اساسيات الاتصالات الرقمية

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٣٧

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 

? ‫א‬ ?   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

E>‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J K‫א‬  J

 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬E5V٠F‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠F‫א‬

١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ErepeatersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬ K  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  J

‫א‬  J K‫א‬  J

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  J

  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  

E ‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

١

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  Sampling

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  

 ١٢W‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 

-١-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

W‫א‬١ J١  ESampling Theorem or Shannon TheoremF ،2fmfs fm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(base band signal)‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 E١ J١Ffs ≥ 2fm

 ‫א‬‫א‬fsW

 ‫א‬‫א‬fm

 Ts‫א‬  E٢ J١FTsZ1/fs

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬ E١

1/2fm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(aliasing error)‫א‬ Nyquist F‫א‬‫א‬٢fm‫א‬ fs min= fN = 2fm (٣-١)

،Efrequency

TN = 1 / 2fm

 ENyquist frequencyF fN W

 K‫א‬TN

‫א‬P(t)V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣-١)

 K١ J١‫א‬‫א‬KEsampled signalFVs(t)‫א‬‫א‬ Vs(t) = V(t) * P(t)

  -٢-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

      ‫א‬

‫א‬

(‫א‬‫א‬)

(‫א‬) V(f)

V(t)

- fm

0

fm

(a)

f

(a )

P(f)

P(t) = a0+ ∑an cos 2π nfs t -

Ts 2Ts ……

/

t

2fs 3fs fs

(b/)

(b)

VS(f) = a0V(f) + ∑an V(f – nfs)

VS(t) = V(t) P(t) = V(t) a0 + ∑an V(t) cos(2π nfst)

-fm fm fs-fm fs+fm 2fs /

(c)

(c )

3fs

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١-١‫א‬

-٣-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 sample‫א‬‫א‬F (gating)‫א‬

 K١ J١‫א‬KE‫א‬ hold ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 –fmfm‫א‬V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(f)

E١  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١‫א‬

 (٤-١)

 (٥-١)

 P(t)

E٢

 ‫א‬

E٣

  P(t) = a 0+ ∑ an cos 2π n fs t

VS(t) = S(t) P(t) = a0V(t) + ∑an V(t) cos(2π nfst)

 cos(2π nfst)V(t)‫א‬

   

E٤

 

‫א‬‫א‬٥–١‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬nfs‫א‬‫א‬،cos(2π nfst)‫א‬  (٦-١)

VS(f) = a0V(f) + ∑an V(f – nfs)

 

 E١–١‫א‬‫א‬FW

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬a0V(t)a0Ebase band signal oranalog signal ‫א‬‫א‬  K٥ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

fs ≥ 2fm،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١ -٤-

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

،‫א‬ E٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 α 0 V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

 ‫א‬

V(f)F‫א‬fs‫א‬Ts‫א‬ • E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬fs‫א‬Ts‫א‬، •

‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(f)F ‫א‬fs ═2fm‫א‬K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

   

EAliasingF‫א‬٢ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

fs < 2fm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEAliasing errorsF‫א‬،K

 

   KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W٣–١‫א‬

-٥-

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬

Elow pass filter LPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١ KEanti-aliasing filterF‫א‬‫א‬

 

fmax‫א‬‫א‬Ecut off frequency fcut offF ‫א‬ E٢ (٧-١)

fcut off ≤ fmax

 

‫א‬، N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 tp‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fs •  E٨ J١F  N = fs tp = tp / Ts  

 

 ETypes of samplingF‫א‬W٣ J١

 K‫א‬

 

 EIdeal samplingFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣ J١

‫א‬‫א‬KEunit weighted pulsesF‫א‬‫א‬

 K٤–١‫א‬‫א‬KEPAMF‫א‬

-٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V(f)

V (t)

f -fm

fm

P( f ) =

-fs 3fs

t

0

1 T

∑ δ ( f − nfs)

Ρδ (t ) =

∑ δ (t − nTs )

n = −∞

f 2fs

fs

+∞

Ts

t

Vs(t) = V(t) Pδ(t)

1 Vs ( f ) = ∑V ( f − nfs ) T

t

-fm fm fs-fm fs+fm ………………….

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J١‫א‬

   

 ENatural samplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬٥ J١‫א‬K‫א‬  

-٧-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W5 J١‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬EFETF‫א‬‫א‬W E١  ‫א‬ E٢

K‫א‬‫א‬، E٣

 

 Eflat-top samplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٥ J١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

sample F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE7 J١‫א‬FKEand hold circuit    

-٨-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

V(f) V(t)

t -fm

fm P(f) =

τ T

∑ Sa(πfτ )δ ( f − nfs) P(t) τ

X

X a0V ( f ) + ∑ anV ( f )

Vs( f ) =

τ T

+∞

⎛ nπτ ⎞ ⎟V ( f − nfs ) T ⎠

∑ Sa⎜⎝

n = −∞

= α0V(f) +

Vs(t)=P(t) * V(t)

+∞

∑ αn V(f-nfs) -∞

+3fs -fs

-fm

fm

fs

 ‫א‬W6 J١‫א‬

     

-٩-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7 J١‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬EFETF‫א‬‫א‬ E١ ‫א‬ E٢

K‫א‬‫א‬، E٣

‫א‬C‫א‬EsampleF‫א‬EFETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤ KEholdF

‫א‬K٧ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬    

- ١٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8 J١‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١

Ebase bandF‫א‬‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬ E١

‫א‬‫א‬FKfs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤ J١

‫א‬ sin c( x) = sin x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ x

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

 E٩ J١F

B

T

=

K1

τ

 



 ‫א‬

cut off F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1‫א‬

 KEfrequency fcut off  

- ١١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 WPAM‫א‬‫א‬

PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬ TDM‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

   

 ١ J١

fs = ‫א‬  V(t)

 Kτ = 40µs،5KHz

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F KK1 = 1.0K1 = 0.5‫א‬‫א‬EF K‫א‬ 25 KHz ‫א‬‫א‬EF      ٢ J١

 K8KHz٠‫א‬V(t)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF    ٣ J١

‫א‬١ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(t)  K6KHz‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF  K‫א‬

      - ١٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   ٤ J١ K4 kHz dc،‫א‬V(t) ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬EF    ٥ J١ KE10000 HzF‫א‬١٠٠٠٠‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K4KHzEguard band‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ٦ J١  K٪٢٥fm fs- fm،fm،fs=9KHz    ٧ J١ K0.25ms 500 Hz‫א‬  K‫א‬18KHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ٨ J١ K2 KHz1 KHz

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬0.1ms  K35KHz  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١  (TDM of PAM signals) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  KEsequentiallyF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  

   ‫א‬W٩ J١‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

،TsE>‫א‬F‫א‬ E١

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

KKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥ - ١٤ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬

E١F

 KV2(t)V1(t)‫א‬٩ J١‫א‬‫א‬  

   ‫א‬‫א‬W١٠ J١‫א‬  

‫א‬٢١‫א‬‫א‬ • ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KETsF‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

signal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E>‫א‬FKsignal #4#1

‫א‬‫א‬EcommutatorF‫א‬ • K‫א‬EdecommutatorF

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • 11  J١‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   

  ‫ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺟﺎﻣﻊ وﻣﻔﻜﻚ‬:١١-١ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F

‫א‬Esampling theoremF‫א‬

(fN = 2fm).

