Распределенные базы данных на примере Oracle: Методические материалы

FBGBKL?JKL...

Author: Астахова И.Ф.

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8

g_gby^Zgguog_kdhevdbolZ[ebpkh^_j`Z\rbobgnhjfZpbxh[uqghh[jZ [Zlu\Z_fmx kh\f_klgh DeZkl_jbaZpby klhe[ph\ lZ[ebp iha\hey_l mf_gv rblv\j_fy\uiheg_gby\u[hjdbKljhdblZ[ebpbf_xsb_h^bgZdh\h_agZ q_gb_ \ deZkl_jbah\Zgguo klhe[pZo ojZgylky \ [Za_ ^Zgguo ki_pbZevguf h[jZahf >eywnn_dlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gbyjZa]jZgbq_gb_f^hklmiZd^Zgguf Oracleih^^_j`b\Z_lh[t_dljhev Jhev (ROLE) — bf_gh\ZggZy kh\hdmighklv ijb\be_]bc dhlhju_ fh ]ml[ulvij_^hklZ\e_guihevah\Zl_eyfbeb^jm]bfjheyf Oracleih^^_j`b \Z_l g_kdhevdh klZg^Zjlguo beb ij_^hij_^_e_gguo jhe_c Ki_pbnbqgufb ^ey jZkij_^_e_gguo kbkl_f y\eyxlky h[t_dlu Oracle: kgbfhd b k\yav [Zau ^Zgguo Kgbfhd (SNAPSHOT) — ehdZevgZy dhiby lZ[ebpu m^Ze_gghc [Zau ^Zgguo dhlhjZy bkihevam_lky eb[h ^ey lbjZ`bjh\Zgby dhibjh\Zgby \k_c beb qZklb lZ[ebpu eb[h ^ey lbjZ`bjh\Zgby j_amevlZlZ aZijhkZ ^Zgguo ba g_kdhevdbo lZ[ebp Kgbfdb fh]ml [ulv fh^bnbpbjm_fufb beb ij_^gZagZq_ggufblhevdh^eyql_gbyKgbfdblhevdh^eyql_gby\hafh`ghi_jbh ^bq_kdb h[gh\eylv hljZ`Zy baf_g_gby hkgh\ghc lZ[ebpu Baf_g_gby k^_ eZggu_\fh^bnbpbjm_fhfkgbfd_jZkijhkljZgyxlkygZhkgh\gmxlZ[ebpm b^jm]b_dhibb K\yav[Zwu^Zgguo (DATABASE LINK) —wlhh[t_dl[Zau^Zgguo dhlhjuciha\hey_lh[jZlblvkydh[t_dlZfm^Ze_gghc[Zau^ZgguoBfyk\yab [Zau^Zgguofh`ghjZkkfZljb\ZlvdZdkkuedmgZiZjZf_ljuf_oZgbafZ^hk lmiZ d m^Ze_gghc [Za_ ^Zgguo bfy maeZ ijhlhdhe b l i Bkihevah\Zgb_ h^gh]hbf_gbmijhsZ_ljZ[hlmkh[t_dlZfbm^Ze_gghc[Zau^Zgguo >eyijh]jZffbjh\ZgbyZe]hjblfh\h[jZ[hldb^Zgguoj_ZebaZpbbf_ oZgbafh\ ih^^_j`db p_ehklghklb [Zau ^Zgguo Oracle bkihevam_l h[t_dlu ijhp_^mjZnmgdpbyiZd_lbljb]]_j Ijhp_^mjZ (PROCEDURE) —wlhihbf_gh\Zgguckljmdlmjbjh\Zg guc gZ[hj i_j_f_gguo b hi_jZlhjh\ SQL b PL/SQL, ij_^gZagZq_gguc ^ey j_r_gbydhgdj_lghcaZ^Zqb Nmgdpby (FUNCTION) — wlh ihbf_gh\Zgguc kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguc gZ[hji_j_f_gguobhi_jZlhjh\ SQLbPL/SQL,ij_^gZagZq_gguc^eyj_r_ gbydhgdj_lghcaZ^Zqbb\ha\jZsZxsbcagZq_gb_i_j_f_gghc IZd_l (PACKAGE) —wlhihbf_gh\Zgguckljmdlmjbjh\ZggucgZ[hj i_j_f_gguo ijhp_^mj b nmgdpbc k\yaZgguo _^bguf nmgdpbhgZevguf aZ fukehfGZijbf_jOracleihklZ\ey_liZd_l DBMS_OUTPUT.\dhlhjhfkh[ jZgu ijhp_^mju b nmgdpbb ij_^gZagZq_ggu_ ^ey hj]ZgbaZpbb \\h^Z\u\h^Z Ljb]]_j (TRIGGER) —wlhojZgbfZyijhp_^mjZdhlhjZyaZimkdZ_l kyZ\lhfZlbq_kdb\uihegy_lky lh]^Zdh]^Zijhbkoh^blk\yaZggh_kljb]]_ jhfkh[ulb_H[uqghkh[ulbyk\yaZguk\uiheg_gb_fhi_jZlhjh\ INSERT,

9

UPDATE beb DELETE\g_dhlhjhclZ[ebp_

2. Lbiu^ZgguoORACLE Kljhdh\u_lbiu

Lbi CHARACTER bkihevam_lky ^ey ojZg_gby kljhd nbdkbjh\Zgghc ^ebgu KbglZdkbkCHARACTER>^ebgZ @CHAR>^ebgZ @ FZdkbfZevgh_agZq_gb_iZjZf_ljZ^ebgZ–kbf\heh\ LbiVARCHAR bkihevam_lky^eyojZg_gbykljhdi_j_f_gghc^ebgu Ke_^mxsb_ij_^eh`_gbywd\b\Ze_glgu 9$5&+$5>^ebgZ @ &+$5 9$5<,1*>^ebgZ @ &+$5$&7(5 9$5<,1*>^ebgZ @ ?keb ^ebgZ kljhdb g_ mdZaZgZ y\gh hgZ iheZ]Z_lky jZ\ghc \h \k_o kemqZyo FZdkbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ iZjZf_ljZ ^ebgZ – kbf\heh\ ^ey ihke_^gbolj_okemqZ_\ Ijbf_ju Str1 CHAR(15) Str2 CHARACTER VarSts1 VARCHAR (15) VarStr2 CHARACTER VARYING (10) ?klvlbioZjZdl_jguclhevdh^eyORACLE VARCHAR>^ebgZ @ Kihfhsvxwlh]hlbiZj_a_j\bjm_lkyg_h[oh^bfh_ijhkljZgkl\h >ey ojZg_gby [hevrbo kljhd i_j_f_gghc ^ebgu bkihevam_lky lbi LONG>^ebgZ @ _keb iZjZf_lj ^ebgZ g_ mdZaZg lh ij_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh m kljhdb^ebgZf_]Z[ZclZfZdkbfZevgZy^ebgZ]b]Z[ZclZ

Qbkeh\u_lbiu Lbi INTEGERbkihevam_lky^eyij_^klZ\e_gbyqbk_ehl –231 ^h 231 . KbglZdkbk: INTEGER, INT. Ijbf_j varint INTEGER varint2 INT Lbi NUMBER>Lhevdh^ey Oracle]bkihevam_lky^ey ij_^klZ\e_gby qbk_ekaZ^ZgghclhqghklvxKbglZdkbk NUMBER [lhqghklv [,fZk rlZ[@ @ ?keb agZq_gb_ iZjZf_ljZ lhqghklv g_ mdZaZgh y\gh hgh iheZ]Z_lky jZ\guf 38.AgZq_gb_iZjZf_ljZfZkrlZ[ihmfheqZgbxij_^iheZ]Z_lkyjZ\ guf0AgZq_gb_iZjZf_ljZlhqghklvfh`_lbaf_gylvkyhl 1^h 38;agZq_gb_ 10

iZjZf_ljZfZkrlZ[fh`_lbaf_gylvkyhl -84^h 128.Bkihevah\Zgb_hljbpZ l_evguo agZq_gbc fZkrlZ[Z hagZqZ_l k^\b] ^_kylbqghc lhqdb \ klhjhgm klZjrbo jZajy^h\ GZijbf_j hij_^_e_gb_ NUMBER ( 7 , -3 ) hagZqZ_l hd jm]e_gb_^hlukyq DECIMAL b NUMERIC iheghklvx wd\b\Ze_glgu lbim Tunu NUMBER. KbglZdkbk DECIMAL [lhqghklv [, fZkrlZ[@ @, DEC [lhqghklv [, fZkrlZ[@ NUMERIC [lhqghklv [,fZkrlZ[@ @ Ijbf_juYDUFRXQWHU180%(5 Vardec1 DEC vardec2 DEC (7) vardec3 DECIMAL (7,3) varnum NUMERIC

;blh\u_ kljhdb Lbi RAW >Lhevdh ^ey Oracle] bkihevam_lky ^ey ojZg_gby [blh\uo kljhdi_j_f_gghc^ebguHlebqb_lbiZ RAW hllbih\ CHAR, VARCHAR2 khklhbl \ lhf qlh ^ey lbih\ kbf\hevguo kljhd Oracle lhqg__ SQL*Net) ijhba\h^blZ\lhfZlbq_kdh_ij_h[jZah\Zgb_^Zgguoijbboi_j_^Zq_f_`^m deb_glhfbk_j\_jhf KbglZdkbk RAW [^ebgZ ].IZjZf_lj^ebgZbaf_jy_lky\[ZclZoFZd kbfZevgh_agZq_gb_iZjZf_ljZ^ebgZ — 255[Zcl Lbi LONG RAW >Lhevdh ^ey Oracle] bkihevam_lky ^ey ojZg_gby [hevrbo[blh\uokljhdi_j_f_gghc^ebgu KbglZdkbk LONG RAW[^ebgZ ].IZjZf_lj^ebgZbaf_jy_lky\[ZclZo ?keb ^ebgZ kljhdb g_ mdZaZgZ y\gh hgZ iheZ]Z_lky jZ\ghc 2 f_]Z[ZclZf FZdkbfZevgh_agZq_gb_iZjZf_ljZ^ebgZ — 2]b]Z[ZclZkbf\heh\>eyi_j_ f_gguolbiZ LONG RAWg_\hafh`ghihkljh_gb_bg^_dkZ Ijbf_ju Bit1 RAW(15) verylongl LONG RAW( 100000)

