A monograph of British belemnitidae: Jurassic

THF] TY. PALruONTOGRAPHIOAL SOCM INSTITUTIID MDCLlCX.L,\TII. VOLUMI] I'OR, 1909. LONI]ON: MDCCCCIX. A lI0\()tiIi ...

Author: Phillips J.

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THF]

TY. PALruONTOGRAPHIOAL SOCM

INSTITUTIID MDCLlCX.L,\TII.

VOLUMI]

I'OR, 1909.

LONI]ON: MDCCCCIX.

A lI0\()tiIi \l,ll

01.' lillITISIl

( ) l l l ) l . l l ( _ ) I rI I I \ D I \ ( ;

.ljtil-,]j]I\IIil).L : JLTRASSIC.

^\\D DATES OF Pt BLICATIOI\*.

PI]ATES

ISSUED IN YOL. i | FoR 'EA*

PUBLTSIIED

I Licneral Title-page ancl Iud"ex

1 -2 8

1909

December,1909

1863

June, 1865

29-52

I-=YII

1864

April, 1866

53-88

VIII-XX

1866

June, 1867

87-108

xxI-xx\TI

1868

February, 1869

1869

January, 1870

1 0 9 -1 2 8

XXYIII-XXXYI

t* -:a \

r 1i r ill " , ,l i ' , l i

. ',,

t.

A

MONOGRAPI{

I JI i IT ISTI

BtrLEMNI'I'ID H.,: JI]ItASSTC.

. B Y

JOIIN PIIILLIPS, Dr.A.OXON., LL.D.DUBLTN,

LL.D.CAMBRTDG', IN

THE

D.C.L.OXON., F.ri.s., F,G.S.. llrc.; UNIYq&SITY Or. oxr.oltD.

PROFITSSOR OF cEOLOcl.

LOIVDOlV: PRINTED

FOR

THE

PAL/Eo NTOGRAPHTCAL SOCr/E:ruEiP_

1'6b_1eoe ffi

IJIiITIST{

BtrLtr}INIT]fS.

i I I S T OI i I C A T } i ( )T I C ES .

Brrlltslrl

s rrcrc fit'st sc tmuicclin Gennanr-,in thc celeblaterln.orli-of Gcorgius A g r i c o l ao , f d a t e I 5 - l r i , a n d t l r . c r i i , c cll, r ' l r i r ' r r ] : o r g t i r e ' l t i q i u ' c d S t o ' e s ' r , h i c h t l i e n b e g a nt o a t t r a c ta t t c u t i o t ,i t , l " 1 1 r r - , i ) cI .n I ' i 7 7 i l : . . r '\ , , c l u: . i , i i c u riln l - n g l u r d b v D r . P l o t ('It[atural History of Oxfolclshire'),attd in 167S, lr.r-aucclriallvlarr:ouspioucclof natpral history, Dr. Lister.t From this time the r-ell-knoln controvers,\'regal'(ling thcir 11x[u1srvhether they were mere stones, cr,vstals,ltotns, or shells-las stgltlr nraiptailccl b.r. Glelv,! 1681, Woodr,r'ard,3 1695, L,Iirvycl,r1699, aurl others in Inqlrn(], aucl bv m&r]\foreign naturalists,until the general progress of zoologv ancl geolog"r'lcfr 1o room for doubt as to their affinit"yrvith the shelly supportsof other bctter-kno\\-nCepiralopoda. i['he description of speciesof British Belemnitcsbesins rr'itI Dr. Plot, 1677,the first Keeper of the Ashmolean}fuseuin in Oxforcl,to n'homI aur thercforeespeciallybounclto render dne justice. It is easyto recognisein his u'r'itingsand figures the largc speciesof Belenrnite, called Belenznitesabbreuiatusby a later rvriter, rvhich occurs in the Coralline Oolite of Headington, near Oxford;5 B. clottXutu.*, Ililler, is probably onc of the tn'o speciesfrotn the llpper Lias of Great Roll-right, Oxon. ; anclthe deeplygroovedspecies (8. sttlcalzs,I[ill.), is commonnear Oxford. ('\atural l{istoryof Orfordshire,'pl.iii,3, 4, 5, 6.) 1 'Ilistorire Animalium Anglie, tres tractatus,' 1679, 4to. e ' C a t a l o g u eo f R a r i t i e s , '& c . , 1 6 8 1 ,f o l . 3 'Essay tovards a Natural llistory of the Eartlr,, 169j, 8vo. r ' Lithophvlacii Brittannici, Ichnographia,' 1699, gvo. s " If vehenrentlyrubbed, the oniy one amongst all that I bave that, like amLer, takes up straws a n c ls o m e o t h e r l i g h t b o d i e s . " ( ' H i s t o r v o f o x f o r d s h i r e , 'p . 9 4 . )

I

.-)

BRITISH BELE]IIITES.

Lis:.'r l,,ilo',r's, in 167S,rvith speciainoticeof the snall mucronatefossil,l.hich he called /!, I].,.':i: cotunlonin the "Red Chalk" of Yot'kshile,the county in rvhichhe resided. ,'' llis:. -\nim. .\nglia.') He saysit is found in all the cliffs as you ascendtlie Wolds, for Al-,r'ico iiundred miles in compass,at Sireeton,Londesborough,and Caistor,but alwaysin a rrjd lcu'uginous earth. This leruarkable obselvatiou shorvs how near rvere the able ir:riuirers of the seventeenthcentur,vto the discoveryrvhich rvas made a century later by \\-. Smith in anotherpart of }Jngland. in 1699, gave ciescr'\rtions of no lessthan eightv-trvospecimensof Belernnites, Lhrv;,-d, ri'itli their localities,anclfigures of two gualds, and one phragrnocone.The localitiesindicaterlsho'wthat this diligent nrau had collectedfi'om ruost of the strata of lingland, and. it is intcresting to lead his leuralk that in his nativc I\iales he nowherefound a single Belemnite. Iircept in thc Lias of tlic southerncoastof \Yales, no one rvill be likely to fincl anv nos- in the othcnviserich plincipalitv. I-erv of the specimenscollectedby Plot and Lhrvld al'c no\l' t,r be fouud in thc O-rford]Iusettrn. 'I'he CoLailineOolitc and CalcarcousGril vicldcd to Lhw,vd " Ilelennitcs maximus oxllln'rrclrrrs,"and tlte large IleL'nruites,knol'n as B.ultltruiotus,JIill., fi'orntlic qualries )Ialsham, Garfold, Basisleigh-all rvitliin easyreach of at Con-lt'r-.llullingtoir, Statrstbrcl, Oxford. -\ subfusiforursmall Belerrurite,possiblythe young of the large speciesalready namcd, is quoted from Con-leyand }lalsham. One locality is given for a large cylindrical species,rvhicli is lemalkable'-" In nedio saxo iuvenimus,ad collem Galsingtoncnsem." He also quotes a snall spccincn frcim the stonc cpran'iesof Thame, ancl other r,ery small 'Ihese ale tltc only statcmentslinon'u to tuc of any llelerunitebeing founil in examples. the Portland Rocks of llngland. From the Oxfold Clay bv thc Cheln'ell l'c hrivc the loung forrn of B. sulcatus,1\[il1., also rccoguised at Apsley, in Bedfoldshire. Jlulcot (norv lloorcot) on the edge of scver]incheslorrg. lluntingdon, and Otuoor, procluccda fine exatlple of B. toriiu1i1i.r, \\'iltshirs-('s in puteo calbonibus elueudis destiuato"-arc also quoted for P1'r'tou, Ilelemnitesof this age. Thc llath Oolites,in their variousstages,yicldcd scr-elal. exaurplcs. " Stunsfield,"as it rvas then rvt'itten, is citecl for thlee canaliculatcforrus, l'hich include the tlvo nol gcnelall"r'lition'n as 3. Bessinus and 3. ifutifuri,is. At l3arrington, I(idlington, and \\titner-, localitiesvisited trearO-rford,examplesoccurrcd,but the speciesare untraceable. 1\-c lccognise fossils of the llar'lstone fi'our '\idelley and Wootton-under-Bdge, in Gloucestelshilc,but cauuot deterrninethe species. Lias Belemuitesl'ct'e collected at Boughton and llarston Tlussel in Northamptonshire, Whitton-on-Huurber,P;r'ton Passageon Seveln,and Radstoke,in Somerset,but the descriptionsare insufficient for identification. Chalk Belemnites are mentioned in Kent anrl Norfolk, but special attention rvas not directed to them. )Iorton, the author of tlie excellent 'Natural History of Northamptonshile,' in 1712,

HISTORICALNOTICES. Dentions, but vith no clitical attention,Belemnites corresponclingto the great types ah'eady familiar to tlic English colleciors. Irusifomr Belemnites (,,Belemnites ari pistillum Lefcrens")of Lhrvvcl,rvitir a ventral canal,aLenrentioncclin Upper Lias Clay at n{arston Tlttsscl attd Oxeuclon,ancl in Stone at Crick. It is casy to recognise B. elotryafus of Lias, and 3. sulcatus of Oxfold Cla,r,,Amongtlie contents of Morton's dratt'ers,atrd it is eviclent that he lookcclculiouslv ancl carefull"rat thoseobjccts; but he gir-cstto figttres,a somel-hatlemar'liableexceptionto his generalpractice,l'hich is to plcseut a glert uumber of very tolerableillustrationsof inver.tcblalfossils. Ifoo(1l.(trd.-Releurnites u'ere much stucliecl by Dr. John \\toodlar.cl, not mcrelv as to tlte tt'ue nature of these fossils, in rvhich he was signall,v \r-r'ong,but as to the diversityof their foLtns,anclthe valiety of acciclental circumstances by rvhichthey are acconlpanied' Irr lris 'Ilethod of Fossils'(1?18) he spealisof " the Bclentnites ifusifonttis" of J . B a u h i n , a n o t h e t ' oafd i f f e l e n t f o l m p o i n t c d a t e a c h c n da,n d o f a " c o n i c " B c l c m n i t e . I n the 'Natrtral Ilistory of Irossils' (1729) he givesscveralparticularsancla gooclrlealof general infornrationabout the conic,fusiform,anrl bicuspicllSelemuitcs, thc tn'o former haviug one 'chap or seam' r'uttuittg clos'nonc sidc, the latter no such scam. In this his laiest notice of Bclcnrnitcsl'c find him at last rvillirrg to coucct his folrncr notions,anclto aclmitthat they uiight lte of " anitttll, anclnot of nrinclal urtufc, as hc hacl cver talierr thcn to be" (p. 10I). 'I'hespecicsof llelernnitestltus clcfirrerl urar'bc in sonredeglccasccrtaincd by the refcrenceto localities. Thus, the bicuspirl sorts,bciug quoteclflom thc chal1i-pitsof Northfleet, Greenhithe,and Croydon,are casily recoguisecl as tlrc incornplctcfossilscallccl Actinocamaxby nlillcr, now includedin the genusRelemnitella. Thc fusifomrllclcninites includethe rveil-knorvn"stunsfiekl" spccics(alsoclnotccl froni Hannington,in\Iriltshire;,ancl onc of similargencralshapebut cliffelentin constructionfrom " spittcn," iu Yor.lishirc,wherc thcre arc " great nttubels of them in blue clav in a large cliff." Another locality given is a tile-clay-1;it,ttcal Tltru'nltant,three nilcs from nlaiclstone,in Iicnt ; this l.as a species of tlrc Gault, probably tliat norv callcd 3. nti,tinrus. One other,locality is given for a fusiform Beletrtnite,viz., a quany half a mile n'est of Clipston, Nolthamptonshire; it probably refcrs to a spcciesin the llarlstone, such as l]. clauotus,Illainvillc. In his group of conic Belennites \\rooclrvalclplaceclthe lalgcr portion of the specimens rvhich ltaclcomeuncleLhis notice. tr{ost of them had the " chap or searnrunning lengthl'a,r's of the surface," rvhich rre find in many Ooiitic Belernnites,ol else the narrorv cannl rvhich lrelongsto the CletaccousBelemnitella:. Belorrgingto this latter group were specimensfrom Greenhitheanci Northfleet,iu Kent, l-hicir the author suspectedto be of the same kinds as the bicuspiclsorts alreacly noticedr. The lalge Belenmitcs oltltre.uicttusof the Colalline Oolite was received by \\roodwarcl from CorvleyCommon, neat Oxfold, with vermiculi (Selpulre)and small oysters aclherent. An aliied speciesoccurredat Stowell,in Gloucestershire, in the Oolitic zoneof I At presentweshouldreferthoseincomplete ., bicuspid." to thesemoreperfect,t conic" examples.

BRITISII BELE]I\ITES.

I ?

ll..-

or alliedto hinr spccimens corresponding f i.t-RarhOoliteseriesalsoyielcleci

:-

ii. ..,":,::-.icf JIiller, flom Sherbuln, Birliphiil, Fanuington, Yanworth, Northleach,Colne .\.-.:-.. ::: (i.oucestershire;and Barrington, in Orioldshirc. The l\farlstoneof Clipston, furnishedspeciu:ensprobablv of.B. 1tmillosus. .:- \ : :-.:-:rrrptonshire, I'rc:n the Lias of Boughton and ,\shlev, in \ot'thanrptonshire,joints probably of the :..-:uiocone of.B. elottgatus,Sotr'.; and flour the Lppel Lias (^\lum Shaie) of Whiiby :';ic-rrl spccimens,plobably of.I). rulgrtris,Ionng and llird. Orre lemalliable localit,r',Siivc-rtou,Dn'ousltilc, is rluoted for severalspecimensof a l-ith " o scAn)oL sulcusluuniug don'tt oue sicleof this body for the whole conic IJelernuite, 'I'his spccicsof the Inferiol Oolite; but obriouslvdcsclibt'sr cattalicttlate lcngth of it." Silvelton is situaterlin the l'r'ias. Pclhapsu'e ought to t'caclSilvet'stou,in Northamptonspeciesrverehandledb,vDr. shirc. On the rrhole,it nrar-bcconclncledthat the f,-,llon'ing 1\.ooclu'arci: C ulr.ii

',

,

C.i-.l-r S l , : . ,i .o \ C r r r . ( ) r L o l D O o L r r r :G t i o u p li.r'rrr Ootrrn Guoup

,, Lr-a.s

t,

Delemuitellamucronata,.\ci1. p l c n a .3 1 a i r r r . .

lient.

llrlemuites nrinimus,-1111, jrctrlrrnt,Prl.

Iient.

Iient. Yorkshire.

abbleviatus, lUlll.

Oxfordshire.

sulcatus, ,41111.

G Ioucestersliire.

fusiformis,lIill..

Oxfordshire.

clualus, B/.

Noltliampton shire,

rulgu'is, l'. and B

\orlishire.

elougatus.-11i11.

Noltliamptoushire.

parillosus, Sci/.

Northamptonshire.

In I7(i,1.Ih'. Joshua Platt, a paticnt aurl uot unsuccessfnlerplorcr of thc fossilsof Id. neal Oxford, corruunicatcrl to the Il.or,al Socicty observationson the Stoncslie stnrcturc of llcle ruuitcs,l l'hich contaiu thc sounrl opinion that the Relcrnnitert'asa shcll lblnicd. as the halcl parts of moilLrscaal'e,bv depositionfi'om a secretingsnrfacc. llelcrllites appcarrn)ong tlte "oi'gattic In tirc elcgantuolk of IIr. Palliinson,1,Q0.1. I'eulair)sof a iblmernorld," and the telms emplolcd bv \Yoocll'alcl t'etain tlicir placc. lf hc " couic" Bcleninite, the " cy'linclrical"Belenuritc, aucl thc " fusiform" Bcicmnite of Stoncsfield,thc large, nearly round fossilof tlie O-rfordClar', antl tlic niucrouaieform of the Clialk, afc lcprcscnted,but not cliticallvdistinguishccl. In 1813 tlic GcoloqicalSocietyof Lonclonreccivedfiorn lL'. J. S. lfiller, a native of I tPhil. Trans.,' Iir, p. 3S. llr. P]att sas the " discoreler" of tlte Stonesfieldmammals, tlrough, perhaps, Ire may uot have knovn the full value of the lorver jatr of rTnlthitheriun Broderipii (Orven), which formeil part of the collection furnished by him to an ancestorof my late friend, the Rev. C. Syltes, 'Blit. of Itooss, vho, at my request, gave the specimento the lolkshire Phil. Society. (See Owen, llammal.,'p. 58.)

H IS T OR]CAL\OTICES. I)antzic,rcsiclingat Blistol, ard chargedrvith tiie custoclvof the lluseum of the Institution tlicLe, 'Obscn'ations on Belernnites,'in *'hich trvelve specics\rere namecl,described, anci figured. Notn'ithstandingsolneel'l'ols,l'hich ma,'r'be palil.v t,rpograpliical(as when a l)aperto tlie'Phil.'Irans.' Plot, n'ho n'r'otcin 1677, is representedas conrmuuicaiing in 1764, thc tlue authol being Joshua Platt), tliis is a tt'catiscof tuuclt valtte,and il maciea fir'stantl inrportant step in the right clirection. I{c desclibesaucl figures the follol'iu,f sl,ecies,trtostlv named by himself. altttret:ialus. Pl. \III, figs. 9, 10. I'rom Weymouth anclDuudrr'. Irtfeliol l . Jlcl,,t,i,,itcs Oolitc. 'Ihe specirnenfigured is in the ]Iuseurn at l}'istcl, aud appealslcally to havo been derivedfrorn the CorallineOolite, in rvhichthe speciesis common. It has not bcen founti in the hiferior Oolite at Dundry or elservhere. The and other speciesl-ravesince been ranlted under this dcscriptionis inaclequate, ltal]le. t

Rclant,rilesarlrutccrtus. Pl. VIII, figs. 6, 7, 8. Irom \lteyrnouih and Lyme, in Lias. I'hc fonner locality is incorlect. It is difficult to identify this species,though spcciucnsoccul iu I--ppcrLias rvhichsomervltatresernblethis figure of i\Iiller. .) llalliit,,il,,; *u|,'r1tt.v. 1'1.\-III, figs. 3, -tr,5. It'ou Dttttdt')', ttear O-rford. Inferior

i ) .

confusionhclc. Iiigs. 3 and 4 Oolitc. Ihclc is urole thrn t.vpogmphical founcliu the hrferior alc talien fronr Dundrv specincus,aud belong to a syrccies Oolitc. .trig. 5 is from an Oxford specimenof a difl'erentt"r-pc,out of thc clay of that uanre. ]Iistakes in regard to this narngarc vel'y colnuron. 1..Br'lemri{r:,; r,lonyultt.s. l'1. \ill, figs. 6, 7, 8. Irom Lyrne, in Lias.' Inrperfectly clcfiued,so that diffelcnt spccieshave been sincc called by this uame. .). Bclr:tnni[r:slottyi.ssinuls. Pl. VIII. figs. 1, 9. From Lyme, in Lias. ( i . JJelcutttiles nr:u/u.,t.Itl. \;III, fig. 9. No locality;1 but lefereuccis made rvith doubt to Llru'ycl, fig. liiS3, rvhichrcprescntsa fossil fi'om llcrston, in Northarnptonsirile. lluch coufusioniu legald to thc applicationof this naine by lllainvillc aud later nriters. /1,1,'tit,tiles'triltartitus,Schlottheim. Pl. VIII, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13. No iocality given. Not casilyidentified,among sevelalcognateforms. 'llaltiii,rilr:s elli1tticus. Pl. VIII, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17. Flom Dundry. Inferior Oolite. llv ruany writers identified rvith 3. yiyctnteus. Salisbury,Blighton, Lewes, l). l],:lei,t,,i{,'sclcc'trinus. Pl. VIII, figs. IS, 19, 20, 2I. ('halk. Sorne foreign localitiesare given in elror, the Baltic speciesbeiug l .

dill.elcutfi'oui thal of nlaestriclrt. Stoncsiield. 10. llelt,it,tii,'.,./'tr;i/bi'iitis.Pl. VIII, fig.33; Pi. IX, figs. 5-?. &c. Gault. Ringmct', Pl. IX, fig. 6. Iollistone, JJelein,tit,'.v i,ti,,iiitus. 1I. I See on a futule page the localitieslow admittcd.

BRITISH BELE}I\ITES. -\lr'. ll;.-.r also describes,under the nanre of.,4ctittocnmoa uerus,theincompleteguard of a t"..1:':..Iiricmnite,from which the part containingthe "alveolus" had becnremoved bt' ri':c,::;:i',.;tiotlof the nact'eouslaminre. Before his death this was macleclear to the it.l.tti :r. Auti)or, to rvhom we are inclebted for a still more valuable contribution to p11.rr'i rliolog.y, \;2., the essayon . Crinoidea.' I'or tlre greatest addition ever made to British fossilconchologyrve are irrdebted to JattlcsSowerby,rvho in 1E1.?comrnenced,and JarnesDe C'nrleSorverby,'lvhocontinuecl thc labour of engraviugthe countlessmolluscaof the strata of thc British Isles. It is only in the sirtlt r-olnruc,and torvardsthe end of that volume,that figures of ]lelerlnites occlrl'. 'fhe,r'r'clnteto speciesrvhich had been pleviouslyrlesclibed,somein Inglish anrl otliet'sin folei3n *'orks, and include fossilsof the Lias, Oolite, and Challi. l-lonr the lias.-1J. elonyott.*,i. 590, f. 1.

t. 5Sg, f. 3. 13. pcnicillatus, t. 590, f. b, 6. B. 2i.:/i//i1i,,.111i.0, B. ucul,,,. t. 5U0, f. 7, S, 10. l'rotrr tltc Oolitcs.-/. ct/.,/,r,'rictlu", t. 590, f. J. I). cr.,i,tpt't.,.:-1lr, t. 590, f.4 (Scarborongir). (,lJ.el|i;.!ir:u\,uleutiol)edp. 1S3. B. y,tigrrt.:, ruentionedp. 1S3.) Iirotn the ['halk, Greeusancl,and Gau]t.-Belcinnitc.syraitttlutzs, t. 600, f. 3, 5. B. laticc',lctrr".t. (i00, f. s,9. R. attenucthzs, t. 5S9, f. 2. B. minitnusrt. b8grf. l. B. iitu(.rrtilt!,*, t. 600,f. ).,2,.t,6,7. (Fig. f is referredby Sharpeto B.larzeeolatus,schl.) Brlt'1ttera is also noticed, and thlee specicsfrom the Crenozoicseriesare figured; one, B' anotnula,from llighgate; thc others, B.helcutnitoilca, ancl 3. srVir.titlao, from tr'rancc. W. Smitlr, in his n'oLlisentitied 'Stratigraphical S;'stcrnof Organizedlossils' (1817) attd'Stla+"a identifieclbv Olqanic llcnrains'(1S16 and follorving 1'ears)notices sorneof the lleletnuitesin his lalge collection,norv placcd ir\ thc Blitish trInseum.' Artrottg the fossiis selecteclfor idcntifviug thc Lppel Chalh he placcs Belctnnitc,s mucrrtntlus; to the Gault, ot' " Ilicaccous llrickealth," he assignsBclentn,ite.s mirtintus; atrcl to thc O-rfortlor'Cluuch'Clay', the Bclenrniteuhich has been since called Onerzii, tunclhas lcceilerl other:designations. The l'ork \\.asne\:ercompletecl. In thc 'Stlatigraphical Systcm' he gives trvo Belemnitcs from thc Crag, no clotrbt dLiitedI oD0, a -*iliceouscast of alveolus from the Chalk. 'fivo Belemnites frour thc Chrlli, one fi'ou: the Upper Greensancl,one from the Gault, one from the I(imnrclidgc Cla,r',otte fiorn the Coralline Oolite, two fronr the Oxfor.d Clay, one from the Kellol'm's Rock, onc fi'om the Fuller's Earth Rock, ts'o from the Inferior Oolite, one fi'oLtt t}e satttl ancl sandstone belorv, four from the llarlstone, u'ith rvhich rock the pubiicatiottceasecl. The speciesare mostly recognisable, ercept someof thosein the l\farlstone; au]ong thenr ma.vbe enumeratecl the follou'ing, Crr-Llr . . Gnnrssrsl . Grur,r Ktulrrnrpor Cr,e.y. CoB,err,rxnOor,rrn.

:

:

' Ber6mnites-J,ll'Jli")i?l;. mtnrmus,,Sorz, excentricus, Blaine. abbreviatus,lWiller.

HISTORICALNOTICES. Ox ro n o C r,e y . ) Krrr,oweys Rocr J Fur.,LEn's Eer,rn Rocr ) IsrrnroR oor,rrn . i lhnr,stoNn o . .

BelemnitesOwenii,Pratt. canaliculatus, sci/' .

paxillosus,sci/. elongatus,f,Iill.

In 1822 the Rev. G. Young and Mr, J. Bird issuedthe first eclition of their 'GeologicalSurveyof the YorkshireCoast.' Among the objectsnoticed and figureclare a few Belemnites: B. aulgaris,commonin the Alum Shale(Upper Lias). B. eucentralas, saidtb occurin the Oolite (of Malton), the Upper Shale(Speeton),anclcheChalk. B. fusiftrmis, from the SpeetonShale. B. tubularzs,from the Alum Shale.

is noticecl, and In the second edition (1828) one more species, called B. conrytress?ts,

to an.yrvorl<s but somewhatstrangelyfigured. The nameswere givenwithout reference thoseof Sowerbyand Miller, and the specieshere malked fusiftrmds and contpressus are not thoseso namedby earlierwl'iters. Sir H. T. de la Beche,amongother proofsof his attentionto the organiccontentsof to the GeologicalSocietya drawing of a lare Belemthe Lias of Dorsetshire,presente.d. nitic fossil,which he termed an Orthoceratite(f 829). It has but a srnalland slender but possesses an elongatedanteriorshell. Prof. guard,and a very slenderphragmocone, under the generictitle of XiphoHuxley has describedit from more perfect exampLes, teuthis. ft occursin the middle Lias of Lyme Regis.l In the first volume of my work entitled 'filustrations of the Geologyof Yorkshire,' 1829, I noticed nine specificgroups of Belemnitesfrom the Lias and Oolitesof the Yorkshirecoast,from my own observationsamongthe cliffs,and still more from the rich collections freelyopenedto be by Mr. Beanand Mr. Williamson. The public collections at TVhitbyand York were also examined. Almost il:mediatelyafier the publicationof this volumeI visitedthe StrasburgMuseum,and found M. Voltz busy in thoseexcellent obscnationswhich placehim, in rny judgment,in the very first rank of the naturalists whq have really studied Belemnites. From him I learnedmuch; ancl in the second editionof my work alreadynamed(in 1835) the following standsas the " SynopticList of YorkshireSpecies,"arrangedaccordingto the stratain downwarclseries: Csel,x. ,,

.

. .

.

B.mucronatus,Sozo. granulatusr,Soa.t.

r ' ]Ie m . G e o l .S u r vey'(" Organi cR emai us" 2, 186{.

]]RITISII tsELE}lNITES. Rro Crlrrx Sprrror Cr,-ry

13.Listeri, Piz'1,. - minimns, rSoz,. -jaculum, PZil.

Sprrros Cl,ly exo Kruulnrocr Cr.ar Con.rruxn Oor,rrr

-

lateralis,Piil.

-

abbreliatus, /:lzl/.

-

gracilis, P/ail.

-

arronralus, Prli1.

-

tonrrtilis,Plz1.

-

q u i n q u e s u l c a t u sB,/ .

-

,lalensis,I o/1,-. t u b t r l a r i s f, ' . a n d B .

,

r

.

Oxrono Cr,,ry Klr,lorvlrs Ilocx .

tt

B.l.rrrOolrrr ,, t'plru

'

-

Lr-rs

-

lilainvillii,/ o/l:.

-

conrpressus,I-olt: rtot ,Sorc. trifidus, / o1l-'.

-

l'ol t t. subadrrncat:ns,

-

p r x i l l o s u s ,I ' o 1 l : .

JIr'. Sanrucl\\'ooclrr-ard r€cordedin his ' Sluoplicri Tlblc oi Blitish Olqltric lictttaitts' ( I 5 3 t t ; t h e f o l l o u ' i r )ssp c c i e:s Cu.rrx ,

r

.

Cwar,nII.s,Rr,. Geur,'r '

,t

,

r

.

Oxrorl Cr,.l.y Sroxnsr.rllo St.rrr Gnn,LtOor,rte Ixl'urron Oolrtn ,,

B. granulatus,Sou'. - electlinus,,4,[l1i. - Iallceol"t u-s,Sorr.. -

Listeli, ,ll(r/.

-

a t t e n r r a t t t sS.o r z ' . nrillinllls, .\ru-'.

-

gracilis, 1)lil.

-

fusilor.nris,1)zz'1..

-

Soz'. Compl'esSlls, sulcatus, l.llli1l.

-

ellipticus,,llil1.

-

abbreviatus,trIilltubu)alis, ,I'. and /l.

-

Lr.rs

,

t

.

-

elongntus, .rlli/1, atiuncatus,.4y'21l.

-

-il1i//. ]s1l-is5inqns,

-

pistilliformis, .Soa'.

-

acutus, J,fi1l.

-

penicillatus,Soit'.

'l}'iclgcn'atcrrlrcatise in llelemnitesbeganin 1:J9.t In his Dr. Ducklanti'slcscarches and of l3elenrnites on GeologJ'andJlineralogr','1S36,he ggvemanvintercstingclLal-ings diagramsof leceut ilecapotland and adcleduseful compar'&tive other fossil Cephalopoda, octopoclcuttles. He gives manv exailples of " inli-bags of llelemno-selia,all(l their I ' G e o l .S o c .P r o c , ,i', 9 6 ; a n d ' T r a n s . ,i' i ; , 2 1 7 .

]IISTORICALNOTICES.

9

nacreotlssheatlts,"fro'l the Lias of Lyme Regis, ancl reirrcsentsone specimen,stated to be uniqne, ft'onr tite cabinet of t\Iiss Philpotts, u'hich shon's together the guard, phragmoconeancl iilkJrag; he namesit B. orelis. of B. 1,istiili/ornis, sow., arso,a specimenis figru'"d.sho$-ingtracesof the ink-bag. A thilcl Belemnitefrom the Lias, very short, rvith thin gttarcl,is calledB. breuis? A resto'ationof ,,Bele.rno-sepi*r,,with the includctl slrr:ll' parts, nsually callecl Belemnitc, is atternptecl,aurl the alalogies of the Belenrtriti'' atrirualare discussed in the spilit of the remarksof Blainville. IIr cotrscrlttettcc of the cuttiug thlough orfoi.clclay at christian }lalforcl, in \I-ilts, b,v the Grrirr \\'cstern Raihvay, trIr. w. c. pear.ce, p. pratt, IIr. s. 1\{r. Bu,v, trIr. Re_ girrrtltl-\Iantell,ntr'w. Cunnington,and other collectors,rvere able to obtain many admirable eratrrPlesof tq'o gl"oupsof Ceplialoporla, rvhich gaye occasionto severalvaluablememoirs. Itt Jattttrtt"t',1s43, llr' Pearce rioticed a coni.ul shell u'liich resembledthe Belemnite b' ha'ing, like it, a concalrelateclpolfion traversed by a marginal siphuncle, ancl prrrtcctctlbv a brorvn, thicli, shelly covering,which gradually becamethinner to,'varcls the -'ttllct'iorpart' " fmnecliatcl,\'abot'e the charnbe,,,is an ink-bag,r'esting'onwhat resembles tirc uppcr part of a selliostaire,anrl composcd of a ycllolv su.bstancefinely striated trlttst'ei'sely,being forruedof lrrurinicof nnerlual dcnsity.;' some other noticesare 'dded, atrd tile author assigttsto Lis slleciureus the g'eucricuom. of llclernncitelthis.r llr. Cuntritrgtou afterlards arldcd the sPccificllAr)e. It has becrrlegiilcleclas congcnericwith A,-'ctrillotcutltis of lliirrster,, and calleclA. antigttut. 'I'lte 'Philosophical 'fransactiorts' for 1b4.1 contaiu thc impoltaut rneuroil of prof. ott'ctt on thc llelemrtitesfound irr the ohristian nlalfortl cutting. Ilany parts of t1e strttctrtrcof Bclernnitcs,aud the affinity of the aninralto other cephalopoda,arc successfully clclrcd up in this ittstructiveand valtrableessay. The author r,vas, holvever,not suppliecl et that time u.ith such satisfactoryspccirnens of true llelernnitesasof the Acanthoteuthidrc alieatl,t'tnentioned' fn conseqttertce, these groups lvere not clistinguished,and thc lri'autifitl restored figure ('Phil. 'Ilrans.,' 1s1-1,,pl. viii) is not so satisfactoryas later tli'coYet'ies rnight ltave furnislreclthc rneansof produciug. I'o this memoir, and to a later *'ot'k of the professor,rwe shall lefel in future pagesfor. information on special points of slfuctrrre. In l:trS, Dr. nfantell communicateclto t]re llo).al Society,,Observationsorr some Ii'.1..rr'trites arrtlother l'ossil Rentainsof cepiraloporltr, cliscovered by his son, NIr. Il,eginalcl JIrtri:''i' C'E', in the Oxforrl CIay at Christian }lalfold, near,r,rorvbriclge, in Wiltslire.,, 'l rro si*e ics rrf straiglit-shelledcephalopocla are hcle figrued and clescribecl,aud shorvn to be)orrs to t\\-o gellera,viz., one the Belemnoteuthis pearce, of with ink-bag, unciuated aruts' alltl a cltltltllered shell,$'ith thin investing.fibr.ous sheath; the other a Belerunite colllo'orli' the orfo'd Clay, to r'vhichseveral naureshave been assignecl. No'-, for the first titne,tltc t*-o nal'l'owprocesses rvhichextend beyond the divisionsof the phragrnocone I 'Proceedings of Geol. Soc.,,vol. iv, 5g2. 2 ,Paleontoiogl,,,gvo, ed,2, lg6l.

,

F-=-,,=,*.

BRITISH BELE}INITES.

It)

$'ereclcali_\'distiriquished,and the severalparts of this sotnervhatcomplicateclshell placed in conipru'isons'ith the correspondingpalts of Bclcnrnc.,teutltis.In IS49, fulthel details li.r.ruiorirer eranrplts were comtllunicatedbv thc srrureinclefatigablenaturalist to the (icolrqical Societ,r', alreaclyalluded to. Tlte author shorvingthe trr'o rcmnr'liableproc'esses ,.\l)r.r-sslrdeclaresthat he hacl uer-er fbuntl iu spccintensof the ntlrterotls llelernnites n irich he had examinedany trace of thc ink-bag ol its tlrrk coutetlts. 'llemc,ils of the Pala-ontogt'aphical Society'containsan acThe voluurefor 1-s5(loi the 'fivo count of the Cephaloporiaof the ltr-rncsficldSlatc bv Plof. Ilorlis anclIh'. Lycett. D'Orb', rvhich Pat'li.,'andB. Rersiittts speciesare describedand figulecl,tiz.. I3..lit.si/'/)ititi.s, Schl. JIiilcr, ancl3. curzdic'ulnttr.s, is regarclerlb;' Oppel as il sluonlru of 1J..*ulcultr.,, the Bclcnrnititla:of ihe Upper Cletaceous In thc voluurcfil' l:.-r:j r,f the sarneSocict-v systemarc dcsclibcrianrl figur','tllx'-\h'. Shar'pc,fivc spccies,l'hich rvill be founclwith tht oi l'r'oi. llolL'is. uAl.lesi1 t[e ('r1;1]r,gur ,qautc 'Crrtiil,rgucci' ilLitish lossils,' editiou 2ud, 1854, the in l'rof. llorris pt'csc-ut-r hi,. , : spccie's follouing thit't,r'-ottt' Belenrnitellalanccolata,Schl.- Belennites ntuct'ortutus,Sow. mucronata, Schl.- B. electrinus,MilL pleua, n1nin. -- tlctinoeamae) aera of Xtliiler, and

C n . rl x t:

at us, Sow. B elentnites I aneeol quadrata,DeJ'r.- R. granulutu,s,Sow. llelemnitesultinrus, D'Orlt. (11.-Li.slelr,Phil.). 1'olkstone. - a t t e n u a t t t sS, a t r ' . F o i k s t o t t c .

'

rt

.lxo Rrl G.r,r;r,'L'

Ciiiln

Glulr

,

t

S n ; . er o s C L . l v

,,

-

n r i u i m u s ,Z , r f u ' r . I i i n g n r e r ' ; i i l e t c h i n g l y ; F o l k s t o n e ; \ Y i l t s , lateralis.?/,t/. Brantingham ; Speeton.

-

j a c n l u m .P r i r 1 . S p e e t o u .

'

,,

C o n , l . r . t rrr: O o r _rrr : Cr,.Lr ,{ND liui,t.ow,r.v Oxroto Ilocr

:,

:' t,

,,

',

Lou tn

I,.rrir

,'

oI

TIIt

Oorrrr ,t

tt

Il rlrtori Oot r tr. t'

't

t,

abbreviatus,-1,/i11.llalton; anomalus,Pir1.

Garsington'

folkshile.

-

lleaunontiauLrs.D'Oll,.

-

gracilis, P/r11. Iorlishire.

-

hastatus,Ill. Crnrblidgeshire; \Yiltsliire ; Dorset. Onenii, Pratt (.D. Pt:o.\ianus, D'OLb.). \Yilts; Dorset.

-

tornatilis, -Irii1. Yorkshire,

-

Jlessinus,D' OrL.

-

D'Olb.). fusifornris,Parl;. (I). I-leuri.sianu.s,

-

canaiiculatus,Sc/i1. Glouce-"tershire.

Loch Stallir.

Gll.lr

Stonesfie icl. Stonesfield.

-

ellipticus,,JI11. Dundr5'.

-

giganieus,,Sc/21.(llorris gir-es for synonyms B. guinque' of tulcatus of Blainville, B, compressus ln Sorr., and B. Aalensis of Voltz, sone lbreign museums B. longus of Yoltz is added to this synonymy, rvhich will be consideredhereafter.)

IIISTORICAL\OTICXS. I s r r n r o nO o r r r r f

-

-

r-l-Is

.

.

B. sulcatus, ^Vill.

.

-

Consideredto be the equivalent of B. alticicoitus,of Blaiuville. Dundry. acuarius,ScZ1. (It is supposedbv prof. llorr.is to be identi_ cal ritlr B. tubularis of Young and Bird and B. lageue.fitnnisof Zieten.) Whitb1., Yorkshire ; Gloucestershire. Sbornecliff; Charmoutb.

.

-

.

-

acttas, Mill. aduncatns,Mill.

.

-

breviformis Tolt:.

.

-

,

-

.

-

.

-

.

-

.

-

.

-

1t

Lyme; \Yeston.

Gloucestershire. brevirostris,D'Orb. Chelteuham. compressus,f?/l:. Yorkshire. elongatv,s,XIi[,l. Somerset; Dorset; Ross; Cr.ornarty. longissimus, r)fil/. Lyme ; \Yestern ; Boll. paxillosus, 4oltz, Yorkshire ; Gloucestershire. peuicillatus,3/. Dorset; Gloucestershire. pistillifotmis, Sozr.r.Charmouth.

.

-

subaduncatus,Vultz.

.

-

trifidus, Voltz.

Yolkshile. Yorkshire.

In 1S55 Mr' S. P. \Yoodn'arcl,besiclcsuiving a conrpendiousand effectiveclassifica'fetlabrancliiata, tion of the llclenrritidn as a sfoup of Cephaloporla p].esentecl a drar,ving of tlre solid parts of tirc llelcmnitic aniural sccn (lorsirll.r-,r and auothcr of lJr:lenntoteutltis utttiguusseenventrally.! In his supplemcnt(1S;6) hc crlls attention to a specirnen irr the possession of llr. Sucktnau rririch erhibits the fossil ink-bag rlitliin thc p6'agruocone of a Beiemnite. The classificationhere referredto s-ill be considcreclhcr.eafter'. 'I'he w:orli of l{r'. llaltin Simpson (1855) on thc 'Irossils of t5e Lias of yo'kshire' includesnoticesof fbrty speciesand varieticsof Beleruritcs,of rvhich specinensnla,v be seenin thc \Yhitby I'luseum. I have cxanrinedthat collectioncarefully,anclhave found it very instltrctive. nfr. Simpson'sdescriptionsare carcful,but, bcing unaccompanied b;, figurcs,ilrspcctionof the original specimensis neccssaryfor uuclerstandingthe clistinctiols lclied on. For the latest aucl most iluportant additions to our linou,leclge of the structure of l3elemnitidrc by British authors we ale inclcbierl to l'rof. Ilurley's descr\;tions of some remarkable specimensobtained by )Ir. E. I{. Day from the Lorver Lias near Chalmouth. In this elaboratenemoirJ thc facts embodieclin the various statementsot' Previous observers are le-examined, and a neally complete view is furnished of the strttcturc and relatiotts of tlle solicl palts of the Belerirnitic animal. In particular, the artteriol solicl parts (2ro-ostrcrcunl are placed in their tlre significalce, both in the Belenrnitcsof ordiuary fot'tl, as B. elonyatu,s,ancl in the new genus Xiphoteutliis. To tiris r-aluablcessayrve shall again refer. I ']Ianual of the l\follusca,' pl. ii, fig. 5. '

-tOlO..p, / J.

' "n.lti.t

organicRemains"('llemoirs of the Geological survey,),llonographz, 1g64.

n

BRITISI{ BELI]I\ITES.

Scvcral foreign writers of emineneehave incideritally noticed the mole frecluently cccrirrin3 IlLitisb Belemnites, ancl in this nranner, betier sometiues tlian by the tlcscriPtir-rus or' figures, rve are able to establish,in a few instances,a satisfactory :\'lr,t)rl)rv lith Schlotheim, Blainville, \roltz, I)'Olbiguy, Iliinster, Quensteclt,Oppel, irud Yon lley-er. To theseauthorsleferenceuiil bc ircrlucntly made as lve proceed. Lists of llelemnites,ancl scattclcclnoticesof inriividrral species,Itave been often given by British authorsrvhile clescribinr particulal stt'ata oL rcurai'kabielocalities; but there is, perhaps,llo gronp of fossilsuhich demanclsso ruuclt cautiou in quoting referencesof this nature to speciesuot nlu-als reallv clctenuincdb.v rraurination of a large number of in ilitl'erentpeliods oi sro$'tlI. specirneus

s'fRLCft Iil:

Ot' IILLL\l\l'f II) L.,

-\ccorrling t r the ktrorvlcdge IIo\\' accluirerl, the solid pafts of the Belernnitic lrtiiuralcorlsiste(lof an iuternal shell of soruervhatconrplicatedstructure,rvhich for clear crpluratiou rcrluit'eslepreseutatiotis of at lcast tluee aspectsof the surfaceand three or mole scctionsof the interior. 13yernploying ahvavs fixed letters of ref'ereucefor thesc aspcctsaud sectiols, thc descriptionsbccourc more cori)pact,svruruetrical,anil characteristic. To bcgin rvith the principal sections,rvhich alc l'cplcscutctlin thc filst diaglan, one being loligitrrdinal,the other'5lvn1151g1'sgThe portion of the lJclenrrritc urost coiurnorrlvplcselved in a fossil state is the posteriol or caudal part, tnalked G in the tir',.t cliu,'rirnt. It is to tLis sparry, usually pointecl, and rnore or lcss cylindlical, couical, or tapcrirrg urass,that the ancient discussionsas to the horny, shelly,ot' tuiueral rratule ot' the lhlenrnitc belong. This was, iu firct, for' \\Ioorls-aldaucl Listel tlie lleleruuite. It has been callccl the guald, sheath, 1'ostfull),ot' osselet. sectioutaken at the apex oi tlie phlagmoconethe concentriccurves In thc tI'ansvet'se leyiresrutsuccessilestagcs of grorvth, the iuuer lings bcing depositedfirst, as in erogetroustrtcs. Inclicatiorisof a thin capsule, or tbrurativenreurblarre,appearirr sonre Beleutuitcsoi tlic Orfcl'd Clay antl Lias, investing the gnalil.1 In the Oxford Clay it is represertictlb.va qrattttlalincrustatioii; in some Lias l3clenurites it appearsin delicatesmall plaits,lilic ritlges artil fttrlows. The whole mass o1'tlic gualtl is fibrous, ancl usually of limc ;- not exactlycalcalcor:s-*pirr',ruiless\vc supposea rninutely transparentcat'bottate lilie that sornetirlres tibrous kind of cr'.vstallizttiou, seeniu sttlactite. It is still rirole like rulragouite,and soutckinds of recent shells, not sucir as Piula oi' Ilinnites, rvith large plismatir: cells, bu.t, as I)t'. Carpetiter reruaLks,Iike Scptaria. A distiuctly cellular I llantell, 'Phil. Trans.' Owen,, Phil. Trans.' Huxley,, ]fem. of Geol.Sorvey.'

l3

STRUCTI]RB.

:.:r.^i:r.rlris difficult to demonstratein these fibres,rvhich On'endescribes, in specimens :.- ru Clhlistian llalford, as of a trihedral prismatic folru, ancl of ufrothof an inch in

DIAGRI\I

I.

d,

s,s%

w

\"ffi

w tl

.s\|, s", a):K4 W a

Trausverse Sections

l,ongesi Section

6. Guard. rp.Phragmocone. {,'.Conotheca. ,1. Alveolar caritv. s. Sphericleof the guard, a a. Aris of guartl. S ' S " S - . T r a n s v e r s see c t i o n s . 1 1 .I ) o r s a la s p e c t . ? r ,V e n t r a la s p e c t .

.liarueter. In somespeciesthey are vel'ymuch lurger'. They appearsometimesconnected rltt-rpencils; rnostly, horvevet',they are ranged pelpencliculallyto tlre laminreof grolvth, s'hich tLcy crossrvithout inten'uption,to meet orr the axial, or, asit is calledby Voltz, thc irpicill, Iitte. The Belemrriteis fouud in nearly the samenitteral condition rvhate'er.ire the contairrirlglock. It is sometimesrvholly rel]Ioved,leaving a hollow, into u'hich the conical mould of the alveolarcavity projects. This happensin the upper beclsof rhe Lias in Yorkshile aud in the llarlstone of Rutlarid. The Belemnitic sheil begins in a very small splierule, the rvall of n'hich has not been very clearly seen; but, bv observationof specimensin Oxforri Clav and Lias, it appearsto

14

BRITISH BEI,E]i\ITBS.

and havebceu a thin cellulartissue(s') like that of the lonngest parts of the conotheca the suallestsepta.

DIAGRA}I 2

. r t ll I

- l- - - o

I

I

It is supposedby somervritersto hale been crtenclctlbackwalcl into a sruall canal at tle rneeting of the libles a1on3;thc aris of tlie guat'tl, atttl fortvat'tl into the pipc or of u'hich rtlorehcrcafter. Orl the little spherulea system siphuncleof thc:phr.agmocone, uipencil, of radiating cells grol-s np, iu a lauitta rvhich etnblaccsthe spheruleon all 'I'here the phragmoconeis already sirlcs except its anterior or: part of its anterior face. lrcguu, cirher by thc spherule extenrlinginto a short tube representingthe sipltunculnr Successivelanirrre of o1le.i1g in a selttum, or without such entering sltolt tube' in a forward directionby stopped but ,o,lintiuo ceils,ruoLcrntl more extencledbackrvarcl, t5e {rorving p|ragurocor)c,cover the spherule,urcet on the axial line, and constitutea srrrail,ratlier frrsiforrullelennite (middle figure), iri rvhich the septa appear, and the takcs its Place. siqrhuncle I. someilstauccs there appearto be tracesof more than one such sphelttle,with its pencilsof divergingfibres,enclosedin the guard, as if ihe phragmoconehad aborted, or its earliestc[anbe's n'erc spherical,and united bv a short pipe. If tlis description be rvcll considered,it rvill appear certain that the phragmoconeis ,ot a chamberedboclymacleto fit into a conical hollorv previouslyformed in the Belemnitic sSeath,as somehave conjectured,but that both sheath and cone grew together; or, if any 6iffere1cethere were, the phlagmocone must have been of earlier growth, and by its depositedlaminre of the guard. eula'gementlimiteil the forward extensionof the successively

STRUCTLRE.

lir

'[he

phragrnocone \l'asfolmed on the extelior of a secletiresnrfircc,and the fibrous sheath '.tt tltc interior of another secletivesurface,both crtcnrled together from the germinal ,'tt)sule. I'he incrernental strim are ertelnal on thc phlr.tnrocolre,and internal orr tiic guard. The gtrard is sontetimesfusiforrnrvhenyoung, ancl glorrs c.vliutlricll ol conical rvith l3e ; bnt it is doubtful if any example is satisfactorilyin accorclaucc ri'itlr :r' the figure of Blainviile Qrl. i, fig. 4), rvhich represeutsa fusifolur lnirss cn- DI-\GR''*I -l closedin laminre of glorvth qrLite parallelto it. Iu some casesrlctar.Letl lJelemnitesassumea fusiform shapeby the tlecayof the larninrein thc peripheral parts about the point of the alveoins. This seemsto ar.isefrom a diffelence of compositionof the laminre thereabout. It is seenvery often in tlre elongatedBelernniteof the SpeetonClav, anclin specinren s of -Belcntnifes t1uorlrcttus. On such as these }liller Actinocaurar.