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F ‫א‬

٧‫א‬٧١١ J١‫א‬ E٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

τ= Ts/7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E٦F

K١٢ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬٧W١٢ J١‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F K١

τ

Tframe

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F

fs = fN= 2fm • ‫א‬‫א‬ •

N‫א‬ B

=

0.5

τ

‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • k =

Ts

τ

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k ‫א‬W١٣ J١‫א‬ - ١٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬

fm‫א‬،k

EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١٠-١)

fs = 2fm,

1 2fm ,

Ts =

E F

Tframe =

‫א‬‫א‬k

1 2fm

E F

‫א‬

(١١-١)

τ=

Tframe k

 (١٢-١) B =

=

0.5

τ

=

0.5 Tframe k

=

0.5 Ts/k

=

 

E F

0.5k Ts

0.5k 1/2fm = 0.5 k (2fm) = k X fm

BT = k fm (١٣-١)

for the ration B =

1

τ

BT = 2k fm.

 = E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • fs = 2fm J

 E١٤ J١FBT = L X fm

L = number of spaces + sync + data pulses

   

 fs > 2fm E١٥ J١FBT = L x

Fs 2

   W٩ J١‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PAM‫א‬٧  K‫א‬‫א‬،BW = 1 kHz

- ١٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PAM‫א‬٧W١٠ J١‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬،١٢ J١‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧١٤ J١‫א‬ Fs = 1.25 fN

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E  K‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E   (Multiplexing of dissimilar channels) K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KEsub and super commutationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٢٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

E١



Efixed rateF‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K16 kHz،15.5 kHz8 kHz

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 80 kHz‫א‬ J

 40 kHz‫א‬ J  10 kHz١٨ J

 1250 Hz‫א‬٨ J  625 Hz١٦ J

 K١٤ J١‫א‬‫א‬١٦‫א‬‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٥ J١‫א‬

- ٢١ -

 

E٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦٢٥‫א‬ E

‫א‬١٠٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 kHz١٨‫א‬  J  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬٤40 kHz‫א‬  J 

،‫א‬‫א‬٤40 kHz‫א‬  J 

،‫א‬‫א‬880 kHz‫א‬  J 

،‫א‬‫א‬٤40 kHz‫א‬  J 

،‫א‬10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ،‫א‬1250 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

K16625 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J  

‫א‬1250 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K0.1 ms‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬١٢٥٠ ،‫א‬625‫א‬625 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K0.2 ms‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٢٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W١١ J١ 2 τ‫א‬‫א‬٦PAM/TDM  ‫א‬Kτ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kτ

 KE>‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KkHz

 



K‫א‬‫א‬٦١٦ J١‫א‬ Kfs = 1.5 fN‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    W١٢ J١  Kfs = 2fN١١ J١‫א‬       - ٢٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J١

 (Pulse Analog Modulation)

 W١ J٦ J١

‫א‬ :‫א‬‫א‬

EpositionF‫א‬Eduration or widthF‫א‬‫א‬EamplitudeF‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation: PAM)‫א‬ •

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬ Pulse height = V α Vs  t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬Vα

 (Pulse Width Modulation: PWM)‫א‬ •  

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬ Pulse width = τα Vs

 

 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vs

 K‫א‬ τα 

 (Pulse Position Modulation: PPM)‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pulse position = td Vs

 K‫א‬

 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vs

 K‫א‬ td   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦ J١‫א‬ - ٢٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧ J١‫א‬

 

 :‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬E

 K‫א‬‫א‬ o

       

 ‫א‬٢ J٦ J١

 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation: PAM)‫א‬E‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬ • ‫א‬

 

E  (Pulse Width Modulation: PWM)  (Pulse Duration Modulation: PDM) - ٢٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

 K‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬

•

،‫א‬،‫א‬

•

K‫א‬

•

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬١٨ J١‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬١٨ J١‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬،STs(t)=1،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،STs(t)=2 E٢ ،STs(t)=1

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣ ١٩ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩ J١‫א‬

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٢٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

E   (Pulse Position Modulation: PPM) ‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١ J١‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ J١‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

S1(t)‫א‬‫א‬PAM K١

S2(t)‫א‬Eramp generatorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 S3(t) S2(t) S1(t) K٣

S3(t) = S2(t) + S1(t)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S3(t)‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

Vcc ‫א‬‫א‬(comparator)‫א‬Esaw toothF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ . S4(t) PWM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠ S3(t) > Vref 

ES5(t))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EdifferentiatorF K٦ KS6(t)PPM

- ٢٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ J١‫א‬

- ٢٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١ J١‫א‬

- ٢٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١  (Demodulation of PAM and PWM and PPM)  W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧ J١

 ،ELPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E١

   K‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢ J١‫א‬

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،EinstantaneousF   ‫א‬     E٢

‫א‬Eshaped transfer characteristicsF‫א‬ 

،EequalizerF

 

   K‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣ J١‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣

K PAM  PAM ‫א‬‫א‬

E

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٧ J١

EintegratorF‫א‬‫א‬ PAM ‫ إﻟﻰ‬PWM ‫א‬

Esample pointF‫א‬EintegrationF‫א‬ • ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ،‫א‬

‫א‬     K‫א‬   ٢٣ J١ ‫א‬  • W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬PAM‫א‬ E  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٧ J١

‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

،PWM‫א‬‫א‬PPM ‫א‬ • KPAM ‫ إﻟﻰ‬PWM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٤ J١‫א‬‫א‬ •

PWM

Ts

2Ts

3Ts

4T

t

PPM

t PAM

Ts

2Ts

3Ts

4T

t

KPAMPPMPWM‫א‬٢٤ J١‫א‬

- ٣١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ Digital modulation

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  

 ١٥W‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  

- ٣٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١–٢  

EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١–٢‫א‬  

 ‫א؟‬–‫א‬١ J١ J٢  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ ،‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٣٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١–٢‫א‬  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬،