2.4. Lbiu^ZlZb\j_fy

Lbi DATE>Lhevdh^ey Oracle]bkihevam_lky^eyojZg_gby^Zlub\j_ f_gbIh^^_j`b\Zxlky^Zluk 1yg\Zjy4712]^hgw^h 31^_dZ[jy 4712] gw>eygZqZevgh]hijbk\Zb\Zgby^Zluh[uqghbkihevam_lkynmgdpby LHBDATE kbf\hevgZyBkljhdZB^Zlu nhjfZlB^Zlu Ijb hij_^_e_gbb ^Zlu [_a mlhqg_gby \j_f_gb ih mfheqZgbx ijbgbfZ_lky \j_fy ihemghqb Nmgdpby SYSDATE ijbk\Zb\Z_l i_j_f_gghc l_dms__ agZq_gb_ ^Zlu b \j_ f_gb KbglZdkbk: DATE. Ijbf_j birthday DATE GZebqb_ ki_pbZevgh]h lbiZ ^ey ojZg_gby ^Zlu b \j_f_gb iha\hey_l ih^^_j`b\Zlv ki_pbZevgmx Zjbnf_lbdm ^Zl b \j_f_g >h[Z\e_gb_ d i_j_ 11

f_gghc lbiZ DATEp_eh]hqbkeZhagZqZ_lm\_ebq_gb_^ZlugZkhhl\_lkl\m ]hs__ qbkeh ^g_c Z \uqblZgb_ \uihegy_lky dZd hij_^_e_gb_ [he__ jZgg_c ^ZluJZkkfhljbfg_kdhevdhijbf_jh\ SQL > select sysdate from dual; SYSDATE 15-NOV-98 SQL> select sysdate+20 "sysd+20" from dual; sysd+20 05-DEC-98 SQL> select sysdate-20 "sysd-20" from dual; sysd-20 26-OCT-98

3. L:;EBPU

3.1. Kha^Zgb_lZebp LZ[ebpZ y\ey_lky [Zah\hc kljmdlmjhc j_eypbhgghc fh^_eb Ihegh_ bfylZ[ebpu\[Za_^Zgguokhklhblbabf_gbko_fudZdijZ\behkh\iZ^Zx s_fkbf_g_fihevah\Zl_eybbf_gblZ[ebpu Hi_jZlhjhij_^_e_gbylZ[ebpbf__lke_^mxsbckbglZdkbk CREATE TABLE >bfyBko_fu@bfylZ[ebpu (^h]jZgbq_gb_Bp_ehklghklbBlZ[ebpu IbfyBklhe[pZ lbiB^ZgguoBklhe[pZ ['()$8/7\ujZ`_gb_@>h]jZgbq_gb_Bp_ehklghklbBklhe[pZ«@`« [{ CLUSTERbfyBdeZkl_jZbfyBklhe[pZ>@ I {PCTFREE p_eh_ I PCTUSED p_eh_ I INITRANS p_eh_ I MAXTRANS p_eh_ I TABLESPACE bfy_lZ[ebqghc_h[eZklb I 6725$*(jZaf_jiZfylb, RECOVERABLE I UNRECOVERABLE}} ...] [PARALLEL\hafh`ghklvBiZjZee_evghcBh[jZ[hldb ] {{ENABLEijh\_jy_fu_Bh]jZgbq_gbyBp_ehklghklb } ...] [AS aZijhk] [GACHE I NOCACHE] Dexq_\h_keh\h DEFAULTmdZau\Z_lgZlhqlhijb\\h^_^Zgguokh hl\_lkl\mxs_fmklhe[pm[m^_lijbk\h_ghagZq_gb_hij_^_e_ggh_i_j_f_g ghc\ujZ`_gb__keb\hi_jZlhj_INSERTg_mdZaZghy\gh^jm]h_agZq_gb_ klhe[pZ Lbi ^Zgguo \ujZ`_gb_ ^he`_g khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv lbim ^Zgguo

12

klhe[pZb\ujZ`_gb_g_^he`ghkh^_j`ZlvkkuehdgZ^jm]b_\ujZ`_gby Dexq_\h_ keh\h PCTFREE, PCTUSED, INITRANS, MAXTRANS, TABLESPACE, STORAGE, RECOVERABLE, UNRECORECOVERABLE oZ jZdl_jbamxlijhkljZgkl\hjZkij_^_ey_ijbjZ[hl_klZ[ebp_c Dexq_\h_keh\h PCTFREEhij_^_ey_lijhp_glijhkljZgkl\Z[ehdZdh lhjucj_a_j\bjm_lky^eyfh^bnbdZpbblZ[ebpu>himklbfu_agZq_gbyhl ^h 99. AgZq_gb_ ih mfheqZgbx 10, lh _klv ijb aZiheg_gbb dZ`^h]h [ehdZ ijhkljZgkl\ZhklZ_lkyg_bkihevah\Zgguf Dexq_\h_keh\h PCTUSEDhij_^_ey_lfbgbfZevgucijhp_glbkihev ah\ZgbyijhkljZgkl\Z[ehdZijbdhlhjhf\g_]h\\h^ylky^Zggu_ihmfhe qZgbx 40, lh _klv _keb \[ehd_aZgylhf_g__%ijhkljZgkl\Z\g_]h\\h ^ylky^Zggu_ijb\uiheg_gbbhi_jZpbb\klZ\db JZkkfhljbf[Zam^Zgguoke_^mxs_ckljmdlmju LZ[ebpZSTUDENTKlm^_gl BIRTHSTUSURNAME NAME STIPEND KURS CITY DAY DENT_ID

UNIV_ID

STUDENT_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjklm^_glZ SURNAME –nZfbebyklm^_glZ NAME –bfyklm^_glZ STIPEND –klbi_g^bydhlhjmxihemqZ_lklm^_gl KURS –dmjkgZdhlhjhfmqblkyklm^_gl CITY –]hjh^\dhlhjhf`b\_lklm^_gl BIRTHDAY –^ZlZjh`^_gbyklm^_glZ UNIV_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjmgb\_jkbl_lZ\dhlhjhfmqblkyklm^_gl LZ[ebpZLECTUREIj_ih^Z\Zl_ev LECTURE _ID SURNAME NAME CITY

UNIV_ID

LECTURE_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjij_ih^Z\Zl_ey SURNAME –nZfbebyij_ih^Z\Zl_ey NAME –bfyij_ih^Z\Zl_ey CITY –]hjh^\dhlhjhf`b\_lij_ih^Z\Zl_ev UNIV_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjmgb\_jkbl_lZ\dhlhjhfjZ[hlZ_lij_ih^Z\Zl_ev

13

LZ[ebpZSUBJECTIj_^f_lh[mq_gby SUBJ_ID SUBJ_NAME HOUR SEMESTR SUBJ_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjij_^f_lZh[mq_gby SUBJ_NAME –gZbf_gh\Zgb_ij_^f_lZh[mq_gby HOUR –dhebq_kl\hqZkh\hl\h^bfuogZbamq_gb_ij_^f_lZ SEMESTR –k_f_klj\dhlhjhfbamqZ_lky^Zggucij_^f_l LZ[ebpZUNIVERSITY Mgb\_jkbl_lu UNIV_ID UNIV_NAME RATING

CITY

UNIV_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjmgb\_jkbl_lZ UNIV_NAME –nZfbebyklm^_glZ RATING –j_clbg]mgb\_jkbl_lZ CITY –]hjh^\dhlhjhfjZkiheh`_gmgb\_jkbl_l LZ[ebpZEXAM_MARKSWdaZf_gZpbhggu_hp_gdb EXAM_ID STUDENT_ID SUBJ_ID MARK EXAM_DATE EXAM_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjwdaZf_gZ STUDENT_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjklm^_glZ SUBJ_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjij_^f_lZh[mq_gby MARK –wdaZf_gZpbhggZyhp_gdZ EXAM_DATE –^ZlZwdaZf_gZ LZ[ebpZSUBJ_LECTMq_[gu_^bkpbiebguij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c LECTURE _ID SUBJ_ID LECTURE _ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjij_ih^Z\Zl_ey SUBJ_ID –b^_glbnbdZlhjij_^f_lZh[mq_gby

Yaud PL/SQL Yaud PL/SQL y\ey_lky khklZ\ghc qZklvx \h fgh]bo ijh^mdlZo Oracle. K_j\_j Oracle\dexqZ_lih^^_j`dmyaudZPL/SQL,ij_^hklZ\eyyihevah\Zl_ ex\hafh`ghklvkha^Z\Zlvbbkihevah\ZlvgZk_j\_j_ijhp_^mjubljb]]_ju [Zau ^Zgguo \uihegyxsb_ aZ^Zqb dhgdj_lgh]h ijbeh`_gby Ijh]jZffu kha^Zggu_ gZ yaud_ PL/SQL, fh]ml jZ[hlZlv kh\f_klgh \ jZaebqguo qZklyo ijbdeZ^ghc kbkl_fu ihkljh_gghc gZ kj_^kl\ZoOracle.GZijbf_j\ijbeh `_gbb bkihevamxs_f jZ[hlm k nhjfZfb ljb]]_j fh`_l \uau\Zlv ^ey \u iheg_gbyg_dhlhjh]h^_ckl\byojZgbfmxijhp_^mjm

14

set serveroutput on; SQL> set echo on; SQL> DECLARE --\oh^ ------- Arg -gZqZevgh_agZq_gb_ --\uoh^ -------Header1, Header2 -dhgklZglu^ey\uoh^Z 2 Header1 CONSTANT VARCHAR2(20) := ' Wdkihg_glZ ^\mo jZ\gZ '; 15

3 Header2 CONSTANT VARCHAR2(20) := Wdkihg_glZ lj_o jZ\gZ‘; 4 Arg NUMBER := 2; --a^_kvaZ^Z_lkygZqZevgh_agZq_gb_Zj]mf_glZ 5 -- Bkihegbl_evguc [ehd 6 BEGIN 7 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Headerl II Exp (Arg) ) ; 8 Arg := Arg+l; 9 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (Header2 II Exp (Arg) ) ; 10 END; 11 /