, ,\

\\

commcnly founcleclhis genus

The surfaceof the guard is sonretimesilar'lied by rarrrifieclimpressionsof vessels,ancl mole fi'equcntly by certain systcrnaticgroores, rvhich furnish someof thc groLrncls for corrvenientclassification. Corlfiningottt' attctttion at pt'escntto thc gnlri'cl,it rnav bc reururlieclt|at the anterior cdge is seldornconrpletcl,r' tlaccablc; \yc nla.l', hon-cr.cr,, Ic sure that in every case the dorsal eclgeand its alveolarcavit,r'ertcnclcrl lrrrclr farther forrvardthan the ventrrl edge,as replesenterlin Diag. l. -\rrothel pointof iurportanceregat'dsthc planeof symnretryof the shell,for this alua1,s

passesdirectlythroughthe axisor apicialline of the guard,fronr the mi,lcile *..1f .,,J'"il of the clorsalto the middle of the ventralface. On eachsicleof this plane orte' 'asterl (exceptin casesof deformityor: acciclent)tlie rnassesancl ar.easa'e erluai il,li",l",ill. and equallydisposecl, and the malkingsof the sulfaceare in pai1s,rvhilc olol9 ,h-.,_.,nidtlle line tlrus clefinedon thc clolsalarrclvcntral facesthe markingsare 'I'hus, single. threeaspects of the guard ahvayslccluileatteutiveinspection ancl special dcscription, a circnmstance'arely obsen'ecl liy J3elernnitoiogists. 'l'lie gctterally smootlt surface of lleicmrritcs is ouly broken by glooves of greater or. less clepth, stt'im, and srnall plicatiorrs,anclcorrtinuousor interruptetlsmail ridg.es. All thesecorresponcl to peculiaritiesof the fbrmative urembranes,anclare sufficientiyclaracteristic aud constant to selve for urole than specificclistinction,as rvill more fully appear

hereafter. 'I'he successive larttinmof the gurr,l ale not parallel,but in tlie greatelnumber oi' cases gro'w thiciier torvards the point, and remat'liablythinnel torvrrrclsthe auterior eclges. Theselarninietueet the apicialline (a) at anglcsusnally acute,and stiil moi'e acntein their intersectionrvith the conical cavit,v, which leceives the phragrnocone,so tlint they might even appearto be parallelto it. As rnany as three hundrecllarnin.eof grorr.thhave beerr cottntedin the crosssectionof the solid paLt of a Beiemnite from the O.rford Clav. an4

16

BRITISH BELEII\ITES.

as ruany as eight'r'in the section of the thinner guarcl over the alveolar cavity.l The tliicknessof the laminm is about .joth of an inch on the average,sometimesnot tnore than -', th of iru inclr. DIAGBA]I .I

u Is the ventral or lower aspect, /, th€ lateral, and d the dorsal, of llelemn. canalictzlalzs, Oxford Clav

In some Belemnites in the calcarcottsnocltrlesof the Lias, antl in others rvhich occur in the harcl Chalk of Antrim, it is rliificult to seetlie laniina of grorvth in the clear, 5or.y, vellow, spathosernassof the qual'cl. On the otlter hatttl, specimensrvhichoccur in clay, shale, or open-grainedlirnestotte,sltorv tltesc lirulitlct verv clearly and in great lrlcnty. DI.\GR.\]I ;.

L o n g i t r d i n a ls e c t i o no f lamine of guard,

f r a n s r e r s es e c t i o no f l a n t i r r t of guard.

I O w e u , ' P h i l . T r a n s ' , I8.1,1.

--

STRUCTTRE.

I7

P-En.a,crr0eoxr. IIre cotricalcavitv of the guard is often empt/, but. as olien fillecl rvith a shell of ":r:ilar fornt, e,rpandinggraduallyforward, and dividecl across b.r' rranv shelly plates, r:,.'h concaleontrvardlr',and piercedb;' a small pipe or siphuncle(c) near on. ..1g.. lly :irc--'c or septa the conical sliell is divided into charnbers,the last bcil.i Plates ln.g* 'ir cotrtparison rvith tlte others,and destiuedto coverthe bleathingorgans,heart,"e.v anrl ot|er. \ rsctra. The thiu conicalshell (c in the diagram)rvlich covelsthese chambersis tlistinct :r'otrrthe substanceof the guard, and is called the 'conotheca' by lluxley: Tlre wlrole eltanrberedrnassu'ith this shell is named " plrryntocont" by Orven. It has been itls, called " aluenltts," but that title is better bestorved on the cavity in the guarcl rvhich rcccivesthe phragmocone. The sheath or guarcl extentls forwarcl over this conotheca, llttt gro['s by degreesso thin as to becorneuntraceable. Beyond the end whele it thus tlisallpearsthe conothecais furthcr extended, and in some instances acqliles so much length and peculiarity of form as to require a separate designation. The most convenient, perhaps,is that proposcdbv Huxley, viz., ,,pro-ostrtcu,tjt,,',or anterior shell. In solnc casesthis ertensioll seems to run oLrt in one simple broad lobe-this appearsto happenin f,ias llelenrnites; in others-Oxforcl Clav species, fol cxauplc-it formsiiuo long, nal'r'o!v,parallel platcs. \\'hatever be the fortu of tltis it is properly a ciorsal ltro-o.slt..1(.uiit, extensionof the conothecaof the Belemnite. In the genus liltltottut/ti,,; it is a very clongatedpart, lar.gerthan the gnarcl,and united to it bv o u..y lone (generalll, clepressetl), slrelly,corrothecaI extension. The phragmoconeis rarely found complete. The best examples to shorv its general DIAGRAM 6.

il

l1 ll t

,

\ / I

I

t

ll

ll

Oxford Clay. 2

it tl il Lias. 3

BRITISFI tsELEII\ITES'

I.

the laminatedclay of ::i .:e havebeenobtailed from the laminatedoolite of solenhofen, Yor'lishire' Three r , :istian}Ialfolcl, anclthe laminatedbeclsof Lias ilr Dorsetshireand of ; lye ruaYacld,as a fourth, the elongateshape .:::i*ent formsare thus put in evideuce \iplioteuthis. to be opaque'sotliat the interior is supposed In the precedingsketchesthe conotheca from Belemnitesrtasfutu8'fi'om septa are not seen. The aspect is clorsal' 1 is fronr 3, Xiplr'oteuthiselongutus, Solenlrofen. z, lJ. Orce,ii, from Christianllaltord. Lyrrre. . ,r a .r. ,I,heextelual aspeclof the phlagmoconeof lJ.yrtt'illoss is given in the next cliagram, 'I'hc tigures arc restored'fi'otl a variet'Vof' in three aspects,dorsal, lateral, ancl veutral. bcing courplete' silecincus \\.hich give the reqr"risiteinfolmatiorl, 1)oolle I)I.\GIi.\]1;

f ," ,

D o r : a )a s p e c t

Lateral asPect.

Ycntral asPcct

in sitlgttlar ancl citalacI'he surface of the conotheca is malkecl bv iines of Erorvth to this observer'the lelistic clil,\'es,tirst accuratelyexamined by Yoltz'1 Accorclinq from the apex ; olle conical snrlircemir,vbe described in four priricipli t'cgiotls radiating lateral, separateclfront the dorsal, rvitli loop lines of glorvth advaricing fonvarci; trvo and coveredrvith ver;' obliciuely clorsal by a continuous straight or learly straight lirte, the dorso-lateraibo[ndaly-line' trrchedlines in a hy,pelbolicfot'm,in part nearil-parallelto act'ossthe ventral portiott' nearl"v ancliu pari reflexed,so as to fortn lines in retiring curves I 'Observatioussur les Belemnites,'lE30

STRICTLRE.

L9

:.rr:r-icl to the cdges of the septa. lleasurr.d lountl tire cone, the dorsal legion .--':..:piesabont :th, each latcral (or hyperbolic region, as \-oltz calls it) about lth, 'l'he straight or nearly straight ,:.J tlie ventlal region about I the circuurference. :v',unrlaries o[ the clorsalspaceare ealledas,vmptotes.Tltere is occa.iornllya straight line i,;,ng tlic middle of the dorsalregion crossingthe " ogivial" dorsalaris : this line is in some layer , ascselevatecl, in othersdeplessed. Fine longitudinalstria appearotr the oLtterntost ,'i thc phragmocorte especiallyin the ventt'alregion. lhe proportions of the phragmocone,its transversesepta, chambers,and siplntucle, .,rrv iu different speciesof Belernnites. The aris of the generalfigure is fol the most part a lit[le curved, ahvaysin such a lnanr]er that the apex is slightly borvecltorvartlsthe lorver or ventral side. If a longituclinalsection be made right through the sipltuncle, frour the dorsal to the ventlal line, and the angle of inclination to each other of the sides of the phragmoconebe measurecl,it rvill be ibuncl that this angle grows rnore and more open as we approachthe apex. If another longitudinal section be taken across the cone from side to side the boundaries will be nearly straight, and the angle of irlclination of the sidcs nenrly constant. lt is this angle which should be given as a part of the specificchalacter. Taking au erample fi'orn a phragmoconeof any Belemnite, the septa ar.efound to bc neareland nearerto onc auothcras the cone gro\vssmallcrand we approach the aper. [n soureBelenmitesthe septa are circular; itr otlicrs elliptical,the lonqer axis being beiween the dorsal and the ventral face, and passingthrough the siphuncle. In 'Ihe cunature of the septalplate is nearly the diameteisare as 100 to 103. I). ltaui.llosus sphericalor spheroidal;the arc included is about 50o, but torvard the apex greater,eveu exceeding90o. lhe radius Ero\rrsshortcr and sholter in a greater proportion than the 'fhe intcrvals betrvecn the septa are about |th of the diameter. In diameterlessens. the intervals a seriesof septa exposedby sectionof the phlagmoconeof 7?.canaliculatu's, rvercthus found nearly1 7 , 1 6 ,1 5 ,1 4 ,1 3 , 1 2 ,1 1 ,1 0 , I 0 , 9 , 8 ; and in another leqsreqular15, 14,13, 10, 8, 10, 9, 9, 8. In neither casecould the septabe counteclto the end, but tlie wholenunber rvasestimated to be about thirty in a length of iths of an inch. In a specimenfronr Lyme Regis ten ' septaoccurin the spaceof ,l,thof an inch near tlte apex. lI. Voltz figures a fragment of Belemnites:lrtlr:tt.siscontaining ten septa in a spaceof l.Sil inch. The angle of this cone being 21o, and its base1'14 inch, it is pracbicable to calculatethe probablenumber of septa,till near the apex they u'ould becomeutttrace. 'lhe cone rvould be 3l inches long, and rvould contain fiftv septa before the able. smallest rvas reduced to Sth of an inch, and sixty before the diameter \ras reduced to ,'uth. In a pyritous specimen of. B. uulgaris, Y. and B., from the IJpper Lias of Whitby I .count sixty septa,of which the anteriortrienty are singularlv pressedinrvardscloseup to

.){)

tsRITISHBELE}INITES.

titt tttttli:ttit'ir.dpalt, which.isonlvlths of an inch long. In the Oxford lluseum is a portion of tlre ltltragtuocoue of 3. gigatteus, which has a length of 33 inches,greater cliameter2,r, It'::tl'1-, aud tetr septa. If continueclto the aper, its length lvouldhavebceu aboveE iiit'i'.'.. tLe nrtnlberof septaeigirty or more, beforebecorninguntraceable. The autelior rrrtiltt'ti palt of the phragmoconenlav be estiuratetlas equaito the charn'oered part; and :rrldiusto this the proballleextent of the gualrl, the total length of the shell rvould bc not It'ssthan 24 inches. 'lltis, ltorvever,is probalri,vnot the utrnost lelgth of llcleuruites,such as thosecalled Aolr:nsi.:,aml ellil,tir'77.*, ir) ultich sonretiruesthe sparr"v guard behind the 11i,qt'nlaus, attaius tlic ltngth oi a fbot or' nlot'e,and the total e-rtcut may havebeen Pirraeurocolc :l to 4. fect. lrift.r'st'1rtiroccttt'itt it spccituetrol R,ltrtrillo.\i/.r,irl tlie I}'istol collectiol, iu t length , r i '! ' t i r c l l c s . 'l'itc itrtslet.,iiriclltrltionot' tltc sidts of the Pliragniocone is plobablvconstantfor. the srttttcspt'cicsof lick'rrrttitcs, but it tarics nruchin differentspeciureus.Qrrensteclt qiveslr .r'r'tir)rr ii'otrt L.r'urclitqis oi a phragtnocoue u'ith sidesilcliucd at So-10'.r I haverrever u rrrtt itlr so :ligirrlr curtr'.:r'sing a coue in thc Lias ; but atltongX[r. N{oore'sspecinrens fi'crrr Ilrninste.r,usuallylcferred to Il. elottgutus,is a cone rvith slopes meeting at 12o. It i: ruorcconnltoltto find the angle above20o and under'2Sofor all speciesin thc Lias rrndOolites. I havi a speciurenmeasnling32o; uufortunatelvrve caunotof'tenrefcr thcse to their pfoper gualcls. lrlrlagmocones 'I'he structure of the couothecaancl of the translclse scpta has rro[ appeirredthe sane to etery obscrver,partly bccauscthcle luav be sonrereal difl'eleuccsin tire sirellsof difi'erentspccics,but more fi'equentl,r'flonr iuconrpletekncs'lerlgcof the disguisesinduced b,r'lamittrc of bisulphidc of ilon auclcalbonateof linre attacheclto thc real shell-structure. 'l'o II. Voltz must again be arvarderlthe praise of just obselvationin this matter. In lris ' l'reatiseon Belemnites,'an instluctive figure is given, to showthe dilTerence between tLc descriptionof nliller and his olvn. Tliis is copied in diag. 8, u,'hcreX{ showsthe st'ctionaccorditrgto lliller, \' that accorclingto \roltz. DIAGRA]l 8. \

:

c

a

i

r

r ' C e p h a l o p o d e n ,3' t1. , f . l ,

l

STRI]CTI-IRE.

2l

,\i,,1'rrstlPirose(ltlte tt'ansr,elseplate of the phragmoconeto be composedof five .:'. ,'i lrrtrtittac, all irent foll-ald to line the conotlieca,u-hichconsistedof one thin plate ,l:' .\1,in diag. bl. \-oltz erplainsthat the couothecais f,rnrredof threelaminre; that .: is ltot'cleletlintcrnall,vby onlv a short flange ertentled fi'oni tlrc trausver.se plate; that ' is inflected junction at the rvith this flange,tlie iuflectiou being liruited by tu'o small .::cisiotts.'I'he transvelseplate (a, in cliag.8) is cqrnposedof scvelal rhin laminae,but is :.ot so thick as the conotheca. trlilier itas not distinguishcclfrom the real substanceof :ire shell the thin laniinm of carbonateof lime (diag. 8, c) rvhich often line irrtelnali,r'thc ro:]otilecaand septa. IIy on'r obserr,ations asl'eein generalrvith those of )I. \-oltz, but it seemsttseful to desclibe tire appearancespl'esentedin trvo or three easilvprocurable' spccies,vhich presentsomesuralldiflbleuces. Diag. 9 representsthe sectionalong tlie dorsalface of three transverseseptaabutting on tlte couotlteca. This enclosingshcll is folmed of threelayers towardsthe opening,but of trvo only towardsthe aper. Still uearcrto tire apex it is coruposed of onelayer only,and that fiually cnds in a porousor cellularplate,very liiie l,hat cau be traced on the iimiting terture of the sphcltrlcat or bevontltlre apex of the phragmocone. This lleiemnite is irr tlie Oxford Ilrtscuttr,fi'onrthc Lias of Lynie Regis. Thc septaareflanged,aud, as it were, bracketecl rvlteretltc',r, tuccl thc conotheca,arrd a srnlll tliungular intersticeappcal.s between thc bracliet and the c()uotl)cca. In Bclenuitasuulgorisof YoLrngand Bird, fronr the t- pper Lias of \\'liitbr', the seirta are apparentlysingle plates-at lcast this appeal'sto be the caseirr the hiuder part ol' the cone. DIAGRAI,{ 9.

DIAGRAII TO.

In diag. 10, taken from ariotlrerspecimenin the Oxford}Iuseuur, fi'om Lynre

ll*flft:.:

22

tsRITISHBELE}I\ITES,

Rr'gis, the long advancingflange is clearly traced against the triple conotheca. The sel)tiurritsclf is of unusual construction,as lepresentedin the secondfigule. It contains thrr.eplates-the middle one clear and spalry, and of uniform thickness; the uppel one is thelorverone istliinner ,luitedark, and thickerintlie middle,likea periscopir:corlvexlens; in thc rniddle,like a corresponding concavelens. In a specinrenof B. tornutili's from the Orforcl DIAGRAII II. CIay the conothecais triple, the two inner laminmbeing sornervhatcurved in conforrnity to the short abutment which have of the septa(diag. 11)' The appearances been describedare not always easy to eliminate frorn the vrlious shaded and crystallized laminm rvhich overlie the septum, and plesent clelusiveappearances of stnrctut'e. Ilisulphidcsof ilon, zinc, and lead,and cm'bouatcof lime iu a varicty of rspects,form layers on tirt l-irlls or fill up entirelvthe chanrbels. -\ccoltlinq to m1' obsen'ations,there is leason to expect that the phragmoconervill afford specificcharacters nrot'edcfinite, if not so often availableas those of the guarri. is removccl,and the cast of When the conothccra the charnbemappeafs,the inrprcssionsof the septai flzrngesremain in sevcral speciesvely plainly on the cast, and causeuudulationsin the exterioroutline of the conothcca. Through eachtransverseplate is a per'foratiou,nelr tlre ventral ruargin,formed by the letroflectiogthere of the lanrinreof tlrc plate. Thescleflectedparts of the plate are someDIAGRA}I 12.

DIAGR..\}I I3.

limes found to be erpandedin the interseptalspaces,as Iiappensto many Orthocerataand Nautili. This is repleserlteclby Voitz in a specinreuof B. Aslensis.l The series of I 'Observ.sur les Belemnites,' pl. i, fig. 3.

23

STRUCTURE.

rrith the siiolt tubes to eachconstitutesrvhat is calledthe siphuncle("), which :".:iur.arions so closeto the ventral side that its expansioustottch the conotheca'l hi :r sopretiures iiag. 12 is seen tlic longitudinal section thlough the siphunclc, sho'lr'ingthe retro:ltriols of the septarvhichform the siphuncie,and ltorv this apploachcsand touchesthe conotlreca. Tlie plrragmoconeis that of Belemititesrulgari;, froru thc Upper Lias of forkshire. Diag. 13 shou'sthe marks left by tlie siphuncleotl the "cliatttlteled cone," rrhich reruiliusrvhen the conothecais n'hollv ol paltially I'elxoved' atttl qrtat'dare As alreadyobservecl,the specimensare ferv in r,hiclt the phragnrocottu rbund togethercomplete,or in such a state as to allou' of a correctjudgrnent of the rvhoit figule, if cornplete. Such specinenshavebeen fonnd in the Oolite of Solenhol'euatttl in tltc O-rford Clay near Chippenharii. In tlie Lias of Lyme Reeis ancl Yorkshire the stt'Lrctltt'c justif.v a of the phragmocone in relation to the guard is sufficiently ascertained to lestoratiou of the 1,ho1eshell. In diag. 14 are presentedthree such figtlres, one from tlte DIAGRA}I T4.

,l l

il

H il

"r, Oo'lite.

Lias.

two frorn the Lias,viz. B. parillosu.s ancl lipltoteutlti,s Ooiite of Solerihofen( 8 . Ictstutus), elongata.

I Voltz., loc. cit., pl. i, fig. l.

24

BRITISH BBLBMNITES.

Though llo cornpletespecimenhas occurrecl of any Belemnitic animal, late cliscoveries. especiallvthose of ]h'. Day in the Lias at Lyme Regis, have establishedmany facts lcgarding the rnnscularsystemof the body, the hbokson the arms, the funnel, ink-bags, eles, anclothcl parts of importance. Restorationshavebeen attemptedat varioustimes b,t- several naturalists since first }Iiller presenteda generalsketch shorvingthe affinity of tlre llelcnrnite to the Sepiacem. Buckland:sfigure ('Bridgervater'l'reatise,'pl. lxi, fig. 1) t'eplesentsthe ventral aspect of the animal, rvith funnel, ink-bag, and posteriorlaterocaudalfins. Only eight arm-sare clistincfin the figrrre. On the tll'o lottgeronesarecircular suckers. Quensteclt('Cephalopoclen,'t. rxiii, fig 16) presentsa clrarvirrgof the dorsal aspect, shorving'latelal fins crpanclcclfrom the alveolarregion, rvith a thin membranous expansionovcl thc fibrorrssunrd, anclan equallvthirr fleshycoveringto the anteriorparL 'Ilre of the phraqruoc'oue. tn o longer al'rnsare llare, the eight shorter ones have irooks. D'Orbiqur- :l,c'tchts a sicir r iru-. rvith pointeclfins near tlte ertrernity of the tail, the l]elerunitr.l.iirjj c),1r,r.-.rl rin the llack, the tu-o lougcr al'ursbare, tlre otherswith two rows '['t'lr of sttclit'rscaclr. anc[ D'Orbigny, ern)s ill'c assignedtrt thc aniuralbv Qrreiisteclt as itt tlrt' r'('storatiolls on lJelemnoteutiiis. br-On-cu,'u-lrich,horvcr-er, is partly moclellecl Iliis uncer'[aintvin regard to the llrchensileorgansof the animal has been in somedegree reuot'ccl b"v thc lesearcliesof tlr. Doy in the Belemnitic beds of Lyme Regis and Cltat'urouth. Several specimenscollected by this gentleman have shown in their trtte relative position the guard, the phragmocone,the anterior extensionof the conotheca., and 'I'wo the coronet of hooks which rnargineclthe arnrs. of thcse specirnenshave been figured by flurley.2 In one the part of the guard below DIAGRAM 15.

the phlaglnoconer)leasuresabont ,'oth part of the whole anirual,iu tlie othel about lth. \ron Buch had estimated the length of the anirualto exceedthat of the shell by eight or ten times; but if bv the terrn shell we mean to express the lvhole of the solid calcareousor horny substance,its length is nearly equal to that of the aninral,for it reaches, as in the Sepiacere,to the edge of the funnel. The outline of the body of the auinral is not yet recovered; in specimens of the Lias the ink-bag, funnel, and portions

of the sclerotic arcs of the €I€, are designated b;' Huxley; but the muscular substanceof tlie arms, mantle, and fins is untraceable. Such traces do occur in the \ , Oxford Clay in connection with Belemnoteuthis,but the \ / \J entirely different proportions of tlie guard in these animals render it improbable that the swimming apparatus could be quite on the same model as in the Belenrnite. t Owen, 'Phil. Trans.,' 1844.

2 ' Mem. of Geol .S urvey,'1864.

-r

CLASSIT'ICATIO\.

25

[-s;'*eciall.v in the anterior part and in the circle of hooked arms Mr. Day,s specimens l:,r't hren found verv susgestive. The arnrs are, on the rvhole,unexpectedty short (as ci:uPared with those of -Belernnoteuthis) ; the head also, with the eles, upprur. smaller in p:rrircrtiolt than anong other Cephalopoda,and the whole bodv ...-, longer in proprrtion than is usttalamong them,in this respectmore resemblingthe Calalraries (Loligo) tiranthe Cuttles(Sepia).

CTASSIFICATION OF THE BELEMNITID,fl. To the earlierwriters the family of the Belemnitida was known only by the two prominentexamplesnow calledBelemnitesand Belemnitella, and of thesethey knew not the whole. The chamberedconewas not alwaysclearlyunderstoodas an essentialand verycharacteristic part of the wholeshelluntil Klein (1?31)gaveforth his ,Descriptiones Tubulorum Marinorum,' which include Orthoceratites. In this essayBelemnites constitutethe eleventhgenusof Tubuli Marini, and are thus clearlydefined: " Belemnitesest tubulusmarinus;fossilis; materiread Seleniticam accedentis ; teles; transversim fractusconcelltricis striis, in longitudinemfissuscanaliculopervio,semperin medionosito,donatus;in basinonnunquam ferensconum,olirn testaceum, concameratum, instructumsiphunculo." This cone was, and still often is, called the alveolus,though that pame properly belongsto the conicalcavity. The siphuncleof this chambered shellis regardedby Klein as connected with the centralcanalof the guard, and with a globule at its apex. He foundsthis opinionchieflyon specimens from the Chalk, and comparesthis structure to that of the chambered Naut'ilus crass?ts,distinguishing this from the open-shelled Argonaut. In agreementwith previous writers, he distributesBelemnitesinto three groups-cylindric, conical,fusiform. 'afterwards, Fifty years l\filler, satisfiedhimself of the afiinity of Belemnitesto the shellyparts of Cephalopoda, perceivedthe analogyof the animal to which the fossil belongedwith the recent possessor of the " Cuttle.fishbone,"and presenteda conjectural drawingto illustratethe genericcharacter,whichis in thesewords: Genus.Belemrrites.-A cephalopodous ? molluscousanimal,providedwith a fibrous, spathose, conicalshell,dividedby transverse concave septainto separate cellsor chambers conuected by a siphuncle,and insertedinto a laminar,solid, fibrous,spathose, subconical or fusiformbody extendingbeyondit, andforminga protectingsheathor guard. (, Geol. 'lrand.,'2nd series,vol. ii, p. 48.) It is unnecessary now to notice his genus " Actinocamax,"which is only the retral portionof the guardof a Chalkor Gault Belemnite,separated at or nearthe apexof the phragmocone-of[en by naturaldecayof the shellylaminm.

BRITISHBELE}TNITES.

26

De lllainville's great u,olli follows that of }Iiller, and his classificationis in all resitectstnore arlvanceclaucl courprehensive. It conlains eight sections,of rvhich the first is foultle4 o1 a mistake of },tiller, and.the last is merel,va small appendix of forms wliich ?rreno\\ clistributedin the other sections. of lliller.) A. No alveolarcavity. (Actiitlcolirctn B. Alveolarcavity ver"vsnrall, fissureclon tlre rnargin, and without septa. (Exanlple -llelerttn'ites r1u trli'cttus. Clralli.) C. Alveolar cavilv la1ge,fissurerlon the margitr, ancl n'ithottt septa. (Example-tus. Chalk.) i1('.qtt tt/,'t'oitrr IJe/t:tttn rvith a verttralcaual rnoreor less siphnuculatecl, D. Alyeohr.crliri- lirrge,t.haurlrerecl, er-irlcntti'our tire basc to the sunmrit of tlie gualti. (Exaruple-B. sulcatu.v, lliilcr. Oolitc.) : rvitirotitfissttreor catlalat the base' siphrrrrculltecl ch:rrulreletl, ]r. ^\lvcr-rlrrr.cavirr-l,rr.ge. but 5it5 trro liircr.irlfrryrou's1t the suurtnitoI tlie guard. (Esarnple-3. apici' ('/ti'.'Ql tt.*.IilLiinr-.Lias.) ; no fi$sure or caual at the Ir. .\h eolar calit,v large, chamberecl,sipiruuculated lrasr: or. fur.rol's at the sunrmit of the guard. (Exarnple-B. abbreuiatu't, Oolite.) no fissure, G. Alveolai cavity very large in proportion, chambered, siphunculated; so as to give canal, or grooves. (Example-B. obtustts,copied from Knorr, Ktein (ix, 2)' quite u r"rong notion, but it was previouslyand better fignred by liiller.

This sectionis founcledin a nistalie') H. Speciesincompletelylinorvn-a t])ereappenclis' only five sections of \\re have therefore effectively, in Blainville's classificatiott, leaving three (D, Bele'rnitidae,two of which (B anil C) uray be lefellecl to Belemnitella, E, f') for',thcrestlicted genusof Belernnites' Pseudobelus,Rhyncholites, lJltri'ville adc'lsto his memoir descriptions of Beloptera, ancl Cortcliot'ln'ttclttts. ranked in three Iti llt'ontt's' Letlirca Geognostica,'183?, \\'e fincl tlie Belemnites : ciivisiotrs furrows at the point' Subdivisionsaccordingto the nurnber of

A . Irrtcgr.rc.-sireathrvithout fissure at the basis,with 7-0

B.

Co'fi'ecl to Lias anctInf'erior Oolite. the fulro\\-suear the Point. anterior end, or near it, to or canaliculatrc.-A clistinctcirnal, beginning from the another canal opposite towards tle poi't on the ventral aspect. (Sometimes or double line frorn the this.) On t5e right arrd ieft sides often a fine single

CLASSIFICATION.

27

basisto or towardsthe point. (\o ink-bag?) Speciesmostly confinedto the lliddle Oolite, but rarely in Coral-Rag,and onlv peculial kinds in the Inferior Oolite; trro or three in Gault. ('. Iissr.-Basis rvith a deep short fissure, not ertending backu'ardsbeyondthe alveolarregion; no furrows at the point. Confinedto Cletaceousstrata.

D'Orbigny separates the third divisionof Bronn from other Belemnitesnnder the irtle of Belemnitella;for the othershe forrnsfive groups,charactei'ised by peculiaritiesof thc rostrumor guard:1 l.

Acuarii.-Rostrum more or less eonical, often furrowed or wrinkled at thc lower extremity, without ventral or lateral furrovrs in the anterior part. (Lias and Oolites.) 'elongate, 2. Canaliculati.-Rostntm lanceolate, or conical, provided below with ventral a canal occupyingnearly the whole length; no lateral furrows. (Inferior Oolite and Great Oolite.) 3. Hastati.-Rostrum elongate,commonlylanceolate,with lateral furrows on a part of the length, anclan anteriorventral furrorv,very clistinct. (Lias, Oxfordian, Corallian,Neocomian,anclGault.) 4. Clavati.-Rostrum elougate,often clavate,n-ith lateral furrou's, but no anterior ventralfurrow. (Lias.) 5. Dilatati.-Rostrum cornpressed,often enlarged, with lateral furrorys and a deep dorsal anterior groove. (Neocomian.) This author, frour a study of recent Cephalopoda,was led to the supposition, and finally, after re-searches among fossil groups, to the conviction,that in many Belemnites, independentlyof age, the rostrum was longer or shorter in proportion to the alveoiaraxis, accorclingto sex, the rnaleshaving a longer and tire females a shorter guard. But with advancingage, in some cases,the growth of the female guard restores,or nearly restores, the equality. He regards the embryonic llelernnites as always composed of a sphericle and a rostrum with a circular section. I'Ir. S. P.''Woodward,in 1851,2 presenteda more practicalview of the family of the Belemnitidrethan any previousBritish writer. The definitionsof the farnily and its subdivisiousare as under: Bnr,nrrNrrrD-8. E/r,ellconsisting of a pen, terminating posteriorly in a chambered coue (phragrnocone) ; sometimesinvestedrvitir a fibrous guard. The air-cells of the 2 il rogntocoTt€&t*Econnectedby u s'ipltuncle,closeto the ventrtil side. I 'Terr. Jurassiques,' p. 73.

2 ' ilIanual of the Mollusca,' p, i3.

BRITISH BELBMNITES.

28 llelemnites.

Plrtgiitoeone horny, slightly nacreous,with a minute globular nucleus at the by two apex; dividedinternallyby numerousconcavesepta. Pen rcpresented and producedbeyond nacreous bandson the dorsalside of the phragmocone, its rim in the form of sword-shapedprocesses. Gaard fibrous, often elongatedand cylindrical,becomingvery thin in front where it coversthe phragmocone. Seetion-L-AceIi, Bronn Without dorsalor ventralgrooves. n I .-,'[ru ert t. Sultsectio \Yithout lateral furrows, but oftenchannelled at the extreme poirrt. (Exanrple-8. ucuarius. Lias. at i . Sut,section 2.- C'|oc* -8, \Yith lateral furrows. (Bxampte

claaatus. Lias.)

iort lf.-Gastrocmli" D' Orb,Secl Ventralgroovedistinct. L-Canaliculat,i: no lateralfurrows. (Bxample-3. canal'iculatusEubsection Inf. Oolite.) z.-Hastati : lateral furrows distinct. Bubsect,ion Oolite.)r ,\ection1/I-Notoceli,

(Example-B. ft'astatus.

D' Orb.

With a dorsal groove, and furrowed on each side. (Example-B' dilcttatus. Neocomian.) D'Orb. Belernnitella, The guard has a straight fissure on the ventral side of its alveolarborder; its is never snrfaceexhibits distinct vascularimpressions. The phragmocone that it had a preserved,but casts of the alveolusshowthat it waschambered, of the the fissure guard,and singledorsalridge, a ventral processpassinginto an apicalnucleus. (Bxample-B. mucrottatus.chalk.) r Blainville,by whom the specieswas named,quotesit as from Lias, and alsofrom the Clay of the YachesNoires (Oxfortlian). It seems,however,not to be found at all in the Lias'

CLASSIFICATION.

29

Aear:hotcuthis,r ll1gner. The shell is not known; probably identicalrvithBelemnosepia. The hookswerein double l'o\fs along ten nearly equalarms. (Exarnple -A. prisca. Oolite of Solenhofen.)

l]elemnoteuthis, Pearce,1842. Elell consistingof a pfiragmocone like that of the Belemnite,a hornl' dorsal lren, with obscurelateralbands,and a thin fibrousguard,with two divcrging ridges on the dorsalaspect. An'imalprovidedrvith anns and tentaculaof nearlyequallength, furnishedwith a doublealternatingseriesof horny hooks,from twenty to thirty pairs on each arm; ntantlefi'eeall round. fins large,mediodorsal. (Example -8. antigua, OxfordClay.) Conoteuthis, D'Orb. Pltrctgntocone slightly curvecl. Pen elongated,very slender. (Exarnpl e- C. Dupiniana. Neocomian.) In 1863 Karl llayer presented,in the 'Joulnal de Conchyliologie,'the following classification of JurassicBelpmnites,rvhich is illustrateclby the collectio'in the Zvrich l{useurn ' Acuenrr. Lanceolate,laterally compressed, without canal or lateral grooves. Lias and Oolite. A. Smooth. AA. Alveolusexcentric. AAA. Alveoluscentral. B. With Iurrowsat the apex. BB. Alveoluscentral. BBB. Alveolusexcentric. Crxer,rcur,Arl. Lanceolate, with ventraldepression, but no lateralgrooves. Oolite. A. Srnooth. AA. Alveolusexcentric. AAA. Alveoluscentral. B. Unisulcate. BB. Alveoluscentral. BBB. Alveolusexcentric, C. Bicanaliculate. I ProfessorE. Suesshas lately given figuresand descriptions 'Proceedings of the Acanthoteuthidre, of the ImperialAcademy,' Vienna,186i. i)

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

30

and Oolite. Hesr.q.rt. Fnsiform,with lateralgroovesor canals. I-.,ias

A. Srnooth. B . Unisulcate. C. With lateralcanals. Each of the divisions thus indicnted is subdivided into groups of alliecl species. M. Duval-Jouve proposecla classificationlimited to tlie Belemnitesof the I'[eocomian a strata, which ma,v be convenient for referencc; though at the present time hardly in found single species of the groups he mentions and clesclibes so calefully has been England.

1. Bipartiti.-The sicles marked by il deep ftrt'Lol, tlhich cliviclestheur into tlo cqualltarts: place of thc siphunclc unkriol-n. I). \iliartitus of Blaiuville is an cratttple.

:. Notosiphiti.-The siphuncleplaceclon the rnidtlle line of the dorsal aspectof the alr.eolus,opposite to the ventral canal of ihe guard ; ahvays compressed; the opening of the cavit,vnotched on the sides' B. Ga*tro.iphiti.-siphuncle in the middle line of the uentral aspect,' ah,vayscylindric or depressed; opening of the cavity terminating circularly or oblicluely. of continual Before proceeding further it is desilable to fir the meaning of a fen' terrns are use in describing tlre guard and phragmocone. In general figure a few Belemnites a nearly and very nearly coniial in the retral paft of the gualcl, having there straight sides is better termed circular section ; rloro frequently the section is not circular, ancl the figure are very eonoicJal. Again, in the middle of the guard, as usually found, some Belemrlites other Belemrrearly cylinrlrical, with parallel siclesand a circular: section ; but as often the term nites ha'e the section oval or in other !\'ays deviating from a circle, and to such guard is cylinrlroilat willbe applied. Looked at in a genelal sense,the rvhole form of the and the termination of the said.to be ltastafe when between the apex of the 1-rhragrnocone may su(tlr,astate guard tlre outline is swollen; when this sr,vellingis r-ery slight the term is called b. .rrrplo)-ecl; rvhen, on the contrary, it is large ancl conspicuousthe Belemnite and guard, the Forms rvhich are cylindrical or cylindroidal in the middle of /urr/oi*. callecl lanceolate. As conical or conoidal in the liinder part, are often conveniently Chalk rnucronate; to the terprinati,on of the guard, it is in the Belemnitelle of the and the tetm sult' in some Oolitic a1d Lias srolrps this form is ueariy approachbd, the point is mucronate wilt be useful. In Belenmi.tella atterzunta and some others and for the rernaining forrns acute and. obtuse,r,vith the hetp of the aclverbs procluced; *uery tet'ms and,sliglltly, wlll probably suffi.ce. 3ol u'ant of care in the use of tlvo other when the in i.espect of ine guarcl, great confusion arises. Belemnites are cln?'pressed

CLASSI}'ICATIOI\{.

31

diameter from sirle to "*irleis less than that from the back to the front ; deltresserlwhen tlre contrar,voccttrs. 'I'he a,u:iso/ tle guard (called the " apicial line " by Voltz) is the line frorn tlre apex of the guard to the ape\ of the phragnroconc; thc oui,sof tlreytlr.ragmoconeextendsfrom its apex to the centre of the last septum. Thc rclative length of these ares is of much interest and importancein diagnosis. Phlagrnocoucsale not alwaystt rty conical; thcy are Lrsuallya little compressed,and deselveto bc callcd c,titoit/ct/.The angle of inclination of their siclesis believed to be nearly constant in the sauie specics,for the sarnepart of the slopes; but it varics in clifferentspecies(12" to $!o,\,atrtl in thc same speciesit often varies a little between the apex and the last chamber. The angle rnost proper to take for charactersof speciesis betrveenside and side ; but it is clesirable,rvhcn good eramples occur, to give also the angle of the bacli and front. The section of the alveolarchanrbermay often be hacl when the phraqmoconecannot be obtained.

BBLBMI\ITIC BEDS. A full accountof the gcographicaland geologicaldistlibutionof Belemnitesmust be postponedtill the specieshavc been describcd;but it rvill be convenienthere to indicatethe principal zones,ot' bcclsof rocl;, in l-hich ther-are founclmost abundantly. Not only is the group absentfrom csisting oceans,but it is unknori.irin the rvhole Caenozoic period; for Beloptera ancl Belemnosis,rvhich occrlr'in liocene stlata, are probablyof the family Sepiadae. In the Upper Chalh of I(ent, Norfolk, and Yorkshire,rvith Anancltytesouata,we recognisein abunclanceBelemnitelh, the latest rnembersof the family in Britain; at Maestrichtbedsof Chalh,thoughtto be somewhathigherin the series,alsocontainthem in plenty. Comparatively rare in the lower parts of the Chalk,and not very frequent in lJpper Greensand,they are plentiful in the Gault, but again rare in Lowcr Greensand. Ir[o memberof the family hasbeenfound in the Wealdenstrata. Belemnitesappearbelorv,but, exceptingone clubiousnotice,I haveno informationof them in any part of the Purbecl
32

BRITISH tsEIEMI{ITBS.

The Inferior Oolite contains many species,in the lorver beds especially,and from this point dotr-nrvardsthrough the sands,and clays, and limestones,of the Liassic series, Belernrritesare altnost never absent from the section till we reach the zone of Aumnnites Bucl'laiirli. Only in the upper part of this zone have they been found by ilIr. Sanders itt Salford, and by Mr. Day' at Lyme Regis. I have not, with my o\yn hands, alter three careful examinations of the same zone at Lyme Regis, obtained a single erantple; ror any trace of one, either in the loruer parts of that zone or in the subjacent lrands with Antmonitesplanorbis. None has evel been seenbv me in the strata below from any place in the British Isles. " Ilelernnite-Beds" are best erernplified in the Lias, u'ireretirin bands of strata are t'emarl
33

BELEMNITES OF THE LIAS. Brr,nurrrns Acurus,Miller.

Pl. I, fig. 1.

Re/erence. Belemnitesaiutus,Miller, 'Geol. Trans.,'2nd series,r'ol. ii, p. 60, pl. viii, fig. 9 (readApril, 1823),1826. B. breu'is,var. A, Blainville,' M6m. sur les Belemnites,'p. 86, pl. iii, figs.1,Ia,1827. SowerbI,'Min. Conch.,'p. B. acutus, 180,t. 590,frg.7 (notfig. 10),182S. D'Orbign/, "Ierr. Jurass.,'p.94,t. ix, figs.8-14, 1842. B. acutus, 'Cephal.,'p. 395, t. xxiii, fig. 17,L849. B. breuos prinaus,Quenstedt, Gu.q.B,o.Conoidal,compressed, terminating in a sharp,nearlycentral point, somewhat drawn out; on each side frequentlya broad shallowgroove,not reachingto the point; apexoftenstriated,but not grooved. Transversesection oval, with flattened sides; the ventral aspectbroaderthan the dorsal;axisa little excentric(Pl. I, fig. 1, s"). Greatest lengthobserved,2'7 diameter, 0'66 I axis,1'00. 5 inches;greatest Youngspecirnens arelongerin proportion,and veryacute(Pl. I, fig. 1, .r). 'I'he normaldiameter(u,d) at the apexof the phragrnocone Proportions. beingtakeu at 100, the ventral part of it is from 36 to 44, the dorsal 56 to 6l ; the shorter diameterat the samepoint is 87 ; the axis of the guard 300. In young specimens the axisis 400 or more. PnneeuocoNn. Oblique, rvith excentricapex; the si,desare nearlystraight,and inclinedat an angle of 27oor 28o;t the angleincluded betweenthe dorsaland ventral linesis about32o. Sect'ion elliptical,as 100 to gl . Eeptanot observed, exceptnearthe apexof the phragmocone. Venrnrrns. d. Lateralgroovesdistinct(specimens figured). B. Lateralgroovesobsolete(not figured). Obseruations.The type specimens employedby Miller are unknown. There is in tlre museumof the Bristol Institution a tabletmarkedB. acutus,Lower Lias,Cheltenham, bearingtwo specimens. One, dark-grayin colour,corresponds to someof rny specimens from the samelocality,presented to me by -y muchregrettedfriendH. E. Strickland,Esq. The other,composed of yellowqpar,fits well enoughin figure to Miller's outiine,but is of a diffelentspecies. The figure of this author is quite indoterminate, nor is Sowerby's sufficientfor identification. But thereis no reasonfor disturbingthe commonconsentof r D'Orbignygivesthe anglesas l80 to 21",probablya mistake.

BRITISI{ BELEMNI'IES.

34

Ifnglish and foreign palreontologists, by which the name of B. acutusis fixed on the short, ('onpressed,pointed forms here describedas containingtwo principal varieties. Equally seneral is the consentto adopt as a synonym the first of three varieties,or rather species, ratrked b,v Blainville as B. breuis; and by exanrination of foreign specimensreferred to that fossil by M. H6bert, I find specimensof both varieties among them. In the ,rrisinal descriptionof Blainville the axis of the guard is describedas medial throughout. Such is, I think, never the case rvith English eramples, thoueh the excentricity varies. l)'Orbigny' describesthe axis as a little e-rcentric. 'Ihe sarne author gives a drawing to t'epresenta sectionof the phragurocone, rvith sides nruch less inclined than usual, and rvith septa unusually distant. I Iravenot yet obtainecla good sectionof a phragmocone. I)'Orbigny refersto att angnlar variety in his or.n collection,"I'err. Jur.' (Jll.ix, figs. 13, l4). His specimensare a little bent,as sometirresoccursat L,vrneRegisand Cheltenham. 'l'his author noticestlte var,viuglength of the guarclin proportiouto the diarueter,the longer sllecimeusbeing suppose(lntasculirte. IIe did not perceiveanv grooveson his examples. Ioeality antl Di.vfril'tttioit. Iu Lorver Lias beds, sith ^lntntonitesBucklandi, at the lraseof Black \-t'uu, L,t'ureRegis lDay). In Lower Lias at lVeston,near Bath (Sowerby), attd at Salford (Sanders). In Lower Lias becls at llatch, near 'Iaunton, with Anutt. o/ttrrstrs (Jfoore). Antrim, in Lower Lias @rtilhps). Near Cheltenham,in rniddle part of'Lorver Lias (Elr'ichland). Robin Hoocl's Buy, Yorkshire, in upper part of Lower Lias (.Oppel,Prtilhps). Thus in the British Islands it seenrsconfined to Lorvel Lias. Foreign Iocalities. fn Lower and l\tiddle Lias (cornruunicated by It. H6bert). La Grangeaux Bois, Chalolles,St. Cyr (Cdted'Or'),Argenton. D'Orbigny givesotherstations.

llsr,nuNrrnspENrcrLLArus,Sowerlty. Pl. I, fig. 2. Reference. Belemn'ites penic'illalzs,Sow.,'IIin. Conch.,'p. lBl, t. 590, figs. 6, 9, 1.82E. Gt:rnn.

Short, much compressed,cvlindroid, ercept in the posterior part, which cttl'vesround to an obtuse,nearly central apex; dorso-lateralgroovesvariable. 'Iransverse sectiotr oval; ventral aspect somervhatbroader than the dorsal; axis nearly central. Greatestlength observed,2'7 5 inches; greatestcliameter,0'75 ; axis, l'00. Proportions. The longest diameter of the apex of the phragmoconebeing taken at 100, the ventralpart is 4S, the dorsal52; the shorterdiameter76; the axis 150 in old, tunder300 in young specimens. . PnnecrriocoNn. Almost truly conical, nearly straight on all sides; its apex almost central; angle 24" ; section slightly elliptical, within the oval guard, which is much thickened on the ventral ancl dorsal faces.

BELE}INITES OI' TTIE LIAS.

35

l'.rRrF.rrES.cr.Lateralgroovesdistinct(fig. J, b',b"'). (fig.9, b"; a;nd obsolete Sorv.,'Min. Con.,'t. 590,fig.6). fl. Lateralgrooves ()e."errotions. In general form this speciesdiffers yer,v sensibly from B. acutus, r gilen in thesepages; in the transversesectionnot lessso,this havingthe apexof the phrarruoconealmostexactlyin the centre of the figure, which n-ould be pretty regularly otal but for the flattenedsides. Facettes,or grooves,are almostallars traceableon the flattenedsides,and seldomabsentfrom the apexon the dorsalaspect. They are,howcvcr, often obscureenoughto escapeuncriticalobservation. With B. ligitalis it agrees in somedegreeas to generalfigure,but as to the proportionsof the ventral and dorsal not at all. radii of the sheath,ancl as to the form and situationof the phragmocone, l-ery many of the specimenshave a rough striation about the apex,arising from some occursin placeof decaythere; and, from the samecause,a sort of umbilicaldepression and entire. the originalapex,which in the young statewasobtuse-angled (Diagram 16) for the pu{poseof preIt is necessaryto add an additionalfigure specimens, with a very symmetrical venting mistal<e when some apparentlyeven-surfaced outline,occur. In most of ury drawingsespecialcare is taken to make the groovings fully as evident as they appear in the objects. For this purpose the light is made

DIAGRAI{ 16.

incident at a lower anglethan is usual,so as to mark the longitudinalundulationswith distinctlight and shade. If this be not donemany Belemnitesmay be regardedas "without grooves,"rvhichyet really are furrowed. In the ordinarylight such specimensas those in Pl. T, fi1. 2, f and l/', woulclnot appearquite so stronglyfurrowed,and others, like that in Diagram16, may be thought to be perfectlysmooth.

36

]]RI'IISH BELET'II{ITES.

IJclat;tiiilcsitmicillatus is the name given by Blainville to the specimen figured in his rvork (pl. iii, fig. 1). The name had been previously employed by SchlotSeirn ('Pctrif.,' \o. 10), for a Belemnite which Blainville supposesmay be the same as his exatttplcs,rvhich \vere Irom the Lias of Nancy.r Hardly any foreign author ro\y employs this l)allre; but it ,appears desirable to revive it, on the authorit,v of Sowerbv, lvho Irelievetl his fossils from Lyme Regis to be the same species as Blainville's. The spcciutettsfrom the Belemnite-bed of Goiclen Cnp have been sometimes refeped to l]. t\-otlotitutusof D'Orbign,v; but that speciesis representeclrvitha distinct acro-ventral gloove, which rarely, if ever, appearsin this, and the section given of its phragmoconeis very oval, rvhile in this it is almost circnlar. 'l'he trvo folms are, hor,vever, much allied, though not specificall"r' the same. r havc scenonlv one Euglish specimenrvhich appears to agrec t-ith B. ]-odotiunu,r. Iocality. Abundant under Golden Cap, Lvure Reqis (Artrtii{). Shor.nClitr',Lymc Reqis (S"uerl.y). In Lon-er Lias, with Aunn. Rucklanrli, at Paulton, uear Bath,and u'ith 21. obtusu.sat IIatch, neal Tauuton (1[oorc). In Lorver Lias (middle part) near Clrcltenliaur(,S1r'z c,l'/u,uI). hr Lou'cr Lias, rvith A. Turneri, near Bristol (Etoddart). In Lorver Lias, '\tttt'iut (Pltillips); and Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire (Pfii,llryts). Bnlr,uxrrtrs I\I'uNDrBur,ulr,n. s.

Pl. I, fig. 3.

Gttrrnu.

Short, conical, arched uprvards; apex acute, usually striated on the dorsal and ventral faces; two obscure lateral facettes extendecland rvidening over the alveolar region. 'I'ransversesection nearly circular, lvith the aris a little ercentric., and nearly straight; the young forms similar to the full grorvn. D I A G R A I TI 7 .

Greatcstlength observed,2'5 inches; greatestdiameter,less than 0'7 ; axis of guard,0'7. r D'Orbigny twice rcfers to B. penicillatnd,once as the equivalentof .ts. irregularis,Sch., and again as n sYnonrtm of B. comprescus.

BEIE}INITES OI' TFIE IIAS.

37

t'n''7"'rli0t:,s' Thc longestdiameterat the ape\ of the' phragrnocone being taken at l ' . " ' . : l ; e v c t t t r a lp a r t i s 4 6 , a n d t h e ' c J o r s pa al r t 5 d ; t h e a r i s o f t h e suard 160. I'nnlc'oco.'{'. Quite straight, with a slightly o'al sectio', cnclinqin a spherule; '- ir: inclined 21o, ventro-dorsalinclination 23o. Septalclia.reterscvcntiruesthe depth ; Eri-. of the phragmoconehalf as long as the axis of the guarcl; alvcolirr.cavity three ::rucsas long as the axis of the guard.

olseruations. The substanceof the guard is usuallya clear,brown, calcareous si)al., n ith largeradiating pencilsof fibres. In somespecimens the striationsnearthe apex gather into interrupted longitudinalplaits, especiallyon the dorsalaspect. In one case the wholesurfaceis markedby little riclgyswellings;in othersquite smooth, exceptIlear the apex. Among foreign specimensfrom Mokon, near Mezibres,mostly referred b;r lI. Hdbert to B' breuds,var. B, Blainville, I have seensomewhich have the essential charactersabove assigned,though generally somewhat compressed. Among thern one or two rnay be chosen which fairly match our English examples. Speciro.n, of Lias Belemnites are occasionally seenin foreign museums beariug the namesof B. breu,irostris,D,Orb. (also calledB' curtuson plate x, figs. l-6, of this author's "Ierr. Jurassiqles,'AnclB. rostriforntis (Qu'), which come near to our specimens. The forrner is kno*-' to nre b"r,many examples,all of which are straight ; the latter is a somervhatoblique, not archecl,r.er..1, slrort, compressedBelemnite,with acro-lateral grooves,anclis rankecl u,noog theBelentnites trQtartiti by Quensteclt. It seems,therefore, that a new clesignatio.r i-. necessar)-foi. tlris not common fossil, for which the only synonym I can suggest is 3l. breuis,r,ar. B, in part, of Blainville' It is not identical with what Prof. Morris mentions as B. breuirostris from near Cheltenham.