   

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٢

Band F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 Ecut frequency fmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Epass filter

،fs≥fN fs‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

ECode WordF‫א‬ESampleFEEncoderF KE٨F

- ٣٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬– K٤  ،‫א‬‫א‬Equantization levels

E‫א‬FE١٠ J٠F‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ ،Equantization intervalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬n2n٢‫א‬ •

٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E28F٢٥٦‫א‬n=8 • K٢٥٥

٠‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬– K٦

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥٥F‫א‬  ،ECode WordF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٢

N،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬M ،‫א‬‫א‬

(١ J2)……….M = 2N

WN‫א‬M‫א‬‫א‬ (2-2)…….N = Log2M = 3.32 Log10M

 

E١  

 W١–٢

M=٢٥٦Enormalized PCMF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  N = log2256= log228=8 bit   W٢–٢

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٦{٦٤ 128 = 27 = 2NEN=7F‫א‬

 K١٠٠ - ٣٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   ١–٢  N=100N‫א‬    ٢–٢

 ٨   K٣  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KELow Pass Filter LPFF‫א‬

E٢  

 ‫א‬٤ J١ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬

PAM F‫א‬‫א‬EAnalog signalF‫א‬

 KEsignal

Kfm‫א‬‫א‬

  fN=2fm

- ٣٦ -

E١

E٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 fs=fN=2fm‫א‬  Rb = Nfs = 2Nfm‫א‬

 BT = Rb = 2NfmW‫א‬

W٣ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  fm=4 KHZ, n=8 ‫א‬   ‫א‬٥ J١ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

ED/A converterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،Equantization intervalF‫א‬  ٢–٢‫א‬

W‫א‬

+V-V‫א‬‫א‬ •   V

‫א‬V2 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N • (2-5) ……… ∆ =

2V volts 2N

‫א‬‫א‬ •

∆ 2v V = /2 = n 2 2n 2

volts 

‫א‬‫א‬ •

(2-6)……………NQ= V2/22N

watts

‫א‬L‫א‬ •

- ٣٧ -

E١

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

( N)

∴S

Q

=

⎛V2 SQ = V 2 ÷ ⎜⎜ 2 N NQ ⎝2

(2-7)……………..∴

⎞ ⎟⎟ = 2 2 N ⎠

(S N )

Q

= 22N  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

EcharacteristicFENon linear amplifierF‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫א‬٣–٢‫א‬  

 

- ٣٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬٦ J١ J٢

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

E١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٢

‫א‬

E٣

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ • K‫א‬ •

   W٤ J٢

 ‫א‬K

‫א‬E‫א‬F

١٠‫א‬EF ‫א‬EF

‫א‬L‫א‬EF PS/QN J

N=10 bitSNR= 22N J 40dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF - ٣٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(2-8)………

V0 = V0 max

⎛ Vi ⎞ ⎟⎟ ln⎜⎜1 + µ Vimax ⎠ ⎝ ln(1 + µ )

E١

for Vi ≥ 0

 

 ‫א‬Vi ‫א‬V0

 ‫א‬‫א‬Vimax

‫א‬‫א‬V0max

 E٢٥٥F Ecompression parameterF‫א‬µ  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤–٢‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٣

‫א‬

W‫א‬

⎡ Vr ⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎤ Vi max ⎡ V0 max ⎦ ⎣ ⎢(1 + µ ) ⎥ forVr ≥ 0 V = (2-9)……….. ie µ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦

- ٤٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vie L‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KEcodec: coder/decoder

E٤  

 WA law (Europe) codec’‫א‬–‫א‬’ ⎛ 1 + lg Ax ⎞ ⎟⎟ sign V0 = V0 max ⎜⎜ ⎝ 1 + lg A ⎠

1/A < X <1…….(2-10)

⎛ Ax ⎞ ⎟⎟ V0 max ⎜⎜ ⎝ 1 + lg A ⎠

0 < X < 1/A…..(2-11)

A = 87.6

   W٥ J٢‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  Vimax =8V, V0max = 5V, µ=255  8v4v2v‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J١ J٢

 M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

M‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ M‫א‬

E١

E٢

E٣

 ٩٨

 ٪١٢{٥‫א‬  J ٪٥٠‫א‬  J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٤١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٩ J١–٢  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Enormalized valuesF  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

actual I/P analog voltage full - scale voltage of A/D converter Vi X (t) = , where Vfs = 2.5, 5, 10, 20 .... V fs

normalizes I/P analog voltage =

 ،‫א‬L‫א‬

 

⎡actual out put ⎤ ⎡normalized value⎤ ⎡full scale voltage ⎤ ⎢analog voltage⎥ = ⎢of digital word ⎥ × ⎢of D/A converter⎥ ⎦ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎣ Vo = X (t ) × V fs

 

 K‫א‬L‫א‬

 W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١{٠٠{٠‫א‬‫א‬Eunipolar encodingF‫א‬‫א‬  J١{٠‫א‬‫א‬Ebipolar encodingF‫א‬‫א‬

KH١{٠

٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٦٠  

- ٤٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 

7/8=0.875 6/8=0.75 5/8=0.625 4/8=0.5 3/8=0.375 2/8=0.25 1/8=0.125 0 -1/8=-0.125 -2/8=-0.25 -3/8=-0.375 -4/8=-0.5 -5/8=-0.625 -6/8=-0.75 -7/8=-0.875 -8/8=-1

15/16=0.9375 14/16=0.875 13/16=0.8125 12/16=0.75 11/16=0.6875 10/16=0.625 9/16=0.5625 8/16=0.5 7/16=0.4375 6/16=0.375 5/16=0.3125 4/16=0.25 3/16=0.1875 2/16=0.125 1/16=0.0625 0

‫א‬

‫א‬

 

 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

    ‫א‬  1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010 1001 1000 0111 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000

 ‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢‫א‬  K٤‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ∴ the range of

١ J٩ J١ J٢

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ the normalized signal X (t ) is

0 ≤ X < 1 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١‫א‬‫א‬

 J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴ N = 2 4 = 16 ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

E١

E٢

W‫א‬‫א‬E١{٠‫א‬‫א‬F١{٠٠{٠

  - ٤٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  EXnF

  016 = 0  

8 = 0.5 16

 15 = 0.9375 16

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  0000

 0 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 2 0  1 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 2 0