MIJ:<E?GB?
Hi_jZlhju[hevrbgkl\Zyaudh\ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby\lhfqbke_byaudZ PL/SQL, \uihegyxlky ihke_^h\Zl_evgh LZdZy ko_fZ gZau\Z_lky ihlhdhf dhfZg^ < PL/SQL ij_^mkfhlj_gh g_kdhevdh hi_jZlhjh\ k ihfhsvx dhlh juo fh`gh mijZ\eylv \uiheg_gb_f ijh]jZffu JZkkfhljbf khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ijh]jZffgu_dhgkljmdpbb 4.1.1. Hi_jZlhj\_l\e_gby Hi_jZlhj IF. . .THEN. . .ELSEiha\hey_lijh\_jblvmkeh\b_b\aZ\b kbfhklbhlj_amevlZlh\ijh\_jdb (TRUEbebFALSE),\uihegblvjZaebqgu_ ]jmiiu hi_jZlhjh\ :evl_jgZlb\gZy ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv hi_jZlhjh\ hij_ ^_ey_lky dexq_\uf keh\hf ELSE. =jZgbpu ^_ckl\by hi_jZlhjZ IF hij_^_eyxlky aZdju\Zxs_c hi_jZlhjghc kdh[dhc END IF. >ey jZkrbj_gby kljmdlmju \_l\e_gby ^hihegbl_evgh ij_^mkfhlj_gu hi_jZlhjgu_ kdh[db ELSIF,aZ^Zxsb_kljmdlmju\_l\e_gby[he__]em[hdh]hmjh\gy Oraclebkihevam_lke_^mxsbckbglZdkbkdhgkljmdpbb\_l\e_gby\ PL/SQL: IF mkeh\b_B THEN hi_jZlhjuB; —\_l\v 1 ELSIFmkeh\b_B THEN hi_jZlhju; —\_l\v ELSIF ELSE hi_jZlhjBn -hi_jZlhjuZevl_jgZlb\uEND IF; H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_qlhhi_jZlhj^hihegbl_evgh]h\_l\e_gbydh^bjm _lky dexq_\uf keh\hf ELSIF Z g_ ELSEIF, dZd bgh]^Z ij_^iheZ]Zxl g_ hq_gv\gbfZl_evgu_ihevah\Zl_eb JZkkfhljbf ijbf_j beexkljbjmxsbc f_oZgbaf \_l\e_gby \ ijh ]jZffZogZ PL/SQL.Ijh]jZffZ\u\h^blkhh[s_gb_hijbgZ^e_`ghklbx g_ dhlhjhfm bgl_j\Zem >ey \\h^Z ^Zgguo bkihevam_lky klZg^Zjlgh_ kh]eZr_ gb_ PL/SQL:i_j_f_ggZybfydhlhjhcij_^\Zjy_lkyagZdhf "&",\\h^blkyk l_jfbgZeZihevah\Zl_ey

16

IJBF?J SQL> DECLARE --\oh^ - x-i_j_f_ggZygZ\oh^_ \uoh^ - Text1,Text2,Text3-kljhdb^ey\u\h^Z 2 x NUMBER; --i_j_f_ggZy 3 Textl VARCHAR2(30) := I_j_f_ggZy>= 10 '; 4 Text2 VARCHAR2(30) := I_j_f_ggZy\^bZihahg_hl^h '; 5 Text3 VARCHAR2(30) := I_j_f_ggZy<= 0 '; 6 --Bkihegbl_evguc[ehd 7 BEGIN 8 x := &lnput_Data; 9 DBMS_OUTPUT . PUT_LINE ( ‘ ‘); 10 IF (x > 10) 11 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Textl); 12 ELSIF (x < 0) 13 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE ( Text2 ) ; 14 END IF; 15 END; 16 / HI?J:LHJPBDE: Hj]ZgbaZpbypbdeZhnhjfey_lky\ijh]jZff_gZPL/SQLhi_jZlhjhf LOOP. DECLARE 2 Arg NUMBER; --I_j_f_ggZy^ey\uqbke_gbynZdlhjbZeZ 3 I NUMBER; --I_j_f_ggZy-kq_lqbd 4 Limit NUMBER := 1000000000; --=jZgbqgh_agZq_gb_ 5 Textl VARCHAR2(80) :== NZdlhjbZeqbkeZ\i_j\u_ij_\urZxsbc 1 000 000 000 '; 6 --Bkihegbl_evguc[ehd 7 BEGIN 8 I :=l; 9 Arg := 1; 10 LOOP

17

11 EXIT WHEN ARG > Limit; 12 I :=I+1; 13 Arg := Arg* I; 14 END LOOP; 15 DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE ( Textl ) ; 16 DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE ( TO_CHAR ( Arg ) ) ; 17 DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE (‘Bkdhfh_ qbkeh = ‘ II TO_CHAR(I) ); 18 END; 19 / ?s_h^gbfjZkijhkljZg_gguf\ZjbZglhfhj]ZgbaZpbbpbdeZy\ey_lky pbde mijZ\ey_fuc dexq_\uf keh\hf WHILE. MijZ\e_gb_ lbiZ WHILE h[_ki_qb\Z_l \uiheg_gb_ pbdeZ ^h l_o ihj, ihdZ mkeh\b_ hij_^_e_ggh_ dexq_\ufkeh\hfWHILE,y\ey_lkybklbgguf (TRUE).Fh^bnbpbjm_fij_ ^u^msbcijbf_jbaf_gb\dhgklZglmbaZ^Z\mkeh\b_\uoh^ZbapbdeZdex q_\ufkeh\hf WHILE. IJBF?J 4.1.2.2. SQL> DECLARE 2 Arg NUMBER; --I_j_f_ggZy^ey\uqbke_gbynZdlhjbZeZ 3 I NUMBER; --I_j_f_ggZy-kq_lqbd 4 Limit NUMBER := 1000000000000; --=jZgbqgh_agZq_gb_ 5 Textl VARCHAR2(80) := NZdlhjbZeqbkeZ\i_j\u_ij_\urZxsbc 1 000 000 000 000 '; 6 --Bkihegbl_evguc[ehd 7 BEGIN 8 I:=l; 9 Arg := 1; 10 WHILE Arg < 1000000000000 LOOP 11 I:=I+1; 12 Arg := Arg* I; 13 END LOOP; 14 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Textl); 15 DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE ( TO_CHAR ( Arg ) ) ; 16 DBMS_OUTPUT .PUT_LINE ('Bkdhfh_ qbkeh = II TO_CHAR(I) ); 17 END; 18 / NZdlhjbZeqbkeZ,\i_j\u_ij_\urZxsbc1 000 000 000 000 10461394944000 Bkdhfh_ qbkeh = 15 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. PbdemijZ\ey_fuchi_jZlhjhf FOR,bkihevam_lky\lhfkemqZ_dh]^Z lhqghba\_klghkdhevdhjZagm`gh\uihegylvbl_jZpbxpbdeZJZkkfhljbf ijbf_j jZkq_lZ nZdlhjbZeZ aZ^Zggh]h qbkeZ H[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_ qlh i_j_ f_ggmxpbdeZhibku\Zlv\[ehd_ DECLAREg_gm`gh

18

IJBF?J 4.1.2.3. SQL> DECLARE 2 Arg NUMBER := 1; --I_j_f_ggZy^ey\uqbke_gbynZdlhjbZeZ 3 Limit NUMBER := 20; --=jZgbqgh_agZq_gb_ 4 Textl VARCHAR2(30) := NZdlhjbZeqbkeZ20 = '; 5 -- Bkihegbl_evguc [ehd 6 BEGIN 7 FOR I IN 1.. Limit LOOP 8 Arg := Arg* I; 9 END LOOP; 10 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Textl I I TO_CHAR ( Arg ) ) ; 11 END; 12 / 4Hi_jZlhj GOTO Hi_jZlhj i_j_oh^Z GOTO iha\hey_l hkms_kl\blv i_j_oh^ ih f_ld_ ijbkmlkl\mxs_c\l_e_ijh]jZffuKihfhsvxmgbdZevgh]hb^_glbnbdZlh jZ aZdexq_ggh]h \ ^\hcgu_ m]eh\u_kdh[dbfh`ghihf_lblvex[mxqZklv ijh]jZffu PL/SQL^eyhj]ZgbaZpbb[_amkeh\gh]hi_j_oh^Zihf_ld_

Dmjkhju

Dexq_\uf ihgylb_f yaudZ PL/SQL y\ey_lky dmjkhj Dmjkhj — wlh ih bf_gh\Zgguc aZijhk kh^_j`Zsbc g_dhlhjh_ nbdkbjh\Zggh_ qbkeh kljhd \ \u[hjd_ QZs_ \k_]h dmjkhj kh^_j`bl ^Zggu_ h^ghc kljhdb \u[bjZ_fhc lZ[ebpu Ih kms_kl\m dmjkhj y\ey_lky hdghf q_j_a dhlhjh_ ihevah\Zl_ev ihemqZ_l ^hklmi d bgnhjfZpbb [Zau ^Zgguo Dmjkhju \ qZklghklb fh]ml bkihevah\Zlvky ^ey ijbk\Zb\Zgby dhgdj_lguo agZq_gbc i_j_f_gguf ijh ]jZffu JZkkfhljbfijbf_j^hklmiZdbgnhjfZpbbojZgbfhc\[Za_^Zgguok bkihevah\Zgb_fdmjkhjh\Imklv\[Za_^ZgguoojZgblkylZ[ebpZ LECTURE, CREATE TABLE LECTURE knhjfbjh\ZggZy ij_^eh`_gbyfb (LECTURE_ID NUMBER, SURNAME VARCHAR2(30), NAME VARCHAR2(10), CITY VARCHAR2(30), UNIV_ID NUMBER); INSERT INTO LECTURE VALUES (1, 'B\Zgh\', 'B\Zg

OPEN Curl; set serveroutput on; SQL> set echo on; SQL> set termout on; SQL> DECLARE 2 Argl NUMBER; -- I_j_f_ggZy ^ey i_j\h]h Zj]mf_glZ 3 Arg2 VARCHAR2(30); --I_j_f_ggZy^ey \lhjh]hZj]mf_glZ 4 Arg3 VARCHAR2(10); --I_j_f_ggZy^ey lj_lv_]hZj]mf_glZ 5 Arg4 VARCHAR2(30); --I_j_f_ggZy^ey q_l\_jlh]hZj]mf_glZ 6 Arg5 NUMBER; --I_j_f_ggZy^ey iylh]hZj]mf_glZ 7 Cursor Curl IS SELECT * FROM LECTURE; --Hij_^_e_gb_ dmjkhjZ 8 BEGIN 9 Open Curl; --Dmjkhj^he`_g[ulvhldjul 10 FOR I IN 1 ..3 LOOP 11 FETCH Curl INTO Argl,Arg2; 12 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_CHAR(Argl) 13 END LOOP; 14 END; 15 / <^Zgghcijh]jZff_g_m^ZqghmijZ\e_gb_kq_lqbdhfihkdhevdmpbde gZkljh_ggZ ihemq_gb_dhgdj_lgh]hqbkeZkljhddhlhjuofh`_lbg_[ulv\ lZ[ebp_ < PL/SQL ^ey dmjkhjh\ ij_^mkfhlj_gu ki_pbZevgu_ f_lh^u %NOTFOUND b %FOUND,ijbgbfZxsb_ijhlb\hiheh`gu_[me_\kdb_agZ q_gby F_lh^ %oNOTFOUND \ha\jZsZ_l agZq_gb_ TRUE, _keb \u[hjdZ \ dmjkhjimklZylh_klvg_kh^_j`blkljhdbIhke_hldjulbydmjkhjZgh^h i_j\hc dhfZg^u FETCH, f_lh^u FOUND, %NOTFOUND ijbgbfZxl g_ hij_^_e_ggh_ agZq_gb_ (unknown) G_agZgb_ wlh]h nZdlZ fh`_l ijb\_klb d ^hklZlhqghjZkijhkljZg_gghchrb[d_Ijbhj]ZgbaZpbbpbdeZkbkihevah\Z gb_f hi_jZlhjZ WHILE b \uiheg_gb_f ijh\_jdb gZ bklbgghklv %FOUND gZ \oh^_ pbde g_ [m^_l \uiheg_g gb jZam g_kfhljy gZ gZebqb_ ^Zgguo \ lZ[ebp_ F_lh^ %ROWCOUNT \ha\jZrZ_l qbkeh kljhd \u[jZgguo ihke_ hldjulbydmjkhjZ 20