Localitg. rn Lo'ver Lias, near Bristol, with Amrn"Turneri (Stoddart) ; lyme Regis and Bath (Phillips). Foot of Black Venn, Lynre Regis, witha. Bucltlandi (Doy). Bnlnunrrns axcAvArus, n. s. pl. II, fig. 4. Referenee.Buckland,'BridgewaterTreatise,'p. 70, pl. xliv', fig. l4,Igg6, whereit is calledB' breuis(?),a name previouslyemployedfor a very differeni speciesby Blainville. Guenn. Rapidlytaperingto a blunt end,with obscurelateral forro**. The axis excessir-el,v short' Sectionsshorvthe substance of the guard everywhere nearlyof eclual thickness,like the fingerof a thick leatherglove. Proportions. The diameter,u d,heing takenat 100, the axis is of unexampled slrortnsss-|sss than 100; thus in form somervhatremindingus of Acanthoteutltis, though its textureis of the ordinarykind; transverse diameterlessthan tlie ventro-clorsaldiameter. especially towardthe apex.

38

BRITISH BELEMNITHS.

Prrn.q,cuoco\D.Unknown,exceptingthat its sectionwas nearlycircular,anclthat its anglewirsaltout2Eo. bancl,probablyin tire uppel' part of the Irrcolit!. Lyrne Regis,from a calcareous olle Philiips'scollection, Lou-eyLias. Dr. Bdchland'scollectionone specimen.Professor sllr'citrien.

Bnr.,nuxrt'nsc,\LC,\R,n. s.

PI. II, tig. ,.

Gu,tnn. Conoiclal,-rtraight, tapering to a irlturt ape-\; siclesplanate, somewhat sttt'facesrottttcled; the vetttral aspectbroadest. inclined to one.urother': \'cntral attcl c'ior'sal 'l'ranst-erse -.cctionoblong,aris ven' sliort. r r/. lreing tlkett rit 100, the aris is of altout the same Proportion.s. Ihe diarut.tcL. length: thc trausversetliauete'rabotit 90. PgR.r.c;troco\E.Onlv partiall,r'knonn. One specimenof Dr. Buckland's(fig. 5,s") shorvssever.alclosedisplaceclsepta in the forrvard part. Its axis rnust have been five or sir tirnes as long as that of the guard. In a specimen belonging to llr. C. l'Ioore, fronr \Yeston, the alveolarparts of the guard are crushed over the alveolarchamber,as in the '); rvhetherthey contain any septa can only be known specimenfrom Lyme (fig. 5, f ,f liy making sections;and for this nlore specimensare reqtrired. trocal,ity. Lyme Regis, from the Lower Lias beds, rvith AntntonitesBucklandi (Geol. Suruey collection, No. 612). Weston, uear Bath, in Lower Lias, rvith A. Bucklandi' (fuIoore'scollection). The specimenPl. II, fig. 5, l"', is fron the Belenrnite-bedsat the lraseof the trIiddle Lias of Lyme Regis. It mav possiblybe of a different species(Geol. Surueycollection,No. 613). O(tseruatiorts. Irr general figure this Belemnite agrees with B. breuirostris of D'Oi.bigny ('Pal. Fr. C6phalop.,'pl. x, figs. 1-6 ; on the plate it is called curtas), but tliat specieshas distinct lateral grooves,$'hich tlo not appearon the English specimens. It belongsto the {Jpper Lias of France and Germany; ours as yet appearsto be confined to oldel beds. There is also a resemblanceto the incomplete specimenof,Belemnites acuarius iit(cer figured by Quenstedt ('Cephalop.,' pl. xrv, figs. 27, 28, 29, 30) ; but those figures irre cleficientof the extended ancl striated guard figured on the sameplate (p1. xx\', fig.. 21, 22). The striations are the effect of the decomposition r,vhich has removeclthe ape\. On the same plate fig. 25 representsan individual " der noch die Verlungelung uicht hat," and fig. 26 another; from which it might be supposedthat such indivicluals as ouls rnay be incompl6te, and might, indeed, be subject to the same elongation as those of Quenstedt. His specimensare from the uppermost bands of the Lias of Heiningen, ours from the tower Lias.

BELINfI{ITESOF THE LIAS.

39

IirrrrrstrEs DE\s,Sinytson.Pl. II, fig. 6. Ile.fcrence. Beletnnitesdens,Simpson,'l'ossils of the Lias of Yolkshire,' 1855 ::,-rfigure). siclesstraight; Grun. " Length of guard not twice its width, much depressed, :nclv stliatedlongitudinally,or corrugatedand roughenedmosttowardsthe blunt apex, rrith smalltubercles. Somearelongerin propottion." Iocality. " LolverLias, Robin l{ood's Bay, Yorhshire." The aboveis the publisheddescriptionof the curiousfossilof which I here preseuta sketch,in hopesof being able to add more details hereafter. I have seenonly otte specirnen,which is in the Whitby I\fuseum. The striationsare ]ike thoseseenon other Ilelenrnites,as B. elongatus,and are original marks of structure left by the secreting as in B. acuariusmacerof rnembrane,or periostracum,not the effectof decomposition, ('Cephalop.,' pl. xrv, figs. 27, 28, 29). Quenstedt Br""^tntrns clAvArus,Btainuitle. Pl. III, fig. ?. Blainr-ilie, p. 97, pl. iii, fig. 12, I327. Re/erence.B, clauatus, Sow.,' Min. Conch.,'p. 117,t. 5S9,fig. 3, 1S28. B. pistilldftrmis, 'Cephal.,'p.398,t. xiii, fig. 19, 1S,19. B. clauatus, Qaenstedt, Fr. Terr.Jurass.,'p.103, t. xi, figs.19-!3, B. clauatus,D'Orb.,'Pal. 1842. Guenn. Very elongate,fusiform,contractedin all the regionabout the alveolarapex, evenlysryollenbetweenthis and the apex,which is pointed. On the lateralfacesof the contractedpartsof the sheatharetraces,more or lessdistinct, of two longitudinalfurrows, rvhichceaseon the expandedposteriorpart, and do not approach the apex. where Sectionsshow the guard to be composecl, it coversthe phragmocone,and for a certain spacebehind the alveolarcavitl, of pale, perishable,longitudinal laminre, rvhichaccountsfor the frequentabsenceof thoseparts,and the productionof the form of Actinocamat,Mill. Transversesectionsnearlycircular,with tracesof the groovesabout and thickens the alveolarregion. With ege, the wholefigure becomesmore lanceolate, overthe alveolarregion. Ertremelengthobserved, 4 inches, Proportions. The aris, in ordinary (middle-aged is from fir'e to teu ?) specimens, times as long as the diameterat the alveolarapex. It is nearerto the ventralside; in somespecimens ver,ymuch so,in othersvery little. PHnecuocor{D.In a specimen by Mr. Day at LymeRegis (Pl.II, fig. 7, s) discovered

40

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

the phrnrrrrccone is seenin section,and thirty septaaretraceablein a lengthof 0.6 inch. Tlin- are convertedto iron-pyrites,and seemto be singleplateswith long flanges. The conotheca is traceable, coveredby the thin expansion of the guard. fQuensteclt(, Jura,, 137) conjectured that Ortltoceratites elongatus of De la Bechemight bethe phragmocone 1r. of this species, with its septavery much further apart than is usual in the genus. But that fossilconstitutesthe Xiploteuthisof Huxley.l The alveolarangleis 18oor 20o,but b,\'conipression oftenappears larger. Tariat'ions. Considerablein respectof the generalform and degreeof compressionof the guarcl,the excentricity of its aris, and the distinctnessof the two lateral furrows in the lor'ver part of the alveolar region. (For notices of these circlmstances, see a ,

0,7,3.)

a. Gualcl l-ith ottlr-\'crv faint tracesof latcral furrols, and the aris [ut ]ittle ercerrtric fi Guardclistinctllmarkedon thc ali'eolirrrcgiouwitir tn-o narron,furrou,s,rvhich r-anisltott the erpattclccl postcriorpiirt. Aris but little excentric. Transverse sections ven-slightlr-or-al. Yourtg specinletlsare elegantlvfusiform, and rvithout lateral furrows; with ege, lamitlr are added over all the surface,so as to elongatethe apicialregionand carry back its sr ollenpart, while in front of this the long, generallyfurrowedpart is of nearl,v equaldiameter. Substancea clear yellowish spar, often white externally,easilydecomposingin the contractedpart, so as to losethe alveolarportion. y. Guardcompressed, markedwith trvo lateralfurrorvs; axis excentric,owing to the thickeningof the outerlayerson the dorsalaspect. This appearsto be the B. spadioa,i 'Lias Fossils,'p. 30. of Simpson's 8. Guardsubcylindrical, without lateralfurrows; aris verv excentric. (ProbablyB. Simpson,'Lias Foss.') .fusteolus, 'I'hevarieties and 3 are not in generalso muchcontracted in the post-alveolar region 7 as the others. Oltsertatittns, Sowerby,who gives good figures, observes," ft is very possiblythe )'oullg of Belentniteselongatus." The remarh is not applicableto the fossil which he figures under tliat name,but there are elongatesubcylindricalforms at Lyrne Regis, rvhichtua,r'perhaps,on further reseatch,be provedto belongto this speciesgrownold. The geologicalrangedoesnot, accordingto presentinformation,reachthe UpperLias in England. Iocalities. In Lower Lias, Hatch, near Taunton, with Ammon,ites rari,costatus and (Tfoore). In the upper part of the Lower Lias, uuderHuntcliff, Yorkshire A. obtusus (Pfi'r,llips).In the upper part of the LowerLias of Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire (plrtllips, Cullen). In the Belernnite-bed at the baseof Middle Lias, GoldenCap, Lyme Regis ('4nning,Dog, Etlr,eridge,Philldps). In ironstone-beds east of Staithes,top of Middle Lias, Yorkshire(Pft,illips).

BELE}I\IITESO!' THE LIAS.

,41

Birruxrrts corrpREsSUS, 9tahl. PI. III, fig. 8. R{erenee. Belemnitescompressus, Stahl, 'Correspondenzblatt der Wiirt. Landrv. Vereins,'pl. xxxiii, fig. 4, 1824, B. Fourneli,anus, D'Orb., , Tem.Jur.', p. 97, pl. x, figs.Z-14, I B4Z. 'Cephal.,'p. 405,pl. xxiv, figs. B. contpress?ts, lS, 19, lE4g. Quenstedt, Guann. Much compressed, expanded posteriorly, and endingin an obtuseor rounclecl apex; anteriorlycontracted,and sometimes quadrateoverthe alveolarregion. In some specirnens the obtusepoint is replaced by a cavityplaitedat the edges,as in B. umbdticatus of Blainville. From the apex a short broad grooveproceeds nearlyalongthe middleof c'achside,andextendstowardsthe alveolarregion. On that regionone distinct,narrow, dorso-lateral grooveappears, and extendstowardsthe apex; a shortbroadgrooveis also seenin somespecimens on the anteriorpart of the ventralfaceof the alveolarregion. Transverse sectionsshowan oval outline and a nearlycentralaxis. Greatest length observed,2 inches; but it grows to greaterlength. (Quenstedt, . 'Cephal.,'pl. xxir', fig. 18.) Proportions. The diameter,u d, at the aper of the alveolusbeingtakenat 100, the ventralpart is 48, the dorsal52, the transverse diarneter75, and the axis about 300. This proportionof the axis varies; the individualsrvith longestaxis are supposed by D'Orbingy to be males. Psne.cuocoNa unknown. The alveolarangleis 28o. Variations, Considerable, in regardto the completeness of the groovesand striations and the degreeof expansiounear the apex. A curiousmonstrosityoccursamongIIr. Moore'sspecimens from llminster. In somespecimens from Lyme two parallelnarrow groovesappearon eachside; in othersonebroadshallowgrooveonly. Locali'ty. Lyme Regis,in Belerirnite-beds of Middle Lias (Geol.Buruey). Glastonbury, in Middle Lias (On/ordMuseunr,).Ilminster, Middle Lias (Moore). I have seen no specimen on the coastof Yorkshire. BEr,EurrrusBREvrFoRMrs, voltz. Pl. IV, figs.g A, g B, l0a, I0 n, 10 c, 10 o. Reference.B. breu'form'is,Yoltz,'obser. s. B6lem.i p. 48,pl. ii, figs.2, B, 4 , 1 S 3 0 . B . breuiformis amaltlte,i,Quenstedt,, Cephal.,' p. 40b,pl. xxiv,figs.2 l - 2 3 , 1849. Guenn. Short,lanceolate, cylindroidal,subtetragonal, taperingto a pointedsurnmit, rvhichis moreor lessrecurvedtowardsthe back.

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

42

Longitudinal sectionsshow the axis to be always more or less curved,especially ruealthe ape\, anrl nearerto the ventral than the dorsal face; much lteal'ertorrards the 'I'rAnsverse sectionsshow a tendencyto flatnessof the sides, so as to give an {r[)e\. irpl)rorichto a certain squarenessin the outline. Diameters nearly equal. Size rarely exceeding2 inches; diameter rarely exceecling3 of an inch. Proporti,ons. The nonnal diameterbeing 100, the ventrai part of it is 37, the dorsal part 63; the transversediameteris also I00 (more or less). The axis, 200 to 300. Obliclue,u-ith a circular section,more or less inflected towards the PnucuocoNu. apex,and tern:inated b,r'a spliericle. ConcamerationsDrlrlrerous; siphonnot affectingthe sutnlesof the cclls. .\nglc !5' to :7". t

\ - ,rR tl trrs .

A c c ,l ' rl i n q to ll. \-oltz, who describccl tliis specicsaftcr inspectionof

r lr ( ) l' uth a tr ti ttr i rrd i v i tl u i i l s fi ' o u t Gundcrshofen, in L pper Lias, three r-arietiesoccllr :

(.t) Guartl sornc^l'hat tlcprcssed, its surnmit acutely conical, without distinct inffcrion or fulrou's (\-oltz, pl. ii, fig. 2). (n) Surlmit submucronate(\roltz, pl. ii, fiS. 4). (c) Surnnit mucronate,axis very near the ventral side (Voltn, pI. ii, fig. 3). Obseruations. The speciescalled breui/ornres by Yoltz, if allowed to include all the varietieswhich have been referred to it, must be quoted from ]Iiddle Lias, Upper Lias, and Inferior Oolite. Yoltz supposesthat BelentnitesLreuis,vAr. B, of Blainville (p1.iii, fig. 2), may be identical rvith B. breui/ornis, var. c, Yoltz; and as far as the figure of Blainville is evidence,his opinion seemedjust. But br late researchesof M. H6bert, who iias examined many specimensof the varietv mentioned by Blainville, it seemsto be reallv a distinct species,for which the nauie of breuisma.ybe retained. This author is of olrittion that B. breuis,D'Orb. ('Pal. Frang., pl. ix, figs. 1-7 ; in the text it is called Il. altbreuiatus),is identical with the speciesof Voltz. \--lntrrrEs. I possesssome half-dozenindividuals of this speciesfrom Lyme Regis, souleof u irich \yere collectedby myself from the Belemnite-bed,under Golden Cap ; others supplied bv Jliss Anuing, probablyfrom the samelocality. From GundershofenM. Voltz was so good as to send me five specimens,showing the varieties A, B, c, which he includesin the species. M. H6bert also sent me a larger seriesfrom the sarneplace. It is evident that these all correspond,the English specimensbeing chieflyof the first variety (e) of Voltz. All agree in a lanceolatefigure, with an approach to cylindrical section (or a little planate on the sides),and in a summit quite free from systematicgrooves. The ape\ tends to recurvation (and in var. n, c of Voltz to submucronation). The points of doubt lvhich arise on comparison of specimensfrom England and Germany are unim-

I}EI,E]I\ITESOF THN LIAS.

43

r' ::altt, but there are peculiariticsin the dcscriptionof ]I. \-oltz rvhich seemto require aiic:riion. He noticesin his r-arietve the phrarrnot'(rncrs sensiblvcurvecl towards the r r ' l t n i l s i d e ; i n a s e c t i o n oa f s p e c i m e n f r o m G u n d e r s h oIl tcin t l t h i s c u r v a t u r e r a(si n d e e d i.:s tigures(p1.7i,D" and o"') show it to be) very slight. I-Ic ucntions also a curvature 'il tlte axis of the guard, and it appearsin the figures quoted; it is orrl'r-just traceablein rur- specimen. There is no sensibldchangeof figure from youth to irse. ercept that the dianieter grows larger in proportion. In his variety n (Yoltz, fig. 4, n) he figures the axis as decidedlycurvecl,antl passing vcry near to the ventralfacein all the posteriorparts; the phragmoconeis representecl as very sensiblycurved ; neither in B nor c are eitherventral or lateral grooves.'lhese varieties ru'e not larger than var. A. In specimenswhich I possessfrom the Eston l{ab Ironstoriebeds, Prees, and Glastontrttry,these charactersare found precisely as in Voltz's figure and description, except as to the lateral grooves, which are traceable, rnore or less distinctly, in most cases. These individuals are larger than any of the specimens of Voltz, and correspond in rnagnitude with others from Alderton, in Gloucestershire, in which the lateral grooves are quite distinct. Admitting all theseforms to belong to the speciesso well examined by M. Yoltz, we have the following result for the British deposits: Y,tn. a : vi1r. A, Voltz. Guard having an acnte conical tclnrination, rvithout distinct inflexion or grooves. Phragmocouevery slightly incun'ed (Pl. I\-, fig. Lr, n). .Loealtty.In nngland,the Belemnite-bedunder Golden Cap, Lymc Regis, base of Micldle Lias; in Germany, Gundershofen,Upper Lias.

by a summitmoreor lessprominent, Ven. B ,-'Var. r, c, Voltz. Guardterminated acute,and inflectedtowardsthe back; no clistinctlateral grooves. Phragmocone clistinctly incurved(Pl. IV, fig. 10 e). Iocal'ity. In Bngland, Prees, Salop, in Middle Lias (iVorton). Eston l{ab, Yorkshire,in ironstoneof the Middle Lias (Pltillips). Glastonbury,in I'Iiddle Lias (Plti,lli,ps). summit, more or less prontinent terminatedby n snbmucronate Ven. -1. Guarc'L from the ventral half of the substance,and more or less inflectedtowardsthe back" traceable(Pl. IV, fig" 10 n, L0 c, 101). Lateralfurrolvsnearthe back al'ways Greatestlengthobserved , 2'5 inches; greatestdiameter,0'6 inch. LongitLrdinalsectionsshowthe axis to be excentric,arched,and much nearerto the least so towardsthe apex of ventralside,remarkablyso at the apexof the phragmocone, substance sothat the sparr"rsectionsshowthe sidesto be flattened, the guarcl. Transverse is thinner thereoverthe alveolus. The lateralgroovesat the apexare continuedmoreor lessdistinctlyinto theseflattenedspaces.

44

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

Pttn.lcttoco\H,arched,ending in a spherule;angle27" in the antelior part; nearly 30' tou-aldsthe apex. 'Iransverse sectionnearlycircular. Septafrequent. If it be found eventuallydesirableto separatethesevarieties,it rvill be best,I cr-rnceit'e, to makethe division so as to insulatethe varietyc, whichappearsto me rather itttleterntinate, and to resemble the youngof other species too much to be.quitesatisfactorilyidentifiedamongthe Lyme specimens. Iocal'it'ies. Alderton, Glouce:tershire,in marlstone(Phitti,ps). BredcinHiil, marlstone(Etricklancl). Eston Nab, and East of Staithes,Yorkshire,in ironstoneabovethe marlstone(Phillilts). Ihuinster,in marlstoneof }liddle Lias (Moore); this is shorter and stouterthan usual. SvNo:qnts.D'Orbignvrefersthefossilsfigureclbv himpl. ix, figs.1-7,tothis species, expressh'referring to \-oltz,pl. ii, figs. 2, 3, 4. FIe callsit in the text B. abbreuiatus of lliller anclSon-et'lr.r-; on the plnte anclin the tert it is entitledB.breuis,Blainville. Authorswho clttotL' D'Orbiqnviu the 'Pal. Flang.' shouldobserve the differenceof the llalllcson the platesantl in thc test. The specitnen figuredby D'Olbignydoesnot well agreervitli \-oltz'sspecies it is larger, has no trace of lateral furrows,and according ; to the rlrau-inga straight-sided phragmocone, witir a decidedlyoval section. That it was oneof tlie r-arietiesincludedby Miller in his B. abbreuiatus may be readily supposed. It is not the exactequivalentof B. breui,/orntis amaltfi,e'i of Quenstedt(pl.xxiv, figs. 21-28), rvhichhasfurrowsnearthe apex,but is rather comparableto B. breuifurmi,s, Quenstedt 'Cephal.,'pl.xxvii,figs.22-27 (8. Gingensr,s of Oppel),an Ooliticratherthan Liassic ; form, of the Southof England,which u'i[ be noticedimmediately. Bnr.,nunrrnsGrNeENSrs, Oppel. pl. V, fig. 11. Referenc'' .u';{::;;,'{{^:{:rmis'

'cephalop"' p' 428, t' xxvii, fis'' Quenstedt'

B. Gingens,is, Oppel,' Jura,'p. 362, 1850. Gtann. Short,conoidal,contracted, and curvingrapidly to an acute,produced,subrlucronate,ratherrecurvedsummit; no distinct groovesabout the summit; no distinct flattenineof the sides. sectionsshowthe generaloutline nearlycircular,the axisvery excentricand archecl, antl verunearthe ventralface. Greatestlength observed(the edgebeing very thin) under 2j inches; greatestdiameter,under f;. Proportions. The cliameterat the apexof the phragmocone being 100, the ventral radiusis about30, the dorsal70; the axis variesbetween160 and 210; the diameters are nearlyequal. PsnacuocoNlt. Ineurvate,with an angleof 28o,and a nearl,vcircularsection. Septa

BBLEI{I{ITESOF THE IIAS IOOLITNI.

45

nunerous,distantfromeachotheraboutjth of the cliameter. Siphunclemarginal,moniliform, quite freefrourthe erternal layerof the conotheca, and completelyborderedby its r-rn'n (a shell singleplate?). The flangesare short. Ioeality. In the Inferior Oolite of Dundry Hill, with AmmonitesHump/treys'ianu,s (.Bristollfuseurn). In the samebeds at Wotton-under-ndge, FrocestuHill, CamDown, Bridport (Phllryts). I.[earChe]tenham (Buckman). Obseruations. The specimens figuredare,without doubt,to be referredto the species first separatedfrom the ordinary breu'formisby Oppel. I have seenforeign eramples. The figures given by Quenstedtshow somedegreeof lateralcompression, but I cannot doubt the identity of his specieswith ours from Gloucestershireand Somersetshire. D'Orbigny's figures ('Terr. Jru.,' pl. ix, figs. 1 and 3), which are said to be from the Upper Lias, agreewith our specimens well enough,but the transversesectionof the phragmocone (fiS. 4) is so remarkablyoval that, if not due to compression, theremust be somemistake. The phragmocone is represented in fig. 2 of the sameplate, as quite straighton the ventral side.

Bnr-,nuxrrns rNsculprus,il. S. Pl. V, figs.12,13. Re/erence. (I canfind no satisfactory figureor descriptionof this Belemnite.) Guenn. Short, conoidal,taperingrapidly to a produced,submucronate, somewhat recurvedsummit,from which two broad,shallow,lateral furrows proceed,grorvingless distinct overthe alveolarregion. Transversesectionsshowthe outlineto be nearlycircular,but flattenedmore or less on the sides; the axis very excentrictowardsthe ventralface,and arched. Sometimes the dorsalaspectis widest,sometimesthe ventral; it is flattenedsometimes on the ventral of Voltz. f.ace,as in B. uentroplanus A sectiontaken lengthwaysshowsthe axis to be excentric,and archedin accordance with the reflectedapex. Greatestlengthobserved(edgeof aperturevery thin), 3| inchesi greatestbreadth,less than 1 inch. Proportions. The diameterat the apex of the phragmoconebeing 100, the ventral radiusis 42, the dorsal58, the axis120. PsnecuocoNn. Very oblique,arched,with a circularcrosssection. Conothecaconilurlerous; angle m. 28o. centrically undulated on the ventral face; concamerations tracedto twice Septaldiametereight or evennine timesthe depth. Axis of phragmocone the length of the axis of the guard. Fifty septain three quartersof an inch from the apexof the phragmocone. (Sunders), fig. 12. trocality. Inferior Oolite, with AnmonitesHunzplregsianus,Dundry 'l

46

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

In the tias of Lyme Regisoccursvery rarelyan alliedform represented in fig. 13, ti'ornspecinensin the cabinet of Mr. Goodhall,inspectedmany yearssince. I only kuorv tlie erterior of theseexamples. A longitudinal sectionof anotherspecimenfrom DIAGRAI\{ 18.

Lyme, preservedin the collectionof the Bristol Institution, showshor,vshortis the axis of the guard (Diagram 18). This Belemniteis not mucronate. If additionalspecimens cometo my hands,I hopeto determineits characters.

Bnr,nuNrrrs LATTsuLcATUS, 11.s.

Pl. V, fig. 1.1.

Re/erence. (I can find no satisfactoryfigure or descriptionof this Belemnite.) Grrnn. Shortconoidal,a little compressed, taperingrapidly in a curve on the ventral side to an obtuserecurvedsummit, from rvhich two broad, distinct, dorso-lateral grooyesproceed,rvideningoverthe alveolarregion,and margineclon the dorsalsideby a distinctridge. Eections. The ventralaspectsomewhat'widerthan the dorsal. Proportions. Tiie diameter(ud) at the apexof thephragmocone being100,the ventral radiusis about45, the clorsal55, the axis 180, the transverse diameter94. PnnacuocoNE. Not distinctlyobserved. Loeal'ity. Upper Lias of Whitby, the specimenfigured (Phillips). Iu the Museum of the YorkshirePhil. Soeietyis a specimenresembling this in generalfigure, but more slender,and with only short dorso-lateral grooyes.

BELEI\INITESOF THE LIAS.

47

Brr,nuxrrnspAxrr,r,osus, pl. VI, fig. lb. Ec/tlot/teinz. 'Taschenb.,' Reference.Belemnites paaillosus,inpart, Schlotheim, pp.bI andZ0,1B1B. ,,

Yoltz,'B6lemnites,' p. b0,pl.vi, fig.2, and pl. vii, fr1,2, 1630. Zieten,'lVurternb.,'p. 29,pl.xxiii,fig.1,1880.

B. Bruguierianus, D'orb., 'Pal. I'r. Terr. Jurass.,'p. g4, t. r-ii,figs.1-J. The plateis reallynumberedpl. vi, and the name on it is Beleittnites n'iger,alsogivenon pl. v to anotherspecies . LBAZ. B.paaillosus amaltlrei,Quenstedt,'cephal.,'p.402,p1. xxiv,1,2,4-g, 1g.4g. B. paailloszs, Oppel,'Jura,' p. 1bZ, L8b6. Gulnn. Smooth,elongate,cylindroidal,convexo-conical towardsthe summit,which is often subtruncateor even concave,and marked by two short latero-dorsalsmooth furrows,and in most casesby one or moremedio-dorsal strire,and sometimes onemedioventralshortstria. Sectionsshorvthe axis to be nearlystraightin all the young forms,only bendingnear the apexin the olderexanrples.The aris is a little ercentric. Greatestlengthof axis,3] inches,and of wholeguarcl,6; inches; diameterat apexof alveolusnot erceeding1 inch. The young havenearlyihe samegeneralfigure ancl proportionsas the adult individuals, and exhibit the' same diversitiesas to compression, and sometimesassumea subhastateshape. In very young formsthe proportionof the axis of the guard is folncl to be somewhatlessthan in thoseof middle age. Thus in a specimenfrom Wurtemburg the proportion in the youngestguards is 260, but in the same full-gror,vn individual380. Proportions. The diameter(o d) at the apexheing 100, the ventralradius is 40 to 45,the dorsal55 to 60, the axisaboutBbOto 4J0. PnnacuocoNE. Straight (or very nearlyso),with a nearlycircularsection,the sides meetingat an angleof 22oto 24"; conothecadistinctly striated,the straight strim bifurcatetoward the ventralregion(Voltz); chambers rathershallow,numerous,their septa almost directlytransverse. (Seefigures of great value in Voltz, pl. vii, fig. Z.) The depthof the chambers is one seventhof their diameter. The axis endsin a spherule. In a specimenfrom Ilminsterthe septaare tracedin sectionthrougha lengthon tle axisof the phragmocone equalto half that of the axis of the guard. Theseseptaare to be countedto above60 in a spaceof 1+inch, the anteriorseptabeing broken off from their flangedextremities,and lost; the flangedextremitiesremain on the yentral side. Brokenseptaoccurwithin otherswhich arenot broken.

48

BRITISH BELEMI{ITES.

at Tilton-on-the-Hill,Liecestershire;CayIocalitie.s. In }liddle Lias (marlstone), (P/r,i,llips).In illiddle Lias (marland Oakham tlrorlr, in Lincolnshire,Belvoir Castle, stonc. Ilruinster(Moore). In Middle Lias (marlstone),Staithes,Yorkshire(Pltillips). Obsersatiorts.The history of this interestingBelemniteis containedin specimeus frorn the marlstoneand Upper Lias, to which, as far as yet appears,its geological periodis limited. Voltz,indeed,quotesa specimenfrom Oolitenea Caen. The British in marlstoro; the foreignstationsincludeUpperLias, in localitiesare almostexclusively section, llturtemburg. Variationsare sensiblein the guard,in regardto the transverse a little compressed;the geueralfigure,rvhichis occasionally rvhichis sonretimes a little rtpwarcls aud and souretimes bent the terminal groovesand srvollentorvarclsthc apex, ; distinctand sometimes strire,which iatter on the clorsaland ventral facesare sometimes there are seyeralof these.and in tiris casetheymay be whollvrvanting. Occasionallv are aln-ar-s short,and usually of thc lirnrinc. The lateralgroo\-cs dueto decomposition guard is utore or lcss excentricthan the verv distinct. In the interiorthe aris of the if not quitestraight,as Voltz proportions givenabor-c. I'he sidesof the phragrnocone, DIAGRA}I 19.

affirms,areuearerto straightness than is usualwhenthe axisis exeentrie.In D'Orbigny's lengthways is moreincurvedthan is at all usual. Natural sections fig. 5, thephragmocone of this Belemniteare ratherfrequentin the ventro-dorsal plane,which,nearthe aper,is markedlry n real fissure. sometimes in containsphragmocones Mr. Moore'slargecollectionof theseIlminsterBelemnites different conditionsof exposure,froru which severalfacts of interesi can be gathered, diagrams(19, 20) may show. as the accompanying

BELE}I\ITES OF THE LIAS.

49

DIAGR.{]I 20.

n

-2 I

I

In the fir'stplace,sometracesof growthlinesappearon the alveolarcAvit.r,, aud thin ln'ers adheringto the conotheca, whichindicatethe terminaleclgeof the guard to have lrcetrin the form seensidewaysat /, dorsallyat d, andin front at o (Diagram20). \ert the conothecal surfaceitself showsthe structurelines; the dorsalaspectas in r/', the side aspectas in f , enlargedin /'i and the ventralaspectas in a'(Diagram l9). The points to remark are the bifurcationof the archedside lines in l" beforepassingover the front in u"; the numeroustransversestrim in a' are from 6 to 8 to eachconcameration ; and the undulated outline which the phragmocone deprivedof conothecapresents(Diagram L0 u') The transverse strim in u' are not so numerousin the smallerpartsof the conotheca;thereare only very faint longitudinalmedio-dorsal lines; the siphunclemakes no distinctappearance erternally. The sidesof the phragmocone are nearlystraight; it is terminatedby u distinct and ratherlarge spherule. The angleis about 20' (l9o to 23"); the crosssections nearlycircular. 'Ihe ercentricityof the alveolarape\ variable,in somespecimens veryslight. A gentleretral wavein eachseptumon the siphuncularline. Bunlrxrrns AprcrcuRvAru s, Blaonaille. pl. VI, fg. 16. Relference,Belemn'itesap'ic'icaraatus, Blainville, 'M6m. sur les B6lemnites,'p. ?6, pl. ii, fig. 6, 1827. Guenn. Elongate,compressed, smooth.Alveolarregioncompressed, expanding towards the aperture; apicial regionconvexo-conical, obliquelyinclined or evenbent towardsthe back, markedby two latero-dorsal furrows,extendinga short distancefrom the summit, and two still shorter,telminal, latero-ventralgrooves. Betweenthesefour groovesare often sharp short plaits. In very perfectspecimens the whole apicialregion is minutely ornamentedby longitudinal striations,which nea the apex are straight and even continuous, but elsewhere undulateand anastomose.The anteriorpart of the alveolarregion is sometimesroughly striated. Of the plaits at the summit,the medio-ventralisoften very shortand sharp. Sectionsshowthe apicialline almoststraight,nearerto the ventralface; the successivelysuperposed laminreof growth very distinct,the fibresfaint, oblique,and sornewhat curvednearthe apex; the substance honey-yellow spar. The ventralregionis generally broadest,the sidesof the alveolarportionare usuallyflattened. This speciessometimes cracksnaturallyalongthe lateralfaces.

50

BRITISH BELEMI{ITES.

Greatcstlt'ngth obsert'ed,5'5 inches.; greatestdiameter,0'Bb ; axis of guard,4 inches. prry'ortio,ts. The diameter (o d) at the alveolar apex being 100, the ventral radius i s 3 7 t o 4 0 , t h e c l o r s a l r a d i u6s0 t o 6 3 , t h e d i a m e t e r f r o m s i c l e t o s i dBeB ,a x i s 4 b 0 t o 0 0 0 . Pltn-tcuocoNE. Oblique, incurved ventrally, rvith oblique septa,and an elliptically collrpressedsection; the dorsal and ventral faces(curved)inclined at an algle of 2go, the latelal faces(straight) at 2 5o. On the alveolar shell the dorsal region is defined by n somewhatprominent longitudinal line. If the cliameter(u d) of the largest chamber be takenat 100, the diameterfrom sideto side : 90, the depthof the chamber: 12, and the longestsideof the alveolus300. The axisof the plrragmocone: half the axis of the guard. -Localities. Tiie Belenrnite-becl,base of }liddle Lias, at foot of Golden Cap, Lyme Regis (JIiss Anning). Cireltenharn(Sl.ickland). obsertcttions. Describeclbr-Bronguiart as from Lvme Resis in 1E26. It has been referrecl bt' D'Orbigrtv to Il. co/it?re.\.*us of lllainville, but its true affinity is to B. r:lonlJatttt as gir.etlltr-Sowerbr',attd to B. pa.tillosusof Yoltz. It variesas to the deqreeof latelal compression and as to tlie tenuinal plaits and strie.

IlErErrsrrEstrLo\GArus,Sorcerbg. Pl. VII, fig. I?. Re/erettce. Sorverby,'Min. Conch.,'p. lZ8, t. bg0, fig. 1, 1828. ' C e p h a l . , 'p . 4 0 2 ,t r . 2 4 ,f i g . B, 1849. Quenstedt, 'Memoirs Huxley, in of the Geologicalsurvey,' I,Ionograph II, pl. i, figs. 2, 3, 1864. Gulnn, Rather compressed,cylinclroiclalabout the apex of the phragmocone,thence tapering in regular sweepto the acute-augledpoint, and expandedtorvardsthe aperture; tlorso-lateralgroovesdistinct for only one fourth or one third of the length of the axis, thenceobscurelyprolongedinto the somervhatflattened sides; small plaits, striations, and granulations on the surface,especiallynear the apex; no ventral furrow; axis a little ercentrie, most so at the apex of the phragmocone. Sections show the axis excentlic, rvithin a slightly oval outline, and nearly straight. The larqcst inclividual yet observedis the fine specirnenfigured by Sowerby,and now jn tire Blitish Museum, which is completefrom the apex to preset'r-eci the last or nearly the last scpttitu of the chamberedcone,and measuresl0iinches in length. Of this the aris of the gtralti is about 3 inches,that of the phragmoconenearly 8 inches; longest diameter of section at tl:e apex of phragmocone,0'9 inch. My smallest specimenfrom Lyme Regis rneasures0'3S inch diarneter,and 1'6b long. In this young individual the lateral groovesare quite distinct, and continued to the acutely tapered apex; trvo strire appear on the dorsal aspect at the apex, and one small plait on the ventral aspect. Proporlions. Taking the dorso-ventraldiameter at 100, the ventral rarlius is 40, the

BELEMNITESOF THE LIAS.

51

,lunal raclius 60, the transverse d i a m e t e r , 9 4 ; the axis of the guard is about 800, l-,utis m.oreor less accorclingto age anil range of naturalvar.iation. In my smallest specimenthe axis of the guard is 345.

PnnacuocolrE. Bxcentric; transverse sectiona tittle oblong, lonqitlulinal section a little incurved,angle2bo. -figured Localities. Crick Tunnel, specimen (Eowerlty). Belemnite_berl,Lrlne (Doy, Etheridge). Cheitenh am (Etricktand). I have not seen this speciesin the strata of the Yorkshirecoast. obseruations' There is no certain knowledgeof the specimenswhich se^,eclJIr. Ililler for the type of this species, nor is the figure which lre gives,or the descriptio' rvhich accompanies it, at all critical. rn fact, they have been interpreted so variously, and referredto so many differentspecies,as to be of little or no authority. Iyo grooves are mentione'{on the guard,which is merelydescribed ', as slender,tapering to a conical point"' The figureof i\{r. Sowerbyis takenfrom a fine specimennow in the British Museum,and gives a good generalrepresentation of the fossil. The description, however,is not only incomplete, but inexact on an important point. ,, SlendeEcylindrical in the middle,graduallyexpancling to a broaclbaseore \rav, ona taperingto a point the other; rorrd, anclfreefrom ifun'oas; the chamberecl cavitvtwo thirclsof the lengthof the shell"' The localitiesquotedareCharmouth, Bath, Crick'Iunnel,all in the Lias. Instead of being " freefrom furrows,"the specirnen hasthe usual trvo dorso-lateralgroovesnear the apexclearlydefined;on the ventralaspectat the apex is a little elevatecl irlait, but no furrow' By these charactersit belongsio the notorul group of the ,,pauillosii, the sectionof the guardis not quiteround,even in old .p*.iir.ns, but always a little compressed, often sensiblyso when young,with an excentricaxis; the apex is more acute than is usual with B' pandltosz.s, and the phragmocone is ver,vmuch moreextendedthan in that species. The figure given in the monographof the GeologicalSurvey, alreadyreferred to, agreeswith the specimen in the British l\{useumand with severalin -y o*n collection sent me from the " BelemniteBecl" of Lyme Regisby Miss Anning. For the clrawings on Plate VII, which representthe original specimenin the hanclsof Sowerby,I am indebtedto Mr' I{' lvoodward. Adoptingthe specimens preserved in the British Museum and in Jermyn Streetfor typesof the adult, I haveattenipted, chieflyby help of the specimensin my own drawers,to tracethe youngerform*, un.l determinethe limits of variation to rvhichthe speciesis subject; but I urrrnot sufficiently providedwith specirnens, especially for.sections. rn a specimen from upper Lias, in mv collcction, whichhasthe distinctlateralgrooves and the externalcharactersof 3. elongatus, there is a small,naruow,cleep,stria on the ventral aspect,closeto the apex,and anotheron the opposite dorsalurp..i. rn another example,alsofrom the lJpperLias, and in nry collection, both the clorsaland ventralsur-

I I

II Il

BRITISH BEIEMNITBS.

52

facesare distinctlyrnarkedwith one stria from the apex,so that if thesebe regardedas furrorvs,tlie apicial region is quadri-sulcate. The apicesare in each casenore pointed rrnclrrrorerecuryedthan is usualwith B. pac'illosus. A longitudinalsectionof the former and showsthe axisof the guardmost excentricat the apexof the phragmocone, syrecinrcn tlie voungest(included)formsto havebeenrelativelymuch shorterthan the older. sketches(Diagram21) the srnallerone showsthe proportionsof In the accompanying the sheathin the youngesttraceableform of this specirnen ; the larger showsil middle-age DIAGRA}'I2I.

\

\

form (D) included in a third a full-grown specimen,whoseprobableextensionis given. In the three casesthe proportion of the axis of the guardto the normal diameter(u,d), taken at 100, is 140 for the youngest,260 for the middle-age,300 for the full-grown. length of the The proportion of the rvholelength of the guard to the contemporaneous not measured) axis is in, the first case260, in the second180, and in the thircl (inferred, it is nearly the same. In the first casethe length of the whole guard.is to its greatest diameteraboutas 200 to 100, in the secondabout 350 to 100, and this proportionis not materiallyalteredwith further growth.

BELE}INITESOF THE LIAS.

CJ

l , i : . r r \ I T E SB u c x r - r s D l ,n . s . P l . \ - I I I , f i g . 1 S .

ii, p.69, pl. rliv', Treatise,'r'ol. oualis,Buchland,'Briclgerv. I?lferenee.Belentnites : . i : 7 , S , 1 E 3 6 ; a n d ' B r i d g e wT. r e a t i s e , ' v oi il,. p . 7 1 , p l . h i , f i g s .7 . S , 1 E 5 8 . torvqrdthe end, by reasonof a gentlesn-elling Cir-rrn. Slender,smooth,subhastate obtuse,the sides meetingat au angleof about u.liich is convexo-conical and somer,vhat ii', t-ith scarcelya traceof strireor grooves. Transversesectionsare nearlycircular, and showthe arial line nearerto tlie ventral is slightlybut distinctlyflattened'irle, shich in somespecimens Greatestlength'observed5'15 inches,of which the axis of the guard occupies appearsto occupythe remainingportion part of the phragmocone l.tlO; the chambered ,,f the length (3.15 inches). The greatestdiameterbelow the apex of the alveolar r,ar-ity0'50 inch. diameterat the alveolarapex being 100, the transProporti,ons.The ventro-dorsal \-ersediameteris 96, the ventralradiusabout43, the dorsalradius about57; aris, 4E0 in young,300 in old. figure,which represents PsneeuocoNE. Insufficiently'knolnfi'om Dr. Bucklancl's it r,vithnearly straightsidesmeetingat an angleof :So, and septalintervalsabout|th of their diameter-an ordinaryproportion. ()Ii.*sAnning,Plillips). Locali,ties. GoldenCup,LymeRegis,from the Belemnite-bed The first specimenfigured by Dr. Bucklandwas in the collectionof }Iiss Philpotts. In IJpperLias (sandypart), Blue Wick (P/ti,ttips). It has not occttrredto rrre in the Midland Lias, nor do I frnd it in the large seriesof Belemnitesfrom the vicinity of Banburybelongingto 1\[r. Stuttard. of Yoltz ('Obs. sur les aentro-ltlanus hasno stight analogyLo Belemn'ites This species of Blainville('M6m. sttrlesB6lem.,'pl.xi, B6lem.,'pl.i,fig. 10), andto B.unrb,ili,catus fig. 11). possiblythey are all one species;for the umbilicationof the end and the ventralflatteningtoward the end are not constantcharacters,and are not absentfrom of 3. Bucklandi'which I haveexamined' sorneEnglishspecimens Obseruations.The opinion of Dr. Buckland,that the extinct Belemnitesand the an ink-bag, was corroboratedby the discoveryof lir.ilq Sepiadreagreedin possessing 'Bridgewater Treatise,' and copied fig. 18, Pl. VIII the .p..i111.nfigured in his of this Essay. The collectionof Miss Philpotts containedthis, at that time, " unique specimen,"ivhich presents,in a somewhatindistinct roundishmass,what remains of the ink-bag in the anterior part of the phragmocone. " A fract'u;teat tt' shol's the areolreof the alveolus. ,Lt e the thin, conical,anterior,horny sheathoriginates chambered in the edgeof the calcareoussheath, and. extends to e". The surfaceof this anterior slightlynacreous, lines of growth; it is much decomposed, sheathexhibitswavytransverse o 8

BRITISH BBLEMIVITES.

54

ancl flattenecllrr-pressure. Within this anterior conical sheath the ink-bag is seenat e, souren'hatrlecornposed,and partially altered to a dark gray colour." ('Bridgewater 'l'r'catise,'r-ol. ii, p. 69, nd. 1; and vol. ii, p. 71, Bd. 2.) The treatisejust referred to containssn'eralgood representations of ink-bags,supposedto be of the "Beleuno-sepia," n'hich nray havebelongedto this species. The fine, almost complete,fossil animal figured bv Prof. Huxley ('Mem. Geol. Surv.,' Monogr. II, pl. i, fig. 1) is not dissimilar to the sliecimen in Miss Philpotts' Collection, in all the sheath and phragmocone,but it is believed to belong to a different species. The name assignedto this speciesin the 'Bridges-ater Treatise' by Dr. Buckland, having been alreadv emplor-edby Blainville fol a verv different form, cannot be retained. Neitlier "8. untbi/icutus"nor "3. uetttro-1tlnitu.s" appearsvery suitableor of deterrttinateapplicatiolr.so that, perhaps.the eriqenciesof tiie caselnav be best rnet by a ne\\' lralne,itr lionorrlof a grcat and eurlv paltontoloqist.

lJl-rr,uxrll,-. lIri.r,rnl, n. s.

l'1. \'IlI, fig. lg.

Gu rno. Sletrder,elongate,cylindroidal below the alveolarregion, evenly tapering to a ('on\-exo-coriical or acute sttmmit, with none or only very faint traces of strim or dorsolateral grooves; sectionnearly circular, with the aris more or less excentric. Ven. d. p.

Apex convexo-conical, without trace of grooves. Apex more pointed, rvith traces of very sliort clolso-lateralgrooves.

Greatestlength observed,4'-D inches,of rvhichthe axis of the guard is 3'7b. Proportionof axis to diameter at ape\ of phragmocoue 450 to 100 in var. u; 750 to 100 in var.B. PsnaenocoNn. Only known by a longitudinal section, which exhibits septa more than usually approrimate, and sides somervhatarched, uniting at an angle of 28u. Iocalities. Golden Cap, near Lyme R,egis,in lliddle Lias; Blue Wick, Yorkshire, irr Llpper Lias (Phi,lli.ps). Hatch, near 'Iaunton, in upper part of Lower Lias, with Arnittr,,tilp.*olttttsus,A. raricostatus, and Spiri/er ltr'alcoti'i(Moore). Lower Lias shales, the lleleurnite-becl, Clieltenharn(32 ckman). O\.*ercrrtio,t.s.To judge by the drawing given by Millel to represent hrs Belentnites elongatus,tliis rnight have been the species meant, rvithout grooves or strire. Ilr. Sorverby'ssuegestionof the relationshipof B. cluuottrc(Tti,stilliforrn'is,'Min.Conch.') to B. elongatustught thus acquire more probability, but the sectionswhich I have made do not show in the inncr ianrinrc the \rery clavate forrn of the young which is required by the hypothesis. In Quenstedt's pt. xxix, fig. 51, we have a slightly hastate form tnuch alliecl to this, the specimenhaving been derived from the " black Alpine limestone," locally associatedwith talc-schists, or coal-formation, and Upper Liassic shales, near

BELEI{NITIS OI- TI]E LIA.:..

55

{-':'-.,irlt'. Sinrilar', also,aresone Bcle'rnitesclisco'erecl rrv f,Ir. c. l\Ioore at Camerton, '

:'' " Bticklunclian berls" of Lou'erLias, of u'hichit see'rs 'r'o1re.to add the provisional '-''riPtiolt$'hich fbllon-s; tltougir, until further .p..i,1.,r. colrle to hand, sufficient j rrcsand sectionscaultotbe Eiven.

ilr - l. r - r t x t rrs c R A\D ,i C Iv u sn, . s .

Gurno. slender,cylindrical,graduailytaperingto a produced (bent) poiut : nc) iroove on any part, but the sidessomewhatflattenerlwith age; sectionneallv rounrl irr thc 'oung specimen, a tittle compressed whe' older. Dimension's. Of the two specimens, one,the younger,is B'l 25 incheslong ; the other,, c,lcler,only 2'5, probably a deformedspecimen. Proportions. The longest diameter at the apex of the phragmocone being taken at 100, the ventral part of it is 48, the clorsal b7 : the apicialline in 500 the young specimen,but in the old specimen800. Locality. Lo'wer Lias, ,, Bucklanclian beds.,, Camerton, Somerset (Moore). The specimensare reddeneclbv oridation of iron. Oltseructtions.Both sltecitnensal'ebcut torvalclsthe point a little irregularlv, that is, obliquelyto the general dorso-r-eutralplanc' of sr-mmetrv. The \-ounqer suecimen has a producedstriated apex; in the older one this palt is contracteclancl ilregllarlv plicated,with a sort of unrbilicus. The surface is in parts erodecl,so as to s5o*tlie curiously undulated plications of the formative membrane. In early age the guarcl *-as depressed,when full grown compressed;thesevariationsdepend on the thickllessesof the successive incrementsby laminreof grorvth.