  ١١١١‫א‬‫א‬

1000  ‫א‬١{٠‫א‬ LSBKKKKMSB

=8

1111

 1 × 2 3 + 1 × 2 2 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 2 0 = 15

  ‫א‬‫א‬

E١٣ J٢FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆Xu =

1 2N

‫א‬‫א‬  E١٤–٢FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆Vu = ∆ × u

Vfs =

E٣

 

E٤

V fs 2N

 K‫א‬Vfs W‫א‬١  E١٥ J٢FKKKKKKKKKK Xu (max) = 1 - ∆ × u = 1 -

1 2N

E٥

 

 W

 ١{٠‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

١٠٠٠F‫א‬MSB=0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J  E٤

- ٤٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ٥ J٢‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E

E٦

E 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

E 

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ J  E1/16‫א‬1.47/162/16‫א‬1.67/16

1.67/16F‫א‬‫א‬E J  E1/16‫א‬

 ٤‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢‫א‬

   ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٢‫א‬ - ٤٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

E٧

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬–‫א‬

∆×u 1 1 = N = N +1 = 2 −( N +1) 2 2 ×2 2  E١٦ J٢FKKKKKKKKK Where : Eu = the peak unipolar normalized error.

 

∴ Eu =

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J E١٧ J٢FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK lu = Eu Vfs =

V fs 2

n +1

 

= 2 − ( n +1) . Vfs

   W٦ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬٦L

‫א‬٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

  ∆ × u ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F  ∆Vu ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 Xu(max)EF  Vu(max)EF  EuEF   lu EF    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢ J٩ J١ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

− 1 ≤ X < 1  +1 -1‫א‬‫א‬

K١ J٢‫א‬‫א‬١٦٢٤،٤

- ٤٦ -

E١

E٢

E٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Xb ‫א‬

−8 = −1 8

‫א‬‫א‬

FXbE

 0000

.

 K

 K

 K

K

K

K

 K

 K

 K

0

1000

 K

 K

 K

K

K

K

 K

 K

 K 1111

7 = 0.875 8

 ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢‫א‬

E1 LSB‫א‬F ( ∆X b ) ‫א‬‫א‬ E١٧ J٢F ∆X b =

1

2

n −1

V fs

2

N −1

E٤

= 2 − n +1

 ∆Vb ‫א‬‫א‬ E١٨ J٢F ∆Vb = ∆X b V fs =

 

E٥

= 2 − N +1V fs 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٩ J٢F X b (max) = 1 − ∆X b = 1 − 2 − N +1

E٦

   

- ٤٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 E١ J٢‫א‬FW  ٨ •

E٢٠ J٢F

M = 2 N −1 2

٨ •

E٢١ J٢F

M − 1 = 2 N −1 − 1 2

MSB‫א‬٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬MSB‫א‬‫א‬EF٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢٢

⎡ 1 010 → 2 8 ⎫8 J٢F complement aries ⎢⎢ ⎬ 0 010 → − 6 ⎭ 8 8 ⎣ MSB

0001 → − 7 ⎫⎪ 8 8  ⎬ 8 1 1001 → 8 ⎪⎭

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ∆Ε b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ ٢٣ J٢ ∆Ε b =

E٧

 

E٨

∆X b = 2 − N  2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

٢٤ J٢ l b = Eb V fs = 2 − N V fs

- ٤٨ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬٢–٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  K

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢

 W‫א‬dc‫א‬‫א‬

١ E+V-VF‫א‬‫א‬ • ٠0V

E١

 

-V١ +V‫א‬ • E٠F

‫א‬‫א‬dc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Wduty cycle‫א‬ - ٤٩ -

E٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NRZ‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RZ •

‫א‬ W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ •

E٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

E٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EBPRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

K

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 

E٥

‫א‬

‫א‬،BPRBPNRZUPRZUPNRZ‫א‬ •

‫א‬،BPRZ-AMI

 BPRZ-AMI‫א‬‫א‬KEF K‫א‬

- ٥٠ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

E٦

 ،+V/2 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢  (Non Return to Zero Level: NRZ-L)‫א‬‫א‬ E١

‫א‬‫א‬EHIGHF‫א‬W١ • ‫א‬‫א‬ELOWF‫א‬W٠ • 

 W

   J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬

‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

‫א‬F(Non Return to Zero Mark: NRZ-M)‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ Edifferential Coding ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •

،‫א‬‫א‬  J  

،‫א‬‫א‬  J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٠ • K

- ٥١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W

   J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 (Non Return to Zero Space: NRZ-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ • 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0 •

،‫א‬‫א‬  J  

،‫א‬‫א‬  J 

 W

   J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 (Unipolar Return to Zero: UPRZ)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J  

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬  J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •  W

 ‫א‬‫א‬  J

KNRZ  J - ٥٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥  (Bipolar Return to Zero: BPRZ)  (Polar Return to Zero: BPRZ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •

 

 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •

 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

0V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • E-V0V +VF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ •  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٦  (Return to Zero-Alternate Mark Inversion: RZ-AMI) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •

 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

0V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬ELOWF‫א‬W٠ •  W

٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W

  J

KNRZ  J  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧  Biphase- Level (BI Φ –L) or Manchester II code   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •

‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W

  J

KNRZ  J

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨  Biphase- Mark (BI Φ –M) or Manchester I code   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •

- ٥٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W

  J

KNRZ  J

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩  Biphase- Space (BI Φ –S) code ‫א‬‫א‬W١ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W

‫א‬  J

KNRZ  J

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬ E١٠  Delay modulation (DM) or miller code ‫א‬W١ •

‫א‬،٠‫א‬W٠ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

KNRZ  J - ٥٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

DC







+V/2

3fb/2

UPNRZ





3O

3fP/2

BPNRZ





+V/4

fb

UPPZ



‫א‬

3O V

fb

BPRZ

3



3O V

3fb/2

‫א‬

‫א‬

BPRZ-AMI

   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧ J٢‫א‬

- ٥٦ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 ١١NRZ – L E١

 ٠٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬١NRZ –M E٢

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٠  ‫א‬‫א‬١NRZ –S E٣

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٠  ١٠١URZ – E٤

 

 ٠٠  ١٠١BPRZPRZ E٥

 

  J١٠٠

 ١٠‫א‬

١BRZ – AMI E٦

  J١٠‫א‬‫א‬

٠٠

 

 ١٠١BIΦ-L E٧

 ٠١٠

 

 ٠١١٠١BIΦ – M E٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬٠

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬١BIΦ – S E٩  ٠١١٠٠

- ٥٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١DM

E١٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬٨ J٢‫א‬

- ٥٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣–٢

PCM/TDM

E‫א‬F‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EFK‫א‬

 K

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١  KEPAM/TDMF‫א‬‫א‬

 KW‫א‬E٢

  KfN‫א‬ •   Fs = fn = 2 f m • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ E‫א‬