Ihe_agh_ k\hckl\h k\yaZgh k ih^^_j`dhc iSH^RiSH^HeHggRUR f_lh^Z %TYPE. Lbi i_j_f_gghc fh`_l [ulv hij_^_e_g dZd kh\iZ^Zxsbc k lbihf Zljb[mlZ g_dhlhjhc lZ[ebpu Ijb wlhf ihevah\Zl_ex g_ lj_[m_lky lhqgh]h agZgby lbiZ ^Zgguo Zljb[mlh\ aZibkb [he__ lh]h ijb hij_^_e_gguo baf_ g_gbyo\lbiZo^ZgguolZ[ebpuijh]jZffZhklZ_lkyjZ[hlhkihkh[ghc < PL/SQL ih^^_j`b\Z_l lbi ^Zgguo RECORD, dhlhjuc iha\hey_l kdhgkljmbjh\Zlv h[t_dl khhl\_lkl\mxsbc kljhd_ lZ[ebpu H[jZs_gb_ d we_f_glZf h[t_dlZ lbiZ RECORD hkms_kl\ey_lky k ihfhsvx ghlZpbb bfy_h[v_dlZbfy_we_f_glZ K mq_lhf ^hihegbl_evguo h[t_dlh\ b f_lh^h\ PL/SQL jZkkfhljbf gh\uc \ZjbZgl ijh]jZffu \u[hjdb kljhd lZ[ebpu LECTURE c bkihevah\Zgb_f dmjkhjh\ H[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_ gZ ih\lhjguc \u\h^ ihke_^g_c kljhdb IhiulZcl_kv bkijZ\blv hj]ZgbaZpbx pbdeZ ^ey mkljZg_gbyih\lhjgh]h\u\h^Z IJBF?J 4.2.2. SQL> set serveroutput on; SQL> set echo on; SQL> set tennout on; SQL> DECLARE 2 TYPE Tabl_rec_type IS RECORD -- Hij_^_e_gb_ gh\h]h lbiZ ^Zgguo 3 (Argl LECTURE. LECTURE _ID%TYPE, -- I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ LECTURE_ID lZ[ebpu LECTURE 4 Arg2 LECTURE .SURNAME%TYPE, -- I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ SURNAME lZ[ebpu LECTURE 5 Arg3 LECTURE.NAME%TYPE , -- I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ NAME lZ[ebpu LECTURE 6 Arg4 LECTURE.CITY%TYPE , --I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ CITY lZ[ebpu LECTURE 7 Arg5 LECTURE.UNIV_ID%TYPE); -- I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ UNIV_ID lZ[ebpu LECTURE 8 TZb1B]_k Tabl_rec_type; --Hij_^_e_gb_h[t_dlZkdhgkljmbjh\Zggh]h lbiZ 9 Cursor Curl IS SELECT * FROM LECTURE; --Hij_^_e_gb_ dmjkhjZ 10 BEGIN 11 Open Curl; --Dmjkhj^he`_g[ulvhldjul 12 FETCH Curl INTO Tabl_rec; 13 LOOP 14 EXIT WHEN (Curl%NOTFOUND); 15 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Curl%ROWCOUNT II' 'IITabl_rec. Arg2 II' 'IITabl_rec.Arg3 II' 'IITabl_rec.Arg4); 16 FETCH Curl INTO Tabl_rec; 17 END LOOP; 21

18 END; 19 / Hi_jZlhj hij_^_e_gby dmjkhjZ fh`_l kh^_j`Zlv iZjZf_ljbq_kdbc aZ ijhkAgZq_gbyiZjZf_ljZaZ^ZxlkyijbhldjulbbdmjkhjZ JZkkfhljbfijbf_j\u[hjdb^ZgguokiZjZf_ljbq_kdbfaZijhkhfb hj ]ZgbaZpb_cpbdeZbkdexqZxs_cih\lhjguc\u\h^ihke_^g_ckljhdb IJBF?J 4.2.3. SQL> DECLARE 2 TYPE Tabl_rec_type IS RECORD -- Hij_^_e_gb_ gh\h]h lbiZ ^Zgguo 3 (Argl LECTURE. LECTURE _ID%TYPE, -- I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ LECTURE_ID lZ[ebpu LECTURE 4 Arg2 LECTURE .SURNAME%TYPE, -- I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ SURNAME lZ[ebpu LECTUR 5 Arg3 LECTURE.NAME%TYPE , -- I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ NAME lZ[ebpu LECTURE 6 Arg4 LECTURE.CITY%TYPE , --I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ CITY lZ[ebpu LECTURE 7 Arg5 LECTURE.UNIV_ID%TYPE); -- I_j_f_ggZy lbiZ Zljb[mlZ UNIV_ID lZ[ebpu LECTURE 8 TZb1B]_k Tabl_rec_type; --Hij_^_e_gb_h[t_dlZkdhgkljmbjh\Zggh]h lbiZ 9 Cursor Cur2(I NUMBER) IS SELECT * FROM LECTURE WHERE CITY ¶
4.3. H[jZ[hldZbkdexqbl_evguokblmZpbc

;hevrbgkl\h jZa\bluo yaudh\ ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby h[eZ^Zxl \kljh_g gufbf_oZgbafZfbh[jZ[hldbbkdexqbl_evguokblmZpbcKhhl\_lkl\mxsb_ yaudh\u_kj_^kl\Zij_^mkfhlj_gub\ PL/SQL.Ijb\hagbdgh\_gbb\kbkl_ f_ ij_^hij_^_e_gghc beb hibkZgghc ihevah\Zl_e_f kblmZpbb ijhbkoh^bl Z\lhfZlbq_kdZyi_j_^ZqZmijZ\e_gby\gm`gucnjZ]f_gl[ehdZ EXCEPTION ijh]jZffu gZ PL/SQL, ]^_ b ijhbkoh^bl ij_^mkfhlj_ggZy h[jZ[hldZ \ha gbdr_cbkdexqbl_evghckblmZpbb 22

G_dhlhju_ ij_^hij_^_e_ggu_ bkdexqbl_evgu_ kblmZpbb PL/SQL ij_^klZ\e_gu \ lZ[ebp_. Iheguc i_j_q_gv bkdexqbl_evguo kblmZpbc fh `_l[ulvgZc^_g\jmdh\h^kl\_ihyaudm PL/SQL. Kbf\hebq_kdh_bfyij_^hij_^_e_gghc HibkZgb_ ij_^hij_^_e_gghcbk bkdexqbl_evghckblmZpbb dexqbl_evghckblmZpbb LOGIN_DENIED

G_mki_rgh_ ih^dexq_gb_ d k_j\_jm gZijbf_j \\_^_g hrb[hqguc iZ jhev

NOT_LOGGED_ON

IhiuldZ \uihegblv ^_ckl\b_ [_a ih^dexq_gbyd k_j\_jm Oracle

INVALID_CURSOR

KkuedZgZg_^himklbfucdmjkhjbeb g_^himklbfZyhi_jZpbykdmjkhjhf

1

2

NO_DATA_FOUND

G_ gZc^_gu ^Zggu_ khhl\_lkl\mx sb_hi_jZlhjm SELECT INTO

DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX

IhiuldZ\klZ\blvagZq_gb_-^m[ebdZl \ klhe[_p k h]jZgbq_gb_f gZ mgb dZevghklvagZq_gby

TOO_MANY_ROWS

Hi_jZlhj SELECT INTO \ha\jZsZ_l [he__h^ghckljhdb\i_j_f_ggmx

VALUE_ERROR

:jbnf_lbq_kdZy hrb[dZ hrb[dZ ij_h[jZah\Zgbybebmk_q_gbb

JZkkfhljbf ijbf_jijh]jZffukh[jZ[hldhcbkdexqbl_evguokblmZ pbc DECLARE 2 Argl LECTURE. LECTURE _ID%TYPE; 3 Arg2 LECTURE .SURNAME%TYPE; 4 Arg3 LECTURE.NAME%TYPE ; 5 Arg4 LECTURE.CITY%TYPE; 6 Arg5 LECTURE.UNIV_ID%TYPE; 7 Cursor Curl IS SELECT * FROM LECTURE; 23

8 BEGIN 9 FETCH Curl INTO Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4, Arg5; 10 WHILE Cur1%FOUND LOOP 11 FETCH Curl INTO Arg1, Arg2, Arg3, Arg4, Arg5; 12 END LOOP; 13 EXCEPTION 14 WHEN INVALID_CURSOR THEN 15 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Hrb[dZ ijbeh`_gby. Hehldjuldmjkhj ' ) ; 16 END; 17 / Hrb[dZijbeh`_gby Hehldjuldmjkhj >ey h[jZ[hldb bkdexqbl_evguo kblmZpbc g_ \oh^ysbo \ i_j_q_gv klZg^Zjlguo fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ci_pbZevguc h[jZ[hlqbd PL/SQL OTHERSbebhibkZlvihevah\Zl_evkdmx bkdexqbl_evgmxkblmZpbxbaZijh ]jZffbjh\Zlv __ h[jZ[hldm Dexq_\h_ keh\h OTHERS [ehdZ EXCEPTION hij_^_ey_l f_oZgbaf mgb\_jkZevghc h[jZ[hldb bkdexqbl_evguo kblmZpbc g_\hr_^rbo\kibkhdkblmZpbch[jZ[Zlu\Z_fuoy\gh \[ehd_ EXCEPTION. <\_^_f\l_dklijh]jZffuaZij_s_ggmxhi_jZpbx^_e_gbygZghevbh[jZ [hlZ_f^Zggmxbkdexqbl_evgmxkblmZpbx\kibkd_ OTHERS.GZkZfhf^_ e_ \ Oracle ij_^hij_^_e_gZ bkdexqbl_evgZy kblmZpby ZERO_DIVIDE, gh \ ^Zgghf ijbf_j_ wlh g_ \Z`gh Z \Z`gh lh qlh __ g_l \ kibkd_ [ehdZ EXCEPTION.) IJBF?J 4.3.2. SQL> DECLARE 2 Argl LECTURE. LECTURE _ID%TYPE; 3 Arg2 LECTURE .SURNAME%TYPE; 4 Arg3 LECTURE.NAME%TYPE ; 5 Arg4 LECTURE.CITY%TYPE; 6 Arg5 LECTURE.UNIV_ID%TYPE; 7 Cursor Curl IS SELECT * FROM LECTURE; 8 Arg6 NUMBER := 1; 9 BEGIN 10 Arg6 := Arg6/0. 0; 11 WHILE Curl%FOUND LOOP 12 FETCH Curl INTO Argl,Arg2,Arg3, Arg4, Arg5; 13 END LOOP; 14 EXCEPTION 15 WHEN INVALID_CURSOR THEN 16 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( 'Hrb[dZ ijbeh`_gby. Hehldjul dmjkhj 24