Bnr,rurrl'Es poLLnx, Eimpson. Pl. IX, fig. 20. Beference. Belenanites pollen, Simpson,Yorhshire Lias, No. 18, D. 27, 18bb. Guenn. " Subcylindrical, short, one sicle rather flattened; apex very obtuse, with a short irregular groove." " Length B$ inches,u'idth lf inch.,' Iocctl'ity. Whitby, in tipper Lias, from the collection of the late Mr. Ripier. (Eintpson). West of Staithes,from the upper part of the Lower Lias (Pfi,itti,ps). Obsert'otions. Of this remarkable form only two examplesof the guard are knoul to me-the large specimenin the Whitb;r Museunr,representedin my sketch, pl. II, fig. 20, which n'as describedby Simpson; anclthe srnallerone figured on the sameplate, which is in my cabinet. Simpson's description is given above. The short irregular. groovementionedcannot be esteemeddiagnostic. The diameterof the glard is almost imperceptibly enlarged behind the alveolarregion. The axis of tlie guarcl cloesnot mlch

56

BRITISH BELE}INITES.

e\ceerltlie cliaurcterat the alveolarapex. I hope to receivemore specimeus,and to give sectionshereafter.

Ilr-l.rrrsrrns AcuI\{rNArvs,E'impson.

Pl. IX, figs.21,22.

Simpson,Lias Fossils,No. 29, p. 29, I8,55. Re/erence. B. aeunt'inatus, B. ferreus, Simpson,Lias Fossils,\o. 2S, p. 29, 1855. Gueno. " Cylindrical for nearly the rvholelength, then suddenlyendsin a sharp point somewhatproclucecl ; tlansversesectioncircular; lcngth of guald altout five times the cliameter." To this descriptionof 3. ocuntiitatzsSiurpsonadils the follorvingnote,r,vhich, perhaps,refels to a rlitt.elentspecics'-'( A specinrcnlike iu fot'urhas tu-o sliglit grooves hc ottlr-sa,\'s," A1ie'xclougated; ilo and one stlong gt'oo\'r'at thc apcr." Of lJ. ./i',',','t/.: groo\-e; basetviclctrecl." Jct-rock, L pper Lias, \Yhitby (Sintltson). f q(.a/itt7. B. acu,,ii1i11t1q.*, 1).Jerrt'us, llicldle Lias (S'intpsoit). 'fhe speciureris are in the \Vhitby }luseum. Oltseruations. The sketchesgiven in Pl. IX of the two forms here described show their great affinity ancl probable identity. I have had no opportunity of examining sections. On account of general form and freedom from groovesor stliae,there seemsreasouto maintain for theseWhitby specimensa distinct place anclnatue. I liave not ;'et perceived among the fossils of Lyme Regis, Cheltenham,or Banbur;', an)' closely allied forms; nor did the rich collectionsof Strasbulg and Paris suggestto me an,vdecideclanalogue.

Or,I A Gnoup oF El,oxcern Blr,EurrrEs, wrrH S't'Ht.ttnoAprcns. Anrong the frequent fossils in the scars at Saltn'ick, near Whitby, where the {Jpper Lias shales are largely exposed, is a beautiful group of slender elongated Belemnites. For the ruost palt they exhibit but feeble traces of lateral or ventral furrows, but are more than usuaily striated at and near the aper. Tireseforns are representedon Pl. X, lvhich includes several speciesor varieties,as may be cletermined hy further research. Figs. 23, 2J, 25, :6, show forms in which the apicial part is conoidal and deprived of clistinct furrorvs; l'hile in Fig. 27 the usual furrorvs appeal', and the Belemnite is tripartite. All of them are acute; somehave the apex very much drawn out; all are striated near the apex, and for sorne distance from it. AII are somewhat compressed, some of them considerably. In the published figures of Belemnites none are so like to tlrese as the representatiousof Belernn'itesacuariusgracilis, Quenst., ' Cdph.,' pl. xrv, fig. 4, and Belenmites tril:artitus graeil'is, by the same author, pl. xxvi, fig. 17.

BELB}INITESOF THE LIAS.

57

'l'he

fossilsso depictedcome from the Uppel Lias; thev have distinct ventral and dorsolirteralgrooves. Severalof theseYolksl-rireforms have been describeclbv Simpson (Lias Fossils,No. 9, I0, 11, 12, 16), but not figured. In the cliffs of Dorsetshire,about Lyme Regis, Charmoutlt,aud Seatou'tt,a considerable number of Belemnites occur correspondingto these in letistlt, seueral fonn, and compression; some are deficient of grooves near the ape\, attcl otlters show them Lnoreor less; but striation about the apices,if not wholly absettt,is not svsternatically present. The surface of the Dorsetshire Belennnitesis not alwa,t'sperfectlv preserved; it is often somewhat eroded. I have, however, succeededin identifving a few specimenswith one of the Yorkshire fossils. ' Besides this, the sides are usually channelled or marked by plane facets, so as to produce on the whole a different aspect to the eye. Some of these forms frorn the DorsetshireLias are given on

PI. XIII as I couldextractfrom the Lias nearWhitby, Afterexaminingas manyspecimens and others from Robin Elood's Boy, collected for me by Mr. Peter Cullen, I have thought it desirable to employ separate nalnes for four forms which offer available characters,ancl perhaps furthel searchmay prove them to be really distinct; but it will fol thcur ail coilectivel;, thc gertcral tertn of " graciles." be often very useful to enrplo"-v There is one allied fonn in the Lotver Lias of Iorkshire.

Bnr,l:mnrrnsL,ovrc,Eimpson. Pl. X, figs. 23, 26. Reference. Belemniteslauis, Simpson,Lias Fossils,No. 9, P. 25, I855. Belemn'itestri,uialis,Simpson,Lias Fossils,I{o. lI, p. 26. Gueno. Compressed ; elongate; tapering uniformly, and at iast rather suddenly, to the apex, which is occasionallycrested,plaited, or striated, rvithout distinct grooveson any face. Sections show the contour to be elliptical, with a slightly excentric,nearly straight axis. D,intens,ions.Greatest length observedof the guard alone 4 inches,beyond which the conotheca,convertedinto bisulphide of irc,n, is traced I inch. proltortions. The cliameter,u d, at the apex of the phragmocone,being taken at 100, the crossdiameteris EB, the ventral radius 44, the dorsal 56, the axis 350 to 500. pnnaouocoNn. A little arched,ending in a spherule,with septa occupyiuga length equal to that of the axis of the guard. ; also Locat,ity. Jet-rock of the Upper Lias, \,Vhitby, rather plentiful (Eint1',son) above the Jet-rock at \Yiritby ancl Robin Hood's Ray (P/ti'lli'ps). Specirnensaliied to

BRITISH BBI,EI,INITES.

5S

these occtrt'reclto me in Lorver Lias (upper part) uncler Huutcliff, but they are very rrrrrclrnlorc acnte (see.B. elegans). O/,,:-erratiotts.Simpson makes no mention of the phragmoconeor alveolus,but his luotcson the guard are ample. They are as follou's' " JJ. lceui,s. Length of guard about five times its r,vidth,slightly depressed,srnooth, ancl regular; apex generally compressed,sometimes with a flattened process; the surface in placestor,vard the smaller end firmly ancl distinctly corrugated like leather, probably by the irnpressionof the mantle; general length 3 or 4 inches., Some have the apex striated." " B. triuialis. Subconical,rnoclcratelystout, erpandiug at the base, with nllmerous fine strire at the rather obtuseape\ ; genel'allcnsth 2 or 3 itichcs; smallerspecimens approaclrthe slcnclerJJ..cu|teilryi.,, larger ouesthe uiore robrrstI]. lreui.*." The fisules sivcn in Pl. X. fig. f 3. n-ere sketchcrl li't)rrl specimeusin the \Yhitby ]Iu-.eurl; thc othcrs (fig. :ti) are in rlrv calriuet,collectctlfi'onr the Saltnick shore (1\61).

The striatiou is remarkablctirr tlistinctnessaud continuitvover about a thircl of the post-alvcolirrspace: but it can lle traceclfurtlter fonvat'd in short, discontinrlous, \\-uvvridgcs.

n. s. Bnr,nuxrrnsDoRSALIS,

Pl. X, fig. 24.

Gueno. Cylindroidal or slightly subhastate,tapering very graduall,vto a sharp apex; lateral grooves or flattenings on the micldie and air-eolarlegious, uot reaching to tlre apex; no ventral groo\re; a short clefinitedorsal groo\-eon the alveolarregion only. Sectionsshow the contour to be neallv circular, or a little cornpressed,or a little depressed;the axis excentric, even remarkabl,vso in solneeramples. Greatestlength, including expansionof the guard, 2r,inches; gleatcstcliameterbehind the alveolarcavity, I inch. Pro2ortions. The diameter, u d, at the alveolar apex being taken at 100, the radius '-'is fi'orn 30 to 40 (on an averageabout 35), and tlte radius d 60 to ?0 (on an average 6 i ) ; t l i c a r i s a b o u t7 0 0 . Pun-lGrrocoNl. Insufficientlyseenfor accttratedescription. Iocality. Saltrvick, near Whitby, in Upper Lias (P/r,illi,ps). Filey Cliffs, in drifted Lias (Pl illilt.). Obseruations. Thirteen specimens of different magnitudes, which l collected at Saltwick in 1 S6-1, furnish the grounds for the cleterminationof this curious and rare form. I have seen it in no other collections,and have no knowledge of it beyond the small,probably young, specimenshere figured. The little deepslit or canal on the dorsal aspect of the guard, is a circumstance unexampledin the Oolitic or Lias tocks. It appearsonly on the retral part of the alveolarcavity, and ends in most specimensquite

BBLBXINITESO}.'TITE LIAS. ,ii.tinctly and definitely,both fonlarcl and backn-ard. It is I inch long. {roovesor flatteningsare \ aliable in clistinctness.

Bl:l,nur,rrrns srRroLATUS, n. s.

59 The lateral

Pl. X, fig. 2b.

Guenn. Compressed,elongate,tapering graduallyto an attenuated,conical, finely striated apex ; the strire extend continuouslyover half the post-alveolal space,ancl in n-ell-preserved specimenscan be traced onward into minute, interrupted, unclulated sirire, over nearly the whole surface. Where best seen (onethird of the post alveolarspacefronr the apex),there are about 100 strire. Sections amossthe guard behind the alveolus are elliptical, the axis but slightll' ercentric. D'imensdons. The largest observedis 3| incheslong; of this length { inch is crushed over the alveolus; greatestdiameter (uncrushed)less than ] inch. 'Ihe smallestspecimen is less than 2 inches in length. Proltort'ions. Taking t,he diameter from back to front at the alveolar apex at 100,. the cross diameter is 65, the r-entralraclius45 or rnore, and the dorsal 55 or less; the axis is thereforebut little ercenttic, aucl nleasul'es500. Locality. On the Upper Lias Scars at Saltn-ick,near'\\'hitbv, ancliu the samebeds rrt Robin Hood's Bay (Pltillilts). A srnall nunber of specirnensfrom the Belemnite-beds underGolden Cap are identified with this species(Plti,llips).A ferv sniall \-ouns erarnples, Glastonbury (Moore). Obseruatiorts. The affinity of this to the last-describedspeciesis obvious; and it is quite possible that further researchmay unite several of the forms here named separately into one specier. But that will not render uselessthe nomenclature,if it expressesreal and often observablepeculiarities, for these are elementsin the problem of the variation of life-form, in relation to time, space,and physical condition. It is doubtful whether this species has been described. Simpson's desmiption of Relernn'ites substriatusagrees,indeed; but the fossil is much larger than my specimens, an examplein the Whitby Nluseum being 5] inches long. but with numerous stria at the apex, and " Similar in general form to Bel. trzswlcosus, (LiasBelemnites, ruogrooves." No. I6.) of Simpson contains, besidethe trisulcose form which is chaBelenn'ites su,6tenu'is lacteristic, two others which are describedas varieties,vi7.Yar. a. Groovesobsolete,apex not striated. b. Thicker in proportion, apex not striated.

This want of striation is the only obstaclewhich seemsto forbid the otherrvise probableunion of the varietiesa and b to B. striolatus.

60

BRITISH BELEN{NITES.

S'irnpson.Pl. X, frg. 27. BrrrrrsrrEs srlBTENUrs, Referenee. Belcmn,itessubtenu'is,Simpson, Lias Fossils, No. 12 (excl. a and B), p. 26, 1855. tapering uniformlv to the apex, which is markec{ Guenn. Very elongate,compressecl, by three faint, though ratlier long fulLorvs,and manr' fine strire. Sectionsshol the outline'to be elliptieal,the aris verv ereentric and straight. Diittctt.sioit.:.Largest specinicniu tnr- coliection-1 inches long:, the gleatestdiameter lessthart I an inch. (uncrnshetl) Proitorlioit.*. I'hc dianrcter,t'd. at the allcr of tlte phragruoconebeing taken at I00, the axis 700 to 1000, the diameter the vcntral radius is 36-3:, tlte cl,rrsl}6f-6{, fi.onrside to side 76. \earer the apexthe diarnetersare lessunequal. Psn.rcuocot{n. Visible, but not distinctly observablein the expandinganterior region. The flanges of the septa appear ver)r short; the cross section is elliptical, but not' so nruch as the section of the guard, which is thinner on the sidesthan on the dorsal or ventral face. trocati,ty. Above the Jet rock in Upper Lias at \l'hitb;', abuuclanl(Eittpson,Plr,illips)" Robin Hood's Bay, in Upper Lias (Cit//en). Obseraat,ions.Simpson's description of B. subtenuisis in the following rvords:,, Slender,regularly tapering, rvith three lonq shallon groovestol'ard the finely striated aper." He allows two varietiesfrom the tvpe, viz.'-

Yar. a. Groovesobsolete,apexnot striated. b. Thickerin proportiou,apexnot striated. Tlresemay probablybe better referredto B. striolatus(seep. 59). The group thus becomesclefi1ite,and may be comparedwith Simpson'slarger but similar straight tripartite fornis,r'i2., B. trisulcosusand B. incisrts,which, it appearspossillle,may (seealsop' 62). of the samespecies be full-gro\ynindir-icluals

BELEM}IITESOF THE LIAS.

OI

Ox Bnr,nuxrrnsaLLTED To Bnr,rltxrrEsTRrp,rRTrrus on Scnl,orHEIM. Iinder the name " Belenmitestripart'itus" foreignpaleontologistsbaveassenebled a varietyof forms,somedistinctionamongthembeingmadeafter the mannerof considerable 'Cephalopoda,'employsasgeneraltermssuchtitles as triltart,itw, Quenstedt,who, in his parillosus,czmpress?ts, breuis,digitalis; and qualifiesthemby additionof other terms,as in B. tripartitus sulcosus, or by joining togetherevengeneralterms, as digitalis tripartitus, tripartitus pauillosus,and the like. By this modeof proceedingthe idea of real specific diversityis obscured,andthat of a vaguemixture of charactersis introduced. Yet it has someconsiderable advantagesfor a seriousinrluctivestudy of a large Belemniticseries, and will bb referredto again. Others,as D'Orbigry, plainly join into one specificgroup a large numberof " tripartite" forms which seem,at first view,to claimseparation. Thus, under B. elongatusthis author enumerates B. acluncatus,Miller, B. trisulcatus) Hartmann, B. otyconus,Hehl, B. incuruatus,Zieten, and B. propinguus, Mtinster. And in his plateviii, fiss. 6-11, the speciesis called B. tripartitus, Schl., though that nameis omittedin the text ('Terr. Jurass.,'p. 90). Voltz gives as a differentspecies B. trifidus('Obs. sur les B6lem.,'pl. vii, fig. 3) ; and Blainvillehad alreadysuggested for separation his B. trisu,lcatus (' II6m. sur les B6lem.,'pl. v, fig. 13). On the Liassiccoastof Dorsetshiretheseformsare so rare that I can hardly quote one from personalresearch. Oneis referredto by Quenstedtas from Lyme Regis,rvith distinct ventral groove,under the title of B. dr,gitalistripartitus, and figrued pl. xxvi, fig. 31, of his 'Cephalopoda.'He remarks that it is exactlylike German (i. e. \4rurtemberg)examples. The Yorkshire coast produces a greater number and a greater variety of suchforms. There appearto be two principal sectionsof them,which in matureagemay be thus separated: Elongate,straight,three-grooved,often striated, as 3. tripartitus and B. subtenuds of thesepages. Shorter,somewhatrecurvedat the apex, with three rather short grooves,and few or no strire,as 3. subaduncatus and.B. uulgaris,tobe noticedhereafter. In Mr. Simpson'swork on the Lias of Yorkshirethe " tripartite" forms are employedto constitutea larger number of speciesthan appearto me necessary;but though I have had the opportunity of inspectingthe fi.necollectionat Whitby, which is the basisof his work, I do not find in it a sufficientseriesof forms, from youth to age,of the supposedspecies,to give more than a few indieationsof the synon,vmywhich mav guide further research.

82

BRITISH BETEMNITES.

Pl. XI, fig. 28. RrrrrrxrrEs rnlpAnrrrus,Ecltlot/rei,m. Rn/erence. Belemnitestripartitus, Schlotheim,'Petref. Belem.,' No. 6, p. 48, ! I 820. 'Pal. Frang.Terr. Jnr.,'p.90, pl. viii,fig. ll, B. elongatus,D'Orbigny, 1842. B. digitalistripartitus,Quenst.,'Ceph.,' p. 419, pl. xxvi, figs. 14, 31, 1849. Simpson,'Lias Tossils,'No. 14, P.26, 1855. (Section B. trisulcos?ts, ovate.) B. i,tcisus,Simpson,'Lias Fossils,'No. 15, p. 27, 1655. (Section nearlycircular.) . Gr-,rnn. Straight,elongate,eylindroidal; sidesmoreor less flattened,taperingin a apex,which is distinctly contilnous cur\-e in the post-alveolarregion to a three-grooved stliateclon the dorsalaspectfor half the length of the axis of the guard; groovesdeepeningtorvarclthe apex. Sectionsshowthe contourto be oval, with the sidesrather flattened,the dorsal part lather broadest,excepttowardthe apex, wherethe contraryhappeils; the axisexcentric and straight. Greatestlength observed(behind the expansionof the alyeolar cavity), 6i inches; 1 inch. greatesttotal length,9 inches; greatestrliameter', at 100, the apex of thephragmocone the d,at Proport,ions.Taking the diameter,u ventralradiusis 3?, the dorsal63, the crossdiameter88, andthe axis 550 to 600. Pnna,cuocoNn. Not seen in my specimens. The sectionof the alveolusis very sliglitly oval. Iocality. In the Upper Lias of Saltwick (Phi,lli,ps). In the Jet-rock, Saltrvick (sinrysoit). In the Middle Lias of Banbury(Etuttard,No. 87). Obserrutious.In its young statethis speciesis not certainly known, unless,as I holds that place. fts very distinct, straight, narrow think not irnprobable,B. subtenezis grooves,continued.to the apex,distinguishit from the other triglyphic Belemnitesof the Upper Lias of Yorkshire. Its nearestrelative is a beautiful specieswhich occurs in the lJpper Lias of Ilminster and other localitiesof the South of England. l{either of those specieshas been found (as far as I have seen)at Lyme Regis. A specimen shows,on the dorsalaspectnear the apex,a short, very na row groove, in my possession rvhichcloesnot reachthe apex (seePl. XI, figs. 28 d and s"). In a, younger specimen the strireare interrupted,as in fig. 28 o.

BETEMNITESOT' THE LIAS.

63

Brr,nnxrrEssuBADUNCATUs, Voltz. Pl. XI, fig. 29. Reference. Belenon'i,tes subaduncatarc, Yoltz,'Obs. sul les 86t.nrn.,' p. 43, pl. iii, f i 1 .2 , 1 8 3 0 . 39, p. 46, 1S55. Simpson,'Lias Belemnites,'It{o. B. eapanszs, in the alveolarregion,thencetapering Guann (Young). Cylindroidal,or subprismatic in a lanceolateform (so as to be slightly or evendistinctly subhastate) by a gentle curve to a very pointed prominent end, which bends a little toward the dorsalside. Three groovespart from near the ungroovedend, two of them dorso-lateral, becomingdistinct at a short distancefrom the end, and graduallyvanishingbefore reaching tlie alveolar apex; the third medio-ventralof variablelength and distinctness,usually short, but perhapsneverquite absent.r (Old.) Ferv examplesare certainlyknorvn; in them the figure is more cylindroidal the telminationis lessacuteand more lecurved,so as to resemble, and morecompressed, exceptin greaterlength, matureindividualsof B. aulgaris,from n'hich in youth they are quite distinct. Longitudinalsectionsshowthe apicialline to be somervhat cun-ed,nearestthe ventral face,and three,four, or five times as long as the diameter,accordineto age. Transverse sectionsin the young are subquadrangular acrossthe alveolarregion, somervhatoval behindit, andtrilobednearthe end; in the olderspecimens this sectionis decidedlyoval. In all exarnplesthe axis is excentric,in the young remarkablyso; the dorsal laminre usuallythickestoverthe alveolus,but the contraryalsooccurs. in my collectionis 2 incheslong (of which the axis Dintensions. The smallestspecirnen is 1i), with a diameterof;. Thesizesaretraced with certaintytoa diameterof iinch, with havea longeraxis;but, on the whole,it appears, an aris of li. Otherexamples the proportions grow morerobust with age. Voltz describesand figuresspecimensof intermediatemagnitude only. f amuncertainasto the reallyold formsof the species;but I believeB,distortusof. Simpson,No. 31 (Whitby Museum),to be a good example. On the whole,we may be sure of the identificationof the young anclmiddle-agedforms so commonon the Whitb,r' Scars,and so remarkablefor their slendershape,very acutely pointeclapex, slightly hastatefigure (thoughthis varies,and is sometimesonly just traceable)by reasonof a gentlesrvellingat about two thirds of the distancefrom the end toward the alveolarapex. The rather prismatic shapeof the alveolarregioncausedVoltz to call it tetragonal,and is correct. the expression sometimes I In my oldestspecimen, inch in diameter, it is hardlytraceable. t-

64

BRITISH BELEMNITBS.

Prol;ortiort.*. Taking the diameterfrom back to front at the alveolarapex at 100, the crossdiaureteris about 90, but this variesin differentspecimens ; the excentricityof the anis is variable,in someyoung specimensthe ventralis only 28 to the dor.sal72; in anotherspecimenthe ventral is 40, the dorsal60; in another,ventral48, dorsalb2; the axis is from 300 in middle-agedto 500 or 600 in the ybung. In Voltz,sfigure the axisis 340. PsneauocoNa. Very slightly arched; its sectionoval,with proportionsof 100 to gB; septaclose,rather unequallyarranged,but in the middle part, on the average,distant one seventhof the diameter,apparentlyformed of a singleplatewith a short flange. In a specimenfrom \Yhitby an extraordinary numberof the septaare squeezed togetherin the hinder part of the last chamber,by pressurefrom.without. If these\yeresupposedto be the last septa,and to be replacetl,the axis of the phragmocorle rvoulclequal half the axisof the guard. The angleappears to be 2{"30'(\-oltzgives2b.). Iocality. In thc Ipper Lias shaleof Whitby and Saltwick(PLitlips).

BEr,nuxrrnsfr,urNsrRnNsrs, rl. s. Pl. XIr, fig. 80. Guann. Elongate, straight, conoidal,more or less compressed,very gradually taperingover the wholeof the guard to an acutepoint (24"), often cross-banded with light and clark shades ; axis subcentralrvhen voung, rnore escentricrvhen old; one ventral, two dorso-lateralfurtorvs, all reaching the apex, the ventral furrow usually Iongestof the three. In young specimensthe guard is depressed about the end, and showsa broadventralfurrowthere,rvith stight and shorttracesof the dorso-laterals.The sidesareoften slightlycanaliculate for the wholelengtb.in young specimens. Dorsalaspectratherbroaderthan the ventral. Sectionsshowgreatexcentricityof the axis in full-sized. specimens, and in adultsan ovalsectiott. In young specimens which are depressed, with flatteneclsides,the section of tlie quardis su'bquadrate. Dimensiotts. Greatestlengthof axisof guardobserved,5 inches; greatestdiameter of the mosterpancledpart, 1 inch. Proportiotts. Taking the dorso-ventraldiameterat the alveolarapex at 100, the ventralradiusis 33 f , the dorsal66 +, the crossdiameter85; the axisin a very long compressed variety (axis 4'5 incheslong) 800, in a shorter variety600, in one still shorter400, in the shortest350. Theseare adults. In a young specimenthe axis (1 inch long) is 350, in another(axis 0'6 inch long) 300, in the shortestof all the specimens (lessthan ] inch long) the proportionis nearlythe same.

BELBM}IITES OF THE LIAS.

65

PsnecuocoNn. Much extendeduncleran angleat first of 24", and afterwardsof lso.r Septaformedof one lamina, elliptical, rvith axis as 100 to 110, numerous '60 or more) depthof chamlrorr of the diameter;inner lateralsurfaceof the chamber ; r* smoothand flat belowthe septa. Conothecaslightly undulatedin rings, a little concave oppositeeachseptum,a little convexbetweenthe septa. The septaloutlineis waved, anddescends to the siphuncularborder. Greatestdiameterobserved,1'6 inch; greatestlength,4+inches; in tliis casethe axis of the guard is about 2j inch, and thereareabout 50 septa. trocalitg. Ilminster, in lJpper Lias, abundant,and of all ages(Moore). Dundry, full-grown, Upper Lias (Bri,stotMuseum). Glastonbury(P/ril/,i,ps).Kimberley'sBrick(Stuttard, comnzun'is vard and WorkhouseYard, Banbury, in Upper Lias, u'ith Ammon'ites No. 42, 44, 45). UpperLias, Stroud (Buehman). Obseruations.This elegant speciesis remarkablefor the continualtapering through its rvholelength, by which it happensthat no part of the guard is really cylindroidal. The angleof inclinationof the sidesof the phragmoconeis very moderate(not exceeding I8o in the anterior part, but amounting to 24" in the hinder part) ; the sectionis elliptical. mav be In Mr. Moore's rich collectionfrom llrlinster the growth of this species long inch to fuil-grown tracedwith greatsatisfaction from an individuallessthan half an examplesof 6 and 8 inchesfrom the apexof the guard to the last (or uearlythe last) chamber. Two varietiesalso appearof unequal proportions,one being ntuch more compressed, and rvith a longer guard. This is lesscommonthan the shorter'\'ariety. The degree of distinctnessof the furrows also varies, so that we may mark different races; the longerones,indeecl,may be (accordingto D'Orbigoy) rnales,the shorterones females. Var. o. All the three furrowsof the guard distinct, the ventralone usuallyiongest. p.

All the furrorvsindistinct.

And to each of thesethe variationsof length rnaybe added. Striationscan hardlybe tracedaboutthe apex,but occasionally appearin the ventralsulcus. Takenas a whole,it appearsthat this fossilmorethan any other resemblesin shape and proportionsthe original figure given by lVliller for B. elongatus;but no specimen to that figure has been found in the Bristol collection. On the other corresponcling with short axis of guald, hand, there are in that collectionthick, tripartite Belemnites, at Upper Dundry, rvitir an alveolar Lias referred io B. elongatusof Sorverby,from the angleof.26'. 1 In one casetbis anglein the anteriorpart of the coneis founclto be only l2"ll0'; in anotherlarge instances. specimen, asmuchas 24o; both exceptional

66

BRITISH BETEMNITES.

Brr,ruxrrEslrrcnosrylus,n. s. Pl. XI[,

fig. 31.

Guenn. Very slender, almost perfectly"cylindrical in the post-alveolarregion till torvardsthe apex, expandingover the conothecawith remarkableregularity. No lateralgroove. In young specimensthe substanceof the guard is transparentand solid toward the point, mostly opaque,and more friable in a long spaceover and behind the alveolar region,as in B. claaatus. Psnneuoco)iE. Straight, very regularlytapering at an angle of l8o, with septa even or scarcelywaved,and placedat distances somewhatgreaterthan usual, viz., one fifth of the cliameter. slightlyelliptical. Sectionof the phragmocone Iocct/ity. One speciuren, \o. 349, in the Collectionof the GeologicalSurvey,Jermyn Street(fig. 31, c), was discoveredby Mr. Day in a nodulefrom the Belemnite-bedof L;'rne Regis. Another in the Oxford Museum(fig. 31, o) was presentedby Mr. Murley from the Insect-becl at Dumbleton.

Bpr,nuxrrnsLoNcrssrMUS, Mi,ller. Pl. XIII, fig. 32. Ifiller, 'Geol. Trans.,' 2nd series,vol. ii, p. 60, Reference, Belemniteslongissinrus, pl. viii, figs. 1, 2 (PaperreadApril, 1823),1826. with faint lateral grooves,and a blunt, Gulno. Excessivelyelongate,compressed, roughlystriatedapex. PsneouocoNE. Unknown. Ioculi\y. Lyme Regis. In the Collectionof the Bristol Institution is a specimen (it[o. 33) nhich may haveservedMiller in consideringthe speciesnamed B. longissimus, Anotlrer in the same collection(No. 27), marked 3. cyl'indricus,Blainville, ffiaI be identical. I liave a few examplesfrom the Belemnite-bedunder Golden Clitr, but none of thesespecimensare suffi.cientfor good description. A Belemniteof the same general form, and even longer in proportion rvhen yonngr occurs in shalesof the Cromartie Coast, which havebeencalled" Lias " by geologists.They,however,containonly fossils of the Oxford Clay and CorallineOolite series,and the Belemnitehas a differentshape rvhenold.

BELEMNITESOF THD LIAS.

67

Brr,ruxrrns Jul.rcnus, n. s. Pl. XIII, fig. 33. Guann. Excessivelyelongated,slender,nearlyof equal diameterfor a greatlength, expandedanteriorly, compressed,with shallow lateral risings and hollon's extending alongthe wholelength of the surface. Sectionsof the sheathshowthe sparrylamellrenearlycircular toward the aris, but very elliptical toward the circumference. The apicialline is nearlycentral. The fibres are coloured in light ancl dark bands. (The summit is unknown; the compressiott towardthe summit.) increases PnnacuocoNn. Unknown. 0'33; D,imensions.Total length of a fragment,above3'5 inches; greatestd.iameter, axisof guard,above3'0. Proportions of the guard, the diameter a b at the apex of the alveolus being 100,the ventralradius is 48, dorsalradiusb 52, crossdiameter75 to 85, axis of guard above1500. portionsof two Iocalitg. Golden Clitr, near Lyme Regis. The autlior possesses guards,including the alveolarand parts of the apicial regions.

n. s. Pl. XIII, fig. 34. Bnr,nunrrnsNITTDUS, for a great portion of its length of Guenn. Remarkablyelongated,compressed, equal diameter,but acutely conical toward the summit, which is pointed; expanded anteriorly; smooth,with two very slight dorso-lateralgroovesnear the summit, and a doublelateral furrow extendingover nea,rlyall the apicial region. Sectionsshow the apicial line nearly central, straight, surroundedby subelliptical lamellre,finelyfibrous,the outer onesacquiringdoublelateralflutings. PsnecMocoNE. Unknown. Dirnensions.Total length,7'5 inches(8'0) ; greatestdiameter,1'0; axis of guard, 5'5; alveolaraxis,probably2'5. Proptortionsof. the sheath,the diametera b at the apex of the alveolusbeing 100, the ventralradiusis 46, dorsalradius 54, crossdiameter80, axis 1000. trocal,itg. Belemnite-bed,Golden Clitr, Lyme Regis (On/orcl lfusettnt, Pfi,ill'ips's Cabinet). Banbury,Lower Lias (Stattarrl,No. 135).

68

BRITISH BBIEMI\ITES.

pl. XIII, fig. Bb. I]rr.susrrusouADRrcANALrcuLArus, Quenstedt. 'Jura,'p. 285,pl.xli, fig. 12, Referertce.Belemnites guadricanaliculafas, Quenstedt's I 857. Guenn. Long conical,rnarl<edby four narlo\\' grooves,from the apex to ancl ertending over the alveolarregion. One of tlie groovesis dorsal,and in very good. specimens appearsdouble (fig. 35rI); it is deepeston the alveolarregion; two are dorsoJateral,one is ventral. The apex is somervbat blunt, the groovesreachingto it. The surfaceunusuallyrough. PunecvocoNE.I--nknorvn.Alveolarangle not rneasurable in either of the two specimens placecl beforethe authorbv the Geolo_{ical Survey. Dimensir.,its. Totallength of specimen, 1.75 inch; greatestdiameter,0.38; axis of guard,l'00 inch. Proportions. The ventro-dorsaldiameterat the alveolarapexbeing 100, the axis of the guardis 500, the crossdiameter96. trocality. Ilpper Lias Sands at Chidcock (Museum of the Geological Survey in JermynStreet,London). tlpprr Lias, Ilminster:(Moore).

Bnr.,nuNrrns ruBur-,aRrs, Toungand Bi,rd. Pl. XIY, fig. 36. Re/erence. Belemn'itestubularis, Young and Bird, ' Geol. of Yorkshire Coast,' p. 259, pl. xir', fig. 6, 7822; Phillips's'Geology of Yorkshire, vol. i, p. 163, pl. xii, fig. 20, 1829. 'Catal.,' B. acuarazs, Morris, p. 300, 1854. Guann. Very elongate,slender, expanding over the alveolar regiou, uniformly taperingor cylindroidalin the post-alveolar region, greatly flattenedin the apicialregion, ventraland dorso-lateral furrowson the flattenedpart. Surfacestriatetl unevenly,especially on the alveolarregion. Proportion of the flattened part variable in different specimens. A slight hollowor flat spaceoften runs down the sidesof the guard. Strong parallelstrirenearthe apex. Transverse sectionsshowan oval outline, with a nearlycentral axis in the young, a, nearlycircularoutlinein the older.

BELE],INITESOF THD LIAS.

69

I)ttri.itsions. Greatestlength observed(including only the beginning of the phragmo-,-Ilc, I0 inches; greatestdiameterin the post-alveolarregion,lessthan ] inch. Proltortions. Taking the diameter from back to front at the alveolar apex as 100, :hc retttral radius is 48, .the dorsal 52, the crossdiameterfrom E0 to g0, the axis of the nnrd about 1400.

PsnecuocoN.o. Incompletely observed; probably straight, rvith an angle of a l i o u t1 S o . Iocality. In lJpper Lias shale,abovethe Jet-bed at Saltwick,near Whitby (Phitli1tg. :andsend, near Whitby (P/r,i,lli,ps), and Robin Hood's Buy (Culten). A specimenin the Bristol Museum (s I,42), is said to be from Gloucester. It closely resembles,however, Yorkshire specimens,and I have never observed the speciesin any locality south of Yorkshire. Obseruat'ions.By German writers this is usually supposed to be identical with someone of the many forms included under the title of Belemnitesacuarius. Quenstedt figttres, pl. xxv, figs. 2, 9,10, specimensfrom the tlpper Lias of Ohmden, which he terms B. acuarius tttbu/aris; thev are rlncolnpressed,and sh,orva distinct ventral groove, ancl an unclulated alveolar borcler'. D'Orbigny includes B. tulLuluis among the many synonyms of B. acuarius with B. lonyissitnus,ilIill., yrocilit, Hehl., larlenefonnzs, Hartmann, Iongisulca.tus, Yoltz, tenuis, Nliinst., sent,istriutus,lltinst., grtcili.s, Romer. He regards the guard as subject to a remarkable extension retrally, at a certaiu &Be, previoustowhichit doesnot differ, he says,from that of B.irregulctris. The ertensionis stated to be most frequently hollow, so that the term " tubularis " lvould be really deserved,and the compressionto a flat plate easily explainecl. When this is not the case,from the filling of the cavity with calcareousmatter (not fibrous), it constitutesthe so-calleclPseudobelusof Blainville. Such is the view of D'Orbigny, who rvas reacly to unite B. ircegularis and 3. acuarius in one species,the former being females,r,r'hich preserved always their original obtuseness,and had no retral extension, the latter. being males. This remarkableopinion he baseson an examination of the recent .Loligo sttbulata, the males of which have a very long clorsal plate (osselet),the females a short one. I propose to considerthis subject in a general discussion,embracing other species; but at present it appearsonly necessaryto say, that there is no ground for adrnitting the specific affinity of B. ,ircegularz's,or any forms like it, with B. tubulctris of the Yorkshire coast. The length of the unflattened part of this Belemnitic guard is very uneqnal in different specimensof about the sametotal length-one example in my possessiolgives eight inches for this part, severalthree inches, one two ancl a half. The flattenccl part in one example exceedssix inches. A fine specimenobtained by the Rev. Dr. Plpmptre, at trVhitby, and now in the Oxford Museum, is thus measurecl: total length l2 inches,

10

70

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

apicial regiou, groovedand flattened, 1 inch; post-alveolarregion, uniformly tapering, 7i iuchcs; alveolarregion of visible guard, 2 inches; projection of phragmoconebeyond it, l; incli. The phragmoconeis extended to a total length of nearly 3j inches, all chambered. rvith a terminal breadth, completely flattened, of l+ inch. This gives an apparent rrtrsleto the phragmoconeof 27o; but if reducedto a cone,about 1Bo. The diarneterof tlie guard at the alveolarapex is about 0'375 inch; the length of the axis, twenty times as great. Nearly all the sulface is striated, the strire being everywhereundulated ancl interrupted, and largest and rnost conspicuouson the alveolarregion. Another fine specimen also presented by Dr. Plurnptre to the Oxford Collection is 11* inches long; of this the posterior 73ths inches are compressedflat; 3 inches renrain quite unaffected br plessure, and be,r'onclthis is 1 inch of crushed alveolar cavit;'. Diametel at tiie alveolarai)e\ ,l,thsof an itrch. I'hree parallel grooves,rvhich seemto be too regulal to be the effect of ruerecrushing. appeal'ou a gleat part of the flatteueclpost-alveolar regiorl; to$'arclthe point onlv oneis traceable,and it is accornpanied lx-seleral stria:. Ihe grooves refcrred to do not ertend over the soliclpost-alveolarand alveolartracts ; on wlrich, hos'ever,ftreettescan be traced lvhich seemto correspondwith the groor-es. From this it seens, orl the whole, probable that the groovesare the effect ,rf uniform pressure on the unequally resisting facettetl surface of the hollow part of the guard. The shells which commonly accompany this Belemnite are chiefly Posidonia (fnoceranrusdubius of the 'Min. Conch.'); and the shale may rvell be called, as in occurs in it, the Posidonianshale. Wiirtemburg, where B. ctcuurzzrs

9clilotheinz. (DiagrarnNo. 22.) Bi:r,nllxrrns AcuARIUS,

Re,/erence. Schlotheim,'Petref.,' p. 46, No. 12,1820; D'Orb., 'TerrainsJurassiques,'pl. vii, referredto in his text, p. 76, as pl. v; Quenst.,'Jura,' p. 258, pl. xxxvi,fig. 9, 1857. Gu.Lno. Elongate,compressed,striated ou the sides in the ret,ral part, and at the end. flattened,by compression, sectionoval, with somewhatflattenedsides; the ventralsurfaeebroadest, Transverse ventralside. the to axisnearer Takingthe diameterfrom back to front at 100 ; the dorsalradius is 66, the ventral 34. the crossdiameter73. PnneeuocoNnnot seenin Bnglishspecimens, Iocalitg, Cheltenham,in the Belemnite-bedof the Lower Lias (Bzrckrnan).

BELEMNITESOF THE LIAS.

1 1 '

L

Obseruat,ions.In the figurequotedfrom Quenstedt the lateral striation is not DIAGRA]I 22.

',m a

L

represented:in other figuresof Quenstedtleferred to B. aruorins (,Cephalopoda,' pl. xxv),lateralstriationis represented, but not the tenninalcomllression.D'Orbigny, pl. vii, frg.4,represents the retralpart of the guardas tubular. Thesefossilsbelongto the llpper Lias. Lt t the windinginterior structureis represented.

Ox Bu,nunttng ALLTED To B. DIGITAZ.Ts oF Scul,o'rnrtu, Pr,etnsXV, XVI. Ferv Belemnitesappearon a first viewmore characteristically separate from the rest than the compressed, very blunt, straight-sidedforms of the Upper Lias, which are frequentin the continentalmuseums,under the narre of B. rligdtalds.In only a few instances is this form exactly discoveredin collectionsof English specimens.But the useof the term in museumsand in books is such as to includea much greatervariety of formsthan seemedto Blainvilleand Voltz fairly admissible. Taking the ideaof this Belemnitefrom the text and figuresof Yoltz, we havea cylindroidal,much cornpressed form,quiteobtuse,and even-rounded to an egg-shape at the end; and upon makinglongitudinal sectionsthe internallayers,after a certainage,correspond in bluntnessof termination. The youngestlayersend sharply. The crosssectionin the forwardpart of the alveolarregionshor,vs a remarkablythickenedaccretionof the sheathon the ventralaspect. There is alwaysa ventral furrow in one variety,called -8. ,ircegularis by Schlotheim; and indeedthe apexbeing sometimes umbilicate,sometimes papillary,and sometimesin

72

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

other \rA,\'sof unusual appearance,the term seems natural enough, though founded in part on acciclentsof decompositionrather than structure. If rtou l-e turn to Quenstedt, and examine the figures given in pl. xrvi of his 'Cephalopoden'(1849),we find the ordinary blunt compressed form, with its variousinner attclonter aspect$clearlyrepresented(pl. xxvi, figs. l-7.) Another is given, somewhat longer and less obtuse (pl. xxvi, fig. 8) ; again, one somewhatbowed at the end (pl. xxvi, fig. I l), called B. di,gi,tal'isacutus,' and a closely allied form (pl. xxvi, fig. 65), rvhich shows traces of lateral furrows, receives the ualne of B. ,incuruatus, Finally, a longitudinal section(pl. xxvi, fig. 14 c), and trvo drau'ingsof the lateral aspectof somewhat larger and more pointed specimens,rvith ventral and clorso-lateralgrooves, complete the series of varieties under the title of B. digitalis tripartitu.s. Of all these Belemnites, rvhich are fouud only in the Lias, I have seene\aurpies from English localities. Only a very srnali trumbcr corrcspotrclstrictlr- to B. irreyularesof Schlotheim.but there is a gleat trutuber and r-arictr-coruprisedwithin the limits of the additional forms of Quenstcdt. The rniddlc terru of all the varieties agreeswith somespecimenswhich are f'reclttetitat \\-hitb1', called I). uulgaris by Young and Bird. I possessonly one specimen frour \\-hitbv at all approaching to B. digital,is in the extreme bluntness and irregularity of tlre end, which is obscurelymarked by u ventral groove, and is eroded. It was taken frorn the Upper Lias of Saltwick.

Bnl,nuxrrnsTRREGULARTs, Eclrlotlteinr,.Pl. XV, figs. 37, Bg. Re/erence. Belemn'iles cligitalis. 'Faure Biguet,' lEf 0 (asquoted by Blainvillein 1827, but disallowecl by D'Orbigny,1860). 'Taschenbuch,' 'irregularis, B. Schl. p. 70, pl. iii, fig. 2, 1813, and 'Petref.,'p. 48, No. 5, 1820. B. digitalis,Blainv.,p. 88, pl. iii, figs. 5, 6, 1827. Voltz,p. 46, pl. ii, fig. 5, 1830. ,, B. irregulares,D'Orbigoy, 'Pal. Fr. Cephal.,'p. 74, pl. iv, figs. 2-8, 1842. ,ircegularis, B. ddgital'is et B. digi,tal,is I p"aI6, pl. xxvi, Quenstedt,'Ceph. figs.1-8, 1849. Guenn. Short, straight, cylindroidal,much compressed;apex oblique and very blunt in the adult, often markedby a tubercularand pitted surface,from whichvermicular lidges and hollowsradiateto a short distance. Apex in younger specimensoften sublnucronate, in very young examplesacute. On most specimens thereis oneshort ventral furrow nearthe apex; no dorso-lateral groovesat the apex.

BELET{}TITES OF THE LIAS.

73

Trausversesectionselliptical,with flattenedsides; &cloSStire anterior part of the ,-r 9613l' region,the unequalthickuess of the ventralaud dorsalpalts of the guardis often conspicuous; and, rvhat is remarkable, whicli har-cthe one short apicial in speciurens furrow,it is on this sidethat the thickeningis greatest. SLrcha srooveusuallyindicates rlreventralaspect,an&it is so figuredby Quenstedt('Cephal.,'pl. rsr.i,fig. I d). Yoltz, wlto observecl this unequalthickening,and paid much attentionto it. statesthat, while from the apex torvard the alveolarcavitythe depositedlayersthicken most of all the dorsalltarts,and leastof all the ventral,it is quite otherrvise in tlre alveolarregion,rvhere the augmentation takes placeon the ventralpart (Voltz, 'Obs. sur les Bel.,'p. 47, and pl.ii, fig.5n"). He alsoremarksthat the "summit" is oblique,andnearerto the r-entral than to the dorsalaspect. I find, indeed,that it is on this side,towardwhich the apex is inclined,that the short apicial grooveoccurs,when it doesoccur, contraryto what is usnal; and it is on this sidethat the circum-alveolar spaceis thickened. Before,however, deciding that Voltz is altogether right in this observation,I wish to obtain specimensfrom the Upper Lias of Gloucestershire, which may be properly cut for eramination. In a longitudinal section,the axis is seento be very oblique,a little archedtoward and nearto the ventralside,aud rnarkedby a paletint in the laminreaboutit-probably they were less calcareous. Proport'ions 'in tlre aclult Taking the dorso-ventral diameter at the alveolarapex at 100, the ventral part is 40, the dorsal part 60, the cross diameter S0, the axis 180 to 220.

PnneeuocoNn. Oval in section,slightly archedtoward the ventral region, and terminatedby a spherule;the angleof inclination of the sides 25o accordingto YoItz, 20oto 22o accordingto D'Orbigty. Yoltz describesthe summit of the dorsal" ogives" as nearlyrectangular. The diametersare 100 to 87. Vanrnrrns. a. Short,with obtuseovoid summit inclinedtowardthe qroovedsideof the apex(Pl. XV, fig. 37). {3. Longer,with obtusesummit (Pl. XV, fig. 39). c, short, obtuse. FrocesterHill (Sands),in the Cabinet of Bristol Local'ity, vEtrr. Institution, two specimensmarked n 1, No. 28. Also two specimens from the same locality,in the Cabinetof Mr. Moore,one of them longerin proportion.

Bnr,nunrrnsREcuLARrs, n. s. Pl. XV, fig. 38. Guenn. Straight,cylindroidai,tapering in a curveto the end,compressed, with alr ovalor ellipticalsection,and a three-grooved, somewhat striated,umbilicatedtermination;

74

BRITISH BELEMNITBS.

velltral asPectrather narrower than the dorsal (adult) ; no recurvation of the aper, which is cliviclcdby the grooves. Set'tiortsacross tlre alveolar cavity show the slightly oval alveolar section within the ot'rl ol elliptical outline of the guard-the oval outline being causedby the contraction of tlie r.entralregion; sidesflattened. Ditrcnsions. Length of guarcl before it shows any alveolar expansion, 2; inches, of rvhich the axis is about li inch; the diameter frour back to front being in the largest specimen*ths inch. Proport'iuns. The dorso-ventraldiameter at the aper of alveolusbeing taken at 100, the cross diameter is 85, the ventral radius about f 0, the dorsal about 60, the axis 250 (in the larger valiety 300 to 400). Locality. (,Stuttarrl).

Upper Lias Clavs at Eydon (one), aud Badby (three), near Banbury

Ol,;erurtlir.,iis.The affinitv of this tripartite fossil to that so frequent at \I'hitby (ij. ruiyut'i.,,is obvious; rvliile its parallel sidesand greatercompression offeranalogiesto tire icss olrtttseerarnplesof B.tligitalis, like Quenstedt,pl.xxvi, fig. 11, and B.,incuruatus, fi ^ ' c, t' 15, on the sane plate. .\s in B. c*ulgaris,so in this, the axis of the guard varies in length in proportion to the diameter. There is a series of more slender forms in Mr. Stuttard's collection from Eydon and Badby, in which the axis measures320, 350, 400, no other differencebeing evident; e.g. (Nos. 50, 51, 5B), Fig. 38 6 shows one of the shortestof these slender forms,r,vithventral groove longer and more distinct than usual. Young specimens(Nos. 53 and 63) from nydon ancl Badby have the aris remarkably excentric,in the proportion 28 to 72, the interior nearlr.circular,siclessomervhatchanneiled,termination acute,ventral sulcusdistinct,the othersvariable; in one, dorsalplaits. Tire axis exceeds600. They resemblealmost exacll;' sorne young cylindroid varietiesof R. suttacluncatuts,with the same excentricity. The older specimensreferred to also corresporid very much with the older cylindroicl specimensof B. subaduncatus. Thus they cottstittrte a parallel series; and taking the u'hole into account, we have this general courparisouof thesetripartite forms :

\\-hitb,r', Droreor lessrecurved: Shortform, B. uulgaris,Pl. XVI, fig. 40. Long form, B. aulgaris,Pl. X\rI, fig. al. B. subarJuncatus, Pl. XI, fig. 29. ,, Banbury,little or not at all recurved: Shortform,B. regularis,PI.XV,fig. 3Ea" Iong form ,, ,, fig. 38 6.

BELE]INITESOF T H E L I A S .

lJi:-rustrES !uLGARrs,)'ouitg andBird.

iD

PI. X\-I, figs. -10,-ll.

Ileference. Belentnitesuulgaris, Young and Bird, Yorkshire Coast, p. 258, pl. riv, f i g . 1 , l s t e d . ,1 E 2 2 ; 2 n d e c l .p, . : 7 ; , p l . x v , f i g . 1 ,

'

,,

,,

a#;rL, 'Liasl'ossils,' No.28,p. ls, lsib.