 ‫א‬٩ J٢‫א‬E٣ E

٢١ J٢F

Eframe timeF‫א‬ •

Tf = TN =

1 2 fm

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩ J٢‫א‬

- ٥٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

Eword timeF‫א‬ • E٢١ J٢F

=

1



Tω= Tf 2K fm

K

 Ebit durationF‫א‬ • E٢٢ J٢F

τ=

=

Tω N

1



2K N fm

 W‫א‬‫א‬

E٤

 

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ ﻋﺮض ﻧﻄﺎق א‬:‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٣٢‫א‬‫א‬EUS – 24 Channel SystemF٢٤

 K  

 EUS – 24 Channel SystemFWE‫א‬F٢٤١ J٢ J٣ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬KECode WordsF٢٤‫א‬E١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K241‫א‬‫א‬ •

E٢٤١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٠F‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬

 ٠ 1 ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠ ١١ ١٢ ١٣ KKKKKKKKK ٢٠ ٢١ ٢٢ ٢٣ ٢٤ ١F‫א‬  ٨EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤  E

 ١٩٣Z‫א‬١H١٩٢Z٨х٢٤W‫א‬  

K‫א‬٠‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ١٢٥µs

1 ‫א‬ • 8000

K٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • KEFrame Alignment Word: FAWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،٢٤‫א‬‫א‬ • TI FAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢ ١٠٠٠١١٠١١١٠٠

 ESuperframeF‫א‬EF١٢  •

 

 W٢٤‫א‬

٢٤‫א‬ETI MultiplexerF‫א‬ K١  E١٢٥µsF‫א‬E٨F‫א‬PCM

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

٨‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬W، K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

TI FAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬ K٥ K

- ٦١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W٢٤‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢٤‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٢

،‫א‬٨٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٣  K‫א‬١٥٤٤٠٠٠‫א‬١٩٣x٨٠٠٠

 

 

 ٢٤W١٠ J٢‫א‬  

 W٣٢‫א‬‫א‬

EBandwidth = Bit rate ‫א‬Z‫א‬F

125µs‫א‬fs=8kHz ‫א‬ •

١٩٣Z٨C٢٤H١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

Tb =

  Rb =

125µs ≈ 0.647668 µs 193

1 193 = = 1.544 Tb 125µs - ٦٢ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬ •

Mbit / s

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥٤٤ •

B

T

=

1

T

= B

1 = 1.544 MHz 0.64766

   ٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١ J٢‫א‬  

 E32 Channel SystemFWE‫א‬‫א‬F٣٢٢ J٢ J٣ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬ECode WordsF ٣٢‫א‬E١  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K31٠‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F‫א‬E٠F‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬E٣١١٧١٥١F‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬

 ٠ 1 ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ KKKKKKKKK ١٣ ١٤ ١٥

 ١٦

١٧  KKKKKKKKK

٢٩

٣٠

٣١

 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥

‫א‬

٨E ‫א‬

EF  ٨

 ١٩٣Z‫א‬١H١٩٢Z٨х٢٤W‫א‬ K‫א‬١٦٠‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ١٢٥µs

1 ‫א‬ • 8000

Synchronization F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K١٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eand signaling - ٦٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W٣٢‫א‬

٨F‫א‬PCM٣٠‫א‬‫א‬ K١  E١٢٥µsF‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ ٨‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،١٨‫א‬٨١٧‫א‬٨١٦‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬

K٣٢‫א‬٣١‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ KKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W٢٤‫א‬‫א‬

EBandwidth = Bit rate ‫א‬Z‫א‬F

125µs‫א‬fs=8kHz ‫א‬ •

٢٥٦Z٨C٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

Tb =

  Rb =

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

125µs ≈ 0.488µs 256

1 256 = = 2 Tb 125µs

‫א‬ •

Mbit / s

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥٤٤ •

B

T

=

1

T

= B

1 = 2 MHz 0.488

  - ٦٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W٣٢‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢‫א‬W١٢ J٢‫א‬      

 ٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

   ٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٣ J٢‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢L٣٠‫א‬١٣ J٢‫א‬      

- ٦٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

٤–٢

 EDelta Modulation: DMF

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ • K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ •

 

 ELinear Delta Modulation: DMF‫א‬١ J٤ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬W١٤ J٢‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ x(t) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Edifferential circuitF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١    

 K e(t) ‫א‬z(t)

e(t) = x(t) – z(t)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q(t)‫א‬Esignal quantizerF‫א‬E٢

 K e(t)‫א‬‫א‬ e(t)

- ٦٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 e(t) ‫א‬E+1Fe(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣  K e(t) ‫א‬E+1F

 

KEstep sizeF∆ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤  ١٥ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٥ J٢‫א‬  W

 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W

W • Estep sizeF∆‫א‬  J fs‫א‬  J

- ٦٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

W‫א‬ •

 Eslope overloadF‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬Egranular noiseF‫א‬‫ א‬ J Esignal to noise ratio S/NF‫א‬\‫א‬‫א‬

 K∆‫א‬

 Eslope overloadF‫א‬W١٦ J٢‫א‬

 Egranular noiseF‫א‬‫א‬W١٧ J٢‫א‬  

 ∆‫א‬ES/NF‫א‬L‫א‬W١٨ J٢‫א‬  

- ٦٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 Eadaptive delta modulationF‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣ Estair case functionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E٤

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ٣ J٢ J٤ J٢ W‫א‬‫ א‬E١

EintegratorF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •

KEvariable gain amplifierF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

W‫א‬‫ א‬E٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ESong algorithmF‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬∆‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬∆‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 

- ٦٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 ESong algorithmF‫א‬W١٩ J٢‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬Edamped oscillationF

 

ESpace shuttle algorithmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 

 

ESpace shuttle algorithmF‫א‬‫א‬W٢٠ J٢‫א‬

- ٧٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 

٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ Band Pass Modulation (BPM)

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬

 (ASK)(Amplitude shift keying)‫א‬‫א‬ J  (FSK)(Frequency shift keying)‫א‬‫א‬ J   (PSK)(Phase Shift keying)‫א‬‫א‬ J  

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  

 ١٥W‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٧١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 (Baud rate)‫א‬(bit rate)‫א‬‫א‬1-3  

(ASK,FSK,PSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬  

 W(Binary modulation)‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bit) 

 W

Rb = Rs N

  M= 2 2  N = logM = log 2 =1

(1-3)  W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WRb  Ebit /sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRs  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WM