17 WHEN OTHERS THEN 18 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Hrb[dZ ijbeh`_gby. He^bZ]ghklb jh\ZggZyhrb[dZ 19 END; 20 / Bkdexqbl_evgZykblmZpbyhij_^_ey_fZyihevah\Zl_e_f^he`gZ[ulv hibkZgZ\[ehd_DECLARE ijh]jZffuBkihevam_lkyke_^mxsbckbglZdkbk hibkZgbybkdexqbl_evghckblmZpbb BfyBbkdexqbl_evghcBkblmZpbbEXCEPTION; < ijh]jZff_ mkeh\b_ \hagbdgh\_gby bkdexqbl_evghc kblmZpbb hij_^_ey_lky klZg^Zjlgufb kj_^kl\Zfb h[uqgh hi_jZlhjZfb IF …THEN. Ihke_h[gZjm`_gbymkeh\bc\hagbdgh\_gbybkdexqbl_evghckblmZpbbhgZ ]_g_jbjm_lkyhi_jZlhjhfRAISEdhlhjucbf__lke_^mxrbckbglZdkbk RAISE BfyBbkdexqbl_evghckblmZpbb Hi_jZlhj RAISE ]_g_jbjm_l bkdexqbl_evgmx kblmZpbx b i_j_^Z_l mijZ\e_gb_ gZ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc h[jZ[hlqbd bkdexqbl_evghc kblmZpbb dhlhjuc hij_^_eg \ [ehd_ EXCEPTION. < dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ \ jheb bkdexqbl_evghc kblmZpbb jZkkfhljbf ij_\ur_gb_ agZq_gby Argl ihjh]Z jZ\gh]h IJBF?J 4.3.3. SQL> DECLARE 2 Argl LECTURE. LECTURE _ID%TYPE; 3 Arg2 LECTURE .SURNAME%TYPE; 4 Arg3 LECTURE.NAME%TYPE ; 5 Arg4 LECTURE.CITY%TYPE; 6 Arg5 LECTURE.UNIV_ID%TYPE; 7 Special_case EXCEPTION; -- Ihevah\Zl_evkdZybkdexqbl_evgZykb lmZpby 8 Cursor Curl IS SELECT * FROM LECTURE ; 9 BEGIN 10 OPEN Curl; 11 FETCH Curl INTO Argl,Arg2,Arg3, Arg4, Arg5; 12 WHILE Curl%FOUND LOOP 13 FETCH Curl INTO Argl,Arg2,Arg3, Arg4, Arg5; 14 IF Argl > 20 15 THEN RAISE Special_case; 16 END IF; 17 END LOOP; 18 EXCEPTION 19 WHEN Special_case THEN 20 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Ihevah\Zl_evkdZy 25

Bkdexqbl_evgZykblmZpby’); 21 WHEN OTHERS THEN 22 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Orb[dZ ijbeh`_gby . He^b Z]ghklbjh\ZggZyhrb[dZ ); 23 END; 24 / AZ^Zgb_ 1. K^_eZlv\u[hjdmbalZ[ebpuSTUDENT kbkihevah\Zgb_fdmjkhjZbpbd eZ k f_lh^hf FOUND ^ey ihemq_gby ^Zgguo h klm^_glZo `b\msbo \ Fhkd\_ 2. K^_eZlv\u[hjdmbalZ[ebpu SUBJECT kbkihevah\Zgb_fdmjkhjZbpbd eZkf_lh^hfFOUND ^eyihemq_gby^Zgguohij_^f_lZo\h-hfk_f_ klj_ 3. K^_eZlv\u[hjdmbalZ[ebpu UNIVERSITY kbkihevah\Zgb_fdmjkhjZb pbdeZ k f_lh^hf FOUND ^ey ihemq_gby ^Zgguo h[ mgb\_jkbl_lZo k j_clbg]hf[hevrbf 4. K^_eZlv\u[hjdmbalZ[ebpu EXAM_MARKS kbkihevah\Zgb_fdmjkhjZ bpbdeZkf_lh^hfFOUND ^eyihemq_gby^Zgguo h[wdaZf_gZok^Zg guo\^Zggmx^Zlm 5. K^_eZlv \u[hjdm ba lZ[ebpu SUBJ_LECT k bkihevah\Zgb_f dmjkhjZ b pbdeZkf_lh^hfFOUND ^eyihemq_gby^Zgguohij_ih^Z\Zl_eyoqb lZxsboij_^f_lk^Zggufghf_jhf

4.4. Kha^Zgb_ihevah\Zl_evkdboijhp_^mjbnmgdpbc Ijhp_^mjubnmgdpbb —wlhh[t_dlu[Zau^Zgguob ke_^h\Zl_evghhgb kha^ZxlkydhfZg^hc CREATEbmgbqlh`ZxlkydhfZg^hc DROP.Ijbkha^Z gbbijhp_^mjubnmgdpbb ^he`gu[ulvhij_^_e_gubfyh[t_dlZi_j_q_gv b lbi iZjZf_ljh\ b eh]bdZ jZ[hlu ijhp_^mju beb nmgdpbb hibkZggu_ gZ yaud_ PL/SQL Qlh[ukha^Zlvijhp_^mjmbebnmgdpbxg_h[oh^bfh bf_lvkbkl_fgu_ ijb\be_]bb CREATE PROCEDURE.>ey cha^Zgby ijhp_^mju nmgdpbb beb iZd_lZ\ko_f_hlebqghc hl l_dms_c ko_fu ihevah\Zl_ey lj_[mxlky kbk l_fgu_ijb\be_]bb CREATE ANY PROCEDURE. Ihke_hij_^_e_gbybf_gb gh\hcijhp_^mjubebnmgdpbbg_h[oh^bfhaZ^Zlv__bf_gZlbiub\b^uiZ jZf_ljh\ >ey dZ`^h]h iZjZf_ljZ ^he`_g [ulv mdZaZg h^bg ba \b^h\ iZjZ f_ljZ — IN, OUTbeb IN OUT.
gbyiZjZf_ljZ\ijhp_kk_jZ[hluijhp_^mjulh_klviZjZf_lj\b^ZHUL — wlh \ha\jZsZ_fuc iZjZf_lj IZjZf_lj IN OUT — wlh iZjZf_lj dhlhjhfm ijb\uah\_^he`gh[ulvijbk\h_ghagZq_gb_dhlhjh_fh`_l[ulvbaf_g_gh \ l_e_ ijhp_^mju IZjZf_lju ijhp_^mj beb nmgdpbc bf_xl \b^u ijbk\h _ggu_ihmfheqZgbx >hihegbl_evghdhij_^_e_gbyfg_h[oh^bfuf^eyijhp_^mju\hij_ ^_e_gbb nmgdpbb ^he`_g [ulv mdZaZg lbi ^Zgguo _^bgkl\_ggh]h \ha\jZ sZ_fh]hnmgdpb_cagZq_gby CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE InsRec 2 (Argl IN NUMBER, Arg2 IN NUMBER) 3 AS 4 Coeff CONSTANT NUMBER := 0.5; 5 BEGIN 6 INSERT INTO SUBJ_LECT VALUES (Coeff*Argl, Coeff*Arg2 ); 7 END; 8/ Bkiheg_gb_kha^Zgghcijhp_^mju InsRecfh`_l[ulv\uiheg_ghhi_jZ

27

lhjhf?O?KyaudZ PL/SQL.Ihke_^mxsZy\u[hjdZbalZ[ebpuSUBJ_LECT beexkljbjm_lbaf_g_gby\[Za_^Zgguohkms_kl\e_ggu_\uah\hfijhp_^m ju InsRec. SQL> exec InsRec (240,120); Qlh[u mlhqgblv \uy\e_ggu_ \ ijhp_kk_ kbglZdkbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ hrb[dbfh`gh\hkihevah\ZlvkydhfZg^hc PL/SQL SHOW ERRORS.WlZ dh fZg^Z ihdZau\Z_l hrb[db, h[gZjm`_ggu_ \ ijhp_kk_ \uiheg_gby CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE PACKAGE, CREATE PACKAGE BODY b CREATE TRIGGER. ?kebdhfZg^Z SHOW ERRORSbk ihevam_lky[_aiZjZf_ljh\lh\ha\jZsZxlkyhrb[dbihke_^g_cdhfibebjh \Zgghcijhp_^mjunmgdpbbiZd_lZl_eZiZd_lZbebljb]]_jZ JZkkfhljbfijbf_jh[gZjm`_gbybbkijZ\e_gbyhrb[db CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE InsRec 2 (Argl IN NUMBER, Arg2 IN NUMBER) 3 AS 4 Coeff CONSTANT NUMBER := 0.5; 5 BEGIN 6 Arg1:=Arg1 + 200; 7 INSERT INTO SUBJ_LECT VALUES (Coeff*Argl, Coeff*Arg2 ); 8 END; 9/ SQL> show errors Errors for PROCEDURE INSREC: LINE/COL ERROR 6/1 PLS-00363: expression 'ARGl' cannot be used as an assignment target 6/1 PL/SQL: Statement ignored GZihfgbf qlh nmgdpbb PL/SQL hlebqZxlky hl ijhp_^mj l_fqlh\ha \jZsZxl\\uau\Zxsmxkj_^magZq_gb_iZjZf_ljZ Hi_jZlhj hij_^_e_gby nmgdpbb Oracle bkihevam_l ke_^mxsbc kbglZd kbk CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION [bfyBko_fu]bfyBnmgdpbb [(bfyBiZjZf_ljZ [{IN I OUT I INOUT}] lbiB^Zgguo [bfyBiZjZf_ljZ [{IN I OUT I INOUT}] lbiBB^Zgguo ...])] RETURN lbi_^Zgguo {IS I AS} QSR]SDffDBQDB3/64/ HibkZgb_lbiZ^Zgguo^ey\ha\jZsZ_fh]hnmgdpb_cagZq_gbylj_[m 28