B. curtus,Simpsor,'Lias Fossils,' No. 24, p. 29, 1849. 'Ceplial.,'p. 'incurr.tatus, B. 4lB, pl. xxvi, fig. 15. Quenstedt,

Guenn. Short, compressed, taperingin a curveto the apex,which in perfectyouue specimensis acute, but in older examplesalways somewhatobtuse; lateral furrorvs distinct for short distanceonly, ventralfurrow presentand distinct for a short spaceirr onevariety,obscureor almostobsoletein another. Transversesectionsshowthe contour to be morevariablein different parts of the guardthan is usual. At the apexof the alveolusthe outline is oval, with more or less flattenedsidessomewhatinclined to oue another,the ventral breadth being less than the dorsal; the axis excentric. Torvardthe apexthe ventralregionincreases in amplitude, and the contour changesstill moretorvardthe apex,thereshorvingthree emargito the threegrooves. This gives on the rvholean irregularity to corresponding ruations which is lessmanifestin otherspecies,but is ncvertheless often to be the surface-curves in someof them. recognised Longitudinalsectionsshowthe form to havebeenlittle, if at all, changedby grorvth; the inner outlines,down to j an inch of axisof guard,giving nearlythe samepropoltions as the outer surfaceof a specimenwith four times as long an axis. Greatestlength observed6 inches, including the expancledpart of the guard; greatestlengthof axis,commonlyunder 2 inches. Progortions. Taking the dorso-ventraldiameterat the alveolarapex at 100, the ventralradiusis about 45, the dorsalabout 55, the crossdiameter80, the axis usually 200,225, 250,275. Young. I have found it difficult to trace this speciesthrough its youngerforms by selectionof specimenson the Scarsof Whitby and Saltwick. It appears,however,by sectionsto vary but little with age. In my youngestspecimenthe axisof the guardis lessthan 1 inch long,the normaldiameter?ths-proportionswhicharealsofoundin olcler specimens. PnnacuocoND. Oblique,a little arched,with an ellipticalsection; sidesconvergine iu trvo 19oin the anteriorparts,and 22onearthe apex. The axis of the phragmocone are is morethan twice as long as the axisof the guard. The diarneters as 95 specimens to 100, or in someexamplesalmostequal. The depthof the inter-septalspacesis commonlyith of the Longdiameternear the apex; but in one specimenat a moreadvanced

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

76

part of tlic cone it is ,|th. 'Ihe conothecais finely striated and broadly undulated across tlie vcntral lcgion, Iongitudinally striated on the dorsal region, and there marked by u sliqlrtlr- prominent mesial linear band. Fifty-five septa were counted in the spaceof half an inch from the ap.exof the phragmocone. Obseruat'ions.This very common Belemnite varies as to the apex, which in young c.rarnplesis acute, or even a little procluced,l'hile in old specimensit is always obtuse; there is always a tendency to greater curvature torvard the apex in the ventral than in the dorsal region ; the distinctness of the groovesr-aries; especiallythis is the casewith the ventral groove, which is occasionally alurost obsolete. Simpson marks two varieties,viz.: (/. Iu-o groo\-esanclnunrerousfitre stli:c at the a]re\. lr. Three distinct qrooveslrt tlrc iil)c\. I'heser u'ictics occul'tosethcr in the L-ppcLLias near \\-hitllv ; I find the striation to occur irt lroth in gooclvourlg spccimens: the differences as to the ventralgrooveare such as to utiite the u hole into one gronp, though in that particular the extreme examples rupl)cll'distinct enough. 'Ihe aper is often eroded, so as to be, in the senseof Blainville, unrbilicate. 'I'he account of this Belemnite given by Young and Bird t'equires some elucidation. In the first edition of their rvork it is illustrated by two figures, one (pl. v, fig. 6) representing ihe guard engagedin a mass of Pentacrinites from the lorver part of the Upper Lias-a fair specimenof Mr. Bird's talents as an artist ; the other (p1.xiv, fig. 1) not so u,ell drawu, but showing the erserted phragmocone. 'Ihese tu'o figures representtwo distinct forms-distinct varietiesat least. In the seconcleclition,only one figure is given (pl. rv, fig. 1), and that not so good as eithel of thosepreviouslypubiished. In the text of both editions a careful desmiption is giveu ; one of the referencesis to B. elongatusof. lliller, certainly an error. The iength is saicl to reach l0 or 12 inches, with a diameter of 2 inchesat the broad end, but this must be very unusual. Whitby, Saltrvick, Sanclsericl,ancl other places in the Upper Lias of Iocolity. Yor'lishire,at variousstagesabovethe Jet-beds,ttp to and including the Leda-beds(Toung Pltillilts). These sholv tlo varieties as to length, the axis of the antl Bit'r|,,5'iitti.,sorz, shorterin fig.40, and longerin fig.41. guirrd being proportionately

B nr , nltN rrn s R U D IS,l l . s .

Pl. XVI, fi,g.a2.

Gueno. Short, somen'hat compressed,ancl oval in section, with or without one shorb obscure apicial groove; no dorso-lateral grooves. Adult specimens blunt at the end. Sections across the alveolar region (Pl. XVI, fig. s') show the slightly oval outline

BELI],\INITESOF THE IIAS.

i7

'tf the phragmoconewithin the slightly oval gnarcl, n hich is thickened on the clor.sll rsllect; those across the post-alveolarregion shol' the aris to be vel.yexcentrictill near tlrc apex (Pl. XVI, fig.. s" s"'). Longitudinal sections give a nearly straight axis, plolongecl i1 the clirectionof the ventral line of the phragmocone. Pro?ortions. Taking the dorso-ventral diameter at the alveolar ape\ at 100, the r.entralpart is lessthan 40, the dorsal more than 60, the crossdiameterg5, anclthe .ris 1S0 to 200 (in young specimens300). Between the apex of the phr.agrnocolre auclthe apexof the guard the dorsal radius is sometimestwice as long as the ventral. PnnaeuocoNE. Somewhat oval in section,slightl,varched toward the ventral sitle ; anele28o. Locali'ty. Very abundant in ironstone-bedsbelonging to Midclle Lias, between t1e ,iet-rockand marlstone,eastof Staithes,Yorkshire (plti,ttips).

O rv A G R o u p o F Bn r,rrrrtrrE s A LLTE DTO

BELE]TNITES

COMPRESSTIS OF

Br,rrsr-rr,r,u,\ND\ror,rz. The title " Belernn'itescontpressus" appearsto have been first used bv Stahl. as ali.early rtoticed, p. 41. But the papers of this author in the 'Corresponclenzblatt cler\\rtir.t. Landw. Vereins,' lSg4, attractedlittle notice,and the greaternumber of Belemnitologists tbllowedthe exampleof Blainville,1827, whogavethename of "comltressus" to a clifferent species,belonging to a different group. In his description the essential points are as follows: Shell straight, very compressed,so that the vertical diameter is much greater than the transverse,and the sectionis oval; apex medial, straight, with a broacl shallow groove on each side, dying out by degrees toward the alveolarregion; alveolar cavity conical,r,vith an ol'al section, six inches and more long. PI. ii, figs. 9 and g a, of Blainville's work represent the Belemnite laterally and in cross section. From these figures I infer that the axis of the guard was abovethree times as long as the diameter at the apex of the phragnrocone. Such a specimen rnay be found in the sandy beds at the base of the Lower Oolite of Yorkshire, while in a higher calcareousroch occurs another and alliecl form, with five furrows at' the apex, called by Blainville B. qudnquesulcatus, ancl representedin his work, pl. ii, figs. 8, 8 a, B b. Yoltz, writing in 1850, gives a general character of B. compressats) and placeslnclcr this title three varieties. The general charactersare these: Sheath large, straight, conoidal or couical, compressed,with an oval cross section ip the alveolarregion. Summit straight, emouss6, furnished with two clorso-lateralfurron s, which passover at least one third of the apicial region. Axis of the guard excentric, 11

/\

BRITISH BELEM}IITES.

al)ploaeliing the ventral side at its origin, and then bending toward the back and beeorninssubcentral. Phragmoconedepressed,inclined toward the ventral side. The tliree yarietiesare-

Blainville,pl.ii, fig. 9 (SandbelowInferior Oolite). \;ar. e. B. compress?,ts, pl. v, fi1. 2 (UpperLias). ,, B. B. cornpressus,Yoltz, pl. v,'fig. 1 (tpper Lias). ,, c. B. compress?ts,YoIIz, The varieties n and c are fully described. The former has a perfectly conical sheath, much striated at the point, the strire continuing on the shell nearly as long as the grooves,viz. for half the length of the apicial region. In the latter variety the sheathis conoidal, and the stliae ale describedas plaits aboLrtten in urrurber. The phragmocone in var. s is stl'aight,the sidesrncetingat au itttsle'of 16'; in c it is a little alched,and \-entral i'urron's\rere not observediu any of the the siclcs nreet at an angle of !9'. speciuiens,u'hich, cxcept in this particular, appear very similar to examplesfrom the L pper Lias of forkshire. Qriensteclt(lS,fE) has treated this perplexingsubjectwith attention. He empioysthe for the fossils described by Voltz, from which he separatesthose title of B. coii4tressus gigas, B. compressus of tslainville, and uses such compound terrns as B. contpressus Ttanillosus,and B. contpressuscon'icus,for allied forms of the same natural group. We have in the English Lower Oolites antl tlpper Lias plenty of examples of this gronp of " cornpressedBelemnites," but they have not been strictly studied and compared. Mr. James de Carle Sorverby, in 1329, representeclthe fossils from the Oolite of White Nab, near Scarborough('IIin. Conch.,' pl. 590, fig. ,l), under the name of ' l]. clmpressusof Blainville. Professor Morris, in his Catalogue of British Fossils' (1354), refers the same specimensto B. giganteus of Schlotheim. Since that date f)'Orbigny (1860) has collected under the same title B. ellipt'icus of Miller, B. co?10and gigas of Blainville, B. gladius of 7ressu,s of Sowerby, B. quinguesuleatus J)eshales, B. Aalensis and longus of Yoltz, B, granclis and acuminatus of Schubler, B. t,ilturlitu.yand canal,iculatus,of Hartmann; but this is not a method to be recomrneuclerl. This is not a species,but a group of species,whose geological range includes the Lppel Lias auclthe Lower Oolite. of tslainville D'Orbigny ranged also B. apicicuraatus and Under B. coury)ressus R. bicanaliculutusof tliat author, B. crassusof Voltz, and B. bi,sulcatusand B. tunidus of Zieten. It appearsto me that three distinct British forms may be well marked among the of Blainville and Voltz; one is varietiesof Belenrnitesproperly referred to B. contpressus tlescribeclby the first author; another includes the varieties e and c of Yoltz ; the third is no'vrillustrated from Yorkshire specimens.

BETEMI{ITESOF THE LIAS.

79

Br.'lurrr.es\-ol,rzrr,n. s. Pl. XWI , fig. 48. Rr-/erence.Belemn'ites compressus, Yoltz,var. s andc, 'Belemn.,'p. 53, pl. v, figs. I and 2, 1830. Gcrnn. Conoidal,compressed, smooth,with a centralblunt or erodeclterrninatiou whenold). Two dorso-lateral fnrrowsproceedalonghalf the spaceof the apicialregion, and from the terminationaboutten smallplaits extendto half the lengthof the furros's. \,: r'entralsulcus. 'Iransverse sectionsshowat the alveolarapexa regularly oval contour,the innermost la'ers of the guard undulatedby the dorso-lateral f'urrows. Longitudinal sectionsshowthe aris to be excentric,most so at the alveolarapex, lrotr rvhich it is reflectedtoward the back, and then continuessubcentralto the end. 'fhe inner and youngerlaminreend bluntly in arches,so as to indicatethe youngforms to havebeenobtuseat the terrnination(Voltz madethis remark,page55 of his work). Greatestlengthobserved, 5 inches,the diameterat the extremitybeing 1.2 inch. Proportions. Taking the diarneterfrom back to front at the alveolarapexat 100, the crossdiameteris about 90, the ventral radius 40, the dorsal 60. The axis in varietye, Voltz (shorterand smallervariety),is 2-o0; in the longer aucl larger var.iety, c, 350. PsnecuocoND.I\early straightin var. n, slightlyarchedin var. c ; in var. e the clorsal legion occupiesone sixth of the circumference, in var. c onefourth ; in n the hyperbolar regionsoccupythe twelfth of the circumference, in c oneeighth. In var. c, along the band which separatesthe hyperbolarfrom the ventral region occur small strire,which crossthe hyperbolicarcs. Of these Yoltz says he could give no explanation. (See B. inornatus.) Locali'tg. I am not sure that specimensexactlycorresponding with this descriptio', and constantly deficient of the ventral sulcus,have come under my notice from any localityin England. One causeof this doubt is the uncertaintyaboutthe youngerforms; for while Yoltz infers, from longitudinal sections,that the apex was alwaysblunt in var. B, and that in var. c it becameblunt with age, we find Quenstedtreferring to figuresof the young which are quite acnte,with a very deepalveolusand very short axis ('Cephalopoden,' p. 422, pl. xxvii, figs. 13, I7). But as he speaksalso of the early appearance of the dorsalfurrows and of the later appearance of the ventral furrorvs, " which sometimesbecomeextraordinarilydeep," it would seemto be the form here calleduentral,iswhich he is describing. On the Scarsat Whitby and Saltwickare many Belemniteswhich might be thought

BRITISH tsELEN{NITES.

sq0

tlte vounq of the Yoitzian shells,being quite devoiclof ventral sulcus,but thev are comtrrt,ttll ucute,ancl not striated; others,r,vhichare acute and striated,with a ventral sulcus, rr.,il I't' thought to be the young of .8. uentralis.

] ll. r , lux rrES v EN T R A r,rs .n . s .

PI. XVII, figs.44,,tri.

Guann. Conoidal, compressed,smooth, rvith a central blunt or eroded ter.mination (u'iren old). Two dorso-lateral furrolvs ancl orle mcdio-r'entral groove proceeclalong tleari,vhalf the spacebetu'eeuthe end of the guard ancl the encl of the alveolus. The terntination is striatecl,and the strire extencito altout lialf the lens't[ of tlie grooves. Trattst'eLse sectiottsat the ape\ of the alvt'olLrs siron' the axis exceutric and the r:otitottt'regularll oval ; tltt' r'etttt'alsitle ratltei' rlru'l'(.)\\-el' tltarr t|e clorsalip the rnedial t'cl'iott,llttt rt'idt'r'irl tlic prrrt llcar tite ui)c\. Iiurther liackn-ardthe section shows the cftelt of thc velltritl itittl latcrai grooves. The axis is nearly straight. The greatest rlr.clretllc'ngth.including about one third of the phragmocone, is 6 inches; the greatest tliiituctt'r1l inch. Proportioits. The diameter (u d) at the apex of the alveolus being taken at 100, tlte venti"alracliusis 41, the dorsal 59, the axis 300 to 350, the crossdiameterg0. PnnacuocoNn. Slightly archecl,ending in a spherule, r,vith a slightly oval section (1()0 to 95 or 90); septaobliquelydescencling to the siphuncle,and rvaveclon the edge; the depth of the chambersequal to one seventhof the diameter. The sidesare inclined tr.'eachother 21". The conothecalstriation is ver,t'distinct. Locality. tlpper Lias of \Yhitby, Saltu'ick, and Robin llood's lloy (Pfi,itli1ts). ljrocesterl{ill Sands (Moore). Not observedat Lvme Regis (Pltillips).

n. s. B enu- \ r rE S T N o R N AT U S.

Pl. XVIII, fig. 46.

Rr'/erence. Rplernni,tes con?press?ts, Blainville, 'Belemn.,' p. 84, pl. ii, fig. g, 182b. Gurnu. Conoiclal,compressed,smooth,with a blunt or eroded termination (rvhen olcl). Two dolso-lateraifurrows proceedalong one third of the apicialspace. Ir[o ventral furLorv,no strire about the termination. Transversesectionsat the apex of the alveolusgive an excentric axis and a regularly oval contour, the ventral portion being rather narro\r/erthan the dorsal. Toward the apex the lateral groovesindent the outline. Greatestlength observed,4'65 inches,of rvhich the axis i s 2 ' 6 5 .

BBLE}II{ITESOT' TFIE LIAS.

SI

Proltortions. The long tliarneter at the ape\ of the alveolnsbeing taken at 100, the ',rtttrallacliusis -12,the clorsal 5>, the crossdiarneter'7-.tto Si, the aris 220, 250,2E0. Iti att ertretne case,a more lengthenedspecinteuthan nsual, the aris is 360, and there is .r fulther peculiarityto be noticecl-a sholt dorsal groo\-e. PgnrclrocoNs. Somewhat reurarkablefor smoothnessou the clorsal arid clorsolateral regions; for the ellipticity of the crosssection,which augmentstorvarclthe aperture, tltc ttris appearing to be there in the proportion of 100 to 90; and fol the sniall depth ttt' the interseptal spaces,which are about one ninth of the cliameter. In the first rptat'terof an inch from the apex are about 30 septa,in the secondquarter I0, in the thircl rlttarter 'l , tn the fourth 5, in the fifth 4. The right and left sides of the phragmocone rrle straight, the ventral face very little concave,the dorsal very little convex. 'l'he ventral portion of the conotheca,half the circumference,is undulated acrossby the convexity of the interseptal spaces,and finely striated both parallel to the undulations ancl lengthrvays. At the bounclarybetween the ventral and lateral spaces these stria tut'n up suddenly acrossthe band (which is marked by two or three longitudinal straight lines), to join into and fonn the hyperbolic arcs, rvhich are traced accuratelyto the asvmptote. Along the band hele refelreclto the striation appearscomplicated,and this probably is l'hat Voltz refers to in iris account of B. r'orititr'(,88u.\t \-ar. c, as alreadynoticed. Beyond this the fbrward-bentarcs uudulatethe clorsalleqion, arrclare closseclbv numerons longitudinal strire,which are most distinct on the middle of the back. Vlnrntrns. In general figure some specimensare nearly straight-sidecl,others ale nlore convex in the middle of the apicial region, and rnore roundecltorvard tire apex, rvhich appears to be alu'ays blunt and central. The ri)ore convex tlie meclio-apicial space,the shorter is the axis in comparisonwith the diameter. One of rny specimensis very compressed,so that the cross section at the apex of the alvecllusgives an ellipse of 100 to 75. The axis in this casemeasures240. One of nly specimens from Blue Wick, which has the extreme length of axis already referred to, is remarkable for a short clorsalgroove, corresponding in situation to that alreaclynoticed in B.clorsal'is,p. 5E, viz. the lower aiveolarregion. Localitu. In the Sandy Cap-beds of the Lias at Blue \trrick, with Verniculcn"in (Bean, Pfiilli,pts, Callen). In the Sanclsat Nailsrvorth (iVoore). con?pre.ssa

Rentartrs. Though I have described these interesting fossils under three specific names,and think it most convenientto do so, it may possiblyhappen that urore courplete inquiry may lead me to regard them as varieties of one species,knourn as B. cotirytress?ts, a name very appropriate,but already pre-engagedby Stahl. If' this view should finall.y prevail, a new comprehensivename will be requirecl,and I hope the title of " \'oltzii "

82

BRITISH BEIEMI{ITES.

rnav in that case be accepted, as a just tribute to one of the best of Belemnitologists. \Ye should then have-

Pl. XVII, fig. 43. Toltzi,i,var. con'icus, Belemni,tes figs. 44, 45. vat, uentral'is, ,, ,2 'inornatus, fig. 46. XUII, Pl. var. ,, of the In comingto this conclusionwe might be confirmedby someotherinstances variability of the ventral sulcus,and it appearsto me very interesting and significant to notice the loss of this furrorv in passingfrom the upperpart of the Lias to the lower rvhile abovethese lower beds no part of the Oolites,which is irnmediatelysupel'posed, Liassicforms recrlr,but a neu' seriesof Belemnitesbegins. ln generalfbrm we may col]\'e\outlinesin the retral slopesof the r-entraland dorsal remarkin somespecimerls or even a little fhcesnear the ape-x,iu othersthis saue part is quite straight-sided, of \roltz (pl. vi, fiS.f). But so as to approachthe fieure of B. longisulcuttts prodtrcecl, alread't'mentioned,is the presenceor absenceof the a more irnportantcircumstattce, Lias beds of Whitby, ventral groo\-e. In the very upperrnostpart of the argillaceous ali sulcatedon the lowerside; in the lowest foundspecimens nhich containLeda ouu,nr,I sandyOolitic Dogger of Blue Wick I found others not sulcated-this being the main which I observe. In a seriesof theseBelemniteslately collectedfor me by difference Mr. PeterCullen the samefact appears. On examinationit appearsthat striation of variety,and commonlyis absentfrom the ventro-sulcate the apexcommonlyaccompanies the other. What appearto be rather young exarnplesof both forms are frequentin all the UpperLias beds of Whitby, but large specimensare rare there. The younger examplesare very acuteat the end, the older specimenscommonlyobtuse or worn or his examplesfrorn Giindershofen. truncated,just as Voltz represents

Voltz. PI. XIX, fig. 47. Bnr.nunrrns r,oNGISULCArus,

Voltz, 'Belemn.,'p. 57, pl. vi, fig. 1, 1830. longisulcatus, Re/erence. Belemnites 'Cephal.: p. 412,pl. xxv, f. 23,1849. B. acuariuslongisulcatus, Quenstedt, roundedat Gueno. Conoidal,straight-sided,much elongated,rnuch compressed, the end, with two dorso-lateralfurrows,three dorsal,and five ventral plaits; the dorsolateral furrows occupymore than half the length, the plaits one fourth of the length ; axissubcentral. 'Iransversesection oval, axis but little excentric; taking the diameter at the alveolarapexas 100, the axisis 500 or 600.

BELEMI{ITESOF THE LIAS.

83

PsnacuocoNn. Straight-sided,angle 25o. Dorsal area less than one fourth, lateral iuea one eighth of the circnmference. Septa approxiurate. This description is mostly from Voltz, who had one completeguard to examine from the Upper Lias of Wurtemberg. That this speciesoccurs in the Uppel Lit'rs,on the Yorkshire coast,I have no doubt, but no goocl specimenshave come to mJ' hands. I theretble copy the figures of M. Yoltz. It is decidedly analogousto .B. contpressers of that author, but longer. In the Museum at Whitby is a specimen,I.{o. 454, rvhich agreesin seneral with the description and figure of Yoltz, but it has a very long apicial groove on tlre ventral aspect. It is named B.'inagu,istriatusby Mr. Simpson,and bearsto B. /ongisulcatus the same relation that B. uentralis bears to B. compress?r,s, B and c, of Voltz. In the same Nluseum is a specimen called " B. comqtressaa, Young and Bird," with many longitudinal strire on the flattened apicial region. I made hasty sketchesof these, and think one of them of sufficient interest to be here reproducedand described.

BnlnunrrEs rNaoursrRrATus,Eirnpson. Pl. XIX, fig. 48. Be/erence. Belentnitesinequistriattts,Simpson,'Lias Fossils,'No. 3, p. 24, 1855. B. acuariustricanaliculatzs,Quenstedt,'Cephal.,'p, 4I4, pl. xxv, figs. 13, 14,15, 1S.19. Gua.nl. Conoidal,uniformly tapering, much compressed,much elongated,obtuse at t}re end, with two dorso-lateral furrows, one ventral furrorv, and several strire. The vetltral turrow extends over more than half the apicial space,the dorso-lateralfurrow over one fourtho and the strire equal or exceedthese in length. The furrows are narrow and very distinct, making the section tripartite nea the apex. The axis is above six times as long as the diameter at the alveolarapex. Greatestlength observed,6 inches. PsnecuocoNn. Unl<nown. Localdty. Upper Lias of lVhitby (Eunpson). Obseruat'ions. Closely allied to this, if not identical, is 3. erosusof Simpson (, Lias l'ossils,' No. 5), of which a specimenis to be seen in the Whitby Museum (No. bd) ; and perhaps the same may be said both of B. contpressus of that author ('Lias Fossils,' No. 2) and 3. concauus('Lias Fossils,' No. 4), but this I leave for further inquiry.

Bnr,r,uxrrns sur,cr-sryr,us,n. s.

PI. XIX, fig. ag.

Reference. Belemnitesacuarius macer, Quenstedt, ,Cephal.,,p. 414, pl. xxv, fig. 1 849.

21,

Guenn. Very compressed, sucldenlycontractedbehind the alveolarregion, thence

BRITISH BELET,II{ITES.

84,

extencierlin a slencler cylindrical form backward, ancl marked rvith trvo long, conspicncus,latcral grooves. (No strire seen.) In the transversesection of the sheath,immediately behind the alveolarregion, the ,rtttliuc is oval, the dorsal aspectbeing widest. Ventral radius 45, dorsal radius 55, tl'ans\-erse diameter80, axis 850. Psn'rcnrocoNE. I]nknown. Local'ity. Only one specimenhas come to my knowledge,-from Nailsworth, in the sands which cap the Lias (Mr. C. Moore's Cabinet). Bentarlts. Belemnitesacuarius is a name applied to mauy fbrms of Belemnite, one of rvhichhas been aileadv referredto as allied to B. tubulurts-by sornethought identical with it. Quensteclt'sfigure, no\y leferred to, appearscertainl,yto agree u'ith the Nailsworth specimen,auclu ith no other that I have seeu fr,rrn lingiish loealities. Another figure of Qttenstedt'srnar pt'obabl,r'be re'galdecias belongingto the species(3. rtcuariuslongi'Cephal.,'pl. rrr', fig. 1l), and fig. 12 of the sameplate,which is striatecl,may, sulccrtus, perlraps,be added to this reference. I shall be glad to hear of more specimensfrom the English Lias and Liassic Sancls. being already It appears necessaryto mark this by a definite nsps-('acaarius" trsedin the senseof D'Orbigny, " macer" being also ernployedby Mayer. I proposethe epithet " sulc'i-stylus"for the smooth,compressed,g-r"ooved fornrs,with cylindroid extension of the guard, not capableof heingflattened by pressure. I regarclthis flattening as a nrark of imperfect original calcification characteristicof a small nurnber of these elongated Belemnites,chiefly of the Upper Lias.

I'intpson Pl. XX, fig. 50. Bnr,r,lrxrtns DLnGANS, Rr:ference. Simpson's'Lias Belemnites,'I{o. 40, p. 31, 1855. Compressed,suhhastate; cylindroidal in the post-alveolarregion,tapering from thence to an ertended, striated, pointed apex; slight traces of short dorso-lateral groovesat thc apex ; on some specimenslong, lateral, shallow grooves. Transr-ersesection elliptical till near the apex, where it is obscurelvtrilobed; axis Gulno.

a little exceritric. Longitudinal sectionsshow the axis to be nearly straight, and the young to have had more uniformly tapering sides. In young specirnensthe proportion of the axis appears to be nearly the sarne,or rather longer, but the general figure is more uniformly tapering. Di,mens,ions.The largest specimen from Robin Hood's Bay which I have seenis in the Whitby Museum, No. 967, 5'2 inches long, and, 0'65 in diameter at the alveolar

tsELEN,INITBS OF THN LIAS.

85

apex. I have somenearly as large from Robin Hood'sBay, aud many othersof lesser rnagnitudefrorn IIuntcliff. I[y smallestspecinenfi'omHuntcliffis 1'5 inch long; and sorrremore compressed betr,veen these extremesmy collectioncontainsmanv eraurples, than others. Proportions. The diameterat the alveolaraper from u to d beingtakenat 100, thc crossdiameteris aboutor above90, the ventral radius 40 to .1-1,the clolsal60 to 56, the axis 400. I{ear the apexthe ventraland dorsalradii becomeequal. The alveolarcavity is empty in the only specimenI could afford for PsnacuocoNl. longitudinal section. The angle is about 28o, but near the apex 32o, the 'whole figtire a little arched.

Locality. 'I'owardthe upperpart of the Lower Lias, in Robin Hood'sBay, north Cutlen); in the samepositionunderHuntcliff (Pft,illips).In the Marlstone side (Ezrrysoll, bedsof Staithesand Robin Hood's Bay is found a Belemnitemuch resemblingthis, though usuallywith more distinct dorso-lateralgrooves,and less distinct specialstrire. and doesnot, I believe,occurin any higher It must be ranlied as of the samespecies, strataof the Yorhshirecoasts. describes the Mr. Simpsou,rvhofirst noticedthis forrn of Belemttite, Obseruations. the youngerforms sectionas circular; it is, however,r'atherelliptical. He has recognised Huntcliff. One of the speat also doue at RobinHood'sBay (Nos.9?1,972), as I have by IIr. cimensbearingthe samenamein the Whitby lluseum (No. 976) is now legardecl rvith the ttameof it at Robin Hood'sBay, as a distinct species, Sirnpson,who cliscoverecl R. scabrosus.It will be describedimmediately. Two othersin that l\'Iuseum(No. 45E) showno apicialgrooves. As alreadyobserved(page57), this fossilis allied to ll. lauis, -4pfl, we may add, to B. subtenu'is of Simpsonand B. tripartitus of Schlotheim,though the apicialplaits and groovesareusuallyso faint or so short as to maliethis analogyless obvious. From B. leui.s its attenuatedapicial region may be regardedas distinctive. Specimensoccur at Lyme Regis, referredby me to B. ni,tirJus(p. 67), antl figured as a shortvariety (Pl. X[I, fig. 34 b), which are much like this fossil,but have not the apicial strire, and alwayspresentmore or less of the double lateral grooving. Other also resetnbleB. elegans, from Lyme, which are referredto B. apicicuruatus, specimens exceptin the apicialpart of the guard.

7fE.1 Pl. XX, fig. 5i' o. s. (Eint'pson, Bnr.,nuxppsscABRosus, fusiform,taperingto a lengthenedapex; Guenn. Blongate,slightly compressed, one sliort ventralgroove, two short lateral grooves,which ertend into lateral facets; 12

E6

BRITISH BELEMI{ITES.

alveolarregionexpanded,coveredwith rough granulations regionenlarged. ; post-alveolar Thc groovesare distinctfor abouthalf an inch each. Onlr one specimenis known, viz. " No. 976," in the Whitby Museum, of which Pl. \I, fig. 51, is a sketch. The total lengthis 7i inches,the diameterat the apex of the phragmocone lessthan 0'4 inch, givinga proportionof axis (as1800to I00 diameter) sttclr as occurs in Belentnitesclaualusand other very long Belemnites. In the postalr-eolar enlargement the diarneterbecomesA.4binch. Locality. Obtained by Mr. Simpson from the upper part of the Lower Lias, on the north side of Robin Hood's Buy. Oltseruatiorts. It is very possible,indeed very likely, that by further researchit may be proved that tliis really elegant Belemniteis a full-grorr-ue\anple of one of the claviform shells which occur in thc Lorver Lias of Yorkshire. \\-ith a vierv to settle this and sonreothel questious,I har-eesaminedfour tirnesthc bedsn'hich r-ieldtheseBelemnitesat the baseof IIuntcliff, collectinq manv specimeus; and ]Ir. P. Cullen has rvith equal care exyrloredfor nte the correspondingbeds of Robin Hood's Buy. At present, looking on a irundled specirnens, I am not abie to furnish evidence in favour of the opinion. llr. Simpson formerly included it with less hastate forms in the species he called B. elegans,but the great proportionatelength of its axis is probably decisiveagainst that alliance. The rugulosity about the alveolar region may be of some importance as a character,and yet not reall,ydiagnostic,just as in B. tubularis another kind of rugulosity is frequently but not constantly found on the alveolarregion.

BelnuNtrES crlrNDRrcus,Sititltsut. Pl. X\,

fig. 5:, P. /, P. u, P. d.

R{erence. Belemnitescylinclricus,Simpson, 'Lias Fossils,'It[o. 27, 1855. Gu-rnr (old). Cylindrical in the alveolar region, tapering evenly to a rather blunt, oiteu ratltet'r'ecurveclsummit, frorn rvhich trvo clistinct short dorso-lateralgroovesproceed, ancl lose themselr.esbeforereaching the alveolarregion. In a very perfect specimenthe apex is striated on tlie ventral and on the dorsal surface; the ventral strire are accompanied by u short groove,not seenin any other example. Sectionsshorv a tieariv circular contour, with the axis a little excentric and straight. 'Ihe ventral face is sornetilllesa little flattened (ventro-planate,as in B.aentroplanus and' of Voltz). B. subdepressus Greatest length obserr-ed (inclucling an expanded part), 6 inches, of rvhich the aris of the guartl occupies4 ; diameter of the cylindrical part, ,gths of an inch. Young specinensare rarely seen,anclare more pointed than old ones,and show hardly a trace of apicial groovesor strire.

BELB}INITF]S O!' THE LIAS.

,\'l

Proportions. The diameter (u ,l) beine talien at 100, the ventral radius is 40, the dorsal 60, the crossdiameter 100, the axis 420. PnnaouocoNE. m:

Nearly straight, rvith a nearl_r-circnlal sectiou; the anslc

25o.

troculitg. In the lower part of the Upper Lias at Saltrryick(PLi//i?t) ; at Robin Hoocl's Buy (Cullen); in ironstotrelayers at Kettleness(Sinryson);in the shale nntler the ietbed, plentifully; and in ironstone layers at Staithes and Rosedale(Pltillfuts); in the Jlarlstone seriesbelow the ironstone. Obseruations. The agreementof this Belemnite with that long lcnoln as 3. pu,tillclsu, is obvious and intimate, and the resemblanceof particular selected specimensis alrnost complete, the principal observable difference being a greater proportiorratelength of axis ancl a longer tapering to a less obtuse apex in the Yorkshire specimens. For comparison,a specimen from llminster, in Mr. i\Ioore's Cabinet. is represented fig. 52, Ml. Recurvation of the apex occursiu severalof the specinrensof B. pctuillosus,especially in those from Ilminster; in set'eral of the specimensof 3. cylindricus frorn Rosedale, near Staithes,it is so pronottnceclas to approachthe forur of Il. olunccrtus On the whole, I can hardly doubt that the Yorlishire specimeusagree rvitir lJpan'illosusamaltlr,e'iof Quenstedt ('Cephal.,' pl. x\v, fiS. 5) ; the state of conselvation seldom allows of the striation of the apex to be perfectly seeu,as in our relll'esentatiorr -o2, ltD. of B. pan'illosus(Pl. XX, fi,g. B. elongatus, B. apicicuruatus,B.Ttaui,lloszs,and B. cylindricus, taken togethel',conrposea natural group of generally cylinclricalor cylindroid forms,with dorso-latelalgrooves at the apex, and plaits or strire on the ventral and dorsal aspects(exceptioually,a deepel stria on the ventral and also on the dorsal face). They are unknown in Lower Lias, but extend from the base of the Middle Lias to the lower part of the Upper Lias, and are found in Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire,Northamptonshire,Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire.

Bnr,niunrrnsoxycoNus,Qaenstedt.(Diagram,I.[o.23, p. 88.) Reference.

Belemn'ites(tri,partihts) ofrgconut Quenstedt, ' Cephalop.,' p. 4I9, p l . x x v i , f i g s .1 9 , 2 0 , 1 8 4 9 .

Guenn. Conrpressed, conoidal or conical,ending in a produced,pointed,somewhat reclined apex; lateral groovesextend over the alveolarregion. Transversesectionoval, the ventral region broadest. Locality.

Cheltenharn,in the Belemnite-bedof the Lower Lias (Srzchntan). 13

I]RITI SI{ BI]LEI\,II\ITES

8r 'l'he

lbssrlherc represented,from IIr. Iluchman's Collection, is from the " BelernniteLcrl' ,,t'the I.,olverLias of Cheltenhanr. It correspondsto all appearancewith the species

DIAGRAII 23. $r:lemnites osyeonus.

I

rii

iil/ ,'l tl

j

I

tl

ref'clredto bv Quenstedt,and I find it irlso to be uruch allied to B. elegunsof Simpson ( p . E 4 ; a n d P l . X X , f i g . 5 0 ) ; b u t i t i s not striated about the point, as that speciesseems ,rln-als to be; its axis is shorter, and the ligule is more oblique. It seemsallied to lJ, q,tttrr^'of }{iller:. and mav be the olcl form of that speeie,s.

I)IAGRAtrI 2 I.

s'[{ v

ti

r'. Lonsest individual

Smaller.

r'". .N,Iinute specimen.

In trh'. CharlesrVoore'svery iriterestingcollectionfrom the lJpperLias of Ilminster of au extremelysnrall,short Belenrnite,which may possiblybe the young specimens

BELEMI{I'I'ESO1,'']]}IE LTAS. ,l :r.rclta speciesas 1J. [/ohzii. r rlung Belenrnitesclo.

IJrlnurrrus

\tl -,.J

It merits, ho$'ever', ;r (,alelulclescr.iption, as all the verl,

I I I N U T U S ,n . s .

Guenl. Sholt conical, straight, acute,u'ith trvo fuint latero-dorsalgrooyes,lurl ,,bscuLe trace of ventral depressiontowards the apex. Dittrcnsions. From i to i and (apparentlythe sarnespecies)f inch long. Local'itg. Upper Lias, llminster. Heuwhs. It is possiblethat, by further research,older fbrrns rnay be ideltifiecl rvitir tltese almost microscopical specimens of 1\[r'. Moore's acutenessand industry. The;t t'atttrotbe the young of B. fhttanstrensis,but rather shoulcl be referred to n form suclr as B. Toltzii. trn the same collection are specimensfrorn the Upper Lias of Ilminster of a slerrcler. Ilelemnite, agreeingin general with B. guadt'ieanuliculalu.s, but differing in the striatiol and someother points of interest,as u-ill rppear b,r.the following description,in rvhiclL it is regardedas a variety. Specirnensof the ordinan' tr.pe occui.n,ith it.*

I ll: r , nlr nr r n s Qu A D R Ic A N A L Ic u L A T U s, val .. ousor,E ,rus (D i agral r, \o.

Ji ,

Guenn. Long slenderconical,often a little bent, marked by o conspicuotrs clotrblestriated ventral groo\re,extending over part of tlre alveolar region striee ancl traces ot' ; dorsal groovesnear the apex, which is always fonncl truncated. Dimens,ions. llnder I inch in length. |-,ocality. IJpper Lias, Ilminster. DIAGRAX{ 25

h i,v t /fiil lr tlt

L l!l[ i iil

I Ilil | [t

I ii* ')l

ltfl i#

llthfl

2

l,

t

,

t

W ' t'

a

u'. Ventral face,full size.

u". The same,smaller.

a".

Ilagnified vierv of ttre ventral strire.

/. Lateral. 11.dorsal.

* In the descriptionof B. quadrieanaliculutus, 1t. 6S, the clorsalgroove is said to l,resonretimesdouble, find, also, the ventral qroove double in severalexamples.

lr0

BRITISH BELEI,INIT]'S.

'hr tirc preccding pages I have endeavourecl to describe all the foi'urs of Liassic lJt'lcuinites of rvhich I have been enabled to study sufficient examples. Lincler very firrorirble circttmstancesa ferv characteristicforms have been traced cornpletelyfrom very voung' to quite mature.specimens-forexample,R. ilnt'instrens,is (P1.XII). Some have been collectedin such great numbers as to leave no doubt of their possessinga real re)rrtionsirip-e.g. B.leuis (PI. X) ; otherspossesssuch peculiaritiesof form and structure, rtiniclmany variations,as to allor,vof their being quoted without fear from very distant localities-e. g. B. clauatus(PI. Iil). Some cases have occurrecl of fclrms which, if not really very rare, have not yet been collcctediir sufficicnt numbcr to al1owof giving more than the descriptionfitting to ir,particularageof the auimal, as IJ. r:ucctucrtus, B. calcur,B. dens,on Pl. II. In haudlins thesecttr"iousspecie's I Iiavelrecugrriclerlby the erpclienccaccprirecl in eraminiug the other (:IISCS, llore firr-orable antl I hopc'thc rcsults rvill bc founcltlnstn'orthv in the main. But f arn urostiruriorrstrr llc fur.uishcd r-ith nrorc).ulAn\- ilrore, examplesof Beleninitesof vat'iottsnrrgnituclcs,flonr tlic lalqcst to thc lcast,u'hich may be collecteclfrom one lint,ited L(Iilr/ql liu.:, at one dt'finite irlace. l-ol instancc,in the greatly reduced band of llpper l,ias clar-s in tlic \rale of Gloucester,near Dursley ancl lYotton-under-Edge,Beleurnites occur rvith Anutrcnitesl,i/rons, as rvell as others in tlie Marlstone below, and in the sands aud Ceplialc,podalbed above. If any one to rvhom this may reach would devote a ferv days to extract a fer,vclozensof Belemnites of all magnitudes frorn each of the beds named, taken separatel/,preservingcarefullvthe fragmcnts which ltelone to eachspecimen, and woulclsend them to rne for stucly,the conclusionsto rvhich I shall soonleqnest attention as to the geologicalsuccession of Liassic1iftr,aud the changcsof forrn n hich accompany the transitionfrorn Liassicto Oolitic serlirirents, uisht acrluile a cousiclelable augmentation ,rf valtte. I did once mahe sucha collcctioir(1313), aucl s-asin hopesthatit might have been pr:eservedin a mtlsellrn s'hich contirins ver"ylnany palrcontologicaldata gathered itncler my direction, but ill-fortune befell them after they left my hands. The reacler rvili cloubtlessremark that of the Liassic speciesrnentioned by previous English authorsthe following are not describedby rue : B. trlrrttccttus of n{iller, said to be from Weyrnout}r and Lyme, pp. 5 and 8. B. lrif dus,\'oltz, Whitby, p. 8. B. breuirostri.c, D'Orbigny, Chelteuham,p. 11. Of the first I possessa specitren-Liassic. It appearsto ue an exaggeratedvariety '8. of e/ongo{u,s Many Liassic Belemnites exhibit a tendencyto recurvationof the apex, the ventral portion being more or less cuLvecluprvardsor towards the back. Even when both the ventral and clorsal outlines crlrve to meet, or towarclsmeeting, the ventral curve is often most clecided,eutdcarries off the aper towards the dorsal line, so as to make it project in

BBLEIINITBSOF THE LIAS.

91

tlutt clilection. In oid specirnensof B. uulgctrisat \Yliitb.,r', B. cylindricus at Staithes, ;rrrlB.panillosusat Ilminster, this is verv obvious. Thrts,in a seriesof trventy-fourspecirnensof B. cylindriczscollectedby mvself near Staitlies,about half arepositivelyrecurved, thc rest slightly so or not at all. \\rhen the recurvationis verv clecidcdit is often accornlranied by ventro-planation. Two specimensof .8. elottgotusfi'om Chcite'ulianrin my collection,n'hich \,yere presentedto me by my frield the late H. E. Stlicklrrncl,Esc1., shon'this variation strongly ; it seemsto be not at all an anomal.v,but thc usualstlucture. 'fhe lecurvation, rvhere regnlar, increasesrvith oge, and thus angnrentsthe teuclencv to bluntness'n'hichappearsin many old specimens. Ihe variation here alluded to under the title of recurvationis so far normal that it is a1u-a;'s an upward curve. 'Ihe one specimenon which B. fuirtcluswas quoteclwas from Upper Lias, Whitby. It is not distinctfrom B. tri4tart'itus.Of -B. breuirostri,s,D'Orb.,quotedbyProfessorMorris from Cheltenham,I have seenno specimens. I am arvarethat in thc collectionspreservedat Whitby severalinteresting specimens occur to u'hich nfr. Simpsou has assignednamesin his treatiseon the Yorlishire Lias, and I have macle dlalings aucl caleful obscryationsof nlany of thern; but the difficulty, to which referencehas lrceu nade above,of rieciclirrguporl claims to specificdisclctcrsnre florn rloing nlore at present tinction from single,perhapserceptional,specilneus, than erpressingmy hope that tlte diligent Cnrator of tire \\'hitlx' llusennr n'ill persevere in the useful larbourof amassingvery rnanv eraurllles of the spcciesn-hichoccrlr in each bed of the Lias rvhichhe knows so well. 3or thus, I believe,he l-iil have ju-st grounds for reducing the number of his specificnames,anclof augmeuting the noticesof varietv under each forur. One of theseinteresting fossilsI rnust, however, mention expressly,as it occurs in the Nlarlstoneof the coast veiy frequentlr,,but seldornin so good a conclition as to adnrit of sufficient definition. It is that called Belemn'ites'inagualisby Mr. Sirnpson,belonging to the group of bisulcate Belemnites allied to B. apicicuruAtus,ltanillosas, &c.. It appears to be identical rvith specirneusof B. paaillosus nutrisntalis, of Quenstedt (' Cephalop.,'t. 23, fig. 2l), rvhich I have lately examinedat Stutgarclt. trt is included in the Table, p. 94. 'Jura-Ilormation' (1856-1859), Oppel, in his wolk entitled mentions3. ItrniL from the lower part of the lJpper Lias. I am convincedthis must be a synonym bi,ensis, of B. uulgaris, one of the forms of llelemnites ft'om this zone already named and described by Mr. Simpsonin 1855. This r,oneis calledby tr'Iayer,'IoarcianI, a-c. g Antntoni,tes He also names a speciesfrom Bridport, as acconrpanyin toruloszsin the lorvestpart of the Inferior Oolita, B. Dorsetens'is. I,'rom inspection of the l\,Iunich Collection I infer this to be a synonym of B. quadr'icanaliculatus.The beds thus dcsignated are included by Mayer among the Upper Lias beds,and'calledToarcianIII. Mayer, in his " S;'stematicList of Jurassic Belemnites" ('Journal de Conchyliologie,'

92

BRITISH BELEI,II\ITtsS

1E63,, quotesOppel for a speciesnamed.8. WrigLti.r, after the eminent palreontologist of 'I'oarcian Ulrcltruham, and assigns it to the upper part of the tlpper Lias, viz. I, d. I hare not been fortunate enough to obtain a specimen. He also gives a ne\v name t,ll. neylectus)toa specimensaid by Oppel to be from the Belemnite bed of Lyrne Regis, u-liich is figured by (Quenstedt, 'Jura,' pl. xlii, fig. 20) as from the lowest bed of as l\Iayer says,it is probably of an Oolitic Inferior Oolite. If it be " u,n'iccutaliculate," type, or from the Bridport Sands. It will be requisite,no cloubt,hereafterto construct a Supplementto these pages,and my own collectioncontainsa few specimensworthy of noticeif more, and more iilustrative, specimens,can be obtained. Meantime it appears to tite useful to preseuta sumrnal'yof the distribution of r,vellrecogniseclfonns in the Yollishire Lias, e\rer.\r beclof r-hich betrveenSaltburn and Saltwick I har.ein late lears calefullveramiueclanclfol the ruostpart exactlvnreasurecl, and searched rnany times for Ilclenruites aucl othel fossils. I'he gcneralresult of this labour appears in thc Tabular \-icw,x p. 93, u'hich is reducetl froru a larger drarving, beginning rvith Bucklandi,, and ending below the 61"1'plriticbeclsabove the Lima beds and Atiutr,oruites I)oge'er,ancl is not meant to include the transition sandy beds, if they may be so termed, zrtBlue Wick. My friend Mr. Simpson has already composecla sinrilar and more nrinute description of the beds between Saltr,vickand the Peak, so that the two may be cornpared,and the referenceof every fossil on the Lias Cliffs of the Yorkshile coast to its real repository becomeby degreesquite compiete. l'ar clearer on this magnificentcoastthan even orl that of I)orset is the distribution of the fossilsin tlie lliddle anclUpper Lias, and capable of often-repeatedproof ; but in respectof the lon-estLias, it is rrot in the Yorkshire cliffs that it must be studied. \or clo l linol of nore than one exampleof Rhretic beds in the county, and that is now colrcealedunder the grassy snrfaceof a deep cutting at llarton, on the North-Eastern Railway. It \\-as exposed, many years since, in an anticlinal resting on the Keuper Mat'ls, and I eramined it rvell, but found few fossilsin it. * In the Table, p. 93, nodulesare marked by interrupted band-s. Tn'o Belemnite-bedsare marked by , a D.

1 t t-).

BELEI,INITESOF TI]H LIAS.

9:3

Ltes oI' ' rH D Y o n rs u rn n C o e st B B Tw E E \ S -q.r,rl rcr A N D S el ,Tgunx. L e d ao v u m .

Belemnites Belemnitesp

Voltzii. subaduucatus.

Amm. liifrons,

--

A

n

50F' A)

lrelemnltes c_

B 7i. striolatus. - \ m m . c o n r m u n i s , p. p. subtenuis.

Belemnitest T . cn 100' Belemnites Belemnites Belemnites

Posidonomya.

Pectenrcquivalvis.

Avicula cygnipes.

dorsalis. tubularis. lrevis.

Belemnites 150

tripartitus.

Belemnites

cylindricus.

200 Belemnites Belemnites Belemnites

Amm Mulgravius (serpentinu s ) .

Amm. annulatus.

acuminatus. A mm. Hawskerensis (spinatus),

rudis.

Belemnites 2i0

6 < i 9

: ' r

300

numismalis

(marEari.\ mnr. Clevelandicus t a c e u s .' )

pollex.

Amm. maculatu-s.

Gryphma depressa. 350 Avicula inrequivalvis.

)Iodiola scalprum.

Belemnites 400

450 I'holadomya ambigua.

Belemnites Belemnites

a g r t q o 6 € E g e E

. a E @ o 6 o

elegans. clavatus.

:' 500

550

Grvphea Maccullochii.

600 Belemnites Belemnites 650 feet

acutus.

Amm. obtusus.

94

BRITISH BELEMNITNS.

In the Table of Distribution of Belemnitesgiven at p. 93, I haveintroclucedthe namesof set-eralr-ell-known and definitely characterisedAmmonites in their ordinary placesin the strata. This might have been done to a greater extent, and thus a more minute comparisorlhave been made with the similar and equally well-known Arnmonitic zolteso1 the Dorsetshire coast. But this subject will come under a more full examinationhereafter, n'lieu the Belenrnitic beds abovethat r,vhichis so famous at the foot of Golden Ciiff shall have been as fully explored as have been the contemporaneous parts of the Yorkshire section. Mr. Day and Mr. Etheridge have already made good progress in this work, rvhich is not so easyon the Dorsetshireas on the northern coast. I now present,in a diagram, a classifi.cation of Yorkshire Lias, according to natural divisions of the selies, adopting as few gfoups as possible; and in this scale of time I have written the speciesof Belcnuritesalrcaclv clescribedfronr the cliffs of Saltburn, Staithes,\\'hitbr', and Roltin IIood's llirv

1 o ;

Distrihution of certain speciesof Belemnitesin the strata of the Yorkshire coast. I

l * ? a

0 a

;1.9

h

a

1

q

l

0

' - l

-; tl

q

a a

a

.a

a t o.g o

R l

q ) I C )

- l -

X

a m = 1

63 >. Fr

tsr

q) k

h

a

83

lI t

l

a

l

r

a

l

+

E l ' 31 ;

! L

d

.

- l q ) i c € w t € t a

5- . l -€. 1 5 ^

N

m

Upper Ironstones,&c. Jet Series l\{id. Ironstone Series Marlstone I LowerlronstoneSeries I l

i Lower Lias Shale Lias Limestones R h r e t i cb e d s . . .

'F

I

I

c3

-t

x l x

n

'

l

I l I

M

I

Alum Sh ale. IredaBeds

l l

a

l,=

|

a

a tr bo

.

x

4t

l

BEI,E}{NITESOF THE LIAS.

