A nd Suddenly the Inventor A ppeared TRIZ,the T/zeory of Inventive Problem Solving
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By Genrich Altshuller Translated by Lev Shulyak
Preface to this edition
Twoyearshavepassedsincethefirstpublicationofthistranslation.M any thingshavehappened with TRIZ theory.Ithasgrown rapidly beyond its originalRussianboundariesreachingtheUnitedStates,Europe,India China Taiwanand more. SeveralcompanieswithRussianscientistsandTRIZexpertshavesettheir rootsin the United States becoming very successfulin applying TRIZ technology.A listofAmerican companiesprovidingTRIZ servicesislocated inAppendix3. InventionMachine,lnc.(IM)from Cambridge,Massachusetts,wasthe firstRussiancompanyto promoteTRIZ in theUSin 1991.TodayIM offers TRIZ computersoftware and training.They also provide TRIZ servicesto companiesforsolvingtechnicalproblems. Ideation International,Inc.(111)basedin Southfield,M ichigan,was the second US company formed with Russian TRIZ experts.IIIprovides training andconsulting,andhavedevelopedthreeWindows-based software solutionsystem s. TechnicalInnovation Center,Inc.(TIC) another Massachusetts
company, in conjunction with the Center for Technology
Commercialization,aNASA technologytransfercompany becamethethird
majorsourceforTRIZconsultation,trainingandpublications.
SeveralRussian TRIZ experts- VictorFey from Detroit M ichigan and ZinovyRoysen from SeattleW ashington -havealsoformed theirownTRIZ
consultinggroupsprovidingtrainingandproblem solvingservices. American companieshavebegun includingTRIZtrainingforengineers.
GOAL /QPC,based in Methuen,Massachusetts,andDetroit-based Am erican Supplier Institute (ASI)are active training organizations promotingTRIZ.lnNovembeq1995,morethen 200peopleattended anASI sponsored TRIZ symposium in Detroit.Thesym posium reaffirmed TRIZ as anim portanttoolforsystematicinnovation. Sincethe initialpublication ofthisbook qlrvvxcm and Machine Tzesign magazineshavepublishedadiclesontheprosperousapplicationOG RIZtheory inAmericanindustries. Finally,a plan to establish the Altshuller Institute for Technical Creativityhasbeen born.TheInstitute,tobeIocatedinMassachusetts,will be a centerforthe translation and development ofTRIZ research and publications.ItishopedtheInstitutewillcoordinate certification ofTRIZ expertsandtrainers,andwillhelpdevelop curriculumsto bring TRIZ into
Americanacadem icinstitutions.Itwillalsopromotenew researchOnTRIZtn continueitsgrowth in theWestaswellasdevelopnew applicationsin1mt, 11 technicalandnontechnicalareas. ThankstoStevenRodmanandRobynCutlerfertheirhardworkinediting andredesigningthisnew edition.Wearepositivethatthisbookwillbecome anevenmorewidespreadintroductiontoTRIZinthewesternworld. LevShulyak Y/orcester,slassachusetu January,1996
Preface from the original 1994 edition *nMyonlyintentioninthisliot)kistoshow thatfàeprocessofsolving
tecltnicalproblemsisaccessibletoanyone.importanttolearn crld very ead fïngfoworkf/lroug&''
H.Altov (Genrich Altshuller) KEventltingshould bemadeassimpleaspossible,butnotsïmplene AlbertElusteln Today technicalprogress ischangingthe faceoftheearth atan ever acceleratingpace.Scientist, sareGndingwaystolearn morein lesstime to remembermoreand longer todethingsfasterkand soon.Thiscreatesan enormousneedforaconstantlygrowingsupply ofnew ideasandsolutions. Moreover,the body ofknowledge and theapplication ofthiskaowledge to solvingtechnicalproblemsisexpandingrapidlyHow canwemanageallthis new informationandmakeituseful? Unfortunately one ofthe entrenched beliefsmany peoplehold isthat ilwentivenessisinnate and thereforecannotbetaughtorlearned.Butwe arenotconsistent.W hileweresistorignoreteachingtechnicalinventiveness wedohavemusicand az'tcourses- andschoolswhich take in a1lsortsof
studenta,notjust$heextremelytalentednrartistic.
Thus,wea1s0needschoob andcoursesofstudythatwillteac.hustobecome moreirzventiveorinnovativeandwillteachushaw tosolvetechnicalaswell asnontechnicalproblemsmorecreativelyWecandothisbyprovidinganew theoryforsolvingteclmicalproblemsthatisbasedontheexperiencesofpenple who havesolved realproblem s.This theory exists and has been used suceessfullyby many peoplein many countriessince itwasoriginatedby Henry AltshulleroftheUSSR in 1946.Thesystem hasspread teover300 schools,teaching m any personsofa1lages in the formerUSSR,Finland, GreatBritain Hungaz'yandothercountries. Evidenceofit'simportancecanbefoundinthefac'tthat,in 1978.student.s ofDnepropetrovsk Universityandothercollegesin thefonnerUSSR were requiredtopassatestonthisTheoryofSolvingTechnicalProblems. Thesystem'syoungeststudents arefifth and sixth graders.Itis too dim cultforyoungstersbelow thesegradestolearnatheory,sinceitrequires someknowledgeofphysicstosolvethegivenprnblems. Theauthor,HenryAlkshullerkisthepresidentoftheInvento/sM sociation
ofRussia.In1984hepublishedthebookArldSuddenlyf/leInventorAppeared t'1' heArtofInventing)inwhichhedescribedthebasicpartsofhistheoryin simplelanguage. Ifyouareaninventororapersonwholikestoworkouttechnicalproblems thenthisisthebookforyou. You willIearnthe basicconceptsofthe Theory ofSolving Inventive Problems,I'. IAIZintheRussianabbreviation).Youwillfind78realproblems and27practicaltonlstosolvethem inthisbook. ThisisthefirstpracticalbookforthoseinAmericawh0wanttowettheir feetintheoceanofinventing.ThisiswhyIdecidedtotranslateit. ln stlmeoftheanswerstotheproblems,theauthorreferstoinventions thatwereupatentedNintheUSSR.Thesearenotrealpatentsasweunderstand theterm.Theyareso-calledGAuthor'sCertificatesp- patentsonlyvalidin theUSSR. In the translation ltried topresenretheflavnrofthe originaltext. Sometimesitwasimpossible.ToadaptthisbooktoAmericanreaders Ihad tomakesomechanges.Threeappendiceswereadded.l'hefirstappendixhas answerstoa11thetext'sproblems.rl'hesecondcontainsallthemethodsand trickstheauthordescribedinhisbookinordertosolvethoseproblems.The thirdexplainssomeelementsoftbeauthor'stheory. My firstexperiencein learning thethet)l'y camearound 1961.Iwas designingavezysensitivetransducerandwasstuckwithaproblem thatdid notallow metomakeafinalformulationofthedesign.Thenthefirstsmall bookofHenryœ tshullerksbtçTbBecomeanInventorcameoutonthemarket andthisbook helpedmetosolvetheGunsolvableMproblem inashorttime. SincethattimeIhavepatentedover20inventions- manyofwhichwere developedbecauseofitistheory TodayWayneStateUniversityinDetroitisthefirstAmericaninstitution tooffercoursesteachingthe Theory ofSolving Inventive Problemsusing Altshuller'sconcept.SeveralTRlz-basedcomputersoRwareproductsarenow availableinEnglish. Thosewhowanttoperfecttheirknowledgeinproblem selvingcandoso throughcoursesthatarenaw availableattheTechnicallnnovationCenterof W orcester,Massachusetts.
Iam positivethatyeuwillenjoyreadingthisbook andIwishyougreat success.
Itlstlmeforourcoxmtrytoregalntbeleadershlpinthetechnical w orld. MyspecialthankstoHenryAltshullerwhoallowedmetotranslatehis book.toEdith MorganjRichardLangevinandAlexanderRoghach-mycopy editors-andtomywifeforherpatienceandherappreciationoftheimportance ofthiswork. LevShulyak
Contents
Part11TheBem'nning oftheTheory (211It1)tt,r1:It'sI:f1I)ossiilli,..........................................................,.............1 (;idit1)ter2:E;eArflrit1sirzlI)1eexamI)les........................................................1 (211iï;ltflr51:rlrechniczll(2orltrEtçlictiorls......................................................111 Chapter4:ThinkForYourself.................................................................18 Chapter5:SuperimposeThatWhichisNotSuperimposable...............21 Part2:n eEra ofTechnlcalSystems Chapter6:Boat+Boat............................................................................26 Chapter7:SomethingAbouttheSystem s..............................................31 Chapter8:FourPeriodsoftheSystem ...................................................34
Chapter9:M-Field From Generation ofS-Field ..............,.....................39 Chapter10:TheAlphabetofS-FieldAnalysis.......................................44
Chapter11:Tr.vitYourself......................................................................49 Pa. Z't3:'l'heScienceofInventing Chapter12:CunningandPhysics..........................................................54
Chapter13:How toSolveProblemsthatdonotExistYet.....................58 Chapter14:ucrownMPerformanceoftheCoronaDischarge.................61 Chamter15:WhatWastheBossThinkingAbout?.................................63 Chapter16:TheImmenseScienceofPhysics........................................65 Chapter17:'l'heRibbon Invented byMoebius.................,.....................67 Chapter18:Head fortheIdealFinalResult..........................................70 (111t:I)ter164:()rtlerirttlleu13rairl'sAttic''...........................,.....................7zl Chapter20:Being anlnventorisaProfessionoftheFuture................78
Chapter21:A LittleBitofPractice..................................,...................,.83 IYZ.'t4:'I'heAZ.' tofInventing Chapter22:TheRoadsWeChoose .........................................................88 Chapter23:StrangeMirrorsoftheOperatorSTC (Size.Tim e.Cost).................................................................94 Chapter24:A CrowdofMiniatureDwarfs...........................................100 Chapter25:TheIdealMachineisNoMachine....................................106 Part5:TheAlforithm of'Ihlent Chapter26:TheSuitforPortos.............,..............................................110 Chapter27:Let' sBuildaModelofaProblem ......................................112 Chapter28:FamiliarTrick:ThereisaSubstance,andThereisNo Fllllmt.nnc,...........................................................................116
Chapter29:IfTheProblem isStubborn...............................................119 Chapter30:How toBecomeaMaster..................................................121
Part6:TheAm azinxWorld ofTasks (2dkJt1)ter:41:ItTra1(esSslit.......................................................................12il (211lt;)ter32:I1eystoIàroë)1errls..............................................................1ê!4k (2iïJt1)ter33:E;irftI)leIttlles.....................................................................1:46) (2i1tt1)ter35:Iueatrrltolrlverlt.................................................................1C;() (rlïtt1)ter31):IrïtotlteIrtqrerïtor's()ltrqlIrjilex.........................................1t$:! ztlll)eft(Iix 1:zklïs1versttl17roblerrls........................................................1($4k ztflrhetï(Iix:):Met'ïods.ilffectsttrtil'l/riclks.............................................1t;EI ztrlr)ert(Iix3:IàrovidersofTFItI25-t)aseilE;ervicesirïtlïelJES/S..............,..1($64 2tt)otlttlle/%tltllor..........................................,.....,...................................,....17(j /ti)otzttiteTrrarïslator...................................................................................171
Part1
The Beginning ofthe Theory
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Thefirsttime Isaw an inventorwasbeforetheSecondW orld War.W e livedin Baku,where Iwasastudentinthefourthgrade.Oneday,coming backfrom schoolIsaw somerepairmensadlysmokingcigarettesnexttoa brokenelectrictransformerbooth.rrherepairmenwerelookingatabigblack transformerstandingonahighbrickfoundation.Thefoundationwasmore than onemetertallandthetransformerlookedlikean impressivemonument.Peoplewerewaitingforacranetotakethebrokentransformerdown andinstallanew one. Later.Idid myhomeworkbythelightofanoiIIamp.Wehadnoelectricitythatevening,northesecondevening,northethird.A craneinthosedays wasconsideredveryrareandvaluableequipmentandgettingonewasnota simplematter.Theelectricianscom plainedaboutthesituation,anddidnot
know whentheycouldfinishtheirjob. Idid notrealizethatan inventorlived in Apartment#11.Therewere rumorsthatthisneighbor,who wasa bookkeeper,on the nextdaywould bringthetransform erdownfrom thefoundation.Everytenantinourbuildinghadanickname.Someofthem werenamedveryrespectfullylikeuuncle
KostyaloruuncleVlad''- butthebookkeeperwasjustGBookkeepen''
OnthenextdayIskippedmylastclassbecauseIwascurioustoseehow
Bookkeeperwould lowerthatheavytransformer.Iarrivedjustin time.At theentrancetoourbackyardstoodahorsecarriagef' ullofice.Workerswerf 2
unloadingtheiceandputtingitnexttothefoundationofthetransformer. Imustfirstexplainsomething:lnthosetimeswedid nothaveelectz'ic refrigerators.Everyday,springtofallahorsecarriagedrovefrom houseto housedeliveringbluishicebloclts.Familiespurchagedtheicearzdfllledwooden
boxeswithit.Sometimestheyfz'lledjustpailsandpotswith theice. Astheworkerscarriedthe iceblocltsto the transformer Bookkeeper stackedthem nexttothefoundation.W henthenew foundationmadeofice reachedthesameheightasthebrickone,Bookkeeperplacedawoodenboard ontopoftheice.Theworkersusingprybars,slowlykcentimeterbycentimeter,mnvedthetransformerfrom thebrick foundationontotheicefoundation. Theicesqueaked.Howeverbecausetheiceblockswereplacedvez'yaccuratelythefrozenfoundation didnotfallapaz't.Finalls Bookkeeperpersonallycoveredtheicewith apieceofcloth.Wea11stoodandwatched.Soona smallstream ofwaterappeared on thegroundfrom themeltingiee.In the beginnlngtheflow wassmall.Soonitgrew biggerandbigger- becausethe SeptembersuninBakuisstillasstrongasinsummer. Everyoneintheyard evenascandalousoldmanwiththenicknamelrrreasuren(hewassurethatheknew wherethegreatesttreasureswerehidden buttherewu oneproblem:Hedidnothavemoneytogetthere)saidthatthe icewasaverygoodidea.UncleM ichael- everybody now calledthebookkeeperbyhisfirstname- satonhisfoldingchairreadingthenewspaper. F'rom timetotimehewouldopenthesideofthec10th tolookatthemelting ice. ThenextmorningIranoutintotheyard.Thetransform erwasalready halfway down.Although itwasSunday theworkerswerethere.A riverof waterranfrom beneaththec10thcover.Iwasdumbfounded.Evezyoneknew thaticemelts andIknew itaswell.Nobodyhadsguredoutthatatransformercouldbemovedontoabloc, k ofice- and theicewouldlowerthe transformertotheground.How hadUncleMichaelandnooneelse figured itout?
Befere,theicehadbeenjustregulariceusedonlytocoolthings.Butnow
icecouldreplaceacrane.'Whykicecouldprobablydootherthingg- andnot onlyice!Suddenlytheideastruckmethatperhapsanythingcouldbeused forpurposesotherthanthatforwhichitwascreated. A wordoccurred tome:Inventing.Ifigured thatUncleM ichaelhad createdaninvention andthereforehehadbecomeanInventor.Maybesomebodywouldwriteanarticleabouthim inanewspaper.especiallyifhecould findawaytoliA anew transformerontothebrickfoundation. OnMondayhoweverthecranearrived.n enew transformerwasputon thefoundation andtheoldonewastakenaway.Theelectriciansconnected thenew transformerthecarpenterrebuiltthebooth andthepainterspainted
it.Thejnbwasfinished.ButIwouldalwaysrememberthatunderanycin cumstances,includinglhopeless'cases.asolutiontoaproblem couldbefound. 3
Somethingcouldbeinvented andthatsomethingcouldbeverysimpleand surprisinglywonderful. Ireceivedmytirstpatentwhileinthetenthgrade.Latertherewereother inventions.Iworkedatthepatentofliceandhadmeetingswithdifferentinventors,Ibecamemoreandmoreinterested in themechanicsofcreativity: How wereinventionsmade?W hathappensintheheadoftheinventor' ?W hy doesasolutionpop-up suddenly? Doyouwantt. obecomeaninventor?Ifso.trytosolvethefollowingproblem; Problem 1
To breakornotto break? (lncetthedirectorofaplantproducingelectriclightbulbscalledhis
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thequality ofourproduct.lthink thereisaproblem with thepressureinsidethebulbs.Sometimesthepressureishigherthannormalsometilnesitislower.Cananybodythinkhow to measurethepressureinsidethebulbr
'tltisverysimple*oneoftheengineerssaid.c akethebulb breakitand...C ''Breakit?lDexclaimedthedirector. i'Tohavequalitycontrolwewillbreak onlyonebulboutof'ahundred' repliedtheengineer. '$W ehavetotestepcr.vbulb' *saidthedirectorhopelesslyHeturnedtohis engineersandsaid,wrrhinkitoven'' Andstztfcfczk/vtltefnt?erl/orappeared.
'irfhisproblem isforschoolchildrenlhesaid.i'Openthetextbook....> Andheexplainedwheretofindanalmostcompleteanswertothisproblem. W hatcanyou suggest?Doyou haveany ideasonhow to measurethe pressureinsidethelightbulb? Afteracouplehoursofthinking.itispossibletomakealistoffivetoten solutionsforthisproblem.Usuallytheseideasareveryweak.Oftenpeople ofrertoweighthelamp.Theoreticallytthisispossibleifyouknow theweight oftheemptyIampandthevolumeoftheglassbulb.Youcan weighthebulb withthegasandthuscalculatetheamountofgas. In practicethissolutionisunworkable.Thereiss'erylittlegasinthebulb - onete nth.orevenonethousandth ofagram.lttakesaspecialscaleto measurethiskindofweightinordertomeasuredeviationsfrom normal.It 4
wouldtakealotoftimetogothroughthesemeasurementsandcalculations. Itmightbegoodin thelab butnotinthemanufacturingplant. Evenanexperienced inventorwillnotfindtheoptimum solutionatonce. Dissatissed with asolution.theinventorwillcontinuetoanalyzeideaafter idea.n einventorwillthink abouttheproblem dayandnight.Everything theinventorseeswillbeusedin amentalattempttosolvetheproblem.
Ifitsnows,theinventorthinksofcold.W/lcfifwecoolthelamp?Gaswill
becomeliquid anditwillbeeasytomeasureitsvolume.
Abusfu11ofpeoplegoesbytNoise,sound....WhatifweuseIzlfrcsouzld/lrsc speedofthesounddependsonthedensityofthegas. Thereisasoccergameon'1'' V Whatifasmallballisplacedinthebltlb? Thespeed withwhichitfallsdepettdson thedensity ofgas.
Andsoon dayafterdaymonth aftermonth yearafteryear- sometimes a1lthrough life.Sometimesthe life oftheinventorisnotlongenough,and otherinventorsmustpickuptheproblem and continuetosearch fora solution.R' Whatifwedoitthisway'?''asksthenextinventor. Itoften happensthathalfway tothe solution theproblem isputaside I withtheconclusionthatitcannotbesolved thatthereisnothingwecando. You can imaginea scientistsaying:*êToachievea speedabovethesound barrierwehavetostudy runnersand sprinters.How doesagoodsprinter differfrom abadone?Whatisthesecretoffastrunning?ThesearethingsI needtoknow.r Runnersarealldifrerentand moreimportantlytheresultofsuchastudy cannotbeusedtobuildasupersonicmachine.Differentprinciplesareneeded. Thismethodoftrialanderrorhasitsrootsinancienttim es.Inessence,it isasold asmankind.Everything changesovertime butthem ethodoftrial anderrorrem ainsthesame.Onefamousscientistofourtim e ProfessorB. Ginsburg,said:t*Myinventionsweretheresultofsortingoutdifrerentideas.'' Attheendofthe20thcenturytheprofessorlookedforanswersbysortingout differentideaslThisisexactlyasitwasdonetwothousand twentythousand twohundredthousandyearsago. S0wemustlookforabetterwaytosolvetechnicalproblems. Technicalevolutionhasitsowncharacteristicsandlaws.Thisiswhydifferentinventorsin differontcountries workingon thesametechnicalprob-
lemsindependently,comeup withthesameanswenn ismeansthatcertain regularitiesexist.Ifwecanfindtheseregularities then wecan usethem to solvetechnicalproblems- byrules,withformulae,withoutwastingtim eon sortingoutvariants. Ofcourse manyskepticsscoftuWhatyouaresayingisthatwecanteach everybodytoinventlnIhavestudiedthetheoryofsolvingtechnicalproblems notoneyearknottwoyears,buta11mylife.InthebeginningIworked alone
thenothersjoinedme.Throughoureffbrtsanew theoryhasbeen developed. Bookshavebeenpublisbed textbookswritten,problemsclassified seminars started and schoolsopened.Atthepresenttime thisuniqueproblem solving 5
techniqueistaughtinmorethan300schoolsinRussia.
Thetheoryofinventingcanbetaughtatanyage- but.justasin sports.
theearlierthebetter.Wefoundthatprofessionalengineersweretheeasiest grouptoteachinthebeginning.Becausethetheorywasinitsformativestage, experiencehelpedinsolvingproblem s.Asthetheorygrew stronger,webegan teachingyoungerengineers.andthenstudents.W elaterinvitedhighschool seniorstoparticipatein collegegroups.In 1974 amagazineforyoungsters startedtopublishinventors'problems.Theywerereal-lifetechnicalproblems ver'ysimilartotheproblem ofmeasuringthepressureinsideanelectriclight bulb.Thepublishingcompany receivedthousandsofletterswith potential solutions.W eanalyzedthem madecommentsontypicalmistakesexplained smallpartsofthetheory.andpublishedanew problem inthenextissue. We cannotteach children in kindergartenyet.Ourlimithasbeen studentsinthefifthandsixthgrades.Tolearnthethenryofinventingoneneeds toknow alittlebitofphysicsandchem istryandthisisnottaughtinkindergarten.Toovercomethisbarrierwe need tooflbrfun problemsinstead of seriousones.
Asanexam ple,Iet'simagineanemptyroom with onlyadollIyingonthe window sillandtworopeshangingfrom theceiling.Ourtaskistoconnectthe lowerendsoftheropes.Takingtheendofonerope,apersoncannotreachthe endoftheotherrope.Somebody,orsomething,musthelptoswingtheend of thesecondrope.Thistask issetforonepersononlyandthereisnobodyto help, Thesolution couldbeworkedoutbychildren whohavenoknowledgeof physics.Thesecondropemustbemoved- butitistoolight.Itneedssome weightatitslowerend todevelopa pendulum effect.Thedollcan bethe weight.That'sall.Theproblem issolved. Thisproblem canbem ademoredifficultifweplacetwoballoonswiththe dtlllintheroom.Balloonsarenogood asweightsbecausethey aretoolight. Balloonswould attracttheattentionofthechild,andthedollwouldnotbe consideredforawhile.
Wecanevenfurthercomplicatethetask.Let'stakealltheobjectsfrom theroom andseeifthechildcansgureouthow touseashoeasaweight.Y()u canseethat,antheonehand,thisproblem isnotinventive.Yet,on theother hand.itresemblesaninventiveproblem .Wewilltalkaboutthesesimilarities later.Wecanonlysay now thattherearenobarriersseparatingtheseproblems. ln thisbookwewilltalkonlyabouttechnicalcreativityand inventiveness.Thisbookisn0tatextbot)k ofcourse.M yonlyintentionistoshow that theprocess ofsolving tcchnicalproblem sis accessible toanyone thatthe processisimportanttolearn andthatitisveryexciting.
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lnspiteofdiflicultiesIam goingtoconvinceyou thatsomeofthefollowingproblemsarereallyinventiveandthesolutionsthatinventorshavefound areclassisedasinventions.Youcan solvetheseproblem snow withoutlearningthetheoryYoualreadyhaveenoughknowledgeandexperiencetoworkon them. Problem 2
There is a ç'trick''involved Itwasayounggirl'sbirthday Oneoftheguestsbroughtabigboxt)fchocolatecandies.'rhecandieswereshapedlikesmallbottlesfilledwiththickrasp-
ben'y syrup.Everybody liked them.Oneoftheguestssaid,GIwonderhow thesecandiesaremade'?''
GFirstthey madethe bottlesand then they 5Iled them upwith syrupl
explained anotherguest, ''Thesyrupwouldhavetobeverythick othenvisethecandywouldnotbe
sturdy enoughcsaidthethirdguest.GAtthesametime,thesyrup would be
verydimculttopourintothebottle.Itispossibletowarm thesyrupmakingit moreliquid.The prablem now is thatthesyrup would meltthechocolate bottle.Wewouldgain inquantityand loseinquality.Therewould be many defectivecandies.''
Andsltddenlvl/lt,Inventorappeared. ''IhaveanidealMheexclaimed.''Iltnow how tomakethistypeofcandy quickly andwithoutdefects.Thetrickisto....n Heexplainedeverything.Ofcoursethecandycouldbeproducedsimply. Thinkitover.W hatdidtheinventorsuggest? Thisproblem waspublishedintheyouthmagazinelsor/eerkI'ruth.Tttere werethousandsoflettersin reply,andalmostallofthem hadtherightanswer.Youprobablyhavealreadyfiguredoutwhatthetrickis:Thesyrupshould bepouredintoamold frozen and thendippedintothemeltedchocolate.Icy syrupinwarm chocolateistheinvention.ItwasdoneintheInstituteofChemistryinEstonia.
Thereisanothermagazinecalled TheO/' /ic/clGazette.Thousandsofin-
ventionsarepublishcdin thismagazineeverytwoweeks.Thedescriptionsof theseinventionsaresometimesverylengthybutcontain intheend theessenceoftheinvention,Inanyissueofthemagazine threetofivepercentof theinventionscouldbedevelopedbyschoolagechildren.Theseinventionsdo notrequirespecialknowledgeinphysicsorchemistry.Theyaresmallinventions,ofcourse,buttheyarcinventionslTheseideasarebothnew anduseful.
Whatwouldhappenifwegavethechildrenevenjustalittlebitofknowledge?! Pc oblem 3 Wh
atpl aceshould wechoose? Therewasanoldtowerinthe
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centralsquareofatosvn.oneday C. 7 ',''' -' Concern SN'aSexprelsed thatthe --- ' towerwassagging.A com mittee wasestablishedtostudywhether ornotthetowerwasreally sag'' ging.Allmembersorthe com mitteeagreedthat inordertotake measurements,theyneededtofindafixedpoint- onethatwouldnotmtweandwas visiblerrom thetower.
Itwaspossiblethatthesquareitseltland thebuildingsaroundit were sagkringaswell.A park aboutfifteenhundredfeetawayhadseveralledges thatwerenotsagging.However.youcouldnotseethepark ledgefrom the towerbecauseoftallbuildings. t' A verycomplicatedsituationOsaidthechairmanofthecommittee ponderingt14equestion,''Maybeweshouldaskouracademiciansr Andsuddenlythefnrf?nlorappeared. *'Don'tbotherthem l'fhesaid.Ropenthesixthgradephysicstextbook and youwillfindthat....> Andheexplainedwhattolookfor.
Doyouhaveanyideas? Probably you have already Iigured itout.Ifnot,don'tbedisappointed. Open aphysicstextbookandfindthesection onwatenlevelingdevices. Let'staketwoglasstubes,setoneinthetowerand theotherinthepark ontheledge.Connectthem withaflexiblehose,andfi11thesystem withwater.Becausethisisawater-levelingdevice,thelevelofthewaterwillstayat thesameheightrelativetosealevel.Let'smark the levels.lfthetoweris sagging,thelevelofwaterin thetowerglasstubewilleventuallyriseabove theoriginalmark. A very smartinvention andonly theknowledgeofsixth grade physics wasused. Let'swork onaproblem thatismorecom plex. Problem 4 'tA''and t'B''weresltting ona fence
Inoneofthechemicallaboratories,engineerswerebuildingamachineto producea new fertilizer.Twoliquid componentsweretobe dispersed separately int,oa fine mistby thismachine.Let'scalltheseliquids uA''and uB.'' DropletsuAraresupposedtomovetowardsdropletsuB *formingnew droplets '* AB,''thenew fertilizeraccording tothechemist'splans.When themachine wasturned on dropletsuA. *contacted otherdropletsGA''anddroplets ahK wereproduced.'rhesamethinghappenedwithdropletsuB.'Butthe chemists did notwantdropletsUAA''and*'BB.' uMaybewe shouldmixliquidsah'andGBObeforewemakedropletsj'said onechemist. '*No,wecannotm ix them upbeforedispersionDsaid anotherchem ist.G1 don'tknow whattodol Andsuddenlyl/lcInventorappeared. Grrakethephysicstextbook.Youwillfindthelaw thatyouneedinorderto solvethisproblem.' Whatlaw doyou think hewastalkingabout? Ifyou look intoaphysicsbookyou can easilyfind this simplelaw.Pan ticleswith thesam echargerepeleach other andparticleswith adifrerent
chargeattracteachother.Let'schargedropletsuAMpositive,anddropletsUB'' negative.Whenthetwostreamsofdropletscometogetherwewillhaveonly droplets*AB.nYoucanseethatingenuityplussom eknowledgeofphysicswill
helptosolveabout5vetotenpercentofrealinventiveproblems.Whatiflin
addition weusesomespecialtechniques? Everyprofessionhasitsownrules techniquesandtricksthathelpdothe
jobbetteç fasterand easier.Thesameistrueofsolvinginventiveproblems. Bytheway,wehavealreadylearnedsomeofthem .
Doyou rememberProblem 72 with thecandy and syrup?Theinventor said,uhetrickis...lrrheutrickmisthemethod,thewaytosolvetheproblem.The
problem withthecandyhadtwotricks.The firstwasthateverybodywantedtowarm the syrup.HowevectheInventorofreredtheoppositeaction - coolorevenfreeze it.The secondtrickwasknowingthatfrozensyrup
meltsatroom temperature.The object
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changed thestateofitsphysicalprop,W erty.Thesametransformationhappenedin theproblem thattheBooltkeepersolved.The z:â ice melted and the transformerwasslowly lowered. Manymethodsarebasedontheapplication ofphysicalefrectsand laws. MethodsdiFerfrom physicaleFectsandlaws becausemethodsaim atsolving technical-inventiveproblems.Physicallaw statesthatmattercanbetransformed from onestateintoanother.Themethodspecifiesthatduringsuchtransformations.thephysicalpropertiesofthematterchangedramaticallyandthesetransformationscanbeusedtosolvemanyspecifictechnicalproblems. Thesearetwoverypowerfulmethods:
Method#1:Doitinversely,and Method #2:cbangethe stateoftbe physicalproperty.
InanygivenissueoîTlteOfficialGazettewecanfindinventionsmadeusing
thesemethods.Furexample,Patent#183122:''Methodforunloadingrawtrranu-
latedsugarfrom tankers.r'rospeeduptheprocess,thesugarisfi1'stmixedwith watertomakeitliquid andthenpumlx!dintoastoragesilo.n eliquidsugaris thendriedbacktogranulatedsugar. Anotherexample,Patent#489938,isamethodforrestoringthefree-flowing characteristicofbulkmaterialinstorage.n einventorsuggestedfurtherfreezingitwithliquidnitrogeninsteadoftheusualmethodofheatingitwithsteam. Thenitrogenbreakstheicebetweenparticlesandthenevaporatesasagas. Theinventorusedtwom ethods.First.Doitinversely- freezethematerialinsteadofheatingit.Second.changetbestateofthephysicalproperty ofnitrogen.n tlnitrogenisatErstliquidandthenbecomesagas. Now tryaproblem thatyoucansolveyourself Problem 5
ltcan disappearbyitself In thepast,people usedunspillableinkwells.Ifwetillsuch an inkwell withsand how canweremovethesandfrom theinkwelllater?Foundryengineersoncefacedasimilarproblem .Forgedmetalpartsneededtobecleaned. Sandblastingmachineswereusedforthispurpose.Sandcleansparts- and Iodgesincavities.Now wehavet()removethesandfrom theparts.W henthe partsarebigandheavy,itisinconvenienttoturnthem overand shakethe sandout. 10
uMaybewecansomehow coveralltheholesrsuggested0neengineer.gN0 it'stoomuchextrawork.Icannotseethesolution.Thesanddoesn0tcomeout ofthecavitiesbyitself'' AndsuddenlytheInventorappeared. ''Yes.'hesaid Rthesand can disappearby itselfW hatwehavetodois makesandparticles0utof...n W hatshould thesandparticlesbem adeof? Noticethata11thepreviousproblemsbelongtodifrerenttechnologicalfields, butinventorsused the same techniques tosolve them:Method #1:Do it inversely andMethod #2)Cbange the stateofthephysicalproperty. Hereisonemoreproblem: Problem 6 There isa patent Thereisaneedtomakemanyholeslomm indiameterinarubberhose.It isnothardtopunchordrilltheholesexceptthatthehoseisveryflexible.It stretchescompressesandbends.So m akingtheholesaccuratelyisacomplicatedtask.Thesupenrisortriedtoburntheholeswithaheatedironrod but theedgesoftheseholeswereunevenandbrittle. uNothingcan be done!How annoyinglnexclaimedthesupervisor,almost crying. AndsuddenlytheInventorappeared. GDonotcrylMhesaid.Rltisverysimpleln ereisanEnglish17at(mt;: #.1268562 wheretheinventorofrered...l W hatwasin thispatent?Thinkaboutit. You havefamiliarizedyourselfwith only acoupleofmethods.Thereare aboutahundredofthem somesurprisingandingenious.You willagreewith meafteryousolveanotherproblem.
Problem 7
Whatkind ofdetectivesarethey?
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A companypurchasedsunfloweroil.
Thedeliverywasarrangedbytank-cars. Evex'y tank-carhad a capacity of3000
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unloadedtherewasashortageofalmost ---3 30liters.'l'hebuyercheckedthemeasuring devicesand al1werein order.He '' checkedoutthesealson theupperhatch and theleakageofthetank.Nothingwaswrong.Heeven consideredthe thin film oi-oi1ontheinsidewallsof thetank aswellaschangesintheoil'stem perature.Therewasnothingthat 11
couldaccountforthedifrerence. Som eexperienced detectiveswereaskedtoinvestigatetheproblem and theyfoundnothing.Thetruckneverstoppedduringdelivery andthedriver neverpouredoiIoutofthetank.Eventhedetectiveswerepuzzled. Andsuddenly theInventorappeared. 'iW hatkindofdetectivesareyou'?uheasked.ult'saIlvevysimple.Wehave
tothinkforawhile.'Thenheexplainedwhatwashappening. W hatdoyou thinkwashappening? Thisproblem waspublishedinayouthmagazine.ThepublishergotthousandsofIettersfrom studentsin schoolsandcolleges,andeven from engineers.Theauthorsoftwoletterswerepolicemen.Thereweremountainsof letters,butnone hadtherightanswer. Thedetectivescouldeasilyhavediscovered thesecrethad they known oneoftheinventor'stricks:lfitcannotbedonenow,itshouldbedonein advnnce. Itturnedoutthatthedriverhungabucketinsidethetankwhenitwas emptyThevendorlilledthetankerwithoil.Atthesametime.thebucketwas ûlled.Thetruckwenttothebuyer'ssiteandwasunloaded.Thebucketfullof oi1wasstillhanginginsidethetank,andthedriverofthetruckremovedit later. ThisisMethod#3:Doitin advance.ltisoftenusedbyinventors. taet'slookataproblem in medicine.A plastercastisverydimculttotake offwithouttouching the skin.An inventoroffered toinsertarubbertube containing athin saw blade underneaththecast.When thetimecomesto remevethecastthedoctortakesahandsaw frame connectsittotheendsof theblade,andcutsthecastfrom theinsideout.
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Wehavelearnedthreemethodsorprocedures,s()rar.Youmaythinkthat
thisisgoing tobe simple- justlearn hundredsofmethods and you can
solveanyproblem.Unfortunatelyitismuchmorecom plicated.Considorthe followingexample: Therearemachinesthatmakeweldedsteelpipest)falargediameter.In theshop,workershangupbigrollsofsteelribbon.Theendofthisribbonis inserted intothemachinewhich turnsthe ribbon intopipes.Weldedpipe
comesoutofthemachineata speedoftwo feet-per-second.Everythingis fine,exceptthatthepipemustbecuttoaspecificlength. Let'ssaythatweneed tomakepipesthatare12feetlong. Thismeans
everysixsecondsapipemustbecut.A rotatingcuttingdiskbladestartsto cutthepipeassoonasthepipereaches12feet.Thebladetravelsalongwith thepipeas itcomesoutofthemachine.Afteritcutsthepipe,the blade returnstoitsstartingpoint.Thisentireprocessneedstobeaccomplishedin lessthansixseconds. ln orderto cutthepipe f' aster avery powerf' ulcutting mechanism is needed.Because such a mechanisnzm ustbelarge andheavy, itwilllose speedtraveling alonp the pipe.lfwemakethecutting mechanism lighter andsmallerinordertogainspeed itcannotcutthepipeasfastasneeded. Thisformsaviciouscircle. Tosolvethiskindofproblem.engineersusuallyuseacomprom isesolu13
tion.Asaresultofsuch acompromise thecuttingmechanism neithercuts fastnormovesfast,sothe pipecomesoutofthem achine1.5timesslower thanitshould- averydisappointingsituation. Youhaveprobablyalreadyfoundthesolution:Do itin advance- cut thesteelribbon beforeitreachesthemachine.Howeverthiswillnotsolve theproblem becausenow wewillIosetimefeedingthemachineforeachpipe. Thehighoutputofthispipe-welding machinedependsupon acontinuous unbrokenprocess. Thisproblem remainedunsolvedIbralongtime.Byusingvarioustricks. engineersincreasedthespeed ofthecuttingbladebutlosttheaccuracy of thepipelengths.Somepipescameoutlnnger,othersshorter.A complicated electronicssystem wasdesignedandtheaccuracyrose- alongwithproductioncostsandmaintenance.