_lkyh[yaZl_evgh IjbhibkZgbbi_j_f_gguonmgdpbblZd`_dZdbijb hib kZgbbi_j_f_gguoijhp_^mjug_bkihevam_lkydexq_\h_ keh\h DECLARE. ;ehdhij_^_e_gby^ZgguogZqbgZ_lkykjZam ihke_dexq_\h]hkeh\Z ISbeb AS,ih\u[hjmihevah\Zl_ey JZkkfhljbfijbf_jkha^ZgbynmgdpbbdhlhjZy\uqbkey_lkmffmagZ q_gbc Zljb[mlh\ lZdbo qlh h^bg ba Zljb[mlh\ ihiZ^Z_l \ aZ^Zgguc iZjZ f_ljZfbnmgdpbbbgl_j\ZeImklvlZ[ebpZ knhjfbjh\ZgZij_^eh`_gb_f IJBF?J 4.4.3. SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION SumRecInt 2 (Argl IN NUMBER, Arg2 IN NUMBER) 3 RETURN NUMBER 4 AS 5 Sum_Var NUMBER := 0.0; 6 BEGIN 7 SELECT Sum(LECTURE_ID) INTO Sum_Var FROM SUBJ_LECT WHERE SUBJ_ID BETWEEN Argl AND Arg2; 8 RETURN Sum_Var; 9 END; 10 / Function created. ?keb oZjZdl_j bkihevah\Zgby ijbeh`_gbc baf_gbeky lh ^ey hk\h[h` ^_gby j_kmjkh\ [Zau ^Zgguo fh`_l ihlj_[h\Zlvky mgbqlh`blv ijhp_^mjm beb nmgdpbx < kh[kl\_gghc ko_f_ ihevah\Zl_ex g_ lj_[mxlky ^hihegb l_evgu_ijb\be_]bb^eymgbqlh`_gbyijhp_^mjubebnmgdpbb>eymgbqlh`_gby ijhp_^mju beb nmgdpbb \ ko_f_ ^jm]h]h ihevah\Zl_ey g_h[oh^bfh gZebqb_ijb\be_]bb DROP ANY PROCEDURE. >eymgbqlh`_gbyijhp_^mju Oraclebkihevam_lke_^mxsbckbglZdkbk DROP PROCEDURE [bfyBko_fu]bfyBijhp_^mju JZkkfhljbfijbf_jmgbqlh`_gbynmgdpbb Oracle. SQL > DROP FUNCTION SumRecInt Function dropped; AZ^Zgb_ 2 1. HibkZlvijhp_^mjmdhlhjZyaZghkbl^Zggu_\lZ[ebpm STUDENT \aZ\b kbfhklbhliZjZf_ljh\ijhp_^mju\ua\Zlvwlmijhp_^mjm 2. HibkZlv ijhp_^mjm dhlhjZy aZghkbl ^Zggu_ \ lZ[ebpu STUDENT b EXAM_MARKSkkh[ex^_gb_fkkuehqghcp_ehklghklb\hkihevah\Zlvky _c\aZ\bkbfhklbhliZjZf_ljh\ 3. HibkZlv ijhp_^mjm dhlhjZy aZghkbl ^Zggu_ \ lZ[ebpu STUDENT b SUBJECT k kh[ex^_gb_f kkuehqghc p_ehklghklb \hkihevah\Zlvky _c \ aZ\bkbfhklbhliZjZf_ljh\ 29

4. HibkZlv ijhp_^mjm dhlhjZy aZghkbl ^Zggu_ \ lZ[ebpu STUDENT b UNIVERSITYkkh[ex^_gb_fkkuehqghcp_ehklghklb\hkihevah\Zlvky_c \aZ\bkbfhklbhliZjZf_ljh\ 5. HibkZlvijhp_^mjmdhlhjZyaZghkbl^Zggu_\lZ[ebpmLECTURE \aZ\b kbfhklbhliZjZf_ljh\ijhp_^mju\ua\Zlvwlmijhp_^mjm 6. HibkZlv b \ua\Zlv nmgdpbx dhlhjZy \uqbkey_l kmffm [Zeeh\ ^ey klm^_glh\ ghf_jZ dhlhjuo gZoh^ylky \ aZ^Zgghf bgl_j\Ze_ \ lZ[ebp_ EXAM_MARKS. 7. HibkZlv b \ua\Zlv nmgdpbx dhlhjZy \uqbkey_l kmffm [Zeeh\ \ g_dhlhjuc^_gvih^Zgghfmij_^f_lm\lZ[ebp_EXAM_MARKS. 8. HibkZlv b \ua\Zlv nmgdpbx dhlhjZy \uqbkey_l ^ey klm^_glh\ ghf_jZ dhlhjuogZoh^ylky\^Zgghf^bZihahg_fZdkbfZevguc[ZeeihaZ^Zgghfm ij_^f_lmkg_dhlhjufghf_jhf \lZ[ebp_EXAM_MARKS. 9. HibkZlv b \ua\Zlv nmgdpbx dhlhjZy hij_^_ey_l ^ey klm^_glh\ k aZ^Zgghc nZfbeb_c kmffm [Zeeh\ ih aZ^Zgghfm ij_^f_lm \ lZ[ebp_ EXAM_MARKS.

4.5. IZd_lu PL/SQL Ijhp_^mjunmgdpbbb]eh[Zevgu_i_j_f_ggu_h[t_^bg_ggu_h[sbf nmgdpbhgZevguf aZfukehf qZklh hnhjfeyxl \ \b^__^bgh]hh[t_dlZ[Zau ^Zgguo — iZd_lZHkh[_gghklvxiZd_lh\PL/SQLy\ey_lkyjZa^_evgZydhf ibeypby b ojZg_gb_ bgl_jn_ckghc b bkihegbl_evghc qZkl_c iZd_lZ IZd_l dZdh[t_dlkhklhblba^\moqZkl_cki_pbnbdZpbbiZd_lZbl_eZiZd_lZ< ki_pbnbdZpbbiZd_lZojZgblkyhibkZgb_ijhp_^mjnmgdpbc]eh[Zevguoi_ j_f_gguo dhgklZgl b dmjkhjh\ dhlhju_ ^hklmigu ^ey \g_rgbo ijbeh`_ gbc < l_e_ iZd_lZ hij_^_eyxlky \k_ ijhp_^mju nmgdpbb b i_j_f_ggu_ \dexqZy l_ dhlhju_ g_ [ueb hij_^_e_gu \ ki_pbnbdZpbb iZd_lZ Ijhp_^mjunmgdpbbbi_j_f_ggu_hij_^_e_ggu_\l_e_iZd_lZghg_hibkZggu_ \_]hki_pbnbdZpbby\eyxlkyehdZevgufb
30

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE [bfy_ko_fu.]bfy_iZd_lZ {IS I AS} ki_pbnbdZpbyBiZd_lZBgZBPL/SQL Dexq_\h_ keh\h OR REPLACE mdZau\Z_l gZ [_amkeh\gh_ aZf_s_gb_ klZjh]hl_dklZki_pbnbdZpbbiZd_lZ?kebdexq_\h_keh\h OR REPLACEg_ mdZaZghbiZd_lhij_^_e_g\kbkl_f_lhaZf_s_gbyklZjh]hagZq_gbyki_pb nbdZpbbiZd_lZg_ijhbkoh^blb\ha\jZsZ_lkykhh[s_gb_h[hrb[d_Ki_ pbnbdZpbyiZd_lZgZqbgZ_lkykhibkZgbydhgklZglbi_j_f_gguoIjbhib kZgbbi_j_f_gguoiZd_lZdexq_\h_keh\h DECLAREg_bkihevam_lky JZkkfhljbfijbf_jkha^Zgbyki_pbnbdZpbbiZd_lZdhlhjZykhklhbl bahibkZgbydhgklZglunmgdpbbbijhp_^mju IJBF?J 4.5.1. SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE PAC 2 AS 3 PAC_CONST CONSTANT NUMBER := 20; 4 FUNCTION MUL(Argl NUMBER, Arg2 NUMBER) 5 RETURN NUMBER; 6 PROCEDURE AUDIT; 7 END; 8/ Hi_jZlhjhij_^_e_gbybkihegbl_evghcqZklbl_eZ iZd_lZ Oraclebk ihevam_lke_^mxsbckbglZdkbk CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE BODY [bfyBko_fu]bfyBiZd_lZ {IS I AS} FQHpbnbdZpbyBQDdHPDBgDB3/64/ Dexq_\h_ keh\h OR REPLACE mdZau\Z_l gZ [_amkeh\gh_ aZf_s_gb_ klZjh]hl_dklZl_eZiZd_lZ?kebdexq_\h_ ; keh\h OR REPLACEg_mdZaZgh biZd_lhij_^_e_g\kbkl_f_lhaZf_s_gbyklZjh]hagZq_gbyl_eZiZd_lZg_ ijhbkoh^blb\ha\jZsZ_lkykhh[s_gb_h[hrb[d_ Hij_^_e_gb_ l_eZ iZd_lZ gZqbgZ_lky k hibkZgby dhgklZgl b i_j_f_g guoDhgklZglubi_j_f_ggu_hibkZggu_\ki_pbnbdZpbbiZd_lZy\eyxlky ]eh[Zevgufb b \ l_e_ iZd_lZ ih\lhjgh g_ hibku\Zxlky IjbhibkZgbbdhg klZglbi_j_f_gguoiZd_lZdexq_\h_keh\h DECLAREg_bkihevam_lky JZkkfhljbfijbf_jkha^Zgbyl_eZiZd_lZki_pbnbdZpbydhlhjh]hijb \_^_gZ\ur_.ImklvnmgdpbyiZd_lZ MUL\uihegy_lmfgh`_gb_Zj]mf_glh\ gZdhgklZglmiZd_lZZijhp_^mjZ AUDITnbdkbjm_lnZdlh[jZs_gbydnmgd pbb MULaZibkvx\lZ[ebpmagZq_gbykq_lqbdZh[jZs_gbcbl_dms_c^Zlu Ij_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh lZ[ebpZ TabAUD k khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb lbiZfb ^Zgguo 31