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WN

 W(Quadrature modulation)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Rs = Rb/2 N

 M= 2 = 22 = 4  N= log2 M = log 4 = 2

- ٧٢ -

(2-3)

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(N) Rs = Rb/N = Rb/log2 M N

 

  M = 2 N = log 2 M

(3-3)  

 W(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬ 2-3

‫א‬‫א‬(Ac cos wst)‫א‬(Ac sin wct)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٠F‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EASK)

 (1-3)(AM.DSBTC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ +V 1 1     000 0  t   -V     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1-3F

 ‫א‬(NRZ-L)‫א‬ Vm(t)‫א‬‫א‬E١  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Vc (t)= Ac cos 2π fct  W(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

VASK(t)

= [A±Vm(t)] cos 2π fct = [Ft±v] Cos 2π fct = A[1±V/A] Cos 2π fct = A[1±m] cost 2π fct  (ASK)‫א‬‫א‬

VASK(t) = A [1±m] cos 2πfct

(4-3 )

.

 ‫א‬(m)W - ٧٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

(2-3)‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EASKFE2-3F‫א‬

 (Efficiency) (ASK) ‫א‬‫א‬

 m = 1‫א‬

 E2A٠VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 (ASKF(ASK)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (3-3)‫א‬

 

 (ASK)E3-3F

- ٧٤ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 EASKFEASKF

 (Envelope detector)‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬(DSB-SC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (ON-OFF KEYING) (OOK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

(modulating signal)EunipolarF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

Vm (t) ={ +1 V logic 1   or   { 0V logic 0  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OOK E٢ Vook(t) =Vm (t) *Vc (t) =Vm * Ac cos wct = { Ac*cos wct for logic (1) {٠ for logic (0)

 (5-3)‫א‬

(5-3)

 

 ( 4-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 (OOK ) (4-3)  (OOKF(OOK)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F(Balanced Modulators)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOOKF(5-3)‫א‬  

 

 EOOK‫א‬FE5-3F

- ٧٦ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 (OOK Detection)‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 (coherent detection)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

 (synchronous detection)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬(reference carrier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(phase & frequency mismatch distortion)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6-3F‫א‬ (synchronous detection) ‫( ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻲ‬AMDSB-SC)

 

 EOOK‫א‬‫א‬F(6-3)

 

 (Non Coherent Detection)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

 (Asynchronous detection)‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(7-3)(Envelope detector)

 

   E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE7-3F - ٧٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬EdiodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

Etime constant of chargeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Eforward resistanceF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ereverse biasedF‫א‬

‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬TZR*C  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢  ‫א‬

binary F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣

 (comparator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬restoration)  

 EOOK BandwidthFEOOKF‫א‬

 EpcmFVm(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١  (ones followed by zeros)‫א‬‫א‬

 Tm = 2Tb ‫א‬

 fm = 1/Tm =1/2Tb = Rb/2   

)Vm(t)‫א‬‫א‬(Fc)‫א‬‫א‬(OOK)E٢

 E‫א‬

EFcFE8c-3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EFcFEFmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٧٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   EOOKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8-3F ERbFEdata rateF‫א‬EFmF‫א‬‫א‬E8c-3F‫א‬  Rb=1/Tb =1/(Tm/2) =2Fm

 W‫א‬

 

EFcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (BandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  BT= Rb = 2Fm

 WE3-3F‫א‬

(6-3)

 W1-3 (200 Kbit/sec)ENRZ-PCMF ‫א‬‫א‬EASKF‫א‬

- ٧٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬  Performance: ( bit error rate & symbol error rate )

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

 (PB) (Probability of bit error)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(BER)

(Probability of symbol error)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  (PE) ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬(SER)(BER)‫א‬E٣ (BASK,BFSK,BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J

(1 bit)‫א‬(symbol)

 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  PB = PEBER = SERW

(QASK,QFSK,QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J

 PB = 1/2 PEBER = 1/2 SER(2 bit)  (µASK,µFSK,µPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(N)‫א‬(N)  W‫א‬‫א‬  PB = PE / N = PE / log2M  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(M)

 ‫א‬KKKKKKKPB = PE/ 4 WN= log2 16 = 4 M = 16 (16-PSK) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬(BER)‫א‬‫א‬E٤  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬FE٥

 K

 W(Es / No)(SER)(Eb / No) (BER)E٦  ‫א‬=Eb,Es

 (W/HZ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=No

- ٨٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬(BASK)‫א‬

(Performance of binary BASK)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

(Coherent detection) : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

PB=PE= 1/2 erfc = 1/2 erfc(

=1/2 erfc ( A 2 Tb / 8 No )

Eb / 2 No

C / 4N

) (7-3)

(Non Coherent detection): ‫( اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻼ ﺗﺮاﺑﻄﻲ‬٢

PB = PE =

e

−( Eb / 2 No)

= 1/2 e

−(C / 4 N )

−( A2Tb / 8 No) e = 1/2 (8-3)

 EF(bit)‫א‬Eb = (E1+Eo) / ٢ 

 ‫א‬(9-3)‫א‬‫א‬  

 

E1=C*Tb = A2 Tb/2

 (OOKF(BASK)(9-3)  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

Eo = 0 - ٨١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  :

Eb = E1+E2/2= C Tb /2 = A2*Tb/4  C1=C= A2/2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Co = 0

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (A – Peak amplitude of the received carrier (v))EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  No = N/BT= N/Rb = KT (W/HZ)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ N= KT*BT (W)  ‫א‬‫א‬ −23

K =(1.38*10 JK)  T= ( TA+TR)

   (K)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  TA:  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W(TA) TR=T1+T2/a1 =T3/a1+a2+…………….  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ T1,T2,T3,……..  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G1,G2,G2,….  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  C/N  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 WEBERF‫א‬‫א‬EBASK)‫א‬  

- ٨٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 EBERFE10-3F

   W2-3

(10MHZ) ‫א‬ (OOK)‫א‬E10 Kbit/sF

(5*10(-5) W/HZ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (10 (-2)V) ‫א‬ (BER) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬3-3

 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FEFsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Ebase bandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FEFmF  KEpolarF‫א‬

 W

 ∆F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EFCF‫א‬

   WFSK

 W‫א‬EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬E١ VFSK (t) = (Ac cos { 2 π (fc + VM(t)) ∆f ) t } (9-3)  ‫(א‬FSKF -VFSK : ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬  (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬

-A

 (HZ)E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ JFc

 (HZ)(Vm (t))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J∆f - ٨٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ( ± ١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JVm (t)

