lu = 0, and thus many important one-dimensional equations, for example, the famous Korteweg-de Vries equation, Burgers, Benjamin-Ono and others. Thus, the system (2.143) deserves a serious study. Suppose for simplicity that the eigenvalues λj (ξ) of the matrix L (ξ) are distinct for ξ ∈ Rn \ {0} and order them according to the increase of the real parts. We make this supposition to simplify the form of the fundamental Cauchy matrix only. For example, if L (ξ) has a diagonal form L (ξ) = δjk λj (ξ) j,k=1,...,m , then the eigenvalues λj (ξ) can be arbitrary. Let the m × m matrix Q (ξ) = Qjk (ξ) j,k=1,...,m diagonalize the matrix L (ξ), that is Q−1 (ξ) L (ξ) Q (ξ) = λj (ξ) δjk j,k=1,...,m , where δjk = 1 if j = k and δjk = 0 otherwise. Consider the system of ordinary diﬀerential equations with constant coeﬃcients depending on a parameter ξ ∈ Rn d u (t, ξ) + L (ξ) u (t, ξ) = 0. dt

(2.145)

Multiplying system (2.145) by Q−1 (ξ) from the left and changing u (t, ξ) = Q (ξ) v (t, ξ) we diagonalize system (2.145) d vj (t, ξ) = −λj (ξ) vj (t, ξ) ; dt hence, integrating with respect to time t ≥ 0 we ﬁnd vj (t, ξ) = e−tλj (ξ) vj (0, ξ) . Returning to the solution u (t, ξ) we get u k (t, ξ) =

m j=1

e−tλj (ξ)

m l=1

Qkj (ξ) Q−1 (ξ) jl u l (0, ξ) ;

160

2 Weak Nonlinearity

therefore

(0, ξ) , u (t, ξ) = e−tL(ξ) u

where the fundamental Cauchy matrix has the form (see Gelfand and Shilov [1968]) m e−tλj (ξ) Pj (ξ) (2.146) e−tL(ξ) = j=1

with matrices

Pj (ξ) = Qkj (ξ) Q−1 (ξ) jl

k,l=1,...,m

.

(2.147)

We rewrite the Cauchy problem (2.143) in the form of the integral equation u (t) = G (t) u −

t

G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ,

(2.148)

0

where the Green operator G (t) ψ = F ξ→x e−tL(ξ) ψˆ (ξ) . 2.7.1 Local existence and smoothing eﬀect Consider the fundamental Cauchy matrix e−tL(ξ) =

m

e−tλj (ξ) Pj (ξ)

j=1

for the system of ordinary diﬀerential equations with constant coeﬃcients depending on a parameter ξ ∈ Rn d u (t, ξ) + L (ξ) u (t, ξ) = 0. dt Here Pj (ξ) are m × m matrices and λj (ξ) are eigenvalues of the matrix L (ξ) . Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition expressed in terms of the eigenvalues of the matrix L (ξ) ν

Re λj (ξ) ≥ µ |ξ| ,

(2.149)

for all |ξ| ≥ 1, where µ > 0, ν ≥ 0 and r ∂ξ λj (ξ) ≤ C {ξ}δ−|r| ξν , ∂ξr Pj (ξ) ≤ C

(2.150)

for all ξ ∈ Rn , |r| = 0, 1, where δ > 0. Suppose that the symbols of the nonlinearity N are such that 1 r kl ∂ξ a (t, ξ, y) ≤ C ξ − yσ + C yσ |r|=0

(2.151)

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations

161

for all ξ,y ∈ Rn , t > 0, k, l = 1, ..., m, where σ ∈ [0, ν] . Denote s+ ν ϕ X1 = sup · p E (t, ·) ϕ 1 p , Lξ Lt 1≤p≤∞ ω s− + νp ϕ X2 = sup (1 + |∂ξ | ) · E (t, ·) ϕ ∞ p , Lξ Lt

1≤p≤∞

µ

ν1

where E (t, ξ) = e 2 tξ , ν1 = min(1, ν), ω ∈ [0, 1) , s > S = 12 (σ − ν) , s− = min (s, 0) , here Lqξ Lpt ≡ Lq (Rn ; Lp (0, T )) , with T ∈ (0, 1] , 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞, and we deﬁne the majorant of the fractional derivative of order ω ∈ (0, 1) as ω −n−ω |∂ξ | φ (ξ) ≡ |φ (ξ − y) − φ (ξ)| |y| dy. Rn

Theorem 2.67. Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition (2.149), (2.150) with ν ≥ 0 and the nonlinear operator N satisfy estimates (2.151) with σ ∈ [0, ν] . We take the initial data u ∈ Hs (Rn ) ∩ Hs− ,ω (Rn ), n n where s > 2 + s, s > S, ω > 2 + ω. If σ = ν > 0 we suppose additionally that the norm u H n2 +s is small. Then for some time T > 0 there exists a unique solution u (t, x) to the Cauchy problem (2.143) such that u ∈ C ([0, T ] ; X1 ∩ X2 ) . In the case of ν > 0 we also have a smoothing property u ∈ C1 ((0, T ] ; H∞ (Rn )) . We can apply Theorem 2.67 to the Navier-Stokes system. Preliminary lemmas We deﬁne the Green operator G for the Cauchy problem for the linear system of equations ut + Lu = f, t > 0, x ∈ Rn , (2.152) u (0,x) = u , x ∈ Rn . Using the Fourier transformation we can formally represent the Green operator as G (t, x − y) ψ (y) dy, G (t) ψ = F ξ→x e−tL(ξ) ψˆ (ξ) = Rn

where the kernel G (t, x) =

m

F ξ→x e−tλj (ξ) Pj (ξ) .

j=1

Therefore the solution of problem (2.152) can be written by the Duhamel’s integral t G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ. u (t) = G (t) u + 0

In the following lemma we prove the smoothing property for the Green operator G (t) . By the result of Lemma 2.50 we have

162

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Lemma 2.68. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (2.149) through (2.150) with ν ≥ 0. Then the following estimates G (t) φ X1 ≤C φ Hs ,0 , G (t) φ X2 ≤C φ Hs− ,ω and

t G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ 0

≤ C ψ Yj , j = 1, 2 Xj

are valid, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded, where s > ω > ω + n2 , s− = min (s, 0) .

n 2

+ s,

Now we estimate the nonlinearity in the norms s

ϕ Y1 = · E (t, ·) ϕ L1 L1 , ξ

ω

s−

ϕ Y2 = (1 + |∂ξ | ) · µ

t

E (t, ·) ϕ L∞ L1 ξ

t

ν1

where E (t, ξ) = e 2 tξ , ν1 = min(1, ν), ω ∈ [0, 1) , s > S = Lqξ Lpt ≡ Lq (Rn ; Lp (0, T )) , 1 ≤ p, q ≤ ∞. Denote N (ϕ, φ) ≡

m

F ξ→x

k,l=1

1 2

(σ − ν) ; here

akl (t, ξ, y) ϕ k (t, ξ − y) φl (t, y) dy.

Rn

In the same way as in the proof of Lemma 2.51 we get Lemma 2.69. Let the symbols akl (t, ξ, y) of the nonlinear operator N (ϕ, φ) satisfy condition (2.151) with 0 ≤ σ ≤ ν, ν ≥ 0. Then the inequalities N (ϕ, φ) Yj ≤ CT ϑ ϕ Xj φ X1 , j = 1, 2 are valid for any functions ϕ, φ ∈ X1 ∩ X2 with s > S = if ν > 0. ϑ = 1 if ν = 0 and ϑ = min 1 − σν , s−S ν

1 2

(σ − ν) , where

Proof of Theorem 2.67 Via the Green operator G (t) of the linear Cauchy problem (2.152) we write the Cauchy problem for nonlinear system (2.143) in the form of the integral equation t

u (t) = G (t) u −

G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ. 0

By virtue of Lemma 2.68 and Lemma 2.69 we get G u X1 ∩X2 ≤ C u Hs ,0 ∩Hs− ,ω , and

(2.153)

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations

t G (t − τ ) (N (v) − N (˜ v )) dτ 0

163

X1 ∩X2

≤ C N (v) − N (˜ v ) Y1 ∩Y2 ≤ CT ϑ v X1 v − v˜ X1 ∩X2 where we denote v X1 ∩X2 = v X1 + v X2 . The norms v Y1 ∩Y2 and v Hs ,0 ∩Hs− ,ω are deﬁned similarly. Here s > S = 12 (σ − ν) , s− = min (0, s) , ω ∈ [0, 1) , ϑ = 1 if ν = 0 and ϑ = min 1 − σν , s−S if ν > 0. Hence ν because of Theorems 1.9 and 1.11 we see that there exists a suﬃciently small u Hs ,0 is suﬃciently time T = T ( u Hs ,0 ) if ϑ > 0; otherwise the norm small, such that there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C ([0, T ] ; X1 ∩ X2 ) of the Cauchy problem (2.143). By the deﬁnition of the norm X1 we have the smoothing property for the case of ν > 0 k sup v (t) Hk = sup ξ vˆ (t, ξ) 2 t∈[T0 ,T ]

t∈[T0 ,T ]

≤ C (k, T0 ) sup E (t, ξ) ξs |ˆ v (t, ξ)| t∈[T0 ,T ]

Lξ

≤ C v X1 ,

L1ξ

for all k ≥ 0, where T0 ∈ (0, T ]. The derivatives with respect to time t > 0 can be estimated directly from equation (2.143), since the symbols akl (t, ξ, y) are continuous in time. Therefore, in the case of ν > 0 the solution u (t, x) ∈ C1 (0, T ] ; H∞,0 (Rn ) . Theorem 2.67 is proved. 2.7.2 Global existence and asymptotic behavior In this section we consider a rather general class of nonlinearities in the Cauchy problem (2.143); however, we have to assume the smallness condition on the initial data to obtain the global existence of solutions. Suppose that the symbols of the nonlinear operator N are such that r kl ∂ξ a (t, ξ, y) ≤ C {ξ − y}α−|r| ξ − yσ + C {y}α−|r| yσ (2.154) for all ξ ∈ Rn , y ∈ Rn , t > 0, where σ ≥ 0, α ≥ 1, |r| = 0, 1. Note that condition (2.154) is general enough, and the examples mentioned above satisfy this assumption. Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition which in terms of the eigenvalues of the matrix L (ξ) has the form δ

Re λj (ξ) ≥ µ {ξ} ξ

ν

(2.155)

for all ξ ∈ Rn , where µ > 0, ν ≥ 0, δ > 0. To ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for the solution we assume that the eigenvalues of the symbol L (ξ) has the following asymptotic representation in the origin

164

2 Weak Nonlinearity

δ δ+γ λj (ξ) = µj |ξ| + O |ξ|

(2.156)

for all |ξ| ≤ 1, where µj > 0, γ > 0. Also we suppose that the symbol is smooth L (ξ) ∈ C1 (Rn ) and has the estimate r ∂ξ λj (ξ) ≤ C {ξ}δ−|r| ξν (2.157) for all ξ ∈ Rn \ {0} , |r| = 0, 1 and 1 r ∂ξ Pj (ξ) ≤ C

(2.158)

|r|=0

for all ξ ∈ Rn . Denote S = 12 (σ − ν) as the critical order for the local existence and δc = n + α denotes the critical order related to the large time asymptotic behavior. Let ρ s ϕ (t) As,ρ = {·} · Fx→ξ ϕ (t) L1 , ξ

and

ω

ρ

s

ϕ (t) Bs,ρ,ω = (1 + |∂ξ | ) {·} · Fx→ξ ϕ (t) L∞ , ξ

where s > S, ρ ≥ 0, ω ≥ 0. Theorem 2.70. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (2.155) to (2.158) with δ < n + α. Suppose that the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes estimates (2.154) with σ ∈ [0, ν) if ν > 0 or σ = 0 = ν. Let the initial data u ∈ Hs (Rn ) ∩ Hs− ,ω (Rn ) and be suﬃciently small, where s > n2 + s, s > S, ω > n2 + ω, ω ∈ (0, 1) , s− = min(s, 0) . Then there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C0 [0, ∞); As,0 ∩ B0,0,ω of the Cauchy problem (2.143). In the case ν > 0 we also have a smoothing property u (t, x) ∈ C1 ((0, ∞) ; H∞ (Rn )) . Moreover, there exists a unique constant vector A, such that the solution u has the following asymptotics n n 1 (2.159) u (t, x) = t− δ G xt− δ A + O t− δ −γ for large time t > 0 uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where γ > 0, G (x) =

m

Pj (0) F ξ→x e−µj |ξ| . δ

j=1

As an example we apply Theorem 2.70 to the system of equation for surface waves with dissipation ηt + (∇ · vη) − ∆η + 13 ∆ (∇ · v) = 0, vt + (v · ∇) v + ∇η − ∆v = 0 and to the Dobrokhotov’s system of equations with dissipation

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations

165

ηt + (∇ · vη) − ∆η + Bv = 0, vt + (v · ∇) v + ∇η − ∆v = 0.

3 We see that for small initial data ( η , v) ∈ Hs,0 (Rn ) ∩ H0,ω (Rn ) , with s > 12 , ω > 1, there exists a unique solution (η (t, x) , v (t, x)) ∈ C∞ (0, ∞) ; H∞,0 (Rn ) 3 ∩C0 [0, ∞); Hs,0 (Rn ) ∩ H0,ω (Rn ) of the Cauchy problem satisfying the large time asymptotics (2.159) with the heat kernel G (x). Before proving Theorem 2.70 we state some estimates in the next subsection. Preliminary lemmas In the next lemma we give large time decay estimates for the Green function G (t) in the norms ρ

s

ϕ (t) As,ρ = {·} · ϕ (t, ·) L1 , ξ

and

ω

ρ

s

(t, ·) L∞ , ϕ (t) Bs,ρ,ω = (1 + |∂ξ | ) {·} · ϕ ξ

where s ∈ R, ρ ≥ 0, ω ≥ 0. By Lemma 1.38 we obtain Lemma 2.71. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (2.155), (2.157) and (2.158). Then the estimates are valid G (t) ψ (τ ) As,ρ ≤C t

−ρ δ

{t}

− ρ+n δ

G (t) ψ (τ ) As,ρ ≤C t

− νs

ψ (τ ) A0,0 ,

− νs

{t}

ψ (τ ) B0,0,0

and −ρ δ

G (t) ψ (τ ) Bs,ρ,ω ≤C t

+ C t

− νs

{t}

ω−ρ δ

ψ (τ ) B0,0,ω

− νs

{t}

ψ (τ ) B0,0,0

for all 0 ≤ τ ≤ t, where s ≥ 0, ρ ≥ 0, δ > 0, ω ∈ [0, 1) is such that ω < δ if ρ = 0 and ω < min (ρ, δ) if ρ > 0. In the case of ν = 0 we take s = 0. By Lemma 1.39 in the next lemma we ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for the linear Cauchy problem (2.152).

166

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Lemma 2.72. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (2.155) and (2.158) and asymptotic representation for any φ ∈ As,0 ∩ (2.156). Then n 0,0,ω s,0 0,0,ω , where s > 2 , ω ∈ (0, δ) we have and ψ ∈ C (0, ∞) ; A ∩ B B the asymptotic representation as t ≥ 1 uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn n+γ1 n 1 G (t) φ = t− δ G xt− δ φˆ (0) + O t− δ ( φ A0,0 + φ B0,0,ω ) , where γ1 = min (γ, ω) > 0, and t ∞ n 1 G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ = t− δ G xt− δ ψˆ (τ, 0) dτ 0 0 n n+γ θ − δ 2 δ +O t sup τ τ ψ (τ ) A0,0 + ψ (τ ) B0,0,ω , τ ∈(0,t)

where the matrix-function G (x) = min (γ1 , (θ − 1) δ) .

m j=1

F ξ→x e−µj |ξ| Pj (0) , θ ∈ (1, 2) , γ2 = δ

In the same manner as in the proof of Lemma 2.57 we obtain estimates of the nonlinearity in the norms As,ρ and Bs,ρ,ω . Lemma 2.73. Let the nonlinear operator N satisfy condition (2.154). Then the inequalities N (ϕ, φ) A0,0 ≤ C ϕ Aσ,α φ A0,0 + C ϕ A0,0 φ Aσ,α , N (ϕ, φ) B0,0,0 ≤ C ϕ B0,0,0 φ Aσ,α + C φ B0,0,0 ϕ Aσ,α and N (ϕ, φ) B0,0,ω ≤ C ϕ Bσ,α,ω φ A0,0 + C ϕ B0,0,ω φ Aσ,α + C ϕ Bσ,α−ω1 ,0 φ A0,0 + C ϕ B0,0,0 φ Aσ,α−ω

1

are valid, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded, where ω ∈ (0, 1) , α ≥ ω1 > ω. Proof of Theorem 2.70 By virtue of the local existence Theorem 2.67 we can consider the Cauchy problem (2.143) for all t > t1 > 0 taking the initial data at a time t1 > 0 u = u (t1 ) ∈ Hs ,0 (Rn ) ∩ H0,ω (Rn ) with s > n2 + s, ω > n2 + ω, due to the smoothing eﬀect in the case of ν > 0. Via the Green operator G (t) of the linear Cauchy problem (2.152) we write the nonlinear Cauchy problem (2.143) as the integral equation (changing t − t1 → t if it is necessary) t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ. (2.160) u (t) = G (t) u − 0

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations

167

We apply Theorem 1.17. Denote ρ

s

φ X = sup

sup sup {t} ν t δ φ (t) As,ρ

s∈[0,σ] ρ∈[0,α] t>0

+ sup

s

sup sup {t} ν t

ρ−ω δ

s∈[0,σ] ρ∈[0,α] t>0

φ (t) Bs,ρ,ω .

Using Lemma 2.71 for s ∈ [0, σ] , ρ ∈ [0, α] ,we get − νs

G (t) u As,ρ ≤ C {t}

u A0,0 ,

and t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ 0

t

≤C

dτ {t − τ }

− νs

0

As,ρ

N (u) (τ ) A0,0 ,

for t ∈ [0, 1],where N (v) ≡ N (v, v) . Further we have − n+ρ δ

G (t) u As,ρ ≤ C t

u B0,0,ω ,

t 2t − ρ+n G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ ≤C dτ t − τ δ N (u) (τ ) B0,0,0 0 0 As,ρ t ρ s − − +C dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } ν N (u) (τ ) A0,0 t 2

and G (t) u Bs,ρ,ω ≤ C t

ω−ρ δ

u B0,0,ω ,

t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ s,ρ,ω 0 B t ω−ρ −s ≤C dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } ν N (u) (τ ) B0,0,0 0 t −ρ −s +C dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } ν N (u) (τ ) B0,0,ω 0

for t ≥ 1. By Lemma 2.73 we obtain N (u) (τ ) A0,0 ≤ C u (τ ) Aσ,α u (τ ) A0,0 ≤ Cε2 {τ }

−σ ν

τ

N (u) (τ ) B0,0,0 ≤ C u (τ ) Aσ,α u (τ ) B0,0,0 ≤ Cε2 {τ } and

−σ ν

− n+α δ

τ

2

u X ,

2n −α δ− δ

2

u X ,

168

2 Weak Nonlinearity

N (u) (τ ) B0,0,ω ≤ C u (τ ) Bσ,α,ω u (τ ) A0,0 + C u (τ ) Bσ,α−ω1 ,0 u (τ ) A0,0 + C u (τ ) B0,0,ω u (τ ) Aσ,α + C u (τ ) B0,0,0 u (τ ) Aσ,α−ω1 ≤ Cε2 {τ }

−σ ν

τ

ω1 −n−α δ

2

u X ;

hence, t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ 0

t

2

≤ C u X

dτ {t − τ }

− νs

−σ ν

{τ }

0

As,ρ − νs

≤ Cε {t}

2

u X

for all t ∈ [0, 1] . In addition we have for all t ≥ 1 t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ s,ρ 0 A t 2

2

≤ u X

dτ t − τ

t 2

{τ }

−σ ν

dτ t − τ

− n+α δ

τ

0

t

+

− ρ+n δ

−ρ δ

{t − τ }

− νs

τ

2n −α δ− δ

2

− n+ρ δ

≤ C u X t

and t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ s,ρ,ω 0 B t ω−ρ 2 −s −σ − n+α ≤ C u X dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } ν {τ } ν τ δ 0

t ω1 −n−α ω−ρ −ρ − νs −σ 2 δ ν δ + dτ t − τ {t − τ } {τ } τ ≤ C u X t δ 0

since 0 < δ < n + α and ω1 > ω is taken suﬃciently close to ω. In the same manner we estimate a diﬀerence t G (t − τ ) (N (u1 ) (τ ) − N (u2 ) (τ )) dτ 0

X

≤ C u1 − u2 X ( u1 X + u2 X ). Hence via Theorem 1.17 there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C [t1 , ∞) , Hs (Rn ) ∩ H0,ω (Rn ) . Now applying Lemma 2.72 and Theorem2.4 we ﬁnd the asymptotics (2.159) with coeﬃcient

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations −n 2

u (x) dx − (2π)

A = (2π)

Rn

−n 2

∞

N (u) (τ, x) dx.

dτ 0

169

Rn

Note that in view of the estimates for the solution u (t, x) , the coeﬃcient A can be calculated approximately with any desired accuracy via the integral equation (2.160). Theorem 2.70 is proved. 2.7.3 Large initial data In Theorem 2.70 we did not take into account a special character of the nonlinearity and in fact we applied the methods of the linear theory, so its applications to particular systems gives us rough results. In this section we intend to remove the smallness condition for the initial data. As we know the condition of strong dissipation (2.155) prevents the eﬀect of blow up for solutions (see, e.g. Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1996]) so that any large classical solutions can exist globally in time. In particular, this fact is due to some special symmetry of the nonlinearity of these equations, allowing us to easily estimate the L2 norm of the solution. We now write this symmetry property in the following form (v · N (v)) dx = 0 (2.161) Re Rn n for any vector-function v ∈ C∞ 0 (R ). Note that the symmetry property (2.161) is fulﬁlled for the Navier-Stokes system. Now we can state the result analogous to Theorem 2.70 without any restriction on the size of the initial data; however, the critical value δc is now shifted by the value n2 . We suppose that the symbol of the nonlinear operator N is such that r kl ∂ξ a (t, ξ, y) ≤ C {ξ}α−|r| ξσ (2.162)

for all ξ ∈ Rn , y ∈ Rn , t > 0, where σ ≥ 0, α ≥ 1, |r| = 0, 1. Theorem 2.74. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (2.155) through (2.158) with δ ≤ α + n2 . Suppose that the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes estimates (2.162) with σ ∈ [0, ν), ν > 0 and the symmetry property (2.161). Let the initial data u ∈ Hs ,0 (Rn ) ∩ Hs− ,ω (Rn ), with s > n2 + s, s > S, ω > n2 , s− =min (s, 0), ν > n3 + 2σ 3. Then there exists a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C0 [0, ∞); As,0 ∩ B0,0,ω ∩C1 (0, ∞)); H∞,0 (Rn ) of the Cauchy problem (2.143). Moreover, the solution has asymptotics (2.159). For example, we can apply Theorem 2.74 to the Navier-Stokes system with large initial data in space dimension n = 2. The global existence of ”large” solutions to the Navier-Stokes system was studied extensively by many authors (see Ladyˇzenskaja et al. [1967], Lions [1969], Temam [1979] and references cited there in). Large time decay estimates of solutions in diﬀerent norms were

170

2 Weak Nonlinearity

obtained in papers Ladyzhenskaya [1963], Giga and Kambe [1988], Schonbek [1986], Schonbek [1991], Wiegner [1987]. Our Theorem 2.74 gives us the following asymptotics as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn 1 u (t, x) = t−1 G xt− 2 u (x) dx + O t−1−γ , Rn

where γ > 0, G (x) is the heat kernel. Note that the main term of the asymptotics has the same form as that of the linear case. Before proving Theorem 2.74 we consider some estimates. Preliminary lemmas Suppose that the symbols of the nonlinear operator N are such that r kl ∂ξ a (t, ξ, y) ≤ C {ξ}α−|r| ξσ (2.163) for all ξ ∈ Rn , y ∈ Rn , t > 0, where σ ≥ 0, α ≥ 1, |r| = 0, 1. We use the norm ρ

s

ϕ (t) As,ρ,p = {·} · ϕ (t, ·) Lp . ξ

Note that · As.ρ = · As,ρ,1 . Lemma 2.75. Let the nonlinear operator N satisfy condition (2.163). Then the estimate N (ϕ, φ) As,ρ,p ≤ C ϕ As+σ,ρ+α,q φ A0,0,r + C ϕ A0,0,q φ As+σ,ρ+α,r is true provided that the right-hand side is bounded, where s ≥ −σ, ρ ≥ −α, 1 ≤ p, q, r ≤ ∞, p1 = 1q + 1r − 1. Proof. By virtue of condition (2.163) via the Young inequality we obtain N (ϕ, φ) As,ρ,p m ρ s {·} · ≤C ≤C ≤C

k,l=1 m

R k,l=1 m

Rn

akl (t, ·, y) ϕ k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy

ρ+α s+σ k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy {·} · ϕ n

Lp ξ

ρ+α s+σ · ϕ k {·}

k,l=1

Lqξ

φl

ρ+α s+σ + ϕ k Lq {·} · φl r ξ

Lrξ

Lξ

= C ϕ As+σ,ρ+α,q φ A0,0,r + C ϕ A0,0,q φ As+σ,ρ+α,r , where

1 p

=

1 q

+

1 r

− 1. Lemma 2.75 is proved.

Lp ξ

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations

171

Proof of Theorem 2.74 We can easily see that there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C (0, ∞) ; Hs ,0 (Rn ) ∩ H0,ω (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (2.143), where s > n2 + s, ω > n2 + ω. If the initial data u can be taken from L2 (for example, when ν > n − σ), then the global existence of solutions follows through a standard prolongation procedure, in view of the estimate 2 2 u L2 u L2 ≤ (see (2.164) below). For the global existence of solutions to the Navier-Stokes system in two dimensional case see Ladyzhenskaya [1963]. Multiplying equation (2.143) by u, then integrating with respect to x ∈ Rn , using property (2.161), we get d 2 u L2 = −2Re (u · N (u) + u · Lu) dx dt Rn 2 Re L (ξ) | u (t, ξ)| dξ ≤ 0; (2.164) = −2 Rn

hence we see that the norm u (t) L2 is bounded and monotonically decreases for all t ≥ 0. We now prove that u (t) L2 → 0 as t → ∞. On the contrary we assume that there exists ε1 > 0 such that u (t) L2 ≥ ε1 for all t > 0. We take ∈ (0, 1) and write the estimate 2 δ ν 2 Re L (ξ) | u (t, ξ)| dξ ≥ µ {ξ} ξ | u (t, ξ)| dξ Rn

≥ µ

δ

2 u (t) L2

− µ

δ+n

Rn :|ξ|≥ 2

2

2

sup | u (t, ξ)| ≥ µδ u (t) L2 − µδ+n u (t) A0,0,∞ .

|ξ|<

Since u (t) L2 = u (t) A0,0,2 is bounded we get via Lemma 2.75 2

N (u) (τ ) A−σ,−α,∞ ≤ C u (t) L2 ≤ C; hence

t u (t) A0,0,∞ ≤ G (t) u A0,0,∞ + G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ 0,0,∞ 0 A t α −σ − ≤C +C dτ {t − τ } ν t − τ δ N (u) (τ ) A−σ,−α,∞ 0 t −σ −α 1− α ≤C +C {t − τ } ν t − τ δ dτ ≤ C t δ . 0

172

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Therefore we obtain 2 2− 2α Re L (ξ) | u (t, ξ)| dξ ≥ µδ ε1 − Cn t δ Rn

and

d 2 2− 2α u L2 ≤ −µδ ε1 − Cn t δ . dt We now choose = (t) such that 2α 2 − (t) = o t δn n

as t → ∞ and

∞

(2.165)

δ (t) dt = ∞.

0 2α

−2

−1

For example, we can take (t) = t δn n (log (2 + t)) δ , since now δ ≤ α+ n2 by the condition of Theorem 2.74. Inequality (2.165) yields d µ 2 u L2 ≤ − δ ε1 dt 2 for all t ≥ T1 > 0, where T1 > 0 is suﬃciently large. Integrating the last 2 estimate with respect to t > T1 we see that the norm u (t) L2 becomes negative after some time. The contradiction obtained proves that u (t) L2 → 0 for t → ∞. Integration of (2.164) with respect to t ≥ 0 gives us ∞ 2 δ ν 2 2 sup u (t) L2 + 2µ dτ {ξ} ξ | u (t, ξ)| dξ ≤ u L2 ; t≥0

Rn

0

hence we see that for any ε > 0 there exists Tε > 0 such that the norm u (Tε ) Hν/2 < ε. We take Tε > 0 as the initial time and consider the Cauchy problem (2.143) with initial data u = u (Tε ) such that the norm u As,0 ≤ C u Hν/2 is suﬃciently small, where we suppose that ν2 > n2 + s and s > S = 1 2 (σ − ν).Via the Green operator G (t) of the linear Cauchy problem (2.152) we write the nonlinear Cauchy problem (2.143) as the integral equation (2.160) with initial data u . Deﬁne a ball Y=

φ ∈ S : sup

sup

s

ρ

sup sup {t} ν t δ

n n + δp − 2δ

s∈[0,σ] ρ∈[0,α] p∈[1,2] t>0

sup

sup

s

s∈[0,σ] ρ∈[0,α] p∈[1,∞] t>0

+ sup

ρ

sup sup {t} ν t δ s ν

sup sup {t} t

s∈[0,σ] ρ∈[0,α] t>0

n + δp

φ (t) As,ρ,p ,

ρ−ω δ

φ (t) Bs,ρ,ω ≤ C

.

φ (t) As,ρ,p ≤ ε;

2.7 A system of nonlinear equations

We deﬁne the transformation for v ∈ Y t M (v) (t) = G (t) u + G (t − τ ) N (v) (τ ) dτ. 0

Now we prove that M is a contraction mapping in Y. By Lemma 2.71 we have for s ∈ [0, σ] , ρ ∈ [0, α] , p ∈ [1, 2] t M (v) (t) As,ρ,p ≤ G (t) u As,ρ,p + G (t − τ ) N (v) (τ ) dτ 0

− νs

As,ρ,p

n 1 1 −ρ δ+ δ (2−p)

u L2 ≤ C {t} t 2t − ρ+α − n + n − s+σ +C dτ t − τ δ pδ 2δ {t − τ } ν N (v) (τ ) A−σ,−α,2 0 t −σ +C dτ {t − τ } ν N (v) (τ ) As−σ,ρ,p . t 2

Since v ∈ Y, by virtue of Lemma 2.73 we get N (v) (τ ) A−σ,−α,2 ≤ C v (τ ) A0,0,1 v (τ ) A0,0,2 ≤ Cε2 τ

n − 2δ

and N (v) (τ ) As−σ,ρ,p ≤ C v (τ ) As,ρ+α,1 v (τ ) A0,0,p − νs

≤ Cε2 {τ }

τ

n − ρ+α δ − δp

;

therefore, −ρ−

−s

n

+

n

M (v) (t) As,ρ,p ≤ Cε {t} ν t δ δp 2δ 2t − ρ+α − n + n − s+σ −n 2 +Cε t − τ δ pδ 2δ {t − τ } ν τ 2δ dτ 0 t −σ −s − ρ+α − n {t − τ } ν {τ } ν τ δ δp dτ +Cε2 t 2

≤ Cε {t}

− νs

n n −ρ δ − δp + 2δ

t

.

In the same manner we obtain for s ∈ [0, σ] , ρ ∈ [0, α] , p ∈ [1, ∞] t M (v) (t) As,ρ,p ≤ G (t) u As,ρ,p + G (t − τ ) N (v) (τ ) dτ 0

− νs

n −ρ δ − δp

≤ C {t} t u A0,0,∞ 2t − ρ+α − n − s+σ +C dτ t − τ δ pδ {t − τ } ν N (v) (τ ) A−σ,−α,∞ 0 t −σ +C dτ {t − τ } ν N (v) (τ ) As−σ,ρ,p . t 2

As,ρ,p

173

174

2 Weak Nonlinearity

Since v ∈ Y and δ ≤ α +

n 2

in view of Lemma 2.73 we have

N (v) (τ ) A−σ,−α,∞ ≤ C v (τ ) A0,0,2 v (τ ) A0,0,2 ≤ Cε τ

n − 2δ

and N (v) (τ ) As−σ,ρ,p ≤ C v (τ ) As,ρ+α,1 v (τ ) A0,0,p ≤ Cε {τ }

− νs

n n − ρ+α δ − δp − 2δ

τ

;

hence −ρ−

−s

n

M (v) (t) As,ρ,p ≤ C {t} ν t δ δp 2t − ρ+α − n − s+σ −n +Cε t − τ δ pδ {t − τ } ν τ 2δ dτ 0 t −σ −s − ρ+α − n − n {t − τ } ν {τ } ν τ δ δp 2δ dτ +Cε t 2

− νs

≤ C {t}

n −ρ δ − δp

t

.

Finally for s ∈ [0, σ] , ρ ∈ [0, α] we get t M (v) (t) Bs,ρ,ω ≤ G (t) u Bs,ρ,ω + G (t − τ ) N (v) (τ ) dτ 0

− νs

Bs,ρ,ω

ω−ρ δ

≤ C {t} t u B0,0,ω t ω−ρ −s +C dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } ν N (v) (τ ) A0,0,∞ 0 t −ρ −s +C dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } ν N (v) (τ ) B0,0,ω . 0

Estimating by Lemma 2.73 N (v) (τ ) A0,0,∞ ≤ C v (τ ) As,σ,2 v (τ ) A0,0,2 √ −σ − α − 3n ≤ C ε {τ } ν τ δ 4δ and N (v) (τ ) B0,0,ω ≤ C v (τ ) Bσ,α,ω v (τ ) A0,0 + C v (τ ) Bσ,α−ω1 ,0 v (τ ) A0,0 + C v (τ ) B0,0,ω v (τ ) Aσ,α + C v (τ ) B0,0,0 v (τ ) Aσ,α−ω1 ω−α √ −σ −n ≤ C ε {τ } ν τ δ 2δ , we ﬁnd

2.8 Comments

M (v) (t) Bs,ρ,ω √

ω−ρ δ

− νs

t

ω−ρ

−s

−σ ν

≤ C {t} t +C ε t − τ δ {t − τ } ν {τ } 0 t ω−α √ −ρ −s −σ −n t − τ δ {t − τ } ν {τ } ν τ δ 2δ dτ +C ε

τ

3n −α δ − 4δ

175

dτ

0 − νs

≤ C {t}

t

ω−ρ δ

.

In the same manner we estimate a diﬀerence u1 − u2 Y ≤

1 v1 − v2 Y . 2

Therefore the transformation M is a contraction mapping in Y; hence there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C [t1 , ∞) , Hs (Rn ) ∩ H0,ω (Rn ) . Applying Lemma 2.72 to integral equation (2.160) we ﬁnd the asymptotics (2.159) of the solution. Theorem 2.74 is proved.

2.8 Comments Section 2.1. Large time asymptotic behavior of solutions for the nonlinear heat equations and convection-diﬀusion type equations was studied by many authors, see, e.g. papers Duro and Carpio [2001], Duro and Zuazua [2000], Kamin and Peletier [1986], Zhang [2001], and others Dix [1992], Dix [1997], Giga and Kambe [1988], Gmira and V´eron [1984], Il in and Ole˘ınik [1960], Kamin and Peletier [1985], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1993b], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1993a], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1996], Zuazua [1995]. Section 2.2. Equation (2.26) with α = 2, b = 0 is a nonlinear heat equation ut − uxx + a |u|σ u = 0 ; it was studied in paper Kamin and Peletier [1986] in the supercritical case σ > 2 . Nonlinear dissipative equations with a derivative of a fractional order in the principal part were studied extensively (see, Bardos et al. [1979], Biler et al. [1998], Hayashi et al. [2000], Hayashi et al. [2004a], Komatsu [1984] and references cited therein). Blow-up in ﬁnite time of positive solutions to the Cauchy problem

ut − uxx − u1+σ = 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) > 0

(2.166)

was proven in papers Fujita [1966], Weissler [1981] for the case 0 < σ < 2, α = 2, in papers Hayakawa [1973], Kobayashi et al. [1977] for the case σ = 2, α = 2 , and in paper Shlesinger et al. [1995] for the case 0 < σ ≤ α ≤ 2. Global in time existence of small solutions to (2.166) was proven in Fujita [1966] for the supercritical case σ > 2 . In Escobedo and Zuazua [1991] large time behavior of solutions to the convectiondiﬀusion equation was studied for the case σ ≥ 1 without smallness condition on the data. They showed that when u0 ∈ L1 , solutions of (2.26) behave like the heat kernel if σ > 1 and the corresponding self-similar solutions if σ = 1 . Large time behavior of solutions to the problem (2.26) with L = −∂x2 + |∂x |α , 1 < α < 2, was

176

2 Weak Nonlinearity

studied in Biler et al. [2000], Biler et al. [2001a]. Similar results to those of paper Escobedo and Zuazua [1997] were obtained in Biler et al. [2000] for the supercritical case σ > α−1 and in Biler et al. [2001a] for the critical case σ = α−1 . Their method is based on the L1 (R) - contraction property of the semigroup exp (−t |∂x |α ) if 1 < α < 2 (see Bardos et al. [1979]). In paper Naumkin [1992], the asymptotics of solutions to the Ott-Sudan-Ostrovsky equation for large t and x was considered by application of the Fourier transformation and by use of the perturbation theory with respect to the small parameter, characterizing smallness of the initial data. In this section we developed another approach, based on the detailed investigation of the Green function of the linear theory. Also we removed the restrictions on the size of the initial data when considering the special form of the nonlinearity. Section 2.3. The power ρ > 1 + n2 is supercritical for large time since it is known that solutions of (2.49) with nonlinearity N (u) = |u|ρ , 1 < ρ ≤ 1 + n2 , blow-up in a ﬁnite time, when the initial data are positive. See Li and Zhou [1995], Nishihara [2003], Zuazua [1993]. In papers Kawashima et al. [1995], Matsumura [1976/77] it was shown that under the condition

0 (ξ) , ξδ−1 u 1 (ξ) ∈ L2 ξδ u with δ > n2 , the Fourier transform of a solution to the linearized problem corresponding to the damped wave equation decays exponentially in time and behaves like a solution of the linear wave equation in the high - frequency part |ξ| ≥ 12 . In the low - frequency part |ξ| ≤ 12 the solution resembles that of the linear heat equation. Therefore some regularity assumptions on the data are required to get L∞ time decay estimates of solutions in the high - frequency part for the case of higher space dimensions. This fact is an obstacle for considering the problem with fractional order nonlinearities in L∞ function spaces in higher space dimensions n ≥ 4 . In the one dimensional case n = 1 , the global existence in time of small solutions can be obtained by the method of paper Matsumura [1976/77]. 1 (Rn ) , When the initial data are in the Sobolev space u0 ∈ W11 (Rn ) ∩ W∞ u1 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) and n = 3 , the Cauchy problem (2.49) for the damped wave equation was considered in Nishihara [2003]. By making use of the fundamental solution of the linear problem, the global existence of small solutions and large time − n 1− 1

q were proven for 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞ and n = 3 . decay estimates uLq ≤ Ct 2 Later these requirements on the initial data were relaxed in Ono [2003] as follows u0 ∈ L1 (Rn )∩H1 (Rn ) , u1 ∈ L1 (Rn )∩L2 (Rn ) , under the additional assumptions on ρ and q such that ρ ≤ 5, q ≤ 6 for the space dimension n = 3 and q < ∞ for the two dimensional case n = 2. In the case of higher dimensions n = 4, 5, the ρ were obtained global existence and Lq (Rn ) - time decay estimates for ρ ≤ q ≤ ρ−1 via Fourier analysis in paper Narazaki [2004], when the power of the nonlinearity n+2 and the initial data are small enough and satisfy ρ is such that 1 + n2 < ρ ≤ n−2 ρ

u0 ∈ W11 (Rn ) ∩ W1 ρ (Rn ) ∩ H2 (Rn ) , u1 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ L ρ−1 (Rn ) ∩ H1 (Rn ) . ρ−1

Applying energy type estimates obtained in papers Matsumura [1976/77] and Kawashima et al. [1995] it was proved in Karch [2000b] that solutions of the nonlinear n , if n = 3 and damped wave equation in the supercritical cases 1 + n4 < ρ ≤ n−2 1 4 1 + n < ρ < ∞, if n = 1, 2, with arbitrary initial data u0 ∈ H (Rn ) ∩ L1 (Rn ) ,

2.8 Comments

177

u1 ∈ L2 (Rn ) ∩ L1 (Rn ) (that is without smallness assumption on the initial data) have the same large time asymptotics as the linear heat equation L = ∂t − ∆:

u (t) − θG0 (t)Lp = o t as t → ∞, where 2 ≤ p <

2n n−2

1 −n 1− p 2

for n = 3, 2 ≤ p < ∞ for n = 2 and 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ −n 2

|x|2

e− 4t is the heat kernel, θ is a constant. for n = 1. Here G0 (t, x) = (4πt) In the case of higher space dimensions the global existence and energy decay estimates of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the damped wave equation were proved in paper Todorova and Yordanov [2001] for ρ > 1 + n2 and for suﬃciently small initial data having a compact support. The material of this section was taken from paper Hayashi et al. [2004d]. Section 2.4. A wide spectrum of physical processes lead to the Sobolev type equations (see, Gabov [1998], Gabov and Sveshnikov [1990], Korpusov et al. [1999], Korpusov et al. [2000], Korpusov and Sveshnikov [2003], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b], Sobolev [1954]). Application of semigroup approach to the general theory of singular Sobolev type equations was developed in paper Sviridyuk and F¨edorov [1995]. The Sobolev type equation with undeﬁned or uninvertable operator at the highest derivative with respect to time was studied in Egorov et al. [2000]. The degenerate Sobolev type equations were investigated from the abstract point of view in Favini and Yagi [1999]. Many results for systems of equations which are not resolved with respect to the highest time derivative were obtained in Demidenko and Uspenski˘ı [1998]. For the local solvability of the Sobolev type equations see Gajewski et al. [1974]. Sobolev type equations with two nonlinearities were considered in Stefanelli [2002]. Sobolev type equations with monotone non linear terms were studied in Showalter [1997]. In papers Kozhanov [1994], Kozhanov [1999] the blow-up phenomena and global in time existence of bounded solutions to Sobolev type equations were studied. For investigation of the blow-up of solutions to various classes of nonlinear parabolic equations we refer to Fujita [1966], Levine [1973], Mitidieri and Pokhozhaev [2001]. For the large time asymptotics we refer to [Shishmarev]. The results of this section were published in Ka˘ıkina et al. [2005]. Section 2.5. Last years the large time asymptotics of solutions to the Cauchy problems for dissipative equations was extensively studied. For the sharp time decay estimates for solutions see papers Amick et al. [1989], Biler [1984], Bona et al. [1999], Bona and Luo [2001], Karch [2000a], Lax [1957], Liu [1985], Pego [1986], Schonbek [1986], Schonbek [1991], Strauss [1981], Vishik [1992], Zhang [1995] and the literature cited there in. Other works concerning speciﬁc equations and proving large time asymptotic representations of solutions include Dix [1992], Dix [1997], Giga and Kambe [1988], Gmira and V´eron [1984], Il in and Ole˘ınik [1960], Kamin and Peletier [1985], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1993b], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1993a], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1996], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b], Zuazua [1995]. This section follows the method of paper Cardiel and Naumkin [2002]. Section 2.6. The large time asymptotic formulas for solutions of dissipative nonlinear nonlocal equations in the case of weak dissipation and strong dispersion were obtained in Naumkin and Shishmarev [1993a] via the perturbation theory with respect to the parameter, which characterizes the smallness of the initial data. In this section we

178

2 Weak Nonlinearity

develop another approach based on the construction of solutions by the contraction mapping principle. Also we use a special transformation of the equation similar to the Shatah (see Shatah [1985]) method of normal forms to consider the case of weak dissipation and strong dispersion. The results of this section were taken from paper Ka˘ıkina et al. [2003]. Section 2.7. Some other functional-analytic methods were applied to dissipative equations in Dix [1997], Il in and Ole˘ınik [1960], Kato [1984], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1991], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1995], Zuazua [1995]. The main results of this section were published in paper Ka˘ıkina et al. [2004a].

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

In this chapter we study large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for diﬀerent nonlinear dissipative equations in the critical case: when the time decay rate of the nonlinear term is balanced with that of the linear part of the equation. Here we consider the nonconvective type of nonlinearities. The typical example of the nonconvective equation is the cubic nonlinear heat equation ut + u3 − uxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0. The character of the large time behavior of solutions for nonconvective equations is similar to the linear case with logarithmic correction in the decay rate. Taking into account some additional properties such as the maximum principle, positivity of initial data or weighted energy type estimates we will remove the smallness condition on the initial data.

3.1 General approach Now we give a general approach for obtaining the large time asymptotic representation of solutions to the Cauchy problem (1.7) ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.1) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , in the case of critical nonlinearity N (u) of nonconvective type. We ﬁx a metric space Z of functions deﬁned on Rn and a complete metric space X of functions deﬁned on [0, ∞) × Rn . We denote as above by G0 ∈ X the asymptotic kernel for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z with a continuous linear functional f (see Deﬁnition 2.1.) Deﬁnition 3.1. We call the nonlinearity N in equation (3.1) critical nonconvective if the estimate is true t Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ ≥ ηθσ+1 log (1 + t) (3.2) 0

for all t > 0, θ > 0 with some positive constants η and σ.

180

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

Now we prove the global existence and obtain large time asymptotics of small solutions to the Cauchy problem (3.1) with a critical nonlinearity of nonconvective type. Deﬁne the function g (t) = 1 + ηθσ log (1 + t) with some positive constants η, θ and σ. Theorem 3.2. Assume that the linear operator L is such that f (L (u)) = 0 for any u ∈ X. Let the nonlinearity N (u) in equation (3.1) be critical nonconvective. Assume that ez N (ue−z ) = e−σ Re z N (u)

(3.3)

for any z ∈ C and u ∈ X, where σ > 0. Suppose that the estimates are valid |ν (t) f (N (v (t)) − N (w (t)))| −α

≤ C {t}

−1

t

σ

σ

ν (t) (v (t) − w (t)) X ( v X + w X ) ,

for all t > 0 and for any v, w ∈ X, ν (t) > 0, where α < 1, σ > 0, and t −1 g (t) g (τ ) |G (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| dτ 0

X v X + w X σ ≤ C v − w X ( v X + w X ) 1 + θ

(3.4)

(3.5)

for any v, w ∈ X such that f (v) = f (w) = θ > 0, where σ > 0 and K (v) = N (v) − vθ f (N (v)) . Let the initial data u0 ∈ Z have a small norm u0 Z ≤ ε and the mean value θ ≡ |f (u0 )| ≥ Cε > 0 with some C > 0. Then there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (3.1) satisfying the time decay estimate 1 σ g u ≤ Cε. X

Moreover if we assume that σ t Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ = g (t) + O (log g (t)) 1+ θ 0 for t → ∞, then the asymptotics is true 1 1 g 1+ σ −σ iψ u − θg e G0 log log (4 + t)

X

where ψ (t) satisﬁes the asymptotic estimate ψ (t) = η log log t + O (1) for t → ∞, with some constant η ∈ R.

≤ C,

(3.6)

3.1 General approach

181

Proof. We change the dependent variable u (t, x) = v (t, x) e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) in equation (3.1). Then in view of condition (3.3) we get the following equation for the new unknown function v (t, x) vt + Lv + e−σϕ N (v) − (ϕ − iψ )v = 0. We now choose the auxiliary functions ϕ (t) and ψ (t) by the following condition f e−σϕ N (v) − (ϕ − iψ )v = 0; then in view of the condition f (L (v)) = 0 we obtain a conservation law d f (v (t)) = f (vt (t)) = 0. dt Hence f (v (t)) = f (v0 ) for all t > 0. We also choose ϕ(0) = 0 and ψ (0) = arg f (u0 ) so that f (v (t)) = f (v0 ) = |f (u0 )| = θ > 0 and

1 −σϕ 1 e Re f (N (v)) , ψ = − e−σϕ Im f (N (v)) . θ θ Thus we obtain the Cauchy problem for the new dependent variable v (t, x) vt + Lv = −e−σϕ N (v) − vθ f (N (v)) , t > 0, x ∈ Rn , (3.7) v (0, x) = v0 (x) ≡ u0 (x) e−i arg f (u0 ) , x ∈ Rn . ϕ =

We denote hv (t) = eσϕ(t) , then we get d σ hv (t) = Re f (N (v)) , hv (0) = 1; dt θ integration with respect to time therefore yields σ t Re f (N (v (τ ))) dτ. hv (t) = 1 + θ 0 Now the integral equation associated with (3.7) can be written as v (t) = G (t) v0 −

t

G (t − τ ) K (v (τ )) 0

dτ , hv (τ )

where the nonlinearity K (v (τ )) = N (v (τ )) − and the functional

v (τ ) f (N (v (τ ))) θ

(3.8)

182

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

hv (t) = 1 +

σ θ

t

Re f (N (v (τ ))) dτ. 0

We now prove the existence of the solution v (t, x) for integral equation (3.8) by the contraction mapping principle. We deﬁne the transformation M (w) by the formulas t dτ , (3.9) G (t − τ ) K (w (τ )) M (w) = G (t) v0 − h w (τ ) 0 and hw (t) = 1 +

σ θ

t

Re f (N (w (τ ))) dτ 0

for any w ∈ B, where B = {w ∈ X : f (w) = θ, w X ≤ Cε, log (2 + t) (w − θG0 (t)) X

+ g (t) ≤3 . ≤ Cε, sup t>0 hw (t)

First we check that the mapping M transforms the set B into itself. Since 1 f (K (w)) = f (N (w)) − f (N (w)) f (w) = 0, θ we see that f (M (w)) = f (G (t) v0 ) = f (v0 ) = θ. By the deﬁnition of the asymptotic kernel (see (2.3)) we have log (2 + t) (G (t) v0 − θG0 (t)) X γ ≤ C t (G (t) v0 − θG0 (t) X ≤ C v0 Z ≤ Cε; furthermore by the condition of the theorem we get t dτ log (2 + t) G (t − τ ) K (w (τ )) hw (τ ) X 0 t −1 ≤ 3 log (2 + t) g (τ ) |G (t − τ ) K (w (τ ))| dτ 0 X

w C σ+1 X ≤ σ w X 1+ ≤ Cε. ηθ θ In particular, we see that t dτ G (t − τ ) K (w (τ )) M (w) X ≤ G (t) v0 X + hw (τ ) X 0 t −1 ≤ Cε + Cεσ+1 ≤ Cε, ≤ Cε + C g (τ ) |G (t − τ ) K (w (τ ))| dτ 0

X

3.1 General approach

183

and log (2 + t) (M (w) − θG0 (t)) X ≤ log (2 + t) (G (t) v0 − θG0 (t)) X t dτ + log (2 + t) G (t − τ ) K (w (τ )) hw (τ ) 0

≤ Cε.

X

It remains to prove the estimate σ t 1 hM(w) (t) = 1 + Re f (N (M (w))) dτ ≥ g (t) θ 0 3 for all t > 0. We have by condition (3.2) σ t σ t 1+ Re f (N (M (w))) dτ = 1 + Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ θ 0 θ 0 1 σ t (3.10) Re f (N (M (w)) − N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ ≥ g (t) + R (t) , + θ 0 2 where

σ t R (t) = Re f (N (M (w)) − N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ. θ 0 By estimate (3.4), we have σ

σ

|R (t)| ≤ C log (2 + t) (M (w) − θG0 (t)) X ( M (w) X + θG0 X ) t dτ −α −1 ≤ Cεσ+1 log log (4 + τ ) . × {τ } τ log (2 + τ ) 0 Therefore by virtue of (3.10) we ﬁnd that 1 1 g (t) − Cεσ+1 log log (4 + τ ) ≥ g (t) 2 3 for all t > 0. Thus we see that M transforms B into itself. Now by virtue of (3.5) let us estimate the diﬀerence hM(w) (t) ≥

M (v) − M (w) X t

1 1 − K (w (τ )) = G (t − τ ) K (v (τ )) dτ hv (τ ) hw (τ ) 0 X t ≤C g −1 (τ ) |G (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| dτ 0 X t (τ ) − h (τ )| |h v w −1 dτ +C g (τ ) |G (t − τ ) K (w (τ ))| g (τ ) 0 X t

1 σ −1 ≤ C v − w X ε + g (τ ) |G (t − τ ) K (w (τ ))| dτ θ 0 X ε 1 σ ≤ Cε 1 + v − w X ≤ v − w X , θ 2

184

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

where in view of (3.4) with ν (t) = 1 we used the estimate |hv (τ ) − hw (τ )| C t ≤ f (N (v (τ )) − N (w (τ ))) dτ g (τ ) θg (t) 0 σ Cε log (1 + t) C ≤ v − w X ≤ v − w X . θg (t) θ Therefore M is a contraction mapping in the closed set B of a complete metric space X. Hence there exists a unique global solution v ∈ B to the Cauchy problem (3.7) such that v X ≤ Cε, log (2 + t) (v − θG0 (t)) X ≤ Cε, hv (t) ≥

1 g (t) . 3

−1

Using the relation u (t, x) = v (t, x) eiψ(t) hv σ (t) we obtain the existence of the solution to the Cauchy problem (3.1), satisfying the following time decay estimates 1 σ g u ≤ Cε. X

We now prove the asymptotics for the solution. By condition (3.6) and representation (3.10) we have σ t hv (t) = 1 + Re f (N (v)) dτ θ 0 σ t Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ =1+ θ 0 σ t Re f (N (v) − N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ + θ 0 = g (t) + O (log log (4 + t)) . −1

Then via formulas u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) v (t, x) = hv σ (t) eiψ(t) v (t, x) we ﬁnd the estimate 1 1 g 1+ σ −iψ − σ u − θG0 e g ≤ C, log log (4 + t) X

since

Also we have

1 1 1 g 1+ σ − θG0 e−iψ hv σ − g − σ log log (4 + t) X 1 1+ σ 1 1 g − hv σ − g − σ G0 X ≤ C. ≤ C sup t>0 log log (4 + t)

3.1 General approach

185

1 t −1 h (τ ) Im f (N (v (τ ))) dτ θ 0 v 1 t −1 g (τ ) Im f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ = arg f (u0 ) − θ 0 t

−α −1 log log (4 + τ ) dτ {τ } τ +O log2 (2 + τ ) 0 = η log log t + O (1)

ψ (t) = arg f (u0 ) −

for large t → ∞, with some constant η ∈ R. This completes the proof of Theorem 3.2. Example 3.3. Large time asymptotics for the critical nonlinear heat equation Consider the Cauchy problem σ ut − ∆u = λ |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn

(3.11)

for the nonlinear heat equation in the critical case σ = n2 . − n 2 |λ| 1 + n2 2 , Denote g (t) = 1 + θ n η log (1 + t) , η = 2πn θ= u0 (x) dx . Rn

Theorem 3.4. Let σ = n2 , λ < 0. Let the initial data u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ), a ∈ (0, 1] , p > 2, have a small norm u0 L1,a + u0 Lp ≤ ε, and the mean value θ ≥ Cε > 0 with some C > 0. Then the Cauchy problem (3.11) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) satisfying the asymptotics u (t) = θG0 (t) g − 2 (t) + O n

t− 2 log− 2 −1 t n

n

log log t

for large time t → ∞, uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn . The Green operator G (t) of the linear heat equation has the form G (t) φ = G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy, Rn

where the heat kernel G (t, x) is −n 2

G (t, x) = (4πt)

e−

|x|2 4t

.

186

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

By Lemma 1.28 we have the estimates G (t) φ Lp ≤ C φ Lp and

b |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t))

(3.12)

≤ Ct 2 ( p −1)+ n

1

b−a 2

φ L1,a (3.13) for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a, ϑ = Rn φ (x) dx and the asymptotic kernel is Lp

−n 2

G0 (t, x) = (4π (t + 1))

|x|2

e− 4(t+1) .

To apply Theorem 3.2 we choose as above the space Z = φ ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) with a ∈ (0, 1] and p > 1 and the space X = {φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : φ X < ∞} , where the norm

n −a 1− 1 φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2 ( p ) φ (t) Lp t≥0

n

n

+ sup {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ . t>0

Deﬁnition 3.5. We say that the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant if for any φ such that f (φ) = 0 the following inequality t dτ log (2 + t) ≤ C φ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) Y log (2 + τ ) X 0 is valid, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite. Deﬁne the norm

2 −a φ Y = sup {t} p t t 2 φ (t) L1,a t>0

+ t 2 ( n

1 1− p )

n n φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ .

Let us prove that the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant. In view of the estimate g −1 (τ ) ≤ 1 and estimates of the local existence Theorem 1.13 we get t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ ∞ 0 L t −1 + g (τ ) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 1,a 0

≤ C φ Y ≤ C φ Y g −1 (t)

L

(3.14)

3.1 General approach

187 −a 4

for all 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. We now consider t > 1. We have the estimate t Cg −1 (t) and √ −1 2 sup g −1 (τ ) ≤ C 1 + θ n η log 1 + t √ τ ∈[ t,t]

2

θnη log (1 + t) 1+ 2

≤C

≤

−1 ≤ Cg −1 (t) ;

(3.15)

hence by virtue of (3.12), (3.13) we obtain t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ q 0 L √ t n 1 a a 2 2 −1 − −1 − 1− a ≤C (t − τ ) 2 ( q ) 2 τ 2 {τ } p dτ sup {τ } p τ 2 φ (τ ) L1,a 0

+Cg −1 (t)

τ >0

t 2

√

−1)− a 2

(t − τ ) 2 ( q n

t

+Cg −1 (t)

1

t t 2

a

τ 2

−1

{τ }

2 −p

2

dτ sup {τ } p τ

1− a 2

τ >0

φ (τ ) L1,a

τ 2 ( q −1)−1 dτ sup τ 1− 2 ( q −1) φ (τ ) Lq n

1

n

1

τ >1

a n 1 n 1 ≤ Ct 2 ( q −1) t− 4 + g −1 (t) φ Y ≤ Cg −1 (t) t 2 ( q −1) φ Y for all t > 4, where 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞. Similarly we have via (3.12) and (3.13) t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 0

≤C

√

L1,a

t

a

τ 2

−1

{τ }

2 −p

2

dτ sup {τ } p τ τ >0

0

1− a 2

φ (τ ) L1,a

t a a −1 −2 + Cg −1 (t) √ τ 2 {τ } p dτ sup τ 1− 2 φ (τ ) L1,a τ >1 t a a a −1 4 2 ≤ Cε t + g (t) t φ Y ≤ Cg −1 (t) t 2 φ Y for all t > 1. Hence the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant. By a direct computation we have t t σ+1 Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ = |λ| θ Gσ+1 (τ, x) dxdτ 0 0 0 Rn t |x|2 2 − n −1 − n −1 e− 4(τ +1) (1+ n ) dx (τ + 1) 2 dτ = |λ| θσ+1 (4π) 2 0

Rn

− n2 t dτ 2 −1 σ+1 = |λ| θ (4π) 1+ n 0 1+τ n σ+1 = ηθ log (1 + t) 2

188

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

and

σ ez N ue−z = ez ue−z ue−z = e−σz N (u) ;

so conditions (3.2), (3.3) and (3.6) are fulﬁlled. Since by interpolation inequality (1.4) log (2 + t) N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 σ

σ

≤ C log (2 + t) ( v (t) L∞ + w (t) L∞ ) v (t) − w (t) L1 1 −p

≤ C {t}

t

−1

σ

σ

log (2 + t) (v − w) X ( v X + w X ) ,

condition (3.4) is true. By estimates (1.24) we have K (v) − K (w) Y ≤ N (v) − N (w) Y 1 1 + ( v X + w X ) sup {t} p t N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 θ t>0 1 1 + v − w X sup {t} p t ( N (v (t)) L1 + N (w (t)) L1 ) θ t>0

1 1 σ σ ≤ C v − w X ( v X + w X ) 1 + v X + w X . θ θ Since the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant we see that condition (3.5) is fulﬁlled. Now applying Theorem 3.2 we easily get the results of Theorem 3.4. Example 3.6. The case of odd solutions to the nonlinear heat equation Now let us consider problem (3.11) with some special initial data u0 (x) , which are odd functions in Rn , that is u0 (x1 , ..., −xj , ..., xn ) = −u0 (x1 , ..., xj , ..., xn ) , for every j = 1, 2, ..., n. In this case the solutions u (t, x) will also be odd functions with respect to x ∈ Rn . Now the critical value is σ = n1 . Deﬁne the space Z Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) : φ is odd function in Rn , where now a ∈ (n, n + 1] , and p > 1 and the space X = {φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : φ is odd function in Rn and φ X < ∞} , where the norm

− a−n n− n φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2p φ (t) Lp t≥0

n

n

+ sup {t} 2p t φ (t) L∞ . t>0

3.1 General approach

189

Also we deﬁne the norm to estimate the nonlinearity 1 − a−n φ Y = sup {t} 2p t t 2 φ (t) L1,a t>0

n n− 2p

+ t

n n φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t φ (t) L∞ .

Denote g (t) = 1 + θσ+1 η log (1 + t) , n |x|2 1 1 − n+1 +2 η = |λ| (4π) 2 e− 4 (1+ n ) |xj | n dx > 0, Rn

j=1

n θ= u0 (x) xj dx . Rn j=1

and

Theorem 3.7. Let σ = n1 , λ < 0. Assume that the initial data u0 are odd functions in Rn , and u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ), with a ∈ (n, n + 1] , p > 1. Also suppose that the norm u0 L1,a + u0 Lp is suﬃciently small and the mean value θ ≥ Cε > 0 with some C > 0. Then the Cauchy problem (3.11) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) satisfying the asymptotics -n u (t) = θg − 2 (t) n

j=1 n

xj

4n π 2 t

− 3n e

|x|2 4t

+O

t−n log− 2 −1 t n

log log t

(3.16)

2

for large time t → ∞, uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn . √ Remark 3.8. Note that in the domain x = O t the main term of the as n ymptotics (3.16) behaves like O t−n log− 2 t , so the remainder term decays √ |x| → ∞ the main term of the asympfaster. In the domains x = o t and √ t totic representation (3.16) decays faster than the remainder term. So formula (3.16) gives only a decay estimate for these cases. Below in Section 3.3 we will obtain uniform asymptotic representations for solutions. The Green operator G (t) of the linear heat equation has now the asymptotic kernel n |x|2 1 − 4(t+1) G0 (t, x) = e xj 3n n 4n π 2 (t + 1) 2 j=1 if we deﬁne the functional f : Z → R, by n f (φ) = φ (x) xj dx. Rn

j=1

190

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

Using Lemma 1.30 with δ = ν = 2 we get a−b n b |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t)) q ≤ Ct−n+ 2q − 2 φ L1,a L

for all t > 0, where

φ (x)

ϑ= Rn

n

(3.17)

xj dx,

j=1

1 ≤ r ≤ q ≤ ∞, β ≥ 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ a. Now let us prove that the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant. In view of the estimate g −1 (τ ) ≤ 1 and estimates of the local existence Theorem 1.13 we get (3.14) for all 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. We now consider t > 1. We have the estimate t

− a−n 4

≤ Cg −1 (t) and (3.15); hence by virtue of (3.17) we obtain t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ √

0

Lq

t

≤C

(t − τ )

n −n+ 2q − a−n 2

τ

a−n 2 −1

1 − 2p

{τ }

dτ

0 1

× sup {τ } 2p τ +Cg −1 (t)

τ >0 t 2

√

τ >0 t

+Cg −1 (t) ≤ Ct

t 2

t

τ

a−n 2 −1

{τ }

1 − 2p

dτ

t 1

φ (τ ) L1,a

n −n+ 2q − a−n 2

(t − τ )

× sup {τ } 2p τ

n −n+ 2q

1− a−n 2

− a−n 4

1− a−n 2

φ (τ ) L1,a

τ 2q −n−1 dτ sup τ 1+n− 2q φ (τ ) Lq n

+g

−1

n

τ >1

(t) φ Y ≤ Cg −1 (t) t−n+ 2q φ Y n

for all t > 1, where 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞. In the same manner we have via (3.12) and (3.13) t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 1,a 0 L √ t a−n 1 1 −1 − 1− a−n 2 ≤C τ 2 {τ } 2p dτ sup {τ } 2p τ φ (τ ) L1,a 0

τ >0

t

a−n

−1

−

1

a−n

+ Cg −1 (t) √ τ 2 {τ } 2p dτ sup τ 1− 2 φ (τ ) L1,a τ >1 t a−n a−n a−n −1 4 2 φ Y ≤ Cg −1 (t) t 2 φ Y ≤ Cε t + g (t) t for all t > 4. Thus the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant. By a direct computation we have

3.1 General approach

191

t

Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ 0

t

= |λ| θ

σ

|G0 (τ, x)| G0 (t, x)

σ+1 Rn

0

− n+1 2

t

= |λ| θσ+1 (4π) =θ

σ+1

η 0

0 t

n

xj dxdτ

j=1 |x|2

e− 4(τ +1) (1+σ)

Rn

n

σ+2

|xj |

dx (τ + 1)

− 3n+3 2

dτ

j=1

dτ = ηθσ+1 log (1 + t) ; 1+τ

hence conditions (3.2), (3.3) and (3.6) are fulﬁlled. Since by interpolation inequality (1.4) log (2 + t) N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1,n 1 −p

≤ C {t}

−1

t

σ

σ

log (2 + t) (v − w) X ( v X + w X ) ,

(3.18)

condition (3.4) is true. By estimates (1.24) as above we have

1 σ σ K (v) − K (w) Y ≤ C v − w X ( v X + w X ) 1 + ( v X + w X ) . θ (3.19) Since the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant we see that condition (3.5) is fulﬁlled. Now applying Theorem 3.2 we readily obtain the results of Theorem 3.7. Theorem 3.7 is proved. Example 3.9. Burgers type equations with initial data having zero mean value Now we consider the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation (1.18) with initial data having zero mean value Rn u0 (x) dx = 0. Since the nonlinearity is a full derivative the solutions also have a zero mean value for all times. Then we will show that the asymptotics is deﬁned by the ﬁrst moments of the σ+1 of the Burgers type equation initial data. So the nonlinearity (λ · ∇) |u| (1.18) behaves for large times like a nonconvective one. By the rotation in the x - plane we always can transform the Burgers type equations (1.18) to the form, where the vector λ = (−1, 0, ..., 0) . We now consider the problem σ+1 = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, ut − ∆u − ∂x1 |u| (3.20) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where σ > 0. Deﬁne the space Z Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) ,

192

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

where now a ∈ (1, 2] , and p > 1 and the space 1 X = φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ (Rn ) : φ X < ∞ , where the norm

n+1 − a−1 −n φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2 2p φ (t) Lp

t≥0

n

+ sup {t} 2p t

n+1 2

t>0

n

φ (t) L∞ + {t} 2p

Also we consider the norm nσ

φ Y = sup {t} 2p

+ 12

t>0

+ t

n+1 n 2 − 2p

+ 12

n

t 2

+1

∇φ (t) L∞ .

− a−1 t t 2 φ (t) L1,a n

φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t

n+1 2

φ (t) L∞ .

We choose the asymptotic kernel G0 (t, x) = and the functional f (φ) ≡

|x|2

x1 n 2

(4π) (t + 1)

1+ n 2

e− 4(t+1)

φ (x) x1 dx. Denote g (t) = 1+θσ+1 η log (1 + t) , |x|2 1 1 −n− n +1 η = |λ| (4π) 2 2(n+1) e− 4 (1+ n+1 ) |x1 | n+1 dx > 0, Rn

Rn

and

u0 (x) x1 dx.

θ= Rn

1 Theorem 3.10. Let σ = n+1 . Assume that the initial data u0 ∈ Lp (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ), with a ∈ (1, 2] and p > 1. Let the mean value Rn u0 (x) dx = 0 and the moments Rn xj u0 (x) dx = 0, j = 1, Rn x1 u0 (x) dx > 0. Suppose that the norm u0 L1,a + u0 Lp = ε is suﬃciently small and the mean value θ ≥ Cε > 0 with some C > 0. Then the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation (3.20) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) satisfying the asymptotics n+1 n+1 n u (t) = θG0 (t) g − 2 (t) + O t− 2 log− 2 −1 t log log t

for large time t → ∞, uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn . Using Lemma 1.30 with δ = ν = 2 we get a−b n n b |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t)) q ≤ Ct− 2 + 2q − 2 φ L1,a L

for all t > 0, where

(3.21)

3.1 General approach

193

ϑ=

φ (x) x1 dx, Rn

1 ≤ r ≤ q ≤ ∞, 1 ≤ b ≤ a. Let us prove that the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant. In view of the estimate g −1 (τ ) ≤ 1 and estimates of the local existence Theorem 1.13 we get (3.14) for − a−1 4

all 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. We now consider t > 1. We have the estimate t and (3.15); thus by virtue of (3.21) we obtain t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 0

√

Lq

t

≤C

≤ Cg −1 (t)

(t − τ )

n a −n 2 + 2q − 2

τ

a−1 2 −1

1 − 2p

{τ }

dτ

0 1

× sup {τ } 2p τ

1− a−1 2

τ >0

+Cg −1 (t)

t 2

√

n a −n 2 + 2q − 2

(t − τ ) 1

≤ Ct−

n+1 n 2 + 2q

n+1 2 −1

τ 2q − n

t 2

t−

1− a−1 2

τ >0 t

τ

a−1 2 −1

{τ }

1 − 2p

dτ

t

× sup {τ } 2p τ +Cg −1 (t)

φ (τ ) L1,a

φ (τ ) L1,a

dτ sup τ 1+

n+1 n 2 − 2q

τ >1

φ (τ ) Lq

n+1 n + g −1 (t) φ Y ≤ Cg −1 (t) t− 2 + 2q φ Y

a−1 4

for all t > 1, where 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞. In the identical manner we have via (3.12) and (3.13) t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 1,a 0

≤C

√

L

t

τ 0

+ Cg −1 (t)

a−1 2 −1

t

√

τ t

1 − 2p

{τ }

a−1 2 −1

1

dτ sup {τ } 2p τ

1− a−1 2

τ >0

{τ }

1 − 2p

dτ sup τ 1−

a−1 2

τ >1

φ (τ ) L1,a

φ (τ ) L1,a

a−1 a−1 a−1 ≤ Cε t 4 + g −1 (t) t 2 φ Y ≤ Cg −1 (t) t 2 φ Y for all t > 4. Hence the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant. By a direct computation we have

194

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

t σ+1 Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ = |λ| θσ+1 |G0 (τ, x)| dxdτ n 0 0 R t |x|2 − n (1+σ) σ+1 −(1+σ)(1+ n 2) dτ e− 4(τ +1) (1+σ) |x1 | dx (τ + 1) = |λ| θσ+1 (4π) 2 n 0 R t |x|2 n 1 1 dτ −n − 4 (1+ n+1 σ+1 ) 2 − 2(n+1) n+1 +1 |x1 | (4π) e dx = |λ| θ 1 +τ n R 0 t dτ = ηθσ+1 log (1 + t) , = θσ+1 η 1 +τ 0 t

so conditions (3.2), (3.3) and (3.6) are fulﬁlled. By interpolation inequality (1.4) we have (3.18); hence condition (3.4) is true. By estimates (1.24) we have (3.19). Since the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant we see that condition (3.5) is also fulﬁlled. Now applying Theorem 3.2 we easily get the results of Theorem 3.10 which is now proved.

3.2 Fractional equations In this section we study nonlinear equations with fractional power of the negative Laplacian ρ ρ κ ∂t u + α (−∆) 2 u + β |u| n u + ν |u| u = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.22) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where α, β, ν ∈ C, Re α > 0, ρ > 0, κ > nρ > 0. Furthermore we assume that Re βδ (α, ρ) > 0 where ρ |G (x)| n G (x) dx, δ (α, ρ) = Rn ρ ρ κ and G (x) = F ξ→x e−α|ξ| . The nonlinearity |u| n u is critical and |u| u is asymptotically weak. In this section we prove global in time existence of small solutions to the Cauchy problem (3.22).

3.2.1 Small data ρ

n

Denote g (t) = 1 + θ n η log (1 + t) , η = ρ Re βδ (α, ρ) , θ = (2π) 2 |ˆ u0 (0)|. We assume that Re βδ (α, ρ) > 0. Note that in the particular case of ρ = 2 the condition Re βδ (α, ρ) > 0 takes the form ρ 2 ρ 2 − n2 ρ 2 ρ 2 − n2 |α| + α |α| + α = |β| 2 + Re β 2 + n n n n sin (2 arg α) n × cos arg β − arctan > 0. 2 1 + 2n ρ + cos (2 arg α) In this subsection we prove the following result.

3.2 Fractional equations

195

Theorem 3.11. Assume that Re α > 0, 0 < nρ < κ and Re βδ (α, ρ) > 0. u0 (0)| > 0. Furthermore let u0 ∈ L∞ (Rn )∩L1,a (Rn ) , a ∈ (0, min (1, ρ)) and |ˆ u0 (0)| ≥ Then there exists a positive ε such that if u0 L∞ + u0 L1,a ≤ ε, |ˆ Cε, then the Cauchy problem (3.22) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) satisfying the asymptotics 1 n n u (t, x) = θt− ρ G t− ρ x g − ρ (t) eiψ(t) n n + O t− ρ g −1− ρ (t) log log t for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn . Here ψ (t) satisﬁes the estimate t ρ −1 −n ψ (t) − arg u ρ (τ ) (1 + τ ) nη (0) + θ g dτ 0 ρ 1+ n

0

t

≤ Cε

g

−1− n ρ

−1

(τ ) log g (τ ) (1 + τ )

dτ,

0

where η = Im βδ (α, ρ) . Proof of Theorem 3.11 The Green operator G (t) is given by −α|ξ|ρ t ˆ

G (t) φ = F ξ→x e

φ(ξ) = t

−n ρ

1 G t− ρ (x − y) φ(y)dy

(3.23)

Rn

ρ with a kernel G (x) = F ξ→x e−α|ξ| . Using result of Lemma 1.28 we have Lemma 3.12. Suppose that the function φ ∈ L∞ (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) , where a ∈ (0, 1) . Then the estimates G (t) φ Lp ≤ C φ Lp and

1 n ω |·| G (t) φ − ϑt− ρ G t− ρ (·)

Lp

≤ Ct ρ ( p −1)+ n

1

ω−a ρ

are valid for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ ω ≤ a, ϑ =

φ (x) dx. Rn

To apply Theorem 3.2 we choose the space Z = φ ∈ L∞ (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn )

φ L1,a

196

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

with a ∈ (0, min(1, ρ)] and the space X = {φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) : φ X < ∞} , with the norm

n −a φ X = sup t ρ φ (t) L∞ + φ (t) L1 + t ρ φ (t) L1,a , t>0

where a ∈ (0, 1) . Also we deﬁne the norm f Y = t f (t) X . Denote n 1 G0 (t, x) = (t + 1)− ρ G (t + 1)− ρ x . Using Lemma 3.12 we clearly see that according to Deﬁnition 2.1 the function G0 (t, x) is the asymptotic kernel for the operator G in spaces X, Z with continuous linear functional φ (x) dx f (φ) = Rn

and γ = aρ . We now prove that the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant. In view of the estimate g −1 (τ ) ≤ 1 and estimates of the local existence Theorem 1.13 we get (3.14) for all 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. We now consider t > 1. We have the estimate −a t 2ρ ≤ Cg −1 (t) and (3.15). Hence by virtue of Lemma 3.12 we obtain t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 0

√

t

(t − τ ) ρ ( p n

≤C 0

+Cg −1 (t)

t 2

√

t

+Cg −1 (t)

1

Lp

−1)− a ρ

t

a

1

−1)− a ρ

τ ρ −1 dτ sup (1 + τ ) a

1

t 2

τ >0

(1 + τ ) f (τ ) L1,a

−a ρ

τ >0

τ ρ ( p −1)−1 dτ sup (1 + τ ) n

−a ρ

τ >0

(t − τ ) ρ ( p n

τ ρ −1 dτ sup (1 + τ )

1 −n ρ ( p −1)

(1 + τ ) f (τ ) L1,a

(1 + τ ) f (τ ) Lp

n 1 a n 1 ≤ C t ρ ( p −1)− 2ρ + g −1 (t) t ρ ( p −1) (1 + t) f (t, x) X ≤ Cg −1 (t) t ρ ( p −1) (1 + t) f (t, x) X n

for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, and

1

3.2 Fractional equations

197

t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 1,a 0 L √ t a −a ≤C τ ρ −1 dτ sup (1 + τ ) ρ f (τ ) L1,a 0

τ >0

t

−a

+ Cg −1 (t) √ τ ρ −1 dτ sup (1 + τ ) ρ f (τ ) L1,a τ >0 t a a ≤ Cε t 2ρ + g −1 (t) t ρ (1 + t) f (t, x) X a

≤ Cg −1 (t) t ρ (1 + t) f (t, x) X a

for all t > 1. Hence the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant. By a direct computation we have t t ρ ρ +1 Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ = |β| θ n +1 Re G0n (τ, x) dxdτ 0 0 Rn t ρ Gκ+1 (τ, x) dxdτ ≥ θ n η log (1 + t) , + |ν| θκ+1 Re 0 0

Rn

where η = ρ Re βδ (α, ρ) . Finally conditions (3.2) and (3.6) with g (t) = 1 + ρ θ n η log (1 + t) are fulﬁlled; therefore the nonlinearity is critical nonconvective. Since we cannot directly apply Theorem 3.2 we need to carry out some modiﬁcations. As in the proof of Theorem 3.2 we make a change of the dependent variable u (t, x) = v (t, x) e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) . Then for the new function v (t, x) we get the following equation ρ

ρ

ρ

∂t v + α (−∆) 2 v + βe− n ϕ |v| n v + νe−κϕ |v| v − (ϕ − iψ )v = 0. Assume that

κ

ρ ρ κ βe− n ϕ |v| n v + νe−κϕ |v| v − (ϕ − iψ )v dx = 0;

Rn

the mean value of the new function v (t, x) then satisﬁes a conservation law: d v (t, x) dx = 0. dt Rn Consequently v (t, 0) = v0 (0) for all t > 0. We can choose ϕ(0) = 0 and ψ (0) such that −n u0 (0)| = θ (2π) 2 > 0. vˆ0 (0) = |ˆ Thus we consider the Cauchy problem for the new dependent variables (v (t, x) , ϕ (t)) ⎧ ρ ρ ρ ρ 1 −n ϕ 2 n n ⎪ ∂ v + α (−∆) v = −βe − |v| vdx v |v| ⎪ t n θ R ⎪ ⎪ κ 1 ⎨ κ −κϕ |v| −νe − |v| vdx v, θ Rn ρ ρ ⎪ ∂t ϕ (t) = 1 e− nρ ϕ Re β n |v| n vdx + e( n −κ)ϕ Re ν n |v|κ vdx , ⎪ θ ⎪ R R ⎪ ⎩ v (0, x) = v0 (x) , ϕ(0) = 0. (3.24)

198

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations ρ

Denote h (t) = e n ϕ(t) and write (3.24) as ρ 2 v = F (v, h) , v (0, x) = v0 (x), ∂t v +α (−∆) ρ κn κ ρ n ∂t h = θn Re β Rn |v| vdx + h1− ρ Re ν Rn |v| vdx , h(0) = 1, where

ρ ρ 1 n n F (v, h) = −βh |v| vdx v |v| − θ Rn

1 κ κ − κn ρ |v| vdx v. |v| − − νh θ Rn −1

Note that the mean value of the nonlinearity F (v, h) (t, 0) = 0 for all t > 0. Denote by ρ κ N1 = β |u| n u, N2 = ν |u| u. Now let us check the conditions (3.4) and (3.5) of Theorem 3.2 for each nonlinearity Nj . Since ν (t) Nj (v (t)) − Nj (w (t)) L1 ρ ρ ≤ Cν (t) v (t) Ln∞ + w (t) Ln∞ v (t) − w (t) L1 ρ ρ −1 n n , ≤ C t ν (t) (v − w) X v X + w X condition (3.4) is true. Also we have Kj (v) − Kj (w) Y ≤ Nj (v) − Nj (w) Y 1 + ( v X + w X ) sup t Nj (v (t)) − Nj (w (t)) L1 θ t>0 1 + v − w X sup t Nj (v (t)) L1 + Nj (w (t)) L1 θ t>0

ρ ρ 1 1 n n ≤ C v − w X v X + w X 1 + v X + w X , θ θ where w Y = t w X . Therefore, since the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant we see that condition (3.5) is fulﬁlled. Now applying Theorem 3.2 we easily get the results of Theorem 3.11. This completes the proof of Theorem 3.11. 3.2.2 Large data In this subsection we consider the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear heat equations with fractional power of the negative Laplacian ρ ρ ut + (−∆) 2 u + u1+ n = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.25) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn ,

3.2 Fractional equations

199

where ρ ∈ (0, 2] . In particular, when ρ = 2 equation (3.25) is the nonlinear 1,a n ∞ n heat equation. Let u0 ∈ L (R ) ∩ L (R ) , u0 (x) ≥ 0 almost everywhere n in R , θ = Rn u0 (x) dx > 0. We are interested in the global existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (3.25) with critical power of the nonlinearity when the initial data are not small. Denote ρ g (t) = 1 + θ n η (ρ) log (1 + t) , 1+ ρ η (ρ) = (G (x)) n dx,

where G (x) = F ξ→x e−|ξ|

ρ

Rn

. We state the result of this subsection.

Theorem 3.13. Assume that u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) ∩ C (Rn ) , u0 (x) ≥ 0 n in R , θ = Rn u0 (x) dx > 0, 0 < a < min (1, ρ) . Then the Cauchy problem (3.25) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞); L∞ (Rn ) ∩ C (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) satisfying the time decay estimate 1 n n u (t, x) = θt− ρ G t− ρ x g − ρ (t) n n + O t− ρ g −1− ρ (t) log g (t) for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn . Lemmas In the following lemma we compare the solutions of the following two problems ρ ρ wt + (−∆) 2 w + w1+ n = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.26) w (0, x) = w0 (x) , x ∈ Rn and

ρ

ρ

vt + (−∆) 2 v + v 1+ n = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, v (0, x) = v0 (x) , x ∈ Rn .

(3.27)

Lemma 3.14. Let 0 < ρ ≤ 2. Suppose that w0 (x) , v0 (x) ∈ L∞ (Rn ) ∩ C (Rn ), w0 (x) ≤ v0 (x) in Rn , and 0 ≤ ≤ 1. Then w (t, x) ≤ v (t, x) for all t > 0 and x ∈ Rn . Proof. For the diﬀerence r = v − w we get ρ

rt + (−∆) 2 r = (v − r)

ρ 1+ n

ρ

− v 1+ n , x ∈ Rn , t > 0,

with initial condition r (0, x) = v0 (x) − w0 (x) ≥ 0 in Rn . Deﬁne

(3.28)

200

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

R (t) ≡ inf n r (t, x) . x∈R

We need to prove that R (t) ≥ 0 for all t > 0. On the contrary, suppose that there exists a time T > 0 such that R (T ) < 0. By the continuity of the function R (t) we can ﬁnd an interval [T1 , T ] such that R (t) ≤ 0 for all t ∈ [T1 , T ] and R (T1 ) = 0. By Theorem 2.1 from paper Constantin and Escher [1998] there exists a point ζ (t) ∈ Rn such that R (t) = r (t, ζ (t)); moreover d r (t, ζ (t)) almost everywhere on t ∈ [T1 , T ] . We have R (t) = dt ρ 1+ n

(v (t, ζ (t)) − R (t))

ρ

− v 1+ n (t, ζ (t)) ≥ 0 for all t ∈ [T1 , T ] . ρ

Representing the operator (−∆) 2 in the point of maximum ζ (t) via the Riesz potential (see Stein [1970], Yosida [1995]) we see that ρ −ρ−n (−∆) 2 r(t, ζ (t)) = Cρ |ζ (t) − y| (r(t, y) − R (t)) dy ≤ 0, Rn

where Cρ > 0 is a constant. Therefore by equation (3.28) we get R (t) ≥ 0 for all t ∈ [T1 , T ] . Integration with respect to time yields R (T ) ≥ 0, which gives a contradiction. Lemma 3.14 is proved. The next lemma will be used in the proof of Theorem 3.13 to evaluate the large time behavior of the mean value of the nonlinearity in equation (3.25). We use the notation ρ η (ρ) = G1+ n (x) dx Rn

ρ and g (t) = 1 + θ η (ρ) log (1 + t) , G (x) = F ξ→x e−|ξ| . ρ n

Lemma 3.15. Assume that u0 ∈ L∞ (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ), and = θ. Let function v (t, x) satisfy the estimates v (t) Lp ≤ C t and

Rn

u0 (x) dx

1 −n ρ (1− p )

−1

v (t) − G (t) u0 L1 ≤ C (log (2 + t))

for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Then the inequality t ρ 1+ n 1 + ρ dτ v (τ, x) dx − g (t) ≤ C log (g (t)) nθ 0 Rn is valid for all t > 0.

(3.29)

3.2 Fractional equations

201

Proof. We get 1 n G (t) u0 − θt− ρ G t− ρ (·)

L1

≤ Ct− ρ , a

where θ = Rn u0 (x) dx. We thus ﬁnd 1 ρ ρ 1 1+ nρ − θ1+ n t−1− ρ G1+ n t− ρ (·) 1 v L 1 n ≤ C v (t) − G (t) u0 L1 + G (t) u0 − θt− ρ G t− ρ (·) L1 ρ ρ ρ ρ × v Ln∞ + G (t) u0 Ln∞ + θ n t−1 G Ln∞ ≤ t−1 C (log (2 + t))

−1

+ Ct−1− ρ

a

for all t > 0. Since t− ρ

n

1+ nρ n 1 t− ρ G xt− ρ dx = η (ρ) ,

Rn

we get

ρ ρ η (ρ) v 1+ n (t, x) dx − θ1+ n ρt Rn 1 ρ ρ ρ ρ ≤ C v 1+ n − θ1+ n t−1− n G1+ n t− ρ (·)

L1

≤ Ct

−1

(log (2 + t))

−1

+ Ct

−1− a ρ

for all t > 0. Therefore t ρ ρ ρ 1+ n n dτ v (τ, x) dx − θ η (ρ) log t θ n 1 R t t a Cdτ +C ≤ τ −1− ρ dτ ρ 1 τ 1 + θ n η (ρ) log(1 + τ ) 1 ρ ≤ C log 1 + θ n η (ρ) log (1 + t)

(3.30)

for all t > 0. Thus in view of (3.30) we obtain (3.29). Lemma 3.15 is proved. Proof of Theorem 3.13 We take suﬃciently small ε > 0 and consider the following two auxiliary Cauchy problems ρ ρ Ut + (−∆) 2 U + U 1+ n = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.31) U (0, x) = εu0 (x) , x ∈ Rn and

202

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

ρ

ρ

ρ

Vt + (−∆) 2 V + ε n V 1+ n = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, V (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn .

(3.32)

Note that problem (3.32) can be reduced to problem (3.31) by the change V = ε−1 U. In addition problem (3.31) has a suﬃciently small initial data; so for the functions U (t, x) and V (t, x) the large time asymptotics are known (see Section 3.2). Employing Lemma 3.14 we then get U (t, x) ≤ u (t, x) ≤ V (t, x) for all t > 0 and x ∈ Rn . In particular, using the results of Subsection 3.2.1 we have − n 1− 1 −n (3.33) u (t) Lp ≤ Cε−1 t ρ ( p ) (log (2 + t)) ρ and

−n ρ

a

u (t) L1,a ≤ Cε−1 t ρ (log (2 + t))

(3.34)

for all t > 0 and 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. As in the proof of Theorem 3.2 we change the dependent variable u (t, x) = v (t, x) e−ϕ(t) . Then for the new function v (t, x) we get the following equation ρ

ρ

vt + (−∆) 2 v + u n v − ϕ v = 0. We assume that ϕ(0) = 0 and

ρ u n v − ϕ v dx = 0,

Rn

then the mean value of new function v (t, x) satisﬁes a conservation law: d v (t, x) dx = 0. dt Rn Hence

v (t, x) dx = θ = Rn

u0 (x) dx Rn

for all t > 0. Now we consider the Cauchy problem for the new dependent variables (v (t, x) , ϕ (t)) ⎧ ρ ρ ρ 1 n − n ⎨ vt + (−∆) 2 v = − u n u vdx v θ R ρ (3.35) ϕ (t) = θ1 Rn u n vdx, ⎩ v (0, x) = u0 (x) , ϕ(0) = 0. Let us prove the estimate a

v (t) L1,a ≤ C t ρ for all t > 0. By estimate (3.33) we have

(3.36)

3.2 Fractional equations ρ

ρ

u (t) Ln∞ ≤ Cε− n t then ϕ (t) ≤ and furthermore

1 θ

ρ

−1

(log (2 + t)) −1

ρ

u n vdx ≤ Cε− n t

−1

203

, −1

(log (2 + t))

,

Rn ρ

ϕ (t) ≤ Cε− n log (log (4 + t)) .

Therefore by (3.33) and (3.34) we get a

C− n ρ

v (t) L1,a ≤ eϕ(t) u (t) L1,a ≤ Cε−1 t ρ (log (2 + t)) a

≤ C (ε, T ) t ρ and

1 −n ρ (1− p )

v (t) Lp ≤ eϕ(t) u (t) Lp ≤ Cε−1 t

(log (2 + t))

C− n ρ

1 −n ρ (1− p )

≤ C (ε, T ) t

for all 0 < t ≤ T. Consider now t > T. We use the integral equation associated with (3.35) v (t) = G (t − T ) v (T )

t ρ ρ v (τ ) − G (t − τ ) u n (τ ) v (τ ) − u n (τ ) v (τ ) dx dτ. θ T Rn

(3.37)

By virtue of estimate (3.34) we get t

ρ ρ v (τ ) n (τ ) v (τ ) − n (τ ) v (τ ) dx G(t − τ ) u u dτ 1,a θ Rn T L t ρ ρ v (τ ) u n (τ ) v (τ ) − ≤C u n (τ ) v (τ ) dx 1,a dτ θ T Rn L t −1 −1 ≤C τ (log (2 + τ )) v (τ ) L1,a dτ T

for all t > T. Therefore in view of (3.37) we ﬁnd v (t) L1,a ≤ G (t − T ) v (T ) L1,a t −1 −1 + Cε−1 τ (log (2 + τ )) v (τ ) L1,a dτ T t a −1 τ v (τ ) L1,a dτ ≤ C (ε, T ) t ρ + ε T

for all t > T. Here ε > 0 is small enough, and T > 0 is suﬃciently large. Application of the Gronwall’s lemma yields the estimate

204

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations a

v (t) L1,a ≤ C t ρ

for all t > 0. Likewise by virtue of estimates (3.33) we get v (t) Lp ≤ G (t − T ) v (T ) Lp t ρ 1 n (τ ) − + G (t − τ ) u θ

Rn

T

−n ρ

ρ u n (τ ) v (τ ) dx v (τ ) dτ

Lp

) ≤ C (ε, T ) t ( 2t a − n 1− 1 − a −1 −1 (t − τ ) ρ ( p ) ρ τ ρ (log (2 + τ )) dτ + Cε−1 T t −1 −1 τ (log (2 + τ )) v (τ ) Lp dτ + Cε−1 1 1− p

t 2

1 −n ρ (1− p )

≤ C (ε, T ) t

t

+ε t 2

τ

−1

v (τ ) Lp dτ

for all t > T. The application of Gronwall’s lemma yields the estimate v (t) Lp ≤ C t

1 −n ρ (1− p )

for all t > 0. Using the integral equation (3.37) we obtain v (t) − G (t) u0 L1 2t ρ ρ v (τ ) −a ρ n ≤ (t − τ ) u (τ ) v (τ ) − u n (τ ) v (τ ) dx 1,a dτ θ 0 Rn L t ρ ρ v (τ ) u n (τ ) v (τ ) − + u n (τ ) v (τ ) dx 1 dτ t θ Rn L 2 2t a −a −1 −1 ≤C (t − τ ) ρ τ ρ (log (2 + τ )) dτ 0 t −1 −1 −1 τ (log (2 + τ )) dτ ≤ C log (2 + t) (3.38) +C t 2

ρ

for all t > 0. Now we apply Lemma 3.15 to ﬁnd for h (t) = e n ϕ(t) |h (t) − g (t)| ≤ C log g (t) , for all t > 0. Then via formula u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t) v (t, x) = h− ρ (t) v (t, x) n

we ﬁnd the estimates

3.3 Asymptotics for large x and t

205

1 n u (t) − θt− ρ e−ϕ(t) G t− ρ (·) ∞ L −ϕ(t) ≤ u (t) − e G (t) u0 L∞ 1 −n + G (t) u0 − θt ρ e−ϕ(t) G t− ρ (·)

L∞

≤ Ct

n −n ρ −1− ρ

g

(t) + Ct

a −n ρ−ρ

u0 L1,a ≤ Ct− ρ g −1− ρ (t) n

n

(3.39)

for all t > 0. We also have 1 n 1 n n − nρ θt G t− ρ (·) h− ρ (t) − θt− ρ G t− ρ (·) g − ρ (t)

L∞

≤ Ct

n −n ρ −1− ρ

g

(t) |h (t) − g (t)| ,

and via (3.39) it follows that 1 n n u (t) − θt− ρ G t− ρ (·) g − ρ (t)

L∞

≤ C (1 + t)

−n ρ

g

−1− n ρ

(t) log g (t) .

This completes the proof of Theorem 3.13.

3.3 Asymptotics for large x and t We study fractional nonlinear equations α α ut + |∂x | u + |u| u = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R,

(3.40)

where α > 0. For simplicity we consider the one dimensional case. Higher dimensional problems also can be considered by our method. In Section 3.2 for the solutions of the Cauchy problem (3.40) with initial β data u0 such that 1 + x2 2 u0 ∈ L1 (R) , β > 0 we obtained the following asymptotics 1 −1 −1 u (t, x) = t− α (log t) α G (ξ) + O (log t) log log t (3.41) for large time t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where ξ = t− α x, α 1 G (ξ) = √ eiξη e−|η| dη. 2π R 1

Observe that formula (3.41) does not explain the behavior of solution u (t, x) , when t and x tend to inﬁnity simultaneously, because the main term of asymptotics (3.41) vanishes as |ξ| → ∞. However, the dependence on ξ of the remainder in the right-hand side of (3.41) is not evaluated explicitly. In this section we ﬁll this gap and calculate the asymptotics of solutions 1 u (t, x) to the Cauchy problem for equation (3.40) as t → ∞ and ξ = xt− α → ∞. Denote the total mass of the initial data θ = R u0 (x) dx.

206

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

3.3.1 Small initial data In this subsection we prove the following result Theorem 3.16. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (R) have a suﬃciently small norm u0 L∞,α+1 and θ = R u0 (x) dx > 0. Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (R) to the Cauchy problem (3.40). Moreover, the asymptotics

1 1 −α −α−1 log log t −α u (t, x) = t (log t) G (ξ) + O ξ (3.42) log t is true for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where G (ξ) = α 1 F η→ξ e−|η| , ξ = t− α x. Remark 3.17. Since the asymptotics of the function G (ξ) is (see Lemma 1.41) √ 2 πα −1−α −1−2α √ G (ξ) = + O |ξ| Γ (α + 1) |ξ| sin (3.43) 2 π for ξ → ∞, then we see that the second summand in the right-hand side of (3.42) is a remainder, when simultaneously t → ∞ and |ξ| → ∞. When the parameter α = 2k, k ∈ N, the main term in the asymptotics (3.43) vanishes. Indeed for this case the function G (ξ) decays exponentially, so that formula 1 (3.42) gives only the estimate of the solution as t → ∞, and ξ = xt− α → ∞. Some additional decay conditions for the initial data u0 (x) must be fulﬁlled to attain the asymptotic representation for large t and x (see Theorem 3.19 below). Proof of Theorem 3.16 Deﬁne the Green operator −|η|α t ˆ

G (t) φ = F η→x e

φ(η) = t

1 −α

1 G t− α (x − y) φ(y)dy

(3.44)

R

with a kernel

−|η|α

G (ξ) = F η→ξ e

1 =√ 2π

eiξη e−|η| dη. α

R

Deﬁne our basic norm 1 −1 φ X = sup t α φ (t) L∞ + t φ (t) L∞,α+1 t>0

and the norm f Y = t f (t) X . Then the L1,γ norm can be estimated as follows

3.3 Asymptotics for large x and t γ −α

−γ

t

207

γ

φ (t) L1,γ = t α x |φ (t, x)| dx 1 |x|≤t α − α1 1+α−γ − α1 γ−α−1 −γ γ + t α t x x |φ (t, x)| t x dx 1 |x|>t α 1 −1 γ−α−1 ≤ C t α φ (t) L∞ + C t φ (t) L∞,α+1 |y| dy ≤ C φ X , |y|>1

(3.45) where γ ∈ [0 , 1] , γ < α. Deﬁne the function g (t) g (t) = 1 + κ log (1 + t) with some κ > 0. By theestimates of Lemma 1.40 we can see that the function −1 −1 G0 (t, x) = (1 + t) α G x (1 + t) α is the asymptotic kernel for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z. We choose the functional f (φ) = R φ (t, x) dx. Let us show that the triad (X, Y,G) is concordant. In view of the estimate g −1 (τ ) ≤ C and Lemma 3.12 we get t t −1 −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ + g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 0

≤C ≤ Cg

0 −1

L∞

t

f (τ ) L∞ dτ + C

0

0

L∞,α+1

t

t − τ f (τ ) L1 dτ + C

t

0

f (τ ) L∞,α+1 dτ

(t) t f X

for all 0 ≤ t ≤ 4. We now consider t > 4. Via the condition of the lemma − 1 for the function g (t) we have the estimate t 2α ≤ Cg −1 (t) and estimate (3.15); hence by virtue of (3.45) and the third estimate of Lemma 1.40 with β = 1 + α, γ ∈ [0 , 1] , γ < α, we obtain t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ √

L∞

0

t

− 1+γ α

≤C

(t − τ ) 0

√

t

+Cg −1 (t)

−1

1 −1− α

(t − τ )

+C

γ

τ α

√

(t − τ )

t

+Cg −1 (t)

+Cg −1 (t)

t 2

√

− 1+γ α

τ

τ >0

t

t 2

f (τ ) L1,γ

dτ sup f (τ ) L∞,α+1 γ α −1

dτ sup τ τ >0

1 −1− α

(t − τ ) t

γ 1− α

τ >0

0 t 2

dτ sup τ

γ 1− α

f (τ ) L1,γ

dτ sup f (τ ) L∞,α+1 τ >0

τ −1− α dτ sup τ 1

τ >0

1 1+ α

f (τ ) L∞

1 1 1 1 ≤ C t f (t) X t− α − 2α + g −1 (t) t− α ≤ C t f (t) X g −1 (t) t− α .

208

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

Likewise

1+α t −1 |·| g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ

L∞

0 √ t

≤C 0 √

dτ sup f (τ ) L∞,α+1 τ >0

t

γ 1− α

(t − τ )

+C 0

+ Cg −1 (t) + Cg −1 (t)

−1

dτ sup τ τ >0

γ 1− α

f (τ ) L1,γ

t

√

γ

τ α

t t

dτ sup f (τ ) L∞,α+1 τ >0

1− γ

γ

−1

γ 1− α

(t − τ ) α τ α dτ sup τ τ >0 t 1 γ 1− −1 ≤ C t f (t) X t 2 + t 2α + tg (t) √

f (τ ) L1,γ

≤ Ctg −1 (t) t f (t) X for all t > 4. Thus the triad (X, Y ,G) is concordant. By the proof of Theorem 3.11 we see that the nonlinearity is nonconvective critical, such that conditions (3.2) and (3.4) are fulﬁlled. We have for K (v) = N (v) − vθ f (N (v)) 1 1+ α

t

K (v (t)) − K (w (t)) L∞ α

α

≤ C ( v − w X ) ( v X + w X ) 1 + ( v X + w X ) sup t N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 θ t>0 1 + v − w X sup t ( N (v (t)) L1 + N (w (t)) L1 ) θ t>0

1 α α ≤ C v − w X ( v X + w X ) 1 + ( v X + w X ) θ and in the same manner K (v (t)) − K (w (t)) L∞,α+1

1 α α ≤ C v − w X ( v X + w X ) 1 + ( v X + w X ) θ

for all t > 0. This yields the estimate K (v) − K (w) Y

ρ ρ 1 1 n n ≤ C v − w X v X + w X 1 + v X + w X , θ θ where w Y = t w X . Therefore since the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant we see that condition (3.5) is fulﬁlled. Now applying Theorem 3.2 we obtain a

3.3 Asymptotics for large x and t

209

unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (R) to the Cauchy problem (3.40) satisfying estimates 1 1 − 1 α+1 1 −α t α (·) u (t) − θt G t− α (·) g − α L∞

≤ Cε

1+α

t

1 −α

g

1 −1− α

(t) log g (t) .

(3.46)

This completes the proof of Theorem 3.16. 3.3.2 Large initial data When the order of derivative α ∈ (0, 2] , we can prove global existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (3.40) without any restriction on the size of the initial data. Theorem 3.18. Let 0 < α ≤ 2. Suppose that the initial data u0 > 0 in R and u0 ∈ L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (R). Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞,α+1 (R) ∩ C (R) to the Cauchy problem for equation (3.40). Moreover the asymptotics (3.42) is true. Proof of Theorem 3.18 Using the result of Theorem 3.16 as in the proof of estimates (3.33) and (3.34) we have −1 −1 u (t) L∞ ≤ Cε−1 t α (log (2 + t)) α (3.47) and

1 −α

u (t) L∞,1+α ≤ Cε−1 t (log (2 + t))

(3.48)

for all t > 0. Applying the method of the proof of estimate (3.36) because of estimates (3.47), (3.48), Gronwall’s inequality and Lemma 1.40 we get the estimates −1 v (t) L∞,1+α ≤ C t , v (t) L∞ ≤ C t α for all t > 0. Then as in the proof of Theorem 3.16 we ﬁnd the estimate 1 1 − 1 α+1 1 −α −α −α t α (·) u (t) − θt G t (·) g (t) L∞

≤ Ct

1 −α

(log t)

1 −1− α

log log t.

This completes the proof of Theorem 3.18.

210

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

3.3.3 Nonlinear heat equation In the case of the nonlinear heat equation α = 2 we put the initial time at t = 1 for convenience. Theorem 3.19. Suppose that the initial data u1 (x) ≥ 0 in R, and are such x2

x2

that u1 (x) e 4 , (∂x u1 (x)) e 4 ∈ L∞ (R) ∩ C (R) . Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C ([1, ∞) × R) to the Cauchy problem (3.40). Moreover there exists a function A ∈ L∞ , such that the asymptotics x 1 x2 −1 u (t, x) = t− 2 e− 4t A 1 + O (log t) 2t − 12 t $ 3t τ x2 1 2x dτ −1 − 2t(3t−2τ ) × 1+ √ A + O (log t) e 2t 3t − 2τ τ 3 1 (3.49) is true for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R. Remark 3.20. Note that

t$ x2 dτ τ t2 3t e− 3t−2τ 2t = log 1 + + O (1) 3t − 2τ τ t + x2 1 for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R. In other words in the short-range region |x| << t the asymptotics (3.49) describes a logarithmic correction comparing with the linear case. In the long-range region |x| ≥ t the asymptotics (3.49) has a quasi-linear character. Proof of Theorem 3.19 As in paper Hayashi and Ozawa [1988] we change the dependent and inde2 1 x . Then from (3.40) we pendent variables u (t, x) = t− 2 e−tξ v (t, ξ) , and ξ = 2t obtain 2 vt − 4t12 vξξ + 1t e−2tξ v 3 (t, ξ) = 0, t > 1, ξ ∈ R, (3.50) v (1, ξ) = v1 (ξ) , ξ ∈ R, where v1 (ξ) = eξ u1 (2ξ) . Then changing the dependent variable v = we−g we get 2

2 1 1 wξξ + e−2tξ e−2g w3 − wgt 2 4t t 1 1 1 2 + 2 gξ wξ − 2 (gξ ) w + 2 gξξ w = 0, 2t 4t 4t

wt −

We now choose a function g to satisfy the equation 2 2 gt = 1t e−2tξ e−2g w2 + 2t12 (gξ ) + 4t12 gξξ , t > 1, ξ ∈ R, g (1, ξ) = 0, ξ ∈ R,

(3.51)

3.3 Asymptotics for large x and t

then we obtain wt =

3 4t2

211

2

(gξ ) w − 2t12 gξ wξ + 4t12 wξξ , t > 1, ξ ∈ R, w (1, ξ) = v1 (ξ) , ξ ∈ R.

We change h = e2g in (3.51), then 2 ht = 2t e−2tξ w2 + 4t12 hξξ , t > 1, ξ ∈ R, h (1, ξ) = 1, ξ ∈ R.

(3.52)

(3.53)

Proposition 3.21. Let the initial data v1 , ∂x v1 ∈ L∞ be small such that v1 L∞ + ∂x v1 L∞ ≤ ε. Also we suppose that θ = inf

|ξ|≤1

e−(ξ−η) v1 (η) dη ≥ Cε > 0. 2

R

Then there exists a unique solution v ∈ C ([1, ∞) × R) to the Cauchy problem (3.50). Moreover, there exists a function A ∈ L∞ , such that the asymptotics 2

ε w (t, ξ) = A (ξ) + O (3.54) Q (t) and 2 h (t, ξ) = 1 + √ 3

2

A (ξ) + O

ε3 Q (t)

t $ 1

2 dτ 2tτ 3t e− 3t−2τ ξ 3t − 2τ τ

(3.55)

are true for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to ξ ∈ R, where Q (t) = 1 + ε2 log (1 + t) . Proof. Denote the Green function 1 G (t, τ, ξ) = √ π

$

tτ tτ − t−τ ξ2 e , t−τ

and

G (t, 1, ξ − η) v1 (η) dη,

V (t, ξ) = R

then the Cauchy problems (3.51) and (3.52) can be written in the form of the integral equation t 2 dτ g (t, ξ) = G (t, τ, ξ − η) e−2τ η h−1 (τ, η) w2 (τ, η) dη (3.56) 1 τ R and

212

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

w (t, ξ) = V (t, ξ) + 1

t

dτ 4τ 2

where

G (t, τ, ξ − η) F (τ, η) dη,

(3.57)

R

2

F (τ, η) = 3 (gη (τ, η)) w (τ, η) − 2gη (τ, η) wη (τ, η) . We prove the following estimates wξ (t) L∞ + gξ (t) L∞ and

√ ε2 t <ε+ Q (t)

2 w (t) L∞ < Cε, e−2tξ h−1 (t, ξ)

L∞

<

(3.58) 1 Q (t)

(3.59)

for all t ≥ 1. Note that estimates (3.58) and (3.59) are valid for t = 1. On the contrary we suppose that (3.58) and (3.59) are violated at some time t = T, then by the continuity with respect to t ≥ 1 we have estimates √ Cε2 t wξ (t) L∞ + gξ (t) L∞ ≤ ε + , (3.60) Q (t) and

2 w (t) L∞ ≤ Cε, e−2tξ h−1 (t, ξ)

L∞

≤

C Q (t)

(3.61)

for all t ∈ [1, T ] . First we estimate the derivative ∂ξ V (t, ξ) √ t t − t−1 η2 ∂ξ e v1 (ξ − η) dη ∂ξ V (t) L∞ = " ∞ π (t − 1) R L ≤ v1 L∞ < ε. To prove estimate (3.58) we diﬀerentiate equations (3.56) and (3.57) with respect to ξ |gξ (t, ξ)| + |wξ (t, ξ)| ≤ |Vξ (t, ξ)| t 1 −2τ η2 −1 e + dτ |∂ξ G (t, τ, ξ − η)| h (τ, η) w2 (τ, η) τ R 1

3 1 2 + 2 gη (τ, η) |wη (τ, η)| + 2 |w (τ, η)| (gη (τ, η)) dη. 2τ 4τ Via (3.60) and (3.61) we obtain 1 −2τ η2 −1 e h (τ, η) w2 (τ, η) τ 3 1 2 + 2 gη (τ, η) |wη (τ, η)| + 2 |w (τ, η)| (gη (τ, η)) ∞ 2τ 4τ L √

2 2 2 2 1 Cε Cε Cε2 Cε t + 2 ε+ + Cε2 τ −2 ≤ ; ≤ ≤ τ Q (τ ) τ Q (t) τ Q (τ ) τ Q (τ )

(3.62)

3.3 Asymptotics for large x and t

therefore, |∂ξ G (t, τ, ξ − η)| 1 e−2τ η2 h−1 (τ, η) w2 (τ, η) τ

3 1 2 + 2 gη (τ, η) |wη (τ, η)| + 2 |w (τ, η)| (gη (τ, η)) dη ∞ 2τ 4τ L R

≤√

Cε2 . τ Q (τ )

Then from (3.62) we have

t dτ √ wξ (t) L∞ + gξ (t) L∞ < ε + Cε τ Q (τ ) 1 √ √ √ t 2 Q (τ ) τ dτ ε2 t ε t 2 +ε <ε+ =ε+C 2 Q (t) Q (t) Q (τ ) 1 2

for all t ∈ [1, T ] . Now we consider the function V (t) √ 2 t t V (t, ξ) = " e− t−1 (ξ−η) v1 (η) dη π (t − 1) R 2 1 =√ e−(ξ−η) v1 (η) dη π R $ 2 t t 1 −1 +√ e− t−1 (ξ−η) v1 (η) dη t−1 π R 2 2 1 1 +√ e−(ξ−η) e− t−1 (ξ−η) − 1 v1 (η) dη π R 2 1 e−(ξ−η) v1 (η) dη + O t−1 v1 L∞ =√ π R for t > 2, and √ V (t, ξ) = "

t

π (t − 1)

R

e− t−1 (ξ−η) v1 (η) dη = O ( v1 L∞ ) t

2

for t ∈ [1, 2] . In view of (3.60) we have t dτ dηG (t, τ, ξ − η) F (τ, η) t τ2 R 2 t t dτ dτ Cε2 4 ≤ Cε2 . + Cε ≤ 2 t τ2 t τ (1 + ε2 log (1 + τ )) Q (t) 2 2 Denoting

213

214

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

1 √ −τ ξ2 G (∞, τ, ξ) = √ τe , π

and B (ξ) =

1

∞

dτ 4τ 2

dηG (∞, τ, ξ − η) F (τ, η) , R

we get

t 2

dτ 4τ 2

dηG (t, τ, ξ − η) F (τ, η) ∞ dτ = B (ξ) − dηG (∞, τ, ξ − η) F (τ, η) t 4τ 2 R 2 2t dτ + dη (G (t, τ, ξ − η) − G (∞, τ, ξ − η)) F (τ, η) 2 1 4τ R 2

ε = B (ξ) + O , Q (t) 1

since

R

dτ dηG (∞, τ, ξ − η) F (τ, η) t τ2 R 2 ∞ ∞ dτ dτ Cε2 2 4 + Cε ≤ ≤ Cε 2 t t τ2 Q (t) τ (1 + ε2 log (1 + τ )) 2 2

∞

and

t 2

dτ τ2

dη (G (t, τ, ξ − η) − G (∞, τ, ξ − η)) F (τ, η) $ 2t 2 tτ 3 1 t =√ − 1 e− t−τ (ξ−η) F (τ, η) τ − 2 dτ dη t − τ π 1 R 2t τ2 2 2 3 1 +√ τ − 2 dτ dη e− t−τ (ξ−η) − 1 e−τ (ξ−η) F (τ, η) π 1 R t 2 2t Cε4 2 dτ dτ Cε2 Cε + . ≤ ≤ 2 2 t τ t Q (t) 1 1 (1 + ε log (1 + τ )) 1

R

Note also that B (ξ) ≤ Cε2 for all ξ ∈ R. Denote a function 2 A (ξ) = e−(ξ−η) v1 (η) dη + B (ξ) , R

then we see that A (ξ) ≥ Cε > 0 for |ξ| < 1 and

3.3 Asymptotics for large x and t

dτ dηG (t, τ, ξ − η) F (τ, η) 2 1 4τ R 2

ε = A (ξ) + O . Q (t)

215

t

w (t, ξ) = V (t, ξ) +

(3.63)

Now we write the Cauchy problem (3.53) for h (t, ξ) in the form of an integral equation t$ 2 dτ 2tτ 3t 2 2 e− 3t−2τ ξ + 2R1 , h (t, ξ) = 1 + √ A (ξ) 3t − 2τ τ 3 1 where

t

dτ τ

dηG (t, τ, ξ − η) e−2τ η w2 (τ, η) 1 R t$ 2 dτ 2tτ 3t 1 2 e− 3t−2τ ξ . − √ A (ξ) 3t − 2τ τ 3 1

R1 =

2

Using the identity tτ τ (3t − 2τ ) 2 (ξ − η) + 2τ η 2 = t−τ t−τ

η−

ξ 3 − 2 τt

2 +

2τ t 2 ξ ; 3t − 2τ

we represent the integral R1 in the following manner: t$ dτ 2 2τ t t 1 e− 3t−2τ ξ w2 (τ, ξ) − A2 (ξ) R1 = √ 3t − 2τ τ 3 1

t$ 2 2τ t dτ t ξt 1 e− 3t−2τ ξ w2 τ, +√ − w2 (τ, ξ) 3t − 2τ 3t − 2τ τ 3 1 $ t 2τ t 1 dτ t − 3t−2τ ξ2 √ +√ e π 1 τ t−τ

2 τ (3t−2τ ) ξt ξt × e− t−τ (η− 3t−2τ ) w2 (τ, η) − w2 τ, dη. 3t − 2τ R Note that in view of (3.60), (3.61) and (3.63) we have the estimate t 2 2 dτ 3 e− 3 τ ξ |R1 | ≤ Cε τ Q (τ ) 1

t 2 2 1 1 3 − 3 tξ − 23 τ ξ 2 − log t log τ de = Cε e Q (t) Q (τ ) 1 t 2 log t 2 2 Q (τ ) 2 2 2 1 2 − − e− 3 τ ξ = Cε3 e− 3 tξ log τ − ξ 2 e− 3 τ ξ dτ 2 Q (t) 3 Q (τ ) Q (τ ) 1 t 2 dτ 2 Cε3 ≤ e− 3 τ ξ Q (t) 1 τ

216

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

for t → ∞, uniformly with respect to ξ ∈ R. Thus we obtain 3

t $ 2 dτ 2tτ ε 3t 2 2 e− 3t−2τ ξ . (3.64) h (t, ξ) = 1 + √ A (ξ) + O Q (t) 3t − 2τ τ 3 1 By virtue of (3.64) the estimate (3.59) follows

−1 t −2tξ2 −1 −2tξ 2 2 − 23 τ ξ 2 dτ h (t, ξ) ≤ Ce e 1 + A (ξ) e τ 1

−1 2 t C ≤ Ce−2tξ 1 + ε2 log 1 + < tξ 2 Q (t) for all t ∈ [1, T ] . The contradiction obtained proves estimates (3.58), (3.59) for all t ≥ 1. Formulas (3.63) and (3.64) yield the asymptotics (3.54) and (3.55). Proposition 3.21 is proved. We take suﬃciently small ε > 0 and consider the following two auxiliary Cauchy problems 2 Ut − 4t12 Uξξ + 1t e−2tξ U 3 (t, ξ) = 0, ξ ∈ R, t > 1, (3.65) 2 U (1, ξ) = εeξ u1 (2ξ) , ξ ∈ R and

Vt −

1 4t2 Vξξ

+ 1t ε2 e−2tξ V 3 (t, ξ) = 0, ξ ∈ R, t > 1, 2 V (1, ξ) = eξ u1 (2ξ) , ξ ∈ R. 2

(3.66)

Note that problem (3.66) can be reduced to problem (3.65) by changing V = ε−1 U. In addition the problem (3.65) has a suﬃciently small initial data. Therefore for the functions U and V the large time asymptotics are known by virtue of Proposition 3.21. Then by Lemma 3.14 we get U (t, ξ) ≤ v (t, ξ) ≤ V (t, ξ) for all t > 0 and ξ ∈ R. In particular, using the estimates (3.58) and (3.59) 1 of Proposition 3.21 we have for v = wh− 2 1 2 εC C " ≤ e− 2 tξ v (t, ξ) ≤" ∞ L Q (t) Q (t)

(3.67)

for all t > 1, ξ ∈ R, where Q (t) = 1 + ε2 log (1 + t) . We rewrite (3.50) in the form of the integral equation t 2 dτ v (t, ξ) = V (t, ξ) + G (t, τ, ξ − η) e−2τ η v 3 (τ, η) dη τ R 1 and estimate the derivative

3.3 Asymptotics for large x and t

vξ (t, ξ) L∞ ≤ C +

t

1

t

≤C+ 1

217

3 2 dτ ∂ξ G (t, τ, ξ) L1 e−tξ v (t, ξ) τ L∞ $ √ 3 3 dτ t √ Q− 2 (τ ) ≤ C tQ− 2 (t) τ t−τ

for all t ≥ 1. Now applying the maximum principle to equation (3.51) we get for the function m (t) = maxξ∈R |gξ (t, ξ)| C d m ≤ √ Q−1 (t) ; dt t hence integrating with respect to time we obtain √ C t gξ (t) L∞ ≤ Q (t) for all t ≥ 1. After that we apply the maximum principle to equation (3.52), we get for n (t) = maxξ∈R |w (t, ξ)| C d n ≤ Q−2 (t) n. dt t Then integrating with respect to time we obtain w (t) L∞ ≤ C for all t ≥ 1. We apply the maximum principle to equation (3.53) and get for k (t) = maxξ∈R h (t, ξ) 2 d C k ≤ e−tξ ; dt t integrating with respect to time yields t dτ −τ ξ2 e h (t) L∞ ≤ C ≤ CQ (t) 1 τ for all t ≥ 1. Now by the identity

√ wξ = vξ h − wgξ

we have the estimate wξ (t) L∞

√ C t ≤ Q (t)

for all t ≥ 1. Consider two equations ht = and

2 −2tξ2 2 1 e v h + 2 hξξ , t 4t

218

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

2 −2tξ2 2 1 e U H + 2 Hξξ , t 4t where v (t, ξ) ≥ U (t, ξ) for all ξ ∈ R, t > 0. Deﬁne " W (t, ξ) = U (t, ξ) H (t, ξ), Ht =

which gives us a decomposition U (t, ξ) = √W (t,ξ) similar to v (t, ξ) = √w(t,ξ) . h(t,ξ)

H(t,ξ)

By a standard comparison principle for the heat equation we get

t 1 h (t, ξ) ≥ H (t, ξ) ≥ 1 + A2 (ξ) log 1 + 2 tξ 2 for all ξ ∈ R, t > 0. Therefore we obtain the estimate " " w (t, ξ) ≥ v (t, ξ) h (t, ξ) ≥ U (t, ξ) H (t, ξ) 1 = W (t, ξ) ≥ lim W (t, ξ) > 0. 2 t→∞ As in (3.63) we state that there exists a function A (ξ) ∈ L∞ such that w (t, ξ) = A (ξ) + O Q−1 (t) and lim w (t, ξ) = A (ξ) > 0.

t→∞

Using these estimates we have the asymptotics as in Proposition 3.21. Theorem 3.19 is proved.

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation In this section we consider the Cauchy problem for the complex LandauGinzburg equation 2 ∂t u − α∆u + β|u| n u = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.68) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where α, β ∈ C. We are interested in the dissipative case Re α > 0. Suppose that Re δ(α, β) ≥ 0, θ = Rn u0 (x) dx = 0, where n

δ(α, β) =

β|α|n−1 n 2

n

((n + 1)|α|2 + α2 ) 2

.

Our purpose is to study the global existence of small solutions and the large time asymptotics of solutions to the Cauchy problem (3.68). Below we show that the nonlinearity in equation (3.68) is critical from the point of view of the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions. The nonlinearity of equation

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

219

(3.68) does not have enough regularity to get smooth solutions in the higher order Sobolev spaces. Here we are working in the Lebesgue spaces and so by using smoothing properties of the linear evolution group we consider the problem under the assumptions of rather small regularity on the initial data u0 ∈ Lr (Rn ) , r > 1. Also to obtain the estimates of the remainder terms in the large time asymptotic formulas we have to assume that the initial data satisfy the decay condition at inﬁnity, such that u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) with some a ∈ (0, 1) . 2 We deﬁne θ = n u0 (x) dx , η = θ n Re δ(α, β), 2πn

R

µ=

θ

4 n

2

2 (Im δ(α, β)) Re (4π) θ2 Im δ(α, β), ω= 4π

1 1+ n

1 ν1 − ν2 , n

m 1 1 −j+1 νl = log (1 − κl ) + −1 , 1 − κl j=2 j − 1

(3.69)

for n = 2m, and νl = 2 log

m 1 2 2 −j √ (1 − κl ) 2 − 1 + 1 + 1 − κl j=1 2j − 1

for n = 2m + 1, l = 1, 2, κ1 =

(α + α)

2

((n + 1) α + α)

2,

2

κ2 =

2 |α| + (n + 1) α2 + (1 − n) α2 2

|(n + 1) α + α|

.

m The sums like j=2 in the case of m = 1 we assume to be absent. We prove the following result. Theorem 3.22. Assume that the initial data u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn )∩Lr (Rn ) , where r > 1, a ∈ (0, 1), have small norm = u0 L1,a + u0 Lr and suﬃciently n u0 (x) dx ≥ Cε. Then there exists a unique soluare such that θ = R tion u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lr (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) of the Cauchy problem (3.68), satisfying the following time decay estimates for all t>0: n −n u (t) ∞ ≤ Cεt− 2 (1 + η log t) 2 , if η > 0,

u (t) L∞ ≤ Cεt− 2 (1 + µ log t)

if η = 0, µ > 0, ﬁnally

n

−n 4

,

220

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations −n 6

u (t) L∞ ≤ Cεt− 2 (1 + κ log t) n

,

if η = 0, µ = 0, κ > 0, where κ is a positive constant deﬁned explicitly below in (3.96). Furthermore the following asymptotic formulas of the solution are valid 2 iω |x| θ − log log t + i arg u 0 (0) − u (t, x) = n n exp 4αt η (4παt) 2 (1 + η log t) 2 ε5/2 , +O n (t log t) 2 log t if η > 0,

2 2iω " |x| −√ u (t, x) = − log t + i arg u 0 (0) n n exp 4αt µ (4παt) 2 (1 + µ log t) 4 ε3 +O , n 1 n t 2 (log t) 4 (log t) 2 θ

if η = 0, µ > 0, and ﬁnally

2

3iω |x| − √ − u (t, x) = n n exp 2 6 4αt 2 3 κ (4παt) (1 + κ log t) ε3 +O , n 1 n t 2 (log t) 6 (log t) 3 θ

3

log t + i arg u 0 (0) 2

if η = 0, µ = 0, κ > 0. Remark 3.23. In order to checkthe condition µ > 0, that is to examine the inequality Re 1 + n1 ν1 − n1 ν2 > 0 for the values of α such that Re α > 0, we substitute α = eiφ , φ ∈ (− π2 , π2 ) into the functions κ1 and κ2 . Then κ1 =

1 + e−2iφ 1 + (n + 1) e−2iφ

2 , κ2 =

2 + (n + 1) e−2iφ + (1 − n) e2iφ 2

|n + 1 + e−2iφ |

Hence 1

m 1 1 1 |1 − κ2 | n 1+ − ν1 − ν2 = log 1 1+ n n n j − 1 |1 − κ1 | j=2

m 1 1 1 1−j 1−j Re 1+ − (1 − κ2 ) + , (1 − κ1 ) j − 1 n n j=2

fn (φ) = Re

if n = 2m and

.

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

221

1 √

m 2 1 + 1 − κ2 n 2 1 fn (φ) = Re − ν1 − ν2 = 2 log 1 √ n 2j −1 1 + 1 − κ1 1+ n j=1

m 1 1 1 2 1 −j −j Re 1+ + (1 − κ1 ) 2 − (1 − κ2 ) 2 2j − 1 n n j=1

1 1+ n

for the case n = 2m + 1. We have plotted the functions fn (φ) by using the Maple program, taking the dimensions n = 0, 1, 2, ..., 10. The qualitative behavior of the function fn (φ) appears to be the same πfor any spacial dimension f n: the functions fn (φ) are odd, fn (φn ) = 0 = n 2 . Moreover the function fn (φ) is positive in (0, φn ) and negative in φn , π2 , where the roots φn are close to 1. 3.4.1 Preliminaries The Green operator G of the problem (3.68) is given by 2 ˆ G (t, x − y) φ(y)dy, = G (t) φ = F ξ→x e−αξ t φ(ξ) Rn −n 2

and G (t, x) = (4παt) e−|x| By Lemma 1.28 we get

2

/4αt

n

. Denote ϑ = (2π) 2 φˆ (0) .

Lemma 3.24. The following estimates are true, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded: n b 1− 1 − n 1− 1 G (t) φ Lp,b ≤ C {t} 2r ( p ) t 2 2 ( p ) ( φ L1,b + φ Lr,b ) and

b |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG (t))

Lp

n 1− 1 1− 1 ≤ C {t} 2 ( r )( p ) b−a n b 1 + {t} 2 t 2 t− 2 (1− p ) φ L1,a

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, b ∈ [0, a] , 0 < a < 1, and r > 1. Denote g (t) = 1 + ζ log t with some ζ > 0 and λ n 1 −ρ λ f F = sup sup {t} t1− 2 + 2 (1− s ) |·| f (t)

Ls

t>0 1≤s≤p

,

where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, ρ ≥ 0, λ > 0. Then using Lemma 3.24 we have Lemma 3.25. Let the function f (t, x) have the zero mean value fˆ(t, 0) = 0 and the norm f F be bounded. Then the following inequality is valid t b −1 |·| g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ 0

≤ Cg for all t > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ λ.

−1

Lp

ρ

(t) {t} t

b n 2− 2

(1− p1 ) f , F

222

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

3.4.2 Proof of Theorem 3.22 in the case of Re δ(α, β) > 0 To apply Theorem 3.2 we choose the space Z = φ ∈ Lr (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) with a ∈ (0, 1) and r > 1 and the space 0,λ (Rn ) : φ X < ∞ X = φ ∈ C (0, ∞) ; L1,λ (Rn ) ∩ W∞ where the norm n 1 ρ 1− 1 −b sup {t} ( p ) t 2 (1− p ) t 2 g (t) r (t) Lp,b .

φ X = sup sup

t>0 1≤p≤∞ b∈[0,λ]

Denote the Green operator G (t) G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy, G (t) φ = Rn

where the kernel G (t, x) is −n 2

G (t, x) = (4παt)

|x|2

e− 4αt .

Using Lemma 3.24 we clearly see that according to Deﬁnition 2.1 the function −n 2

G0 (t, x) = (4π (t + 1))

|x|2

e− 4(t+1)

is the asymptotic kernel for operator G in spaces X, Z with continuous linear functional φdx f (φ) = Rn

and γ = Deﬁne φ Y = t φ (t) X . Using Lemma 3.25 we easily see that the triad (X, Y,G) is concordant. By an easy computation we obtain 2 2 β |G0 | n G0 (t, x) dx θ1+ n Re Rn 2 1+ n |x|2 1 |x|2 1 θ β − 4tn ( α +α − 4tα ) = Re e dx n 4πt (4παt) 2 |α| Rn ⎛ ⎞ a 2.

2

=

θ1+ n ⎜ Re ⎝ 4π(t + 1)

Therefore we have

n−1

β |α|

2

n

n2

(n + 1) |α| + α2

⎟ n2 ⎠ =

2

θ1+ n Re δ (α, β) . 4π(t + 1)

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

t

t

Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ = 0

0

223

2

θ1+ n Re δ (α, β) dτ 4π(τ + 1)

2

= ηθ n log (1 + t) , 2

θ where η = 2πn Re δ(α, β) . Thus nonlinearity N = |u| n u is critical. Also it is evident that σ ez N ue−z = ez ue−z ue−z = e−σz N (u) ;

hence conditions (3.2), (3.3) and (3.6) are fulﬁlled. Since log (2 + t) N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 2 2 ≤ C log (2 + t) v (t) Ln∞ + w (t) Ln∞ v (t) − w (t) L1 2 2 −1 −1 n n ≤ C {t} r t log (2 + t) (v − w) X v X + w X , condition (3.4) is true. Also we have K (v) − K (w) Y ≤ N (v) − N (w) Y 1 1 + ( v X + w X ) sup {t} r t N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 θ t>0 1 1 + v − w X sup {t} r t ( N (v (t)) L1 + N (w (t)) L1 ) θ t>0

2 2 1 1 n n ≤ C v − w X v X + w X 1 + v X + w X , θ θ where φ Y = t φ X and K (v (τ )) = N (v (τ )) −

v (τ ) f (N (v (τ ))) . θ

Since the triad (X, Y, G) is concordant we see that condition (3.5) is fulﬁlled. Now applying Theorem 3.2 we easily get the results of Theorem 3.22 in the case of η > 0. 3.4.3 Proof of Theorem 3.22 in the case of η = 0, µ > 0 In this subsection we consider the case η = 0, µ > 0. We need to modify the proof of Theorem 3.2. Note that system(3.7) for problem (3.68) has the form ⎧ 2 2 −2ϕ ⎪ |v| n − θ1 Rn |v| n vdx v = 0, ⎪ ⎨ vt − α∆v + βe n 2 2 1 −n ϕ (3.70) n Re ϕ = e β |v| vdx , n θ ⎪ R ⎪ ⎩ v (0, x) = v0 (x) , ϕ(0) = 0,

224

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

where v0 (x) = u (0, x) exp −iarg Rn u (0, x) dx . Multiplying the second 4 equation of system (3.70) by the factor g (t) = e n ϕ(t) and then integrating with respect to time t > 0, we obtain t" 2 4 g (t) = 1 + g (τ ) Re β |v| n v (τ, x) dxdτ. nθ 0 n R Therefore we have the system of integral equations t v (t) = G (t) v0 − β 0 g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f1 (τ ) dτ t" 2 4 g (τ ) Re Rn β |v| n v (τ, x) dxdτ, g (t) = 1 + nθ 0 where f1 (τ ) =

"

(3.71)

2 2 v (τ ) g (τ ) |v| n v (τ ) − |v| n v (τ, x) dx . θ Rn

We ﬁnd a solution v of system (3.71) in the neighborhood of the second approximation of the perturbation theory Φ (t) + Ψ (t) , where Φ (t) = G (t) v0 and

t 2 2 dτ Φ (τ ) n n G (t − τ ) |Φ (τ )| Φ (τ ) − |Φ (τ )| Φ (τ ) dx . Ψ (t) = −β 1 θ n 2 g (τ ) 0 R We put r = v − Φ − Ψ, then we get t r (t) = −β 0 g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ, t" 2 4 g (τ ) Re Rn β |v| n v (τ, x) dxdτ, g (t) = 1 + nθ 0 where

(3.72)

2 " 2 g (τ ) |v| n v (τ ) − |Φ (τ )| n Φ (τ )

2 n Φ (τ ) v (τ ) n 2 |v| v (τ, x) dx + |Φ (τ )| Φ (τ ) dx . − θ θ Rn Rn f (τ ) =

We deﬁne the mappings M(r, g) and R(r, g) by

t

M(r, g) = −β 0

4 R(r, g) = 1 + nθ

g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ, t" 0

2

β |v| n v (τ, x) dxdτ.

g (τ ) Re Rn

To show the existence of solutions to (3.72), we prove that the transformation (M(r, g), R(r, g)) is the contraction mapping in the following set

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

225

0,λ X = {r ∈ C (0, ∞) ; W10,λ (Rn ) ∩ W∞ (Rn ) , g ∈ C (0, ∞) : sup sup

n 1 2 ρ 1− 1 −b b sup {t} ( p ) t 2 (1− p ) t 2 g (t) · r (t) Lp ≤ Cεq+ n ;

t>0 1≤p≤∞ b∈[0,λ]

1 (1 + µ log t) ≤ g (t) ≤ 2 (1 + µ log t) , 2 4 |g (t)| ≤ Cε n t−1 for all t > 0 }, where ρ = 12 1 − 1r > 0, λ ∈ (0, a) , and

2

4

µ=

θ n (Im δ) (4π)

2

Re

1+

1 n

ν1 −

1 ν2 n

> 0.

When (r, g) ∈ X we get 1 −ρ(1− p ) 1− 2b + n2 (1− p1 )

sup sup {t}

t

b |·| f (t)

Lp

t>0 1≤p≤∞

≤ Cεq ,

where b ∈ [0, λ] . We deﬁne Ψ as a solution to the Cauchy problem

2 2 1 −2ϕ n n ∂t Ψ − α∆Ψ + βe |Φ| Φdx Φ = 0, |Φ| − θ Rn Ψ (0, x) = 0, where Φ (t) = G (t) v0. . We use the following result. Lemma 3.26. We assume that v0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lr (Rn ), the norm v0 Lr + −n u0 (0)| = θ (2π) 2 ≥ Cε > 0, v0 L1,a = ε is suﬃciently small, vˆ0 (0) = |ˆ η = 0, µ > 0. Let the function v (t, x) satisfy the estimates v (t) Lp ≤ ε {t} t− 2 (1− p ) ρ

and

n

1

v (t) − Φ (t) − Ψ (t) Lp ≤ εq g −1 (t) t− 2 (1− p ) n

1

for all t > 0, q ≤ p ≤ ∞, where ρ > 0. We also assume that the function g (t) is such that 1 (1 + µ log t) ≤ g (t) ≤ 2 (1 + µ log t) 2 and |g (t)| ≤ Cε n t−1 for all t > 0. Then the following inequalities are valid 2 1 " n ≤ Cε n2 t−1 {t}ρ g (t) Re β |v| v (t, x) dx θ n R 4

and

(3.73)

226

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

t " 2 4 9 n (1 + µ log t) ≤ 1 + dτ g (τ ) Re β |v| v (τ, x) dx 10 nθ 0 Rn 11 ≤ (1 + µ log t) (3.74) 10 for all t > 0. Applying Lemma 3.25 and Lemma 3.26 in the same way as in the proof of Theorem 3.2 we can show that the mapping (M(r, g), R(r, g)) is the contraction mapping from the set X into itself and as above we get the asymptotic formula for the solution for the case η = 0, µ > 0. Now we turn to the proof of Lemma 3.26. Proof. We need only to consider the case t ≥ 1. First let us prove the representation θq δ " Ψ (t) = Γ (t) + R (t) , (3.75) 4π g (t) where −n 2

1

Γ (t) = − (4παt)

(1 − σz)

0

with σ = follows

α+α α+(n+1)α .

1 n 2

|x|2

− 4αt(1−σz)

e

|x|2

− 4αt

−e

dz z

We prove that the remainder term R can be estimated as b n 1 b |·| R (t) p ≤ Cεq t 2 − 2 (1− p ) g −1 (t) L

for all t > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ λ, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where 0 < λ < min (a, ρ) . We have

t 2 2 1 Φ (τ ) Ψ = −βθq g − 2 (τ ) G (t − τ ) |Φ| n Φ (τ ) − |Φ| n Φ (τ, x) dx dτ θ 0 Rn

t 2 2 q − 12 n n = −βθ g (τ ) G (t − τ ) |G| G (τ ) − G (τ ) |G| G (τ, x) dx dτ Rn

0

+ R1 (t) , where

R1 (t) =

t

g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ

0

and

" 2 2 Φ (τ ) n f (τ ) = −β g (τ ) |Φ| Φ (τ ) − |Φ| n Φ (τ, x) dx θ Rn

2 2 q q n n |G| G (τ, x) dx . −θ |G| G (τ ) + G (τ ) θ Rn

Via Lemma 3.24 we see that f (τ ) satisﬁes the estimate

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

λ |·| f (τ )

≤ Cεq τ 2 −1− 2 (1− p ) λ

Lp

227

n

1

for all τ > 0 and 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where 0 < λ < min (a, ρ) . Therefore by virtue of Lemma 3.25 we get b n 1 b |·| R1 (t) p ≤ Cεq t 2 − 2 (1− p ) g −1 (t) L

for all t > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ λ, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Then integrating by parts with respect to time t we obtain

t 2 2 βθq n n G (t − τ ) |G| G (τ ) − G (τ ) |G| G (τ, x) dx dτ Ψ (t) = − 1 g 2 (t) 0 Rn + R (t) , where we denote R (t) = R1 (t) + R2 (t) and

t

R2 (t) = Cθq

dτ g (τ )

τ

G (t − ζ)

3

0

g 2 (τ )

0

2 n

2 n

× |G| G (ζ) − G (ζ)

|G| G (ζ, x) dx dζ. Rn

Then using the conditions on the function g (t), estimates of Lemma 3.24, we obtain τ t/2 b−a b − n 1− 1 q − 32 −1 g (τ ) τ dτ (t − ζ) 2 2 ( p ) |·| R2 (t) ≤ Cε Lp

0

0

a 2 × |x| |G| n G (ζ) − G (ζ)

R

t

+ Cεq

g − 2 (τ ) τ −1 dτ 3

t/2

(t − ζ)

t

+ Cε

g t/2

− 32

(τ ) τ

−1

|G| G (ζ, x) dx n 2 n

dζ

L1

τ

(t − ζ)

dτ

b−a 2

τ /2

a 2 n |x| × G (ζ) − G (ζ) |G|

R

hence

b−a 2

0

R

dζ

L1

τ /2

a 2 n × |x| |G| G (ζ) − G (ζ) q

|G| G (ζ, x) dx n 2 n

2 |G| n G (ζ, x) dx n

Lp

dζ;

228

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

+ Cεq g

t

≤ Cε

(t)

+ Cεq g − 2 (t) 3

(1− p1 ) τ a2 −1 dτ

0 t/2

√

b−a n 2 −2

(t − τ )

q

Lp

− 32

√

b |·| R2 (t)

(t − τ )

t t

(t − τ )

b−a n 2 −2

b−a 2

(1− p1 ) τ a2 −1 dτ

τ 2 −1− 2 (1− p ) dτ a

n

1

t/2

≤ Cε t q

b n 2− 2

(1− p1 ) t− a4 + g − 32 (t) ≤ Cεq g − 32 (t) t 2b − n2 (1− p1 )

for all t > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ λ, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. We have by a direct calculation 2 2 n |G| G − G |G| n G (τ, x) dx n R

2 1 n+1 1 |x| = + exp − n n 4τ n α α (4πτ ) 2 +1 α 2 |α| n 2 |x| n2 − − . n exp 4ατ (n + 1) + α 2 α

Using the formula

−b|x|2

G (t − τ ) e we then obtain

−n 2

= (1 + 4αb (t − τ ))

2 n

2

b |x| exp − 1 + 4αb (t − τ )

2 n

βG (t − τ ) |G| G − G |G| G (τ, x) dx Rn

2 n+1 1 |x| β + G (t − τ ) exp − = n n 4τ n α α (4πτ ) 2 +1 α 2 |α| n 2 |x| n2 − − n G (t − τ ) exp 2 4ατ n+1+ α α |x|2 δ 1 − |x|2 1 − 4α(t−στ ) = − n e 4αt , n n e n +1 t2 (4π) 2 τ α 2 (t − στ ) 2 where σ =

α+α α+(n+1)α .

Ψ (t) = −

This implies

θq δ (4π)

n 2 +1

α

n 2

t "

g (t)

0

1 (t − στ )

n 2

|x|2

− 4α(t−στ )

e

|x|2 1 − n e− 4αt t2

dτ τ

+ R (t) , so (3.75) follows. Denote r = v − Φ − Ψ, then by (3.75) and the Taylor formula we get

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

229

2 2 2 2 |v| n v − |Φ| n Φ − 1 + 1 |Φ| n Ψ − 1 ΦΦ−1 |Φ| n Ψ 1 n n L 2 2 2 2 −2 −1 ≤ C ΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ 1 + C Φ−1 |Φ| n Ψ 2 1 + C Φ |Φ| n Ψ Ψ 1 L L L 2 2 n −1 n + C |Φ| r + C ΦΦ |Φ| r L1 2 q+ n −1 −1

≤ Cε

t

g

L1

(t) .

(3.76)

We next prove (3.73) and (3.74). By (3.76), Lemma 3.24 and the fact that η = 0, that is 2 2 β |Φ| n Φ (τ, x) dx = O εq+ n t−1 g −1 (t) , Re Rn

we have

2 2 1 β |v| n v (τ, x) dx = 1 + β |Φ| n Ψ (τ, x) dx Re n Rn Rn 2 2 1 −1 + Re βΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ (τ, x) dx + O εq+ n t−1 g −1 (t) . n Rn

Re

(3.77)

We compute the right-hand side of (3.77). By Lemma 3.24 we have Φ (t) − θG (t) Lq ≤ Cεt− q − 2 , 1

a

and by virtue of (3.75) we get 2 |Φ| n Ψ (t, x) dx Rn

2

=−

θq+ n δ 2

n 2

g

− 12

(t)

1

dz z

(4π) (4παt) |α|t (1 − σz) 0

|x|2 n+1 1 2 −e− 4tn ( α + α ) dx + O εq+ n t−1 g −1 (t) . Rn

|x|2

1 n 2

|x|2

e− 4αt(1−σz) − 4tn ( α + α ) 1

1

We have by a simple calculation |x|2 |x|2 1 |x|2 n+1 1 1 1 1 − 4αt(1−σz) − 4tn ( α +α ) dx − e e− 4tn ( α + α ) dx n n (4παt) 2 (1 − σz) 2 Rn Rn δ |α| 1 = . n − 1 β (1 − σ 2 z) 2 Thus we get

2

|Φ| n Ψ (t, x) dx = − Rn

2 2 θq+ n δ 2 − 1 q+ n −1 −1 2 (t) ν + O g ε t g (t) , 1 (4π)2 βt

(3.78)

230

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

where

1

1

ν1 =

n 2

−1

dz = z

(1 − κ1 z)

dy 1 = . n − 1 2 1−y y 1−κ1 0

κ1

1 (1 − t)

0

n 2

−1

dt t

1

Accordingly for n = 2m we have

1 m 1 dy 1 ν1 = = −1 y −j dy ym 1−y 1−κ1 1−κ 1 j=1 = log

m 1 1 1−j (1 − κ1 ) + −1 , 1 − κ1 j=2 j − 1

and for the case n = 2m + 1

1 dy 1 ν1 = 1 − 1 m+ 1−y y 2 1−κ1 1 m 1 −j− 12 = y dy + 1−κ1

j=1

= 2 log

1−κ1

m

1 2 √ + 1 + 1 − κ1 j=1 j −

(α+α)2 . ((n+1)α+α)2

where κ1 = σ 2 =

1 √ √ dy y 1+ y 1 2

1

(1 − κ1 ) 2

−j

−1 ,

We next compute the term

−1

ΦΦ

2

|Φ| n Ψ (τ, x) dx.

Rn

We have

−1

ΦΦ

2

|Φ| n Ψ (t, x) dx

Rn

4

=−

θ1+ n δ (4π)

n 2 +2

t |α| (αt)

n 2

g

− 12

(t)

1

dx Rn

0

dz z

1 n

(1 − σz) 2

2 2 |x| 1+n 1−n |x| − + × exp − 4αt (1 − σz) 4tn α α

2 2 1+n 1 |x| + − exp − + O εq+ n t−1 g −1 (t) 4tn α α 4 2 θ1+ n |δ|2 − 1 q+ n −1 −1 2 (t) ν + O g ε t g (t) , =− 2 (4π)2 βt

(3.79)

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

where ν2 =

1 0

1 n (1−κ2 z) 2

ν2 = log

231

− 1 dz z . Therefore as above

m 1 1 1−j (1 − κ2 ) + −1 1 − κ2 j=2 j − 1

for n = 2m, and 1 2 √ + 1 + 1 − κ2 j=1 j −

m

ν2 = 2 log

1 2

1

(1 − κ2 ) 2

−j

−1

for n = 2m + 1, where κ2 =

(n + 1) α + (1 − n) α 2|α|2 + (n + 1) α2 + (1 − n) α2 σ= . 2 (n + 1) α + α |(n + 1) α + α|

Then by (3.77), (3.78) and (3.79) we have 2 2 θµ − 1 g 2 (t) + O εq+ n t−1 g −1 (t) β |v| n v (τ, x) dx = Re 4t Rn

(3.80)

for all t ≥ 1. Via (3.80) we get (3.73) and 4 1+ θ

t"

2

β |v| n v (τ, x) dxdτ 0 4" = 1 + µ log t + O ε n log t g (τ ) Re

Rn

for all t ≥ 1; hence, we obtain estimates (3.74), and Lemma 3.26 is proved. 3.4.4 Proof of Theorem 3.22 in the case of η = 0, µ = 0, κ > 0 6

Multiplying the second equation of system (3.70) by the factor g (t) = e n ϕ(t) and then integrating with respect to time t > 0, we obtain 2 6 t 2 3 g (t) = 1 + g (τ ) Re β |v| n v (τ, x) dxdτ. θ 0 n R Therefore, we have the system of integral equations t v (t) = G (t) v0 − β 0 g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f2 (τ ) dτ, t 2 2 g (t) = 1 + θ6 0 g 3 (τ ) Re Rn β |v| n v (τ, x) dxdτ, where

2 2 v (τ ) 2 f2 (τ ) = g 3 (τ ) |v| v (τ ) − |v| n v (τ, x) dx . θ Rn

(3.81)

232

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

We ﬁnd a solution v of system (3.81) in the neighborhood of the third approximation of the perturbation theory Φ (t) + Ψ (t) + V (t) , where Φ (t) is deﬁned as above, t 1 g − 3 (τ ) G (t − τ ) Ψ (t) = −β 0

2 2 Φ (τ ) n n × |Φ (τ )| Φ (τ ) − |Φ (τ )| Φ (τ, x) dx dτ θ Rn and

2 2 1 1 −1 V (t) = −β g (τ ) G (t − τ ) 1+ |Φ| n Ψ (τ ) + ΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ (τ ) n n 0

2 2 1 1 Φ (τ ) −1 n n − 1+ |Φ| Ψ (τ, x) + ΦΦ |Φ| Ψ (τ, x) dxdτ θ n n Rn

2 Ψ (τ ) |Φ| n Φ (τ, x) dx dτ. − θ Rn

t

− 13

We put r = v − Φ − Ψ − V, then we get t r (t) = −β 0 g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ, t 2 2 6 g (t) = 1 + θn g 3 (τ ) Re Rn β |v| v (τ, x) dxdτ, 0 where

2 2 2 f (τ ) = g 3 (τ ) |v| v (τ ) − |Φ (τ )| n Φ (τ )

2 2 1 1 −1 − 1+ |Φ| n Ψ (τ ) − ΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ (τ ) n n 2 Φ (τ ) v (τ ) 2 |v| v (τ, x) dx + |Φ (τ )| n Φ (τ ) dx − θ θ n Rn

R 2 2 Φ (τ ) 1 1 −1 n n + 1+ |Φ| Ψ (τ, x) + ΦΦ |Φ| Ψ (τ, x) dx θ n n Rn

2 Ψ (τ ) |Φ| n Φ (τ ) dx . + θ n R

We deﬁne the mappings M(r, g) and R(r, g) by t M(r, g) = −β g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ, 0

R(r, g) = 1 +

6 θn

t

2

0

2

β |v| n v (τ, x) dxdτ.

g 3 (τ ) Re Rn

We prove that the transformation (M, R) is the contraction mapping in the set

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

233

0,λ , g ∈ C (0, ∞) : X = {r ∈ C (0, ∞) ; L1,λ ∩ W∞ n 1 2 ρ 1− 1 −b b sup {t} ( p ) t 2 (1− p ) t 2 g (t) · r (t) Lp ≤ Cεq+ n ;

sup sup

t>0 1≤p≤∞ b∈[0,λ]

1 (1 + µ log t) ≤ g (t) ≤ 2 (1 + µ log t) , 2 4 |g (t)| ≤ Cε n t−1 for all t > 0 }, where ρ = 12 1 − 1r > 0, λ ∈ (0, a) and µ=

2

4

θ n (Im δ) (4π)

2

Re

1 1+ n

1 ν1 − ν2 n

When (r, g) ∈ X we get 1 −ρ(1− p ) 1− 2b + n2 (1− p1 )

sup sup {t}

t

t>0 1≤p≤∞

> 0.

b |·| f (t)

Lp

≤ Cεq ,

where b ∈ [0, λ] . We use the following lemma . We deﬁne Ψ as a solution to the Cauchy problem

2 2 1 1 Ψt − αΨxx + βg − 3 |Φ| n − |Φ| n Φdx Φ = 0, θ Rn Ψ (0, x) = 0, where Φ = Gv0 . Let V be a solution to the Cauchy problem

2 2 1 1 1 −1 Vt − αVxx + βg − 3 1+ |Φ| n Ψ (τ ) + ΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ (τ ) n n

2 2 1 1 Φ (τ ) −1 1+ − |Φ| n Ψ (τ, x) + ΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ (τ, x) dx θ n n Rn

2 Ψ (τ ) |Φ| n Φ (τ ) dx dτ = 0, V (0, x) = 0, − θ Rn thus we have

t 2 2 Φ (τ ) − 13 n n Ψ (t) = −β g (τ ) G (t − τ ) |Φ| Φ (τ ) − |Φ| Φ (τ, x) dx dτ, θ 0 Rn and

2 2 1 1 −1 V (t) = −β g (τ ) G (t − τ ) 1+ |Φ| n Ψ (τ ) + ΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ (τ ) n n 0

2 2 1 1 Φ (τ ) −1 n n 1+ − |Φ| Ψ (τ, x) + ΦΦ |Φ| Ψ (τ, x) dx θ n n Rn

2 Ψ (τ ) |Φ| n Φ (τ, x) dx dτ. − θ n R

t

− 13

234

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

Lemma 3.27. We assume that v0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lr (Rn ) , the norm v0 Lr + −n v0 L1,a = ε is suﬃciently small, vˆ0 (0) = θ (2π) 2 ≥ Cε > 0, η = 0, µ = 0. Let the function v (t, x) satisfy the estimates 1 −ρ − n 2 (1− p )

v (t) Lp ≤ ε {t} and

t

v (t) − Φ (t) − Ψ (t) − V (t) Lp ≤ εq+ n g −1 (t) t− 2 (1− p ) 2

n

1

for all t > 0, q ≤ p ≤ ∞, where ρ > 0. We also assume that the function g (t) is such that 1 (1 + κ log t) ≤ g (t) ≤ 2 (1 + κ log t) 2 4 and |g (t)| ≤ Cε n t−1 for all t > 0, where κ > 0 is deﬁned below in (3.96). Then the following inequalities are valid 2 1 " 3 2 (t) Re n ≤ Cε n2 t−1 {t}ρ g β |v| v (t, x) dx (3.82) θ Rn and

t " 2 6 9 3 2 (1 + κ log t) ≤ 1 + dτ g (t) Re β |v| n v (τ, x) dx 10 nθ 0 Rn 11 ≤ (1 + κ log t) (3.83) 10 for all t > 0.

As in the proof of Theorem 3.2, by applying Lemma 3.25 and Lemma 3.27 we can show that (M(r, g), R(r, g)) is the contraction mapping from the set X into itself and as above we get the asymptotic formula 2 1 1 β |v| n vdx ψ (t) = − g − 3 (t) Im θ Rn ω 2 −1 −2/3 =− √ t g (t) , + O ε t 3 1 + κ log t 2

where ω =

θn 4π

Im δ(α, β). Hence t dτ ω −2/3 √ ψ (t) = − (τ ) + O εg 3 τ 1 + κ log τ 2 " 3ω 3 log2 t + O ε 3 log t . =− √ 23κ

Therefore via formulas u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) v (t, x) = e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) (Φ + Ψ + V + r) and the estimates for Φ, Ψ , V given in Lemma 3.24 and Lemma 3.26 we obtain the result of Theorem 3.22 in the case η = 0, µ = 0, κ > 0. Now we prove Lemma 3.27.

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

235

Proof. Consider the case of t ≥ 1. Similarly to formula (3.75) (see the proof of Lemma 3.26) we obtain the representation θq δ − 1 g 3 (t) Γ (t) + R1 (t) , 4π

Ψ= where Γ (t) = − as above, σ =

1 (4παt)

α+α α+(n+1)α ,

n 2

1

1 (1 − σz)

0

n 2

|x|2

− 4αt(1−σz)

e

(3.84)

|x|2

− 4αt

−e

dz ; z

and the remainder term can be estimated as

b |·| R1 (t)

≤ Cεq t 2 − 2 (1− p ) g −1 (t) b

Lp

n

1

for all t > 0, b ∈ [0, λ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ q. Now let us prove the asymptotic formula 2

θq+ n δ 2

V (t) =

2

(4π)

g − 3 (t) Λ (t) + R2 (t) , 2

(3.85)

where R2 satisﬁes the estimate R2 (t) Lq ≤ Cεq+ n t− q g −1 (t) 1

2

and Λ (t) (4παt) −

n 2

n+1 = n |x|2

1 n 2

e− 4αt(1−σξ)

0

1

dz z (1 − σ 2 z)

n 2

0

1

dξ ξ

|x|2

1 (1 − hξ)

n 2

e− 4αt(1−hξ)

(1 − σξ) |x|2 n+1 1 dz 1 dξ 1 1 − 4αt(1−σξ) + n − 1 n e n z 0 ξ (1 − σ 2 z) 2 (1 − σξ) 2 0

1 |x|2 dz dξ 1 1 −e− 4αt − n 2 n 0 z (1 − κ2 z) 0 ξ 2 |x| |x|2 1 1 − 4αt(1−χξ) − 4αt(1−σξ) − × n e n e (1 − χξ) 2 (1 − σξ) 2 |x|2 |x|2 1 1 1 dz 1 dξ 1 − 4αt(1−σξ) − − e− 4αt n − 1 n e n 0 z 0 ξ (1 − κ2 z) 2 (1 − σξ) 2 1 |x|2 |x|2 1 dz 1 dξ − 4αt(1−σzξ) − 4αt − −e , n e (1 − σzξ) 2 0 z 0 ξ

236

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

with h = We have

σ−κ3 z 1−σ 2 z ,

χ=

σ−κ4 z 1−κ2 z ,

σ=

α+α a+(n+1)α ,

κ3 =

α+(1−n)α a+(n+1)α σ,

κ4 =

α+(1−n)α a+(n+1)α σ.

2 2 1 1 βδθq t − 2 −1 3 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) 1+ V =− |G| n Γ − GG |G| n Γ 4π 0 n n

2 2 2 1 1 −1 n n n |G| Gdx dτ −G 1+ |G| Γ − GG |G| Γ dx −Γ n n Rn Rn + R3 ,

(3.86)

with

t

R3 (t) =

g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ,

0

where

2 2 1 1 −1 f = −βg 1+ |Φ| n Ψ + ΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ n n

2 2 2 1 Ψ 1 Φ −1 n n |Φ| n Φdx − 1+ |Φ| Ψ + ΦΦ |Φ| Ψ dx − θ Rn n n θ Rn

2 q+ n 2 2 1 δθ 1 1 −1 − g− 3 1+ |G| n Γ − GG |G| n Γ 4π n n

2 2 2 1 1 −1 |G| n Gdx . −G 1+ |G| n Γ − GG |G| n Γ dx −Γ n n Rn Rn 2 3

As in the proof of Lemma 3.26 by (3.84) and Lemma 3.24, we see that f (τ ) satisﬁes the estimate λ n 1 2 λ |·| f (τ ) p ≤ Cεq+ n τ 2 −1− 2 (1− p ) L

for all τ > 0 and 1 ≤ p ≤ q, where 0 < λ < min (a, ρ) . Hence via Lemma 3.25 we get 1 2 R3 (t) Lq ≤ Cεq+ n t− q g −1 (t) for all t > 0. As above we have 2 |G| n G (τ, x) dx = Rn

δ 4πβτ

and, similarly,

2 2 1 1 −1 n n 1+ |G| Γ − GG |G| Γ dx n n Rn

1 δ 1 =− 1+ ν1 − ν2 . 4πβτ n n

Then integrating by parts as in the proof of Lemma 3.26 we get from (3.86)

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

2

V =−

βδθq+ n (4π)

2

g

− 23

t

G (t − τ )

(t) 0

237

2 |x| 1 1 n+1 exp − + Γ (τ ) n |α| 4τ n α α

n

2 1+n 1−n |x| (α) 2 + Γ (τ ) exp − − n 4τ n α α nα 2 |α|

dτ 1 δ δ 1 + R4 , + 1+ ν1 − ν2 G (τ ) − Γ (τ ) β n n β τ

(3.87)

where R4 satisfy the estimate R4 (t) Lq ≤ Cεq+ n t− q g −1 (t) 1

2

for all t > 0. Therefore by (3.87) we obtain n

Λ (t) (4πα) 2

β (n + 1) = |α| nδ −

−e

t

0

+

1+ t

1 n

τ 1+ 2

−

n

ν1 −

0

1

dz G (t − τ ) z

β − |α| δn

(1 − σz) 2

n

0

1

0

1

dτ

1+ n 2

4τ ααn

× G (t − τ )

−

τ

|x|2 (α+(n+1)α)

dτ

1 ν2 n

e

t

0

dτ τ

(1 − σz)

1+ n 2

t

0

dz G (t − τ ) z

dτ

n 2

e− 4ατ (1−σz) −

4τ nαα

dz z

0

|x| |x|2 − 4ατ (1−σz )

1

|x|2 (α+α)

|x|2

1

2 (1+n)α+(1−n)α ( ) 4αατ n

−

−e

|x|2 (α+(1+n)α) 4τ αα

|x|2

n τ 1+ 2

G (t − τ ) e− 4ατ 1 n

(1 − σz) 2

|x|2

− 4ατ (1−σz)

e

|x|2 − 4ατ

−e

.

Next using the formula G (t − τ ) e−b|x| = 2

we get

1 n

(1 + 4αb (t − τ )) 2

2

b |x| exp − 1 + 4αb (t − τ )

238

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations n

Λ (t) (4παt) 2 1 |x|2 dz dξ (n + 1) 1 − 4αt(1−hξ) = n n e n 0 z (1 − σ 2 z) 2 0 ξ (1 − hξ) 2 1 1 |x|2 dz dξ 1 − 4αt(1−χξ) − n n e n 0 z (1 − κ2 z) 2 0 ξ (1 − χξ) 2 1 |x|2 dz 1 dξ − 4αt(1−σξ) − n e 0 z 0 ξ (1 − σξ) 2

1

dξ − |x|2 1 1 e 4αt + 1+ ν1 − ν2 n n 0 ξ 1 |x|2 |x|2 1 dz 1 dξ − 4αt(1−σzξ) − − e− 4αt , n e (1 − σzξ) 2 0 z 0 ξ thus obtaining (3.85). We put r = v − Φ − Ψ − V , then by virtue of the Taylor formula, estimates (3.84), (3.85) and the conditions of the lemma, we get

2 2 2 2 |v| n v − |Φ| n Φ − 1 + 1 |Φ| n (Ψ + V ) − 1 ΦΦ−1 |Φ| n Ψ + V n n

2 2 1 1 1 1 −2 2 + 1 Φ−1 |Φ| n Ψ 2 − − 1 ΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ − 2n n 2n n

2 1 1 −1 + 1 Φ |Φ| n Ψ Ψ − 1 n n L 2 2 n −1 ≤ C |Φ| r 1 + C ΦΦ |Φ| n r 1 L L 2 2 n −2 3 n −2 2 + C |Φ| Φ Ψ + C |Φ| Ψ Ψ L1 L1 2 2 1 −3 3 n −2 2 + C |Φ| Φ Ψ Ψ + C Φ |Φ| n Φ Ψ ≤ Cεt− q g −1 (t) . (3.88) 1 1 L

L

We next prove (3.82) and (3.83). By a direct calculation we get

2 1 1 −1 2 +1 G |G| n |Γ | dx n n n R 1 |x|2 1 |x|2 |x|2 dz 1 dξ n+1 − 4tn ( α + 1−n − 4αt − 4αt α ) dx e = n n 1+ n2 (4πt) 2 α 2 |α| 0 z 0 ξ Rn 1

+

−

n e

n

|x|2 4tn

2

(1 − σz) 2 (1 − σξ) 2 |x|2 1 |x|2 |x|2 1 − 4tn ( α + 1−n − − 4αt α ) 4αt(1−σz) − n e (1 − σz) 2 −

1

−

n

(1 − σξ) 2

e

|x|2 4tn

2

|x| |x| − − ( α1 + 1−n α ) 4αt(1−σz) 4αt(1−σξ)

2

2

|x| |x| − 4αt − ( α1 + 1−n α ) 4αt(1−σξ)

;

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

239

n 2 thus, by using the identity Rn e−b|x| dx = πb 2 , we obtain

2 1 1 −1 2 +1 G |G| n |Γ | dx n n n R 1 n n−1 dz 1 dξ (n + 1) n 2 |α| 1 = 1− n n2 2 z) 2 (1−σ z ξ 2 0 0 4πtn2 α2 + (n + 1) |α| 1

1

n − n (1 − σ 2 z − κ2 ξ + σκ4 zξ) 2 (1 − κ2 ξ) 2 ⎛ ⎞ κ2 −σκ4 z (n + 1) δ 1 dz ⎝ ν 1−σ2 z − ν (κ2 )⎠ , = n 4πtn2 β 0 z (1 − σ 2 z) 2

+

where ν (y) =

1 0

1 n (1−yξ) 2

− 1 dξ ξ . In the same manner we have

2 1 +1 G−1 |G| n Γ 2 dx n n R ⎛ ⎞ κ5 −σκ6 z (1 + n) δ 1 dz ⎝ ν 1−σ2 z − ν (κ5 )⎠ = n 8πtn2 β 0 z (1 − σ 2 z) 2

1 2n

and

2 1 −2 2 −1 GG |G| n Γ dx n n R ⎛ ⎞ κ2 −κ7 z (1 − n) δ 1 dz ⎝ ν 1−κ2 z ⎠, = n − ν (κ2 ) 8πtn2 β 0 z (1 − κ2 z) 2

1 2n

(3.89)

(3.90)

where κ5 = α(1−n)+α(1+n) σ, κ6 = α+(1+n)α by an easy calculation we obtain

α(1−n)+α 2 α+(1+n)α σ ,

κ7 =

α(1−2n)+α(1+n) 2 σ . α+(1+n)α

(3.91)

Then

240

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

2

|G| n Λdx Rn

= ×

1 n 2

4π |α| t (4παt) n+1

0

1

dz z 1

0

1

dξ ξ

dxe−

|x|2 (α+α) 4ααtn

Rn |x|2

− 4αt(1−hξ)

1

|x|2

− 4αt(1−σξ)

− n n e n e n (1 − σ 2 z) 2 (1 − hξ) 2 (1 − σξ) 2 |x|2 |x|2 1 n+1 1 − 4αt(1−σξ) + − e− 4αt n − 1 n e n (1 − σ 2 z) 2 (1 − σξ) 2 |x|2 |x|2 1 1 1 − 4αt(1−χξ) − 4αt(1−σξ) − − n n e n e n (1 − κ2 z) 2 (1 − χξ) 2 (1 − σξ) 2 |x|2 |x|2 1 1 1 − 4αt(1−σξ) − − e− 4αt n − 1 n e n (1 − κ2 z) 2 (1 − σξ) 2 |x|2 |x|2 1 − 4αt(1−σzξ) − 4αt − −e ; n e (1 − σzξ) 2

which implies 2 |G| n Λdx Rn

δ = 4πtβ +

δ 4πtnβ

1

dz z

(n + 1) ν (σh) − ν σ 2 n

n (1 − σ 2 z) 2 ν σ 2 (n + 1) ν σ 2 − ν (κ2 ) . 0

−

ν (σχ) − ν σ 2 n

n (1 − κ2 z) 2

− ν σ2 z

(3.92)

In a similar manner we acquire 2 −1 GG |G| n Λdx n R 1 δ dz (n + 1) ν κ8 h − ν (κ2 ) (ν (κ8 χ) − ν (κ2 )) = − − ν (κ2 z) n n 4πtβ 0 z n (1 − κ2 z) 2 n 1 − σ2 z 2 δ ν (κ2 ) (n + 1) ν σ 2 − ν (κ2 ) , (3.93) + 4πtnβ where κ8 =

κ2 σ .

Since η = 0 and µ = 0, that is 2 β |Φ| n Φ (τ, x) dx = O εq t−1 g −1 (t) Re Rn

and

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

241

2 2 1 −1 |Φ| n Ψ (τ, x) + ΦΦ |Φ| n Ψ (τ, x) dx n Rn 2 q+ n −1 −1 =O ε t g (t) ,

Re

β

1+

1 n

n by using the asymptotics Φ = θG + O εt− 2 −λ and formula (3.88) we obtain 2 Re β |v| n vdx Rn 4

θq+ n δ 2

2 2 n + 1 −1 n + 1 −1 2 G |G| n Γ 2 − G |G| n |Γ | 2 2 2n n (4π) Rn

2 2 2 1−n n+1 1 −2 2 −1 n n n |G| GG + GG |G| Γ + Λ − |G| Λ dx 2n2 n n + O Cεq t−1 g −1 (t) .

=

2

g − 3 (t) Re 2

β

Substituting formulas (3.89) to (3.93) into the above identity we then gain 2 Re β |v| n vdx Rn ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ 1 5 −κ6 z 4 ν κ1−σ 2z n + 1 dz θq+ n iδ 3 − 2 ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ g 3 (t) Im ⎝ = n − ν (κ5 ) 3 2n (4π) tn (1 − σ 2 z) 2 0 z ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ κ2 −σκ4 z κ2 −κ7 z ν ν 2 1−σ z 1−κ z 1−n⎝ n+1⎝ 2 ⎠ − ν (κ2 )⎠ + − n n − ν (κ2 ) n 2n (1 − σ 2 z) 2 (1 − κ2 z) 2 2 ν (σχ) − ν σ 2 n + 1 (n + 1) ν (σh) − ν σ 2 + − − nν σ z n n n (1 − σ 2 z) 2 (1 − κ2 z) 2 (n + 1) ν κ8 h − ν (κ2 ) (ν (κ8 χ) − ν (κ2 )) − + + ν (κ2 z) n n n (1 − κ2 z) 2 n 1 − σ2 z 2 n + 1 2 ν σ (n + 1) ν σ 2 − ν (κ2 ) + n

2 1 (3.94) − ν (κ2 ) (n + 1) ν σ − ν (κ2 ) + O Cεq t−1 g −1 (t) . n Via (3.94) we get (3.82) and the following asymptotics 2 g 2 (τ ) Re β |v| n v (τ ) dxdτ 0 Rn

2 q 3 = 1 + κ log t + O ε log t ,

1+

where

6 θ

t

" 3

(3.95)

242

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

⎛ ⎛ ⎞ κ5 −κ6 z dz ⎝ n + 1 ⎝ ν 1−σ2 z ⎠ κ= n − ν (κ5 ) 3 2n (4π) n (1 − σ 2 z) 2 0 z ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ κ2 −σκ4 z κ2 −κ7 z ν ν 2 1−σ z 1−κ2 z 1−n⎝ n+1⎝ ⎠ − ν (κ2 )⎠ + − n n − ν (κ2 ) n 2n (1 − σ 2 z) 2 (1 − κ2 z) 2 2 ν (σχ) − ν σ 2 n + 1 (n + 1) ν (σh) − ν σ 2 + − − nν σ z n n n (1 − σ 2 z) 2 (1 − κ2 z) 2 (n + 1) ν κ8 h − ν (κ2 ) (ν (κ8 χ) − ν (κ2 )) − + + ν (κ2 z) n n n (1 − κ2 z) 2 n 1 − σ2 z 2 n + 1 2 ν σ (n + 1) ν σ 2 − ν (κ2 ) + n

2 1 − ν (κ2 ) (n + 1) ν σ − ν (κ2 ) . (3.96) n 6

6iδ 3 θ n

⎛ Im ⎝

1

Note that κ is an odd function of δ. From the condition µ = 0 we have two possibilities for the value of β with diﬀerent signs. Therefore we can choose a pure imaginary value of δ with a diﬀerent sign. Thus there exist α, β such that µ = 0, ν = 0 and κ > 0. Now asymptotics (3.95) yields estimates (3.83). Lemma 3.27 is proved. 3.4.5 Asymptotic expansion In this subsection we obtain the asymptotic expansion of small solutions to the Cauchy problem for the complex Landau - Ginzburg equation (3.68). For simplicity we consider here the one dimensional case. The case of higher dimensions also can be considered by this method. We suppose that Re √ β2 2 ≥ 2|α| +α

0. In the previous subsection, we obtained a precise leading term of the large time asymptotics for small solutions to the Cauchy problem (3.68) with complex numbers α, β, such that Re α > 0 and Re √ β2 2 ≥ 0. Roughly speak2|α| +α

ing, our purpose in the present subsection is to show that there exist functions Γj (ξ) such that the asymptotic expansion u (t, x) = t− 2 1

m

− 2j+1 2κ

Γj (ξ) ε2j+1 (log t)

1 − 2m+3 + O ε2m+3 t− 2 (log t) 2κ

j=0

is valid for t → ∞, where m ∈ N, the value ε > 0 bounds the size of the initial data, ξ = √xt , κ = 1, 2, or 3 depending on the values of α and β. In the previous subsections we considered the particular case of m = 0. Denote

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

η1 ≡

ϑ2 Re δ 2π

with

δ=

β

243

,

2

2 |α| + α2

2

η2 =

ϑ4 (Im δ) 2

(4π) ν (x) = 2 log

Re (2ν (µ1 ) − ν (µ2 )) , with

2 √ 1+ 1−x

, 2

µ1 = and

⎛ ⎜ ⎜ η3 = 3 Im ⎝ (4π) 6iδ 3 ϑ6

¯2 (α + α ¯ )2 |α| + α , µ = 2 , 2 (α + 2¯ α)2 |α + 2¯ α|2 ⎛

1

0

µ2 (1− σ 2 z) 1−σ 2 z

2ν dz ⎜ ⎜ √ z ⎝ 1 − σ2 z

ν

− 2ν (µ2 ) − √ 1 − σ2 z

2 6 ν (σh) − ν σ 2 3 ν (σa) − ν σ 2 √ √ + +ν σ − 1 − µ2 z 1 − σ2 z 2 2 2 2ν σ − ν (µ2 ) > 0, +3ν σ z − 3ν σ with

σ(σ−bz) 1−σ 2 z

(3.97)

α+α , ϑ = φ (x) dx > 0, α + 2α Rn σ − µ22 z σ − bz ασ h= , b = , a = . 1 − σ2 z α + 2α 1 − µ2 z

σ=

Depending on the complex parameters α, β, we denote κ = 1 if η1 > 0, κ = 2 if η1 = 0, η2 > 0, and κ = 3 if η1 = η2 = 0, η3 > 0. We write α = |α| eiγ , β = |β| eiχ , γ ≡ arg α, χ ≡ arg β, then equation (3.68) is written as 2 ∂t − |α| eiγ ∂x2 u + |β| eiχ |u| u = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, u (0, x) = φ (x) , x ∈ R, where Re α > 0 and Re √

β

2|α|2 +α2

and Re √

β 2|α|2 +α2

≥ 0. The condition Re α > 0 implies |γ| <

≥ 0 means χ − 1 arctan sin 2γ ≤ π 2 2 + cos 2γ 2

since

β 2

2 |α| + α2

|β| = |α|

ς

ei(χ− 2 ) 2

(2 + cos 2γ) + (sin 2γ)

, 2

π 2

244

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

sin 2γ where tan ς = 2+cos 2γ . Note that the case of κ = 1 is fulﬁlled for all α ∈ C such that |γ| < β ∈ C and such that χ − 1 arctan sin 2γ < π . 2 2 + cos 2γ 2

π 2

and

If β ∈ C is such that χ = χ± (γ) ≡

sin 2γ π 1 arctan ± , 2 2 + cos 2γ 2

then η1 = 0; namely, we see that η1 = 0 on the two lines in (γ, χ) plane. In order to study the case of κ = 2, which requires the condition η1 = 0 and η2 > 0, we consider the function f (γ) = Re (2ν (µ1 ) − ν (µ2 )) √ 2 2 + e2iγ + 3 + 2e2iγ 2 + e2iγ = log 2 √ 2 + e2iγ + 3 + 2e2iγ for the values of α such that γ = arg α ∈ − π2 , π2 . Note that π 6 √ > 0, f ± f (0) = log > 0, 3 3+ 5

π 2π = 0. f ± < 0 and f ± 5 2 Plotting numerically via the “Maple” program we see that f (γ)is the function positive for all γ ∈ (−γ0 , γ0 ) and is negative for all γ ∈ − π2 , −γ0 ∪ γ0 , π2 , where γ0 ≈ 1.146035015. Thus the case of κ = 2 is fulﬁlled on the parts of two lines sin 2γ π 1 ± χ = χ± (γ) ≡ arctan 2 2 + cos 2γ 2 in (γ, χ) plane, where γ ∈ (−γ0 , γ0 ) . Note that by numeric computations we have (γ0 , χ+ (γ0 )) = (1.146, 1. 826) , (−γ0 , χ+ (γ0 )) = (−1.146, 1. 315) , (γ0 , χ− (γ0 )) = (1.146, −1. 315) , (−γ0 , χ− (γ0 )) = (−1.146, −1. 826) . Now we consider the case of κ = 3. When η1 = 0 = η2 we have γ = ±γ0 sin 2γ π and χ = χ± (γ) ≡ 12 arctan 2+cos 2γ ± 2 ; therefore, we must consider four points in (γ, χ) plane: (γ0 , χ+ (γ0 )) , (−γ0 , χ+ (−γ0 )) , (γ0 , χ− (γ0 )) and (−γ0 , χ− (−γ0 )) . In the ﬁrst two points, we ﬁnd

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

|β| |α|

δ = δ (γ, χ+ (γ)) =

i 2

2

2

2

(2 + cos 2γ) + (sin 2γ)

245

= i |δ|

for −γ0 ≤ γ ≤ γ0 and in the last two points δ = δ (γ, χ− (γ)) = −

|β| |α|

i (2 + cos 2γ) + (sin 2γ)

= −i |δ|

for −γ0 ≤ γ ≤ γ0 . In order to consider the sign of η3 we need to compute the integral

⎛ ⎛ µ2 (1− σ 2 z) σ(σ−bz) 1 2ν 2z ν 1−σ ⎜ 1−σ 2 z dz ⎜ ⎜ √ − 2ν (µ2 ) − √ η4 (γ) = Im ⎜ ⎝ ⎝ 2 z 1−σ z 1 − σ2 z 0 6 ν (σh) − ν σ 2 3 ν (σa) − ν σ 2 √ √ + +ν σ − 1 − µ2 z 1 − σ2 z 2 2 2 2ν σ − ν (µ2 ) +3ν σ z − 3ν σ

2

which depends on γ. Numerically we see that η4 (γ) > 0 for 0 < γ < η4 (γ) < 0 for − π2 < γ < 0 and η4 (0) = 0. Therefore,

π 2

and

3

η3 (γ0 , χ+ (γ0 )) =

6 |δ (γ0 , χ+ (γ0 ))| ϑ6 (4π)

3

η4 (γ0 ) > 0,

3

η3 (−γ0 , χ+ (−γ0 )) =

6 |δ (−γ0 , χ+ (−γ0 ))| ϑ6 (4π)

3

η4 (−γ0 ) < 0

3

η3 (γ0 , χ− (γ0 )) = −

6 |δ (γ0 , χ− (γ0 ))| ϑ6 (4π)

3

η4 (γ0 ) < 0,

3

η3 (−γ0 , χ− (−γ0 )) = −

6 |δ (−γ0 , χ− (−γ0 ))| ϑ6 (4π)

3

η4 (−γ0 ) > 0,

which implies that in the third case of κ = 3 we consider the range of values α, β such that (γ, χ) = (γ0 , χ+ (γ0 )) , or (γ, χ) = (−γ0 , χ− (−γ0 )) . Deﬁne Γ0 (ξ) = G (1, ξ) with the Green function G (t, x) = and the functions Γj (ξ) we deﬁne by the recurrent relations Γj (ξ) = 0

and

1

dz z

Rn

2 √ 1 e−|x| /4αt 4παt

√ G(1 − z, ξ − y z)hj−1 (y) dy, j = 1, 2, ...,

(3.98)

246

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

hn =

Γj Γk Γl −

j+k+l=n

Γj

Γk Γl Γm dξ, n = 0, 1, 2, .... Rn

j+k+l+m=n

Below we show that Γj (ξ) are well-deﬁned and Γj Lp,a < ∞ for all j = 0, 1, 2, ..., where a ∈ (0, 1) , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. We prove the following result. Theorem 3.28. Let κ = 1, 2 or 3. Assume that the initial data φ ∈ L1,a (R)∩ small norm φ Lr + φ L1,a = Lr (R) , r > 1, a ∈ (0, 1) have a suﬃciently φ (x) dx ≥ Cε. Then there exists a unique ε and the mean value ϑ = R solution u ∈ C [0, ∞); L1,a (R) ∩ Lr (R) ∩ C ((0, ∞); L∞ (R)) of the Cauchy problem (3.68), which can be represented as the uniformly convergent series u = eiψ g − 2κ 1

∞

vj .

(3.99)

j=0

Formula (3.99) gives us the asymptotic expansion of solution u (t, x) for large values of time t, since the functions vj (t, x) have asymptotics

1+2j 3+2j 1 x ϑ2j+1 vj (t, x) = √ Γj √ g − 2κ + O ε2j+3 t− 2 g − 2κ , t t where g (t) has the asymptotic representation g (t) = 1 + η1 log t + O ε2 log (1 + η1 log t) if κ = 1,

1 g (t) = 1 + ηκ log t + O ε2 (1 + ηκ log t) κ

if κ = 2, 3. In addition ψ has the asymptotic behavior for large time t → ∞ ω ψ (t) = − log log t + arg φ (0) + O ε2 η1 if κ = 1, 2ω " ω2 ψ (t) = − √ log log t + arg φ (0) + O ε2 log t − η2 η2 if κ = 2, and 2 1 3ω 3ω 2 ω3 ψ (t) = − √ log 3 t − √ log 3 t − log log t 3 2 η3 η3 η3 + arg φ (0) + O ε2

if κ = 3, where ω =

ϑ2 4π

Im δ.

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

247

Before proving Theorem 3.28 we prepare some preliminary estimates. In Lemma 3.29 we prove that the functions Γj (ξ) (see formulas (3.98)) belong to the space Lp,a for any 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, a ∈ (0, 1) . The estimates and asymptotic formulas of the functions vj from the series (3.99) are obtained in Lemma 3.30. Finally in Lemma 3.31 we give the estimates of some integrals which are necessary to ﬁnd the large time asymptotics of the function g (t) . Preliminaries Denote ξ = √xt , Γ0 (ξ) = G (1, ξ) , and the functions Γj (ξ) we deﬁne by the recurrent relations (3.98) Lemma 3.29. The estimates Γm Lp,a ≤ C are valid for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, a ∈ (0, 1) . Proof. For the case of m = 0 we have 2 a Γ0 Lp,a ≤ C ξ e−Cξ

Lp

≤ C;

by induction we then get hm−1 L1,a ≤ C.

Since the mean value R hm−1 (y) dy = 0 we write for b ∈ [0, a] , a > 0 √ b |ξ| G(1 − z, ξ − y z)hm−1 (y) dy R

="

1 4πα (1 − z)

Changing ζ =

√ξ 1−z

b

R

|ξ| a |y|

−

e

and η =

√ 2 z) 4α(1−z)

(ξ−y

√ y z √ 1−z

2

ξ − 4α(1−z)

−e

a

|y| hm−1 (y) dy. (3.100)

we obtain as in the proof of Lemma 3.24

|ξ|b (ξ−y√z)2 ξ2 − 4α(1−z) − 4α(1−z) −e sup a e p y∈R |y| L p p1 pb 2 b−a (ζ−η)2 1 ζ a |ζ| + − 4α − e− 4α dζ = z 2 (1 − z) 2p 2 sup pa e η∈R R |η| p1 1 2 2 a + b−a e−C(ζ−η) + e−Cζ dζ ≤ Cz 2 (1 − z) 2p 2 sup η∈R

a 2

≤ Cz (1 − z)

b−a 1 2p + 2

R

(3.101)

for all z ∈ (0, 1) , where p ∈ [1, ∞) . (The case of p = ∞ is considered in the same way). The substitution of (3.101) into (3.100) yields

248

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

b |ξ| Γm (ξ)

Lp

b |ξ| =

a

≤ C |·| hm−1 L1

0

1

√ G(1 − z, ξ − y z)hm−1 (y) dy p 0 R L

√ b 2 ξ−y z )2 ( ξ dz |ξ| √ sup a e− 4α(1−z) − e− 4α(1−z) z 1 − z y∈R |y| 1

dz z

Lp

1

≤C

z 2 −1 (1 − z) a

b−a 1 1 2p − 2 + 2

dz ≤ C

0

for all 0 ≤ b ≤ a, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Lemma 3.29 is proved. Consider the Green operator G (t) ϕ = G (t, x − y) ϕ (y) dy, R

√ 2 −1 with kernel G (t, x) = (4παt) 2 e−x /4αt . Denote ϑ = 2π ϕˆ (0) . We denote v0 (t) = G (t) φ0 and deﬁne vm by the recurrent relations

t

vm (t) =

G(t − τ )g − κ fm−1 (τ ) dτ, 1

(3.102)

0

for m = 1, 2, 3, ..., where κ = 1, 2, 3 and fn =

vj vk vl −

j+k+l=n

for n = 0, 1, 2, ..., where ϑ = some ζ > 0.

R

1 ϑ

vj

vk vl vm dx, R

j+k+l+m=n

φ0 (x) dx. Denote g (t) = 1 + ζ log t with

Lemma 3.30. Assume that φ0 ∈ L1,a (R) ∩ Lr (R) , r > 1, a ∈ (0, 1), have a −1 suﬃciently small norm φ0 Lr + φ0 L1,a = ε and φˆ0 (0) = ϑ (2π) 2 ≥ Cε. Then the estimate is true 1 b 1 1 m b 1− 1 (3.103) |·| vm (t) ≤ Cε2m+1 g − κ (t) {t} 2r ( p ) t 2 − 2 (1− p ) Lp

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, b ∈ [0, a]. Moreover, the asymptotics 1 m 1 m vm (t) = ϑ2m+1 t− 2 g − κ (t) Γm (ξ) + O ε2m+1 t− 2 g − κ −1 (t) (3.104) is valid for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R where ξ =

x √ . t

Proof. Via Lemma 3.24 we have v0 (t) Lp,b ≤ Cε {t} 2r ( 1

1 1− p )

t 2 − 2 (1− p ) b

1

1

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, b ∈ [0, a] . Then by induction we get

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

b m−1 |·| g κ (t) fm−1 (t)

1

249

≤ Cε2m+1 {t} r t 2 −1− 2 (1− p )

Lp

b

1

1

and functions fm−1 satisfy the condition f m−1 (t, 0) = 0, therefore by virtue of Lemma 3.25 we obtain t m−1 b b −m κ κ g G(t − τ )g fm−1 dτ |·| vm (t) ≤ |·| Lp

0

Lp

2m+1 − m κ

≤ Cε

g

1 r

(t) {t} t

b 1 2−2

(1− p1 )

for all t > 0, where b ∈ [0, a] . Thus estimate (3.103) is true for all m ≥ 0. 1 Now we prove asymptotics (3.104). Since G (t, x) = t− 2 Γ0 (ξ) , by applying Lemma 3.24 we ﬁnd 1 1 a 1 v0 (t) − ϑt− 2 Γ0 (ξ) p ≤ Ct− 2 (1− p )− 2 ( φ0 Lr + φ0 L1,a ) L

for any 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Hence asymptotics (3.104) with m = 0 is valid. Turning to m ≥ 1 and integrating by parts with respect to time τ we get t m−1 −m κ vm (t) = −βg (t) G (t − τ ) g κ fm−1 (τ ) dτ + R (t) , 0

where

t

R (t) = C 0

dτ g (τ ) m g κ +1 (τ )

τ

m−1 G (t − z) g κ fm−1 (z) dz.

0

By using the conditions on the function g (t), we have R (t) Lp ≤ C

t

+C

t/2

+C

0

dτ

t/2

τ g κ +1 (τ ) dτ τg

m κ +1

τ

− a − 1 1− 1 a (t − z) 2 2 ( p ) |·| fm−1 L1 dz τg (τ ) 0 τ /2 − a − 1 1− 1 a (t − z) 2 2 ( p ) |·| fm−1 L1 dz m κ +1

m

t/2 t

dτ

(τ )

0

τ

−a 2

(t − z) τ /2

a

|·| fm−1 Lp dz;

hence

√

t

a − a − 1 1− 1 (t − τ ) 2 2 ( p ) τ 2 −1 dτ 0 t 1 m a −a − 12 (1− p 2m+1 − κ −1 ) 2 g (t) t τ 2 −1 dτ + Cε √ (t − τ )

R (t) Lp ≤ Cε2m+1

t

1 2m+1 − 12 (1− p )

≤ Cε

t

−a m t 4 + g − κ −1 (t)

≤ Cε2m+1 g − κ −1 (t) t− 2 (1− p ) . m

Then we write the representation

1

1

250

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

vm = −βg − κ

m

t

dτ

G (t − τ, x − y) hm−1

3

τ2

R

R1 (t) = R (t) − βg

−m κ

0

y √ τ

dy + R1 (t) ,

(3.105)

where

t

(t)

dτ 0

G (t − τ, x − y) g −1 (τ ) M (τ, y) dy

R

and M (τ, y) = g

1+ m−1 κ

(τ ) fm−1 (τ, y) − ϑ

2m+1 − 32

τ

g (τ ) hm−1

y √ τ

.

By induction we see that M (τ ) satisﬁes the estimate b 1 1 b |·| M (τ ) ≤ Cε2m+1 τ 2 −1− 2 (1− p ) Lp

for all τ > 0 and 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where 0 ≤ b ≤ a. Therefore by virtue of Lemma 3.25 we get 1 1 m R1 (t) Lp ≤ Cε2m+1 g − κ −1 (t) t− 2 (1− p ) for all √ t > 0 and 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Now changing the variables of integration y = y τ and τ = zt in the integral (3.105) and taking into account the identity √ √ √ √ tG t (1 − z) , t ξ − y z = G 1 − z, ξ − y z , we get asymptotics (3.104). Lemma 3.30 is then proved. In the next lemma we sum the results m−1 of Lemmas 3.25 through 3.26. Denote rm = v (t) − um (t) , where um = j=0 vj . Lemma 3.31. Assume that φ ∈ L1,a (R) ∩ Lr (R) , r > 1, a ∈ (0, 1), the −1 norm φ Lr + φ L1,a = ε is suﬃciently small, φˆ (0) = ϑ (2π) 2 ≥ Cε. Let the function rm (t, x) satisfy the estimates rm (t) Lp ≤ ε2m+1 g − κ (t) {t} t− 2 (1− p ) , m ≥ κ m

ρ

1

1

for all t > 0, 3 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where ρ > 0. Also assume that the function g (t) is such that 1 (1 + ζ log t) ≤ g (t) ≤ 2 (1 + ζ log t) 2 with some ζ > 0 and |g (t)| ≤ Cε2 t−1 for all t > 0. Then the following inequalities are valid 1 1− 1 2 ≤ Cε2 t−1 {t}ρ κ (t) Re g β |v| v (t, x) dx ϑ R

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

and

251

2 1 9 2κ t (1 + ηκ log t) ≤ 1 + dτ g 1− κ (τ ) Re β |v| v (τ, x) dx 10 ϑ 0 R 11 ≤ (1 + ηκ log t) 10

for all t > 0, where ηκ are deﬁned above. Proof of Theorem 3.28 As in the proof of Theorem3.2 we change the dependent variable u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) v (t, x) , then we get system (3.70) from the Landau - Ginzburg equation (3.68). Multiplying the second equation of system (3.70) by the factor g (t) = e2κϕ(t) , (κ = 1, 2 or 3 is deﬁned after (3.97)), and then integrating with respect to time t > 0, we obtain t 1 v (t) = G (t) φ0 − β 0 g − κ (τ ) G(t − τ )F1 dτ, 1 t 1− κ g (t) = 1 + 2κ (τ ) Re R β|v|2 v (τ, x) dxdτ. ϑ 0 g We ﬁnd a solution v of the above system of equations in the neighborhood of um (t) =

m−1

vj (t) ,

j=0

where v0 (t) = G (t) φ0 and vj are deﬁned by the recurrent relations (3.102). We set r = v − um , m ≥ κ, then we acquire t 1 r (t) = −β 0 G(t − τ )g − κ (τ ) Fm (τ ) dτ, 1 t 2 1− κ g (t) = 1 + 2κ (τ ) Re R β |v| v (τ, x) dxdτ, ϑ 0 g where Fm = F 1 −

m−2

fj

j=0

for m ≥ 2. We deﬁne the mappings M(r, g) and R(r, g) by t 1 M(r, g) = −β 0 G(t − τ )g − k (τ ) Fm (τ ) dτ, 1 t 2 1− κ R(r, g) = 1 + 2κ (τ ) Re R β |v| v (τ, x) dxdτ. ϑ 0 g

(3.106)

We prove that (M, R) is the contraction mapping in the set X = r ∈ C (0, ∞) ; L1,λ (R) ∩ L∞,λ (R) , g ∈ C (0, ∞) : b 1 1 m b −ρ sup sup sup {t} t− 2 + 2 (1− p ) g κ (t) |·| r (t) p ≤ Cε2m+1 , t>0 1≤p≤∞ b∈[0,λ]

L

1 (1 + ηκ log t) ≤ g (t) ≤ 2 (1 + ηκ log t) , for all t > 0, 2

252

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

where ρ = 12 1 − 1r > 0, λ ∈ (0, a) . The values ηκ were deﬁned after (3.97). First we prove that the mapping (M, R) transforms the set X into itself. When (r, g) ∈ X by virtue of Lemma 3.30 we get b 1 1 b ρ 1− 1 |·| v p ≤ Cε {t} ( p ) t 2 − 2 (1− p ) ; L

we then have by a direct calculation m−1 1 1 b 2 2 ρ b |·| |v| v − |um−1 | um−1 ≤ Cε2m+1 g − κ (t) {t} t 2 −1− 2 (1− p ) , Lp

so 1 −ρ 1− 2b + 12 (1− p )

sup sup {t}

t

t>0 1≤p≤∞

b m−1 |·| g κ (t) Fm (t)

Lp

≤ Cε2m+1

where b ∈ [0, λ] . We also see that F m (t, 0) = 0 since vj (t, 0) = 0 if j = 0. Therefore, by applying Lemma 3.25 we get the estimates b 1 1 m −ρ b sup sup g κ (t) {t} t− 2 + 2 (1− p ) |·| M (r, g) (t) p ≤ Cε2m+1 . L

t>0 1≤p≤∞

Furthermore Lemma 3.31 yields 1 (1 + ηκ log t) ≤ R(r, g) (t) ≤ 2 (1 + ηκ log t) 2 for all t > 0, where ηκ > 0. Thus the transformations M(r, g) and R(r, g) are the contraction mappings from the set X into itself. We have by the L2 (R) − L2 (R) estimates of the heat kernel and by the fact that (rj , gj ) ∈ X, for j = 1, 2 −

sup t

M(r1 , g1 ) (t) − M(r2 , g2 ) (t) L2 t dτ − − 2 ≤ Cε sup t sup t r1 (t) − r2 (t) L2 1− t>0 t>0 0 τ

− + sup t |g1 (t) − g2 (t) | t>0

− − ≤ ε sup t r1 (t) − r2 (t) L2 + sup t |g1 (t) − g2 (t) |

t>0

t>0

t>0

with some small > 0 and −

sup t

|R(r1 , g1 ) (t) − R(r2 , g2 ) (t) | t dτ − − 2 ≤ sup Cε t sup t r1 (t) − r2 (t) L2 1− τ t>0 t>0 0

− + sup t |g1 (t) − g2 (t) | t>0

− − ≤ ε sup t r1 (t) − r2 (t) L2 + sup t |g1 (t) − g2 (t) | .

t>0

t>0

t>0

3.4 Complex Landau-Ginzburg equation

253

Thus we see that (M,R) is the contraction mapping. Therefore there exists a unique solution (r, g) of the system of integral equations (3.106) in the set X. Now in the case of κ = 1 from Lemma 3.31 we have g (t) = η1 log t + O (ε log log t) as t → ∞ and by (3.70) we obtain 1 −1 ψ (t) = − g (t) Im β|v|2 vdx ϑ R 2

ε −2 2 −1 2 g (t) β|G| Gdx + O = −ϑ g (t) Im t R 2

ε −2 ω +O g (t) , =− (1 + η1 log t) t t where ω =

ϑ2 4π

Im δ(α, β). Hence we get t

dτ ω + O ε2 g −2 (τ ) 1 + η1 log τ τ 0 2 ω = arg u 0 (0) − log (1 + η1 log t) + O ε . η1

ψ (t) = ψ (0) −

Therefore via formulas u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) v (t, x) = e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) (um + r), estimates of vj given in Lemma 3.30 and the estimate of the remainder r, we obtain the asymptotics (3.99) of the solution to the Cauchy problem (3.68). Theorem 3.28 is proved for the case of κ = 1. In the case of κ = 2 as above we get 1 1 ψ (t) = − g − 2 (t) Im β |v|2 vdx ϑ R

6

ε −3 1 −1 2 g 2 (t) |v0 |2 v0 + 2v1 |v0 | + v02 v1 dx + O = − g 2 (t) Im β ϑ t R 6

2 ε −3 ω ω +O g 2 (t) , − = −" t 1 + η2 log t(t) (1 + η2 log t) (t) ϑ2 4π

Im δ(α, β). Hence we get t ω2 ω " + ψ (t) = ψ (0) − 1 + η2 log τ (1 + η2 log τ ) 0 3 dτ +O ε6 g − 2 (τ ) τ " " −1/2 = ψ (0) − 2ωη2 log t − ω 2 η2−1 log t + O(ε2 ).

where we also denote ω =

Thus Theorem 3.28 is proved in the case of κ = 2.

254

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

In the case of κ = 3 we have

1 −1 3 |v|2 vdx ψ (t) = − g (t) Im β ϑ R 1 −1 2 2 3 = − g (t) Im β |v0 |2 v0 + 2v1 |v0 | + v02 v1 + 2v2 |v0 | ϑ R 8

ε −4 2 2 2 3 g (t) +v0 v2 + 4v0 |v1 | + 2v1 v0 dx + O t ω ω2 = −" − 2 3 1 + η3 log t t (1 + η3 log t) 3 t 8

ε −4 ω3 3 +O g (t) . − (1 + η3 log t) (t) t

Therefore

t

ψ (t) = ψ (0) −

ω

" 3

+

ω2 2

1 + η3 log τ (1 + η3 log t) 3

t 8 ε −4 dτ ω3 g 3 (t) dt + O + (1 + η3 log t) τ t 0 2 2 1 3ω 3ω 3ω 3 = ψ (0) − 1 log 3 t − 2 log 3 t − log log t + O ε2 . η3 2η 3 η3 0

3

3

Thus we obtain the result of Theorem 3.28 in the case of κ = 3. Theorem 3.28 is proved.

3.5 Damped wave equation 3.5.1 Small initial data This section is devoted to the study of the nonlinear damped wave equation Lu + λN (u) = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0 (3.107) u (0, x) = εu0 (x) , ∂t u (0, x) = εu1 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where L = ∂t2 + ∂t − ∆, ε > 0, the critical nonlinearity N (u) is deﬁned by 2

N (u) = u1+ n . Denote (u0 (x) + u1 (x)) dx, κ =

θ= Rn

Deﬁne g (t) = 1 + κ log t and let

2 λ (εθ) n 4π

n n+2

n2 .

3.5 Damped wave equation −n 2

G (t, x) = (4πt)

e−

255

|x|2 4t

be the heat kernel. The result of this section is the following. Theorem 3.32. Let the initial data u0 , u1 be such that u0 ∈ Hδ,0 (Rn ) ∩ H0,δ (Rn ) , u1 ∈ Hδ−1,0 (Rn ) ∩ H−1,δ (Rn ) , where δ >

n 2.

Also we assume λθ

2 n

> 0,

u0 (x) dx > 0. Rn

problem Then there exists ε0 > 0 such that for any0 < ε ≤ ε0 the Cauchy (3.107) has a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; Hδ,0 (Rn ) satisfying the following asymptotic property 2 n −n u (t) − εθG (t, x) e−ϕ(t) ∞ ≤ Cε1+ n g −1− 2 (t) t 2 L

where the function ϕ (t) satisfy the estimate 2 2 n ϕ(t) − g (t) ≤ Cε n log g (t) e for all t > 0. 2

2

1+ 2

Remark 3.33. The nonlinearity u1+ n can be replaced by |u| n u or |u| n if 2 we assume λ > 0 or λθ > 0 instead of λθ n > 0, respectively. In these cases n n2 2 2 2 2 1+ 2 λ n λ n n (ε |θ|) n n+2 for |u| n u and κ = 4π ε |θ| n θ−1 n+2 . We note κ = 4π that our conditions always keep κ > 0. Preliminary Lemmas The solution of the linear Cauchy problem Lu = f, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , ∂t u (0, x) = u1 (x) , x ∈ Rn where L = ∂t2 + ∂t − ∆, ε > 0; we write by the Duhamel formula t G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ, u (t) = G (t) u0 + G (t) u1 + 0

where t G (t) = (∂t + 1) G (t) = e− 2 F ξ→x L0 (t, ξ) Fx→ξ ,

G (t) = e− 2 F ξ→x L1 (t, ξ) Fx→ξ , t

(3.108)

(3.109)

256

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

with

1 1 L0 (t, ξ) = cos t |ξ| − + L1 (t, ξ) , 4 2

2 sin t |ξ| − 14 L1 (t, ξ) = . 2 |ξ| − 14 $

2

Also we deﬁne the operators Gj (t) = F ξ→x

∂ −t e 2 Lj (t, ξ) Fx→ξ ∂t

j = 0, 1. Note that the symbols L0 (t, ξ) and L1 (t, ξ) are smooth and bounded: 1 for Lj (t, ξ) ∈ C∞ (Rn ) , j = 0, 1. Moreover the symbol L1 (t, ξ) decays as |ξ| |ξ| → ∞ which means the gain of regularity concerning the initial datum u1 . Using Lemma 1.35 we get the following result Lemma 3.34. The estimates α (−∆) G (t) φ

L2

α

≤ C (−∆) φ L2 ,

α α −1 (−∆) G (t) φ L2 ≤ C (−∆) ∆ 2 φ 2 , L α − 12 −1 α −j (−∆) ∆ Gj (t) φ 2 ≤ C t (−∆) ∆ 2 φ

L2

L

α |·| G (t) φ

and

,

α

α

≤ C |·| φ L2 + C t 2 φ L2 , α α −1 −1 ≤ C |·| ∆ 2 φ 2 + C t 2 ∆ 2 φ L2

α

|·| G (t) φ L2

L2

L

are true for all t ≥ 0, where α ≥ 0, provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite. The following lemma says that the asymptotic behavior of solutions to the linear Cauchy problem (3.108) is similar to that of the heat equation. (For the proof see Lemma 1.37.) Lemma 3.35. Let G0 = G and G1 = G. The estimates α (−∆) 2 Gj (t) φ − G (t, x) φ (0) 2 L j−1 n α − − α+γ − ≤ Ct 2 4 (−∆) ∆ 2 φ 2 L n n 2δ 1− 2δ j−1 α+γ n δ − − j−1 + Ct− 2 − 4 · ∆ 2 φ 2 ∆ 2 φ 2 L

+ Ct

− α+γ 2

−n 4

L

n+2γ 1− n+2γ 2δ δ − j−1 2δ − j−1 , · ∆ 2 φ 2 ∆ 2 φ 2 L

L

3.5 Damped wave equation

257

α −1 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 Gj (t) φ − ∆G (t, x) φ (0) 2 L j−1 n α − − α+γ − −1 2 ≤ Ct 2 4 (−∆) ∆ φ 2 L n n 1− 2δ j−1 n 2δ δ − − j−1 − α+γ − −1 + Ct 2 4 · ∆ 2 φ 2 ∆ 2 φ 2 L

+ Ct and

− α+γ 2

−n 4 −1

L

n+2γ 1− n+2γ 2δ δ − j−1 2δ − j−1 · ∆ 2 φ 2 ∆ 2 φ 2 L

L

δ |·| Gj (t) φ − G (t) φ (0) 2 L δ − j−1 2 ≤ C · ∆ φ L2 n n 1− 2δ δ−γ n δ − j−1 2δ − j−1 + Ct 2 − 4 · ∆ 2 φ ∆ 2 φ L2 L2 n+2γ 1− n+2γ j−1 j−1 δ−γ n 2δ 2δ δ − − + Ct 2 − 4 · ∆ 2 φ ∆ 2 φ L2

L2

are true for all t ≥ 1, j = 0, 1, where δ > n2 , α ≥ 0 and 0 < γ < min 1, δ − n2 , provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite. We let g (t) = 1 + κ log t with some κ > 0, and we deﬁne two norms n α +α φ X = sup sup t 4 2 (−∆) 2 φ (t) L2 t>0 0≤α≤δ n α +α+1 −1 + sup sup t 4 2 2 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 ∂t φ (t) L2 t>0 0≤α≤δ n δ − δ + sup t 4 2 |·| φ (t) 2 L

t>0

and

α −1 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 φ (t) 2 L δ − 12 |·| ∆ φ (t) 2 .

α 1+ n 4+2

φ Y = sup sup t t>0 0≤α≤δ

δ 1+ n 4 −2

+ sup t t>0

L

Now we prove that the triad (X, Y,G) is concordant. Lemma 3.36. Let the function f (t, x) have a zero mean value f(t, 0) = 0. Then the following inequality t −1 g (t) g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ ≤ C f Y 0

X

is valid, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite.

258

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

Proof. By Lemma 3.34 we get t α −1 (−∆) 2 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ 0

t

≤C

L2

α −1 g −1 (τ ) (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (τ )

L2

0

dτ ≤ C f Y ,

t α 1 −1 (−∆) 2 ∆− 2 ∂t g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ 2 0 L t α 1 −2 2 = g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ (−∆) ∆ 0

t

≤C

L2

α −1 g −1 (τ ) (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (τ )

L2

0

dτ ≤ C f Y

and α t −1 |·| g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ

0

L2

t

≤C

α −1 g −1 (τ ) t − τ · ∆ 2 f (τ ) α 2

L2

0

dτ ≤ C f Y

for all t ∈ [0, 1] , where α ∈ [0, δ] . We now consider t ≥ 1. In view of Lemma 3.35 we obtain t α −1 (−∆) 2 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ 0

≤

0 t

+ t 2

L2

α g −1 (τ ) (−∆) 2 G (t − τ ) f (τ )

t 2

α g −1 (τ ) (−∆) 2 G (t − τ ) f (τ )

L2

L2

t 2

≤C

g −1 (τ ) (t − τ )

n − α+γ 2 −4

dτ

dτ

α −1 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (τ )

L2

0 t 2

− α+γ − n

+C g −1 (τ ) (t − τ ) 2 4 0 n n 2δ 1− 2δ δ −1 −1 × · ∆ 2 f (τ ) 2 ∆ 2 f (τ ) 2 L

L

n+2γ 1− n+2γ 2δ δ 2δ − 12 − 12 + · ∆ f (τ ) dτ ∆ f (τ ) 2 L2 L t α −1 g −1 (τ ) (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (τ ) dτ ; +C t 2

L2

dτ

3.5 Damped wave equation

hence, t α −1 (−∆) 2 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ 0

t 2

≤C

g −1 (τ ) (t − τ )

0 1+ n 4

× sup t

α α −1 t 2 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (t)

−1 + ∆ 2 f (t)

L2

t

+C t 2

γ

τ 2 −1 dτ

L2

t>0

n − α+γ 2 −4

L2

+ t

− δ2

δ −1 |·| ∆ 2 f (t) 2 L

α 1+ n 4+2

g −1 (τ ) τ −1− 4 − 2 dτ sup t n

α

t>0

α −1 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (t)

L2

≤ Ct− 4 − 2 g −1 (t) f Y . n

α

Similarly by virtue of the second estimate of Lemma 3.35 we have t α 1 −1 (−∆) 2 ∆− 2 ∂t g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ 0

t 2

≤C

L2

n − α+γ 2 − 4 −1

g −1 (τ ) (t − τ )

α −1 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (τ )

L2

0

t 2

+C

n − α+γ 2 − 4 −1

g −1 (τ ) (t − τ )

0

n n 2δ 1− 2δ δ −1 −1 × · ∆ 2 f (τ ) 2 ∆ 2 f (τ ) 2 L

L

n+2γ 1− n+2γ 2δ δ 2δ −1 −1 ∆ 2 f (τ ) + · ∆ 2 f (τ ) dτ 2 2 L

t

+C t 2

thus

L

−1

g −1 (τ ) t − τ

α −1 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (τ )

L2

dτ ;

dτ

259

260

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

t α −1 (−∆) 2 ∂t g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ 0

L2

t 2

− α+γ − n −1

γ

g −1 (τ ) (t − τ ) 2 4 τ 2 −1 dτ 0 α α 1+ n −1 × sup t 4 t 2 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (t) L2 t>0 1 δ 1 − − δ − + ∆ 2 f (t) 2 + t 2 |·| ∆ 2 f (t) 2 L L t n α −1 +C g −1 (τ ) t − τ τ −1− 4 − 2 dτ ≤C

t 2

α 1+ n 4+2

× sup t

L2

t>0

≤ Ct

α −1 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (t)

α+1 −n 4− 2

g −1 (t) f Y .

Finally for all t ≥ 1 applying the third estimate of Lemma 3.35 we get t δ −1 |·| g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ 0

L2

t 2

≤C

δ −1 g −1 (τ ) · ∆ 2 f (τ )

L2

0 t 2

δ−γ

dτ

−n

+C g −1 (τ ) (t − τ ) 2 4 0 n n 2δ 1− 2δ δ −1 −1 × · ∆ 2 f (τ ) ∆ 2 f (τ ) L2

L2

n+2γ 1− n+2γ 2δ δ 2δ − 12 − 12 + · ∆ f (τ ) 2 ∆ f (τ ) 2 dτ L L t δ −1 g −1 (τ ) · ∆ 2 f (τ ) 2 +C t 2

−1 + t − τ ∆ 2 f (τ ) 2 dτ.

L

δ 2

L

Therefore, t δ −1 |·| g (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ 2 0 L t t

≤

g

−1

(τ ) τ

0 1+ n 4

× sup t t>0

≤ C t

δ n 2− 4

δ n 2 − 4 −1

2

dτ +

g

−1 ∆ 2 f (t)

g

(τ ) (t − τ )

0

L2

−1

−1

− δ2

+ t

(t) f Y .

This completes the proof of Lemma 3.36.

δ−γ 2

−n 4

τ

γ 2

−1

dτ

δ −1 |·| ∆ 2 f (t) 2 L

3.5 Damped wave equation

Consider the following Cauchy problem ⎧ d 2λ t t ⎪ dt (h (t) (e − β)) = nεθ e Rn N (v (t, x)) dx ⎪ ⎨ 2 n+2 (h (t)) (et − β) − βh (t) , + 2h(t) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ h (0) = 1, h (0) = 0. Denote g (t) = 1 + κ log t , κ = and deﬁne v0 (t) = ε

2 λ (εθ) n 2nπ

1

n n+2

261

(3.110)

n2 > 0,

Gj (t) uj .

j=0

Lemma 3.37. Suppose that v X ≤ Cε, v (t) − v0 (t) Lp ≤ Cε1+ n g −1 (t) t 2

1 −n 2 (1− p )

for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, then there exists a unique solution h (t) ∈ C1 ((0, ∞)) of the Cauchy problem (3.110) such that −1

|h (t) − g (t)| ≤ Cε n log g (t) , |h (t)| ≤ Cε n t 2

2

(3.111)

for all t > 0. Proof. Integration of (3.110) with respect to time yields t 2λ τ dτ e N (v (τ, x)) dx nεθ (et − β) 0 Rn t (eτ − β) β (1 − h (t)) n+2 2 (h (τ )) + , h (0) = 1. dτ + t 2 (e − β) 0 h (τ ) et − β h (t) =

(3.112)

Integration by parts gives us t dτ eτ N (v (τ, x)) dx = et N (v (t, x)) dx − N (v (0, x)) dx 0 Rn Rn Rn t dτ eτ ∂τ N (v (τ, x)) dx. (3.113) − 0

Rn

Therefore by virtue of (3.112) and (3.113) we have 2λ N (v (t, x)) dx + Q (t) , h (t) = nεθ Rn h (0) = 1, where

(3.114)

262

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

2λ N (v (t, x)) dx − N (v (0, x)) dx β nεθ (et − β) Rn Rn

t − dτ eτ ∂τ N (v (τ, x)) dx

Q (t) =

Rn

0

n+2 + 2 (et − β)

t

dτ 0

(eτ − β) β (1 − h (t)) 2 (h (τ )) + . h (τ ) et − β

We solve the Cauchy problem (3.114) by the successive approximations. Denote h0 (t) = g (t) and deﬁne hm+1 (t) , m ≥ 0 as a solution of the linearized Cauchy problem 2λ N (v (t, x)) dx + Qm (t) , hm+1 (t) = nεθ Rn (3.115) hm+1 (0) = 1, where

2λ Qm (t) = N (v (t, x)) dx − N (v (0, x)) dx β nεθ (et − β) Rn Rn

t − dτ eτ ∂τ N (v (τ, x)) dx Rn

0

n+2 + 2 (et − β)

t

dτ 0

(eτ − β) β (1 − hm (t)) 2 (hm (τ )) + . hm (τ ) et − β

We prove that for all m ≥ 0 |hm (t) − g (t)| ≤ Cε n log g (t) , |hm (t)| ≤ Cε n t 2

2

−1

.

(3.116)

For m = 0 estimates (3.116) are valid. By induction we suppose that (3.116) is true for some m ≥ 0. Then in view of the inequality v X ≤ Cε, we see that Qm (t) has a better time decay − 32

2

|Qm (t)| ≤ Cε n t

for all t > 0. Hence in view of (3.115) t 2 hm+1 (t) − 1 − 2λ N (v (τ, x)) dxdτ ≤ Cε n , εnθ 0 Rn 3 hm+1 (t) ≤ Cε n2 t− 2 + ε−1 n N (v (τ, x)) dxdτ .

(3.117)

R

We write

2 1+ n

N (v (t, x)) dx − (εθ) Rn

N (G (t, x)) dx Rn

(N (v (t, x)) − N (v0 )) dx n R 1 + N (v0 ) − N εθG xt− 2 dx, =

Rn

(3.118)

3.5 Damped wave equation

where G (t, x) ≡ (4πt)

−n 2

e−

|x|2 4t

263

. By the condition 1 −n 2 (1− p )

v (t) − v0 (t) Lp ≤ Cε1+ n g −1 (t) t 2

we obtain

R

4 −1 (N (v (t, x)) − N (v0 )) dx ≤ Cε1+ n t g −1 (t) n

and via Lemmas 3.34 and 3.35 we have 2 −1−γ (N (v0 ) − N (εθG (t, x))) dx ≤ Cε1+ n t .

(3.119)

(3.120)

Rn

A direct calculation shows 2 2 2 |x| 2λ 2λ (εθ) n κ N (εθG (t, x)) dx = e−(1+ n ) 4t dx = , n 1+ εnθ Rn t n (4πt) 2 Rn where κ =

λ 2nπ

2

(εθ) n

n n+2

n2

(3.121)

. Therefore by virtue of (3.118) - (3.121) we get

2

N (v (t, x)) dx = g (t) + Cε1+ n log g (t) ; Rn

hence by (3.117) the estimates (3.116) follow with m replaced by m + 1. In the same manner we estimate the diﬀerences 1 |hm (t) − hm−1 (t)| and 2 hm+1 (t) − hm (t) ≤ 1 hm (t) − hm−1 (t) . 2 |hm+1 (t) − hm (t)| ≤

As a result there exists a unique solution h (t) ∈ C1 ((0, ∞)) of the Cauchy problem (3.110) satisfying estimates (3.111) for all t > 0. Lemma 3.37 is proved. Proof of Theorem 3.32 As in the proof of Theorem 3.2 by changing the dependent variable u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t) v (t, x) in the damped wave equation (3.107) we get Lv = f,

(3.122)

where L = ∂t2 + ∂t − ∆ and

2 2 f = −λe− n ϕ N (v) + 2ϕ vt + ϕ − (ϕ ) + ϕ v.

Now we assume that ϕ (t) satisﬁes the condition

Rn

f (t, x) dx = 0, that is

264

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations 2 −n ϕ(t)

− λe

N (v (t, x)) dx + 2ϕ (t) vt (t, x) dx Rn 2 v (t, x) dx = 0, + ϕ (t) − (ϕ (t)) + ϕ (t) Rn

(3.123)

Rn

and we also suppose that ϕ (0) = ϕ (0) = 0. Integrating (3.122) with respect to x and using (3.123) we obtain d (vt (t, x) + v (t, x)) dx = 0 dt Rn which implies (vt (t, x) + v (t, x)) dx = Rn

(vt (0, x) + v (0, x)) dx

(3.124)

Rn

(u0 (x) + u1 (x)) dx = εθ,

=ε Rn

since u (0, x) = e−ϕ(0) v (0, x) and ut (0, x) = −ϕ (0) e−ϕ(0) v (0, x) + e−ϕ(0) vt (0, x) . By (3.124) we have e−t

so it follows that

where β =

1 θ

d dt

et

v (t, x) dx

= εθ,

Rn

v (t, x) dx = εθ 1 − βe−t ,

Rn

u1 (x) dx. By virtue of (3.124) and (3.123) we get ϕ (t) 1 − βe−t + 1 + βe−t ϕ (t) 2 λ 2 N (v (t, x)) dx + (ϕ (t)) 1 − βe−t . = e− n ϕ(t) εθ Rn Rn

2

(3.125)

2

We put h (t) = e n ϕ(t) , then multiplying (3.125) by et+ n ϕ(t) we ﬁnd d 2λ t h (t) et − β = e N (v (t, x)) dx dt nεθ Rn n+2 2 + (h (t)) et − β − βh (t) , 2h (t)

(3.126)

with initial conditions h (0) = 1, h (0) = 0. Thus instead of system (3.7) in the proof of Theorem 3.2 we obtain the following system of equations for (v (t, x) , h (t))

3.5 Damped wave equation

⎧ Lv = f, ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ d 2λ t t ⎪ ⎨ dt (h (t) (e − β)) = nεθ e Rn N (v (t, x)) dx 2 n+2 + 2h(t) (h (t)) (et − β) − βh (t) , ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ v (0, x) = εu0 (x) , vt (0, x) = εu1 (x) , ⎪ ⎩ h (0) = 1, h (0) = 0.

265

(3.127)

where λ 2 f = − N (v) + ϕ (t) v + 2ϕ (t) vt + ϕ (t) − (ϕ (t)) v h

−t nh (t) e β λ v + v = − N (v) − t h h (t) θ − e−t β λv + N (v (t, x)) dx. εh (t) (θ − βe−t ) Rn We ﬁnd a solution (v (t, x) , h (t)) of the Cauchy problem (3.127) using the successive approximations method in the function space X1 = (v, h) ∈ X × C1 [0, ∞) ; (v, h) Z < ∞ , where the norm (v, h) X1 ≡ v X + sup sup g (t) t 2 ( n

1 1− p )

t>0 1≤p≤∞

+ sup (log g (t))

−1

t>0

v (t) − v0 (t) Lp

|h (t) − g (t)| + sup t |h (t)| , t>0

α (−∆) 2 φ (t) 2 L t>0 0≤α≤δ α+1 n α 1 + − + sup sup t 4 2 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 ∂t φ (t) 2 L t>0 0≤α≤δ n δ − δ + sup t 4 2 |·| φ (t) 2 , n

φ X = sup sup t 4

+α 2

L

t>0

v0 (t) = ε

1

Gj (t) uj

j=0

and 2 λ (εθ) n g (t) = 1 + κ log t , κ = 2nπ

n n+2

G1 = G We now deﬁne for G0 = G, v0 (t) = ε

1 j=0

Gj (t) uj , h0 (t) = g (t) ,

n2 .

266

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

and for (vm+1 (t) , hm+1 (t)) , m ≥ 0, we consider the linearized system of equations corresponding to (3.127) ⎧ Lvm+1 = fm, ⎪ ⎪ d 2λ t ⎪ t ⎪ h (t) (e − β) = nεθ e Rn N (vm (t, x)) dx ⎨ dt m+1 2 n+2 t (3.128) + 2hm+1 (t) hm+1 (t) (e − β) − βhm+1 (t) , ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ v (0, x) = εu (x) , ∂ v (0, x) = εu (x) , ⎪ m+1 0 t m+1 1 ⎩ hm+1 (0) = 1, hm+1 (0) = 0, where for m ≥ 1

−t nhm+1 (t) e β v + ∂ v m t m hm+1 hm+1 (t) θ − e−t β λvm + N (vm (t, x)) dx. εhm+1 (t) (θ − βe−t ) Rn

fm = −

λ

N (vm ) −

We now prove that for all m ≥ 0 1 −n 2 (1− p )

vm X ≤ Cε, vm (t) − v0 (t) Lp ≤ Cε1+ n g −1 (t) t 2

,

(3.129)

and 2

−1

2

|hm (t) − g (t)| ≤ Cε n log g (t) , |∂t hm (t)| ≤ Cε n t

(3.130)

for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. By Lemmas 3.34 and 3.35 we see that (3.129) and (3.130) are valid for m = 0. We assume by induction that (3.129) and (3.130) 2 are true for some m. By the deﬁnition of hm (t) = e n ϕm (t) , it follows that fm (t, x) dx = 0 Rn

and

vm+1 (t, x) dx = εθ 1 − βe−t

Rn

for all t > 0. We write equation Lvm+1 = fm in the integral form t G (t − τ ) fm (τ ) dτ vm+1 = v0 + 0

and apply Lemma 3.36 to get 2

(vm+1 − v0 ) g X ≤ C fm g Y ≤ Cε1+ n , where

α −1 (−∆) 2 ∆ 2 f (t) 2 L δ − 12 |·| ∆ f (t) .

α 1+ n 4+2

f Y = sup sup t t>0 0≤α≤δ

δ 1+ n 4 −2

+ sup t t>0

L2

(3.131)

3.5 Damped wave equation

267

Hence in view of the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem 1.4 it follows vm+1 (t) − v0 (t) Lp ≤ Cε1+ n g −1 (t) t 2

1 −n 2 (1− p )

,

for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. We also ﬁnd by Lemma 3.37 that 2 2 −1 |hm+1 (t) − g (t)| ≤ Cε n log g (t) , hm+1 (t) ≤ Cε n t .

(3.132)

(3.133)

Therefore the estimates (3.129) and (3.130) are valid for any m. For the diﬀerence wm = vm+1 − vm we get from (3.128) Lwm = fm+1 − fm wm (0, x) = 0, ∂t wm (0, x) = 0.

Since

(fm+1 (t, x) − fm (t, x)) dx = 0, Rn

by applying Lemma 3.36 we obtain 1 wm−1 X 2

wm X ≤ and by Lemma 3.37 −1

sup (g (t)) t>0

|hm+1 (t) − hm (t)| ≤

1 wm X . 2

These estimates imply that there exists a unique solution (v, h) ∈ Z of the Cauchy problem (3.127) satisfying estimates 1 −n 2 (1− p )

v (t) − v0 (t) Lp ≤ Cε1+ n g −1 (t) t 2

and

2

|h (t) − g (t)| ≤ Cε n log g (t) for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Since u = e−ϕ v and h = e n ϕ we have u (t) eϕ(t) − εθG (t, x) p L ϕ(t) ≤ C u (t) e − v0 (t) p + C v0 (t) − εθG (t, x) Lp 2

L

2 1+ n −1

≤ Cε hence

g

1 −n 2 (1− p )

(t) t

u (t) − εθG (t, x) e−ϕ(t)

Lp

;

1 −n 2 (1− p )

≤ Cε1+ n g −1− n (t) t 2

2

for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. This completes the proof of Theorem 3.32.

268

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

3.5.2 Large initial data This subsection is devoted to the study of the nonlinear damped wave equation σ utt + ut − ∆u = − |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.134) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , ut (0, x) = u1 (x) , x ∈ Rn , with a critical power σ = n2 in any dimension n ≥ 1. We will prove the large time asymptotic formulas for the solutions of the Cauchy problem (3.134) without any restriction on the size of the initial data. Deﬁne |x|2 −n G0 (t, x) = (4π (1 + t)) 2 e− 4(1+t) . − n −1 1 + n2 2 . We deﬁne the space Denote η = (4π) X = φ ∈ C [0, ∞) ; H1,k (Rn ) : φ X < ∞ , where the norm

n k n − φ X = sup t 4 2 φ (t) H0,k + t 4 φ (t) L2 t≥0

n

+ t 4

+ 12 − k 2

n

∇φ (t) H0,k + t 4

+ 12

∇φ (t) L2

with k > 6 + 3n. We will prove the following result. Theorem 3.38. Let σ = n2 . We assume that the initial data u0 ∈ H2,k (Rn )∩ C (Rn ) , u1 ∈ H1,k (Rn ) , with k > 6 + 3n. Then the Cauchy problem (3.134) has a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; H1,k (Rn ) ∩ C1 [0, ∞) ; H0,k (Rn ) . Moreover the solution u has only one of the following asymptotics for large time t → ∞ n2 n n 2 +γ −n 2 (t) u(t) − G0 (t) log (t) ≤ C log 2η X

where 0 < γ <

1 n,

or

n 2 +1 (t)u(t) log

X

≤ C.

Remark 3.39. In the one dimensional case the asymptotic formulas stated in Theorem 3.38 are uniform with respect to x ∈ R by virtue of the Sobolev imbedding theorem. In the case of large initial data we can not give conditions on the data under which only one of the asymptotics occurs. This is why the result of Theorem 3.38 has the form of the alternative.

3.5 Damped wave equation

269

Below we obtain the weighted energy type estimates. Then applying the integral equation associated with Cauchy problem (3.134) we estimate the second derivative utt . By the maximum principle we ﬁnd the optimal time decay estimates for the solutions. We describe the large time asymptotics of solutions for the nonlinear heat equation with a source in the critical case σ = n2 . Finally we then prove Theorem 3.38. Preliminary estimates We deﬁne the norm

1+ n − k 1+ n φ Y = sup t 4 2 φ (t) H0,k + t 4 φ (t) L2 . t≥0

Note that

1

sup t 2 φ (t) L1,1 ≤ φ Y . t≥0

Deﬁne the Green operator G0 (t) of the linear heat equation G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy, G0 (t) φ = Rn

where the heat kernel G (t, x) is −n 2

G (t, x) = (4πt)

|x|2 4t

e−

.

Also we denote the asymptotic kernel −n 2

G0 (t, x) = (4π (t + 1))

|x|2

e− 4(t+1) .

Lemma 3.40. The triad (X, Y, G0 ) is concordant, that is for any φ such that the mean value Rn φ (x) dx = 0 the inequality t g (t) G0 (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ ≤ C gφ Y 0

X

is valid, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite, where g (t) = logγ (2 + t) for γ > 0. Proof. By virtue of Lemma 1.28 we obtain ρ t |∇| G0 (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ

≤C

0

t

−ρ 2

(t − τ ) 0

≤ C gφ Y

τ

−n 4 −1

t

(t − τ ) 0

g −1 (τ ) dτ sup τ

L2

1+ n 4

τ ≥0

−ρ 2

g (τ ) φ (τ ) L2

n −ρ 2−4

dτ ≤ Cg −1 (t) t

gφ Y

270

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

for all 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 and ρ t |∇| G0 (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 0

t 2

≤C

n 1 −ρ 2− 4 −2

(t − τ )

τ

− 12

t

+C t 2

(t − τ )

n −ρ 2−4

≤ C t

−ρ 2

τ

−n 4 −1

− 12

1+ n 4

g −1 (τ ) dτ sup τ τ ≥0

t 2

t

gφ Y

1

g −1 (τ ) dτ sup τ 2 g (τ ) φ (τ ) L1,1 τ ≥0

0

L2

τ

− 12

g

−1

g (τ ) φ (τ ) L2 −1

(τ ) dτ + t

n −ρ 2−4

t

g

−1

(τ ) dτ

t 2

0

≤ Cg −1 (t) t

gφ Y

for all t ≥ 1, ρ = 0, 1. In the same manner we have via Lemma 1.28 t k |x| |∇|ρ G0 (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ

≤C

0

t

(t − τ )

τ

L2

− 12

t

(t − τ )

+C 0

ρ k n 2−2− 4

−ρ 2

k −1− n 4+2

τ

− 12

gφ Y t

1

g −1 (τ ) dτ sup τ 2 g (τ ) φ (τ ) L1,a τ ≥0

0

≤ C t

ρ k n 1 2−2− 4 −2

g −1 (τ ) dτ sup τ

k 1+ n 4−2

g (τ ) φ (τ ) H0,k

τ ≥0

t

τ

− 12

g

−1

−1

(τ ) dτ + t

0

t

g

−1

(τ ) dτ

0 k

≤ Cg −1 (t) t 2

n −ρ 2−4

gφ Y

for all t ≥ 0, ρ = 0, 1. Hence the triad (X, Y, G0 ) is concordant. Lemma 3.40 is proved. Weighted energy type estimates By applying a standard contraction mapping principle we have the following result. Proposition 3.41. Let 0 < σ ≤ n2 . Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ Hm+1,k (Rn ), u1 ∈ Hm,k (Rn ) with k, m ≥ 0. Then there exists a positive time T and a unique solution u ∈ C [0, T ] ; Hm+1,k ∩ C1 [0, T ] ; Hm,k to the Cauchy problem (3.134). Using the idea of papers Ikehata et al. [2005] and Nishihara [2005] we obtain the following weighted energy type estimates (see also papers Nishihara and Zhao [2006], Ikehata and Tanizawa [2005], Ikehata et al. [2004], Todorova and Yordanov [2001]).

3.5 Damped wave equation

271

Lemma 3.42. Let 0 < σ ≤ n2 . Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ H2,k (Rn ), u1 ∈ H1,k (Rn ) with k > 6 1 + σ2 − n2 . Then there exists a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; H2,k (Rn ) ∩ C1 [0, ∞) ; H1,k (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (3.134) which satisﬁes the a priori estimates −k

2

u (t) L2 + t

2 −σ

n

2

u (t) H0,k ≤ C t 2

and −k

2

ut (t) H1 + t −k

+ t

2

2

ut (t) H1,k + ∇u (t) H1

2

σ+2

2 −1+ n 2 −σ

∇u (t) H1,k + u (t) Lσ+2 ≤ C t

for all t > 0. Remark 3.43. The estimates of Lemma 3.42 are optimal in the subcritical case 0 < σ < n2 . In the critical case σ = n2 under study in the present section the optimal time decay estimates contain logarithmic correction (see below Lemma 3.4.6). Proof. Let u be a solution constructed in Proposition 3.41. We multiply equation (3.134) by 2ψut + φu with arbitrary weight functions ψ (t, x) and φ (t, x) . Then integrating over Rn we get σ 0= 2ψut utt + 2ψu2t − 2ψut ∆u + 2ψ |u| uut n R σ+2 dx. +φuutt + φuut − φu∆u + φ |u| Then integrating by parts with respect to x we ﬁnd dE 1 2 +H = |ψt ∇u − ut ∇ψ| dx, dt Rn ψ t where E= Rn

H= Rn

Φu2t

ψu2t + φuut +

(3.135)

φ 2 2ψ 2 σ+2 u + ψ |∇u| + |u| dx, 2 σ+2

φt 2 σ+2 + φ |∇u| − u + Λ |u| − φt uut + (∇φ · ∇u) u dx, 2 2

Φ = 2ψ − ψt + and Λ=φ−

1 2 |∇ψ| − φ ψt 2ψt . σ+2

If the weight ψ satisﬁes the inequality ψt ≤ 0, then equation (3.135) implies

272

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

dE + H ≤ 0. dt

(3.136)

β

Multiplying inequality (3.136) by (t + t0 ) with β = σ2 − n2 + 1, we get

d β β β (t + t0 ) E ≤ − (t + t0 ) H − E . (3.137) dt t + t0 We now choose φ = ψ, and consider the right-hand side of inequality (3.137)

βψ β βψ 2 H− E= + ψt uut Φ− ut − t + t0 t + t0 t + t0 n

R βψ 2 + ψ− |∇u| + (∇ψ · ∇u) u t + t0

2βψ 1 βψ σ+2 2 − ψt u + Λ − . + − |u| 2 t + t0 (t + t0 ) (σ + 2) Applying the estimates 1 |uut | ≤ u2t + u2 4 and |(∇ψ · ∇u) u| ≤

2 1 2 2 |∇ψ| |∇u| + |ψt | u2 , |ψt | 8

we get β H− E t + t0

βψ 2 2βψ 2 2 2 ≥ |∇ψ| |∇u| + bψt ut + ψ − − Φ− t + t t + t |ψ | n 0 0 t R

1 6βψ 2βψ σ+2 2 + u + Λ− . |ψt | − |u| 8 t + t0 (t + t0 ) (σ + 2) We choose the weight 2k

ψ (t, x) = 1 +

a |x|

k

(t + t0 ) with some a > 0, then for suﬃciently large t0 we ﬁnd

2βψ 2β 1 2 Φ− + ψt = 1 − |∇ψ| ψ+ t + t0 t + t0 ψt

2k 2k−2 2β 4ka |x| a |x| = 1− − 1+ k k−1 t + t0 (t + t0 ) (t + t0 ) 2k

≥1+

2k−2

a |x|

(t + t0 )

k

−

4ka |x|

(t + t0 )

k−1 2k

≥ 1 − 4a (8 (k − 1))

k−1

+

a |x|

k

2 (t + t0 )

≥

1 ψ 2

3.5 Damped wave equation

273

since by the Young inequality 2k−2

4ka |x|

k−1

(t + t0 ) if a ≤

1 . 4(8(k−1))k−1

2k

≤ 4a (8 (k − 1))

k−1

+

a |x|

k

2 (t + t0 )

Also we have

2βψ Λ− (t + t0 ) (σ + 2)

1 2β 2ψt ≥ ψ. = 1− ψ− (t + t0 ) (σ + 2) σ+2 2 Then by estimates ψ− and

2k

|ψt | − we see that

βψ 2 1 2 |∇ψ| ≥ ψ − t + t0 |ψt | 2

6βψ (k − 6β) a |x| ≥ k+1 t + t0 (t + t0 )

−

6β t + t0

1 2 β 2 σ+2 ψ ut + |∇u| + |u| E≥ t + t0 2 Rn 2k 1 (k − 6β) a |x| 6β + u2 dx − k+1 8 t + t0 (t + t0 )

H−

(3.138)

if we choose k > 6β. Now we estimate the second summand in the right-hand side of (3.138). By the H¨older and Young inequalities we obtain 2k (k − 6β) a |x| 6β 1 u2 dx − − k+1 8 Rn t + t0 (t + t0 ) β −1 2 2 √ u2 dx ≤ C (t + t0 ) u Lσ+2 1 (σ+2) σ2 ≤ L (|x|≤ t+t0 ) t + t0 |x|≤√t+t0 σn n 2 1 −1 2 −1− σ σ+2 + u Lσ+2 ≤ C (t + t0 ) 2(σ+2) u Lσ+2 ≤ C (t + t0 ) 2 2 n 2 1 σ+2 2 −1− σ ≤ C (t + t0 ) + |u| ψdx, 2 Rn where > 0 is suﬃciently large. Thus

1 2 β β β 2 σ+2 ψ ut + |∇u| + |u| (t + t0 ) H − E ≥ (t + t0 ) t + t0 2 n R 2k 1 (k − 6β) a |x| 6β + u2 dx ≥ −C − k+1 8 t + t0 (t + t0 )

274

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations n 2

1

−

n 2

+ 1. Then we obtain 1 d β β 2 σ+2 dx ≤ C. (t + t0 ) E + (t + t0 ) ψ u2t + |∇u| + |u| dt 2 Rn

since β =

+2

σ

Integration of this inequality with respect to time yields 1 t β β 2 σ+2 (t + t0 ) E (t) + u2t + |∇u| + |u| ψdx dt (t + t0 ) 2 0 Rn ≤ C (t + t0 ) (3.139) which imply the ﬁrst estimate of the lemma. Another estimate we obtain if we choose φ = 0 and multiply inequality β+1 (3.136) by (t + t0 ) d β+1 β+1 β (t + t0 ) E0 ≤ − (t + t0 ) H0 + (β + 1) (t + t0 ) E0 , dt

where E0 =

Rn

(3.140)

2 u2t + |∇u| +

H0 = Rn

2 σ+2 |u| ψdx, σ+2 σ+2 Φ0 u2t + Λ0 |u| dx,

Φ0 = 2ψ − ψt + and Λ0 = −

1 2 |∇ψ| ψt

2ψt . σ+2

As above we have the estimates Φ0 ≥ 0 and Λ0 ≥ 0. Therefore by (3.139) the integration of (3.140) with respect to time yields t β+1 β E0 ≤ C (t + t0 ) E0 (t) dt ≤ C (t + t0 ) . (t + t0 ) 0 −β

Hence E0 (t) ≤ C (t + t0 ) . To prove the last estimate we apply the operator ∇ to equation (3.134) and multiply the result by 2ψ∇ut + ψ∇u. Then integrating by parts with respect to x in Rn we get

d 1 2 2 2 ψ 0= |∇ut | + (∆u) + |∇u| + (∇u · ∇ut ) dx dt 2 n R 2 2 σ 2 |∇ut | + (∆u) + (σ + 1) |u| |∇u| + Rn σ +2 (σ + 1) |u| (∇ut · ∇u)) ψdx + ((2∇ut + ∇u) · ∇ψ) ∆udx. Rn

3.5 Damped wave equation

Then we ﬁnd

where

dE1 + H1 = 0, dt

275

(3.141)

1 2 2 2 E1 = |∇ut | + (∆u) + |∇u| + (∇u · ∇ut ) ψdx 2 Rn

and

2

2

σ

2

|∇ut | + (∆u) + (σ + 1) |u| |∇u| σ +2 (σ + 1) |u| (∇ut · ∇u)) ψdx + ((2∇ut + ∇u) · ∇ψ) ∆udx Rn

1 2 2 2 − |∇ut | + (∆u) + |∇u| + (∇u · ∇ut ) ψt dx. 2 Rn

H1 =

Rn

Multiplying equation (3.141) by (t + t0 )

β+1

we get

d β+1 β+1 β+1 (t + t0 ) E1 = − (t + t0 ) E1 . H1 − dt t + t0

(3.142)

By the Cauchy inequality we now estimate the right-hand side of (3.142) β+1 E1 H1 − t + t0

β+1 2 2 σ 2 |∇ut | + (∆u) + (σ + 1) ψ |u| |∇u| = ψ ψ − ψt − t + t n 0 R σ

+2 (σ + 1) ψ |u| (∇ut · ∇u)) dx + (2 (∇ut · ∇ψ) ∆u + (∇u · ∇ψ) ∆u − (∇u · ∇ut ) ψt ) dx Rn

β+1 β+1 1 2 ψ |∇u| − + ψ (∇u · ∇ut ) dx − ψt − 2 2 (t + t0 ) t + t0 Rn 1 2 2 −1 2 |∇ut | + (∆u) ψdx − C (t + t0 ) ≥ |∇u| ψdx 2 Rn n R 2σ 2 |u| |∇u| ψdx. −C Rn

By the H¨older inequality we have " 2 2σ 2 2σ |u| |∇u| ψdx ≤ u L2+2σ ψ |∇u|

L2+2σ

Rn

By the Sobolev inequality σn

1−

σn

φ L2+2σ ≤ C ∇φ L2(1+σ) φ L2 2(1+σ) . 2

.

(3.143)

276

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

Then

σ2 n

2σ

2

σ n 2σ− 1+σ

u L2+2σ ≤ C ∇u L1+σ u L2 2

σ2 n

≤ Ctσ−σβ− 2(1+σ)

and σn σn 2 " 1+σ 2− 1+σ " " ψ |∇u| 2+2σ ≤ C ψ∆u 2 ψ |∇u| 2 L L L 2 " σn − 2(1+σ) + Ct ψ |∇u| 2 L σn " 1+σ σnβ σn ≤ Ct−β+ 2(1+σ) ψ∆u 2 + Ct− 2(1+σ) −β .

L

Thus by the Young inequality 2σ 2 |u| |∇u| ψdx Rn

σn 1+σ " σn(σ−β) σn ≤ Ctσ−(σ+1)β− 2(1+σ) ψ∆u 2 + Ctσ−(σ+1)β− 2 L 2 1 " ≤ ψ∆u + Ct−β−1 , 2 L2

since

(3.144)

1+σ σn (σ − β) σ − (σ + 1) β − 2 (1 + σ) 1 + σ − σn 2 σ+1 = −β − 1 − ≤ −β − 1. 1 + σ − σn 2

By (3.142), (3.143) and (3.144) we get 2 " d β+1 β (t + t0 ) E1 ≤ C + (t + t0 ) ψ∇u 2 dt L

(3.145)

Therefore by (3.139) the integration of (3.145) with respect to time yields β+1

(t + t0 )

E1 ≤ C (t + t0 ) + C 0

Hence E1 (t) ≤ C (t + t0 ) Lemma 3.42 is proved.

−β

t

" 2 β (t + t0 ) ψ∇u 2 dt ≤ C (t + t0 ) . L

, which gives us the second estimate of the lemma.

Estimates for the second derivative utt Now we obtain the estimates for the second derivative utt in the norm n n −k φ Y = sup t t 4 φ (t) L2 + t 4 2 φ (t) H0,k . t≥0

3.5 Damped wave equation

277

Lemma 3.44. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈H2,k (Rn ), u1 ∈ H1,k (Rn ) with k> 6 + 3n. Let u be a global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; H2,k ∩ C1 ([0, ∞) ; H1,k to the Cauchy problem (3.134) with σ = n2 and satisfy the estimate −1 −1 −1 t u + t 2 ut + t 2 ∇u ≤ C. Y

Y

Then the estimate is true

Y

γ

t utt Y ≤ C, where γ > 0. Proof. We have by the integral representation (3.109) ∂t2 u (t) = (∂t + 1) ∂t2 G (t) u0 + ∂t2 G (t) u1 σ t 2 t t t σ u − ∂t G u ∂t2 G (t − τ ) |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ − 2 2 2 0 t σ − ∂t G (t − τ ) ∂τ |u (τ )| u (τ ) dτ. t 2

By virtue of estimates of Lemma 3.34 we obtain ∂t G (t) φ L2 ≤ C t and

−1

φ L2

2 n ∂t G (t) φ 2 ≤ C t−2− 4 ( i∇ φ 1 + φ 1 ) L H L

for all t > 0. Therefore −2− n

4 utt (t) L2 ≤ C t ( u0 H2,k + u1 H1,k ) 2t −2− n σ 4 t − τ u (τ ) L2+2σ i∇ u (τ ) L2+2σ dτ +C

0

t 2

+C

−2− n 4

t − τ

0

t

+C t 2

−1

t − τ

σ

u (τ ) L1+σ i∇ u (τ ) L1+σ dτ σ

u (τ ) L2+2σ uτ (τ ) L2+2σ dτ.

By the Sobolev inequality we have σn

1−

σn

φ L2 2(1+σ) . φ L2+2σ ≤ C ∇φ L2(1+σ) 2 Then σ2 n

σ

σ

2

σ n σ− 2(1+σ)

u (t) L2+2σ ≤ C ∇u (t) L2(1+σ) u (t) L2 2

2

σ n − 12 − 4(1+σ)

≤ C t −1− n 4

u (t) L2+2σ i∇ u (t) L2+2σ ≤ C t

,

,

278

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations σ

u (t) L1+σ i∇ u (t) L1+σ ≤ C t and

−1

− 32 − n 4

σ

u (t) L2+2σ ut (t) L2+2σ ≤ C t

.

Hence

−2− n 4

t 2

−2− n

4 utt (t) L2 ≤ C t +C t − τ τ 0 t −1 −3−n −1− n 4 −γ t − τ τ 2 4 dτ ≤ C t . +C

−1

dτ (3.146)

t 2

To prove the weighted estimate we write by using Lemma 3.34 k k −1− n −1 k 4 φ L1 + C t · φ |·| ∂t G (t) φ 2 ≤ C t 2 2 L

and

k 2 |·| ∂t G (t) φ

k

L2

Hence

L

≤ C t 2

−2− n 4

−2

i∇ φ L1 + C t

k · i∇ φ

L2

k k 2 − n −2 |·| ∂t u (t) 2 ≤ C t 2 4 ( u0 H2,k + u1 H1,k ) L 2t k −2− n σ 4 +C t − τ 2 u (τ ) L1+σ i∇ u (τ ) L1+σ dτ 0

t 2

+C

t − τ

−2

L2+2σ

0

t

+C

t 2

k

t − τ 2

t

+C t 2

t − τ

k σ u (τ ) L2+2σ · i∇ u (τ )

−1− n 4

−1

σ

u (τ ) L1+σ uτ (τ ) L1+σ dτ

k σ u (τ ) L2+2σ · uτ (τ )

L2+2σ

By the Sobolev inequality we have k σ u (t) L2+2σ · i∇ u (t)

k

L2+2σ

≤ C t 2

dτ.

−1− n 4

− 32

σ

u (t) L1+σ ut (t) L1+σ ≤ C t and

k σ u (t) L2+2σ · ut (t)

L2+2σ

Hence

k

≤ C t 2

− 32 − n 4

.

,

dτ

.

3.5 Damped wave equation

279

k k 2 − n −2 |·| ∂t u (t) 2 ≤ C t 2 4 L 2t k k −2− n −1 −2 −1− n 4 4 +C τ + t − τ τ 2 t − τ 2 dτ 0 t k k −1− n −3 −1 −3−n 4 t − τ 2 τ 2 + t − τ τ 2 2 4 dτ +C t 2

k

≤ C t 2

−n 4 −1−γ

.

(3.147)

Thus the estimate of the lemma follows from (3.146) and (3.147). Lemma 3.44 is proved. Optimal time decay estimates We ﬁrst compare the solutions of the following two problems σ ut − ∆u + |u| u = Ψ, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, u(0, x) = u0 (x), x ∈ Rn ,

and

where σ =

vt − ∆v + v 1+σ = |Ψ | , x ∈ Rn , t > 0, v(0, x) = µ |u0 (x)| , x ∈ Rn ,

(3.148)

(3.149)

2 n.

Lemma 3.45. Suppose that Ψ ∈ C ((0, ∞) × Rn ) . Let u and v be classical solutions of (3.148) and (3.149) such that u, v ∈ C (0, ∞) ; C2 ∩ C1 ((0, ∞) ; C) . Suppose that 0 ≤ ≤ 1 and µ ≥ 1. Then |u (t, x)| ≤ v (t, x) for all t ≥ 0, x ∈ Rn . The proof of Lemma 3.45 is similar to that of Lemma 3.14 so we omit it. In the next lemma time decay estimates for problem we obtain optimal (3.148) with Ψ ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L2 (Rn ) . We remind that n n −k φ Y = sup t t 4 φ (t) L2 + t 4 2 φ (t) H0,k . t≥0

Lemma 3.46. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ C (Rn ) . Let the force Ψ ∈ 2 n C [0, ∞) ; L (R ) satisfy the estimate γ

t Ψ Y ≤ C

280

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

for some γ > 0. Suppose that there exists a solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L2 (Rn ) of problem (3.148) such that −1 t u ≤ C. Y

Then the optimal time decay estimate is valid n (log (2 + t)) 2 u ≤ C.

(3.150)

X

Proof. Since the function Ψ ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L2 (Rn ) wecan not apply Lemma 3.45 directly. Denote Ψ1 = Ψ − θ1 (t) G0 (t) , θ1 (t) = Rn Ψ (t, x) dx, v1 (t) = u (t) and t G0 (t − τ ) Ψ1 (τ ) dτ. w1 (t) = 0

Also we deﬁne vm and wm for m ≥ 2 by the recurrent relations vm (t) = u (t) −

m−1

wj (t)

j=1

and

t

G0 (t − τ ) Ψm (τ ) dτ,

wm (t) = 0

where σ

σ

Ψm = |vm−1 | vm−1 − |vm | vm − θm (t) G0 (t) , σ σ θm (t) = (|vm−1 | vm−1 − |vm | vm ) dx. Rn

Then we get m−1 σ ∂t vm − ∆vm = − |vm−1 | vm−1 + j=1 θj (t) G0 (t) , x ∈ Rn , t > 0, vm (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn . First let us prove by induction that γ

t wj X ≤ C.

(3.151)

By virtue of Lemma 3.40 we obtain γ

γ

t wj X ≤ C t Ψj Y . Since vj = vj−1 − wj−1 we have σ

σ

σ

||vj−1 | vj−1 − |vj | vj | ≤ C (|vj−1 | + |wj−1 |) |wj−1 | . Therefore

3.5 Damped wave equation

281

γ

t Ψj Y ≤ C. We now use the smoothing property of the heat kernel. We apply Lemma 3.35 to get the estimate vj (t) Lpj ≤ G0 (t) u0 Lpj t j−1 σ + θl (t) G0 (t) dτ G0 (t − τ ) |vj−1 | vj−1 (τ ) + p 0 j l=1 L t 1 1 −n − 2 rj pj 1+σ (t − τ ) ≤ C u0 Lpj + C vj−1 (τ ) Lrj (1+σ) dτ. 0

< 1, and vj−1 ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Lpj−1 (Rn )) , then we get 1 vj ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Lpj (Rn )) with n2 p1+σ − < 1. Thus we choose p1 = 2 pj j−1 We choose

n 2

1 rj

−

1 pj

1 1−ε − 2−ε and p1j ≤ p1+σ n ≤ pj−1 − n . Therefore we arrive at pj = ∞ for some j−1 j. By the same considerations we obtain vm ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; C (Rn )) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; C2 (Rn ) ∩ C1 ((0, ∞) ; C (Rn ))

for some m. Thus vm satisfy (3.148) with a force σ σ Ψ = |vm | vm − |vm−1 | vm−1 +

m−1

θj (t) G0 (t) .

j=1

By virtue of (3.151) we have the following time decay estimate γ t Ψ ≤ C. Y

We now take a suﬃciently small ε > 0 and consider the following two auxiliary Cauchy problems 2 Ut − ∆U + U n +1 = ε2 Ψ , x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.152) U (0, x) = ε |u0 (x)| , x ∈ Rn , and

4 2 Vt − ∆V + ε n V n +1 = Ψ , x ∈ Rn , t > 0, V (0, x) = 1ε |u0 (x)| , x ∈ Rn .

(3.153)

Note that problem (3.153) can be reduced to problem (3.152) by virtue of the change V = ε−2 U. And problem (3.152) has a suﬃciently smallinitial data 2 ε |u0 (x)| and a small force ε Ψ . Moreover, the mean value θ = Rn u0 (x)dx = O (ε) . So that the term θ1 ε2 Ψ = O (ε) is also small. Therefore we can apply the results of Section 3.2 to calculate the large time asymptotic behavior of

282

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

the functions U (t, x) and V (t, x). Hence by Lemma 3.45, we get |vm (t, x)| ≤ V (t, x) = ε−2 U (t, x). Then via Lemma 3.45 we arrive at the optimal time decay estimate for the solution vm −n 2

vm (t) L∞ ≤ Cε−2 t

(log (2 + t))

−n 2

for all t > 0. Using the integral equation for the heat equation we ﬁnd n (3.154) (log (2 + t)) 2 vm ≤ C. X

Now by estimates (3.151) and (3.154) we ﬁnd estimate (3.150). Lemma 3.46 is proved. Nonlinear heat equation with a source We start this section with the following auxiliary result. Consider the following equation dy σ = (1 − |y| ) y + φ (t) , (3.155) dt where σ > 0. Denote ψ (t) = 4 (1 − 2−σ ) monotonous.

−1

supτ ≥t |φ (τ )| , hence ψ (t) is

γt 2 Lemma σ 3.47. Let φ ∈ C ([0, ∞)) , and e ψ (t) ∈ L (0, ∞) , with 0 < γ < min 1, 2 . Then the solutions of equation (3.155) has only one of the asymptotic behavior |y (t)| ≤ ψ (t) (3.156)

or

y (t) = 1 + O e−γt

(3.157)

for all t > 0. Proof. If |y (t)| ≤ ψ (t) for all t > 0, then we get (3.156). Consider t ≥ T > 0 such that ψ (t) ≤ 12 . Now we suppose that |y (t0 )| > ψ (t0 ) for some t0 ≥ T. First consider the simplest case y (t0 ) > 12 . Then let us prove that 1 (3.158) y (t) > 2 for all t ≥ t0 . By the contrary in view of the continuity of the solution y (t) we can ﬁnd a maximal time t1 > t0 such that inequality (3.158) is true for all t ∈ [t0 , t1 ) and y (t1 ) = 12 . Since |φ (t)| ≤ 18 (1 − 2−σ ) , then by equation (3.155) we have dy 1 1 σ ≥ (1 − |y| ) − 1 − 2−σ > 0, dt 2 4

3.5 Damped wave equation

283

when t ∈ [t0 , t1 ) is suﬃciently close to t1 . Hence we see that (3.158) is true for all t ∈ [t0 , t1 ] . The contradiction obtained proves that (3.158) is fulﬁlled for all t ≥ t0 . Then changing the dependent variable y = 1 + w and multiplying equation (3.155) by w we get d 2 σ w = 2y (1 − (1 + w) ) w + 2wφ ≤ −2γw2 + Cψ 2 . dt Therefore the integration with respect to time yields

t 2 −2γt 2 −2γτ 2 e ψ (τ ) dτ . w (t) ≤ e w (t0 ) + C t0

Consequently w2 (t) = O e−2γt for t → ∞. Therefore asymptotics (3.157) is true. Consider now the rest case

ψ (t0 ) < y (t0 ) ≤

1 2

for some t0 > 0. Then let us show that the solution y (t) grows in time and there exists a ﬁnite time t1 > t0 such that y (t1 ) >

1 2

(3.159)

(that is we arrive to the previous case.) By the contrary suppose that y (t) ≤ 12 for all t > 0. In view of the continuity of y (t) we ﬁnd a maximal time interval t2 > t0 , such that 1 ψ (t) < y (t) ≤ (3.160) 2 for all t ∈ [t0 , t2 ), and if t2 < ∞, then y (t2 ) = ψ (t2 ) . Then by equation (3.155) we have dy σ = (1 − |y| ) y + φ (t) > 1 − 2−σ (y − ψ (t)) > 0 dt

(3.161)

for all t ∈ [t0 , t2 ) . Thus the solution y (t) grows on the interval [t0 , t2 ) , hence y (t) > ψ (t) for all t ≥ t0 . Consequently inequality (3.160) is true for all t ≥ t0 . However the integration of (3.161) shows that the solution y (t) becomes greater than 12 after a ﬁnite time t1 > t0 . The contradiction obtained proves (3.159). The case of the negative solutions can be treated in the same way. Lemma 3.47 is proved. Now we consider the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear heat equation (3.148) in the critical case σ = n2 with a source Ψ ∈ C (0, ∞) ; H0,k (Rn ) . The solutions to the Cauchy problem (3.134) satisfy (3.148) if we take Ψ = − n −1 1 + n2 2 and 0 < γ < n1 . −utt . Denote η = (4π)

284

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

Theorem 3.48. Assume that the u0 ∈H1,k (Rn ), with k > 6+3n. initial data 0,k Suppose that the source Ψ ∈ C (0, ∞) ; H (Rn ) and the estimate γ

t Ψ (t) Y ≤ C

(3.162)

is true. Assume that the Cauchy problem (3.148) has a solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; H1,k (Rn ) ∩ C1 [0, ∞) ; H0,k (Rn ) satisfying the a priori time decay estimate n (log t) 2 u (t)

X

≤ C.

(3.163)

Then the solution u has only one of the following asymptotics u (t) =

n 2η

n2

n n n G0 (t) log− 2 t + O t− 2 log− 2 −γ t ,

n n u (t) = O t− 2 log− 2 −1 t

or

for large time t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn . Proof. We make a change u (t, x) = θ (t) G0 (t, x) + w (t, x) . Then from (3.148) we get for the new function w (t.x) wt − ∆w = N (u) − θ G0 ,

(3.164)

σ

where N (u) = − |u| u + Ψ. We choose the function θ (t) by the following equation N (u (t, x)) dx (3.165) θ (t) = with the initial condition θ (0) =

Rn Rn

u0 (x) dx. This implies that

w (t, x) dx = 0 Rn

for all t ≥ 0. In view of (3.165) the integral equation associated with equation (3.164) is

t w (t) = G0 (t) w0 + G0 (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) − G0 (τ ) N (u (τ )) dx dτ. 0

Rn

(3.166) We obtain the estimate

3.5 Damped wave equation

2 1+ n g 2 N (u) ≤ C g n2 u 1+ n + g 1+ n2 Ψ ≤ C. Y X Y and

285

(3.167)

1+ n g 2 G0 w0 ≤ C. X

Since by Lemma 3.40 the triad (X, Y, G0 ) is concordant, then by (3.167) we get from (3.166) the estimates t 1+ n g 2 w ≤ g 1+ n2 G0 w0 + g 1+ n2 G0 (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) dτ X X 0 X 1+ n ≤ C + C g 2 N (u) Y ≤ C, n which shows that w (t) is a remainder term. Then since g 2 u X ≤ C we see that −n |θ (t)| ≤ C (log (2 + t)) 2 . Now we turn to equation (3.165) σ θ (t) = − N (u (t, x)) dx = − |u| udx + Ψ (t, x) dx Rn Rn Rn 2 1+ 2 −1 − n −2 . G0 n (t, x) dx + O (1 + t) (log (2 + t)) 2 = − |θ (t)| n θ (t) Rn

By a direct calculation we have 2 1+ n −n −n 2 −1 2 −1 G0 (t, x) dx = (4π) (t + 1) Rn

|x|2

e− 4(t+1) (1+ n ) dx 2

Rn

−1

= η (1 + t) −1

where η = (4π)

1+

,

n 2 −2 n

. Therefore we get 2 −1 −1 − n −2 . (3.168) θ (t) = −η |θ (t)| n θ (t) (1 + t) + O (1 + t) (log (2 + t)) 2 −n

We now make a change θ (t) = h (t) (log (2 + t)) 2 , then

2 n η n h − |h| h = (1 + t) log (2 + t) 2η −1 −2 . + O (1 + t) (log (2 + t))

(3.169)

Changing the dependent and independent variables h (t) = n 2

log log (2 + t) , we obtain the following equation d σ y = (1 − |y| ) y + φ (τ ) , dτ

n 2η

n2

y (τ ) , τ =

286

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

2 where φ (τ ) = O e− n τ . So we can apply Lemma 3.47 to equation (3.169), and arrive to the following possibilities for the function θ (t) θ (t) =

n 2η

n2

−n 2

(log t)

− n −γ + O (log t) 2

or

−n 2 −1

|θ (t)| ≤ (log t)

(3.170)

(3.171)

1 n.

for all t > 0, where 0 < γ < The ﬁrst possibility (3.170) leads to the ﬁrst asymptotics formula of the theorem. In the case (3.171) we obtain a faster time decay estimate 1+ n (log t) 2 u ≤ C X

for the solution. Theorem 3.48 is proved. Proof of Theorem 3.38 Theorem 3.38 is now a consequence of Lemma 3.42, Lemma 3.44, Lemma 3.46 and Theorem 3.48.

3.6 Sobolev type equations This section is devoted to the study of the Cauchy problem for the Sobolev type equation in the critical case σ ∂t (u − ∆u) − α∆u = λ |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.172) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where α > 0, σ = n2 , λ ∈ R. As in the supercritical case (see Chapter 2 section 2.4) we rewrite the solution of problem (3.172) in the form t σ u (t) = G (t) u0 + λ G (t − τ ) B |u| udτ, (3.173) 0

where the Green operator G (t) is given by αt

ˆ G (t) φ = e−αt F ξ→x e 1+|ξ|2 φ(ξ)

and Bφ =

B (x − y) φ (y) dy Rn

with the Bessel-Macdonald kernel −1 −n 2 1− n B (x) = (2π) 2 eiξx 1 + |ξ| dξ = |x| 2 K n2 −1 (|x|) . Rn

3.6 Sobolev type equations

Here −ν−1

Kν (|x|) = K−ν (|x|) = 2

∞

ν

|x|

ξ −ν−1 e−ξ−

|x|2 4ξ

287

dξ

0

is the Macdonald function (or modiﬁed Bessel function) of order ν ∈ R. Recall that for any k ≥ 0 k B φ p ≤ C φ p (3.174) L L for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and

k B φ 1,a ≤ C φ 1,a L L

(3.175)

for any a ≥ 0. Denote |x|2

−n 2

e− 4α(t+1) .

G0 (t, x) = (4πα (t + 1))

We have the following result (see Lemma 1.31, and Lemma 1.33). Lemma 3.49. Suppose that the function φ ∈ L∞ (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) , where a ∈ (0, 1) . Then the estimates 1 1 −n 2 (r−p)

G (t) φ Lp ≤ e−at φ Lp + C t

φ Lr

G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t, x) L∞ ≤ Ct− 2 − 2 ( φ L∞ + φ L1,a ) n

and

b |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t, x))

a

≤ Ct

b−a 2

φ L1,a are valid for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a and ϑ = Rn φ (x) dx. L1

3.6.1 Small initial data Deﬁne

(G0 (t, x))

η = 2(t + 1) Rn

2 n +1

1 dx = 2πα

− n2 2 +1 . n

2 Denote g (t) = 1 + |θ| n η log (1 + t) , θ = Rn u0 (x)dx. Now we state the results of this subsection. Theorem 3.50. Assume that λθ < 0. Let the initial data u0 ∈ L∞ (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) , a ∈ (0, 1] are small u0 L∞ + u0 L1,a ≤ ε, λθ ≤ −Cε < 0. Then the Cauchy problem (3.172) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞); L∞ (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) satisfying the asymptotics n n −n u (t) = θG0 (t) g − 2 (t) + O t 2 g − 2 −1 (t) log log t for t → ∞ uniformly in x ∈ Rn .

(3.176)

288

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

Proof of Theorem 3.50. We use Theorem 3.2 considering the integral formula (3.173) the Green operator should be changed by G (t − τ ) B. Deﬁne the norms φ Z = φ (t) L∞ + φ (t) L1,a , n −a φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L∞ + t 2 φ (t) L1,a t>0

and φ Y = t φ (t) X , where a ∈ (0, 1) . Note that the L1 norm is estimated by the norm X −α α φ (t) L1 = |φ (t, x)| dx + |x| |x| |φ (t, x)| dx 1 1 |x|≤t 2

|x|>t 2 −a 2

n

≤ C t 2 φ (t) L∞ + C t

φ (t) L1,a ≤ C φ X . −n

(3.177)

|x|2

2 By Lemma 3.49 we see that G0 (t, x) = (4πα e− 4α(t+1) is the as (t + 1)) ymptotic kernel with a functional f (φ) = Rn φ (x) dx. Now we prove that the triad (X, Y,GB) is concordant. In view of the estimate g −1 (τ ) ≤ C and Lemma 3.49 we get t t −1 −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )Bφ (τ ) dτ + g (τ ) G(t − τ )Bφ (τ ) dτ

L∞

0

0

L1,a

≤ C t φ X ≤ C t φ X g −1 (t) for all 0 ≤ t ≤ 4. We now consider t > 4.aVia the condition of the lemma for the − function g (t) we have the estimate t 4 ≤ Cg −1 (t) and supτ ∈[√t,t] g −1 (τ ) ≤ −1 Cg (t) ; hence, by virtue of Lemma 3.49 and (3.174) and (3.175), we obtain t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) Bf (τ ) dτ L∞

0

√

t

≤C

(t − τ )

a −n 2−2

0

+Cg

−1

(t)

t 2

√

( Bf (τ ) L∞ + Bf (τ ) L1,a ) dτ

a −n 2−2

(t − τ )

t

+Cg

−1

( Bf (τ ) L∞ + Bf (τ ) L1,a ) dτ t

(t) t 2

Bf (τ ) L∞ dτ.

Therefore, by using the deﬁnition of the norm X we get

3.6 Sobolev type equations

289

t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) Bf (τ ) dτ ∞ 0 L √ t n a a − − −1 ≤ C t f X (t − τ ) 2 2 τ 2 dτ 0

+Cg

−1

(t) t f X

t 2

√

(t − τ )

t

+Cg −1 (t) t f X

a −n 2−2

t t 2

τ

a

τ 2

−n 2 −1

−1

dτ

dτ

n a n n ≤ C t− 2 − 4 + g −1 (t) t− 2 t f X ≤ Cg −1 (t) t− 2 t f X and, similarly, t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 1,a 0 L t ≤C g −1 (τ ) f (τ ) L1,a dτ 0

√

t

a 2 −1

−1

t

τ dτ + Cg (t) t f X √ τ 2 −1 dτ ≤ C t f X 0 t a a a ≤ Cε t 4 + g −1 (t) t 2 t f X ≤ Cg −1 (t) t 2 t f X . a

Thus the triad (X, Y,GB) is concordant. Since by interpolation inequality (3.177) log (2 + t) N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 σ

σ

≤ C log (2 + t) ( v (t) L∞ + w (t) L∞ ) v (t) − w (t) L1 −1

≤ C t

σ

σ

log (2 + t) (v − w) X ( v X + w X ) ,

condition (3.4) is true. Also we have K (v) − K (w) Y ≤ N (v) − N (w) Y 1 + ( v X + w X ) sup t N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 θ t>0 1 + v − w X sup t ( N (v (t)) L1 + N (w (t)) L1 ) θ t>0

1 σ σ ≤ C v − w X ( v X + w X ) 1 + ( v X + w X ) . θ Since the triad (X, Y,GB) is concordant we see that condition (3.5) is fulﬁlled. Now by applying Theorem 3.2 we easily get the results of Theorem 3.50 which completes its proof.

290

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

3.6.2 Large initial data We now remove the smallness condition on the initial data u0 (x) . Consider the Cauchy problem for the Sobolev type equation σ ∂t (u − ∆u) − ∆u = − |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (3.178) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn in the critical case σ = n2 . (That is we choose α = 1 and λ = −1 in equation (3.172).) Deﬁne the heat kernel −n 2

G0 (t, x) = (4π (1 + t))

|x|2

e− 4(1+t) .

− n −1 1 + n2 2 . Denote η = (4π) We will prove the following result. 2 Theorem 3.51. Let σ = n2 . We assume that the initial data u0 ∈ W∞ (Rn ) ∩ 2,1 n 2,k n n W1 (R ) ∩ H (R ) ∩ C (R ) , with k > 6+ 3n. Then the Cauchy problem 2 (Rn ) ∩ H2,k (Rn ) . (3.178) has a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; W∞ Moreover the solution u has only one of the following asymptotics for large time t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn

u (t) = where 0 < γ <

1 n,

n 2η

n2

n n n G0 (t) log− 2 t + O t− 2 log− 2 −γ t

or n n u (t) = O t− 2 log− 2 −1 t .

Before proving Theorem 3.51 we obtain the weighted energy type estimates and ﬁnd the time decay estimates for the term ∆ut . Weighted energy type estimates By applying a standard contraction mapping principle we have the following result. Proposition 3.52. Let 0 < σ ≤ n2 . Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ Hm,k (Rn ) with k, m ≥ 0. Then there exists a positive time T and a unique solution u ∈ C [0, T ] ; Hm,k (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (3.178). Using the idea of paper Nishihara and Zhao [2006] we obtain the weighted energy type estimates (see also papers Ikehata et al. [2004], Ikehata and Tanizawa [2005], Todorova and Yordanov [2001]).

3.6 Sobolev type equations

291

2 2,k n Lemma 3.53. Let2 0 6 1+ σ − 2 . Then there exists a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; H2,k (Rn ) to the Cauchy problem (3.178) which satisﬁes the a priori estimates n 1 −σ 2 −k 2 u (t) L2 + t u (t) H0,k ≤ C t 2 2

and

t

2 1+ σ −n 2

(t + t0 ) 0

2 σ+2 ∇u (t) L2 + u (t) Lσ+2 dt ≤ C (t + t0 )

for all t > 0. Proof. Let u be a solution constructed in Proposition 3.52. We multiply equation (3.178) by 2ψut + φu with arbitrary weight functions ψ (t, x) and φ (t, x) . Then integrating over Rn we get σ 0= 2ψu2t − 2ψut ∆ut − 2ψut ∆u + 2ψ |u| uut n R σ+2 dx. +φuut − φu∆ut − φu∆u + φ |u| Then integrating by parts with respect to x we ﬁnd dE + H = 0, dt

where E=

Rn

H= Rn

φ 2 u + 2

φ 2 + ψ |∇u| + 2

(3.179)

ψ σ+2 |u| dx, σ 2 +1

φt 2 2 σ+2 − u2 2ψ u2t + |∇ut | + Φ |∇u| + Λ |u| 2

+ (u + 2ut ) (∇ψ · ∇ut ) + u (∇u · ∇φ) + 2ut (∇u · ∇ψ)) dx, Φ=φ−

φt − ψt 2

Λ=φ−

2ψt . σ+2

and

β

Multiplying equality (3.179) by (t + t0 ) with β = σ2 − n2 + 1, we get

d β β β E . (3.180) (t + t0 ) E = − (t + t0 ) H − dt t + t0 We now choose ψ = αφ, and consider the right-hand side of equality (3.180)

292

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

β (1 + 2α) φ β 2 2 H− E= 2αφ u2t + |∇ut | + Φ − |∇u| t + t0 2 (t + t0 ) Rn

2βαφ 1 βφ σ+2 + Λ− + u2 |u| −φt − (t + t0 ) (σ + 2) 2 t + t0 +α (u + 2ut ) (∇ut · ∇φ) + (u + 2αut ) (∇u · ∇φ)) dx. Applying the estimates |αu (∇ut · ∇φ)| ≤

2α2 1 2 2 |∇φ| |∇ut | + |φt | u2 , |φt | 8

1 2 2 2 |∇φ| |∇u| + |φt | u2 , |φt | 8 2 2α |ut (∇ut · ∇φ)| ≤ α |∇φ| u2t + |∇ut |

|u (∇u · ∇φ)| ≤

2 2α |ut (∇u · ∇φ)| ≤ α |∇φ| u2t + |∇u|

and we get

β 2α2 2 2 H− |∇φ| − 3α |∇φ| u2t + |∇ut | E≥ αφ − t + t0 |φt | Rn

2 β (1 + 2α) φ 2 2 − |∇φ| − α |∇φ| |∇u| + Φ− 2 (t + t0 ) |φt |

βαφ 1 4βφ σ+2 |u| + Λ− + u2 dx. |φt | − 8 t + t0 (t + t0 ) σ2 + 1 We choose the weight 2k

φ (t, x) = 1 +

a |x|

k

(t + t0 )

with some a > 0, then for suﬃciently large t0 we ﬁnd 2 β (1 + 2α) φ 2 − α |∇φ| − |∇φ| 2 (t + t0 ) |φt |

β 1 + 2α 2 2 |∇φ| =φ− φ + φt − α |∇φ| − 2 t + t0 |φt |

2αk (1 + 2α) (β + k) −√ ≥ 1− φ 2 (t + t0 ) t + t0

Φ−

2k−2

−

8ka |x|

(t + t0 )

k−1

2k−2

≥

8ka |x| 1 φ− k−1 2 (t + t0 )

2k

≥

1 a |x| 1 k−1 − 4a (16 (k − 1)) + ≥ φ k 2 8 4 (t + t0 )

3.6 Sobolev type equations

293

since by the Young inequality 2k−2

8ka |x|

k−1

(t + t0 ) if a ≤

1 . 16(16(k−1))k−1

2k

≤ 4a (16 (k − 1))

k−1

+

a |x|

k

4 (t + t0 )

In the same manner we have choosing α =

1 2

βαφ (t + t0 ) σ2 + 1 βα αφ − σ t =φ 1− (t + t0 ) σ2 + 1 2 +1 1 α (β + k) 1 φ ≥ φ. = − 2 (t + t0 ) σ2 + 1 4

Λ−

Then by the estimates αφ − and

2α2 α 2 |∇φ| − 3α |∇φ| ≥ φ |φt | 8 2k

|φt | −

4βφ (k − 6β) a |x| ≥ k+1 t + t0 (t + t0 )

−

6β t + t0

we see that

1 β 2 2 σ+2 αφ u2t + |∇ut | + |∇u| + |u| E≥ H− t + t0 8 Rn 2k (k − 6β) a |x| 6β + u2 dx − k+1 t + t0 (t + t0 )

(3.181)

if we choose k > 6β. Now we estimate the second summand in the right-hand side of (3.181). By the H¨older and Young inequalities we obtain taking suﬃciently large > 0 2k 1 6β (k − 6β) a |x| − − u2 dx k+1 8 Rn t + t 0 (t + t0 ) β −1 2 2 u2 dx ≤ C (t + t0 ) u Lσ+2 1 ( σ +1) σ2 ≤ √ 2 t + t0 |x|≤√t+t0 2 (|x|≤ t+t0 ) L σn α −1 2 −β σ+2 u Lσ+2 ≤ C (t + t0 ) 2(σ+2) u Lσ+2 ≤ C (t + t0 ) + 16 α −β σ+2 ≤ C (t + t0 ) + |u| φdx 16 Rn since β =

2 σ

−

n 2

+ 1. Thus

294

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

β E H− t + t0 α β 2 2 σ+2 ≥ (t + t0 ) φ u2t + |∇ut | + |∇u| + |u| dx − C. 16 Rn

(t + t0 )

β

Then we obtain from (3.180) α d β β (t + t0 ) E + (t + t0 ) dt 16

Rn

2 2 σ+2 dx ≤ C. φ u2t + |∇ut | + |∇u| + |u|

Integration of this inequality with respect to time yields β

(t + t0 ) E (t) α t β 2 2 σ+2 dx + dt (t + t0 ) φ u2t + |∇ut | + |∇u| + |u| 16 0 Rn ≤ C (t + t0 ) (3.182) which imply the estimate of the lemma. Lemma 3.53 is proved. Estimates for ∆ut We deﬁne the space X = φ ∈ C [0, ∞) ; H1,k (Rn ) : φ X < ∞ , where the norm

n k n − φ X = sup t 4 2 φ (t) H0,k + t 2 φ (t) L∞ t≥0

with k > 6 + 3n. Also we deﬁne the norm φ Y = t φ (t) X . Note that 1

sup t 2 φ (t) L1,1 ≤ φ Y . t≥0

By Lemma 3.49 it follows that Lemma 3.54. The triad (X, Y, G0 ) is concordant, that is for any φ such that the mean value Rn φ (x) dx = 0 the inequality t g (t) G0 (t − τ ) φ (τ ) dτ 0

≤ C gφ Y

X

is valid, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite, where g (t) = logγ (2 + t) with γ > 0. Now we obtain the estimates for the term ∆ut in the norm Y.

3.6 Sobolev type equations

295

2,1 2 n n Lemma 3.55. Suppose that u W∞ (R )∩W1 (R ). Let the initial data u0 ∈ 2,1 2,1 2 1 2 be a global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; W∞ ∩ W1 ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ ∩ W1 to the Cauchy problem (3.178) and satisfy the estimate −1

n

t 4 u (t) L2 + t 2 u (t) L1,1 ≤ C, t 1+ 2 − n 2 τ σ 2 ∇u (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ C t

(3.183)

0

for all t > 0. Then the estimate γ

t ∆ut Y ≤ C is true with some γ > 0. Proof. By the integral equation associated with the Cauchy problem (3.178) in view of Lemma 3.49 we ﬁnd for n = 1 t − 12 3 u (t) L∞ ≤ C t + C u (τ ) L∞ dτ

t 2

+C

− 12

t − τ

0

t 2

2 3 u (τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L2 + u (τ ) L∞ dτ. 1

1

Then by applying the Young inequality, the estimate u L∞ ≤ u L2 2 ux L2 2 and (3.183) we get u (t) L∞ ≤ C t − 12

+ C t

0

t 2

− 12

τ

− 12

+ C t

−1

t t 2

t − τ

−1

1 2 + τ 2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ

1 2 −1 + τ 2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ C t 2 log t

for all t > 0 in the case n = 1. Now let us consider the case n ≥ 2. Suppose that 1 −n 2 (1− r )

u (t) Lr ≤ C t

logβ t

for some r ≥ 2 and let us estimate the norm Lp with Sobolev imbedding inequality we have σ

1+σ

B |u| u Lp ≤ C u Lr and

1 σ 2 B |u| 2

Hence by Lemma 3.49 we obtain

u

Lp

1+ σ

≤ C u Lr 2 .

(3.184) 1 p

≥

1 r

−

1 2n .

By the

296

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

t 2 σ G (t − τ ) B (|u| u (τ )) dτ 0

Lp

≤C

t 2

1 −n 2 (1− p )

t − τ

0 1 −n 2 (1− p )

t 2

≤ C t

τ

−1

1+σ

1+σ

u (τ ) L1+σ + u Lr log2β τ dτ ≤ C t

dτ

1 −n 2 (1− p )

log2β+1 t

0

and

t σ BG (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) dτ t 2

≤C

t

t − τ

t 2

−1− n 2+

≤ C t

1+σ 1 −n 2 ( r −p)

n(1+σ) 2r

1 −n 2 (1− p )

1+σ

u (τ ) Lr dτ

t t 2

≤ C t

Lp

t − τ

1+σ 1 −n 2 ( r −p)

log2β τ dτ

log2β t .

Therefore from (3.184) it follows that 1 −n 2 (1− p )

u (t) Lp ≤ C t

log2β+1 t

(3.185)

1 for p1 ≥ 1r − 2n . So starting from estimate (3.184) with r = 2 and β = 0 by n iterations we can arrive to the estimate of the L∞ norm −n 2

u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

n

log2 t

(3.186)

for all t > 0 and n ≥ 2. Now we estimate the derivatives by the estimates (3.183), (3.186) and by Lemma 3.49 2t σ ∇G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) Lp dτ 0

1 − 12 − n 2 (1− p )

≤ C t

t 2

0 1 − 12 − n 2 (1− p )

≤ C t

0

and

t 2

σ+1 σ+1 u (τ ) Lσ+1 + u (τ ) L(σ+1)p dτ −1

τ

log2

n+1

1 − 12 − n 2 (1− p )

τ dτ ≤ C t

log2

n+1

t

3.6 Sobolev type equations

t t 2

297

σ

∇G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) Lp dτ

≤C

t

t − τ

t 2

− 12

σ+1

u (τ ) Lp(σ+1) dτ

1 − 12 − n 2 (1− p )

t 2

≤ C t

−1

t − τ

log2

n+1

τ dτ

n+1

t

0 1 − 12 − n 2 (1− p )

≤ C t

log2

n+1

t .

Hence we ﬁnd 1 − 12 − n 2 (1− p )

∇u (t) Lp ≤ C t

log2

(3.187)

for all t > 0 and 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Finally we estimate ∆ut (t) by using the integral equation, estimates (3.183), (3.186), (3.187) and Lemma 3.49

t 2

0

σ

∆BG t (t − τ ) |u| u (τ ) L∞ dτ −2− n 2

t 2

≤ C t

0

−2− n 2

t 2

≤ C t

σ+1

σ+1

u Lσ+1 + u L∞

τ

−1

log2

n+2

dτ −2− n 2

t dτ ≤ C t

log2

n+3

t

0

and

t t 2

σ

∇BG t (t − τ ) |u| ∇u (τ ) L∞ dτ

≤C

t t 2

≤ C t

t − τ − 32 − n 2

− 32

log2

σ

u (τ ) L∞ ∇u (τ ) L∞ dτ n+2

for all t > 0. Thus

t

t t 2

− 32

t − τ

− 32 − n 2

dτ ≤ C t

log2

n+2

t

−γ− n 2

∆ut (t) L∞ ≤ t

for all t > 0. The weighted norms are estimated in the same manner. Lemma 3.55 is proved. Proof of Theorem 3.51 As in the proof of Theorem 3.38 in Subsection 3.5.2 now Theorem 3.51 is a consequence of Lemma 3.42, Lemma 3.55, Lemma 3.47 and Theorem 3.48.

298

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

3.7 Whitham type equations In this section we study large time asymptotics of solutions to the Cauchy problem for dissipative equations ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (3.188) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R. The linear part of equation (3.188) is a pseudodiﬀerential operator deﬁned by the Fourier transformation (ξ)) , Lu = F ξ→x (L (ξ) u and the nonlinearity N (u) is a cubic pseudodiﬀerential operator of nonconvective type N (u) = F ξ→x a (t, ξ, y) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y) dy R b (t, ξ, y, z) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y − z) u (t, z) dydz, + F ξ→x R2

deﬁned by the symbols a (t, ξ, y) and b (t, ξ, y, z) . We consider here the real valued solutions u (t, x) . We suppose that the symbols a (t, ξ, y) and b (t, ξ, y, z) are continuous functions with respect to time t > 0 and the operators N and L have a ﬁnite order, that is the symbols a (t, ξ, y) , b (t, ξ, y, z) and L (ξ) grow with respect to ξ, y and z no faster than a power of some order κ κ

κ

κ

|L (ξ)| ≤ C ξ , |a (t, ξ, y)| ≤ C (ξ + y ) , κ κ κ |b (t, ξ, y, z)| ≤ C (ξ + y + z ) , where C > 0. The particular case of model equation (3.188) is, for example, the cubic nonlinear heat equation ut + u3 − uxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0,

(3.189)

when N (u) = u3 , Lu = −uxx , that is a (t, ξ, y) = 0, b (t, ξ, y, z) = 1 and L (ξ) = ξ 2 . Another example is the potential Ott-Sudan-Ostrovsky equation 2

ut + (ux ) + uxxx + Huxxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, 2

(3.190)

which follows from (3.188) if we take N (u) = (ux ) , Lu = uxxx + Huxxx , 3 that is a (t, ξ, y) = − (ξ − y) y, b (t, ξ, y, z) = 0, L (ξ) = |ξ| − iξ 3 . Here φ (y) 1 dy H (φ) = PV π x−y

3.7 Whitham type equations

299

is the Hilbert transformation. Equation (3.190) comes from the Whitham (see Whitham [1999]) equation vt + vvx + vxxx + Hvxxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (3.191) x if we introduce a potential u = −∞ u (t, x) dx, which vanishes as x → ∞ if we consider the initial data v (0, x) with zero total mass R v (0, x) dx = 0. Therefore R v (t, x) dx = 0 for all t > 0 in view of equation (3.191). Suppose that the linear operator L satisﬁes the dissipation condition which in terms of the symbol L (ξ) has the form δ

Re L (ξ) ≥ µ {ξ} ξ

ν

(3.192)

for all ξ ∈ R, where µ > 0, ν ≥ 0, δ > 0. Also we suppose that the symbol is smooth L (ξ) ∈ C1 (Rn ) and has the estimate l ∂ξ L (ξ) ≤ C {ξ}δ−l ξν (3.193) for all ξ ∈ R \ {0} , l = 0, 1. To ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for the solution we assume that the symbol L (ξ) has the following asymptotic representation in the origin δ+γ L (ξ) = L0 (ξ) + O |ξ| (3.194) δ

δ−1

ξ, µ1 > 0, µ2 ∈ R, γ ∈ (0, 1) . for all |ξ| ≤ 1, where L0 (ξ) = µ1 |ξ| + iµ2 |ξ| We suppose that the symbols of the nonlinear operator N are such that l ∂ξ a (t, ξ, y) ≤ C {ξ − y}−l ({ξ − y}α ξ − yσ + {y}α yσ ) (3.195) for all ξ, y ∈ R, t > 0, l = 0, 1, and l ∂ξ b (t, ξ, y, z) ≤ C {ξ − y}−l {ξ − y}β ξ − yσ β σ β σ + {y − z} y − z + {z} z

(3.196)

for all ξ, y, z ∈ R, t > 0, l = 0, 1, where α ≥ 0, β ≥ 0, σ = 0 if ν = 0 and σ ∈ [0, ν) if ν > 0. We consider the case of nonlinearity of the nonconvective type, that is we suppose that a (t, 0, y) = 0 or b (t, 0, y, z) = 0. Our aim is to obtain the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for nonlinear evolution equation (3.188) in the critical case. The critical case with respect to the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions means that δ = 1 + α = 2 + β.

300

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

We assume that the symbols of the nonlinearity have the asymptotics α+γ σ a (t, 0, y) = a0 (y) + O {y} y (3.197) and

β+γ σ b (t, 0, y, z) = b0 (y, z) + O ({y} + {z}) (y + z)

(3.198)

for all y, z ∈ R, t > 0, where γ ∈ (0, 1) , a0 (y) is homogeneous of order α and b0 (y, z) is homogeneous of order β. For example, the equation

2 δ2 2 δ−1 2 ν2 2 ∂x + µ3 −∂x u ut + µ1 −∂x + µ2 −∂x 2 αj 3 βj (3.199) + a1 j=1 ∂x u + b1 j=1 ∂x u = 0, where µ1 > 0, µ2 , a1 , b1 ∈ R, µ3 ≥ 0, 0 < δ < ν, α = α1 + α2 , β = β1 + β2 + β3 satisﬁes conditions (3.194)-(3.198). Also we suppose the total mass of the initial data is not zero 1 u0 (x) dx = 0. θ=u 0 (0) = √ 2π R Denote

κ≡θ

a0 (y) e−L0 (−y)−L0 (y) dy

2

R

+ ωθ3

b0 (y, z) e−L0 (−y)−L0 (y−z)−L0 (z) dydz,

R2

where ω = 0 if a0 = 0 and ω = 1 if a0 ≡ 0. To obtain asymptotics of solutions in the critical case we assume below that κ > 0. The condition κ > 0 implies the restriction on the nonlinearity and yields the positivity of the value R N (u1 ) dx > 0, where u1 is the ﬁrst approximation of the solution. We easily see that, for example, the equation δ ν ut + µ1 −∂x2 2 + µ3 −∂x2 2 u +a1

2 j=1

2 α2j 2 β2j 3 −∂x u + b1 u=0 j=1 −∂x

satisﬁes the condition κ > 0 if µ1 , µ3 , a1 , b1 , θ > 0, δ < ν, α1 + α2 = δ − 1, β1 + β2 + β3 = δ − 2. Deﬁne the norms ϕ A0,∞ = ϕ (·) L∞ (|ξ|≤1) and ϕ B0,1 = ϕ (·) L1 (|ξ|≥1) ξ

ξ

3.7 Whitham type equations

and

301

γ

(·) L∞ . ϕ D0,0 = |∂ξ | ϕ ξ

G0 (x) = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ) .

Denote

We prove the following result. Theorem 3.56. Assume that u0 ∈ A0,∞ ∩B0,1 ∩ D0,0 with suﬃciently small norm u0 A0,∞ + u0 B0,1 + u0 D0,0 = ε. Suppose that κ > 0 and θ=u 0 (0) > 0. Then there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ L∞ ((0, ∞) × R) ∩ C [0, ∞); A0,∞ ∩B0,1 ∩ D0,0 of the Cauchy problem (3.188) satisfying the following time decay estimate − δ1

u (t) ∞ ≤ C t

ω

(1 + κ log t) 2

−1

.

Furthermore the following asymptotic formula 1 θt− δ G0 xt− δ + O u (t, x) = 1 + κ log t 1

t− δ (log t) log log t 1

is valid for t ≥ 1 uniformly with respect to x ∈ R if a0 (y) = 0. In the case of a0 (y) ≡ 0 the asymptotics 1 − δ1 1 t θt− δ G0 xt− δ + O √ u (t, x) = √ 1 + κ log t log t log log t is true for t ≥ 1 uniformly with respect to x ∈ R. Remark 3.57. The conditions of the theorem on the initial data u0 can also be expressed in terms of the usual weighted Sobolev spaces as follows u0 Hρ,0 + u0 H0,ρ ≤ ε, where ρ > 12 . However, the conditions on the initial data u0 are described more precisely in the norm A0,∞ ∩B0,1 ∩ D0,0 . Remark 3.58. We give two examples of the application of Theorem 3.56: 1) In the case of cubic nonlinear heat equation (3.189) we have a (t, ξ, y) = 0, b (t, ξ, y, z) = b0 (y, z) = 1 and L (ξ) = L0 (ξ) = ξ 2 . The conditions (3.196) and (3.198) are fulﬁlled with σ = β = 0, δ = ν = 2. Then for small initial data u0 such that θ > 0 and the norm

302

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

u0 Hρ,0 + u0 H0,ρ ≤ ε, ρ >

1 , 2

the asymptotics x2 θ e− 2t + O u (t, x) = √ √ 4πt 1 + κ log t

t− 2 √ log t log log t 1

is true for large t. 2) For the potential Whitham equation (3.190) we have 3 a (t, ξ, y) = − (ξ − y) y, b (t, ξ, y, z) = 0, L (ξ) = |ξ| − iξ 3 , a0 (y) = y 2 and 3 L0 (ξ) = |ξ| − iξ 3 . The conditions (3.195) and (3.197) are fulﬁlled with σ = α = 2, δ = ν = 3. Then for small initial data u0 such that θ > 0 and the norm u0 Hρ,0 + u0 H0,ρ ≤ ε, ρ >

1 , 2

the asymptotics 1 θt− 3 G0 xt− 3 + O u (t, x) = 1 + κ log t 1

t− 3 (log t) log log t 1

is valid. Note that there is no blow up for the Whitham equation (3.190), that is all solutions exist globally in time (see Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b]) even if θ < 0. It is interesting to know the character of the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions in the case of θ < 0. As far as we know this is an open problem. 3.7.1 Preliminary Lemmas The Green operator G of the problem (3.188) is given by G (t) φ = F ξ→x e−L(ξ)t φˆ (ξ) . First we collect some preliminary estimates for the Green operator G (t) in the norms ρ

ϕ (t) Aρ,p = |·| ϕ (t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≤1) , ξ

s

ϕ (t) Bs,p = |·| ϕ (t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≥1) , ξ

γ

ρ

s

ϕ (t) Dρ,s = |∂ξ | {·} · ϕ (t, ·) L∞ ξ

where ρ, s ∈ R, γ ∈ (0, 1) . The norm Aρ,p is responsible for the large time asymptotic properties of solutions, and the norm Bs,p describes the regularity of solutions. Using result of Lemma 1.38 and Lemma 1.39 we eﬀortlessly have the following result.

3.7 Whitham type equations

303

Lemma 3.59. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (3.192) and (3.193), and ϕ (0) = 0. Then the estimates are valid for all t > 0 1 − δ1 (ρ+ p − q1 )

G (t) ϕ Aρ,p ≤ C t where ρ ≥ 0, if p = q and ρ +

1 p

−

1 q

ϕ A0,q ,

> 0 if 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞,

G (t) ϕ Aρ,p ≤ C t

1 − δ1 (ρ+γ+ p )

where ρ + γ ≥ 0, if p = ∞ and ρ + γ +

ϕ D0,0 ,

> 0 if 1 ≤ p < ∞, and

1 p

− νs

µ

G (t) ϕ Bs,p ≤ Ce− 2 t {t}

ϕ B0,p

where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, s ≥ 0, if ν > 0 and s = 0 if ν = 0. In addition −ρ δ

G (t) ϕ Dρ,s ≤ C t γ −ρ δ + 2δ

+ C t

− νs

{t}

− νs

{t}

( ϕ D0,0 + ϕ A0,∞ + ϕ B0,∞ ) 1

1

2 ( ϕ A0,∞ + ϕ B0,∞ ) 2 ϕ D 0,0

where 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞, s ≥ 0, ρ ≥ 0, γ ∈ [0, 1) is such that γ < δ if ρ = 0 and γ < min (ρ, δ) if ρ > 0. Deﬁne G0 (t) by G0 (t) φ = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ)t φˆ (ξ) , δ

with the homogeneous symbol L0 (ξ) = µ1 |ξ| + iµ2 |ξ| denote G0 (x) = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ) .

δ−1

ξ, µ1 , µ2 ∈ R. Also

By Lemma 1.39 we have the estimates for a diﬀerence G (t) − G0 (t) . Lemma 3.60. Suppose that the linear operator L satisﬁes conditions (3.192) and (3.194). Then the estimates 1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

(G (t) − G0 (t)) φ Aρ,p ≤ C t and

1 1 G0 (t) φ − t− δ φ (0) G0 t− δ (·)

Aρ,p

φ A0,∞

1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

≤ C t

φ D0,0

are valid for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, ρ ≥ 0, γ ∈ [0, 1) is such that γ < δ if ρ = 0 and γ < min (ρ, δ) if ρ > 0. In the next lemma we estimate the Green operator G (t) in our basic norms · X and · Y

304

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

φ X =

sup

sup t

ρ+1 δ

ρ∈[−γ,α+γ] t>0

φ (t) Aρ,1 + s ν

1+ γδ

s

ρ−γ δ

sup sup {t} t

+ sup

1 + δp

s∈[0,σ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

+ sup

sup sup {t} ν t

ρ=0,α,β s∈[0,σ] t>0

ρ

sup

sup t δ φ (t) Aρ,∞

ρ∈[0,α+γ] t>0

φ (t) Bs,p

φ (t) Dρ,s ,

and 1 1+ δp

φ Y = sup sup t 1≤p≤∞ t>0

φ (t) A0,p

1 1+ γδ + δp

+ sup sup t 1≤p≤∞ t>0 1− γδ

+ sup t t>0

σ

{t} ν φ (t) B0,p

σ

{t} ν φ (t) D0,0 ,

where γ ∈ (0, min (1, δ)) is such that γ < α if α > 0 and γ < β if β > 0. The norms · X and · Y depend on the order of the symbol L (ξ) (see conditions (3.192) to (3.194)) and on the symbols a and b (see (3.195) to (3.198)), that is depend on the values δ, ν, α, β, σ, and γ. Deﬁne the function g (t) g (t) = 1 + κ log t with some κ > 0. Lemma 3.61. Let the function f (t, x) have a zero mean value f(t, 0) = 0. Then the following inequality t −1 g (t) g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ ≤ C f Y 0

X

is valid, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite. Proof. Via the condition of the lemma for the function g (t) we have the −γ estimate t 4δ ≤ Cg −1 (t) and √ −1 −1 sup g (τ ) ≤ C 1 + κ log 1 + t √

τ ∈[ t,t]

−1 κ ≤ C 1 + log (1 + t) ≤ Cg −1 (t) ; 2

(3.200)

hence, by virtue of the ﬁrst two estimates of Lemma 3.59 and (3.200) we obtain for ρ ∈ [−γ, α + γ] if p = 1 and ρ ∈ [0, α + γ] if p = ∞

3.7 Whitham type equations

t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 0

√

t

≤C

t − τ

1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

γ

τ δ

−1

− νs

{τ }

+Cg −1 (t)

t 2

√

t − τ

γ

τ δ

−1

1 −ρ δ − δp

t

t − τ

t 2

−ρ δ

τ

1− γδ

τ >0

{τ }

− νs

1 − δp −1

s

{τ } ν f (τ ) D0,0

1− γδ

dτ sup τ τ >0

t

+Cg −1 (t) ≤ C t

1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

Aρ,p

dτ sup τ

0

305

dτ sup τ

1 1+ δp

τ >0

s

{τ } ν f (τ ) D0,0

f (τ ) A0,p

−ρ− 1 + g −1 (t) f Y ≤ Cg −1 (t) t δ δp f Y .

γ − 2δ

t

Similarly by the third estimate of Lemma 3.59 we get for s ∈ [0, σ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, t>0 t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 0

Bs,p

≤C

t

1 −1− γδ − δp

µ

e− 2 (t−τ ) τ

− νs

{t − τ }

{τ }

−σ ν

dτ

0 1 1+ γδ + δp

1 −1− γδ − δp

σ

× sup τ

{τ } ν f (τ ) B0,p ≤ C t

τ >0

{t}

− νs

f Y .

Finally by the fourth estimate of Lemma 3.59 we ﬁnd for ρ = 0, α, β, s ∈ [0, σ] , t>0 t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 0

Dρ,s

t

≤C

dτ t − τ

−ρ δ

{t − τ }

− νs

g −1 (τ )

0

× ( f (τ ) D0,0 + f (τ ) A0,∞ + f (τ ) B0,∞ )

t

dτ t − τ

+C

γ −ρ δ + 2δ

{t − τ }

− νs

g −1 (τ )

0 1

1

2 × ( f (τ ) A0,∞ + f (τ ) B0,∞ ) 2 f (τ ) D 0,0 .

Using (3.200) and the norm Y we have

306

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 0

√

≤ C f Y

t

t − τ

γ

τ δ

−1

− νs

{t − τ }

{τ }

−σ ν

dτ

0

+ C f Y g −1 (t) + C f Y

−ρ δ

Dρ,s

√

t

√

t − τ

−ρ δ

γ

τ δ

−1

− νs

{t − τ }

{τ }

−σ ν

dτ

t

t

t − τ

γ −ρ δ + 2δ

γ

τ 2δ

−1

{t − τ }

− νs

{τ }

−σ ν

dτ

0

+ C f Y g −1 (t) − νs

≤ C f Y {t}

t

√

t

t − τ

γ −ρ δ + 2δ

γ

τ 2δ

−1

{t − τ }

− νs

{τ }

−σ ν

dτ

t

γ−ρ δ

− νs

≤ C f Y g −1 (t) {t}

γ − 4δ

t

t

γ−ρ δ

+ g −1 (t)

.

Hence, the results of the lemma follow, and Lemma 3.61 is proved. Now we estimate the nonlinearity N (u) in the norms A0,p , B0,p and D0,0 . Lemma 3.62. Let the nonlinear operator N satisfy conditions (3.195) and (3.196). Then the inequalities N (ϕ) A0,p ≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aβ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) , N (ϕ) B0,p ≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα+γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aγ,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aβ+γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aβ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aγ,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) , and

3.7 Whitham type equations

307

N (ϕ) D0,0 ≤ C ϕ (t) Dα,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aα−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) 2

+ C ϕ (t) Dβ,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aβ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 )

+ C ( ϕ (t) Aβ−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aβ,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) are valid for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded. Proof. By virtue of conditions (3.195), (3.196) and by the Young inequality we obtain N (ϕ) A0,p ≤ |a (t, ·, y)| |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy Lp (|ξ|≤1)

R

ξ + |b (t, ·, y, z)| |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y − z) ϕ (t, z)| dydz p R2 Lξ (|ξ|≤1) σ α σ α ≤C (· − y {· − y} + y {y} )

R

× |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy Lp (|ξ|≤1) ξ σ β σ β σ β · − y +C {· − y} + y − z {y − z} + z {z} 2 R

× |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y − z) ϕ (t, z)| dydz Lp (|ξ|≤1) ; ξ

hence

σ α (t) Lp (|ξ|≤1) N (ϕ) A0,p ≤ C · {·} ϕ (t) L1 ϕ ξ ξ + ϕ (t) L∞ (|ξ|>1) ξ σ β (t) Lp (|ξ|≤1) + C · {·} ϕ (t) 1 ϕ ξ Lξ (t) L1 + ϕ (t) L∞ (|ξ|>1) ϕ ξ

ξ

≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aβ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) .

308

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

As before N (ϕ) B0,p

≤ |a (t, ξ, y)| |ϕ (t, ξ − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy |y|≤ 1

Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ

2

+ |a (t, ·, y)| |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy |y|≥ 1

Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ

2

+ |b (t, ·, y, z)| |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y − z) ϕ (t, z)| dydz |y|+|z|≤ 1

Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ

2

+ |b (t, ·, y, z)| |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y − z) ϕ (t, z)| dydz |y|+|z|≥ 1

Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ

2

so N (ϕ) B0,p

γ σ α α ≤C {· − y} (· − y {· − y} + {y} ) |y|≤ 1 2

× |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ

γ σ α σ α +C {y} (· − y {· − y} + y {y} ) |y|≥ 1 2

× |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ

γ σ β β β +C {· − y} · − y {· − y} + {y − z} + {z} |y|+|z|≤ 1 2

× |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y − z) ϕ (t, z)| dydz Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ

γ γ +C ({y − z} + {z} ) |y|+|z|≥ 1 2

σ

β

σ

β

σ

β

× · − y {· − y} + y − z {y − z} + z {z} × |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y − z) ϕ (t, z)| dydz Lp (|ξ|≥1) . ξ

Therefore,

,

3.7 Whitham type equations

N (ϕ) B0,p

σ α+γ ≤ C ξ {ξ} ϕ (t, ξ)

L1ξ

γ

σ

309

ϕ (t, ξ) Lp ξ

α

+ C {ξ} ϕ (t, ξ) Lp ξ {ξ} ϕ (t, ξ) L1 ξ

ξ

≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα+γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aγ,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aβ+γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aβ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aγ,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) . Thus the ﬁrst two estimates of the lemma follow. Denote α

σ

α

σ −1

a (t, ξ, y) = a (t, ξ, y) ({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) α

σ

α

,

σ

Φ (t, ξ, y) = ({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) ϕ (t, ξ − y) ϕ (t, y) b (t, ξ, y, z) = b (t, ξ, y, z) {ξ − y}β ξ − yσ −1 β σ β σ + {y − z} y − z + {z} z , β σ β σ β σ Ψ (t, ξ, y) = {ξ − y} ξ − y + {y − z} y − z + {z} z ×ϕ (t, ξ − y) ϕ (t, y − z) ϕ (t, z) . We have N (ϕ) D0,0 γ |∂ + | ξ

γ = |∂ξ | a (t, ·, y) Φ (t, ·, y) dy

L∞ ξ

R

b (t, ·, y, z) Ψ (t, ξ, y, z) dydz ∞ R2 Lξ γ ≤C a (t, ·, y) dy Φ (t, ·, y) |∂ξ | ∞ R Lξ γ + C [|∂ξ | , Φ (t, ·, y)] a (t, ·, y) dy R

L∞

ξ γ +C Ψ (t, ·, y, z) |∂ξ | b (t, ·, y, z) dydz ∞ R2 Lξ γ +C [|∂ξ | , Ψ (t, ·, y, z)] b (t, ·, y, z) dydz

R2

where the commutators

L∞ ξ

(3.201)

310

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations γ

[|∂ξ | , Φ (t, ξ, y)] a (t, ξ, y) −1−γ ≡ |Φ (t, ξ − η, y) − Φ (t, ξ, y)| a (t, ξ − η, y) |η| dη R

and similarly γ [|∂ξ | , Ψ (t, ξ, y, z)] b (t, ξ, y, z) −1−γ ≡ |Ψ (t, ξ − η, y, z) − Ψ (t, ξ, y, z)| b (t, ξ − η, y, z) |η| dη. R

By virtue of condition (3.195) we estimate the commutator [|∂ξ |γ , Φ (t, ·, y)] a (t, ·, y) dy L∞

R

ξ −1−γ ≤C |Φ (t, · − η, y) − Φ (t, ·, y)| |η| dηdy ∞ R R Lξ γ α σ ≤ C (|∂ξ | {· − y} · − y ϕ (t, · − y)) ϕ (t, y) dy

L∞ ξ

R

γ α σ + C (|∂ξ | ϕ (t, · − y)) {y} y ϕ (t, y) dy

L∞ ξ

R

γ

α

σ

≤ C |∂ξ | {·} · ϕ (t, ·) L∞ ϕ (t) L1 ξ

ξ

γ

α

σ

+ C |∂ξ | ϕ (t, ·) L∞ {·} · ϕ (t, ·) L1 ξ

ξ

≤ C ϕ (t) Dα,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) .

(3.202)

By using (3.196) we get γ 2 [|∂ξ | , Ψ (t, ·, y, z)] b (t, ·, y, z) dydz

L∞ ξ

R

2

≤ C ϕ (t) Dβ,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aβ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) . Via (3.195) we have |η|≥ 12 {ξ−y}

| a (t, ξ − η, y) − a (t, ξ, y)|

≤C and

|η|≥ 12 {ξ−y}

dη 1+γ

|η|

dη

−γ

≤ C {ξ − y}

1+γ

|η|

(3.203)

3.7 Whitham type equations

|η|≤ 12 {ξ−y}

| a (t, ξ − η, y) − a (t, ξ, y)|

311

dη 1+γ

|η|

ξ−y−η dη −1 ≤C {ζ} dζ 1+γ 1 |η| |η|≤ {ξ−y} ξ−y

2

−1

≤ C {ξ − y} Thus we have the estimate

|η|≤ 12 {ξ−y}

dη −γ . γ ≤ C {ξ − y} |η|

γ

|∂ξ | a (t, ξ, y) =

−1−γ

| a (t, ξ − η, y) − a (t, ξ, y)| |η|

dη

R −γ

≤ C {ξ − y} for all ξ, y ∈ R. Therefore Φ (t, ·, y) |∂ξ |γ a (t, ·, y) dy

L∞

R

ξ α−γ σ ≤ C {· − y} · − y ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y) dy ∞ R L ξ −γ α σ +C (t, · − y) {y} y ϕ (t, y) dy {· − y} ϕ

L∞ ξ

R

α−γ σ ≤ C {·} · ϕ (t) 1 ϕ (t) L∞ ξ Lξ −γ α σ + C {·} ϕ (t) 1 {·} · ϕ (t) L∞ Lξ

ξ

≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) .

(3.204)

Similarly we obtain γ 2 Ψ (t, ·, y, z) |∂ξ | b (t, ·, y, z) dydz R

L∞ ξ

≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aβ−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aβ,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) . In view of (3.201) through (3.205) we get

(3.205)

312

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

N (ϕ) D0,0 ≤ C ϕ (t) Dα,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aα−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) 2

+ C ϕ (t) Dβ,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aβ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 )

+ C ( ϕ (t) Aβ−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aβ,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) . Thus the third estimate of the lemma is true. Lemma 3.62 is proved. The next lemma will be used in the proof of the theorem to evaluate large time behavior of the mean value of the nonlinearity in equation (3.188) in the norms A0,p , B0,p and D0,0 . We use the notations N0 (ϕ) = F ξ→x a0 (y) ϕ (t, ξ − y) ϕ (t, y) dy R + ωF ξ→x b0 (y, z) ϕ (t, ξ − y) ϕ (t, y − z) ϕ (t, z) dydz, R2

where ω = 0 if a0 = 0 and ω = 1 if a0 ≡ 0. We also deﬁne as above 2 κ≡θ a0 (y) e−L0 (−y)−L0 (y) dy R 3 b0 (y, z) e−L0 (−y)−L0 (y−z)−L0 (z) dydz > 0, + ωθ R2

where θ = u 0 (0) and g (t) = 1 + κ log t . Lemma 3.63. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (3.192) and (3.194) and the nonlinear operator N satisfy conditions (3.195) - (3.198). Assume that u0 is such that the norm u0 A0,∞ + u0 D0,0 = ε. Let function v (t, x) satisfy the estimates (3.206) v X ≤ Cε and

1 −ρ δ − δp

v (t) − G (t) u0 Aρ,p ≤ Cε2 g −1 (t) t

,

where ρ ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Then the inequalities t Cε3 1 + ≤ log (g (t)) + Cε2 (v) (τ, 0) dτ − κ log t N 1 κ 0

(3.207)

(3.208)

3.7 Whitham type equations

if a0 = 0 and t Cε4 1 + ≤ log (g (t)) + Cε3 (v) (τ, 0) dτ − κ log t N 2 κ 0

313

(3.209)

if a0 ≡ 0 are valid for all t > 0. Proof. By Lemma 3.62 and in view of the condition (3.206) we get t t ≤C N (v (τ )) A0,∞ dτ N (v) (τ, 0) dτ 0 0 t σ 2 −σ ≤ C v X {τ } ν dτ ≤ Cε2 t1− ν ;

(3.210)

0

hence, estimates (3.208) and (3.209) follow for all 0 < t < 1. We now consider t ≥ 1. By Lemma 3.60 and via condition of the lemma we get 1 1 v (τ ) − θτ − δ G0 τ − δ (·) ρ,p A

1 1 ≤ C v (τ ) − G (τ ) u0 Aρ,p + G (τ ) u0 − θτ − δ G0 τ − δ (·)

Aρ,p

≤ Cε2 g −1 (τ ) τ

1 −ρ δ − δp

− ρ+γ δ

+ C τ

1 − δp

u0 A0,∞

1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

+ C τ

1 −ρ δ − δp

≤ Cε τ

u0 D0,0 −γ −γ εg −1 (τ ) + τ δ + τ δ

(3.211)

for all τ > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, ρ ≥ 0. By condition (3.195) we get (a (τ, 0, y) − a0 (y)) v (τ, −y) v (τ, y) dy |y|≤1 ≤C

α+γ

|y|≤1

|y|

| v (τ, −y)| | v (τ, y)| dy

≤ C v (τ ) Aα,1 v (τ ) Aγ,∞ ≤ Cε2 {τ }

−σ ν

−1− γδ

τ

(3.212)

for all τ > 0. Likewise via (3.196) we obtain (b (τ, 0, y, z) − b0 (y, z)) v (τ, −y) v (τ, y − z) v (τ, z) dydz |y|+|z|≤1 ≤ Cε3 {τ } Further we ﬁnd

−σ ν

−1− γδ

τ

.

(3.213)

314

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

1 1 (τ, 0) N1 (v) (τ, 0) − Fx→ξ N0 θτ − δ G0 xτ − δ ≤ (a (τ, 0, y) − a0 (y)) v (τ, −y) v (τ, y) dy |y|≤1 + a (y) v (τ, −y) v (τ, y) − θ2 e−τ L0 (−y)−τ L0 (y) dy |y|≤1 0 + a (τ, 0, y) v (τ, −y) v (τ, y) dy |y|≥1 + θ2 a0 (y) e−τ L0 (−y)−τ L0 (y) dy |y|≥1 if a0 (y) = 0. In the case of a0 (y) ≡ 0 we have 1 1 (τ, 0) N2 (v) (τ, 0) − Fx→ξ N0 θτ − δ G0 xτ − δ ≤ (b (τ, 0, y, z) − b0 (y, z)) v (τ, −y) v (τ, y − z) v (τ, z) dy |y|+|z|≤1 + b (y, z) ( v (τ, −y) v (τ, y − z) v (τ, z) |y|+|z|≤1 0 −θ3 e−τ L0 (−y)−τ L0 (y−z)−τ L0 (z) dydz + b (τ, 0, y, z) v (τ, −y) v (τ, y − z) v (τ, z) dydz |y|+|z|≥1 + θ3 b0 (y, z) e−τ L0 (−y)−τ L0 (y−z)−τ L0 (z) dydz . |y|+|z|≥1 Applying (3.211) through (3.213) we obtain 1 1 (τ, 0) N1 (v) (τ, 0) − Fx→ξ N0 θτ − δ G0 xτ − δ 1 1 −σ −1− γδ ≤ Cε2 {τ } ν τ + C v (τ ) − θτ − δ G0 τ − δ (·) 0,∞ A 1 − δ1 −δ × v (τ ) Aα,1 + θτ G0 τ (·) α,1 A

+ C v (τ ) Bσ,1 v (τ ) B0,∞ 1 1 + Cθ2 τ − δ G0 τ − δ (·)

1 1 −δ G0 τ − δ (·) τ α,1

B

which yields

B0,∞

,

3.7 Whitham type equations

1 1 (τ, 0) N1 (v) (τ, 0) − Fx→ξ N0 θτ − δ G0 xτ − δ ≤ Cε2 {τ } + Cε2 τ

−σ ν

−1

+ Cε2 {t}

−σ ν

τ

−1− γδ − γδ

εg −1 (τ ) + τ

t

−1− γδ

+ τ −α δ

+ Cε2 {t}

− γδ

−1− γδ

t

.

Similarly, we get 1 1 (τ, 0) N2 (v) (τ, 0) − Fx→ξ N0 θτ − δ G0 xτ − δ ≤ Cε3 {τ } + Cε3 τ

−σ ν

−1

+ Cε3 {t}

−σ ν

τ

−1− γδ − γδ

εg −1 (τ ) + τ

t

−1− γδ

+ τ −β δ

+ Cε3 {t}

− γδ

−1− γδ

t

for all τ > 0. By an explicit computation we have 1 1 (τ, 0) Fx→ξ N0 θτ − δ G0 xτ − δ = θ2 a0 (y) e−τ L0 (−y)−τ L0 (y) dy R 3 b0 (y, z) e−τ L0 (−y)−τ L0 (y−z)−τ L0 (z) dydz + ωθ R2 2 −1 a0 (y) e−L0 (−y)−L0 (y) dy =θ τ R + ωθ3 τ −1 b0 (y, z) e−L0 (−y)−L0 (y−z)−L0 (z) dydz R2

= κτ

−1

,

where ω = 0 if a0 = 0 and ω = 1 if a0 ≡ 0. Therefore we obtain t N1 (v) (τ, 0) dτ − κ log t 1 t t t γ γ dτ ≤ Cε3 + Cε2 τ −1− δ dτ + Cε2 τ −1− δ dτ 1 τ (1 + κ log t) 1 1 Cε3 log (1 + κ log t) + Cε2 ≤ κ for all t ≥ 1 if a0 = 0 and t N (v) (τ, 0) dτ − κ log t 1

≤ Cε4 1

≤

4

t

dτ + Cε3 τ (1 + κ log t)

Cε log (1 + κ log t) + Cε3 κ

1

t

γ

τ −1− δ dτ + Cε3

1

t

γ

τ −1− δ dτ

315

316

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

for all t ≥ 1 if a0 ≡ 0. Hence in view of (3.210) the result of the lemma follows. Lemma 3.63 is proved. 3.7.2 Proof of Theorem 3.56 For the local existence of classical solutions for the Cauchy problem (3.188) we refer to Chapter 2. We cannot apply directly the results of Theorem 3.2 , therefore we modify the method for case of problem (3.188) . We change the dependent variable u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t) v (t, x) , then we get from (3.188) vt + Lv + e−ϕ(t) N1 (v) + e−2ϕ(t) N2 (v) − ϕ v = 0,

(3.214)

where N1 (u) = F ξ→x

a (t, ξ, y) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y) dy R

and

N2 (u) = F ξ→x

b (t, ξ, y, z) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y − z) u (t, z) dydz. R2

Now we require that the real-valued function ϕ (t) satisﬁes the following condition expressed in terms of the Fourier transform as follows 1 (v) (t, 0) + e−2ϕ(t) N 2 (v) (t, 0) − ϕ v (t, 0) = 0; e−ϕ(t) N hence, via equation (3.214), we get d v (t, 0) = 0 dt for all t > 0. Therefore 1 (v) (t, 0) + e−2ϕ(t) N 2 (v) (t, 0) = ϕ v (0, 0) . e−ϕ(t) N If we choose the initial conditions ϕ (0) = 0, we have v (t, 0) = v (0, 0) = eϕ(0) u 0 (0) = θ, and we obtain the following system ⎧ v v −ϕ(t) ⎪ N2 (v) (t, 0) = 0, ⎨ vt + Lv + e−ϕ(t) N (v) − θ N 1 (v) (t, 0) − θ e 1 (v) (t, 0) + 1 e−2ϕ(t) N 2 (v) (t, 0) , ϕ (t) = θ1 e−ϕ(t) N ⎪ θ ⎩ v (0, x) = u0 (x) , ϕ(0) = 0. (3.215) Multiplying the second equation of system (3.215) by the factor eϕ(t) , then integrating with respect to time t > 0 and making a change of the dependent variables v = G (t) u0 + r, and eϕ(t) = h1 (t) , we get the system of integral equations

3.7 Whitham type equations

t ) dτ, r = − 0h−1 1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f1 (τ 1 t 1 h1 = 1 + θ 0 N1 (v) + h1 (τ ) N2 (v) (τ, 0) dτ,

317

(3.216)

where f1 (t) = N (v (t)) −

v (t) v (t) N1 (v) (t, 0) − N2 (v) (t, 0) . θ θh1 (t)

In the case of a0 ≡ 0 we denote e2ϕ(t) = h2 (t) and obtain the following system of integral equations: t (τ ) G (t − τ ) f2 (τ ) dτ, r = − 0 h−1 t "2 (3.217) 1 1 (v) + N 2 (v) (τ, 0) dτ h2 = 1 + 2θ 0 h2 (τ )N where f2 (t) =

" v (t) " 2 (v) (t, 0) . 1 (v) (t, 0) − v (t) N h2 (t)N (v (t)) − h2 (t)N θ θ

Denote

t

h−1 j (τ ) G (t − τ ) fj (τ ) dτ,

1 t 1 N1 (v) + N2 (v) (τ, 0) dτ R1 (r, h1 ) (t) = 1 + θ 0 h1 (τ )

Mj (r, hj ) (t) = −

0

in the case of a0 = 0 and R2 (r, h2 ) (t) = 1 +

1 2θ

t "

1 (v) + N 2 (v) (τ, 0) dτ h2 (τ )N

0

in the case of a0 ≡ 0. Let us prove that (Mj , Rj ) is the contraction mapping in the set X = {r ∈ C ((0, ∞) ; Dα,σ ) , hj ∈ C ((0, ∞)) : 1 g (t) r (t) X ≤ Cε2 , g (t) ≤ hj (t) ≤ 2g (t) for all t > 0}, 2 where φ X =

sup

sup t

ρ+1 δ

ρ∈[−γ,α+γ] t>0

+ sup

φ (t) Aρ,1 + s ν

1 1+ γδ + δp

sup sup {t} t

s∈[0,σ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

+ sup

s

sup sup {t} ν t

ρ=0,α,β s∈[0,σ] t>0

ρ−γ δ

ρ

sup

sup t δ φ (t) Aρ,∞

ρ∈[0,α+γ] t>0

φ (t) Bs,p

φ (t) Dρ,s ;

318

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

here γ ∈ (0, min (1, δ)) is such that γ < α if α > 0 and γ < β if β > 0. First we prove that the mapping (Mj , Rj ) transforms the set X into itself. When (r, hj ) ∈ X we get by Lemma 3.62 N (v) Y ≤ Cε2 v (τ ) 2 θ N (v) (τ, 0) ≤ Cε , Y

and

where 1 1+ δp

φ Y = sup sup t 1≤p≤∞ t>0

φ (t) A0,p

1 1+ γδ + δp

+ sup sup t 1≤p≤∞ t>0 1− γδ

+ sup t t>0

Hence

σ

{t} ν φ (t) B0,p

σ

{t} ν φ (t) D0,0 .

v (t) v (t) N (v (t)) − f1 Y = N N (v) (t, 0) − (v) (t, 0) 1 2 θ θh1 (t) Y ≤ Cε2

and f2 Y

" v (t) " v (t) N2 (v) (t, 0) = h2 (t)N (v (t)) − h2 (t)N1 (v) (t, 0) − θ θ Y ≤ Cε2 .

Therefore applying Lemma 3.61 we get the estimates t −1 g (t) h (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ g (t) Mj (r, hj ) (t) X ≤ C j j 0

≤ C fj Y ≤ Cε2 . Furthermore, when r ∈ X we have estimates v X ≤ Cε and g (v − G (t) u0 ) X ≤ C gr X ≤ Cε2 . Via Lemma 3.63 we obtain t Cε3 1 + ≤ log (g (t)) + Cε2 (v) (τ, 0) dτ − κ log t N 1 κ 0 if a0 = 0 and t Cε4 ≤ 1 + log (g (t)) + Cε3 (v) (τ, 0) dτ − κ log t N 2 κ 0

X

3.8 Comments

319

if a0 ≡ 0. Hence

1 g (t) ≤ hj (t) ≤ 2g (t) 2 for all t > 0. Thus (Mj , Rj ) transforms the set X into itself.

In a similar manner we consider the diﬀerences Mj (r, hj ) − Mj r, hj and Rj (r, hj ) − Rj r, hj to see that the transformation (Mj , Rj ) is the contraction mapping. Therefore there exists a unique solution (r, hj ) of system of integral equations (3.216) in the space X. From Lemma 3.63 we see that hj (t) = κ log t + O(log log t) for t → ∞. Therefore via formulas u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t) v (t, x) = e−ϕ(t) (Gv0 + r) we obtain the asymptotic formula of the theorem. Theorem 3.56 is proved.

3.8 Comments Section 3.1. The asymptotic behavior in time of positive solutions to the critical nonlinear heat equation was studied in Escobedo and Kavian [1988], Escobedo et al. [1995], Galaktionov et al. [1985], Gmira and V´eron [1984], Kamin and Peletier [1986], Kavian [1987]. In particular in papers Galaktionov et al. [1985], Gmira and V´eron [1984] it was shown that if the initial data are not negative and σ = n2 , then the n solution decays in time like (t log t)− 2 for any x ∈ Rn . This result was extended to the case of the porous media equation with critical exponents (see Gmira and V´eron [1984]). In Escobedo and Zuazua [1991] large time behavior of solutions to the convectiondiﬀusion equation (3.218) ut − ∆u − (a, ∇) (|u|σ u) = 0 was studied for the case of σ ≥ 0 without smallness condition on the data and any restriction on space dimension. They showed that when u0 ∈ L1 , solutions of (3.218) behave like the heat kernel if σ > n1 and the corresponding self-similar solutions if σ = n1 . Section 3.2. Local in time existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (3.22) with ρ = 2 was studied by many authors (see, e.g. Ginibre and Velo [1996], Ginibre and Velo [1997] and references cited therein). In the case of ρ = 2, local in time existence can be clearly shown by the contraction mapping principle in L2 framework. Nonlinear dissipative equations with a fractional power of the negative Laplacian in the principal part were studied extensively (see, e.g., Bardos et al. [1979], Biler et al. [2001a], Biler et al. [1998], Biler et al. [2001b], Shlesinger et al. [1995], Taylor [1992] and references cited therein). Blow-up in ﬁnite time of positive solutions to the Cauchy problem ρ ∂t u + (−∆) 2 u − u1+σ = 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) > 0 was proved in papers Fujita [1966], Weissler [1981] for the case of 0 < σ < n2 , ρ = 2, in papers Hayakawa [1973], Kobayashi et al. [1977] for the case of σ = n2 , ρ = 2 , and

320

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

in paper Sugitani [1975] for the case of 0 < ρ ≤ 2, 0 < σ ≤ nρ . Their proofs of blowρ up results are based on the positivity of the linear evolution operator F ξ→x e−|ξ| , associated with equation (5.135), for 0 < ρ ≤ 2 (see book Yosida [1995]), and do ρ not work for the case of ρ > 2, since F ξ→x e−|ξ| is not necessarily positive. The result of Theorem 3.11 is applicable, in particular, to the Cauchy problem ρ

∂t u + (−∆) 2 u + λu1+σ = µu1+κ , u (0, x) = u0 (x) > 0,

(3.219)

with 0 < σ < κ ≤ nρ , λ, µ > 0 . As we mentioned above the solutions of (3.219) blow up in ﬁnite time, when λ = 0, µ > 0, 0 < ρ ≤ 2 and exist globally in time, when λ > 0, µ = 0, 0 < ρ < ∞ . Thus the result of Theorem 3.11 shows that the dissipation term u1+σ in equation (3.219) is stronger than the blow-up term u1+κ . Note that the problem of asymptotic behavior of solutions to (3.219) is still open for the subcritical case 0 < κ < σ ≤ nρ even if ρ = 2. The proof of Theorem 3.11 in this section follows the paper Hayashi et al. [2004a]. Equation (3.25) with α = 2 is a usual nonlinear heat equation, that was studied extensively (see papers Escobedo and Kavian [1988], Escobedo et al. [1995], Galaktionov et al. [1985], Gmira and V´eron [1984], Kamin and Peletier [1986], Kavian [1987]). In the case of α = 2, local in time existence can be easily shown by the contraction mapping principle in the L2 - framework. Nonlinear dissipative equations with a fractional power of the negative Laplacian in the principal part were studied in papers Bardos et al. [1979], Biler et al. [1998], Komatsu [1984], Taylor [1992], Zhang [2001] (see also references cited therein). The results of this section were published in paper Hayashi et al. [2006b]. Section 3.3. Equation (3.40) with α = 2 is the nonlinear heat equation ut − ∆u + |u|σ u = 0. It was studied in papers Galaktionov et al. [1985], Hayashi et al. [2003b] for the critical case of σ = 2 . Nonlinear dissipative equations with a derivative of a fractional order in the principal part were studied extensively (see, Biler et al. [1998], Biler et al. [2000], Hayashi et al. [2000], Hayashi et al. [2004b], Hayashi et al. [2004a], Komatsu [1984], Shlesinger et al. [1995] and references cited therein). Large time behavior of solutions to problem (3.218) with L = −∂x2 + |∂x |α , 1 < α < 2 was studied in Biler et al. [2000] and Biler et al. [2001a]. Similar results to those of paper Escobedo et al. [1993b] were obtained in Biler et al. [2001b] for the supercritical case of σ > α and in Biler et al. [2000] for the critical case of σ = α . Their method is based on the L1 - contraction property of the semigroup exp (−t |∂x |α ) if 1 < α < 2 (see Bardos et al. [1979]). Section 3.4. The blow-up phenomena of positive solutions to the semilinear parabolic equation ut − ∆u = up was obtained in Fujita [1966] for 1 < p < 1 + n2 , in Hayakawa [1973] for p = 1 + n2 , n = 1, 2, and in Kobayashi et al. [1977] for p = 1 + n2 and any space dimension n. On the other hand, the asymptotic behavior in time of positive solutions to the equation

3.8 Comments

321

2

ut − ∆u = −u1+ n was studied in papers Galaktionov et al. [1985], Gmira and V´eron [1984], Mizoguchi and Yanagida [1998], where it was shown that if the initial data are not negative, n then the solution decays in time as (t log t)− 2 for any x. The ﬁrst part of Theorem 3.22 includes this result. For the problem (3.68), the existence and uniqueness of solutions were considered in Ginibre and Velo [1996], Ginibre and Velo [1997], Okazawa and Yokota [2002] and the large time asymptotics of solutions was obtained in Hayashi et al. [2001] the one dimensional case n = 1. In Galaktionov et al. [1985] and Mizoguchi and Yanagida [1998] the asymptotic behavior in time of positive solutions to the Cauchy problem ∂t u − ∂x2 u + u3 = 0,

u (0, x) = u0 (x) > 0

(3.220)

was considered, and it was shown that the L∞ norm of solutions decay in time faster than t−1/2 . However these methods do not work for the complex Landau - Ginzburg equation (3.68). The material of this section was taken from papers Hayashi et al. [2001], Hayashi et al. [2003a] and Hayashi et al. [2002]. Section 3.5. Recently much attention has been drawn to nonlinear wave equations with dissipative terms. We mention here some recent works concerning the global existence and nonexistence of solutions to the Cauchy problem for damped nonlinear wave equations. The blow-up results were proved in Todorova and Yordanov [2001] for p 2 the case of N (u) = − |u| , p < 1 + n , when the initial data are such that u (x) dx > 0, u (x) dx > 0 . In the critical case the blow-up results Rn 0 Rn 1 were obtained in Li and Zhou [1995] for n ≤ 2 and Zhang [2001], Ikehata and Ohta [2002] for general n . In Marcati and Nishihara [2003], a blow-up result was obtained for problem (3.107) with N (u) = n = 3 under the conditions p ≤ 1 + n2 − |u|p−1 u in the space dimension and u0 (x) = 0, u1 (x) ≥ 0, Rn u1 (x) dx > 0. Note that similar behavior ﬁrst was discovered in Fujita [1966] for the nonlinear heat equation in the critical and subcritical cases p ≤ 1 + n2 . 1 (Rn ), For the initial data from the usual Sobolev space u0 ∈ W11 (Rn ) ∩ W∞ 1 n ∞ n u1 ∈ L (R ) ∩ L (R ) , problem (3.107) was considered in Nishihara [2003]. By employing the fundamental solution of the linear problem the global existence of − n 1− 1

q , 1≤q≤∞ small solutions and large time decay estimates uLq ≤ Ct 2 for space dimension n = 3 were proved. Later these requirements on the initial data were relaxed in Ono [2003] as follows u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ H1 (Rn ), u1 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ L2 (Rn ), under the additional assumptions on p and q such that p ≤ 5, q ≤ 6 for the space dimension n = 3 and q < ∞ for the two dimensional case n = 2. Recently in paper Nishihara and Zhao [2006] it was obtained an optimal time decay estimate of the Lp - norm of solutions to the Cauchy problem (3.134) in under the condition, that the initial data decay the sub critical case σ ∈ 0, n2 exponentially at inﬁnity without any restriction on the size. Here we apply the idea of paper Nishihara and Zhao [2006] to obtain a priori weighted energy type estimates of the solutions. Then we follow the method of paper Hayashi and Naumkin [2006b] to ﬁnd the large time asymptotics of solutions. In this section we follow the method of papers Hayashi et al. [2006a], Hayashi et al. [2004f]. Section 3.6.

322

3 Critical Nonconvective Equations

The part of this section concerning small initial data was taken from paper Ka˘ıkina et al. [2005]. For obtaining the a priori weighted energy type estimates of the solutions in the case of large initial data we follow the idea of paper Nishihara and Zhao [2006]. Section 3.7. The large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equation with dissipation ut + Lu + i|u|2 u = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0 in the critical case was obtained in paper Hayashi et al. [2000]. Here the symbol L(ξ) of the linear pseudodiﬀerential operator L has the following asymptotic representation L(ξ) ∼ µ |ξ|2 in the origin ξ → 0, where Re µ > 0, Im µ ≥ 0. Papers Hayashi et al. [2001] and Hayashi et al. [2003a] considered the large time asymptotics for solutions of the complex Landau-Ginzburg equation ut − µ∆u + a|u|q u = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0 in the critical case q = n2 . The asymptotic expansion of small solutions to the Cauchy problem for the complex Landau - Ginzburg equation was considered in paper Hayashi et al. [2002]. In this section we generalize the approach developed in papers Hayashi et al. [2005a], Hayashi et al. [2003b] and Hayashi et al. [2004c] which mainly considered the case of the Laplacian L = −∆, the power nonlinearity N (u) = |u|q1 u, 0 < q1 ≤ n2 and the nonlinearity of the form ∂x1 |u|q2 +1 , 0 < q2 ≤ n1 . The Lp estimates of the Green operator et∆ were applied to show the positivity of the value N (u1 ) dx, where u1 is the ﬁrst approximation of the solution. In comparison with works Hayashi et al. [2000] through Hayashi et al. [2003a] in this section we work in the Lebesgue spaces for the Fourier transform of the solution in order to treat the case of nonlocal nonlinearities of nonconvective type involving derivatives of unknown function and to show that (N (u) − N (u1 )) dx is the remainder term. To obtain the estimates of the remainder terms of the large time asymptotic formulas we assume that the initial data satisfy some decay condition at inﬁnity.

4 Critical Convective Equations, Self-similar Solutions

In this chapter we study the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to various critical dissipative equations with convective type nonlinearities. The famous Burgers equation ut + u ux − uxx = 0, under the condition that the total mass of the initial data is nonzero, gives us an example of the convective equations. The character of the large time asymptotic behavior for convective type equations in the critical case is determined by the self-similar solutions. We also are interested in removing the smallness requirement on the initial data taking into account some additional properties such as the maximum principle, positivity of solutions or applying the energy type estimates.

4.1 General approach Now we give a general approach for obtaining the large time asymptotic representation of solutions to the Cauchy problem (1.7) ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (4.1) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , in the case of critical nonlinearity N (u) of the convective type. We ﬁx a metric space Z of functions deﬁned on Rn and a complete metric space X of functions deﬁned on [0, ∞) × Rn . We denote as above by G0 ∈ X the asymptotic kernel for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z with a linear continuous functional f (see Deﬁnition 2.1.) Deﬁnition 4.1. We call the operator n *0 (x − y) t− δ1 φ (y) dy G G0 (t) φ = t− δ Rn

with some δ > 0 a self-similar asymptotic operator for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z if the estimates are true

324

4 Critical Convective Equations γ

G0 (t) φ X + t (G (t) − G0 (t)) φ X ≤ C φ Z

(4.2)

for any φ ∈ Z, where γ > 0. Also we assume that the asymptotic kernel (see −α * − δ1 with some Deﬁnition 2.1) has a self-similar form G0 (t, x) = t G0 xt α > 0, δ > 0 and the linear continuous functional f is such that 1 f t−α φ (·) t− δ = f (φ) (4.3) for all t > 0, and φ ∈ Z. We now ﬁx a metric space Q of functions deﬁned on Rn , such that the norm of Q is induced by the norm of X by the relation 1 φ Q = t−α φ (·) t− δ . X

Deﬁnition 4.2. We call the nonlinearity N in equation (4.1) a critical convective if f (N (u)) = 0 for any u ∈ X, and t

−α

1

0 t

=

1 1 dz G0 (1 − z) xt− δ N z −α φ (·) z − δ

1 G0 (t − τ ) (x) N τ −α φ (·) τ − δ dτ

(4.4)

0

for any φ ∈ Q. First we prove the existence of particular solutions of equation (4.1) having a self-similar form. Lemma 4.3. Suppose that the operator G0 (t) is a self-similar asymptotic operator for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z and condition (4.3) is true. Let the nonlinearity N in equation (4.1) be the critical convective (see Deﬁnition 4.2). Also we assume that the estimate is true t G (t − τ ) (N (v (τ )) − N (w (τ ))) dτ 0 0

X

σ

≤ C v − w X ( v X + w X )

(4.5)

for any v, w ∈ X. Then for suﬃciently small θ (|θ| > 0) there exists a unique solution V ∈ Q to the integral equation 1 1 * dz (4.6) V = θG0 − G0 (1 − z) N z −α V (·) z − δ 0

such that V Q ≤ C |θ| .

4.1 General approach

325

Proof. We prove the existence of the solution V for integral equation (4.6) by the contraction mapping principle. We deﬁne the transformation R (V ) by the formula 1 1 * R (V ) = θG0 − G0 (1 − z) N z −α V (·) z − δ dz, 0

for any V ∈ Qρ , where

Qρ = V ∈ Q : V Q ≤ ρ

and C |θ| ≤ ρ and ρ > 0 suﬃciently small. First we check that the mapping R transforms the set Qρ into itself. We denote 1 v (t, x) = t−α V xt− δ . By property (4.4) and relation of the norms Q and X we have 1 * −α − δ1 R (V ) Q ≤ θG dz + G (1 − z, ξ) N z V (·) z 0 0 Q

0

Q

t α 1 δ t t − τ, ξt N (v (τ )) dτ ≤ C |θ| + G 0 0

t = C |θ| + G0 (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ . 0

X

Because of (4.5), we get t G0 (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ 0

Q

σ+1

≤ C v X

σ+1

= C V Q

≤ Cρσ+1 .

X

Hence R (V ) Q ≤ C |θ| + Cρσ+1 ≤ Cρ if ρ > 0 is small. In the same manner we estimate the diﬀerence, denoting 1 w (t, x) = t−α W xt− δ and using the relation of the norms Q and X R (V ) − R (W ) Q 1 −α − δ1 −α − δ1 ≤ G (1 − z, ξ) N z V (·) z W (·) z − N z dz 0 0

Q

t = G0 (t − τ ) (N (v (τ )) − N (w (τ ))) dτ 0 X 1 1 σ σ ≤ V − W Q V Q + W Q ≤ Cρσ V − W Q ≤ V − W Q . 2 2 Therefore, R is a contraction mapping in the closed set Qρ of a complete metric space X. Hence there exists a unique solution V ∈ Qρ to the integral equation (4.6). Lemma 4.3 is proved.

326

4 Critical Convective Equations

We now prove that self-similar solutions V (ξ) obtained in Lemma 4.3 give us the asymptotics of solutions to the Cauchy problem (4.1). Denote θ = f (u0 ) . Theorem 4.4. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ Z and the norm u0 Z ≤ ε, with suﬃciently small ε > 0. Let the nonlinearity N (u) in equation (4.1) be the critical convective. Assume that the following estimates are true γ t t G (t − τ ) (N (v (τ )) − N (w (τ ))) dτ 0

X

γ

≤ C t (v (t) − w (t)) X ( v X + w X ) and

γ t t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) N (v (τ )) dτ 0

σ

(4.7)

1+σ

≤ C v X

(4.8)

X

for any v, w ∈ X, where σ > 0, γ > 0 and G0 is the asymptotic self-similar operator for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z. Suppose that there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X of the problem (4.1) with small norm u X ≤ Cε. Then for the solution u ∈ X of the Cauchy problem (4.1) the asymptotics 1 γ (4.9) t u (t) − t−α V (·) t− δ ≤ C X

is valid for t → ∞, where V is the solution of the integral equation (4.6) with θ = f (u0 ) . 1 Proof. Denote v (t) = t−α θV (·) t− δ , where V satisﬁes integral equation (4.6); we then have t v (t) = θG0 (t) − G0 (t − τ ) N (v (τ )) dτ,

1

0

0 (·) t− δ . Since u (t) satisﬁes the integral equation (1.8) with G0 (t) = t−α G u (t) = G (t) u0 −

t

G (t − τ ) N (u (τ )) dτ, 0

we write for the diﬀerence γ

γ

t (u (t) − v (t)) X ≤ t (G (t) u0 − θG0 (t)) X γ t t + G (t − τ ) (N (u (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ 0 X t γ + (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) N (v (τ )) dτ t 0

≡ I1 + I2 + I3 .

X

(4.10)

4.1 General approach

327

Note that in view of the relation of the norms X and Q we have v X = |θ| V Q ≤ C |θ| ≤ Cε. Then by the deﬁnition of the asymptotic kernel (see Deﬁnition 2.1) we obtain γ

I1 = t (G (t) u0 − θG0 (t)) X ≤ C u0 Z ≤ Cε. By virtue of condition (4.7) we get γ t I2 = t G (t − τ ) (N (u (τ )) − N (v (τ ))) dτ 0 γ

X

σ

σ

≤ C t (u (t) − v (t)) X ( u X + v X ) γ ≤ Cεσ t (u (t) − v (t)) X , and via condition (4.8) we ﬁnd γ t I3 = t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) N (v (τ )) dτ ≤C

0 σ+1 v X

σ+1

≤ C V Q

σ+1

≤ C |θ|

X

≤ Cεσ+1 .

Now (4.10) implies γ

γ

t (u (t) − v (t)) X ≤ Cε + Cεσ t (u (t) − v (t)) X , so estimate (4.9) follows since ε > 0 is small enough. Theorem 4.4 is proved. Example 4.5. Large time asymptotics of solutions to the critical Burgers type equations We consider the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation (1.18) σ ut − ∆u = (λ · ∇) |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (4.11) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where λ ∈ Rn and the critical σ = n1 . Deﬁne the space Z = L1,a (Rn ) , where a ∈ (0, 1) and the space 1 X = φ ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1 (Rn ) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ (Rn ) : φ X < ∞ , where the norm

n+1 n φ X = sup φ (t) L1 + t 2 φ (t) L∞ + t 2 ∇φ (t) L∞ . t>0

Also we deﬁne the norm φ Q = φ L1 + φ L∞ + ∇φ L∞ , so that by a direct computation we obtain

328

4 Critical Convective Equations

n 1 −2 t φ (·) t− 2

X

Note that the Green operator

= φ Q .

G0 (t) φ = G (t) φ =

G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy, Rn

with the heat kernel −n 2

G (t, x) = (4πt)

e−

|x|2 4t

is the asymptotic self-similar operator in spaces X, Z with asymptotic kernel G0 (t) = (4πt) if we take δ = 2, α =

n 2

and

−n 2

e−

|x|2 4t

f (φ) =

φ (x) dx. Rn

Indeed in order to prove estimate (4.2) we write

q1 n n 1 −n −|y|2 2q 2 e dy = Ct− 2 (1− q ) , G (t) Lq = Ct Rn

and ∇G (t) Lq = Ct

n+1 n 2q − 2

−|y|2

e

q1 dy

= Ct− 2 − 2 (1− q ) 1

n

1

Rn

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞. Hence we see that the kernel G ∈ X and the norm n+1 n Gφ X = sup G(t)φ L1 + t 2 G(t)φ L∞ + t 2 ∇G(t)φ L∞ t>0

≤ C φ L1 ≤ C φ Z . Thus estimate (4.2) is fulﬁlled. Equality (4.3) can be checked by changing the 1 variables of integration x = x t 2 . σ The nonlinear term N (u) = (λ · ∇) |u| u in problem (4.11) has the form of the full derivative, so that it is convective f (N (u)) = 0. We now check 1 that it is critical, when σ = n1 . By changing the variables ξ = xt− 2 , τ = zt, 1 y = y t 2 we have t n 1 dτ G (t − τ ) (x) N τ − 2 V (·) τ − 2 0 t 1 −n *0 (x − y) (t − τ )− 2 N τ − n2 V (·) τ − 12 dydτ G = (t − τ ) 2 0

=t

−n 2

Rn 1

n

dz (1 − z) 0

= t− 2

−n 2

0

1

Rn

1 *0 (ξ − y ) (1 − z)− 2 N z − n2 V y z − 12 G dy

n 1 1 G (1 − z) xt− 2 N z − 2 V (·) z − 2 dz.

4.1 General approach

329

Thus condition (4.4) is true, and, due to Deﬁnition 4.2, N is a critical convective nonlinearity. Theorem 4.6. Assume that the initial data u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) , with a ∈ (0, 1) , and the norm u0 L1,a is suﬃciently small. Then there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation (4.11), and this solution has asymptotics n n 1 u (t) = t− 2 V (·) t− 2 + O t− 2 −γ for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where V ∈ L∞ (Rn ) is the solution of the integral equation 1 1 dz ξ − yz 2 G0 √ V (ξ) = θG0 (ξ) − N (V (y)) dy. (4.12) n 1−z Rn 0 z (1 − z) 2 0 (ξ) = (4π)− 2 e−ξ2 and a constant Here G θ= u0 (x) dx. n

Rn

Remark 4.7. The integral with respect to z near the origin in equation 4.12 is convergent by the fact that the nonlinearity N has the form of the full derivative, so that by integrating by parts we can see that the singularity of 1 the integrand is like z − 2 . Before proving Theorem 4.6 we prepare the following lemma. Lemma 4.8. The estimate γ t t G(t − τ ) (λ · ∇) φ(τ )dτ 0

√ γ ≤ C t t φ (t) X

X

is true, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite where 0 ≤ γ < 12 . Proof. Since f (φ) = 0 by Lemma 1.28 with δ = ν = 2 we obtain β n 1 1 β ∂xj G (t) φ ≤ Ct− 2 ( r − q )− 2 φ Lr Lq

(4.13)

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ r ≤ q ≤ ∞, β ≥ 0. Therefore we obtain the estimates t G(t − τ ) (λ · ∇) φ(τ )dτ 0

L1

t 2

≤

0 t

+ t 2

(t − τ )

τ −1 τ

≤ C t

−γ

− 12

−γ

−γ

τ − 2 τ 1

√ γ dτ sup τ τ φ (τ ) L1 τ >0

γ

dτ sup τ τ ∇φ (τ ) L1 τ >0

√ γ t t φ (t) , X

330

4 Critical Convective Equations

t G(t − τ ) (λ · ∇) φ(τ )dτ ∞ 0 L 2t n+1 √ 1 − −γ γ ≤ (t − τ ) 2 τ − 2 τ dτ sup τ τ φ (τ ) L1 0 t

+

t 2

τ >0

−γ

τ −1− 2 τ n

−γ

≤ Ct− 2 t n

n

γ

dτ sup τ 1+ 2 τ ∇φ (τ ) L∞ τ >0

√ γ t t φ (t) , X

and t ∇ G(t − τ ) (λ · ∇) φ(τ )dτ 0

t 2

≤

(t − τ )

0 t

+ t 2

≤ Ct

(t − τ ) − n+1 2

− n+2 2

− 12

t

τ −1− 2 τ n

−γ

√ γ dτ sup τ τ φ (τ ) L1

−γ

τ − 2 τ 1

−γ

L∞

τ >0

n

γ

dτ sup τ 1+ 2 τ ∇φ (τ ) L∞

√ γ t t φ (t)

τ >0

X

for all t > 0. Hence the result of the lemma follows, and Lemma 4.8 is proved. In view of the deﬁnition of norm X we obtain for σ = √ γ σ σ t t (|v| v (t) − |w| w (t))

1 n

X

γ

σ

≤ C t (v (t) − w (t)) X ( v X + w X ) ; σ

σ

hence by taking φ = |v| v − |w| w in Lemma 4.8 we obtain estimates (4.5) and (4.7). Now existence of global solutions u ∈ X follows by application of Theorem 1.17. Thus we see that all the conditions of Theorem 4.4 are fulﬁlled, therefore we get the result of Theorem 4.6 with γ = a2 .

4.2 Whitham type equations Consider the Cauchy problem for the Whitham type equations ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R,

(4.14)

where the linear part L is a pseudodiﬀerential operator deﬁned by the inverse Fourier transformation (ξ)) , Lu = F ξ→x (L (ξ) u

4.2 Whitham equation

331

and the nonlinearity N (u) is a quadratic pseudodiﬀerential operator deﬁned by the symbols a (t, ξ, y) written as a (t, ξ, y) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y) dy. N (u) = F ξ→x R

We suppose that the symbols a (t, ξ, y) are continuous functions with respect to time t > 0 and the operators N and L have a ﬁnite order, that is the symbols a (t, ξ, y) and L (ξ) grow with respect to y and ξ no faster than a power of some order κ κ

κ

κ

|a (t, ξ, y)| ≤ C (ξ + y ) , |L (ξ)| ≤ C ξ , where C > 0. Model equation (4.14) combines many well-known equations of modern mathematical physics and describes various wave processes in diﬀerent media. A particular case of (4.14) is the Whitham equation (see Whitham [1999]) if we choose a (t, ξ, y) = iξ 2 ut + uux + Lu = 0,

(4.15)

which contains many famous equations, such as Korteweg-de Vries, Burgers, Benjamin-Ono. When N (u) = uux , Lu = −uxx , that is a (t, ξ, y) = iξ 2 and 2 L (ξ) = |ξ| , equation (4.14) transforms into the Burgers equation Burgers [1948] (4.16) ut + uux − uxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, which can be solved via the Hopf-Cole Hopf [1950] transformation u = −2∂x log (φ), where

(x−y)2 1 1 y − 4t φ (t, x) = √ e exp − u0 (z) dz dy 2 −∞ 4πt R satisﬁes the heat equation φt = φxx . A famous Korteweg–de Vries-Burgers equation (4.17) ut + uux − uxx + uxxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0 is a particular case of (4.14) with a (t, ξ, y) = a (t, ξ, y) =

iξ 2,

2

L (ξ) = |ξ| − iξ 3 . If we take

−1 −1 iξ 2 2 2 |ξ| − iξ 3 1 + |ξ| , L (ξ) = 1 + |ξ| 2

in equation (4.14) then the Bengamin - Bona - Mahony - Peregrine - Burgers (BBMPB) equation (see Benjamin et al. [1972], Burgers [1948], Peregrine [1966]) follows ut + uux − uxx + uxxx − uxxt = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0. Another example is the Benjamin-Ono-Burgers equation

(4.18)

332

4 Critical Convective Equations

ut + uux − uxx − H (uxx ) = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, where H (φ) =

1 PV π

(4.19)

φ (y) dy x−y

is the Hilbert transformation. This equation follows from (4.14) if we choose 2 2 a (t, ξ, y) = iξ 2 , L (ξ) = |ξ| + i |ξ| signξ. We suppose that the symbol of the nonlinear operator N is such that θ˜

ω

σ

α

σ

α

|a (t, ξ, y)| ≤ C ξ {ξ} (ξ − y {ξ − y} + y {y} )

(4.20)

˜ σ, α ≥ 0. We consider the case for all ξ ∈ R, y ∈ R, t > 0, where θ, of nonlinearity of the type of the full derivative, that is we suppose that ω > 0. We will show that this type of nonlinearity behaves asymptotically as a convective one. We consider the case of nonzero total mass of the initial data R u0 (x) dx ≡ θ = 0. Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition which in terms of L (ξ) has the form δ ν (4.21) Re L (ξ) ≥ µ {ξ} ξ for all ξ ∈ R, where µ > 0, ν ≥ 0. We study the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for nonlinear evolution equation (4.14) in the critical case. The critical case with respect to the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions means that the decay rates of the linear and nonlinear parts of the equation are balanced: δ = 1 + α + ω. Deﬁne X = {φ ∈ S : φ X < ∞} , where the norm φ X =

ρ

sup

sup sup t δ

1 + δp

ρ∈[0,α+γ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

+ sup

s

sup sup {t} ν

s∈[0,σ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

b + νp

φ (t) Aρ,p

t

1+α+γ δ

1 + δp

φ (t) Bs,p ,

and γ ∈ (0, min (1, ω)) , b ∈ [0, 1] ρ

ϕ (t) Aρ,p = |·| ϕ (t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≤1) , ξ

s

ϕ (t) Bs,p = |·| ϕ (t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≥1) ; ξ

ρ,p

the norm A is responsible for the large time asymptotic properties of solutions, and the norm Bs,p describes the regularity of solutions. Theorem 4.9. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (4.21) with δ = 1 + α + ω, α ≥ 0, ω > 0. Suppose that the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes estimates (4.20) with θ˜ + σ ∈ [0, ν) if ν > 0 or σ = 0 = θ if ν = 0. Let the initial data u0 be such that

4.2 Whitham equation

u0 A0,∞ + u0

0,

B

1 1−b

333

≤ ε,

where ε > 0 is suﬃciently small. The value b ∈ [0, 1] is such that b = 1 if √ ν ≥ σ + θ˜ + 1, b < 1 − 1 + σ + θ − ν if ν ∈ (0, σ + θ + 1) and b = 0 if ν = 0. Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ X of the Cauchy problem (4.14). Moreover, the solutions u (t, x) have the time decay estimates − νb

u (t) L∞ ≤ C {t}

− δ1

t

for all t > 0. Remark 4.10. Note that in the case of zero total mass of the initial data θ = u (x) dx = 0 the solutions of the Cauchy problem for equation (4.14) 0 R obtain more rapid time decay rate u (t) L∞ ≤ Ct−

1+min(1,ω) δ

.

Thus the critical value is shifted δc = 1 + α + ω + min (1, ω) in this case. 4.2.1 Preliminary Lemmas The Green operator G is given by

G (t) φ = F ξ→x e−L(ξ)t φˆ (ξ) .

Deﬁne

α α ∂x φ = F ξ→x ξ φˆ (ξ)

and

α α {∂x } φ = F ξ→x {ξ} φˆ (ξ)

for α ∈ R. In the next lemma we estimate the Green operator G (t) in the norms Aρ,p and Bs,p for s, ρ ∈ R, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Lemma 4.11. Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition (4.21). Then the following estimates are valid for all t > 0 t G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ ρ,p 0 A 1 1−λ− ρ+ω κ λ+ 1 δ − δp ≤ C t sup sup {τ } τ δq ψ (τ ) A−ω,q p≤q≤∞ τ >0

where κ < 1, λ < 1, ρ + ω < δ; and t b 1 1 1 1 1−κ− s+θ − λ− δp ν − νr − ν ( p − r ) G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ t s,p ≤ C {t} 0 B

b λ+ 1 κ+ νq × sup sup {τ } τ δq ψ (τ ) B−θ,q p≤q≤∞ τ >0

334

4 Critical Convective Equations

˜ ≥ 0. Here r ∈ [p, ∞] is such that κ + b < 1, and s ≥ 0, where b ∈ [0, 1] , λ νr θ ≥ 0 are such that s + θ < ν if ν > 0. In the case of ν = 0 we take b = 0, r = p, s = 0, θ = 0. Proof. By virtue of dissipation condition (4.21) and by the result of Lemma 1.38 we have the following estimate 1 1 1 −ρ δ−δ(p−q)

G (t) ψ (τ ) Aρ,p ≤C t

ψ (τ ) A0,q

(4.22)

for ρ ≥ 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞. In view of (4.22) with q = ∞ and q = p we get t t −ω G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ ≤ C {∂x } G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ ρ+ω,p 0 0 Aρ,p A 2t ρ+ω 1 − − −ω ≤C t − τ δ δp {∂x } ψ (τ ) dτ A0,∞ 0 t − ρ+ω −ω t − τ δ {∂x } ψ (τ ) dτ +C t 2

A0,p

κ

≤ C sup sup {τ } τ

1 λ+ δq

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

t 2

×

t − τ

1 − ρ+ω δ − δp

{τ }

ψ (τ ) A−ω,q

−κ

τ

−λ

0

t − τ

t 2

dτ

t

+

− ρ+ω δ

{τ }

1 1−λ− ρ+ω δ − δp

≤ C t

−κ

τ

1 −λ− δp

dτ

κ λ+ 1 sup sup {τ } τ δq ψ (τ ) A−ω,q

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

for all t > 0, where κ < 1, λ < 1 and ρ + ω < δ. Thus the ﬁrst estimate of the lemma is true. Similarly, from condition (4.21) we ﬁnd µ

G (t) ψ (τ ) Bs,p ≤ Ce− 2 t {t}

1 − νs − ν1 ( p − r1 )

ψ (τ ) B0,r ,

(4.23)

where s ≥ 0, p ≤ r ≤ ∞ if ν > 0 and s = 0, r = p if ν = 0. Then by (4.23) we have t t ∂x −θ G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ ≤ C G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ 0

≤C

Bs,p

t 2

0

t

+C t 2

0

µ − s+θ − 1 1 − 1 −θ e− 2 (t−τ ) {t − τ } ν ν ( p r ) ∂x ψ (τ ) µ

e− 2 (t−τ ) {t − τ }

− s+θ ν

−θ ∂x ψ (τ )

B0,p

B0,r

dτ ;

Bs+θ,p

dτ

4.2 Whitham equation

335

hence, we obtain t G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ s,p 0 B 2t b µ − s+θ − 1 1 − 1 −κ− νr ≤C e− 2 (t−τ ) {t − τ } ν ν ( p r ) {τ } dτ 0 κ+ b × sup {τ } νr ψ (τ ) B−θ,r τ >0

t

+C t 2

µ

e− 2 (t−τ ) {t − τ }

− s+θ ν

b −κ− νp

{τ }

1 − λ− δp

τ

dτ

κ+ b λ+ 1 × sup {τ } νp τ δp ψ (τ ) B−θ,p τ >0

≤C {t}

b 1 1 1 1−κ− s+θ ν − νr − ν ( p − r )

1 − λ− δp

t

λ+ 1 κ+ b × sup sup {τ } νq τ δq ψ (τ ) B−θ,q . p≤q≤∞ τ >0

Since κ +

b νr

< 1 we have

t 2

µ

e− 2 (t−τ ) {t − τ }

1 1 1 − s+θ ν −ν (p−r)

b −κ− νr

{τ }

dτ

0 b 1 1 1 1−κ− s+θ ν − νr − ν ( p − r )

≤Ce−Ct {t}

b b and since s + θ < ν and − νp ≥ − νr −

t t 2

− s+θ ν

µ

e− 2 (t−τ ) {t − τ } b 1−κ− s+θ ν − νp

≤ C {t}

t

{τ }

1 ν

b −κ− νp

1 − λ− δp

1 p

τ

−

1 r

1 − λ− δp

we get dτ

b 1 1 1 1−κ− s+θ ν − νr − ν ( p − r )

≤C {t}

1 − λ− δp

t

for all t > 0. Thus the second estimate of the lemma follows, and Lemma 4.11 is proved. Now we estimate the nonlinearity N (ϕ, φ) = F ξ→x a (t, ξ, y) ϕ (t, ξ − y) φ (t, y) dy, R

in the norms · A−ω,p and · B−θ,p . Lemma 4.12. Let the nonlinear operator N satisfy the condition (4.20). Then the inequalities N (ϕ, φ) A−ω,p ≤ C ( ϕ Aα,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) + C ( φ Aα,1 + φ Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ )

336

4 Critical Convective Equations

and N (ϕ, φ) B−θ,p ≤ C ( ϕ Aα+γ,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,p ) + C ( φ Aα+γ,1 + φ Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,p ) are valid for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded. Proof. By virtue of condition (4.20) and by the Young inequality, we obtain −ω (t, · − y) φ (t, y) dy N (ϕ, φ) A−ω,p ≤ |·| |a (t, ·, y)| ϕ Lp (|ξ|≤1)

R

ξ σ α σ α (t, · − y) φ (t, y) dy ≤C p (· − y {· − y} + y {y} ) ϕ R Lξ (|ξ|≤1)

σ α ≤ C · {·} ϕ L1 φ p + φ ∞ ξ Lξ (|ξ|≤1) Lξ (|ξ|>1) σ α Lp (|ξ|≤1) + ϕ + C · {·} φ 1 ϕ L∞ (|ξ|>1)

Lξ

ξ

ξ

≤ C ( ϕ Aα,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) + C ( φ Aα,1 + φ Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) , and N (ϕ, φ) B−θ,p

−θ γ (t, · − y) φ (t, y) dy ≤ |·| {·} |a (t, ·, y)| ϕ R

σ α+γ σ α+γ · − y ≤C {· − y} + y {y} R (t, · − y) φ (t, y) dy p × ϕ L (|ξ|≥1) ξ σ σ α+γ α+γ ≤ C · {·} ϕ 1 φ p + C ϕ Lp · {·} φ Lξ

Lξ

Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ

L1ξ

ξ

≤ C ( ϕ Aα+γ,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,p ) + C ( φ Aα+γ,1 + φ Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,p ) . Therefore the estimates of the lemma follow, and Lemma 4.12 is proved. 4.2.2 Proof of Theorem 4.9 Denote X = {φ ∈ S : φ x < ∞} , where the norm φ X =

ρ

sup

sup sup t δ

1 + δp

ρ∈[0,α+γ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

+ sup

s

sup sup {t} ν

s∈[0,σ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

b + νp

φ (t) Aρ,p

t

1+α+γ δ

1 + δp

φ (t) Bs,p ,

4.2 Whitham equation

337

√ where b ∈ [0, 1] is such that b = 1 if ν ≥ 1 + σ + θ, b < 1 − 1 + σ + θ − ν if ν ∈ (0, 1 + σ + θ) and b = 0 if ν = 0. Using estimates (4.22) and (4.23) we get p . G (t) u0 X ≤C u0 A0,∞ + C u0 0, 1−b B

Denote also κ

ψ Y = sup sup {t} t

1 λ+ δp

1≤p≤∞ t>0

γ b ψ (t) A−ω,p + {t} νp t δ ψ (t) B−θ,p ,

ω where κ = 0 if ν = 0, and κ = σ+b ν < 1 if ν > 0; λ = 1 − δ < 1. Then by virtue of Lemma 4.11 we have for ρ ∈ [0, α + γ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ t ρ + 1 t δ δp G (t − τ ) N (v, v) (τ ) dτ ρ,p 0 A 1 κ λ+ δq ≤C sup sup {τ } τ N (v, v) (τ ) A−ω,q ≤ C N (v, v) Y p≤q≤∞ τ >0

=1− and for s ∈ [0, σ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ taking λ {t}

s b ν + νp

t

1+α+γ δ

1 + δp

ω−γ δ

=

1+α+γ δ

t G (t − τ ) N (v, v) (τ ) dτ 0

Bs,p

1 1 1−κ− νθ − 1−b ν (p−r)

≤C {t}

b κ+ νq

× sup sup {τ } p≤q≤∞ τ >0

λ+ 1 τ δq N (v, v) (τ ) B−θ,q

≤ C N (v, v) Y , for all t > 0. Here we suppose that 1 − κ − νθ − 1−b 1 − 1r ≥ 0. By conditions ν b of Lemma 4.11 it follows that b ∈ [0, 1] , r ∈ [p, ∞] satisfy κ + νr < 1, and s ≥ 0, θ ≥ 0 satisfy s + θ < ν if ν > 0. In the case of ν = 0 we take b = 0, r = p, s = 0 and θ = 0. Solving the conditions for b, r

b 1 ≥ 0, σ + b + < ν ν − σ − b − θ − (1 − b) 1 − r r we see that we can take b = 1 and r = ∞ if ν ≥ 1+σ−θ and we√can choose b = σ = θ = 0, r = 1 if ν = 0. Otherwise we can take 0 ≤ b < 1 − 1 + σ + θ − ν −1 and r = (1 + σ + θ − ν) 2 if 0 < ν < 1 + σ + θ. Therefore t ≤ C N (v) . G (t − τ ) N (v) (τ ) dτ Y 0

Now by Lemma 4.12 we ﬁnd

X

338

4 Critical Convective Equations κ

1 λ+ δp

sup sup {t} t

1≤p≤∞ t>0

κ

N (v) (t) A−ω,p λ

≤ C sup sup {t} t ( v (t) Aα,1 + v (t) Bσ,1 ) 1≤p≤∞ t>0 1

× t δp ( v (t) A0,p + v (t) B0,∞ ) and b κ+ νp

sup sup {t}

1≤p≤∞ t>0

λ+ 1 t δp N (v) (t) B−θ,p

κ λ ≤ C sup sup {t} t ( v (t) Aα+γ,1 + v (t) Bσ,1 ) 1≤p≤∞ t>0 b

1

× {t} νp t δp ( v (t) A0,p + v (t) B0,p ) ; hence κ

1 λ+ δp

N (v) Y = sup sup {t} t 1≤p≤∞ t>0 b κ+ νp

+ sup sup {t} 1≤p≤∞ t>0

N (v) (t) A−ω,p

λ+ 1 t δp N (v) (t) B−θ,p

λ λ ≤ C sup sup t v (t) Aα,1 + t v (t) Aα+γ,1 1≤p≤∞ t>0

λ + {t} t v (t) Bσ,1 1 b × t δp v (t) A0,p + {t} νp v (t) B0,p + v (t) B0,∞ . κ

Therefore

1+α 1+α+γ N (v) Y ≤ C sup t δ v (t) Aα,1 + t δ v (t) Aα+γ,1 t>0 2+α+γ κ + {t} t δ v (t) Bσ,1

1 b 1 λ+ δp 2 δp νp × sup sup t v (t) A0,p + {t} t v (t) B0,p ≤ C v X , 1≤p≤∞ t>0

ω α+1 since we have chosen κ = σ+b ν , λ = 1 − δ = δ , ω > 0. Thus we have t 2 G (t − τ ) N (v) (τ ) dτ ≤ C v X . 0

X

In the same manner we prove estimate t G (t − τ ) (N (v1 ) (τ ) − N (v2 ) (τ ))dτ 0

≤ X

1 v1 − v2 X . 2

(4.24)

4.2 Whitham equation

339

Therefore, as in the proof of Theorem 4.4, by applying the contraction mapping in X we prove the existence of a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (4.14). Since u (t) L∞ ≤ u (t) A0,1 + u (t) B0,1 and u (t, x) ∈ X we have the estimate − νb

u (t) L∞ ≤ C {t}

− δ1

t

for all t > 0. Thus the result of the theorem is true, and Theorem 4.9 is proved. 4.2.3 Self-similar solutions Along with the Cauchy problem for equation (4.14) we consider also the Cauchy problem wt + N0 (w) + L0 w = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (4.25) w (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R, where L0 has a symbol L0 (ξ) , which is a homogeneous function of order δ, that is L0 (tξ) = tδ L0 (ξ) for all ξ ∈ R, t > 0. We assume that the asymptotic representation at the origin δ+γ (4.26) L (ξ) = L0 (ξ) + O |ξ| is fulﬁlled for all |ξ| ≤ 1, where γ > 0. Let N0 have a symbol a0 (ξ, y) which is homogeneous with respect to ξ and y of order ω + α, that is a0 (tξ, ty) = tα+ω a0 (ξ, y) for all ξ, y ∈ R, t > 0. We suppose that the asymptotic relation |a (t, ξ, y) − a0 (ξ, y)| θ ω σ α+γ σ α+γ ≤ C ξ {ξ} ξ − y {ξ − y} + y {y} − γδ

+ C t

θ˜

ω

σ

α

σ

α

ξ {ξ} (ξ − y {ξ − y} + y {y} )

(4.27)

˜ σ, α ≥ 0, ω, γ > 0. Note that a0 (ξ, y) is true for all ξ, y ∈ R, t > 0, where θ, also satisﬁes estimates (4.20). 1 1 Consider self-similar solutions w (t, x) = t− δ fθ xt− δ for equation (4.25) which have a total mass − δ1 − δ1 dx = θ= t fθ xt fθ (x) dx = 0. R

R

1 1 The existence of a unique self-similar solution w (t, x) = t− δ f xt− δ , where f (x) is such that

340

4 Critical Convective Equations

ρ sup |·| f

L1

ρ∈[0,α]

+

sup ρ∈[0,α+γ]

ρ |·| f

L∞

<∞

will be given below, provided that |θ| is suﬃciently small. We construct the self-similar solution for equation (4.25) taking the initial data θδ0 (x) , where δ0 (x) is the Dirac delta function. We write the Cauchy problem for (4.25) as the integral equation t G0 (t − τ ) N0 (w) (τ ) dτ, (4.28) w (t) = θG0 (t) δ0 (x) − 0

G0 (t) φ = F ξ→x e−tL0 (ξ) φˆ (ξ) ,

where

1

and by changing the variable of integration ξt δ = η we have 1 1 − 12 G0 (t) δ0 (x) = (2π) eiξx−tL0 (ξ) dξ = t− δ G xt− δ R

and − 12

eiηx−L0 (η) dη.

G (x) = (2π)

R

1 1 We look for the self-similar solution w (t, x) = t− δ f xt− δ . Applying the Fourier transformation to the integral equation (4.28) we obtain w (t, ξ) = θe−tL0 (ξ) t − dτ e−(t−τ )L0 (ξ) a0 (ξ, y) w (τ, ξ − y) w (τ, y) dy. 0

(4.29)

R

1 1 Note that for the Fourier transform of w (t, x) = t− δ f xt− δ we have w (t, ξ) = (2π) = (2π)

− 12 − δ1 − 12

t

1 eiξx f xt− δ dx

R 1

−iξt δ y

e

1 f (y) dy = f ξt δ ;

R

therefore, from (4.29) we get 1 f ξt δ = θe−tL0 (ξ) t 1 1 −(t−τ )L0 (ξ) − dτ e a0 (ξ, y) f (ξ − y) τ δ f yτ δ dy. 0

R

Hence by changing η = ξt , η = yt δ , τ = tz and by recognizing thatthe both − δ1 − δ1 symbol a0 (η, η ) is homogeneous of order ω + α, that is a0 ηt , η t = 1 δ

t−

ω+α δ

1

a0 (η, η ) , and that δ = ω + α + 1 is critical, we ﬁnd

4.2 Whitham equation

f(η) = θe−L0 (η) 1 1 1 −(1−z)L0 (η) − dze a0 (η, η ) f (η − η ) z δ f η z δ dη . 0

341

(4.30)

R

Deﬁne Z = φ ∈ L1 (R) ∩ L∞ (R) : φ Z < ∞ and the norm ρ

φ Z = sup |·| φ L1 + ρ∈[0,α]

ρ

sup ρ∈[0,α+γ]

|·| φ L∞ .

The existence of a unique self-similar solution f ∈ Z follows from estimate (4.24) and Lemma 4.3. In the following theorem we state the main term of the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions u (t, the Cauchy problem (4.14) in terms of x) to − δ1 − δ1 . the self-similar solution t f xt Theorem 4.13. Suppose that the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes asymptotic relationship (4.27) and estimates (4.20) with ω > 0, θ˜ + σ ∈ [0, ν) if ν > 0 or σ = 0 = θ˜ if ν = 0. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (4.21) and (4.26) with δ = 1 + α + ω, α ≥ 0. Let the initial data u0 be such that u0 A0,∞ + u0

1 1−b

0,

B

≤ ε,

where ε > 0 is suﬃciently small. The value b ∈ [0, 1] is such that b = 1 if √ ˜ b < 1 − 1 + σ + θ − ν if ν ∈ (0, 1 + σ + θ) and b = 0 if ν = 0. ν ≥ 1 + σ + θ, Also we suppose that u0 − θδ0 A−γ,∞ ≤ ε, where δ0 (x) is the Dirac delta-function, γ ∈ (0, min (1, ω)) . Then for large time the solution u (t,1 x) to the Cauchy problem (4.14) tends to the self-similar − δ1 solution t fθ xt− δ of equation (4.25), that is 1 1 u (t) − t− δ fθ (·) t− δ

L∞

≤ Ct−

1+γ δ

for all t ≥ 1. Remark 4.14. The conditions of the theorems on the initial data u0 can also be expressed in terms of the standard weighted Sobolev spaces as follows u0

b

Hβ− 2 ,0

+ u0 H0,β+2γ ≤ ε,

where β > 12 . However, the conditions on the initial data u0 are expressed more precisely in the norms A0,p and B0,p . Remark 4.15. We give two examples of the application of Theorem 4.13: 1) In the case of KdVB equation (4.17) we have a (t, ξ, y) = a0 (ξ, y) = iξ 2, 2 2 3 L (ξ) = |ξ| − iξ , L0 (ξ) = |ξ| . The conditions (4.20), (4.21) and (4.26),

342

4 Critical Convective Equations

(4.27) are fulﬁlled with θ = ω = 1, σ = α = 0, δ = ν = 2; hence we can take γ ∈ (0, 1) , b = 1. Then for small initial data u0 such that u0 A0,∞ + u0 B0,∞ ≤ ε, and u0 − θδ0 A−γ,∞ ≤ ε, the asymptotics

1 1 u (t) − t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2

L∞

≤ Ct−

1+γ 2

(4.31)

is true for large t, where fθ is the self-similar solution for the Burgers equation (4.16) with the initial data u0 (x) = δ0 (x). 2) In the case of BBMPB equation −1 −1 2 2 2 3 1 + |ξ| |ξ| , , L (ξ) = 1 + |ξ| − iξ (4.18) we have a (t, ξ, y) = iξ 2 2

a0 (ξ, y) = iξ 2 , L0 (ξ) = |ξ| . The conditions (4.20), (4.21) and (4.26), (4.27) are fulﬁlled with θ = 0, ω = 1, σ = α = 0, δ = 2, ν = 0; hence we can take γ ∈ (0, 1) , b = 0. Then for small initial data u0 such that u0 A0,∞ + u0 B0,1 ≤ ε, and u0 − θδ0 A−γ,∞ ≤ ε, the asymptotics (4.31) is valid. 4.2.4 Proof of Theorem 4.13 Before the proof of Theorem 4.13 we prepare some preliminary estimates in the following two lemmas. First we estimate the diﬀerence G (t) − G0 (t) where G0 (t) φ = F ξ→x e−tL0 (ξ) φˆ (ξ) , and L0 (ξ) is a homogeneous function of order δ, that is L0 (tξ) = tδ L0 (ξ) for all ξ ∈ R, t > 0. From Lemma 1.39 we obtain the following estimate. Lemma 4.16. Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition (4.21) and the asymptotic representation (4.26). Then the estimate t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) ψ (τ ) dτ ρ,p 0 A ρ+ω+γ 1 1−λ− − δp κ λ+ 1 δ ≤ C t sup sup {τ } τ δq ψ (τ ) A−ω,q p≤q≤∞ τ >0

is valid for ρ ≥ 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where κ < 1, λ < 1, ρ + ω + γ < δ. Now we estimate the nonlinearities N (1) (ϕ, φ) = F ξ→x a (t, ξ, y) ϕ (t, ξ − y) φ (t, y) dy, |y|≤2 N (2) (ϕ, φ) = F ξ→x a (t, ξ, y) ϕ (t, ξ − y) φ (t, y) dy |y|≥2

in the norms A−ω,p .

4.2 Whitham equation

343

Lemma 4.17. Let the symbol a (t, ξ, y) of the nonlinear operators N (1) (ϕ, φ) and N (2) (ϕ, φ) satisfy condition (4.20). Then the inequalities (1) N (ϕ, φ) −ω,p ≤ C ( ϕ Aα,1 + ϕ B0,∞ ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) A

+ C ( φ Aα,1 + φ B0,∞ ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) and

(2) N (ϕ, φ)

A−ω,p

≤ C ϕ Bσ,1 φ B0,∞ + C φ Bσ,1 ϕ B0,∞

are valid for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded. Proof. By virtue of condition (4.20) and by the Young inequality we obtain (1) N (ϕ, φ) −ω,p A −ω (t, · − y) φ (t, y) dy ≤ |·| |a (t, ·, y)| ϕ p |y|≤2 Lξ (|ξ|≤1) α α (t, · − y) φ (t, y) dy ≤C ({· − y} + {y} ) ϕ p |y|≤2 Lξ (|ξ|≤1) α ≤ C |·| ϕ L1 (|ξ|≤1) + ϕ L∞ (|ξ|≥1) ξ ξ

× φ p + φ ∞ Lξ (|ξ|≤1) Lξ (|ξ|≥1)

α + φ ∞ + C |·| φ 1 Lξ (|ξ|≤1) Lξ (|ξ|≥1) × ϕ Lp (|ξ|≤1) + ϕ L∞ (|ξ|>1) ξ

ξ

≤ C ( ϕ Aα,1 + ϕ B0,∞ ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) + C ( φ Aα,1 + φ B0,∞ ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) and, similarly, (2) N (ϕ, φ) −ω,p A −ω (t, · − y) φ (t, y) dy ≤ |·| |a (t, ·, y)| ϕ p |y|≥2 Lξ (|ξ|≤1) σ σ (t, · − y) φ (t, y) dy ≤C (|· − y| + |y| ) ϕ ∞ |y|≥2 Lξ (|ξ|≤1) σ σ ≤ C |·| ϕ L1 (|ξ|≥1) φ ∞ + C |·| φ 1 ϕ L∞ (|ξ|>1) ξ

Lξ (|ξ|≥1)

≤ C ϕ Bσ,1 φ B0,∞ + C φ Bσ,1 ϕ B0,∞ .

Lξ (|ξ|≥1)

ξ

344

4 Critical Convective Equations

Finally, the estimates of the lemma follow, and Lemma 4.17 is proved. We write the nonlinear Cauchy problem (4.25) as the integral equation (4.28). First we note that Theorem 4.9 is also applicable to equation (4.28) if we take b = 1, σ = α, ν = δ, θ = ω, so we have estimates u X ≤ Cε and w X0 ≤ Cε, where φ X0 =

ρ

sup sup t δ

sup

1 + δp

ρ∈[0,α+γ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

+ sup

s

sup sup {t} δ

s∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

1 + δp

φ (t) Aρ,p

t

1+α+γ δ

1 + δp

φ (t) Bs,p .

Therefore, in particular, the estimates are valid b − νs − νp

u (t) Bs,p ≤ Cε {t}

1 − 1+α+γ − δp δ

t

for all t > 0, s ∈ [0, σ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, and 1 − δs − δp

w (t) Bs,p ≤ Cε {t}

1 − 1+α+γ − δp δ

t

for all t > 0, s ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. These estimates are suﬃcient for evaluating the large time decay of the remainder v (t) = u (t) − w (t) in the B norms v (t) B0,1 ≤ C u (t) B0,1 + w (t) B0,1 −b −1 − 2+α+γ δ ≤ Cε {t} ν + {t} δ t .

(4.32)

We now estimate the diﬀerence v (t) = u (t) − w (t) in the norms Aρ,p and show that − ρ+γ − 1 (4.33) v (t) Aρ,p ≤ Cε t δ δp for all t > 0, ρ ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. (1) We represent N (u) = N (1) (u) + N (2) (u) and N0 (w) = N0 (w) + (2) N0 (w) , where (1) a (t, ξ, y) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y) dy N (u) = F ξ→x |y|≤2 N (2) (u) = F ξ→x a (t, ξ, y) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y) dy, |y|≥2

(1)

(2)

the terms N0 (w, w), N0 (w, w) are deﬁned similarly. Then for the diﬀerence v (t) = u (t) − w (t) we get from (4.28)

4.2 Whitham equation

345

v (t) = (G (t) − G0 (t)) u0 t (2) G (t − τ ) N (2) (u) − G0 (t − τ ) N0 (w) dτ − 0 t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) N (1) (u) (τ ) dτ − 0 t (1) G0 (t − τ ) N (1) (u) (τ ) − N0 (u) (τ ) dτ − 0 t (1) (1) G0 (t − τ ) N0 (u) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ ) dτ. − 0

For the ﬁrst summand we have 1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

(G (t) − G0 (t)) u0 Aρ,p ≤ C t

u0 A0,∞ .

The second summand we estimate by Lemmas 4.11 and 4.17 t (2) G (t − τ ) N (u) dτ ρ,p 0 A 1 1− λ− ρ+ω − κ λ+ 1 δ δp ≤C t sup sup {τ } τ δq N (2) (u) p≤q≤∞ τ >0

1 1− λ− ρ+ω δ − δp

≤C t

A−ω,q

λ+ 1 sup sup {τ } τ δq u Bσ,1 u B0,∞

κ

p≤q≤∞ τ >0 1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

≤ C t

1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

2

u X ≤ Cε2 t

.

ω−γ = 1+α+γ , ω > γ > 0. In the same manner we where κ = σ+b ν , λ = 1− δ δ have t (2) G0 (t − τ ) N0 (w) dτ ρ,p 0 A

ρ+ω 1 1− λ− δ − δp κ λ+ 1 (2) ≤C t sup sup {τ } 0 τ δq N0 (w) −ω,q p≤q≤∞ τ >0

1 1−λ− ρ+ω δ − δp

≤C t

A

sup sup {τ }

p≤q≤∞ τ >0 − ρ+γ δ

≤ C t

1 − δp

κ0

τ

1 λ+ δq

1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

2

w X0 ≤ Cε2 t

w Bα,1 w B0,∞

,

ω 1+α where κ0 = α+1 δ . By Lemma 4.16 we have with λ = 1 − δ = δ t (1) (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) N (u) (τ ) dτ ρ,p 0 A ρ+ω+γ 1 1−λ− − δp λ+ 1 δ ≤C t sup sup τ δq N (1) (u) (τ ) −ω,q p≤q≤∞ τ >0

− ρ+γ δ

≤ Cε2 t

1 − δp

A

346

4 Critical Convective Equations

since via Lemma 4.17 λ+ 1 τ δp N (1) (u) (τ ) A−ω,p 1+α 1+α+γ ≤ C τ δ u (τ ) Aα,1 + τ δ u (τ ) B0,∞ 1+α+γ 1 2 × τ δp u (τ ) A0,p + τ δ u (τ ) B0,∞ ≤ C u X ≤ Cε2 . Similarly, via Lemma 4.11, we obtain t (1) (1) G0 (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) − N0 (u) (τ ) dτ 0

Aρ,p

1 1−λ− ρ+ω δ − δp

≤C t

(1) λ+ 1 × sup sup τ δq N (1) (u) (τ ) − N0 (u) (τ )

A−ω,q

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

≤ Cε2 t

,

= 1 − ω−γ = 1+α+γ , ω > γ > 0; since by Lemma 4.17 and condition where λ δ δ (4.27) we have (1) λ+ 1 t δp N (1) (u) (t) − N0 (u) (t) A−ω,p α+γ+1 1+α+γ ≤ C t δ u (t) Aα+γ,1 + t δ u (t) B0,∞ 1 1+α+γ × t δp u (t) A0,p + t δ u (t) B0,∞ α+1 1+α+γ + C t δ u (t) Aα,1 + t δ u (t) B0,∞ 1 1+α+γ 2 × t δp u (t) A0,p + t δ u (t) B0,∞ ≤ C u X . Finally, by Lemma 4.11 we ﬁnd for ρ ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ t ρ+γ 1 (1) (1) δ + δp t G0 (t − τ ) N0 (u) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ ) dτ 0

λ+ 1 ≤C sup sup τ δq p≤q≤∞ τ >0

(1) (1) N0 (u) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ )

= 1 − ω−γ = where λ δ Lemma 4.17 we have

1+α+γ , δ

A−ω,q

≤ Cε2 + Cε sup sup τ p≤q≤∞ τ >0

Aρ,p

α+γ δ

1 + δq

v (τ ) Aα,q ,

ω > 0, γ ∈ (0, min (1, ω)) , since in view of

4.2 Whitham equation

347

(1) (1) λ+ 1 τ δq N0 (u) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ )

A−ω,q

≤ C τ 1 δq

× τ

( v (τ ) Aα,1 + u B0,∞ + w B0,∞ )

( u A0,q + w A0,q + u B0,∞ + w B0,∞ )

+ C τ γ δ

1+α+γ δ

α+1 δ

( u Aα,1 + w Aα,1 + u B0,∞ + w B0,∞ )

1 + δq

× τ ( v (τ ) A0,q + u B0,∞ + w B0,∞ ) 2 ≤ u X + w X0 ρ+γ + 1 + C sup sup τ δ δp v (τ ) Aρ,p u X + w X0 ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤q

≤ Cε2 + Cε sup

sup τ

ρ+γ δ

1 + δp

ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤q

v (τ ) Aρ,p .

Therefore, sup

sup sup t

ρ+γ δ

1 + δp

ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

≤ Cε2 + Cε sup

v (t) Aρ,p

sup sup t

ρ+γ δ

1 + δp

v (t) Aρ,p ,

ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

and (4.33) follows. Consider a self-similar solution h (t, x) of (4.25) constructed in Section 4.2.3. Then for the diﬀerence h (t) − w (t) we get from (4.28) h (t) − w (t) = G0 (t) u *0 t − G0 (t − τ ) (N0 (h) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ )) dτ,

(4.34)

0

where u *0 (x) = u0 (x) − θδ (x) . We suppose that the initial data u0 have the γ asymptotic representation u 0 (ξ) = θ + O (|ξ| ) as ξ → 0, so * u0 A−γ,∞ + * u0 B0,∞ ≤ ε. By estimates (4.22) and (4.23) we get 1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

*0 Aρ,p ≤C t G0 (t) u

−µ 2t

G0 (t) u *0 Bs,p ≤ Ce

* u0 A−γ,∞ ,

1 − δs − δp

{t}

* u0 B0,∞ ;

hence *0 Xγ ≤ C ( * u0 A−γ,∞ + * u0 B0,∞ ) , G0 (t) u where we denote φ Xγ = sup

sup sup t

ρ+γ δ

1 + δp

ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

+ sup

s

sup sup {t} δ

s∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

1 + δp

φ (t) Aρ,p

t

1+α+γ δ

1 + δp

φ (t) Bs,p .

348

4 Critical Convective Equations

The second summand in equation (4.34) we estimate by virtue of Lemma 4.11 ω−γ ω taking κ0 = α+1 δ = 1 − δ , λ = 1 − δ , r = ∞, b = 1 t G (t − τ ) (N (h) (τ ) − N (w) (τ )) dτ 0 0 0 ρ,p 0

A

≤C t

1 1− λ− ρ+ω δ − δp

× sup sup {τ }

λ+ 1 τ δq (N0 (h) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ )) A−ω,q

κ0

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

and

t G0 (t − τ ) (N0 (h) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ )) dτ 0

≤C {t}

1 1−κ0 − s+ω δ − δp

× sup sup {τ }

Bs,p

1 − λ− δp

t

1 κ0 + δq

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

λ+ 1 τ δq (N0 (h) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ )) B−ω,q

for all t > 0, s, ρ ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Therefore, t G0 (t − τ ) (N0 (h) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ )) dτ 0

,

Xγ

≤ Cε + Cε h − v Xγ , 2

since by Lemma 4.12 we have {τ }

1 κ0 + δq

≤ C {τ } × τ

1 δq

× τ

1+α δ

τ

1+α+γ δ

( h − w Aα,1 + h Bα,1 + w Bα,1 )

( h A0,q + w A0,q + h B0,∞ + w B0,∞ )

+ C {τ } γ δ

λ+ 1 τ δq (N0 (h) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ )) A−ω,q

1+α δ

τ

1+α δ

( h Aα,1 + w Aα,1 + h Bα,1 + w Bα,1 )

1 + δq

( h − w A0,q + h B0,∞ + w B0,∞ ) 2 ≤ C h − v Xγ h X0 + w X0 + C h X0 + w X0

and {τ }

1 κ0 + δq

≤ C {τ } ×τ

λ+ 1 τ δq (N0 (h) (τ ) − N0 (w) (τ )) B−ω,q

1+α δ

1 δq

τ

1+α+γ δ

( h Aα+γ,1 + w Aα+γ,1 + h Bα,1 + w Bα,1 )

( h A0,q + w A0,q + h B0,q + w B0,q ) 2 ≤ C h X0 + w X0 .

Thus we obtain

4.3 KdV-B equation

h − w Xγ ≤ Cε.

349

(4.35)

Since u (t) − h (t) L∞ ≤ u (t) − h (t) A0,1 + u (t) − h (t) B0,1 , via (4.32), (4.33) and (4.35), we have the estimate u (t) − h (t) L∞ ≤ Ct−

1+γ δ

for all t > 0. Theorem 4.13 is proved.

4.3 Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation This section is devoted to the famous Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation ut + uux − uxx + uxxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0.

(4.36)

Equation (4.36) arises in many ﬁelds of physics and technology (see Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b], and references cited therein) as a simple nonlinear model taking into account the simplest dispersion (described by the term with the third derivative) and dissipation processes (similar to the heat equation) as well as the simplest nonlinear convection eﬀects. The aim of this section is to remove the smallness condition for the initial data which appears when applying the results of Theorem 4.13 from the previ ous section. Suppose that the total mass of the initial data θ = R u0 (x) dx = 0. In the case of θ = 0 the nonlinearity uux in equation (4.36) is supercritical, so the large time asymptotics was studied in Chapter 2. Denote by

x

θ θ fθ (x) = −2∂x log cosh − sinh Erf 4 4 2 the self-similar solution for the Burgers equation (see Burgers [1948]) ut + u ux − uxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (4.37) deﬁned by the total mass θ = R u0 (x) dx of the initial data. Here Erf(x) = x −y 2 √2 e dy is the error function. π 0 Our aim is to prove the following result, where we ﬁnd the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for equation (4.36) in the case of initial data of arbitrary size. Theorem 4.18. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Hs (R) ∩ L1 (R) , where s > − 12 . Then there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C∞ ((0, ∞) ; H∞ (R)) to the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation (4.36), which has asymptotics

350

4 Critical Convective Equations

1 1 1 u (t) = t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2 + o t− 2 as t → ∞, where fθ is the self-similar solution for the Burgers equation (4.37). Moreover, if additionally the initial data u0 ∈ L1,1 (R) , then the asymptotics is true 1 1 1 u (t) = t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2 + O t− 2 −γ as t → ∞, where γ ∈ 0, 12 . For the convenience of the reader we now give the idea of the proof. Multiplying equation (4.36) by 2u and integrating with respect to x ∈ R we get d 2 2 u (t) L2 = −2 ux (t) L2 ; dt hence, by integrating we see that t 2 2 2 u (t) L2 + 2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ u0 L2 0

for all t ≥ 0. In particular we have u ∞,2 ≡ sup u (t) L2 ≤ u0 L2

(4.38)

t≥0

ux 2,2 ≡ ux (t, x) L2

and

x

L2t (0,∞)

≤ u0 L2 .

(4.39)

Note that time decay estimates (4.38) and (4.39) are not optimal. To get optimal time decay we need to show that the L1 (R) norm of the solution does not grow with time. We multiply equation (4.36) by S (t, x) ≡ sign u (t, x) ≡ u(t,x) |u(t,x)| and integrate with respect to x over R to get ut (t, x) S (t, x) dx + u (t, x) ux (t, x) S (t, x) dx R R uxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx − uxxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx. =

R

We have

R

ut (t, x) S (t, x) dx =

R

R

u (t, x) ux (t, x) S (t, x) dx = R

and

R

d ∂ |u (t, x)| dx = u (t) L1 , ∂t dt ∂ (|u (t, x)| u (t, x)) dx = 0, ∂x

uxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx ≤ 0. R

4.3 KdV-B equation

Therefore, we ﬁnd d u (t) L1 ≤ − dt

351

uxxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx.

(4.40)

R

Now the main diﬃculty is to attain an appropriate estimate of the right-hand side of (4.40). Lemma 4.23 below gives us a rough estimate, being however enough to improve the time decay of the L2 (R) norm of the solution. Then applying Lemma 4.22 and Lemma 4.24 we successively improve the time decay estimates until we obtain the optimal one. Before proving Theorem 4.18 we yield in the next subsection some preliminary estimates of the Green operator G (t) solving the linearized Cauchy problem corresponding to (4.36). 4.3.1 Lemmas Consider estimates of the Green function 2 3 −1 eixξ−tξ +itξ dξ. G (t, x) = (2π) 2 R

By the method of the proof of Lemma 1.28 we obtain the following result. Lemma 4.19. The estimates are true 1 1 −ω 2 − 2 (1− p )

xn ∂xω G (t) Lp ≤ C {t}

t

n−ω 1 2 −2

(1− p1 )

for all t > 0, ω, n ≥ 0, 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and 1 −ω 2 −4

xn ∂xω G (t) Lp ≤ C {t}

t

n−ω 1 2 −2

(1− p1 )

for all t > 0, ω, n ≥ 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ 2. Denote the Green operator

G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) =

G (t − τ, x − y) φ (τ, y) dy, R

where the Green function G (t, x) = F ξ→x e−tξ +itξ . Consider the integral equation associated with the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg - de Vries Burgers equation (4.36) 1 t ∂x G (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) dτ. (4.41) u (t, x) = G (t) u0 − 2 0 2

Deﬁne the norms

φ p,q ≡ φ (t, x) Lq (Rx )

3

Lp (R+ t )

We now estimate the ﬁrst derivative of the solution.

.

352

4 Critical Convective Equations

Lemma 4.20. Let the initial data u0 ∈ W11 (R) ∩ H1 (R) , and the norms be bounded u0 W1 + u0 H1 + u ∞,2 + ux 2,2 ≤ C. 1

Then the estimate is true ux p,2 ≤ C

(4.42)

for 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Moreover if in addition u α,2 ≤ C, where 4 < α < 6, then the time-decay estimate (4.42) is valid for all ∞.

α 3

Proof. By virtue of the Young inequality and estimates of Lemma 4.19 we obtain from the integral equation (4.41) t ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) L2 dτ ux (t) L2 ≤ ∂x G (t) u0 L2 + t−ε

t−ε

t−ε

2 1 ∂x G (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) 2 dτ + L 2 0 t ∂x G (t − τ ) L2 u (τ ) L2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ u0 H1 + t−ε

2 ∂x G (t − τ ) 2 u (τ ) 2 2 dτ +C L L 0 t −3 (t − τ ) 4 ux (τ ) L2 dτ + C ≤C +C t−ε

t−ε

(t − τ )

− 54

dτ

0

≤ C + Cε 4 ux ∞,2 + Cε− 4 ; 1

1

1

older inequality, hence, by choosing ε > 0 so that Cε 4 = 12 in view of the H¨ we get estimate (4.42) for 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Now we assume that u α,2 ≤ C, where 4 < α < 6. By the integral equation (4.41) we get 2t − 34 − 54 2 u0 H1 + u0 W1 + C t ux (t) L2 ≤ C t u (τ ) L2 dτ 1

t 2

+C ε ε +C 0

− 54

{τ }

τ

−1

0

1 2

3

ux (t − τ ) L2 u (t − τ ) L2 2 dτ

τ − 4 u (t − τ ) L2 ux (t − τ ) L2 dτ. 3

Since by the H¨ older inequality 0

t 2

2 u (τ ) L2

dτ ≤ t

2 1− α

0

t 2

α2 α u (τ ) L2

dτ

2 1− α

≤ C t

(4.43)

4.3 KdV-B equation

and by the Young inequality b φ (t − τ ) ψ (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ a with

1 p

+1=

1 q

+

1 r

353

≤ f Lq (a,b) φ Lr (R+ ) ψ Ls (R+ ) t

Lp (R+ t )

t

+ 1s , we then obtain

−3 −1− 2 ux p,2 ≤ C t 4 p + + C t 4 α p + L ( Rt ) L (Rt ) 1 3 − 54 −1 2 2 + C {t} t ux p,2 u α,2 Lq (ε, 2t ) 3 + C t− 4 1 ux p,2 L (0,ε)

−1

≤ C + Cε

1

1

2 ux p,2 + Cε 4 ux p,2

≤ C + Cε− 4 + Cε 4 ux p,2 , 9

where q = 1 − 1 4

Cε =

1 2,

3 2α

+

1 2p

−1

1

α 3. for α3

> 1 if p >

and then get estimate (4.42)

We now choose ε > 0 such that < p ≤ ∞. Lemma 4.20 is proved.

Lemma 4.21. Let the initial data u0 ∈ W12 (R) ∩ H2 (R) and the norms u0 W2 + u0 H2 + u ∞,2 + ux 2,2 ≤ C. 1

Then the estimate is true uxx p,2 ≤ C, where

4 3

< p ≤ ∞. Suppose in addition that

where 6 ≤ α ≤ ∞, then 1

(4.44)

1 −1

u α,2 ≤ C

(4.45)

uxx p,1 ≤ C,

(4.46)

< p ≤ ∞. Finally if estimate (4.45) is true for 4 < α < 6, then for 2 + α inequality (4.46) is fulﬁlled with α4 < p ≤ ∞. Proof. As above in view of the integral equation (4.41) we ﬁnd uxx (t) L2 ≤ ∂x2 G (t) u0 L2 t−ε 1 3 +C dτ ∂x2 G (t − τ ) L1 u (τ ) L2 2 ux (τ ) L2 2 0 t 2 +C ∂x G (t − τ ) L2 u (τ ) L2 uxx (τ ) L2 + ux (τ ) L2 dτ. t−ε

354

4 Critical Convective Equations

First we note that 2 5 ∂x G (t) u0 2 ≤ C t− 4 u0 2 + u0 2 . H W L 1

By the Young inequality we obtain for

t−ε

4 3

1 3 dτ ∂x2 G (t − τ ) L1 u (τ ) L2 2 ux (τ ) L2 2

Lp t

0

≤C

t

5p − p+4

{τ }

τ

4p − p+4

p1 + 14 dτ

ε

1

3

2 2 u ∞,2 ux 2,2 ≤ Cε p −1 1

and, similarly, t 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) L2 u (τ ) L2 uxx (τ ) L2 + ux (τ ) L2 dτ

Lp t

t−ε

≤C

ε

0

1

3 2 τ − 4 u (t − τ ) L2 uxx (t − τ ) L2 + ux (t − τ ) L2 dτ

2

Lp t

1

≤ Cε 4 ux 2p,2 + u ∞,2 uxx p,2 ≤ C + Cε 4 uxx p,2 . Collecting these estimates we get uxx p,2 ≤ Cε−1 + Cε 4 uxx p,2 ; 1

1

hence by choosing ε > 0 such that Cε 4 = 12 , we obtain the ﬁrst estimate (4.44). We now prove the second estimate of the lemma. By integral equation (4.41) we ﬁnd uxx (t) L1 ≤ ∂x2 G (t) u0 L1 t 2 t−1 3 2 3 2 +C ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ + C ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ 0 1 t 1

2

L

t

+C t−1

∂x G (t − τ ) L1 u (τ ) L2 uxx (τ ) L2 dτ,

where we have used the identity 2 ux L2

=−

uuxx dx. R

By the Cauchy inequality in view of (4.43) we obtain

L

4.3 KdV-B equation

355

t 2 ∂x3 G (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) dτ 0 1 L 2t 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 ux (τ ) 2 u (τ ) 2 dτ ≤C L L L 0

−1

≤ C t hence we yield

ux 2,2

0

t 2

12 2

u (τ ) L2 dτ

t 2 3 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ 0

1 −1 α

1

1 − 12 − α

≤ C t

;

≤C p,1

< p ≤ ∞. Now we estimate the next term by the Young for 2 + inequality with p1 = 1q + α1 − 12 (that is q > 1) t−1 3 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ t 2 p,1 t 2 2 ≤ dτ ∂x G (τ ) L1 u (t − τ ) L2 ux (t − τ ) L2 p + 1 L (Rt ) 2t ≤ C u α,2 ux 2,2 τ −q dτ ≤ C. 1

Finally we obtain t ∂ G (t − τ ) u (τ ) u (τ ) dτ x xx L1 L2 L2 t−1 p,1 ε 3 ≤ C u ∞,2 uxx p,2 τ − 4 dτ ≤ C for

1 2

+

1 −1 α

0

< p ≤ ∞. We also have the estimate 2 ∂x G (t) u0 1 ≤ C t−1 u0 2 + u0 2 . H W L 1

Collecting these inequalities we get the second estimate of the lemma. Now we suppose that estimate (4.45) is true for 4 < α < 6. We have from (4.41) −1 uxx (t) L1 ≤ C t u0 H2 + u0 W2 1 t 2 t−ε 3 2 3 2 +C ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ + C ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ 0 1 t 1 2 L L t +C ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 u (τ ) L∞ uxx (τ ) L1 dτ. t−ε

356

4 Critical Convective Equations

Then by applying estimate (4.42) we obtain with p1 − α1 < 1s < α3 t 2 3 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ 0 p,1 t 2 2 ≤C dτ ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 u (τ ) L2 ux (τ ) L2 p + 0 L (Rt ) 2t −1 u (τ ) L2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ C t p + 0 L (Rt ) − α1 − 1s ≤ C u α,2 ux s,2 t p + ≤ C, L ( Rt ) for α4 < p ≤ ∞. Likewise by estimate (4.42) and via the Young inequality with p1 − α1 < β1 < α3 so that 1q = 1 + p1 − α1 − β1 < 1 t−ε 3 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ t 2 p,1 t 2 2 ∂x G (τ ) 1 u (t − τ ) 2 ux (t − τ ) 2 ≤C L L L p + ε L ( Rt ) 5 − −1 ≤ C {t} 4 t u α,2 ux β,2 ≤ Cε−1 . Lq (ε, 2t ) Finally we attain t ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 u (τ ) L∞ uxx (τ ) L1 dτ p + t−ε L ( Rt ) ε 1 1 3 1 2 2 ≤ C u ∞,2 ux ∞,2 uxx p,1 τ − 4 dτ ≤ Cε 4 . 0

Gathering these estimates we get uxx p,1 ≤ Cε−1 + Cε 4 uxx p,1 ; 1

1

thus by choosing ε > 0 such that Cε 4 = α 4 < p ≤ ∞. Lemma 4.21 is proved.

1 2,

we obtain estimate (4.46) with

Now we give estimates for the third derivative of the solution. Lemma 4.22. Let the initial data u0 ∈ W13 (R) ∩ H2 (R) and the norms u0 W3 + u0 H2 + u ∞,2 + u α,2 + ux 2,2 ≤ C 1

where 4 ≤ α ≤ ∞. Then the estimate is true

4.3 KdV-B equation

uxxx p,1 ≤ C, with

3 4

+

3 −1 2α

357

(4.47)

< p ≤ ∞ if 6 ≤ α ≤ ∞ and with 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ if 4 < α < 6.

Proof. By the integral equation (4.41) we have uxxx (t) L1 ≤ ∂x3 G (t) u0 L1 2t 4 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 u (τ ) 2 2 dτ +C L L 0 t−ε +C ∂x4 G (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) dτ t 1 2 L t +C ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 ( u (τ ) L∞ uxxx (τ ) L1 t−ε

+ ux (τ ) L2 uxx (τ ) L2 ) dτ.

(4.48)

By estimate (4.43) we get 0

t 2

4 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 u (τ ) 2 2 dτ L L

≤ Ct−2

0

t 2

u (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ Ct−1− α ; 2

2

therefore, t 2 2 4 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 u (τ ) 2 dτ L L 0 p L (ε,∞) 1 2 −1− α2 −1− α p ≤ C t ≤ Cε Lp (ε,∞)

(4.49)

for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. The third summand in the right-hand side of (4.48) we represent as follows t−ε 4 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ t 1 2 L t−ε 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 ux (τ ) 2 2 + u (τ ) ∞ uxx (τ ) 1 dτ ≤C L L L L ≤C

t 2

t−ε t 2

2 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 u (τ ) ∞ uxx (τ ) 1 dτ. L L L

By the estimate of Lemma 4.19 we obtain

358

4 Critical Convective Equations

t−ε t 2

2 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 u (τ ) ∞ uxx (τ ) 1 dτ L L L

≤C

t 2

{τ }

− 54

τ

ε

−1

1

1

u (t − τ ) L2 2 ux (t − τ ) L2 2 uxx (t − τ ) L1 dτ.

1 3 + 1r < 34 + 2α , so that By the Young inequality with p1 = 1q − 1 + 14 + 2α 1 1 1 r < 2 + α and q > 1 we get t−ε 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 u (τ ) ∞ uxx (τ ) 1 dτ L L L t p + 2 L ( Rt ) t q1 2 1 1 5 5 − q −q 2 2 ux 2,2 uxx r,1 {τ } 4 τ dτ ≤ Cε− 4 . ≤ C u α,2 ε

Finally we estimate t ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 ( u (τ ) L∞ uxxx (τ ) L1 t−ε

+ ux (τ ) L2 uxx (τ ) L2 ) dτ Lp (R+ ) t ≤ C uxxx p,1 + ux 2p,2 uxx 2p,2

ε

0

τ − 4 dτ ≤ C + Cε 4 uxxx p,1 . 3

1

Thus we get uxxx p,1 ≤ Cε p −1− α + Cε− 4 + Cε 4 uxxx p,1 , 1

2

5

1

1

and by choosing Cε 4 = 12 we attain estimate (4.47) for the case 6 ≤ α ≤ ∞. For the case 4 < α < 6 we need to improve the estimate of the third term in the right-hand side of (4.48). We write it as follows with small γ ∈ (0, 1) t−ε t−ε ∂x4 G (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) dτ = ∂x2+γ G (t − τ ) ∂x2−γ u2 (τ ) dτ 1 t 1 t 2 2 L L t−ε 1−γ 2+γ ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 ∂x u (τ ) ux (τ ) 1 dτ. ≤C L L t 2

Note that by the H¨ older inequality φ (· + y) − φ (·) L1

δ y 1−δ ≤ |φ (· + z)| dz (|φ (· + y)| + |φ (·)|) 1 0 L y δ 1−δ δ 1−δ δ ≤C |φ (· + z)| dz φ L1 ≤ Cy ∂x φ L1 φ L1 . 0

L1

4.3 KdV-B equation

359

Hence by taking 0 < δ1 < 1 − γ < δ2 < 1 we get (we can take δj close to 1) ∞ 1−γ dy ∂x φ 1 = C (φ (· + y) − φ (·)) 2−γ 1 L y 0 L ∞ dy ≤C φ (· + y) − φ (·) L1 y 2−γ 1 1 dy +C φ (· + y) − φ (·) L1 2−γ 0 y δ

1−δ1

δ

≤ C ∂x φ L11 φ L1

1−δ2

+ C ∂x φ L21 φ L1

.

By Lemma 4.23 we have 2+γ γ γ 5 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 ≤ C {t}− 4 − 4 t−1− 2 . L Therefore, we obtain t−ε t−ε −5−γ −1− γ2 4 2 ∂ G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ ≤ C dτ {t − τ } 4 4 t − τ x t t 1 2 2 L

2 δ δ 1− j 1− j 1−δ 1+δ δ × u (τ ) L2 j ux (τ ) L2 j + u (τ ) L2 2 ux (τ ) L2 2 uxx (τ ) Lj1 . j=1 α By the H¨older inequality with q = α−1+δ so that (1 + δj ) q > j δj 1 1 α r > 3 and δj s > α4 , we get r + s = 1 so that 1 − 2

α 3

and

2−δj 2α

+

t−ε 4 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ t 2

1,1

γ

≤ Cε− 4 − 4 1

2 1−δ 1+δ u (t) L2 j ux (t) L2 j

L1 ( R + t )

j=1

δ δ 1− 2j 1− 2j δj u (t) + u (t) u (t) x xx L2 L2 L1 γ

≤ Cε− 4 − 4 1

2 j=1

− 14 − γ4

≤ Cε

L1 ( R + t )

1−δj

1

2−δj

1

q 2α + u α,2 ux r u α,2α ux (1+δ j )q,2

δ 1− 2j

1

r,2

uxx δsj s,1

.

Thus in the case of 4 < α < 6 estimate (4.47) is true for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Lemma 4.22 is proved. Now we oﬀer estimates for the right-hand side of (4.40). Denote S (t, x) = 1 for all u (t, x) > 0 and S (t, x) = −1 for all u (t, x) < 0; S (t, x) = 0. for u (t, x) = 0.

360

4 Critical Convective Equations

Lemma 4.23. Let the initial data u0 ∈ W13 (R) ∩ H3 (R) and the norms u0 W3 + u0 H2 + u ∞,2 + ux 2,2 ≤ C. 1

Then the estimate is true T 1 +γ dt uxxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx ≤ C T 6 0 R for all T > 0, where γ > 0 is small. Proof. Note that by Lemma 4.22 we have 1 dt u (t, x) S (t, x) dx xxx 0

R

1

≤

uxxx (t) L1 dt ≤ uxxx ∞,1 ≤ C.

0

Therefore we need to estimate the time growth of the integral T dt uxxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx. 1

R

By the integral equation (4.41) we have t 1 2 4 uxxx (t, x) = ∂x3 G (t) u0 + ∂ G (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) dτ 2 0 x t−νt ∂x3 G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ +

t 2

t−1

∂x3 G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ

+ t−νt t

∂x G (t − τ ) ∂x2 (u (τ ) ux (τ )) dτ

+

(4.50)

t−1

for all t > 1, where ν = T − 3 . The ﬁrst summand in the right-hand side of (4.50) can be estimated as 3 3 ∂x G (t) u0 1 ≤ C t− 2 u0 3 + u0 3 . W H L 1

1

For the second term we have t 2 4 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ 0 1 L 2t 4 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1 u (τ ) 2 2 dτ ≤ Ct−1 ≤ L L 0

4.3 KdV-B equation

361

for t > 1; hence

T

dt R

1

t 2

S (t, x)

∂x4 G (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) dτ dx

0

t 2 4 2 dt ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ 0

T

≤ 1

T

L1

dt ≤ C log (T + 1) . t

≤C 1

Consider the third summand in the right-hand side of (4.50) T t−νt dt ∂x3 G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ t 1 1 2

L

T

≤

3 ∂x G (τ ) 1 u (t − τ ) 2 ux (t − τ ) 2 dτ L L L

t 2

dt 1

νt

T

≤C

t 2

dt 1

C ≤√ ν

νt

T

τ − 2 u ∞,2 ux (t − τ ) L2 dτ 3

t 2

dt 1

νt

τ −1 t− 2 ux (t − τ ) L2 dτ. 1

Changing the order of integration and applying the Schwartz inequality we obtain T 2t 1 dt τ −1 t− 2 ux (t − τ ) L2 dτ νt

1

= ν

T /2

dτ τ

min(T,τ /ν)

max(1,2τ )

t− 2 ux (t − τ ) L2 dτ 1

" ≤ C log (T + 1) ux 2,2

ν

Thus 1

T

T /2

3 dτ ≤ C (log (T + 1)) 2 . τ

t−νt 3 dt ∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ t 2

1

3

≤ CT 6 (log (T + 1)) 2 .

L1

We now estimate the forth term in the right-hand side of (4.50)

362

4 Critical Convective Equations

t−1

∂x3 G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ dx

S (t, x) t−νt

R

t−1

dx |u (t, x)|

=

R

dxS (t, x)

+

∂x3 G (t − τ, x − y) uy (τ, y) dy

dτ t−νt t−1

R

dτ t−νt

R

∂x3 G (t − τ, x − y) (u (τ, y) − u (τ, x)) uy (τ, y) dy

× R

t−1

dτ (u (τ, x) − u (t, x))

dxS (t, x)

+

t−νt

R

×

∂x3 G (t − τ, x − y) uy (τ, y) dy = I1 + I2 + I3 . R

In the integral I1 we integrate by parts to get t−1 dx |u (t, x)| dτ ∂x3 G (t − τ, x − y) uy (τ, y) dy I1 = t−νt

R

=−

R t−1

dxux (t, x) S (t, x)

Gyy (t − τ, y) ux (τ, x − y) dy;

t−νt

R

hence

dτ

T

T

|I1 (t)| dt ≤ 1

R

dt ux (t) L2

1

T

≤C

dτ ux (τ ) L2 t−τ

t−νt νt

dt ux (t) L2

1

t−1

1

dτ ux (t − τ ) L2 τ

2

≤ C ux 2,2 log (T + 1) ≤ C log (T + 1) . y In the integral I2 using the identity u (τ, x − y) − u (τ, x) = 0 ux (t, x − z) dz we have t−1 dxS (t, x) dτ I2 = t−νt R ∂y3 G (t − τ, y) (u (τ, x − y) − u (τ, x)) ux (τ, x − y) dy × R

=

t−1

dxS (t, x)

×

dτ t−νt

R

∂y3 G (t − τ, y) R t−1

y

ux (t, x − z) dzux (τ, x − y) dy 0

dy∂y3 G (t − τ, y) y × dxux (τ, x − y) S (t, x) ux (t, x − z) dz; dτ

=

t−νt

R

R

0

4.3 KdV-B equation

hence by the Cauchy inequality we estimate y dxux (τ, x − y) S (t, x) ux (t, x − z) dz 0

R

≤ ux (τ, x) L2 x

y

0

ux (t, x − z) dz

≤ |y| ux (τ ) L2 ux (t) L2 .

L2x

Therefore, |I2 (t)| ≤ ×

0

t−1

t−νt

dτ ux (τ, x) L2

x

y ux (t, x − z) dz

3 ∂y G (t − τ, y)

R

dy

L2x

≤ ux (t) L2

t−1

t−νt

≤ C ux (t) L2

ux (τ ) L2 |y| ∂y3 G (t − τ, y) L1 dτ

t−1

t−νt

dτ ux (τ ) L2 . t−τ

Finally by the Young inequality,

T

|I2 (t)| dt ≤ C 1

1

T

dt ux (t) L2

1

tν

dτ ux (t − τ ) L2 τ

2

≤ C ux 2,2 log (T + 1) ≤ C log (T + 1) . To estimate I3 we use equation (4.36) u (t, x) − u (t − τ, x) τ = ut (t − t , x) dt = −

0

+ 0

then we have

τ

uxx (t − t , x) dt −

0

τ

u (t − t , x) ux (t − t , x) dt

0 τ

uxxx (t − t , x) dt ,

363

364

4 Critical Convective Equations

νt τ |I3 (t)| ≤ dτ u (t − t ) ux (t − t ) L2 dt 1 0 × ∂x3 G (τ ) ux (t − τ ) L2 νt τ + dτ uxx (t − t ) L2 dt ∂x3 G (τ ) ux (t − τ ) L2 1 0 νt τ + dτ uxxx (t − t ) L1 dt ∂x3 G (τ ) ux (t − τ ) L∞ 1 0 νt τ 3 3 ∂x G (τ ) L1 dτ ux (t − τ ) L2 ≤C ux (t − t ) L2 2 dt 1 0 νt τ 3 ∂x G (τ ) 1 dτ ux (t − τ ) 2 C uxx (t − t ) L2 dt L L 1 0 νt τ 3 ∂x G (τ ) 1 dτ +C ux (t − τ ) L∞ uxxx (t − t ) L1 dt . L 1

0

Thus

T

|I3 (t)| dt 1

νt

1 νt

1

T

≤C

dt

1 T

+C

dt 1

T

+C

νt

dt 1

1

τ − 2 dτ ux (t − τ ) L2 3

τ − 2 dτ ux (t − τ ) L2 3

τ − 2 dτ ux (t − τ ) L∞ 3

τ

0 τ

0

3

ux (t − t ) L2 2 dt uxx (t − t ) L2 dt

τ

uxxx (t − t ) L1 dt

0

= I4 + I5 + I6 . 3

1

1

Using the Young inequality ab 2 ≤ a2 b 2 + a 2 b2 we obtain τ T νt 3 3 I4 = dt τ − 2 dτ ux (t − τ ) L2 ux (t − t ) L2 2 dt 1

1

T

≤

0

νt

dt

1 T

+

1

τ

dτ ux (t − τ ) L2

τ

− 32

2 τ ) L2

1 νt

dt

1 2

− 32

dτ ux (t −

1

τ

0 τ

0

ux (t − t ) L2 dt 2

1

ux (t − t ) L2 2 dt .

Via the H¨ older inequality νt 1 1 3 −3 −3 2 τ − 2 ux (t − τ ) L2 2 dτ ≤ C (t ) 4 ux 2,2 ≤ C (t ) 4 t

and

0

τ

1

1

2 ux (t − t ) L2 2 dt ≤ τ 4 ux 2,2 ≤ Cτ 4 . 3

3

(4.51)

4.3 KdV-B equation

365

Therefore, by changing the order of integration we obtain

Tν

dt

I4 =

Tν

2

+

τ

− 32

T

dt ux (t −

dτ τ /ν

Tν

− 34

(t )

≤C

dt ux (t − t ) L2

t /ν

1

1

T

νt

t

1

τ − 2 ux (t − τ ) L2 2 dτ 3

2 τ ) L2

τ

0

1

1

ux (t − t ) L2 2 dt

dt ≤ C (T ν) 4 ≤ CT 6 1

1 − 13

1

since ν = T . We now estimate I5 . By the Young inequality ab ≤ a 2 bp + a2 b3−2p with p > 43 we have

T

I5 = C

νt

1

≤

1 νt

T

1 T

3

τ

− 32

τ

− 32

dt

+

1 νt

dt

1

τ − 2 dτ ux (t − τ ) L2

dt

1

0

1 2

dτ ux (t − τ ) L2 2

dτ ux (t − τ ) L2

τ

0 τ

τ

0

uxx (t − t ) L2 dt

uxx (t − t ) L2 dt p

uxx (t − t ) L2

3−2p

dt .

Via the H¨ older inequality we get by Lemma 4.21 with p > 43 τ 3 3 3−2p 3−2p uxx (t − t ) L2 dt ≤ Cτ 3− p uxx p,2 ≤ Cτ 3− p . 0

Therefore, by changing the order of integration by virtue of (4.51) we obtain

Tν

I5 =

dt

T

p

t /ν

0 Tν

+C

dτ τ − 2 3

≤C

Tν

3 −4

(t )

νt

t

Tν

dt + C

τ

3 3 2−p

5

3 −p

3

uxx (t − t ) L2

3−2p

T

dτ τ ν

0

≤ C (T ν) 4 + C (T ν) 2

0

1

τ − 2 ux (t − τ ) L2 2 dτ

τ

2

dt ux (t − τ ) L2

0 1

T τ ν

0

dt uxx (t − t ) L2

dt

2

dt ux (t − τ ) L2

1

≤ CT 6 +γ

where γ > 0 is small. The integral I6 is estimated similarly since 1

1

ux L∞ ≤ ux L2 2 uxx L2 2 . Then for the last summand in (4.50) we use estimates of Lemma 4.21 and Lemma 4.22. Thus Lemma 4.23 is proved. Now we estimate the decay rate of the L2 (R) norm of the solutions.

366

4 Critical Convective Equations

Lemma 4.24. Let t ≤ C tβ dτ u (τ, x) S (τ, x) dx xxx 0

R

( for all t > 0, where β ∈ 0, 14 . Then the estimates are valid β

u (t) L1 ≤ C (1 + t) and

β− 14

u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t) for all t > 0.

Proof. First let us estimate the L1 (R) norm of the solution. We multiply equation (4.36) by S (t, x) and integrate with respect to x over R to get ut (t, x) S (t, x) dx + u (t, x) ux (t, x) S (t, x) dx R R uxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx − uxxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx. = R

R

We have by (1.31) ut (t, x) S (t, x) dx =

R

R

d u (t) L1 , dt

u (t, x) ux (t, x) S (t, x) dx = 0, uxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx ≤ 0. R

Therefore we get d u (t) L1 ≤ − dt

uxxx (t, x) S (t, x) dx.

(4.52)

R

Integration of inequality (4.52) yields β

u (t) L1 ≤ u0 L1 + C t ; hence we have − 12

u (t, ξ)| ≤ (2π) sup | ξ∈R

β

u (t) L1 ≤ C t .

(4.53)

Thus the ﬁrst estimate of the lemma is fulﬁlled. To prove the second estimate we multiply equation (4.36) by 2u and integrate with respect to x ∈ R to get d 2 2 u (t) L2 = −2 ux (t) L2 . dt

(4.54)

4.3 KdV-B equation

367

By the Plancherel theorem using the Fourier splitting method due to Schonbek [1995], we have 2 2 2 2 2 ux (t) L2 = ξ u (t) L2 = | u (t, ξ)| ξ dξ + | u (t, ξ)| ξ 2 dξ |ξ|≤δ

≥δ

2

2 u (t) L2

|ξ|≥δ

2

− 2δ sup | u (t, ξ)| , 3

|ξ|≤δ

where δ > 0. Thus from (4.54) we have the inequality d 2 2 2 u (t) L2 ≤ −2δ 2 u (t) L2 + 4δ 3 sup | u (t, ξ)| . dt |ξ|≤δ −1

2

−2

We choose δ = (1 + t) 2 and change u (t) L2 = (1 + t) (4.53) we get from (4.55) d 2β+ 12 W (t) ≤ 4C (1 + t) . dt

(4.55)

W (t) . Then via

(4.56)

Integration of (4.56) with respect to time yields 2 2β+ 32 W (t) ≤ u0 L2 + C (1 + t) −1 . Therefore we obtain the second estimate of the lemma, and Lemma 4.24 is proved. 4.3.2 Proof of Theorem 4.18 By the local smoothing property of the parabolic type equations we see that the solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation (4.36) become smooth u (t, x) ∈ C1 ((0, t0 ] ; H∞ (R)) for t0 > 0 (see Theorem 2.49 from Section 2.5, Chapter 2). Changing the initial time to t0 > 0, we can suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ H3 (R) ∩ W13 (R) . Now we can revise the above time decay estimate (4.38) for the L2 (R) norm of the solution. We apply Lemma 4.23 to get t ≤ C tβ0 dτ u (τ, x) S (τ, x) dx (4.57) xxx 0

R

for all t > 0, where β0 = 16 + γ, γ > 0 is small. Then by Lemma 4.24 we ﬁnd the time decay of the L2 (R) norm u α0 ,2 ≤ C

(4.58)

368

4 Critical Convective Equations

−1 where α0 > 14 − β0 . We can choose α0 = 12 + O (γ). Now we apply older inequality we obtain Lemma 4.22 with α0 = 12 + O (γ). Then by the H¨ t 1 1 dτ uxxx (τ, x) S (τ, x) dx ≤ Ct1− p0 uxxx p0 ,1 ≤ Ct1− p0 , 0

R

for all t > 0, where p0 >

3 4

+

3 2α0

−1

. Hence we arrive at the estimate

= 18 + O (γ). We again apply Lemma (4.57) with β0 replaced by β1 = 1 − 4.24 to get better time decay of the L (R) norm (4.58) with α0 replaced by α1 = 8 + O (γ). Namely u α1 ,2 ≤ C. 1 p0 2

Then Lemma 4.22 yields estimate (4.57) with β0 replaced by β2 = 1 − 34 − 3 1 2α1 + O (γ) = 16 + O (γ). Now by Lemma 4.24 we attain time decay estimate 4 (4.58) with α0 replaced by α2 = 1−4β + O (γ) = 16 3 + O (γ) < 6. Lemma 4.22 2 now gives us estimate (4.57) with p = 1, that is β = 0. Therefore, by virtue of Lemma 4.24, we obtain an optimal time decay estimate of the L2 (R) norm − 14

u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t)

(4.59)

for all t > 0. Using (4.59) we can prove the following optimal time decay estimates − 1 1− 1 (4.60) u (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p ) for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. For 1 ≤ p ≤ 2 estimate (4.60) follows from (4.59), Lemma 4.24 and the H¨ older inequality. Let us prove (4.60) for p = ∞. By the integral equation (4.41) and by H¨ older inequality we get 2t 1 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L2 dτ u (t) L∞ ≤ G (t) u0 L∞ + 2 0 1 t ∂x G (t − τ ) L4 u2 (τ ) 43 dτ + L 2 2t 2t 1 −1 ≤ Ct− 2 + Ct−1 τ 2 dτ 0 t 1 3 7 − (t − τ ) 8 u (τ ) L2 ∞ u (τ ) L2 2 dτ ; +C t 2

hence, u (t) L∞ ≤ Ct

− 12

+ Ct

− 38

− 78

(t − τ )

t 2

≤ Ct− 2 + Cεt− 8 1

+

t

C −5 t 8 ε

1

t t 2

t t 2

(t − τ )

− 78

(t − τ )

dτ.

1

u (τ ) L2 ∞ dτ

− 78

u (τ ) L∞ dτ

4.3 KdV-B equation

369

Therefore by the Gronwall lemma it follows that u (t) L∞ ≤

C −1 t 2. ε

We ﬁnd (4.60) for all 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ via the H¨ older inequality. In the same manner we get the estimates − 1 1− 1 u (t) Lp + t ∂x2 u (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p )

(4.61)

for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Now we compute the large time asymptotics of the solutions. Now we take the initial time T > 0 to be suﬃciently large and deﬁne v (t, x) as a solution to the Cauchy problem for the Burgers equation with u (T, x) as the initial data vt + vvx − vxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, (4.62) v (T, x) = u (T, x) , x ∈ R. ∂ log Z (t, x) it is By the Hopf-Cole Hopf [1950] transformation v (t, x) = −2 ∂x converted to the heat equation Zt = Zxx , so we have

1 y dyG0 (t, x − y) exp − u (T, ξ) dξ . Z (t, x) = 2 −∞ R −1

Here G0 (t, x) = (4πt) 2 e−x /4t is the Green function for the heat equation. Note that the following estimates are true 2

− 1 1− 1 v (t) Lp + t ∂x2 v (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p )

(4.63)

for all t > T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Consider now the diﬀerence w (t, x) = u (t, x) − v (t, x) for t > T. By (4.36) and (4.62) we get the Cauchy problem ∂ ∂ (vw) + 12 ∂x w2 − wxx + wxxx + vxxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, wt + ∂x (4.64) w (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R. In this section we consider the large data. Therefore x we need to eliminate the ∂ linear term ∂x (vw). We change g (t, x) = Z (t, x) −∞ w (t, y) dy, then we get 1 Zv = −2Zx , Zw = gx + gv, 2 1 1 Zwx = gxx + gx v + gvx + gv 2 2 4 and 3 3 3 1 3 1 Zwxx = gxxx + gxx v + gx vx + gx v 2 + gvxx + gvvx + gv 3 . 2 2 4 2 4 8

370

4 Critical Convective Equations

From (4.64) we obtain the Cauchy problem gt − gxx + gxxx + F = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, g (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R,

(4.65)

where

2 1 3 3 3 1 F = gx + gv + gxx v + gx vx + gx v 2 2Z 2 2 2 4 1 3 1 + gvxx + gvvx + gv 3 + Zvxx . 2 4 8 By virtue of estimates (4.61) and (4.63) we have Z (t) L∞ + Z −1 (t) L∞ ≤ C

(4.66)

for all t ≥ T and a rough time decay estimate − 1 1− 1 w (t) Lp + t ∂x2 w (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p )

(4.67)

for all t ≥ T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Let us prove the estimate 1

−γ+

1

1 −γ+ 2p

1

2p g (t) Lp + t 2 gx (t) Lp < C t (4.68) for all t ≥ T, 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where γ ∈ 0, 12 . On the contrary, suppose that for some t = T1 estimate (4.68) is violated, that is we have

g (t) Lp + t 2 gx (t) Lp ≤ C t

(4.69)

for all t ∈ [T, T1 ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. In view of (4.63), (4.67), (4.66) and (4.69) we ﬁnd 2 F (t) Lp ≤ C gx L∞ gx Lp + C g L∞ v 2 Lp + C gxx v Lp + C gx vx Lp + C gx v 2 Lp + C gvxx Lp + C gvvx Lp + C gv 3 Lp + C vxx Lp 1 1 −1−2γ+ 2p − 3 −γ+ 2p −3+ 1 ≤ C t + t 2 + t 2 2p

1 1 −γ−1+ 2p (4.70) ≤ C max T γ− 2 , T −γ t for all t ∈ [T, T1 ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where we have used the identity 1 1 Zwx = gxx + gx v + gvx + gv 2 2 4 to treat the estimate of gxx v. Using the integral equation associated with (4.65) we obtain

4.3 KdV-B equation

g (t) Lp ≤

t+T 2

dτ G (t − τ ) Lp F (τ ) L1

T

371

t

dτ G (t − τ ) L1 F (τ ) Lp ;

+ t+T 2

hence in view of estimate (4.70) we ﬁnd g (t) Lp ≤ CT

γ− 12

+ CT

γ− 12

t+T 2

(t − τ )

1 − 12 + 2p

− 12 −γ

τ

dτ

T

t t+T 2

{t − τ }

1 −γ+ 2p

1

− 34

τ

1 −1−γ+ 2p

dτ

1 −γ+ 2p

≤ CT γ− 2 t

< C t

for all t ∈ [T, T1 ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, since T is suﬃciently large. In the same manner we have t+T 2 gx (t) Lp ≤ dτ ∂x G (t − τ ) Lp F (τ ) L1 T

t

+ t+T 2

≤ CT

dτ ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 F (τ ) Lp

γ− 12

t+T 2

1 − 12 + 2p

(t − τ )

τ

− 12 −γ

dτ

T 1

t

+ CT γ− 2 t+T 2 1

1 −γ− 12 + 2p

≤ CT γ− 2 t

− 34

{t − τ }

− 12

(t − τ )

1 −1−γ+ 2p

τ

dτ

1 −γ− 12 + 2p

< C t

for all t ∈ [T, T1 ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. The contradiction obtained proves estimate (4.68) for all t ≥ T. We have

1 w = Z −1 gx + gv 2 which implies −γ− 12

u (t) − v (t) L∞ ≤ C t

.

Hence, the ﬁrst part of Theorem 4.18 follows. If u0 ∈ L1,1 (R), then 1 1 −γ− 12 . v (t) − t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2 ∞ ≤ C t L

The second estimate of the theorem then follows, and Theorem 4.18 is proved.

372

4 Critical Convective Equations

4.3.3 Second term of asymptotics We now obtain the second term of the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for KdVB equation (4.36) in the case of the initial data of arbitrary size. (This result was published in paper Kaikina and Ruiz-Paredes [2005].) Theorem 4.25. Let u0 ∈ Hs (R) ∩ L1,1 (R) , where s > − 12 , and θ = u (x) dx = 0. Then the solution u (t, x) to the Cauchy problem for the R 0 Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation (4.36) with the initial condition u0 (x) has asymptotics √

log t log t − 12 − 12 − 12 + +O u (t) = t fθ (·) t fθ (·) t (4.71) t t as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where 2 fθ (x) − x2 e−x /4 √ H (y) fθ3 (y) dy fθ (x) = − 2 πH (x) R and H (x) = cosh

x θ θ − sinh Erf . 4 4 2

4.3.4 Proof of Theorem 4.25 In the previous subsections (see Theorem 4.18) it was proved that if the initial data u0 ∈ Hs (R) ∩ L1 (R) , where s > − 12 , then there exists a unique solution u ∈ C1 ((0, ∞) ; H∞ (R)) to the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg-de VriesBurgers equation (4.36), which has the following optimal time decay estimates (see, in particular estimates (4.61)) k k 1 1 ∂x u (t) p ≤ C t− 2 − 2 (1− p ) L

(4.72)

for t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, k = 0, 1, 2, 3. We use the integral equation associated with the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg - de Vries - Burgers equation (4.36) 1 u (t, x) = G (t) u0 − 2

t

∂x G (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) dτ, 0

where the Green operator G (t) φ (τ ) =

G (t, x − y) φ (τ, y) dy R

and the Green function

(4.73)

4.3 KdV-B equation

G (t, x) = (2π)

− 12

eixξ−tξ

2

+itξ 3

373

dξ.

R

First let us prove the following estimate of the L1,1 (R) norm for solutions of the Cauchy problem (4.36) 1

u (t) L1,1 ≤ C t 2 .

(4.74)

We multiply equation (4.36) by |x| S (t, x) , where S (t, x) = 1 for u (t, x) > 0 and S (t, x) = −1 for u (t, x) < 0; S (t, x) = 0 for u (t, x) = 0, and then we integrate with respect to x over R to get ut (t, x) |x| S (t, x) dx + |x| u (t, x) ux (t, x) S (t, x) dx R R = uxx (t, x) |x| S (t, x) dx − uxxx (t, x) |x| S (t, x) dx. R

R

We have

ut (t, x) |x| S (t, x) dx =

R

R

∂ d |u (t, x)| |x| dx = u (t) L1,1 , ∂t dt

∂ (|u (t, x)| u (t, x)) dx u (t, x) ux (t, x) |x| S (t, x) dx = − |x| −2 ∂x R R 2 −1 = sign (x) |u (t, x)| u (t, x) dx = u (t) L2 ≤ C t 2 , R

and

uxx (t, x) |x| S (t, x) dx = −2 R

−

|x| |ux (t, χi )|

u(t,χi )=0

sign (x) R

∂ |u (t, x)| dx = −2 ∂x − 12

≤ 2 u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

|x| |ux (t, χi )| + 2 |u (t, 0)|

u(t,χi )=0

.

Therefore, we get d −1 u (t) L1,1 ≤ C t 2 − dt − 12

≤ C t

uxxx (t, x) |x| S (t, x) dx

(4.75)

R

+ uxxx (t) L1,1 .

(We are interested here only in proving the time decay estimates. The question about the existence of the norms, e.g. uxxx (t) L1,1 locally in time can be easily solved by applying the contraction mapping principle to the corresponding integral equation.) Next we oﬀer estimates for the norm u (t) L2,1 .

374

4 Critical Convective Equations

Multiplying equation (4.36) by 2x2 u and integrating with respect to x ∈ R we get 2 x2 u2 dx + x2 ∂x u3 dx (4.76) ∂t 3 R R −2 x2 uuxx dx + 2 x2 uuxxx dx = 0. R

Since

R

x ∂x u dx = −2 2

xu3 dx ≤ C u (t) L2,1 u (t) L2 u (t) L∞

3

R

R − 34

≤ C t

u (t) L2,1 ,

2

x2 uuxx dx = − R

x2 (ux ) dx + R

u2 dx R

2

2

= − ux (t) L2,1 + u (t) L2 and

x2 uuxxx dx = − x2 ux uxx dx − 2 xuuxx dx R R R 2 x (ux ) dx ≤ 3 ux (t) L2,1 ux (t) L2 =3

R

− 34

≤ C t

ux (t) L2,1

we get d 2 −3 −1 u (t) L2,1 ≤ C t 4 u (t) L2,1 + C t 2 dt −3 2 + C t 4 ux (t) L2,1 − 2 ux (t) L2,1 − 34

≤ C t

− 12

u (t) L2,1 + C t

;

hence, by integrating we see that 1

u (t) L2,1 ≤ C t 4 .

(4.77)

In the next lemma we obtain the estimates for the norm uxxx (t) L1,1 . Lemma 4.26. Let the initial data u0 ∈ H2 (R) ∩ W13 (R) and estimate (4.72) be valid. Then the estimate is true −1

uxxx (t) L1,1 ≤ C t for all t > 0.

(4.78)

4.3 KdV-B equation

375

Proof. First we need to estimate the norm ux (t) L1,1 . By the integral equation (4.73) we have ux (t) L1,1 ≤ ∂x G (t) u0 L1,1 2t 2 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1,1 u (τ ) 2 2 + L L 0 2 + ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 u (τ ) L2 u (τ ) L2,1 dτ t ( ∂x G (t − τ ) L1,1 u (τ ) L2 ux (τ ) L2 + t 2

+ ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 u (τ ) L2,1 ux (τ ) L2 ) dτ ; hence by estimate k 1−k 1 k ∂x G (t) 1,1 ≤ C {t}− 4 − 2 t 2 L we get 2t −1 −1 −1 t − τ 2 τ 2 + t − τ dτ ux (t) L1,1 ≤ C + C 0 t −3 −1 −1 −1 + {t − τ } 4 τ + t − τ 2 τ 2 dτ ≤ C. t 2

Likewise by the integral equation (4.73) we have uxxx (t) L1,1 ≤ ∂x3 G (t) u0 L1,1 2t 4 ∂x G (t − τ ) 1,1 u (τ ) 2 2 +C L L 40 + ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 u (τ ) L2 u (τ ) L2,1 dτ t +C ( ∂x G (t − τ ) L1,1 ( u (τ ) L2 uxxx (τ ) L2 t 2

+ ux (τ ) L2 uxx (τ ) L2 ) + ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 ( u (τ ) L2,1 uxxx (τ ) L2 + ux (τ ) L1,1 uxx (τ ) L∞ )) dτ ; hence we obtain

−3 −1 −2 t − τ 2 τ 2 + t − τ dτ uxxx (t) L1,1 ≤ C t + C 0 t −3 −2 −1 −3 −1 + {t − τ } 4 τ + t − τ 2 τ 2 dτ ≤ C t . −1

t 2

t 2

Thus the estimate of the lemma is true, and Lemma 4.26 is proved.

376

4 Critical Convective Equations

Integration of inequality (4.75) yields 1

1

u (t) L1,1 ≤ u0 L1,1 + C t 2 ≤ C t 2 . Therefore estimate (4.74) is true for all t ≥ 0. Now we obtain the second term of the large time asymptotics as t → ∞ of solutions u(x, t) to the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation (4.36). We take the initial time T > 0 to be suﬃciently large and deﬁne v (t, x) as a solution to the Cauchy problem for the Burgers equation with u (T, x) as the initial data vt + vvx − vxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, (4.79) v (T, x) = u (T, x) , x ∈ R. ∂ log Z (t, x) equaBy the Hopf-Cole Hopf [1950] transformation v (t, x) = −2 ∂x tion (4.79) is converted to the heat equation Zt = Zxx . Therefore we obtain

1 y dyG0 (t, x − y) exp − u (T, ξ) dξ , (4.80) Z (t, x) = 2 −∞ R −1

where G0 (t, x) = (4πt) 2 e−x /4t is the Green function for the heat equation. Note that the following estimates are true 2

1 1 −k 2 − 2 (1− p )

v (t) Lp ≤ C t

(4.81)

for all t > T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, k = 0, 1, 2. Consider now the diﬀerence w (t, x) = u (t, x) − v (t, x) for t > T. By (4.36) and (4.79) we get the Cauchy problem ∂ ∂ wt + ∂x (vw) + 12 ∂x w2 − wxx + wxxx + vxxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, (4.82) w (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R. We have the estimates (see (4.66) and (4.68)) Z (t) L∞ + Z −1 (t) L∞ ≤ C for all t ≥ T and

(4.83)

k k 1 1 ∂x w (t) p ≤ C t− 2 − 2 (1− p )−γ (4.84) L 1 for all t ≥ T, 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞, k = 0, 1, 2, where γ ∈ 0, 2 . Following the heuristic considerations in Section 1 in paper Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994a] we compare the rates of decay of various terms in equation (4.82) and observe that the main term of the asymptotic expansion of w(x, t) as t → ∞ is determined by the linear Cauchy problem ∂ (ϕv) − ϕxx + vxxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, ϕt + ∂x (4.85) ϕ (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R.

4.3 KdV-B equation

377

To eliminate the second term from (4.85), let us integrate (4.85) with respect to x and make the substitution x ϕ(y, t)dy = s(x, t)/Z(x, t), −∞

where Z(x, t) is deﬁned by (4.80). We obtain st − sxx + Zvxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, s (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R. It is simple to integrate (4.86) t s(x, t) = − G0 (t − τ )Z (τ ) vxx (τ ) dτ.

(4.86)

(4.87)

T

In the following lemma we evaluate the large time asymptotics of the solution ϕ (t) of linear problem (4.85)

s (t) ϕ (t) = ∂x (4.88) Z (t) t (∂x G(t − τ ) + v (t) G(t − τ ))Z (τ ) vxx (τ ) dτ. = −Z −1 (t) T

Lemma 4.27. Let u(T, x) ∈ H2 (R)∩ L1,1 (R). Then the asymptotics " (4.89) ϕ (t) = t−1 fθ (χ) log t + O t−1 log t √ is valid as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to χ = x/ t ∈ R, where 2 1 x − x4 fθ (x) − e H(y)fθ3 (y)dy, fθ (x) = − √ 2 R 4 πH (x) fθ (x) = −2∂x log H (x) , x θ θ . H (x) = cosh − sinh Erf 4 4 2 Proof. Let us represent the integral with respect to τ in (4.88) as the sum of three parts (t > T + e)

t

T

T +1

dτ = T

t

+

t/ log t

≡ I1 + I2 + I3 .

+ t/ log t

T +1

For all x ∈ R and t > T we have 0 < C1 < Z(x, t) < C2 , and for each t > 0 the following inequalities hold:

(4.90)

378

4 Critical Convective Equations

l l 1 ∂x Z(·, t) p ≤ C t− 2 + 2p , L l 1 ∂x G(·, t) p ≤ Ct− 2l + 2p , L l l 1 1 − − ∂x v(·, t) p ≤ C t 2 2 + 2p L

(4.91)

for all l = 1, 2, 3, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. By using these inequalities, we readily estimate the ﬁrst two integrals in representation (4.90) C T +1 (4.92) vxx (τ ) L1 dτ = O t−1 |I1 | ≤ t T as t → ∞ and t dτ vxx (τ ) L∞ ( ∂x G(t − τ ) L∞ + v (τ ) L∞ G(t − τ ) L1 ) |I2 | ≤ t/ log t t

" 3 1 −1 τ − 2 (t − τ ) 2 + t− 2 dτ = O t−1 log t , t → ∞.

≤C t/ log t

(4.93) In the third integral I3 we integrate by parts with respect to y to obtain t/ log t ∞ ∞ I3 = dτ dyΛy (x, y, t, τ ) F (q, τ ) dq

T +1

t/ log t

−

0

y

0

dτ −∞

T +1 t/ log t

+

dyΛy (x, y, t, τ )

dτ Λ (x, 0, t, τ )

y

F (q, τ ) dq −∞

F (y, τ ) dy R

T +1

≡ I4 + I5 + I6 , where Λ(x, y, t, τ ) = Z −1 (x, t)(∂x G(x − y, t − τ ) + v(x, t)G(x − y, t − τ )). Since sup sup |Λy (x, y, t, τ )| ≤ Ct− 2 , 3

sup

T +1≤τ ≤t/ log t x∈R y∈R

l 1− l x∂x Z(x, t) 1 ≤ C t 2 , l = 1, 2, 3, L (R)

and, therefore, − 12

xvxx (t) L1 (R) ≤ C t

,

we obtain |I4 | ≤ Ct

− 32

t/ log t

dτ T +1

∞

dy 0

y

∞

|vξξ (τ, ξ)| dξ = O(t−1 ).

(4.94)

4.3 KdV-B equation

379

The integral I5 can be estimated similarly. Since 1 l ∂xl G(x, t − τ ) = ∂xl G(x, t) + O t− 2 − 2 log−1 t , l = 0, 1, for T + 1 ≤ τ ≤ t/ log t, we derive the estimate

t/ log t 1 A (χ) √ dτ F (y, τ )dy + O(t−1 ) G(x, t) I6 = ∂x G(x, t) + H (χ) t T +1 R (4.95) from the estimate l 1

1 d H (χ) ∂xl Z(x, t) = t− 2 + O t− 2 , l = 0, 1, 2, 3. (4.96) dχl Since ∂x Z = −2Zv, the integration by parts yields, by virtue of (4.96), 1 F (y, τ )dy = − v 3 (y, τ )Z(y, τ )dy 2 R R 1 f 3 (y)H(y)dy + O(τ −3/2 ). =− 2τ R θ Then from (4.92) - (4.95) we obtain (4.78). Lemma 4.27 is proved. It follows from (4.73) and (4.85) that the remainder ψ (x, t) = w(x, t) − ϕ(x, t) is the solution to the Cauchy problem ∂ ∂ (vψ) − ψxx + 12 ∂x w2 + wxxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, ψt + ∂x (4.97) ψ (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R. To eliminate the second term from (4.97) as above we integrate this equation with respect to x and introduce the new unknown function x r(x, t) = Z(x, t) ψ(y, t)dy. −∞

Then we obtain

rt − rxx + F = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, r (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R,

(4.98)

where

1 Zw2 + Zwxx . 2 In view of (4.84) and (4.83) we ﬁnd F =

F (t) Lp ≤ C w L∞ w Lp + C wxx Lp 1 −1−2γ+ 2p

≤ C t

1 − 32 −γ+ 2p

+ C t

1 −1−2γ+ 2p

≤ C t

(4.99)

380

4 Critical Convective Equations

for all t ≥ T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Using the integral equation associated with (4.98) we obtain t+T 2 dτ G (t − τ ) Lp F (τ ) L1 r (t) Lp ≤ T

t

+ t+T 2

dτ G (t − τ ) L1 F (τ ) Lp ;

hence in view of estimate (4.99) we ﬁnd r (t) Lp ≤ C

t+T 2

(t − τ )

1 − 12 + 2p

− 12 −2γ

dτ

T

t

+C t+T 2

{t − τ }

− 34

1 −1−2γ+ 2p

τ

for all t ≥ T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, if we take γ ∈ rx (t) Lp ≤

τ

t+T 2

T

1

1 4, 2

1 − 12 + 2p

dτ ≤ C t

. In the same manner we have

dτ ∂x G (t − τ ) Lp F (τ ) L1

t

dτ ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 F (τ ) Lp

+ t+T 2

t+T 2

≤C

1 −1+ 2p

(t − τ )

τ

− 12 −2γ

dτ

T

t

+C t+T 2

− 34

{t − τ }

(t − τ )

− 12

1 −1−2γ+ 2p

τ

1 −1+ 2p

dτ ≤ C t

for all t ≥ T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Using the identity

1 ψ = Z −1 rx + rv , 2 we obtain the estimate −1

u (t) − v (t) − ϕ (t) L∞ ≤ C t

for all t ≥ T. When u0 ∈ L1,1 (R), then 1 1 v (t, x) = t− 2 fθ xt− 2 + O t−1 for t → ∞, and in view of Lemma 4.27, the asymptotics of the theorem follows. Theorem 4.25 is thus proved.

4.4 BBM-B equation

381

4.4 Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers equation This section is devoted to the study of the Cauchy problem for the BenjaminBona-Mahony-Burgers (BBM-Burgers) equation ∂t (u − uxx ) − µuxx + βuxxx + uux = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (4.100) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R, where µ > 0, β ∈ R. Usually the BBM-Burgers equation is written as follows ∂t (v − vxx ) + βvx − µvxx + vvx = 0, which is equivalent to equation (4.100) in view of the change u (t, x) = v (t, x + βt) . In the present section we are interested in the large time asymptotics of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the BBM-Burgers equation (4.100) for the case of the initial data having an arbitrary size. Throughout this section we suppose that the total mass of the initial data θ = R u0 (x) dx = 0. Our aim is to prove the following result. Theorem 4.28. Let the initial data u0 ∈ H1 (R) ∩ W11 (R), and θ = u (x) dx = 0. Then there exists a unique solution R 0 u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; H1 (R) ∩ W11 (R) to the Cauchy problem for the BBM-Burgers equation (4.100), which has the asymptotics 1 1 1 u (t) = t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2 + o t− 2 as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R. If in addition the initial data u0 ∈ L1,1 (R) , then the asymptotics 1 1 1 (4.101) u (t) = t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2 + O t− 2 −γ is true as t → ∞, where γ ∈ 0, 12 and

θ θ χ √ ∂ fθ (χ) = −2 µ log cosh − sinh Erf √ ∂χ 4 4 2 µ

(4.102)

is the self-similar solution for the Burgers (see Burgers [1948]) equation ut + uux − µuxx = 0, deﬁned by the total mass θ = R u0 (x) dx of the initial data. Here x 2 2 √ e−y dy Erf (x) = π 0 is the error function.

382

4 Critical Convective Equations

Next we obtain the second term of the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for equation (4.100) in the case of the initial data of arbitrary size. A similar result was shown in Section 4.3 for the KdV-Burgers equation. Theorem 4.29. Let u0 ∈ H1 (R)∩W11 (R)∩L1,1 (R), and θ = R u0 (x) dx = 0. Then the solution u(t) to the Cauchy problem for the BBM-Burgers equation (4.100), with the initial condition u0 has the following asymptotics

log t 1 1 1 1 u (t) = t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2 + fθ (·) t− 2 + O (4.103) t t as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where x2 − 4µ x fθ (x) − 2√ µ e fθ3 (y) H (y) dy, fθ (x) = − √ 2 πµH (x) R with

θ H (χ) = cosh − sinh 4

θ χ Erf . √ 4 2 µ

4.4.1 Preliminaries Consider the linear Cauchy problem ∂t (u − uxx ) − µuxx + βuxxx = f (t, x) , x ∈ R, t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R.

(4.104)

Using the Duhamel principle we rewrite problem (4.104) in the form

t

u (t) = G (t) u0 +

G (t − τ ) Bf (τ ) dτ,

(4.105)

0

where the Green operator G (t) is given by G (t) φ = F ξ→x e−t(µξ

2

−iβξ 3 )(1+ξ 2 )

−1

φˆ (ξ)

and (see Erd´elyi et al. [1954]) −1 −1 1 φ = F ξ→x 1 + ξ 2 φˆ (ξ) = Bφ = 1 − ∂x2 2 Note that

k B φ 2k ≤ C φ p L W p

for k ∈ N. Denote the commutator

R

e−|x−y| φ (y) dy.

4.4 BBM-B equation

383

( 3 2 ' ∂x B G (t) , ψ φ ≡ ∂x3 B 2 G (t) (ψφ) − ψ∂x3 B 2 G (t) φ. Denote G0 (t, x) = (4πµt)

− 12

x2

e− 4µt .

From Lemma 1.31 and Lemma 1.33 we get Lemma 4.30. The estimates 1 − 12 ( r1 − p )

G (t) φ Lp ≤ e−µt φ Lp + C t

φ Lr ,

k k ∂x G (t) φ p ≤ C t− 2 φ k , W L p

− 12 − a 2

G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t) L∞ ≤ Ct b |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t))

L1

and

( 3 2 ' ∂x B G (t) , ψ φ

L1

( φ L∞ + φ L1,a ) ,

≤ Ct

≤ C t

−1

b−a 2

φ L1,a

ψx L2 φ L2

are valid for all t > 0 provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite, where k ∈ N, 1 ≤ r ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a, ϑ = φ (x) dx. R

Consider the integral equation associated with the Cauchy problem for the BBM - Burgers equation (4.100) u (t, x) = G (t) u0 −

t

G (t − τ ) B (u (τ ) ux (τ )) dτ.

(4.106)

0

Deﬁne the norms

φ p,q ≡ φ (t, x) Lq (Rx )

Lp (R+ t )

.

First let us prove a global existence result for large initial data. Proposition 4.31. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ H1 (R) ∩ W11 (R) ∩ L1,a (R), a ≥ 0. Then there exists a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; H1 (R) ∩ W11 (R) ∩ L1,a (R) to the Cauchy problem (4.100). Moreover the a priori estimates of a solution are valid u ∞,2 + ux ∞,2 + ux 2,2 ≤ C u0 H1 . (4.107)

384

4 Critical Convective Equations

Proof. By using a standard contraction mapping principle we can easily prove that for some T > 0 there exists a unique solution u ∈ C [0, T ] ; H1 (R) ∩ W11 (R) ∩ L1,a (R) to the Cauchy problem (4.100). We now multiply equation (4.100) by 2u and integrate the resulting equation with respect to x over R to get d 2 2 2 u (t) L2 + ux (t) L2 + 2µ ux (t) L2 = 0; dt hence by integrating with respect to time t > 0 we see that t 2 2 2 2 u (t) L2 + ux (t) L2 + 2µ ux (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ u0 H1 0

for all t ∈ [0, T ] . Then, by applying estimates of Lemma 4.30, we obtain from integral equation (4.106) t ∂x Bu2 (τ ) 1 dτ u W1 ≤ C u0 W1 + C W1 1 1 0 t 2 u (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ C (1 + t) ≤C +C 0

and t a u L1,a ≤ C u0 L1,a + C t 2 ∂x Bu2 (τ ) L1 dτ 0 t ∂x Bu2 (τ ) 1,a dτ +C L 0 t a +1 u (τ ) L1,a dτ ≤ C t 2 + C 0

for all t ∈ [0, T ] . The Gronwall lemma yields the estimate e−Ct u (t) L1,a + u (t) W1 ≤ C 1

for all t ∈ [0, T ] , where C > 0 does not depend on T. Therefore by a standard continuation argument we can prolong the local solution to the global one, which satisﬁes the a priori estimate (4.107). Proposition 4.31 is proved. We now estimate the third derivative of the solution. Denote S (t, x) = 1 for u (t, x) > 0 and S (t, x) = −1 for u (t, x) < 0; S (t, x) = 0 for u (t, x) = 0 Lemma 4.32. Let the initial data u0 ∈ H1 (R) ∩ W11 (R). Moreover we assume that the norms of the solutions are bounded u ∞,2 + ux ∞,2 + ux 2,2 ≤ C.

4.4 BBM-B equation

385

Then the estimate is true T 1 dt S (t, x) Buxxx (t, x) dx ≤ C T 6 log T 0 R for all T > 0. Proof. By the integral equation (4.106) we have

t−ν(t)

Buxxx (t, x) = ∂x3 BG (t) u0 −

∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ 0

t

−

∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ,

(4.108)

t−ν(t) 2

where ν (t) = t 3 for t ≥ 1 and ν (t) = 0 for t ∈ (0, 1) . The ﬁrst summand in the right-hand side of (4.108) can be estimated as 3 3 ∂x BG (t) u0 1 ≤ C t− 2 u0 1 . W L

(4.109)

1

For the second term in the right-hand side of (4.108) by changing the order of integration and by applying the Cauchy inequality we ﬁnd T t−ν(t) 3 2 dt ∂x B G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ 1 0 0 L

T

≤

t

τ

dt 0

− 32

u (t − τ ) L2 ux (t − τ ) L2 dτ

ν(t)

≤ C u ∞,2

T

≤C

T

t

τ

dt 0

ν(t)

− 13

T

dt t

τ

0

≤C

− 32

−1

ux (t − τ ) L2 dτ

− 13

ux (t − τ ) L2 dt

0 T

dτ τ

−1

0

T

t 0

ux (t − τ ) L2 dτ

1

≤ C T 6 log T . We now estimate the third term in the right-hand side of (4.108)

(4.110)

386

4 Critical Convective Equations

t

∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ dx

S (t, x) t−ν(t)

R

t

dx |u (t, x)|

=

R

+

dτ ∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) ux (τ ) t−ν(t) t

( ' dτ ∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) , u (τ ) ux (τ )

dxS (t, x) t−ν(t) t

R

+

dτ (u (τ, x) − u (t, x)) ∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) ux (τ )

dxS (t, x) t−ν(t)

R

= I1 + I2 + I3 ,

(4.111)

where the commutator ( 3 2 ' ∂x B G (t − τ ) , u (τ ) φ (τ ) ≡ ∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) (u (τ ) φ (τ )) − u (τ ) ∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) . In the integral I1 we integrate by parts to get t I1 = dx |u (t, x)| dτ ∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) ux (τ ) t−ν(t)

R

=−

t

dτ ∂x2 B 2 G (t − τ ) ux (τ ) ;

dxux (t, x) S (t, x) t−ν(t)

R

hence by the Young inequality

T

T

|I1 (t)| dt ≤ 0

dt ux (t) L2

0

t−ν(t)

T

≤C

dt ux (t) L2

0

2 ux 2,2

≤C

t

T

0

dτ ux (τ ) L2 t − τ dτ ux (t − τ ) L2 τ

log (T + 1) ≤ C log (T + 1) .

(4.112)

For the integral I2 by Lemma 4.30 via the Young inequality, we ﬁnd

T

T

|I2 (t)| dt ≤ 0

t

dt 0

0

≤C

( ' dτ ∂x3 B 2 G (t − τ ) , u (τ ) ux (τ ) L1

T

t

t − τ

dt 0

0

−1

2

ux (τ ) L2 dτ

2

≤ C ux 2,2 log T ≤ C log T . To estimate I3 we use integral equation (4.106)

(4.113)

4.4 BBM-B equation

387

τ u (t) − u (t − τ ) = ut (t − t ) dt 0 τ τ = dt ∂t G (t − t ) u0 − dt B (u (t − t ) ux (t − t ))

0 τ

dt

−

0

t−t

dτ ∂t G (t − t − τ ) B (u (τ ) ux (τ )) ;

0

0

hence

u (t) − u (t − τ ) L1 ≤

τ

+

dt

0

t−t

τ

dt t − t

−1

0 −1

dτ τ

τ

dt ux (t − t ) L2

+ 0

ux (t − t − τ ) L2 .

0

We then have T |I3 (t)| dt 0

T

≤

ν(t)

dt 0

0

T

≤C

dτ u (t) − u (t − τ ) L1 ∂x3 B 2 G (τ ) ux (t − τ ) L∞

ν(t)

dτ τ

dt 0

− 74

0

τ

ux (t − τ ) L2

dt ux (t − t ) L2 +

+ 0

τ

dt

t−t

τ

0

−1

dτ τ

0

0

−1

dt t − t

ux (t − t − τ ) L2

.

Therefore, by changing the order of integration we obtain

T

|I3 (t)| dt 0

≤

T

2 3

dt

T

2 3

dτ τ

t

0

+ ux (t − t ) L2 + ≤ C log T

T

dt

≤ C T log T .

τ

t−t

T 3 2

−1 dt ux (t − τ ) L2 t − t

dτ τ

−1

0

2 3

0 1 6

− 74

T

t

2 3

dτ τ

− 74

ux (t − t − τ ) L2 ≤ C log T

T

2 3

− 34

dt t

0

(4.114)

The substitution of estimates (4.112) - (4.114) into (4.111) yields t 1 3 2 ∂x B G (t − τ ) u (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ dx ≤ C T 6 log T . (4.115) S (t, x) R t−ν(t)

388

4 Critical Convective Equations

Now from (4.109), (4.110) and (4.115) we get the result of the lemma, and Lemma 4.32 is proved. Now we give estimates for the third derivative of the solution. Lemma 4.33. Let the initial data u0 ∈ H1 (R) ∩ W11 (R). Moreover we assume that the norms of the solutions are bounded σ− 1

u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t) 4 ' for all t > 0, where σ ∈ 0, 14 . Then the estimate is true Buxxx s,1 ≤ C, ( 1 1' 1 −1 for σ ∈ 12 . where s > max 1, 98 − 32 σ , 4 and s = 1 for σ ∈ 0, 12 Moreover we have 2 ∂x Buux ≤ C (4.116) s,1 1 ( 1 1' . , 4 , and s = 1 if σ ∈ 0, 12 where s > 1 for σ ∈ 12 Proof. In view of the integral equation (4.106), we ﬁnd Buxx (t) L1 ≤ B∂x2 G (t) u0 L1 t 2 + B∂x G (t − τ ) Bu (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ 1 0 L t 2 −1 ≤ B∂x G (t) u0 L1 + C t − τ u (τ ) L2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ. 0

First we note that 2 B∂x G (t) u0 1 ≤ C t−1 u0 1 . L L By the Young inequality we obtain t −1 t − τ u (τ ) L2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ

Ls (0,∞)

0

t t 1 −1 σ− 4 ≤C t − τ τ ux (τ ) L2 dτ s 0 Lt (0,∞) 1 σ− 4 −1 ≤ C t s1 ux 2,2 t s2

Lt (0,∞)

Lt (0,∞)

−1 −1 for all t > 0, where 1s +1 = s11 + s12 + 12 , s1 > 1, s2 > 14 − σ , s > 34 − σ 1 for σ ∈ 0, 4 ; in the case of σ = 14 we take s2 = ∞. Collecting these estimates we get Buxx s,1 ≤ C

4.4 BBM-B equation

−1 for all s > 34 − σ . In the same manner we estimate the third derivative t 2 3 B 2 ∂x4 G (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) dτ Buxxx (t) L1 ≤ B∂x G (t) u0 L1 + 0 1 L t + B∂x2 G (t − τ ) ∂x Bu (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ . t 1 2

L

By Lemma 4.30 we ﬁnd 3 3 B∂x G (t) u0 1 ≤ C t− 2 u0 1 . W L 1

In addition

∂x Bu (τ ) ux (τ ) L1 ≤ Bu2x (τ ) L1 + u (τ ) Buxx (τ ) L1 + [u (τ ) , B] uxx (τ ) L1 ,

where [u (τ ) , B] ∂x2 u (τ ) =

1 2

e−|x−y| (u (τ, x) − u (τ, y)) uyy (τ, y) dy.

R

By the Cauchy inequality [u (τ ) , B] uxx (τ ) L1 1 −|x−y| = e (u (τ, x) − u (τ, y)) uyy (τ, y) dy 1 2 L R −|x−y| ≤ sign (x − y) e (u (τ, x) − u (τ, y)) uy (τ, y) dy 1 L R −|x−y| 2 + uy (τ, y) dy e 1 R L x−y −|x−y| ≤C dx dye sign (x − y) |uy (τ, y)| |ux (τ, y + z)| dz R

0

R 2

+ C ux (τ ) L2 ≤C dξe−|ξ| |ξ| dy |uy (τ, y)| R

R

ξ

|ux (τ, y + z)| dz

0

2

≤ C ux (τ ) L2 . Hence 2t −3 −2 2σ− 12 t − τ τ dτ Buxxx (t) L1 ≤ C t 2 u0 W1 + C 1 0 t 1 σ −1 2 −1 ux (τ ) L2 + τ 2 8 ux (τ ) L2 2 Buxx (τ ) L1 dτ t − τ +C t 2

389

390

4 Critical Convective Equations

for all t > 0. We have t −1 2 t − τ ux (τ ) L2 dτ

≤C

Lst (0,∞)

0

for s > 1. Using Lemma 4.30 and the Young inequality we obtain t −1 t − τ u (τ ) L∞ Buxx (τ ) L1 dτ Lst (0,∞)

0

−1 ≤ C t

1 2

s

Lt 1 (0,∞)

1 2

u ∞,2 ux 2,2 Buxx s2 ,1

where 1s = s11 + s12 + 14 − 1 < 34 , since s1 > 1, s2 > 2. Collecting these estimates we get Buxxx s,1 ≤ C ( 1 1' −1 for σ ∈ 12 for all s > max 1, 98 − 32 σ ,4 . 1 Consider now the case of σ ∈ 0, 12 . Then we can obtain a better decay estimate for ux (t) L2 . In view of the integral equation (4.104) we ﬁnd t 2 2 ux (t) L2 ≤ ∂x G (t) u0 L2 + B∂x G (t − τ ) u (τ ) dτ ≤ C t

− 34

0

t

t − τ

+C 0

≤ C t

− 34

+ C t

3 3 2 σ− 8

−1

+ Ct t t 2

3

≤ C t 2

σ− 58

Cε log t

t

+

t 2

+

t 2

−1

3

τ 2 −1

1 2

u (τ ) L2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ

σ− 38

0

t − τ

L2

3 2

1

ux (τ ) L2 2 dτ 1

ux (τ ) L2 2 dτ

C 3σ− 34 t log t ε −1

t − τ

ux (τ ) L2 dτ.

Choosing a suﬃciently small ε > 0 and applying the Gronwall inequality we obtain 3 σ− 5 ux L2 ≤ C t 2 8 for all t > 0. By applying this estimate, we ﬁnd t 3 1 −3 −1 t − τ u (τ ) L2 2 ux (τ ) L2 2 dτ ux (t) L2 ≤ C t 4 + C − 34

≤ C t

+ Ct−1

0

t 2

9

τ 4

σ− 11 16

0 − 34

≤ C t

9

+ C t 4

σ− 11 16

log t .

9

dτ + C t 4

σ− 11 16

t t 2

t − τ

−1

dτ

4.4 BBM-B equation

391

Iterating this procedure, we gain − 34

ux (t) L2 ≤ C t

3σ− 34

+ C t

log t .

By the Young inequality we obtain t t −1 −1 4σ−1 t − τ u (τ ) L2 ux (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ C t − τ τ dτ 0

0

for all t > 0. Collecting these estimates we get Buxx (t) L1 ≤ C t

4σ−1

log2 t

for all t > 0. In a similar manner we estimate the third derivative t 2 3 4 2 Buxxx (t) L1 ≤ B∂x G (t) u0 L1 + B∂x G (t − τ ) Bu (τ ) dτ 0 t 2 + B∂x G (t − τ ) ∂x Bu (τ ) ux (τ ) dτ t

L1

.

L1

2

We have

3 3 B∂x G (t) u0 1 ≤ C t− 2 ; L

hence, Buxxx (t) L1 ≤ C t

t

+C t 2

t − τ

−1

τ

− 32

+C

6σ− 32

t 2

t − τ

−2

τ

2σ− 12

dτ

0

log2 τ dτ ≤ C t

6σ− 32

log3 t

for all t > 0. By this estimate we get Buxxx 1,1 ≤ C 1 . Estimate (4.116) is proved in an identical fashion since we have if σ ∈ 0, 12 2 ∂x Bu (τ ) ux (τ ) 1 ≤ C ∂x Bu2x (τ ) 1 + u (τ ) Buxxx (τ ) 1 L L L + [u (τ ) , B] uxxx (τ ) L1 , where by integrating by parts and by using the Cauchy inequality

392

4 Critical Convective Equations

[u (τ ) , B] uxxx (τ ) L1 1 −|x−y| = e (u (τ, x) − u (τ, y)) u (τ, y) dy yyy 1 2 R L −|x−y| ≤ sign (x − y) e (u (τ, x) − u (τ, y)) uyy (τ, y) dy 1 L R −|x−y| + uy (τ, y) uyy (τ, y) dy e 1 R L −|x−y| ≤C e (u (τ, x) − u (τ, y)) uy (τ, y) dy 1 L R 2 −|x−y| 2 +C uy (τ, y) dy e ≤ C ux (τ ) L2 R

L1

as in the previous case. Lemma 4.33 is proved. Now we estimate the decay rate of the L2 (R) norm of the solutions. Lemma 4.34. Let u0 ∈ H1 (R) ∩ W11 (R) . Assume that t dτ S (τ, x) Bu (τ, x) dx xxx 0 R t σ + dτ ∂x2 B (u (τ ) ux (τ )) L1 ≤ C t

(4.117)

0

( for all t > 0, where σ ∈ 0, 14 . Then the estimate is valid 1 σ− 12 (1− p )

u (t) Lp ≤ C t for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ 2.

−1 Proof. Applying operator B = 1 − ∂x2 to (4.100) we get ut = µ (1 − B) u + β∂x3 Bu + Buux

(4.118)

since B = 1 − ∂x2 B. We estimate the L1 (R) norm. We multiply equation (4.118) by S (t, x) and integrate with respect to x over R to get ∂t |u (t, x)| dx = µ S (t, x) (1 − B) udx R R S (t, x) ∂x3 Budx + |u (t, x)| ux dx +β R R S (t, x) ∂x2 Buux dx. − R

We have

4.4 BBM-B equation

∂t |u (t, x)| dx = R R

393

d u (t) L1 , dt

|u (t, x)| ux dx = 0, S (t, x) Budx ≤ B |u| dx ≤ u (t) L1 .

R

R

Therefore, we ﬁnd u (t) L1

t 3 ≤ u0 L1 + β dt S (t, x) ∂x Budx 0 R t 2 + dt S (t, x) ∂x Buux dx . 0

(4.119)

R

Then estimate (4.117) yields σ

sup | u (t, ξ)| ≤ C u (t) L1 ≤ u0 L1 + C t ≤ C t

σ

(4.120)

ξ∈R

for all t > 0. Thus the estimate of the lemma with p = 1 is fulﬁlled. We now multiply equation (4.100) by 2u, then by integrating with respect to x ∈ R we get d 2 2 2 u (t) L2 + ux (t) L2 = −2µ ux (t) L2 . (4.121) dt By the Plancherel theorem using the Fourier splitting method from Schonbek [1991], we have 2 2 2 2 ux (t) L2 = ξ u (t) L2 = | u (t, ξ)| ξ 2 dξ + | u (t, ξ)| ξ 2 dξ |ξ|≤δ

≥δ

2

2 u (t) L2

− 2δ sup | u (t, ξ)| 3

|ξ|≥δ

2

|ξ|≤δ

where δ > 0. Thus from (4.121) we have the inequality d 2 2 2 u (t) H1 ≤ −µδ 2 u (t) H1 + 4µδ 3 sup | u (t, ξ)| . dt ξ≤δ −1

2

(4.122) −2

We choose µδ 2 = 2 (1 + t) and change u (t) H1 = (1 + t) via (4.120) we get from (4.122) d 2σ+ 12 W (t) ≤ C (1 + t) . dt Integration of (4.123) with respect to time yields 3 2 +2σ W (t) ≤ u0 H1 + C (1 + t) 2 −1 .

W (t) . Then

(4.123)

394

4 Critical Convective Equations

Therefore we obtain a time decay estimate of the L2 norm σ− 14

u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t)

(4.124)

for all t > 0. Lemma 4.34 is proved. Proposition 4.35. Suppose that the initial data u0 ∈ H1 (R)∩W11 (R) . Then the estimates for the solution are valid − 1 1− 1 u (t) Lp + t ∂x2 Bu (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p ) for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Proof. By proposition 4.31 we have estimate u ∞,2 + ux ∞,2 + ux 2,2 ≤ C u0 H1 . Now by applying Lemma 4.32 we get t 1 ≤ C t 6 log t ≤ C tσ0 dτ S (τ, x) Bu (τ, x) dx xxx 0

(4.125)

R

for all t > 0, where σ0 = 16 + γ and γ > 0 is small. Also by Lemma 4.33 we have t 1 dτ ∂x2 B (u (τ ) ux (τ )) L1 ≤ C t 16 0

for all t > 0. Then by Lemma 4.34 we ﬁnd the time decay of the L2 (R) norm u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t)

σ0 − 14

(4.126)

for all t > 0. Applying Lemma 4.33 and the H¨ older inequality we obtain t 1 1− s1 ≤ Ct1− s0 uxxx 0 , dτ S (τ, x) Bu (τ, x) dx xxx s0 ,1 ≤ Ct 0

R

−1 for all t > 0, where s0 > max 1, 98 − 32 σ0 . Hence we arrive at estimate (4.125) with σ0 replaced by σ1 = 1 − s10 = 18 + O (γ). We again apply Lemma 4.34 to get a better time decay of the L2 (R) norm (4.126) with σ0 replaced by σ1 = 18 + O (γ): σ1 − 14

u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t)

.

1 Then Lemma 4.33 yields estimate (4.125) with σ0 replaced by σ2 = 16 +O (γ). Now by Lemma 4.34 we get time decay estimate (4.126) with σ0 replaced by 1 + O (γ). Lemma 4.33 gives us estimate (4.125) with σ0 = 0. Therefore σ2 = 16 by virtue of Lemma 4.34 we obtain an optimal time decay estimate of the L2 (R) norm

4.4 BBM-B equation − 14

u (t) L2 ≤ C (1 + t)

395

(4.127)

for all t > 0. Using (4.127) we can prove the following optimal time decay estimates − 1 1− 1 u (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p ) (4.128) for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. For 1 ≤ p ≤ 2, estimate (4.128) follows from (4.127), Lemma 4.34 and the H¨ older inequality. Let us prove (4.128) for p = ∞. By the integral equation (4.106) and by the H¨ older inequality we get 1 + 2

t 2

2

u (t) L∞ ≤ G (t) u0 L∞ ∂x BG (t − τ ) L∞ u (τ ) L2 dτ 0 t 1 ∂x BG (t − τ ) L4 u2 (τ ) 43 dτ + L 2 2t 2t 1 −1 ≤ Ct− 2 + Ct−1 τ 2 dτ 0 t 1 3 7 − (t − τ ) 8 u (τ ) L2 ∞ u (τ ) L2 2 dτ, +C t 2

so u (t) L∞ ≤ Ct− 2 + Ct− 8 1

3

C 5 + t− 8 ε

1

t t 2

− 78

(t − τ )

t 2

≤ Ct− 2 + Cεt− 8 1

t

t t 2

(t − τ )

− 78

(t − τ )

1

u (τ ) L2 ∞ dτ

− 78

u (τ ) L∞ dτ

dτ.

Hence by the Gronwall lemma it follows that u (t) L∞ ≤

C −1 t 2. ε

We ﬁnd (4.128) for all 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ via the H¨ older inequality. As above we get the estimates 2 1 1 ∂x Bu (t) p ≤ C t− 2 (1− p )−1 L for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Proposition 4.35 is thus proved. 4.4.2 Proof of Theorem 4.28 Now we obtain the large time asymptotic formulas for solutions to the Cauchy problem (4.100). Let us take a suﬃciently large initial time T > 0 and deﬁne v (t, x) as a solution to the Cauchy problem for the Burgers equation with u (T, x) as the initial data

396

4 Critical Convective Equations

vt + vvx − µvxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, v (T, x) = u (T, x) , x ∈ R.

(4.129)

∂ By the Hopf-Cole Hopf [1950] transformation v (t, x) = −2µ ∂x log Z (t, x) it is converted to the heat equation Zt = µZxx , so we have the solution explicitly

y 1 Z (t, x) = dyG0 (t, x − y) exp − u (T, ξ) dξ , (4.130) 2µ −∞ R −1

x2

where G0 (t, x) = (4πµt) 2 e− 4µt is the Green function for the heat equation. Note that the following estimates are true − 1 1− 1 v (t) Lp + t ∂x2 Bv (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p )

(4.131)

for all t > T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Consider now the diﬀerence w (t, x) = u (t, x) − v (t, x) for all t > T. By (4.100) and (4.129) we get the Cauchy problem ∂ w2 − µwxx + hx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, wt + ∂x (vw) + 12 ∂x (4.132) w (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R, where

h = β∂x2 + µ∂x3 Bu − ∂x Buux .

Since we consider the large initial x data, we need to geliminate the linear term ∂ −1 (vw). We change ∂ w = w (t, y) dy = µ Z , then from (4.132) we x ∂x −∞ obtain the Cauchy problem gt − µgxx + F = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, (4.133) g (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R, where F =

µ 2Z

gx +

1 gv 2µ

2 + Zh.

By virtue of estimates of Proposition 4.35 and (4.131) we have Z (t) L∞ + Z −1 (t) L∞ ≤ C

(4.134)

for all t ≥ T and a rough time decay estimate − 1 1− 1 w (t) Lp + t ∂x2 Bw (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p )

(4.135)

for all t ≥ T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Let us prove the estimate 1

−γ+

1

2p g (t) Lp + t 2 gx (t) Lp < C t (4.136) 1 for all t ≥ T, 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where γ ∈ 0, 2 . On the contrary we suppose that for some t = T1 estimate (4.136) is violated, that is we have

4.4 BBM-B equation 1 −γ+ 2p

1

g (t) Lp + t 2 gx (t) Lp ≤ C t

397

(4.137)

for all t ∈ [T, T1 ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. In view of (4.131), (4.134), (4.136) and (4.137) we ﬁnd 2 F (t) Lp ≤ C gx L∞ gx Lp + C g L∞ v 2 Lp + C Zh Lp 1 −1−2γ+ 2p −3+ 1 ≤ C t + t 2 2p

1 1 −γ−1+ 2p (4.138) ≤ C max T γ− 2 , T −γ t for all t ∈ [T, T1 ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Using the integral equation associated with (4.133) in view of estimate (4.138) we ﬁnd t dτ G0 (t − τ ) Lp F (τ ) L1 g (t) Lp ≤ T

t 1 −1+ 1 − 1 −γ ≤ C max T γ− 2 , T −γ (t − τ ) 2 2p τ 2 dτ

T 1 1 −γ+ 2p −γ+ 2p γ− 12 −γ t ,T < C t ≤ C max T for all t ∈ [T, T1 ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, since T is suﬃciently large. In the same manner we have t+T 2 dτ ∂x G0 (t − τ ) Lp F (τ ) L1 gx (t) Lp ≤ T t + dτ ∂x G0 (t − τ ) L1 F (τ ) Lp t+T 2

t+T 2 1 −1+ 2p − 1 −γ γ− 12 −γ ≤ C max T ,T (t − τ ) τ 2 dτ T

t 1 1 −1 −1−γ+ 2p (t − τ ) 2 τ dτ + C max T γ− 2 , T −γ t+T

2 1 1 −γ− 12 + 2p −γ− 12 + 2p γ− 12 −γ t ≤ C max T ,T < C t for all t ∈ [T, T1 ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. The contradiction obtained proves estimate (4.136) for all t ≥ T. Since

1 −1 w=Z µgx + gv 2 estimate (4.136) implies −γ− 12

u (t) − v (t) L∞ ≤ C t

for all t > T. It is known that if xu0 ∈ L1 (R), then 1 1 −γ− 12 . v (t) − t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2 ∞ ≤ C t L

Therefore the estimate of the theorem follows, and Theorem 4.28 is proved.

398

4 Critical Convective Equations

4.4.3 Proof of Theorem 4.29 As in the proof of Proposition 4.35 we can obtain the following estimate of the L1,1 (R) norm of solutions of the Cauchy problem (4.100) 1

u (t) L1,1 ≤ C t 2 .

(4.139)

Indeed, by applying estimates of Lemma 4.30 to the integral equation (4.106) we get

∂x BG (t − τ ) u2 (τ ) 1,1 dτ u (t) L1,1 ≤ G (t) u0 L1,1 + C L 0 t G (t − τ ) Bu (τ ) ux (τ ) L1,1 dτ +C t 2

1 2

t 2

≤ C t + C 0

t 2

t − τ

+C

− 12

0

t

+C

t 2

t 2

2 u (τ ) 1 dτ L 2 u (τ ) 1,1 dτ L

1

t − τ 2 Bu (τ ) ux (τ ) L1 dτ

t

+C t 2

Bu (τ ) ux (τ ) L1,1 dτ 1

≤ C t 2 + C t

− 12

t

τ

− 12

0

u (τ ) L1,1 dτ ;

hence, by the Gronwall lemma estimate (4.139) follows for all t > 0. Now we obtain the second term of the large time asymptotics as t → ∞ of solutions u(t, x) to the Cauchy problem (4.100). As in the previous section we take a suﬃciently large initial time T > 0 and consider the Cauchy problem for the Burgers equation (4.129). Then for the diﬀerence w (t, x) = u (t, x)−v (t, x) by (4.100) and (4.129) we get the Cauchy problem (4.132) with estimates (4.136). Consider now the linear Cauchy problem ϕt + ∂x (ϕv) − µϕxx + βvxxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, (4.140) ϕ (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R. To eliminate the second term from (4.140), we integrate (4.140) with respect to x and make the substitution x s (t, x) , ϕ(t, y)dy = µ Z (t, x) −∞ where Z(t, x) is deﬁned by (4.130). We obtain

4.4 BBM-B equation

st − µsxx + βZvxx = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, s (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R.

(4.141)

It is simple to integrate (4.141) to get t s (t, x) = −β dτ dyG0 (t − τ, x − y) Z (τ, y) vyy (τ, y) . T

399

(4.142)

R

Now let us compute the asymptotics of s (t, x) as t → ∞. We integrate by parts with respect to y to obtain ∞ t ∞ dτ dy∂x G0 (t − τ, x − y) Z (τ, η) vηη (τ, η) dη s (t, x) = −β

T

t

0

dτ

+β

−∞

T t

−β

0

dy∂x G0 (t − τ, x − y)

−∞

dτ G0 (t − τ, x)

y y

Z (τ, η) vηη (τ, η) dη

Z (τ, η) vηη (τ, η) dη R

T

≡ I1 + I2 + I3 . Since

− 12

xvxx (t) L1 (R) ≤ C t

,

we obtain

≤ Ct−1

t

|I1 | ≤ |β| T

t+T 2

T

≤ Ct

−1

∞

dτ

t+T 2

dy |∂x G0 (t − τ, x − y)|

0

dτ xvxx (τ ) L1 (R) + C − 12

τ

t+T 2

T

Z (τ, η) |vηη (τ, η)| dη

y t t+T 2

t

dτ + C

∞

(t − τ )

− 12

dτ (t − τ ) τ

−1

− 12

dτ = O(t− 2 ).

The integral I2 is estimated in the same way. Now we consider I3 . We have the asymptotics 1 Z(t, x) = H (χ) + O t− 2 , where H (χ) = cosh with χ =

x √ . t

θ − sinh 4

θ χ Erf √ 4 2 µ

Then in view of the identity Zx = −

integration by parts yields

1 Zv, 2µ

vxx (τ ) L1 (R) 1

(4.143)

400

4 Critical Convective Equations

1 Z (τ, η) vηη (τ, η) dη = − v 3 (τ, y)Z(τ, y)dy 2 R R 1 f 3 (y)H(y)dy + O(τ −3/2 ). =− 2τ R θ

Therefore

t

I3 = −β

dτ G0 (t − τ, x) Z (τ, η) vηη (τ, η) dη R t 1 x2 dτ β √ e− 4µ(t−τ ) + O t− 2 fθ3 (y)H(y)dy = √ 2 4πµ R T τ t−τ 1 β = G0 (t, x) log t fθ3 (y)H(y)dy + O t− 2 . (4.144) 2 R T

Hence the asymptotics is true ξ2 β e− 4µ log t s (t, x) = √ 2 4πµt

1 fθ3 (y)H(y)dy + O t− 2 R

for large t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R. This formula can be diﬀerentiated with respect to x. Hence we see that

1 s (t, x) log t fθ (χ) + O ϕ (t, x) = µ∂x = Z (t, x) t t as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where χ =

x √ t

and

x2 − 4µ x β fθ (x) − 2√ µ e fθ3 (y) H (y) dy. fθ (x) = − √ 2 πµH (x) R It follows from (4.132) and (4.140) that the remainder ψ (t, x) = w(t, x) − ϕ(t, x) is the solution to the Cauchy problem ψt + ∂x (vψ) − µψxx + 12 ∂x w2 + βwxxx + ∂x h1 = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, ψ (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R, (4.145) where h1 = −β∂x4 + µ∂x3 Bu − ∂x Buux . To eliminate the second term from (4.145) as above we integrate this equation with respect to x and introduce the new unknown function Z(t, x) x r(t, x) = ψ(t, y)dy. µ −∞ Then we obtain

4.4 BBM-B equation

rt − µrxx + F1 = 0, t > T, x ∈ R, r (T, x) = 0, x ∈ R.

401

(4.146)

where

1 Zw2 + Zβwxx + Zh1 . 2 In view of (4.131) and (4.136) we ﬁnd F1 =

F1 (t) Lp ≤ C w L∞ w Lp + C wxx Lp + h1 Lp 1 −1−2γ+ 2p

≤ C t

1 − 32 −γ+ 2p

1 − 32 −γ+ 2p

+ C t

≤ C t

(4.147)

for all t ≥ T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ if we choose γ ∈ 14 , 12 . Using the integral equation associated with (4.146) we obtain in view of (4.147)

t+T 2

r (t) Lp ≤ dτ G (t − τ ) Lp F1 (τ ) L1 T t + dτ G (t − τ ) L1 F1 (τ ) Lp t+T 2

t+T 2

≤C

(t − τ )

T t

+C t+T 2

τ

1 − 12 + 2p

1 − 32 −γ+ 2p

−1−γ

τ

dτ 1 − 12 + 2p

dτ ≤ C t

for all t ≥ T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. In the same manner we have

t+T 2

rx (t) Lp ≤ dτ ∂x G (t − τ ) Lp F1 (τ ) L1 T t + dτ ∂x G (t − τ ) L1 F1 (τ ) Lp t+T 2

≤C

t+T 2

(t − τ )

T t

+C t+T 2

(t − τ )

1 −1+ 2p

− 12

−1−γ

τ

1 − 32 −γ+ 2p

τ

dτ 1 −1+ 2p

dτ ≤ C t

for all t ≥ T, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Then by the identity

1 ψ = Z −1 rx + rv 2 we obtain the estimate −1

u (t) − v (t) − ϕ (t) L∞ ≤ C t for all t ≥ T. Theorem 4.29 is proved.

402

4 Critical Convective Equations

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations This section is devoted to the study of the Cauchy problem for the system of nonlinear nonlocal evolution equations ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0

(4.148)

with initial data u (0, x) = u (x) , x ∈ Rn , where u (t, x) is a vector u = {uj }|j=1,...,m . The linear part of system (4.148) is a pseudodiﬀerential operator deﬁned by the Fourier transformation as follows Lu = F ξ→x L (ξ) Fx→ξ u, where the symbol L (ξ) is a matrix L = {Ljk }|j,k=1,...,m . The nonlinearity N (u) is a quadratic pseudodiﬀerential operator N (u) = F ξ→x

m k,l=1

akl (t, ξ, y) u ˆk (t, ξ − y) u ˆl (t, y) dy;

Rn

here the symbols akl (t, ξ, y) are vectors akl =

akl . We suppose j j=1,...,m

that the symbols akl (t, ξ, y) are continuous vector functions with respect to time t > 0. Suppose that the operators N and L have a ﬁnite order, that is the symbols akl (t, ξ, y) and L (ξ) grow with respect to y and ξ no faster than a power kl a (t, ξ, y) ≤ C (ξκ + yκ ) , |L (ξ)| ≤ C ξκ , unwhere C > 0. The absolute value of vectors akl and matrix |L| we kl kl = maxj=1,..,m aj , derstand as a maximum of their components: a |L| = maxj,k=1,..,m |Ljk | . This section is devoted to the study of the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for nonlinear evolution equation (4.148) in the critical case. Below we describe our suppositions in more detail. As in the supercritical case (see Chapter 2 , Section 2.7) we rewrite the Cauchy problem (4.148) in the form of the integral equation t G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ, (4.149) u (t) = G (t) u − 0

where the Green operator G (t) ψ = F ξ→x e−tL(ξ) ψˆ (ξ) . Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition which in terms of the eigenvalues of the matrix L (ξ) has the form δ

Re λj (ξ) ≥ µ {ξ} ξ

γ

(4.150)

for all ξ ∈ Rn , where µ > 0, γ > 0, δ > 0. Also we suppose that the matrices P (j) (ξ) deﬁned in (2.146) and (2.147) satisfy the estimates

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

r (j) ∂ξ P (ξ) ≤ C

403

(4.151)

for all ξ ∈ Rn , |r| = 0, 1. Assume that the symbol of the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes the estimates k,l a (t, ξ, y) ≤ C ξθ˜ {ξ}ω (ξ − yσ {ξ − y}α + yσ {y}α ) (4.152) ˜ σ, α ≥ 0. We consider the for all ξ, y ∈ Rn , t > 0, k, l = 1, ..., m, where θ, case of nonlinearity of the type of the total derivative, that is we suppose that ω > 0. System (4.148) with this type of nonlinearity is called a diﬀusionconvection type system. We are interested in the case of nonzero total mass (x) dx ≡ θ = 0. of the initial data Rn u Now we deﬁne the critical case with respect to the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions by the relation δ = n + α + ω. Deﬁne X = {φ ∈ S : φ X < ∞} , with the norm φ X =

ρ

sup

sup sup t δ

n + δp

ρ∈[0,α+γ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

+ sup

s

sup sup {t} ν t

φ (t) Aρ,p

n+α+γ δ

s∈[0,σ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

n + δp

φ (t) Bs,p ,

2 where γ ∈ 0, 1δ (min (1, ω)) . Here the norms ρ

(t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≤1) , ϕ (t) Aρ,p = |·| ϕ ξ

s

(t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≥1) . ϕ (t) Bs,p = |·| ϕ ξ

Note that the norm Aρ,p is responsible for the large time asymptotic properties of solutions and the norm Bs,p describes the regularity of solutions. Theorem 4.36. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (4.150) with δ = n + α + ω, α ≥ 0, ω > 0. Suppose that the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes estimates (4.152) with θ˜ + σ < ν, ν > 0. Let the initial data u be such that u A0,∞ + u B0,∞ + u B0,1 ≤ ε, where ε > 0 is suﬃciently small. Then there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ X of the Cauchy problem (4.148). Moreover, the solutions u (t, x) have the time decay estimate −n u (t) L∞ ≤ C t δ for all t > 0.

404

4 Critical Convective Equations

Remark 4.37. Note that in the case of zero total mass of the initial data θ = u (x) dx = 0, the solutions of the Cauchy problem for equation (4.148) n R obtain more rapid time decay rate u (t) L∞ ≤ Ct−

n+min(1,ω) δ

.

Thus the critical value is shifted δc = n + α + ω + min (1, ω) in this case. To ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for the solution we assume that the eigenvalues of the symbol L (ξ) has the following asymptotic representation in the origin δ δ+γ (4.153) λj (ξ) = iξb(j) + µj |ξ| + O |ξ| for all |ξ| ≤ 1, where µj > 0, δ > 0, γ > 0, b(j) ∈ Rn . Let N0 have a symbol a0 (ξ, y) ∈ C1 (Rn × Rn ), homogeneous with respect to ξ and y of order ω +α, that is a0 (tξ, ty) = tα+ω a0 (ξ, y) for all ξ, y ∈ Rn , t > 0. We suppose that the relation |a (t, ξ, y) − a0 (ξ, y)| θ ω σ α+γ σ α+γ ≤ C ξ {ξ} ξ − y {ξ − y} + y {y} + C t

− γδ

θ˜

ω

σ

α

σ

α

ξ {ξ} (ξ − y {ξ − y} + y {y} )

(4.154)

is true for all ξ, y ∈ Rn , t > 0, where θ, σ, α ≥ 0, ω, γ > 0. Note that a0 (ξ, y) also satisﬁes estimates (4.152). Consider the following integral equation t G (j) (t − τ ) N0 (w, w) (τ ) dτ, (4.155) w (t) = G (j) (t) θδ0 (x) − 0

where

(j) δ G (j) (t) φ = F ξ→x e−itξb −tµj |ξ| P (j) (0) φ (ξ)

and N0 (w, w) = F ξ→x

m k,l=1

Rn

akl k (t, ξ − y) w l (t, y) dy. 0 (ξ, y) w

Below in Section 4.5.3 we prove that there exists a unique self-similar solution −n (j) − δ1 δ to (4.155) in the form w (t, x) = t f x − b t t . Theorem 4.38. Suppose that the nonlinear operator N satisﬁes relationship ˜ (4.154) and estimates (4.152) with ω > 0, θ+σ ∈ [0, ν). Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (4.150), (4.153) with δ = n + α + ω, α ≥ 0. Let the initial data u be such that u B0,∞ + u B0,1 ≤ ε, u A0,∞ + where ε > 0 is suﬃciently small. Also we suppose that

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

405

u − θδ0 A−γ,∞ ≤ ε, 2 where δ0 (x) is the Dirac delta-function, γ ∈ 0, 1δ (min (1, ω)) . Then the solution u (t, x) to the Cauchy problem (4.148) tends for large time to the su 1 n perposition of the self-similar solutions t− δ f (j) x − b(j) t t− δ of equations (4.155) m n+γ (j) (j) − δ1 u (t, ·) − t− nδ · − b f t t ≤ Ct− δ ∞ j=1 L

for all t ≥ 1. Remark 4.39. The conditions of the theorems for the initial data u can also be expressed in terms of the standard weighted Sobolev spaces as follows u Hβ,0 + u H0,β+2γ ≤ ε, where β > n2 . However, the conditions on the initial data u are expressed more precisely in the norms A0,p and B0,p . As an example we apply Theorem 4.38 to the well-known Boussinesq system with viscosity ηt + (η v)x − µηxx + β 2 vx + ϑ2 vxxx = 0 (4.156) vt + vvx + ηx − µvxx = 0, and to the system describing surface water waves with allowance for viscosity and surface tension ηt + (η v)x − µηxx + F ξ→x (L12 (ξ) v (t, ξ)) = 0, (4.157) vt + vvx + ηx − µvxx = 0. We choose in system (4.148) the nonlinearity iξ

0 1,1 1,2 2,1 2,2 2 a = 0, a = a = , a = iξ , 0 2 and the linear operators 2 2 L11 (ξ) = L22 (ξ) = µ |ξ| , L12 (ξ) = iβ 2 ξ 1 + ϑ2 |ξ| , L21 (ξ) = iξ for system (4.156) and 2 2 tanh ξ L11 (ξ) = L22 (ξ) = µ |ξ| , L12 (ξ) = iβ 2 1 + κ |ξ| , L21 (ξ) = iξ ξ for the case of system (4.157) respectively. In these cases the eigenvalues λj (ξ) are given by the formulas

406

4 Critical Convective Equations 2

j

λj (ξ) = µ |ξ| + i (−1) βξ 2

and 2

λj (ξ) = µ |ξ| + iβξ (−1)

j

1 + ϑ2 |ξ|

1 + κ |ξ|

2

2

tanh ξ ξ

,

for j = 1, 2, respectively. So that we have n = 1, δ = 2, ν = 2, θ = 1, ω = 1, j σ = 0, α = 0, A0 (ξ, y) = A (ξ, y) and b(j) = (−1) β. Hence the conditions (4.150) - (4.152), (4.153) and (4.154) are fulﬁlled. Note that the solutions w(j) (t, x) to the integral equations (4.155) also satisfy the Burgers equation with transfer 2 j 3 j (4.158) ∂t w(j) + (−1) ∂x w(j) + (−1) β∂x w(j) − µ∂x2 w(j) = 0. 4 The Hopf-Cole substitution (see Hopf [1950]) yields the asymptotics of w(j) (t, x) 1 −1 w(j) (t, x) = (µt) 2 Aj (χj ) + O t− 2 −γ , (4.159) where Aj (z) = − 43 µ (−1)

j ∂ ∂z

log Hj (z) , z

θj θj −θj /2 − sinh Erf Hj (z) = e cosh . 2 2 2

Here χj =

x−(−1)j βt √ , µt

2 Erf (z) = √ π

z

e−|x| dx 2

0

is the error function, and 1 θj ≡ 2b

(−1) η (x) dx + 2 R

j

v (x) dx R

is the total mass of the initial data. Then solutions (η, v) to the Cauchy problems (4.156) and (4.157) have the following asymptotic representation as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R 1 η (t, x) = βw1 (t, x) + βw2 (t, x) + O t− 2 −γ , 1 v (t, x) = w2 (t, x) − w1 (t, x) + O t− 2 −γ , where γ > 0 and the functions w(j) (t, x) are the solutions of the Cauchy problem for the Burgers equation (4.158); their asymptotics is given by (4.159).

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

407

4.5.1 Preliminary Lemmas The Green operator G is given by m G (t) φ = F ξ→x e−L(ξ)t φˆ (ξ) , e−tL(ξ) = e−tλj (ξ) P (j) (ξ) . j=1

In the next lemma we estimate the Green operator G (t) in the norms ρ

s

(t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≤1) and ϕ (t) Bs,p = |·| ϕ (t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≥1) , ϕ (t) Aρ,p = |·| ϕ ξ

ξ

where s, ρ ∈ R, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Using Lemmas 1.38 to 1.39 we get the following lemma. Lemma 4.40. Let the linear operator L satisfy the dissipation condition (4.150) with δ > 0. Then the following estimates are valid for all t > 0, 1≤p≤q≤∞ n 1 1 −ρ δ− δ (p−q)

G (t) φ Aρ,p ≤C t

φ A0,q ,

for ρ ≥ 0, t G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ 0

Aρ,p

≤ C t

n 1−λ− ρ+ω δ − δp

κ λ+ n sup sup {τ } τ δq ψ (τ ) A−ω,q ,

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

for κ ∈ [0, 1) , λ ∈ [0, 1) , 0 ≤ ρ + ω < δ; µ

G (t) φ Bs,p ≤ Ce− 2 t {t}

1 1 − νs − n ν (p−q)

φ B0,q ,

for s ≥ 0, and t n 1 1 1−κ− s+θ − λ ν −ν (p−q) G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ t s,p ≤C {t} 0 B

1 1 λ κ κ+ n ν (p−q) τ ψ (τ ) B−θ,p × sup ({τ } ψ (τ ) B−θ,q ) + sup {τ } , τ >0

τ >0

≥ 0, s ≥ 0, θ ≥ 0 are such that s + θ < ν. for κ ∈ [0, 1) , λ Now we estimate the nonlinearity N (ϕ, φ) = F ξ→x

m k,l=1

ak,l (t, ξ, y) ϕ k (t, ξ − y) φl (t, y) dy

Rn

in the norms · A−ω,p and · B−θ,p .

408

4 Critical Convective Equations

Lemma 4.41. Let the nonlinear operator N satisfy condition (4.152). Then the inequalities N (ϕ, φ) A−ω,p ≤ C ( ϕ Aα,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) + C ( φ Aα,1 + φ Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) and N (ϕ, φ) B−θ,p ≤ C ( ϕ Aα+γ,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,p ) + C ( φ Aα+γ,1 + φ Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,p ) are valid for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where γ > 0, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded. Proof. By virtue of condition (4.152) and by the Young inequality we obtain N (ϕ, φ) A−ω,p m ≤ k,l=1

−ω

|·|

k,l=1

Lp (|ξ|≤1) ξ

Rn

m ≤C

k,l a (t, ·, y) ϕ k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy σ

α

σ

α

(· − y {· − y} + y {y} )

Rn

k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy × ϕ

Lp (|ξ|≤1) ξ

;

hence N (ϕ, φ) A−ω,p σ

α

≤ C · {·} ϕ L1 σ α + C · {·} φ

L1

φ

Lp (|ξ|≤1) ξ

+ φ

L∞ (|ξ|>1) ξ

ϕ Lp (|ξ|≤1) + ϕ L∞ (|ξ|>1) ξ

ξ

≤ C ( ϕ Aα,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) + C ( φ Aα,1 + φ Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) , and

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

409

N (ϕ, φ) B−θ,p m −θ γ k,l ≤ k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy n |·| {·} a (t, ·, y) ϕ p R Lξ (|ξ|≥1) k,l=1 σ α+γ σ α+γ ≤C + y {y} n · − y {· − y} R k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy p × ϕ L (|ξ|≥1) ξ σ σ α+γ α+γ ≤ C · {·} ϕ 1 φ p + C ϕ Lp · {·} φ 1 L

L

L

≤ C ( ϕ Aα+γ,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,p ) + C ( φ Aα+γ,1 + φ Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,p ) . Thus the estimates of the lemma follow, and Lemma 4.41 is proved. 4.5.2 Proof of Theorem 4.36 Denote X = {φ ∈ S : φ x < ∞} , with the norm φ X =

ρ

sup sup t δ

sup

n + δp

ρ∈[0,α+γ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

s

sup sup {t} ν t

+ sup

φ (t) Aρ,p

n+α+γ δ

n + δp

s∈[0,σ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

φ (t) Bs,p ,

2 where ν ≥ n + σ + θ, γ ∈ 0, 1δ (min (1, ω)) . Here and below we take the critical value δ = n + α + ω. Using the ﬁrst and the third estimates of Lemma 4.40 with q = ∞ and q = p, respectively, we get ρ

t δ and

s

{t} ν t

n + δp

G (t) u Aρ,p ≤ C u A0,∞

n+α+γ δ

n + δp

G (t) u Bs,p ≤ C u B0,p ,

therefore G (t) u X ≤C u A0,∞ + C u B0,∞ + C u B0,1 . We denote also

κ λ+ n ψ Y = sup sup {t} t δp ψ (t) A−ω,p 1≤p≤∞ t>0

λ+ n + {t} t δp ψ (t) B−θ,p κ

,

= λ + γ . Then by virtue of the second and the where κ = σν , λ = 1 − ωδ , λ δ fourth estimates of Lemma 4.40 with q = p we have

410

4 Critical Convective Equations

t G (t − τ ) N (v, v) (τ ) dτ ρ,p 0 A n κ λ+ δq ≤C sup sup {τ } τ N (v, v) (τ ) A−ω,q ≤ C N (v, v) Y ρ

t δ

n + δp

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

and s ν

{t} t

n+α+γ δ

1−κ− νθ

≤C {t}

t G (t − τ ) N (v, v) (τ ) dτ s,p 0 B

n κ λ+ δp sup {τ } τ N (v, v) (τ ) B−θ,p n + δp

τ >0

≤ C N (v, v) Y , for all t > 0, where ρ ∈ [0, α + γ] , s ∈ [0, σ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, since 1 − κ − Therefore, t ≤ C N (v, v) . G (t − τ ) N (v, v) (τ ) dτ Y 0

θ ν

X

Now by Lemma 4.41 we ﬁnd κ

n λ+ δp

sup sup {t} t

1≤p≤∞ t>0

κ

N (v, v) (t) A−ω,p λ

≤ C sup sup {t} t ( v (t) Aα,1 + v (t) Bσ,1 ) 1≤p≤∞ t>0 n

× t δp ( v (t) A0,p + v (t) B0,∞ ) n+α 2n+α+γ σ ≤ C sup sup t δ v (t) Aα,1 + {t} ν t δ v (t) Bσ,1

1≤p≤∞ t>0 n

× t δp v (t) A0,p + t

n+α+γ δ

2 v (t) B0,∞ ≤ C v X

and κ λ+ n sup sup {t} t δp N (v, v) (t) B−θ,p

1≤p≤∞ t>0

λ κ ≤ C sup sup {t} t ( v (t) Aα+γ,1 + v (t) Bσ,1 ) 1≤p≤∞ t>0 n

× t δp ( v (t) A0,p + v (t) B0,p ) n+α+γ 2n+α+γ σ ≤ C sup sup t δ v (t) Aα+γ,1 + {t} ν t δ v (t) Bσ,1

1≤p≤∞ t>0 n

× t δp v (t) A0,p + t hence we get

n+α+γ δ

n + δp

2 v (t) B0,p ≤ C v X ; 2

N (v, v) Y ≤ C v X .

≥ 0.

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

t G (t − τ ) N (v) (τ ) dτ 0

411

2

≤ C v X .

X

In the same manner we prove estimate t G (t − τ ) (N (v ) (τ ) − N (v ) (τ ))dτ 1 2 0

≤ C v1 − v2 X ( v X + v X ). X

Therefore, as in the proof of Theorem 4.4, by applying the contraction mapping principle in X we prove the existence of a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (4.14). Since u (t) L∞ ≤ u (t) A0,1 + u (t) B0,1 and u (t, x) ∈ X we have the estimate −n δ

u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

for all t > 0. Thus the result of the theorem is true, and Theorem 4.36 is proved. 4.5.3 Self-similar solutions In this subsection we construct special self-similar solutions which determine the large time asymptotic behavior. Consider the following integral equation t (j) w (t) = G (t) θδ0 (x) − G (j) (t − τ ) N0 (w, w) (τ ) dτ, (4.160) 0

where

(j) δ G (j) (t) φ = F ξ→x e−itξb −tµj |ξ| P (j) (0) φ (ξ)

and N0 (w, w) = F ξ→x

m k,l=1

Rn

akl k (t, ξ − y) w l (t, y) dy, 0 (ξ, y) w

where a symbol a0 (ξ, y) ∈ C1 (Rn × Rn ) is homogeneous with respect to ξ and y of order ω + α, that is a0 (tξ, ty) = tα+ω a0 (ξ, y) for all ξ, y ∈ Rn , t > 0. In addition we assume that a0 (ξ, y) satisﬁes relation (4.154). As a consequence estimate (4.152) with θ = ω and σ = α follows: k,l ω α α (4.161) a0 (ξ, y) ≤ C |ξ| (|ξ − y| + |y| ) for all ξ, y ∈ Rn , k, l = 1, ..., m. By homogeneity of a0 (ξ, y) we also have estimate (4.161) for the derivatives ω α α k,l (4.162) ((ξ∇ξ ) + (y∇y )) a0 (ξ, y) ≤ C |ξ| (|ξ − y| + |y| )

412

4 Critical Convective Equations 1

for all ξ, y ∈ Rn , k, l = 1, ..., m. Changing the variable of integration ξt δ = η we have (j) δ −n eiξ(x−tb )−tµj |ξ| dξ G (j) (t) θδ0 (x) = P (j) (0) θ (2π) 2 Rn 1 −n (j) (j) x − b t t− δ P (j) (0) θ, =t δG here G(j) (x) = (2π)

−n 2

eiηx−µj |η| dη. δ

Rn

We look for the self-similar solution for (4.160) of the form 1 n w (t, x) = t− δ f x − b(j) t t− δ . Applying the Fourier transformation to the integral equation (4.160) we obtain w (t, ξ) = e−itξb

(j)

×

−tµj |ξ|δ

t

dτ e−i(t−τ )ξb

(j)

−(t−τ )µj |ξ|δ

P (j) (0)

0

m k,l=1

P (j) (0) θ −

Rn

ak,l k (τ, ξ − y) w l (τ, y) dy. 0 (ξ, y) w

(4.163)

1 n The Fourier transform of w (t, x) = t− δ f x − b(j) t t− δ after a change 1 y = x − b(j) t t− δ is equal to 1 n −n w (t, ξ) = (2π) 2 t− δ e−iξx f x − b(j) t t− δ dx Rn 1 1 n (j) (j) − = (2π) 2 e−itξb −iξt δ y f (y) dy = e−itξb f ξt δ ; (4.164) Rn

therefore, we get from (4.163) t 1 δ δ f ξt δ = e−tµj |ξ| P (j) (0) θ − dτ e−(t−τ )µj |ξ| P (j) (0) ×

m k,l=1

Rn

0

1 1 δ ak,l fl yτ δ dy. 0 (ξ, y) fk (ξ − y) τ

Hence by changing η = ξt δ , η = yt δ , τ = tz and by taking into account that the symbols ak,l 0 (η, η ) are homogeneous of order ω + α, that is ω+α 1 1 ηt− δ , η t− δ = t− δ ak,l ak,l 0 0 (η, η ) , 1

1

and that the critical δ = ω + α + n, we ﬁnd

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations δ f(η) = e−µj |η| P (j) (0) θ −

×

1

dze−(1−z)µj |η| P (j) (0) δ

0

m k,l=1

413

Rn

1 1 δ ak,l fl η z δ dη . 0 (η, η ) fk (η − η ) z

Denote by Z = φ ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) with the norm 2δ 2δ φ Z = sup · φ p + sup · (η∇η ) φ L

1≤p≤∞

Lp

1≤p≤∞

(4.165)

.

The existence of a unique self-similar solution f ∈ Z follows by Lemma 4.40 and Lemma 4.3. Hence there exists a unique self-similar solution 1 n w (t, x) = t− δ f x − b(j) t t− δ for equation (4.160) such that f ∈ Z. 4.5.4 Proof of Theorem 4.38 Before proving Theorem 4.38 we prepare some preliminary estimates in the following two lemmas. First we estimate the diﬀerence G (t) − G0 (t) , where

m (j) δ −tL0 (ξ) = e−itξb −tµj |ξ| P (j) (0) φ (ξ) , e

−tL0 (ξ) ˆ

G0 (t) φ = F ξ→x e

j=1

for all ξ ∈ R, t > 0. From Lemma 1.39 we obtain the following lemma. Lemma 4.42. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (4.150), (4.151) and asymptotic representation (4.153). Then the estimates are valid for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞ n 1 1 − ρ+γ δ − δ (p−q)

(G (t) − G0 (t)) φ Aρ,p ≤C t

φ A0,q ,

where ρ + γ ≥ 0, and t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) ψ (τ ) dτ 0

1−λ− ρ+ω+γ δ

≤ C t

n − δp

Aρ,p κ

sup sup {τ } τ

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

where κ ∈ [0, 1) , λ ∈ [0, 1) , 0 ≤ ρ + ω + γ < δ. Now we estimate the nonlinearities

n λ+ δq

ψ (τ ) A−ω,q

414

4 Critical Convective Equations

N

(1)

(ϕ, φ) = F ξ→x

N (2) (ϕ, φ) = F ξ→x

m |y|≤2

k,l=1 m k,l=1

|y|≥2

ak,l (t, ξ, y) ϕ k (ξ − y) φl (y) dy, ak,l (t, ξ, y) ϕ k (ξ − y) φl (y) dy

in the norms A−ω,p . Lemma 4.43. Let the symbols of the nonlinear operators N (1) (ϕ, φ) and N (2) (ϕ, φ) satisfy condition (4.152). Then the inequalities (1) N (ϕ, φ) −ω,p ≤ C ( ϕ Aα,1 + ϕ B0,∞ ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) A

+ C ( φ Aα,1 + φ B0,∞ ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) and

(2) N (ϕ, φ)

A−ω,p

≤ C ϕ Bσ,1 φ B0,∞ + C φ Bσ,1 ϕ B0,∞

are valid for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded. Proof. By virtue of condition (4.152) via the Young inequality we obtain as in the proof of Lemma 4.41 (1) N (ϕ, φ) −ω,p A m α α k (· − y) φl (y) dy ≤C ({· − y} + {y} ) ϕ p |y|≤2 k,l=1 Lξ (|ξ|≤1) α ≤ C |·| ϕ L1 (|ξ|≤1) + ϕ L∞ (|ξ|≥1) ξ ξ

× φ p + φ ∞ Lξ (|ξ|≤1) Lξ (|ξ|≥1)

α + φ ∞ + C |·| φ 1 Lξ (|ξ|≤1) Lξ (|ξ|≥1) × ϕ Lp (|ξ|≤1) + ϕ L∞ (|ξ|>1) ; ξ

ξ

hence the ﬁrst estimate of the lemma follows. Similarly, (2) N (ϕ, φ) −ω,p A m σ σ k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy ≤C (|· − y| + |y| ) ϕ ∞ |y|≥2 k,l=1 Lξ (|ξ|≤1) σ σ ≤ C |·| ϕ L1 (|ξ|≥1) φ ∞ + C |·| φ 1 ϕ L∞ (|ξ|>1) ξ

Lξ (|ξ|≥1)

Lξ (|ξ|≥1)

ξ

≤ C ϕ Bσ,1 φ B0,∞ + C φ Bσ,1 ϕ B0,∞ . Thus, the second estimate of the lemma is true, and Lemma 4.43 is proved.

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

415

We now estimate the nonlinear term m N (ϕ, φ) = F ξ→x B k,l (t, ξ, y) ϕ k (ξ − y) φl (y) dy. k,l=1

Rn

Denote (ρ)+ = max (0, ρ) . (ϕ, φ) Lemma 4.44. Let the symbols B k,l (t, ξ, y) of the nonlinear operator N satisfy estimate k,l B (t, ξ, y) ≤ Ct ξθ {ξ}ω (ξ − yσ {ξ − y}α + yσ {y}α ) −1 −1 (4.166) × tξ + t (y − aξ) for all ξ, y ∈ Rn , t > 0. Then the inequality N (ϕ, φ) ρ−ω,p A

(1−ρ)+

(1−ρ)+

≤ C {t} t + C {t} t

ϕ Aα+(ρ−1)+ ,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ )

φ Aα+(ρ−1)+ ,1 + φ Bσ,1 ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ )

1

+ C {t} t q ( ϕ Aρ+α,q + ϕ Bσ,q ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) 1

+ C {t} t q ( φ Aρ+α,q + φ Bσ,q ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) is valid for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, ρ ≥ 0, 1 ≤ q < ∞, provided that the right-hand side is bounded. Proof. In the case of t ∈ (0, 1) as in Lemma 4.41 we obtain N (ϕ, φ) ρ−ω,p ≤ Ct ( ϕ Aρ+α,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) A

+ C ( φ Aρ+α,1 + φ Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) . By condition (4.166) and by the Young and H¨ older inequalities we get N (ϕ, φ)

Aρ−ω,p

−1

× t·

m ρ |·| ≤ Ct k,l=1

+ t (y − a·)

for all t ≥ 1. Hence

−1

σ

α

σ

α

(· − y {· − y} + y {y} )

Rn

k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy ϕ

Lp (|ξ|≤1) ξ

416

4 Critical Convective Equations

N (ϕ, φ)

Aρ−ω,p m

≤ Ct(1−ρ)+

k,l=1

σ

α+(ρ−1)+

· − y {· − y}

σ

α+(ρ−1)+

+ y {y}

Rn

k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy p × ϕ Lξ (|ξ|≤1) m σ ρ+α σ ρ+α · − y {· − y} + y {y} + Ct Rn t (y − a·) k,l=1 k (t, · − y) φl (t, y) dy p × ϕ . Lξ (|ξ|≤1)

Therefore N (ϕ, φ)

Aρ−ω,p (1−ρ)+ ϕ Aα+(ρ−1)+ ,1 + ϕ Bσ,1 ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) ≤ Ct + Ct(1−ρ)+ φ Aα+(ρ−1)+ ,1 + φ Bσ,1 ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) 1

+ Ct q ( ϕ Aρ+α,q + ϕ Bσ,q ) ( φ A0,p + φ B0,∞ ) 1

+ Ct q ( φ Aρ+α,q + φ Bσ,q ) ( ϕ A0,p + ϕ B0,∞ ) . Lemma 4.44 is proved. Now we turn to the proof of Theorem 4.38. We consider the following integral equation t − G0 (t − τ ) N0 (w, w) (τ ) dτ. (4.167) w (t) = G0 (t) u 0

Note that Theorem 4.36 is also applicable to equation (4.167) if we take σ = α, ν = δ and θ = ω. Hence we obtain the estimate w X0 ≤ Cε, where we introduce the norm φ X0 =

ρ

sup

sup sup t δ

n + δp

ρ∈[0,α+γ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

+ sup

s

sup sup {t} δ

s∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

n + δp

φ (t) Aρ,p

t

n+α+γ δ

n + δp

φ (t) Bs,p .

For the solution u (t, x) we obtained in Theorem 4.36 the estimate u X ≤ Cε; therefore, we have in particular the estimates for all t > 0

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

u (t) Bs,p ≤ Cε {t}

− νs

n − n+α+γ − δp δ

t

417

,

where s ∈ [0, σ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and n − δs − δp

w (t) Bs,p ≤ Cε {t}

t

n − n+α+γ − δp δ

,

where s ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. These estimates are suﬃcient for obtaining the large time decay rate for the remainder v (t) = u (t) − w (t) in B norms −n − 2n+α+γ δ v (t) B0,1 ≤ u (t) B0,1 + w (t) B0,1 ≤ Cε 1 + {t} δ t (4.168) for all t > 0. Now we estimate the diﬀerence v (t) = u (t) − w (t) in the norms Aρ,p and show that − ρ+γ − n (4.169) v (t) Aρ,p ≤ Cε t δ δp for all t > 0, where ρ ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. We represent the nonlinearities N (u) = N (1) (u, u) + N (2) (u, u) and (1) (2) N0 (w, w) = N0 (w, w) + N0 (w, w) , where N

(1)

(u, u) = F ξ→x

N (2) (u, u) = F ξ→x

m |y|≤2

k,l=1 m k,l=1

(1)

|y|≥2

ak,l (t, ξ, y) u k (t, ξ − y) u l (t, y) dy ak,l (t, ξ, y) u k (t, ξ − y) u l (t, y) dy.

(2)

The terms N0 (w, w), N0 (w, w) are deﬁned similarly. Then for the diﬀerence v (t) = u (t) − w (t) we get v (t) = (G (t) − G0 (t)) u t (2) G (t − τ ) N (2) (u, u) − G0 (t − τ ) N0 (w, w) dτ − 0 t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) N (1) (u, u) (τ ) dτ − 0 t (1) G0 (t − τ ) N (1) (u, u) (τ ) − N0 (u, u) (τ ) dτ − 0 t (1) (1) G0 (t − τ ) N0 (u, u) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ ) dτ. −

(4.170)

0

By the ﬁrst estimate of Lemma 4.42 we have n − ρ+γ δ − δp

(G (t) − G0 (t)) u Aρ,p ≤ C t

u A0,∞ .

(4.171)

The second summand in (4.170) we estimate by Lemmas 4.40 and 4.43

418

4 Critical Convective Equations

t (2) G (t − τ ) N (u, u) dτ 0

Aρ,p

λ+ n κ sup sup {τ } τ δq

n 1−λ− ρ+ω δ − δp

≤C t

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

λ+ n κ sup {τ } τ δ

n − ρ+γ δ − δp

≤C t

τ >0

n − ρ+γ δ − δp

≤ C t

(2) N (u, u) −ω,q A

u Bσ,1 u B0,∞

n − ρ+γ δ − δp

2

u X ≤ Cε2 t

,

(4.172)

= λ + γ = n+α+γ , ω > γ > 0. In the same manner we have where κ = σν , λ δ δ t (2) G0 (t − τ ) N0 (w, w) dτ ρ,p 0 A

ρ+ω n n (2) 1−λ− δ − δp κ0 λ+ δq ≤C t sup sup {τ } τ N0 (w, w) −ω,q A

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

≤C t

− ρ+γ δ

n − δp

κ λ+ n sup {τ } 0 τ δ w Bα,1 w B0,∞ τ >0

≤ C t

n − ρ+γ δ − δp

n − ρ+γ δ − δp

2

w X0 ≤ Cε2 t

,

(4.173)

ω where κ0 = α+n δ . By Lemma 4.42 we obtain with λ = 1 − δ t (1) (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) N (u, u) (τ ) dτ ρ,p 0 A ρ+ω+γ n n 1−λ− − δp λ+ δ ≤C t sup sup τ δq N (1) (u, u) (τ )

A−ω,q

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

− ρ+γ δ

≤ Cε2 t

n − δp

,

(4.174)

since via Lemma 4.43 we have λ+ n τ δp N (1) (u, u) (τ )

A−ω,p

× τ

n δp

≤ C τ

n+α δ

( u (τ ) Aα,1 + u (τ ) B0,∞ ) 2

( u (τ ) A0,p + u (τ ) B0,∞ ) ≤ C u X ≤ Cε2 .

As above the application of Lemma 4.40 yields t (1) (1) G0 (t − τ ) N (u, u) (τ ) − N0 (u, u) (τ ) dτ 0

Aρ,p

n 1− λ− ρ+ω δ − δp ≤C t (1) λ+ n × sup sup τ δq N (1) (u, u) (τ ) − N0 (u, u) (τ )

A−ω,q

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

− ρ+γ δ

≤ Cε2 t

n − δp

,

(4.175)

since by Lemma 4.41 and Lemma 4.43 in view of condition (4.154) we have

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

419

(1) λ+ n t δp N (1) (u, u) (t) − N0 (u, u) (t)

A−ω,p

≤ C t

α+γ+n n + δp δ

+ C t

α+n n δ + δp

≤C

2 u X

( u (t) Aα+γ,1 + u (t) B0,∞ ) ( u (t) A0,p + u (t) B0,∞ )

( u (t) Aα,1 + u (t) B0,∞ ) ( u (t) A0,p + u (t) B0,∞ )

.

Finally, by Lemma 4.40 we ﬁnd for ρ ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ t ρ+γ n (1) (1) δ + δp t G0 (t − τ ) N0 (u, u) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ ) dτ ρ,p 0 A

n (1) (1) λ+ δq ≤C sup sup τ N0 (u, u) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ ) −ω,q A

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

sup τ

≤ Cε2 + Cε sup

ρ+γ δ

n + δp

ρ∈[0,α] 1≤q≤∞

v (τ ) Aρ,q ,

(4.176)

since by using Lemma 4.43 we get (1) (1) λ+ 1 τ δq N0 (u, u) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )

A−ω,q

≤ C τ × τ

1 δq

+ C τ γ δ

n+α+γ δ

( v (τ ) Aα,1 + u B0,∞ + w B0,∞ )

( u A0,q + w A0,q + u B0,∞ + w B0,∞ ) α+n δ

( u Aα,1 + w Aα,1 + u B0,∞ + w B0,∞ )

n + δq

( v (τ ) A0,q + u B0,∞ + w B0,∞ ) × τ 2 ≤ u X + w X0 ρ+γ +n + C sup sup τ δ δp v (τ ) Aρ,p u X + w X0 ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤q

≤ Cε2 + Cε sup

sup τ

ρ+γ δ

n + δp

ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤q

v (τ ) Aρ,p .

Therefore by collecting inequalities (4.171) - (4.176) with representation (4.170) we get sup

sup sup t

ρ+γ δ

n + δp

ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

≤ Cε2 + Cε sup

v (t) Aρ,p

sup sup t

ρ+γ δ

n + δp

ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

v (t) Aρ,p ;

hence estimate (4.169) follows. Now we construct the main term of the large time asymptotics as a superposition of the self-similar solutions h (t, x) =

m j=1

h(j) (t, x) = t− δ

n

m j=1

f (j)

1 x − b(j) t t− δ .

420

4 Critical Convective Equations

The functions h(j) were deﬁned in Section 4.5.3 by equations t (j) (j) h (t) = G (t) θδ0 (x) − G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(j) , h(j) (τ ) dτ 0

for j = 1, ..., m, where (j) δ G (j) (t) φ = F ξ→x e−itξb −tµj |ξ| P (j) (0) φˆ (ξ) , so that G0 (t) =

m

G (j) (t) .

j=1

Then for the diﬀerence h (t) − w (t) we get from ( 4.167) h (t) − w (t) = G0 (t) ˚ u t − G0 (t − τ ) (N0 (h, h) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )) dτ 0

−

m j=1

t

G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(j) , h(j) (τ ) − N0 (h, h) (τ ) dτ,

(4.177)

0

where ˚ u (x) = u (x) − θδ0 (x) . By the condition of Theorem 4.38 we have estimate u B0,∞ ≤ ε ˚ u A−γ,∞ + ˚ which means that the initial data u (x) have the following asymptotic repreγ sentation u (ξ) = θ + O (|ξ| ) as ξ → 0. By the ﬁrst and third estimates of Lemma 4.40 we ﬁnd G0 (t) ˚ u Xγ ≤ C ( ˚ u A−γ,∞ + ˚ u B0,∞ ) ,

(4.178)

where we denote φ Xγ = sup

sup sup t

ρ+γ δ

n + δp

ρ∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

+ sup

s

sup sup {t} δ

s∈[0,α] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

n + δp

φ (t) Aρ,p

t

n+α+γ δ

n + δp

φ (t) Bs,p .

For the second summand in equation (4.177) we estimate by virtue of Lemma 4.40 with q = ∞ t G0 (t − τ ) (N0 (h, h) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )) dτ 0

Aρ,p

n 1− λ− ρ+ω δ − δp ≤C t

λ+ n κ × sup sup {τ } 0 τ δq (N0 (h, h) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )) A−ω,q

p≤q≤∞ τ >0

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

421

and t G0 (t − τ ) (N0 (h, h) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )) dτ 0

Bs,p

n − λ− δp

n 1−κ0 − s+ω δ − δp

≤C {t} t κ × sup ({τ } 0 (N0 (h, h) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )) B−ω,∞ ) τ >0

n n κ0 + δp λ+ δp + sup {τ } τ (N0 (h, h) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )) B−ω,p , τ >0

= λ+ γ , λ = 1− ω. for all t > 0, s, ρ ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, where κ0 = 1 − ωδ , λ δ δ Since N0 (h, h) − N0 (w, w) 1 1 = N0 (h − w, h + w) + N0 (h + w, h − w) , 2 2 by applying Lemma 4.41 we have {τ }

κ0

λ+ n τ δq (N0 (h, h) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )) A−ω,q

≤ C {τ } × τ

n δq

n+α+γ δ

τ

( h − w Aα,1 + h − w

Bα,1 )

( h + w A0,q + h + w B0,∞ )

+ C {τ } γ δ

n+α δ

n+α δ

τ

n+α δ

( h + w Aα,1 + h + w Bα,1 )

n + δq

( h − w A0,q + h − w B0,∞ ) 2 ≤ C h − w Xγ h X0 + w X0 + C h X0 + w X0

× τ

and {τ }

n κ0 + δq

≤ C {τ } ×τ

λ+ n τ δq (N0 (h, h) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )) B−ω,q

n+α δ

τ

n+α+γ δ

( h Aα+γ,1 + w Aα+γ,1 + h Bα,1 + w Bα,1 )

n δq

( h A0,q + w A0,q + h B0,q + w B0,q ) 2 ≤ C h X0 + w X0 .

Hence t G0 (t − τ ) (N0 (h, h) (τ ) − N0 (w, w) (τ )) dτ 0

≤ Cε + Cε h − w Xγ . 2

For the last summand in (4.177) we have

Xγ

(4.179)

422

4 Critical Convective Equations

G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(j) , h(j) (τ ) − N0 (h, h) (τ ) dτ

t

− 0

m

=

+

k,l=1, l=j 0 t m k=1, k=j

t

G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(k) , h(l) (τ ) dτ

G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(j) , h(j) (τ ) dτ.

0

The application of the Fourier transformation yields t Fx→ξ G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(k) , h(l) (τ ) dτ 0 t (j) δ = dτ e−i(t−τ )ξb −(t−τ )µj |ξ| P (j) (0) 0

×

m k ,l =1

Rn

1 3 1 (k) (l) 3 (k) (l) Ak0 ,l (ξ, y) fk τ δ (ξ − y) fl τ δ y e−iτ (ξ−y)b −iτ yb dy,

since by (4.164) we have Fx→ξ h(k) = e−itξb

(k)

1 (k) t δ ξ . f3

To be able to estimate the time decay for t ≥ 1, we integrate by parts via the identity −1 d τ Sj,k,l eτ Sj,k,l = (1 + τ Sj,k,l ) τe , dτ where δ Sj,k,l = i b(j) − b(k) ξ + i b(k) − b(l) y + µj |ξ| , 2 2 with b(j) − b(k) + b(k) − b(l) = 0, to obtain t G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(k) , h(l) (τ ) dτ Fx→ξ 0

= e−itξb

(j)

−tµj |ξ|δ

m

P (j) (0)

3 1 1 tAk0 ,l (ξ, y) 3 (k) (l) × e fk t δ (ξ − y) fl t δ y dy 1 + tS n j,k,l k ,l =1 R t (j) δ − e−itξb −tµj |ξ| P (j) (0) dτ

×

m k ,l =1

d × dτ

Rn

tSj,k,l

0

τ eτ Sj,k,l Ak0 ,l (ξ, y) −1

(1 + τ Sj,k,l )

1 3 1

3 (k) (l) δ fk τ (ξ − y) fl τ δ y dy.

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

423

Hence

t

G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(k) , h(l) (τ ) dτ

0

m

tAk0 ,l (ξ, y) it(ξ−y)b(k) +ityb(l) e 1 + tSj,k,l n k ,l =1 R 3 1 1 3 (k) (l) × fk t δ (ξ − y) fl t δ y dy t m (j) δ dτ e−i(t−τ )ξb −(t−τ )µj |ξ| P (j) (0) + F x→ξ = F x→ξ P (j) (0)

×

0

k ,l =1

τ Ak0 ,l (ξ, y) Sj,k,l (ξ, y) 2

(k)

eit(ξ−y)b

+ityb(l)

(1 + τ Sj,k,l (ξ, y)) Rn 1 3 1 3 (k) (l) × fk τ δ (ξ − y) fl τ δ y dy t m (j) δ dτ e−i(t−τ )ξb −(t−τ )µj |ξ| P (j) (0) + F x→ξ

0

k ,l =1

τ Ak0 ,l (ξ, y) it(ξ−y)b(k) +ityb(l) e Rn 1 + τ Sj,k,l (ξ, y) 1 3 1

3 (k) (l) δ × ∂τ fk τ (ξ − y) fl τ δ y dy. ×

We introduce the operator Dk = ∂τ + b(k) ∇x , then by (4.164) we get 1 iτ ξb(k) (k) (k) τ δ ξ = ∂ ∂τ f3 e F h τ x→ξ (k) (k) iξb(k) + ∂τ Fx→ξ h(k) = eiτ ξb Fx→ξ Dk h(k) . = eiτ ξb Thus denoting the nonlinearities Nj,k,l m

Nj,k,l (ϕ, φ) = F ξ→x j,k,l (ϕ, φ) = F ξ→x N

n k ,l =1 R m

k ,l =1

Rn

k ,l Bj,k,l (t, ξ, y) ϕ k (t, ξ − y) φl (t, y) dy,

k ,l (t, ξ, y) ϕ B k (t, ξ − y) φl (t, y) dy j,k,l

with symbols

k ,l Bj,k,l

we get

k ,l tAk0 ,l (ξ, y) k ,l (t, ξ, y) = tA0 (ξ, y) Sj,k,l (ξ, y) , , B (t, ξ, y) = j,k,l 2 1 + tSj,k,l (ξ, y) (1 + tSj,k,l (ξ, y))

424

4 Critical Convective Equations

j,k,l h(k) , h(l) G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(k) , h(l) (τ ) dτ = G (j) (0) N 0 t j,k,l h(k) , h(l) (τ ) dτ + G (j) (t − τ ) N t

0

t

+ 0

t

+

G (j) (t − τ ) Nj,k,l Dk h(k) , h(l) (τ ) dτ G (j) (t − τ ) Nj,k,l h(k) , Dl h(l) (τ ) dτ.

0

Applying the second estimate of Lemma 4.40 with λ1 = 1 − ω−β−γ , β+γ < δ min (1, ω) , κ1 ∈ (0, 1) we obtain t (j) (k) (l) (k) (l) G (t − τ ) N , h ≤ , h h (τ ) dτ h N ρ,p 0 j,k,l 0

A

Aρ,p

n 1−λ1 − ρ+ω−β − δp δ

+ t

κ1

n λ1 + δq

sup sup {τ } τ (k) × N , h(l) (τ ) + Nj,k,l Dk h(k) , h(l) (τ ) j,k,l h Aβ−ω,q Aβ−ω,q + Nj,k,l h(k) , Dl h(l) (τ ) β−ω,q p≤q≤∞ τ >0

A

for all t > 0, ρ ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Note that by (4.164) we have 1 1 (k) (k) (k) τ δ ξ = δe−iτ ξb (k) ξτ δ ; (ξ∇ξ ) f3 τ Fx→ξ Dk h(k) (τ ) = e−iτ ξb τ ∂τ f3 hence, by virtue of the result of Section 4.5.3 the estimates of the norms ρ +n τ δ δp h(k) (τ ) + τ Dk h(k) (τ ) Aρ,p Aρ,p n+α+γ s n n + + (k) δp + {τ } δ δp τ δ h (τ ) s,p + τ Dk h(k) (τ ) s,p B B 3 (k) ≤ C f ≤ Cε Z

k ,l are valid for all τ > 0, ρ ∈ [0, 2δ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Since the symbols Bj,k,l (t, ξ, y) , k ,l B (t, ξ, y) satisfy conditions (4.166), by Lemma 4.44 we get j,k,l

Nj,k,l h(k) , h(l) (t) ρ,p A (1−ρ−ω)+ h Aα+(ρ+ω−1)+ ,1 + h Bσ,1 ( h A0,p + h B0,∞ ) ≤ Ct 1

+ Ct q ( h Aρ+ω+α,q + h Bσ,q ) ( h A0,p + h B0,∞ ) ≤ Cε2 t(1−ρ−ω)+ − ≤ Cε2 t−

ρ+γ δ

n − δp

α+(ρ+ω−1)+ δ

n −n δ − δp

+ Cε2 t q − 1

ρ+ω+α n n − δq − δp δ

4.5 A system of nonlinear equations

425

for t ≥ 1, since (1 − ρ − ω)+ − and

1 q

−

ρ+ω+α δ

−

α + (ρ + ω − 1)+ n ρ+γ − <− δ δ δ

< − ρ+γ δ for all ρ ≥ 0, if we choose

n δq

1 0 < γ ≤ (δ − 1) min (1, ω) , γ ≤ (ω + α) 1 − . q Thus we assume that 0 < γ <

1 δ

2

(min (1, ω)) . Also by Lemma 4.44 with

ω−β−γ , β + γ < min (1, ω) , δ ω n+α + β, β ∈ 0, , κ1 = δ δ

λ1 = 1 −

we have

Nj,k,l h(k) , h(l) (τ ) β−ω,p A n (k) −β κ1 λ1 + δp ≤ C τ {τ } τ h α,1 + h(k) α,1 A B × h(l) 0,p + h(l) 0,∞ A B 1 n (k) κ1 λ1 + δp q −1 + C τ {τ } τ h β+α,q + h(k) α,q A B (l) (l) + h × h 0,p 0,∞

{τ }

κ1

n λ1 + δp

τ

A

≤ Cε τ 2

since 1 − β −

B

−β+λ1 − n+α δ

n −1+λ1 − β+α δ − δq

≤ Cε2 ,

n ≤ 0 and 1q − ω−β−γ − β+α δ − δq ≤ 0, if we choose δ 0 < γ ≤ β (δ − 1) and γ ≤ (ω + α) 1 − 1q . In addition by Lemma 4.44 we ω get with κ1 = n+α δ + β < 1, β ∈ 0, δ κ λ +n {τ } 1 τ 1 δp Nj,k,l Dk h(k) , h(l) (τ ) + Nj,k,l h(k) , Dl h(l) (τ ) β−ω,p A −β κ1 1− ω−β−γ (k) (k) δ ≤ Cτ τ {τ } τ Dk h α,1 + Dk h σ,1 A B n (l) (l) × τ δp h 0,p + h 0,∞ A B 1 κ1 − ω−β−γ q δ + Cτ τ {τ } τ Dk h(k) α+β,q + Dk h(k) α,q A B n (l) (l) δp × τ h 0,p + h 0,∞ ω−β−γ δ

−

1

+ Cε2 τ q

α+n δ

A

−β+λ1 − n+α δ

≤ Cε τ 2

B

1

+ Cε τ q 2

n −1+λ1 − β+α δ − δq

≤ Cε2 ,

426

4 Critical Convective Equations

for all τ > 0, since α+n ω−β−γ − ≤ 0 and δ δ β+α n 1 ω−β−γ − − − ≤ 0, q δ δ δq if we choose 0 < γ ≤ β (δ − 1) and γ ≤ (ω + α) 1 − 1q . All these conditions 1−β−

2

for γ are fulﬁlled if we take 0 < γ < 1δ (min (1, ω)) and β < ωδ . Thus we get t − ρ+γ − n (j) (k) (l) (τ ) dτ G (t − τ ) N0 h , h ≤ Cε2 t δ δp . 0

Aρ,p

= 1 − ω−γ we obtain As above by virtue of Lemma 4.40 with q = ∞, κ2 = λ δ t G (j) (t − τ ) N0 h(j) , h(j) (τ ) − N0 (h, h) (τ ) dτ s,p 0

B

n 1−κ2 − s+ω δ − δp

n − λ− δp

≤C {t} t sup sup {τ } p≤q≤∞ τ >0 × N0 h(j) , h(j) (τ ) − N0 (h, h) (τ ) −ω,q

n κ2 + δq

λ+ n τ δq

B

for all t > 0, s ∈ [0, α] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. In view of Lemma 4.41 λ+ n κ +n {τ } 2 δq τ δq N0 h(j) , h(j) (τ ) − N0 (h, h) (τ ) −ω,q B n+α+γ n ≤ Cτ δ + δq h(j) + h Aα+γ,1 + h(j) + h Bα,1 α,1 Aα+γ,1 B (j) (j) × h 0,q + h A0,q + h 0,q + h B0,q A B (j) 2 2 < C h + C h X0 ≤ Cε2 X0

for all τ > 0, 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞. Thus by virtue of the inequalities n s+ω − ≤0 1 − κ2 − δ δp − n ≤ 0 we get and −λ δp t (j) (j) (j) (τ ) − N0 (h, h) (τ ) dτ G (t − τ ) N0 h , h 0

≤ Cε2 . (4.180) Xγ

Collecting now estimates (4.178), (4.179) and (4.180) we obtain from (4.177) h − w Xγ ≤ Cε.

(4.181)

Via (4.168), (4.169) and (4.181) we have the estimate u (t) − h (t) L∞ ≤ u (t) − h (t) A0,1 + u (t) − h (t) B0,1 ≤ Cεt− for all t > 0. Theorem 4.38 is then proved.

n+γ δ

4.6 Comments

427

4.6 Comments Section 4.1. We relate some known results on the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear convection-diﬀusion type equations in the critical case. By the Hopf-Cole Hopf [1950] transformation the large time asymptotics of solutions to the Burgers equation (4.16) was computed

Here θ =

R

1 u (t, x) = √ fθ t

x √ t

+ O t−1 .

u0 (x) dx is the total mass of the initial data u0 (x) ,

fθ (x) = −2∂x log cosh

θ x θ Erf − sinh 4 4 2

x

2

is the self-similar solution, and Erf(x) = √2π 0 e−y dy is the error function. In paper Dix [1991] it was proved that for small initial data u0 (x) such that u0 ∈ L1,a (R) with a ∈ (0, 1) , the solutions of the Cauchy problem for the BenjaminOno-Burgers equation (4.19) areclose for large time values to the corresponding self 1

1

θ (·) t− 2 similar solution t− 2 w data

R

w θ (x) dx = θ =

R

of (4.19) deﬁned by the total mass of the initial

u0 (x) dx, more precisely

1 −1 θ (·) t− 2 u (t) − t 2 w

L∞

= O t−

1+a 2

as t → ∞. The convection-diﬀusion equation ut + (λ · ∇) (|u|σ u) − ∆u = 0,

(4.182)

n

where λ is a constant vector in R , was considered in papers Escobedo et al. [1994], Escobedo et al. [1993a], Escobedo and Zuazua [1991], Escobedo and Zuazua [1997], Liu and Pierre [1984], Zuazua [1995], Zuazua [1994] in the critical case of σ = n1 , when the initial data u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) . It was proved that the large time 1 n asymptotic behavior of solutionswith not small initial data from L (R ) is given n

1

by a self-similar solution t− 2 wθ (·) t− 2

deﬁned uniquely by the total mass of the

−n −1 u (t) − t 2 wθ (·) t 2

initial data:

L∞

n

= o t− 2 .

Similar results were obtained in Biler et al. [2000] for the supercritical case of and in Biler et al. [1998] for the critical case of σ = −1 for solutions to σ > −1 n n

(4.182) with (−∆) 2 , 1 < < 2, instead of the Laplacian −∆. Section 4.2. Large time behavior of solutions to the convection-diﬀusion equation with fractional Laplacian α

ut + (λ · ∇) (|u|σ u) + (−∆) 2 u = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, n

(4.183)

where 1 < α < 2 and λ is a constant vector in R , was considered in the in papers Biler et al. [2001b], Biler et al. [2001a]. It was critical case of σ = α−1 n

428

4 Critical Convective Equations

proved that for any not small initial data u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) with nonzero total mass u (x) dx = θ the large time asymptotics of solutions is given by the self-similar Rn 0 n

1

solution t− α vθ (·) t− α

for equation (4.183)

−n −1 u (t) − t α vθ (·) t α

L∞

n

= o t− α

as t → ∞. For some other results for critical convective nonlinear dissipative equations we refer to papers Amick et al. [1989], Biler [1984], Biler et al. [2000], Bona et al. [1999], Carpio [1996], Dix [1991], Dix [1997], Galaktionov et al. [1985], Galaktionov and V´ azquez [1991], Gmira and V´eron [1984], Hayashi et al. [2000], Hayashi and Naumkin [2003], Il in and Ole˘ınik [1960], Karch [1999b], Kavian [1987], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994a], Zuazua [1994]. Section 4.3. For the global existence and smoothing eﬀects of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation we refer to Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b], Saut [1979]. Thus we know that there exists a unique solution u (t, x) ∈ C∞ ((0, ∞) ; H∞ (R)) to the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation (4.36) with initial data u0 ∈ Hs (R) , s > − 12 . In this section we are interested in the large time asymptotics for the case of the initial data having an arbitrary size. We now refer to some known results about the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to (4.36). In paper Naumkin [1993] it was proved that for small initial data u0 ∈ L1 (R)∩H7 (R) such that xu0 (x) ∈ L1 (R) , the solutions of Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equation (4.36) have the asymptotics

1

1

u (t) = t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2

1

+ O t− 2 −γ

as t → ∞, where γ ∈ 0, 12 and fθ is the self-similar solution for the Burgers equation, deﬁned by the total mass θ of the initial data. The conditions on the initial data were generalized in paper Karch [1999b], where it was proved that the solution of (4.36) with small initial data u0 ∈ L1 (R) ∩ L2 (R) have asymptotics 1

1

u (t) = t− 2 fθ (·) t− 2

1

+ o t− 2

(4.184)

as t → ∞. As regards to the question of how to remove the restrictions on the size of the initial data we note that in paper Karch [1999b] a conditional result was proved: if the initial data u0 ∈ L1 (R)∩ L2 (R) and the optimal time decay estimate for L2 (R) norm of the solution is fulﬁlled

1

u (t)L2 = O t− 4

,

then the asymptotics (4.184) is also true for the case of large initial data. The smallness condition on the initial data was removed in paper Hayashi and Naumkin [2006b], where Theorem 4.18 was proved. In paper Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994a], it was proved that for small initial data u0 ∈ L1,1 (R) ∩ H5 (R) such that u0 ∈ L1 (R) the solutions of (4.36) have the following two terms of the large time asymptotics √

log t log t −1 −1 −1 2 2 2 u (t) = t fθ (·) t + fθ (·) t +O t t

4.6 Comments

429

as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where

fθ (x) − x2 e−x √ fθ (x) = − 2 πH (x)

2

/4

H (y) fθ3 (y) dy R

with

θ x θ . − sinh Erf 4 4 2 In paper Kaikina and Ruiz-Paredes [2005] this result was extended for the case when the initial data have an arbitrary size. Section 4.4. Optimal time decay estimate H (x) = cosh

1

u (t)L2 = O t− 4

for solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony- Burgers equation (4.18) was obtained in paper Amick et al. [1989] in the case of not small initial data u0 ∈ L1 (R) ∩ H2,0 (R) . In paper Naumkin [1993] it was proved that for small initial data u0 ∈ L1,1 (R) ∩ H7,0 (R) , the solutions of (4.18) have asymptotics (4.101). In paper Prado and Zuazua [2002] it was obtained the asymptotic expansion of solutions to the generalized n-dimensional Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers equations and the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers equations. Some other results for dissipative equations with critical nonlinearities were obtained in papers Amick et al. [1989], Bona et al. [1999], Carpio [1996], Escobedo et al. [1993a], Il in and Ole˘ınik [1960], Mei [1999], Mei and Schmeiser [2001], Zuazua [1993]. Section 4.5. Large time asymptotics for the Boussinesq system of equations was obtained ﬁrst in paper Naumkin and Shishmarev [1995]. Theorems 4.36 and 4.38 were proved in paper Ka˘ıkina et al. [2004b]. Similar results are valid for the Boussinesq equation with damping utt − ϑ∆u + ∆2 u − ∆u + ∆ u2 = 0, 2

where x ∈ R2 , t > 0, in the case > ϑ4 (see Varlamov [1996]). The material of this section was taken from paper Ka˘ıkina et al. [2004b].

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

In this chapter we study the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for various nonlinear dissipative equations in the subcritical case, when the nonlinear term essentially determines the asymptotic properties of solutions. This case also can be called the case of strong nonlinearity. The character of the large time asymptotic behavior for nonconvective type equations in the subcritical case is determined by the special self-similar solutions. By taking into account some additional properties such as the maximum principle and positivity of solutions, or by applying the weighted energy type estimates, we will remove the requirement of smallness of the initial data.

5.1 General approach In this section we give a general approach for obtaining global existence and large time asymptotic representation of solutions to the Cauchy problem 1.7) ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (5.1) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , in the case of nonconvective subcritical nonlinearity N (u). We ﬁx a metric space Z of functions deﬁned on Rn and a complete metric space X of functions deﬁned on [0, ∞) × Rn . We denote as above by G0 ∈ X the asymptotic kernel for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z and by f the corresponding functional (see Deﬁnition 2.1.) Deﬁnition 5.1. We call the nonlinearity N in equation (5.1) subcritical nonconvective if the linear continuous functional f is such that the estimate is true σ η Re f (N (θG0 (t))) ≥ θσ tµ−1 θ 2 for all t > 0, θ > 0 with some positive constants η, σ and µ ∈ (0, 1) .

(5.2)

432

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

Now we prove the global existence of small solutions to the Cauchy problem (5.1) with a subcritical nonlinearity of nonconvective type. Theorem 5.2. Assume that the linear operator L is such that f (L (u)) = 0 for any u ∈ X. Let the nonlinearity N (u) in equation (5.1) be subcritical nonconvective. Assume that ez N (ue−z ) = e−σ Re z N (u)

(5.3)

for any z ∈ C and u ∈ X, where σ > 0. Suppose that the estimates are valid ν (t) |f (N (v (t)) − N (w (t)))| −α

≤ C {t}

µ−1

t

σ

σ

ν (t) (v (t) − w (t)) X ( v X + w X )

(5.4)

for all t > 0 and for any v, w ∈ X, where ν (t) > 0, α < 1, σ > 0, µ ∈ (0, 1) , and t −µ |G (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| τ dτ 0 X

v + w X σ X ≤ C v − w X ( v X + w X ) 1 + (5.5) θ for any v, w ∈ X such that f (v) = θ = f (w) , or w ≡ 0, where σ > 0 and K (v) = N (v) − vθ f (N (v)) . Let the initial data u0 ∈ Z have a small norm u0 Z ≤ ε and the mean value θ ≡ |f (u0 )| ≥ Cε > 0 with some C > 0. Suppose also that µ ∈ (0, 1) in (5.2) and (5.4) is suﬃciently small. Then there exists a unique global solution u ∈ X to the Cauchy problem (5.1) satisfying the time decay estimate µ σ t u (t) ≤ Cε. X

Proof. As in the proof of Theorem 3.2 we change the dependent variable u (t, x) = v (t, x) e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) in equation (5.1), and arrive to the Cauchy problem (3.7). Then we obtain the integral equation (3.8) t dτ , (5.6) v (t) = G (t) v0 − G (t − τ ) K (v (τ )) hv (τ ) 0 where the nonlinearity K (v (τ )) = N (v (τ )) −

v (τ ) f (N (v (τ ))) θ

and the functional hv (t) = 1 +

σ θ

t

Re f (N (v (τ ))) dτ. 0

Also we note that the function ψ (t) satisﬁes

5.1 General approach

ψ (t) = −

1 Im f (N (v (t))) , ψ (0) = arg f (u0 ) . θhv (t)

433

(5.7)

We now prove the existence of the solution v (t, x) for integral equation (5.6) by the contraction mapping principle. We deﬁne the transformation M (w) by the formula t dτ , (5.8) G (t − τ ) K (w (τ )) M (w) = G (t) v0 − h w (τ ) 0 for any w ∈ B, where B = {w ∈ X : f (w) = θ, w X ≤ Cε, w − G (t) v0 X ≤ Cµε, sup t−µ hw (t) ≥ t>0

where hw (t) = 1 +

σ θ

+ η σ θ , 3µ

t

Re f (N (w (τ ))) dτ. 0

First we check that the mapping M transforms the set B into itself. Since f (w) = θ we have 1 f (K (w)) = f (N (w)) − f (N (w)) f (w) = 0; θ hence from the integral equation (5.8) we see that f (M (w)) = f (G (t) v0 ) = f (v0 ) = θ. By the deﬁnition of the asymptotic kernel (see (2.3)) we have γ

t (G (t) v0 − θG0 (t) X ≤ C v0 Z ≤ Cε, and since w ∈ B by condition (5.5) of the theorem we get t dτ G (t − τ ) K (w (τ )) hw (τ ) X 0 t 3µ −σ −µ θ ≤ τ |G (t − τ ) K (w (τ ))| dτ η 0 X

w X Cµ σ+1 ≤ σ w X 1+ ≤ Cµε. θ θ Hence we see that M (w) − G (t) v0 X and

t dτ ≤ G (t − τ ) K (w (τ )) hw (τ ) 0

X

≤ Cµε

434

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

M (w) X ≤ G (t) v0 X + M (w) − G (t) v0 X ≤ Cε + Cµε ≤ Cε. It remains to prove the estimate σ t η σ µ θ t hM(w) (t) = 1 + Re f (N (M (w))) dτ ≥ θ 0 3µ for all t > 0. We have by condition (5.2) σ t σ t Re f (N (M (w))) dτ = Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ θ 0 θ 0 η σ µ σ t θ t + R (t) , Re f (N (M (w)) − N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ ≥ + θ 0 2µ

(5.9)

where

σ t Re f (N (M (w)) − N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ. θ 0 By estimate (5.4) we have R (t) =

C σ σ |R (t)| ≤ M (w) − G (t) v0 X ( M (w) X + G (t) v0 X ) θ t −α µ−1 × {τ } τ dτ 0

C γ σ σ + t (G (t) v0 − θG0 (t)) X ( G (t) v0 X + θG0 X ) θ t −α µ−γ−1 µ × {τ } τ dτ ≤ Cεσ τ . 0

Therefore by virtue of (5.9) we ﬁnd that η σ µ η σ µ µ θ t − Cεσ τ ≥ θ t hM(w) (t) ≥ 1 + 2µ 3µ for all t > 0, since µ ∈ (0, 1) is small. Thus we see that M transforms the closed set B of a complete metric space X into itself. Now by virtue of (5.5) let us estimate the diﬀerence M (v) − M (w) X t

1 1 − K (w (τ )) = G (t − τ ) K (v (τ )) dτ hv (τ ) hw (τ ) 0 X t Cµ −µ ≤ σ τ |G (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| dτ θ 0 X t Cµ2 −2µ + 2σ τ |G (t − τ ) K (w (τ ))| |hv (τ ) − hw (τ )| dτ θ 0 X t

µ −µ ≤ C σ v − w X εσ + θ−1 τ |G (t − τ ) K (w (τ ))| dτ θ 0 X 1 ≤ Cµ v − w X ≤ v − w X , 2

5.1 General approach

435

where in view of condition (5.4) we used the estimate C t f (N (v (τ )) − N (w (τ ))) dτ |hv (t) − hw (t)| ≤ θ 0 t C Cεσ tµ −α µ−1 ≤ v − w X v − w X {τ } τ dτ ≤ θ µθ 0 for all v, w ∈ B. Therefore M is a contraction mapping in the closed set B of a complete metric space X. Hence there exists a unique global solution v ∈ B to integral equation (5.6) such that v X ≤ Cε, v − G (t) v0 X ≤ Cµε, hv (t) ≥

η σ µ θ t . 3µ

−1

Using the relation u (t, x) = v (t, x) eiψ(t) hv σ (t) we obtain the existence of the solution to the integral equation (5.6) satisfying the following time decay estimates µ σ t u ≤ Cε. X

This completes the proof of Theorem 5.2. We now obtain the large time asymptotic representation of solutions to the Cauchy problem (5.1) in the case of subcritical nonlinearity N (u) of nonconvective type. Deﬁnition 5.3. We call the operator n (x − y) t− δ1 φ (y) dy G G0 (t) φ = t− δ Rn

with some δ > 0 a self-similar asymptotic operator for the Green operator G (t) in spaces X, Z if the estimates are true γ

G0 (t) φ X + t (G (t) − G0 (t)) φ X ≤ C φ Z

(5.10)

for any φ ∈ Z, where γ > 0. Also we assume that the asymptotic kernel (see −α * − δ1 and Deﬁnition 2.1) has a self-similar form G0 (t, x) = t G0 xt 1 f φ (·) t− δ = tα f (φ (·))

(5.11)

for all t > 0, φ ∈ Z, with some α > 0. We now ﬁx a metric space Q of functions deﬁned on Rn and a complete ⊂ X of functions deﬁned on [0, ∞) × Rn , such that the norm metric space X by of Q is induced by the norm of X 1 φ Q = t−α φ (·) t− δ X

436

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

and φ X ≤ C φ X . First we prove the existence of particular solutions of equation (5.1) having a self-similar form. Theorem 5.4. Let conditions (5.3), (5.4) and (5.11) be fulﬁlled. Also we assume that the estimate is true t −µ |G0 (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| τ dτ 0 X

σ v X + w X ≤ C v − w X 1+ (5.12) v X + w X θ such that f (v) = 1 = f (w) or w ≡ 0, where σ > 0 and for any v, w ∈ X v f (N (v)) . Then there exist a unique solution V ∈ Q to K (v) = N (v) − f (v) the integral equation 1 1 µ *0 − dz (5.13) V =G z −µ G0 (1 − z) K z −α V (·) z − δ σ Re f (N (V )) 0 with K (V ) = N (V ) −

V f (V ) f

(N (V )).

Proof. We deﬁne the transformation R (V ) by 1 1 µ * dz, R (V ) = G0 − z −µ G0 (1 − z) K z −α V (·) z − δ σ Re f (N (V )) 0 for any V ∈ A, where A = V ∈ Q : f (V ) = 1, V Q ≤ C, + η *0 . V − G ≤ Cµ, Re f (N (V )) ≥ 3σ Q Since f (V ) = 1 bythe deﬁnition of K (V ), we see that f (K (V )) = 0; hence *0 + f (K (V )) = 1. f (R (V )) = f G Note that by conditions (5.3) and (5.11) we have 1 1 = tασ f N t−α V (·) t− δ f (N (V )) = f t−α N V (·) t− δ and condition (5.2) with µ = 1 − ασ implies η *0 > 0. Re f N G ≥ 2σ Applying the property of self-similarity we have, by taking ξ = xt− δ and 1 by changing the variables of integration τ = zt, y = y t δ , 1

5.1 General approach

437

1 dτ τ −µ G0 (t − τ ) (x) K τ −α V (·) τ − δ 0 t 1 −n *0 (x − y) (t − τ )− δ K τ −α V yτ − δ1 dydτ G = τ −µ (t − τ ) δ t

0

Rn 1

−n

= t1−µ−σα−α dzz −µ (1 − z) δ 0 1 *0 (ξ − y ) (1 − z)− δ K z −α V y z − δ1 G × dy Rn

= t−α

1

1 1 z −µ G0 (1 − z) xt− δ K z −α V (·) z − δ dz,

0

since µ = 1 − ασ. Hence using the relation of the norms 1 −α t φ xt− δ = φ (ξ) Q , X by estimate (5.12) we get *0 R (V ) − G Q 1 µ −µ −α − δ1 dz = z G0 (1 − z) K z V (·) z σ |f (N (V ))| 0 Q t 1 dτ = Cµ τ −µ G0 (t − τ ) K τ −α V (·) τ − δ 0 X σ+1 −α σ+1 − δ1 ≤ Cµ t V xt = Cµ V Q ≤ Cµ X and, in particular, * * R (V ) Q ≤ G 0 + R (V ) − G0 Q

Q

≤ C + Cµ ≤ C.

Applying conditions (5.2), (5.4) and (5.11) we obtain *0 (·) t− δ1 Re f (N (V )) = t1−µ Re f N t−α G 1 *0 (·) t− δ1 − N t−α G + t1−µ Re f N t−α V (·) t− δ σ

η η η * σ *0 − V − G − Cµ ≥ . ≥ V Q + G ≥ 0 2σ 2σ 3σ Q Q Thus we see that R (V ) ∈ A. Now we prove the estimate for the diﬀerence denoting v (t) = 1 and w (t) = t1α W (·) t− δ

1 tα V

(·) t− δ

1

438

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

R (V ) − R (W ) Q ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 − δ1 − δ1 K K V (·) z W (·) z α α z z dz µ ⎠ ⎝ − = G0 (1 − z) σ 0 Re f (N (V )) Re f (N (W )) zµ t µ −µ = τ |G0 (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| dτ σ 0 X t µ −µ + τ |G0 (t − τ ) K (w (τ ))| |f (N (v)) − f (N (w))| dτ σ 0 X t ≤ Cµ v − w X τ −µ |G0 (t − τ ) K (w (τ ))| dτ 1+ 0 X 1 ≤ Cµ V − W Q ≤ V − W Q . 2

Q

Here in view of (5.4) and (5.11) we used the estimate |f (N (V )) − f (N (W ))| ≤ C v − w Q . Therefore R (V ) is a contraction mapping in the set A. Hence there exists a unique solution V ∈ A to the integral equation (5.10), and Theorem 5.4 is proved. In the next theorem we ﬁnd the large time asymptotics for the solutions of the Cauchy problem (5.1) with a subcritical nonconvective nonlinearity. Theorem 5.5. Assume that the linear operator L is such that f (L (u)) = 0 for any u ∈ X. Let the nonlinearity N (u) in equation (5.1) be subcritical nonconvective. Assume that conditions (5.3) and (5.4) are fulﬁlled and the following estimates are true γ t −µ t |G (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| τ dτ 0 X

v X + w X γ σ ≤ C t (v (t) − w (t)) X ( v X + w X ) 1 + , (5.14) θ γ t −µ−γ ≤ C v σ+1 t |G (t − τ ) K (v (τ ))| τ dτ (5.15) X 0

X

and γ t −µ t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) K (v (τ )) τ dτ 0

1+σ

≤ C v X

(5.16)

X

for any v, w ∈ X such that f (v) = θ = f (w) , or w ≡ 0, where σ > 0 and K (v) = N (v) − vθ f (N (v)) ; here G0 is the asymptotic self-similar operator for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z. Let the initial data u0 ∈ Z have

5.1 General approach

439

a small norm u0 Z ≤ ε and the mean value θ ≡ |f (u0 )| ≥ Cε > 0 with some C > 0. Suppose also that µ ∈ (0, 1) is suﬃciently small. Then there exist numbers A, ω and a function V ∈ Q (as a unique solution of the integral equation (5.13)), such that for the solution u ∈ X of the Cauchy problem (5.1) the asymptotics is valid 1 1 γ+ µσ u − At− σ eiω log t V (·) t− δ t

X

≤C

(5.17)

with some γ > 0.

Proof. First let us prove the estimate γ

t (v (t) − w (t)) X ≤ C,

(5.18)

with some γ ∈ (0, the function v satisﬁes the integral equation (5.6), µ) , 1where −α −δ , and V satisﬁes the integral equation (5.13) so that w (t) = t θV (·) t we have t dτ w (t) = θG0 (t) − , (5.19) G0 (t − τ ) K (w (τ )) * hw (τ ) 0 σ 0 (·) t− δ1 and h* with G0 (t) = t−α G w (t) = µθ t Re f (N (w (t))) . Note that in view of the relation of the norms we have estimates w X ≤ C w X = Cθ V Q ≤ Cθ. Then by (5.6) and (5.19) we get γ

γ

t (v (t) − w (t)) X ≤ t (G (t) v0 − θG0 (t)) X t 1 γ + t G0 (t − τ ) K (w (τ )) h* 0 w (τ )

1 −G (t − τ ) K (v (τ )) dτ . hv (τ ) X

(5.20)

By the deﬁnition of the asymptotic kernel (see Deﬁnition 2.1) we have the estimate of the ﬁrst summand in the right-hand side of (5.20) γ

t (G (t) v0 − θG0 (t)) X ≤ C v0 Z ≤ Cε. Then we rewrite (5.20) in the form

440

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations γ

t (v (t) − w (t)) X ≤ Cε t dτ γ (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) K (w (τ )) + t (τ ) h* 0 w X t dτ γ + t G (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ ))) * hw (τ ) X 0 t 1 1 γ − G (t − τ ) K (v (τ )) dτ + t * h (τ ) v hw (τ ) 0 X ≡ I1 + I2 + I3 .

(5.21)

By (5.16) we get t dτ γ I1 = t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) K (w (τ )) (τ ) h* 0 w X t Cµ γ −µ ≤ σ t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) K (v (τ )) τ dτ θ 0 X Cµ σ+1 ≤ σ v X ≤ Cµε. θ In view of (5.11) we also ﬁnd t dτ γ G (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ ))) I2 = t (τ ) h* 0 w X t Cµ γ −µ ≤ σ t |G (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| τ dτ θ 0 X

v Cµ γ σ X + w X ≤ σ t (v (t) − w (t)) X ( v X + w X ) 1 + θ θ γ

≤ Cµ t (v (t) − w (t)) X . Now we estimate the diﬀerence hv (t) − h* w (t) . Since σ µ σ t Re f (N (w (t))) = t Re f (N (V )) h* w (t) = µθ µθ t σ t σ µ−1 t Re f (N (V )) dτ = Re f (N (w (τ ))) dτ, = θ 0 θ 0 then in view of estimate (5.4) we obtain

5.1 General approach

σ t ≤ 1 + (t) |f (N (v (τ )) − N (w (τ )))| dτ hv (t) − h* w θ 0 t C γ −α µ−γ−1 {τ } τ dτ ≤ 1 + εσ t (v (t) − w (t)) X θ 0 C γ εσ tµ−γ t (v (t) − w (t)) X ≤1+ θ (µ − γ)

441

(5.22)

because γ < µ. Therefore by (5.15) we ﬁnd t 1 1 γ − I3 = t G (t − τ ) K (v (τ )) dτ * h (τ ) v hw (τ ) 0 X t γ 2 −2σ −2µ * ≤ Cµ θ dτ hv (τ ) − hw (τ ) |G (t − τ ) K (v (τ ))| τ t 0 X t γ ≤ Cµ2 θ−2σ |G (t − τ ) K (v (τ ))| τ −2µ dτ t 0 X t γ Cµ γ −µ−γ t + 1+σ t (v (t) − w (t)) X |G (t − τ ) K (v (τ ))| τ dτ θ 0 X γ

≤ Cµ2 θ1−σ + Cµ t (v (t) − w (t)) X . Collecting these estimates we get from (5.21) γ

γ

t (v (t) − w (t)) X ≤ Cε + Cµ2 θ1−σ + Cµ t (v (t) − w (t)) X . Hence considering the fact that µ is small enough, we arrive at the estimate (5.18). Via (5.7) we get 1 ψ (t) = arg f (u0 ) − θ

0

t

1 Im f (N (v (τ ))) dτ. hv (τ )

(5.23)

By using estimate (5.22) we have the asymptotic estimate µ

µ−γ

|hv (t) − βθσ t | ≤ C t for all t > 0, where β =

σ µ

Re f (N (V )) >

η 2µ

(5.24)

> 0. In addition by (5.4) we get

µ−1 µ−γ Im f (N (v (τ ))) − χθσ+1 t ≤ Cεσ+1 t for all t > 0, where χ = Im f (N (V )) . Substitution of these estimates into (5.23) yields

442

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

χ t −1 ψ (t) = − τ dτ + arg f (u0 ) β 0

1 χ 1 ∞ −1 Im f (N (v (τ ))) − τ − dτ θ 0 hv (τ ) β

1 χ 1 ∞ −1 Im f (N (v (τ ))) − τ dτ + θ t hv (τ ) β

∞ −1−γ τ dτ = ω log t + Ψ + O t −γ = ω log t + Ψ + O t ,

(5.25)

where ω = − χβ and 1 Ψ ≡ arg f (u0 ) − θ

0

∞

1 χ −1 Im f (N (v (τ ))) − τ dτ. hv (τ ) β −1

Therefore via the formula u (t, x) = eiψ(t) hv σ (t) v (t, x) and asymptotic estimates (5.18), (5.24) and (5.25) we obtain the asymptotics (5.17) with a 1 constant A = β − σ eiΨ . Theorem 5.5 is proved. Example 5.6. Large time asymptotics for the nonlinear heat equations in the subcritical case Consider the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear heat equation σ ut − ∆u = λ |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn ,

(5.26)

in the subcritical case σ < n2 , where λ < 0. We deﬁne f (φ) = Rn φ (x) dx and µ = 1 − n2 σ > 0. Denote u0 (x) dx . θ = |f (u0 )| = Rn

Theorem 5.7. Let λ < 0 and σ < n2 such that µ = 1 − n2 σ > 0 is sufﬁciently small. Assume that the initial data u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) with a ∈ (0, 1] , p > 1, have a small norm u0 L1,a + u0 Lp ≤ ε, and the mean value θ ≥ Cε > 0 with some C > 0. Then the Cauchy problem (5.26) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) satisfying the asymptotics

1 1 x −σ u (t, x) = At V √ + O t− σ −γ , t for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where A ∈ R and V (ξ) is the solution of the integral equation

5.1 General approach

V (ξ) =

1

− n e

|ξ|2 4

−

µ

1

dz

n

n

e−

√ 2 z| 4(1−z)

|ξ−y

(4π) 2 β (4π) 2 0 z (1 − z) 2 Rn σ where β = σ Rn |V (y)| V (y) dy, and σ σ |V (ξ)| V (ξ) dξ. K (y) = |V (y)| V (y) − V (y)

443

K (y) dy,

Rn

Proof. To apply Theorems 5.2 - 5.5 we choose the space Z = L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) with a ∈ (0, 1] , p > 1 and the space X = {φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : φ X < ∞} , where the norm

−a φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a t>0

+ t 2 ( n

1 1− p )

n n φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ .

Also we consider the norm for nonlinearity n n σ σ −a φ Y = sup {t} 2p t 2 t 2 φ (t) L1,a t>0

+ t 2 ( n

1 1− p )

n n φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t 2 φ (t) L∞ .

We also deﬁne the space

= φ ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : φ < ∞ , X X where the norm −a n a 2 2 φ X = sup t |·| φ (t) L1 + t φ (t) L∞ . t>0

nσ . Also we consider the norm for the nonlinearity φ Y = t 2 φ (t) X The Green operator G (t) of the linear heat equation has the form G (t, x − y) φ (y) dy, G (t) φ = Rn

where the heat kernel G (t, x) is −n 2

G (t, x) = (4πt)

e−

|x|2 4t

. 2

(x) = (4π)− 2 e− |x|4 as the self-similar We can take now the heat kernel G 2 n *0 (x) = (4π)− 2 e− |x|4 . Note that asymptotic kernel (see Deﬁnition 5.3) and G condition (5.11) is true if we take δ = 2 and α = n2 . n

444

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

By a direct computation we see that

Re f (N (θG0 (τ ))) dτ = |λ| θσ+1

Gσ+1 (t, x) dx Rn

= |λ| θ

σ+1

(4π)

= |λ| θσ+1 (4π)

n −n 2 (σ+1) − 2 (σ+1)

e−

t

−n 2σ

−n 2

(1 + σ)

t

|x|2 4t

(σ+1)

dx

Rn −n 2σ

;

−nσ

−n

hence condition (5.2) with η = 2σ |λ| (4π) 2 (1 + σ) 2 and µ = 1 − n2 σ is fulﬁlled. For any u, z ∈ R we get σ ez N ue−z = −λez ue−z ue−z = e−σz N (u) , therefore condition (5.3) is valid. By Lemma 1.28 and Lemma 1.30 with δ = ν = 2 applied to the case of the Green operator for the heat equation we obtain G (t) φ Lq ≤ Ct− 2 ( r − q ) φ Lr n

and

b |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t))

Lq

1

1

≤ Ct− 2 (1− q )− n

1

a−b 2

(5.27)

a

|·| φ L1

for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ r ≤ q ≤ ∞, β ≥ 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ a, ϑ = the asymptotic kernel is −n 2

G0 (t, x) = (4πt)

e−

|x|2 4t

Rn

(5.28) φ (x) dx, and

.

Now we prove the following auxiliary result.

Lemma 5.8. Let the function φ (t, x) have a zero mean value Rn φ (t, x) dx = 0. Then the following inequalities are valid ν t −ν −µ t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ ≤ C φ Y 0

X

t −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ dτ

and

X

0 < a2 ,

≤ C φ Y

for all t > 0, 0 ≤ ν provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite. Proof. Since ϑ = Rn φ (t, x) dx = 0, by estimates (5.28) and (1.2) we get t t −ν −ν −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ ≤ φ (τ ) L1,a τ −µ τ dτ 0

≤

L1,a

t

{τ }

n − 2p σ

τ −µ τ

0 a

≤ C t 2

−ν

φ Y

a n 2 − 2 σ−ν

0

n

σ

n

dτ sup {t} 2p t 2 t>0

σ− a 2

φ (t) L1,a

5.1 General approach

445

n for all t > 0, because 2p σ + µ = 1 − n2 σ 1 − p1 < 1. In the same manner by virtue of (5.27) we have t t −ν −µ ≤ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ φ (τ ) Lp τ −µ dτ 0

t

≤

n

τ − 2p σ−µ dτ sup {t} 2p φ (t) Lp ≤ C φ Y n

for all 0 < t ≤ 1, and t −ν −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ 0

t 2

(t − τ )

1 a −n 2 (1− p )− 2

0

t t 2

+t

t

≤

φ (τ ) L1,a τ −µ τ n

n

τ −1−ν− 2 (1− p ) dτ sup {t} 2p t 2 n

1 a −n 2 (1− p )− 2

φ (τ ) Lp τ

t 2

Lp

≤

σ

(5.29)

0
0

+

0

Lp

1

σ

−ν

t 2

{τ }

n − 2p σ−µ

a

τ 2

1 σ+ n 2 (1− p )

−1−ν

1 −ν− n 2 (1− p )

≤ C t

φ (t) Lp n

n

σ

dτ sup {t} 2p t 2

σ− a 2

t>0

0

dτ

dτ

t>0

−µ−ν

φ (τ ) L1,a

φ Y

for all t > 1. Also by estimate (5.27) we ﬁnd t −ν −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ ∞ 0 L 2t t n − ≤ (t − τ ) 2p φ (τ ) Lp τ −µ dτ + φ (τ ) L∞ τ −µ dτ 0

t 2

≤ C φ Y

t 2

(t − τ )

n − 2p

τ

n − 2p σ−µ

t

dτ +

τ

n − 2p (σ+1)−µ

dτ

t 2

0

≤ Ct− 2p φ Y n

(5.30)

for all 0 < t ≤ 1, and t −ν −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ 0

t 2

+

a −n 2−2

(t − τ )

0

≤

t t 2 n

≤ C t

(σ+1)

t>0

t 2

0 −ν− n 2

n − 2p σ−µ

{τ }

φ Y

t 2

−ν

n

n

a

L∞

t

φ (τ ) L1,a τ −µ τ

τ −1−ν− 2 dτ sup {t} 2p

+ t− 2 − 2

≤

a

τ 2

n

t 2

−1−ν

σ+ n 2

−µ−ν

φ (τ ) L∞ τ

dτ φ (t) L∞ n

σ

n

dτ sup {t} 2p t 2 t>0

dτ

σ− a 2

φ (τ ) L1,a

446

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

for all t > 1. and Y Likewise we obtain estimates in the norms X t t a a −µ |·| ≤ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ dτ |·| φ (τ ) L1 τ −µ dτ 0

t

≤ 0

τ 2 − 2 σ−µ dτ sup t 2 σ− 2 |·| φ (t) L1 ≤ Ct 2 φ Y t>0 a

n

n

a

for all t > 0, since n2 σ + µ − a2 = 1 − (5.27) with r = ∞, we ﬁnd t −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ dτ ≤

a

a

a 2

< 1. As well by estimates (5.28) and

L∞

0

0

L1

t 2

(t − τ )

0

a −n 2−2

≤ C φ Y

t 2

|·| φ (τ ) L1 τ −µ dτ +

(t − τ )

a

a −n 2−2

τ

a −n 2 σ−µ+ 2

t t 2

φ (τ ) L∞ τ −µ dτ

t

dτ +

τ

−n 2 (σ+1)−µ

dτ

t 2

0

≤ Ct− 2 φ Y n

for all t > 0, since by changing the variable of integration τ = tz we get 12 2t n n −n−a a −n−a a (t − τ ) 2 2 τ 2 −1 dτ = t− 2 (1 − z) 2 2 z 2 −1 dz ≤ Ct− 2 . 0

0

Hence, the result of the lemma follows, and Lemma 5.8 is proved. Since by interpolation inequality (1.4) ν (t) N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 σ

σ

≤ Cν (t) ( v (t) L∞ + w (t) L∞ ) v (t) − w (t) L1 n − 2p σ

≤ C {t}

−n 2σ

t

condition (5.4) with α =

n 2p σ

σ

σ

ν (t) (v − w) X ( v X + w X ) ;

(5.31)

< 1 is true. By estimates (1.24) we have

K (v) − K (w) Y ≤ N (v) − N (w) Y 1 1 + ( v X + w X ) sup {t} p t N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 θ t>0 1 1 + v − w X sup {t} p t ( N (v (t)) L1 + N (w (t)) L1 ) θ t>0

1 1 σ σ ≤ C v − w X ( v X + w X ) 1 + v X + w X . θ θ

(5.32)

Therefore by Lemma 5.8 we see that conditions (5.5), (5.14), (5.15) and (5.16) are fulﬁlled. Condition (5.10) follows from (5.27). The rest condition (5.12). is a consequence of the second estimate of Lemma 5.8 and the estimates

5.1 General approach σ

447

σ

N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L1,a ≤ C w − v L1,a ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) a nσ σ σ ≤ Cτ 2 − 2 w − v X + v w X X and σ

N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L∞ ≤ C w − v L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) n σ σ w ≤ Cτ − 2 (σ+1) w − v X + v . X X σ σ N (w) − N (v) Y w ≤ C w − v + v , X X X

Thus

(5.33)

and then K (v) − K (w) Y ≤ N (v) − N (w) Y 1 v X + t N (v (t)) − N (w (t)) L1 + w X sup θ t>0 1 + v − w X t ( N (v (t)) L1 + N (w (t)) L1 ) sup θ t>0

1 1 σ σ ≤ C v − w X 1 + v X + θ w X . v X + w X θ

(5.34)

Now (5.12) is a consequence of the second estimate of Lemma 5.8. Applying Theorems 5.2 - 5.5 we get the result of Theorem 5.7 which is then proved. Example 5.9. The case of odd solutions to the nonlinear heat equation Now let us consider problem (5.26) with the initial data u0 (x) , which are odd functions in Rn : u0 (x1 , ..., −xj , ..., xn ) = −u0 (x1 , ..., xj , ..., xn ) , for every j = 1, 2, ..., n. In this case the solutions u (t, x) also will be odd functions with respect to x ∈ Rn . Denote n θ = u0 (x) xj dx . Rn j=1 Theorem 5.10. Let λ < 0 and σ < n1 such that µ = 1 − nσ > 0 is suﬃciently small. Assume that the initial data u0 are odd functions in Rn , and u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn )∩Lp (Rn ), with a ∈ (n, n + 1] , and p > 1. Also suppose that u0 have a suﬃciently small norm u0 L1,a + u0 Lp , and the mean value θ ≥ Cε > 0 with some C > 0. Then the Cauchy problem (5.26) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) satisfying the asymptotics

1 1 x −σ u (t, x) = At V √ + O t− σ −γ , t

448

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where A ∈ R and V (ξ) is the solution of the integral equation √

ξ−y z dz µ 1 * G √ V (ξ) = G0 (ξ) − K (y) dy, n β 0 z (1 − z) 2 Rn 1−z σ where β = σ Rn |V (y)| V (y) dy, *0 (x) = G

n |x|2 |x|2 1 − 4 (x) = 1 n e− 4 x , G n e j 4n π 2 2n π 2 j=1

and σ

σ

K (y) = |V (y)| V (y) − V (y)

|V (ξ)| V (ξ) dξ. Rn

Proof. To apply Theorems 5.2 - 5.5 we choose the space Z Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) : φ is odd function in Rn , where now a ∈ (n, n + 1] , and p > 1 and the space X = {φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : φ is odd function in Rn and φ X < ∞} , where the norm

− a−n n− n φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2p φ (t) Lp t≥0

n

n

+ sup {t} 2p t φ (t) L∞ . t>0

Also we deﬁne the norm to estimate the nonlinearity n σ nσ − a−n t 2 φ (t) L1,a φ Y = sup {t} 2p t t>0

n n− 2p

+ t

n n φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t φ (t) L∞ .

We also deﬁne the space = φ ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : X

φ is odd function in Rn and φ X < ∞ , where the norm

a−n a − 2 n t . = sup |·| φ (t) + t φ (t) φ X 1 ∞ L L t>0

nσ . Also we consider the norm for the nonlinearity φ Y = t 2 φ (t) X

5.1 General approach

449

By a direct computation we see that σ

Re f (N (θG0 (t))) dτ = |λ| θσ+1

|G0 (t, x)| G0 (t, x) Rn

= |λ| θ

σ+1

(16π)

3n −n 2 (σ+1) − 2 (σ+1)

n

xj dx

j=1

e−

t

|x|2 4t

n

(σ+1)

Rn

σ+2

|xj |

dx

j=1

= ηθσ+1 t−nσ ; hence, condition (5.2) with η = |λ| (4π)

−n 2 (σ+1)

e−

|x|2 4t

(σ+1)

Rn

n

σ+2

|xj |

dx

j=1

and µ = 1 − nσ is fulﬁlled. By Lemma 1.28 with δ = ν = 2 we obtain for any odd function φ a−b n 1 b a (5.35) |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t)) q ≤ Ct− 2 (1− q )− 2 |·| φ L1

L

-n for all t > 0, where ϑ = Rn φ (x) j=1 xj dx, 1 ≤ r ≤ q ≤ ∞, β ≥ 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ a. Now we prove the following auxiliary result. Lemma 5.11. Let the odd function φ (t, x) have a zero mean value φ (t, x) Rn

n

xj dx = 0.

j=1

Then the following inequalities are valid ν t −ν −µ t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ 0

t −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ dτ

and

≤ C φ Y

X

X

0

≤ C φ Y

for all t > 0, 0 ≤ ν < a2 , provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite. Proof. By estimates (5.35) and (1.2) we get t t −ν −ν −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ ≤ φ (τ ) L1,a τ −µ τ dτ 0

≤

L1,a

t

n − 2p σ

{τ }

τ −µ τ

0

≤ C t

a−n 2 −ν

φ Y

a−n 2 −nσ−ν

0

n

σ

nσ− a−n 2

dτ sup {t} 2p t t>0

φ (t) L1,a

450

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

n 1 for all t > 0, since ϑ = 0 and 2p σ + µ = 1 − nσ 1 − 2p < 1. Similarly by virtue of (5.35), we have (5.29) for all 0 < t ≤ 1, and t t −ν −µ−ν −µ ≤ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ φ (τ ) Lp τ dτ 0

t 2

Lp

t 2

1 a −n 2 (1− p )− 2

(t − τ )

+ 0

≤

t t 2

φ (τ ) L1,a τ −µ τ n

τ −1−ν−n+ 2p dτ sup {t} 2p t n

σ

n nσ+n− 2p

t>0

+ t−n+ 2p − n

a−n 2

t 2

{τ }

n − 2p σ−µ

τ

a−n 2 −1−ν

−ν

dτ

φ (t) Lp

dτ

0 n

nσ− a−n 2

σ

× sup {t} 2p t t>0

n −ν−n+ 2p

≤ C t

φ (τ ) L1,a

φ Y

for all t > 1. As above we ﬁnd (5.30) for all 0 < t ≤ 1, and t t −ν −µ−ν −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ ≤ φ (τ ) L∞ τ dτ ∞ t 0

L

t 2

+

(t − τ )

a −n 2−2

0

≤

t

φ (τ ) L1,a τ −µ τ n

τ −1−ν−n dτ sup {t} 2p

t 2

(σ+1)

t>0

+ t− 2 − 2 n

a

t 2

2

n − 2p σ−µ

{τ }

τ

−ν

nnσ+n

t

a−n 2 −1−ν

−ν−n

φ (t) L∞ n

σ

nσ− a−n 2

dτ sup {t} 2p t t>0

0

≤ C t

dτ

φ (τ ) L1,a

φ Y

for all t > 1. and Y In the same manner we obtain estimates in the norms X t a −µ |·| G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ dτ 0

≤

t

τ 0

L1,n

a−n 2 −nσ−µ

dτ sup tnσ−

a−n 2

t>0

for all t > 0, since nσ + µ − (5.35) with r = ∞ we ﬁnd

a−n 2

= 1−

a

|·| φ (t) L1 ≤ Ct a−n 2

a−n 2

φ Y

< 1. Also in view of estimates

5.1 General approach

451

t −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ dτ ∞ 0 L 2t t n a − − a ≤ (t − τ ) 2 2 |·| φ (τ ) L1 τ −µ dτ + φ (τ ) L∞ τ −µ dτ 0

≤ C φ Y

t 2

t 2

a −n 2−2

(t − τ )

τ

−nσ−µ+ a−n 2

t

dτ +

τ

−n(σ+1)−µ

dτ

t 2

0

≤ Ct−n φ Y for all t > 0, since by changing the variable of integration τ = tz we get

t 2

(t − τ )

0

a −n 2−2

τ

a−n 2 −1

dτ = t

−n

1 2

a −n 2−2

(1 − z)

z

a−n 2 −1

dz ≤ Ct−n .

0

Hence, the result of the lemma follows, and Lemma 5.11 is proved. Now by interpolation inequality (1.4) we get (5.31); hence condition (5.4) n σ < 1 is true. By estimates (1.24) as above we have (5.32). with α = 2p Therefore by Lemma 5.8 we see that conditions (5.5), (5.14), (5.15) and (5.16) are fulﬁlled. Consider now the rest condition (5.12). It is a consequence of the second estimate of Lemma 5.8 and the estimates σ

σ

N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L1,a ≤ C w − v L1,a ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) a−n σ σ w ≤ Cτ 2 −nσ w − v X + v X X and σ

N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L∞ ≤ C w − v L∞ ( w L∞ + v L∞ ) σ σ ≤ Cτ −n(σ+1) w − v X w X + v X .

Thus we obtain (5.33); hence estimate (5.34) follows. Now (5.12) follows from the second estimate of Lemma 5.8. Applying Theorems 5.2 - 5.5 we get the result of Theorem 5.10 which is then proved. Example 5.12. Burgers type equations with initial data having zero mean value Now we consider the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation with initial data having zero mean value Rn u0 (x) dx = 0. By the rotation in the x - plane we can always transform the Burgers type equation to the form, where the vector λ = (−1, 0, ..., 0) . Therefore, we consider the problem σ+1 = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, ut − ∆u − ∂x1 |u| (5.36) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where σ > 0.

452

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

We choose the asymptotic kernel G0 (t, x) = and the functional f (φ) ≡

|x|2

x1 n 2

(4π) (t + 1)

1+ n 2

e− 4(t+1)

φ (x) x1 dx. Denote g (t) = 1+θσ+1 η log (1 + t) , |x|2 − n (1+σ) σ+1 η = |λ| (4π) 2 e− 4 (1+σ) |x1 | dx > 0, Rn

Rn

and

u0 (x) x1 dx.

θ= Rn

1 such that µ = 1 − (n + 1) σ > 0 is suﬃciently Theorem 5.13. Let σ < n+1 small. Assume that the initial data u0 ∈ Lp (Rn )∩L1,a (Rn ) with a ∈ (1, 2] and θ ≥ Cε > 0 p > 1, have a small norm u0 L1,a + u0 Lp ≤ ε and the moment have zero mean value u (x) dx = 0 with some C > 0. Also suppose that u 0 0 n R and the moments Rn xj u0 (x) dx = 0, j = 1, Rn x1 u0 (x) dx > 0. Then the Cauchy problem for the Burgers type equation (5.36) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) satisfying the asymptotics

1 1 x −σ u (t, x) = At V √ + O t− σ −γ , t

for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where A ∈ R and V (ξ) is the solution of the integral equation

5.1 General approach

*0 (ξ) − µ V (ξ) = G β where β = σ

Rn

|V (y)|

dz

G

n

z (1 − z) 2

0

σ+1

*0 (x) = G

1

Rn

453

√

ξ−y z √ K (y) dy, 1−z

dy, x1

(4π)

n 2

e−

|x|2 4

(x) = , G

and

1 n 2n π 2

e−

|x|2 4

σ+1

K (y) = |V (y)|

− V (y)

|V (ξ)|

σ+1

dξ.

Rn

Proof. To apply Theorems 5.2 - 5.5 we choose the space Z = φ ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ Lp (Rn ) , where now a ∈ (1, 2] , and p > 1 and the space 1 X = φ ∈ C ([0, ∞) ; Z) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; W∞ (Rn ) : φ X < ∞ , where the norm

n+1 − a−1 −n φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L1,a + t 2 2p φ (t) Lp

t≥0

n

+ sup {t} 2p t

n+1 2

t>0

n

φ (t) L∞ + {t} 2p

+ 12

n

t 2

+1

∇φ (t) L∞ .

Also we consider the norm nσ

φ Y = sup {t} 2p t>0

+ t

n+1 n 2 − 2p

+ 12

t

(n+1)σ + 12 2

t

n

− a−1 2

φ (t) Lp + {t} 2p t

n+1 2

φ (t) L1,a φ (t) L∞ .

We also deﬁne the space = φ ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ C ((0, ∞) ; L∞ (Rn )) : X

φ X <∞ , where the norm

a−1 n+1 a − 2 2 φ X t . = sup |·| φ (t) + t φ (t) 1 ∞ L L t>0

(n+1)σ 2 + 12 Also we consider the norm for the nonlinearity φ Y = φ (t) t . X By a direct computation we see that

454

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

Re f (N (θG0 (t))) dτ = |λ| θ

σ+1

|G0 (t, x)| dx |x|2 − n (1+σ) −(1+σ)(1+ n σ+1 2) t e− 4t (σ+1) |x1 | dx = |λ| θσ+1 (4π) 2 σ+1

Rn

Rn

= ηθ

σ+1 − 12 − n+1 2 σ

t

;

hence condition (5.2) with η = |λ| (4π)

−n 2 (σ+1)

e−

|x|2 4t

σ+1

|x1 |

(σ+1)

dx

Rn

and µ = 12 − n+1 2 σ is fulﬁlled. By Lemma 1.28 with δ = ν = 2for the functions having zero mean value φ (x) dx = 0 and the moments Rn xj φ (x) dx = 0, j = 1, we get Rn a−b n 1 b a (5.37) |·| (G (t) φ − ϑG0 (t)) ≤ Ct− 2 (1− q )− 2 |·| φ L1 Lq

for all t > 0, where ϑ = Rn φ (x) x1 dx, 1 ≤ r ≤ q ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ b ≤ a. Now we prove the following auxiliary result. Lemma 5.14. Let the function φ (t, x) have a zero mean value Rn φ(t, x)dx = 0 and zero ﬁrst moments xj φ (t, x) dx = 0. Rn

Then the following inequalities are valid ν t −ν −µ t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ 0

t −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ dτ

and

≤ C φ Y

X

X

0

≤ C φ Y

for all t > 0, 0 ≤ ν < a2 , provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite. Proof. Since ϑ = 0, by estimates (5.37) and (1.2) we get t t −ν −ν −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ ≤ φ (τ ) L1,a τ −µ τ dτ 0

0

L1,a

t

≤

{τ }

n − 2p σ

τ −µ τ

(n+1)σ+1 a−1 −ν 2 − 2

dτ

0 n

σ

× sup {t} 2p t

(n+1)σ + 12 − a−1 2 2

t>0

≤ C t

a−1 2 −ν

φ Y

φ (t) L1,a

5.1 General approach n for all t > 0, since 2p σ+µ = virtue of (5.37) we have

n 2p σ

1 2

+

−

t −ν −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ 0

t 2

+

(t − τ )

1 a −n 2 (1− p )− 2

0

≤

t

τ −1−ν−

n+1 n 2 + 2p

t 2

+ t−

n+1 2 σ

≤

< 1. In the same manner by

t t 2

Lp

φ (τ ) Lp τ

φ (τ ) L1,a τ −µ τ n

σ

dτ sup {t} 2p t

−ν

t 2

{τ }

n − 2p σ−µ

τ

(n+1)σ+1 n + n+1 2 2 − 2p

a−1 2 −1−ν

−µ−ν

dτ

dτ

t>0

n+1 a−1 n 2 + 2p − 2

455

φ (t) Lp

dτ

0 n

σ

× sup {t} 2p t

(n+1)σ+1 − a−1 2 2

t>0

n −ν− n+1 2 + 2p

≤ C t

φ (τ ) L1,a

φ Y

for all t > 1. As above we ﬁnd t −ν −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ

L∞

0

≤

t

τ −1−ν−

n+1 2

t 2

n

dτ sup {t} 2p

(σ+1)

t>0

+ t− 2 − 2 n

a

t 2

{τ }

n − 2p σ−µ

τ

t

a−1 2 −1−ν

−ν− n+1 2

n

σ

φ (t) L∞

dτ sup {t} 2p t

(n+1)σ+1 − a−1 2 2

t>0

0

≤ C t

(n+1)σ+1 + n+1 2 2

φ (τ ) L1,a

φ Y

for all t > 1. and Y Furthermore we obtain estimates in the norms X t a −µ |·| G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ dτ ≤

0

t

τ 0

L1,n

(n+1)σ+1 a−1 −µ 2 − 2

dτ sup t t>0

(n+1)σ+1 − a−1 2 2

a

|·| φ (t) L1 ≤ Ct

a−1 2

φ Y

a−1 for all t > 0, since (n+1)σ+1 − a−1 2 2 + µ = 1 − 2 < 1. In addition by estimates (5.37) with r = ∞ we ﬁnd

456

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

t −µ G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ dτ ∞ 0 L 2t t n a − − a ≤ (t − τ ) 2 2 |·| φ (τ ) L1 τ −µ dτ + φ (τ ) L∞ τ −µ dτ 0

≤ C φ Y ≤ Ct−

t 2

n+1 2

t 2

(t − τ )

a −n 2−2

τ

(n+1)σ+1 a−1 −µ 2 − 2

t

dτ +

τ

−

(n+1)(σ+1) − 12 −µ 2

dτ

t 2

0

φ Y

for all t > 0. Hence, the result of the lemma follows, and Lemma 5.14 is proved. Now by interpolation inequality (1.4) we get (5.31); hence condition (5.4) n σ < 1 is true. By estimates (1.24) in the same manner as above with α = 2p we have (5.32). Therefore by Lemma 5.8 we see that conditions (5.5), (5.14), (5.15) and (5.16) are fulﬁlled. The rest condition (5.12) is a consequence of the second estimate of Lemma 5.14 and the estimates N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L1,a ≤ Cτ

(n+1)σ a−1 − 12 2 − 2

σ σ w w − v X + v X X

and N (w (τ )) − N (v (τ )) L∞ ≤ Cτ −

(n+1)(σ+1) + 12 2

σ σ w w − v X + v . X X

Thus (5.33) is true; hence we get (5.34). Now (5.12) follows from the second estimate of Lemma 5.14. Applying Theorems 5.2 - 5.5 we get the result of Theorem 5.13 which is then proved.

5.2 Fractional heat equations In this section we study the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear dissipative equations with fractional power of the negative Laplacian and complex coefﬁcients ρ σ κ ∂t u + α (−∆) 2 u + β |u| u + γ |u| u = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (5.38) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , where α, β, γ ∈ C, Re α > 0, ρ > 0, κ > σ > 0. Furthermore we assume that Re βδ(α, ρ, σ) > 0, where ρ σ |G (x)| G (x) dx, G (x) = F ξ→x e−α|ξ| . δ(α, ρ, σ) = Rn

5.2 Fractional heat equations

457

5.2.1 Small initial data In this subsection we concentrate our attention on the subcritical case 0 < σ < nρ and prove global in time existence of small solutions to the Cauchy problem (5.38). Denote η = ρ Re βδ (α, ρ, σ) , σ

χσ (t) = 1 +

nσ |θ| η 1− nσ t ρ . ρ − nσ

Theorem 5.15. Assume that Re α > 0, 0 < σ < κ ≤

ρ n

and

u0 ∈ L∞ (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) , a ∈ (0, min (1, ρ)) . Furthermore suppose that −n 2

Re βδ(α, ρ, σ) > 0, |ˆ u0 (0)| = θ (2π)

> 0.

u0 (0)| ≥ Cε Then there exists a positive ε such that if u0 L∞ + u0 L1,a ≤ ε, |ˆ σ , then the Cauchy problem and the value σ is close to nρ , so that nρ − σ ≤ Cε (5.38) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞); L∞ (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) satisfying the asymptotics 1 1 1 u (t, x) = At− σ V t− ρ (·) eiψ(t) + O t− σ −γ , for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where A ∈ R, γ > 0. Here V (ξ) is the solution of the integral equation 1 µ 1 dz ξ − yz ρ V (ξ) = G (ξ) − G K (y) dy, n 1 β 0 z(1 − z) p Rn (1 − z) ρ

where

σ

|V (y)| V (y) dy,

β = σ Re Rn

µ = 1 − nρ σ, and σ

σ

K (y) = |V (y)| V (y) − V (y)

|V (ξ)| V (ξ) dξ. Rn

The function ψ (t) satisﬁes the estimate t 1 −σ σ −σ ρn ψ (t) − arg u (0) + |θ| η χ (τ ) (1 + τ ) dτ σ 0

0

t

≤ Cε

1+2σ 0

where η = Im βδ (α, ρ, σ) .

−1 χσ σ

−σ ρn

(τ ) (1 + τ )

dτ,

458

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

Remark 5.16. Our proof of Theorem 5.15 depends on the positivity of the value Re βδ(α, ρ, σ), which we need to derive better time decay properties of solutions (see Lemma 5.17 below). If ρ = 2 then we can calculate explicitly the value of δ (α, ρ, σ) (see also Hayashi et al. [2003a], Hayashi et al. [2003b]) ⎛ ⎞ n

δ(α, 2, σ) =

22

n

(4π) 2

σ

⎜ ⎝

|α|

n− n 2σ 2

(2 + σ) |α| +

σα2

⎟ n2 ⎠ .

ρ We do not need the positivity of the kernel G (x) = F ξ→x e−α|ξ| of the Green operator which was essentially used in previously proving the blowup results. The condition that the value σ should be close to nρ , so that ρ σ n − σ ≤ Cε is rather technical and is caused by the application of the contraction mapping principle for proving global existence of solutions. Proof of Theorem 5.15 Deﬁne the Green operator G (t) by ρ n ˆ G (t) φ = F ξ→x e−α|ξ| t φ(ξ) = t− ρ

1 G t− ρ (x − y) φ(y)dy

(5.39)

Rn

ρ with a kernel G (x) = F ξ→x e−α|ξ| . As in the proof of Theorem 5.2 we change the dependent variable u (t, x) = v (t, x) e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) as above. Then for the new function v (t, x) we get the following equation ρ

∂t v + α (−∆) 2 v + βe−σϕ |v| v + γe−κϕ |v| v − (ϕ − iψ )v = 0. σ

κ

We assume that −σϕ σ κ βe |v| v + γe−κϕ |v| v − (ϕ − iψ )v dx = 0, Rn

then the mean value of new function v (t, x) satisﬁes a conservation law: d v (t, x) dx = 0. dt Rn Hence v (t, 0) = v0 (0) for all t > 0. We can choose ϕ(0) = 0 and ψ (0) such −n u0 (0)| = θ (2π) 2 > 0. Thus we consider the Cauchy problem that vˆ0 (0) = |ˆ for the new dependent variables (v (t, x) , ϕ (t)) ⎧ ρ σ σ ⎪ ∂t v + α (−∆) 2 v = −βe−σϕ |v| − θ1 Rn |v| vdx v ⎪ ⎨ κ κ 1 −κϕ −γe θ Rn |v| vdx v, |v| − (5.40) σ κ 1 −σϕ (σ−κ)ϕ ⎪ Re β Rn |v| vdx + e Re γ Rn |v| vdx , ∂t ϕ (t) = θ e ⎪ ⎩ v (0, x) = v0 (x) , ϕ(0) = 0.

5.2 Fractional heat equations

We denote h (t) = eσϕ(t) and write (5.40) as ρ ∂t v +α (−∆) 2 v = F (v, h) , v (0, x) = v0 (x) , κ σ κ ∂t h = σθ Re β Rn |v| vdx + h1− σ Re γ Rn |v| vdx , h(0) = 1,

459

(5.41)

where σ σ F (v, h) = −βh−1 |v| − θ1 Rn |v| vdx v κ κ κ −γh− σ |v| − θ1 Rn |v| vdx v. We note that the mean value of the nonlinearity F (v, h) (t, 0) = 0 for all κ κ t > 0. It is expected that the second summand γh− σ |v| v of the nonlinearity σ F (v, h) decays in time more rapidly than the ﬁrst one βh−1 |v| v. Denote by X = φ ∈ C([0, ∞) , L∞ (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn )) , with norm

n −a φ X = sup (1 + t) ρ φ (t) L∞ + φ (t) L1 + (1 + t) ρ φ (t) L1,a , t>0

where a ∈ (0, min (1, ρ)) . Also we deﬁne Z = φ ∈ L∞ ∩ L1,a , with norm φ Z = φ (t) L∞ + φ (t) L1,a . As in the proof of Lemma 5.8 we get the following result Lemma 5.17. Let the function φ (t, x) have a zero mean value φ (t, x) dx = 0. Rn

Then the following inequalities are valid ν t −ν −µ t G (t − τ ) φ (τ ) τ τ dτ 0

≤ C φ Y

X

for all t > 0, 0 ≤ ν < aρ , provided that the right-hand sides are ﬁnite. By virtue of Lemma 3.12 we get that G ∈ X is the asymptotic kernel for the Green operator G in spaces X, Z and the operator G is a self-similar asymptotic operator in spaces X, Z with γ = aρ and f (φ) =

φdx. Rn

460

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

Denote

σ

χσ (t) = 1 +

nσ |θ| η 1− σρ n t . ρ − nσ

By a direct calculation we have F (v (t) , χσ (t)) − F (w (t) , χσ (t)) L∞ ≤ Cχ−1 σ (t) v − w L∞ ( v (t) L∞ + w (t) L∞ )

v (t) L1 + w (t) L1 × 1+ θ ρ −1− n σ σ ρ − σ (1 + t) v − w X ( v (t) X + w (t) X ) ≤C n

v (t) X + w (t) X × 1+ , θ σ

σ

(5.42)

F (v (t) , χσ (t)) − F (w (t) , χσ (t)) L1 ≤ Cχ−1 σ (t) v − w L∞ ( v (t) L∞ + w (t) L∞ ) 2 2 v (t) L1 + w (t) L1 × v (t) L1 + w (t) L1 + θ ρ −1 σ σ − σ (1 + t) v − w X ( v (t) X + w (t) X ) ≤C n 2 2 v (t) X + w (t) X × v (t) X + w (t) X + θ σ

σ

and F (v (t) , χσ (t)) − F (w (t) , χσ (t)) L1,a ≤ Cχ−1 σ (t) v − w L1,a ( v (t) L∞ + w (t) L∞ )

v (t) L1 + w (t) L1 × 1+ θ ρ −1+ α ρ − σ (1 + t) ≤C n σ σ × v − w X ( v (t) X + w (t) X )

v (t) X + w (t) X × 1+ θ σ

σ

for all t > 0. This yields the estimate (5.43) t (F (v (t) , χσ (t)) − F (w (t) , χσ (t))) X

v (t) X + w (t) X σ σ ≤ C v − w X ( v (t) X + w (t) X ) 1 + . θ Therefore via Lemma 5.17 we get

5.2 Fractional heat equations

461

t G(t − τ ) (F (v (τ ) , χ (τ )) − F (w (τ ) , χ (τ ))) dτ σ σ 0 X

v (t) X + w (t) X σ σ ≤ C v − w X ( v (t) X + w (t) X ) 1 + . θ Also by a direct calculation we ﬁnd N (v) − N (w) L1 − σn+a ρ

≤ C {t}

− nσ ρ

t

σ

σ

v (t) − w(t) X ( v (t) X + w(t) X ) .

Hence if we suppose that ρ − nσ ≤ Cεσ as in the prove of Theorem 5.2 we obtain a unique solution v (t, x) ∈ X, h (t) = eσϕ(t) ∈ C (0, ∞) satisfying equations t v (t) = G (t) v0 + 0 G(t − τ )F (v (τ ) , h (τ )) dτ, t (5.44) κ σ κ h (t) = 1 + σθ 0 dτ Re β Rn |v| vdx + h1− σ Re γ Rn |v| vdx , and estimates v (t) − G (t) v0 L1 ≤ Cε1+σ and |h (t) − χσ (t)| ≤ Cε2σ χσ (t) .

(5.45)

We also have by applying (5.42) to (5.44) −n ρ

v (t) − G (t) v0 L∞ ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t)

,

(5.46)

and by the deﬁnition of ψ we see that ψ (t) = arg u 0 (0)

t 1 σ κ − e−σϕ Im β |v| vdx + e(σ−κ)ϕ Im γ |v| vdx . θ 0 Rn Rn By the time decay property of the solution v we have t κ−σ 1 σ −σ −σ ρn ψ (t) − arg u h (τ ) (1 + τ ) dτ ≤ Cεκ t− ρ n , 0 (0) + |θ| η 0

where η = Im βδ (α, ρ, σ) . Hence by (5.45) t 1 −σ σ −σ ρn ψ (t) − arg u (0) + |θ| η χ (τ ) (1 + τ ) dτ σ 0

σ

0

t

−1− 1 χσ σ

≤ C |θ| η (τ ) |h (τ ) − χσ (τ )| (1 + τ ) 0 t −1 −σn χσ σ (τ ) (1 + τ ) ρ dτ ≤C 0

−σ ρn

dτ (5.47)

462

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

for large t > 0. Then via formulas u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) v (t, x) = h− σ (t) eiψ(t) v (t, x) 1

we ﬁnd the estimates 1 n u (t) − θt− ρ G t− ρ (·) e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t) ∞ L −ϕ(t)+iψ(t) ≤ u (t) − (G (t) v0 ) e ∞+ L 1 −n − −ϕ(t)+iψ(t) G (t) v0 − θt ρ G t ρ (·) e

L∞

≤ Cε

1+σ

1 −σ

(1 + t)

,

(5.48)

where we have used the estimate 1 n G (t) v0 − θt− ρ G t− ρ (·) e−ϕ(t)+iψ(t)

L∞

≤ Ct− σ − ρ φ L1,a 1

a

and (5.46). We also have by (5.45) 1 1 n 1 −1 − nρ θt G t− ρ (·) h− σ (t) eiψ(t) − θt− ρ G t− ρ (·) χσ σ (t) eiψ(t)

L∞

≤ Cεt

−n ρ

−1− 1 χσ σ

(t) |h (t) − χσ (t)| ;

hence, via (5.48) it follows that 1 n −1 u (t) − θt− ρ G t− ρ (·) χσ σ (t) eiψ(t)

L∞

≤ Cε

1+σ

1 −σ

(1 + t)

.

(5.49)

Also by applying Theorem 5.4 and Theorem 5.5, because of estimate (5.43) and Lemma 5.17 we get the result of Theorem 5.15. 5.2.2 Large initial data This subsection is devoted to the study of the Cauchy problem (5.38), when the initial data are not small. For simplicity we take α = 1, β = 1 and γ = 0, and therefore, we consider the following problem ρ σ ut + (−∆) 2 u + |u| u = 0, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (5.50) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn , 1,a n ∞ n where ρ ∈ (0, 2] . Let u0 ∈ L (R )∩L (R ) , u0 (x) ≥ 0 almost everywhere n in R , then θ = Rn u0 (x) dx > 0. We are interested in the global in time existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (5.50) with subcritical powers of the nonlinearity σ ∈ 0, nρ . We also suppose that σ is suﬃciently close to ρ n.

5.2 Fractional heat equations

463

Theorem 5.18. We assume that the initial data u0 ∈ L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) , 0 < a < min (1, ρ) are such that u0 (x) ≥ 0 almost everywhere. in Rn , θ = u (x) dx > 0. Suppose that nρ − ε < σ < nρ , where ε > 0 is suﬃciently Rn 0 small. Then there exists a unique global solution u ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) of the Cauchy problem (5.50), satisfying the following time decay estimates 1 −σ

u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

for large t > 0. Furthermore there exist a number A and a function V ∈ L1,a ∩ L∞ such that the asymptotic formula is valid 1 1 1 (5.51) u (t, x) = At− σ V xt− ρ + O t− σ −γ for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where γ = 12 min a, 1 − nσ , ρ and V (ξ) is the solution of the integral equation 1 1 1 dz −1 V (ξ) = G (ξ) − G ξ − yz ρ (1 − z) ρ K (y) dy n β 0 z (1 − z) ρ Rn (5.52) with β = 1−σnσ Rn V 1+σ (y) dy and ρ

K (y) = V 1+σ (y) − V (y)

V 1+σ (ξ) dξ. Rn

Proof of Theorem 5.18 Considering problems (3.31) and (3.32), we get via Lemma 3.14 and the result of Section 5.2 − σ1 1 n −1 ρ − n 1− 1 u (t) Lp ≤ C t ρ ( p ) 1 + Cε −σ tσ− ρ (5.53) n and u (t) L1,a ≤ C t

a ρ

1 + Cε

ρ n

−σ

− σ1

t

1 n σ−ρ

−1 (5.54)

for all t > 0 and 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. As in Chapter 3, we consider the Cauchy problem (3.35) for the new dependent variables (v (t, x) , ϕ (t)). We now prove the estimate a v (t) L1,a ≤ C t ρ for all t > 0. By estimate (5.53) we have

464

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations σ u (t) L∞

≤ C t

then

1− nσ ρ

σ

1 + Cε

ρ n

−σ

1 ϕ (t) ≤ θ

hence ϕ (t) ≤ C t

−σ n ρ

−1

−σ n ρ

uσ vdx ≤ C t

t

1− nσ ρ

−1 ,

;

Rn

. Thus by virtue of (5.53) and (5.54) we get a

v (t) L1,a ≤ eϕ(t) u (t) L1,a ≤ C (T ) t ρ and

1 −n ρ (1− p )

v (t) Lp ≤ eϕ(t) u (t) Lp ≤ C (T ) t

for all 0 < t ≤ T. Now we consider t > T. We use the integral equation (3.37). By virtue of estimates (5.54) and Lemma 3.12 we get t

v (τ ) σ σ G(t − τ ) u (τ ) v (τ ) − u (τ ) v (τ ) dx dτ 1,a θ T Rn L t σ u (τ ) v (τ ) − v (τ ) ≤C uσ (τ ) v (τ ) dx 1,a dτ θ T Rn L ρ t −1 −σ τ v (τ ) L1,a dτ ≤ Cε−σ n T for all t > T. Therefore in view of (3.37) we obtain −σ

v (t) L1,a ≤ G (t − T ) v (T ) L1,a + Cε a

t

≤ C (T ) t ρ +

τ T

−1

ρ n

−σ

t

T

τ

−1

v (τ ) L1,a dτ

v (τ ) L1,a dτ

for all t > T. Here > 0 is small enough, and T > 0 is suﬃciently large (remember that σ < nρ is close to nρ ). The application of the Gronwall’s lemma yields the estimate a

v (t) L1,a ≤ C t ρ

(5.55)

for all t > 0. In the same manner by virtue of estimates (5.53) and Lemma 3.12 we get

5.3 Whitham type equations

465

v (t) Lp ≤ G (t − T ) v (T ) Lp t

1 σ σ + G (t − τ ) u (τ ) − u (τ ) v (τ ) dx v (τ ) dτ p θ n T R L 2t n 1 n 1 a a − 1− − 1− − ≤ C (T ) t ρ ( p ) + C (t − τ ) ρ ( p ) ρ τ ρ −1 dτ T t .−1 −σ ρ −σ τ v (τ ) Lp dτ + Cε t n 2 t − n 1− 1 −1 τ v (τ ) Lp dτ ≤ C (T ) t ρ ( p ) + t 2

for all t > T. The further application of the Gronwall’s lemma yields the estimate − n 1− 1 v (t) Lp ≤ C t ρ ( p ) for all t > 0. Therefore in the same way as in the proof of Theorems 5.4-5.5 we get the result of Theorem 5.18 .

5.3 Whitham type equations This section is devoted to the investigation of large time asymptotics for solutions to the Cauchy problem for nonconvective type nonlinear dissipative equations in the subcritical case ut + N (u) + Lu = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (5.56) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R. The linear part of equation (5.56) is a pseudodiﬀerential operator deﬁned by the Fourier transformation Lu = F ξ→x (L (ξ) u (ξ)) , and the nonlinearity N (u) is a quadratic pseudodiﬀerential operator N (u) = F ξ→x a (t, ξ, y) u (t, ξ − y) u (t, y) dy, R

deﬁned by the symbol a (t, ξ, y) . Nonconvective type nonlinearity means that a (t, 0, y) = 0. We consider here the real valued solutions u (t, x) . Suppose that the linear operator L satisﬁes the dissipation condition which in terms of the symbol L (ξ) has the form δ

Re L (ξ) ≥ µ {ξ} ξ

ν

(5.57)

466

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

for all ξ ∈ R, where µ > 0, ν ≥ 0, δ > 0. Also we suppose that the symbol is smooth L (ξ) ∈ C1 (Rn ) and has the estimate l ∂ξ L (ξ) ≤ C {ξ}δ−l ξν (5.58) for all ξ ∈ R \ {0} , l = 0, 1. To ﬁnd the asymptotic formulas for solutions we assume that the symbol L (ξ) has the following asymptotic representation in the origin δ+γ L (ξ) = L0 (ξ) + O |ξ| (5.59) δ

δ−1

ξ, µ1 , µ2 ∈ R, γ ∈ (0, 1) . for all |ξ| ≤ 1, where L0 (ξ) = µ1 |ξ| + iµ2 |ξ| We suppose that the symbol of the nonlinear operator N is continuous with respect to time t > 0 and l ∂ξ a (t, ξ, y) ≤ C {ξ − y}−l ({ξ − y}α ξ − yσ + {y}α yσ ) (5.60) for all ξ, y ∈ R, t > 0, l = 0, 1, where α ≥ 0, σ = 0 if ν = 0 and σ ∈ [0, ν] if ν > 0. The subcritical case with respect to the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions means that δ > δc = 1 + α. We assume that the symbols of the nonlinearity have the asymptotics α+γ σ a (t, 0, y) = a0 (y) + O {y} (5.61) y for all y, z ∈ R, t > 0, where γ ∈ (0, 1) , a0 (y) is homogeneous of order α. Also we suppose the total mass of the initial data is not zero 1 u0 (x) dx = 0. u 0 (0) = √ 2π R

Denote κ ≡ θ2

a0 (y) e−L0 (−y)−L0 (y) dy.

R

Deﬁne ϕ A0,∞ = ϕ (·) L∞ (|ξ|≤1) and ϕ B0,1 = ϕ (·) L1 (|ξ|≥1) ξ

ξ

and

γ

(·) L∞ , ϕ D0,0 = |∂ξ | ϕ ξ

where γ ∈ (0, min (1, δ)) is such that γ < α if α = 0. Denote as well G0 (x) = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ) , N0 (ϕ) = F ξ→x a0 (y) ϕ (ξ − y) ϕ (y) dy. R

In this section we prove the following result.

5.3 Whitham type equations

467

Theorem 5.19. Assume that u0 ∈ A0,∞ ∩B0,1 ∩D0,0 with a suﬃciently small norm u0 A0,∞ + u0 B0,1 + u0 D0,0 = ε. Suppose that κ > 0 and θ=u 0 (0) > 0. We assume that 1 − ε3 < ω < 1, where ω = δδc . Then there exists a unique solution u ∈ L∞ ((0, ∞) × R) ∩ C [0, ∞); A0,∞ ∩B0,1 ∩ D0,0 to the Cauchy problem (5.56) satisfying the following time decay estimate u (t) ∞ ≤ Ct δ −1 α

for all t > 0. Furthermore there exist a number A and a function V ∈ L∞ ∩L1 such that the asymptotic formula is valid α α 1 γ u (t, x) = At δ −1 V xt− δ + O t δ −1− for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where γ = 12 min (1 − ω, γ) . Here the function V (ξ) is the solution of the integral equation 1 dz 1 1 −1 G0 ξ − yz δ (1 − z) δ F (y) dy, V (ξ) = G0 (ξ) − 1 η 0 z (1 − z) δ R where

F (y) = N0 (V ) (y) − V (y) N 0 (V ) (0)

and η=

1 N0 (V ) (0) . 1−ω

Remark 5.20. The conditions of the theorem on the initial data u0 can also be expressed in terms of the standard weighted Sobolev spaces as follows u0 H,0 + u0 H0, ≤ ε, where > 12 . However, the conditions on the initial data u0 are described more precisely in the norm A0,∞ ∩B0,1 ∩ D0,0 . Remark 5.21. We give an example of the application of Theorem 5.19. For the potential Whitham equation 2

δ

ut + (ux ) + µ1 |∂x | u + µ2 |∂x |

δ−1

ux = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, δ

δ−1

(5.62)

we have a (t, ξ, y) = − (ξ − y) y, L (ξ) = µ1 |ξ| − iµ2 ξ |ξ| , a0 (y) = y 2 , δ δ−1 L0 (ξ) = µ1 |ξ| − iµ2 ξ |ξ| , µ1 > 0, µ2 ∈ R. The conditions (5.60) and (5.61) are fulﬁlled with σ = α = 2, ν = δ, δ > δc = 3 so that ω = δδc < 1 is suﬃciently close to 1. Then for small initial data u0 such that θ > 0 and the norm

468

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

u0 H,0 + u0 H0, ≤ ε with >

1 2,

the asymptotics 1 1 1 γ u (t, x) = t δ −1 V xt− δ + O t δ −1−

is valid for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R.

5.3.1 Preliminary Lemmas The Green operator G is given by

G (t) φ = F ξ→x e−L(ξ)t φˆ (ξ) .

From Lemmas 1.38 we obtain some preliminary estimates for the Green operator G (t) in the norms ρ

(t, ·) Lp (|ξ|≤1) , ϕ (t) Aρ,p = |·| ϕ ξ

s

ϕ (t) Bs,p = |·| ϕ (t, ·)

Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ

γ

ρ

,

s

ϕ (t) Dρ,s = |∂ξ | {·} · ϕ (t, ·) L∞ ξ

where ρ, s ∈ R, γ ∈ (0, 1) . Lemma 5.22. Let the linear operator L satisfy dissipation conditions (5.57) and (5.58). Suppose that ϕ (0) = 0. Then the estimates are valid for all t > 0 1 − δ1 (ρ+ p − q1 )

G (t) ϕ Aρ,p ≤ C t where ρ ≥ 0 if p = q and ρ +

1 p

−

1 q

ϕ A0,q ,

> 0 if 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞,

G (t) ϕ Aρ,p ≤ C t where ρ + γ ≥ 0 if p = ∞ and ρ + γ +

1 − δ1 (ρ+γ+ p )

1 p

ϕ D0,0 ,

> 0 if 1 ≤ p < ∞, µ

− νs

G (t) ϕ Bs,p ≤ Ce− 2 t {t}

ϕ B0,p

where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, s ≥ 0, if ν > 0 and s = 0 if ν = 0 and −ρ δ

G (t) ϕ Dρ,s ≤ C t γ −ρ δ + 2δ

+ C t

− νs

{t}

− νs

{t}

( ϕ D0,0 + ϕ A0,∞ + ϕ B0,∞ ) 1

1

2 ( ϕ A0,∞ + ϕ B0,∞ ) 2 ϕ D 0,0

where 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞, ρ ≥ 0, s ≥ 0, if ν > 0 and s = 0 if ν = 0, 0 ≤ γ < min (1, δ) if ρ = 0 and 0 ≤ γ < min (1, δ, ρ) if ρ > 0.

5.3 Whitham type equations

Deﬁne G0 (t) by

469

G0 (t) φ = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ)t φˆ (ξ) , δ

δ−1

ξ is homogeneous of order δ > 0, where the symbol L0 (ξ) = µ1 |ξ| +iµ2 |ξ| µ1 , µ2 ∈ R and G0 (x) = F ξ→x e−L0 (ξ) . Using the method of Lemma 1.39 we estimate a diﬀerence G (t) − G0 (t) . Lemma 5.23. Let the linear operator L satisfy conditions (5.57) and (5.59), then the estimates 1 1 1 − ρ+γ δ −δ(p−q)

(G (t) − G0 (t)) φ Aρ,p ≤ C t for 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞, and 1 1 G0 (t) φ − t− δ φ (0) G0 t− δ (·)

φ A0,q

1 − ρ+γ δ − δp

Aρ,p

≤ C t

φ D0,0

are valid for all t > 0, where 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, ρ + γ ≥ 0. In the next lemma we estimate the Green operator G (t) in our basic norms φ X =

sup t

sup

ρ+1 δ

ρ∈[−γ,α+γ] t>0

+ sup

φ (t) Aρ,1 + s ν

1 1+ γδ + δp

sup sup {t} t

s∈[0,σ] 1≤p≤∞ t>0

s

+ sup sup sup {t} ν t

ρ−γ δ

ρ=0,α s∈[0,σ] t>0

ρ

sup

sup t δ φ (t) Aρ,∞

ρ∈[0,α+γ] t>0

φ (t) Bs,p

φ (t) Dρ,s ,

and 1 ω+ δp

φ Y = sup sup t 1≤p≤∞ t>0

1 ω+ γδ + δp

+ sup sup t 1≤p≤∞ t>0

ω− γδ

+ sup t t>0

σ

{t} ν φ (t) A0,p σ

{t} ν φ (t) B0,p

σ

{t} ν φ (t) D0,0 ;

here γ ∈ (0, min (1, δ)) is such that γ < α if α > 0, ω ∈ (0, 1). We take 1−ω . ω = δδc < 1 below. Deﬁne the function g (t) = t Lemma 5.24. Let the function f (t, x) have a zero mean value f(t, 0) = 0. Then the following inequality t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ ≤ C f Y 0

X

is valid, provided that the right-hand side is ﬁnite.

470

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

Proof. By virtue of the ﬁrst two estimates of Lemma 5.22 we obtain for ρ ∈ [−γ, α + γ] if p = 1 and for ρ ∈ [0, α + γ] if p = ∞ t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ 0

t 2

≤C

t − τ

Aρ,p

− ρ+γ δ

1 − δp

τ

γ δ

−1

τ >0

0 t

+C t 2

−ρ δ

t − τ

τ

1 − δp −1

{τ }

≤ C t

−σ ν

ω− γδ

dτ sup τ

1 ω+ δp

dτ sup τ

1 −ρ δ − δp

τ >0

f (τ ) D0,0 σ

{τ } ν f (τ ) A0,p

f Y .

Similarly, by the third estimate of Lemma 5.22 we get for s ∈ [0, σ] , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, t > 0 t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ s,p 0 B t γ 1 µ −1− δ − δp −s −σ ≤C e− 2 (t−τ ) τ {t − τ } ν {τ } ν dτ 0 1 1+ γδ + δp

× sup τ τ >0

1 −1− γδ − δp

σ

{τ } ν f (τ ) B0,p ≤ C t

{t}

− νs

f Y .

Finally by the fourth estimate of Lemma 5.22 we ﬁnd for ρ = 0, α, s ∈ [0, σ] , t>0 t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ ρ,s 0 D t s −ρ − ≤C dτ t − τ δ {t − τ } ν g −1 (τ ) 0

× ( f (τ ) D0,0 + f (τ ) A0,∞ + f (τ ) B0,∞ ) t −ρ+ γ −s +C dτ t − τ δ 2δ {t − τ } ν g −1 (τ ) 0 1

1

2 × ( f (τ ) A0,∞ + f (τ ) B0,∞ ) 2 f (τ ) D 0,0 .

Using the norm Y we have t −1 g (τ ) G(t − τ )f (τ ) dτ ρ,s 0 D t ρ γ − −1 −s −σ ≤ C f Y t − τ δ τ δ {t − τ } ν {τ } ν dτ 0 t γ −ρ+ γ −1 −s −σ t − τ δ 2δ τ 2δ {t − τ } ν {τ } ν dτ + C f Y 0

− νs

≤ C f Y {t}

t

γ−ρ δ

.

5.3 Whitham type equations

471

Hence, the results of the lemma follow, and Lemma 5.24 is proved. Now we estimate the nonlinearity N (u) in the norms A0,p , B0,p and D0,0 . Lemma 5.25. Let the nonlinear operator N satisfy condition (5.60). Then the inequalities N (ϕ) A0,p ≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) N (ϕ) B0,p ≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα+γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) × ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aγ,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) and N (ϕ) D0,0 ≤ C ϕ (t) Dα,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aα−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) are valid for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, provided that the right-hand sides are bounded. Proof. By virtue of condition (5.60) (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy N (ϕ) A0,p ≤ |a (t, ·, y)| |ϕ R

Lp (|ξ|≤1)

ξ σ α σ α ≤ C (· − y {· − y} + y {y} ) |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy

Lp (|ξ|≤1) ξ

R

hence, by the Young inequality we obtain σ α (t) Lp (|ξ|≤1) N (ϕ) A0,p ≤ C · {·} ϕ (t) L1 ϕ ξ + ϕ (t) L∞ (|ξ|>1) ξ

≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) . In the same manner

|a (t, ξ, y)| |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy N (ϕ) B0,p ≤ |y|≤ 1 p 2 Lξ (|ξ|≥1) + |a (t, ·, y)| |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy . |y|≥ 1 p 2

Lξ (|ξ|≥1)

;

472

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

Thus N (ϕ) B0,p

γ σ α α ≤C {· − y} (· − y {· − y} + {y} ) |y|≤ 1 2

× |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy Lp (|ξ|≥1) ξ γ σ α σ α +C {y} (· − y {· − y} + y {y} ) |y|≥ 1 2

× |ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y)| dy Lp (|ξ|≥1) , ξ

and therefore, σ α+γ N (ϕ) B0,p ≤ C · {·} ϕ (t)

L1

γ

σ

ϕ (t) Lp

α

+ C {·} ϕ (t) Lp · {·} ϕ (t) L1 ≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα+γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aγ,p + ϕ (t) B0,p ) . The ﬁrst two estimates of the lemma then follow. Denote α

σ

α

σ −1

a (t, ξ, y) = a (t, ξ, y) ({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) , α σ α σ Φ (t, ξ, y) = ({ξ − y} ξ − y + {y} y ) ϕ (t, ξ − y) ϕ (t, y) . We have

γ N (ϕ) D0,0 = |∂ξ | a (t, ·, y) Φ (t, ·, y) dy ∞ R L γ ≤C a (t, ·, y) dy Φ (t, ·, y) |∂ξ | ∞ R L γ + C [|∂ξ | , Φ (t, ·, y)] a (t, ·, y) dy , R

L∞

where the commutator γ

[|∂ξ | , Φ (t, ξ, y)] a (t, ξ, y) −1−γ ≡ |Φ (t, ξ − η, y) − Φ (t, ξ, y)| a (t, ξ − η, y) |η| dη. R

By virtue of condition (5.60) we estimate the commutator

5.3 Whitham type equations

473

[|∂ξ |γ , Φ (t, ·, y)] a (t, ·, y) dy ∞ R L −1−γ ≤C |Φ (t, · − η, y) − Φ (t, ·, y)| |η| dηdy R

L∞

R

γ α σ ≤C (|∂ | {· − y} · − y ϕ (t, · − y)) ϕ (t, y) dy ξ ∞ R L γ α σ +C (t, · − y)) {y} y ϕ (t, y) dy (|∂ξ | ϕ L∞

R

γ

α

σ

≤ C |∂ξ | {·} · ϕ (t) L∞ ϕ (t) L1 γ

α

σ

+ C |∂ξ | ϕ (t) L∞ {·} · ϕ (t) L1 ≤ C ϕ (t) Dα,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) .

(5.63)

Via (5.60) we have |η|≥ 12 {ξ−y}

| a (t, ξ − η, y) − a (t, ξ, y)|

≤C and

dη

|η|≥ 12 {ξ−y}

1+γ

|η|

dη 1+γ

|η|

−γ

≤ C {ξ − y}

| a (t, ξ − η, y) − a (t, ξ, y)|

dη 1+γ

|η| ξ−y−η dη −1 ≤C {ζ} dζ 1+γ |η| |η|≤ 12 {ξ−y} ξ−y dη −1 −γ ≤ C {ξ − y} . γ ≤ C {ξ − y} 1 |η| |η|≤ 2 {ξ−y} |η|≤ 12 {ξ−y}

Thus we have the estimate

γ

|∂ξ | a (t, ξ, y) =

−1−γ

| a (t, ξ − η, y) − a (t, ξ, y)| |η| R −γ

≤ C {ξ − y} for all ξ, y ∈ R. Therefore,

dη

474

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

Φ (t, ·, y) |∂ξ |γ a (t, ·, y) dy ∞ R L α−γ σ ≤C {· − y} · − y ϕ (t, · − y) ϕ (t, y) dy ∞ R L −γ α σ +C (t, · − y) {y} y ϕ (t, y) dy {· − y} ϕ ∞ L R α−γ σ ≤ C {·} · ϕ (t) ϕ (t) L∞ L1 −γ α σ + C {·} ϕ (t) 1 {·} · ϕ (t) L∞ L

≤ C ( ϕ (t) Aα−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) .

(5.64)

In view of (5.63) - (5.64) we get N (ϕ) D0,0 ≤ C ϕ (t) Dα,σ ( ϕ (t) A0,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) + C ϕ (t) D0,0 ( ϕ (t) Aα,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) + C ( ϕ (t) Aα−γ,1 + ϕ (t) Bσ,1 ) ( ϕ (t) A0,∞ + ϕ (t) B0,∞ ) + C ( ϕ (t) A−γ,1 + ϕ (t) B0,1 ) ( ϕ (t) Aα,∞ + ϕ (t) Bσ,∞ ) . Thus the third estimate of the lemma is true and Lemma 5.25 is proved. 5.3.2 Proof of Theorem 5.19 For the local existence of classical solutions for the Cauchy problem (5.56) we refer to Chapter 2, Section 2.5. for all t > 0. We deﬁne Z = φ ∈ A0,∞ ∩ B0,1 ∩ D0,0 with norm φ Z = φ A0,∞ + φ B0,1 + φ D0,0 = ε. Denote

5.3 Whitham type equations

g (t) =

κθ 1+ 1−ω

1−ω ,ω =

475

δc < 1. δ

Applying Lemmas 5.22-5.23 we understand that G0 is a self-similar asymptotic operator in spaces X, Z with functional f (φ) = φ (x) dx. R

Also the function G0 (x, t) = t− δ F

1

−1 ξ→xt δ

e−L0 (ξ)

is the asymptotic kernel. By a direct calculation we have σ η Re f (N (θG0 (t))) ≥ θσ t−1+ω , θ 2 so N is a subcritical nonconvective type. By Lemma 5.25 2

N (v) Y ≤ C v X and

Hence

v (τ ) 2 θ N (v (τ )) (0) ≤ C v X , Y v (t) ≤ C v 2 . N (v (t)) − K Y = N (v (t)) (0) X θ Y

Applying Lemma 5.24 we get t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) K (τ ) dτ 0

X

2

≤ C K Y ≤ C v X . Via Lemma 5.25 we obtain ω 2 (v (τ )) (0) ≤ C v X . t N

(5.65)

476

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

In the same manner we can estimate the diﬀerences K(v) − K(w) and N (v) − N (w) to see that all conditions of Theorem 5.2 are fulﬁlled, and therefore, there exists a unique solution u ∈ X. By analogy we easily get t −ω |G0 (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| τ dτ 0 X

v X + w X ≤ C v − w X 1 + , θ γ t −ω t |G (t − τ ) (K (v (τ )) − K (w (τ )))| τ dτ 0

X v X + w X γ ≤ C t (v (t) − w (t)) X 1 + , θ γ t −µ−γ ≤ C v 2 t |G (t − τ ) K (v (τ ))| τ dτ X 0

and

X

γ t −µ t (G (t − τ ) − G0 (t − τ )) K (v (τ )) τ dτ 0

2

≤ C v X .

X

Therefore via Theorem 5.4 and Theorem 5.5 we have the result of Theorem 5.19 which is then proved.

5.4 Damped wave equation 5.4.1 Small initial data First we study the one dimensional nonlinear damped wave equation vtt + vt − vxx + v 1+σ = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (5.66) v (0, x) = εv0 (x) , vt (0, x) = εv1 (x) , x ∈ R in the subcritical case σ ∈ (0, 2) , with small ε > 0. For simplicity we consider the one dimensional case. The higher dimensional damped wave equation can also be considered by our method. −1 Taking v = u1 and (1 + ∂x ) vt = u2 we rewrite equation (5.66) in the form of a system of nonlinear evolutionary equations for the vector u (t, x) =

ut + N (u) + Lu = 0

u1 (t, x) , with the initial data u2 (t, x)

(5.67)

5.4 Damped wave equation

u (0, x) = u (x) ≡

εv0 (x) −1 ε (1 + ∂x ) v1 (x)

477

,

where the linear part of system (5.67) is a pseudodiﬀerential operator deﬁned by the Fourier transformation as follows Lu = F ξ→x L (ξ) Fx→ξ u, with a matrix - symbol L (ξ) = {Ljk (ξ)}|j,k=1,2 =

0 ξ2 1+iξ

− (1 + iξ) 1

and the nonlinearity is deﬁned by N (u) = (1 + ∂x )

−1

0

u1+σ 1

,

with (1 + ∂x )

−1

= F ξ→x (1 + iξ)

−1

Fx→ξ = e−x

x

dx ex .

−∞

Denote by λ1 (ξ) =

1 1" 1 1" + 1 − 4ξ 2 , λ2 (ξ) = − 1 − 4ξ 2 2 2 2 2

the eigenvalues of the matrix L (ξ). Note that the matrix

1 + iξ 1 + iξ Q11 (ξ) Q12 (ξ) = Q (ξ) = −λ1 (ξ) −λ2 (ξ) Q21 (ξ) Q22 (ξ) and Q−1 (ξ) =

1 (1 + iξ) (λ1 (ξ) − λ2 (ξ))

−λ2 (ξ) − (1 + iξ) 1 + iξ λ1 (ξ)

diagonalize the matrix L (ξ), that is Q−1 (ξ) L (ξ) Q (ξ) =

λ1 (ξ) 0 0 λ2 (ξ)

.

Consider the system of ordinary diﬀerential equations with constant coeﬃcients depending on the parameter ξ ∈ R d u (t, ξ) + L (ξ) u (t, ξ) = 0. dt

(5.68)

Multiplying system (5.68) by Q−1 (ξ) from the left and changing u (t, ξ) = Q (ξ) w (t, ξ) we diagonalize system (5.68)

478

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

d dt

w1 (t, ξ) w2 (t, ξ)

=−

λ1 (ξ) 0 0 λ2 (ξ)

w1 (t, ξ) w2 (t, ξ)

;

hence by integrating with respect to time t ≥ 0 we ﬁnd

−tλ (ξ)

e 1 w1 (t, ξ) 0 w1 (0, ξ) = . w2 (t, ξ) w2 (0, ξ) 0 e−tλ2 (ξ) Returning to the solution u (t, ξ) we get

u 1 (t, x) w1 (t, ξ) u (t, ξ) = = Q (ξ) u 2 (t, x) w2 (t, ξ) −tλ (ξ)

e 1 u 0 (ξ) 0 −1 = Q (ξ) Q (ξ) u 1 (ξ) 0 e−tλ2 (ξ)

u 0 (ξ) = e−tL(ξ) , u 1 (ξ) where the fundamental Cauchy matrix has the form −tλ (ξ)

e 1 0 e−tL(ξ) = Q (ξ) Q−1 (ξ) 0 e−tλ2 (ξ) −λ2 (ξ) − (1 + iξ) 1 e−tλ1 (ξ) =" ξ2 λ (ξ) 1 1 − 4ξ 2 1+iξ λ1 (ξ) 1 + iξ 1 +" e−tλ2 (ξ) . ξ2 1 − 4ξ 2 − 1+iξ −λ2 (ξ) We rewrite the Cauchy problem (5.67) in the form of the integral equation t u (t) = G (t) u − G (t − τ ) N (u) (τ ) dτ, (5.69) 0

where the Green operator G (t) ψ = F ξ→x e−tL(ξ) ψˆ (ξ) . In this section we prove the following result. 2 Theorem 5.26. Assume that the initial data u ∈ L∞ (R) ∩ L1,a (R) , a ∈ (0, 1), are such that the mean value θ=ε ( u1 (x) + u 2 (x)) dx > 0. R

Then there exists a positive ε such that the Cauchy problem for equation (5.67) 2 has a unique mild solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L∞ (R) ∩ L1,a (R) satisfying the following time decay estimate

5.4 Damped wave equation

479

−1

u (t) L∞ ≤ Cε t σ for large t > 0 and any σ ∈ 2 − ε3 , 2 . Furthermore the asymptotic formula is valid

1

1 x −σ √ V u (t, x) = e1 (tη) + O t− σ −γ , t for t →

∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where γ = 12 min a, 1 − σ2 , 1 e1 = . Here V ∈ L1,a (R)∩L∞ (R) is the solution of the integral equation 0 ξ2 1 1 V (ξ) = √ e− 4 − √ 4π η 4π

1

e−

1

0

z (1 − z) 2

where η=

dz

σ 1−

√ 2 z) 4(1−z)

(ξ−y

F (y) dy,

(5.70)

R

σ 2

V 1+σ (y) dy R

and

F (y) = V 1+σ (y) − V (y)

V 1+σ (ξ) dξ. R

Remark 5.27. As a consequence of Theorem 5.26 we have the following asymptotics for the damped wave equation (5.66)

1 1 x −σ v (t, x) = (tη) V √ + O t− σ −γ , t for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R if the initial data 2 −1 v0 , (1 + ∂x ) v1 ∈ L∞ (R) ∩ L1,a (R) with a ∈ (0, 1) are such that the mean value (v0 (x) + v1 (x)) dx > 0. R

Before proving Theorem 5.26 we obtain in Subsection 5.4.1 some preliminary estimates of the Green operator solving the linearized Cauchy problem corresponding to (5.67). Preliminary Lemmas First we collect some preliminary estimates for the Green operator G (t) ψ = F ξ→x e−tL(ξ) ψˆ (ξ)

480

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

in the weighted Lebesgue norms φ Lp and φ L1,a , where a ∈ (0, 1) , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Also we show that G (t) asymptotically behaves as the Green function G0 (t) for the heat equation 2 G0 (t) ψ = F ξ→x e−tξ ψˆ (ξ) = G0 (t, x − y) ψ (y) dy R

with a kernel − 12

G0 (t, x) = (2π)

2 x2 −1 F ξ→x e−tξ = (4πt) 2 e− 4t .

Denote a matrix A0 =

11 00

and a vector

φ (x) dx.

ϑ= R

From Lemma 1.33 we have the following result. 2 Lemma 5.28. Suppose that the vector-function φ ∈ L∞ (R) ∩ L1,a (R) , where a ∈ (0, 1) . Then the estimates G (t) φ Lp ≤ C φ Lp and

x2 ω −1 |·| G (t) φ − (4πt) 2 e− 4t A0 ϑ

≤ Ct− 2 (1− p )− 1

Lp

1

a−ω 2

φ L1,a

are valid for all t > 0, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ ω ≤ a. The following lemma will be used for estimates of the nonlinearity in Theorems 5.2 - 5.5 Lemma 5.29. Let the vector-function ψ (t, x) be such that A0 R ψ (t, x) dx = 0 and the norm ν+ 12

sup t t>0

ν− a 2

ψ (t) L∞ + sup t t>0

ψ (t) L1,a ≡ ψ F

be ﬁnite, where a ∈ (0, 1) , ν ∈ (0, 1) . Also suppose that the function g (t) is µ such that g (t) ≥ t for all t > 0, where µ > 0 is such that µ + ν − a2 < 1. Then the following inequalities are valid t 1 −ν−µ −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ ≤ C t 2 ψ F L∞

0

and

t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ 0

for all t > 0.

L1,a

1+ a 2 −ν−µ

≤ C t

ψ F

5.4 Damped wave equation

Proof. Since A0

R

481

ψ (t, x) dx = 0, we have by the estimates of Lemma 5.28 G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) L∞ ≤ C ψ (τ ) L∞ ,

G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) L∞ ≤ C (t − τ )

− 1+a 2

(5.71)

ψ (τ ) L1,a

(5.72)

and G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) L1,a ≤ C ψ (τ ) L1,a

(5.73)

for all 0 < τ < t. Therefore, by virtue of (5.71) and (5.72) we get t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ ∞ 0 L 2t t −a−1 −µ −µ ≤C (t − τ ) 2 2 ψ (τ ) L1,a τ dτ + C ψ (τ ) L∞ τ dτ 0

≤ C ψ F 1

≤ C t 2

t 2

(t − τ )

1 −a 2−2

τ

a 2 −ν−µ

t

dτ + t 2

0

−ν−µ

t 2

−ν−µ− 12

τ

dτ

ψ F

for all t > 0. In the same manner via (5.73) we ﬁnd t −1 g (τ ) G (t − τ ) ψ (τ ) dτ 1,a 0 L t t a −µ −ν−µ ≤C ψ (τ ) L1,a τ dτ ≤ C ψ F τ 2 dτ 0

0

1+ a 2 −ν−µ

≤ C t

ψ F

for all t > 0. Lemma 5.29 is proved. Denote ζ=

θ1+σ 1 . (4π) 1 − σ2 (1 + σ) 2 σ 2

Since 2 − ε3 < σ < 2 and θ ≥ Cε, we may suppose that ζ ≥ 1. 2 Lemma 5.30. Assume that w ∈ L1,a (R) ∩ L∞ (R) with a ∈ (0, 1) and

w (x) dx ≥ Cε > 0. θ ≡ ε A0 R

1

Let the function (w (t, x))1 = w1 (t, x) satisfy the estimates w1 (t) L1+σ ≤ Cε t and

σ − 2(1+σ)

482

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

w1 (t) − (G (t) εw) 1 L1+σ ≤ Cε1+σ t

σ − 2(1+σ)

for all t > 0. Then there exists ε > 0 such that the following inequality is valid t 1 1− σ 1+ dτ w11+σ (τ, x) dx ≥ t 2 (5.74) 2 R 0 for all t > 0. Proof. Via Lemma 5.28 we get σ − 2(1+σ) −a 2

(G (t) εw) 1 − θG0 (t, x) L1+σ ≤ Cε t

,

and via the assumption w1 (t) − (G (t) εw) 1 L1+σ ≤ Cε1+σ t

σ − 2(1+σ)

we have applying the H¨ older inequality 1+σ 1+σ 1+σ 1 ≤ w − θ1+σ G1+σ (t) − (G (t) ε w) w 1 1 0 1 1 L L 1+σ 1 − θ1+σ G1+σ + (G (t) εw) (t, x) 0 L1 σ σ ≤ C w1 L1+σ + (G (t) εw) 1 L1+σ w1 (t) − (G (t) εw) 1 L1+σ σ σ σ 1 − θG0 (t, x) L1+σ + C (G (t) εw) 1 L1+σ + θ G0 L1+σ (G (t) εw) −σ 2

≤ Cε2+σ t

+ Cε1+σ t

a −σ 2−2

for all t > 0. By a direct computation we obtain for the heat kernel G0 (t, x) = (4πt)

− 12

x2

e− 4t

(G0 (t, x))

1+σ

− 12

dx = (1 + σ)

−σ 2

(4πt)

.

R

Therefore, we get 1+σ − σ 2 t θ w11+σ (t, x) dx − σ 1 R (4π) 2 (1 + σ) 2 1+σ = w11+σ (t, x) dx − θ1+σ (G0 (t, x)) dx R

R

σ σ a 1 ≤ Cε2+σ t− 2 + Cε1+σ t− 2 − 2 ≤ C w11+σ − θ1+σ G1+σ 0 L for all t > 0; hence

5.4 Damped wave equation

483

t 1+σ 1− σ 2 t θ dτ w11+σ (t, x) dx − σ 1 σ 0 R (4π) 2 1 − 2 (1 + σ) 2 t σ 1− σ = dτ v (τ, x) dx − ζt 2 0

R t

≤ Cε2+σ

τ

−σ 2

t

τ

dτ + Cε1+σ

0

a −σ 2−2

dτ

0

≤ Cεζt1− 2 + Cε1+σ t1− 2 − 2 ≤ σ

σ

for all t > 0. Thus we get t

a

1 1− σ ζt 2 2

σ

w11+σ (t, x) dx ≥ ζt1− 2 .

dτ 0

(5.75)

R

Estimate (5.75) implies (5.74), since ζ ≥ 1 and Lemma 5.30 is proved. Proof of Theorem 5.26 We use the method of Theorems 5.2 - 5.5. We change the dependent variable u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t) w (t, x) , then we get from (5.67) wt + Lw + e−σϕ N (w) − ϕ w = 0

(5.76)

or in the integral form w (t) = G (t) w −

t

G (t − τ ) e−σϕ N (w) − ϕ w dτ.

(5.77)

0

According to the large time asymptotic behavior described by Lemma 5.28 we need to demand that the real-valued function ϕ (t) satisﬁes the zero total mass condition −σϕ e N (w) − ϕ w dx = 0, A0 R

which is reduced to one equation −1 e−σϕ(t) (1 + ∂x ) w11+σ (t, x) dx − ϕ (t) (A0 w (t, x))1 dx R R w11+σ (t, x) dx − ϕ (t) (A0 w (t, x))1 dx = 0. = e−σϕ(t) R

R

We also can assume that ϕ (0) = 0. Since, A0 L (0) = 0 via equation (5.76) we get d (A0 w (t, x))1 dx = 0 : dt R

484

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

(A0 w (t, x))1 dx = ε (A0 u (x))1 dx R −1 =ε v0 (x) + (1 + ∂x ) v1 (x) dx R (v0 (x) + v1 (x)) dx ≡ θ =ε R

R

for all t > 0. Therefore we obtain the equation −σϕ(t) 1 ϕ (t) = e w1+σ (t, x) dx. θ R 1

(5.78)

Multiplying equation (5.78) by the factor eσϕ(t) , then integrating with respect to time t > 0 and changing the dependent variable eσϕ(t) = g (t) , we get g (t) = 1 +

σ θ

t w11+σ (τ, x) dxdτ. 0

(5.79)

R

Thus we need to solve the following integral equation w = M (w) ,

(5.80)

where the operator M(w) (t) = G (t) ε u−

t

g −1 (τ ) G (t − τ ) f (τ ) dτ

0

and f (t) = N (w (t)) − w (t)

1 θ

w11+σ (t, x) dx. R

We deﬁne w(0) = G (t) u and successive approximations w(k+1) = M w(k) for k = 0, 1, 2, ... We prove that M is a contraction mapping in the set X = w ∈ C [0, ∞); L1,a (R) ∩ L∞ (R) : + 1 −a a sup t 2 w (t) L∞ + t 2 · w (t) L1 ≤ 2ε . t>0

We also prove both that the mapping M transforms the set X into itself, and that the estimates are valid − σ w(k) ∈ X; w(k) (t) − G (t) ε u 1+σ ≤ Cε1+σ t 2(1+σ) , (5.81) L

1 1− σ g (k) (t) ≥ t 2 , 2 A0 f (k) (t, x) dx = 0, A0 w(k) (t, x) dx = θ R

R

1

(5.82) (5.83)

5.4 Damped wave equation

for all t > 0 and k ≥ 0, where f

(k)

(t) = N w

(k)

(t) − w

and g (k) (t) = 1 +

σ θ

(k)

1 (t) θ

t

1+σ

(k)

w1 (t, x)

dx

R

1+σ

(k)

w1 (τ, x) 0

485

dxdτ.

R

For k = 0 the estimates (5.81) follow from Lemma 5.28. Then applying Lemma 5.30 we get the estimate (5.82) with k = 0. Equalities (5.83) are true due to the deﬁnition of w(0) . Then by induction we suppose that (5.81) to (5.83) are valid for some k ≥ 0. Applying the identity x −1 −x ey ψ (y) dy; (1 + ∂x ) ψ (x) = e −∞

we see that

−1 (1 + ∂x ) ψ ∞ ≤ C ψ L∞ , L −1 ≤ C ψ L1,a . (1 + ∂x ) ψ L1,a

Therefore, as a consequence of (5.81) via interpolation inequality (1.4), we get the estimates for the function f (k) (t) 1+σ

1 (k) f (t) ∞ ≤ C w(k) (t) ∞ 1 + w(k) (t) 1 θ L L L − 1+σ 2

≤ Cε1+σ t and (k) f (t)

L1,a

L1,a

L

≤ Cε1+σ t which imply 1+σ sup t 2 f (k) (t)

L∞

t>0

σ ≤ C w(k) (t) ∞ w(k) (t)

1+

1 (k) w (t) 1 θ L

a−σ 2

+ t

σ−a 2

(k) f (t)

L1,a

≤ Cε1+σ .

By (5.82) - (5.84) we can apply Lemma 5.29 with µ = 1 − σ2 , ν =

(5.84) σ 2,

to obtain

t 1 (k+1) (k) (t) − G (t) ε u ≤C (τ ) dτ G (t − τ ) f w ∞ (k) ∞ L (τ ) 0 g L 1+σ σ−a (k) (k) − 12 −1 2 2 ≤ C t sup t f (t) ∞ + t f (t) 1,a ≤ Cε1+σ t 2 t>0

L

L

486

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

and t 1 (k+1) (k) (t) − G (t) ε u ≤ C (τ ) dτ G (t − τ ) f 1,a w 1,a (k) L (τ ) 0 g L 1+σ σ−a a a (k) (k) 1+σ 2 2 2 ≤ C t sup t t 2 f (t) ∞ + t f (t) 1,a ≤ Cε L

t>0

L

for all t > 0. In particular, we see that the estimates (k) − σ w (t) 1+σ ≤ Cε t 2(1+σ) L

(k) u w (t) − G (t) ε

and

L1+σ

σ − 2(1+σ)

≤ Cε1+σ t

are true. Then the application of Lemma 5.30 yields 1+σ σ t 1 1− σ (k+1) (k+1) (t) = 1 + (τ, x) dxdτ ≥ t 2 g w1 θ 0 R 2 for all t > 0. Therefore (5.81) and (5.82) are valid with k replaced by k + 1. Integrating (k+1) wt + Lw(k+1) + e−σϕ N w(k) − ϕ w(k) = 0 with respect to x ∈ R we get d e−σϕ N w(k) − ϕ w(k) dx = 0. w(k+1) dx + dt R R In view of (5.83) A0

w

(k+1)

where e1 =

u (x) dx = θe1 ,

(t, x) dx = A0

R

(5.85)

R

1 . Therefore by (5.85) 0

f (k+1) (t, x) dx 1+σ

1 (k+1) w1 = A0 (t, x) dx dx N w(k+1) (t, x) − w(k+1) (t) θ R R 1+σ (k+1) w1 = A0 N w(k+1) (t, x) dx − (t, x) dx = 0.

A0

R

R

R

By induction we see that properties (5.81) - (5.83) are true for all k ≥ 0. Thus the mapping M transforms the set X into itself. In the same manner we can estimate the diﬀerences M(w(k) )−M(w(k−1) ) to see that M is the contraction

5.4 Damped wave equation

487

mapping in X. Therefore, there exists a unique solution w of integral equation (5.80) in the set X. Now let us compute the asymptotics of the solution. From the proof of Theorem 5.7 we see that there exists a unique solution to the integral equation 1 √ (ξ−y z)2 ξ2 dz 1 −1 V (ξ) = (4π) 2 e− 4 − e− 4(1−z) F (y) dy, (5.86) 1 1 η (4π) 2 0 z (1 − z) 2 R where η=

σ 1−

σ 2

V 1+σ (ξ) dξ R

and F (y) = V

1+σ

(y) − V (y)

V 1+σ (ξ) dξ. R

Next by using the method of the proof of Theorem 5.5 we get the estimate w (t) − e1 t− 12 θV √· ≤ Cεt− 12 (1− p1 )−γ (5.87) t Lp for all t > 0. That is we have the asymptotics

1 · − 12 w (t) = t e1 θV √ + O t− 2 −γ t and

σ g (t) = θσ ηt1− 2 1 + O t−γ

(5.88)

(5.89)

for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R. Therefore via the formula u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t) w (t, x), (5.88) and (5.89) we obtain the asymptotics of the solution. Theorem 5.26 is proved. 5.4.2 Large data Consider the one dimensional nonlinear damped wave equation of the form σ utt + ut − uxx = λ |u| u, x ∈ R, t > 0, (5.90) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , ut (0, x) = u1 (x) , x ∈ R, where σ > 0, λ < 0. Our aim is to prove the large time asymptotic formulas for the solutions of the Cauchy problem (5.90) without any restriction on the size of the initial data u0 (x) and u1 (x). We study the one dimensional case for simplicity, the higher dimensional cases also can be considered by our method. We will prove the following result. Theorem 5.31. Let λ < 0. Assume that the initial data u0 ∈ W12 ∩ H2 ∩ L1,a ∩ C3 , u1 ∈ W11 ∩ H1 ∩ L1,a ∩ C2 , a ∈ (0, 1) , are such that θ > 0. Also suppose that the value σ < 2 is close to 2. Then the Cauchy problem (5.90)

488

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

has a unique global solution u ∈ C( [0, ∞) ; W12 ∩ H2 ∩ L1,a ∩ C3 ), satisfying the following time decay estimates 1 −σ

u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

for large t > 0. Furthermore there exist a constant b and a function V ∈ L∞ ∩ L1,a such that the asymptotic formula is valid 1 1 1 u (t, x) = bt− σ V xt− 2 + O t− σ −γ , for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R, where γ = 12 min a, 1 − σ2 , and V ∈ L1,a ∩ L∞ is a solution of the integral equation (5.70). Remark 5.32. The restriction for the value σ < 2 to be close to 2 is rather technical. It comes from the application of the contraction mapping principle in the proof of Theorem 5.31 below. We believe that the asymptotic behavior of solutions obtained in Theorem 5.31 is general whenever σ ∈ (0, 2) with some decay restrictions on the initial data, as it happens for the nonlinear heat equation (see Escobedo et al. [1995]). Proof of Theorem 5.31 By Lemma 2.40, Lemma 2.41, Lemma 3.42 we get the time decay estimate γ+ 3 γ+1− a 2 utt (t) L1,a ≤ C, sup t 2 utt (t) L∞ + t t≥0

where γ > 0. Denote f (t, x) = utt and consider two auxiliary Cauchy problems Ut − Uxx + |λ| U 1+σ = ε2 |f | , x ∈ R, t > 0, (5.91) U (0, x) = ε |u0 (x)| , x ∈ R, and

Vt − Vxx + ε2σ |λ| V 1+σ = |f | , x ∈ R, t > 0, V (0, x) = 1ε |u0 (x)| , x ∈ R.

(5.92)

with suﬃciently small ε > 0. Thus we can apply the results of Section 5.2 to calculate the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions U (t, x) and V (t, x) to the problems (5.91) and (5.92) respectively. By Lemma 3.45 |u (t, x)| ≤ Cε−2 |U (t, x)| and we get an optimal time decay estimate for the solution − 12

u (t) L∞ ≤ Cε−1 t

1 −σ

1 + Cε (2 − σ)

tσ−2 1

1

−1

(5.93)

for all t > 0. Now we prove the asymptotics of solutions. As above we make a change of the dependent variable u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t) w (t, x) , then we get the integral equation (5.77). Let us prove the estimate

5.4 Damped wave equation a

w (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2

489

(5.94)

for all t > 0. By estimate (5.93) we have

−σ 2

σ

u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

−1 1− 12 σ

1 + Cεσ (2 − σ)

t

−1

,

We use the integral equation (5.77). By virtue of estimate (5.93), Lemma 3.42 and Lemma 5.28 we get t

0 −1 σ dτ J (t − τ ) (1 + ∂x ) |u (τ, x)| w1 (τ, x) 1 0

1 σ |u (τ, x)| w1 (τ, x) dx dτ −w (τ ) 1,a θ R L t −1 ≤ Cε−σ (2 − σ) τ w (τ ) L1,a dτ 0

for all t > 0. Therefore in view of equation (5.77) we obtain a 2

−σ

w (t) L1,a ≤ C t + Cε

t

(2 − σ)

τ

−1

0

w (τ ) L1,a dτ

for all t > 0. Application of the Gronwall lemma yields the estimate a

w (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2

(5.95)

for all t > 0. In the same manner by virtue of (5.93), Lemma 3.42 and Lemma 5.28 we ﬁnd Lp w (t) Lp ≤ J (t) w t

0 −1 σ + dτ J (t − τ ) (1 + ∂x ) |u (τ, x)| w1 (τ, x) 1 0

1 σ |u (τ, x)| w1 (τ, x) dx dτ −w (τ ) p θ R L 2t 1 1 1 1 a − 1− − 1− − a −1 ≤ C t 2 ( p ) + C (t − τ ) 2 ( p ) 2 τ 2 dτ 0 t −1 τ w (τ ) Lp dτ + Cε−σ (2 − σ) t 2

1 − 12 (1− p )

≤ C t

t

+ t 2

τ

−1

w (τ ) Lp dτ

for all t > 0, since σ < 2 is close to 2. Application of the Gronwall lemma yields the estimate − 1 1− 1 w (t) Lp ≤ C t 2 ( p )

490

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

for all t > 0. The above estimates now imply that 1 Lp ≤ C (2 − σ) t w1 (t) − (J (t) w)

σ − 2(1+σ)

for all t > 0. As in derivation of (5.79) making a change of the dependent variable eσϕ(t) = g (t) , we get |λ| σ t σ |w1 (τ, x)| w1 (τ, x) dxdτ. (5.96) g (t) = 1 + θ R 0 Denote ζ =

θ 1+σ σ (4π) 2

that ζ ≥ 1.

1

(1− σ2 )(1+σ) 2

. Since 0 < σ < 2 is close to 2, we may suppose

2 with a ∈ (0, 1) and Lemma We assume that w ∈ L1,a ∩ L∞ 5.33. (x) dx 1 > 0. Let the function (w (t, x))1 = w1 (t, x) satisfy θ ≡ A0 R w the estimates − σ w1 (t) L1+σ ≤ C t 2(1+σ)

and

σ − 2(1+σ)

1 L1+σ ≤ C (2 − σ) t w1 (t) − (J (t) w)

for all t > 0. Then the following inequality is valid t σ 1− σ ≤ Ct1− σ2 2 dτ |w1 (t, x)| w1 (t, x) dx − ζt 0

(5.97)

R

for all t > 0. Proof. We have 1−

1

a

1

φ Lp ≤ C φ L∞p(1+a) · φ Lp(1+a) 1

(5.98)

for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Then via Lemma 5.28 we get (J (t) w) 1 − θG0 (t, x) L1+σ ≤ C t

σ − 2(1+σ) −a 2

,

and via the assumption σ − 2(1+σ)

1 L1+σ ≤ C (2 − σ) t w1 (t) − (J (t) w)

we have applying the H¨ older inequality σ 1+σ |w1 (t)|σ w1 (t) − θ1+σ G1+σ 1 ≤ (t)| w (t) − (J (t) w) 1 |w 1 1 0 1 L L 1+σ 1+σ 1+σ 1 −θ + (J (t) w) G0 (t, x) 1 L σ σ ≤ C w1 L1+σ + (J (t) w) 1 L1+σ w1 (t) − (J (t) w) 1 L1+σ σ σ σ 1 − θG0 (t, x) L1+σ + C (J (t) w) 1 L1+σ + θ G0 L1+σ (J (t) w) −σ 2

≤ C (2 − σ) t

a −σ 2−2

+ C t

5.5 Sobolev type equations

491

for all t > 0. By a direct computation we obtain for the heat kernel G0 (t, x) = (4πt)

− 12

x2

e− 4t

(G0 (t, x))

1+σ

− 12

dx = (1 + σ)

−σ 2

(4πt)

.

R

Therefore we get σ θ1+σ t− 2 σ |w1 (t, x)| w1 (t, x) dx − σ 1 R 2 2 (4π) (1 + σ) σ 1+σ 1+σ = |w1 (t, x)| w1 (t, x) dx − θ (G0 (t, x)) dx R R σ 1+σ 1+σ ≤ C |w1 (t)| w1 (t) − θ G0 L1 −σ 2

a −σ 2−2

≤ C (2 − σ) t

+ C t

for all t > 0. Hence σ t θ1+σ t1− 2 σ dτ |w1 (t, x)| w1 (t, x) dx − σ 1 σ 0 2 2 R (4π) 1 − 2 (1 + σ) t σ 1− σ 2 = dτ |w1 (t, x)| w1 (t, x) dx − ζt 0

R

≤ C (2 − σ)

t

τ

−σ 2

0

t

τ

dτ + C

a −σ 2−2

σ

dτ ≤ Ct1− 2

0

for all t > 0. Lemma 5.33 is proved. In view of estimates (5.95), using Lemma 5.33 we see that g (t) − 1 − ζt1− σ2 ≤ Ct1− σ2 for all t > 0, where ζ=

θ1+σ 1 (4π) 1 − σ2 (1 + σ) 2 σ 2

is suﬃciently large. Now the asymptotic formulas are proved in the same manner as in the proof of Theorem 5.26. Theorem 5.31 is proved.

5.5 Sobolev type equations This section is devoted to the study of the Cauchy problem (3.172) in the subcritical case σ ∂t (u − ∆u) − α∆u = λ |u| u, x ∈ Rn , t > 0, (5.99) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ Rn ,

492

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

where α > 0, 0 < σ < n2 , λ < 0. By using the Duhamel principle we can rewrite the Cauchy problem (5.99) in the form t σ u (t) = G (t) u0 + λ G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) dτ, 0

where the Green operator G (t) is given by αt

ˆ G (t) φ = e−αt F ξ→x e 1+|ξ|2 φ(ξ)

and

B (x − y) φ (y) dy

Bφ = Rn

with the Bessel-Macdonald kernel −1 −n 2 1− n 2 B (x) = (2π) eiξx 1 + |ξ| dξ = |x| 2 K n2 −1 (|x|) . Rn

Here Kν (|x|) = K−ν (|x|) = 2−ν−1 |x|

ν

∞

ξ −ν−1 e−ξ−

|x|2 4ξ

dξ

0

is the Macdonald function (or modiﬁed Bessel function) of order ν ∈ R. 5.5.1 Small data We prove global in time existence of small solutions to the Cauchy problem 2 n (x) = (4πα)− 2 e− |x| 4α . (5.99) in the subcritical case 0 < σ < 2 . Denote G n

Assume that the initial data u0 ∈ L∞ (R) ∩ Theorem 5.34. Let 0 < σ < 1,a L (R), a ∈ (0, 1) are suﬃciently small u0 L∞ + u0 L1,a ≤ ε, and λθ ≤ −Cε < 0, where θ = Rn u0 (x)dx. Also suppose that the value σ is close to 2 2 σ the Cauchy problem (5.99) has a unique global n so that n − σ ≤ Cε . Then ∞ solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞); L (R) ∩ L1,a (R) , satisfying the following time decay estimates −1 (5.100) u (t) L∞ ≤ C t σ 2 n.

for large t > 0. Furthermore there exist a number A and a function V ∈ L1,a ∩ L∞ such that the asymptotic formula is valid 1 1 1 u (t, x) = At− σ V xt− 2 + O t− σ −γ (5.101) for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where γ = 12 min a, 1 − nσ 2 , and V (ξ) is the solution of the integral equation dz 1 1 V (ξ) = G (ξ) − n β 0 z (1 − z) 2 1 ξ − yz 21 (1 − z)− 2 F (y) dy, G × (5.102) Rn

5.5 Sobolev type equations

with

σ β= 1 − n2 σ

493

V 1+σ (y) dy Rn

and F (y) = V 1+σ (y) − V (y)

V 1+σ (ξ) dξ. Rn

Proof of Theorem 5.34. The Green operator G (t) is given by αt

ˆ G (t) φ = e−αt F ξ→x e 1+|ξ|2 φ(ξ). Denote

Z = φ ∈ L∞ (R) ∩ L1,a (R), a ∈ (0, 1) ,

with norm φ Z = ( φ (t) L∞ + φ (t) L1,a ) and

X = φ ∈ C [0, ∞) , L∞ ∩ L1,a , a ∈ (0, 1) ,

where the norm · X is deﬁned as above by n −a φ X = sup t 2 φ (t) L∞ + t 2 φ (t) L1,a . t>0

Applying Lemma 3.49 we get that G is a self-similar asymptotic operator in spaces X, Z with functional f (φ) = φdx. Rn

Also the function

n xt− 12 G (x, t) = t− 2 G

is the asymptotic kernel. Denote σ

g (t) = 1 +

2 |θ| η 1− σ n t 2 , 2 − nσ

and η = σλ (4πα)

−n 2σ

−n 2

(1 + σ)

.

By a direct calculation we have σ η n Re f (N (θG (t))) ≥ θσ t−µ , µ = 1 − σ θ 2 2

494

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

so N is subcritical nonconvective type nonlinearity. We have

−1 1 g K (v) ∞ ≤ Cg −1 v 1+σ v (t) L1 1+ L∞ L |θ|

1 −1− n 1+σ 2 ≤ C t v (t) X , v X 1+ |θ| and −1 g K (v) 1,a ≤ Cg −1 (t) v (t) σ ∞ v (t) 1,a L L L

1 −1+ α 1+σ 2 ≤ C t v (t) X v X 1+ |θ|

1+

(5.103)

1 v (t) L1 |θ|

for all t > 0. This yields the estimate

t g −1 K (v) ≤ C v 1+σ 1 + 1 v (t) X . X X |θ| Therefore, t −1 G(t − τ )g K (v) dτ 0

1+σ

≤ C v X

X

1+

1 v (t) X . |θ|

In the same way we can prove γ t −1 t G(t − τ )g (K (v) − K (w)) dτ 0 X

v (t) σ σ X + w (t) X ≤ C ( v X + w X ) v − w X 1 + . |θ| Also we have σ σ n (|v| v (t, x) − |w| w (t, x)) dx R

− nσ 2

≤ Ct

σ ( v X

+

σ w X ) (v

− w) X

v (t) X + w (t) X 1+ |θ|

.

Thus all conditions of Theorems 5.2 to 5.5 are fulﬁlled, and this completes the proof of Theorem 5.34. 5.5.2 Large data In this section we remove the smallness condition of the initial data and prove global in time of solutions to the Cauchy problem (5.99) with sub existence critical σ ∈ 0, n2 powers of the nonlinearity. We suppose that σ ∈ 0, n2 is suﬃciently close to n2 .

5.5 Sobolev type equations

495

Theorem 5.35. Let σ > 1 for n = 1 and σ > 34 for n = 2. Suppose that 2 (Rn) ∩ W12 (Rn ) ∩ L1,a (Rn ) , 0 < a ≤ 1, are the initial data u0 ∈ W∞ such that λθ < 0, where θ = Rn u0 (x) dx. Suppose that n2 − ε < σ < n2 , where ε > 0 is suﬃciently small. Then there exists a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L1,a (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) of the Cauchy problem (5.99), satisfying time decay estimate (5.100) and asymptotic formulas (5.101) and (5.102). Proof of Theorem 5.35. As in the proof of Theorem 3.51 by Lemma 3.53 we have 1− n σ− n u (t) L∞ ≤ C t 2 2 for all t > 0. In the same manner by Lemma 3.49 t −1− n σ 2 ∆u (t) L∞ ≤ C t + ∆G (t − τ ) B |u| u (τ ) L∞ dτ

−1− n 2

0

t 2

−1− n 2

≤ C t +C t − τ 0 t −1 σ+1 t − τ u (τ ) L∞ dτ +C

σ+1

u (τ ) Lσ+1 dτ

t 2

2t −1− n −1− n −nσ 2 2 ≤ C t +C t − τ τ 2 dτ 0 t −1 1− n σ− n (σ+1) 1− n σ− n (σ+1) t − τ t( 2 2 ) dτ ≤ C t( 2 2 ) +C t 2

for all t > 0. Denote f (t, x) = ∆ut . Then by estimates of Lemma 3.53 and Lemma 3.49 we have σ

f (t) L∞ ≤ ∆∂t G (t) u0 L∞ + ∆B |u| u (t) L∞ t −1 σ +C t − τ ∆B |u| u (τ ) L∞ dτ

t 2

t 2

−n 2 −2

σ

t − τ

σ

( |u| u (τ ) L1 + B |u| u (τ ) L∞ ) dτ t 1− n σ− n (2σ+1) −1 1− n σ− n (2σ+1) +C t − τ τ ( 2 2 ) dτ ≤ C t( 2 2 )

+C

0

+C

t 2

t 2

−n 2 −2

t − τ

τ

−n 2σ

1 −1− σ

dτ ≤ C t

0

n n (2σ + 1) ≤ −1− σ1 and − n2 −1− n2 σ ≤ −1− σ1 , for all t > 0, since 1 − σ − 2 2 2 when σ ∈ 0, n is suﬃciently close to n2 . In the same manner we estimate the L1,a norm of f . By Lemma 3.49 we ﬁnd

496

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations σ

f (t) L1,a ≤ ∆∂t G (t) u0 L1,a + ∆B |u| u (t) L1,a 2t a −2 σ σ |u| u (τ ) L1,a + t − τ 2 |u| u (τ ) L1 dτ +C t − τ 0 t a −1 σ σ ∆B |u| u (τ ) L1,a + t − τ 2 ∆B |u| u (τ ) L1 dτ +C t − τ t 2

2t a 1 a a −1− σ +n −2 −1 −2 −1 2 ≤ C t 2 +C t − τ τ 2 + t − τ 2 τ dτ 0 t a 1 a 1 −1 −1− σ +n −1 −1− σ +n 2 2 t − τ τ 2 dτ + t − τ 2 τ +C t 2

a

−1− 1 + n

σ 2 ≤ C t 2 , since σ ∈ 0, n2 is suﬃciently close to n2 . We now consider two auxiliary Cauchy problems (5.91) and (5.92) with suﬃciently small ε > 0. Applying the results of Section 5.2 to calculate the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions U (t, x) and V (t, x) to the problems (5.91) and (5.92), by Lemma 3.45 we ﬁnd |u (t, x)| ≤ Cε−2 |U (t, x)| . Thus we get an optimal time decay estimate for the solution

−n 2

u (t) L∞ ≤ C t

1 + Cε

2 −σ n

−1

− σ1 t

1 n σ−2

(5.104)

for all t > 0. As in the proof of Theorem 5.2, we consider the Cauchy problem for the new dependent variables (v (t, x) , ϕ (t)) ⎧ σ σ ⎨ vt − α∆v = λ |u| v +f eϕ − θ1 Rn (λ |u| v + f eϕ ) dx v σ ϕ (t) = − θ1 Rn (λ |u| v + f eϕ ) dx, (5.105) ⎩ v (0, x) = u0 (x) , ϕ(0) = 0. We now prove the estimate a

v (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2 for all t > 0. By estimate (5.104) we have σ u (t) L∞

−σ n 2

≤ C t

then ϕ (t) ≤ − 1− n 2σ

hence ϕ (t) ≤ C t

1 θ

σ

1 + Cε

σ

2 −σ n

−1

−1 t

1− n 2σ

−σ n 2

(λ |u| v + f eϕ ) dx ≤ C t Rn

. Thus by virtue of (5.104) we get a

v (t) L1,a ≤ eϕ(t) u (t) L1,a ≤ C (T ) t 2

,

;

5.5 Sobolev type equations

and v (t) L∞ ≤ eϕ(t) u (t) L∞ ≤ C (T ) t

497

−n 2

for all 0 < t ≤ T. Now we consider t > T. By virtue of estimates (5.104) and Lemma 3.49 we get t σ G (t − τ ) λ |u (τ )| v (τ ) + f (τ ) eϕ(τ ) 0 T v (τ ) σ ϕ(τ ) λ |u (τ )| v (τ ) + f (τ ) e dx dτ − 1,a θ Rn L t σ ≤C λ |u (τ )| v (τ ) + f (τ ) eϕ(τ ) T v (τ ) σ ϕ(τ ) λ |u (τ )| v (τ ) + f (τ ) e dx − 1,a θ Rn L

t 2 −1 −σ −σ ≤ Cε τ v (τ ) L1,a dτ n T for all t > T. Therefore we obtain v (t) L1,a ≤ G0 (t − T ) v (T ) L1,a

t 2 −1 −σ + Cε−σ τ v (τ ) L1,a dτ n T t a −1 ≤ C (T ) t 2 + τ v (τ ) L1,a dτ T

for all t > T. Here > 0 is small enough, and T > 0 is suﬃciently large (note that σ < n2 is close to n2 ). The application of the Gronwall’s lemma yields the estimate a (5.106) v (t) L1,a ≤ C t 2 for all t > 0. Likewise by virtue of estimates (5.104) and Lemma 3. 3.49 we get v (t) L∞ ≤ G0 (t − T ) v (T ) L∞ t σ +C G0 (t − τ ) λ |u (τ )| v (τ ) + f (τ ) eϕ(τ ) T v (τ ) σ ϕ(τ ) − λ |u (τ )| v (τ ) + f (τ ) e dx dτ ∞ θ Rn L 2t n n a a − − − ≤ C (T ) t 2 + C (t − τ ) 2 2 τ 2 −1 dτ T

t 2 .−1 −σ −σ τ v (τ ) L∞ dτ + Cε t n 2 t n − −1 τ v (τ ) L∞ dτ ≤ C (T ) t 2 + t 2

498

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

for all t > T. The application of the Gronwall’s lemma yields the estimate −n 2

v (t) L∞ ≤ C t

for all t > 0. Now the asymptotic formulas are proved in the same manner as at the end of the proof of Theorem 5.34, and Theorem 5.35 is proved.

5.6 Oscillating solutions to nonlinear heat equation This section is devoted to the study of global existence and large time asymptotic behavior of small solutions to the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear heat equation ut − uxx + |u|σ u = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (5.107) u(0, x) = u0 (x), x ∈ R in the subcritical case σ ∈ (0, 2) . In the present section we are interested in the asymptotic behavior of nonpositive solutions. First we prove the existence of a unique self-similar −1 x such that solution for equation (5.107) of the form (1 + t) σ Sρ,ω √1+t 1+σ S3 ρ,ω (ξ) = χρ,ω (ξ) + O ε for all ξ ∈ R, where χρ,ω (ξ) = (ρ + ωsignξ) |ξ| e−ξ , λ = σ1 − 12 , and ε = |ρ| + |ω| > 0 is suﬃciently small. Note that these solutions change a sign, since −1 χρ,ω (ξ) is nonpositive. the main part Fξ→x Then in the next theorem we prove asymptotic stability of these self-similar solutions. 2λ

2

that the initial data u0 ∈ H1,1 (R) Theorem 5.36. Let 43 < σ < 2. Assume have the mean value R u0 (x)dx = R Sρ,ω (x)dx and are close to the selfsimilar solution Sρ,ω in the sense u0 − Sρ,ω H1,1 ≤ Cε1+σ , where ε = |ρ| + |ω| > 0 is suﬃciently small. Then the Cauchy problem (5.107) has a unique global solution u (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞); H1,1 (R) , satisfying the following time decay estimates

1 − 1 −γ u (t) − (1 + t)− σ Sρ,ω √ (·) ≤ C t σ 1 + t L∞ for all t ≥ 0, where γ > 0.

5.6 Oscillating solutions to nonlinear heat equation

499

5.6.1 Lemmas

−α First we give the estimates of the norm φ Aα = |ξ| φ (ξ)

L2

Lemma 5.37. Let the moments inequality is true

φ Aα ≤ C φ L2 for

1 2

<α
1 2

xj φ (x) dx = 0 for 0 ≤ j ≤ n. Then the

R

1−

.

α n+ 1 + 1 2 p

α n+1 n+ 12 + p1 φ |x| Lp

+ p1 , 1 ≤ p ≤ 2.

Proof. Choosing ν such that max α, n + 12 < ν < n + 12 + p1 , and applying 1 − 1 1 n+ 1 + 1 n+1 n+ 12 + p the Cauchy inequality with δ = φ L2 2 p |x| φ p , we ﬁnd L

−α φ Aα = |ξ| φ (ξ) 2 L ≤ dxφ (x) dyφ (y) R

e−iξy −

×

dξ |ξ|

|ξ|≤δ

R

n k (−iξy)

12

iξx

e

−

−2α

|ξ|>δ

|ξ|

n k (iξx)

k! 12

k=0

+

k!

k=0

−2α

2 φ (ξ) dξ

;

hence by choosing µ = 1δ , we get φ Aα ≤ C

|x|≤µ

ν− 12

|φ (x)| |x|

|x|>µ

≤ Cδ

ν−α

|φ (x)| |x|

1−

≤ C φ L2

n−ν+ 32

|x|

1 ν−n− 12 − p

µ φ L2 + µ ν

α n+ 1 + 1 2 p

12 2ν−2α−1

dx

dx

n+1

+C

|ξ|≤δ

|ξ|≤δ

dξ |ξ|

12 dξ |ξ|

n+1 φ |x|

α n+1 n+ 12 + p1 φ p . |x|

Lp

+ Cδ −α φ L2

2ν−2α−1

+ Cδ −α φ L2

L

Thus the estimate of the lemma is true, and Lemma 5.37 is proved. Next we prove the existence ofself-similar solutions for equation (5.107) −1 x of the form u (t, x) = (1 + t) σ S √1+t . By equation (5.107) we get the following ordinary diﬀerential equation for the function S (x) − where λ =

1 σ

1 d σ (xS) − S − λS + |S| S = 0, 2 dx 2λ −ξ 2

− 12 . Denote χρ,ω (ξ) = (ρ + ωsignξ) |ξ|

e

(5.108) .

500

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

Lemma 5.38. There exists a unique solution of equation (5.108) such that 1+σ S3 ρ,ω (ξ) − χρ,ω (ξ) = O ε

(5.109)

for all ξ ∈ R, where ε = |ρ| + |ω| > 0 is suﬃciently small. Proof. Applying the Fourier transformation to (5.108) we obtain for 3 Sρ,ω (ξ) = Fx→ξ Sρ,ω the equation (ρ and ω we will omit below) 2 σ λS − Fx→ξ (|S| S) . S + 2ξ S = ξ

(5.110)

Note that the linear part of equation (5.110) has a general solution of the 2 2λ form (C1 + C2 signξ) |ξ| e−ξ with arbitrary constants C1 and C2 . We look for the solutions in the form S = χ + φ + w, where φ (ξ) =

n

(5.111)

aj ξ j e−ξ , 2

j=0

here integer n is such that n > 2λ. In the case when 2λ = l is integer, we take a modiﬁed representation n

φ (ξ) =

aj ξ j e−ξ + al ξ l e−ξ log |ξ| . 2

2

j=0,j=l

The constants aj we will deﬁne later by the condition n

w (ξ) = o (|ξ| )

(5.112)

for ξ → 0. Substituting representation (5.111) into (5.110) we ﬁnd w + 2ξw = where

1 σ (2λw − 2Fx→ξ (|S| S) + ψ (ξ)) , ξ

ψ (ξ) = 2λφ − 2ξ 2 φ − ξφ .

That is, we have ψ (ξ) =

n

aj (2λ − j) ξ j e−ξ

2

j=0

and in the case of 2λ = l we obtain ψ (ξ) =

n j=0,j=l

(2λ − j) aj ξ j e−ξ − al ξ l e−ξ . 2

2

(5.113)

5.6 Oscillating solutions to nonlinear heat equation

Now the integration of (5.113) with respect to ξ yields ξ 2 2 dη σ eη −ξ (2λw − 2Fx→η (|S| S) + ψ (η)) . w (ξ) = η 0

501

(5.114)

We write the Taylor expansion 2

n

σ

2eξ Fx→ξ (|S| S) =

Aj ξ j + O ξ n+1 ,

j=0

where 1 j ξ2 σ ∂ξ 2e Fx→ξ (|S| S) j! ξ=0 j 2 1 σ ∂ξl−j Fx→ξ (|S| S) ∂ξl eξ =2 (j − l)!l! ξ=0

Aj =

l=0

= (2π)

− 12

[ 2j ] k=0

2 (2k)! (j − 2k)!

(ix)

j−2k

σ

|S (x)| S (x) dx.

R

Therefore the condition (5.112) implies that aj =

Aj 2λ − j

(5.115)

for 0 ≤ j ≤ n, and in the case of 2λ = l we have relations (5.115) for 0 ≤ j ≤ n, j = l, whereas al = −Al . We now solve equation (5.114) by the successive approximations. Let w0 (ξ) = 0, φ−1 (ξ) = 0 and wm+1 (ξ) for m ≥ 0 is deﬁned by the recurrent relations ξ 2 2 dη σ wm+1 (ξ) = eη −ξ (2λwm+1 (η) − 2Fx→η (|Sm | Sm ) + ψm (η)) , η 0 (5.116) where Sm = χ + φm−1 + wm , φm−1 (ξ) =

n

(m−1) j −ξ 2

aj

ξ e

j=0

and ψm (ξ) =

n

(m)

aj

(2λ − j) ξ j e−ξ . 2

j=0

Here integer n > 2λ, (m)

(m)

aj

=

Aj 2λ − j

502

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

and

(m) Aj

− 12

= (2π)

[ 2j ] k=0

2 (2k)! (j − 2k)!

(ix)

j−2k

σ

|Sm (x)| Sm (x) dx

R

for 0 ≤ j ≤ n. Whereas in the case when 2λ = l is integer, we have φm−1 (ξ) =

n

(m−1) j −ξ 2

aj

ξ e

(m−1) l −ξ 2

+ al

ξe

log |ξ| ,

j=0,j=l

ψm (ξ) =

n

(m) j −ξ 2

(2λ − j) aj

ξ e

(m) l −ξ 2

− al

ξe

j=0,j=l

and relations (m)

(m) aj (m)

Aj = 2λ − j (m)

for 0 ≤ j ≤ n, j = l, and al = −Al Let us prove the estimates

−n |ξ| wm (ξ)

, l = 2λ.

L2

≤ C1 ε1+σ ,

(5.117)

ξ wm (ξ) L2 ≤ C2 ε1+σ ,

(5.118)

ξ ∂ξn wm 2 ≤ C2 ε1+σ L

(5.119)

and n (m) aj ≤ C3 ε1+σ

(5.120)

j=0

with n > max 2λ + 12 , σ1 . For m = 0 estimates (5.117) - (5.120) are true. Then by induction we suppose that these estimates are valid for some m > 0. Consider the ﬁrst estimate (5.117). Note that changing the order of integration we get

5.6 Oscillating solutions to nonlinear heat equation

503

2 ξ dη −n Φ (η) |ξ| 2 η 0 L ξ dζ ξ dη −2n = dξ |ξ| Φ (ζ) Φ (η) ζ η 0 0 R ∞ ∞ ζ dζ dη −2n = Φ (ζ) dξ |ξ| Φ (η) ζ η 0 ζ 0 ∞ ∞ η dη dζ −2n + Φ (η) dξ |ξ| Φ (ζ) η ζ 0 η 0 0 ζ 0 dζ dη −2n Φ (ζ) dξ |ξ| Φ (η) + ζ η −∞ −∞ ζ η 0 0 dη dζ −2n Φ (η) + dξ |ξ| Φ (ζ), −∞ η −∞ η ζ then by applying the Cauchy inequality we obtain 2 ξ dη −n Φ (η) |ξ| η 2 0 L ζ 2 dη −2n ≤ dζ |Φ (ζ)| |ζ| Φ (η) 0 2n − 1 R η ζ 2 dη −n −n ≤ Φ (η) |ζ| Φ 2 |ζ| 2n − 1 η L 0

;

L2

hence the inequality follows ξ dη −n Φ (η) |ξ| η 0

L2

≤

2 −n |ξ| Φ 2 . 2n − 1 L

The application of estimate (5.121) to equation (5.116) yields −n |ξ| wm+1 2 L ξ 2 2 dη −n ≤ 2λ |ξ| eη −ξ wm+1 (η) 2 η 0 L ξ 2 2 dη −n σ η −ξ + 2 |ξ| e (Fx→η (|Sm | Sm ) − ψm (η)) η 2 0 L 4λ −n ≤ |ξ| wm+1 2 2n − 1 L 2 −n σ + |ξ| (Fx→ξ (|Sm | Sm ) − ψm ) 2 . 2n − 1 L

(5.121)

504

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

p+2 We can choose 1 ≤ p ≤ 2 and n > 2λ + 12 such that 2pn+p−2 < σ; hence we n+1 1+σ n Sm p ≤ C x Sm L2 . Therefore by the condition 2n−1 > 4λ have |x| L and by Lemma 5.37, we obtain −n −n σ |ξ| wm+1 2 ≤ C |ξ| (Fx→ξ (|Sm | Sm ) − ψm ) 2 L L n+1 σ σ ≤C x |Sm | Sm Lp + C |Sm | Sm L2 σ n+1 n+1 σ = C |x| 1+σ Sm |x| 1+σ Sm + C Sm L2 Sm L∞ p n

n

≤ C x Sm L2 x

L σ Sm L∞ ≤

C1 ε1+σ .

Thus estimate (5.117) is fulﬁlled with m replaced by m + 1. 2 2 2 Now we prove estimate (5.118). In view of inequality eη −ξ ≤ e−(ξ−η) for 0 ≤ ηξ ≤ 1 we have by the H¨ older inequality ξ dη −n η 2 −ξ 2 e Φ (η) ≤ C |ξ| Φ + C Φ L2 ξ η 2 L2 0 L 1 n −n −n 1+n ≤ C |ξ| Φ 2 + C |ξ| Φ 2 ξ Φ L1+n . 2 L

L

Then from equation (5.116) we ﬁnd ξ dη η 2 −ξ 2 ξ wm+1 L2 ≤ 2λ ξ e wm+1 (η) η 2 0 L ξ 2 2 dη σ + ξ eη −ξ (2Fx→η (|Sm | Sm ) − ψm (η)) η 2 0 L 1 −n n σ ≤ ξ wm+1 L2 + C |ξ| wm+1 2 + C x Sm L2 Sm L∞ 2 L 1 ≤ ξ wm+1 L2 + Cε1+σ . 2 Thus we have estimate (5.118) with m replaced by m + 1. Now we consider estimate (5.119). We diﬀerentiate n times equation (5.116) to ﬁnd dn−1 dn w (ξ) + 2 (ξwm+1 (ξ)) m+1 dξ n dξ n−1

dn−1 1 dn−1 1 σ wm+1 − n−1 (2Fx→ξ (|Sm | Sm ) − ψm ) . = 2λ n−1 dξ ξ dξ ξ Multiplying the last equation by ξ ∈ R we get

dn dξ n wm+1

(ξ) and integrating the result over

5.6 Oscillating solutions to nonlinear heat equation

505

n n−2 d d w ≤ C w dξ n m+1 2 dξ n−2 m+1 2 L L n−1

d 1 + 2λ dξ n−1 ξ wm+1 2 L n−1

d 1 σ (2Fx→ξ (|Sm | Sm ) − ψm ) + n−1 2. dξ ξ L By interpolation we have n n−2 d d 1 + C wm+1 2 w ≤ w m+1 L dξ n−2 m+1 2 n 3 dξ L L2 and

n n−1

d d 1 1 w ≤ w m+1 dξ n−1 ξ m+1 2 n 3 dξ L L2 −n + C |ξ| wm+1 2 + C wm+1 L2 ; L

hence, we obtain

n d w dξ n m+1

≤ C3 ε1+σ .

L2

As above we get estimate n d 1+σ ξ . dξ n wm+1 2 ≤ C3 ε L Thus estimate (5.119) with m replaced by m + 1 is valid. The rest estimate (5.120) follows from the previous estimates via formulas n (m+1) n σ+1 x |Sm+1 (x)| dx aj ≤C R

j=0 n

n

σ

≤ C x Sm+1 L2 x Sm+1 L∞ n

1+σ

≤ C ξ ∂ξ (χ + φm + wm+1 ) L2 ≤ C3 ε1+σ . Therefore estimate (5.120) follows with m replaced by m + 1. Thus by induction, estimates (5.117) - (5.120) are true for all m. In the same manner we prove the estimate 1 wm − wm−1 X , 2 + ξ ψ L2 + ξ ∂ξn ψ . Therefore there exists

wm+1 − wm X ≤ −n where ψ X ≡ |ξ| ψ

L2

L2

a unique solution of equation (5.108) having the form (5.109). Lemma 5.38 is proved.

506

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

5.6.2 Proof of Theorem 5.36 The local existence of solutions for the Cauchy problem (5.107) can be obtained by the standard contraction mapping principle. In order to get a priori estimates of local solutions as in the papers Hayashi et al. [2000] and Hayashi et al. [2003b], we make a change of the dependent variable u (t, x) = e−ϕ(t) v (t, x) , then we get vt − vxx + e−σϕ |v| v − vϕ = 0. σ

(5.122)

We choose ϕ (t) by the condition −σϕ σ e |v| v − ϕ (t) v dx = 0, R

where the initial value ϕ (0) = 0. Then the mean value of v satisﬁes the conservation law d v (t, x) dx = 0, dt R so v (t, x) dx = v (0, x) dx = θ = u0 (x) dx. R

R

R

Thus we obtain from (5.122) σ σ vt − vxx = e−σϕ vθ R|v| vdx − |v| v , σ ϕ (t) = θ1 e−σϕ R |v| vdx. λ

(5.123)

Now we substitute v = (1 + t) f +w, where a self-similar solution of equa f is 1 −σ x √ and λ = σ1 − 12 . By equation tion (5.107) such that f = (1 + t) S 1+t λ

(5.107) we see that (1 + t) f satisﬁes λ λ λ−1 (1 + t) f = (1 + t) f + λ (1 + t) f t xx σ −σλ λ λ − (1 + t) (1 + t) f (1 + t) f, then we get for w

v σ σ wt = wxx + e |v| vdx − |v| v θ R σ λ−1 −σλ λ λ − λ (1 + t) f + (1 + t) (1 + t) f (1 + t) f. −σϕ

Note that the mean value is conserved

x 1 √ v (t, x) dx = w (t, x) dx = θ. S √ dx + 1+t 1+t R R R

5.6 Oscillating solutions to nonlinear heat equation

507

If we choose the mean value θ, such that R S (x) dx = θ, we obtain w (t, x) dx = 0. R

Denote h (t) = eσϕ(t) . We prove the existence of the solution (w (t, x) , h (t)) 1− σ by the successive approximations. Let w0 = 0, h0 = (1 + t) 2 . We deﬁne the functions (wm (t, x) , hm (t)) for m = 1, 2, ... by the following equations

vm σ σ (t) |v | v dx − |v | v ∂t wm − ∂x2 wm = h−1 m−1 m−1 m−1 m−1 m−1 θ R σ λ−1 −σλ λ λ f + (1 + t) (5.124) − λ (1 + t) (1 + t) f (1 + t) f and hm

σ (t) = θ

σ

|vm | vm dx.

(5.125)

R

Applying the Fourier transformation to (5.124) and changing the variables √ w m (t, ξ) = zm (t, η) , η = ξ t + 1, we get η η2 ∂η z m + zm = ψm−1 zm − gm−1 , 2 (t + 1) t+1

∂t z m + where we denote

1

ψm−1 (t) =

σ

|vm−1 | vm−1 (t, x) dx,

θhm−1 (t) 1

gm−1 (t, η) =

(5.126)

hm−1 (t) −1

R

F

1

x→η(1+t)− 2

σ

(|vm−1 | vm−1 )

σ

− (1 + t) Fx→η (|S| S) −1 S. + ψm−1 (t) − λ (1 + t) Let us prove the estimates −1 η zm

L2

and

−γ

+ zm H1,1 ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t)

1− σ 1− σ −γ hm−1 (t) − (1 + t) 2 ≤ Cεσ (1 + t) 2 ,

(5.127)

(5.128)

where γ > 0 is suﬃciently small, and 12 > λ + ε, λ = σ1 − 12 . By induction we suppose that (5.127) - (5.128) are fulﬁlled for some m. Then we have the estimate

508

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

hm

σ σ (t) = |vm | vm dx θ R σ σ λ λ = (1 + t) f + wm (1 + t) f + wm dx θ R σ −σ σ − σ −γ |S| Sdx + O εσ (1 + t) 2 = (1 + t) 2 θ R −σ − σ −γ = λσ (1 + t) 2 + O εσ (1 + t) 2

σ since R |S| Sdx = λθ. Integrating this estimate with respect to time we get estimate (5.128) with m − 1 replaced by m. In the same manner we have 1 σ ψm (t) = |vm | vm dx θhm (t) R −1 −γ 1 + O εσ (1 + t) , = λ (1 + t) in particular ψm (t) ≤

λ + εσ . 1+t

We multiply equation (5.126) by zm+1 η −2 and integrate the result over η ∈ R to ﬁnd d 1 2 2 2 η −1 zm+1 2 2 + zm+1 L2 η −1 ∂η |zm+1 | dη + L dt 2 (t + 1) R t+1 2 2λ + 2εσ −2 −1 η zm+1 L2 − 2 Re ≤ gm−1 |η| zm+1 dη. (5.129) 1+t R Integrating by parts we get 2 2 η −1 ∂η |zm+1 | dη = η −1 zm+1 L2 . R

Using Lemma 5.37 and taking into account estimates (5.127)-(5.128) we obtain −1 η gm 2 ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t)−1−γ ; L hence (5.129) yields σ d η −1 zm+1 2 ≤ − ε η −1 zm+1 2 + Cε1+σ (1 + t)−1−γ L L dt t+1

(5.130)

since 2λ + 2εσ − 12 ≤ −εσ which follows from σ > 43 . The integration of (5.130) with respect to time yields estimate −1 −γ (5.131) |η| zm+1 2 ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t) . L

5.6 Oscillating solutions to nonlinear heat equation

509

−γ

Now let us prove the estimate η zm+1 L2 ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t) . We multiply 2 (5.126) by η zm+1 and integrate over η ∈ R to ﬁnd d 1 2 2 2 η zm+1 L2 + η η ∂η |zm+1 | dη dt 2 (t + 1) R 2 2 + η η zm+1 L2 t+1 2

= 2ψm η zm+1 L2 − 2 Re

2

η gm zm+1 dη. R

Integration by parts yields 2 2 2 − η η ∂η |zm+1 | dη ≤ 3 η zm+1 L2 . R

Therefore by using the estimate 2 2 2 η zm+1 L2 ≤ η η zm+1 L2 + C η −1 zm+1 L2 −2−2γ

2

≤ η η zm+1 L2 + Cε2+2σ (1 + t) we ﬁnd

d 2 2 2 η zm+1 L2 ≤ − η η zm+1 L2 dt t+1 C 2 −2−2γ η zm+1 L2 + Cε2+2σ (1 + t) + t+1 εσ 2 −2−2γ η zm+1 L2 + Cε2+2σ (1 + t) ≤− . t+1

(5.132)

The integration of (5.132) with respect to time yields the estimate −1−γ

η zm+1 L2 ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t)

.

In the same way we obtain the estimate −1−γ

η ∂η zm+1 L2 ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t)

.

Thus estimates (5.127) to (5.128) are true with m is replaced by m + 1. Therefore by induction estimates (5.127) to (5.128) are fulﬁlled for all m. In the same manner we prove the estimates zm+1 − zm X ≤

1 zm − zm−1 X , 2

−1 where ψ X ≡ |ξ| ψ + ξ ψ H1,1 . Therefore, there exists a unique L2 solution of equations (5.124) to (5.126) which obeys the estimates (5.127) to (5.128).

510

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

Returning to the function w we ﬁnd that 1 −1 −γ ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t) 4 , |ξ| w 2 L √ − 1 −γ w L2 + t + 1 |ξ| w L2 ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t) 4 . The last estimate gives us w L2 +

√

− 14 −γ

t + 1 wx L2 ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t)

;

hence, by the Sobolev imbedding inequality we get 1

1

− 12 −γ

w L∞ ≤ C w L2 2 wx L2 2 ≤ Cε1+σ (1 + t)

.

This implies the estimate of the theorem, and Theorem 5.36 is thus proved.

5.7 Comments Section 5.1. The large time asymptotic behavior of positive solutions to the nonlinear heat equation (5.133) ut − ∆u + uσ+1 = 0,

in the subcritical case of σ ∈ 0, n2 was studied in Escobedo and Kavian [1988], Escobedo et al. [1995], Gmira and V´eron [1984], Kavian [1987]. In paper Gmira and V´eron [1984] it was proved that if the initial data are nonnegative u0 ≥ 0, 2 u0 ∈ L1 (Rn ) and decay slowly at inﬁnity as limx→±∞ |x| σ u0 (x) = +∞, then the solution of (5.133) has the asymptotic representation 1

1

1

u (t, x) = t− σ σ − σ + o t− σ

√ as t → ∞ uniformly in domains x ∈ Rn ; |x| ≤ C t with any C > 0. In the paper Escobedo and Kavian [1988], the authors considered the nonnegative initial 2 data decaying suﬃciently rapidly at inﬁnity, that is 0 ≤ u0 (x) ≤ Ce−b|x| for n all x ∈ R , with some b, C > 0. Then it was shown that the main term of the asymptotic behavior of the solution has a self-similar character 1

u (t, x) = t− σ w0

x √ t

1

+ o t− σ

as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where w0 (ξ) is a unique positive solution of the elliptic equation −∆w −

1 1 ξ∇w + w1+σ = w 2 σ 2

(5.134)

which decays rapidly at inﬁnity: lim|ξ|→∞ |ξ| σ w0 (ξ) = 0. This result was improved in paper Escobedo et al. [1995], where the intermediate case was considered: if the

5.7 Comments

511

2

initial data are such that u0 ∈ L1 , u0 = 0 and lim|x|→∞ |x| σ u0 (x) = κ > 0, then the solutions of the nonlinear heat equation have the asymptotic representation

u (t, x) = t

1 −σ

wκ

x √ t

1

+ o t− σ

as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ Rn , where wκ (ξ) is a positive solution 2 of equation (5.134) such that lim|ξ|→∞ |ξ| σ wκ (ξ) = κ . We emphasize that in these papers there was no restriction on the size of initial data, except the positivity. Section 5.2. Equation (5.38) with ρ = 2 and σ = n2 is known as the complex LandauGinzburg equation. Local in time existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem (5.38) with ρ = 2 was studied by many authors (see, e.g. Ginibre and Velo [1996], Ginibre and Velo [1997] and references cited therein). Nonlinear dissipative equations with a fractional power of the negative Laplacian in the principal part were studied extensively (see, e.g., Bardos et al. [1979], Biler et al. [1998], Komatsu [1984], Shlesinger et al. [1995], Taylor [1992], Zhang [2001] and references cited therein). Blow-up in ﬁnite time of positive solutions to the Cauchy problem ρ

∂t u + (−∆) 2 u − u1+σ = 0, u (0, x) = u0 (x) > 0

(5.135)

was proved in papers Fujita [1966], Weissler [1981] for the case of 0 < σ < n2 , ρ = 2, in papers Hayakawa [1973], Kobayashi et al. [1977] for the case of σ = n2 , ρ = 2 , and in paper Sugitani [1975] for the case of 0 < ρ ≤ 2 and 0 < σ ≤ nρ . Their proofs of ρ blow-up results are based on the positivity of linear evolution operator F ξ→x e−|ξ| , associated with equation (5.135) for 0 < ρ ≤ 2 (see book Yosida [1995]), and ρ do not work for the case of ρ > 2, since F ξ→x e−|ξ| is not necessarily positive. Large time behavior of positive solutions was studied extensively for a particular case of (5.38) with ρ = 2 with any σ > 0 (see paper Kamin and Peletier [1985] for the supercritical case of σ > n2 , Galaktionov et al. [1985] for the critical case of σ = n2 and papers Escobedo and Kavian [1988], Escobedo et al. [1995], Gmira and 2 V´eron [1984], Kavian [1987] for the subcritical case σ ∈ 0, n ). The global in time existence of small solutions to (5.135) in the supercritical case σ > n2 , ρ = 2 was shown in Fujita [1966]. The results stated in this section for the Cauchy problem (5.38) with ρ = 2 is applicable, in particular, to the problem ρ

∂t u + (−∆) 2 u + λu1+σ = µu1+κ , u (0, x) = u0 (x) > 0,

(5.136)

with 0 < σ < κ ≤ nρ , λ, µ > 0. The solutions of (5.136) blow up in ﬁnite time, when λ = 0, µ > 0 and 0 < ρ ≤ 2 and exist globally in time, when λ > 0, µ = 0 and 0 < ρ < ∞ . The result of Theorem 5.15 shows that the dissipation term u1+σ in equation (5.136) is stronger than the blow-up term u1+κ . Note that the problem of asymptotic behavior of solutions to (5.136) is still open for the subcritical case of 0 < κ < σ ≤ nρ even if ρ = 2. Theorem 5.15 was proved in paper Hayashi et al. [2004a]. The case of large initial data was studied in Hayashi et al. [2006b]. Section 5.3. Model equation (5.56) combines many well-known equations of modern mathematical physics which describe various wave processes in diﬀerent media. For example, the potential Whitham equation (5.62) follows from (5.56) if we take N (u) = (ux )2 , that is a (t, ξ, y) = − (ξ − y) y and Lu = µ1 |∂x |δ u + µ2 |∂x |δ−1 ux ,

512

5 Subcritical Nonconvective Equations

where µ1 > 0, µ2 ∈ R. Here the value δ = 3 is critical from the point of view of the large time behavior and global existence. Equation (5.62) comes from the Whitham Whitham [1999] equation vt + vvx + Lv = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0,

(5.137)

x

if we introduce a potential u = −∞ u (t, x) dx , which vanishes as x → ∞ if we consider initial data v (0, x) with zero total mass R v (0, x) dx = 0 ; therefore, v (t, x) dx = 0 for all t > 0 in view of equation (5.137). The material of this R section was taken from paper Hayashi et al. [2005b]. Section 5.4. Recently much attention has been drawn to nonlinear wave equations with dissipative terms. The blow-up results were proved in Todorova and Yordanov [2001] 1+σ , with σ < 2, when the initial data are such for the case of nonlinearity − |v| that R v0 (x) dx > 0, R v1 (x) dx > 0 . Blow-up results for the critical and subcritical cases of σ ≤ 2 were obtained in Li and Zhou [1995]. Paper Todorova and Yordanov [2001] proved the global existence and large time decay estimates of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the damped wave equation (5.66) with nonlinearities ± |v|1+σ or ± |v|σ v, for the supercritical case of σ > 2, if the initial data are suﬃciently small and have a compact support. Problem (5.66) was considered in Nishihara [2003] and Ono [2003], when the initial data are in the usual Sobolev space 1 (Rn ) , u1 ∈ L1 (Rn ) ∩ L∞ (Rn ) . Via the energy type estiu0 ∈ W11,0 (Rn ) ∩ W∞ mates obtained in papers Matsumura [1976/77] and Kawashima et al. [1995] it was proved in Karch [2000b] that solutions of the nonlinear damped wave equation (5.66) in the supercritical cases of σ > 3 with arbitrary initial data u0 ∈ H1 (R) ∩ L1 (R) , u1 ∈ L2 (R) ∩ L1 (R) (that is without smallness assumption on the initial data) have the same large time asymptotics as that for the linear heat equation ∂t − ∂x2 :

u (t) − θG0 (t)Lp = o t

1 −1 1− p 2

1

|x|2

as t → ∞, where 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ . Here G0 (t, x) = (4πt)− 2 e− 4t is the heat kernel, and θ is a constant. The material of this section concerning the case of small initial data was taken from paper Hayashi et al. [2004e]. Section 5.5. The results of this section were published in paper Ka˘ıkina et al. [2005]. Section 5.6. The blow-up phenomena for positive solutions to the semilinear parabolic equation ut − uxx = u1+σ were obtained in paper Fujita [1966] for σ ∈ (0, 2) , in Hayakawa [1973] for σ = 2, and in paper Kobayashi et al. [1977] for σ = 2 in the case of higher space dimensions. In the subcritical case of σ ∈ (0, 2) large time behavior of positive solutions was studied extensively (see Escobedo and Kavian [1988], Escobedo et al. [1995], Gmira and V´eron [1984]). The material of this section was taken from paper Hayashi and Naumkin [2006a].

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

In this chapter we study the large time asymptotic behavior of solutions to dissipative equations with subcritical convective type nonlinearities, taking as a typical example the famous Burgers type equation ut + uσ ux − uxx = 0, when σ ∈ (0, 1) . The large time behavior of solutions for convective equations we represent as the product of a rarefaction and shock waves.

6.1 Burgers type equations We study the large time asymptotic behavior of positive solutions u (t, x) to the Cauchy problem for the following Burgers type parabolic equations ut + uσ ux − uxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (6.1) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R in the subcritical case of σ ∈ (0, 1) . Equation (6.1) is a simple model describing diﬀusive-convective phenomena in diﬀerent physical applications (see Bear [1996], Whitham [1999]). Note that the subcritical case of σ ∈ (0, 1) naturally appears in some models of ﬂuid mechanics (see Lister [1992], Philip [1969], Rosenau and Kamin [1983]). In this section we are interested in the subcritical case of σ ∈ (0, 1), when the initial data u0 (x) have a nonzero mean value u0 (x) dx = θ > 0. R

In the case of zero mean value θ = R u0 (x) dx = 0, the nonlinearity uσ ux is supercritical for the range σ > 12 , and the large time asymptotics of solutions 1 can be obtained methods of Chapter 2. Then the critical σ = 2 and by 1 subcritical σ ∈ 0, 2 cases can be treated by the methods of Chapter 3 and Chapter 5, respectively. Note that the mean value of the solution

514

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

u (t, x) dx = θ R

is a conservation law according to equation (6.1) with zero boundary conditions at x = ±∞. In this section we construct an asymptotic approximation which is close in the uniform norm to the solution. We represent the solution in the form u (t, x) = ϕ (t, x) r (t, x) , where ϕ (t, x) is a rarefaction wave and r (t, x) is a shock wave. In other words near the front of the wave xf (t) the solution u (t, x) resembles the shock wave r (t, x) and in the far region |x − xf (t)| >> 1 the solution behaves as the rarefaction wave ϕ (t, x) . We organize this section as follows. In Subsection 6.1.1 we consider solutions of the rarefaction wave form when the initial data are such that u0 (x) → 0 as x → −∞, and u0 (x) → 1 as x → +∞. In Subsection 6.1.2 we construct the shock wave solutions such that u (t, x) → 1 as x → −∞ and u (t, x) → 0 as x → +∞. We will show that solutions u (t, x) tend as −1 σ . The most diﬃcult t → ∞ to the self-similar solution (1 + eνx ) σ , ν = 1+σ and intriguing case of the zero boundary conditions u (t, x) → 0 as x → ±∞ is treated in Subsection 6.1.3, where we prove that solutions of the Cauchy problem (6.1) can be represented as the product of a rarefaction and a shock wave. 6.1.1 Rarefaction wave First we investigate the case of the rarefaction wave. Consider the initial value problem for the Hopf equation ϕt + ϕσ ϕx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (6.2) ϕ (0, x) = ϕ0 (x) , x ∈ R, where the initial data ϕ0 (x) ∈ C2 (R) are monotonically increasing 0 < ϕ0 (x) < C for all x ∈ R, ϕ0 (x) → 0 as x → −∞, ϕ0 (x) → 1 as x → +∞. The solution to problem (6.2) is given by ϕ (t, χ (t, ξ)) = ϕ0 (ξ) , where the characteristics χ (t, ξ) = ξ + tϕσ0 (ξ) for ξ ∈ R, t > 0. Note that ϕx (t, χ (t, ξ)) =

ϕ0 (ξ) >0 1 + tσϕσ−1 (ξ) ϕ0 (ξ) 0

and ϕxx (t, χ (t, ξ)) =

ϕ0 (ξ)

2 1 + tσϕσ−1 (ξ) ϕ0 (ξ) 0 ϕ (ξ) tσ ϕσ−1 (ξ) ϕ0 (ξ) 0 − 0 3 1 + tσϕσ−1 (ξ) ϕ0 (ξ) 0

for all ξ ∈ R, t > 0. We assume also that ϕ0 (x) is such that

6.1 Burgers type equations

ϕxx (t) L2 ≤ Ct−1−γ ,

∞

ϕxx (τ ) L∞ dτ → 0

t

515

(6.3)

as t → ∞, where γ > 0. For example, condition (6.3) are fulﬁlled if we take the initial data ϕ0 (ξ) ∈ C2 (R) which have the asymptotics dk −β −β−k ϕ0 (ξ) = ϑ (ξ) + O |ξ| ϕ (ξ) = O |ξ| , , k = 1, 2 0 dξ k as ξ → ±∞, where β > 0 and ϑ (ξ) = 1 for ξ ≥ 0 and ϑ (ξ) = 0 for ξ < 0. First we give a suﬃciently general result about convergence as t → ∞ of solutions u (t, x) of problem (6.1) to the rarefaction wave ϕ (t, x). Some other related works can be found in papers Liu et al. [1998], Matsumura and Nishihara [1986], Matsumura and Nishihara [1994a]. Theorem 6.1. Let u0 − ϕ0 ∈ L2 (R) and u0 > 0. We assume that ϕ0 (x) ∈ C2 (R) is such that condition (6.3) is true. Then u (t, x) = ϕ (t, x) + o (1) as t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R. Proof. First we note that by the maximum principle the solution u (t, x) of the problem (6.1) is positive for all x ∈ R, t ≥ 0. For the diﬀerence w = u − ϕ we get the Cauchy problem σ wt + (w + ϕ) (w + ϕ)x − ϕσ ϕx − wxx − ϕxx = 0, (6.4) w (x, 0) = w0 (x) , where w0 (x) = u0 (x) − ϕ0 (x) ∈ L2 (R) . By the method of Naumkin and Shishmarev [1994b] we can easily prove the existence of a unique solution w (t, x) ∈ C [0, ∞) ; L2 (R) ∩ C (0, ∞) ; H2 (R) ∩ C1 (0, ∞) ; L∞ (R) ∩ L2 (R) . Multiplying equation (6.4) by w and integrating with respect to x over R we get energy type a priori estimate 1 d 2 σ w L2 + (w (w + ϕ) (w + ϕ)x − wϕσ ϕx ) dx 2 dt R 2 wϕxx dx. = − wx L2 + R

Note that (see Matsumura and Nishihara [1986]) σ (w (w + ϕ) (w + ϕ)x − wϕσ ϕx ) dx R −1 σ+1 (w + ϕ) − ϕσ+1 − (1 + σ) ϕσ w ϕx dx = (1 + σ) R

2

dxw ϕx

=σ R

1

σ−1

(ϕ + λw) 0

(1 − λ) dλ ≥ 0.

516

6 Subcritical Convective Equations −1−γ

Whence by the Cauchy inequality and estimate ϕxx (t) L2 ≤ C t have d 2 2 −1−γ w L2 + 2 wx L2 ≤ C t w L2 . dt

we

Integration with respect to time t > 0 yields w (t) L2 ≤ C and

t

0

2

wx (τ ) L2 dτ ≤ C.

(6.5)

Hence via inequalities 4

2

2

2

w L∞ ≤ 2 w L2 wx L2 ≤ C wx L2 and (6.5) we obtain

0

∞

4

w (t) L∞ dt < C.

We see that there exists a sequence tk → ∞ such that w (tk ) L∞ → 0. In order to prove that w (t) L∞ → 0 as t → ∞, let us estimate supx∈R w (t, x) and inf x∈R w (t, x) . Since w ∈ C (0, ∞) ; H1 (R) we see that lim|x|→∞ w (t, x) = 0, hence we have supx∈R w (t, x) ≥ 0 and inf x∈R w (t, x) ≤ 0 for all t ∈ (0, ∞) . By the method of paper Constantin and Escher [1998] we have the following result. Lemma 6.2. Let w ∈ C1 ((T1 , T2 ) ; L∞ (R)) and w (t) = supx∈R w (t, x) > 0 (t) = for all t ∈ (T1 , T2 ) . Then there exists a point ζ (t) ∈ R such that w w (t, ζ (t)), moreover w (t) = wt (t, ζ (t)) almost everywhere on (T1 , T2 ) . We now prove that w (t) → 0 as t → ∞. Since w (tk ) L∞ → 0 for some sequence tk → ∞ we consider the time interval T2 > T1 ≥ tk such that w (t) > 0 for all t ∈ (T1 , T2 ) . By virtue of Lemma 6.2 we get from equation (6.4) σ − ϕσ ) ϕx − wxx (t, ζ (t)) − ϕxx (t, ζ (t)) = 0 w + ((ϕ + w) almost for all t ∈ (T1 , T2 ), where we have used the fact that wx (t, ζ (t)) = 0. Whence integrating with respect to t ∈ (T1 , T2 ) via σ

wxx (t, ζ (t)) ≤ 0 and ((ϕ + w) − ϕ σ ) ϕx ≥ 0 we have

t

w (t) ≤ w (T1 ) +

ϕxx (τ, ζ (τ )) dτ. T1

Since w (T1 ) = 0 or w (T1 ) = w (tk ) and w (tk ) → 0 as tk → ∞, we have w (T1 ) → 0 as T1 → ∞. Also by our assumption

6.1 Burgers type equations

t

T1

ϕxx (τ, ζ (τ )) dτ ≤

∞

T1

517

ϕxx (t) L∞ dt = o (1)

as T1 → ∞. Therefore w (t) → 0 as t → ∞. Similarly we prove that inf x∈R w (t, x) → 0 as t → ∞. Hence w (t) L∞ → 0 as t → ∞. Theorem 6.1 is proved. We now suppose some more conditions to be fulﬁlled for the initial data u0 (x) and compute more precisely the large time asymptotic behavior of solution u (t, x) to the problem (6.1). We assume that initial data u0 (x) monotonically increase and are slowly varying, so that the higher order derivatives are less comparing with the ﬁrst one. More precisely we suppose that the initial data u0 (x) ∈ C3 (R) have the following estimates 2 1 d σ u0 (x) ≤ ε 1−γ (uσ0 (x)) 1−γ , dx

3+γ

2+γ 2 2 d σ d σ d d3 σ σ u u (u (x)) ≤ ε (x) , (u (x)) ≤ ε (x) (6.6) dx2 0 dx 0 dx3 0 dx 0 for all x ∈ R, where γ ∈ 0, 12 , ε > 0 is suﬃciently small. For example, we can take the initial data of the form x

σ1 2 4 2 γ−1 u0 (x) = C ε 1+ε ξ dξ ,

−∞

where C > 0 is such that u0 (+∞) = 1. Note that this initial data decay like 2γ−1 as x → −∞. u0 (x) = O |x| σ By Theorem 6.1 we know that solutions of (6.1) are similar to those of the Hopf equation (6.2). Therefore the nonlinearity in equation (6.1) grows with time more rapidly than the term with the second derivative, hence the large time behavior of solutions should be determined by the ﬁrst two terms in equation (6.1). That is why we try to solve equation (6.1) by the method of characteristics. We deﬁne characteristics χ (t, ξ) as the solutions to the Cauchy problem u χt = uσ (t, χ) − uχχ , t > 0, ξ ∈ R, χ χ (0, ξ) = ξ, ξ ∈ R. Then from equation (6.1) we get a simple equation

uχχ σ wt (t, ξ) = ut + uχ χt = ut + uχ u − uχ = ut − uχχ + uσ uχ = 0 for the new dependent variable w (t, ξ) = u (t, χ (t, ξ)). Hence w (t, ξ) = u0 (ξ) for all t > 0, ξ ∈ R. By a straightforward calculation we have ∂χ u =

u (ξ) χξξ (t, ξ) u0 (ξ) u (ξ) , ∂χ2 u = 20 − 0 3 , χξ (t, ξ) χξ (t, ξ) χξ (t, ξ)

518

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

whence χt =

uσ0

1 ∂ξ (ξ) − u0 (ξ)

u0 (ξ) χξ (t, ξ)

.

We now change the independent variable η = uσ0 (ξ) , then the real axis ξ ∈ R is transformed biuniquelly to a segment (0, 1) (in view of our assumption σ−1 (ξ) u0 (ξ) and Z (τ, η) = uχ (t, χ) = u0 (ξ) > 0). Denote m (η) = ∂η ∂ξ = σu0 m(η) χξ (t,ξ) .

Then we have

1 u0 (ξ) ∂ ξ u (ξ) χξ (t, ξ) 0 1 1 1− σ ∂η η σ −1 Z = m (η) − m (η) ∂η η

Z 1−σ 2 ∂η = m (η) 1 − ∂η Z − , σ η

∂t χξ (t, ξ) = ∂ξ (uσ0 (ξ)) − ∂ξ

whence for Z (t, η) we get ∂t Z = −Z 2

1 ∂t χξ (t, ξ) = −Z 2 (1 − A) , m (η)

where A (t, η) = ∂η2 Z (t, η) + κ∂η and κ = problem

1−σ σ .

Z (t, η) η

Thus for Z (t, η) we get the following initial-boundary value ⎧ 2 ⎪ ⎨ Zt = −Z (1 − A) , t > 0, η ∈ (0, 1) , Z (0, η) = m (η) , η ∈ (0, 1) , ⎪ ⎩ Z k− 32 ∂ηk Z = 0, t > 0, k = 1, 2,

(6.7)

η=0,1

since by virtue of (6.6) we suppose that u0 (ξ) is such that ∂ηk m (η) = o η 2−k as η → 0, for k = 1, 2. From the existence of a unique solution u (t, x) to problem (6.1) it follows that there exists a unique global solution Z (τ, η) ∈ C [0, ∞) , C2 (0, 1) ∩ C1 ((0, ∞) , C (0, 1)) to the initial-boundary value problem (6.7). Integrating equation (6.7) with respect to time t > 0 we get the following representation

−1 t Z (t, η) = m (η) 1 + m (η) t + A (τ, η) dτ . (6.8) 0

We prove the following result. Theorem 6.3. Let conditions (6.6) for the initial data u0 (x) be fulﬁlled with suﬃciently small ε > 0. Then the estimate t 1−γ A (τ, η) dτ ≤ Cε (1 + t) sup η∈(0,1)

0

is true for all t ≥ 0, where γ ∈ 0, 12 is taken from conditions (6.6).

6.1 Burgers type equations

519

Remark 6.4. By virtue of representation (6.8) and estimate of Theorem 6.3 we get the asymptotics Z (t, η) =

m (η) as t → ∞, 1 + m (η) t + O (t1−γ )

whence uχ (t, χ (t, ξ)) =

u0 (ξ) , 1 + σuσ−1 (ξ) u0 (ξ) t + O (t1−γ ) 0

where χ (t, ξ) = ξ + tuσ0 (ξ) −

1 ∂ξ u0 (ξ)

t

uχ (t , χ (t , ξ)) dt .

(6.9)

(6.10)

0

Thus we see that the solution u (t, x) to problem (6.1) asymptotically behaves as a solution of the Hopf equation (6.2). Note that via formulas (6.9) and (6.10) we can obtain a higher-order asymptotic expansion of the solution u (t, x) . Proof of Theorem 6.3 : As in the proof of Theorem 6.1 we apply the maximum principle to equation (6.7) Zt = −Z 2 −

κ 3 κ Z + Z 2 Zηη + Z 2 Zη . η2 η

(t) = maxη∈(0,1) Z (t, η) By virtue of Lemma 6.2 we get for Z d 3 ≤ −Z 2 − κ Z 2 , Z ≤ −Z dt η2 whence integrating with respect to time t > 0 we get the estimate 0 < Z (t, η) ≤

m (η) 1 + m (η) t

(6.11)

for all η ∈ (0, 1) , t > 0. ρ Denote Y = Z 2 , ρ = 1 − γ, where γ ∈ 0, 12 is taken from the condition (6.6), then from (6.7) we obtain

4 4 2 ρ ρ2 +1 κρ ρ4 +1 κ ρ4 Yt = − Y − 1 Y ρ −1 Yη2 + Y ρ Yηη , − 2Y + Y Yη + 2 2η η ρ whence taking derivative with respect to η we have 2 + ρ ρ2 κ (6 + ρ) ρ4 ρκ 4 Y Yη − Y Yη + 3 Y ρ +1 2 2 2η η

4 κ 4 4 4 2 ρ Y ρ −1 Yη2 + −1 − 1 Y ρ −2 Yη3 + η ρ ρ

4 4 4 κ 4 − 1 Y ρ −1 Yη Yηη + Y ρ Yηη + Y ρ Yηηη . +2 ρ η

∂t Yη = −

(6.12)

520

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

We apply the maximum principle to equation (6.12) by virtue of Lemma 6.2 *η (t) = maxη∈(0,1) Yη (t, η) we get for Y d* 2 + ρ * κ (6 + ρ) 2 * ρκ 2+ ρ Yη ≤ − Z Yη − Z Yη + 3 Z 2 dt 2 2η 2 η

3 4 2 4κ 2− ρ * 2 *η , Z 2 Yη + −1 − 1 Z 2−ρ Y + ρη ρ ρ whence via (6.11) we ﬁnd ρ d* −2− ρ 2 Yη ≤ Cη −3 m2+ 2 (1 + mt) , dt

hence integration with respect to time yields t ρ −2− ρ −3 2+ ρ 2 * 2 Yη (t) ≤ Cε + Cη m (1 + mt) dt ≤ Cε + Cη −3 m1+ 2 ≤ Cε 0 ρ

for all t > 0, since mρ (η) ≤ Cεη 2 , hence m1+ 2 (η) ≤ Cεη 3 and |Yη (0)| = ρ ρ 2 −1 |m | ≤ Cε by virtue of conditions (6.6). In the same way we estimate 2m minη∈(0,1) Yη (t, η) . Therefore we have |Yη (t, η)| ≤ Cε ρ

for all η ∈ (0, 1) , t > 0. Note that Yη = ρ2 Z 2 −1 Zη , hence |Zη (t, η)| ≤

ρ 2 1− ρ Z 2 |Yη (t, η)| ≤ CεZ 1− 2 . ρ

(6.13)

Now we deﬁne X = Z ρ , ρ ∈ (0, 1) . We have ρ

|Xη (t, η)| = ρZ ρ−1 |Zη | ≤ CεZ 2 . We now take (6.12) with ρ2 replaced by ρ and Y replaced by X, then diﬀerentiating twice with respect to η we get κ ρ2 6ρκ 2 1 + ρ ρ1 −1 2 X X Xηη − 4 X ρ +1 − Xη η2 η ρ 2κ (5 + 2ρ) ρ2 2κ (4 + ρ) ρ2 −1 2 + X Xη − X Xη η3 ρη 2 2 2κ (2 − ρ) ρ2 −2 3 2 X + Xη + 2ρ−3 (1 − ρ) (2 − ρ) X ρ −3 Xη4 2 ρ η κ (3 + ρ) ρ2 6κ ρ2 −1 X − X Xηη + Xη Xηη 2 η ρη 2 2 2 2 + ρ−2 (7 − 5ρ) (2 − ρ) X ρ −2 Xη2 Xηη + (2 − ρ) X ρ −1 Xηη ρ 2 2 κ 2 2 + X ρ Xηηη + (3 − ρ) X ρ −1 Xη Xηηη + X ρ Xηηηη . (6.14) η ρ 1

∂t Xηη = − (ρ + 1) X ρ Xηη −

6.1 Burgers type equations

521

We apply the maximum principle to equation (6.14) by virtue of Lemma 6.2 4 we get for X ηη (t) = maxη∈(0,1) Xηη (t, η) d 4 Xηη ≤ CZ 2+ρ η −4 + εZ −2ρ , dt whence via (6.11) we ﬁnd d 4 −2−ρ −2+ρ + Cεm2−ρ (1 + mt) , Xηη ≤ Cη −4 m2+ρ (1 + mt) dt hence integration with respect to time yields t −2−ρ −4 2+ρ 4 (1 + mt) dt Xηη (t) ≤ Cε + Cη m 0

+ Cm2−ρ

t

−2+ρ

(1 + mt)

dt

0

≤ Cε + Cη −4 m1+ρ + Cm1−ρ ≤ Cε for all t > 0, since m1+ρ (η) ≤ εη 4 and |Xηη (0)| ≤ ρmρ−1 |m | + ρ (ρ − 1) mρ−2 m2 ≤ Cε by virtue of conditions (6.6). In the same manner we estimate the function minη∈(0,1) Xηη (t, η) . Thus we see that |Xηη (t, η)| ≤ Cε for all η ∈ (0, 1) , t > 0. Note that Xηη = ρZ ρ−1 Zηη + ρ (ρ − 1) Z ρ−2 Zη2 , hence |Zηη (t, η)| ≤

1 1−ρ Z |Xηη (t, η)| + (ρ − 1) Z −1 Zη2 (t, η) ≤ CεZ 1−ρ . ρ

Now by estimates (6.11), (6.13) and (6.15) we get t t sup A (τ, η) dτ ≤ C sup |Zηη (τ, η)| dτ η∈(0,1)

η∈(0,1)

0

+ C sup η −1

η∈(0,1)

|Zη (τ, η)| dτ + C sup η −2

0

t

η∈(0,1) 1−γ

Z 1−ρ dτ ≤ Cε (t + 1)

≤ Cε sup η∈(0,1)

t

0

0

for all t ≥ 0. Theorem 6.3 is proved.

t

Z (τ, η) dτ 0

(6.15)

522

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

6.1.2 Shock wave Here we consider another type of the boundary conditions, corresponding to the shock wave solutions. We study the Cauchy problem −ν ut + B (1 + t) uσ ux − uxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (6.16) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R, with initial data satisfying shock-wave type boundary u0 (x) → 1 ( conditions for x → −∞ and u0 (x) → 0 for x → +∞, here ν ∈ 0, 12 , σ ∈ (0, 1) , B > 0. Changing t ν −ν u (t, x) = w (t, y) , x = y (1 + t) + a (τ ) (1 + τ ) dτ, 0

the function a (t) will be deﬁned later, we get −2ν ν wt − 1+t ywy + (1 + t) (Bwσ wy − a (t) wy − wyy ) = 0, y ∈ R, t > 0, w (0, y) = u0 (y) , y ∈ R. (6.17) We introduce the approximate solution (better approximation it is for bigger t) W (t, y) =

n

−αk

(1 + t)

Φk (y) ,

k=0

a (t) =

n+1

(1 + t)

−αk

ak ,

k=0

where n ≥ 1, α = 1 − 2ν > 0, the functions Φk (y) and coeﬃcients ak for 0 ≤ k ≤ n we deﬁne recurrently below. We substitute W and a into (6.17) to get n+1

−αk

(1 + t)

k=1

B d = 1 + σ dy −

n+1

n

l=0 m=0

α (k − 1) Φk−1 + νyΦk−1

σ+1

n

−αk

(1 + t)

Φk (y)

k=0 −α(l+m)

(1 + t)

al Φm −

n

−αk

(1 + t)

Φk .

(6.18)

k=0

We now collect the terms with the same power of 1 + t. Then for Φ0 we obtain BΦσ0 Φ0 − a0 Φ0 − Φ0 = 0 with boundary conditions Φ0 (y) → 1 as y → −∞, Φ0 (y) → 0 as y → +∞. B . Therefore integration yields This boundary conditions imply that a0 = σ+1

6.1 Burgers type equations

523

B (Φσ0 − 1) Φ0 = (σ + 1) Φ0 , hence

− 1 Φ0 (y) = 1 + ehy σ ,

Bσ where h = σa0 = 1+σ . Deﬁne b0 = 0 and let bk−1 for k ≥ 2 be the coeﬃ−α of the function cient of the Taylor expansion with respect to τ = (1 + t) σ+1 k−1 −αj Φj (y) a0 j=0 (1 + t)

⎞1+σ a0 d ⎝ j ⎠ ≡ τ Φ j k! dτ k j=0 ⎛

k

bk−1

k−1

. τ =0

Note that bk−1 depends only on Φ0 , ... , Φk−1 . Thus we have the following expansion ⎛ ⎞σ+1 n −αj (1 + t) Φj (y)⎠ a0 ⎝ j=0

=

n

−αk

(1 + t)

−αn−α

(bk−1 + BΦσ0 Φk ) + rn (1 + t)

,

k=1

where

⎛ ⎞1+σ n a0 dn+1 ⎝ j ⎠ rn = τ Φj . n! dτ n+1 j=0

Then for the functions Φk (y) , 1 ≤ k ≤ n we get from (6.18) Φk + a0 Φk − B

d (Φσ Φk ) dy 0

= −α (k − 1) Φk−1 − νyΦk−1 −

k

al Φk−l +

l=1

d bk−1 dy

(6.19)

with boundary conditions Φk (y) → 0 for y → ±∞, k ≥ 1. Integrating (6.19) with respect to y over (y, ∞) we obtain a linear diﬀerential equation for Φk Φk = Φk (BΦσ0 − a0 ) + bk−1 − +ν y

∞

k

al Φk−l

l=1

ηΦk−1 (η) dη + α (k − 1)

∞

Φk−1 (η) dη. y

1 Multiplying both sides of the above equation by e−hy 1 + ehy h , and then integrating with respect to y we have

524

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

Φk (y) =

1 ehz 1 + ehy h

y

−∞

∞

+ν

ehy (1 + ehz ) ηΦk−1

1 h

α (k − 1)

(η) dη + bk−1 (z) −

z

∞

Φk−1 (η) dη z k

al Φk−l (z) dz.

l=1

We deﬁne ak for all 1 ≤ k ≤ n + 1 by the conditions ak = ν ηΦk−1 (η) dη + α (k − 1) Φk−1 (η) dη R

(6.20)

R

which guarantee that Φk (y) decay exponentially. Indeed, we have a1 = ν ηΦ0 (η) dη, R

therefore

∞

ν z

=

ηΦ0 (η) dη − a1 Φ0 (z)

∞ − (νz + a1 ) Φ0 (z) − ν z Φ0 (η) dη for z > 0, z a1 (1 − Φ0 (z)) − ν −∞ ηΦ0 (η) dη for z < 0.

Then using estimates Φ0 (y) ≤ e−a0 y , |Φ0 (y)| ≤ Che−a0 y for y > 0 and for y < 0; |a1 | ≤

1 − Φ0 (y) ≤ e−h|y| , |Φ0 (y)| ≤ Che−h|y| C h,

we obtain

|Φ1 (y)|

∞ 1 y hz 1 hy h hz − h 1+e 1+e e ηΦ0 (η) dη − a1 Φ0 (z) dz ν =e −∞ z y 1 1 − ≤ Ce−hy 1 + ehy h ehz 1 + ehz h e−2L(z) (1 + |z|) dz −hy

−∞

C ≤ (1 + |y|) e−h|y| , h where L (z) = 12 a0 |z| for z > 0, and L (z) = induction we can see that the estimates are true

1 2 h |z|

for z < 0. Then by

h |Φk (y)| + |Φk (y)| ≤ Ch1−k (1 + |y|) e−h|y|

(6.21)

for all y ∈ R, 1 ≤ k ≤ n. Thus in view of (6.18) and (6.19) we see that the approximate solution W satisfy the following equation

6.1 Burgers type equations

Wt −

525

ν −2ν yWy + (1 + t) (BW σ Wy − a (t) Wy − Wyy ) = R (t, y) , (6.22) 1+t

where the remainder term R (t, y)

−αn−1

= − (1 + t)

αnΦn −

νyΦn

− ∂y rn +

n k=0

Φk

k

−αl

(1 + t)

an+1+l−k

.

l=0

By virtue of estimates (6.21) we get h |rn (t, y)| + |∂y rn (t, y)| ≤ Ch1−n (1 + |y|) e−h|y| and

−αn−1

|R (t, y)| ≤ Ch1−n (1 + t)

1 + y 2 e−h|y| .

(6.23)

Moreover since y we deﬁned an+1 via (6.20), then the integrated remainder R1 (t, y) = −∞ R (t, z) dz also decay at inﬁnity and we have the estimate −αn−1 1 + y 2 e−h|y| . |R1 (t, y)| ≤ Ch−n (1 + t) (6.24) Note that the remainder terms R (t, y) and R1 (t, y) are small uniformly with Bσ is suﬃciently large. respect to t > 0 and y ∈ R, if the value h = 1+σ We now suppose that the initial data u0 (x) for the problem (6.16) are close to the approximate shock wave W (0, x) , so that x L(x) e (u0 (ξ) − W (0, ξ)) dξ ∈ L∞ , −∞

1

where L (x) =

2 a0 |x| , 1 2 h |x| ,

for x > 0, for x < 0,

B where h = σa0 , a0 = 1+σ . We prove the asymptotic stability of the approximate solution W (t, y) . Some other results on the asymptotic stability of shock waves can be found in Il in and Ole˘ınik [1960], Liu [1985], Matano [1982], Matsumura and Nishihara [1994b].

Theorem 6.5. Let the initial data u0 (x) be close to the shock wave W (0, x) , that is L(x) x e (u0 (ξ) − W (0, ξ)) dξ + eL(x) (u0 (x) − W (0, x)) ∞ ≤ ε, −∞

L

L∞

where ε > 0 is suﬃciently small. Suppose that the coeﬃcient B is suﬃciently large B ≥ Cε . Then there exists a unique solution w (t, y) to the initialboundary value problem (6.17) such that the estimate −nα

w (t) − W (t) L∞ ≤ C (1 + t) is true for all t > 0, where α = 1 − 2ν.

526

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

Remark 6.6. Thus the solution u (t, x) of the initial-boundary value problem (6.16) tends to the shock wave W (t, y) as t → ∞. We choose the large parameter B to be able to estimate uniformly the remainder term R for the approximate shock wave solution W (t, y). The smallness assumption for the initial data in fact follows from the method of the proof via the contraction mapping principle. Proof. By virtue of (6.17) and (6.22) we ﬁnd for the diﬀerence v (t, y) = w (t, y) − W (t, y) ν −2ν 1+σ yvy + (1 + t) vt − a0 ∂y (W + v) − W 1+σ 1+t −2ν −2ν a (t) vy − (1 + t) vyy + R = 0, (6.25) − (1 + t) Integration of equation (6.25) with respect to y yields the Cauchy problem ⎧ −2ν 1+σ ν ν ⎪ a0 (W + Vy ) − W 1+σ ⎨ Vt − 1+t yVy + 1+t V + (1 + t) −2ν −2ν (6.26) − (1 + t) a (t) Vy − (1 + t) Vyy + R1 = 0, y ∈ R, t > 0, ⎪ ⎩ V (0, y) = V0 (y) , y ∈ R,

where

y

V (t, y) = −∞

v (t, y ) dy , R1 (t, y) =

and V0 (x) =

y

R (t, z) dz −∞

x

−∞

(u0 (ξ) − W (0, ξ)) dξ.

Note that V0 (x) → 0 as x → ±∞. We change the dependent variable g (t, y) = V (t, y) eθ(y) , where θ (y) we deﬁne such that 1 θ (y) = (a0 − BΦσ0 (y)) , 2 that is −1 1 B 1 dy = − hy + a0 − B 1 + ehy ln 1 + ehy θ (y) = 2 2 2h B ln 1 + e−h|y| , = L (y) + 2h 1

where L (y) = a0 =

B 1+σ ,

2 a0 |y| , 1 2 h |y| ,

for y > 0, for y < 0,

h = σa0 . By virtue of equation (6.26), changing Vy eθ = gy − θ g

and

6.1 Burgers type equations

527

Vyy eθ = gyy − 2θ gy − θ − θ2 g we have −2ν

gt + (1 + t)

−2ν

− (1 + t)

a0 eθ

1+σ W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W 1+σ

gyy − φgy + ψg + R1 eθ = 0,

(6.27)

where the coeﬃcients νy , (a (t) − 2θ (y)) + 1+t −2ν ψ (t, y) = (1 + t) a (t) θ (y) − θ2 (y) + θ (y) + −2ν

φ (t, y) = (1 + t)

ν (yθ (y) + 1) . 1+t

As above we apply the maximum principle. We prove that −αn

sup B |g (t, y)| + sup |gy (t, y)| < Cε (1 + t)

y∈R

y∈R

for all t > 0. By the contradiction we can ﬁnd a maximal time interval T > 0 such that −αn (6.28) sup B |g (t, y)| + sup |gy (t, y)| ≤ Cε (1 + t) y∈R

y∈R

for all t ∈ [0, T ] . Denote g (t) = supy∈R g (t, y), then via Lemma 6.2 we get from (6.27) 1+σ d −2ν g − R1 eθ . g ≤ − (1 + t) a0 eθ W − θ ge−θ − W 1+σ − ψ dt 1+σ

≤ (1 + σ) z for all z < 1, we have 1+σ −2ν a0 eθ W − θ ge−θ − W 1+σ − (1 + t)

1+σ −θ −2ν −2ν 1+σ θ g e =W e (1 + t) a0 1 − 1 − θ Bθ W σ g. ≤ (1 + t) W

Since 1 − (1 − z)

By the deﬁnition of the approximate solution and estimates (6.21) −ασ , W σ (t, y) = Φσ0 (y) + O h−1 (1 + t) −1 with Φσ0 (y) = 1 + ehy , and we deﬁned θ such that θ (y) = we write

1 (a0 − BΦσ0 (y)) , 2

−2ν −2ν (a0 − BΦσ0 ) θ − θ2 + θ Bθ W σ ≥ (1 + t) ψ − (1 + t) ν −2ν−ασ (yθ + 1) + O B (1 + t) + (1 + t) −2ν 2 −2ν−ασ −2ν θ + θ − CB (1 + t) ≥ (1 + t) ≥ CB 2 (1 + t)

528

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

for all y ∈ R, since

(θ (y)) + θ (y) ≥ CB 2 > 0. 2

Thus we ﬁnd in view of (6.24) d −2ν −αn−1 g ≤ −CB 2 (1 + t) g + CB −1 (1 + t) , dt

(6.29)

whence integrating with respect to time we get −αn

B g (t) < Cε (1 + t)

(6.30)

for all t ≥ 0. In the same way we obtain estimate for g (t) = inf y∈R g (t, y) B g (t) > −Cε (1 + t)

−αn

(6.31)

Now we estimate the derivative gy . Applying the maximum principle via Lemma 6.2 we get for gy (t) = supy∈R gy (t, y) 1+σ d −2ν gy ≤ − (1 + t) a0 eθ θ W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W 1+σ dt − (1 + σ) W σ (gy − θ g) e−θ σ −2ν BWy eθ W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W σ − σW σ−1 (gy − θ g) e−θ − (1 + t) σ −2ν B W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W σ 2θ gy − θ2 − θ g + (1 + t) −2ν −2ν − ψ − φy − (1 + t) BW σ θ + (1 + t) σBW σ−1 Wy gy −2ν −2ν − ψy − (1 + t) BW σ θ2 − (1 + t) σBW σ−1 Wy θ g − R1 eθ y . Since

1+σ

1 − (1 − z)

1+σ − (1 + σ) z = O |z|

for all |z| < 1, we have by virtue of (6.28) 1+σ −2ν − (1 + t) a0 eθ θ W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W 1+σ −2ν−αn(1+σ) , − (1 + σ) W σ (gy − θ g) e−θ = O B (1 + t) σ −2ν − (1 + t) BWy eθ W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W σ − σW σ−1 (gy − θ g) e−θ −2ν−αn(1+σ) = O B (1 + t) and

σ −2ν (1 + t) B W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W σ 2θ gy − θ2 − θ g −2ν−αn(1+σ) = O (1 + t) .

6.1 Burgers type equations

529

−α , σBW σ−1 Wy = −2θ + O B 2 (1 + t)

Note that therefore

−2ν

−2ν

ψ − φy − (1 + t) BW σ θ + (1 + t) σBW σ−1 Wy ν −2ν −2ν−α yθ + O (1 + t) (a0 − BΦσ0 ) θ − θ2 + θ + = (1 + t) 1+t −2ν −2ν −2ν θ + (1 + t) σBW σ−1 Wy ≥ CB 2 (1 + t) + 2 (1 + t) for all y ∈ R. Also we have the estimates −2ν

−2ν

ψy − (1 + t) BW σ θ2 − (1 + t) σBW σ−1 Wy θ −2ν = O B 3 (1 + t) , −αn−1 R1 eθ y = O B 1−n (1 + t) . Thus we ﬁnd d −2ν −2ν g − g y gy ≤ −CB 2 (1 + t) gy + CB 3 (1 + t) dt −αn−1 . + CB 1−n (1 + t) Combining this estimate with (6.29) we get d gy + B g − B g dt −2ν −αn−1 gy + B g − B g + CB 1−n (1 + t) , ≤ −CB 2 (1 + t) whence integrating with respect to time t > 0 we obtain −αn gy (t) + B g (t) − B g (t) < Cε (1 + t)

for all t ≥ 0. Via (6.30) and (6.31) we get gy (t) < Cε (1 + t)

−αn

for all t ≥ 0. The value inf y∈R gy (t, y) is estimated in the same way. Whence the result of the theorem follows. Theorem 6.5 is proved. 6.1.3 Zero boundary conditions In this subsection we study the most diﬃcult and intriguing case when the initial data decay at inﬁnity. So we consider the Cauchy problem ut + uσ ux − uxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, (6.32) u (0, x) = u0 (x) , x ∈ R

530

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

with the initial data u0 (x) → 0 as x → ±∞. We assume that the initial data u0 (x) have a non zero mean value u0 (x) dx = M > 0. R

Note that the mean value of the solution u (t, x) dx = M

(6.33)

R

is a conservation law according to equation (6.32). The results of Escobedo et al. [1993a] say that the solution u (t, x) approaches the viscosity solution of the Hopf equation ut + uσ ux = 0. However the viscosity solution is too rough for the uniform norm L∞ (R) since the solution of the Cauchy problem (6.32) is smooth, but the viscosity solution has a discontinuity. In this section we construct another asymptotic approximation of the solution which is close in the uniform norm L∞ (R). Deﬁne ϕ (t, x) as a rarefaction wave constructed in Section 6.1.1 ϕt + ϕσ ϕx − ϕxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, ϕ (0, x) = ϕ0 (x) , x ∈ R, where the initial data ϕ0 (x) are monotonically increasing ϕ0 (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, such that ϕ0 (x) → 0 as x → −∞ and ϕ0 (x) → 1 as x → +∞. Now we deﬁne the shock wave solution r (t, x) as the solution of the problem rt + ϕσ rσ rx + ϕσ−1 ϕx (rσ − 1) r − 2 ϕϕx rx − rxx = 0, x ∈ R, t > 0, r (0, x) = r0 (x) , x ∈ R, (6.34) u0 (x) where the initial data r0 (x) = ϕ0 (x) satisfy boundary conditions r0 (−∞) = 1, r0 (+∞) = 0, i.e. ϕ0 (x) ≈ u0 (x) as x → −∞. Then the function u = ϕr satisﬁes the Cauchy problem (6.32). We suppose that the initial data ϕ0 (ξ) monotonically increase ϕ0 (ξ) > 0, 0 < ϕ0 (ξ) < 1 for all ξ ∈ R and ϕ0 (ξ) satisﬁes the conditions (6.6) of Theorem 6.3. Using the method of characteristics from Section 6.1.1 (see formulas (6.8) and (6.10)) we derive asymptotic expansions for the solution ϕ (x, t) . We have −1

ϕ (t, χ (t, ξ)) = ϕ0 (ξ) , ϕχ (t, χ (t, ξ)) = ϕ0 (ξ) (χξ (t, ξ)) and χ (t, ξ) = ξ + ϕσ0 (ξ) t −

1 ∂ξ ϕ0 (ξ)

t

ϕχ (t , χ (t , ξ)) dt .

0

In the ﬁrst approximation we can take 1 χ (t, ξ) = ξ + ϕσ0 (ξ) t + O t 2 −γ

(6.35)

6.1 Burgers type equations

531

for large time t → ∞, where γ > 0 is small. As in Section 6.1.2 we make changes

t

ν

r (t, x) = w (t, y) , x = y (1 + t) +

−ν

a (τ ) (1 + τ )

dτ,

0

(a (t) will be deﬁned later) to get ⎧ −2ν ν ϕx ν σ ⎪ w Bw w − yw + (1 + t) w − a (t) + 2 (1 + t) − w ⎪ t y y y yy 1+t ϕ ⎪ ⎨ ν −2ν σ + (ϕσ (1 + t) − B) (1 + t) w wy ⎪ +ϕσ−1 ϕx (wσ − 1) w = 0, y ∈ R, t > 0, ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ w (0, y) = r0 (y) , y ∈ R. (6.36) We construct the ﬁrst approximation W (t, y) in the form W (t, y) = Φ0 (y) + (1 + t)

−α

−α

a (t) = a0 + a1 (1 + t)

Φ1 (t, y) , −2α

+ a2 (t) (1 + t)

,

where α = 1 − 2ν > 0. As in Section 6.1.2, the function Φ0 (y) is deﬁned via equation BΦσ0 Φ0 − a0 Φ0 − Φ0 = 0 with boundary conditions Φ0 (y) → 1 as y → −∞, Φ0 (y) → 0 as y → +∞. B and Hence we get a0 = σ+1 − 1 Φ0 (y) = 1 + ehy σ , with h =

Bσ 1+σ .

For Φ1 (y) we get Φ1 + a0 Φ1 − ∂y (Φσ0 Φ1 ) = −νyΦ0 − a1 Φ0

(6.37)

with boundary conditions Φ1 (y) → 0 for y → ±∞. Integrating (6.37) with respect to y over (y, ∞) we obtain a linear diﬀerential equation for ϕ1 ∞ σ Φ1 = Φ1 (Φ0 − a0 ) − a1 Φ0 + ν ηΦ0 (η) dη. y

1 Multiplying both sides of the above equation by e−hy 1 + ehy h , and then integrating with respect to y, we have Φ1 (y) =

y

−∞

1 ∞

ehz 1 + ehy h ηΦ (η) dη − a Φ (z) dz. ν 1 0 1 0 z ehy (1 + ehz ) h

We deﬁne a1 by the condition

a1 = ν R

ηΦ0 (η) dη,

532

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

which guarantees that Φ1 (y) decay exponentially |Φ1 (y)| ≤

C (1 + |y|) e−h|y| h

for all y ∈ R. t −ν The curve y = 0, i.e. xf (t) = 0 a (τ ) (1 + τ ) dτ, we call the front of the wave. We have a0 1−ν 1−ν−α (1 + t) xf (t) = + O (1 + t) (6.38) 1−ν as t → ∞. Deﬁne ξ0 (t) such that χ (t, ξ0 (t)) = xf (t) , then ϕ (t, xf (t)) = ϕ0 (ξ0 (t)) and for ξ0 (t) we have by (6.35) and (6.38) 1 a0 1−ν ξ0 + ϕσ0 (ξ0 ) t + O t 2 −γ = t + O t1−ν−α 1−ν for t → ∞, so tν ϕσ (t, xf (t)) −

1 a0 = O t−α + O tν− 2 −γ + O tν−1 ξ0 1−ν

for t → ∞. By the condition ϕσ (t, xf (t)) = Bt−ν +o (t−ν ) we get the following equation a0 B= , 1−ν σ whence we obtain ν = 1+σ . If we choose the asymptotics of −β −β ϕ0 (ξ) = |ξ| + o |ξ| as ξ → −∞, where β ∈ 0, σ1 , then we have 1 ξ0 (t) = O (1 + t) β(1+σ) . Hence the asymptotics follows 1 1 1 −α |ξ0 (t)| = B − νβ(1+σ) (1 + t) β(1+σ) + O (1 + t) β(1+σ) , xf (t) = ξ0 + (1 + t) |ξ0 |

−σβ

1 1 −α ; = B (1 + t) 1+σ + O (1 + t) 1+σ

and then ϕσ (t, χ (t, ξ)) = ϕσ0 (ξ) = B (1 + t)

−ν

−ν−α . + O (1 + t)

6.1 Burgers type equations

533

σ Here ν = 1+σ ∈ 0, 12 . Now by using the estimates of Theorem 6.3 we obtain in the ﬁrst approximation χ (t, ξ) = |ξ|

−σβ

(1 + t)

for ξ → −∞. Therefore the asymptotic expansion

1 −1−α 1−σ , ϕx (t, xf (t)) = O u0 (ξ) = O (1 + t) (1 + t) is valid for t → ∞. Then by virtue of the Taylor formula ϕ (t, x) = ϕ (t, xf (t)) + (x − xf (t)) ϕx (t, x ) −ν −2ν−2α , we get and ϕσ (t, x) = B (1 + t) + O |x − xf (t)| (1 + t) ν −ν−2α , ϕσ (1 + t) − B = O |y| (1 + t) −1−α ϕx (t, x) = O (1 + t) ϕx −ν−2α = O (1 + t) ϕ

and

(6.39)

−ν

for t → ∞, where y = (x − xf (t)) (1 + t) . We now prove that solutions w (t, y) of (6.36) converge to the approximate solution W (t, y) for large time t → ∞. By virtue of (6.36) and (6.37) we ﬁnd for the diﬀerence v (t, y) = w (t, y) − W (t, y) ⎧ −2ν 1+σ ν B 1+σ ⎪ (v + W ) − a (t) v v − yv + (1 + t) ∂ − W − v ⎪ y yy ⎨ t 1+t y 1+σ y ν 1+σ (1+t)−2ν σ + (ϕ (1 + t) − B) 1+σ ∂y (W + v) ⎪ ⎪ σ −ν ⎩ x +ϕσ−1 ϕx ((W + v) − 1) (W + v) − 2ϕ vy + R = 0, ϕ (1 + t) (6.40) where ν −2ν R (t, y) = Wt − yWy + (1 + t) (BW σ Wy − a (t) Wy − Wyy ) 1+t 2ϕx −ν (1 + t) Wy − ϕ 1 −αk−1 α = (1 + t) (−αkΦk − νyΦk − a (t) (1 + t) Φk ) k=0

−

1

−αk+α−1

(1 + t)

Φk +

k=0

2ϕx −ν (1 + t) Wy + ∂y r1 − ϕ

1 k=0

−αk+α−1

(1 + t)

∂y (Φσ0 Φk )

534

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

since α−1

a0 (1 + t)

1

1+σ (1 + t)

−αk

Φk

k=0

=B

1

−αk+α−1

(1 + t)

Φσ0 Φk + r1 ,

k=0

where h |r1 (t, y)| + |∂y r1 (t, y)| ≤ C (1 + t)

−1−α

(1 + |y|) e−h|y| .

By virtue of equation (6.37) we get 2 −α−1 |R (t, y)| = (1 + t) −αΦ1 − νyΦ1 − al Φ2−l l=0

2 −2α−1 −ν ϕx Wy − (1 + t) al Φ3−l + ∂y r1 − 2 (1 + t) ϕ l=0 −1−α

(1 + |y|) e−h|y| .

≤ C (1 + t)

Moreover, since −ν a2 (t) = ν ηΦ1 (η) dη + α Φ1 (η) dη − 2 (1 + t) R

R

for R1 (t, y) =

R

y

−∞

R (t, z) dz = −

ϕx Wη dη ϕ

∞

R (t, z) dz, y

we also have the estimate −1−α

|R1 (t, y)| ≤ Ch−1 (1 + t)

1 + y 2 e−h|y| .

The integration of equation (6.40) with respect to y yields the Cauchy problem ⎧ −2ν 1+σ ν ν ⎪ a0 (W + Vy ) − W 1+σ ⎨ Vt − 1+t yVy + 1+t V + (1 + t) −2ν −2ν (6.41) − (1 + t) a (t) Vy − (1 + t) Vyy + F = 0, y ∈ R, t > 0, ⎪ ⎩ V (0, x) = V0 (x) , x ∈ R, where y −2ν y (1 + t) ν 1+σ F = R (t, z) dz + (ϕσ (1 + t) − B) ∂y (W + v) dy 1 + σ −∞ −∞ y y ϕx σ −ν vy dy, + ϕσ−1 ϕx ((W + v) − 1) (W + v) dy − 2 (1 + t) −∞ −∞ ϕ

6.1 Burgers type equations

y

V (t, y) = −∞

v (t, y ) dy , R1 (t, y) =

535

y

R (t, z) dz −∞

x and V0 (x) = −∞ (w0 (x) − W (1, x)) dx → 0 as x → ±∞. We now suppose that the initial data w0 (x) for the problem (6.36) are close to the approximate shock wave W (0, x) so that x L(x) e (w0 (ξ) − W (0, ξ)) dξ ∈ L∞ , −∞

1

where L (x) =

B and h = σa0 , a0 = 1+σ . σ Denote ν = 1+σ , α = 1−2ν = result.

2 a0 |x| , 1 2 h |x| ,

1−σ 1+σ ,

for x > 0, for x < 0,

σ ∈ (0, 1) . We now prove the following

Theorem 6.7. Let the function ϕ0 (x) be such that ϕ0 (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, and satisfy estimates (6.6) and ϕ0 (x) = u0 (x) + o (1) as x → −∞. Let the initial data u0 (x) be close to the shock wave W (0, x) , so that the norm

L(x) x u0 (ξ) e − W (0, ξ) dξ ∞ ϕ0 (ξ) −∞ L

L(x) u0 (x) − W (0, x) + ∞ ≤ ε, e ϕ0 (x) L where ε > 0 is suﬃciently small. Suppose that B is suﬃciently large B ≥ Cε . Then a unique solution u (t, x) to the Cauchy problem (6.1) has asymptotic representation −ν−α (6.42) u (t, x) = ϕ (t, x) Φ0 (y) + O (1 + t) for t → ∞ uniformly with respect to x ∈ R. Remark 6.8. Thus we see that the solution u (t, x) of the Cauchy problem (6.1) tends to the product of the rarefaction wave ϕ (t, x) and the shock wave W (t, y) as t → ∞. We assume that the value B is large to guarantee that the function Φ0 (y) gives us a good uniform approximation of the shock wave solution W (t, y). The smallness assumption for the initial data comes from the method of the proof via the contraction mapping principle, and probably it is not necessary. Remark 6.9. Note that the rate of decay α = 1−σ 1+σ for the remainder term in asymptotic representation (6.42) vanishes in the limiting case σ = 1 and ν tends to 12 . This means that the representation (6.42) does not work in the case σ → 1. When σ = 1, equation (6.1) is the classical Burgers equation for which an explicit formula for the solution is known (see Hopf [1950]). The large time asymptotics (6.45) has a self-similar structure and cannot be considered as the product of the rarefaction wave and shock wave solutions.

536

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

Proof. We follow the method of the proof of Theorem 6.5. We change the dependent variable g (t, y) = V (t, y) eθ(y) . The function θ (y) we deﬁne such that 1 θ (y) = (a0 − BΦσ0 (y)) , 2 then −1 1 B 1 a0 − B 1 + ehy dy = − hy + ln 1 + ehy θ (y) = 2 2 2h B ln 1 + e−h|y| , = L (y) + 2h 1

where L (y) = a0 =

B 1+σ ,

2 a0 |y| , 1 2 h |y| ,

for y > 0, for y < 0,

h = σa0 . By virtue of equation (6.41) we have −2ν

gt + (1 + t)

−2ν

− (1 + t)

eθ a0

1+σ W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W 1+σ

gyy − φgy + ψg + F = 0,

where ν −ν ϕx (t, x) y + 2 (1 + t) , (a (t) − 2θ (y)) + (1 + t) ϕ (t, x) −2ν aθ (y) − θ2 (y) + θ (y) ψ (t, y) = (1 + t) −2ν

φ (t, y) = (1 + t)

+

ν −ν ϕx (t, x) (yθ (y) + 1) + 2 (1 + t) θ (y) (1 + t) ϕ (t, x)

and

−2ν

1+σ ν (ϕσ (1 + t) − B) ∂y W + (gy − θ g) e−θ dy −∞

y ϕx −ν + 2 (1 + t) eθ (gy − θ g) e−θ ∂y dy ϕ −∞ y σ ϕσ−1 ϕx W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − 1 + eθ −∞ × W + (gy − θ g) e−θ dy + Reθ .

F =

(1 + t) 1+σ

y

eθ

Let us prove that −α

B sup |g (t, y)| + sup |gy (t, y)| < C (1 + t) y∈R

y∈R

for all t > 0. By the contradiction we can ﬁnd a maximal time interval T > 0 such that

6.1 Burgers type equations −α

B sup |g (t, y)| + sup |gy (t, y)| ≤ C (1 + t) y∈R

537

(6.43)

y∈R

for all t ∈ [0, T ] . Denote g (t) = supy∈R g (t, y), then by Lemma 6.2 and by applying the maximum principle we get 1+σ d −2ν θ g ≤ − (1 + t) e a0 W − θ ge−θ − W 1+σ − ψ g + sup |F (t, y)| . dt y∈R As in the proof of Theorem 6.5 we use estimates 1+σ −2ν θ − (1 + t) e a0 W − θ ge−θ − W 1+σ −2ν −2ν−σα Bθ W σ g + O g (1 + t) = (1 + t) , −α W σ (t, y) = Φσ0 (y) + O (1 + t) and −2ν

ψ − (1 + t) for all y ∈ R, since

−2ν

θ BW σ ≥ CB 2 (1 + t)

−1 Φσ0 (y) = 1 + ehy

and θ (y) is chosen such that θ (y) =

1 (a0 − Bϕσ0 (y)) . 2

We have by virtue of (6.39) and (6.43) sup |F (t, y)| ≤ C (1 + t)

−α−1

.

y∈R

Thus we ﬁnd d −2ν −α−1 g ≤ −CB 2 (1 + t) g + C (1 + t) ; dt hence, integration with respect to time yields B g (t) ≤ Cε (1 + t)

−α

for all t ≥ 0. For the value g (t) = inf y∈R g (t, y) similarly we obtain B g (t) ≥ −Cε (1 + t)

−α

for all t ≥ 0. Now we estimate the derivative gy (t, y)

(6.44)

538

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

1+σ −2ν θ gyt + ∂y (1 + t) e a0 W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W 1+σ −2ν

+ ψy g + (ψ − φy ) gy − φgyy − (1 + t)

gyyy + ∂y F = 0.

Applying the maximum principle via Lemma 6.2 we get for the function gy (t) = supy∈R gy (t, y) 1+σ d −2ν θ gy ≤ − (1 + t) e θ a0 W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W 1+σ dt − (1 + σ) W σ (gy − θ g) e−θ σ −2ν Wy eθ B W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − (1 + t) −W σ − σW σ−1 (gy − θ g) e−θ σ −2ν B W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W σ 2θ gy − θ2 − θ g + (1 + t) −2ν −2ν − ψ − φy − (1 + t) BW σ θ + (1 + t) σBW σ−1 Wy gy −2ν −2ν − ψy − (1 + t) BW σ θ2 − (1 + t) σBW σ−1 Wy θ g − ∂y F (t, y) . As in the proof of Theorem 6.5 we have 1+σ −2ν θ − (1 + t) e θ a0 W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W 1+σ −2ν−α−ασ , − (1 + σ) W σ (gy − θ g) e−θ = O B (1 + t) σ −2ν − (1 + t) Wy Beθ W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W σ − σW σ−1 (gy − θ g) e−θ −2ν−α−ασ , = O B (1 + t) σ −2ν (1 + t) B W + (gy − θ g) e−θ − W σ 2θ gy − θ2 − θ g −2ν−α−ασ = O (1 + t) . and −2ν

ψ − φy − (1 + t)

−2ν

BW σ θ + (1 + t)

−2ν

σBW σ−1 Wy ≥ CB 2 (1 + t)

for all y ∈ R. Also we have the estimates −2ν

ψy − (1 + t) and

−2ν

BW σ θ2 − (1 + t)

F eθ

y

−2ν σBW σ−1 Wy θ = O B 3 (1 + t)

−α−1 . = O (1 + t)

6.2 Comments

539

Thus we ﬁnd d −2ν −2ν −α−1 g − g + C (1 + t) gy ≤ − (1 + t) CB 2 gy + CB 3 (1 + t) . dt Combining this estimate with (6.29) we get d −2ν −α−1 gy + B gy + B g − B g ≤ −CB 2 (1 + t) g − B g + C (1 + t) ; dt hence by integrating with respect to time t ≥ 0 we obtain −α gy (t) + B g (t) − B g (t) ≤ Cε (1 + t)

for all t ≥ 0. The value inf y∈R gy (t, y) is estimated in the same way. The result of the theorem follows now from (6.39) |u (t, x) − ϕ (t, x) Φ0 (y)| ≤ |u (t, x) − ϕ (t, x) W (t, y)| + |ϕ (t, x) (W (t, y) − Φ0 (y))| −ν−α

≤ |ϕ (t, x)| |Vy (t, y)| + C (1 + t) −ν−α −ν−α ≤ |ϕ| (gy − θ g) e−θ + C (1 + t) ≤ C (1 + t) . Theorem 6.7 is proved.

6.2 Comments Section 6.1. The asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem (6.1) for the supercritical case of σ > 1 was studied (see, e.g., Escobedo and Kavian [1988], Escobedo and Zuazua [1991], Escobedo and Zuazua [1997]). In this case the large time asymptotics of the solution has the same form as that of the linear heat equation u (t, x) = √

x2 1 θ e− 4t + O t− 2 −γ , 4πt

where γ > 0, θ = R u0 (x) dx is a total mass of the initial data. Thus the eﬀect of the convection term uσ ux completely disappears from the main term of the asymptotics in the supercritical case of σ > 1 . In the critical case of σ = 1 equation (6.1) is known as the Burgers equation Burgers [1948] and can be solved via the Hopf-Cole transformation Hopf [1950] u = −2∂x log (φ) , where φ (t, x) = √

1 4πt

R

e−

(x−y)2 4t

exp −

1 2

y

u0 (z) dz

dy

−∞

solves the heat equation φt = φxx . Thus the large time asymptotics can be computed explicitly (see , for example, Amick et al. [1989], Karch [1999b], Naumkin and Shishmarev [1989])

540

6 Subcritical Convective Equations

1 u (t, x) = √ Ψ t where γ > 0,

x √ t

1

+ O t− 2 −γ ,

(6.45)

θ x θ Erf − sinh 4 4 2

Ψ (x) = −2∂x log cosh

x

2

and Erf(x) = √2π 0 e−y dy is the error function. In the subcritical case of 0 < σ < 1 it was proved in paper Escobedo et al. [1993a] that any solution u (t, x) of the Cauchy problem (6.1) with integrable initial data u0 ∈ L1 (R) approaches for large time t → ∞ the viscosity solution U (t, x) =

1 x σ 0

with xf (t) =

1 ν −ν θν t 1+σ

if 0 < x < xf (t) , otherwise

t

, θ=

u0 (x) dx > 0, ν = R

σ 1+σ

which satisﬁes (see Ladyzhenskaya [1963], Lax [1957]) the Hopf equation ut + uσ ux = 0. More precisely it was proved in Escobedo et al. [1993a] that

u (t, x) − U (t, x)Lp = o t

1 1 − 1+σ 1− p

as t → ∞, where 1 ≤ p < ∞. Note that the convergence u (t, x) → U (t, x) cannot be uniform with respect to x ∈ R since the entropy solution U (t, x) is discontinuous in the front xf (t) of the shock wave, but the solutions u (t, x) of (6.1) are smooth for all t > 0. Hence the viscosity solution gives us a rough approximation when working in the uniform norm L∞ . In this section we construct another asymptotic approximation which is close to the solution in the uniform norm. We follow the idea of paper Hayashi and Naumkin [2003] and represent the solution as a product of a rarefaction wave and a shock wave. Thus, near the front of the wave xf (t) , the solution resembles a shock wave and in the far region the solution behaves as σ+1 a rarefaction wave. In this section we considered the case of the ﬂux function uσ+1 for simplicity. The same technique could be applied for a general C2 ﬂux function; however, it seems that the convexity of the ﬂux function plays a fundamental role.

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Index

a priori estimate, 18, 80 analytic function, 27 approach general, 323 approximate solution, 533 asymptotic behaviour, 40 kernel, 324, 328 operator, 324, 435 asymptotics, VIII, 18 Banach space, 2 BBM-Burgers equation, 381 behaviour asymptotic, 40 Benjamin-Ono equation, 331 Besov homogeneous space, 2 blow up, 112, 140, 169 boundary conditions, 514, 531 bounded, 74 variation, 77 Boussinesq equations, 158 , {}, 1 Broer’s system, 159 Burgers equation, 24 Cauchy inequality, 354 problem, 5, 8, 11 sequence, 262 classical solution, 140, 151, 169, 316 compact support, 177 complete space, 4, 5, 13

complex, 125 complex value, 27 concordant, 186, 257, 269, 294 conditions boundary, 531 conservation law, 181, 197, 514 contraction mapping, 290 principle, 4 convergence, 540 convolution, 3 critical convective, 324 nonconvective, 179 value, 188 damped wave equation, 82, 254, 476 decay estimates, 22 dependence, 67, 205 derivative nonlinear Schr¨ odinger equation, 125, 141 diagonalization, 159 diﬀerential equation, 159, 499 Dirac delta-function, 341, 405 dispersion, 158, 177 dissipation, 26, 125 Dobrokhotov’s system, 158 Duhamel principle, 5 energy method, 24 equation BBM-Burgers, 381 Benjamin-Ono, 331

556

Index

Boussinesq, 158 Burgers, 24 damped wave, 82 derivative nonlinear Schr¨ odinger, 125, 141 Hopf, 530 KdV, 144 KdV-B, 27 Landau-Ginzburg, 27, 218 modiﬁed KdV, 145 nonlinear heat, 8 Ott-Sudan-Ostrovsky, 298 parabolic, 367 Schr¨ odinger, 140, 322 Whitham, 125 Whitham potential, 125 equivalent, 2 error function, 349 estimate a priori, 18, 80 decay, 22 Euler gamma function, 27 existente global, 13, 18 local, 5 Fourier inverse transform, 1 transformation, 1 fractional derivative, 27 functional spaces Bs,q , 2 Hk , 2 Hs,a , 2 Lp,a , 1 Lp , 1 Wpk , 2 Wps,a , 2 X,Z, 5 fundamental Cauchy matrix, 160 general approach, 51, 323, 431 generalized solutions, VI global existence, 13, 18 Green function, 8 operator, 5 Gronwall’s lemma, 4

H¨ older inequality, 2 heat equation, 8 Hilbert transform, 126 homogeneous, 146 Besov space, 2 problem, 30 Hopf equation, 530 inequality Cauchy, 354 H¨ older, 2 interpolation, 3 Young, 3 inﬁnitesimal, 2 initial data large, 17 small, 7, 13 integer part, 1 interpolation inequality, 3 inverse Fourier transform, 1 Inverse Scattering Transform, VI Kaup’s system, 159 KdV equation, 144 KdV-B equation, 27, 135 Landau-Ginzburg equation, 27, 218 large initial data, 17 Lebesgue space, 1 weighted space, 1 linear operator, 322 problem, 376 pseudodiﬀerential operator, 26 system, 161 local existence, 5 Macdonalds function, 31 mean value, 530 metric space, 431 mild solution, 5, 478 modiﬁed Bessel function, 31 KdV equation, 145 Navier-Stokes system, 158 nonlinear heat equation, 185

Index operator, 5 Schr¨ odinger equation, 125 nonlinearity, 162 norm Hk , 2 Hs,a , 2 Lp,a , 1 Wpk , 2 Wps,a , 2 O, o - notation, 2 operator L, 322 N, 5 asymptotic, 435 Green, 5 linear, 322 nonlinear, 5 pseudodiﬀerential, 5, 26 self-similar, 323 strongly dissipative, 125 subcritical, 431 Ott-Sudan-Ostrovsky equation, 298 parabolic equations, 367 Plancherel’s theorem, 21 potential Whitham equation, 125 principle contraction mapping, 4 Duhamel, 5 problem homogeneous, 30 linear, 376 pseudodiﬀerential operator, 5 rarefaction wave, 513, 514 regularity, 41, 146 same order, 2 Schr¨ odinger equation, 140, 322 self-similar operator, 323, 326 solution, 175, 326 semigroups, 26 shallow water system, 158 shock wave, 513, 522 short-range region, 210 small initial data, 7, 13 smoothing eﬀect, 8, 367 Sobolev

weighted spaces, 2 Sobolev spaces, 2 solution approximate, 533 classical, VI, 151, 316 generalized, VI mild, 5 regular, 41 self-similar, 326 viscosity, 530 strongly dissipative, 125 subcritical convective, 513 nonconvective, 431 operator, 431 successive approximations, 262 supercritical operator, 51 symbol of operator, 5, 26 symmetry, 51, 140 system for surface waves, 164 linear, 161 Navier-Stokes, 158 nonlinear, 157 of Broer, 159 of Dobrokhotov, 158 of Kaup, 159 of shallow water, 158 triad concordant, 186, 257, 269, 294 uniform approximation, 535 uniqueness, 15 viscosity solution, 530 wave rarefaction, 514 shock, 522 weighted Lebesgue space, 1 Sobolev space, 2 Whitham equation, 125, 298 potential equation, 125 Young inequality, 3 zero mean value, 530

557

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