Zljb[mlh\dfhf_glmkha^Zgbyl_eZiZd_lZkha^ZgZIjhlhdhekha^Zgbyl_eZ iZd_lZijb\_^_ggb`_ IjbhibkZgbbnmgdpbcbijhp_^mjiZd_lZ\hlebqb_hlhibkZgbch^b ghqguonmgdpbcbijhp_^mjhi_jZlhj CREATEg_bkihevam_lky IJBF?J 4.5.2. SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY PAC 2 AS 3 PAC_COUNT NUMBER := 0; 4 FUNCTION MUL(Argl NUMBER, Arg2 NUMBER) 5 RETURN NUMBER IS 6 BEGIN 7 AUDIT; 8 RETURN Arg1* PAC_CONST + Arg2*PAC_CONST; 9 END; 10 PROCEDURE AUDIT IS 11 BEGIN 12 PAC_COUNT := PAC_COUNT + 1; 13 INSERT INTO TabAUD VALUES ( PAC_COUNT, SYSDATE ) ; 14 COMMIT; 15 END; 16 END; 17 / Package body created. DhgklZglZbebi_j_f_ggZyhibkZggZy\ki_pbnbdZpbbiZd_lZfh`_l [ulv ^hklmigZ ba ihevah\Zl_evkdhc ijh]jZffu dhg_qgh _keb ijhp_^mj_ bebnmgdpbblZdhc^hklmijZaj_r_g Qlh[uh[jZlblvkyd]eh[Zevghci_j_ f_gghcbebdhgklZgl_iZd_lZgm`ghmdZaZlv\dZq_kl\_ij_nbdkZbfyiZd_ lZ Gb`_ ijb\_^_g ijbf_j beexkljbjmxsbc \hafh`ghklv ^hklmiZ d ]eh [Zevghc dhgklZgl_ iZd_lZ b g_\hafh`ghklv ^hklmiZ d qZklghc i_j_f_gghc iZd_lZ SQL>EXEC DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(PAC.PAC_CONST); 20.0 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL>EXEC DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ( PAC.PAC_COUNT ) ; begin dbms_output.put_line (pac. pac_count) ; end; ERROR at line 1; 32

ORA-06550: line I, column 34: PLS-00302: component 'PAC_COUNT' must be declared ORA-06550: line I, column 7: PL/SQL: Statement ignored Qlh[u\ua\Zlvijhp_^mjmbebnmgdpbxiZd_lZ\\uah\_gm`ghmdZaZlv \dZq_kl\_ij_nbdkZbfyiZd_lZ EXEC DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(PAC.MUL(lll,222)); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. Ijb bkihevah\Zgbb i_j_f_gguo iZd_lZ bgbpbZebaZpby ehdZevguo i_ j_f_gguo iZd_lZ ijhbkoh^bl ijb aZimkd_ k_j\_jZ Oracle. < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ ihke_ hklZgh\Z b ih\lhjgh]h aZimkdZ k_j\_jZ kq_lqbd h[jZs_gbc PAC_COUNT[m^_lmklZgh\e_g\gme_\h_khklhygb_?kebihkfukemj_rZ_ fhcaZ^Zqblj_[m_lkyg_aZ\bkbfh_hlhklZgh\h\k_j\_jZijbjZs_gb_kq_lqb dZfh`gh \hkihevah\ZlvkylZdbfh[t_dlhfdZdihke_^h\Zl_evghklv >eyhk\h[h`^_gbyj_kmjkh\k_j\_jZfh`_lihlj_[h\Zlvkymgbqlh`blv iZd_l < kh[kl\_gghc ko_f_ ihevah\Zl_ex g_ lj_[mxlky ^hihegbl_evgu_ ijb\be_]bb^eymgbqlh`_gbyiZd_lZ>eymgbqlh`_gbyiZd_lZ\ko_f_^jm]h ]hihevah\Zl_eyg_h[oh^bfZijb\be_]by DROP ANY PROCEDURE. >eymgbqlh`_gbyki_pbnbdZpbbiZd_lZbl_eZiZd_lZ Oraclebkihevam _lke_^mxsbckbglZdkbk DROP PACKAGE [BODY] [bfyBko_fu.]bfyBiZd_lZ G_h[yaZl_evgh_dexq_\h_keh\h BODYmdZau\Z_lqlh mgbqlh`Z_lkylhevdh l_ehiZd_lZ?kebdexq_\h_keh\h BODYhims_ghlhm^Zey_lkybki_pbnb dZpbybl_ehiZd_lZIZjZf_ljbfyBiZd_lZaZ^Z_lbfymgbqlh`Z_fh]hiZd_ lZIjbf_jmgbqlh`_gbyiZd_lZjZkkfZljb\Z_lkygb`_ SQL > DROP PACKAGE PAC; Package dropped, AZ^Zgb_ 1. Kha^ZlviZd_lkhklhysbcbanmgdpbbkiZjZf_ljZfbijhp_^mju[_aiZ jZf_ljh\ Nmgdpby ih^kqblu\Z_l dhebq_kl\h klm^_glh\ ihemqZxsbo klbi_g^bx aZ^Zggmx iZjZf_ljhf Ijhp_^mjZ ih^kqblu\Z_l dhebq_kl\h h[jZs_gbcdnmgdpbbbaZghkblwlhdhebq_kl\h\_ebqbgmklbi_g^bbdh ebq_kl\h klm^_glh\ ihemqZxsbo \ __ \gh\mxlZ[ebpmkha^ZggmxaZjZ g__ 2. Kha^ZlviZd_lkhklhysbcbanmgdpbbkiZjZf_ljZfbijhp_^mju[_aiZ jZf_ljh\Nmgdpbyih^kqblu\Z_ldhebq_kl\hklm^_glh\`b\msbo\]hjh ^_ aZ^Zgghf iZjZf_ljhf Ijhp_^mjZ ih^kqblu\Z_l dhebq_kl\h h[jZs_ gbc d nmgdpbb b aZghkbl wlh dhebq_kl\h gZa\Zgb_ ]hjh^Z dhebq_kl\h 33

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Ljb]]_ju[Zau^Zgguo Ljb]]_j[Zau^Zgguo —wlhijhp_^mjZ PL/SQL,dhlhjZyZ\lhfZlbq_kdb aZimkdZ_lkyijb\hagbdgh\_gbbhij_^_e_gguokh[ulbck\yaZgguok\uihe g_gb_fhi_jZpbc\klZ\dbm^Ze_gbybebfh^bnbdZpbb^ZgguolZ[ebpuKh [ulb_ mijZ\eyxs__ aZimkdhf ljb]]_jZ hibku\Z_lky \ \b^_eh]bq_kdbomk eh\bcDh]^Z\hagbdZ_lkh[ulb_khhl\_lkl\mxs__mkeh\byfljb]]_jZk_j\_j Oracle Z\lhfZlbq_kdb aZimkdZ_l ljb]]_j lh _klv bgl_jij_lbjm_l dh^ ijh ]jZffuljb]]_jZaZibkZggucgZyaud_ PL/SQL. H[uqgh ljb]]_ju bkihevamxl ^ey \uiheg_gby keh`guo ijh\_jhd h] jZgbq_gbc p_ehklghklb fgh]hZki_dlguo ijh\_jhd \uiheg_gby ijZ\be jZa ]jZgbq_gby^hklmiZbli Ljb]]_jaZimkdZ_lkyijb\uiheg_gbbh^ghcbalj_ohi_jZpbcbaf_g_ gbykh^_j`bfh]hlZ[ebpu INSERT, DELETEbeb UPDATE.Ljb]]_jfh`_l aZimkdZlvkybg_kdhevdbfbhi_jZlhjZfbghohly[uh^bghi_jZlhjbaljhcdb ^he`_g[ulvh[yaZl_evghmdZaZg\mkeh\bbaZimkdZljb]]_jZ?kebi_j_q_gv hi_jZlhjh\aZimkdZxsboljb]]_j\dexqZ_lhi_jZlhj UPDATE,lh^eymkeh \bckjZ[Zlu\Zgbyfh]ml[ulvmdZaZgudhgdj_lgu_baf_gy_fu_klhe[pu Dh^ljb]]_jZfh`_l\uihegylvkyeb[h^heb[hihke_l_ohi_jZlhjh\ 34

dhlhju_bgbpbbjh\ZebaZimkdljb]]_jZGZijbf_j_kebljb]]_jaZimkdZ_lky ^ey ijh\_jdb iheghfhqbcihevah\Zl_eygZijZ\h\uiheg_gbyhi_jZpbblh dhg_qghgm`ghbkihevah\Zlvljb]]_jkaZimkdhf^h\uiheg_gbyhi_jZpbbk dexq_\uf keh\hf BEFORE). ?keb ljb]]_j ijbf_gy_lky ^ey nhjfbjh\Zgby ^Zgguo^eyZm^blhjkdhcaZibkblhjZamfghbkihevah\Zlvljb]]_jkaZimkdhf ihke_\uiheg_gbyhi_jZpbb kdexq_\ufkeh\hf AFTER). Dh^ ljb]]_jZ fh`_l [ulv Zkkhpbbjh\Zg eb[hkhi_jZpb_cgZ^lZ[eb p_c\p_ehfeb[hkdZ`^hckljhdhcgZ^dhlhjhc\uihegy_lkyhi_jZpby< aZ\bkbfhklb hl wlh]h ljb]]_ju ih^jZa^_eyxl gZ hi_jZlhjgu_ ljb]]_ju b kljhqgu_ ljb]]_ju Hi_jZlhjgu_ ljb]]_ju h[uqgh bkihevamxl ^ey ijh \_jdb ijZ\be jZa]jZgbq_gby ^hklmiZ hi_jbjmxsbo lZ[ebp_c \ p_ehf Z kljhqgu_ljb]]_juqZklhbkihevamxl^ey ijh\_jdbh]jZgbq_gbcp_ehklgh klb ijb \klZ\d_ kljhd Mkeh\b_ aZimkdZ kljhqgh]h ljb]]_jZ fh`_l [ulv mlhqg_gh^hihegbl_evgufeh]bq_kdbfmkeh\b_f Qlh[u kha^Zlv ljb]]_j g_h[oh^bfh bf_lv kbkl_fgu_ ijb\be_]bb CREATE TRIGGER. >ey kha^Zgby ljb]]_jZ \ ko_f_ hlebqghc hl l_dms_c ko_fu ihevah\Zl_ey lj_[mxlky kbkl_fgu_ ijb\be_]bb CREATE ANY TRIGGER. Hi_jZlhj hij_^_e_gby ljb]]_jZ Oracle bkihevam_l ke_ ^mxsbckbglZdkbk CREATE[ OR REPLACE] TRIGGER [bfy ko_fu. ]bfy_ljb]]_jZ {BEFORE I AFTER} {INSERT I DELETE I UPDATE [OF bfy_klhe[pZ [, bfy_klhe[pZ ... ]] } [OR {INSERT I DELETE I UPDATE [OF bfy_klhe[pZ [, bfyBklhe[pZ ]]}...] ON [bfyBko_fu]{bfyBlZ[ebpu I bfyBij_^klZ\e_gby } [FOR EACH ROW] [WHEN mkeh\b_ ] FQHpbnbdZpbbBQDdHPDBgDB3L/SQL Dexq_\h_ keh\h OR REPLACE mdZau\Z_l gZ [_amkeh\gh_ aZf_s_gb_ klZjh]h l_dklZ ljb]]_jZ ?keb dexq_\h_ keh\h OR REPLACE g_ mdZaZgh b ljb]]_j hij_^_e_g \ kbkl_f_ lh aZf_s_gby klZjh]h agZq_gby ljb]]_jZ g_ ijhbkoh^blb\ha\jZsZ_lkykhh[s_gb_h[hrb[d_ Dexq_\u_ keh\Z BEFOREbeb AFTERmdZau\ZxlgZ\uiheg_gb_dh^Z ljb]]_jZeb[h^heb[hkhhl\_lkl\_gghihke_hi_jZlhjh\fZgbimebjh\Zgby ^Zggufbbgbpbbjh\Z\rboaZimkdljb]]_jZ Dexq_\u_keh\Z INSERT, DELETEbeb UPDATE hij_^_eyxldhgdj_l guc hi_jZlhj aZimkdZxsbc ljb]]_j >ey hi_jZlhjZ UPDATE fh]ml [ulv mdZaZgu klhe[pu baf_g_gb_ dhlhjuo aZimkdZ_l ljb]]_j ?keb dhgdj_lgu_ klhe[pug_mdZaZgulhljb]]_jaZimkdZ_lbaf_g_gb_ex[h]hklhe[pZG_h[y aZl_evgh_ dexq_\h_ keh\h OR ijbkh_^bgy_l ^hihegbl_evguc hi_jZlhj aZ imkdZxsbcljb]]_j Dexq_\h_ keh\h ON aZ^Z_l bfy lZ[ebpu beb ij_^klZ\e_gby Zkkhpbb jh\Zggh]hkljb]]_jhf G_h[yaZl_evgh_dexq_\h_keh\h ON EACH ROWhij_^_ey_lljb]]_j dZdkljhqguc 35