Tltefnrt>n/orappeared.ofcolzrm and offeredtotzsetlt'orucl/lol, s. 'Method
#3:D oitin advanceand M ethod #4:Doalittleless. Themeaningofthe fourth method is:Ifan action cannotbe done com pletely,itmustbedonepartially.Thismeansthattheribbonshould benotched notcut.Afterthepipeiswelded toitsrequiredlength aslight
jerkwillbeenough toseparateitfrom thenextpipe.Itisawonderfulsolution,isn'tit?Theullying'diskbladeiseliminatedcompletelyThepipegoes throughanelectricm agnet.An impulseofcurrentasharpbreak and the pipeisseparated. Asy'oucansee,the'ttrick''istohaveacombinationoftwom ethods.Separately,thetwomethodswillnotproducethenecessar.vresult. Tenthousandtwo-methodcom binationscanbeproducedoutofonehundred individualmethods!You canimaginethenumberofsolutionswecan getifweuseacombinationofthree four orfivemethods.So letusstop solving problem sby sorting outdifferentsolutionsorusingthetrial-anderrormethod. Somemethodsofsolution wereknowneven attheendofthe19thcentury.Variousspecialistshavesincemadeitemized listsof'20to30methods. lfwegoonestepfurther- notonlyaddingnew methodsbutclassifyingand combiningthem - wecansolvem anym oreproblems. Itwasfound thatsinglemethodscan only beutilized in lim ited areas. Therefore.itisstilldifEculttogetridofthetrial-and-errormethod. W hatifwetry tolook attechnicalproblemsfrom a difrerentanglein ordertounderstandhow theproblemscameabout?W hatisthedetinitionof an''inventiveproblem''oraGtechnicalproblemrr' Letus look again atthe problem ofthepipe-making machine.Itisa complicatedmachinewithmanymechanicalsystemsandparts.Asem ciency in one system isincreased - themachineweldingthemetalpipes- the wholebecamemoreproductive.Howeverim mediatelyatechnicalcontradiction appeared:Them achineweldsthepipem uch fasterthanthe cutting mechanism cancutthepipe. 14
To solvethis new problem - thefasterthewelding process,themore dimcultthecuttingprocess- anattemptwasmadetoincreasethecapacity ofthecuttingmechanism.Again atechnicalcontradiction appeared:In ordertogainspeedincuttingthepipe,amorecemplexandheavycuttingmechanism isneeded.Ofcourse thisheavierand more complexcutting mechanism isslowertomovedownthepipe,again slowingtheprocessasawhole. Technicalsystem saresim ilartoliving organisms.Theyconsistofinterrelated parts.Changingonepartofthe system may havea negative effecton thesystem 'sotherparts. An improvementin onepartofasystem thatimpairsotherpartsofthe
system oradjacentsystems createsaTechnicalContradiction- andmakinganinvention requiresremovingTechnicalContradictions.
An inventivesolutionalwayshastworequirements:
(1)lmproveasinglepartorcharacteri sti c ofthe system without
(2)impal ringotherpartsorcharacterlsticsofthesystem oradj acentsystems. Problem 8
Vehicle fortheplanetMars In asciencefiction storyaboutspaceexploration anexpeditiontoMars wasdescribed.Thespace ship landed in arockyvalley andthe astronauts promptlypreparedtheirvehicleforatripontheplanetsurface.'rhisspecial vehiclewasdesignedwithbiginflatedtires.On theveryfirststeepslopethe vehicletippedover. Andsuddenly...No.unfol-tunatelytheInventorcouldnotappearinthis storyWhatdoyauthinktheInventorwouldhaveoffered? Keepinmindthattheastronautshadnowayofchanging thetires.
Thisproblcm wasalsopublishedin ayouth magazine.In themajorityof theIettersreceived theanswerwastosuspend aheavyweightunderneath thevehicle.Thecenterofgravity ofthevehiclewouldbecomelowerandincreasethevehicle'sstability. Donotrushtoexpressyourideayet.Let'sGrstm akean analysisofthe othersuggestions.Now wehaveacriterionforourevaluation.Wasthetechnicalcontradictionremovedornot? Theweightsuspendedunderneath thevehiclewillincreasestability but atthesametim ewillimpairitsmobilitytotravel.'rheclearancewillbeless andcausetheweighttostrikerocksand thegroundm oreoften.A technical contradiction! 15
Herearesomeoftheotherideasandsuggestions:
a.Partiallydeflatethetires,sotheywillbehalf-full. b.lnstallanextratireoneach sideof'thevehicle. c.Havesomemembersofthecrew lean outt)fthevehicle tomaintain balance.... Itisnotsodifriculttoseethatineachoftheseideaswegainsomething whilewelosesomething else.Deflatingthe tiresreducesthe speed ofthe vehicle.Additionaltiresmakethevehiclemorecomplicated- andwehave nomeansofdoingthatonMars.Askingtheastronautstodoacrobatictricks
isnotajustifiablerisk.Becauseofthedifricultyofavoidingcontradictions oneofthereaderswrote:WNothinglcanthinkof'canbedone.Lettheastronautswalk.n Canyouimagineasailorwhodoesnotknow thatitisnecessarytoavoid
reefsandcliffs?rrheinventorislikethatsailorwhenhedoesnotknow thathe m ustremovfzatechnicalcontradiction. Doyouremembertheproblem aboutmeasuringthepressureinsidethe electriclightbulb?rl'heideatobreakthobulbwaspatented,althoughinrealityaninventionwasnotcreatedbecausethecontradictionwasnotremoved
Themorebulbswebreak themoreaccuratethetestwillbe and themore brokenbulbswewillget.
Beforeyousay,ç'IhavesolvedanInventiveproblem l'' askyourself,ç'WhatklndofcontradictionhaveIremoved?'' Itisnotdifficulttosuspendaweightunderneathavehicle.Theideaisto suspenditaslow aspossible.Now wehaveanotherproblem .A l()w suspended weightwillreduceclearancebetweenthevehicleandthem'ound.Thedesire tosolvethisproblem withoutusing'iinventivetricks'willnotimprovethe mobilityorthevehicle. Letustl'yanew m ethod.anewtrick:Wewillplacetheweightverylow in fact.rightnexttotheground- notoutsidethevehicle butinside.Wewill hidetheweightinside- thetires!Wewillinsez'tsteelballsorroundstones andtheywillrolloven... ThisisM ethod#5,calledRM atreshkar Matreshkaisadollthathasa smallerdollinsideit,andanotherdollinsideoftheseconddoll,andsoon.To
savespaceitispossibletoplaceoneobjectinsideanother. A patenttothiseffectwasissuedinJapantoimprovethestabilityorfork trucksandautocranes. Theproblem andtheanswerareliketwobanksofariver.An attemptto
guess the answerislikejumpingfrom onebank ofthe riverto the other Technicalcontradictions andmethodstoremovethem workasabridge.The theoryorsolvingtechnicalproblem sissimilartothescienceofbuildinginvis16
iblebridgesthatcarrythoughts leading tonew ideas. Bytheway contradictionsandmethodsshould becomparedtosupport
columnsofthebridge.Itisnoteasytojumpfromonecolumnontoanother.ln addition tocolumns weneedt0ppanelssothatwecanwalkfrom onesideto theother.Weneed aspecialapproach togetfrom tasktocontradiction and from contradictiontothemethod(trick).Thenwecanwalkstep-by-stepfrom theproblem statem enttotheanswer. WewilltalkmoreaboutthepartsofthebridgelatenW hatisveryimpon tanttounderstand is: Theinventormustfindand removetechnicalcontradlctlons. Thetheory ofsolving technicalproblemsbeginswith thisvery simple statement.
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Sofaryouhavelearnedfivemethodsofsolvingdifferentproblem s: 1.Doitinversely 2.Change thestateofthephysicalproperty 3.Doitin advance 4.D oalittle Iess
5.GMatreshkr YouhavealsoIearnedthatphysicaleffectsandphenomenacanbeusedin themethodsdescribedabove.And finallyyouhaveaveryreliableindicator bywhich toevaluateyouridea.A goodinventiveideawillcertainlyrem ove contradictions. Iwillgiveytluseveralproblemsasanexercise.Rememberdonotsortout ideas.Usethemethodsyou haveIearned'i.e. physicaleffectsandknowledgeaboutcontradictions. Problem 9
Oneasgood asmany Onceupon atime in alaboratory.adevicewasbuilttostudy them ovementofdropletsofliquidfertilizerttlbesprayedfrom anaircraft.Airrushed 18
through a pipecarryingmillionsofdroplets.However,thisdeviceproduced onlyver.ysmalldroplets. Duringtheexperimentitwasfoundthatdropletsoflargersizesshouldbe testedaswell. ç'luet'spurchaseseveraldevices''ofreredoneoftheengineers.
ç'ltwilltakemoretimethanwehave.Besides,itistooexpensiveccontradicted anotherengineer.*Twenty testswillrequiretwenty difrerentspray-
And,ofcourse,theInventorsuddenlyappeared. Gonesprayerwillworkaswellasmanydifferentsprayerslhesaid.ul'he
dimensionsofthedropletscouldbechangedif...'' Heexplainedwhatshould bedone. W hatdoyouthink? Probablyproblem #9lookssimpletoyou.Although thenextfew problems aremorecomplicated 1thinkyou willwork them out. Problem 10 To make watersofter
Once.a famouscoach - a formerchampion diver- complained to his colleague:uItisdifriculttoworktoday Divesarebecoming moreand more complicated.Wehavetothinkofnew combinations,andtrythem.Theproblem isthatthe largenumberofunsuccessfullandingshasincreased diver
injuries.Thewaterisnotsosoftwhenyoufallfrom atalltower.SometimesI feelthatadivercouldmakenew dives.butoAenisafraidtogetinjuredand notabletoenterthecompetition.'' U hereisnothingwecando,''hiscolleaguesaid.uThisisthenattzreofthe
sportwearecommittedto.Thereareinjuriesinmyteam aswellduringunsuccessfuldives.' And suddenly theInventorappeared.
N'herewillbenomoreinjuries.Wewillmakethewatersofter.Whatwe
havetodois....* Whatdoyou think we havetodo with thewatertomake itsofterand
eliminateinjuriesduringdives? Problem 11
Everlasting palnt The presidentofafurniturecompany said tohisengineer:gDuringthe lastyearwe soldonehundred setsoffurnituretokindergartens.Unfortunately thecustomersarecomplainingthatthekidshavestrippedorscratched thepaintoffthefurniturel
u'Phisisnotourproblemlsaid anoffendedengineer.Woucanscratchthe hardestofpaints.Thishasnothingtodowith us.Maybe theyshould buy 19
unfinishedfurniture.n i*No,*saidthepresident.AItisgoodto
h avecolorfulfurnitureinkindergartens. Perhapswecanfindapaintthatwillpen-
QJ
etrat ede eoinsidethewood?, Thi sisa fantasy!. laughed theengiu
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neer.X housandsoftimespeoplehavetried toimpregnatewoodwith paintwithvery poorresults.Youknow that.o AndsuddenlytheInventorappeared. :6No,thisisnotafantasyl''heexclaimed. 'Klttakessomeingenuity andbravery to solvethisproblem .n etrickis....M W hatdoyouthinkthetrickis?
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Thehtmtedfox,ifruwilllxlEeveBamn Mtmchausen,foundawaytojumpout ofitsownsldn.Let'sleavethishuntmg ' storytotheBaron' scomqcience.Atthesame O e,ase rs/cupmne VthM lvene gpmblem.WesY ohc tforie
anmveqwefolmdtechnicalcontratlictiorusandjtustwhenitseemedthattheanswer wasathand- suddenlytheanswerdisapmared! EvenifyouholdthetCVIIZUCZconfzadidionw1t.11stronghands,thereLsnoguan anteetl4atyouwillM dtheanswen' PhesametC'CIUUC.AIcontmdictionm uldberemovedbyusingdiFerentmethods. w M e e n- a, 'e oM - dedvv A mpbyie Y ne a. 'e o- .h oi er
woG atiehe- ofeveceànlc/œn- ieonlhddenapàxslalœnH ieon. Itlookslikethis:OnepartofateCIZIZiC,aIsystem shouldhavethecharacteristic'Aoto
perfonn acertain action,anditshouldalsohavethecontradictorycharaderistic uanti.Aetom dbrm theoppxsiteaction. A TechnlcalContradlctionusuallyrelatestothewholesystem, ortoseveralpartsofthesystem.A Physlcal Contradlctlonrelatesonlytoonepad ofthesystem.
Undemtandingthissotementwl signiNcantlyincre.aseyourchantmsofm>' tothecorred ariswer Ixt'slœ katProblem #s- removingsandfrom theforgedpar4a'rhephysical 21
contradictionint, 141problem isri'fkarticlesshotzldbehardinordertocleanpmts,and atthesametimenothard(liquidorgaseotlstinonlertoberemovedfrom thearea insideofthepartslitssoonmsthisldndofcontratlictionisfbnnulated,theanswer becomesobviotm WehavetoapplyM ethtd #2:Chnnsdngthestateofphysical properties- andnothingelse!Let'smakeparticlesoutofdryice.Hardparticles willcleantheparts,andIaterttun :1:0gasandevaw ratxs InProblem 0 ,how tomakeholesintherubY rhose,thephysicalcontm dictionsarealmostthesame.Thepipeshouldbehardinordertodri11holesinikand shouldbesolttopreserveelasticityThemethcd isthesmne.Wehavetofreezethe pilx!.orlillitwithwaterandfIVX!Z,ethewaterAftertheholesaremadesthepilx or watershouldbeheated. Therearecertainrulesthatallow us,dtuingtheanalysisoftheproblem,togo from ateclmicalcontradictiontoaphysicalone.Inmanycasesthephysicalcontradictioncouldbefonnulatedliom thedescriptionoftheproblem itself Problem 12
Droplets onthe screen Theweldingprocesswasstudiedinareseamhlaboratory.Sdentistswereinterestedtofmdouthow ametalrodwouldmeltinanelectricam lmdhow thisarc changesduringthisprccems.Theytarnedthem weron,setthearcandElmedwhat happened.W hentheyreviewedthemoùetheyfoundthatonlythearcwasvisible. Thearcisbrighterthanthedropletsofmetal.andthereforethedropletscouldnotbe seen.Itwasdecidedtorepeattheev riment.lnthenew exw rimentasecondarc wasignitedtolightuptheclropleG Amoviewastakenagain.Nowonlythedroplets wereseenonthescreen.n eoriginalarcwmsnotvisibleonthescreenatall.The scientistsm ndertxi.qvhatshouldwedoT' Azldsuddmtlvl/lclnventorapimared.
dA typirxalphysicalcmntradidionlhesaid.'Theproblem is...J Whatkindofphysicalcontradidionisit,aridhawmem wemmoveit? lfyouhavereadcarefullytheconditionsoftheproblem youcaneasilyfonnulate thephysicalcontradiction.n esecondarcshouldbethereinordertoseethemetxal droplets.anditshouldnotbethereinordertoseethelirstarc. Techle ontraidio> m c uallyfo= ulae invel mildterms.Forexample inordertoincreasethesreedot-atruckweneedtoreducethecargoweight.'l'he
sreedisincontlictwiththeweight.Howeveqitîsmhsibletoaniveatacompromise solution.Inphysicalcontradidiorlstheconflictisveo'strong.Fortunatelytheworld ofinventinghasiks0w1:nzles:'fheM gherthedegreeoftbeconnictotheeasier itistodetennineandrem oveitw Thearrthatlightedupthedrzp?etsshouldbeandshouldntbe.'lhismeansthat itshouldl)ethereforsomeperitxloftùne,anditshould notbethereforanother
mriodoftkne.OnandofronandoftOnsomeframeswewillseedropletsonothers onlytheam Duringthe51.m demonstrationixlthobjedsAvillcomeoutonthe
-
screen,andwewillseethearcandthedroplets. 22
œ sisMeG M e :G e cte M e menem Kpm e e te eorG Spafe' Doyouremembertheproblem ahmttheweldedpiyes?n esteelribhm wmscut partiallyin someareasandwasn0tcutin otherareas.Thereisa trickierwayto sumrimposethatwhich Lsnotsumrimm sable:Giveonechnm eteristictothe
wholeobject,andtheoppositechnm cteristlctoitsparts.Atfirst,itseems
thatthisisimptssible.Indeed,how c.anyoubuildawhitetoweroutofblackbricks? 'lbke,forexample.thechaindriveforabicycle.Eachofit,selementsLsrigid,but thewholechainLsflexible.Inshort,physicaleontradictionsthatreqtziretustosuperimpxsethatwhichisnotsumrimmsabledonotIeadfzladeadend.0nthecontrmy theyfacilitateandmakeeasiertheprocerxsofsenrchingforthebestsolution. Foranotherexample,corksiderPrvblem #10- How to makewatersofter. Thisisadimcultproblem.Itisnotclearyethow tostart.Iaet'sfizsttrytoformulate thephysicalcontradidion.'l'he1. 1shouldlx SIIGIwithwateqandatthesametime
the- 1shouldbefllledwithsomethingthatLssoftersothediverwillnotlyeinjured duringthejump.WhatLssofterthnnwater?Gasorair.Theconcllzsion1:The- 1 shouldlx tilledwith.... Itseem sthatwehavecometoadeadend.'f' hewatersupportsthediveqbutitLs
'Ymgh.hanrduringthedive.'l' hegasisusor butyoucannotjtunp1r1t0a- 1SIGI onlywithgaserairtthe- lisarqa.nlly*empty'')Nom whenwerevealthecontzadiction.wecanseeasparkofthearuswerLet'shaveIX)f.IIwaterandgasinthepx)l.Let
thediverjump1:1f,0amivftu.eofwaterandgas- gaseotlswaten'lhtsisexadlyhow
SovietinventorsgottheirPatent#llz7604.InthispatentwaterLssaturatedV t.IIair
bubblesYforethejtunp.ThecontradidionLsremoved.(7m9e0% waterisstillwaterk eventhoughyoudon'tfeelitinthesameway Noticethezipzagpathmadeonotzrwaytothesolution.n epre-existingconditionfortheproblem isonlytheexistenceofwater- andthereforetheanswerisnot cler Wee koneslpba& % mwalrlM ti-wa/rlo ,irl.ltsœme theproblem becamemorecomplicated.'l'henextstepisveryimmrtant:combinewaterandantiwater(waterandairkhatdandsoit,rigidandfleible,hotandcold). Aswesaidbefore itcanbedone- inatimeoraspaceframe. Problem 13 Thick and thln A factoryreceivedanordertomanufacturealargequantityofglasssheets ofovalshape one millimeterthick.First rectangularplateswerecut and thenthecornersweregroundtotherequired ovalshape.Becausetheglass wasverythin thereweremanybrokensheets. *Weshould makethesheetsthickerMsaid theworkertohissupervisor.
uWecarftcsaidthesupervisonuWehaveordersonlyforsheetsonemm thickl
And suddenly theInventorappeared. uphysicalcontradictionlrheexclaimed.xdoursheetglassshouldbeboth thick and thin.Thiscontradiction can be separated in a time fram e.The 23
glassstockwillbethickduringthemachiningperiodl W hatdoyouthinkaboutit? Problem 14
How to getoutofadeadend Acompanystartedthepnxiuctionofanewmachine.verysoontheshopfacedan unex problem.onecompmentofthismachinewastobemadeoutofaslxucial steelplate.'f'heplatestxxkshouldbeeledricallyheatedto12000C.n entheheated platewouldbeplacedunderapresstoshapeitintoitsrequiredform.Dulingthis processitwasfotmdthatwhenthesteelplatewasheatedover801 C itlxwcame dtunagedduetotheharmfulefrectofaic Thesux rvisorcalledforameetingim mediattlly
C'hesituationisjustlikeinafaiortale.Cvoingt,otherightisgetting1:1t0tznuble;
goingtotheIeftisgettingintoevenmoretrouble.'l'heplatesttx:kshouldbeheatedtzl 120?.C otherwiseitcannotI:efonned,andatthesametimeitcannotl:eheatedover
80(rCinordernottodamagethesurfacerhesaid.
'4ltisverysimplelosaidoneoftheyoungestengincxelx uW ewillheatitto1001 C theintermediatetemm ratuzu''
Xhat'snogoodlobjectedtheoldmastenNheplatesNvillbedamagedbecattse theystillwilll>eheatedY yondtheiracceptabletemperature,andfonningcannotbe doneto usethetemm rattuvisnothighenoughc ultisanintricatetask'saidthesupervison'V e'vegottosolvethisproblem nouc AndthefnrcrllorapA aredàem
i.Ihavethesolutionlhesaid. W hatdoyouth1* theInventorofrered? Problem 15
Stubborn spring Imaginethatyouhavetocompressaspiralspring4''longand2''indiametm
placeitinsideaIXK)K and closethebcokinsuch awaythatthespringwillnot unwindandyetstillbereadytoexpandatanytime.Asimilarsituationhapm ned when engineelswereassemblingadeNrice.ltwmsn toeompre-ssaspring, placeitirksidethedeviceandclosethecover.How canthisbedone?
iKWewilltieitwithastringlsaidoneofengineers.tgthenviseyou cazmotdo anythingwiththisstubbornspringl
çR sisnoe ,''obje ieoieren#nœn* espe gH ideiedeùœshold And slzckfezt!ytlwfz?owl/orapptnred.
Vverythingisfmelphesaid.url'hespringshouldl:efreeanditshouldnotbefree. complvssedandnotcomprerxsed.Oncewehaveacontradiction wehaveaninventivetaskc How wouldyousolvethisproblem? 24
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# +# +4 +# +4 v Inmanybooksaboutthehistor.voftechni calevolution the19th century is calledR' l'heCenturyofSteam.'Historiansinthefirsthalfofthiscentury calledthisG'l'heCenturyofElectricitycW hatnameisappropriatein Iightof
developmentsinthesecondpartofourcentury?Sofarwedonothavejust oneopinion.Itcouldbe:'TheCenturyoftheAtom Moruq'heCenturyofSpace Exploration.'Maybe tKrf'heCenturyofChem istoc'Or...ê'Electronics' ?' Ifan engineerlivingatthebeginningofthe20th century couldseeour lifetodaythatengineerprobablywouldbesurprisedatthenumberoffamiliarm achines.Thesem achineswoulddifferprimarilyinscalecomparedwith theirancestors.Carsthesizeofhorsecarriageshavebecomebigtractortrailer trucks.Anairplanethatcouldonlycarrytwoorthreepeoplehasbecomean airbuscarrying300to 400 people.Shipshavebecome tloating cities.Tun bines,cranes,buildings,research laboratories- everythinghasbecometen timesbigger. Dozensofo1dtrucksinthepastarenow equaltoonesuper-truckcarryingtheircombinedloads.Yes thegrossweightisthesame butsenricingand maintainingonesupertrucktakesfewerpeople.Loadingandunloadingtrucks takemuch lesstimeaswell.Manyoftoday'sinventiveproblemshaveappearedbecauseofthisdevelopment. Let'sIookatarelatedproblem: 26
Problem 16
Aleran emergency Ianding Ahugefmnqmltairplanemadeanemergencylandingonafeld200milcxsfrom theaixw zt'l'heairplanewmsunloadedandirïslxzcted.Cm cks.dentsanddamageto theoutsidewerefotmd.Itwasnecerxsarytomovetheairplanetotheshopforrepairs. Becausetheairplaneweighedmorethanonehundredtons,ithadtol:ebmughtto theshopcarefullytopzwentadditionaldamage.Theexw rtsgottogetherItwould notbesuc, habigproblem ifonlytheairplanewassmaller Woushouldnotthinksomuchlrsaidastudent-apprentice. Nov yhadaskedhim totllemeeting,buthehadcomeanywayHehadanidea, andhewantedl presentit.* ereisnothingwecandowithoutadirigible.Wehave tohœktheairplanetothedirigibleand....n
qbtmgfello< oneoftheexwztssadlysaid.uWedonothaveadirigibleoftlmt
carkacityM ides,wecannotliAtheairplane1r1t0theair.Sq forgetthedirigible.'' ArlW suddenlyf#eInventorappeaa
Wou'rewrong;hesaid.t'Wedoneedadirigible,andwetfonotneedadirigible. Wehavetolilttheairplane- andwedon'thavetoliftitl Hethenexplainedhowweœuldrvsolvethesecontradidozy rmuirements. CanyouguesswhattheInventoroFered?
ThesizesofmachineshaveincreasedrapidlyTheylmveiIZCI'eaSGIbyfactom of hvo,ten,andevenahundredtimes. Growth,howeveqLqnotunlirnite 'l'he z' .' timecomeswhenfurthergm wthLqlxlthun@ggygp eulnolnilnlandnona nefdal.zttthatpnlt /XVCIXC tW6'd
iftwomachinesarejoinedtogethenanew
svstem apx azs.Thksnew system thenlxp. giastogrow andevolveliketheindividual machinesbeforeit. Ixfsrece àllthelzistzla =diedevelop mentoftheship.'rhesrstboatwmsmw. eredbytwopaddlexrfheO tshiphadone rowofoam ThenIargnrshim hadtsm tluw
andfourmwsofoan InandentRome.ashipwmsbuiltwith thirtyrowsofoars!Itwmsverydiëcultfor oarsmentoctylrdinntef,heirlxlwiTv.M id% theIladdleswerelongandheavy'lhe(11. tancelxt- ntheupm nncstmwsandthe waterwasmorethan60feet. lxatxhrlxxoplestartswdtoblaildshim œm . prisedofpaddlesandasail.zkstimepassed, 27
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thesizeoftheshipsincreased andthenttmlrandsizeofsailsincreasedinsteadof thenumberofpaddles.Graduallypaddle-sailvaselswerehU'IIGI111t0sail-paddle vesselwandIater1nt.0.qnslingships.Thensnilinfrequipmentstaztedtoevolve.Fizst therewasonemast,andthentwomastsandsoon.'l'hesizeofsailsincreased asdid thentunlxrofsailsoneachmast.
Thencamethenextstep:Thesteam enginewasdeveloe andthesrstsail-
steamshipwasbuilt.Sam thepnxessreyeatedagain.Sail-steamshipsweretUI'I::SII intosteam-sailvesselsjandlater11% steamships. Everytimesystem A combineswithsystem B anew system ABemerges.This new systemM hasyinprinciple,newcharacteristics- new qualitiesthatneitherA norB had before.Evenwhen anew system LsformedoutofthesimpleA+& the resultisnotequaltoZX.buttosomethingbiggerForexample:Onelxlatplusone boatcombined1nt. 0asystem isnotcxqualtotwoboats.Itisacatmnaran.n esystem
Q' atamuranismoresGblethanjtlsttwosepal'atehlats.
'Ihisvel. yimm rtantfeatureorsystemscanixleasilytracedinthenextproblem ahmtweevils. Problem 17
A thermometerforweevils Onceuponatime.scientistsgottogethertodisctsssaproblem ahmtweevilq.Itwmqfoundthatthe conditionsofexistenceforthissmallbeetlehadbeen studiedvery little.Nov yknew,forexample,what thelxxlytemperatureofaweevilwas.
* eweevilisverysmallcmaidonesdentistqbu
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cann tlarthennometxmb Yotusearegk
ehavetodesignaspecialdevicer ''agreedan-
othe Arnsc e ist q i z 1 qourir o tof mec di sn ut dd e. ni ly' /k /s lew1 In1 vr ee nt ce pa pe1 cmt ft .i
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m mtdoyouthinktheInventorosbrt'd? '' Thisproblem wmspublishedinPioneerlbuthmagazine andonlyonewordwas addedinthedescriptionoftheproblem.glass.TheInventorsaid:u'Pakeanordinazy
glm%....* Halgoftheartswersofreredbyreadez'swere:'Takeaglass,51Iitupwithwatzm throw theweevilintoitandmeasttrethetemxruturewitharegularthennometeno Thisksnotthec'onw taruswenOnesmallweevilcannotchangethetemlxfrat'ureof thewatern econfusionwllsinthewordRglar oncewehaveaglasvs.itshouldlx! tille withœclerlm attsethisisitsprimepttrm se.
lne goxlvelvenuvepmblem YoM.% mHx efoxdoen.suG woe leadyou towrongideas.ThereforeintheTheozyofSolving InventiveProblerns iex loneveo e m - tM e:M - M t-- Rm M o m p- e G e ple 28
wordan isisM ethod#7.
Forirustance,ifaumicro-adjtlstablescrew'ismentionedinthepmblem,itshould bereplacedwithwordslikeGadjtustnblertxithathmqaveryprwisemovementT'rhe
worduscwwrdiqaprears,andimmediatelyitYcomesclearthatthesolutionmaynot beconnectedwiththescrewmotionorthedevit'e. Meanwhile let'srettu'ntoourproblem.ltisneces-sarytotakeaglass(()rsmall hm orplasticbag),5llitupwith weevils,andmeasurethetemm ratarewith a conventionalthennometenA hundredwemilsAvillcreateasystem thathasnew characteristiœ.Thesizeofthatsystem ismuchgreaterthanthesizeofitsseparate pads.ThereforeitAvillnotbedimculttomeastuvthetemm ratureoftheweeùls.
IneveryissueofneOmcialGczcffcwecanIindtechnirxalinnovatiorusthatwere donebyincotwratingsimilarordilrerentobjedsintoonesystem. Tl'iisisMethcd #8:Incorw rating similarortlilerentobjectsintoone ee % Forexample,let'scorksiderRatent#408586.Yeazsagoboilez'swerelinedupsepa-
ratelyNowtheyareplaccdintooneblock n econstrudionbecamesimpleqthepipe lengthwmsredueed andtheblcvkneededonlyonechimney /2n0therexzuxzple:Ckninaalfee:lin asilogivesoffa1otofheat thereforeitis necessaryto(1001thesilo.Barnsfordomesticnnimaksneedtobeheated.lnPatent #251801theauthorofreredtocombinethetwoenclosures.Heatfrom thesilonow heatsthebarns. Anotherexample:If'wetakeamotorlxmt andinstallasnowmobile4ormotorcycle1onit .'z thereisnonew invention.HoweverianAmericaninventorgotPatent#3935832foravehicle thatisaboatand asnowmobileatthesame
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Ahkmter tonsomeoccasi ons.woul dliketo
havetworifleswithdiflbrentcharges- bullets
andpellets.'rogohtmtingwithtworitlesisnot convenient.Thehtmternfxxdstouseonerille
X ' . imdthensuddenlyneedstousetheother.Often,thehunterdoesn'thaveenoughtimetosadtc.hthem.m aatifthetworiflesw'ere tiedtogether?Inthepast,thatisexadlywhatpeopledid.lyatertheysguredoutthat tworitlestiedtogethersharemanycommonykarks- andthesepartscouldbeeliminated.Indeed,whydoesth1-%doublerifleneedtworiflebutts?Aftertheextvaparts wereeliminated,theresultwas thedouble-barreledgun. Onemoreingeniottsexample:Wastematerials- ashandclinker- arecreated atmetallurgicalplantsandareeliminatedthmughpipesbywaterA hardm ust develolxsontheinsidewallsofthesepipes.Thiscrustmtlstusuallyberemovedby
hand.Enginee!striedtosolvethisproblem foralongtime.Otherengineerstriedto solvethedifrerentproblem ofprotectingtheinnersud' aceoft'oal-wmstepipesh'om excesswear.Sharpparticlesofcoalscratchthemetalm akingthepim sdiflicultto 29
protat.InventorM.Shampovofl' eredtofonnaconunonsinglesystem outofthese pipelines.Fizstthelinewoktldpumpashandclinkersluny thatwoulddevelopa crustinsidetlzepipe-s,thenitwouldswitchtothetx)alwasteslunythatwouldclean
thepixs.'rhecyclethenrepeafs.Theproblem issolved.
Toform anewsystem,oneshouldunlteobjectsinsuch awaythatanew featureappears.
Now wewillolreranotherproblem asanexercise. Problem 18 The otherway around A plantgotanordertomanufadureglassf11f, e1.sofonemeterindiameterand twometershigh.HolesweretobemadeevenlytlmmghouttheElterErtgineezs lookedatthedrawingsandwereshocked.Thoursandsoftinyholeshadtoi:emadein everyfilter. qlosvshouldwemaketheseholesF'thechiefengineeraskedhissubordinates. w vwegoingtodrillthemr GMaylxlweshouldmakethem wit.hlongred-hotneedlesrayotmgengineersaid uncertainly vknlzl. f?t* zl/J'tltefzlœrl/o?'ap)warrt/. ''Weneedneitherdrillbitsnorneedles.Eve ' shouidbedonetheotherway aroundMhesaid.tqhke...l W hatdoyouthiriktheInventoroFered? Hereisahint:Doittheotherwayarotmd.Wewillnotmakeholesinthecylinden butmakethetylinderoutof..hole.a'lhke glasstulxs,bundlethem,andthereisa cylinderurithholes.Oqtxakeglmssrpds, bundlethem,andthereisafilterwith '.'.A ' 'j: A-x. ) x.'
Simpletoa- mbleanddisa- mble.
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i 9t: ti onans d/ osrMe cot nh se olid#a i on. entaFragmentati nandconsolidati on (al so xessando ti eet s sed olten,pir nsolvinga in nv ep nr to ic ve ess p) ra or bl ms WhenthereLsatwo-partcontradiction. - s ngshouldbe,andshouldnot b omethi
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Iftheamoebacouldspeak,itwouldsay:iMysingle-cellancestorslivedon theEarthbillionsofyearsago.Now,everythingconsistsofsingle-cellcombinations.Wood forexample isacombination ofcells.A humanbeingisalsoa combinationofcells.ThismeansthattheEraofCellsiscontinuinglm
Witha11duerespecttothesingle-cellspeaker,weshouldobject.Woodand
hum anbeingshavedifferentcharacteristicsthan singlecells.rrhewood as wellasthehumanbeing,aresystemsofcells.n ereisnolongeranactualEra ofCells,thereisanEraofSystems. Growthofsystemsbydevelopmentandcomplicationisauniversallaw.In thetechnicalworld developmentgoesfrom acelltoasystem.An automobile isacell theautom obileindustry isa system .h telephoneisa cell thetelephoneindustryisasystem. When asinglecellbecomespartofasystem itperformsmoreemciently and developsfaster.Atthe sametime,thecelldependson the system and cannotexistwithoutit. Contemporarytechnologyisatechnologyofsystems.ItsGcellsnaredifferentdevices machinesandequipment.n eyfunction insidethesystem.n erefore,somepeopleinthesecondpartofthe20thcenturycallthisdtTheCentury ofTechnicalSystems.'' Thereisastrictsubordination insideatechnicalsystem.Anelectricbulb in acarissubordinatedtotheelectricalsystem ofthecar.Thecarissubordi31
natedtothecarindustrywhichincludesmillionsofcars roads gasstations andrepairstations. Ever.ytechnicalsystem hasausuperioresystem above(supersystem )and aRsubordinate'system below (subsysteml.Anychangein ahierarchicalsystem effectsboth systems.A technicalcontradiction emergesbecausesomebodyforgetsthislaw.Onepartofthesystem getsanadvantageoveritsusuperiorHorGsubordinateMsystem .Therefore itisnecessarytocnnsidertheinterestsofnotonlythesystem thatneedstobeimproved butalsotheinterestsof thesubsystem sandthesupersystem . Let'slookataspecificproblem tolearnhow toconsidertheseinterests. Problem 19
Let's do itwithouttelepathy Once,anew carstalled onahighway.Theconfused driverwastryingto explaintothepassenger:
Oursolutionshouldnotjeopardizeanywinterest''ofthatsystem.Thismeans thatnothingshouldbechangedorredesignedintheautom obile.Thisistypica1foranysupersystem aslongastheproblem doesnotrequiredrasticchanges orreplacementofthatsystem .Wewillconsiderthisarequirement. Subsystemsalsohavetheirownrequirements.Thecar'sfuelcontrolsystem (ourcentralsystem )consistsoffoursubsystems:gas,gastank somethingthatmakesasignalduxf- whatwe aregoing toflnd).and thedriver'shead. Tobegin with.any Gmodificatianrofthe srzpke driver'shead isnotacceptable.We also cannotconsiderany changesin thegas. -= = --
TherearetwosubsystemsIet ':uxoandthe gastank. Now,Iet'sexaminetheconditionwhen thereisnogasin thetank- oralmost none- andthereisasignalfromuxlRemember,thegastank hasa very simple requirement:Itcannotbechanged.Sothe conclusionisthatGxnshouldalm ostequal 32
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nothing othenvisethegastankortheautomobilemustbemodified.Forexam ple '4X'cannotbeanX-Raydevicebecauseitwould make thecarm ore complicated. Bythistimetherequirementsforthesupersystem ,thesystem andthe subsystem shavebecamesoclearthatwecandetermined:xcwithmathem aticalaccuracy A littlelaterIwillshow youhow itcan bedone.Thinkitover yourselffornow.Theempty,oralmostem pty,gastankshouldsendasignalto theheadofthedriver.W henthetankisfullofgas,thereisnosignal.Onlyc ' canhelpustoachievethis.i'X''shouldbesosmallthatneitherthecar(the supersystem )northegas(thesubsystem)wouldrequireanychangeswithits introduction.
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Chapter8 FourPeriods ofthe System b'TACEf o
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Every new system hastopassa test.A very strictjury checksoutthe resultsofthistest.Thejuryconsistsof'Iuife''andRpracticelThejuryasks: uW hatisit?Ah,it'sanengine!Let'sseehow itworksinthesystem .Wellit'is notbad.Wewillgiveitamarkof3(onascale1-5).Andwhatisthis?Ah,is thisapowertransmission?Yes.Thistransmissionisverygood,wewillgiveit a. 5.W hereisthecontrolsystem?Isitonlytwobuttons?W hatiftheconditionsofworkarechanged?W hatifwehadanemergency?W ewillgivethis system ajp rradeof2.,9
Therulesofthejuryareverysimple.Only systemsthatdo nothave a markof?2>canpassthetest.Itdoesnotmatterwhatmarksthesystem has
so Iongastheyarenotu2.*'Themain requirementfrom thejury isthata1l subsystemsshouldworktogethereveniftheyhavelowerm arks.Itmayappearstrange,butaIlcontem porarySystem satthebeginningoftheirdevelopmenthadlowm arks.Thefirststeamboathadagluttonoussteam engine.rrhe transm issionfrom theenginetothepaddle-wheelsdevouredalmosta11available energy.The paddle-wheelitselfdid notwork efficiently.Even in that form .thesystem hadabigfuturebecauseitwasaver'ygood combination. Although al1thepartsworkedinefficiently theydidworktogether. A technicalSystem issimilartoan orchestra.ltisenly asgood asthe musicians'synchronized playing.Therefore theinventor'sefrortshould be concentrated in thebeginningonfindingthebestcombinationofasystem's 34
parts.ThisistheFirstPeriodin thelifeofaSystem. ThereareFourPeriods and eachhasitsownproblemsand methodsfor solutions. Letuslearnaboutthesestagesfrom thehistoryofthedevelopmentofthe airplane. TheFlrstPerlod: SelectlonofPartsfortheSystem Thedevelopmentofairplanesstartedaboutonehundredyeazsago.Inven-
torswereinterestedindetermining,uWhatisafyngapparatus?Whatparts
should itconsistof'/Shoulditbewingswith an engine orwingswithoutan engine?Whattypeofwingsshouldbeused- stationary orilexiblelikeabird's wings?Whatldndofengine- muscles,steam,electricalorgaspowered'?' Finallytheairplane'sformulawasfound.Thewingswerestationaryand theenginewasofinternalcombustion.