9ir

I,IAS-OOLITE A completepassageby continuous change from the Upper Lias to the Inferior Oolite, from an argillaceousshale or clay to an Oolitic limestone,is not to be looked for; but there are a few localitiesin Bngland vrherebeds are interposedwhich mark olle or lnol'e stagesin the changeof sedirnents,and are themselvesmarked as much by change of the forms of life as by mineral variation. My attention was attracted to this subject during trequent examinationsof the Yorkshire coaston severaloccasionspreviousto the publication of the first volume of my work on the strata and fossils of that coast,in 1829. Generally speaking, the Oolitic series terminates below in a variable sandy, irony, or' calcareousrock, sometimesalmost fuil of shells, at other places not yielding one. The Lias on which this rests is in general strongly contrastedwith it in colour, structure, composition,and fossils; but in one locality on the coast,at Blue Wick, under the Peak of Robin Hood's Boy, the scriesof strata,incluclingLias belos' and Oolitic rocks above, admits of subclivisionsl hich soften tire changefrorn Lias to Oolite, ancl exhibrt a prett;' ftrll seriesof fossilsfor iliustration of the life tbrms of the trausitiou periocl. In my accountof these beds ('Illust. of Geol.Iorkshire,' t.ol. i, lr. 91, firsf editiou) tlrey are all classed as a conchiferous (Dogger)seriesaualogousto the Iufeliol Oolite of' Bath, which at that time was universallyalloweclto include the sandy beds beiow, so rvell known and describedat Bath and Yeovil. The description given of these beclsat BIue Wick shorvsthat they were regar'dedby me as " gradually changingin the lor-rer beds" to the Alum-shale. In 1859 the further researchesof Dr. Wright ('Geoi. Journal,'vol. xvi, p. 1) colrvinced him that these passage-beds were the equivalent of the " Cephalopodalbed" and sands which cap the Lias of Gloucestershireand Dorsetshire; and by the valuable evidenceof the Ammonitidm they have been of late years pretty generally associatedwith the Lias, as the uppermost member of that formation. Of the few Belemniteswhich occul' viz. B.i,rregularis (Pl. XV, fig. 37), at in thesebeds I have noticedthe most conspicuous, (PI.XVIII, B.'inornatus fig. 46), at Blue lYick ; B. sulci-stylus,(Pl. XIX, Frocester Hill; fig. 49), at l\ailsworth. Having lately on severaloccasionsexamined many times with great care these sands at Bridport, where they are cappedby the Oolite, and again at Yeovil uncler similar couditions, I am able to add to the list of speciesfour other forms, vlz.Bel. Toltzii. Upper part of the Yeovil Sands,only 15 or 20 feet bclorv the Oolite. Bridport Sands. Bel. tricanaliculatus,Quenstedt,'Cephal.,'t. 25, figs. 13-15. 'Jura.,' t. xli, f . 17 Bel. quatlricanaliculatus,Quenstedt, L4

96

tsRITISI{ BI]Lts}TNITHS.

Blainville,' M6m. sur les Bel.,' pl. v, fig. 2t ; D'Orbigny,'Ter. Bel. unisulcatus, ,lrrr.,'pl. viii, figs.I-5. Bridportand BradfordAbbas. I regardtheseas all truly Liassicforrns,to r,vhatever extent they may hereafterbe iirrrrrd continuedinto the Ooliticstrata.

.I]ELHMNITI]S OF THE OOLITIC SYSTB},I. Regarcledfrour the most general point of vieu', the Belemnitesof the Oolitic limestoues,sancls,aud cltrvs i;r'csetit tliernsclr-esiu fir'e uutLrral grolrps, rvhich may be thus t;'pified : Blainville. Lalge colxpl'essed species,with a nearly l. Group of Rel,:,ititites ,rltgantt'tts, legnlar elliptical or oval sectiou; llo r-entralgroove. 2. Group of Belennites canaliculcttus,Schlotheim (sulcatus,Miller). More or less rlepresserl;the ventral surfaceconspicuouslvgroovedin the midclle part of the guard. 3. Group of Belemn'iteshastatus, Blainville, whose remarkable elongation, hastate shape,and cleepventral groove,rnark them distinctly D'Orbigny). 4. Group of"Belenrn'itestanrutil'is, Phillips (Owen'ii,,Pratt; Pusozian?ts, Lonq subcylindrical Belemnites, rvith a groove on the ventral aspect torvards the aper of the guard. Blainville). Large short 5. Group of Belenm'itesabttreuiatus,llillcr (e.t'cetttricus, or broaclly on sides, or slightly grooved llelemnites, plane groor-cd the' flattcned Long near the apexon tlte veutral aspect. I propose to describe these groups in tire order set down ; and have only now to remark, by lvay of introduction, that the first group may be regarded as continued from the Llpper Lias into the Bath Oolite series, rvhere apparentlv it grows to the utmost maenitucle, and then ends. The secondgroup begins in the lou'est of the Oolites and asceuclsto the Oxford Clav, not, I believe,to the uppermostpart of that deposit. The tlrild group, irotwithstanding its seeming resemblancelo Belentn'itesclauatusof the Lias, is realll' rrrol'callied to thc secondhere noted ; it begins in the Bath Oolite series,but not, I believe, at tlie base of rt, and extends into the Kimmeridge Clay. Its relation to R. ,jaculurnof the SpeetorrClay ancl 3. pistilli/orunis of the Neocomianbeds, and the smail lJelemnitesof the l"olkestoneGault, will be consideredhereafter. The fourth group extends from tlie Kellorvay Rock to the l(irirnrericlge Clay. The fifth begins in the Oxford Clay, not, I believe,at the base,and ertends upwards into the Kimmeridge Clay of Oxforclshire,the SpectonClay of Yorkshire,and the congenericbed of Lincolnshire called 'l'ealbv Stone.

BELEMNI'['HSOI.''II{E OOLITE.

T H E Gn o u p o r

L AR G E c o M p R E S S E DB nr,nurrrns

ni

e7

rH L IsnrR IoR Oor,r' rn

(Pr,s.XXI ro XXIV). Belentniteselldpticus(Pl. XXI) is the name given by ,\liller to a fine, straiglit, corrrpressedspecies,which occursin the Oolite of Dundry, and in the countrv uear Yeor-ilanrl []ridport. Sorverby(in 'Min. Conch.,' pl. 590, fig. 4) figures under the name of B. cotitj)t'€sstt.tof Blainville one of the severalforms of large Belemniteswhich are frequent in the " Gre._v Lirnestorle," a part of the Bath Oolite series, of Gristhorpe and other places rlear Scarlrorough. Some of these fossilsagree exactly with B. qui,nguesulcatus of Blainville as to tlre termination, others corresponclwith B. Aalensesof Voltz in general figure, while eramplesmay be selected which seem to be identical with B. gtadius of Blainville and B.giganteusof Schlotheim. Thev do not occur in the strata above. In the south of England such fbrms are not frequent. I have, however, been I'avouretl u-ith the sight of two fine examplesfrom the collcction of I\,Ir.Read,of Salisbr-uy,obtained fi'ornnear Sherborne; and anotherhas been sent rue from Leckhamptonby Mr. Buckmau. In consideringhorv to deal rvith thesefossils,I remalk, iu the first place,tiratB.ellEtticus of Miller, from Dundry, is not exactlyto be natcirerl in folm aucl stnrcture b)'o,,,t' specirnensfrom Yorkshire, unless a single speciruenfrom the gre)' Dogeer-berls of Blue Wich be referred to it. Next, that in specimensfrom Yorhshire trvo distinguishable variations appear-l,

analogousto B. giganteus, B. gtadius, and B. Aalensis; 2, analogous to B, guinquerulcatusand -B. compressus of Blainviile. And thesesameforms occnr iu the south of England, so that we have three speciesor renarhable varietiesin this group of large Belemnitesto be considered. Thosewho regard them as varietiesn'ill still find it nseful to preservethe distinctive names,though all may be spokeu of as Belentnitesgiganteus, ,Luctonrm. I begin u'ith Belenm,itesetliptzcusof lliller.

Rnr,nmxrrnsnl,r,rprrcus, ilI,iller.

Pl. XXI, fig. bB.

Reference. B. elli,pticzs,l\filler, . Geol.'lrans.,' 4-l 6. 1826. Gu.rnn. Straight,elongate,verymuch compressed, graduallyand unifbrmlytaperiug, rvith an almostuniformlyoval section(the ventral facewidest),srnooth,n'ithout furrorvs exceptnear the summit, wheretwo or rnore faint lateral facettesbreak the reqularitv of the surface. The transvbrsesectionsof the sheathare almost uniforrnlvoval. the ventral face being

9S

BRI'I'ISH BI]I,flTINITES.

r.atlierq.itler than the dorsal, and the axesmeasuring72 and 100. At the apex of the 1ir eolus t5e inner layers have a sonlewhat less oval figure than the exterior ; and very lcar the axis they become undulated by the latero-dorsalfacettes,but ltever show the &c. Miller says the innerlayers give rlecp grooving of B. Aalens'is,B. gu'inguesulcatus, ir learly circular section,but this is not the casein either of rny specimens. Substance lisht-coloured, finely fibrous. Greatest length of axis 7] iuches in a specimen12| inches long ; the diameters at the apex of the alveolusbeing under 1 inch from back to front, and above ;ths from side to side. Proportiotts. The diameter,from front to back, at the apex of the alveolus being 100, that fi'om side to side is 7l; the vcntral radius 36, the dorsal64. knos-u,bLrtilresentinqin flagrnetttsreurarkablecharacPgp.rc;troc.o\8, Inc.ourpletelrters: o|lir11c,rvith straigLtsidcsinclineclat anqlesof 16' atitl !0'neat'l,r'. Sectioncoulas >: to 100 llear the apes,and as SB to 100 near the 'resseclelliptical,u-ith a\es apcrtpre, t5e erceutricitr-increasingwith age. The septa are oblique, with slightl,v *,1.r.,1eclges,siplion oval, submarginal,in a slight degreeremoved from the conjugateaxis rou-ardsthe right side of the animal. - one seventhof the diameter. Depth of the largcst chamber Jfillerrs Collection in the Bristol Local,ity. In the Inferior Oolite of Dundry llill. ]ltrseum. In Mr. W. Sanclers'sCollection and Prof. Prtilli,ps' Collection. Obseruations. Miller's fignres are very unsatisfactory,and his leference of fig. 17 in his essayto this speciesis a mistake. llany additional specimensat'e ueedecl,especially young examples,but I think the main chirractersAre c:Icar for atlults. Tire surface of sonle specimensis rnuch \\ron] and eroded; Serpulaeadliere to others. Belettmiteslon'gus of Voltz (pl. I11, fig. 1) is similar, but its apicial line is unifolmly less excentric,and slror.terin proportion ; it is from the Oolite of Burrveiler. Belentn'itesglad'ias of Blainville, from the Oolite of Bayeux, and from ltabenstein,is analogousif not identical.

Toltz. Pl. XXII, fig. 5rl; Pl. XXI[, Bnr,nuNrrnsAaT,ENSIS,

fig. 55.

Schlotheim,'Petref.,'p. 45 (probably),1820. Re./erence.Belemnites,qigantezzs, 'B6lemn.,' B. gigas, Blainville, P. 91, pl. v, fig. 20 (probably),L827' , p. 60, pl. iv, pl. vii, fig. 1, 1830. B. Aalenses,Voltz,Obs.sur les Br3lemn.,' Phillip., 'Geol. of Yorkshire,'p. 166, 1835' B. Aalenses, smooth. Anterior region unknown. AlveoGuann. Sheathlarge,very much compressecl, lar region cylindroid, often a little contracted in the middle. Apicial region (frequently) rnuch contracteclat a srnall distancefronr the alveolus,and thence extending into a long,

tsELE]INIT]]SOF THE OOLI'I'E.

99

eonpressed(often slightly bent or unclulated)conical figure, tet'uiiuatedobtusely,obscurely striated lengthwise,and marlied by sir oI' se\-ellfurron s, r-iz. tn o latero-dorsal,very deep, nruch longer than the otliers,extendingneally the wltole length of the attenuatedpart of the apicialregion; four latero-ventral,of uuequallength, the shortestand faintestbeing near the ventral line; and one rnedio-dorsal,always faint, aucl sometiniesabsent. The sectionsof the sheathvary accordingto the distancefrotn the apcr. l'he apicitrl line is straight. At the alveolar apex the external layer is oval, s-ith clianetersas Sl to I00, the dorsal part being widest; nearerthe apex the figure is formed by two uttetlttal, nearly semicircularcurves,the ventral one being largest; at the apex it is extretuel"t,colltpressed,with six or sevengrooves. These groovesshorvin the eeutral portions of ever'1'sectionof the sheath,and on breaking tire specimensacross a central prominence occilsicnally appears,but less distinctly than in the next species. llhe substance is compat't and tight-coloured,breaking nearly at right anglesto the axis' PsneouocoNn. Oblique, with straight sides inclined at angles of 23o, the back and front inclined at 27". Section elliptico-compressed,rvith cliametersas 91 to 100. ,Greatestlength observed20 inches, of rvhich the apicial line is 12. Greatestdiameter on the middle alveolarregion 2 inches. Proportions. The diameter,u d, at the alveolarapex being 100, the lateral diameter is 81, the ventral radius is 40, the dr-rrsal60. Venrnuns. In most specimensthe apicialregion contractsrcntarkablyat about orte third of its length behind the alveolar apex, while before that line the alt'colal region is nearly cylindroid; in others the whole figure more nearly approachesto a colre; tht' lateral profile of some is bent in a gentle arch, in others undulated. Locality. In the Lower Oolite formation (upper part) of Yorkshire, especiallyott the Scars at White Nab, st-ruthof Scarborough. (At Aalen in Wurtemburg, in the Lourer' Oolite formation, loler part, Toltz). In trfr. Benn's Collection, Yorkshire }Iuseunr, Scarborough Museum, and in the Author's Cabinet. In the Lon'er Oolite of Sherborlre (Mr. Reed); and in the Lor,verOolite of Leckhampton (1Ir. Iluc/unan). Obseruations. On specimensfrom White Nab, tliin Oyster shellsare found attachetl, and accommodatedto the curved surface of the alveolar r:egion of the sheath. In tlte alveolarcavity of another are crystals of sulphide of zinc.

100

BRITISH BEIEXTNITES.

l l r r . r . r r \ r ' r E So u r N e u E S U L C A r u sP.l . X X I I I , f i g . b 6 ; p l . X X I V , f i g . b 7 . Rqferettce. Belenr,nitesqainquesulcatus, Blainville, 'M6m. sur B6leffir.,' p. 8g, pl. ii, fig. 8, 1S27. B. contpresB?rs, Sowerby,'Min. Conch.,'pl. bg0, fig. 4, 1828. Guenn. Sheath large, conical, compressed,smooth. Anterior region unknowp. Alveolar region conoid. Apicral region rapidly tapering to an obtuse compressedsummit, and groovedwith four, five, or sir furrows, viz. trvo latero-dorsal extending over about orrethird of the apicial re{ion, two latero-r'entralof about half that length, one mediodorsal,and one rnedio-r-entlal of variablelength and distiuctness. 'lhe sectionsof the shcathvan- accorclirrg to situation. At the alveolarape-\the cong0 tour is tiearl,r-elliptical, n'ith rlianreters as to 100; n'ithin the borclerthela.r-ers are oval (tlle ventt'alregion ltroaclest), u'ltilel)carerthecentrethe layersshorvirrflexiolscorrespondinq to the groovesof the srtntnit, though still nearerthe axis theseare again lost. I{earer the stittttttit the coutour consistsof trvo unequalsubcircularcurves,and the plan of the srtrnutitis a cotnpressedpentagonalor heragonalfigure, with four, five, or sir deepnotches. \Vhen the sheathis broken acrossthe centrai layers sometimesseparatefrom the rest, so as to appearin a fluted prominence,and the same thing happens in old specimensfronr decay. Substancelight-brown or grey. Greatestlength observed8 inches,'with a cliameternot erceecling2 inches. Proport'ions. The ventro-dorsaldiameter at tire alveolal apex being 100, the ventral radius is 43, the dorsar57 ; the transversediameter is EZ PnnaeuocoNn. Oblique, deeplyinserted,u-ith straight siclesinclined at angles of 23o and 27o. Sectioncompressedeliiptical in the ratio of 87 to 100. The ventral region occttpiesabout balf the circumference. The septa are very oblique, advancing dorsally, Itot rvavedon the edge nor undulated by the siphon. Irregrrlar strire are seen parallel to the ventral line, crossing others parallel to the eclgesof the septa. On the dorsal aspectare arched shadesof colour crossingthe contrary crlrvaturesof the strire of growth. The ventral aspectis o{ten black. Prolor"tions. Diametersas 100 to 87. Depth of chambersone eighthof the 6iameter. Venrmrus. Tiie degreein which the figure approachesto a cone varies a little, and the apicial furrorvs are rather inconstant. Some specimens show hardly any rneclioventral or medio-dorsal grooves,in others these are distinct or even duplicate,and the intervening spacesare striated. Local'ities. In the Lou.er Oolite for:mation of Yorkshire, at White lr[ab, Cloughton Wyke, Carlton Husthwaite. (Also near l\fezidres,Blainuille.) At Sherborne,in Dorset

BELBMNITESOF THE OOLITE.

l0r

occurin the YorkshiretrIuseum, .l[r. Read). Specimens ]Iuseumsof Whitby,the Scar'boroughPhil. Soc.,&c. O(tseraat'ions. Oyster shellsadherefrequentlyto the apicial region o1'the sheath, rvhichis alwaysltloreor lessincompleteand eroded. This shortfonn is conjecturedby D'Orbignyto be the femaleof B. giganteus(8. Aalensis,Voitz). The tn'o forms must be regardedas closelyallied.

Ox rHE Cexer-,rcuLATED BplnilrNttns oF THE lNnn,nronOor,rrr; (Pr-,.XX\t;. Miller, in his account of Belemnztessulcatus('Geol. 'Irans.,' Znd ser., vol. ii, pl. viii figs. 3, 4,5), gives for localities,"Dundry, near Orford, Inferior Oolite." His fig.J appears to represent 3. ap'ici,conusof Blainville, rvhich occurs frequently in the Inferior Oolite, but has not yet been found near Oxford. tr'ig. 5 I have alwayssupposedto represent a fossil from the Oxford Clay. It seemsto be copied or modelledfrom specimens which still erist in the Bristol ,Jluseunr,and are markecl " B. sulcatu,s,"Inferior Oolite. In the lowest beds of the Inferiol Oolite of the south of England, generally,among the most frequent Belernnitesare those of the tlp. of B. apicicolnts,Blainville. To judge from exarnplescollecteclbv Mr. Buckman near Sherborne, aucl by myself near Yeovil, there are tlvo other distinguishableforns, of a slendererfigure, one canaliculatedto the apex or very near it, the other not carrying its groove so far backryard. To these there may be added the fossil called in rny r,vorlion theYorkshire Coast B. onomctlus,ancl there quoted from the Kellou/aysRock. It belongs really, I believe,to the Gre,vLiurestone of Gristhorpe. None of these,so far as I yet know, have the fusiforrn or hastate shapein any period of their glou'th; but I have not met with very young forms of any one of them. TheJrare all distinct from the canaliculatedBelemnitesof Stonesfield,and llever exhibit much of that depressionin the post-alveolalregion l'hich alwaysbelongsto the allies of B. /usiformes of Miller.

Bnr,nuNrrnsAprorcoNus, Blai,nui,lle.Pl. XX\r, fig. iE. Re/erence. Belentnitesaptciconus, Rlainv., 'Mdm. sur les B6lemnites,'p. 09, pl. ii, fig. 2, 1827. 'Der Jura,'p. 411, pl. lvi, Iig. C, l8b8; B. canal'iculatus, Quenstedt, ( Cephalop.,' p. 439,pl. xrix, fig. 6, 1849. Gua.nn. Cylindricalin the middle,taperingin a curveto a pointedapex. Ventral sttrfacemarked by u deep narrow groove,which is continuousfor the whole length,

t02

BRITISH BEI,EM}IITES.

e-\cepttou'ard the apex, where a portion in length about equal to half the axis is free frour al)v groo\-eor depression. 'fransverse section nearly circular; axis subcentral. Dinensionsof an ordinary specimenZiinches,of which 1;belongtothe axis. Diameter at apes of alveolus0'46. Proportion of axis to diameter at apex of alveolus325 to 100. PnnecuocoNE. Unkno.wnto me. Iocal'ity. Yeovil, in Inferior Oolite (Orfurd J'fusemn). Obseruatiorts. D'Olbign.1' quotesBel. sulccrttrs as the prior equivalent of this species, ("I'elr. Jur.,' pl. xii, figs. I-8) of the 1-ouuganrl old, n'ith severalcross and givesfigures secbious, auclone lLinqitudiualsectiou. It is vcrv cloubtfLrl rvhetlierthese all belong to olte sltecies. Ihc fusitirrnr \-oullg is nralkeclbv au alutostcontinuous fnrrou,, like the Stont'sHeldfossils: tlte longitudinal section bclongs to a rernalkablyshort type; the tuaturt' inclivirlualhas a peculiaritv in the expandingposter.iorending of the canal. Irr tlrc Jluseutu of the Garclenof Plants is a large series of 'B. apiciconus,'jun. fi'om Cloiselles,in Normandy. Bel. canaliculatus of Schlotheim is too variously interpreted to be safely qtroted, except in the definite shape given to it by Quenstedt, in the work cluoted. In his 'Cephalopoda,'B. canaliculatusis made to include B. salcatus of Nliller, B. Alttlorfens,is and its Russiananalogue,and the Stonesfieldfcrssil,of which a young exarnpleis given, 'Cephalopoda,'pl. xxix, fi1.7 .

Brr,r:Mr.Irrns L'olts. Pl. XX\t, figs. 59, 60. Br,arNvrr,r,rr, Be/erence. Belenmi,tes acutus,Blainville,'l'I6m. sur les B6lem.,'p. 69, pl. ii, fig. 3 (mediurnsize),1827.

uiri,d,Tr;i;:l;,r_:T;l,;nl,'J;,rii',"if ,r_.,t$lTlri;"1 1842.

Gue.no. nlongate,uniformlytaperingto a smooth,ratherblunt apex. Ventral face rnarkedby o clistinctnarrowgrooveextendingfrom very nearthe apexto the beginning or overa part of the alveolarcavity,and then ceasinggradually. Transverse sectionsnearlycircular,or a little oblong,with a nearlycentralaxis. Di,nzensions. Largestspecimen which I havemeasured 4j incheslong, of which the axisis 3* inches,the diarneterat the alveolarapex being 0'43 from back to front and 0'4I across. In smaller speciuenslength 3 inches,diameter0'36. Youngspecimens, snchas figuredby Voltz, I havenot seen.

BELEMI\ITESOF THE OOIITE.

I03

Proport'ions.The aris of the guardneasures600 to 750,the diameterbeing100. PnnecuocoNE.Indistinctlyseen. Locality. Inferior Oolite, at Bradford Abbas (Buckman), Sherborne (Oaforr| -lfuseunt). Ilslnuxrrns cANALrcuLArus, Ecrtlotlreim.Pl. XXV, fig. 61. Be/erence.Belernn'ites canaliculatus, Schlothei*,'Petref.,'p.49, No.7, 1S20. D'Orb.,'Terr. Jur.,'p. 108,pl. xiii, figs.1-5, 1842. Guanu. Cylindro-conical, taperinguniformlyto a somewhatsharppoint. Ventral surfacernarkedby u narrowdeepgroovealongthe wholelength,so that eventhe point is hardlyfreefrom groove. Transversesectionnearlycircular, in var. a through the wholelength,in var. trl dein the post-alveolar pressed region. D'irnenstons.Large specimen2 inehesand ;ths, of whichthe axis occupieslrt inch, the diameterat the apexof alveolus being0'4. Proportions. Axis 300, tlie cliameterbeing100. Local'itg. This fossil occursin the lowestbedsof Inferiol Oolite at Bridport ancl Yeovil (Plr,illips),at Dundry (Sanders), (Plillips), andLeckhampton Wotton-under-Edge HllI (Buc/rnr.an).How muchfurther north it is to be foundI cannotsay. It lias not yet beenseenat Stonesfield, or in the Oolitesnorthof Oxford (rvhichare mostl;'of tlie Great Oolite),nor haveI seenit in Yorkshire. Obseruations.The specimensrepresentedin PI. XXV agreewith the figure and descriptionof D'Orbigny, exceptthat they are not at all depressedin the post-alveolar region. Thus two marked varietiesarise. They are much shortel in proportionthan B. Blainuillii, and by the continuity of the ventral sulcus are easilyseparatedfrorn 3. apiciconus.

Bnr,nunrrxs rnRMrNALrs, n. s.

Pl. XXV, fig. 62.

Guenn. Elongate, lanceolate,or very slightly subhastate,depressed,tapering to all acute point; ventral face grooved over the alveolarregion, and over the post-alveolartract to near the apex; groovedeep,narrow. Transverse section at the alveolar apex wider than long; still wider in proportion towards the apex ; axis nearer to the ventral face. Proportion of axis of guard to the ventro-dorsaldiameter at the alveolarapex 550 to

r00. PsneouocoNn. flnknown.

l5

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

l0r

Yeovil, Inferior Oolite; specimenin the Oxford l\fuseum. Lo,rli/y. ()/,t.xrr'L'otioits. This fossil differs from B. apiciconuschiefly by its general depression irnd snaller diameterwhen specimensof the same length are compared. It agreesin 3-errci'trlfigure lvith B. Bessinus,as given by D'Orbigny, and as represented at Stonesrirld, but the groove does not reach so far bacl<ward. It may be supposedto lle ttre t',riurectinglink between the two speciesnamed.

llur,nnrxrrns ANoIIALUs,Plr,ilfuis. (Diagrarn No. 26,) DIAGRAII 26.

Refi'reitce.

Beleiiinitcs ort0trtalus, Philiips.

' Geolosvof Yorkshire,'

v o l . i , p . 1 6 6 ( : n d e d i t i o n ,1 : 3 . r ) .

regiott, taper'ingto a Gurno. tlongatc n'lindrical in the post-alveolar and post-alveolar, the alveolar iong conicalpoint. \'entral surfacegroovedin but not in the apicial region, towards rvhich the groove, previously narrow, gro\r:sshallowerand wider. Transversesectionsornewhatelliptical in the alveolarregion, by reasonof the ventral thickening of the guard; nearly circular in the post-alveolar region. Greatest length observed2'75 inches, of rvliich the apicial line is 2'0 ; the greafestdiameter0'34,. Locality. lYirite Nab, uear Scarborough,in tlie Grey Limestone. Specimens in tlre Cabinets of Jft'. foinas Cool;,t7fr. Bcatt, an'J tbe ililrtar. O(tseruat,ions.fhe greater ploportiouate length of the axis of the guarcl is the most marked differential cliaracter rt'hen this is compared with B. api,ci,conrrs.

ON THtsBnt nltNrt'ns oF SroxnsnIELD,Pl. XXVI. ' Lh1-y-4,in the Lithophylacium Britannicunl,' 1699, refers to " Stonesfield" for three specimensof Belennites, all marked by a ventral furrow. ,, 1677. Belemnites major canaliculatus,sive aqualiculo per mediam longitudinem insignitus. E fodinis Stunsfieldiensibus. .. I ?05. Belernnites ari-pistillum referens, canaliculatus. 0 lapidicinfi, Stunsfieldicrrsi" (figuredin Lhrvyd, tab. 25, fig. 1?05, and copiedin Diagram 27, below). DIAGRAM 27.

BELEXINITESOT'THE OOLITF].

105

" 1720. Belemnites (cylindraceus)folnrre collU)rcssioris,fissr.uAaltero latere donata, " ii;dinis Stunsfeldiensibus. The specirnensthus referred to by numbers cauuot norv be recogtiiseclin the Oxford '' -\shrnolean") I,Iuseum. Platt, tn 17 64, illustrates his sensibleaccount of the ' Origin attcl l'ortnation of the 1-rtraueousFossil called the Belemnite' by instructive figures of fusifortu sliecimeusfrom " )tonsfield " and Picldington,the Iatter being found in OxforclClal'. On his pl. iv, tig. 3 representsthe Piddington fossil, rvith a groove not leaching to the alveolarregiott, s'hile fig. 2 shows the completelygrooved surfaceof the Stonesfieldfossil, as lnav be seett b,r'the diagranrbelow, which is copied from Platt. DIAGRAM 28.

Parkinson's 'Organic Remains of a Former \4rorlcl' presentsto us the fusiform Belernnite of Stonesfield,in vol. iii, pl. 8, fig. 13 ; the iateral and retral expansionof the guarcl being greater than usua.l. 'Irans.,' 2nd ser., vol. ii, pl. viii, fig. 22, gives a figure of the l\liller, in the 'Geol. same unusual proportions, but with the peculiarity that tlte veutt'al gl'oove does ttot extend over any part of the alveolar cavity, a circumstance never yct obset'veclby nre among upwards of twenty specimensfrom Stonesfield. Moruis and Lycett, in the 'Monographs of the Palrontographical Society,' give figtrrcs and descriptionsof the Belemnitesof Stonesfield,under the namesof 3. IJessittus(adopted from D'Orbigny) and R.fusiforun'is(vol. for 1850, pl.i,figs. 5 to 3). The figs. 5 and 7 for B. Bessinas cliffer scarcely in anything from figs. 6 ancl B for B. /ttsi/onnis, except that these latter are slightly swollen in the micldle part of thc post-alveolarregion. These atrthorsregard B./usiftrntis as the equivalentof B. Fleuriattsttsof D'Orbigny. But the atrthor of the 'Pal6ontologie Frangaise' r,vasof a different opinion, and placed 3. /usi.f ornt,isof Miller among the many synonyms rovhichhe cluotesu'ith B. lr,astatusof BlainIn PI. XXVI all the different forms of Stonesfieldllelemnites as yet cliscoveredare represented; they all possessa depressedpost-alveolarregion, and a ventral sulcusreaching far toward the apex, and extending considerablyin the alveolarregion. ville.

r 0(i

BRITISH BBIEI\I}{ITES.

IJr.ri-rrsllrsBnssrNus, D'Orlt. Pl. XXYI, fig. 68. , Pal. tr'rang. Re/erence.B. Bessinus,D'Orb., Ter. Jur.,' p. 110,pl.xiii, figs.7-13, 18 4 2 . 'Ceph.,'p. 4BS,pl. xxix, fig. B. canaliculatus, 7, 1849. Quenst., Gueno. filongate,gently and equally taperirrgtill near the apex,which is subacute; depressedin all the post-alveolarand part of the alveolarregion, nearly circular in the adt'ancedpart of the aiveolarregion; r'entral surface ntalkeclby u deep clistinctgroove reaching from llear the ape-rto about the last or niost acli.ancecl of the septa in the llhragnocoue. 'I't'anst'erse scction ttearlr-circrrlar at the alveolar ape\, much clepresscdin all the legion behirrrlit. Dttrtr.'rt.Srr.tri.v. Gleatest length observed6S inches(specimenin Oxford Museum); the alvcolarcavit,voccuities1-linch. Diameter at alveolarapex 0'6 inch. Proportions. Taking the diameteru d at the alveolarapex: 100, that frorn side to sicle:105; the aris is excentricand - 500; near the apex the diameterfrom side to side is to that from back to front as 135 : 100. PnnecmocoNn. fn severalspecimensthis part of the Belernniteshell is seen; in one of my examplesit is verywell seen. The arrgleis froru 18o to 29o; the sidesare straight; tire back and front very slightl,vcurved; the ape;{ is a splierule; the septa are at the ordinary distance-about one sixth of the diarneter; the axis of the chamberedpart visible is haif the length of the axis of the guard; tlie diameter of the largestseptum (crusheci)| inch. But single septaocctu'in the Stonesfieldstrata which measure1 inch across,and are very nearly circular. Iocali{y.

Stonesfield,Orfordshire, in the loryestfissile beds of the Great Oolite. Obseructtions.The specimenswhich are representedin Pl. XX!1 under the name of B. Be ssinus, agree very fairly with D'Orbigny's figure. already referred to, except that no trace of contraction in breaclthappearsabout the alveolarapex, as in his example, giving a siightly subhastatefigure to the guard. But a specimenin the Oxford Collection, of the same size as the largest of our figures, exhibits this peculiar outline in a very slight degree; it also shows, but not very clearly, the double shallow stria which is mentioned at the retral extremity of the deep,well-definedventral groove (D'Orb., pl. xiii, fig. 7). If to these points of agreement we add the conformity of the angle of the phragmocone(20' in each;,there will be little reasonto doubt the agreementof the species. D'Olbigny obtained his specimenfrom the Inferior Oolite of Port-en-Bessin(Calvados).

BELI]},I].{ITHS OF TIID OOLITE.

107

Bnl,nuNtrnsAnrprsrrr,l-,,utrr, Ilrcyd. Pl. XX\-I, fig. 6tr. relferens,Llr,r'r-cl,'Lithophllacintn l3ritantticum,' Beference. Belenrni,tesarfuiisti,llunz N o . 1 7 0 5 ,p l . r x v , f i g . 1 7 0 5 , 1 6 9 9 . Tusi/orm,Belemn'ite,PLatt,'Phil. Trans.,'pl. iv, fig. 3, I761. B. fasifornt,iP s ,a r l i i n s o n , ' O r gR. e m . , ' p . I 2 7 , v o l .i i i , p l . r ' i i i ,l i g . 1 3 , 1 S 1 3 . 'l'rans.,' p. 61, vol. ii, pl. t'iii, fig. 3!; B. fusifornris, Miller, 'Geol. p l . i x , f i g s .5 , 7 , 1 8 2 6 . B./usdftrmis, Morris and Lycett, 'Great Oolite Mollusca,' Part. I, P. S, pl. i, figs. 6 and 8, 1851. , Guann. Blongate, fusiform, anteriorlycircular, posteriorlydepressed,with a deep well-definedfurrow on the ventral surface,extending over the alveolus,and reaching to the apex,or near to it. The young and old agreein generalform. Transversesectionsshorvthe outlinc. to be renifonn in all the post-alveolarregion, the longest diameterbeinq frour sirle to sirle; in the most advancedpart of the alveolar region the sectionis nearly circular; the aris is ercetttricartclstraieht. The longestspecimenof the guard,incluclingits espansiono\-et'tire aileolus,measures 3] inches; the alveolarportion being ? inch. Diameter fi'om sicleto side at the alveolar '36. apex '2I, at the expandedpart Proporti.ons. Taking the diameter frorn back to front at the aiveolarapex at 100, that from side to side is 120, the axis 1000. PnnecuocoNFr. Partially observedin severalspecimens,in none completely. Locality. Stonesfield, Oxfordshire (Plillips) and Eyeford, Gloucestershire(Buckman); in the lowest fissilebeds of the Great Oolite. of Obseruuti,ons.Morris and Lycett ('Pal. Soe. Ilonog.') and }{orris (' Catalogtr-e Fleuriausus Jurassiques synonym B. of D'Orbigny, a for tsritish l'ossils') give "I'errains C6phalop.,'pl.xiii, figs. 14-18. D'Orbigny himself treatsB.fasi/ormis as iclenticalwith B. hastatws-remarking of this speciesthe unusual distancebetween the septa,the apex submucronateand free from groove for one third of the apicial length, and the small ang)eof the phragmocone(11" to t8). " It is," he says," without contradiction,tlie most characteristicspeciesof the lower Oxford CIay, rvhereit constitutesa positiveand certain zone." If we take the drawings and descriptionsof D'Orbigny for guide, and cornpare with them the fossilsof British localities,we shali find in the Oxford Clay of Cou'le)'near and in the fossilsof Stonesfieldequal resemblance Oxford, close analogiesto B. lr,astatas, to B, Pleuriauszs,which is quoted from " Great Oolite" at Lugon (Vend6e). 16

108

BRI'IISFI BELEMNITHS.

l J r r t , n u : i r ' f t rP s A I r . \ L r , E L Uns ., s .

Pl. XXVII, figs.65, 66.

'rix, canaliculatus Quenstedt., 'Cephalop.,' pl. fig. 4, from beclsbelor,vAtuttonitestnauoceplr,alas;and B. /usr,fonnisof the same author p1. xxix, fig. 40, frorn the Great Ooolite of Lahr, in the Rhein-

R{erence.-Belenuites

thal, ma,vprobably be of his species. 1849. Gulno. Elongate,depressed, exceptin the advancedalveolarregion; fusiform when you.ng,then becominghtistateor subhastate(olclspecirlensunl<nownat present). Ventral surfaceuarliecl by n clistinctgi'oove, ertencleclfoln,arclover tlte alveolarcavity and backward.towalrltllc vc'1,\, acute al)c\, brrt tcrruinatinqin that clirectionso as to leave free from qloolc a lcngtlr crlrrirltri onc thirrl of thc aris of tlre guard. 'l'i'rLrisr-clsc st'ctiorrs cilcrrlaracrosstlic foln-arclpart of the alveolarcavity,depressed anrl rcnifbrurin l1l tirc post-alvcolarpart, ercept torvald the apex, lvherethey passfrom clliptic'iilto cilcLtlar'. I)itttcitsiotts. lirour ] inch to 3ri inches, of which the axis is about 2 inches and ,l,ths. Prol:ortions. In the olclestexarnple yet observed,the axis is seventimes as long as the greatestpost-alveoltrrbreadth, ten times as long as the breadth at the alveolar apex, and between eleven and trvelve times as long as the ventro-dorsaldiameter there. Axis, therefore,1150; the ventro-dorsalcliameterbeing taken at 100. PuneeuocolTn. fn one specimen24 seirtaare countedin a quarter of an inch from the apex, r,vhichis terminated by rather a large spherule. The angle of the phragmocone is about 2Eo. In young fusiform specimens,resembling an oat-grain, the alveolar part is rarely traceable, the pearly laminre of the guald having perished, or fracture having occurrecl. In older specimensthese white laminre are coveredover by darker and mt-rre solid lavers. Iocrtlily. In Clay colourcd on the Ordnance tr[ap as the " Fuller's Barth," between Great ancl Infr:r'ior Oolite, at Whistle Bridge, near Yeovil (fbbotson,Buc/tntan, Wood); arrrl lolistertou, ne&r Sherborne (Bueltn,an). In tire Museum at Strasburg a specimen rntrrlied froru the " l'uller's Barth at Oerschinq'en,"above 5 incheslong, much resembles our speciurensfrorn l)orsetshire. In the Oxford Collection are specimensfrom the Oxford Ciay at Long Marston, near Oxford, r,vhichcannot be distinguishedfrom those of I)orset.

BELEMI\ITESOF 'l'HE OXFOR,DCLAY.

109

Bh]tE},INITESCT TI{I O\I'OiiD CLAY. In passing uprvarclfrom the thin-l.reddecl rochs of Stonesfieki,s-e fiucl ferv or no Belernnitr:s for a considerable thiclcnessof the Oolites. Thi'ou.zhthc u'hol,..seriesof the Great Ooiite, Bradford Clay, Ftrrest l\{arbtre,ancl Cornbrasli, Iielenrnites,if ever f,ruircl, are verv rarelv seenin the South of England. In the North of Errr^lrirrr1, the cl.rubtirrl " Grey Liniestolle," as I termed it, of the Yol'kstrrire Coast,containstrlelernnites, but tirerare of tlre typ. of Infel'ior Oolite, and with ArnutonitesBlcgderi, lttt. Ifutitltltrey.stnittts, anclA'itr,.Furliinsond,nuist be liekl to carr)' that, rorl< to the " Lolver Badoniau" stag'e. Is the Great Oolite of the South of Englanclrvholly clevoirlof tselemnites,except irr its lowest member,the Stonesfielcl slate? f carr only reply that no specilneniias occurrerl to mv personal observation. Does the Braclford Clay contain an,1'Belernnites ? Onl,v one notice is on record,and that is in the nou, rarely seenvoJurne,prltrlislied by W. Smith, unclerthe title of 'Stratigraphical Systein of Organizecllt'ossils,'1Bl ?. In that work, page 79, occur these lrolils '-" |fs]tiloc:ulal bivalves. ]le]ernnitessutall,slender; Stoford." As my boyisir hanC lt't'otethe woxls-ti)3 plnce beinq furniliarto rne, I have no reason to doubt tlie accill'ac,rof the lc,c,l'tl. 'iirr speciruenl as tlansf'erreclto the British I'fuseum. No ]lelenrniteis nrclrtiotrcrl iir thc I'olcst liar'bic berl.r,nor. so far as I now remenlller,has any olle lleen qrroteclfrorlr tlic Coi'rrl;rasli,e-rccptb;' .tto-. In tlre first eclition of my t'r'oLkon the 'Geology of the Yollishire Coast,'1829, I reurarliecl (p. 1a5) " No Belernnitesliavebeen found in tlie Colnlrrlsh of Yollishii'e;" arril agaiLr (t,. 14,6), "Yhe Cornbrasiris the only conchiferousstratunr in the castcln llarts of Yorlisirirefrotrt n'hicir Eelemnitcsal'eexcluclecl."fn conse{luence of sornenotice reacliir:g IIre of a specitnenfouncl in tlre Oornblash of Yorkshirc betu'ccn 1829 ancl 18:j5, i r:rodifiedthc expressionirr the SecondlIclition, so &s to call attcntion to the ertreme rarit,r' of the occurrel)ce. Xf any Paleontologist u'hour thcse remai'lls ma'u-retlch should finri hirnself able to furnish rite u,ith specinrt-.ns of Belcrunitesfronr lreclshetweentire Cornbrash ancl Stonesfieldslate, of any part of Buglancl,he would oblige rne much by * sight of them. 'I'here being then, as appeal'srthis great l;lanir in rc'gardto Belernnites(the remrrk is alntostequ"allygood for Amnronites,but in this case we must excluclethe Cornbrash), through a considerablerange of conchiferousstlata, it becomesa matter of great interest to conlpare the several Oxonian forms which now appear,rvith the numerousBadonian specieswhich have clisappearecl.Are these the sanle speciesrnatured in some other of transmittedforms, nnd again part of the sea,rnodifiedthere through a long snceession into the Oolitiferous ocean? \,'1'emay consiclerthis question af'ter the facts brought have been collectedand stuclied. Among the Belemnites of the Oxford Clay and the KellorvnyRoch (a sandy member

I7

n0

BRITISH BELEN,INITES.

n'hich is not seldom absent from the section),four principal forms appearto have reached ntatttt'itr- iu the area of England, which may, for convenience,be termed ' Ifasfut,i,' irrclrrclirrsB. Iastatus of lllainville; ' Canaliculato,'including B. sulcatusof }filler; ' Trtrncrtiles,' including l]. Puzosianus of D'Orbigny; and ' Encentriei,' including B. u00reuiatusof Miller. When we endeavourto trace the history of these severalforms, ft'otu the youngest examprles, we experiencein more than the usual degree the difficulty of obtaining a seriesof all agesfbr any olte of the species. Horvever carefully \\'e nray collect, in nran;r favourablelocalities,it is nearlyimpracticable to fill up all the tertus of the series; and though scoresof young oneshavebeen collected by my ou'n irands from clifferentlocalities,it is only in a few instances,and by the aicl of mv pupils, that I hlr-c sttccceclecl in ploving to r]ly o\vn satisfactionthe real t)roqressof theseselcral f,;rnrston-alclsuratru'itr-. Nr-rlclocsthe ruethoclof examination lrv sccticrusof tire olilcl ilrlivirlrralstrc'cceri irr this caseso n ell as in someothers,because ol'iltc fi',-'rlttr-'itilrvet'r'closctt'rttit'c of tLe span',\'srrbstance, and its Ilrol'ecompletecontlrlrsittiouitrto urr anrltrr'-coloru'erl lnlss, thrin is usual in the earlierdeposits. tr'orthis rc'rlsort the iirt'r'r of tire \ cl'v )-oungsheii cannot ahvaysbe even approximatelyknown by eruntittiugpolishecloi' natural sections. As far as can be judged from these sections, hotr-ever, there is reasonto thinh that most of the Beiemnites of the Oxford Clay began life in a more or lesshastate,or else lanceolate,shape; and this seemsto be confirmed by the fact, as I believeit to be, that no very srnall specimenhas ever been olrservedin thc Oxford Cla;ror Kello'wav Ilocli in Ingland, except in one of these shapes. Extencling ollr view to Scotlanc.l,\ve fincl a soineu,hat different result. The Belemnites of the Cromartie coasthave been coilcctedvet"Jr snccessfnllvat Eathie ancl Sliauclrvickbv Lieut. Patterson,of Ripon, to r,vhornI anr oblig-edfbr the sight of his fine series,ancl for photographsof many speciruens. 'tr'u'ospeciesat least have there ai'riveclat maturit,r'; one, a peculiar elongatedspicular Ilelemnite, n'hose guard sometimesreaches the length of ten inches,is found in NIr. l)irtterson'sseriesof all sizesdorvn to one iuch r it is only in this very small and very sicnclerspecimenthat any approachto a fusiform shapeof the guard can be recognised, iittclthcrt oirlv in a Yerv slisht degree. Another of these speciesmalies an approachto lj. sulcatusof ^\iiller, attd is longitudinally groovedup to the point, at least in all the srnallcrsltecinreus(Shanclu'ick).' There is notiring in the srnallestof these at all comparable to thc clavatefrrnls commonin the OxforciClay of Englancl,though a slightly l'rastateshairccur be recogniseclarnong them. The strata from which these Belemnites cotliehave lteeu clllcd Lias, but rvliat Arnnrcru,ites ancl Conclr,'ifera I liave seenfrom them are of the Oxonian t;'pe of' liib. 'Itvo of the forrr Oxonian grouos have been already mentioned in the Badonian 1 fn L,ieut. Patterson's Collection is one specimen of a decidedly Liassic Belemnite of the group of B. elon,gatrs(IIiller), rvlrich is placedamong the Shandwick fossils.

BELE}INITTSOF Ti{E OXTORDCIAY.

l1l

and.Ea:centrici,)now first malie Oolites (Ilastati, and Canal'iculati); tire othcrs (7'oritrttile.s their appearance,to replace (perhaps \\'e lna,v sa,v)tlie Giytrtlai, u'hich they, however, resemblein no particular exceptsize.

Bnr,nuxrritsHASrArus, Blainuille. Pl. XXVIII, figr. 6i -i

0.

Re.ference. Yar. a. Belernnitcshastcttus,Blainviile, 'I[6in. sLtr les B6lcurn.,'it. 71, pl. 2, fi1.4, 4 a. 1827. I,[6m. sur les B6leurn.,'p. 7:J, .senyifiastatus,Blainv.,' JJelemn.ites 1827. pl. ii, fig. 5, 5a-59. ' Beleatnitesgrocilis, Phillips, Geol. of Yorlishire,' vol. i, p. 13S, pl.v, fig.15. 1829. D'Orb., "Ierr. Jurass.,' p. 121, pl. xviii, Beleumi,tes/r,astatu,rs, fig. 1, 9. 1842. (Excludesomeof the synonynrs.) 'Cephalopoda,'p.442, pl. xxix, Ilelenmiteslr,astatus, Quenstedt, tig. 27-39. 1S'19. lle/emttilessci/iilto::totus rotuitdus,Quenstedt,' Cephal.,'p. 44A, 1S'49. 1 r i .s x i s , f i 3 ' .t - t t . 'Cephal.,' p. 4'X0, Belemnilesscntiltctstatu.s r/t7.,rr:sstts, Qitenstetlt, pl. xxix, fi9. 12-1S. 1849. Guenp. Very elongate,smooth,hastate,rvith au acute apex (llv clecayof laniintir ancl expancletl about the alveolarapex it becornesfusiform) ; in all stagesof Iife clerpressecl the alveolus; about compressed laterallyin the post-alveolal region; cylindricalor somervhat ventral surfacemal'lied by u distinct groove, rvhich is extendedforvt'ardover the alveolar cavity, and bachu'ardstoward the apex, about haif the length of the axis of the guard, so as to leave nruch of the expandedpart free from groove, or r,vithurerely a faint indicatiorr or trace of groove. In )'oung specimensi,his part appears srvollett on the ventral aspect (seefig. 69,22, 24;. '.,1'ransverse sectionsshorvthe laminre of the suarclthicliening on the dorsalaspectof the alveolarcavity, so as to mahe the sectioncircular, or a little obiong there ; the sectionaloutIine is depressecl ancl reniform in the post-alveoiarregiori,tilI the bulbous part is reached, rvhich has an oval section gradualiy growing circtilar towarcl the conical or sliglitly submucronatepoint. The axis is nearl,ycentral. Tn sorneexceilentspecimensare small faint longitudinal bent or sigmoidal furrows one on each side of the guard. They begin nearer to the ventral than the dorsal surface,and berrd uprvard before losing their distiuctness ( f i g s .6 8 f, 6 7 1 ) . D,intens,ions.In the Oxford district rvithin a few rniles of the city, tire cla.v-pitshave been well searcheclfor these Belemnites, and with great successas far as the youug

112

tsRiTISH BEI,ET{I{ITES.

forms aLecoucerned. Only one specimenhas yet been met u'itli correspondingin size to the figriles of D'Orbigny and Quenstedtalreadyreferredto. This is in the collection of JIt'. .IamesParker, from tire Corvleycla,ypit at its deepestpart, about 80 feet below the Calcareous Grit. T'hisspecimenhas a total length of 6'75 inches;greatestbreadth0'65 ; least0'4,0; greatestdepth 0'50; Ieast0'40; aris - 5'5 inches. lletweenthis fine and solitary specintenand very marly cxamples 2r,inches long, no intermediatemagnitudes have yet, near Oxford, been fbuncl; the snrallest sprecinrens, like oat grains, are about half an inch long, and then bv decayof tlre larninre about the alveolaraper acquire the aspect of the so-called'Actinocarna,x'of i\filler. Proportions. fn t'oun'" speciurcnstlre axis is about se\rentimes as long as the greatest post-alveolarbrcirclth,anclabout teir tinresas loug as thc bleaclthat the alveolarapex : in an oltl sliecitt,etr, the aris i,; fiurtecn'rirue:ias long as the alvcolarbrearith,and nine tirnes r t s] o n s ^a s t l i e g t ' c a t e srtr o s t - a i v c o lbi rlr*,r i i t h . Ii u-as u itlr g-i'eritplcasur.' th:rt I lcceii'ec1fi'om the Oiforcl Cltly of Eyebruy, iiear Nortltnrrtptonsirit'e, i'rspccinreir lourr.lbr-JIr. Leeds (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 6S), which happily fills rrp thc J;lrutliiu the iristor'..v of tlie sllecies,by a forrn of intermediatemagnitude, not elscrt.itere lecoguised. We are thus assureciof the persistenceof the hastateform in this slteciesthrough ali stages of gron'[h yet observed,from the very young to the apparerrtly ftill-grown inclividuals. PnneGrrocoNn. VerI feu' indicationsof this part of the ftlssilhave been as yet seen lt,t'tne. D'Orbigny, who had fine speciurensat iris clisposal,figuresthe phragmoconeof one ("I'err. Jnrassiques,'pl. r,iii, fig. 1) in tlie sheath.,anclrepresentsit as havirrg'an angle of about 15' (in the descriiltion it is saicl to be 11" to 1E"), with chainl.rerswhose diameteris only four tiruestlieir cleirth. Qrr-eirstedt ('Cepiral.,'pl.39, fig. 8 o,9) presents tlie plrraamoconeof 3. sent,irtnstotus rotundus(i:cqarcleclas a variet)' of iB. /tastatus hy l)'Orbien;'), with septalintervalsequal to one fifth of the dianreter,and an angle of 13.. 'lhcse ntay be regarded as gooc.lcharactersfcr discriniinating between this specific group ancl tirat of J?. arigi.stdllrnnof Stonesfield. The septa are more nearly round than in the figure of D'Orbigny. Zot'alilics. In Cxford Clay, \nreymouth; in the rnidt{le part of the clay north of the totvu ; on thc r.lti;Leilr tire upper parb of the clay; and soutir of the torvn. Oxford, in tlte lon'er ol ilitlrlle i;art of the clay, with Antmatt'ites Dilncu?l,i.at Summertown, one mile to the nortii ; in tlie uppcr part of the clay at Cow,leyField, half a nrile to the south-east; and at Lr,rrrg-lltii'stotr,il the uppex part of the clay, one ruile to the north-eastQrttili1:s). Eyelrury, rlear Petcr'lroiough,in tlie lower part of the cla;, (Leeds). St. Ives (Wat/ter). ScarboroughCastle liill (|?ftillQts). In CalcareousGrit, Scarboroagh,(Bearu). O\scrt,ations. D'Orbigny collectsunder one title the trvo fossils to which Blainville nssigtreclthe names
BELB}INITIJSOF TFIE OXFORDCIAY.