G_h[yaZl_evgh_dexq_\h_keh\h WHENaZ^Z_l^hihegbl_evgh_eh]bq_ kdh_mkeh\b_km`Zxs__h[eZklv^_ckl\byljb]]_jZ Ij_`^_q_fi_j_clbdijbf_jmihkljh_gbyljb]]_jZijb\_^_fg_dhlh ju_ ^hihegbl_evgu_ k\_^_gby h[ h[jZ[hld_ bkdexqbl_evguo kblmZpbc \ Oracle. >ey ih^dexq_gby d f_oZgbafm h[jZ[hldb hrb[hd ihevah\Zl_evkdbo lhq_d \oh^Z ijbf_gy_lky ijhp_^mjZ RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR. K __ ihfhsvxfh`ghh[jZ[hlZlv^h 1000hij_^_ey_fuoihevah\Zl_e_fhrb[hdk ghf_jZfb \ ^bZiZahg_ hl -20000 ^h -20999. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TRIG_TBI 2 BEFORE INSERT ON LZb1 3 FOR EACH ROW 4 DECLARE 5 StatAvg NUMBER; 6 StatN NUMBER; 7 BEGIN 8 SELECT COUNT(Atl),SUM(At1) INTO StatN, StatAvg 9 FROM Tab1; 10 IF (ABS (StatAvg - StatN* (: new .Alt1)) > 30) 11 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20002, ' Kebrdhf [hevrh_ mdehg_gb_ ' ); 12 END IF; 13 END; 14 / Trigger created.

36

JZ[hlm f_oZgbafZ ljb]]_jZ ijhbeexkljbjm_f gZ ijbf_j_ Ijb \\h^_ agZq_gby^hklZlhqgh[ebadh]hdkj_^g_fm\^ZgghfkemqZ_ 40),ljb]]_jg_ aZimkdZ_lkybgbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^blIjb\\h^_agZq_gbyZljb[mlZjZ\gh ]h 90,khhl\_lkl\mxsZyklZlbklbdZmdZau\Z_lgZ[hevrh_mdehg_gb_ijhbkoh^bl kjZ[Zlu\Zgb_ ljb]]_jZ b gh\Zy kljhdZ g_ \dexqZ_lky Hi_jZpby \u [hjdbih^l\_j`^Z_lh`b^Z_fh_baf_g_gb_\lZ[ebp_ SQL> insert into tab1 values (40); I row created. SQL> insert into tab1 values (90); insert into tab1 values (90) ERROR at line 1: ORA-20002:Kebrdhf[hevrh_mdehg_gb_ ORA-06512: at "SYSTEM. TRIG_TBI", line 9 ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'SYSTEM .TRIG_TBI' SQL> select * from tab1; Ke_^mxsbc ijbf_j beexkljbjm_l \hafh`ghklv h[jZ[hldb bkdexqb l_evghc kblmZpbb kj_^kl\Zfb ihevah\Zl_evkdhc ijh]jZffu < ^Zgghf kem qZ_kha^Z_lkyljb]]_jdhlhjucijbij_\ur_gbbaZ^Zggh]hihjh]Zmdehg_ gby\\h^bfh]hagZq_gbyZljb[mlZ\u\h^bl^bZ]ghklbq_kdh_khh[s_gb_Ijb wlhf^Zggu_\lZ[ebpm\\h^ylky IJBF?J SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TRIG_TB2 2 BEFORE INSERT ON LZb1 3 FOR EACH ROW 4 DECLARE 5 StatAvg NUMBER; 6 StatN NUMBER; 7 Special_case EXCEPTION; --Ihevah\Zl_evkdZybkdexqbl_evgZykb lmZpby 8 BEGIN 9 SELECT COUNT(Atl),SUM(AtI) INTO StatN, StatAvg 10 FROM Tab1; 11 IF (ABS (StatAvg - StatN* (: new. Atl)) > 30) 12 THEN RAISE Special_case; 13 END IF; 14 EXCEPTION 15 WHEN Special_case THEN 16 DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE ( 'Kebrdhf[hevrh_mdehg_gb_ '); 17 WHEN OTHERS THEN 18 DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT_LINE ( ' He^bZ]ghklbjh\ZggZyhrb[dZljb]]_jZ ' ); 37

19 END; 20 / Trigger created. Ijb \\h^_ agZq_gby Zljb[mlZ jZ\gh]h 90 ijhbkoh^bl kjZ[Zlu\Zgb_ ljb]]_jZ TRIG_TB2. insert into tabl values(90); Kebrdhf[hevrh_mdehg_gb_ < hlebqb_ hl ijhp_^mj nmgdpbc b iZd_lh\ k_j\_j Oracle g_ ojZgbl dh^ljb]]_jZ\\b^_kdhfibebjh\Zggh]h[ehdZ PL/SQL.Ijbi_j\hfaZimkd_ ljb]]_jZ_]hdh^kqblu\Z_lkybakeh\Zjy^Zgguodhfibebjm_lkybkdhfib ebjh\ZggZy\_jkbykhojZgy_lky\h[eZklb SGA.Ihwlhfm^eyqZklhbkihev am_fuo ljb]]_jh\ p_e_khh[jZagh dh^ hl\_qZxsbc aZ ijhp_^mjgmx qZklv ljb]]_jZ\dexqZlv\ojZgbfmxijhp_^mjmZ\l_e_ljb]]_jZhklZ\eylvlhev dhaZibkvmkeh\bc aZimkdZb\uah\ukhhl\_lkl\mxsboijhp_^mjbnmgdpbc GZij_^eh`_gbyyaudZ SQL,\dexq_ggu_\dh^ljb]]_jZ Oracle,gZeh `_guke_^mxsb_h]jZgbq_gbyL_ehljb]]_pag_fh`_l\dexqZlv\k_[yy\ gh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ mijZ\eyxsbo hi_jZlhjh\ COMMIT, ROLLBACK b SAVEPOINT, hi_jZlhjh\ yaudZ hij_^_e_gby ^Zgguo CREATE, ALTER b DROP, hi_jZlhjh\ mijZ\eyxsbo jZa]jZgbq_gb_f ^hklmiZ GRANT b REVOKE,ZlZd`_g_y\gh_\uiheg_gb_i_j_qbke_gguohi_jZlhjh\q_j_a\u ah\uijhp_^mjbnmgdpbc AZ^Zgb_ 1. Kha^Zlv ljb]]_j dhlhjuc kqblZ_l kj_^gxx klbi_g^bx b \u^Z_l ^bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ khh[s_gb_ ijb ij_\ur_gbb aZ^Zggh]h ihjh]Z mdehg_gby \\h^bfh]h agZq_gby Zljb[mlZ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl kj_^g_c klbi_g^bbijbwlhfijhbkoh^blaZiheg_gb_g_dhlhjhclZ[ebpu 2. Kha^Zlv ljb]]_j dhlhjuc kqblZ_l kj_^gbc [Zee \ aZ^Zgguc ^_gv b \u^Z_l ^bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ khh[s_gb_ ijb ij_\ur_gbb aZ^Zggh]h ihjh]Z mdehg_gby \\h^bfh]h agZq_gby Zljb[mlZ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl kj_^g_]h [ZeeZijbwlhfijhbkoh^blaZiheg_gb_g_dhlhjhclZ[ebpu 3. Kha^Zlv ljb]]_j dhlhjuc hij_^_ey_l ]jZgbpu baf_g_gby ghf_jh\ ij_^f_lh\ b \u^Z_l ^bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ khh[s_gb_ ijb ij_\ur_gbb aZ^Zggh]h ihjh]Z mdehg_gby \\h^bfh]h agZq_gby Zljb[mlZ ijb wlhf ijhbkoh^blaZiheg_gb_lZ[ebpu 4. Kha^Zlv ljb]]_j dhlhjuc hij_^_ey_l ]jZgbpu baf_g_gby ghf_jh\ ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c b \u^Z_l ^bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ khh[s_gb_ ijb ij_\ur_gbb aZ^Zggh]h ihjh]Z mdehg_gby \\h^bfh]h agZq_gby Zljb[mlZ ijb wlhf ijhbkoh^blaZiheg_gb_g_dhlhjhclZ[ebpu 5. Kha^Zlv ljb]]_j dhlhjuc kqblZ_l kj_^gbc j_clbg] mgb\_jkbl_lh\ b \u^Z_l ^bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ khh[s_gb_ ijb ij_\ur_gbb aZ^Zggh]h ihjh]Z mdehg_gby \\h^bfh]h agZq_gby Zljb[mlZ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl \_ebqbgu kj_^g_]hj_clbg]Zijbwlhfijhbkoh^blaZiheg_gb_g_dhlhjhclZ[ebpu 38

6. Kha^Zlv ljb]]_j dhlhjuc hij_^_ey_l ]jZgbpu baf_g_gby ghf_jh\ e_dlhjh\ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl ghf_jh\ qblZ_fuo dmjkh\ b \u^Z_l ^bZ]ghklbq_kdh_ khh[s_gb_ ijb ij_\ur_gbb aZ^Zggh]h ihjh]Z mdehg_gby \\h^bfh]h agZq_gby Zljb[mlZ ijb wlhf ijhbkoh^bl aZiheg_gb_g_dhlhjhclZ[ebpu

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40