TheSecond Period: Im provem entsofPans Thisstaledwiththeucorrectjonofbadmarks.nlnventorswereimprtwing differentpartsoftheSystem.Theywerelookingforbettershapesandhow to optimize theirrelationship.Theywerelooking forthebestmaterials,sizes andsoon.How manywingsshouldanairplanehave?Shoulditbeatriplane, biplaneormonoplane?Whereshouldthecontrolsbeplaced- inthefrontor intherear?Whereshouldtheenginebeplaced?Whatkindofpropellersshould bedesigned- topullortopush?How manygearsshouldanairplanehave? Attheend oftheSecondPeriod,theairplanelooked quitefamiliartous. TheThirdPeriod: DynamizationoftheSystem Thepartsimmediatelybegan losingtheirown image.Partsthatusedto bepermanently connected changed into partshaving Ilexible connections. Peopleinvented retractablelandinggear.n ewingsnow can changetheir prosle.n efrontpartofthefuselage can bemoved upordown.Airplanes weredevelopedwithswivelenginesthatproduceaverticallift.Sectionalaim
planeshavebeenpatentedwherepartofthefuselagecanberemoved loaded andplaced back. The Foudh Period: Self-developmentoftheSystem
Thishas notyetbeen revealed.Wearejustbeginning towitnessa few
veryshystepsintothefourth period- rocketandspacesystems.Spaceships canreorganizethemselvesduringoperation.' rheycangetridofrocketboosters,open solarpanelswhileinorbit and deliversatellitesintoorbit.These areonly thetirststepsin thedevelopmentofsystemsthatcan adaptthem35
selvestoachangingenvironm ent.Allfuturisticsystemsinitially areseenas fantasy,butwhennew technologiesmaterialize thesefantasiesbecomereality.Afterall,whenJulesVernewrotehisstoriesaboutspaceflighttheywere
alsoSjust''fantasy. Nom let'sreview theFourPeriods: 1.SelectionofpartsfortheSystem . 2.Improvementsofparts. 3.Dynam izationoi-theSystem. 4.Self-developmentoftheSystem . Onehastherighttoask:uW hatarewegainingbyhasringknowledgeabout theseperiodsr Let'slookataspeciticexample: A longtimeago.inventorsdevelopedadevicetoweighormeasurediffen
enttypesofobjects- steelballs,nailsscrewsandsoon.Thedevicewasvery simple:A funneland acylindricalcontainerwithtwogates.Theballstobe measuredwereloadedthroughthefunnelintothecontainenW hentheupper gatewasopened,theballsfllledallthespace,thentheuppergatewasclosed andthebottom gatewasopenedtodischargetheballs.Thisdevicewascalled abatcher.Withthisbatcher,theballsare w... measuredbyvolume.Thevolumeofballs .-..% perbatchequalsthevolumeofthecylECNNEI .. inderbetweentwogates. z,=. -.
Althoughthi sisasimplesystem.it /1, , . y ., .
isarealisticone.In1967thissystem was improved.Threeinventorsgotthepatent --- ...-
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c hanicalgateswerereplaced with elec.-i <'-c ytln Rtcnt tromagneticones.W hen the poweris -cosrnfstp turnedofffortheuppermagnettheballs willfalldown and fillthespace between the gates.Now wecan turn the uppermagneton and thelowermagnetoff.The measured balls willdischarge from thebatcher. There isa new task now :M akean invention to improve thebatcher. W ithoutaknowledgeofthelawsofSystem Developm entyou mightbelost. Nothinginthetaskindicatesthatthem agneticbatcherisbad.Iam certain thatyoucansolvethisproblem veryeasily. ThisSystem isin theSecond Periodofitsdevelopment.Thenextinventionshouldbringthissystem intotheThirdPeriod. TheThird Period isDynamization.Thism eansthatthefixed magnets should becom emoveable.Now when wehavetochangethevolumeofthe measuredm aterialwecansimplymovetheuppermagnetupordownalong thepipe.Thebatchingsystem hasgained anew quality!Thebatcherwith 36
moveablemagnets,Patent#312810 wasinvented fiveyearsafterthe magneticgatewasinvented.Thissystem couldhavebeeninventedm uchearlier - l iterallytheminuteafterthemagneticgatewasinvented.Fiveyearswere lost!M aybethisisnottoomuchofaIossbuttherearethousandsandthou-
sandsofcasesjustlikethis!Tomakethesystem moredynamicisMethod #10:Dynamization. Problem 20
There is acatamaran/thereis no catamaran Intheshiprepairingdockanew steamboat-catamaranwasbuilt.
RItisawonderfulshipcsaidtheo1dmaster. dqres,itisabeautifulship,Hagreedtheengineer.G'rhemain advantageof thisship isthatitisvery stable.Thisshipwillgothrough many different conditions- partiallyonrivers,partiallyon theocean.Itisrelativelycalm onrivers,butontheocean....' AndsuddenlytheR nenlorappears. iKThisship isindeedvevywonderful nobodywillarguethat*'hesaid. uButitneedsonemoreimprovement.Itshould beacatamaran andnota catamaran.H
W hatkindofimprovementdoyouthinkthelnventorhadinmind? W henyouworkonthisproblem keepinmindthatthesystem ''catamaran +river*ispartofasupersystem - urivertransportationqoThismeansthatthe catamaranshouldconsidertheinterest,sofa1lpartsofthesupersystem . Now wewillofferyou aspecialproblem.Thisproblem isdifferentf' rom others.Itispossibletocom eupwith som ethingnew - asolution thatcould beaninvention.In otherwords thisisnotatextbook problem.ltisa real inventivetask.Donotrushtheanswer.Thinkitoverfindaninterestingsolution,andtrytodevelopit. Problem 21 The law is theIaw Oneday thepresidentofatoycompanyinvitedhisengineerstoameeting andaskedthem:tf anweinventanew dollbasedonVanka-vstankar
TheengineerssaidthatNevalyashka(adollweightedonthebottom sothat italwaysreturnstoanuprightpositionlandthevanka-vstankawereinvented alongtimeago.W hatmorecanwediscover?r rhisisaveo'simpletoy.'rhebody ofthetoyhasaroundbottom.Theinsideofthelxdy ishollow andaweightis attachedtothebottom inside.lfyoutrytoplacethetoyoniKssideitwillgetup andswingfrom sidetosideforawhileandthenstand upright.
ultisreally simplelsaid theyoungengineer.''Nothingcouldbe added or removed.'
d'InventorZaitsevhasinvcnted anew Vanka-vstankalarguedthedirec-
tor.ulaook,Patent#645661wasissued forthisnew design.'' Theengineersbentoverthenew toyOntheoutside,thistoylookedlike thepreviousones.Thetrick wasinside.The weightwasmounted on a shaftinsuchawaythatitcouldmove alongtheshaftup ordown.Thetoy could swingstanding on itshead or lyinghorizontally. G'rhisis the law 0l'increasing
dynalnizationlsaidthechiefengineer. hIn the beginning.partsofthemachinehadrigidconnections.Laterthe inventorsworkedoutIlexibleconnections.A toy islikea machine thereforethedevelopmentof'atoy should follow thesameIawsofdevelopment asamachine.Icanpredictthatsomebody willcom eup with a VankaVstankawheretheweightisdivided andwillm akethesepartsmoveable'' hesaid.
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'tltisalreadyfiguredoutlsaidthe presidentofthecompany.u'fhisisthe uvanka-vstankaoinventedbytheinventorLitvinenko.Patent#676290.H Heplaced onthetableonemore toyofthevanka-vstankaseries.Thedollwasswingingdifferently.theswinging frequencywaschanginga1Ithetime. 'çThat'sit,''saidthcchiefengineerwhileopeningthebodyofthetoy.isrl'he weightisdivided thepartshavebecom emoveableinthesamewayasinan hourglass.Thesandismovingfrom one portionoftheglassintotheother changingtheweightofeach poriion.' rhereforethefrequencychangesc ''Everythingnew thathasbeen done wasdonein anotherfactorylHexclaimedthe president.''Aretheybetterthan weare?Couldn'twethink of somethingelse?You said thatthereistheLaw ofIncreasingDynamization. Ver.ywell.let'susethislaw andinventanotherVanka-vstankathatwillbe moredynamic.'' Andsltddenls'thefntptlalorappeared. R'l'heLaw isthe Law ohesaid.tirfhere isaway tom ake this toym ore dynamic.lwouldliketoof1br....'' Mrhatcanyousuggest? 38
Chapter9 M -Field From Generation ofS-Field
Now wewouldliketoofferyouamoredifscultproblem.Bytheway,you alreadyhaveseen thatadiëcultproblem isdimcultonly becausewedonot know theLawsofDevelopmentoftechnicalsystems. Problem 22
The universalfield Ata factory thatm akesagriculturalm achinezy thereisa sm allpieceof fencedlandthatisusedfortestingequipmentmobility.Once,thefactorygot orderstomanufacturemachineryformanydifrerentcountries.Thosediffen entcountrieshavedifrerentsoils.' rhe factory found thatin ordertotesta11
thosemachinesitwouldneedmanydifrerentsoilcompositipns.
uWeneed140differentfieldslsaidthepresidentofthefactorytohisengi-
neeratthemeeting.uilow canwegetsomuchland' ?n
*Itwilltakeal0tofmoneyaswellladdedthechiefaccountant.GNo,itis
notrealistictobuild140fields!Thesituationishopelessln And suddenly theInventorappeared. U here arenohopelesssituationsOhesaid.uWecan build one universal fieldthatwould replace140.W hatweneedis....O W hatdoyou thinkweneed? A detailedexplanation follows. 39
lhopethatyouwon'tofrerasasolution anyofthefollowing: a.Dividethem ainfieldinto140pieces.Thefactoryfieldisnotbig. b.Deliverm achinestoallthedifrerentcountries.Everymachinehastobe testedmanytimes andtheexpensewould betremendous. c.Changethesoilontbefieldthewayitisdonein thecircus(140moveableareas). d.Freezeanddefrostthesoil(thisistooslow). e.Deliverdifferenttypesofsoil(tooslow andexpensive). Suchideaswouldimproveonlyonethingandworsenanother.W ehaveto overcomethetechnicalcontradictioninordertochangethequalityofthesoil withoutmakingitunacceptablycomplicated expensiveorbyincreasingthe sizeofthelield. Let'sfirstsettheconditionsofthetask.W hatisgiven?ThesoilisaSubstancethatwewilldesignatewiththesymbolS1..ltisnecessarytolearnto controltheparametersofS byem ployingsomeltfield''force.Letusdesignate this5eldforcewiththeletterF.Now wecandraw adiagram:
/F
s, Therearesixbasicfields: 1.Gravitational:F(;11
2.Electromagnetic(electrical/ magnetic):F*2/F>(f; 3.Nucleart'ieldofweak interaction:FNW 4.N uclearfieldofstrong interaction:FN5 5.M echanlcal:FM 6.Therm al:FT We willnotconsiderthenuclearfields.W hatweneed isavery sim ple
solution.Wehavetoeliminatethegravitationalfieldaswellbecausewehave notyetIearnedhow tocontrolit. Therearethreefieldsleft- electrom agnetic mechanicalandthermal. Now wecanunderstandwhythistaskisadifficultone.Soildoesnotreactto an electromagneticforce and isveryreluctanttorespondtomechanicaland thermalfields.Wecanclearlyseeaphysicalcontradiction.FieldF shouldact onsubstanceSl(soil)- thisisbythespecificationsoftheproblem - butIield Fcannotacton thissubstancebecausethefieldsweareusinghavenoeffect ontheparam etersofsubstanceS1. Thistypeofcontradictioncanbefoundinmanytaslts.Thereisonetypical methodthatcouldbeusedtoremovethistypeofcontradiction.lfitisim pos40
sibleforfieldF toactdirectlyonsubstanceS17then abypasswayshouldbe implemented.Let5eld F actonsubstanceSlthroughanothersubstance,Stx
thathascgoodresponsetoJieldR F
S$* -- -- -- S2 Thereisan action (indirect)andthereisnoaction (direct). SupposewedecidetouseamagneticGeld.Whatkindofasubstanceshould S2be?Theanswerisobvious,A ferrom agneticsubstanceshouldbeused.For instance,ironpowderisagoodsubstaem cebecauseitcouldbemixedeasilywith substanceSl(soil).Magnetizedparticlesareattractedtoeachothenn estron-
gerthemagneticfield thestrongertheattractivepower.A mixtureofsoilwith ferromagneticpowderinastrongmagnetic5e1dcouldbeasstrongasgrnnite. n esamemixtureinaweak magneticfieldcouldbeassoA assand. Hence,iftheiron powderismixedwith somesubstance,amagneticfield could easilycontrolthepropertyofthatsubstance- compress stretch bend relocateandsoon. ThisisM ethod#11:Add m agnetiepow dertothesubstanceand apply amagneticfield. Thiscombinationhasexceptionalpower.Hereareseveralexamples: 0i1tankersoccasionallydum pwaterpollutedwithoilintotheocean.rfhis isusuallypunishedbyhigh Gnes.'l'heproblem istoprovethattheoi1onthe oceansurfacebelongstoa particulartanker.Recently avery sm artm ethod wasofrered.Duringtheloadingprocessasmallamountoffinemagneticpar-
ticles(foreachtankerthoseparticleshavetheirowncharacteristics)wasadded totheoil.W hen theCoastGuardfinds anoi1spotontheoceansudace asample is taken,and the analysisofthem agnetic particles willindicate to which tankeritbelongs.
Anotherexample:Dmingtheprocess ofmanufacturingparticleboardsitisdesirabletohaveelongatedwoodenchipspositionedalongthelengthoftheboard.erhis willincreasethe strength oftheboard. How isthisdone?Itisimpossibletoplace everychipbyhand..xninventorsuggested theuseofmagneticpowdenTheparticles ofthatpowderwillstronglyadheretoevery chip,and am agnetwillarrangethe 41
m TCPIS
chipsthewayweneedthem . Itispossibleto fbrcemagneticpowdertoadheretocottonfiber.Thiswill simplifytheprocessofspinningthecotton.Latertheparticlescanbewashed awaywithoutdam agingthequalityofthefabric.
Onemoreexample' .Ifmagneticpadicleswereaddedtothemixturefrom which wooden match-headsaremade wewillgetmagneticmatchesthatare
easiertopackage.lngeneral.addingmagneticparticlestoanyobjectsimplifies automationofthepackagingprocess. Thenextproblem isa veryeasyoneforyouto to'.Strictly speaking,this problem isnoteasierthantheproblem about'ttestingmachinezy''Butwithnew knowledge,youshouldbeabletosolvethisproblem withoutanydimculties Problem 23
Walt,Rabbit,1willgetyou! Tomakeacartoonmovie,itisnecessarytomakethousandsofdrawings.In ever.yyardofmovi efilm thereareabout52 drawings.Inaten minutemovie
therearemorethan15000drawings!Onemovie-studiodecidedtomakeaGcontour'-film.Thisishow itwasdone.Onaflatsurfacetheartistlaysoutapicture withcoloredstring.Theoperatortakesashottheadistmovesthestring,and theoperatoragaintakesanothershot andsoon.Itiseasiertomovethestring thantodraw anew picture.
'' Thatistooslows''saidtheoperator q'es,youareright.itisslownsaidtheartistmakingthecorrectionstothe string.GInordertomakearabbitrunacrossthescreen wespendawholeworkingdayl A??Jsuddenlvthe/rl&'e??lorappearg
'Yait.itabbit,lwillgetyou.''hesaiddecisively lVhatdoyouthinktheInveatorofrered? A Trixxmvirate whichincludesasubstanceaferromagneticpowderanda magneticfield,iscalledanM -Field.'I'hesame'Triumvirate''couldbebuiltwrith otherfields.DoyourememberProblem #15aboutthestubbornspring?Probably,you havealreadytiguredoutthatthespringshouldbeK'hiddennintheice. Forthatpulw sethe''Triumvirate'shouldbebuiltoutofaThermalfleld(F )
spring(S!).andice(S2). Tohavedirectcontroloverthespringisnotpracticalinthisparticularproblem.Thebestcontroloverthesplingistouseicetpreferablydry icebecauseit doesnotproducewaterwhenheated). In Problem #9 theenlargementofthedropletsof'theliquidsubstance thereisonlyonesubstancethatisknown- droplets.W ecansayatonce:Te solvethisproblem weneedonemoresubstanceandafield.Tosim plifythe taskwecanaddferrom agneticparticlestfltheliquid andcontroltheprocess ofGadherencemofdropletsbythemagneticM -field. Itw'illlooklikethis:
Fv
s,w -- -- - - Sz Whatifthespecificationsofthe problem d:notallow usto add foreign substances? Then wehavea contradiction:Thesecond substanceshouldbe and the
secondsubstance should n0tbe.In this casewe willdividetheflow ofthe dropletsintotwoparts.Onedropwillbechargedpositive theotherdropwill benegative.Thecontradictionisremoved.Wehaveonesubstance,with no additives,and atthesametimewehavetwodifferentsubstances(positive, S1,andnegative,S2).'rhesystem isconstructedoutoftwosubstancesand a l' ield,andtheproblem issolved.Thedropletswithdifferentchargeswilladheretoeach other.Itisvez. y easy tocontrolthissystem by increasing and decreasingtheamountofchargetothedroplets. Triumvirateswith diflbrentfields(notonlymagnetic)areconditionally called S-Fields(from theword Rsubstancerand ufieldO).'rhusM-fieldisone par'toftheS-Fieldfamilyinthesamewaythataright-angletriangleisapart ofthetrianglefamily. Itisnota coincidence thatIam comparingtriangleswith S-Fields.The introductionofS-Fieldsplaysavez'yimportantrolein thetheoryofsolving inventiveproblems.Itisthesameasthevalueofthetrianglein mathematics.Thetriangleisaminimalgeom etricfigure.Anycomplexgeometricfigure couldbebrokendown intosimpletriangles.IfwelearntosolvesimpleproblemsbyusingS-Fieldswecansolveothermorecomplextechnicalproblems.
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S-Field form ulascan becompared tochemicalformulas.Forexample hereistheureaction''thatdescribestheanswertoProblem 22: F
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Thewavyarrow meanswunsatisfiedaction.''Thedoublearrow means Khastomakeatransitiontoanothersystem.mThebrokenarrow means Ghastointroduceanaction.'' TheconstructionandtransformationoftheS-neld isalargepartofthe TheoryofInventiveProblem Solving,andiscalledus-FieldAnalysisae
Atthistimeitisenough tojustknow afew simplerules: Rule#1:In ordertosolveaproblem thathasapartialS-n eld,the S-Field mustbecom pleted.ThisisM ethod #12:S-FieldAnalysis.
Letusnow returntoproblem l9,thegastank ThereisasubstanceSl(an emptygastank)thatdoesnotknow how tosignalitsown condition.Byusing thefirstnzlewecouldeasilydraw adiagram ofthesolutiontoourproblem : 44
sf
' )S$-<---. >.52
F
F
The fields acting on thesubstanceswillbe drawn above the line.The fieldscreatedbythesubstanceswillbedrawnbelow theline. Hence,intheS-Fielddiagram thisproblem issolved.What'sleftistodetermineS2andEn eûeldshouldactonthedriverinourproblem.n ismeansthat itcouldbeelectrom agnetic opticalmechanicalaudioorthermal.'l'heoptical fieldisnd convenientbecatlseadditionalopticalsignalswi.lldistractthedriver's attention.Itisevenlessconvenienttousethermalsignals.Whataboutacoustica1(sound)signals?Now weunderstandtheroleofS2. Thissubstance,whenthetankisempty,shouldinteractwiththetankand produceanaudiosignal.Theproblem issolved.Lettusdropasimplebuoyinto thetank.Whenthetankisfullofgas,thebuoyfloaksinusilencelThesidesofthe buoyshouldhaveasoh,surfacetopreventitfrom makingasoundwhenhitting thesidesortopofthetank. Assoonasthetankisalmostempty thebuoywillhitbottmm andproducea soundthatcanbeheardbythedrivenn isS-bnieldsystem wehavebuiltmaybe drawnasarhombus: F,
Sj+ -------> Sa
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S$*..---...-..-.>.Sa Fz ThemechanicalfieldF1:theenergyofshaking,actsonbuoyS2,which in turninteractswithtankS!.andthankstothat,audiofieldF2isdeveloped. M anyproblemsseekingasolutionintheareaofmeasurementanddetectioncanbesolvedby addingtosubstanceS1aspecialS-Field
FtX / F2
s2
Thesameway asthechemicalgroup COOH ''attachesMtoradicalR in the organicacidform ula: R
C
X ou R canbedifferentbuteveryorganicacid asweknow containsthegroup COOS.
Rule#2:lf)byspecificationoftheproblem,auurorthlessos-Fieldispresent. anintroductionofsubstance S3betweenSland S2isnecessary in orderto improveit.ThisS.9couldbeamodification t)fS1orS2.Itcan beshown like this:
F
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Sa
I sa (*,orSz) 46
'PheS-Fieldcanbebroken downusingdifferentmethods: a.ChangeF,S1,orS2;
b.RemoveFlSl,orS2;
c.IntroduceasecondfieldF2.or substanceS3. In ordertosolve theproblem itis easierto introduce S! J.When thisis prohibitedbytheconditionsofthetask acontradictionarises:Itisnecessary tointroduceathirdsubstanceS7J,anditisprohibited todoso.Thefollowing ruleshowsabypasswaytodothat: The third substance,S3,should be a modification ofan already known substance,SlorS:.'Phen thecontradictionisremoved.Thereisan S3.andthereisnoS3. Letusexplainthisrulewithanexample. Manyelectricpowerstationsoperateoncoal.'rhecoalisdeliveredbyrailroad carsandunloadedintolargesilos- reinforcedconcretefunnels.There isascrew conveyorsimilartothosefoundin ()ld meatgrinders.Theseconveyorsarenotusedtochopthecoalbutonlytoconveyittothepipeline.Thenthe coalmovesdowntheinclinedpipelinebyitselftotheballmill ahugerotat-
I ingcyli nderwi thmanyheavysteelballsinside.Theballmillcrushesthecoal intocrumbsandpowderA faststream ofairtakesthecrushedcoalandbrings itinto aseparatorwhere thefinepowdergoesintothemain burnersofthe station andtherestreturnsforanothercycleofcrushing.Thesystem works wellaslongasdrycoalcomesintothesystem .Often wetcoalcomesintothe system andtheGagonynbegins.Wetcoalstickstothescrewsoftheconveyori wallsofthepipe,andneckattheentranceofthemill.Latertheexcesswater isremoved,butnotbeforethewetcoalhascaused alotoftrouble. Many inventorsin differentcountrieshavetriedtooutwitthewetcoal. Theyhavedrieditchangedtheshapeofthepipes,andevenshakenthepipes. Finecoalisaverydangeroussubstance.Duringexperim ents itcan self-ignite.Firesandexplosionshaveoccurred. FinallyAznericansinventedanew liningmaterial- upolyfluoroethylener (Teflon)tocovertheinnerwallsofthepipes.Itwasveryexpensive,butitseemed thattheproblem wassolved.lloweverkitwassoonlearnedthatreflonweam out rapidlyundertheseconditions.
ThesentenceNvetcoalstickstothewallsofthepipeninthelanguageofSFieldanalysislookslikethis:è' TheuselessS-Fieldisgiven- twosubstances(Sl, S2)andam echanicalseldofadherence.HTeflon (S3)isacom pletelyaliensubstemce.The ruleisbroken!Asyou already havesguredout'S3should notbe m adeoutofTeflon butfrom m odiiied pipemetalormodisedwetcoal.Thewet coal,S1Fbeingmodified;becomesdr.vcoal.ThismeansthattheroleofS3would beplayedbydr.vcoal.Evenathinlayerofdrycoalbetweenthewallsofthepipe and thewetcoalimmediatelyprevent,sadherence.W hen acookispreparing raw cutletstofry crumbsare spread overthem topreventadherence f.othe fryingpan.rl'' hecookusestheruleofS-n eld analysiswithoutknowingit. 47
Klmeofthedriedcoalpowderisdivertedintothescrew conveyor.Thisisthe simplestchange,buttheproblem issolvedbliiliantly! Noticethattheproblemsaboutthedroplet-sand thewetcoalhavesom e sim ilarities;hence.inthefirstproblem wehavetobuildanS-Field,andinthe secondproblem wehavetodestroytheS-Field. In both problemsitisrequiredto introduceanew substance,andatthe sametimeitisimpossible- ordimcult- tointroduceit.n iscontradictîon couldberemovedbyutilizingtheexistingsubstanceS which,whenmodified, becomesS. $. A paradoxicalsituationem erges.Thereisnonew substancefwehaveused anexistingone),andthereisanew substance(wechangedtheexistingone). ConventionalthinkingusesasimplelogiclqksHmeansgyes*andi4no''means uno.ouBlacknis% l ack''anduwhite''isRwhit.e>andsoon. TheInventiveProblem Solvingtheorydevelopsotherkindsofthinkingbased ondialecticallogic.W es''andGno'cancoexist::eY' esennbenoHnndO lackcnn 1:ewhite/'
NONO NONO NONO NONO NONO NONO NONO NONO NONONONO NONONON NONONO NONON NONO NONONONONO NONONONONO
NONONONONO NONO NONONONONO NONONONONO NONO NONO NONO NONO NONO NONONONONO NONON NONONONONO NONONO NONO NONONO NONO NONONO NONO NONO NONO NONONONONO NONONONONO NONONONONO NONO
48
Chapter 11 Try itYourself
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Let'srecallsom eofthemethodsthatwehavelearnedsofarinthispart: (6) Conficting requirementsareseparatedin timeorspace. (7) M1specialtennsmustbereplacedwith simplewords. (8) Incorporation ofsimilarordiserent
object.sintoonesystem. (9) Fragmentation/Consolidation. (10) Dmnmization. (11) Addmagneticpowdertoasubstanceand thenapplyamagneticfield. (12)S-n eldAnalysis. Now,let'sdosomeexercises. Hereareseveralproblems.Rememberduringtheprocessofsolvingproblemsyouhavetousethemethodsandrulesthatyouhavelearned.Youmust dropthehabitoflookingforasolutionblindly,orbyruleofthumb.pickingup differentvariants, 49
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Problem 24
In spite ofaIIstorms ( ' ; . .. ' .. ln the ocean notfar from the . zz7 /' /zstz/' '...n'' . ' . , ):). w e. ... / NS . -yry ,.< .p' tG .. ..t ,j stc. T , ! beach,ahydraulicdredgewaswork.
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A.y .I gerships.Theground lifted from the Z/6 e'j ''r. ., '.., .'. w. . ,.; bottom oftheocean wasmixedw ith 'w. yvz w. ) . y . . . + . .'y rw,; J a ' , . . 1 . >.Y ? 4 . < . 4 , . x .tv, w' sh . theoceanwater,andpumpedthrough
a pipelinefive kilometers long.Thislong tailofpipeswasooatingon the wavesbehindthe dredge.Empty metalbarrel-pontoonswerekeepingthe pipesafloat. u'rhereisaweatherforecastabouta severestorm cominginMsaidthe forem anoftheshift.*Wehavetostopworking disconnectthetailandbring itintothebay.Afterthestorm wewillbringitbackandconnectit.Wemay losealldaydoingthis.r 'EW hatcanwedo?''themechanicasked.R1fthestorm breaksthepipeline, itwillbemuchworse.M And here/:t'fnventorappeared. xtsv' ecanworkinspiteofaIlstorms*hesaid.R'I'hesystem œpipe-pontoonr shouldbecome....o W hatkindot-system ishetalkingabout,andhow shoulditwork?
PropellerforCarlson
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Problem 25 ..
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' Th s 'u%. e d i r e c t o r o f a l a r g e t o y s t o r e cametoatoyfactoryand saidtothe ( ' 1. chiefengineersRourcustomersareasking for atoy - a flying dollcalled ' Carlson- butwedonothaveitinour '' * ' e store.Weseetearsintheeyesofchil- ' ..œ . . V dreneveryday.Helpusl'' *;W ehavetwo samplesofa toy called Carlson''answeredthe engineer. 'Xakealook....'' OnedollwasaclosecopyoftheoriginalCarlson butitcouldn'tfly The otherhadapropellermuchbiggerthantheCarlsondollitselfThisdollcouldn't stand-up- butitcouldflylikeatoyhelieopter.
dtlt'stoobadlsaidthedirectoneonedolllooksIikeCarlson,butcannottly Theotherdollcantlybutdoesnotlook likeCarlson - itlookslikeawindm ill''
u'rhisisatechnicalcontradictionltheengineersaidspreadinghisarms. dTomakea smallpropellerisno good- Carlson willnotfly there isnot enough powerfrom thesm allpropeller.Ifwemakethepropellerbiggerwe 50
willdestroy theappearanceofthedellanditwillnotstandbyitself.Ireally donotknow whattodo.''
Andhere,ofcourse.theJnt.enlornppeared. ulaet'sstaat'tfrom thephysicalcontradiction''hesaid.urrhepropshouldbebig andshouldnotbebig.Everythingisclear.weshouldusethemethod....'' Whatmethodishetnlkingabout,andhow canheuseit? Problem 26
Tenthousand pyramids In a research laboratory
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peopleweretryingtodevelopdiamondtoolsforpolishingsurfaces. Thetoolscam etlutverywellbut itwas difficultto manufacture them.Thediamondgrainshada ? pyramid shape and werevery :' sm all.Itwasnecessarytoplacethem onthesurfaceofthetoolbyhand with theirtipsfacing up. G'l'enthousandpyramidsanda1lbyhandosaidtheagitatedworkers.RW'by can'tsomeonethinkofsomewaytomechanizethiswork?'' ç$Wehavetried''answeredthesupen-isorofthelab''butnothinggoodhas emergedl Andp?erethelilr/crl/t)rcppecred. Kltisawonderf' ulproblem ''hesaid.qvehavetorecallthemethod....n W hatmethodmustwerecall?How cantheplacementofthediamondsbe mechanized? Problem 27
An alm ostexcellentmachine Attheindustrialagriculturalshow anengineerwasgivingademonstrationofafruitpackagingconveyor. Beforethisconveyor,fruitswerepackagedintocartoncontainersbyhand. Nom itisdoneby machine.Theconveyorplacesthecontaineronthetable. Thefruitsrolldownthroughatrough.Anelectricmotorvibratesthetablefor thefruitstobepackedproperly.Thisisanexcellentm achine butithasone defect.W hen thefruitsfallintothecontainerthey hiteach otherand are damaged. uIsitpossibletolowerthetroughalongwhichthefruitslidesdowntothe containerr askedoneofthevisitors.
GYes thisispossiblel said theengineer.Uheproblem now isthatwhile you arefillingthecontainerupyouhavetoIiftthetrough.Thismeansthat
we need an automaticsystem to controlit.Themachinewillbecomemore complicated.Tolowerthecontaineriseven morecomplicated....n Andslzdde/lfvthelnrcn/orappeared. 'ioneapplehitstheotherone,''hesaid.wThisisatask fortheruleofdestroyingtheS-Field.Take....' And heexplainedhow tofixitsothatnoneofthefruitswillbedamaged duringthefalleven themostfragileones. W hatcanyouoffer? Problem 28 There is no fountain Iikethat
Theauthoritiesofacertain towndecidedtobuildafountain.A competition wasannounced.TheCom mitteeIooked through thedesignsthatwere subm ittedbythearchitects.
w'Phereisnothingexciting.AllthishasalreadybeenbuiltMsaid thejury
sadly.*Wewouldliketohaveafbuntainthatwouldbetheonlyoneofitskind inthewholeworld.'' 'tcan you thinkofsom ethingbetter?''askedoneofthemem bersofthe
jury.upeoplehavebeenbuildingfountainsforaIongtime.Theprincipleisthe same- streamsofwatercrossingeachother.lnoneoftheprojectsan architectollbredtousealightinsidetheIbuntain.'rhisisnotneweitherlerhereare fountainswithfire light- evenwithcolorand music.' Andsuddenly theInventorappeared. *1am goingtoofrerafountaindesignthatnobodyhasbuiltyet.Itisgoing tobethemostbeautifulandsurprisingspectaclel'
TrytofigureoutwhattheInventoroffered.Maybeyoucan continuedevelopinghisideaandcreateanew invention.
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52
Part3
The Science of Inventing
Chapter 12 Cunning and Physics
Bythistime youhavealreadyreadonethirdofthisbook.Let'ssumm arize everythingyouhavereadsofar: Longago,inventiveproblemswereworkedout- andevennow inthem a-
jorityofcases- byusingthe'*THa1andErroremethod.Thismethod however,isoRenineffective.Ittakesalotoftimeeffortandresources.Olteninventionswerecreatedmanyyearslaten ThescientiEc-technicalrevolutionrequiresacompletelynewmethodforsolvingtechnicalproblem s.Tothisend Then eoryforSolvingInventiveProlylem s(1'RIZ)wascreated.ltteachesustosolveproblemswithoutselectingan *empty''traditionalvariant.Hereisthebasicidea:Theevolutionofatechnical
system,likeanyothersystem issubjecttothegenerallawsofevolution.'I' he
knowledgeoftheseIawsallowsyoutodevelopthemethodsandtoolsforsolving inventivetaslts. Therearethreegroupsofmethedsthatyouhavelearnedsofar: 1.Varioustriclts(i.e..Doitin advanee). 2.The methodsbased on utilizingphysicalefrect,sand phenomena.(i.e. Changingthestateofphysicalpropertiesofsubstances). 3.Complexmethodsthatincludetricltsandphysics.ti.e.,BuildingnFieldsl. Very often,duringtheproblem solving process,oneusesatrick fîrst and thenphysics.Successcom eswith applyingbothmethods.Therefore theappli54
cationofphysicsduringtheproblem solvingprocessis0neofthemajorareasin then eoryoflnventiveness. Let'sseehow acnmbinationoftricksandphysir.sworks. Problem 29
Itisgoingtoworkforever! Inacertainplant.onerobotkept brenkingdown.Itwmsavel'ygoodrobot
but0nesimplepartkeptbreaking.Itwasabentpipethroughwhichcompressed aircarriedsteelballsathighspeed.'l'heballswouldhittheinnerwallofthepipe in an area ofthe bend.Every timea ballhitthewall,asmallpiece ofmetal chipped offtAfteracoupleofworkinghours.thisparticularsectionofthepipe woreoutcompletelykcreatingaholeinthethick ruggedpipe.
Let'sinstalltwopipeslsaidthesupervisor.t'Whileoneisworlting,wewill
havetimetorepairtheotherone.n Andsuddenly thelnventorappears *'Whatgood isittokeep repairingthepipe'?'heexclaimed.uIhaveaver.y suitableidea.lwillguaranteethatthismachinewillworkforeverle Ittookonlyfiveminutestoputthisideaintopradice.Whatdidheofrer? Let'smakeanS-Fieldanalysis. 'IhereisonesubstanceSl(steelballs)thatmechanicallyinteractswith the othersubstanceS2(pipewalll.Therefore,auseless(evenharmful)S-bnieldexists.Someoneattheplanttried todestroythisS-Fieldby introducingathird substanceS3- difrerentliningsand layers.n isisthewrong approach.n e correctwayistouseathirdsubstanceS3toprotectthewallsothatitwillnotbe destroyedbythesteelballs.n issubsuncecouldl)ethesamesteelballsplaced alongthecuweoftheinnersideofthepipe. Inthiscasethewallwouldbeprotectedbyalayerofballs.Flyingballscould knockoloneortwoballsfrom theprotectivelayeqbuttheywouldbereplaced immediatelybyotherballsflyingin thepipe.Thisistheessenceofthetrick. ThisisMethod #13:Self-service. Now weneedtoknow someofthephysicallawson how touseSelf-service.Inordertodevelop theprotectivelayeroftheballs weneed tousea magnet.W ewillplacethem agneton theoutsideofthebend.Som eofthe
ballsfrom theflow willsticktothewallinsidethepipeassoonastheyreach themagnetized area.Theproblem issolvedlW eshouldmention thatpelletblasting guns were x,rand o . o o io o O @ known long beforethis.These steelthalls o ooo o 0Q: wxls2 gunswere used to harden the o Q> oo o o surfaceofsteelaboutaquarter o o of a century before Patent s- ballssl oo #261207onm agneticprotection O wasissued.Everybodysaw the 55
problem buttheyweretryingtosolveitcontrarytothen eor.ybyusinglinings, orby makingthatpartofthepipefrom strongerandhardersteel. Problem 30
Superpreclsion valve Themanagerofachem icalIaboratory invited an inventorand said:t% e havetocontrolthegasflow throughthismetalpipethatconnectsthesetwo containers.Thegasflow iscontrolledbyvalveswithpolishedglassstems.This typeofvalvecannotguaranteetherequiredaccuracy ofthe gasflow - itis
dimculttoadjustthesizeoftheopeningthroughwhichthegasflows.m b'Ofcoursecsaidtheinventor.uItislikethevalveonaRussianteasamovar.p Thechemistbehavedasifhedidnothearanything.u' Wecan,''continuedthe chemistç'installanlbberhoseand aclip.Buteventhatwillnotgive usthe requiredaccuracyM GclipsllaughedtlaeInventor.'rlothespins...r' Thechemistsuddenly blew up.'iWehavebeenworkinglikethatforhundredsofyears.Trytothinkofthevalveasasimpleuclipnorsamovarvalvebut withanaccuracythatistentimeshighen'' AndsltdEfc?//vthefllpen/tlrreplied. *IttakesaIittlebitofcunningplustenthgradephysics.W hatwehavetodo is....MW hatdidtheInventoroffer? ForapersonexperiencedinTRIZ thevalveisatypicalS-Fieldsystem .'l'he bodyof'thevalveisS!,theturningstem isS2,themechanicalfieldisF51.The Inechanicalfield Fm m ovespartS26hencetheclearancebetweenS1andS2becomesbiggerorsm aller.TheS-Fieldalreadyexists butworksunsatisfactorily ThismeansthatwehavetobuildanotherS-FieldwithadifferentF.W hatkind ofFieldcouldweuse- electrical,magnetic,electrom agnetic,thermal? Here iswherethetrick endsand physicsstarts,In the physicstextbook thereisachapterabouttheexpansionofasubstancewhenheatisapplied.n is iswhatwearelnokingfor:ChangethesizeofthegapbetweenS!andS2.Thisis M ethod #14:Heatexpansion.
Letusopenthephysicstextbook.Thisisthedescriptionoftheexperiment: N'heballthatcouldnotgothrougha coldringcan now gothrough aheated one..lztndbelow arethedrawingsoftheballandthering.Thisisthemodelfor ourvalve. Let'scomparethissolutionwithPatent#179489.A deGcetocontroltherate ofgasflow com prisingavalvebodyandastpem thatsitstightinsidethebody.ln ordertocontroltherateofthegasflow withthehighestaccuracythevalvebody shouldbemadeoutofam aterialwith ahigh coeflicientofexpansion and the stpem shouldbemadeoutof'materialwitha low coeflicientofexpansion.You haveprebably alreadyfiguredouthow thatvalveworks.Assoonas heatis applied thebedyofthevalvewillexpandmorethanthestem,creatingaspace betweenthebodyandthestem .Themoreheatisappliedthemoreclearanceis 56
created.'l'hesignificance oftheinvention is that instead ofusing many big moveablepartsacrystalstructureforthevalvecomponentsistused Bythewaytheexpansionandcontractionofthecrystalgridcouldbedone n0tonlybyathennalseld.Forinstance.somequartzcrystals- Seignettesalt andTourm aline- willchangetheircrystaalgridsinan electricalfield.Thisis from atwelAh gradephysicstextbcok,andiscalled theGlkevez'sePiezoeflbctc Youhaveprobablyfiguredoutthatthe sam eeFectcouldi)eusedtodevelopa micro-valve.n ereisonemoresimilarefrect- eM agnetostrictionlA magnetic 5e1dcouldexpandorcontractsomemetalmaterials.Thisisanotheranswerto theproblem ofthevalve. Problem 31
Let'sIookintothe future Ifonewantstogettheresidueoftoothpastefrom analmostemptytube one canplacethetubeen ahardsurfaceandsqueezeitwith apencil.Thisisthe sameprincipleasthatusedinaperistalticpump.'l'herollerspresstheflexible hoseagainstthebodyofthepump,andbymovingtherolleralongthewallthe liquidorpmsteisforcedtoflow throughthehose.
'Y emanufacturetwentytypesofthispump;saidthechiefengineertohis
assistant.uln thenextmonthwewillbringthreemoretothemarket.Buteven thoughinprinciplea1lthesepumpsarethesame theydifrerinsizeandapplication.Isthishow pumpswilllook inthefuturer
uprobablytheywillnotchangelsaidtheassistantf''l'heprincipleisthesame, isn'titr
Andhere,Inventorsappeared- threeofthem? 'r fcoursenew pumpswillbedeveloped''consrmedtheGrstInventor. c e peristalticprinciplewould bepresewed,buttheaction would betransferredt,othe micro levelD
sai dthesecond.
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57
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Thetransition from the''rough''movementofKmetalparts'tothe fine movementofmoleculesandatomsisanotherprincipleoftechnicalevolution. Thereforethemethodforsolving manytasksis Metbod #15:Transition from m aerostrueturetom icrostructure. An example ofthismethod isPatent#438327.In thispatentthevibroKryroscope isoscillatedbyoutsidealternatingelectricalfieldsand haselec-
tronsandchargedionsasavibratingmass. Massiveweightsmountedonrodswastheconventionaldesignofthevibrogyroscope.rf'heprincipleoftheinventionisthatm icroparticles(electronsand ions)areusedinsteadofm assiveweigbts.rrhistypeofgyrorequireslessspace
andworksmuchmoreaccurately. Inthepreviouschapter,youhavereadaboutthefourperiodsofthedevel-
opmentoftechnicalsystems.You probablyhave asked yourseltluokay,the systemsgothroughfourperiods butwhatisnext' ?r Thereare two possibilitiesthatlhavealready talked about. When the
system reachesitsownIimitsitjoinsanothersystem andanew,morecomplexsystem em erges.Thusthedevelopmentcontinues.Forexample the bicyclecombinedwith theinternalcombustion engineandbecameamoton cycle.Asanew system evolvesthedevelopmentcontinues. Sometimestheroadtoconsolidationbetween systemsisclosed.ltisnecessary oconsolidatesystemsandyetitisimpossibletodoso.Thistypeof . t 58
contradiction couldberemovedby breakingupthe existing system and recombining itspartsintoa new system.Restrictionsweremainlyrelatedtounification withforeignsystems,andwedidnotbreaktheserestrictions. W hatifitisforbiddentoconsolidateortobreakupsystems?Supposethat wehaveatask.Weneedtoincreasethespringinessofaspiralspringwithout addinganythingtoitorbrealdngitup.Considerthatthemostappropriate materialforthespringhasbeenchosen andchangingthatm aterialwillnot makesense. Atfirstglance,the situation seemshopeless.Nothing can bechanged. How dowemakeatransition toanew system?Andyet,thereisasolution! Thenew system isuhidden'insidetheoldone.Weusually lookatthespring
asapieceof'tironcbutinsideofthatpieceofRiron''arewholeworldsofpan ticles.Agiganticsystem exists- anddoesnotexistbecausewearenotusing it!Iwet'smagnetizethe spring in such a way thatovereach lonp a similar magneticpolewouldbedeveloped.Thesimilarchargeswillrepeleachother and,therefore compressionofthespringwillrequiremoreenergyTheprob1em issolved.Thespring looksasthough nothing haschanged.Wedidnot addanythingorbreakupanyth ng.
Concluslon: 'Pherearetwo directionsforthedevelopmentofsystemsthatseem to haveused-up alltheirresourcesofdevelopment. Thefirstdirectionistheclasolidationoftheexistingsystem withother systems orthefragmentation o subsystemsandtheirsubsequentrecombinationintoanew system. Thesecond direction isthetransitionfrom macrostructure(macrolevel) tomicrostructure(microlevel)wheretheinternalworldofthesystem - pan ticlesm oleculesandatoms- areinvolved. Here 1would liketooffery0u an invention:Patent#489662.This isa deviceforapplyingapolymerpowdenThisdeviceiscomprisedofacompartmentandan electrode.Inordertoincreasethequalityoftheapplied layerof powder,theelectrodehasa microscrew thatallowsthe electrodetotravel. Originally,theelectrodehad afirm connectiontothecompaz-tlnent.The in-
ventorofferedtomakethiselectrodemoveable.Thisisatransition ofthe system from the second stageofitsdevelopmenttothe third stage. You alreadyknow thesetransitions. Beingfamiliarwiththelawsoftechnicalsystem evolution.wecanpredict thefuturedevelopment()fthesystem.n ismeansthatthesystem now should
gofrom thethirdstagetothefourth.Itshouldbecomenotjustadjustable (flexible)butself-adjustable.rl'heelectrodeshouldmovebyitselfrelativeto
thechangesin theenvironment.The nnaltransition ofthe system is when tbe controlismadeon microlevels.Thismeansthatinstead ofa
screw to adjusttheposition oftherod athermalfield could be used ora 59
piezoeffect,orm agnetostriction. Rememberthatweareinvestigatinganswerstoproblemsthathavenot appearedyet!Yearswillpassby,andlifewillrequireincreasedaccuracy in thisprocess.Onlythen willtheproblem appear- theproblem wehavea1readysolved. W hen themethodoftrialanderrorisused theanswertoaproblem usuallyappearsmuchlater.TheTheor.yofInventingchangesthissituation- we understand thelogicoftechnicalsystemsevolution andcanforeseethearisingofnew problems knowingbeforehandhow theycanbesolved.
60
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Intextbooksofphysics theeffectsandphenom enondescribedarevenrGneutralcAnymatterwillexpandwhenheatisapplied.That'sit.Whatifthesame efrectscould bedescribedin an uinventivermanner?Forinstance:The substancew illexpand w hen heatisapplied;therefore,thisphenom enon couldbeused in 11caseswhen weneed tocontrolverysmalland precisem ovements.Ifwerewriteallthetextbooksofphysics wewillgetavery powerfultoolacatalogofphysicalefrecf.sandphenomenon Let'stake forinstance thedescriptionofthephenom enon called the?CoronaDischargefdescribed inaneleventhgradephysicstextbook.Onecan obsemethedischargeinheterogeneous(nonuniform)electricaltieldsatregular atmosphericpressure.Thisdischargeemit.salightintheshapeofa Hcrownc thereforeitwascalledtheGcoronaDischarge.DThedensityofthechargeonthe surfaceoftheconductorisrelativetoit,scurvature- themorecurvature the greaterthecharge.Themnximum densityofthechargeisatthesharpedgeof theconductoqwherethestrongestelectricalEeldisdeveloped.Whenthevoltageofthefieldexceeds3x106V/m thedischargestrikes.Ionization underthis conditionwillappearduringnormalatmosphericpressure.Thevoltagecharge weakenswiththeincreaseofdistancefrom theconductzmn erefore theionizationandemissionoflightislimitedinspace.Wehavet,obevez'ycarefulwiththe V orona DischargeHbecauseofitshighvoltage.ThetforonaDischarge'could
staztwiththepresenceofthinconductorsorparksprojectingoutside. 61
Thus,thepresenceoftheGcorona''dependsonthecompositionofthegas aswellasitspressuresurroundingtheconductor. ThisisMethod #16:EffectsoftheCorona discharge. TheCorona dischargewillhelp ustosolveProblem #1aboutthe measurementofgaspressureinsidetheIightbulb.Ifweapplyhighvoltagetothe spiralelementofthebulb theformationoftheCornnaDischargewilloccur. ThebrightnessoftheRcrown''willdepend onthepressureofthegasinside thebulb. Let'sgobacktothetextbeok.TheCoronaDischargeproducesionizedgas.
Ifparticles()fpowder.dust,orsmalldropletsarepresentinthegas,theions willRstick''tothem .Therefore theCorona dischargewillchargethosepan ticlesofsolidandliquidsubstances.Now,itiseasytocontroltheseparticles. 'l'he wcoronaocould be used toclean gasesfrom dust.to disperseparticles suspendedinagasflow totransportdifferentpowders todeterminetheadditivesingases,andsoon.
Producing charged paticlesisthemainucrown performance''oftheCoronaDischarge.Asyoucan see,thesimplestphysicalphenom enon conceals therichestpotentialforinventiveness.
62
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Sofarwehavetalkedacutsimplephysicalep' ecksthateveryv y inschool knows.Howeveqthereisamoreœmplicatedphysics- thephysiœ thatcozege studentsleanu'rhelmowledgeofthisphysiœ givesaninventormoremwerfultmls. Thtstime,wew111studyaproblem that> 111- onlytheknowledgeofelemen-
taryphysita IxaterIwillexplainwhatwecanachieveifweusejtustalittlephysics from college. Problem 32
Iceon theeledricpowerIines Itwasalxhautifulview - theelectricwireswerecoveredwithflufrysnow Forthe
electridansthtsteautydtesnotpmvokeexcitement.Whenthesnow melf.sittums toice.Thelayersoficegrow andthewireswillstretchandbreaktmdertheheavy weightoftheice.
lnasmallnoe emlu r ele cmwersouonwawore .œ ssouonwa
about100km awayfrom thetown.Itwasanormalprocedureinthewintertimeto heattheelectdclines.A strongcurrentwasapplied thewireswereheated andthe icemeltedfrom thelinex Duringtlzattime,allthecktstomersweredisconnected.It wasaverycoldwinteqandthediredorofthestadonY gantoworryahmttheheavy icing.Hegaveinstruc6omstoheattheIIG moreoften,which meantthatthectlstomexswouldlx,discennectedmoreoften.'l'hefadorieswerestoppedandthehghts 63
inthehouseswereshutofE'l'hecustomerscomplained,andthediredordecidedto lteatthelineslessoften.'rhewiresstartedtobreak andthetownwaslehwithout Imwermoreofttm. usvhatshauldwedor thedirectorwasthinkingtushelookedatthecalendar. Therearemanymoremontlusofnorthernwinterah ' ead. 'qhtsLsatedmicalcontmdiction.lfweheatthelinesmoreoftenthectxstomem willtxlmplain.Ifwehcatthem lessfrequentlythedangerofbreakingwilltxcur'lhis isanightmare.'' zlz lulsttçlzlellll'//lcfnv'etltorapNarvd. ulx,tusopm thephysicstpextbook fortheeighth gradeMhesaid.M 'ehaveto finishbuildingtheS-Fielddiagram andthenwewillufsetheefrectofeledromagnetic indudionc yVhydidtheinventorremindustolinishbuildingtheS-Field?How doweuse electromagneticinduction? 'Ihereisaneltac-tricIine4substanceS1#andanelectriccurrent(lleldF87).Iceis prolzibitedontheline.'lhismeansthatwehaveonlythesulxstanceandthelield.In ordertohaveanS-Field wehavetobringinthesecondsuixstxmt'eS.Thissecond substanceundermgularelectriccurrentwillheatitselfandheattheline.W hatisthe trickhenf'rhew'ireoftheelcu riclineLsmadeofmaterialBeithverylow resistance. anditdœ snotwannupundertheexistingcurrent.Wiressithahighresistancewill wannup,butthecu-h-tomer.gwillnotgetelectricityThisisaphysic'' alt'ontmdiction. 'l'lzeresistanceoI'thewireshould bellighanditshouldnotbehigh,'l'heinventor oFeredtoaddasecondsultance.TheNvireremninqthesame,butevery5vemetel's afeniteringwilllx!irustalledovertheweire.n isringhasaveryhighelectricresistance.Theelectriccurrentisdevelopedintheringsby electromagneticinduction. 'l'herinj. ,sw'illwannupveryfastandAvillradiateheattothewires. Thepatentwasissuedonthatprinciplebutthisproblem couldhavebeensolved byschtmlchildrenwhohavelearnfxlthebasiflsofS-Fieldanalysis. Itseemsliketheproblem issolved.A gtxxlanswerhaslxaenreached.Howeveq thefbrfiteringsheattheIineallyearround.Y()ucanimaginehow mur.henergywill lx!wasted!Eveninthew'intertimeitisnotnecessar.vtowannupallthelines.Only thoseIxartsosthelinethatareinareaswherethetemm raturesgœ sbelow 321,F actuallynecxdwarminpAnew taskappeazs:How toturntheringsonwhenthereare lowtemperaturt!sandttlm them ofrduringhightemw raturw ? Inordertoworkonthatproblem oneshouldknow thatCerriteringsNvillremain fem lmagneticonlyuptoacertaintemm raturelevelcalledthecuriepoint.Different ferm magnetiematerialshavediflbrentCuriex ints.ltispossibletomakeafermInagneticmaterialsvith aCuriefxlintofalxlut326.E Thismeansthatthoserings wouldturnononlywhenthetemmraturedn1;ksbelow 32)E andtttrnofrwhenthe temlxiratureisalxwe323E AppearanceanddisappearanceofthemagneticcharacteristicsdtuingthetransitionthnmghtheCuriemintscouldtx,usedtosolvemanyotherinventivepmblems.Rememlv thisveryinterwstingphysicalphenomenon. 'rhisisMethod#17:Curiem intofferromagneticmateriala
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AnryGrijoh,apatientinamentalhospital,wmsinaninventivemaxi.Hewas tryingtoinventsolidwaterthatwouldnotmeltattemm raturesG low 201 C.Tl1is iswhathapmned:
Intheimaginazystozy'''l'heImsanembyRltshwriterstephenvainfel,Grijohgot
somewhitegranulatedpowderUnderhighheatthemwderbecomesclearwater Thestorywaspubltshedin 1964.In 1967,threeyeam lateqsolidwaterwas invented.Thiswaterœrxsistedof9093waterand 10* silidcadd.'l'hesolidwater lookedlikewhitemwder Theque-stionmayarise:W hydoweneedsolidwater?
IxttusseewhatAndriGri johwotzldssay:
G yinvention allowstustobuildfactoriesin areasthatareriehin naturalre-
x- wbut- rlwa%rlfe ywairldehveM lkv ertnnkqtomorrowwater willlx dehveredinpaperbao.m latwinhapmntotrade?Nlldndsofmetal,glass andcemmiccontainersusedtotrwusmrtliquidwoulddisapwarcompletelyLiquid willtxlsoldinmwderfonn. N'herearethotusancks- terusoftholxsancks- ofwaysoftusingdrywatenInour everydaylifeitwouldbringahlutat-hnicalrw olution.'rolzsewaterinliquidform wouldIxcomeasridiculotzsastzsingchipyedwotxiasasottrceoflight.n Scientistsaretryingtodevelopasolidwaterthatwillonlycontaintwo-three percentsilicicacid.Thereisnothingmentionedaboutthisin physicsboollsas yet.Physic-sisdevelopingvez.yfastanda1lthetimenew efrectsandphenomena 65
arebeingdiscovered.Youcanimaginehow importantitisforinventozstoknow aboutthelatestdevelopments. Hereisatypicalstory:W hileonegroupofscientistswastryingtodevelop solidwaterianothergroupofscientistswasworkingtomakewatermoreliquid. ln1948,theEnglishscientistB.Thomasdiscoveredaverysurprisingphysical effect.'l''hefrictionofwaterinsidepipescouldbereducedbyusingminuteamounts (1/100percent)ofsomepolymers.FrictionusuallyoccursbecauseoftheturbulencedevelopedinthefastflowkLongmoleculesofImlyznel-sin thewaterpositionthemselvesalongtheflow reducethevortices and makethewatermore slippery 'rheresultoftheThomasdiscoverywaspublished and soon manyinventionsappeared.thatusedthisefrect.TheThomaseffecthelpedtoincreasethe speedofships,t. olowertheenergyconsumptionduringtransportationofdifferentliquidsthroughpipesandt. oincreasethedistanceofwatershootingfrom a firehosenozzle.ltecentlyinventorsfrom Moscow Univemityo/eredtoaddpolymerstotheiceinskatingarenas.'Phanltstothisinvention thehighpressure undertheskateblademeltstheicem orereadily.n epolymeraddedtothe waterreducesthefrictionofskating. Wecan giveyoumanysimilarexam ples.'rheinventorneedst. o know the immensescienceofphysics- thousandsandthousandsofeffects.Youcan say thattherearenophysicistswhoknow al1theaspecf-sofphysics.ltisnotnecessala fortheinventorstoknow physicsbetterthanthephysicistsdo.f rheanswer liesinmakingareferencebook thatwillincludephysicalefrectsandphenomenafortheinventor'sapplication.Itwouldbesimilartotheucorona'effect.but thedescriptionshouldbem orecompleteandaccurate.'l'hevezyfil-stsuchreferencebookwaspublished inthebeginningof1970.Inthesebooltsthephysical eflbct. swerestatedin thelightofinventiveuse.Itseemsthatanotherreference book should becompiled with differentcombinationsofphysicaleflecf's.n is hasnotyetbeendone probably,becausethenumberofcombinationsishuge. n isisMethod #18:Combination ofvariousefeets. Forexample,let'stakethreedifrerentphysicalelects. Thefil'stefectisthelightpolarization phenomenon.ltisknown thatif lightpmqsesthroughsomespecialsubstances itwillbepolarized.n eoscillationswouldbeonlyinoneplane- forexam ple,intheverticalone. n esecondeffectistheefrectofspecialcrystalswhichchangetheangleof incidenceaspolarizedlightpassesthroughthecrystal.
n e'l'hird e/ectistheexpansionofobjectswhenheatisapplied. Iryoucombine thesethreephenomena you willgetathermometer.The higherthetem perature,thethickertheplate,andthereforepolarizedlightwill passthroughtheplat,eatabiggerangle. Thelaws()fcom binationoftheseefrectsarenotknownasyet.Butthisisa frontierofinventivesciencethatwillleadtonew solutionsf0rmanyinventive problems. 66
Chapter17 The Ribbon Invented by M oebius J
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In thestorywrittenbythesciencefictionauthorArthurC.Clarke u'I'he W allofDarkness>thesageGreilsaid tohiscompanionBraildon,ttl-lereisa flatsheet.Ithas ofcourse,twnsides.Canyouimaginethissheetwith only onesider Braildon looked athim insurprise.Gltisimpossibley''hesaid.
u' Yes,atfirstglance,itisimpossiblecGreilsaid.d'Takeastripofpaper,it hastw0sides.Itispossibletogluetheendsofthestrip tomakearing.The twosideswillremain anoutsideand aninside.W hatwillhappenifwetwist oneendofthestrip 1800 andafterthatwegluetheendsr Greilconnected bothendsofthetwistedstrip.GNow slideyourfingerover
onesidel quietlysaid Greil.Breildondecided nottodothat.Heunderstood
whattheeldwisem an hadinm ind. *1understandl'hesaid.sTherearenolongertwoseparateplanes.Now we haveonlyonecontinuousplane aone-sidedplanec TM stwistedribbonreceivedthenameM oebiusribbon,afterthename oftheGerm an mathematicianwhofirstdescribeditswonderfulproperties. ThisisM ethod #19:Geom etricaleffectoftheM oebiusribbon. TrytoimagineanantthatistravelingontheoutsidesurfaceoftheMeebius ring.Ifthe antdoes notcrossthe edgeofthe ribbon buttravelsalong its surface,itwillcomeback to thestarting point.0nthe Moebiusribbon the travelingtimeoftheantwillbetwiceaslongthen ifittraveled overanordi67
naryribbonring.Theantwillwalkoverbothsidesofthering- outsideand inside.Thistypeoftrip- onanunknownplanet- wasmadebyoneofthe heroesofthestoryGTheW allofDarkness.''Youmaysaythatthiswasafantasy,buttodaythiswonderfulcharacteristicoftheMoebiusribbonisusedby peopletosolvemanydifferentinventiveproblems. Tz'ytoimagineaconventionalbeltformedintoaring.Theoutsidesurface ofitiscoveredwithan abrasivematerial.Thebeltisinstalledin amachine.
Whenoneneedstopolishanobject.onepressestheobjectagainstthemoving
belt.Aftera whiletheabrasivesurfacewearsout,and thebeltmustbereplaced.Thiswillcreatea lotoflostproduction time.NVhatcould wedoto doubletheworkingtimeofthebeltwithoutincreasingitslength? Severalyearsagoa Russian inventon A.Gubaidulin gotapatentfora sandîngmachinewith abeltintheshapeoftheM oebiusribbon.Thesizeof thebeltwasthesame,buttheworkingsurfacewasdoubledandsowasthe lifeofthebelt.A ver,ysmartsolution wasn'tit? TherearebeltIilterstocleanliquids.Afterawhilethesefiltersgetclogged withsedimentandshouldbereplaced.Probablyyouhavealreadyfiguredout whatshouldbedone.Yes,aGlterwithaMoebiusribbonispatented.Thereis a patenton a taperecorderusinga Moebiusribbon.In differentcountries about100patentshavebeenissuedondevicesandmachinesthatutilizethe principleofthe Moebiusribbon.Thismeansthatinventionsaremade not onlywhen oneappliestheform ula ç'tricksplusphysics''butalso''tricks plusgeom etorc Thereare twodiskscutoutofcardboard.Placeonediskon atableand holdtheotheroneoverthefirstone.Connecttheedgest)fthesediskswith woodendowels.Youwillgetameshedcylindecsimilartothewheelinasquirrelcage.Now turntheupperdiskclockwiseandtheotherdiskcounterclockwise.A curvilinearshapeofthefigurewillappear,with athinuwaist.''that lookslikean hourglass.Thegreatertherelativeturning angle thethinner thewaist.Thisshapeiscalled arotatinghyperboloid,andithasmany chan acteristicsthatattracta 1otofinventors'imaginations.The surfaceoftbe hyperboloidiscunrilineaqalthoughitwasm adeofstraightlinearparts.Thereforeitiseasytomake. TheShookhoveroweroftheMoscowTelecenterisahyperboloid.'l'hetower ismadeoflinearmetalmembers.Thetwisted shapebringsgreatstability andstrength.Tobuildthiskindoftowerwithothercurvilinearformswould beverydim cult.Itwouldrequirecuzwilinearmetalparts. Oneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofthehyperboloidisthatitcan changeitsshape very easily.Justturn (me sideortheotherside,andthe curvature ischanged.Thischaracteristicwasusedin many inventions.In Japan,forinstance hyperboloidrollsforaconveyorbelthavebeen patented. Thecurvatureofthehyperboloid rollscould bechanged and therefnre the curvature oftheconveyorbeltaswell.This isvery important.During the transportoffreeflowingmaterial,acurvedbeltisneeded andforthetrans68
portofboxes aflatbeltisneeded. ThisisMethod #20:Geometricale/ectofthe Rotating Hyperboloid. ThefollowinggformulabforaninventionwaspublishedinPatent#426618: uAwheelforapotato-harvestingmachineiscomprisedoftwedisksconnected with a numberofthin rods.Theserodshaveaflexibleconnection with the disks,andthedisksarepositionedon a shaftin such awaythatonecould turnovertheotherone.n ThewordddHyperboloidowasnotmentioned,althoughthecharacteristicof thehyperboloidwasusedtochangethecurvature. n erearem any lgeometricalinventionsmbased on theusageofparaboloids spirals etc.Thismeansthatinventorsshouldknow notonly physics butmathematicsaswell.Howeverinventorsshouldnotstopatmathematics. Ifweaddtheknowledgeofchemistry,onthehighschoollevel,toourtheoryof problem solving,theinventor'sarsenalwouldbemuchbiggerandrichen
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Hecentlythefollowingeventhapm ned.Anengineerwasworldngonaprx'ess forametal-platinglubricant.'f'hisisaconventionallubricantwithanadditiveoftwo mrcentfmemetallicpowder.When amachineisworking thepartidesofmetal settleontherubbingsurfacesandreducewearing.Thelessclearancebetweenthe surfaces,thesmallertheparticlesofm wdershouldixlinthelubzicant.Herethe tCCIM'dC.::Icontradidionapm azsl'rhesmallertheparticlestheM tterthelubricantandtheharderitLstomakethelubricant. TofollowthetheoryforsolvingateCIU'ZiCAIproblem weshouldimaginetheldeal n nnlResult(IFR).Thksmeansthatwelmvetoanswerthefollowingquestion: Whatwouldwewantin anidealsolution?IFR Lqafantasy adremn.Itrnnnotixl reached butitw411allow tustzlbuildapathtothesolution.Doyourememberwhen wecomparedthetheoryofsolvingteclmicalpmblernswithabzidge?'l'he10 isone ofthesupmrtsofthatbridge. W hatisthe11*11inthelubricantproblem ?Itisnotdimcazlttoanswer.Ideallythe particlesofmetalshouldlx!reducedtotheirminimallimit- individualatoms.As yousiv thetheoryprovokesaparadoxicalintimation:?Isitdifliculttogetverysmall particlesofmetaal?rrhenitwillbemucheasiertogetsuper-smallparticleslH Atthispointtheoryenck 'lbtakethenextsteprequiresknowledgeofchernistzy 011withsuspendedparticlesisamechanicalmixture.Ifwefurtherbreak up particleswewillgetacolloidalsolution.Finallyifwecentinuetobreak upthe particlestothesizeofatomswewillgetarealsolution. 70
Now wecan definelFR moreaccurately Theidealfinalresultistohavea solutionofmetalinoi1- ormorepreciselyoilandwithatomsofmetalinit. Unfortunately thisIFR cannotbereached.Evenalchemistsknow thatonly onesubstancecanbe dissolved in asimilarsubstance.0i1isan organicsubstance,andonlyanotherorganicsubstancecanbedissolvedinit.Metalisnotan organicsubsonce.Ontheroadt,otheldealSolution liesthefollowingphysical contradiction:Theatomsofmetalshouldbedissolvedintheoil(thisisourgoal), butthey cannotbedissolved(thelawsofchemistrycannotbebrnken).Letus takeonestepbackfrom IFR.Letusdissolvenotatomsofmetalbutmolecules thatincludeametaal.Wewilluseamethod alreadyknowntoyou:Do alittle Iessthan isrequired byIFR.Ifitisimpossibletomakeparticlesassmallas atoms,thenwewillm akethem alittlebigger.Wewillmakethem molecules.n e
contradiction immediately disappears.Thereareno atomsofmetalintheoi1 (therearemolecules),andthereareatomsofthemetalintheoil(theyarehiddeninthemolecules). Oneproblem isleû;to besolved:Whatkind ofmoleculesshouldbeused? n ereisonlyonenecessau characteristic.Themeleculesshouldhaveametal andshouldbeorganic.Thismeansthatitshouldbeam etal-organiccompound.
Itwilldissolveinoileasilyandwillhaveametalatom. Inordertosolvethisproblem wehadtouseseveraldiflbrentconcepts:IFR
PhysicalContradiction,theMethoduDoaLittle Lesslandasimplerulefrom chemistry- a substancecan bedissolved onlyinsimilarsubstances.Evenin thissituationtheproblem wasnotyetsolved.n emoleculesofametal-organic substancehaveatomsofmetalalthoughweneedtheatomsofmetaltobeseparate.WehavetorecalltheLawsofChemistryagain.In ordertoseparatethe atomsofmet-alfrom themoleculesthemoleculesneedtobebrokenup.How can wedothat?Itisverysimple:Wchavetoheatthesubstancetoacertaintemperaflzre.'l'heoilwillheatupwhenthemachineisworking.Ifwetakeametalloorganic substancethatbreaksupatthattemperature thetask issolved. ThisisMethod *21:IdealFinalResult(IFR). Letusnow seehow thisproblem wassolvedinreallife: Anengineerwaslookingforasolutionusingtrialanderror.Hetriedvarious methodsofbrenkingup metalmademanyexperiments,andlookedthrough the liberaturefora solution.Yearspassed.Clnce 1levzasin a book store and
heardsomebodyasldngforahandbookonmetalloarganiccompounds. 'l'heengineerthoughtuinirst metalloorganicsubstancesincludemetaland second theyareorganicsubstancex 'l'htsmennqthatsuchcompoundscan lx!(11. solvedinoil.'l'hisLswhatwearelœkingforr TheengineerlxughttheIXX)II,foundthepromrinformation,andpickedupthe pmpersulxstanœ - cadmium saltofaceticacid. Instoriesaboutinventiorusveryoftensimilarincidentsarede-scribed.Theyare typicalmethe of' D ialandErnm Themlw)nloole forasolutionatrandom,and dœsnotrealiz.ethatthetaskcouldhavebeensolvedbyttsingasdentiscmethv : FormulatetheIFR anddeterminethephysicalcontradiction. 71
Thetaskinthelxginningseemskugh,andthepersontrieseverythingtheysee orhear:Ithappenedthatsomebodycameintothehmkstoreandaskedfora% kon metalloorganicsubstances.Ifthathadnothappened,nobodyknowshow Iongtlés problem wouldhaveremaintxdtmsolvedandforhowmanyyeazstheengineerwould havelookedforthesolution. Inoneofthepreviouschaptels,weformulatedthefollowingmethod: Y itisn tointroduceanothersubstanceintoane ' ' one. and forsomereasonitisprohibited,thenaslightlychangede ' ' sub. exncecould beusedasanagent'' W hatdcesthatmean- uslightlychangedD- inourproblem? n echange.smightbepbysical- heatitup.(. 1itdown,1. 1-% thesamesub. stanceindiflbrentphysicalstatesandsoon.r f' hechangesmightl:echem ical:usea substzmcenotin itspureconditionbutinacompmndform outorwhichtheagent canbeextm cted.Ortakeasimplesubstqnt'eandtransferitintoachemicalcompotmdafterithasdoneit.swork. ThksksM ethodfP22:Introductionofasecondsubsênnce. Iwillgiveyouonemoreexampleofhow tousethismethod. Crystalsofaltuninum oxidegrmvonlyfrom averypuremelt.ltisforbiddento m w aluminum oxideclystalseven in aplatintuncnzciblebecausetheatomsof platinum couldgetintothemelt.Inrealitythisisaninventiveproblem kvithapurely physicalcontradiction.Wemttsthaveacrucibletomakeameltandwecannothave acruciblein ordertohaveaptuvmelt.Thismeanswemtzstmeltthealuminum oxidein...aluminum oxide.Wewilltakeanycontainer.fillitupwith aluminttm oxideandheatitinsuchawaythatonlythecentmlpartwi11melt.Nowwehavea meltoraluminum oxideinacrucibleofsolidaluminum oxide.Toachievethatwewill useeledromagneticinduction.n esourceofenergyinourcasewillnothaveany txmtat'twiththeheatedsubstancc. Everythingisfineatthismomentexceptthataluminum oxideisadielectric, anddoesnotcondud electriccurrent.rrhismeansthatthereisnoelectmmagnetic indudion.Althoughthemeltedaluminum oxidecanconductcurrentinordertoget ameltthealuminum oxidehmstobeheated.Butwecannotheatthealuminum oxidelu atzseitisadielectric. Thishapm nsvea oe n- xlveonexntm diY on anotherwillappear,andthen athird.lt'sIikeanobstaclerace- onebanierafteranothen Hereisthephysicaaleontradiction:Piecesofmet,almustbeaddedintothealuminum oxideinordertocreateeledromagneticindudion anditisforbiddentoaddit intothealuminum oxideinordertokeepthissubstancepure.Theinventionthat helpedovercomethiscxmtradietionwmssurprisinglysimple.Piecesofaluminum wereaddedtothealumintunoxideleforetheftzsion.Alum inum isaverygcodconductorofelectricityDuringtheelectmmagneticindudion itwillgeneMteheatand Avillmelttogetherwiththealuminum oxide.Afterawhileatahightemperature,the aluminum willbeburned.turningintoaluminum oxide,andwillnotpollutethe oxide.
Trynow tosolveasimpleproblem.lnordertogettheansweryouhavetofollow onlyhvosteps. Stepone: ImaginetheIdealFlnalResult.Ad asifyouareamagicianand
objecksoYyyourcornmantls.
steptwo: Thinkofhow togettheIdealResultwithoutrecorustruction and with theleastchanges. Problem 33
The tank repoded politely Today manypeopleusepropanegasfortheirhouseholdneeds.Thegasis usuallystoredin metaltanks.W hen alittlefuelisleR in thetank theowner shouldthinkaboutresllingit.'rhequestionis:How todeterminetheamountof gmsleftinthef-qnk? Engineersfrom alargegascompanyhavebeen tryingtosolvethiskindof problem.Themethod should be simple.easy to use,and allow todetermine whenthelastten percentofthepropanegmqisinthetank. RM easurethepressureofthepropaner m nderedoneoftheengineers.uNo thatisnogood.AslongmsonedropofpropaneisleA inthetank thepressure willbethesame becausetheused-upgaswillbereplenishedfrom theliquid propanebymeansofevaporationl G'Whatifweweigh it'rmskedanotherengineen?No thisisnogoodeitherlt isverydiëculttodisconnectandreconned thef..a11.1tforthatpulw seeverytime youwanttoknow theamountthatisleAc Andsuddenly theinventorappeared.
*'Ilmow theidealsolutionchesaid.'q'hetqnkshouldreportaboutthebalancebyitselfvenrpolitelymM dheexplainedhow toreachthatidealsolution. W hatcanyouolrer?Keepinmindthattheuseofglasstubingisprohibited, becauseitisdangerous.
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NowLsthetimeforthereaderu beresentful.'f'histxx)kstartedwithacriticksm ofthe% alandEnx)romethcdwhere,inordertosolveacomplicatedproblem,one hastorandomlypickoutmanyvariants.Ittake.syears,andthereLsnoguarantee thatonewillsndtherightsolution. A theorywmsdeveloped:Laws,RulesFonnula.'lhketheformula andwithout toomuchesbrtsolvetheproblem.vezyge !Suddenlyitwmsfoundthatwehaveto know thelxaw of'lbchnicalEvolution,manymethtxtsandtrickslike*thesubstanœ existsanditdœtsr1:2existn'theLawsofS-Fieldanalysis,etc. Furtheqwehavetoknow physics.theinventivecharacterksticsofphysicaleffects,andotherphenomena.Wealsoluavetoknow mathematicsandchemistryW e aresuretlmtwewillhaveto1e.,= biologylaterIn naturetllereareaIotofhidden patentz.
M aybeitLseasiertocontinueinventingmqwedid5000yearsago?Yes,itis simpler&)inventintheoldways.Itisemsiertodigapitwithashovel,thantorunan excavatzmWalkingLsmucheasierthandrivingacarForsreed,Ixlweqandeiredivenerxsofanyadiononeshouldpaythepricebytzsingknawledge.Inventiveneasisno longeran exception.Ifyouwanttosolveacomplicatedpmblem learnthetheory œnquersnventivephysiœ'andthewholeofscience. Bytheway,weareataveryinterestingpointhere.Tosolvean inventive problem itisnotasimportanttohavesomuchknowledgeasitistoorganize theknowledgethatonealreadyhas. 74
Todaya studentin schoolknowsalot butthatinformationisnotorganized.Theeffectivenesswithwhich hecanusethisknowledgeisverylow aslow asoneortwopercent.Iam talkingaboutschoolbecausethatiswhen welearnalotandremembera lot butwedonotlearn touseitinpractice. Ourknowledgeisorganizedlikeabadwarehouse- inbulkwithoutsorting. Doyou remembertheproblem abouttheweevils?Afterthisproblem was publishedinthePioneer'sTrl///lmagazinethereweremanylettersandmore thanhalfhadthefollowinganswer:'trrakeacup,place200weevilsinit measurethetem peraturew'itharegularthermometerandthendividetheresult bythenumberofweevils.'' Thiswaswrittenbystudentsfrom thefifthandeighthgradeslIfonewould askthem : uW hatisthetem peratureofyourlistifthetemperatureofeachfingeris 36SC?Nobodywillsay180',Life'sexperiencecontradictsthis.Intheprocess ofsolvinga problem similartothatofthe weevils thistypeofmistakeis m adefrequently.Knowledgeaboutheatenergyandtemperatureisnotsufficiently understood and itlies Iikeadead weightin thewareo .36o o I
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solved by themethod of'drrrial -''* and ErronoHolmesdeveloped a system,and ot-course found it necessarytohaveabigreserve ofactiveknowledge.ThefollowingwassaidbyHolmes! Rlconsiderthataman'sbrain originallyislikea littleemptyattic.and youhavetostock itwith such furnitureasyouchoose.A fooltakesin allthe lumberofeverysortthathecomesacross sothattheknowledgewhichmight
beusefultohim getscrowdedoutoratbestisjulnbledupwithalotofother things,sothathehasadim cultyinlayinghishandsuponit.Now,theskiliful workman isverycarefulindeedastowhathe takesintohisbrain-attic.He willhavenothingbutthetoolswhichmayhelphim indoinghiswork.butof thesehehasalargeassortment.andallinthemostperfectorden'' Theselectionofknowledgemadebyaschoolprogram isdonewellintheory. Eachpageofatextbookonphysicschem istry,mathematicsandbiologym ight bethestrongesttoolintheproblem solvingprocess.Theideaistobringlife intoknowledge,understanditandtogetasenseofitscreativepower.W hen
yousolvea technicalproblem with theuseofphysicalphenomena.itisas thoughyouarelearningaboutitforthesrsttimeanddiscoveringsomething new andinteresting. Thiscouldberelatedeventoknowledgebeyondtheboundariesofaschool program.rrhesefactscouldalsobeusedastoolsforcreativity- yetthisknowledgeisdumpedintothebrain'satticabsolutelywithoutanyorder. Letusnow lookintoas'evyinterestingtask.Kindergarten knowledgeis enoughtosolvethisproblem ,ifthisknowledgeisstoredinanorderlyfashion. Problem 34 W herethe wlnd blows from Ononeofthefannsnew cowbarnswerebuilt.'l'heairinthebarnshadtobe clean,andtheownerorthefarm invited som escientiststodetennineifthe ventilationwassufficient. RWehavetostudytheairmovementinthebarnsMsaid oneofthescientists,tfW ewillmeasurethevelocityoftheairstreams.Thebarnsarebig,and theceilingsarehigh.Theairvelocitydependsonthetem peratureofthewalls and theroofItwilltakea lotofmeasurements anda coupleofmonthsof work.' Andsuddenly l/lcinventorappeared. G'Whileyouwerehavingameeting,1gotthemeasurem entsfrom thetirst
barnphesaid i'Measurementsweremadefrom everypointevenunderthe
roofThisissosimple....'' How didtheinventorgethisresult?Letustr.ynottoguess. W estartfrom theIFR.TheIdealSolutionis:itlnanyplaceinthebarn,by ourwish arrowsappear,showingthe direction and velocity oftheain'How doweachievethis?Supposewetakealightedcandle,andwatchtheposition oftheflame.Itisokayifwehavetomakemeasurementsinten- orevena hundred - places.The1FR said:4tlnanyplacel'Thereforethecandleisnot efrectiveenough.TheflameisGtied''tothecandle.Itisimpossibletofillthe barn with flames.M aybewecan 5llthe barn with smoke?Thisisnogood either.Thesmokewouldbeeverywhere butsm okeisnottransparent.andwe willnotbeabletoseeandtomeasureanything.' lbachieveIFR ittakessomethingthathascontradictorycharacteristics:Itshould beevezywhere inever'yplace,and itshouldnotbeeverywherein ordertokeep theairclear so thatwecanseethroughit. Itisaver.yfam iliarsituation.ltrequiresustoaddsomethingtotheair anditprohibitsusfrom addingsomethingtotheair.Theflameandthesmoke arenogood,becausetheymeetonlythefirsthalfoftherequirement.W eare goingtodoexactlyaswedidintheprevioustasks,Wewilladdbitsofother airtothebarnairwithonlyaslnallchangetomakeitvisible. How tocolorabitofair?rrhereareonlytw'omethodsofaddingcolortoair. Wecan colorthewholepieceoritssurface- airsurroundedbyathin film . 76
Probably you have already found the solution.Weare talking aboutsoap bubbles.Many soapbubbleswillmaketheairvisiblein thebarn.In places with ahighervelocityofairthephotowillshow longIinesofbubbles. Iam surethattheknowledgeaboutsoapbubblesandtheirprnpertieswas in ourbrain'satticforalongtim e butitwaslyingtherelikeaudead'weight. Now youknow thatsoapbubblesandsuds(asystem thatismadeoutofmany bubbles)satisfy vel'ywellthecontradictorycharacteristic:There isa substanee andthereisno substance. ThisieMethod #231Utilization ofsoap bubblesand fonm. Thismeansthattheuseofsoapbubblesin difrerentproblem s asasolution,isaverystrongmethod.'l'hepreviousproblem allowsustogetthefeelingoftheOeautyoofthatmethod. Wehavedustedofrournew toolandplaced itwith othersin theproper order.
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Theprofessionofulnventor''doesnotexistatthistime.An engineerperforminghisdutyincidentallycouldinvent.Ybucanargue:*WhataboutEdison? Hereceived morethan athousand patentsloEdison wasworkingon hisinventionsmainlybyusingthemethod ofTrialand Error.Todevelop anew battery hedid 50000+experiments.Thisisnotpossibleforoneperson,and Edisonwasnotworkingalone.Therewereaboutathousandpeopleworking forhim inthelaboratory.Hislaborator.ycanbeconsideredanInventiveFirm.
Itwasexactlythat- afirm notjustoneperson. W esayM orsewastheinventorofthetelegraph.Popovwastheinventorof theradio.Fultonwasthe inventorofthesteamboat.Notoneofthem wasa professionalinventonTheyworkedononeorseveralinventiveproblemsand thentheyweretoobusytointroducetheproducttothemarket.JamesWatt wasa professionalmechanic.He invented the steam engine patented his invention solved acoupleofotherproblems andtotheendofhislifewasa professionalbusinessmanwhothoughtaboutgettingprofitsoutofhisinventions. Theinventorwhowastryingtolivebysolvinginventiveproblemsusually
diedinpmrertyThisisnotasurprise.ThemethodofTrialand Errorwillnot guaranteethatthetaskwillbesolvedinashorttime.Thepainterknowsthe timeheneedstofinishhispainting.Thewriterknowshow manyyearshe needstowriteanovel.TheinventorwhousesthemethodofTrialandError 78
cannotsay how soonhewillsolve aproblem .Maybethesolutionwillcome todayormaybealifetimewillnotbeenough. CanyouimagineaninventivedepartmentwithprofessionalswhoaresolvingdxerentinventiveproblemsbytheUHaIand EZ-I'OF method?Peopleare sittingandthinking randomlypickinguponevariantafteranothen
?Myfriend''theHeadofthedepartmentwouldsayWouhavebeenthinking fortenyears,butwithnoresult.''
$%ltisaverydimcultproblemctheinventorwouldsayçslhavelookedthrough sixthousandpossiblesolutionsl
*'IsuggestyoushouldtakeawalkonthestreetcthebosswouldsayGslaybe youwillfindsomethingthatwillprom ptyoutothesolutionl
GIprefertotakeanapctheprofessionalwouldanswen.% new ideasome-
timesappearsin adream.Youknow similarcases...c Thisisnoexaggeration.Recentlyin Psychology magazinean articlewas publishedaboutanAmericanpsychologist,McKinnon whowastryingt,ofind thesourceofenlightenmentandintuitionbystudyingthetransitionperiodbetween deepsleepandawakening.A sim ilarstudyhasbeengoingonforabout sixtyorseventyyears.'rhereisstillnoresult. rrhemethodofurrrialand Error-hasexhausteditsm ssibilities.Therefore: efrortstoimprovethismethodbringnoresult. A diflbrentmethodisrequiredtoproduceinventions- amethodbasedon theuseoflawsofevolutionoftechnicalsystems. Duringthepastseveralyearsspecialgroupshaveappearedtosolveproblemsby implementingthe Theory ofSolving hwentive Problem (TRIZ). Soon thesegroupswillbecomecommon,in thesamewayasithappenedwith theprofessionofGcomputerProgrammerlProbablytheexpertsinTRIZwillbe calledEngineenlnventorkorn chnicalSystemsDevelopmentEngineen Letusfantasizealittlebit.Wewilltrytolookintoaroom ofoneofthese inventiveorganizationsthatdoesnotexistyet. Problem 35
Invention by request A factoryproducedamicrothinwire.
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TheelectromagneticfieldF1affbctsthewireSI.Thewirewillinteractwith thesecond substance S thatwillsendthesignal- someform offieldF thatcarriestheinformationaboutthediameterofthewire.W hatkindofsignal doyouprefer' ?' œA lightsignal''theengineersaid.''ltismoreconvenient.' F U hismeansthatF2isan opticalfield.' EL rhus,the electronlagneticseld F*71. aflbctstheNvireS!.R7aeNvire
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lightsignalF2aboutthediameterofthewire.rf'heproblem issolved.Whatwehavetodonow istorecallthe physicsofthetenthgrade.Plesuselook...J Fz Hehandedtheengineeranopentextbook. u'Ybuareprobablyright''theengineersaidthoughtfullyafterhehad read thepageinthebook.'tltisaverygoodsolution!Strangethatwecouldnotguess itourselvesl'' W ehavetomeasurethediameterofthemicro-wire.The''CoronaDischargeo couldappearveo'easilyonthethinwires.Thedischargedependsonthediameterofthewrire.Itisexactlywhatweneedtosolvetheproblem!Thebrightness andtheshapeofthee'Crownnwillsignalusaboutthediameterofthewire,and theshapeofitscross-section.Ifthe cross-section isan ovaltheucoronadischarge''isalsoanoval. Thenextstoryisarealone.InoneoftheSchoolsoflbchnicalSciencelwhere thismethodistaught)therewasastudent-m athem atician.Hegraduatedfrom
theUniversityandgotajobinanothertown.Verysoonhewrotealetterw'here hedescribedthisvenrinterestingproblem. Problem 36
An accuracywithin onedegree Inthehallofascientiticcom panythedirectorstoppedanew youngmathematician. t*As1rememberkyougraduatedfrom oneof'theInventors-Schoolr hesaid. uFrankly myopinion isthateverythingdependsonthenaturaltalentofthe 81
individualbut....Wearegoingtoform anothergroup.Thereisabigproject ahead andtheproblem isverycomplicated,W edonotevenknow how tostart. Thegroupconsistsoffilteen people.Iwas thinkingofbringingyou into that grOuP.M
Themathematicianw'ascurious.Heasked uWhatkindofproblem isitr Thedirectorexplained:upestgrubssometimesgetintothefoodgrain.Naturallytheyshouldbedestroyedbeforethegrainispackaged.Thebestsolutionis toheatthegrainto65t1C nohighecandnolowecothenviseeverythingisgoing tobedam aged.Itisidealtocontroltheheatingprocesswithin onedegreeof accuracy
Gllowever,theheatingofbigvolumesofgraincreatedoverheatinginsome areas.Iftheprocessisdonewithsmallamountsofgrain productiondropstremendouslyW etriedm anywaysofheating thegrain butnothingworked.We would liketotz'y onemoremethod- blow heated airthroughthelayersof grain,M aybewew-illbeIuckyenoughto5ndaworkingsolution.H W oudonotneedtodothatr''themathematicianinterrupted.u'l'heproblem shouldbesolvedlikethis....* Andheexplainedthesolution. Probablyyouhavealreadyfoundthesolution.Ferromagneticpowderwitha Curiepointof650(2shouldbeaddedtothegrain.Whenelectromagneticinduction isapplied.thegrain would beheatedexactlyto650C.Afterthegrainis prœ essedthemagneticpowderisremovedwithamagneticfilter. n eIetterfrom themathematicianendedlikethis,uMyinterlocutorlooked atmeforseveralminutescompletelyshocked.Ineverthoughtthatthesolution totheproblem couldbringsuchareaction.Peoplewerewalkingalongthehall saying*'Hi!Mtotheboss,buthedidnotreplykandcontinuedlookingatme....>
82
Chapter21 A Little BitofPractice '
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(18)Combination ofvariouselects.
(19)Geom etricaleffectofM oebiusRibbon. (20)GeometricaleFectofRotatgngHyperboloid. (21)IdealFinalResultfIFR). (22)Introductionofa secondsubstance. (23)Utilization ofsoapbubblesand foam. You alreadyknow thefirstthingyouneedtodo- oncetheproblem is stated- isform ulatetheIdealFinalResult(IFR )andtrytoachieveit. A good solution isalwaysclosetotheIFR.Let'spracticewiththis'ttool.83
Problem 37 Let'sthrow thescrew out
Someonelooldng1nt.0amicroscopeneedstomovetheglassplateandtheobject onit,sometimesonlyahundredthorathousandthofamillimeter- almtxstthesize ofahainTodothisonetusuallyusesascrew tym mecharism to movetheslide holdingthisglaas.Itisaverycomplicatedandexw nsivepnxesstomanufactum suchparts. Theengineel'sgottogetherandmqked::fW hatcanwedotomakethemechanism moreaccurate,morereliableandcostless'?O Theystartedtothink.
>'ThereisatechnicalcontradidioncsaidoneengineerGscrewswithhighaccuracyareveryexpensiveandwearoutfast.Andacoarserthreadw111nothavethe mquiredaccuraoc AZW slzlderz/xthefnrenlorappearvd. Rlet'sdumpthescrewl,hesaid.t'Whatmeansshouldwelzset,oachievehigher accuracyinthemovementofaglarxsslider YouwillsolveProblem #37forsure,evenwithoutreadingtheproblem tothe end.lfyouhavereadthischaptercarefttllyyoucanoll' erthreecorred answera Problem 38
Somethlng simpler Al1polymersgetold.n isprocessremindsusoftheoxidationofmetalbecauseoxygenistheGguiltyparty''Itbreaksdownthemoleculesofpolpners.To protectpolpnersfrom oxygenitisnecessaz'ytoadd a5neiron powdertothe Gboilingrpolymer.Theatom sofiron willtakein theoxygen andprotectthe polymer.However,thefinerthepowderthefasteritwillinteractwithoxygenevenbeforetheIxsvderisadded intothepolpner.Theresultingiron oxidewill loseitsprotectivecharacteristics. tqvehavetouseaninertgasastheenvironmentforthatpurpose,''saidthe chemistwhowasinvitedasaconsultant.
*Itisgoingtobeverycomplicatedandinconvenient>objectedtheengineers from thefactoryuWeneedsom ethingsimplen'g And on?theInventorappeared. upleasel'hesaid.'Thereisaverysimplesolution.'' W hatdoyouthînktheInventorofrered?Youwillfindthesolutionveryeasy Trytothinkofanideathatispractical. Problem 39
Powderonthe conveyor A conveyorlinefrom onebuildingtoanotherwasinstalledin am ine.A ver.yfineoreistransportedfrom oneconveyortoanotheruntilitreachesthe
84
kilns.Workerscomplainedtotheengineerthattheorewaslikepowder,and
blewofftheconveyorwithjustalightbreeze.
uWhatcan wedor saidtheengineer.GWearewateringthatpowderwith noresultbecausethewaterevaporatesveryfast.Toomuch waterisnogood either.M aybewehavetocovertheconveyor? Thenyouwillhavemorework todo:toopenandclosetheconveyon...r Andsuddenlytheinventorappeared.
?Weshouldhaveacoverinordertopreventtheorefrom blowingawayche said.çi Andweshouldnothaveacoverinordertosimplifythework.Therefore, itshouldbe....M Whatdoyouthinkshouldbedone?Keepin mindthatwehavetoretain theconveyor.Thetask istopreventdustdevelopment.
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Chapter22 The Roads W e Choose
Inventiveactivityhasmanysides.Itinvolvesfindingtheproblem solving it.turninganew ideaintoaworkingmodelandbringingthedeviceormethod tolifb.Ofcoursethemostim portantthingistofindthesolution.Som eofthe stagesofthatprocesscouldbeturnedovertoprofessionalsinthatarea like transferringtheidea intoamodel,and thendevelopingthemodelintothe finalproduct.Ofcourseitisbetteriftheinventorhim selftakespartinall
thesestages.However,itisnecessary and sumcientfortheauthortotake partonlyintheproblem solvingprocess,wherenobodycanreplacetheinventor.Thesolutiontotheproblem istheessenceofinvention. Inventorsofthe19th centuryweredlacksofa11trades.''Theybuiltnew m achineswith theirhands andimproved them untiltheyworkedproperly Thecontemporao inventorisfirstofalIathinker- anintellectualltisvery goodiftheinventorisahandyman.Stillthem ostim portantattributethat theinventorneedsistohaveaverypreciseintellectualprocessofthinking. Beforeonestartstodraw-upanything.oneshoulddevelopanideaofthesolution.andthisisaverycomplicatedprocess. In thebeginning.theinventorshould askthequestion:'Kshould ltackle
thistask orrejectitand replaceitwithanothertask thatwillachievethe originalgoalr lnreality,thequestioniswhethertheo1dsystem hasused up aIlitsresourcesornot.Iftheresenresaregone thenitistimetodevelopanew sys88
tem.Letustake a Iook athow thisquestion appears,and how we should answeritbyusing aspeciscexam ple. Problem 40 Stop guessing Duringthemeltingprocessoforeinblastfurnacesclinkerisproduced- a mixture ofmagnesium and calcium oxide.Clinkerata temperatureofabout 10000Cisdumpedintobigbucketsanddeliveredbyrailroadtoplantsforreprocessing.Meltedclinkerisavez.ygoodraw materialtomanufactureconstruction materials.Although cooledclinkerisnolongeragood raw material itisnot economicaltomeltitagain.Atthebeginningtheclinkerinthebucketisliquid. However,dtuingtransportationacrustdevelops.Itt'akesaspecialIargemechanism tobreakthecrust.Thecrust,evenwithaman-madeholewillkeepsome oftheliquidclinkerinsidethebucket.zksaresult,only2/3oftheliquidclinkeris
usedatthereprocessingplant.'rherestofitisdumpedoutasjunk.Meanwhile
ittakesalotoflabortocleanthebucketofhardenedclinkerkandtoremovethe wastefrom theplant'sgrounds. FinallykaScientifk Committeewasformedtosolvethisproblem. *' A bucketwithverygoodinsulation shouldbedesignednofreredoneofthe scientists.
*Wetriedthat- itdoesnotwork''objectedonememberoftheplantteam.
Glnsulation takesalotofspace,thebucketwillbeverywideandthatisnot acceptable,accordingtorailroadregulations.p u' W hatabouta1idforthebucketr thescientistscnntinued.GW hycan'twe makethe1idwith heavy insulation?Themain portion oftheheatlossgoes through thetop,wherethehotclinkerhascontactwiththeainH
uWetriedthataswellcsighedtheplantmember.' q'hebucketisthesizeof aroom .Canyouim aginea1id ofthatsize?That1idwouldhavetobeputon andtakenofrby acrane!Toomuchworkl'
*1thinkwehavetotackletheproblem difrerentlylsaidasecondscientist.
'tetusthinkaboutreconstructingthewholeprocessinsuchawaythatwedo notneedtomovetheclinkersofarawayo -1am notsum Iam notsurecobjectedanotherscientist.uIwouldoflbrtostnte thepmblem ali/lebitdxerently:Let'ssndafasterwaytodeliverthedinker'' GWea1lhavetolook attherootoftheproblem,nsaidthefourthscientist. Thetaskshouldbemuchwider- toproduceironwithoutgettingclinkerasa by-productl And suddenlyf/leinventorappeared.
qstopguessinglhesaid.t' Theproblem shouldbeformulatedsothat....'' How doyou think theproblem shouldbeformulated?. Inrealitywehaveapileoftasks- so-calledinventivesituations- andit isreallydiEculttochoosetherightone,theonethatwillproducethebest result. 89
Problem 41
Letusdiscussthe situation In ordertomanufactureasheetofglass,aribbonofglassisheatedtoa red colorand isfedontoa conveyor.Theribbon movesfrom onesupporting rolltoanotheranditslowlycoolsoffl Afterthat,theglasshastobepolishedforsometimebecausetheribbon stillbeinghotandflexible,sagswhilegoingfrom rolltoroll,andthesurface becomesuneven.Engineers,whofacedthisproblem forthefirsttimeofrered tomakethediameterortherollsassmallaspossible.Thesm allertherolls thelesssaggingoftheglasswilloccur.Thismeansthattheglasscancomeout moreuniform . A technicalcontradiction appearshere.The sm allertherolls the more difficultitistomanufactureaconveyorofseveralmeterslong.Let'ssaythat thediam eterofeachrollisequaltothesizeofamatch then everym eterof theconveyorwillhave500rolls,andtheirinstallationwillrequiretheaccu-
racyofajeweler.Whatiftherollshadthediameterofathread? E'There'snothingtofear'saidoneyoungengineendirfherearecraftypeople around,whocan makeadrawing even on apoppy seed.Let'sdesign aconveyorwithver.vthin roll s.Wecanfindpeopletoassemblethistypeofcon-
''Listen,thinkaboutthecostorthatconveyorlsomeonecontradictedthe youngfellow.Rltisbettertohavebigrolls.Whatwehavetodoistoimprove theprocessofpolishing theglass.Wehavetostraightenouttheribsonthe glassl H1thinkthatwehavetothrow theconveyoroutoftheline,''offeredsome-
bodyelse.ultw'ouldbegoodtoreplaceitwithsomethingradicallynew.'' Andsuddenlythefnrcnlorappeared. .êl-ret'slook intothissituation,'hesaid.tioutofa11thosetasksweshould Choose '' Andheexplainedwhattaskhewouldprefer.W hatdoyouthink? ItisveryeasytotackleProblems#40and#41. InProblem #40thereisasystem calledttrrransportationofclinkenfThis system ispartofthehighersystem 'tlronProduction.' W ehavenoprobiem withthehighersystem ,wedonotneedtochangeit. Thesystem doesitsownwork:transportsclinker.Everythingisfineexcept thatpartofthe clinkergetshard during transportation.Itdoesnotmake sensetochangethewholesystem - andofcoursenotthehighersystem .Itis
foolishtorefusetohaveacarjustbecausethewindshieldgetsdirty.
lnsuchsituationstransitiontotheproblem ismadebyusingaver.ysim ple rule:lEverythingisleftasitis exceptthattheshortcomingsshould disappeanmLet'stransporttheclinkeraswedid before in open bucketswithout hardcrustdeveloping. InProblem #41thepictureisdifferent.Thesystem couldnotperform its 90
basicdutyFirst theconveyorshould form a straightglassribbon.Second theconveyorshouldmovetheribbon outofthekiln.Wehaveexhausted the possibilitiesforfurtherdevelopmentoftherollers(notin generalbutinthe processofglassproduction),anditneedsttlbereplacedbyanew system. Perhaps,othercasesarepossibleamongthesetwom entioned.Ifyou are notreallysurewhichwaytogo- whethertosavetheexistingsystem orlook foranew one- then you havetoformulatetheproblem in suchawayasto savetheoriginalsystem. Noexactsciencecan excludeskill.Forexample differentresultscan be obtainedbydifrerentpeopleusingthesametelescope.Theresultsdependon theskilloftheuserandthegoal. Supposethatthetaskistoreplaceaconventionalshipwith something completelynew.Theshipisausystem'thatworks(m amacrolevel.Thebodx theprop,theenginearevenrbig parts.Onedaythissystem willbe transferredtothem icrolevel,althoughitisdim culttoim aginehow thisshipwill look atthemicrolevel.Whatcanthetheoryofsolvinginventiveproblemssay aboutthis? First,thetransition tothemicrolevelispossiblein generalterms. Second,thesystem ushipmhasnotenteredintothethirdstageofitsdevelopmentwhen arigid solidstructureistransformed intoaflexibleandmoveableone.Theresourcesforthedevelopmentofthesystem arenotexhausted yet.This means thatmany decadesmay passbeforethetransition to the microleveltakesplace.That'sit! Herethetheoryisended.Choosingthetask isup totheindividual.n e individualhasto makea decision astowhich directiontotake.0nehasto havea clearpicture.Ifone choosestodevelop a completelynew technical system when the old one isnotexhausted in itsdevelopment,theroad to successand acceptanceby society isvery harsh and long.A task thatisfar aheadofitstimeisnoteasytosolve.And themostdimculttaskistoprove thatanew system ispossibleand necessaly InthepreviouschapterImentioned thevibrogyroscope.rrheauthorappliedforapatentin 1954- andgot itin 1975 twenty-oneyearslater.Ittook twodecadestoproveitsusefulness anditspossibilityofconstruction. Imaginethattwohundredyearsagoaninventorcametotbeshipbuilders
and said:GWhydoyou botherwith sails? Throw them away and installa steam enginethatpeopleusenow inmines.Lettheengineturn thepaddle wheellikeawatermill.Thatwillbegreatl' Idoubtthatanybody would havetaken this seriously - thatwewere talkingaboutoneofthegreatinventionstheSteam boat. A.G.Presniakovfrom theUSSR appliedforhispatentin1955,andgota
rejection.A11theexpertsrevolted.Itwasconsideredabsurdtothrowouten-
ginesandreplacethem withelectromagneticpumpsln einventorspentfoun teenyearsarguingandprovinghism sition.Onlyin 1969didhegethispatent. Ittookhim fourteenyearstoberecognizedbyscientificandtechnicalexperts. 91
Buttherewerem any otherstepstobetaken beforehisinventionwould see theworld- designs,modelsexperimentsandsoon.... Boatswith thePresniakovenginedonotexistyet,although,with time, theywillappear. ThetransitionoftechnicalsystemsintomicrolevelisaIaw.ButtheLaw of Evolutioninthedevelopmentoftechnicalsystemsstates:thesystem should exhaustitsresourcesbeforeitmovestothemicrolevel. AlexanderPresniakovhasnotreceivedhisrewardforhisinventionyet. Hisboatisstillonlyonpaper.Butcreditforbeingthefirstpersontoinventa boatwith am agnetohydrodynamicenginewillbelong toA.Presniakov.' rhe
joy andsatisfaction ofcreativity,thethoughtthatyouhavesolvedataskof thefuture- thisisarealrewardforaninventor.Societyisawinneraswell. W henthetimecomestochangethesystem eshipnintoamicroleveloneofthe directionswillbeknown toscientists.lnventionsthatweremadeaheadof theirtime in thefinalanalysis areverysubstantialandpractical. Thereisanotherroad.Thesystem itship''hasnotagedyet.Onecandirect effortsand energytoward solvingrelativelysm allproblemson macrolevels byimprovingdifrerentpartsofthe ship.Inseveralyearsonecan getmany patentsforimprovem ents introducethem tothemarket reapbenefits and hearwordsofgratitudefrom peoplewhoseworkyouhavehelpedtoease. Problem 42
Rain isnotahindrance A shipwasbeingloadedatadock.A verypowerfulcranelowered skids withsacksthroughanopeningdownonthedeck.Therewasaheavyrain and waterwascomingintothestoragecompartment.
KdWhatkindofweatheristhisr rumbledoneloaderinsidetheship.ulam com pletelysoaked.' R'rhereisnothingyoucan doaboutit>answeredanother.GDuringloading timeyoucannotclosethehatch orputaroofoverit.'' z1??t/suddeltlyt/kcInventorappeared.
g' Ybu need averyspecialrooc hesaid.:A roofthatwillstoptherain and allow thecargotogothrough.Takealook....'' W hatkindofroofdidheoffer?
Thousandsofshipsare anchored at docks.Tensofthousandsofworkersare V z> z/''/',' , dz ,zj'' z'.z/' ,..'' f working underthe sun snow orrain.A Z ' ,.vz.. z ' z ' z roofoverthestoragecompartmentisdefi- Xv. . ...y z ' ' / z y nitely needed.Itisnotsodim culttoin. . . . . . u ; . ; . . . . . , , . y . y, yy' sy z' z r ventone.A similarproblem appeared a . ,z' ' ' sz ?'z longtimeago.Topreventadraftin afactory,doors should be closed.To allow a fnrklifttogothroughthe door,itshould 92
beopen.Thecontradictionwaseliminatedveryeasily- thedoorwasmade outofheavykflexible transparentstrips.'l'heforkliA couldgetthroughwhen itneededto,andthedoorwasclosedal1thetime.Thesizeofthecompartment hatchismuchlargerthana regulardoor,thereforearoofdoorcouldbemade outofairsacksand placedoverthehatch likea two-sided roofThecargo could push thosesacksaside.getthrough thehatch down tothe compartment.A patentonthisideawasissuedveryquickly Itisnecessarytosolvedifferentproblems:smallmiddlesized largeand verylarge.Theshortcomingsofthet'TrialandErrornmethod becomesmore obviousasthesizeoftheproblem increases. Therefore,bigcompaniesworkontheimprovementsofexistinglargesystemsandveryseldom on thedevelopmentofcompletelynew ones. Withthisnew theoryofsolvingtechnicalproblemsthewholesituationis changing.Weare confidentthatin thenearfutureinnovation institutions willbeorganized whosemain specialty willbethe search forsolutions to tasksofthedistantfuture. Themostadvantageoussituation iswhen asystem exhaustsitsgrowth andneedstobereplacedtodaywith anew onebasedonotherprinciples.The disadvantagesoftheo1d system areknown toeveryone and new ideasare welcome.ThisissimilartoProblem #41.Itisnotbeneficialtobuildthinner rolls.Theconveyorwith rollsshouldbereplacedwith somethingcompletely difrerentin principle,
93
Chapter23 Strange M irrors ofthe OperatorSTC (Si ze,Time,Cost) '
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OnceIxkopleaskedtheHodjaNasredintomakeaIniracle.coltayuhesaid,ulMII makeamiracleononecondition.From now onnoneofyouwillfhinkaboutawhite monkey'Nasredinthendescribedthatmonkeyinm atdetailandrepeated:+ ow don'tthinkahmtthismorikeyanm orec Naturallyonthecontrarynoixdycouldstopthinkingaboutthewhitemonkey The inventive problem,like wily Nasredin,impxqesonyouahvhitemonkeyn :.. e '''!'..' ,.,j5.
InPm blem #41wedecided,withoutwaVering,togetridoftherollerconveyor.Howeveqthesham oftherollezsorbeltconveyor
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ferentscreeninggroups.Thescreerdng procerxswmsdoneVt.I4sound.Theworker
tmkaplate,hititverygentlywithase alhnmmeqandthendeterminedthe
degzw ofbakingbythetoneofthesound.Workem CaIIGIthkspnxx!rxsNingingthe 111.*Thtswasnoteasy work.M theshiftworkerswerebangingplatesorcups, lkqteningtothesoundandscreeningthepnxlud.Finallysom einventozsdecidedto developarolmtforthLstask. Thiswasatypicalcasewherethesystem hadbecomeobsoleteandhad toix? replacedwithsomethingreallynew Theinventorsundersfm ithat,buttheycouldnotwalkawayfrom tbatNvhite
monkefimage.AmachinewithtwoWhandsDwmsbuilt.rfheflrsthandheldtheplate whiletheselxmdhand hittheplateV t. IIahsmmerA micmphonepickedupthe soundandanelectronicdeviceanalyzeditandcornmandedtheH handwhereto placetheplate. ThemachinewasinstalledatthefactoryAndverystxm itwasfoundthatthe machineworked moreslowlyth% theN ple.Theinventorstriedtoincreasethe srvoedofthenrmnbutthemachinestartedtobreaktheplates.Themachinewms A enawayM dieworkemcnG ue o- nthepe ud% GeyM ddoneefom. Atilrstglanœ thetaskwassimple- replacehumanhantiswithmechanical
onea'l'hehtunanarm,palm,andfmgel'saretcx)lsthathavethehigbestsensitivity
andGexibilitywiththesne-stadjustmentsandcontrol.'l'hemqnLscontznzedbythe brain.'l' hksLsauBrain.ztrmrsystem thattm kam illionyeam tom rfect. In t- hnicalm useurnsthem aresewingmachinesbrickstxaclters,fnzitpickem andsoon,allwithanns.M ofthem arenotgv lv ausetheyaretrpng ' toimitate thehumanarm.lnordertomechanizetheworkthatthehumanannandfmgersare doing.oneshouldfmdanotherwayChangetheprindpleofadionandfmdanew method- onetlmtiseasytomechnnizoandtoautornate.
n en auof%l% MvenuveM bleM olemaveo se ze lforyourimagire on:'l'hisisMethM e kOm ratorsIE (Size,Time,Cost1. Thesearethequestionsthattheinventorshogldconsider:
Whatwillhappenifthesize ofanobjectisdecreased?
Or,onthecontraly increased?Whatwillhappen ifthetlme foranactiontotake placedecreases?Or,increases?Whatwill happenifnew requirementsareadded- thecostofamachine
equalszero?Or,onthecontrary,the costisunlimited? How istheproblem goingtobesolvedundertheseconditions?Thesethree questionsofOperatorSTC likecrookedmirrorsin aulaughingroom,'distort theconditionsofthetask andforceourimaginationtowork andhelpgetrid oftheobtrusiveimageoftheoldsystem . Canyouimagineaplatethesizeofadime,thenanevensmallerone like apieceofdust?Youcannotpickupsuch aplatewithyourfingers orstrikeit withahammer.Foraplatelikethataweightlesshammerisneeded.Whatif weincreasethespeedofthemachine? 95
Let'ssay,thattheplateisofnormalsize.butwehaveonly 1secondfor thetest- 1/1000ofasecond,1/1.000,000 ofa second?Duringthatshort periodoftimesoundcannotgettotheearsoftheoperatorofthemicrophone. Thism eansthatsomethingfasterthansoundisneeded.Onlylightisfaster thansound.W hatiftheplateswerestruck bylight?Thisistheweightless ham mer!Couldwecatchthereflected light,andGlistenntoit? OperatorSTC isnotsupposedtogiveyou theanswertoyourproblem. lt'staskisonlytobreakupourpsychologicalinertia,whichblocksourthinkingprocess.Thestrangem irrorsofOperatorSTC areonlytoolsforthefirst steptoworkon solvingproblems. It-you havehadexperiencewithsolderingyouknosvthatthefirststepis tocleanthesurfacewithacids.A similarthinghappensinourproblem (and in ourmindlwhenweuseOperatorSTC.Ithappensmanytimes thataAer usingthatOperator.theproblem becomesclearandeasytosolve. Take for exampletheproblem ofthe glazed pottery.OperatorSTC prompted:itisgood to replacetheconventionalhamm erwith a Iight.For screeningplates.thisisanew method.M aybethismethodhasalreadybeen usedinotherapplieations?Maybepeoplehavealreadydevelopedinstruments forthistest?Then wecantakethatdeviceandadaptitforourtest. W hereisitrequiredtotestceram icparts?Intheproduction ofelectric resistors.Everybodyknowsthat.Ofcoursetheseresistorshavetobetested. Insizetheyarem uch sm allerthanplates.Resistorscannotbetestedwith sound,so peopleuselightforthatpurpose.Theamountoflightreflected l'rom resistorsdependsonthedegreeofbakinpr rhemachinesortsthousands ofresistorsperhour.A sm allchangein thisdevicewillmakeitpossibleto useitfortestingplates.andwillreleasethelaborersfrom monotonoushard work.
LookattheOfficialGazettemagazineandyouwillseethatweareonthe righttrack.Smallobjectsaretestednotwith sound,butwith light.Forinstance,agrainofrice,thatisRcookedMbythesuncouldbecontrolledbylight. Thereisapatentonthatprocess. Look atwhatishappening!Byutilizing Operator STC we aredeliberatelycomplicatingtheproblem andatthesametim ewearesearchingfora simplifiedsolutionlThisishappeningbecauseOperatorSTChelpsusgetrid ofourpsychologittalinertia andenablesustoIook attheproblem without
prejudice. Problem 43
Investigation isdone by experts
'irrhis rifleshould beexaminedc said an investigatoras he placed the rifleonthetablebeforetheexpert.''Ihavetoknow whetherornotthisrifle firedabulletaweekago.M Theexpertlooked carefully attherifleand nodded hishead d4ldon't 96
know how totacklethistask.Thebarrelhasbeen cleanedand thereareno carbondeposits.' And suddenly theinventorappeared. GIknow h0w toexamineitNhesaid.ulaetususeOperatorSTC.' Supposethatshotwasfiredadayago,onehourago,fiveminutesago.By thespecificationsofthetask there isnocarbon depositinsidethebarrel.If theshotwasmadetensecondsago,thenthebarrelshouldbewarm .Thenwe couldsayevenwithclosedeyeswhetherornottheshotwasfired.Becausethe temperaturememoryisveryshortwecannotrelyonitafterashortwhile. Letusfind someotherRmem oryrthatmetalmay have.W hatproperties changeduring thesring ofa rifle?Doyou rememberProblem #32 about heatingthehigh voltagepowerlines?Steelisdem agnetized when thetemperatureisabovetheCuriepoint.It'smagneticcharacteristicsdisappearfrom shockaswell.'rhegasfrom gunpowderhitsnotonlythebullet,buttheinside surfaceofthebarrelaswell.Usuallythebarrelhassomemagneticproperties.because ofthe magneticfield ofthe Earth.Attertheshotissred the barrelisdemagnetized.During thenextthreeto fourweeksthebarrelregainsitsmagneticcharacteristics.Themoretimepasses,theclosertonormal them agneticpropertiesoftheriflewillbe.Itisenough tocomparethem ap neticpropel-tiesoftwo rifles in orderto detennine which rifle wasused a week ago. In ourcase,OperatorSTC helpedtouncoveronlyhalfofthepath tothe answer.Itremindedusaboututemperaturem emozy''Inordertoswitchtothe umagneticmemoryooneshould recallsomephysics.Ithappensvery often: OperatorSTCgivesyouahint aprompt,and thenyou shouldformulatethe IdealFinalResult,findthephysicalcontradiction,usetherulesofS-Field analysisand physics. Let'stry touseOperatorSTC inProblem #41abouttherollerconveyor. Thediameteroftherollswillbesmaller - aboutahundred ore venathousa'nd timessmallerthan thatofa human @ 0. O hair.Tobuild thisconveyoris practi.. %D > callyimpossible.Howeveqbecausewe are doing a mentalexperiment W e
shouldnotbeafraidofattemptingit. Let'smaketherollersasthin asmolecules.W ewillstretchamolecule.'Phe minimum thiclmessofamoleculeisan atom,aRerthatthemoleculewillbreak up.Them eltedglassribbonwillm ove overalayerofball-atoms.Thiscould bethebestconveyor:ideallyflat. The promptisgiven.Let'suseit. U nderthe glass ribbon we should 97
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spreadball-atoms.Theseare notatomsofgas,becausethey canevaporate, and theyarenotatom sofhardmatterbecausetheycannotm ove.Theonly possibilityIeftistheatomsofaliquid.Glowingred,theglassribbonrollsover aliquidsurface!Thisisanidealconveyor. W hatkindofliquidcould bechosenforthisconveyor? Let'snotguessaboutthat.SherlockHom es,whoperfectlyunderstoodthe advantageoforganizedthinking,saidonce:Kdlneverguess.Thatisavel'ybad habit,itkillsthelogicalthinkingprocessl Letustakethisstatementintoconsideration,andlet'slook logicallyfor theliquidthatweneed. Firstofall,weneedaliquidthatmeltseasily.Second,thisliquidshould have ahighboilingtem perature,otherwise when itboils theglasssurface willbecomewavy.Thespecificgravityoftheliquidshould be much higher thanthatofthegravityoftheglass(2.5gr/cm3)othenvise theglassribbon willnotstayonthesurfaceoftheliquid. Hence,theliquidwearelookingforshouldhavethefollowingproperties: M elting Tem peraturenomorethan 20011-300t'C Boiling Tem peraturenolessthan 15000C SpecificGravitynolessthan5.0-6.0gr/cm3.
Onlymetalshavesuchproperties.Ifwerejecta11raremetalsforthispurpose,whatislehisbismuth leadandtin.Bismuthisexpensive.Thevaporof leadispoisonous.Whatisleftistin Theconclusion:Insteadofaconveyorwe willhavea longtrayw'ith meltedtin- atomsinsteadofthin rolls.Thesystem hasmadeatransitiontoamicrolevelwhereanew developm entisavailable.ln reality,afterthepatentwasissued manypatentsonim provements ofthatdesignwereissued.Forexam ple if'werananelectriccurrentthrough m eltedtinwecouldchange,withtheuseofmagnets,theshapeofthesurface thatwillafrectthesurfaceoftheglass.Morethanahundredinventionswere m adeutilizingthisparticularidea. Below isaproblem foryoutosolvewithOperatorSTC. Problem 44
A fresh Idea is needed
A company hadavery unusualprojecttodevelepforan oi1pipeline.The sam epipelineshouldbeabletepumpdifferentliquidproductsalternately. Inordernottom ixthem theyhavetobeseparatedbyaspecialdevice. Afteroneliquidispumped,abig ballusedasa piston isinserted.Then anotherliquidispumped.
'Thisdevice hasnoguaranteel said themanagerofthe project.W'Phe
pressurein thepipelineisgreat- tensofpounds.Liquidscan seepbythe ballandm ixtogetherl S'M aybeweshouldconsiderotherdevicestoseparatetheliquidsr asked anengineerashepulled outacatalogwith disctypedividers.lnthecatalog therewasapictureofadividermadeoutofthreerubberdiscs. 98
'
G'rhey getstuckvery oftenr''saidthemanager.lcTllemain problem isthat erevery200km thereisapumping station.Wr hen thedividercomestothe
.umpingstationitshouldberemoved,becauseitcannotgetthroughthepump. ereforedisksandballsarenogood.Weneed adividerthatcangothrough epump with aguarantee thattheliquidswillnotmix.'' Ap.lsuddenly theinventorappeared. *Wecan useOperatorSTC ''heoffered.' *W eneed afresh iâea, don'twer ' And afresh idea appeared.Whatkind ofidea wasit? 'Apply thefirstquestion r autofthe six- decreasethesizeofthe pipeline )' yourmind.Keep in mind thatitisprohibitedtomakeaherizontalseparan,Itisrequired thatvariousliquidswillflow through the pipeline alter'tely withoutbeing mixed.
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Chapter24 A Crowd ofM iniature Dw ads
OperatorSTC isaveryIàowerfultool,butnottheonlyonethatcanhelpus toovercomepsychologicalinertia.Psychologicalinertiacanbecarriedbywords, especiallybytechnicalterms.n esetermsexistinordertoreflectveryprecisely whatisknownalready.Butaninventorhastogetoutoftheknownlimitsand break away from theexisting imagescreated bythosetenns.Therefere every problem shouldberestatedbyusingusimplewords.'' In oneoftheseminarsonthetheory ofsolvinginventiveproblems,the following happened.A sailorofferedthistasktebesolved:How toincrease thespeedofanicebreakergoing through theArcticice?Thisproblem was solved by an engineerwhohad nothingtodowith theconstruction oficebreakers,and hediditon theblackboard.Therewasthefollowingnoteon theboard:UA thingshouldfreelypassthroughtheice asiftherewerenoice ata1l.D
Iwassittingnexttothesailorandheardhisindignation:â
arswheretheicecontactstheship.Or,1etussay;thereisaten-storybuilding nutaseventhfloor.Thebodyofthebigicebreakerisliketheten storybuildlfonefloorisremoved,icewillpassthroughthatfloorfreelykandtheship . ultlmovewithoutbreakingtheice(seepictureabove). Theidealsolution would be notto eonnecttlae upperand lowerparts ()f 'e ship'sbody Butthepracticalsolution shouldonlybeclosetotheidealone. ehaveto step back a little from theidealsolution.We willeonnect btlth l'tsofthebody with twoverythin,strong,and sharp support-blades.They 'llcutaverynarrow crackthroughtheice.Itismucheasierthiswaythanto aaktheicethewhalewidtb oftheship. Theproblem wassolved very artistically but the sailorwhooffered the p blem wasnotsatisfied.Atthattime people madea l()tofexperimentsto '
'
keakicebywatergunsandsoon.Thereweremanyinventionsonthesubject: Qet'sbreaktheice.''zNnd ofcourse,thetithing''thatwentthrough icewitheut keaking itdid notfitinto the overallpicture.Six yearslatera patentwas issued on a halfsubmerged vessel.A new term had appeared.Then other ptetltscame out.Therearenfaw G'rhroug' h-ice-shipr beingbuiltin shipprds.As you can see,ittakes a specialimagination and knmvledge ofthe wnlution lawsoftechnicalsystemsinorderttlmakethecorrectevaluation of pnidea. Themethod for overcoming psychologicalinertia that is used by TRIZ pemstobepurely psychologîcal.ln reality thepurposeofthatmethod isto Fàow thedirection of'developmentoftechnicalsystems. AboutthirtyyearsagoanArnericancngineeqW illiam Cwordon,offeredto usean fdempathy''method duringthe processofsolving problems.Thetechnjquewhich thatmethodemployedwastomakea person imagineMmselfas amachinein thesystem,livingthelifeofthatmachine,tryingto f'inda solunn.Thisisapurelypsyehologicallnethod aimingtofindnew waysoflooking ti atproblems. Wedecidedtotestthismethod and wesetup many experiments.ltwas ftlundthatdzempathyMhelpedsnmetimes,but moreoften ledto adead end.When inven. torsimaginethemselvesasamachinethey. ignore ideas related to the destructîon of tkatmachine - separation ofits parts, ' shredding,freezing,meltzngandso ()n.F()r alivaorganism,such actionsarenotaccept-
able.Theyareprohibited.Human beings,
ofcourse,transferthosenotionstothemachine- althoughthemachineanditsparts cnuldbefragmentedand crushed.
Take rforexample,theproblemaboutthe
rnllerconveyor.ln searching fora solution we,inourmind,had todecreasethesizeof 101
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therollerstoatoms.Thebreakingupofpartsisthemaintrendinthedevelopmentoftheworking elementofamachine.W hen partsaresmaller,the controliseasier and thepotentialfor machine improvementis greater.Takea look atthe dtl-lfavercraft'vehicle.The wheels are reduced to the size ofgas molecules,thevehicle hasbecome moremobile,and itcan goover different terrains.
TRIZ usesminiature dwarfs instead oftdempathy''' I'he method isvery
simple.Youshouldimagirtethatartobject(maehine,device)consistsofaerowd
ofminiaturedwarfs.Partiallythisremindsyouofs iempathy''xroucan look atthe problem fkom theinside through theeyes ofthese dwarfs.This is Gempathy' withoutuempathy''In ourmethod,ttempathy''hasnodefects.Ideasofreductitm and breaking-up areaccepted very easily Thecrowd ofminiature dwarfscoulll beseparatedandreorganized. Once,asan experiment,a g'roup ofengineers wereasked towork on the problem oftheicebreakerby usingtheRempathy''method. Theengineersgladly offeredvariousideasabouthow tobreak theiceand how to break theicebreakeritselfAlterthat,thesameproblem wasgiven to anothergroup ofeagineersand they wereotlbred to useM odelwith MiniatureDwarfs ( ).ThisisMethod #25. Severalengineersoffered similar ideas.Letthecrowd ofmen (body ofthe ship)splitandpasstheice(obstacle)on twosides.Thegroupwasnew;andnone ofthepeopletookthisidea seriously ttsveare offerirtg thisidea asnonsertsey''said oneoftheengineersasartexcuse.
M MD requiresaverystrongimagination. Oneshouldimaginethattheob-
jectconsistsofmanylive,smallthinkingentities- notmoleculesoratoms. Whatdotheyfeel?How dotheyact?How shouldtheyact?How shouldthecrowd act?Itisavery usefulmodelforthirtking ifyou haveexperienceworkittgwith thismodel.
Problem 45
A capriciousseesaw A waterbatchmeter was made like a seesaw.
0 1
(Pic.1.), There isa container forliquid on the left sideofthebatchmeter.Tbebatchmetertiltsassoon asthecontainerisfilled with liquid.Then the liquid poursoutofthe container.Then the lefkside becomeslighterandtheseesawrreturnstobalance. Unfortunately the batchmeterdoes notwork as
-L--.c -
acctlratelyasnecessazyNota11theliquidpoursout
P/C./
Ofthecontainer. lvhathappensisthatassoon astheliquidstal-tstodischargefrom thecom tainerithesystem startstoreturn totheemptybalanceposition (the container 102
startscomingup),andwewillthushaveaRshortage''ofpouredliquid.Brhatif wemakethecontainerbiggeriand haveanexcessofliquid?Westillwillnot reach therequiredaccuracyandhavethesameNhortage''a1lthetimebecause ofmanyfactom thatwecannotcontrol.Theshortageshould beeliminatedby someothermeans. Let'stryt.ousemethodM MD.'Pherearegirlsandboysonaseesaw.Thegirls aretheSsliquid''andtheboysarethe'icountenveightcTheloadofliquid isaccepted(Pic.2),andtheleftsideoftheseesaw comesdown(Pic.3).Assoonasoneortwogirls
jumpofftheseesaw theleltsidestartstogo Hc.2
up(Pic.41.svhatshouldbe donesothataIl thegirlsgetofl-the seesaw?The answeris thatwhilethegirls arecoming()frtheseesaw,t.heboysshouldm oveclosertothecenteroltheboard(Pic.5).Alteral1thegirlshave
jumpedofrtheseesaw theboyscanreturnto
I 8t:3
theiroriginalposition(Pic.6J. Now wecangof' rom themodeltothereal mechanism.A weightontherightsideofthe batcherhastoslideeasilyfrom lefttoright. Itisclearthataweightintheform ol'aballis themostappropriateinourcase(Pic.7).
f WC.4
WC.7
WC.5
HC.6
Theproblem issolved.%Yegottheanswer byusing MethodM 51D.Itisnotdim cultto noticethattbt!technicalcontradiction was discoveredandremoved.Themomentofthe force actingon the rightsideoftheseesaw shouldbesmall,sothattheliquidcouldpour outofthecontainer,andshouldbebigenough sothattheliquidcouldfillthecontainer.We cansaythatthebatcherwhichdidnothave modngpartshasnowbecomeudynamicln is meansthesystem hasenteredtheThirdPeZ-iO:Iofitsdevelopment.n erefore,eveorthing 103
wasdonecorrectly,andthesolutionisaverygoodone. Problem 46
Contraa to physics Ifonespinsacontainerfullofliquid thecentrifugalforcewillpressthe
liquidagainstthecontainer'swall.Thisphenomenon isused veryoften for thetreatmentofdifrerentproductsunderpressure.Supposethattheitem is placednoton the wallsofthecontainerbutin thecenterofthe container
(Pic.1).How inthiscasecanweforcetheliquidtopresstheobject?Thatgoes againsttbe1aw ofphysics. LetususemethodMMD.ThephysicalcontradictionhereisthattheRliq-
uid-mennshouldpresstheobject(Pic.2J,butbythelawsofphysicstheyhave topressontotheoppositeside- thewall(Pic.3).Wearenow goingtowork thisproblem outasTRIZ suggests. W ewilltry to superimpose thatwhich isnotsuperimposable.Let' s assumethatwehavetwooppositeactionsatthesametime(Pic.4).
=U --.. -D . .
y uu ..-. Hc.r
8C4
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104
Unfortunately the fdsmallmen''press only againsttllewalls and donot
pressagainsttheobject.Thismeansthatthepressuretothewalishoul d
reversed direction (Pic.5).How can wedo this? Ifwesend onerow oftdmen'' againstanotheq wecan neutralizethe action (Pic.6),thesameaswhen two teamspuilaropeon oppositeendsartdtheforcesareeven.Howevernothing preventsusfrom havingheavierandstrongerlfmen''in thebottom row (Pic.7). Thisistheanswer. Letushavetwoliquidsin a vessel,forinstance, oiland Mercury (Pic.8). Duringthespin ofthevessel, the mercuryovercomesthepressureofthe oil
andtheoilwillpressagainsttheobject.Thisisawonderfulsolutionfora problem thatseemedto beunsolvable. ' . . -
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Now try to find a solution to Problem #44 aboutthe pipelineseparator. Imagineyourselfasaseparator.A groupofK bluemen''separatestheflow ofdtred men''intotwoparts.How sheuld the t tblues''actduring transportation inside thepipeline?W hatcharacteristicsshouldtheKTblues'Fhaveinordertogetthrough thepumps?How shouldtheffblues''behaveafterthetrip isoverandthey arein thesametankwiththeêfredsl'''
105
Chapter25 The IdealMachine is No M achine 7
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Heavy,rugged,inflexible systemsshould bereplaced by light Bairlike> evenephemeralsystemsbuiltfrom smallparticlesm oleculesatoms ions or electronscontrolled bydifferentfields.Anidealmachineshould nothavea heavyweightoralargevolum e.TbeIdealMachineiswhenan action is eompleted andthereisno machine.Therefore,thedeEnitionoftheIdeal FinalResultisbasedontheutilizationofthemainlawsofthesystem'stechnicalevolution.Atthesametimeitisapsychologicalmethod.When oneis orientedtoIFR oneisnotthinkingany moreabouttheoldshapeofthemachine.ThetransitiontoIFR isaverypowerfulprocedure thatallowsyouto formulateIFR verypreciselyAtthispoint,letusnotgetintotoom uchdetail.
Themainthingistodemandthateverythingshouldbedonebyitselfljust likeinafairytale.
Problem 47 Llke In afairytale Therewasadiscussionaboutanew hothouseonacertainfarm .Goverall itisnotbad nsaidthedirector.uButthereisnoautomation!Lookattheroofof thehothouse.Itisalightm etalfram ewitha glass orfilm hinged on one side.Ifthetemperatureinsidegoeshigherthen200C wewillhavetoliftthe
frame;ifitislessthan200C,wewillhavetoclosetherooflDuringtheday106
'
tim ethetemperatureinthehot- - . ..=..' =-- - -. . .. A * housecouldchangetentimes.W e ..' u -x f; ,z cannotopenandclosetheroofby A. , . .' . handallthetime.'' A '' ', /' d.p ''W hybyhand'?'said them e- ' X d' t chanic.HWecan putin a special Iz v-.--.* .=. w=sy .-.s'' .z.mv x. a . device,like atem perature relay .'. ': j, . . ..; , A. -.--- - '. , . W hen atemperaturechangeoc- ' f% v -w J A- ee kt' l g. ' -i U.nr-*'' *'*,.4 curs,thatwillturnthem otoron. .. ; W ewilldesign a specialgearto A '. r : . . 4 , . ' ' r ; ; y . : r connectthemotorandtheframe.r az .. . H v./.a. . ''Thatisnotacceptable''resolutelysaidtheaccountant.deW ehavehundredsofhothouses,andifevery one willhavethismechanism itwillbever.ycomplicatedandcostlyl GW ehaveatcchnicalcontradiction''summarized thedirector.nW egain in autom ation butweloseincomplexityandcostofthehothouse.' Andsuddenlytheïzlrlezp/orappeared. Ri-et'sformulat. eIFR,*hesaid.ultshouldbelikeinafairytztle.Agoodfonnulation ofIFR pltuslmowledgeoftenthgradephysicsandtheproblem isipolvedl How doweformulateIFR forthisparticularproblem?Whatdid theinventorhaveinmind whenhem entionedtenth gradephysics? Let'slookatthisproblem ttlgether.Firstofall,noticethatthisisnota problem thisisasituationoutofwhichwehaveto' iextract'theproblem . ThesystemulhothotuW 'isveryyoung,ithmsnotyetbecomea/dyriarrticar-flexible'
system.n erefom thetaskistopm-aethehotho- a.sl/fwsto gnotli= r it, butelimilwte/rsshœlcomilkgs.'rheroofisnotmoveable andtheplantsareoven heated.Wewillnotevenconsidermechanizingthehothouseat' a11becausetheelectricmotorandgearsareacolnpletelynewsystem.IFRshouldl)elikethis:.q'helxmf opensup byitselfmsthetemperaturerisesyand closesdown asthetem. PeraturedroP&'' Aninexw riencedIxlrson:vil1say:Kiltisimpossiblel''Butweknow verywellthat thistypeofWmiracle''ispossible. In Problem #32 aboutthe protectionofthepowerlines theferrom agneticringsobtainedand lostmagneticpropertiesbythemselves.W hycan't wemakeaucontract*withourroof,sotheroofwillgoupanddown?Justas thethennoseldcontrolsferromagneticrings,1etitcontrolourroofThismeans thatwecanusethethermalexpansionofm aterial.Let'stakearodand....No nothingwillcomeofitTherodwillexpandonlyonetenthofonepercenteven ina hightemperature.Thatisexactlywhy weused thatcharacteristicfor microm ovements.Inourcasewehavetocreateamovementof20-30cm. Ifwelookintothephysicstextbookwewillfindachapteraboutbimetallic plates.two metalstripsareconnected together- copperand iron,Copper expandsmore rapidly thaniron when heated.Inthebimetallicplate those stripsconnectedtogetherbendalotundertheapplicationofheat.Ahothouse 107
roofmadewiththesestripswillgoup whenthetemperatureincreasesand downwhenthetemperaturedecreases. Problem 48
Shipsofthe 21stCentul lnaceltaindesignftnnateam ofengineerswasworkingonimprovingapower-
drivenbarge.Theworkwasreallybozing.n erewasnothingnew intheproject.A
bargeisabazge:addam orepowerfulenginegetmoreslxed- thatwasit. t'Whycan'twetryto developa shipforthe21stCentury'?'theyoungest engineersaid.tiEverythingwillbecompletelynew in it.* ttEventhebodyr hisfriendasked. çtEventhebodyl''answeredtheengineer.=f' hebodyisthetirsttobechanged, becauseithasnotbeenchangedforthousandsofyears.Itusedtobewooden now itismadeofsteel.''
''Whatisthedifference?Itisstillaboxcsaidthethirdengineer.
çtl'hebody alwayswillbeaboxMsomebodyadded. AndsuddenlytheJntperlforappeared. .er-,onotarguelhesaid.R'I'hetheoryofsolvinginventiveproblemsshould beused.Nowadays,thebody ofa ship hastheshape ofa streamlined box madeoutofsteel.Thistechnicalsystem isin thesecondperiodofitsdevelopnzent.Thismeansthatitneedstomakeatransitiontoaflexiblebody.M aybe
itneedstomakeatransition from macroleveltomicrolevel- buildtheship outofatomsandmoleculescontrolledbyafield.W ecansetamorecourageous task forourselves.Theidealmachineiswhen thereisnom achine butthe actionisdone.Thism eansthattheidealbodyiswhenthereisnobodybutthe shipexists,worksm oves andsoon.Let'strytomakeamodeloutofm inusculedwarfsand OperatorSTC.O Hence,imaginethewalloftheship.Thereisathicksteelplate.Now replace itwithacrowdofminusculedwadkWhatshouldbedoneinordertokeepthose dwarfstogetherundertheimpactofthewaves?How shouldthesedwarfsactin ordertoincreasethespeedoftheship?'rheconventionalwallhasaloterfriction withwaterandslowsdownthemovement.Butwhenyouhaveawallofdwarfs youcancommandthem,andtheywilldoanythingyousay Play with the dwarfs(try tobuild amentalmodelofa new wall).n en turn back to realtechnology.How in therealworld can wedo whatthese dwarfsaredoing? W henyousolvethistask gotothenextone.How should theshiplook havinganidealbody?HereyouhavetouseOperatorSTC.Supposethesizeof theshipisequaltoamolecule In realitytheshipdoesnotexist.Thereisa m olecule,thecargoisan atom .How willthismoleculetransportan atom? Imaginethispicture andcarrythisconceptovertotherealship.Ithastobe asthoughthereisabodyandthereisnobody... 108
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Chapter26 The SuitforPortos
Whenyou seeatown forthefirsttimesomethingsstrikeyoureyesand somethingsaremissed.'l'hesamethinghappenswithourexcursion iIIOTRIZ. Afterreadingovereverythingwritten lfoundnothingsaidaboutseveralinterestingm ethods,Inordertogetabetterfeelingforthesemethods,wewillbegin withaproblem. Problem 49
Thetrain willIeave infive minutes Bigwoodenlogsareloadedontoopenrailroadcars.Aninspectormeasures thediameterofeach1oginordertocalculatethevolumeoftheload.Thiswork
progressesveryslowlyuWehavetoholdthetraincthechiefinspectorsaid.frW' e cannotIinishtoday''
Andsuddenlyofcourse,theïnrezl/orappeared.
Glhaveanidealoheexclaimed.tvl'hetraincanleaveiniiveminutes.Take... '' Andheexplainedwhatshouldl:etaken,andwhatneededto1xdone.m mtc.an yOuX erg W hen thisproblem waspublishedin theyouthm agazine Pioneer Dwf/l correctanswel'swerereceivedfrom thosechildrenwhorememberedthatatechnicalcontradiction shouldberemovedinordert.osolveatechnicalproblem. Herearesomeoftheincorrectanswers: 110
*Letthisworkbedonebyateam of300-500people. *Detenninevisuallytheaveragediameterofone1ogandcounthow many ofthem areonthecar. *Cutcross-sectionsofa1lthelogs thenaccuratelymeasuretheirdiametersafterthetrainhasleft. Togaininaccuracy,oneneedstopaythepriceofcomplicatingthesystem. Andviceversa- simplifyameasurementandyouloseaccuracy.Behindthis technicalcontradiction thephysicaloneishidden - thetrain should leave thestation,andthetrainshould notleavethestation. Gsomething''hastobedonetoenablethetraintoleaveandstillremain. Wecan formulatea new inventivemethod:Ifitisdimcultto measurethe
objectitselflacopyshouldbemade.andthenthatcopycanbemeasured.This
isM ethod #26:Makeacopy andworkwith it. Inacoupleofminutesonecantakeaphotoofa1Ithelogsfrom thebackof thecar.A measudng stick isattachedtothelogsasareferencescalebefore thephotoistaken.Thenthetraincango.AlImeasurementscanbemadefrom thephoto. ItisinterestingthatthefirstpersontodescribethisideawasAlexander Dumas,theauthoroflheTltreeMusketeers.Thereisachapterinhisbook,Ferl KcrsLater,describinghow Portosordereda new suitfrom atailor.Portos ' would notagreetoletthetailortouch him when takinghismeasurements. TheplaywrightMoliere,whowasinthehallofthetailor'sshopatthattime, foundawayoutofthissituation.M olierebroughtPortosuptothemirrorand tookhismeasurementsfrom themirrorimage. Therearemany clevermethodswecoulddiscussatlength.But beinga visitorin townfortheGrsttime,itisenoughtoview sometypicalbuildings, walk throughafew typicalstreets,andexamineamapofthetown. Now you arefamiliarwith severalIawsofthedevelopm entoftechnical systems,and know abouttwodozen methods.Ihopeyou evenknow how to usesomeofthephysicalphenomena.Ofcoursethisisonlyonesectionofthe towncalledTRIZ.butthisisatypicalone.Letusnow lookatam apofTRIZ andseehow everythingappearsinacom plete,unifiedsystem .
Chapter27 Let's Build a M odelofa Problem * ,.............
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ThefirstGAlgorithm''ofsolvinginventiveproblem s- ARIZ (theRussianacronym )- wasdevelopedthirtyyearsago.ThewordGalgorithm''meansa program ofsequentialactions.In math classesyouworkwithalgorithm svery
often.Algorithmscan lx!foundeverywhere.Let'staketheruleforcrossing a highway.FirstyoulooktotheIeftand iftherearenocarsyougo.Afterreaching themiddleofthehighway,youIooktotheright,thengo. lnthefirstchapterofthisbook,Isaid youneeda bridgetogetfrom the problem totheanswer.ARIZ isthatbridge.TherearesevenstepsinARIZ. Everystepconsistsofseveralsub-steps.Thetotalnumberot -stepsisaboutfifty withevery step containing severaldifrerentoperations.Therearerulesthat helpavoidmistakeswhilegoingfrom steptostep.Theserulescanbecompared tothehandrailsofabridge.Thereisalistcomprisingthem ainstepsandmethods.aswellastableson how t.ousephysicaleffects.Thisisacom plexsystem ,
notjustsimplyrulesforasking:'eWhatwillbappenirIdothis' r Part1ofARI'Zistheform ulation oftbetask. Youalreadyknow somethingaboutthis.Wediscussedthequestionofwhen should aproblem besolvedqmodernizefàeexistings>wlel?l),andwhenasystem
shouldbereplaced(#nJsomethingcomp/elcly??etïJ).TheoperatorSTC ispartof thefirstchapterOf'ARIZ.W ehavenotyetdiscussedanotherim portantstephow touseStandards. Togetherwith simplesteps there arealsocomplexmethodsconsistingof 112
severalsimplesteps.Simplestepsareuniversal;indeed they can beused to solvealargevarietyofproblems.Themorecomplexthemethod themoreitis connected with aspecificclassofproblems.Thereisgreatpowerin complex methods,andthecombinationofmethodsbringsinterestingandunusualsolutionsthatarevex'y closetothe IdealFinalResult.'l'hem ostpowerfulofthe complexmethodsarecalledStandards. Wearealreadyfam iliarwithoneoftheStandards.lnordertomove compress,stretch fragm ent- inotherwordscontrol- asubstance(andthatsubstancewillnotbedestroyedbytheintroductionofadditives)onecan addferromagneticparticlescontrolledbyamagneticlield, ThefirstpartofztRlzsuggestsanalyzingtheproblem inordertodeterm ine whetherornotitcan l)esolvedbyusingonet)ftheSt-andards.Ifaproblem is typical,thereisnoneedtogothrougha1IthestepsofM tlz.Itismucheasierto usetheappropriateStandard.Therearemorethan80Standards. Thischapterhelpstoscreentypicalproblems andchangenon-typicalprob-
lems- orre-definethem.Thenumushyrorufogg/'situationsbecomeprecisly statedproblems. In thesecond partofARIZ thetransition ismade from theproblem toa
modeloftheproblem.
Therearemanyplayem (partsofthesystem)in aproblem.In themodelof theproblem.thereareonlytwoplayers.Theconflictbetweenthem isatechnical
contradiction.Veryoftenthemodeloftheproblem consistsoftheobjectitself andtheenvironmentsurroundingtheobject.YouprobablyrememberProblem #40abouttheclinkenTheobjectishotclinkeqandtheenvironmentisthecool aircontactingitssurface. Inasituationorin atask wetalkabeutthewholetechnicalsystem - butin amodelweconsideronlytwopartsofthesystem.Thereishotmeltedclinker andacolumnofcoldairaboveit.Thatisthewholemodel!'l'heblmstfurnaces, railroadstations andeventhecontninezs arenotincludedinthemodel.'rhere areonlytwoconflictingpartsleft- andthatisasigniGcantstepfonvard.'l'he discarded padsareworthlessvariantsthatwouldhavetootherwise beanalyzed. Therearenzlesin ARIZ on how tobuild a modelofa problem.A model alwaysshouldhaveaProductand aToollan instrumentthatworksonthe productandchangesit).n isisMethod#27:Buildamodeloftheproblem 'rheconw tdetenninationoftheconflictingpairofelementsveryoftenbringsan immediatesolutiontotheproblem.Ixt'sseehow itworksinasimpleproblem.
Problem 50
A pound ofgold In asmallscientiticlaboratoc scientist'sstudy theeffectsofhotacid(m variousalloys.In acontainerwiththick steelwalls,15-20cubesofdifrerent alloysareplaced.Acid ispouredon them.Thecham beristhenclosed andan 113
electricoventurnedon.n istestlast, sbetweenoneandtwoweeks.Thesamples
arethenremovedandtheirsurfacesstudiedunderamicroscope. ?Itisveorbad''saidthemanagerofthelaboratoryonedayGAcid hascorrodedthewallsofthecontainen'' <Weshouldputinsomekindofliningj''offeredoneoftheworkersinthelab. uslaybeweshouid usegoldr
*Orplatinumlsaidanotherworker. uItwillnotwork>themanagerresponded.''Wewillgain stabilityin the cham berbutlosein cost.Ihavealreadycalculatedthatitwilltakeaboutone poundofgold....> Andsl/cllthrl/.ytheinventorappeared. œWhydowehavetousegoldr hesaid.Rlaetuslookatamodeloftheproblem, andautomaticallywewillgetanothersolutionl How doyoubuildamodeloftheproblem? First.letusexaminetheproblem.Thereisasystem here.Thesystem consistsofthreeparts- thechamber,theacidandthealloycubes.Usuallypeople thinkthattheproblem istopreventthechamberwallsfrom beingcorrodedby theacid.Thismeansthatyou areforced toconsidertheconflictbetween the cham berandtheacid sonaturallyeverytlnetriestoprotectthewallsfrom the acid.Canyouimaginewhathappens'?A smalllaboratoorthatisstudyingalloys
shouldnowdropal1projectsandstarttosolveavez.ycomplexproblem that thousandsorscientistshavehelplessly workedon in thepast:How toprotect
steelefrom corrosion.Supposethatthisproblem willGnallyl)esolved- itNvill taketime maybeyears.Thealloytesthastobedonetoday nottomorrmv. Let'susetherulesofmodelbuilding.D eproductisthecubesbeingtested. 'Pheacidactsonthecubes.That'sit- ourmodel()ftheproblem.Thechamber doesnotfitinthemodel.Theonlyconflicttobeconsideredisthatbetweenthe cubesandtheacid. Hereiswherethemostinterestingthinghappens.Acidcorrodesthewallsof thecham benWeunderstandtheconflictbetweenthechamberandtheacid.In ourmodelweonly havecubesand acid.W hereistheconflictbetween them ? W hereistheproblem now?Acidcorrodesthewallsofthecubes.Letitcorrode!
Thisisthegoalot-thetest.Thismeansthatthereisnoconflictingsituation. Inordertounderstandtheessenceoftheconflictwehavetorem emberthat wedidnotincludethechamberinourmodel.Theacidshouldstaynexttothe cubeswithoutthecham ber.Theacidbyitselfcannotdothat.ltwillspreadall overtheplace. Thisistheconflictthatneedstoberemoved.Wehavereplacedthevery complicatedtmskofpreventingcorrosionwiththevery simpletaskofpreventingtheacidtouchingthecubes Fon from spreadingorspilling. Theanswerisclearwithoutfurtheranalysis.n e cubeshouldbemadehollow asacupsandthenthe Sa s1 acidpouredinsidethecube. 114
WecanarriveatthesameanswerbyusingS-Field analysis.Gravityfield FgrchangestheshapeoftheacidS1(forcingittospread)anddoesnotchange theshapeofthecubeS2. ThereisnoS-Field Itlacksoneconnection onearrow. Theremaybeonlytwovariants:
Fos
FoR and
sz ss s2 st The firstvarinntiswhen theacidtransfersitsweightto thecubeand pressesagainstit.Forthattheacidshouldbepouredintothecube. Thesecondvarinntiswhentheacidandthecubehavethesameinfluence on thegravityfield.Thereisafz.% falloftheacidandthecube.Undersuch conditionstheacidwillnotseparatefrom thecube.Theoreticallythisisthe carrectanswer.Yetpractically.forthepulw se ofourproblem,thisisa very complicatedsystem. Notethatguessinggaveyouoneanswerwhileanalysisucaught''two.
Yes,SherlockHolmesrejectedguessingwithgoodreason!
ThereisnoS-Field.ltlacksoneconnection onearrow. Theremaybeonlytwovarian/: Thefirstvarinntiswhentheacid transfersitsweighttothecubeand pressesagainstit.Forthattheacidshouldbepouredintothecube. Tbeseeondvariantiswhentheacidandthecubehavethesameinfluence onthegravitylield.Thereisafree falloftheacidand thecube.Undersuch conditionstheacidwillnotseparatefrom thecube.Theoretically thisisthe correctanswer.Yetpractically forthepurposeofourproblem this isa vez' y complicatedsystem.
NotethatguessinggaveyouoneanswerwhileanalysisGcaughtMtwo.
Yes,SherlockHolmesrejectedguessingwith goodreason!
Chapter28 Fam iliarTrick:There is a Substance, and There is No Substance .,
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'rhus,Pa.Z't1ofAltlzisdesignedtoformulatethegivenproblem. Part2of ARIZ isdesignedtomakea transition from the problem toa model. lh rt3ofARIZ isdesignedtomakeananalysisofthatmodel.Firstdeterminewhichelem entoftheconflictingpairshouldbechanged.rrherearecertain rulesforthis.TheuTool''shouldbechanged.Onlyifitisimpossibletochangethe ''T(x)l''bytheconditionsofthetaskshouldtheoutsideenvironmentbechanged. n enextstepisthe formulationofthe1F11.(IdealFinalResult).Forexample:RAcidstickstothecubebyit-selfnIftheanswertotheticubeproblem*was notquiteclearbefore.itshouldbeclearnow.Thisisaver,ysimpletask.W eused itonlyasanexam ple.Inmorecomplicatedproblemstheanalysism ustbemore extensive.ltshouldl)e determined whatsection ofthemodelcannotcomply withtherequirementsstatedintheIFR andthenwecanfbrmulatethephysica1contradiction. l-ookwhatwillhappen: FirstwehavetodealwithanInventiveSituationin whichseveraltechnica1systemsareincluded. 'rhenwemovefrom thislnventiveSituationt.otheInventiveProblem choosingonlyonetechnicalsystem. W ethen build amodeloftheproblem,takingonly asectionofthesystem ftwoelementsofit). l16
Finally,wechooseoneelementand itsoperating zonethatneedstobe changed. W itheachsteptheareaofsearchgetsnarrower.Diagnosisdeterminesthe jickarea- Gthesurgeryshouldbedonehere.'' 'TheGsickness''is diagnosed.In lnventive Situationswehaveonlyc()mmoncomplaints:Thisisbad.inconvenienttooexpensive andsoon.From the diagnosiswemakeatransitionfirsttotheTechnicalContradiction then tothePbysiealContradiction. Assoon aswedeterm ine the PhysicalContradiction and the ''sick'' area,theanalysisisconsidered cam plete. Forexample,takeProblem 40abouttheclinker.W ealreadyknow how to makethetransitionf' rom aSituationtoaProblem.Everythingwasleftwithoutany changes.butthereisnolongeracold cruston theclinker.Welzave alreadydiscussedthemodelofthatproblem:Hotmeltedclinkersurrounded bycoldair.Now clinkerisaprtWl/cl.Thismeansthatwehavetoworkwith thesurrounding air.TheIFR statesthatcold airshould preventtheclinker from coolingof'flThisseems atfirstaprettywildthought.Thecoldairshould protecttheclinkerfrom the- coldair' Let>scontinue.W hatareaosaircannotcomplywiththi?IFR requirement? Probablythatzonedirectlyincontactwiththesurfaceofthfahotclinker.Now wecan seea PhysicalContradiction.Thatareaofcoldairdirectly above theclinkershouldcontainsomethingtoholdtheheat,whileatthesam etim e beemptyinordertoallow theclinkertobeloadedandunloaded. Hence,a speciallayerofsom esubstanceshould bt*abovethesurfaceof theclinker andatthe same timeitshould notbe there.bVehavealready solvedsimilarproblems. You mayremem beraspecialrule:In those cases wherew ecannot addnnyforeign substance,wecnn adda modification ofan existing oneasa third substance. Inourcasewehaveonlytheclinkerandairthereforethereareonly'three ansnrers:
1. Use m odified air.Heatthelayerof'airthathasimmediatecontact withtheclinker.Thisisabadsolution.Itrequiresinstallingspecialburners thatpollutetheatmosphere. 2.Use am odiled clinker.Coverthesurfaceoftheliquidclinkerwith smallballsmadeoutoflight.hardclinker.Thiswillbegoodinsulation. 'however,itwillintroducemanyinconveniences.Theballsm ustbem anufactured andsomethingmustholdthem insidethecontainerduringthedischargeof meltedclinker. 3.Use am ixtureofclinkerand air.5Iixairandclinkertoobtainfoam.Thisisanexcellentinsulator!Pourtheclinkerintothecontainerand makealayeroffoam thatwillbeagreatinsulatorandagoodcover.Itwillbe easytopouroutclinkerwithoutpayingattentiontothecover.Liquidclinker willgetthroughthislideasily.ThereisalidandthereisnoIid. 117
Theproblem issolvedinprinciple.Whatisleftisjustthetechnicalmatter
ofhow tomakethefoam.Thesimplestmethodistoaddalittlewaterduring theprocessoffillingthecontainerwith clinker.Noticetheparadox:ln order topreserveheat,theclinkerissprayedwithcold water.Thatwater,interacting with hotclinker,willproducetheclinkerfoam. Thisproblem wasfirstsolvedwithAltlzbytheinventorMichaelSharapov ofMagnitogorsk USSR.Hisinventionwasimplementedatoncebym anymetallurgicalplants. Theanswertotheproblem with theclinkerissurprisinglysimple.Ihave nodoubtthatyoucanappreciatetheGbeautyMofit. Logicalsteps.and directionsofthought are probablythe mostcomplicated things.Irecommend re-readingthesepages.Follow how we moved from thesituation totheproblem ,and Enally tothemodel- how the IFR and thephysicalcontradictionwereformulated- and h0w wesearched for thesubstancethatbothexisted anddid notexistatthesametim e.Thisisa smallfragmentofARIZ,butifyouunderstandstep bystep how thetask is workedoutthenyouhavegottenthemeaningofARlz andthisbookhasnot beenreadinvain.
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In 800AD,theRomanPopehad ttlcrown CarltheGreat.Thiswasa seriousproblem .Ononehand,itwasnecessaryforthePopettlplacethecrown on Carl's head;however,in theeyesc,fsubordinates,this meantthatCarlbecame the lawfulEmperor with the Church's officialconsent.On the other hand,thiscould notbepermitted becauseitwouldmeaa thatCarlwoutd get hispowerfrom thePope- and the Popecould alsotakeitback. The problem as you can see,isa typicalinventiveone- and Carlthe Greatfound the correctsolution.Thecoronationsermon wasgoingsmoothly WhenthePopeliftedthecrowntoplaceitonCarl'shead,Carltookthecrown from the Pope's handsand placed iton his head himself So,halfway the crownwasin thePope'shands,and theotherhalfitwasin Carl'shands.The contradictory requirementswere separated in space andtime.Atthe beginning,thecoronation was in thehandsofthe Pope.Atthe endsitwasin the handsofCarl. The fourth partofARIZ was designed precisely to remove thistype of ctmtradiction. M ethod28:Separation ofcontradictory requirementsin tim eand/ orin space. The analysis ofproblems does not always lead to answers even when ionepreciselyVeryoften ithappens thata contradiction isdetermined and formulated,butthemeansofremoving itremainsunknown.In thefirstpart l19
OCARIZ.meanstocombatthecontradictionwerecollected. Atfirst.simpletoolsareofrered- likethosethatseparatecontradictory requirementsintimeandspace.Ifthecontradictioncannotbesolved then morecomplextoolsshouldbeusedfrom thetableofS-Fieldtransformations. By thattime,thekindsofsubstancesandfieldsthemodeloftheproblem is builtwith should be known.Then itisnotso dim cultto draw an S-n eld diagram,and thetableshowshow totransform thediagram togetouranswer.Iftheproblem stillcannotbesolved.thefburth partOI-ARIZ ofrersone moretool:A TableofPhysicalEffectsandPhenomena.Italsorevealsin whichcasesthetableshouldbeused. SupposewehavedifricultyinsolvingProblem 37 - how toreplacethe m icroscrewtIn theTablewelook in thesection'iMicromovements.''Therewe f5ndthreephysicaleffects- thermalexpansion,oppositepiezoefrect.andmap netostriction.W ecanthenopenareferencebook togetmpredetailsonthese effbcts. Whatifthe problem continuestobe stubborn?Thenthe lastreserve is used:TheTableofTypicalM ethodsand Principles. Inordertodevelopthistable,overfortythousandpatentswereanalyzed. Onlyverystrong patentswereselected.Thetableshowswhatkindofmethodscanbeusedtoremovetechnicalcontradictions.In essence,thistablereflectstheexperienceofseveralgenerationsofinventors.Itshowsyou how inventorssolvedproblemsthatweresim ilartoyours. Ifonefeelsthattheproblem isstillnotsolved,then somewherein the beginningtherewasamistake.OneshouldgobacktoPart1OCARIZ. Aftertheproblem issolved.theworkisstillnotsnished.A carefulstepby-stepanalysisofthesolutionisperform edinordertoyieldsolutionstonew
problems.ThisisPart5 ofARIZ.Thenthedevelopmentoffound solutions bejprinsand isusedtowardsolvingotherproblems.ThisisPart6ofARIZ. Forexample,theideaofaprotectivelayermadeoutoffoam intheclinker problem canbeusedagaininProblem 39tthetransportationofcoalbyconvcyorbelt).Let'scovertheoreon theconveyorwithalayeroffoam toeliminatethedust.lt'seasy,and thefoam willalsonotinterferewithunloading theconveyor- anexcellentsolution. (PaH 7ofARlz isaselr-check.Hereonecomparestheactualprocedure usedinsolvingtheproblem withthatofferedbyAlllz.Weretheredeviations? W hy?DidARIZ haveflawsin itssteps?W hy?Can weaddtothelistofstandardsthenew onefound? lnschoolsandseminarsonARIZ,hundredsorwrittensolutionsareanalyzedeveryyear.Thesenotesalltnvustodeterm inewhatmistakesweremade by the studentsand/orby ARIZ.Such mistakesare studjed carefully,and correctionsareenteredintothesystem ofAltlz.AtthebeginningIcompared ARIZ withatown.Now wecansaythatARIZ isatown wheretheconstructionofnew buildingsisacontinuousprocess.Smallnew blocksarebuiltold blocksarerebuilt.and new roadsareconstructed. 120
Chapter30 How to Becom e a M aster
Very often Ihave had to answerthe question:i'How can Ibecome an
inventoo''Sometimes peoplesay:'4please look atmy projectand tellme whetherornotIcanbeaninventon''Theprojectsal'eusuallyveryweak,but thishasnobearingonan abilitytobecom eaninventtdr.
WhenIwasinthefourth gradeanideastruckme:''Whatwould happen ifa blimp wasm ade with a vacuum inside? Afterall.thelighterthe gas insidetheblimp.themoreforcetherewouldbetoIiftitupq'' A verybrilliantideacam eoutofthatconclusion:lfinside theblimp a com pletevacuum could bedeveloped then theliftingforcewouldbegreatest.1neverrealizedthat,inthiscase,atmosphericpressurew'ouldcrushthe blimp! So.how tobecomeaninventor? Thisisnotdifrerentfrom how tobecom eawriterasurgeon,apilot and soon.
Anyonecan become a professionalin any type ()f'activity in general. First,onehastogetaneducation then graduate f'rom college.Thereare institutionsformostprofessions.Ifthisisanew proression onem usteducateoneself.H()w dida personbecom eamotionpicturecam eramanin,let ussay.19109.Byindependentlylearningthisnew profession throughpractice.How didaperson becomeaprofessionalin rockettechnologyin 1930?
Again,independentlystudyingthesubjectfrom books.andpracticingwith 121
othergroupsorinterestedpeople.Attheendof1950thescienceoftechnologyforecastingwasformed.Wheredidsuch professionalpeoplecomefrom? Allofthem hadcomefrom otherprofessions- engineers economists historiansandsoon.
1wanttoemphasizethatanyonecan becomeaprolbssional- youjust havetolearn the subjectmatter.That'sit.Outofthethousandsofpeople
whograduatefrom highschoolprobablyal1canbecomeprofessionals.Inreality,thisnottnle.And from athousandprofessionals onlyonehundredmay becom eM asterortheirprofession. Again,Imustem phasizethat ingeneraleveoronecanbecomeaM aster. lnreality oneoutoftendosobecauseofthehighpriceitcostsinlabor.Professionalsstudyhardforfiveorsixyears- andsometimestenyears.A Master learnsa1lhislife.A professionalworksseven oreighthoursaday- maybe nineorten.A M asterworksallthetim e.Sometim espeoplesay.Kdlmokathim ! How talented beis!Eveorthinghedoesseemssoeasy''Thisisaridiculous statementbecausetalentis99percenthard work. W hatthen? Then.outoftenMasters,onlyonewillbecomeaRGrandmastenrHere,not everythingdependsontheperson.FirstofalldemandfortheuGrandmaster's'' productneedstoemergefrom society Someonefirstneedstoorderaunique buildingfrom auMaster-Architect*providingthenecessarychallengeforthat M astertostretch andgrow toRGrandmasten''Therearealsoatheroutside factors.TheareaoftheMaster'sactivityshouldhavepotentialsfor developm ent.Inthe19thCenturythereweremanygreatMasterswhodesignedand builtsailingships.ButtheGrandmasterofshipbuildingsoonbecameawatchm akerandapainterwhentheinventorRobertFultonbuilttheunpretentious steamboat. W henoneaskshow tobecomean inventorwhatonereallyhasinmindis how tobecomeaM aster- orevenGrandm aster.Now you know theanswer. First,you havetobecomeaprofessional.Anyonecan accomplish that.Then wewillsee.... Asyettherearenolearninginstitutionstoteach how tobecomeaninventonBut,therearemanyseminarscoursesschoolsand publicinstitutionsin RussiatodaythatteachinventivecreativityHowever,thisbookisenoughfor youtogetstarted. M uch usefulinrorm ation ispublishedin difrerentmagazinesin Russia. Articleson diobrentphysicalchemical andgeometricaleffectscreatean interestam ong readers.A specialpage in themagazine PioneerFrlz/à is calledGToInvent?Itissodifricult!ItissosimplelMThisisveryuseful.The meaningofthetitle isclear.ltisdifficulttoinventwithouthavingknowledgeofinventivemethods.Itismuch easierwiththatknowledge.ThepurposeofPioneer Truth'spageisto createa competition and an interestin creativethinkingamongreaders.Theycangeta11thehelptheywant.W innersgetprizes,booksandothergifts. 122
Below are sixproblemsfrom thatmagazine.Try yourability.lfyou can solvefauroutofsix,you havea good chance ofwinning. 111.t:p1:/I42,Iqrltii11
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log.The dog moves among plastic 1.'' .: *ik ' ' 2, , stickslying on thefloor.Suddenly it . i . s. * jjj,, t ' .'. : i *r;j. stops next to one ofthe sticks and ' : è startstodbark.''Itis notdifficultto understandhOw the toy moves on the floflr.There isa battery,an electric motor,and w' heels.lt is also easy to understand how itbarks.There îs a battery,a smallspeaker,and soon. Thetrick istofind outhow the dog can fsnd one specificstick outt)fm any.
Arealdogdoesitbysniffingtheobject.Butthetoyshoulddoitdifferently.
Whatkind ofinvisiblemark can be placed on thatstick,and how can the (logdetect it.lfyou find itdifficult togetthe answer,look at a seventh jradephysicstextbook. Problem 52
Dangerous planet
A veryunusualPlanetwasdescribed in a Gction story.Everythingon thatplanetwas similartoourPlanetEarth exceptthatthebirds and insectsflew atsupersonicspeeds.W e arenotgoing to clarify how they did this.The essence nfthe story is that itwasvery dangerous to encounter suchcreatures.They could killyou likea bullet.So,the airis filled with Tyingbullets''andtçshells.Mrlawocasmonautsdisembarked from theirspacesàip and were nearly killed.Even an armored vehicle was destroyed by tkesesupersonicdiflies.''Canyou imaginebeingamemberofan expedition onthatplanet? Offersafety measuresfbrthecosmonauts. problem 53
Iciclesin roofguttersand downspouts
In spring a1otofsnow collectsin guttersand downspouts.During the iay,itmeltspartiallyand atnightfreezesagain.Slowlybutsurely ahuge iceplugisdeveloped inside thespout.Thelength ofthatplug sometimes reachesseveralmeters.Thisplugisheld tightinsideby attachingitselfto 1tàeinnerwallofthe spout. On spring daysthe sun heatsthe spoutm eltlingthesurface()fthehuge icicle.Finally itfallsdown,breakingthe bend 123
inthespout.Splintersofthaticiclecan flyoutfrom the spoutand hurt pedestrians, You havetofind a way topreventdownspoutsfrom being damaged andpedestriansfrom beinghurtwhen thespouticiclesfalldown. Problem 54
A dropofpaintisthe main hero Onceupon a tim e the inventor B.Travkin discovered thatwhen a dropoftooth-cleaningliquidisputon thesurfaceofwateritdevelopsa umovingflower''effect.Inordertobetterseethiseffect theinventoradded
black ink to the t00th cleaner.This is how the invention called Fokaj started.FokajistheRussianabbreviationofuthepatternsdevelopedfrom contactsbetweenactiveliquids.'
ItiseasytomakeamotionpicturebyusingFokaj.Forinstance athin
layerofyellow liquidispouredintoa glasspan.Thenonedropofa blue liquid isadded.Ontheborderbetween blueandyellow a green ring appears.Thedropspreadsslowly,mixeswithmoreliquid.thecolorschange, and a freakish play ofcolorsuddenlyappears.Theglasspan is lighted and thecamerastarts.ltlookslike ascenef'rom anotherplanet lighted
by ae'bluesun.'Fokajisveryappealing,becauseordinary liquidscanbe used:varnish glycerin,iiquidsoap.inkandglue.AtthesametimeFokaj
hasoneshortcoming.ltisimpossibletocontrolthem ovem entofthedrops andtheplayofcolors.Thecameraoperatorhastointerruptshootingand makecorrectionswitha brush and astick.Thisistoo cum bersom e.Our goalistocontrolthedropmovementsfrom thebottom ofthepanduring thephotographingofthescene. Forinstance,thecameramarkhastom akeamoviedepivtingballlight-
ning.Thepanis5lledwithblueliquidtwo-to-threemillimetersdeep.This willbethe sky.We addonedropoforangeliquid.Thedropfallsdownto thebottom ofthe pan.Aroundthedropa colorcrown appears.Sofareverything isfine.Wenow haveballlightning.Theproblem is how tocontrolthemovementorthatcrown.Theballlightningshouldspin andhave a spiralmovement- ortakesomeotherpath.Balllightning sometimes splits-up.How can wesplitourdrop?How canweshow theexplosion? Youcanseenow how simpletheproblem is.How can wefind awayto controlthe motionofthedropwithoutabrushorastick'? Problem 55
W ecan manage the droplets A testingdevicewasassembledin oneofthelaboratories.A ver.yimportant testhadt.obeperformedwithpolm ers.Thisdevicehasaverticaltube,insideof whichadropletofpolymerhastofall.'l'hedevicewasturnedonand.... 124
(trlaurn it off,''said the supervisor ofthe laboratory.Rlt's no good.We needsmalldroplets,and whatwe havenow are only largedrops.'' aonlylarge dropletscouldbemade,''saidthe engineer.'srrhereisnothingwe can do.''
tdsvehavetobreakupthedropswhilethey arefalling,''objectedthe supervisor.4t1donotknow how todothat....lnstallascreen?No,that'sno gocpdeither.Thedropletsshouldn'thave any obstaclesin theirfa1l.'' And suddenly theinventorappeared. 'dllon'tworry,wecan m anage thedroplets''he said.ïtWehaveonesubstance.Let'sadd anothersubstanceand afield.ltisvery simple.The field willacton tbe second substance tobreak down dropsinto dropletswhile theyt13,.'' Problem 56
#and B were sitling on a pipe Therearetwo devices- A and B - connectedby a steelpipe.Usually (IeviceA hasahighertemperaturethen devicel.Thepipeisheated,andthe heatradiatesthrough thewallsofthe pipefrom A toB (similartoheatfrom h0ttearadiating through thecup into the handle).Sometimesthetemperaturein deviceB sharply increases.Heatshould notmovefrom B toA.What tanbedonewiththepipesothattheheatisconductedonlyinonedirection from A toB?
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Technicalproblemsmustbesolvedin a11areasofhumanactivity.Thefoundationoftheseproblemsisa1 'waystheremovalofcontradictions.lntim eatheory forsolvingproblemswillbedevelopedin science ar't and theadministrative activitiesofsocietyIndividualtheorieswillslowlyblendintoaucommonTheory ofcreativeThinkinpnrfhismayhappenin20to3oyears.rrodaywemustperfect ourCreativeThinltingprocessbysolvinginventiveproblem s. W ecanstartwithproblemsthatrequireonlyourm indsandsomethought. Theseproblemsdonotrequireanyspecialized knowledgeofphysics.Theycan besolvedbysixthgradestudentswhoneed onlythinkalittle. Problem 57
The hunterand thedog Oncetherewasanoldhunterwhobroughthisdoghuntingintheforest.
Thedogbarked when itfounditsprey,andthehunterwalked towardthe sound.Butdisasterstruckwhenthehunterlosthishearing.Inordertofind itsprey.thedogmustbefreeandnotkeptclosetothehunter.But.sincethe huntercouldn'thearthedogbarking,thedogmuststaycloseenough tobe withinthehunter'ssight.Thisisacontradiction! AndsltddenlvtheJatlt?nlfpc... No!In thisstorytheinventordidnotappear.Theo1dhunterstanred for
manydaystryingtothinkofwhattodo.Finallyhefoundthesolution. Letustrytosolvethepmblem.Fimtwehavetodmw adiagram oftheamditions oftheproblem:Y og''S!.tArrow 1)developsanacottsticallield- barks(Fzhkt.).
Field FA(,actsonRllunter'searsmS2(Arr0w 2).Thehunterwalkstoward
thedog- S1(Arrow 3). Now wehavean S-Field,andeverythingisfine.. When thehunterlosthishearing,hecouldn'thearthedogbarking.The field;Fae1stillexistsbutdoesnotactonthehunter(seethefarrightlineon thedrawingbelow). F 2
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TheS-Fieldisnow destroyed:FacisnotactingonS2,andthereforeS2isnot movingtowardsS1.W hatcanwedo? (7l-cott- ,itisnotacceptabletokeepthedognexttothehuntzm Itisnotacceptableeithertoofl' erahearingaid.Theoldhunterdcesnotlmvethatkindofhelp. lnsolvingthisproblem avoidusingtheN'rialandErroremethod.Thisprob1em ishomework.YoucanfindtheanswerinthebookEvilSpiritofYamboohby G.Fedoseyev. Probsem 58 Therearealibis,but....
ThefollowingstoryappearedinanissueofthemagazineWorldo/-Atfwert-
turesïOnenighttwopeoplewerekilled.OnewasthegangsterMorgan,andthe otherwas ascientist LeoLanser.In tbe srstmurdercase thesuspectwas Morgan'scompetinggangster,Foytlnthesecondcasethesuspectwasprofessor Graycher.However,eachsuspectsubmittedproofoftheiralibis.Intheendthe prosecutorconvictedboth suspect's.Thequestion is:How couldtheybothhave comm ittedcrimesandyetstillhaveprovenalibis?
Problem 59 The arrow ofRobin Hood RobinHoodraisedhisbow andfired.Anarrow flew throughtheairtoward thesherifsscout. uHemissedagainlnexclaimedthefilm director.f''l'wometel-shigherthanthe target!W ehaveachampionarcherasastuntm an andnothingisgoingright.''
Nl-et'smakeacompositescenecofleredthecameraman.eWewilltakethree dilrerentshots.Firstthebow andthentheflyingarrow.RobinHoodwillthen
movewithinthreemetersofthescoutandlwillmakethefinalshot.lhopethat from adistance ofthree metem hecan hitthe target.n en we willmakea montageoftheclipsandbeEnishedc uNeverl'theproducershouted.tq'heaudienceknowsthistricktoowell.The sceneshouldbeshotcontinuously RobinHood releasesthearrow.n earrow fliesandstrikesthescoutintheheart.EveryoneshouldseethatRobinHlxyd madetheshotfrom adistance.Weneedreality'
Gn enyouwillhavetomakethemoviewithoutmecsaidtheactorplaying theroleofthescoutandhepulledapieceofplm oodfrom hisjacketpocket. ultobinHoodhimselfcouldneverhithistargetfrom thatdistance.Thisisterrible!1mustconcentrateonacting,butinsteadIhavetothinkaboutwhathap-
pensifthearrowisofrjustalittlebit....''
ThestuntmanplayingRobinHoodwalkedoverandspreadhisarmswitha guiltyface.t*IneverworriedduringtheOlm picgamesmsmuch asIdonow.l raisethebow atthelastmomentbecauseI-m afraidIR1shoottheactoro U omorrow theweatherwillnotberight*thecameramansaid.Glt'sbestto finishthisscenetoday' AndM4!lnventorappeured.
uWecandoittodayohesaid.t % ejustneedalittletrick andthearrow will hitthespotwiththewoodenplate.' Inhalfan hourtheshootingcontinuedandthescenewassnishedwithout complications.WhatdoyouthinktheInventorofrered? Let'stryto clarify theconditionsofthe problem :Combined shotswere notallowed.RobinHoodwasstandingfarfrom thescout,and theaudience
mustseethearrow flyandhitthescout.Inthejacketoftheactorplayingthe scoutwasasm allwoodenboardthatthearrow musthit.Thetargetwasnot onlysmallitwasmoveable.
RobinHoodseesthescoutcomingoutfrom behindatree,andtheshootingbegins. Sofar,wehavehaddetectiveproblemsand problemsin cinematography Now wewilloflbryouaproblem from thetheater. Problem 60
The flag ofGascon Oncetherewasa rehearsalofCyranodt'Scrgerac byRostand,Beautiful decorationsweremade and theactoo playedtheirpartsverywell- yetthe producerwmsnotsatistied.
Gl-lervGasam defie.stheenemychesaidtohismqskqtant.N' hefhgissetonatall flagpoleovercxascon'spxsition.'nzisisthecenterofthebattle.Butwecannot/èc!itl
*rWhyisthatr askedtheassistant.lcyrannisEghtingundertheflag.r 'q'he(IM ishangingmotionless,MsaidtheproducerGItlœkslAeapieceofcloth. rl'hellagshouldflyinthewindl' el-low can wedothat?''theassistantsaidspreading outhishands.R' I'he l30
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Andtheinventorappeared,ofcourse. .Clam goingtothetoystorelhesaid.fêl willcleanthemagnetinhalfanhour,''
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stances and theField.In orderto break up thisS-lpield we have to introduce a third substance.'Wrhatkindofsubstanceshould beintroduced? Thepatentwasissued on thissolutiontothisproblem.Bytheway ftluz-th gradestudentsalsosolvedthisproblem. Froblem 62
Lazurite for liRtlnning on Waves'' In thestoz'y
memorialasinthatstoryltwaseasyto ... . .Jr.;. ... .''::.:.. . makea statue ofthewoman - light, i .' n'--'z''-'k'-'' ..' .' -. ( c.i n.J r.''--' 'J -:j' rushing,mysteri jr' k..,y. L-j,.t.2.: ous.Underherfeetthe fx.;?-x acqjj' ntx q : à a wa .krz .t scttlptordecidedf.o place aflatplateof %cj.égLVR Q.jî $ lxazurite,a'naturalbluish-white stone K thatLsremlniscentofafonming œean. Filty largestoneblocksweredelivered to his shop.The most efficient ' * l method wasemployed to form a cube outofthestoneblocks.A torchwasused s. '' '
tolevelthesurfaceofthestone.Sharp,
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TLr'*' oruneven,edgeswere melted by the flame.rl'hework,howeveqwentslowly itwasnecessarytoremovethetorch and check each surfacepericdicallyThe work was often interrupted out offearthat the overheated Lazurite might crack. rnw sculptorwasnenrous,Green'smemorialcelebration wasneam butdtRur1-
ni né' cotldnotbeerectedinthetownsqum' e.Oncerthescul ptor' ssixth-gradedaughter
ofreredasimplemethodtoallow speedinpupthelevelingprocessbyafactoroften. Thespeedofthewtlrkincreased withoutinterruption.Doyouhavearlideawhatthe sculpfor'sdaughteroffered? Problem 63
An idealsolution
Welding by friction isoneofthemostsimple methodsofconnectingtwo metals.Onepiece ofmetalisplaced in a fixed position while the otheris rotated againstit.Aslong asthereisagap between themetalpiecesnothing happens.Assoon asthepartsare pressed togetherhigh heatdevelopsin the area ofcontact,andthemetalstartstomelt.Ifweapplyhigh pressurethetw0 partswillweldtogether, In afactory,a pipelinehasto be builtoutofcastiron pipes 10 meters long.Thesepipesshould beconnected bywelding them with friction.In()rdertoturn thesepipes,ahugemachinemustbebuilt.Thepipelineshouldgcl through severalshopsinthefactoryThechiefengineerdecidedtogetadvice from hisengineers.
'%Vecmmotchangethemethodofwelding/hesaid.KWeldingbyfrictionmustbe
used.Theweldingmachinecannotfitintheshopsthepipelinehasttlgothrough.'' %tWecan stopproduction in thefirstshop,dismantletheequipment,install thepipeline,and putthe equipmenttogetheragain.Then go on tothenext shop,''saidone engineer. ttrrhatwon'twork,''saidanotherengineerN'heshopw111losea1otoftime.Wecan buildthepixlineoutofshoztpipesonly50centimetezslonpA smallermachinecan turnthepipe.Wecouldinstallthepipelinewithoutclistlzrbingtheshop.'' I32
txhatisnogoodeitherymrepliedthechiefengineenY ithpipesofthislength wewillhavealotofseams,andthepipelinewouldbeunreliable.Besides,we
cazmetchangetheprojed.Itwœsdecided thepipesshouldbe10meterslong, andthat'show longtheyshouldbe.'' Andsuddenlytheinventorappeared.
'*Ican ofreran idealsolutionl hesaid.d' Thereisacontradiction here.The
pipeshould berotated inordertobewelded- andthepipeshouldnotberotated inordertoavoid using abigmachine.Theidealsolutionis:'I'hepipeis rotatedanditisnotrotated.Forthatwehave1....>Whatdoyouthink? Problem 64 A device thatneverfails In achemicalprocessing planta containerisfilledwithaverycorrosive liquid.Theforeman complainedtohisboss:RIhavetoknow how muchliquid flowsfrom thecontainerintothereactorWehavetried difrerentdevicesof metaland glass buttheliquidsoon corrodestheml ç'W enow havemetalcontainersthatresistcorrosion*thebossrepeated. %'Wecan orderadevicemadeofthismetall
GItwilltaketoomuchtimelsaidtheforeman. iWhatifwejustmeasuretheleveloftheliquid in thecontainerr asked f
theboss. uWewillnotgettherequiredaccuracyy''answeredtheforeman.urf'helevel oftheliquidchangesverylittle.Justtrytoseeit.Besides,itisinconvenient becausethecontainerisinstallednexttotheceiling.'' An#heretheinventorappeared. uM ydevicewillworkforever,mhesaid.u'Trytom easurenotliquid but....'' TU tosolvethispreblem .
l33
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portedbyairbags. Problem #20isaboutthe catam aran.Itisalsonotcom plicated.Ifyou remembertechnicalsysten:sduring the third stageoftheirdeveloprnentbeconaenloredynnnnic nàore nexible,andmoreorganized. InventorE.Lapin received Patent#524728 on thecatalnaran.Ithadtwobodiesconnected with expandable polesallowing t hebodiestobeclosetoeachothen Thi scatam aran could also go throughshallowpartsoftheriver withgreaterease. Problem #24,aboutthe
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Iinem ovie and isdilcult.Butyou know the nzle:Ferromagneticpowder introduced into asubstance can acttocontrolthesubstance'smovements throughamagneticfield.lnsteadofacord.wecan takeaflexibletubeand511 itupwith ferromagneticpowder.Wecaneventakeathread soakitinglue andcoveritwith powderThethreadisplacedon athin irksulatedplate,and eontrolledbyastm ngmagneticfieldfrom underneaththeplate. Problem #26isahmtthesettingofdiamond ' ,andismorecomplexthanthepreviotlsproblem.lronw wdermustbesprayedoverthediamontks Withthecontmlofamagneticseld,alldiamondswillaligntopup. TheseproblemsaresimilartoProblem #57 aboutthehunterand the dog.In orderforafield toacton asubstance anothersubstanceshouldbe addedwhichcanrespondtothatseld.Anotherxtsubstance'respondingtothe soundfieldshouldbeaddedtothehunter. x..- i Problem #27isalmutpackap '7qj.
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A third substance,also fruit-like, shouldbeplacedbetweentwocollidingfruits.Letisplacetwodozenping-
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taketheabuseawayfrom thefalling .' ''.'.'.''''' ' ' '' '.''. . . . . apples. 'l''hequestionarises:''Whatshouldwedowiththeballsafterthecartonis filledwithapplesr ltisridiculoustopickthem outbyhandandputthem intoanothercarton.
'Pheproblem ofhowtomoveobjed, sisalreadyknowntoyou.Asteelplateis installedintothebodyoftheballs.Anelectromagnetisplacedabovethecarton.Alterthecartonisfilled theelectrom agnetisturnedon,andalltheballs
jumpoutofthecarton.'rheconveyorremovesthefullcartonandpositionsan
emptyone.'rheelectromagnetisturnedoffandal1theballsfallintotheempty carton- andthecyclestar'tsoveragain. Problem #38isaboutiron powderm ixedw itb apolm er.Thisproblem issimilartotheoneinthethirdchapteraboutoil./l'heansweristhesame. Anironcompoundisusedthatbreaks-upin hotpolymer Problem #44,aboutthe oilpipeline,ismorecomplicated.Thereare liquidsinthepipelinenexttoeachotherandtheyareseparatedonlybyabig rubberball.LretususeOperatorSTC.Inourmind,letusdecreasethesizeof the ball.Instead ofonebigball.wewillusemany tennisballs,orfloating pelletsqA patentonthistypeofplugwasissued.Thissolutionisvenrlogicalarigidsystem becomesmoredynamic,Thiscorresmndswiththenaturalten-
dencyofthedevelopmentoftechnicalsystems. Ifwecontinuetheexperimentwewillhavetomakeatransitionfrom pellets toevensmallerparticles- molecules.A new jdeanow emerges:Makeaplug outofliquidf)rgas.A gasuplug''cannotseparatetheoilbecauseoilcanpass throughgas.ButaliquidRplugnispossible.Forexample oneoftheproductsis
kerosene,then aNvaterpluglandthentheotherpmdud isgasoline.
Thiswaterseparatorhasalotofadvantages.Itneversticltsinsidethepipelineorthepum pingstation.Thereisadisadvantagetousingawaterseparator.
Thepetroleum productbeforeandaftertheuplu/'willimpregnatetheinsideof theltplug''and slowlymixwithit.ltwillbe dimculttoseparatethepetroleum from thewateratthefinalstation,andthismixediplugemustbethrownaway LetustrytoformulatetheIFR.Theliquidsubstanceoftheseparatoratthe finalstation hmsf.oseparatefrom thepetroleum by itselfln ereareonly two possibilities.Eithertheliquidbecomessolidand settlesdown,oritbecomes gaseousandevaporates. RemembertheoId principle:Mattercan bedissolved only within similar m attenPetroleum isan orgnnicsubstance.Weneeda separatorthatwillnot dissolveinpetroleum.n ereforetheseparatorshouldbemadeofanon-organic liquid.Itshouldbeinexpensive safe and inez.ttopetroleum.Havingsomany
precisecharacteristicswecaneasilyfindtheneededsubstanceinahandbook.A Gseparatoe'madeoutofAquaAmm oniawillsecuretheseparationofpetr' o-
Ieum productsandgothroughthepipelinewithoutaproblem.Duringtransportation.thisseparatorwillpartiallymixwiththepetroleum.'rhisisnorealdangenAtthefinalstation,theam moniawillturnintoagasandevaporate,andthe petroleum willstayinthereservoir. Aftersolvingtheuplug''problem,wecan now attackProblem #48- the lxydy oftbe sbip.Undertheconditionsofthisproblem thebodyoftheship shouldl)eflexibleandmoveable.Well,letusimaginethatthebodyoftheshipis madeofliquid.n isseemsacrazyidea.Butwealreadyhavesomeexpertisein thetransform ation ofsolidmatter into liquid.Atthesame time,the modelmadeofminiaturedwames Y. e- * N' ' '. can leadtothisidea. .............-.-x.. So,instead ol'a steelsheet we
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M odelsbuiltwiththisdesigncreatelessfrictionduringtowingbecausethey havelessturbulence.Howeverktheseflexibleskinsarenotmsefricientasthatof
dolphins.Dolphinscanchangetheshapeoftheirskinbyadjustingtodiffbrent
environmenf-s.Theman-madeskin isGdeadOlackingmovement.Anotherprob1em now appems:How canwecontroleverypaltofthisflexibleskin? Noticethat veryoften oneproblem createsanother.W em ustconstantly movefomvard. Theproblem aboutcreatingflexibleskincanbeeasilysolvedbecauseitis a problem concerning'urelocation.MYouneedtocontrolthemovementofthe
liquidundertheskin.LetusbuildanS-inield:Ferromagneticparticlesadded tothe liquid allow controlwith electromagnets.Thispatent,#457529 was issuednottoshipbuilders,buttoscientists. Onequestion remains:Can shipsexistwithouta body?Such shipsalreadyexistand you know aboutthem - ralts.They havenobodybecause woodenlogsarethecargo and duringtransittheybecomethebody.British Patent#1403191describesashipwith alongsnakelikebody madeofsteel boxesused ascontainers.ThesmalluheadMisthetugboattowing thelong Gbodyrofcontainers.
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tank,sothisprocedureiscostlyandinconvenient.A goodsolutionistohavethe tanksignalwhenonlyalittlegasisleft.
Lookatthedrawing.Thebnttom of the tank ismade with a slope,and a weightisinstalled in it.Aslong asthe tankhasenoughliquidgasinitthetank willmaintain averticalposition.When thegasreachesalowerleveltheweight willtiltthetankandthussignalthelow levelufgas. Notethatthisresultisachievedwith practically no cost.Thereisnoneed to 139
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changethegastank.Installawooden basewithanasymmetricalweightandtheregulartankwillbecomeaGtalkingtank.' Frenchinventors,whofirstthoughtaboutthis.gotPatent#4564031nthe SovietUnion. Pr oblem How can65 we help the workers
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Now wearetlfferingtwomoreproblemsusingtheserules. 140
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In aResearchLaboratory,wateristestedformicrobes.A porous
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peristhen applied to one sideof the plate.This paper soaks the waterfrom theplate.and themicrobesare lefton theothersido. Themicrobescan notgetthrough theporesoftheplate.Thissideof theplateisthenplacedunderamicroscope and the numberofmicrobescounted. Onlytenanalysesperdaycan bedonethiswayinthelab.Thenoneday theprogram waschangedandeverydaythelabwouldhavetotest500plates. Rilach testtakesa Iotoftimes*said ' themanagerofthelab.u'l'heplateshould bedividedinto 100stripsandalIstrips '.'.'' :
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shouldbecheckedoutthroughthemicroscope.W ehavetofindawaytodothis withoutusingthemicroscopel'' uW ithoutthemicroscope'?maskedan-
otherscientist..6Wecandothatonlyif g eachmicrobewasasbigasadime.'Everybodylaughed. A??#suddenlvthei'?1rtz?l?orclp.lat>cl'cd. ''Let'suseourrules'''hesaid.
Rule#1:Find outwhytheprob-
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W'hen w'orkingon thisproblem rememberthatopticaldevices projec141
tors,screens,andsoon- cannotgiveyouthenecessaryeffect.A verysimple deviceisrequired.
Problem 67
Grease with a secret Atapipe-rollingmilllo-meterpipesareproducedoutofred-hotsteelplates. Fresh-madepipes,stillveryhotneedtobecoveredinsidewithalayerofgrease severalm illimeters.How canwedothat? Atfirstglancetheproblem seemsasimpleone.Itispossiblef.otuseaplatform onwheelsthatgoesthnmghthepipeandcoversthesurfacewithgrease. Unfortunatelythissolution isfarfrom ideal.Thespeedoftheproductionprocesswillslow downanditwilltakeacomplicatedmachinet.ogreasetheinner surfaceofthepipe. Severalengineersrecentlyreceived apatentonan inventionwhichallows thisprocesstobedonefastandaccurately Let' strytocompet,ewiththisteam!Thinkforamement:Whydidthisproblem appear? 'rhereisnothingcomplicatedaboutcoveringflatsheetswithgrease.Buta pipe- a veryhotpipe- isinconvenientforthistypeofwork.Here isthe contradiction:Itiseasytogreaseaflatsheet;howeveqwehavetogreaseapipe - andapi peisnotflatl'f'hesheetshouldbeflat,andthesheetshouldl)eapipe. Theidealsolutionistogreasesomethingflat- notapipeandnotasteelsheet. Thatsomethingshouldtransfergremseintothepipeand ...disappear. Theserulesmintin thegeneraldirection ofthesolution.'l'herestisupto yourlogic.Remembeqitrequiresasolution clasetothe idealone.Thewhole trickisthatgreasespreadsoverdifrerentsudaces.Thepipeisstillin theproduction stage,butthegrease isalready spread overanothersheet- forinstanceoverapaperrolllW hatisleftistotransfergreaserrom thissheetontothe inside()fthepipe.Whenthisisdone,thesheetGcarrier*should(Iisappearburn- withoutarlyadditionalproblems:Patent#804038.(RememberProblems#5and#151.
142
Chapter34 Cunning Plus a Little Physics
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The Treasure ofPirate Flint Foralongtimeanexpeditionhadbeen searchingforFlint' streasure.Finallywit,h
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tionbeganf,othinkabouthow tobringthe w r chestt,othesurface.Usuallylostcargowms liftedwiththehelpofptmtoons.A pmtzmn isaclosedmetalcontainerortnnkA pon- . . toonslledwith waterisdroppedintothe 143
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ocean and connected tothe cargo.Then the waterisdisplaced with compressedairandthepontoon risesliftingthecargo.
apiasters,piastersl'saidtheheadoftheexpedition gloomily iêButhow can weliftthosepiasters?W ehavea pontoon,buthow canweconnectitto
thechest?Diverscan notgodownthatdeep,andwedonothaverobots.Al1 wehaveisanunderwatertelecameraandapontoon.r
Attd ?/lchtt'entorappearedofcourse.
GluetusformulatetheldealFinalResult,ohesaid.*'l'hepontoonisloweredontothetopofthechest.Thiswecandowithoutanyproblem because wehaveatelecamera.OurIdealFinalResultis:Thetopofthechestand thebottom ofthepontoon withnothingbetweenthem mustfasten toeach other.Withoutanythîng- orwithwaterbecausethereisalotofwaten... How shouldweconnectthepontoonandthechestwitlRwater? '
Problem 69 AibolitNeedsa
Thermometer
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Tlleconventionalmedicalthermometerwasinventedalongtimeago.Itconsistsofalongplatewithlinesandnum bersplaced inside a glasstesttube.A smallerglasstubewith mercury isattachedtotheplate.svhenheatisapplied, -' .- .- ..- . themprcuryeitherexpandsandgoesup - - -- '.-- orcontractsand goesdown inside the uv' '==v .v-o' . '--' .. '' -= smallertube,Asyou can see thethermometerhasaver.ysim pledesign andthisisitsadvantage.Theproblem is thatitisdim culttoreadthepositionofthemercuryinsidethetube. DoyourememberwhatDoctorAibolitdidinAfrica? uTennightsAibolit Didnttsleep,didn'tdrink,didn'teat, Hetreatedandtreatedsickanimals Andgavethem andgavethem thermometers.e Tolookatthermometersten nightsinarow isnotaneasytask.Itwould benice,ifdoctorAibolithadathermometerthathadaneasy-to-seecolumnof mercklry.
Youhaveprobablyalreadythoughtaboutmakingthetubebiggerindiameter.Unfortunately.inawidertube.thecolumnofm ercurywillgodownby itselfassoonasthetemperaturegoesdown.Thisisnotacceptableforamedica1therm ometer. So,trytothinkofanew thermom eter.Thecharacteristicsoftheo1d one shouldbepresez-ved butthecolumn ofm ercuryshouldstillbeseen easily. 144
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oneoftheconvicts.ullidtheJupiterdiamonddisappear?Wecanonlyexpress oursympathy becausewedon'thavethisdiamond.Whatwehave areonly 5vesm alldiam onds- an inheritancefrom ourgrandmal u'rhatisexactlyright'grinnedanotherconvict.uluookatthismatterasa scientist.Theweightisdifferent theshapeisdifrerent onlythecoloristhe same.There area lotofwhite diamonds.Thechemicalcomposition is the same.Evez'ydiamondconsistofcarbon.Itseemstomethatyouwillhaveto 1etusgo....* PleasehelptheSherifftounm asktheconvicts. Problem 71
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coffee In weightlessness Inaspacestors anastronautdecided tomakecoffee.
Heaskedhimselfhow he could doitin weightlessness.
''Itisverysimple,''hethought. idIwilltake some Iiquid and magnetizeit.Then Iwilltake
ame talcupwi thalonghandle and that'sit!Now we are -
goingtodrinkTurkish coffee from magneticcups.n . Whatdoyouthink?Could hemakecofreehiswayornot? W hatdoyou suggest?How canyou makecoffeeinweightlessness?Keepin mindthatitshouldbesafeandsimple- andofcoursethecofreeshouldtaste likecofree. 145
Problem 72
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AndtheInventorappeared,ofeourse.
'<Mrhyshouldyou cutthepiper hewondered.f'W hatwehavetodoisfinish constructingtheS-iaield.Therearetwosubstances:Thepipe- Sl- and the liquid- S2.Now,theEeldshouldbeadded.'' Thisisasimpleproblemsalthougha patentwasissuedonthesolution. Problem 73 Let's callthe Firemen
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The radio announced that Fall AITERTILW. freezing temperature wascoming. FREELIRC
''ltisadisaster,''saidthedirec- MMPMAVRE torofthefarm.tkw hatcan wedowith /St7W /YS/ our experim ental area? W e have plants that need a warm tem pera-
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Itturns offby itself An electric soldering gun was demonstrated at an exhibition.The gun would turn offautomaticallyassoon asitwasoverheated. d'How doesthisgun work?''asked oneofthevisitors. ddrfrhereisprobablyatransducerthatmeasuresthetemperature,''suggested anothervisitor.dtluring overheatingthetransducersendsasignalandaspe146
cialrelayturnsoffthegunc
And suddenly theInventorappeared. u'rhere isnotransducer norrelay'hesaid.u'l'hegun turnsoffbyitself Thetrick isthat....r problem 75
Itis going to be inexpensive In a tenth grade physics textbook differentelectricalcondensers are drawn.Thesimplestismadeoftwo metalplateswith an insulator- for instance,air.Thesmallerthegap,thegreaterthecapacityofthecondenser. Schooldevicesweremadefordemonstrationpurposesusingacondenserwith amoveableplate.Themovementwasachievedbyamicroscrew. u'rhatisvery bad''saidthedirectorofthefactory.u' l'he platesareinexpensive.butthemicroscrew isveryexpensive.' çeWhatcan wed()?'arguedthechiefengineer.RA.!Zexperimentrequiresa veryprecisem ovementoftheplatel And theInventorappeared. u'rhecondenserwillbeinexpensive.Forthatwehavetotake....'' W hatdidtheInventoroffer? Problem 76
''Isaw afunny picture...'' '
Inafttrfactorythetreatm entprocessoffurm ustbeimproved.Duringthe processthefursltiniscleanedin aspecialliquidandrinsedinwatenThenitis driedunderafanwithwarm air.Theproblem isthatthestream ofairdriesthe topofthefurwhereahardcrus'tofsticltyhairdevelom.Underneaththecrustthere isstillalotofwater.Engineel-schanged thetemperatureandvelodtyoftheairibut nothingimproved. - '<
AndtheInventorsuddenlyappeared.
enij .. . ' ' Y l.c'! -. hesaid.GA barbergavehisclientavery 'uu us' = -n ; c i i p k ! t scarystorytoread.'l'hehairoftheclient . -=p stood on end and the barberdid hisjob &'lsaw ahm nypictureinamagazine'''
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fursr askedtheemployeeinwonder.&1Do i: *, j ' '' .> .' ', . . y0u suggestthatourstaffshould read .. . V ..''q. ....w'*''t j ' ? Y4+ toriesorshow horrormovies?M ..2'4 '' dt ..' ''Jp$ . .