 Logic (1) = +1 , Logic (0) = -1

W‫א‬(9-3)‫א‬E٢ (a) VFSK (t) = A cos [ 2 π (fc + ∆f) t ] = A cos 2 π fmt . (3-10) for a logic 1 , Vm (t) = +1 (b) VFSK (t) = A cos [ 2 π (fc - ∆f) t ]= A cos 2 π fst for a logic 0 , Vm (t) = -1  W

‫א‬‫א‬(Logic 1)(Logic 0)‫א‬‫א‬E  WE‫א‬F‫א‬

Fm=Fc+∆FELogic 1F‫א‬

 Fs = Fc-∆F ELogic 0F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Fc)‫א‬(Fm &Fs) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E (Fc ± ∆F)

: (FSK) 

‫( أو‬VCO) E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EFSK)  (١

‫א‬‫א‬ ( Voltage Controlled Oscillator)  

 

(VCO) (12-3) 

:(VCO)‫( ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟـ‬٢  K‫א‬‫א‬EVoltageF‫א‬

 (FSK)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EVCOF‫א‬،(Vm(t) = ± 1)‫א‬E٣

 EF,FsF

- ٨٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

:(FSK) 

 EFSK)E13-3F

 W

 (sec)‫א‬‫א‬ JTm

 (HZ)(Vm (t))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JFm (Rb= 2Fm) (bit/sec)‫א‬EbitsF‫א‬ JRb

 (Mark Frequency)‫א‬ JFm  ESpace Frequency F‫א‬‫א‬ JFs

 

 WEFSKFEBaud rateF‫א‬‫א‬ERbFEbitsF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFSKFE١

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Rb)Ebit rate)‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Baud rate or symbol rate)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Fs)‫א‬‫א‬(Fm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(9-3)‫א‬‫א‬E٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Bit rate =Symbol rate (Baud rate)  Rb (bit/sec) = Rs ( Symbol/sec) = Baud rate ( baud) - ٨٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 

 (FSK Bandwidth)W(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EFSKF(BT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

Fm = Rb/2

 (3-11)‫א‬‫(א‬FM)‫א‬ BT = 2 (∆f + fm) (11-3) (∆F =Fm-Fs/2) W

(Fc) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : 

  ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(١٢-٣)‫א‬ (11-3)‫א‬ (Fm ∆F)E٢

BT = 2 ∆ f + 2 fm = fm – fS + Rb

(12-3)

(FSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (BT)

 EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬E14-3F

 

(sin x/x)‫א‬‫א‬(Pulsed sinusoidal waves)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (12-3)‫א‬‫א‬(FSK)

 W(Rb)‫א‬‫א‬(Fm)‫א‬‫א‬ Rb = 2Fm

- ٨٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (14-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

:3-3

E200 K bit / secF‫א‬‫א‬ENRZ-LF‫א‬EPCMF  K(150KHZ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(FSKF

 ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  K(Fs)‫א‬( Fm)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Logic 1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Logic 0)‫א‬‫א‬

‫(א‬Pulsed RF Signal)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  (base band)‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥  K‫א‬(Binary restoration)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٨٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E FSK Coherent detection  

 

 EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E15-3F

 

W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELogic 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  Vr(t) = Acos wm(t) (13-3)  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  Vc(t) = 2A cos(2) wmt = A( 1+ cos 2wmt) (14-3) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ (differential amp.)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 : (15-3)‫א‬ Vo (t) = Gv Vd(t) = A*Gv = positive constant (15-3)  ELogic 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ELogic 0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣  K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W(Performance)‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

BER = PB = ½ erfc

⎛ Eb ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 No ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

= ½ erfc

⎛ PcTb ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 No ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

= ½ erfc

⎛ A Tb ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 4 No ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

(3-16)

2

Eb = PC Tb PC = No =

A2 2 PN BT  W

 ‫א‬(EbF

 ‫א‬‫א‬EPcF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENoF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

BER = PB = ½ exp (

-Eb 2NO = ½ erfc

)

 

(3-17)

⎛ A2Tb ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 2 No ⎝ ⎠

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PB)‫א‬‫א‬E16-3F  ‫א‬

- ٨٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

PB =

F (

-Eb 2NO

) =F(C/N)

(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬ (16-3)  : 4-3

 (FSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬( BER)

 (1KHZ,2KHZ):‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0.4 V)‫א‬(2sec)(bit)‫א‬  (10(-12) w/HZ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (BER)‫א‬(13-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬4-3  Phase Shift Keying (PSK)  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

 K( ASK)‫א‬ J

 K(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J  

- ٩٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Binary PSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PSKE١  E‫א‬‫א‬

 (Quadrature PSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬PSKE٢  KE‫א‬‫א‬

 (µ-PSK) (‫ א‬PSK)‫א‬PSKE٣

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EMF‫א‬‫א‬F  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

(18-3)

 W

 EF‫א‬ JNb

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ JM  W5-3  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KM= 2

EPSKF

 (Binary PSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   (BPSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(17-3) - ٩١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

‫א‬(PCM)U (t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  KE-90°‫א‬٩٠°F

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(i)‫א‬(Ui )‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  W‫א‬

 (19-3 )

 W

 (volts)‫א‬ JV

 Ui ={+1 for logic (1) {-1 for logic (0)

 ‫א‬‫א‬ JUi

 W (19-3)‫א‬

-E π / 2 F‫א‬logic (1) J  HE π / 2 F‫א‬logic (0) J

 

 W‫א‬(19-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  

 

 E20-3F   - ٩٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 WEBPSKF‫א‬

‫א‬(BPSK)‫א‬  E٠١F‫א‬‫א‬

 

 (BPSK) ‫א‬(18-3)

E١

 

: ‫( اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ هﻮ‬٢ Vc (t)=Vsin wct

 

 

(BPSK) ‫א‬ (19-3) 

- ٩٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

:V BPSK(t) (٣

 ‫א‬  VBPSK(t)

  t

 

   BW=2fm=Rb    f fc-fm fc+fm    

 EVBPSKF‫א‬‫א‬E20-3F

 

 

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤  V BPSK(t) = sin 2 πFmt*sin2 πfct = 1/2[ cos 2 π (fc-fm)- 1/2 cos2 π (fc+fm)t ]

 W   

 W‫א‬‫א‬ B= (fc+fm) – (fc+fm)=2fm=Rb  BT = RbW‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ B= 2(∆f+fm)=2fm+2∆f 2∆f=0 W

B= 2fm = Rb

- ٩٤ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 (BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬  