113

retains the distinct names, and i*, in this lespcct, in agrecurcrltwith other German writers. Collectionsin Germanyfollorvthis moclel in tlicir ariarlgcnients. D'Crbignv joins to these Belenrnitesfus'forntds of selelal l-r'itels, I). /errtyiuetrs of Votrtz, ancl B. grac'ilis of Raspail. In consideringthe varietiesto which the speciesseemsliable, n'c fiurl aruongEnglish specimens,of lengths from hali an inch to three inches,some cliffcrcnccs in the general shape of the guard, which in some specimensis elegantly hastate (fig. 69, r.), in others more expanded and recurved at the apex (fig'.69, F, un), in a fcr,.'buibifur'rir (fig. 69, u6, a'), in one defornrecl(nS. 70, ft). lfhe ventral groo\/e is genela.llv absentfrom half of the length of the axis of the guard; in rare cases(fig. 69, u7)it is interrupted,sometiuresit leavesruore than half of thc length of ttrrerxis of lhe grianl smooth. I do not observclateral furrows on any of the small specimens,and it seerns rareiy absent from any of the larser ones. trn the older form, u,hich exceeclssix inches in length, the uncltrlated,ot'sorneivhatoblique faint double furrorv, is traceablencarl.yas D'Orbigny has representedit ("I'err. Jur.,'pl. xviii, fiS. 4).

B nl, nuur r E s r{ AS T AT U S, v a r. BU r,Bo s u s .

Pl. XXVIII, fig. 69, uB,qll

The variety to rvhich attctition is uotr crrlleti,is ruore tliaLr aru-othei' relnarlinblcfor the retral exptrnsioiiof the guarcl ancl the sr','ollcnventral cutlinc of thc e,rpanrlecl 1;rrt In elevenspecimensbeforetne,including inclivirlLrals flour .,tinc)i to 21,tirc chari,ctcrs.,rrre nearly unifbrm. The broad part of the guarclis about jld of the aris fi'onr the ape-x; the groove usually ter;uinatesat half the length of the axis from the apex; brit in one specinren(fig. 69, a7)it is interruirtedancLfarbherextended. The sections are nearly round in and for a small space behincl the alveolarportion, liut every'wherefurther back they are elliptical. The larniureover ancl a little behinclthe aiveolar'spaceare, as usual,pale andlesscalcareolrs than in the more solid i:art of the guarcl" Local'ity. Specinrensof this very irrteresting form have been fcrwarcled to rrle Lv Mr. J. F. \4ralker, of Sidney Sussex College, Carnbriclge,from the Oxford CLry o{' St. Ives, Cambridgeshire,r,vhere the,yare accompaniecllry B.Pup,Lsianus of D'Orbignr'. and I have eramined in foreign collectionsa consiclerablenunrber of specinrenscatrlecl#. hastatusand -13.semilrnstatus,and considereclthe figures n'hich are given as represeuting thern. I am unable to perceivc differencesamong lhern on among the cornparativel,v fe',r English erarnples of full size, such as to require the employrrrentof morc thtrn .Jiru specific uaule. At the same time there are differences; some have a, rrearlycirc,-rlar' sectionacrossthe expanded part of the guard, othersa depressecl contour thcrc ; siniilar variations occur in the alveolar region. To tlie former the ' valicty-naine' of rotun,Jus has been assigned,to the lattor depressas. The somewhat flcruous lateral g'roove is absent in sonie and present in other examplesnot otheryrisecliffering.

Il4

BRITISH BELETI}{ITES.

o-r A cinolrp oF ]lnr,nuxrrrls, TNCLUDTNG B, cz.NALrc(TLATUS, Scur,ornnrlr (rn rant) ; stzclras, Jl. Mrr,r,nn (rN r,rn'r) ; B. Azrno-E,r,g-&.,srg Br,erNvrr,ln IJ. ,tasoLtr?(r*" lrrscnnn ; B. Bztuf,roNTr-4rv-ug l),ORsrext. 'I'he

canaliculateclBelenlnitesabovereferreil to are frequent in the Oxforcl Clay, and specially torvard the lower part of it, as it occursin Englancl. They are founil in the vicinity of Oribrcl, associatedwitir ArnmonitesDuncani, in the parallel of the ltellsway Rock, or nearly so, for tliat rock is hardly traceablein this quarter. In the corresponcling ciay of \Yeymouth, Belenrnitesare found of tlie sarncgeneralcharacter,r,.vhileat St. Neot's specimensoccllr rvhich cannot in the treastprrticrilar be clisiingnislieil from Oxford specimens. Iliiler, rr-hi1ecrlttrriuittg thc Orfold Colicction, celtaill,v refelr'ecitlie channelled lleleLrttritc of tirc nci:lrlrotti'ltooti to/J. .stt/calus;btit a fi'equentappiicutionof this nameis to rr slrecicsof the Lori'ct' O.rlitc, such A-l Il. apiciconus. \Ye find in Sclilotheirn lJ. canalict,/ctltt.s coi'respolrcling^ to B. sulccttus of lliller, and, lilie it, inclnclingforms frorn the hifci'ior Oolite and the O.rforclClay. Blainville rightly separates thenr, and assignsto his 1). '4/trlofeizsisotte of }{iller's figures (pl. viii, fig. 5,' Geo}.Trans.,' 2ncl series,vol. ii), alcl a part of B. canaliculatusof Schlotheim. Quenstedt enrploysthe generaltitle of B. canali,cttlaiusforallthese fortls, anil includes in itthe Sfonesfieldfossilsreferred to 3. Bessireus by }lorris a,ndLycelt. Belernniteshavins the samegeneralcharacteroccnr in the Ooiitic seliesof Russia,rvith Ammoriites of the OxforclClay'; ancl siililar: fol'lns ha,,,cccnrc to my hancl from the IIirnalava. Among all these fossilsthere is so nrucli of lcscrrrblancc that in the senseof the terrn .,-,'ho species,as it \rrras eiul)loyecltr;' 1h. ear'lici'nrtulrlists thouS-htu'itir Linneeus,they l:e nriglrt classifiedunder one title, snchas-tri.r't;tsliculntus, the earlieston record,as Quenstecltcloes. But tiris title is equallyclainreilfor the glooveclRelernnitesof the tsath Oolite seric's, l'hich contaiu severalr'ely clistingLiishatrrie rncl chnractei'istic fornrs. B. '1!ttlc't"/r:nsis of Rlainville is supposedby this autiror to be iclenticalu'ith B. cunaIiculrttusof Sclrlctireinranc-'[ /J. sulcatusof Mil]er, ancl is quotedfrom the ferruginons Oolitc: of Cui'cv,rrealCaen. D'Oi'bign,v t'lisposesof the pelplexity of tiris nomenclature hy institr-rting a new species, -B. Bcout,to;ttia,rtus, rvhich he l'efcrs to the l,o\yer Oxford Cla;r of Vaches-I{oires. A fossil,corresponcliug to his figure, occurs at Loch Stafffrnin the Isle of Striye,accorcling to Prof. E. Iorbers. No other locality is given try }{orris. Iipon the r,vholeI am clisposecl to preserve the narre which },Iiller certainly imposed on tire long-grooved fossils fi'onr the Oxford Ciay ; tire rnore so as it will be seenthat lrarclJyany examplesfit so exactlyr,viththe figure of 3. Beaurttontianus given by D'Orbigny as to renclertiraba gooclgeneraltype of a variairtre species.

BEI.,,BI\INITES OF THE OXFORDCLAY.

1t5

Ferv Belemnitesappear to have hacl so large a clistributionin time and spaceas the group allied Lo B. sulcatusof I\{iller and -B. cantlictilatusof Schloilieim. Irom the base of the Inferior Oolite to the middle of tiie Orfoi'cl Cltr,vthev are gcnerally recoguised in Europe; specimensmuch iihe our examplesfrom Oxford Clay areabuuclarrtin the countr;r south of 1\[oscow; others come to us frorn the Flimalayar, frour Cutch2,,South Africa', New Zealand,aand Queensland.s

Bnr,n,uxrrns suLcATUS,]fi//er.

Pl. XXIX, XXX ; figs.7I-7 5.

Reference. Belenuu,tessulcahts,I{iller, ' Geol.TrAns.,'2ndseries, voi.ii, p. 59, pl. r'iii, fig. 5 [excl. fig. 3 ancl4]. 1 8 2 3 .

Belenmites Beauntontianus,D'Orb., 'Pal. FranE.,Terr. Jur.,' p. 118, pl. xvi, fig. 7, 11 (on the plateit is calledB. Altdorfensis). 1842.

Gu;rnn. Su'bcylindricalor conical in the alveolarregion, more or less depressecl in the post-alveoiarregion and deeplvgrooved; tire grooveinterrupted or erpancledtorvarclthc apex, and graduallyceasinsabout thc alr-eclrr sumurit. Outline nearly straight on the ventral, more curved on tlie cloi'salas1;cct;apicial r'cgion taltering, surface srnooth or granulatecl. Sections show the axis to be nearcstthe ventral face,\'ery excentlic, ancl sornelvhatrecurved. I{ear the apex the sectiousalc almost circular or a little ol.iloirg" Greatestiength observed5'5 inches; anclof this the axis occupiecl3 inches. Gi'errtest, clianreter in this specimen0'85, in a stouterspecimen1"05. Young. The very young form rvas more or less hastate (fig. ?3 u'). Somervhat advancedin age is the very rarely scen forln fig. 73 z', from near Oxford; next u'e have fig. ?2 and 7I u, differing from full-groivn specimensonly in greater slenclerness. Proltortiotts. 'Ihe normal diameter (not counting the groove) being taken at 100, 'chetransversedianteter of the alveolar apex is, in full grorvn individuals, 108; the axis ttirder 300 ; the ventral radius ,trO; the clorsal60. In young specimensthe axis is 500. PsnecuocoNE. Slightly arcirecl,very obtriquelyinserted; septa neai'lycircular, unusually approxirnate,their depth being about one eighth or even only one ninth of the 'tr'he tliarnetel in the anterior part ; sphel'icle distinct and rather large ; angle 22. concavesurface,within the septal edge, is a portion of a sphere,rneasuring90o acrcss. Obseruatiorrc. 'I'here is some variety in the sections of the guarcl; some specimens showingmore depressionthan others; in somethe grooveis broader,in othersit is decper'; in a few the groove expanclsa little tolvard the apex (fig.7au), and also expandson the srrrfaceover tlte alveolus(fiS. ? 5 o') ; in sornethere are one or tlvo lines parallelto tire eclge,s r Specimenin my possession 2 Sowerby,' Geol. Trans.,' 2nrl Scr., vol. v, p. 329. . s Tate, in 'Geol. Soc. Journal,' 1867,p. l5l. 4 Llochstetter,Novara-Expedition. 6 Specimensin the Collection of Mr. Charles lfoore.

1i6

ITES. BRITISIf BELBX{,\i

of tlre groove(fiS. 7ia' and.w"). 'Ihere is often a marliedincreaseof depth and definition of thc si'oo\'3for half the length of the guard,nleasrii'ingback front the alvcolarregion,as if irr tliat palt n'as a fissurc(fiS. 71, u', u). A frrint irrtirrrationof the groovecan almost be tracedto neirr the apex. rlrr-ar-s Specimensoccul n'ittrran external shceth of ln-hite fibrous matter, rough on the outer surface(PI. XXIX,fig. 72',,r). One urigirt fancy this to be a periostriroonor capsule, granulated , but it is, I Lieliet,e,r'eallytr concretionarydeposit. The shell is sornetirrtes (Pl. XXIX, fi.i,;.72 tit). fn fignrc 10, pl. xvi, of the ' Pal. Frang.' the outline of the ah'eolarcavity, erroneously t'eplcsentcdas somen'ltattransvclse,should irrvc i-recnvery neal'lycircular. The Oxftlrd specimens irreLrovci"so much cbpi'csscd in fhe post-alrcolarregionasiit fig I of the salrreplate. The axis oi'tlir'gtill'rl of tlris lielclnrritc,in s.)rlc strecimens obtainedfrorn the C:tford disti'ict,is licriioir-iorii 1;irltcif tlre lcngth, as il tiie apiccsof the r-oung larnirrreof the gtiiil'cl\v..i'c,tiiriiitg lil'c, i',:Lrtoi'.tl, :o titlt a solt ol lripc, ltai'liallyitrtcrruiiteclat intervals ir,r-tlic etlgescf tiic.c lirir,irric, c,,tr'lrcleilinu'alr'lsfi'ornthe perforatedapex. Afterwards il,c slte,itlissticcr'ssir-,rirftrt'nrt:ii cc;i'erct1 therucouple'ucl;,anci\\'erenot perforatecl.In some spccituc'us (fig. i I s', L', A") the a:iial canal is very niirrow for a certain spaceabove the t'rlveoiarcavity, then it enlargesin a fusiforrn shape,ancl again contractsto the mere line of junctiott of the oppositeguarr.[.fibles. T]ris curiousappearancewill be further considered itr conncction n'ith B. ctfibrr:uiatus. Anot,irer very culious fact is observeclin sevcral of these fossils. On the ventratr aspect,internall/, are ole or tu'o cavitiesextt'ircledlengthrviivs,through the substanceof the guard, frorn a liitie in front of tlic alveohr apex to a sretiter clistanccl.,ciiind. An cxplanation is founrl i:y the airl cf' cross sections: for these, ta]<ena little lteltind the arl,,'eolar apex, shorvilre cavitiesiir clircstionto be folnreclby the pecuiiar inflexion of the iauiiureof thc guarclcin the verrtial asirect. This iufiexion becoinesreiriar'hablcouly after a certain ag'e; thenccforlvard gro\\,s contiriuaill;'clccper ancl cleeper,alil'ays producing a gl'oovo,and soinetimesby the contractiouof this groovecornplctclyor partially enclosing longitririiual canals. Fig. 71.c shon's thc arrangement of the lanriure rcund the ariis cf the guard in 'flie larninae confolnrit,vr-,-itirtiris description. The aris is not tubular in this instance. of tirc suarr'l afe crossedby the fibres nearly at r"ight anglesto the snrf'ace,ancl as this is atrroub the ventlal aspect, the fibres asslrmethere relnat'liably a cllr:\'eof ccrrtrai,i'{-lc:,"ure parts are present--ihev are archcd clirectit-,ns.1n tiresescctionsglistcuing daggei'-shaped ruerelytire obliquclv tniucateclprismatic cells of the so-calledf;brousstrticture. It Dtay be r,vellto meutiorr, tiret tlie specific gravity of most Belernnites (2'5) agrees'with that carbouateof liirie calieclirrragonite, and not rvith ort.linarycalcite. The student of f{oinology rvi}l not fail to reuitrrir the airalogywtriichi,his repetiiion of deep folds on the ventral aspect of. Beletnnitessulcatus oflers bo the rlole regular groove on tlrc same aspectin Belemni,tella. The groovc of the latter groull, hon'ever,is oniy on

]3ELEMI{ITESOF TFIll OXFOR,DCLAY"

Ltt

tire aiveolarregion, anclreachesto its antelior cclgc, u'hich is enarginate in consequence, rvhile tirat of Il. sulcatusbelongs to the posteliol pr.r't.rlies oni cn the samc region, and ceasesnearly opposite the alveolar ape\. The caualictilrtctl axis occul's in sorle eranrplesof B. llessinus of Stones{ieldand in B. lutcrqll.sof Spcetoit,but I have not vet seeuit in any Liassic species. Belemnitesperforatas, Voltz (Pl. VIII,

bc,ls at Ostelfeid,is fig. 2), from Cretaceotts ol 1J.0uatlrrtttt.* slrccitrtcii,. carraiicuhtedfor the r,vholelength of the a-tis of the guard; and and /3. nruuonatrzsfrom the Chalk frecluentlyshou' tiris pecLrliaritl',ol elsc a cot'tlition of the central parts n'hich suggestsfheir easiiyacquiring it. Locality and distri(tut,iott,. lVeyruouth has yieldecl characteristic speciuens oi this speciesfrou the Orford Clav, but tirey seem not to be plontiful there. I founcl oulr' tn o of or three fragrnentsin the clay on the shore north of lVeymouth, mixed r,vith hr-rnclr:ecls the yoring forrns of a hastate Belemnite. It is not mentioned among tlie fossils of the Oxforcl serieslinown to Smith, u,ho figures ancl clescribesthe longer Belemnite knou'n at Chippenhamas B. Ozoen,i,i.About Orforcl we find it rather frequently, especiallytowards the rrridclle and lower part of the cla,v deposit, ivith Anunonites Duncurt"i,whtle in the aerleltralis. rlpper part 3. Oaenii an.i 3. eucuttriczlsoccur lrlcre frequerrtly,with zimrtrcn'ites The young forms ale very rare in tliese pai'ts. Ncrtt' St. I eot's, again, they occur u'ith and Duncarz,i,bvt not plentifu11-v,as I finci bv Jir. \Yalliet''s ccltrmLtnications, Antnrcrt,ites again near Peterborough,as I learn frorl -"-[r.Lecds. i cloubt tite occttr]retlceof the speciesin Yoriishire, and regard the meiitiou of it in the first etiition of t;ty n'orli on the geologyof that county (f 829) as requiling confirination. The locality of D'Orbigny's fossil is thus rroticerl:_-" lille a &6 i'ectteill6epar 'I'essondans les nlerrnesO,rfordiennescles Vacnes-Noires (Caivaclos) ; cile partlit v ld. Otrerare."

ON A Gnoup oF Bnr,nuirrrns

ALLTED To Bnr,nttutrns

PuzosraNr:B

ol' I)'OnIIIGNY.

In 1E16 Willianr Surith figured, in his 'strata lclentified,' on the plate of Oxforcl i_C1unch]Clay fossils, a long subcylindrical Belemuite front l)uclgrove Farm, in lYilts. as "large, squarish,quickly In his'StratigraphicalSystem' (1817) tlie fossiiis ciescri'r:ed tapering to the apex; diarneterone inch at the largest end, iength four or five ittches." Tire figure referred to represents the guard alurost complete, rvith the alveolarcavity exposed. I renrember the specimen,wliich is now in the British Museum. Sorne)ears later the speciesrvasrecognised by my greaNrelative in a fossil of the Kellorvav Rock in Yorlrshire, to which I gave tlie name of ll. tornat'ilis. Of this I liacl seeil specimenswhen the first edition of niy work on the ' Geology of Yorkshire' u'as published (i829), and described the fossil as elongated. In the seconti eclition it \v&s named, with an equally brief description,but no figure (1835). In 1844 the rich deposit of 18

11E

BRITISH BEIBN,TNITBS.

Chippenharuhad vielded its treasnres,anclBelemnitesof the same general aspect,with considelableirortions of the phragmocone,ancl even extensionsof the conotheca,had furlishecl to Prof. Owen the nraterials lbr a valuable essay on tlie stiucture of the 'l'rans.,'1844). The fossil rvas nauredby shell and t\. relations of the animal ('Phil. llr. Pratt 3. Owen'ii. 'l'he sanre great recorcl of sciencecontains,in the volume for 1848, another"Essay curthe Belemrritesof Chippenham," by Dr. hfantell, in which the figures represent a variety of important facts previously unobserved. The Belernrritelvhicir lte examined is here called I]. attenuatus-a nanre long before appropriatecl to a species found in the Gault, u'hich hacl, however, been ref'erred to a ne\,r" €fenus, Belernn'itella. D'Orbigny makes linou'n to us a verlr sirnilal forui of Belernnite, also from the Oxford Olay, to rvhich ire gives tlie narue of l]. f)u:osirtnus. Fiually', 1Ir. l\Iorris, in tris excellent'Cataiogue of Bi'itish Fossils,' lS;.1, euplor-s the tentr Jl. Ouenii, giving B, Pr:osinittrsas a slnon\-m,auclnnclerB.loritutilis pi'oposesthe cltrestionif it be not iclerrtical r-ith 3. Oue,tii. 'l'lie natnlal troup thus noticed cousistsof Belemnitic guards of rnore than the usual length, rvith a gellerally cylindrical aspect, rnore or less compressecl;always marhed by a depression,often by a conspicuousgroove,from the apex aiong the ventral surface for a third or half the length of the axis. To the forms best l<nor,vnmust be added one or two more from the midland district of Bngland, and as many from the Oolitic series of the coast of Cromarty. These are inordinately long, but in other respects c
BnlnnNrlns Cwr,xrt. Prcttt. Pls. XXXI, XXXII, figs.76-81. Re,Jbrence. Bcleiiutites(unnamed),Sinith,' Strata ldentified,' 1816, and 'StratiglaphicalSystem,'p. 55, 1817. B. toritatilis, Phillii:s, 'Geol. of Yorkshire,' vol. i, ed. 2, 1835 (no figure). ' 844. B . O w e n ' i iF, r a t t , ' P h i 1 ' I r a n s . , 1 'Irans.,' 'Phil. 1848. B. attenuatus,IIantell,

BELEMI{ITESOF THE OXFORDCLAY.

119

e p h a l o p . ,p' l . r s v i , f . 9 , 1 8 4 9 . 8 . O r c e n i iQ , u e u s t e c l 'tC , B. Pu:osiattus,I)'Olbignv, 'Pal. l'rang.,Terr. Jur.,' p. 117, pl. xvi, r f. l-6. 1960. This fr"equentspecies,or group of species, varies rnuch in scveral important characters. The degree of compressionis by no means unifonn, but I have seen no example of olueolor cornpressionapproaching to that represented in l)'Ortignr'. fig. 4, pl. xvi. A11my specimenshave in that part a sliqhtly elliptical section. In sorncthe sides of the guard are flattenedor a little grooved(Pl. XXXI, fig. 77); the apicial resion is sometimes unusttailycompressecl, but generallyfollows the sweepof the sides; the ventral groove near the apex varies f'rom little more than a mere flattening (Pl. XXXII, fig, ?9) to a lrroacl furroiv (fig.76, rs'), a sharp short rift (fig. 77, u'), a narrow groove (fig.76,u", and fig. 78), ancla deep lengtheneclcanal (figs. 80 and B1). The general figure, always long, varies in the proportion of length to diameter. Guano.

\rerl lotrg, subcvlinclrical, more or iess compressed,tapering evenly to a point, grooved on the ventral aspectfrom the apex through one thircl or more of the length of the axis; in perfect speciruensthis grocve is ofteir bistriated,or somewhat sharply borderecl. Sectionsshow the aris placeclnearer to the ventral sulface; iu voung specimensthe compressionis considerable,growing less u'itli age; there is sonretimesa clistinctlateral flattening on the middle part of the guard. from St. Neot's, 10 inches, of which the axis Greatestlength observecl,in speciurens is 6 inches; the dianieterat the alveolarapex I inch. In another the cliameter at the alveolaralrexis 1{ inch. In a very young state the pearly laminre about the alveolar apex are sometimes decomposecl, and the guarclassumest]re clelusiveshapeof 'Actinocamax.' A drawing has been shown to me in rvhich this fusiform guard, or 'ossicle,' is representedas ' separateclfrom the 'nucleus of the phraginocone,but I have seen no specimenof the kind. Prof. Orven figures ('Phil. 'lrans.,' 1844, pl. ii, fig. 4) a very young individual, with the guard and alveolar chanrberin their orclinary relations. The guard is in this state shorter in proportion than in after-life. Propcrtions. In a ftill-grown specitnenf'rom St. Neot's the diameter from bach to front, at the alveolarapex, being tahen at 100, that from side to side is 90, the axis is 600; ventral radins 45, dorsal 55. 'l'he section is slightly oval, the ventral facerather broader than the darsal. In a young specimen, 3 inches long, the proportions of the diameters are also 100 to 90 ; the axis is more excentric than in the older specimen,the ventral radius being only 30, the clorsal70, the axis 650.

t 2i)

BRI'NISHBETBN,TNITI)S.

Pun,rc;ttoco\E. Known in a crushed state by specimensfrom riear Chippenham. nuct'usiteclphragmocone has a slightly elliptical section. D'Orbigny gives a very clliptical scction (55 to 45). The characteristicangle,as given by D'Orbigny, is 16" 30'. 1 lir,vcuo gooclspecimenof this part of the fossil.

'fhc

Iocctlity. In the Oxford Clay of lViltshire, Orfordshire, I{orthanrptonshire, Hnnting'cionshire. In the Kcllorvay Rock of Yorkshire. In the Oxford Clay at Yaches-Noires (Calvados),ancl ilIarquise,near Boulogne. Obseraat'ions"Specimensal'e often found invested with a sheath of white fibrous mattcr, externally rougit and of granular aspect,r,vithin which the true shell is always snroothancl shinirrg. I retnar'litire folic',r-inqvaricties,

i

l l n l l r t r t r E s O u - l - r r r( P u z r ) s r - r \ r ; s ) .Pl. \\XI,

fig. 7f); Pi. IXXII,

figs.73, 79.

The sttnt'd is snootli autl alrva;'s compressed; the apicial furrow distinct or faint, rlL'r,'er rrore than half the length of the axis; alveolar section elliptical. This is the ordinru'yform from tlie Oxford Clay of the Nlidland.Counties. In one micldle-agedspecimen, col'respondingto B. attenucr,tus of Mantell, lateral groovesextenclall along the post-alveolar tract. g Fll,lrmwlt'ns OurnNrr(vnnnucosus).

Pl. XXXI, fr1.77.

The surfaceis ornamellteclt'ith small, r'aisecl,srnoothpuncta, arid undLrlationscomlrosedof theseunitecl. The distribution of these nn1' be seenon the ventral face (u'), the later:al(/'), anil the dorsal (d'). On the first it l iil bc noticerl tliat the puncta disairpear tlt',iarCstlie ailex, and cliver:geand disappearoll the alveolarregion. On the sides they -*lton'more of a tendency to gather in linear groups ; on the baclcthis concurrenceof the ptincta nttrhes short undulated ridges, which gro\r larger, but illore dispersed,on the alr eoier leg'ion. Tlie apex shor,vssigns of very short plications. Only one specimenis kttoln to ntc, found b,v ili'[t'.J. E. lValirer, at St. Neot's, rvith Anmton,ites Duncan,i. The t'caclerilrtlJ:conlpalit tite t,urious granulation in this specimenwith that on B.anfundibulant, (1i1.I, fig. 3), rvith thaf on specimerisof Beleuutitr:llagranulata, and lrith the diverging olll&meiitson a Seprcstarium. trf frlrthef l"esenlch-qhoLrlctr procluceadclitionalspecimens,possibly there may be found l't)arlr)l} to aclopta siiecificilnlre for this fossil. But the sulface-ornamentbeing at present tirir c;rriyclif;bleuceobservedbetween this guarcl and orclinary specimensof B. Owen,iiof ii;i: s:ure size, tr prefer to uiarli it as 3 rral"ir:ty

tsELI]NINITESOtr'THE OXTORD CLAY.

3. Bpr,nuNlrns orvnNI (,lont{e.rtr,rs). Pl. \XXII,

i2t

fiS'.80.

lroro cylinThe guarcl is very smooth, less compressedthau in the tvpical forms; furrorv,incleecl, clrical,with a longer, deeper,anclnarro\yer'crrtral furrow (fig. s01. Ihis specituensart occupiestlie greJer part of the arial length of the guald; in micltlle-agecl Kellou-a;- Rock of o1d. specimen shor,vssome trace of lateral flattenings. tr'rotn the to bt-' found to dese'Lr-e Flacknessand Scarborough. It is not unlikely that this may be resardeil as distinct specifically"

Bnl,nunrtnssrRrcosus,n. s. Pl' XXXII, fig' 8I' smooth, with Gueno. Very long, slencler,cyliuclro-conical,compressed,acuminated, the ventral face, througil a clistinct longitudinal furrorv drar,vn from near the apex, on in a slighter depression t'i,o fifths of the lenqth of the axis, ancl thence continueil towards the alveolarregion. flattened; the Transverse sections of tlre guarcl -qhow an oval contour, the sides of the shell is ventrai face broader than the clolsal; irr the alveolarregion the clorsalpart much thicker than the ventral part' axis is 6! inches; Greatestiengt6 of the one specimen seen 7] inclies, of which the of an inch, greatesbdiarneter-,-u% proltortions. Tlie cliameterat the alveolar apex from back to front (r1'of an iilcir) ventral raclinsabout 40, dorsal being tahen at 100, that from side to side is about E0, radiusabont 60, axis 1600psnecuocoNE. IJnl<nown. 'Ihe alveolarsectionis nearly circular, the angle appear\r ta be nbout 20". Field, near Oxford; one trocal,ity. In the upper part of the Oxford Clay, in Cowle;' Dawiiins, M'A" the first specimen, presented to the lJniversity Museun by W. B' Burdett-Coutts Scholar. the essentialcharacters obseruat,ions. This remarkablefossil carriesto extremelength outliues, the slight cornprr:ssiort, of the group of tornatile Belemnites, the cylindro-eonical one exarnple to cotlthe apicial groove, and" low angle of phragmocone' Having but but it lvoulcl bc sicler,I am unable to clescribethe variations clue to age and ar;cident, I have seell no foreign very aqreeableto be furnished with eviclenceon these points. fig' 3, pl' rvi, sotner"l:at specimenscorrespondinqrvith this specles;b't l)'Orbigny's not the fibrous 1a'ys1' resemblesit. A thil ,lvhiteexternal luyer appearson the specimen, noticed in B. sulcatusand -8, Owen'id'

iiJ

BRITISH BELBMNITBS.

l]trt,i.--rtltrt.s sI,ICLTLR AIS, n. s.

Pl. XXX\rIII, fig. 82.

\

G r.tnn. Cylindrical (hastatervhen young), tapering evenlyto a poiut, rnuch compi'e-'seclto an oval section, lt'ith a faint ventral groove drau,n from the apex thro*gh

tu'o fifths of the length of the axis; a ferv strire about the apex,especiallyon the dorsal lspcct. 'fransl'erse section o\:al, the ventral face tlroader than the dorsal. Substancevaried h,t'bands of broivrr (scpia-tint)and honey-,r'eliow spar. Greatestieiigth olrservecl 10 inches,greatestcliametcr1 inch. ShortestspecimenI inch long ; it is of tlrc fclru Pl. XXXIII, fig. ,\Z l'. (oJil). fiil..iirEthc tliatrreterat the ar.eolalrpe\ at 100, the cliameterfrom Prcl,,oriio;rs s i t l et o s i t l ci s 9 0 ' . t l r e r r i s l 0 t ) 0 : t l t c e r c e t i t l i c i t "ovf t h e a s i s r - a r i a b l ei ,n s o m e s p e c i l n e r l ss r l a l l , i n r , t l r , ' r 'isl r c l c r r t r a il u r l i u s- - t r 0 t, h e c l o r s a6l 0 . Pittt,tt;-\I(ico).11. htcotnltlctelt'krrcu'u. 'I'he sectionis elliptical,u,ithin a ring of the gtrtiiil-fibl'esclel'\-tiltei'cof nealh,equalthicliness; tire phragmoconesectionnioreelliptical, tJreicfoi'e, thatt tiie sec'iionof'the guard. The angle in one of Lieut. Patterson,sspecimens airpearecito lle I S" at the apex, 15o in a more aclvancecl part of the shell. The apex of this phragmoconeu'as placed at about one third of the diarneterfrom the ventral margin. Localily. Eathie Bnrn, ancl Sliandrvick,on the coastof Cromarty: collectedin great abundaitceancliri excellentcondition by Lieut. Patterson,u,ho gaye me much informatiorr as to the circumsta"ttct-'s uncler rr trrichlie obtainecl the specirnensancl the accompanving fbssils. He fr-rrther assistccl lrv Lc'scALches by presentiug to lne a set of photograXthic representations of nmc,irinterest. The fossilif'erous strata of the }lesozcic s,\'stenon this coasthavebeenusuallvdescribed as Liassic, and on a first view of the shale arrcl thcseBelemnitic fossilssuch an opinion rniq'lrtbe readily adopted. t'he Belemnite ncl- iu question has analogyto some of the long :iireciesof the Upper Lias, such as 3. trlturtiltt,s, while the next to be mentioned sectlfi to rcvive the u:enloryof B. ktngissititus of'llilier. Their afinity, however, is with tire ionq'sircciesof the Oxonianstage in the Ooiitic system. Among the accompanying fossils I ob-"crveclin Lieut. Fatterson's coilection Gryltltea d,ilatata, large and small; Pernu ; zlciaiu llrtantbttriensis ; Pleurotomariu; Atnntonzlesresembling,if not identical u'itlr, '4. ucrlelti'n/is,Sou'., -4. eucaualus,Sovr,.,A. flenicostatus,Phil., A. Ttticat,ilis,Sow., A. Goweriantts, Sol'., A. biytlen, Sorv; scales of trepidosteus; cervical vertebrre of /clrlrtyosatffus. The Belemuitesform a bed in the shale. 0(tseruafion.s. It is difticult to fix upon any definite charactersby which to distinguislr this Belemnite fram B. Ouenii, ercept the greater proportionatelength of the axis aricl the faintnessof the apici-ventral groove. The slight strire about the apex are only sr'enon one or tn o specimens.

BELNM}IITESOF THE OXFCRD CLAY. Bnr-.,nuxrtnsoBE\Lrsclrs, n. s.

Pl. X\XIII,

123

fiq. S3.

Gueno. Very long, alruostuuiforrnlr-taperingto a poiut, conlprcssecl, snrooth,or with traces of longituclinal interrupted unclrrlati,-.rns. In solne speciurcusa definecllatelai flattenine (PI. XXXIII, r, f). I{o distiuct apici-veutralqroove. Greatest length observed9- inch ; greatestdiarueter in tiris spccinen. just irefrlre the conical erpansion,less tlrau i an inch. In shorter specimens,6riuchcs long, the correspondingdiameteris nearly the sarre; in still smallereramltles,33 irrchcslorrg, the diameter is I of an inch. It seemsas if two varieties exist, one much longel in l)ropcr tion than the other. Proportiotts. 'lhe normal cl-iameter at the alveolarapex beingtaken at 100,the trans\rersediarneteris 84; the trxis in the longervariety 2000 ancl more, in the shorter 1500. Tlie excentricityof tire axis appearsto be very slnall. Pnn,rcuocoNE. i have only been able to observethe cross section,which is less elliptical than the sectional outline of the guard, the guard-fibresbeing longer on the back and front tiran on the sides. In tliis the fossil is analogousto some Liassic forms. Iocalittl.

Eathie llurn and Sliilidn'icli, l'ilir tire last-nanecl species. Obseruations.Itrot only do the nneqrraiplopoltiorrsof ciifferentspecinienssuggestthe itlea of a serual distinction, but tire i,'hole sroup, corlrpale(lri-ith 13,slticularis, leacls to reflectionsof the sameorder. The guard is colour-banded,as is that of 13.ryiculctris. Cn e Gnoup oF BgltuNrt'l.s ALr,rEDTo Bsznruurcns EXCENTnrcusor, Blrr\i-Il,L1l. Lister, in his 'Historia Anim. Anglire,' pp. 226-228, hasthe foilorvingdescriptionof aBelenrnite of this group '-(' Tituius xxxi.--Belentnites n,iger, narimr-rs, basi foratfi,." Aruong the rernarlis on this specieswe fincl " Perfricatnm conrll combusturnaut quoddarn biturrren olet." " In tota ilia agri Eboracensisregione montosA,qui ljlctcllitore appellatur, prrecipub aburtdant; item in rivulo juxta Bugtlr,or1t, et alibi reperti srult." The Blackrnore fossilsbelong to B. abbreur,atas; a,large fragnrent l'i,&sabove thi'ee inches in circnmference. Bugthorp is on the Lias. Lhr,vyd,in tire 'Lithophylacium Britannicum,' noticesBelemnitesof this group, fronr tlre vicinity of Cxfoltl, No. 1667 t-Belenulites ntaaintus ouyrckyncrt,us, four inches in girth rvltere largest. Corvley, l3ullington, Ilarsharn, Stansford, Garford, the localities rnentionecl,iudicate the speciest...rhave been what il{iller calleclB. ab(treuia{,us. Srnith, in the 'stratig'raphicalSysten,' p. 50, clescribes a lJelemniteas elongate,ratlrer fbur-siclecl, from lYotton Bassetand Shippon, in the Corai Rag, p. ,L3, and another,quite similar, from the Kimmeridge Clay of North Wilts. tr{iller:describeclthese forms as -B. a(tbreuiatus ; his followers have otteu assignedthat riarre to a speciesfrorn the Infcrior Oolite.

I]RITISII BELEM}iITBS" f uitn:l aud Bircl, in their voluure on ttre Yorkshirecoast (ed. i, i822), notice a 'rrrrilrr llulcrunite, anclgive a figure (p1.xiv, fig.4), and name it 3. eucenf,ralis, describing it trs fouucl in the " Oolite, {Jpper (Speeton)Shale, anil Challi." 'Ihis is incorrect, but, as u ili be seen,the large SpeetonBelemnite belongs to the sarnenatural group. De Blainville, in 1E27, d"esmibesand figures in his pl. iii, fig. 8, Ea, B. encentricus, irotrr Vaches-Noires,remarhing that Miller's B. abltreu,iatus much resemblesit. D'Orbigny revives Young and Bircl's name for a specieswhich he figures (pl. xvii) ; but in the tert (p. igO) he mahes no leference to those authors, and uses the rlanle slven by l3iainville. Iu the sccotrdediliou of the firsf,r'olurueof inv u'or'lion tire 'Geology of Yorkshire' i rcstoreclto tlte great llelernnitc oi tire llaltori Oolitt: tlre uaine assignedby Miller, and ructrtioiteclthe lulgc Syrectorr llelciuuite as l,l. lolt:i'rtlfu. Au uurlescribedforrn in the Kiiuinei'irl:^eCIa','oi' Orfot'tlslrile,atttl rluoilier in the fcalir,r' Jictls of Lincolnsirire,r,vili cotttl;lctethis seriesof e-rccrrtlalllelcuriritr)s, irs lirr as I kuorv theru.

Iir.r.r.rr:irrhsABiirir'rA'ius, i,!iller.

Pls. XXXIV,

XXXV, figs. 84-93.

[?.r'Tferertce. B, niyer ntsninrus,Lister, 'IJist. Anini. Angliae,' p. 226, 167E. Ilelenmitesntaninruso,rgr?"lrynclrns, Lhwycl" (No. 1667.) I699. B. encentralis(in part), Young and Bird, 'Geology of the Yorkshire Coast,'pl. xiv, fig. 4, I E22. B. ahbreuiatas,Ifiller, 'Geol. 'l'rans.,' 2ncl seLies,vol, ii, pi. vii, f i g s .9 , 1 0 , 1 8 2 3 . B. encetttri,cirs, lllaiuville,'116m.sttrlesB61emrr.,' p.90, pl. iii, f. E, 1827. (also calietle,rceittralis),D'Oi'irigny, 'Pal. l'lrartg.,Terr" l]. encentrdctrs Jur.,'p. 120, pi. xvii, 1812. G uann. Cylindricatr; sides flatteneC or sonrervhathollou'ecl longitudinally ; apex sometiuresincurvecl;veirtral stirtace broader than the dorsal; a lrlo',luced,colnpressecl, flattcnirrgnear the apex,on the ventral srrrface. \-eL,rolcl specirrlens have the apicial region rnuch coillpressed,procluced,aud incurved ; sitlesflattenedby broatl, shallow,longituclinaldelrressions, which coutiriue over a part of thc ah-eolarresion, ancl are there graduallylost. Youirg specimensare slightly hastate, very yoru)g ones distinctly so, with little trace of tlie lateral hollorv. Longitudinal sections show the axial line to be very excentric, especially so in the retral part of the guard, and in olcl specimensconsiderablycurved. 'lransversesections present a sourewhat four-sided outline, the ventral surfacebeing s'inrclr-to a flatter curve than the dorsal,and the sidesflat or a little concave. The length of a very lalge example is 8 inches; of another smaller,but extending

BELEMNITESOF THE CORATLII{BOOLITE.ETC.

l.2it

tirrther along'the phragmocone,11 inches; the greatest clianreterbefore the conical t'rpansionof the sheathovel the phragrnocollel] inch. 'I'he smallestl'hich has occnrrerl to me is little more than 1 inch long. Proport'ionsin full-sdzedslteci,mens.Taking the ciolso-ventralcliameterat the alveolar aper at 100, the transversediameteris about equal to it, the ventrai ladius is 32, the dorsal 68, the axis 250, justifying Miller's title of B. abbreuiottts. In \-ouug specimens the axis - 300. Crosssectionsnear the apex show a still greatel ercentricitr', the aris curving towards the ventral surface. PsnaeuocoNlJ. Conical, a little incurved towards the ventral line, n ith an almost perfectly circular section; sides inclined at an angle of 18o, except near the apex, u'here it is greater (above20o). The septa are numerous,lie at right anglesto the axis, with plain unwaved edges,and are penetratedby a rnarginal siphuncle. . IocaldtE. In the Coralline Oolite and CalcareousGrit of Yorkshire at Malton, Scarborough, &c. In the same strata at Heddington, Corvley,Bullington, &c., near Oxford ; ltear Calne, lYeymouth, &c. fn l'rance, at Vaches-Noiresand Marquise in Oxford Clay. D'Orbigny quotes it from near i\[oscon'. In Oxforcl Clay, Cowley, near Oxford. In I(immeridge CIay, Shotover. Tarieties. In progress from youth to age, this Belernnite expcriencesconsiderable changes,as may be inferrecl from rvliat has been saiclin respectof the guarcl. Ilesicles these ordinary changes of form ancl proportion, it apiieal'sclesirableto clistinguish trvt.r types of generalshape,which occur in large specimensin some clegreeof relationship to the stagesof the strata.

a. Bnlnmxrrns ABBREVTATUS (oxvnnrxcnus). Large, cyl'indro'idal,slightly bent, with incurved: produced, flattenecl apex. Vierved on the front or bacl<,the sides are seen to contlact rather suddenly frorn a cylinclroid part to the apex in the architecturalform known as ogee(fig. 84, g) ; viewed sideways,the dorsal outline is continued in a convex form to or nearlv to the apex, while the ventral outline becomesconcaveunder the apex (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 84, D Locality. The Coralline Oolite of Malton, Oxforcl,and \Yilts. An abnormal specimen, which places these charactersin a strong light, is presented (Pl. XXXV, fig. 86) fronr near Oxford.

(nrcnnrnrcus). B. Bnr,nuxrrnsABBRE\'rATUS Large,conoiclal, with sidesalmoststraight,convergingthroughthe rvirolepost-alveolar l9

i2t;

BRITISH BELEI\TI{ITES.

\ >l)rr('rof the guard,the dorso-ventral diameterbeingin that part much greaterthan the trans\tr':c ciiiuueter'. The generalfigure is that of Belentniteseaplanatus(Pi. XXXVI, fig. 96). Ior:n1i|y. The Oxford Clay, upper part, at Cow1ey,near Oxford. (ilit and Coralline Oolite near Orford.

The Calcareous

This variety agreesr,vellwith the description ancl figure of Blainville (6M6m. sur les ll6lemnites'). D'Orbigny mahes the phragrnoconesectiottto be more elliptical than it usually is, and the axis less excentricthan usual ; there is also somethingabout the outlines not as we comlnonlysee therl.

lLsuanrs

\':\Ii. E^ycEhrtrcz,',s,rN THrl oN Spnc'rrirrs oF JJrzrystrE,\ ariRr?Et-r.17(,S, ()F \\' l ' ' t' ttti R l i LL. ^\In. C l n tr E T

into a canal u'hich grows Thc a.riallinc of tiic guaril is iu llrallv itrstaucesexcar-ater1 r)rii'r'o\rel' torvalclsthe ape\. This is cspeciallytire case in specimensobtained from tire l)i'ift of Firichiey, near Lonclorr,fronr u'hicli a great variety of fossils of the Oxfold Cki,r'ancl otlier stlata iying to the riorthr,r,arcilras been obtained by 1\'fr.Wetherell. In thc larse coilection of that gentlenranare very many.excellentexarnplesof this structure, and by caleful study of them in cornparisonwith other undisturbcd specimensin the Oxforcl Clay, CalcareousGrit, ancl Oxforcl Oolilc, lve arrive at a clear vien' of a very cui'ioussubject,of which, at firsL sight, it niiJtlrt seomcliffrciihto fbrrn a correctopinion. by a splitting fracture through a PI. XXXV, reprcserrtsthc surftcc 1;i'orlncccl Ij'ig. "98, ilelerunite in Mr. lVetherell'scollection. &'irctnres of tiris kind are not infrequent in 'fhc sulfircethus presenteclis usualiy flat nature, and are easilyproclucerlbv irrteuticn. and smoothin the ventral portion, as if a natural fissure cxistecithere, but commonl,v unevelrand more or less hackly in tlie d'rrsal poltiorr. The hollolv left by the spherule is somefimestraceableat the apex of the alveolarcavitl', the phragmoconebeing generally abscntin tlie specimensuntler consitlertrtion, irrit,ttot seldoruthe alveolarcavity contracts to the canal rvithont arry clistinct enlat"gementat the alveolarapex. olurh,ir11,r' Irr the figure reierrcd to the canal is seen to contract gracluallyuntii it finall"yclies out befole reachingthe apex. Examincd with rnicroscopicpowers of I0 and upu'ards, t,ire caual is founcl to be crosseclby uany ridges at nearly equal intervals, so as to suggesttire appeariurce of an annnlatedor half-chanibereci canal,in continriationwith the 'I'he (see cavity or the spheruleof the irhragntocone fig. 91). seemingseptaof this canal are found by nrorecalefurlresearchto be the tnrncated eclgesof the successivelaminarof tlre gnard (seefigs. nr', nr"), each conspicuouslamina giving origin to one septum. This irppeat'squite certain under the lolr,est po\ver of a good achronraticmicroscope,n'hich ciiscloses, moreover,that the laminrethus referredto appearto be often composeclof tr,r'o ot'tirice tliinuer layers,some ciark,otherspaler, and probablymore rracreollsin substance.

BELEMNITESOF TFIE I(IMtrINRIDGECIAY.

r27

Iollou'ing the canal till it closes,the laminm are seento lose their truncations,and to ricquirethe completecun'ature. After carefulstudy of rnany specimens,no cloubtreruirinsin nn' ninrl thet the canal lras been produced by the rernovalof the apicesor terniinal prrts of the interior laminrc , rf tlie guard. This processbegan at the alr,'eolarcavity'; it happeneclrltiring life, and \\-asoccasionedby decay and absorptionof the apicesin the earlier stagesoi' life. That these special parts might be of somewhat different conrpositionfrom the other pttt'tsof the larninreis suggestedby some other casesin which terrninal porositv ancl an rrrial canalhave been noticed; anclit is quite in agreementwith two othel circunrstances to be observedin thesefossils. Iirst, it is to be remarked that the alveolarcavitv in these Ilelemnitesoften appearsmarked b;, the undulated anterior edgesof the laminre of thc guat'cl,rvhich terminatein this cavity (seefigs. 88, 91, 92), and show white, thin, spany plates, in consequenceof the removal of parts of the laminae. And again, some of thc specimettsshow a curious appearanceof a second canal going from the alveolar cavit"y(figs.90 and 92) near its apex. This, being carefullystudied,is fcrundto be occasionedby the removal of sonle of the larrrinreof tlie sheath for a certain space inlards f}om the alveolarcavity, leavinga liind of siit rvhcrethe removalhas happened. In later life the depositedsheaths\\-el'e,iu general,not reurovedbv decayor absorpt i o n ( s e ef i g s . E 7 , E S ) .

ON THE BHLEMI\ITES

OF TIIE KINIMERIDGE

CLAY.

After diligent searchin this clay near Oxford,r,vhere it is about100 feet thick, and is pretty well exposedin brickyards and in quarriesof the CornllineOolite, and after a carefulsearchin tlte escarpmentof Portlancl,I find, speakinggenerally,a remarkable accordancebetween its Belemnitesand thoseof the Oxford Clay hnown as 3. ab\reuicttuseucentricus,B. Owen'i'i, and 3. /tastatus. This analogy \\'as, perhaps,to tle expected,inasmnch as Anrmonites of tlre groups qf A. uerte(traldsand A. biltlen occtlr in both clavs. Taking first the specimensallieclioB.abbreuiutuseucerttriut,t,ttrvould,I thinh,be clifficult to assign charactersof suf{icientweight to clairn a specificdistinction,though in old specilnens the ventral surfaceis more flattened towards the apex, and in voung specimensthe u'hole of the guard is depressedbehind the alveolar region. In this respect the l,'oung fbrnrs closelyresemblethose of B. Souicltci (D'Orbigny, "Ier. Jur.,' pl. xxii, figs. -1,__-8), which r,vasfound in beclsreferred to the Portland seriesat Hauvringhen (Pas de Calais), and at the 'I'our de Croi, near Boulogne. 'lhese forms differ from those of the sameage flom the Orford Clay and Coralline Oolite. Next, we may consicler the longer forms, like B. Ouerii,,of the OxforclClay. Of these

1:S

BRITISH BELEMNITES.

sorucappealto me quite indistinguishable from their analogues in the older deposit; they occuroi equalmagnitudewith them, but not in equalabuntlance,in the upperpart of the KirnineridgeClay of Shotoverllill, where it r,vascut through by the raih,vay. One ertremelylengthenedvariety of this Belemniteoccurs at Shotover,reminding us of B. qticularisfram the shoreof Cromarty. is ayoungdepressecl Besiclesthese Belemnitemuchlike theyoungB. ltastatus of the OxfordClay; theseoccurnearOxford and in PortlandIsle.

Bnr,ntuNrrnsExpr,AliArus, n. s.

Pl. XXXVI, figs. 91, 95, 96.

apex; siclesmore Guino (old). Couoiclal,tapering gracluailytoa ratlter cotnpl'essecl or lessbroacii,r' chaunelled; ventlal aspectflattenecland somes'hatexpandecl,becoming coucavetolalcls the apex (a feu dorsal strire about the aper are sometirnesseen). at the alveolarapex 0'85 inch. Diinensions. A-ris about 3 inches; cliarneter (Young.) Depressed, srnooth, flattened on the ventral aspect, and hollowed, or rnalkeclby a narrow groove towarclsthe apex, which is slightly curved ; sidesmore or less malkecl by u shallorv continuousfurrow (a very young form is alrnostfusiform). Dinrensions. Aris in the smallestabout 1 inch, r,vitha diameter of 0'26 inch. The diameters at the alveolar Prolsortions. Axis in voung specimens400-450. specimensthe axis is about old front side. In from to back, to apex 100 115 from side 350, the transversediameterl-07, the clorsalraclius64, the ventral 36. Iocality. In the upper part of the Kimmeridge Clay of Waterstocli, near Thame. Specimens of different ages- young (not rniddle-aged) ancl full-grorvn-h61vs been presentedto tire Oxford l\fuseum by Mrs. Ashrvorth. In the upper part of the same ciay at Hartwell, near Aylesbury, with Cardiatt, 'inequistriatunr, Astarte Hartruell'iana, anclAntmon'itesbfuilen. In the Kimmericlge Clay, upper part, where cut through in the railn'ay-tunnel,at Wheatiey, near Oxford. Ot,seruati,ons.On many accountsthis form of Belemnite is of interest in the study of the seriesto r,vhichit belongs. On the one hand its resemblanceto the older type of B. altbreuiutus(eucentricus)of the Oxford Clay and Oolite, and on the other to that of Speeton, iir Yorkshire (8. Iateralis), is such as to offer a most instructive examplefor stucly, in reiation to tire derivation of successivespecific forms by hereditary transmission with uroclification. But this must be consideredhereafter.

INDEX 'I.tI

SPECIFIC

NAMES

OT' BRITISH

JURASSIC

BELE}INI'I'ES

DESCRIBEI)

OR D IS C U S S E D .

PAGE, PI,ATE,

P.-\( I E, J,I,ATIi],

AND T'IG.

rt,tlensis r r l , l r r e v i a t u s. . . (excentricus)

t25 1 2 5; xxxi v, 84 69, 70

(oxvrrhynchus) Ir r ' l l i l f i l l s

gracilis

f n

oo

longisulcatus

82 83 83 69 56; ix,21,22 3:1,1(12; i, 1 90 r14 104 . . 1 0 1 ; x x v ,5 8 49; vi,I6 1 0 7 ; x x v i ,6 4 118

macet -

tricanaliculatus

'

-\\.I)

9 8 ; xxii, xxiii, 54,55 7 2 4 ; xxxiv, xxxv, 84-93

tubularis

acuminatus .,. a e u t r r .s. . rtrlnncirtus irltclorfensis irnornalus apicicorrus apicicurvatus ... rlipistillurn ; r t tt , r m i l tu s

cornpressns grgas paxillostrs concavus

Len"uruorrtiarrrrs

cultus

41,44 ' O, lt, 1?

l,r'evifolrrris aura,lthei lu'evirostris

91 3il, 37, 42

l , r ' e v i s. . . plirrrus

oo

bruguierianus

..

buclilancli calc&r...

.

"^;

... 53; viii,18 38; ii, 5

canaliculatus ... clavafus

101, 1 0 3 ,1 0 6 ,1 08; xxv, 61

86; xx,52

clens cligitalis acutus irregularis tripartit n s rlistoltus rlorsalis clorsetensis ... eleEans ellipticus elongatus

corrlpresslrs ...

47, 7 7 , 8 0 ,8 3 , 100; i i i , 8

conicus ...

39 ; iii, 7 78

... excentricris ... expanslls explana,tus ... felreus ferrugiueus fleuriausus

...

... foulnelianus ... f usiformis fusteolus giganteus gigas gingensis

t6

(o

cylindricus

excentralis

1 0 2 ; xxv, 59, 60

/d FA

N Y

excavatus

l,Lrinvillii

tsn

8.3 78

CTASSUS

e r o s u s. . . bessinus

IIIG,

39; ii, 6 72 72 72 62,72 63 58 x, 24 91 84; xx, 50 1 ) 7 ;x x i , 5 3 5 0 ,6 2 ; v i i , 1 7 83 . 37; ii,A t24 L24 63 128; xxxvi , 94-96 56 113 t07 4L 107,109 40 98 98 44; v,\I

1:ritI

INDT]X. PAGE, PLATE,

PAGE' PI,ATE'

AND X'IG.

gru,.ilis

AND FIG.

1ll

gl'rtDrltuvu-{ ... Irirstlttus vrtr. bulbosus

ilminstrensis ... inr,pralis inrecpistriatus incisus incurvatus

...

infunilibulum inoi'natus inscuilrtus irrcgularis

. .

Y Y

oo

porrectus puzosianus

xxxii, 81 119

1 1 1 ; x x v i i r , 6 7 * 7 0 quaclricanaliculatus 68 ; xiii, 35 113; xxviii, 69 v&r. obsoletus 89 quincluesulcatus 100; xxi i i , -rxi v,56,57 64; xii, 30 9 1 regularis 73; xv, 38 8 3 ; x i x , 4 8 rudis 76; xvi ,42 62 seablosns 75 seniihastatus .. ' 3 6 ;i , 3 clepressus 111 ... 8 (); -rvi i i ,4ti lotunclus 111 -1'"r : v. 12. 1:l sparlixarr 7 J : x r-.87, 39

..

spiculir,ris

junceus

ti 7 : xi ri , 33

strigosns striolatus

kevis

i7 ; x,23,26 subad.uncatus., , 46 v, 14 substriatus ... 66; xiii, 32 subtenuis 82; xix, 47

latisult:atus .,. lorrgissirnus l o n s i s u l c a t u s. . .

sulcatus

sulci-stylus

rnaximus oxyrhynchus rnicrostylus ...

...

terrninalis

milleri...

54; viii, 19

minutus

Rq

neglectus

c),

niger rnaxinrus

124 67 ; xrti,34

niticlus

torna,tilis tricilnaliculatus tlificlus ti'ipai'titus

.. . gracilis oxyconus ...

trisulcosus

obeliscus

..

123; xxxiii, 83 5 3 trivialis o w e n i i. . . 1 1 8 ; x x x i , x x x i i , 76-81 tubularis (puzosirr,nus) 1 2 0 ; x x x i , x x x i i , 76, 78,79 unisulcatus ... (toniatilis) 121; xxxii, 80 (yer.l'uc()sus) 1 2 0 ; xxxi ,77 ventralis ovalis ...

0xycoDus

d/

voltzii .. . var. conicus

parallelus paxillosus amalthei numisrnalis penicillatus

...

pistilliformis ... pollex ...

1 0 8 ; x x vi i , 65, 66 47 ; vi, 15 47 91 34;i,2 39 55; ix, 20

ADLAIiI)

r\ND

SON, lllpR.,

var. inornatus var. ventralis ... vulgaris

l Z Z; * * tii, t f ,

xxxii, 81 ("porrectus") 59;x,25 63; xi, 29 59 60;x,27 115; xxi x, xxx, 7L-75 83; xi x, 49 103; xxv, 62 118 95 91 62; xi,28 Y A

DO 6/

62 Y N

o/

68 ; xiv, 36 96 80; xvii, 44, 45 . . . 7 9 ; x v i i ,4 3 82; xvli,43 ... 82 ; iviii, 46 82 ; xvii, 44,45 75; xvi,40,4I

rvhitbiensis

91

wrightii

oq

Pseudobelus

69

LONDON

ANI)

r)()l.i,I(rNG

EXPLAI{ATION OF PLATE I. Frc. \

l. Bnr,nuNITES acurus

d. Dorsal aspect. l. Lateral aspect. The groove here seen is seldom so distinct, u. Yentral aspect. s. Section from the back to the front. The alveolus is excentric, and is expanded by compression: a, ventral; d, dorsal portion. J, J. Young specimens,showing their elongate form. (/. Apicial portion of the guard, sliorving striation, n'hich is not usual, and is referable to decay. s". Transversesectionat the apex of the alveolus,showing the greater breadth of the ventral region, rvhich, however, is here somewhatbroader than usual. \ . 2 . B n r , n M N r r E SP E N T c T L L A T U s . d. Dorsal aspect. l' ,1" ,1"'. Irateral aspect; /' and f " show lateral grooves and terminal strire. These grooves are seldom quite untraceable,though thev do not appear in 1", & younger specimen,which, however, is more striated, and at the apex umbilicate; these appearancesin /' are due to partial decay. a. Ventral aspect. s. Longitudinal section, showing the straight-sided central alveolus. s' Transverse section, showing the eltiptical section of the alveolus and the flattened sides of the guard. s" Transverse section of the guard, showing the central axis. \1 3. BnrnuNrrns

rN FUNDTBULUM.

d,, d', rJ". Dotsal aspect, showing the usual strire, which are enlarged in o. /, /'. Lateral aspect, showing the usual inflexion of the apex. Ventral aspect, on which the strire are usually shorter. These strire are u. not due to decay, but to original formation. s" Transverse section, nearly round, or subquadrate, or a little oval, accord'. ing to the specimen and the place of the section. 6.

Enlarged strire.

PL]

Iig r

J T

J

lr1. z . o

.J/

7 //t U

6 0,

,P.f-ackexbauer lifh

-LmVBecyuet?ans

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. I'rc.

4. Bnr,nuwrrpS ExcAvATUS. u. l. s. '!'. s"

Ventral aspect. (Prof. Phillips's specimen.) Lateral aspect; cl and u mark the dorsal and ventral portions. The apex of the alveolar cavitv is between those letters. (Prof. Phitrlips'sspecimen.) Longitudinal section, showing the very thin sheath and very deep and ample alveolar cavity. (Dr. Buckland's specimen.) Transverse section across the alveolar cavity and guard. (Prof. Phillips's specimen.) Transverse section of the same specimennear the apex.

., 5. Bnr,nuNrrns cALcAR. l',1'. Lateral views of the specimenbelonging to the GeologicalSurvel (No. 612). d. Dorsal view of the same. s. Transversesection of the same. s.

f"

A rather oblique section across the alveolar cavitl, in consequenceof which the sheath appears thicker towards the apex than it would appear on a truly axial section. (Oxford Museum.) Lateral view of a specimen supposed to be of this species. Geological Survey Collection (No. 613).

6. Bnr,nuxrrns DENS. L

General figure, seen laterally. The specimen is compressed,as may be seen by the transverse sectional outline, s'. The strire are seen magnified at o' and o".

6'

P.Iackerbauer

Ii&.

6" ImpBecyueq.Paris

EXPTANATION OF PTATE III. Flc.

, 7. Bnr,nuNrrns cLAvATUs, f. |i'. f ". I'u. 1". l'i.

Lateral view of a young specimen. I now possessmuch smaller specimens. Lateral view of a slender elongate individual. Lateral view of a specimen which shows the furrow distinctly. Lateral view of a more claviform variety. Frustum, showing the grooves. Fusiform variety.

luii. Larger individual, indicating that still larger examples should be looked for, showing less of the retral swelling. s, s. Longitudinal sections. One shows the phragmocone in connection with '

the guard. s'- s\'. Transverse sections at several points ; the crossing the alveolar cavity, the last near the apex of the guard.

8. Bnr.nuNrrns coMPRrssus. f. /'. {/". li' . 11. t)'. u". s.

Lateral view. At the central point between d and u is the apex of the alveolar cavity. A large individual. Specimen very blunt at the end. Malformation. Dorsal view. Ventral view of specimen Il, showing a short ventral groove in the alveolar regron. Yentral aspect of specimen L'. Longitudinal section, to show the central alveolar cavity and axis of the guard.

s'. s". s"'.

Section across the alveolar cavity. Section across the guard. Worn and umbilicated end of a specimen'

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. I"i,,.

cr

Brr,nrrNrrnS BREvrFoRMrs, uar. a (oar. a, Voltz),from Lyme Regis. u. Ventral aspect. l. Lateral aspect. E'. Transverse section.

9n, Bnr,nlturrEs BREvIFoRMIS,nar. a (uar. ;, Volta),from Gundershofen. a. Ventral aspect. l. Lateral aspect. s'. Longitudinal section, showing a nearly straight axis of guard, and a spherule at the apex of the phragmocone. s". Section to show the form of a very young individual. s"'. Shows the spherule. s"". The terminal larninreof the guard. s'. Transverse section, showing a slight ventral flattening.. l0a. Bpr,nuNrrns BREvrFortv,rs.aar. [3 (aar. n,c, Voltz)., from Prees,Salop. d. Dorsal aspect. l. Lateral aspect. a. Ventral aspect. 10n. Bnr,nuxrTns BREvrFor.v'ts, aa,r.7, frorn Ilminster. d. Dorsal aspect. L Lateral aspect. s'. Section across the alveolus. s". Section across the guard, near the apex. l0c. Bnr,nuxrrns

BREvrFoRMrs,Dar. f t from Alderton

d. Dorsal aspect. u. Ventral aspect. l. Lateral aspect. s. Longitudinal section. { , s" ..Transversesections. l 0 o . B n r , n u N r r E S B R E v r F o R M t r su, a r . T . L

Lateral view, and d, dorsal view, of a specimen from Glastonbury" s. Longitudinal section of a specimen from Eston Nab, in Yorkshire.

PI IV

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BXPLANATION OF PLATE Y. Frc.

11. BnlnuxrrEs GrNonwsrs(Oolite). l)undry. tireInferiorOoliteof aspecimen fromthelower.partof a. Ventralaspectof l. Lateral aspect. s. Longitudinalsection. /. Flangesof the phragmocone. Z. Siphunclecrossingthe septa. >l' . Same,enlarged. \

12. Bnl,nmNrrns rNscul.prus (Oolite). f , f '.Lateral views of two specimensfrom the lower part of the Inferior Oolite of Dundry. n. 'fhe ventral aspect. s. Longitudinalsection. s'. Transversesectionacrossthe alveolarcavity13. Bnr,nuxrtn from the Lias, allied to B. insculptus. d. Dorsal aspectof a specimenfrom the Lias of Lyme Regis. f . Lateral view of the same. /'. Lateralview of a differentspecimen,with a very short axis to the guard. a' View of the end, to show the two distinct Erooves'

\,, 14. Bnr,nvrNrrrsLATTsuLcATUS. L Lateral view. a. Yentral aspect. s'. Sectionacrossthe guard, through the alveolarcavity'

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Frc. 15. Bnr,nlrNrrES PAxrLLosus.

t. Lateralview, I u. Ventralaspect,of specimen with erodedandstriatedapex. i d. s.

Dorsal aspect, ) Longitudinal natural section of the guard, with a portion of the phragmocone not in section. Natural sectionsare frequent in this species.

s'. Longitudinal section of a younger individual. s". Transverse section of the guard at the apex of the alveolus. s"'. Transverse section of the guard near the end. A. Phragmocone, seen laterally. I 6. Bnr,nuNrrES APrcrcuRvATUs. l, u. d.

Lateral view, showing the short groove near the point. Ventral aspect.

Dorsal aspect. s. Longitudinal section. s. Section acrossthe alveolar region' .s"',s"rs'.Sectionsnearer and nearer to the end. A. Side vierv of the phragmocone,always more arched than in B. pauillosus, 6.

Strire magnified.

PtW Fig rs

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Frc. 17. Brr,nuNrrns

ELoNGATUs.

t. Lateral view (right side) of the specimenin the British MuseumQl-u, the place of the apexof phragmocone. l'. The oppositeside of the sametowardsthe point. (This figure is accidentally reversed,so as to appearto be the right side.) u,. Ventral aspectof retral part of guard d. Dorsal aspectof the same. B.

View of a septalplate, showingthe siphuncleat u,

s . Transversesectionnear the apex g"'. a.

Transversesectionstill nearerto the apex. End view of the apex of guard.

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EXPLANATIOI\ O}' PLATE VIII. Frc. lS . B nl, nun rrn s Bu c rr,e n D t, n . s .

Copy of the figure given by Dr. Buckland in his 'BridgewaterTreatise,' secondedition,pl. lxi, fr1. 7. In the upper part of the conothecalies the ink-bag (oppositee); lower down, the phragmocone appears; and is the figure completedby the somewhathastateguard. Lyme Regis. Collectionof Miss Philpotts. f'. Specimen(seenlaterally)from Blue Wick. Collectionof Prof. Phillips. l"'. Another,from the samelocality, seenlaterally. ?)"'.Yentral aspectof this specimen. u. Ventral aspectof a specimenwhich showserosionalongthe face.

/.

\, I9. Bnr.,nurqrtns Mrr,r,nnr,[. s. in the Oxford Museum. Lateralview of a specimen Ventralaspectof the same. Lateral view of a specimenin the Collectionof Prof. Phillips. . Yentral aspectof the sarne. Longitudinalsection,showingthe phragmocone. Oxford Museum. . Longitudinalsectionof a specimenin Prof. Phillips's Collection. sectionof the guard. Transverse Umbilicatedapexof a specimen.

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EXPLANATIOI\T O}' PLATE IX. Frc. a.\

20. B.nr,ultrxrtrs PoLr,Ex.

f . Sketchof a specimen in the Whitby Museum. Lateralview. ?)'. Lower portion of the same,to showa broad irregulardepression, and two stigmata. 1". Smallerspecirnen, in the Collectionof Prof. Phillips. Lateralviern'. (rnnnnus). 21. Brlnuxrrrs ACUMtrNA'rus L r.

in the Whitby Museum. Sideviewo{'a specimen section,to showthe nearlycircularoutline. Transverse

22. Brr,nunrtnsAcuMiNATUS. in the Whitby Museum. L Sideview of a specimen d. Dorsalaspect,nearthe apex. 'Cross section,to showthe nearlycircularoutline. ,v.

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BXPLANATION O}' PLATE X. Ftc. 13

(Whitby Museum.) Belentnites tri,oialis- sketch from a specimen in the Whitby Museum.

[ ] r r , i: x : iI r E S L -tEv Is . f

Lateral view. f'. Belemnites leuis-sketch from a specimenin the Whitby Museum. Trateral view. t). Ventral aspect,near the apex. d. Dorsal aspect,near the apex. o'. Strir, near the apex, magnified. u". Strire broken into short plaits. n. s. 24. Bpr,nuxrrns DoRSALIS, f. 1". d. ct. .s'.

(Collectionof Prof. Phillips.)

Lateral aspect,the specimenslightly angular. Another specimen,seenlaterally. A specimenseendorsally,to sbow the short intemupted groove.

Striated apex ; not a common occurrence. 'ltransversesection near the alveolus. s". Transversesectiontowards the apex.

25. Bur.,nuxrrnssrRror,Arus,n. s. t. a. 6. s.

(Whitby.l

Specirnenseen laterally, with fine strire towards the entire apex. Specimenseenventrally, with similar strire. The strim, magnified. Transversesection.

26. Ilu,nuNtrps L,rDvIS. (WhitbY.)

s.

specimen seenlaterally, showing striation near the apex. The same,seenventrallY. Longitudinal section,showing arched alveolarcavity.

0. s.

Sectionof phragmoconeand spherule' Transversesection.

t. u.

27 . Bnr,nuNrtns suBTENUrs. Side view, showing one of the long faint dorso-lateralgrooves. Ventral aspect,showing the faint ventral groove. d. Dorsal aspect,showing the two dorso-lateralgrooves' 8'. Sectionacrossthe alveolus' d'. Section acrossthe guard, in the middle' 8"'. Section acrossthe guard, near the apex' The specimens were collected by Prof' Phillips at 6. Strire, near the aplx. Saltwick, near Whitby, in Upper Lias'

I. v.

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EXPTANATIOi{ OF PLATE XI, Fre.

28. Bnlnuxrrns rnrpAnrrrus.. (Whitby.) u. d. l. .s'. d'. ('.

Ventral aspect. Dorsalaspect,showingfrequentstrire. Lateral aspect. lrt a, d, is the apexof the alveolus. Showscrosssectionat the alveolarapex. The sectionnearthe apex. The interruptedstriation. Specimenin Prof. Phillips'sCollection.

in variousstagesof growth. (Whitby.) \ 29. Bnr,nuxrrrs suBADUNcArus, o'. Ventral aspectof a young specimen. f . Lateralaspectof the same. d. Dorsalaspectof a very young individual. f'. Lateralaspectof a moreadvancedand morehastatevar"iety. f". The sameaspectof one still older. d."' Dorsalaspectof the samespecimen. 1". The sameaspectof onefully grown. S',S", s"', st". Transversesections: s' being acrossthe alveolarcavity; s", at the alveolarapex; S"', towards the apex, unusually excentric; 8", near the apex.

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EXPLAT{ATIONO}- PLATE XII. l're.

30 Brr,nmnrrns ILMrNsrRENSrs, n. s. Lateralview of a fine specimen, in the Collectionof Mr. with colour-bands, C. Moore. u'. Ventralaspectof auotherexample. /". Lateralaspectof a largerindividual. 1)". Ventralaspectnearthe apex,showinga few strire. d". Dorsalaspectof the same. d"' . Dorsalaspect(apexrather decomposed)" ?)"'to u"t'.Seriesof ventralaspects in youngexamples. s. Transverse aspectof a septum. ,r'. section at the alveolarapex" ,, s". it ,, towardthe apex. s"' ,, ,, still nearertlie apex. .sto. ,, ,, very nearto the apex. is rentoved. from rvhichtlte conotheca {' . Ventral aspectof the phragmocone, +". Another example,showing the dorsalaspect,with peculiarmarking; this is l.

magnifiedat 9". showingthe shapeof the siphuncle. IMorn specimenof phragmocone, {"'. in situ,lateralaspect. 0". Phragmocone g". Small, twin, or groupedegg-shapedprominenceson the surface of the within the conotheca. phragmocone,

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EXPLANATIO}I OF PLATE XIII. ';

Fre. 3l.

B nr ,n u n tT o s u rc R o s rY l ,u s , n . s.

in the Museum G'. Specimen Survey,and preserved belongingto the Geological ("No. 349"), JermynStreet. Lyme Regis. G". Magnifiedview of the phragmocone and the envelopingsheath. o. Specimenin the OxfordMuseum(part of Mr. Murley's Collection); from the tTpperLias of Dumbleton. The apexis brokenoff. (LymeRegis.) r,oNGrssrMUS. 32. Bnr,n,uNrrns l. Seenlaterally. o., The striationat the apex. section. E. 'Iransverse n. s. (LymeRegis.) 33" Bnr,nuNrrnsJuNCdus, The transversesections(s, s') show concentricsheaths,with undulationscorrespondingto the grooves;radiatingfibresobscure" n. s, (LymeRegis.) Lateralviews(/). 34 a. Bnr,nuNrrnsNITIDUs, The tranwersesection (s') shows the lateral undrtlationsand almost central axrs. 34 t). A shortervariety,whichhassomeaffinity to 3. alticicuroatus,Lyme Regis" (UpperLias [Sands],Chidcock.) Specimens 3b" Bnr,nuNrrnsouADRrcaNAr,rcur,Arus. in the Museum of the GeologicalSurvey,Jermyn Street. Mr" Moore's from the Upper Lias of Ilminster. Collectioncontainsexamples a, u', Ventral; d, d', dorsali l, l',lateral.

PL XIII.

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HX]'LAI{ATIONOF PLATE XIV '.i

1'rc. 'I'he specimertsare usually B6 llrir,turirns ruBULARrs;tiie ci'lishedptirt yer\- iong. plesentedwith a lateral aspect tipecirnerr frout the llristol Jluseuur,mark€d," B l, 41. Near Gloucester." B'. 8". Striation on the anteriorpart of the guard. tr"'. Orushedportion of the guard. r,', Specimen from Whitby, beionging to Prof. Phillips. The ct'ushed part comparatively short; the anterior part of the guard slightly furrowed; the aspectis lateral. p" . Oppositeview of the same,showing a long dorso-iateralgroove" P"'. Ventral asPectof the same. 'Iransversesectionat the alveolarapex' t) rr,' Another specimenfrom \Yhitb1,-; presentedventraliy, showing some effect of pressureon the alveolarportion of the guald' P"i. OppositeasPectof the same. p'", Lateral view of the same,showingthe striation,

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IIXPLAI{ATION OF PLA'I'Ii XV. Fro. B?. Bnr,nuNgns TRREGULARTs.Characteristicspecimensin the Bristol Ntttseuur' (From FrocesterHill.) Ventral asPect. Lateral asPect. Dorsal aspect. !q. Transversesection of the alveolarregion' tx. The apex urnbilicatecland striated (g, the mesial grorive)'

u. l. d.

38 a. IJ-u1,nugrrnsREcuLARIs,n. s. variety.)

(Frorn the tlpper Lias, near Banbury')

Lateral asPect. u. Ventral asPect' .s'. Section acrossthe alveolarcavity' 'Ihe apex tr-mbilicateand trisulcate' a.

l.

38 ,. Longer varietY of the same' Lateral asPect. u. Ventral asPect" ,s', Section acrossthe alveolar cavity'

L

39.

rRREcuLARrs' (Fronr FrocesterHill' ) Bnr-,,nuNrrgs l. Lateral asPect" u. Ventral aspectof a larger variety' ,s.' Section acrossthe alveolar cavity'

(Short

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EXPLANATIO}IOT PLATE XVI. Frc. , 40. Bor,r:unrrns vuLGARIS. (l'rom the lJpper Lias of Whitby.) Lateral ancl (u) ventral aspectsof an ordinary middle-agetlspecimen. s'. Section acrossthe alveolar cavity; in this casethe ventral wall is thickest. s". Section at the alveolarapex. l'. Lateral view of a yonng example. L

s. +.

Longitudinal section. Phragmocone,,in situ, of a large specimen,with sholt axis of guard.

4I. Lateral view of a somervhatk-rngerindividual. 42. Bnr,nunrrtssRUDIS,tl. s. L

u.

(From staithes,near Whitby.)

Lateral view of an ordinary specimen; the upper outlirre is supposedto be the terminal edge. a and r/ urarl
/ and rI'. Lateral and dorsal viervs of a young example,more lengthened than in the seniors. s'. Section acrossthe alveolarchamber. ,s". Section at the alveolarapex, showing great excentricity. s"'. Section nearer the apex of guard, shovringIess excentricity of axis.

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EXPTANATIOI\ OF PLATE XVII. .['rc.

43. Ihr,nuNrrnsVor,rzrr,n. s. I. d. a. 1". Q'. +". s'. s".

(UpperLias, Whitby.)

Lateral view of a symmetricalspecimen. Dorsal aspectof the same. Ventralaspectof the same. Lateral view of a largerspecimen. seenlaterally. Phragmocone, The same,seendorsally. Transversesectionat the alveolarapex. ,, nearthe apexof the guarcl. ,,

n. s. (IJpperLias, Robin Hood'sBuy.) 44. Bnl,nuxrrnsv.oI{rRALrs, l. Lateralview; the apexworn. d. Dorsalview of the same. a. Ventral aspectof the same. The striationis seenon each. sectionat the alveolarapex. r'. Transverse further alongthe guard. s". ,, ,, nearthe apexof the guard' s"'. ,, ,, 4b. Younger examples,with unworn apices. The points are striated. (Upper Lias, Whitby.) l. Lateralview. 1)'. Ventralview,to showthe ratherlong groove' ,u". Another specimen,in which only the faintesttrace of such a grooveappears. These three figures are not very easily distinguishedfrom the young of uulgaris. Belemni'tes

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EXPLANATIONOF PLATE XVIII Frc.

n" s. [Without ventralgroove.] BiueWick, Robin Hood's A6. Br:ltuNrrns rNoRNArus, Buy. l'. 1". s. .y'. s". +'. ,p".

Lateral view, showingthe insertionof the phragrnocone.Betweend and u is the alveolarapex. Lateral view of a specimenin which the groovesand strireare very obscure (worn). coveredby LongitudinaLsection,showingthe slightly arehedphragrnocone, 'in the conotheca, situ. 'ltrattsverse sectionacrossthe alveolarcavity" at the alveolarapex. ,, ,, seendorsally' Portionof the conotheca, Portion of the same,seenlaterally'

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BXPLANATIONOT PTATE XIX. Frc. '..\ 47. Bnlnlrnrrrs

LoNeISULCArus" (Copied from Voltz's figure, 'Obser. sur les B6lemn.,'

pl. vi, fig. 1.) l.

Lateral view" d" Dorsal view. u. Ventral view.

',:

48. Bnl,nuxrrns n{,EeursrnrArus. (Trom the Upper Lias of Whitby.) Lat,eralr.iervof a specimenin the Whitby Museum, " Ir[o" 454." Dorsal aspectof the same. Ventral aspectof the same" Enlarged view of the tripartite end. s'. Shorvs the oval contour of the a.lveolat:region, the ventral area being broadest. l, d" u. ?)'.

49. Bnr,nrnNlrussulcl-srYr.,Us,n, s.

(Frorn l{ailsworth [Sands].)

PT XIX T id, 4 7 . o

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P.Iackerbauer

lith

EXPTAI{ATION O}' PLATB XX. Frc. 50. B n r,n u x rrl :s E L EGA N S .

l.

Lateralview of a specimenin the Whitby Museum," No. 967, Robin Hood's Bay, north side." l'. Lateralview of a specimenin Collectionof Prof. Phillips. Huntcliff'. d, u. Dorsaland ventralaspectof the samespecimen. /.". Lateralview of a specimenin the Whitby Museum," N o. 458,Robin Hood's Buy." s.'Itransverse section. s. Longitudinalsectionof a specimen in Prof.Phillips'sCollectiou.Robin Hood's r Buy. '

51. Bnr,nuNrrns scABnosus, n. s. l.

Lateralview of a specimenin the Whitby Museum," No. 976." l'rom north sideof Robin Hood'sBuy. d, u. Dorsaland ventralaspects. 52. P.l. Bnr,nuurrnscylrNDRrcus. Lateralview of a specimenfrom Rosedale(near Staithes),in bedsbelowthe Jet-rock. P. u,P. d. Yentraland dorsalview of the same. pAxrr,r,osus. 52, M. /. Bnr,nMNrrES M. /. Ventral aspectof a specimenfrom the marlstoneof llminster, in the Collectionof Mr. Moore. (The figure should have been marked M. a.; the slight seemingventral groovenear the apexis an accidentaleffectof the shading.)

PL XX

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EXPIANATIOI\ OF PLATE XXT

I

!'to.

I

53. Bnr,nuNtrns ELLrPTIcus. /'.

I

Lateral view of specimenin the Bristol Institution, from Dundry.

?)'. Ventral aspect of the same, showing the greatly compressedshape' f'.

Lateral view, showing rugose extremity, and trace of lateral groove"

/"'.

Lateral viewo showing worn surface, and groove near the apex

o"'.

Outline of the ventral aspect.

t

.s"'" Cross sectionof the same. s'.

Vierv of a septum with the siphuncie, shovvinq its unusually eiliptrcal outline.

Q'.

Side view of two sePta.

+""

Side view of phragmocone,with the conothecallamirrre. Striation on the ConotheCa; S", one of the septa of Q"; S"', atnqthet'

6.

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BXPLAI\ATION OF PLATE XXII. Fl,;.

54. Brr,nnwrrEs Aer,nNsrs. l' rl'.

.

Lateral view of a specimen from white l\ab, scarborough. Dorsal aspect of the same.

l" -

Lateral view of another specimen,showing plainly the lateral groove. ?)". Ventral aspect,somewhat striated.

r./i'. Dorsal aspect, also striated, and showing the two grooves. s'.

Cross section not far from the end.

s".

Cross section, showing the internal parts to be marked with several short grooves.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII, l.rc.

55 Bsr,nvrNrrEScIGANTEUS. l''

Lateral aspect. (From the Inferior Oolite, near Sherbome, Dorsetshire.) In the Collectionof Mr. Reed, Salisburv. The specimen was cracked and displaced after being enclosed in the rock.

5 6 B n r , n v r n r r E Se u r N e u E S U L c A T u s , /:''

Lateral aspect,with six-channelledapex (From near SSerborne.) trn the Collection of Mr. Reed.

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EXPLAINATIONOF PLATE XXIV. F'rc.

57 Bulnuxrrns /'.

eurNeuEsuLCATUs.

Lateral aspect. (From the Grey Limestone of White Nab, Scarborough.) By erosion at the point the grooves appear.

D'.

Ventralaspect, striato-sulcate.

d'.

Dorsal aspect, showing the two lateral and one short clorsalgroove.

/".

Lateral aspect, with grooved apex, and the phragmocone ,tn s,itii.

(/".

A specimen,seendorsally, to show the lateral grooves, and on the phragrnoconethe hyperbolic dorsal arcs.

{".

Striation on the conotheca.

1"'.

Fragment seen laterally, showing by accidental fracture the interior apicial grooves.

s.

Cross section in the alveolar region.

-\', s", s"', siu. Cross sections of the sheath. In s', the interior laminre show lateral grooves: in s", the terminal groovesare markecl by seven tintecl radial parts ' in siu,several qrooves appear.

PL XXIV

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EXPLANATION OF PIATE XXV. Frc.

:i8. Bnr,nuwrrns ApIcrcoNUS. (From Yeovil.) u.

t.

Yentral aspect, showing an unusually definite posterior ending to the groove, and its continuity over the alveolar cavity. Specimen in the Oxford Museum, from Inferior Oolite, Yeovil. Lateral view of the same : s, s€ctionacrossthe alveolar cavity ; u', frusturn seen v.ertically to show the distinctness of the groove.

.i9

Bnr,nlrNITEs Br,erNvILLII.

I:ong variety.

(From Sherborne.)

Ventral aspect, showing the groove reaching nearly to the apex, and dying out on the alveolar cavity. Lt". Another example, showing the groove certainly extending over a part of the alveolar space.

?)'.

l. s.

A side view. Section across the alveolar cavity; s, section across the guard at the alveolar apex.

60. Bnr,nirrNrrns Br,erwvrr,r,rr. Shorter variety. (From Sherborne.) ,t)'. Ventral aspect, the groove reaching to the phragmocone. s'. Cross section. ?)". Another specimen, showing the groove extended further forward. s". Cross section of the same; 1",lateral view. u"'. Ventral aspect of a specimen, where the groove does not quite reach the alveolar cavity t S"', cross section of the alveolar cavity. 61 . Bnr,nuNrrns cANALrcuLAl'us. ventral aspect ] or * small specimen from Dund.ry. l' . Lateral aspect) ?)". Ventral aspect of a larger specimen,a little bent, from Dundry. s". Cross secti
62. Bnr,nurvrrns rERMrNALrs, n. s. I. a. s. r.

Lateral view. Ventral asPect. Section across the alveolar chamber. Section across the guard.

PL XXV hg 58

Frg 59

ffi

FLg61

P.Iacke"hauer litlt.

Imp BecVueti?ans

.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.

Fre.

63. BnrnvrNlrns BnssrNus. (From Stonesfield') t)'.

and the Ventral aspect of a specimen, showing the phragmoconein si'til', groove continued over it.

s', s". Cross sections of the sheath' a".

ventral aspect of a large specimenin the oxford Musettm'

t)"'.

Similar view of a small specimen'

?)i'. Another specimenof intermediate size' l*.

Lateral view of the same'

si'.

Cross section of the alveolar chamber'

64. Bnr,nuNrTEs Agr-prsTrLLUM. (From Stonesfield.) 't)'.Ventralaspectwithphragmocone''insitfi" s'.

Sections across the guard'

o".

Small specimeni 8", its cross section'

d".

Specimenof one somewhat larger'

by the author' Qsn Lhrgest example which has been observed Parker's Collection.

In Mr' J'

PL XX\T] Tt$, 63

? Iackerbauer

Jrtlt

-L--*nr ' "R p-n-o1,", e-f'

i Pani.<

EXPLANATIOI\ OF PLATB XXVII. Fro. 65. Bnr,uunrrES pARALLELUS, n. s. (IJpper serieson the Plate.) 't)'. Ventral aspect of a fragment, showing the alveolar cavity, and an abnormal expansionof the groove : from Misterton, near Sherborne. f.

Lateral aspect of a fragment from Misterton.

1". Lateral view of the largest individual from Misterton. 't)". Ventral aspect of the same. s".

Sectionsacrossthe alveolar cavity.

s".

Sections across the sheath.

66. Lower serieson the Plate. li'.

Lateral views of specimensfrom Whistle Bridge, near Yeovil.

di'.

Dorsal view, and uioventral view of the same.

st".

Sections of the guard of the same.

l', do, ?)o.Young specimens. ,j"'.

Shows the relation of the young to the larger figures.

9".

Resloration of the phragmocone.

g"'.

Longitudinal section (by splitting), showing the phragmocone.

s"'.

Cross sectionsof the alveolar cavity.

PI XXYII a

I -f-'

d

n

I'J

r rx . vL.,

S

Z/,

rig 66

?"'

_) JT"

ffi b

ffi OJ"

d'

it,,il"o^i;=t'e

?/r

ZT

- b n 7 . B e c q u e ti ? a t i s .

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII. Fig

67. Bnr,nuNrrns HASTATUS. Three viervs of a large specimen from the upper part of the Oxford CIay in Cowley Field, near Oxford ; in the Cabinet of Mr. Parker. Fig. 67, /, lateral view, shorving the rather faint oblique groove ; u, the ventral aspect, with its deep characteristic furrow, suddenly followed by u shallower channel; d, dorsal aspect; s', the cross section of the alveolar cavity | 8", seetion across the expanded part of the gqard. 68. Two views of a specimen from the Oxford Clay of Northamptonshire, presented to the Oxford Museum by Mr. Leeds, 8.A., of Exeter College. l'. Lateral view, showing the oblique groove; u', ventral aspect, showing the deep mesial groove expanding retrally ) 8', the cross section of the ah'eolar cavity I s", cross section of guard in the narrowest part; s"', cross section in the widest part ; {"', cross section near the apex ; g, a compressedphragmocone, partly covered by the guard. 69. young specimensfrom the Oxford Clay of St. Ives, presenteclto the Oxford Museum by Mr. J. F. Walker, of Sidney SussexCollege, Cambridge. 12. Lateral view, showing a recurved apex ; zr2,ventral aspect of the Sofire; s1,cross section of alveolar cavity ; st, cross section of enlarged guard; D8,ventral aspect of a younger individual ; 14 and u4, views of a still younger shell ) uu,l5, views of a shorter and more bulbous example; ,u6,u7,views of the bulbous variety, with interrupted ventral groove. Field, near 70. p,DeformitY. The sPecimenis from the Oxford Clay of Cowley Oxford. Cabinetof Mr. Parker.

PI XXWII 68 Trp. a)

T . ^

T t 6. 6 7 .

P A

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o

F€ 6e

ffiffi J

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/4

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BXPLANATIOI{ OF PIATE XXIX. F'ig-

7l. Bnr,nuxrrns suLcATUs. Specimensfrom the Oxford Clay at Summertown, near Oxford. a. Ventral aspect of a full-sized specimen; the groove somewhatless distinctly marked than in other cases,and slightly interrupted. ?)'. A younger specimen, shor,vinga more marked change of depth in the ventral furrow and its continuation over the alveolar region; s', cross s'.

s". .r.

section of the alveolar region of the guard, depressed. Longitudinal section, from back to front, showing the phragmocone irositri,,its apicial spirerule, and a short lanceoiatecanal, formed by the decompositionof laminre,as shown in A'. Another longitudinal section showing very similar facts ; the canal somervhatrnore extended in A". Cross section of the guard, showing the inflection of the lamine to form the ventral groove, and lacuna of a remarkable kind.

72. Young specimensfrom Summertown,near Orford; l, lateral; u, ventral aspect; 8', alveolar cross section,nearly round i 8", post alveolar section,nearly round ; vtl, rrragnifiedsurface, the shell dotted with granules, and covered by u partiall,v fibrous iayer. Such a layer occurs on some Australian and on some Indian Belernnites. 73. Youngest examples rvhich occur near Oxford, at Cowley, and Long Marston; u, ventral aspect,tlie groove distinct on the alveolar regioDt u', the still younger shell; s, alveolar cross section.

PI . XXTX rig 7L

Ti6.72

Tja 73 .1

P.Iackerbauer

lith

Im1.B ecque+*iiParis .

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX. !'ig.

74. Bnr,nuurrns

suLcATUS.

Specimensof full size from the Oxford Clay of St.

Neot's ; presented by Mr. J. F. Walker, of Sidney SussexCollege, Cambridge ; /, lateral view, showing a very slight flattening ; u, \Etttral aspect, showing the groove widening and growing shallow over the alveolar region, partially interrupted toward the apex, with striation parallel to the p;roove; s, cross section of guard, slightly depressed. 75. Specimens from Weymouth.

u', ventral surface, showing the groove growing'

wider and shallower both toward the apex and over the alveolus; r/', dorsal aspect; s', cross section of guard nearly round Fig. 75, 1", lateral view of another specimen, shorving a slight flattening; u", ventral aspect, the groove widening over the alveolar and apicial reqions, with strire of decomposition parallel to the groove; 8",alveolar cross section; {", cross section of guard.

PI XXX

J

(/

. P

J4!

hnp.3 ecq,ret i?atrs

EXPLAI\ATIOI\ OF''PI,ATE XXKI. l' l.j.

.i

76" Bl:r,pltNITES Ownwn, var. PuzosraNus.

Specimens'from the Oxforcl Clay of

St. Neot's, presentedby Mr. J. F. Walker. 1, full-sized specimenseenlaterally; u', middle-sized individual, showing the apicial g*roovedistinct i a", younger individual seenventrally, with its apicial groove; 1", side vierv of tiie same, u"', still younger example seenventrally; and /"', seen laterally. ii

77. 13nr,nnxrrns Ownxrr, var" vERRUCosus. From St. Neot's, presented by Mr. J F. Walker. u', seen ventrally ; l', latetally ; d', dcrsally ; s', cross section in the alveolar reqion.

PI, XXXI

Ii$ /6

--'

l I

1 y/// L/

7 /// {.

T:j 76 o

l'o 76. c

l..

a-cker'o auer lith

Imp Secq':eia?atis

EXPLAI{ATIOI{ OF PLATE XXXII.

'r';

\

Fig'

Neot's,presentedby Mr' Bnr,nuurr'S OwnNrr, var. PuzosreNtls. From St. reachingto the Walker; ?r,ventral face,with strongly marked apicial groove point ; l,laleral view' The crosssectionis oval' st, Ir{eot's;a, ventral aspect, 7 9 .Bnr,nuurTEsoweNg, var. PuzosreNus. From apicialdepression)d, dorsalaspect; 8, the cross showingan almostevanescent sectionof the alveolarregion'

?8.

R'ockof Hackness'

OwnNu, var.TORNATILIS.From the Kellowav 80. Bpr,nMNrTEs

sectionoval' nearScarborough;u,theventralsurfaceexpandinganteriorly;cross 81. Bnr,nlrNrTES PoRREctus, n. s'

From the Oxford

ClaY at Summertown,

sharplycut presentedby Mr. Dawkins; o, ventralaspect,showing a strong' apicialfurrow, and its anteriorextension;crosssectionoval'

P], XXXil T t6 .7 9 . o

?.la-cl<erbarrer

lith

!-rd B I o

Imp Becquet i?aris

EXPLANATIOi\iOF PI,ATH XXXIII" Fig

5 2 . B n r , n u N I T E s s P r c u t , A R r sn, . s ' collected Specimens from Shandwick and Eathie, on the coast of Crouiarty, showinq by Lieut. Patterson ; n,r,entral aspectof one of the larger specimens, and a the apicial groove ; l, lateral view, shor,ving the long side flattening, some small trace of short apicial grooves; d, the dorsal aspect, marked by 8, cross strim ; (, oneof the youngest specimensin Lieut. Patterson'sseries; specimen section of guard at the alveolar apex ; s', section of a small'er toward the apex i s"o still nearer the point" 33. Bnr,nuxITES oBnlrscus, n. s' l" one of the Specimenscollectedby Lieut. Pattersonat Shandwick and Bathie ; lo'gest examples,seen sidervays; 1", one somewhatsmaller, /"', still smaller, and /io,.oneof the smallestobservedI u"', ventral aspectof a small specimen, and ui,',of a still smaller ; s', ah,eolar cross section i s", post-ah'eolar section acrossthe guard; s"', farther backward in the guard"

PI XXXIII Fig 85

?/r4

Frg 82,

L J

^4.

-

.)

qt tJ

& 6 J3

EXPLAI\A'TIONOF PLATE XXXIV. F'ig.

n

g.+. Large specimens of Bn:l,nuxrrns Yorkshire and Wiltshire'

r. ,

ABBREVIATUs,from the Coralline Oolite ot

apex; 1,. Side view, showing a broad lateral depression,and the incurved u', ventral aspect, showing a flattening near the apex' The specimen is from Maiton, in Yorkshire' angles q Showing the phragmocone in sitil,,and the numeroussepta, at right to the axis. The specimenis from the CalcareousGrit of Seend,in Wilts,.

shire. The drawing was made by Miss Anne Cunnington. region ; One of the septa seen axially , s", cross section of the alveolar sltow .s"',cross section behincl the alveolusI 8"", section near the apex, to the comPression.

Yorkshire' b younger individuals frorn Heddington, near Oxford, and Malton, in of thc 1". Middle.aged specimen seen laterally ; 8", alveolar section same. c"", smaller 1,". Specimen seen ventrally, with distinct apicial depression; example, a little hastate ; at",the youngest observed. 1"" A very young specimenseen sideways,a little hastate.

i'rg Bc

2r"'

, La y .

Fio 84 o ? la.ck"rba-.,"er lith

Lru.

Iig. 84 Tmp Secquet a-?aris.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV. Fig.

:0. A specimenof BnlnMNrrES ABBREvrarus (seen laterally), compressed,and nnusuallybent at the apex; Heddington. tZ. Section of Bnr,nuNrrns ABBRBVTATUS,with the phragmocone in si'til,. The bending of the axial line of the gua,rd is not often so remarkable as in this cas'e, even in old specimens; it is characteristic of full growth. ES. A specimenwith less curvature at the point, aud less flexure of the axial line. From the Drift of Finchley, in Mr. Wetherell's collection. sg. Natural section to show the decay of the axial laminre at their apex; Bullington, near Oxford. The following figures are taken from specimens in the Collection of Mr. Wetherell, from the Drift at Finchlev. tt0. Section showing the formation of an axial canal and a vicinal fissure on the ventral side. 91. Section of another sPecimen. 92. Other sections,in which a small collateral ventral slit appears in the laminre. 93. Section in which the canal appearsinterrupted' n{, m,",nr"', ,J??)".Magnified views of the larninre in relation to the canal.

P]", XXXY Frd - BB

Ftg BT

Tid 90 o

m/

Imr B ecsuet iParis I

T

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI. Fig. 94-96.

Bnr,nnxrrns

Expr,ANATUS, n. s.

; 94, Young specimensfrom Aylesbury, in the upper part of the Kimmeridge Clay. 't)' ?)", ?)"'. Aspect of the ventral face, shorvingthe flattening and slight furrow , toward the apex. l"'. Lateral aspect,shorving the longitudinal riep;:cssion. s'.

Section acrossthe alveolar regian; s", sectionfurther back on the guard.

Specirnensmore advanced in growth, from \\raterstock and the Railway-cutting , 95. in Shotover Hill, in upper part of Kimmeridge Clay. l'''. Lateral view, showing the longitudinal groove ; tuiu,r'entral aspect of' the same, shorving the apicial flatteningi'u', the same view of a somewhat larger individual. .\"'. Section across the alveolar cavity; si'', across the same cavity near its apex. 96. Full-grown individual from Waterstock,upper part of Kimmeridge Clay. . ?)'i. Seen on the ventrai aspect; the apicial rlepressionl','ide. 1". The same seen sideways; ther lateral depression very distinct, the apex somewhatbent dor,vnward. d'i. The same seen dorsally, where no trace of furrow appears.

su

trre ar'eorar apexa'the ",;':T,ffiTilil::lT;T'T,: i";r::':';::n'"u

PI XXXW Fio 94 o

95 Fio o

cf/

7 /// 2

l

I

Fio 96

? lackerbauer

lith

IuLp Becquet i?aris,

A monograph of British belemnitidae: Jurassic

Jurassic Park

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A monograph of British belemnitidae: Jurassic

Jurassic Park

Jurassic Park

Jurassic Park

Jurassic park

Jurassic Park

Jurassic Park

Jurassic Park

Jurassic Park

Jurassic Park

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Jurassic Park

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Jurassic Park

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