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( Engineers studying different sèj . > stylesofparachutesm adeasmall ''.Z.' . . j ,, .t.) modelofaparachuteandplacedit , '$ .1., 1. ',. h , ,h . .y in aglasstube.A stream ofwater .) ( ; ' i . ' E%' .. ' ran through thetube,and theen't 6 '.' %'..' i. . , ) gineersstudiedthebehaviorofthe Nx..''.x .' . .' .. . x . qj . modelandthedevelopmentofturbulenceinthewater.Theworkdid 1 J notgo sm oothly becauseofdifti.' . 1 cultyseeingcolorlessvorticesina colorlessstream ofwater.Should weadd someink tothewater?But darkvorticesin adarkstream willnot makeanydifference. Somebodyofferedtopaintthe modelwith athin layerofsolublepaint. Theresultwassuccessfulonlyforawhile,Inthecolorlessstream.thenow colorfulvorticesstood outwell.However afterten minutes thepaintdissolvedcompletelyfrom themodelandthetestwastemporarilystopped. W hen
engineerspainted themodelwith a thick Iayerofpainttheshapeofthe modelwasdistortedandthetestlostitsmeaning. â'The paintshould comefrom insidethe model.''saidoneengineer.L'rhe parachuteshroudwires aretoothin.Icannotthinkhow tomake arkinner channelsmallenoughfortheinktopassthrough.W eknow ofcraftsmenthat can makea picture ona grain ofrice.M aybe we could find somebodylike thatl *canyouimaginehow muchtimeitwilltaketomakethismodelrlaughed anotherengineer. AndheretheInventorappeared. uLet'strytofantasizealittlebitlhesaid.ullereisapieceofwireforour model.lthasnopaint andtheshapeofthemodelisnotdistorted.Letusdip thewireintothestream ofwater- and onthesurfaceofthewire likeina fairy tale thereappearsatbinlayerofpaint.Thewaterwashesthislayer away andanotherlayercomesout.Thisisan idealsolution.Onethinlayer replacesanothen''
GItisimpossiblecsaid theengineers.lWherewillthepaintcomefrom?'' RFrom thewater'answered theInventor.Rlthasonly onesource.W hen watermakescontactwith thewireitturnsintoapaint orasubstancethat difrersl-rom waterincolor.Thisishalfofthesecret.Thesecondhalfishow to accomplish this.'' 148
Trytosolvethisproblem yourself Lastproblem Problem 78 Petals executethecommand A longtimeago,from dawn todusk beesandotherinsects- pollinatorsflew throughtheselds.TodayfertilizersareusedinIieldsandtheyscareaway inseds. Someonethoughtofawaytousestrongwindinsteadofbees.Letthewind blow thepollenfrom ilowertoflower.Oneinstitutedevelopedahugefan that wasbroughttoa5eldandturnedon.Now therewaswind butnopollen- the petalsclosedfrom thewindandhidthepolleninside. uItisunderstoodthat,duringmillionsofyean ofevolution,plantsdeveloped areactioncausingthem toclosetheirpetalswhilethewindblowsDsaidascientist.uourwind isasignalto the flowers thatbadweatheriscoming.Plants cannotunderstandthatwearetryingtohelpthem.' t'Whatcanwedor acolleagueasked.44' W' ecannotbreednew plants.Itwill takeyeaa l
AndheretheInventorappearedforf/?. clasttime.
Miaetususeaphysicalefl' ectthatyouknow verywellrhesaid.f''f' hepetals willstayopen al1thetimewhilethewindblowsl Whatdoyouthink thelnventorhadinmind?
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Thehistoorofmankind beginswith invention:The srststone tools were developed andHomoSapiens- thinltingman- appearedon theEarth. ltisimpossibleto counthow many inventionshavebeen madesincethat time.Everythingthatsurroundsuswasinvented.Forinstance wedonotlcnow whoinventedthesail- themostsigniscantinvention ofthehumanrace.This invention sumrived thousandsofyears and alwayswillbe with us.There are
projectswithspaceshipshavingsolarsails. Can you imagine how thatimrentorfeltsetting up sailforthefirsttime? Probably itwasasunnykwindydayThefirstpufrofwindfilledtheroughwoven mat-sail,andtheraft,shuddering forthefirsttime,broke away from theland. Thetirstmastin history started tobend and squeak. Sunlightdanced on the waves,butthe sailor paid no attention.Hisheartbeatfuriously.He did not know wheretheraftwouldland,and itwasfrighteningtolaok back.Butitdid notmatter- herewasthe wonderfulinsanemomentofvictory!Forthesrst timethewindworkedforhumanitykandtheraftmovedfozwardloudlycrashing againstthewaves. Thedevelopment,testing,ard implementationofinventionsalwaysinvolves adventures.Victorjrovera technicalproblem takesflexibilityofthe brain and bravery - no lessthen ittook D'Aztagnan to overcomethe machinationsof CardinalRichelieu.Bytheway;atechnicalproblem cansometimesbe trickien andmerepowerful,than allCardinals. 150
Ifyouareloolungtodayforadventuresthatareusefulforthehumanrace,invenu In'IVVIY C,AICreativityyouwillhavealotoffmscinatingadventures- enough f0rtherestnfyourlife.Youhavetostaztpreparingyourselfforsuc,hadivityfrom an
earlyage.'lheearlierthebetu justasinsmzts.Sodonot1- anytime.
Iwish you success!
A notcthattouldnot/11inthemargins: Invention,discovery Aninventionhastopossessfourcharacteristics:Itshouldbeatechnical
solutionoftheproblem,itshouldbenew,itshouldbesubstantuallydistinct from alreadyknownsolutions.anditshouldproduceausefuleffect. Forexample,anew methodtotrainanimalsisnotaninventionbecause thereisnotechnicalsolutiontotheproblem.A bicyclewîthfourorfiveseats isnotan invention eitherbecausethesebikesweredeveloped in thelast century. Iwet'scombineapaintbrushwithashovel.Itappearstobesemething
new.ButboththebrushandshovelareusedthesamewayThisnew combinationdoesnotproduceanynew qualityIftherearenonew significantor distinctqualities.thereisnoinvention. Youcanseenowthatbeforeanideaisacceptedasaninventionithasto passfourseveretests,Patentapplicationsarecheckedbypatentexaminers. Everyyear,theUSSR registersmorethan100000inventions. Veryoften aninventionisconfusedwithadiscoveo'.Aninventioncan onlybesomethingthatdoesnotexistyet.Forexampletheft'rstairplanewas an invention. Discovermeansto5nd somethingthatalreadyexistedin naturebut wasnotyetknown.Gravityisnotinvented itisdiscovered.Newton'sLaw; Ohm'sLaw thedecompositionof waterintohydrogenandoxygen.andso on,arediscoveries, From 1959.IntheSovietUnion discoverieshavebeenregistered.Duringthistime therehavebeenabout300discoveries. Now,youcandeterminewhetherornotthefollowingitemsareinventionsordiscoveries: 1. Lathemachine 2. Smeltingironfrom steel. 3. Bodyinertia. 4. Therelationshipbetweenapendulum'soscillationanditslength. 5. A clockpendulum.
151
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Makeanindexcard!JulesVernedidnotpatenthisideas,hejustsimply
describedthem inhisnovels.In ordertodevelophistechnicaland scientific knowledge,JulesVerne--starting in hisyouth and lastingthroughout his life- collected new technicaland scientificinformation f'rom books,magazinesand papers.Biographersstatethathiscardindexcontained morethan 20,000 entrieswîth information abouttechnologykgeographykphysics and astronom y.
Todaymany inventorsmaintain theirownindexcards.Thesecardscontaininformation aboutphysical chemicaland geometricaleffects.Thereare also descriptionsofsuccessfulmethodsand inventivetricks- information aboutnew materials.ln otherwords everything thatcan contributetothe solution ofa technicalproblem. Index cards slowly accumulate and become very helpfulduring the search fbr new ideas.Sometimes an old forgotten card imm ediately helps solve acomplicated new problem. There isa piece ofpaperamong my index cards with an extractfrom a
booktllatis100yearsold.ThebookiscalledMagicoftheWorld andwas published in 1886. Hereisan extractfrom thatbook: 152
* .fnslanlblossomingofa#o- rundertheia/laeareofeleeêrirffy.
Themagfcfaz&takesafresh-eutbudofcayA tper(qmeewlthfAeeutend
offl&estem eoreredwitltuxz.vLs&,1)andshowsIêtotheaudfeacelnorderlo
p-vel&erei. gnothingineidethe*Ud.Thenherep&opeetheum énsertslthin, lonrwireineidetheflezm cndinstallsràestem in(x110/+.onflletable,cllthe
Ir/liledeseribing?xWG/heisdoingsothatereo' on.ecan,eethat1* Ilowerf, unehangedA#erthatlesignalshist- fglaa',whoeonweef,abatterytothetrzm and l#eeurtwntlm relathroughthestem fnlotheYlzd-Ayzë underlàegreolpolrer ofeleelrlcfly.thebudopezl,uptleryfastin#.pa'of15+.eyesof'heamazed audienee.
Onehundred yearsagoitwasalmosta supentrick buttoday in physics classeswelearnthatidenticallychargedparticlesrepel.'I'hemagiciancharged thepetalswith anidenticalcharge.That<sthewholetrick! Thissim pletrick however,solvesProblem s#76& F78.Thehairofthefur willstandon endifan identicalchargeisapplied(Patent#563437).And petals withidenticalchargeswillstayopeninspiteofthewind(Patent#755247).111ey aremoderninventionsmadewiththehelpofoldtricks.
The inventorIistensto the 4'pulse.'' How canwedetermineifthereisacrackinaballbearingwhileitisworking?Theuhealthymbearinghasonefrequencyofoscillation- itmay bemeasuredbeforethetest.A crackedbearinghasadiflbrentfrequencybecausethe bearingnow isactuallydividedinhalf Inthepastfew yearsmanypatenf-swereissuedforsimilarinventions.The m lishingprocessofmetalbeltshadtobeinterruptedinordertomeasuretheir thickness.Now thethicknessismeasuredcontinuouslybymeasuringthevibration frequencyofthebeltwhileitisplaced insidetheacidsolutionforprocessing. Doctol-smeasurethepulseofthehumanbodytodetermineit-scondition. Frequency ofvibration islikeapulse- ittellsaboutthehealth ofpart,sofa .ma citine,orofthemachineingeneral.Whenthelength masspressure- and soon- change,sodoesthefrequency. ltisabaddoctorwhodoesnotknow anythingaboutapatient'spulse. Now,asimpletask:A poleisdriveninto t ground.How can we determinehow .-* .. fhe v. iM 1ythegroundisholdingit? l.s trt v3 '1.
Balls.waterand fantasy * -*--
Inm anycountriespeoplehavethought
abouthow toreducethewasteofoilf rom
largeopen resenroirs.Indeed inthesum153
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mer;resew oirsareheatedbysunlightandalotofoilevaw rates.Itseem semsy toprotecttheoi1withafloatingucovennrrhisufloatrwouldgodownasthelevelof oi1goesdown.Buttheproblem isthatthewallsoftheresen'oirarenotstraight. Thiscreatesgapsbet-weenthefloatandthewalls lettingoi1evaporate.People havedesignedcoverswith flexiblesideswhichwerecomplicatedandexpensive.Hereisatechnicalcontradiction:Reducingthewasteofoilcomplicates theconstructionofthecovenA verysimplesolutionsuddenlyappeared.Cover thesurfaceoftheoiIinthereservoirwithfloatingballssmallerthantennis
balls.Theballswillcovertheoi1verysecurelysandtheytakeon theshapeof theresenroir. Isn'tthisasmaz'tsolution? Theingenuityoftheinventorappears when he solves acomplicated problem with asim plesolution. N om trytoim agineaplantthathasaprocessf0rcoveringm etalparts withChromeorNickel.Instead ofmachinestherearebigtankswherethe
partsaredipped.Thereisasolutionefharmfulliquidsinside.Whatshould wedo?Makecovers?Butthosepartsgoin andouta11thetime.Coverswould beinterrupting theprocess.Hereisacontradictionagain.rrhisissimilarto thepreviousone,and itshouldbesolvedthe sameway.You haveprobably figured itout.Thetank shouldbecoveredwith alayerofballs.Thiscover willsealthetankandpreventtheIiquidfrom splashing. Recently,onesteelplanthad to lay outthick metalsheets.During this
processthesheetshadttlbemoved andturned.How isthatpossibleifthe sheetweighs1.5tonsandis6meterslong?Onceagain,floatingballshelped tosolvethisproblem becauseeveryballcan carrysomeweight.Therecould bemanyballsand theirsizesmightvarysotheycancarryaheavierloads. Thisishow theideaofthefloatingconveyorwasoriginated.Thesimplicityof this conveyorsurprises us.Waterrunsdown through the trough and the hollow metalballsfloatingon topofthewaterreceive theload.Theseballs carrytheweight,that'sall.
A bag+air.
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How canwetransportfragileglass devicesbyrailroadcars?rpwentyyears
ago, inventors suggested the useof
/kj
plastic bagsforthatpurpose.Airis pumped intothebags,and theprod.' uctissecured verysafely fortrans.. portation.uilag+air'isaverysim ple and handy mechanism.Itisnotsun prisingthatinventorsstartedusingthismechanism tosolvedifrerentprab-
Iemswheretwoobjectsareheldagainsteachother.Forinstance itwasnecessarytoholdaverybrittleobjecttightlywhileitwassawed.Theairbagis 154
used-Patent#409875.Oneplateofapowerfulelectricswitchhastobepressed againstanother:Theairbagisused-USA Patent#3305652.Eventheheavy gypsum castappliedtobrokenboneshasbeenreplacedwithuairbags.'' N0w thequestion is:Can wemakeimprovementsonGairbagsH? Youknow averypowerfulmethod:Ironpowderaddedtoasubstanceand
actedupon byamagnetorelectromagnet. Recently anew invention appeared(Patent#5345511.Iron powderwas placedinsideanairbagand anelectromagnetwasusedfrom theoutsideto activatethepowder.Theairbagthusgotnew properties.ltwasnow possible
toadjustthepressureoftheairbagtoproperlyupresseanobject.Atfirstthe new airbagwasusedonlytoholdpar'tsduringagrindingprocess.Itisnot difficulttoimaginethatinventorswillalsomagnetizeothertypesofairbags.
lnvented by Nature W hat should a machine that m oves inside the earth look like? Thisquestion waspublished inthe m agazinePioneerTrlzt:. Hereisa typicalanswer' .u'rake atractorandinstallshovelsinfront ofittocutthegroundl
Thismechanismhastoshovelalotofdirtjusttomoveacoupleofmeters. A tractoristoobig andwasnotmadetomovein anarrow space.M achines m adetodoonetypeofworkcannotbeusedinadilrerentenvironment.Other peopleofferedundergroundvehicleswith wings.Why?
Inal1theprojectsonundergroundvehiclesthemachinemovesdirtfrom the fronttoitsrear.Them ole- alivingundergroundmachine- worksdifrerently. Them oleleavesan em ptytunnelbehindhim inordertoeasilygetback.About 20yearsago,engineerA.Trebelevconductedanexperimentwithmolesbefore hedevelom danundergroundvehicle.Hefoundthatthemoleturnsitsheada11 thetimepressingthedirtintothewallofthetunnel.Severalyearsago,Soviet engineel.sgottheirpatenton awmanm ademolecAtthefrontofthatmachine they installedacuttingconethatnotonlybrealts-updirtbut likethemole's head,compressestheparticlesintothewallofthetunnel. Asyousee,inventorsshould notonlyknow technology butshould learn aboutnatureaswell.
BypassArchimedes'principle W henAlexZdun-pushkincametotheBakuInstituteofrfbchnicalCreativity;theAdmittingCom mitteewasconfused.Thequestionwaswhetherornotan eighth-gradestudentcouldbeenrolledin aclasswithengineersandotherprofessionals. 155
Alexhadbeenstudyingmethodsoftechnicalcreativityfortwoyears.Hehad solvedmanyproblems,andlearnedaboutpatentfunds.Soonhesentinapatent applicationforanew solutiontoatechnicalproblem andwasawardedapatent
Thisishisinvention:Imagineafloatin atankwith water.Thefloatsupports partofa machine.AccordingtoArchimedes'law,thesupporting force isequaltotheweightofthewaterdisplacedbythefloat.Whatifweneedtfl increasethesupporting ibrceby 10 times?rrhereisnoroom tomakethefloat bigger,Can we replacethewaterwith aheavierliquid?Thatisvery expensive,and thesupporting force willincreaseonly by twoor threetimes.The Archimedesprinciple should bebypassed.But,how? Theidea ofAlex'sinvention isthatifoneaddsaGnepowderofiron ttlthe waterand startstotreatthiswaterwithamagnetict'ield,thespecitic gravity ofthewaterwillincrease by 10 tfa12times. Basedon thatinvention,he gothisdiploma attheInstituteofTechnical Creativity.
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, ,t$ ae ugpyduckling. vhey are aiso -,# .. tI v kicked,laughed at,and pecked....
' , / j .( 1 @ ( hle fî eamboatthatcrossed / . ' h . theT At an tr is ct Os ct ean coveredmorethan '
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halfthedistanceundersail.Theboat hadnopassengersnorcargt).Al1thespacewasfilledwith coal,andin spiteof
that,therewasnotenoughfueltocoverthewholedistance.Majornewspa-
perswrote:ddsteamboatscruising acrosstheocean arenonsense.Theships can carryOnly theirown fuell'' Thejirstvacuum cleanerwasbuiltin 1901,and itcould barely fitintoa horsecarriage.Thiscontraptionwouldcometoahousewhereworkerswould unwind itshoseand stretch itoutinto a room As soon as they started the engine and began cleaning,a laughing crowd would immediately gather aroundthrowingstonesatthemachine.... The firstpocketwatch was so heavy thatitwas impossible to carry in yourpocket.Ownersveryoften wouldhireabutlertocarrythewatch.This provided al()toflaughs, Theenergy ofthe firstsolar engine wasbarely enough to run a small printingpress.Oncloudydaysthepapercouldnotbeprinted. Tlaiswascause
formanyjokes,caricaturesandlaughs,Wastheideatousesolarenerg. va
mistake'?ln ourtime,solarelementswork on manyinstallations- includingspaceships.
New machinesshouldnotbejudgedby theirlooksbutbythepowerof'
theirideas.Dayswillpass,and theiâuglyduckling''willbecomea dbeautiful 15G
swan.Mztnd,asAndersen said,old swanswillbow theirheadsbeforehim and thesun willcaresshiswings.
A ship in tiger's skin 7'Q
..rc An i nventoqG. Sutiagin,ogbred f. Jrag o . .>.+c '. . .:.covertheoutersidesofashipwithtiger -r> - o-.-. . .=rz- - .- .ax . .- m .., ,. .. 1v ..-4. :. . ' > TVw sldns,therebyreducingfrictionbetween 'W-' - .-... ....m---.w= -' . 27! ..U-'l. . . ..u. w . theship, waterktmd air.Imagineahar- -.. . j ...-. J k- ..
borwiththistypeofvessel'ocean liners
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covered with leopard'sfars,légh-speed * ::t.* IJJ'I ,e*. e -boatsctl veredwithsymt hetictiger,sskin, n#x'.. -.u.-''.'X....uxœ ,..#P.J*r*.+ '.g..'X-.= . .
,u.. ..-.... . .
heavytankerswithbear'sfurs. .. Yetitdoesmakesensetoconsiderthisideawhenmllkingsportsboatprottltypes.
Theocean hasto sVy clean. #
Thor Heyerdahlwas sun prisedtoseepollutionthrough- . 4146.. outthe AtlanticOcean during D Qv - .. 7 hisvoyageon ItA-1 and ltA-2. >. -= .= v -- - v 0ilspîlls sometimes spread '-----r-' 1 from horizontohorizon.About - -. ' ' OIRil()0T'OOZi 0U Z11Oi1trans. - -- -----' - -.-'-' w ''-- j ' ported spills into the sea millionsofttlns.Inventorshave puta 1otol'efrortinto solving thesepollution problems.Peopletrytoburnthespills,orcollecttheoi1withgiantplasticsponges. One ofthe mostinteresting methods istocover theoi1spillswith magnetic powder.This mixture,havingmagneticproperties,could becollected by large m agnets.
Today the sizeofoi1tankersisincreasing.Recently a large,halve-million ton,tankerlnad an accident.Foriunately itwasempty Whatwould havehappenedhaditbeenfull?How could wecfallectthisgiantoillake?Thereisstillno satisfactory solution.lnventorscontinuetosearch.
Fairytales are nottrue,buttheydo conlain hints Atfirstglance,the story told by Captain Vroongel(Liar)is absolutely
unreal,But,ifyousearchhard,youcanfindgrainsofinventiveideas,justas
inthestoriesofBaron Munchausen.Therearemanyinventiveideasinbooks aboutGulliver,Alicein Wonderlandand the LittlePrince. W ritersmake upvery unusualstories.Sometimesthey createhopeless situationsfortheirheroest()somehow latert' indaway out.Comicbookscan notonlymakeuslaugh,theycan alsoteach ustothinkabouthow togetout 157
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ofunpredictablesituations. Perhaps you recajjtjje story of whathappened toCaptain Vroongei in Callada.Flelllàd t()race t()Alaska bx Sjf?(j.ujsjaoup sum tjjeshipMis.
.
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fortuneboughthim adeerandadog
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onlytosuddenlyrealizethattht'deer was rcally a caw'and the dog actually a wolflVroongeldevised as'evy .+; .r.* '*N cleversolution.Heharnessed thewtl lf . ,'. .- ' w. î''- behind the ctlw' ,the frightened cow r.p. ''''. ; . e'- - .. *t...k$..A pulled the sledmuch faster. '' A similar stoorhappened to Btm ln ' . ., F7 ' ) .. .'. ,... , . ,..... ,. .... ' ; Munchakusenwhen hewtu chasedby a .:' Eon,andfotmd:1 'einfhmttyfhim, Munchatusen invented away tocombine twominusessothattheydestnlyed each other. Jn invcntivef.. heoa thismethodisstattx.dasfollows:
Harmfulfactors can be combined in sucha way asto canceleacb otherout.
We can givean exampletosupp)rtthisrule: Boctorstoing to Iind away ttlrenjove a red birtbznark on the skin,tried severaldifrerentmethods.Nothing worked.Then they used theVroongeland
Munchausennzletosolvetheproblem.Theyinjectedgreencolorundertheskin.
Thegreencolorbyitwselfwouldstaygreen.but,inreaction with thered pigment ofthebilthmark m en and redneutralized each other.
One does the work oftwo * Q
A good inventorcan berecognized by hisinventivetdhandwritingM- a d'signature''uniquetohiscreations
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CaptainVroongelalsohashisown 'tsignature.' Mostofhisinventive
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whichisunusualforthatobject.So, 158
MISFORV8C
alifesaverfrom the boatBEDA (Beda meansMisfortune)becomesayoke
whileitsindividualcopper letters,B-E-D-A,becomehorseshoes.Similarly, afireextinguisher becomesa fwn tofightapython.And squirrelscaneven repiace an engine....
Forcingoneobjecttodotheworkof
two- a powerfulinventiveprinciple - i sa very widely used method of invention.Nearits tinalstageof development,the Sovietspaceship
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aboutthisbecause everygram of thevehîcle'sweighthad already been carefully calculated and accounted forin the design oftheship. Nevertheless,a solution t()the problem wasfound utilizing aGrecipe''onceused by Captain Vroongel: Empty cargflships arestabilized byloading them with sandorwateras ballast.Vroongelused dirt.Hisballastalsobecamesoiltogrow apalm treeused asthe ship'smast.Venice-l. ? alsoneededballast- aweightto provide required orientation ofthe sphericalspaceshipwhilelanding.The above-mentioned 6 kgdevicewasinsertedinstead - performing both its own function aswellasthatofthe ship'sballast. -
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''Place head on fence.'' Doyoummemlx)rwhenAlicemetthe strangeKnightintheworldtlmatlgh the looltingglass? ''linvented a new methtxlforgoing overafence,''theKnightsaid.'V uuldyou liltemetotellitf.oyour ççMeluqes''saidAliceyxllitely . >($. 'çllere' show lcame-upwiththeidea,'' , ' theKnightcontirmed.q thoughtthatthe . main diëculty isin lifking-up one'slegs. Alterall,one,shead isalrexady overthe $. $ u
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Alicedid notbelievetheKnightbecausesheknew hewasfullofcracyideas. Yet,thisstrangeway ofgoingoverafence isalsoa vel'y interesting invention. SovietinventorsG.Katisand 1.Melnichenkobuiltan all-terrain vehiclethat used thissameprinciple.'rhisvehicleconsisted oftwocartsconnectedwith a frame.One cartrestsoverthe other.W hen thevehiclereachesan obstacleit placesitsuppercal-ton it.AstheKnightmentioned,thisisnotdiëculttodo. Thecargoisnow moved through theframefrom the lowercazi toupper cart. Thelowercarttipstothetop oftheframe,and thevehicletravelsforward.
Does an inventorneed science fiction? *
%*q -. . I'#b %%%' . '2is *6696'J.'?' N&'' V -
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sayingthattherewasadebateinthe cl assroom astowhetherornotstudentsshoul d readsciencefction sto-
lklqshhhhsix
ries.Manystudentssaiditwasawaste oftime becausesuch storieswere not real.This opinion is veza-common -
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andisami stake.Sciencefictionwrit-
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ers are trying to see the future'even
when itissoremoteitisn0trealistic.
Theyhavedescribedairplanes,subma-
r ines,television,andmorewhennothing like them had asyet existed on earth.Writershave written stories
aboutjourneys114t,0solarsystems,about
robots,aboutthereconstruction ofthehuman body.Today,mmlyoftheseideas havebecomereality.Sciencefictionisasearchlightintothefuture.Thosewhogo toschooltodaywilllivein thatfuture. Thereistmrealfaritasyktoo,ofcourse.But eventhatisveoeusefulbecauseithelpstodevelopimagination and teachesus tothink freely.ltisimpossibletogotothe moon insidea gun shell.However, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky wrotethatthe firstideasaboutrockets came to him alerreadinganovelbyJulesVernecalledtdlprom CannontotheMoon.''Fantasy isneededinordert()make realinventionsand discoveries.
The powerofmind
Fantasy ismobility ofthought.Thecontemporary inventorshould read science fiction because it reduces psychologicalinertia while increasing the strength ofimagination.Fantasy can even be extended using the methods described in thisbook:OperatorSTC MMD and IFR.
160
Welivein an REraofTechnicalRevolution.''Thepointofthisrevolutionis nottheappearanceofnew machines- thathashappenedbefore.Thisrevolutïon lies in the method for developing new machines.Organized waysof thinking are replacing the old chaoticones.Every step in thethinking processshould beasprcciseasthemovementsofapilotflying an airplane.
Atthedawn ofthehum an race mankind conquered the illuminating poweroffire. Now we are learning to conquer something much m ore powerful,the power ofm ind,to penetrate and illuminate an unknown future.
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A ppendix 1 A nswers to Problem s In the originalRussianpublication tbeauthordid notprovideanswer:to allproblems. Answersto somtrprublemswerereferenced in di/erentRussian magazines.Itwasthe Publisher'sdecision t.oofrerreader. s1tsmany potentialantlwersaspossible
1.Tobreak ornottobreak? ApplyaCoronaDischargeeffectto measurethepressureofthegas insidethelightbulb. 2.TbereisaGtrick''involved... Freezetheliquorsyrupanddipthe syrupicicleintomeltedchocolate
10.Tom akewatersoften Addair intothewater-gassifywater. 11.Everlastingpaint.W aterthe plantwithdyeadditivesthatwill bringthecolorinsidetheplantcells.
12.Dm pletsontbescreen-Turn thelightonandoffwiththefre3.Whatplacesllouldwechoose? quencyof24tim espersecond. Useawaterlevelingdevice. 4.*6. A7andTTB''w eresittingon a fence.Applyadifferentchargeto dropletsA(+)andB(-)sotheycanbe attractedmutually.
1.3.Thickand thinvTemporarily glue anumberofglasssheetstogetherandgrindthem asastack.
l4.How togetoutofdeadend. 5.Itcan disappearbyitself.Use Heatsheetsofmetalintheinduction chamber.Innerlayerwillbehotter dryice.Afteritcleanstheparts, thanthesurface. thenitwillevaporate. 6.Thereisapatent.Freezethe rubber,thendrilltheholes.
7.Whatklnd ofdetectivesare they?Suspendabucketinsidethe tankbeforefillingthetankwithoil. 8.VebicleforplanetM ar' s.Fill thetireswithstonesorsteelballs.
l5.Stubbornspring.Freezethe springindryice,placeitinthedevice,andIettheiceevaporate. l6.M teranem ergeneylantling. Installrubberbagsunderneaththe wingsandfillthem upwithlightgas.
17.A thermom eterforweevils. 9.Oneasgood asmany.Divide Placemanyweevilsinsidetheglass the9ow into2streamsandchargeone andusearegularthermometer. stream m sitivetheothermegative. 164
18.rrheotherwayaround-Makea lassElteroutofthinglassrods. g
28.Thereisno fountain likethat. Unification ofthesystem.Union withemptiness.Fountainswith a
' itwithouttelem thy. 1:-Izetsdo Dropasmallbuoyinsidethegastank.
mistOrbubbles.W emustbeableto controlthebubbledevelopment.
z().rrhere isacatamaran;there isno catamaran.Twofloatsofa catamaran areconnected with expandablerods. 21.The1aw isthelaw.Itispossibletocreatedifferentvariants.One istehavetwopendulumsthatcould generatecomplexoscillationsthat arenotpredictable.
29.ltisgoingtowork forever! Instan amagneton theoutsideofthe elbow developaprotectivelayeroutof steelballs.
30.Superprecision valve.Use theheatexpansion effectforprecisionflow control. :. 31.Let'slook into thefuture. 1.Piezoeleet;2.M agnetostrictionietc.
22.n etm iversalfield.Mix metal powderwiththesoiland controlit withamagneticfield.
c lceontheele cm wa M a plw magneticringsoverthewirethatwill developanelectromagneticinduction.
23.Wait,Itabbit,Iwillg' etyou! Useafbrromagnetîcpowderand controlitwith amagnetic5e1d,
33.n etank reportedpolitely. Placeapropanetankin tilecradle with an offsetbalance.
24.In spiteofa1lstovms.Lower thepipelinesunderneaththewater surface. 25.PropellerforCarlson.Make thepropelleroutofthin,flexible
34.Where thewind blowsfrom . Usesoapbubbles.
wound upstrips.
26.Ten thousandspyramids. Useaferromagneticpowderand a magneticfield. 27.% alm ostexcellentmacbine. Placelightballswith internalmetal plateintothecanon.
J'W lnventionby Usethe Coronadîschargeeff' ecttocontrolthe diameterandtheshapeofthewire. 36.An accuracywithin one degreevMixthegrainwith magnetic powderthathastl7eneededCuzie pointof65F. 37.Let'sthrow thescrew out. HeatExpansion,M agnetostriction. 38.Somethingsimpler.Mixiron powderwithtllepolm er. 165
39.Powderon theconveyor. Useheavyoilorfoam.
49.Thetrain willleavein five minutes.rlaakeaphotoofthelogs from thebackofthecarandmeasure thediameterofthetimberaccording toscale.
40.Stop guessing.Usewaterover thehotclinkertodevelop afbam Cfnrer.
50.A poundofgold.Buildthe testingsampleashollow cubesand pourtheacidinsidethesample.
41.Letusdiscussthesituation. A traywithmeltedtin isusedto supporithehotglassribbon.
51.Thesecretofthesleuth dog. 42.llain isnotahindrance.Two Useamagnetinsideofoneofthe airsacksareusedtocovertheopening sticks. C)fthecompal-tment. sz.làangerolzsplanet.Thez.eisno 43.lnvestigation isdonebyexperx defsnit. eanswerexcepttostudyhow the Usethemagneticmemoryofsteel. exista'ngenvimrimentprotedsitxseltè 44.A fresh idea isneeded.A petroleum liquidseparatorcan be Inadeoutofaquaammonia.Atthe reservoîrofthelaststation ammonia willevaporatebyitself 45.A capriciousseesaw.Makethe batchermoredynamic,designa moveablecounterbalancein theform ofa steelball.
53.Iciclesin aroofgutter. TobuildupS-lpieldweneedatfrlaool': stringinsidethespout. 54.The drop ofpaintisthe main hero.Magneticliquid addedto completeF-Field(ferromagnetic field).
55.We can m anagethedrops.Add magneticliquid and apply amag46.Contrary to physics. Usetwt) neticfield. substances,onethatisheavierthan theother. 56.N0answer. 47.Like in afaiovtale.Usea bimetallicspringtocontrolthe degreeoftheopeningoftheroof window
57.Thehunterandthedog. Hunterneedsthesecond dogthat willpullhim towardsthesoundof thebarlkingdog.
48.ShipsoftheXVTCenturyk M akeaflexibleskin likeawaterbed filledwitha magneticliquid and controlitwith amagneticfield.
58.Noanswer. 59.The arrow ofRobin Hood.We havetocompleteS-Field.Thearrow ismadebollow insideforanylon 166
string,oneendofwhichisattachedto thewoodentargetonthestuntman theotherend-tothebow string.
69.No answer.
7t).Help theSheriff.Usean iron knife.lfyouplacean ironknifeonthe Cxl.'l'heftagofGasconGuantsmen. dïamondcrystal,theknifewillsink Theflagm astishollow withholeson intothecrystalbecauseiron will thesidefora smallfan toblow air absorbcarbonrnolecules. throughthemastattheflag. 71.Noanswer.
61.Iam goingto thetoy store. Usemodelingclay.
72.Finish constructingthe S-Field.Heatthepipeand seethe direction ofheattransfer.
62.LazuriteforSsRunningon WavesA'.Submergeeach stcmein waterbeforeworkingwith atorch.
73.Let'scallthefirem en.Thefoam isanidealblanket.
63.Anidealsolution.lnorderto weldtwolongpipeswehavetotakea shortpieceofpipeandinsertit betweentwolongones.Rotatethe sht)rtpipewhilepressingallpipes togetlleruntiltheyweld.
74.Itturnsoffby itself.Use ferromagneticmaterialwfththeCurie pointasatemperaturecontrolswitch. 75.Itisgoingto be inexpencive. insteadofmechanicalmovement, usethermalexpantion ofmetalrod.
Cel.A devicethatneverfails. Memsttretheresonancefrequencyof theairabovetheaeidlevelinthe
76.GIsaw a funny picture ...> Applyanelectrostaticchargetothe furinordertoseparatebairsfor dryingpurposes.
tank.
65.How tohelp theworkers. lnstallmagnetinserts.
77.The seeond halfofthe secret. Applyan electrolysisprocess.Oneof theelectrodesistheparachute model.Bubbleswillcomeoutofthe mode' lshowingtheflow ofwater.
66.M icrobehunters.Theliquid shouldbeheatedtocreatebubbles thatwillworkasmagnifying glasses,thentakeapictureand countthemicrobes.
78.Petalsexecute thecomm and. Thepetalsshouldhaveasimilar charge,likethatwhichcreatesthe repulsiveforce.
67.Grease with a secret.Usea paperrollcovered with grease. 68.The treasure ofpirate Flint. Freezethecontxe zctmg ' suzfacesbetween thepontoonandthewoodenchest.
167
A ppendix 2 M ethods,Effects and Tricks 1.Doitinversely 2.Changethestateofthephysicalproperty. 3.Doitinadvance. 4.Doalittleless. 5.Matreshka. 6.Conflictingrequirementsareseparatedintimeorinspace. 7.A1lspecialtermsmustbereplacedwithsimplewords.
8.Incorporationofsimilarordifferentobjectsintoonesystem. 9.Fragmentation Consolidation. 10.Dynamization. 11.Addmagneticm wdertothesubstanceandapplyam agneticfield. 12.S-Fieldmodeling. 13.Self-service. 14.Heatexpansion. 15.Transition from macrostnlcturetomicrostructure. 16.EflbctnfthoCoronadischarge. 17.Curiemintofferromagneticmaterials. 18.Combinationofvariousefrecf-s. 19.CveometricalefrectoftheM oebiusRibbon. zo.GeometricaleflbctoftheRotatingHyperboloid. 21.IdealFinalResult(1FR). 22.Introductionofasecondsubstance. 23.Utilizationofsoapbubblesandfoam. 24.OperatorSTC (Size,Time,Cost). 25.ModelwithMiniatureDwaz'fs(MMD). 26.Makeacopyandworkwithit. 27.Buildamodeloftheproblem .
168
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toTRIZ availableinEnglish-'' Izlrry#.Snïilh. prf?1-(1?k1r:?lf??'t)'r)??lJ?tsl?)' .
Thisl egendazybook,AndSuddenlythe reemergedintheWest.Todaymayy
lnventorAppeared,wmsfirsttranslated Fortune 500companies aresuccedsand publishedinEnglishin 1993.The fullyapplyingTRIZ. translator,LevShulyak - an accomplished inventor,engineer,and TRIZ ABOUT THE AUTHOR:Genrit'h expert- publishedthebookathksown Altshuller received his firstSovi' et expenseinordertobringitintoAmeri- patentattheageoffourteen.Whilein
can classrooms.Thisnew edition, hisearlytwentieshebegandevelopip'g re-translated and extensively revised TRIZ.Stalin rewarded him with 25
byShulyakandStevenRodman,in- yearsimprisonmentinSiberia.l$eeludesmaterialnotfbundintheorigi- leased afterStalin'sdeatb,heled the naltranslation. undergroundTRIZrevolution- aftmdamentalshiftinthetechnicalcreativABOUT TRIZ:TheRussianacron)qn ityparadigm.Today heisPresidentof for Theory of Inventive Problem theRussian TRIZM sociation. Solving,TRIZ was developed by GenrichAltshullerin 1946.Hediscov- ABOUT THE TRANSLATOR:Lev ered thatthe evolution ot-technical Shulyak aninventorforfourdecadvs. systemsfollowspreclictable patterns. llrstencountered TRIZ in 1961 and
Indeed inventivenessand creativity subsequently earned twenty patents. can be taught.TRIZ an algorithmic In 1974,he im migrated to Amerièa
methodology,hasvalidated itselfby wherehewastheIlrstpersontoteath solving thousandsofdimculttechni- TRIZ totheWest.In1991,hef' ounded calproblems.Itremainedunderground Technicallnnovation CenterkInc.,dein the USSR where itwasdeveleped voted to 'PRIZ problem solving and insecretby an intellectualelite.With training.TheCenternow publishes thefalloftheSovietUnion,TRIZ hms severalTRIZ books.
ICAL INNOVATION CENTER,IN(.
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