 WEBPSK)E  

(OOK)‫א‬‫א‬E21-3F‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬(OOK)‫א‬‫א‬

   

ui= Binary

Balanced Modultor

Bw=Rs Ui V sin wct

BPF

Ui V sinωct VBPSK(t)

data VSinωct Reference

Carrier oscillator

 (BPSK)(21-3)  

 W(BPSK)E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Ui)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ (balanced modulator)‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٩٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

  Vd(t)=2uiVsinwct

input signal Balanced VBPSK(t)= detector VUisinωct 2 sinωct

Vo=VUi={+v Logic 1 {-v logic 0 L Vo=V PF

   

Carrier oscillator

 (BPSK)E22-3F

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬(LPF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

-  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

: (Performance)

PB = PE = 1/2 erfc ( = 1/2 erfc (

EB / NO )

‫א‬‫א‬

c * Tb / No )

(21-3)

= 1/2 erfc (

v 2 Tb / 2 No )

 (BER)(Eb/No  PB) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  (22-3) •

E23-3F

- ٩٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

: (QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Quadrature phase shift keying  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(QPSK)E١ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ (BPSK)  (QPSK) E٢ : ‫א‬

VQPSK = UiVcosωct + UQVsinωct

(٢٢-3)

W

 (I)‫א‬‫א‬(BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 (Q)‫א‬(BPSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(V QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J  

UQV

 

 VQPSK=V

 

│VQPSK │=

2

   

UIV

(UiV)2 + (UQV)2 =

- ٩٨ -



2v2

=V 2

 

(23-3)

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

W(47-3)‫א‬(46-3)‫א‬E٣

= cosΦcoswet + sinΦsinwet = cos(ωct-Φ ) W‫א‬

cos(ωct – Φ) 2 VQPSK = V

: ‫ﺣﻴﺚ إن‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - Φ Φ = tan-1 UQ UI

(24-3)

(π / 4 , 3π / 4 , 5π / 4 , 7π / 4) ‫א‬‫א‬ Φ

 (UI,UQ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬1-3)‫א‬‫א‬ VQPSK (eq. 72)

Vcosωct+vsinωct

vcosωct+vsinωct

VQPSK (eq. 74)

 K‫א‬(QPSK)EΦF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Phasor

v 2 cos(ωct- π /4)

Φ=45

t Transmitted s bite UI

UQ

1

1

-1

1

-1

-1

1

-1

Φ=135 v 2 cos(ωct-3 π /4) Φ=225

-vcosωct-vsinωct

v 2 cos(ωct-5 π /4)

-vcosωct-vsinωct

v 2 cos(ωct-7 π /4)

Φ=315

 E1-3F - ٩٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬(PSK)(Rs)‫א‬E  

Rs =



Rb symbols/s N

 W

 ‫א‬‫א‬ JRb

 ‫א‬ JN

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

M = 2N symbols

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

2π rad M  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E   C = B log2 M    W  ‫א‬‫א‬ JB    W(S/N)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ((PCM)‫א‬)  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١  W(BER)‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬(Thermal noise)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  W(S/N)‫א‬‫א‬E  (PCM)  P =

360 M

 

=

- ١٠٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 W

 (BER)‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  W(Quantization noise)‫א‬ J

 W‫א‬  

(S/N)Q = 22N = M2

 W

 K‫א‬ JM

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JN  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

 ASK,FSK,PSK

V

*

RF

mixer

S

( /N) or

IF

detector

PCM

* P

B

D/A

*

LPF (S/N)

Eb No

‫א‬(PCM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

   

- ١٠١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

   : 6-3  200fw (200x10-15W).‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(300K)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K(425K)  

(PCM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬(2Mbit/sec)EbitF

 (PSK)‫א‬E

 (ASK)‫א‬E

(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ( QPSK) ‫ آﺸﻒ ﺗﺮاﺑﻄﻲ‬E

- ١٠٢ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  

1. Ashok Ambardar, ‘Analog and Digital Signal Processing’, Thomson Learning Inc, 1999.

2. John B. Anderson, ‘Digital Transmission Engineering’, Prentice Hall, 1999. 3. A.B.Carlson, ‘Communication Systems’ McGraw-Hill, 1992.

4. Simon Haykin: ‘Communication Systems’, 4th Edition, Wiley & Sons, 2001. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen: ‘Signals and Systems’, John Willey & Sons, Inc, 1999. Simon Haykins, ‘Digital Communication’, John Wiley, 2001. B.P.Lathi, ‘Analog and Digital Communication Systems’, PHI, 1992. Douglas K. Lindner, ‘Signals and Systems’, McGraw-Hill International, 1999.

9. John Pearson : ‘Basic Communication Theory’, Prentice Hall, 2000 10. J. Proakis: ‘Digital Communications’, McGraw Hill, 1995. 11. J. Proakis and M. Salehi: ‘Contemporary Communication Systems Using MATLAB’, Bookware Companion Series, PWS Publishing, 1998. 12. Proakis, ‘Digital Communication’, McGraw-Hill, 1992. 13. Martin Roben: ‘Analog and Digital Communication Systems’, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998 14. K.Sam Shanmugam: ‘Digital and Analog Communication Systems’, John Wiley, 1985. 15. Bernard Sklar: ‘Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications’, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001. 16. Taub & Schilling: ‘Principles of Communication’, McGraw-Hill Publication, 1990.

17. Wayne Tomasi: ‘Advanced Electronic Communication Systems’, Prentice Hall, 2001 18. Rodger E. Ziemer and Roger L. Peterson: ‘Introduction to Digital Communication’, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2001.

19. Roger E. Zeimer et al.: ‘Signals and Systems, Continuous and Discrete’, McMillan, 2nd Edition, 1990.

- ١٠٣ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٣٧

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................  ١ .................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ .................................................................................. W‫א‬١ J١ ٥ ................................................................................... EAliasingF‫א‬٢ J١ ٦ .............................................................ETypes of samplingF‫א‬W٣ J١ ١١ .............................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١ ١٤ .................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١ ٢٤ ........................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J١ ٣٠ ..................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٧ J١ ٣٢ ............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٣ .......................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١–٢ ٤٩ ......................................................................................... ‫א‬٢–٢ ٥٩ ..................................... PCM/TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣–٢ ٦٦ ......................................................................................... ٤–٢ ٧١ ......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٢ .......................................(Baud rate)‫א‬(bit rate)‫א‬‫א‬1-3 ٧٣ ................................................................. W(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬2-3 ٨٣ ........................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬3-3 ٩٠ ........................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬4-3 ١٠٣ ..................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬

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     

                                                 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS  