Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии

А.Н.Богатиков, В.А.Красицкий, К.Н.Лапко, А.А.Рагойша, И.Е.Шиманович Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорг...

Author: Богатиков | Красицкий | Лапко | Рагойша | Шиманович.

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А.Н.Богатиков, В.А.Красицкий, К.Н.Лапко, А.А.Рагойша, И.Е.Шиманович

Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии.

Учебное пособие

Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии [Электронный ресур]: Учебное пособие / А.Н.Богатиков, В.А.Красицкий, К.Н.Лапко, А.А.Рагойша, И.Е.Шиманович. — Электрон. текст. дан. (1,2 Мб). — Мн.: Научно-методический центр “Электронная книга БГУ”, 2003. — Режим доступа: http://anubis.bsu.by/publications/elresources/Chemistry/bogatikov.pdf . — Электрон. версия печ. публикации, 2002. — PDF формат, версия 1.4 . — Систем. требования: Adobe Acrobat 5.0 и выше.

МИНСК «Электронная книга БГУ» 2003 © А.Н.Богатиков, В.А.Красицкий, К.Н.Лапко, А.А.Рагойша, И.Е.Шиманович, 2003. © Научно-методический центр «Электронная книга БГУ», 2003 www.elbook.bsu.by [email protected]

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Fhe_dmeZ – f_evqZcrZy kihkh[gZy d kZfhklhyl_evghfm kms_ kl\h\Zgbx qZklbpZ khojZgyxsZy \k_ obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z Fhe_dmeufh]mlkhklhylvdZdbaZlhfh\h^gh]hwe_f_glZ lZd b ba Zlhfh\ jZaguo we_f_glh\ Fhe_dmeu y\eyxlky ghkbl_eyfb khklZ\Zbobfbq_kdbok\hckl\h[jZah\Zgguobfb\_s_kl\JZaf_jub fZkkufhe_dmelZd`_qj_a\uqZcghfZeuGZijbf_jfZkkZh^ghcfh e_dmeu \h^u jZ\gZ Â–26 d] Ijb ijh\_^_gbb jZkq_lh\ \ obfbb lZd`_ bkihevamxlky hlghkbl_evgu_ fhe_dmeyjgu_ fZkku h[hagZ qZxsb_kykbf\hehfMr. Hlghkbl_evgZyfhe_dmeyjgZyfZkkZ Mr – nbabq_kdZy\_ebqbgZ jZ\gZy hlghr_gbx kj_^g_c fZkku fhe_dmeu \_s_kl\Z d 1/12 qZklb fZkkugmdeb^Z 12K GZijbf_jhlghkbl_evgZyfhe_dmeyjgZyfZkkZ\h^ujZ\gZ mfhe_dmeu H 2O 2,99 ⋅ 10−26 d] Mr(H2O) = = 18 . = 1u 1,663 ⋅ 10− 27 d] AgZq_gb_Mr \_s_kl\Z\k_]^ZjZ\ghkmff_agZq_gbcArh[jZamx sbo_]hwe_f_glh\kmq_lhfqbkeZboZlhfh\\fhe_dme_ Bhg –h^gh-bebfgh]hZlhfgZyqZklbpZh[eZ^ZxsZywe_dljbq_ kdbfaZjy^hf H^ghZlhfgu_bhguKZ2+ Kl–, Na+, S2–; fgh]hZlhfgu_bhgu1+4+, SO42–KH3COO–. Bhgukh_^bgyxlky\khhl\_lkl\bbkboaZjy^Zfbh[jZamyfhe_ dmeubebdjbklZeeu <_s_kl\h –mklhcqb\Zykbkl_fZqZklbpZlhfh\bhgh\bebfhe_ dme h[eZ^ZxsZyhij_^_e_ggufbnbabq_kdbfbbobfbq_kdbfbk\hc kl\Zfb < gZklhys__ \j_fy ba\_klgh hdheh fbeebhgh\ \_s_kl\
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\_s_kl\Zh[hagZqZ_lkykbf\hehf«n».?^bgbp_cobfbq_kdh]hdhebq_ kl\Z\_s_kl\Zy\ey_lkyfhev Fhev – lZdh_ obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h \_s_kl\Z \ dhlhjhf kh ^_j`blky Â23 _]h kljmdlmjguo _^bgbp l _ klhevdh kdhevdh kh^_j`blkyZlhfh\\m]e_jh^_12KfZkkhcd] QbkehÂ23gZau\Z_lkyihklhygghc:\h]Z^jhbh[hagZqZ_lky kbf\hehfN:: N: = 6,02·1023fhev–1. FZkkZ \_s_kl\Z \aylh]h \ dhebq_kl\_ fhev gZau\Z_lky fh eyjghc fZkkhc ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z HgZ h[hagZqZ_lky kbf\hehf F b \ujZ`Z_lky\d]fhevbeb]fhev FZkkZ\_s_kl\Zqbke_gghjZ\gZijhba\_^_gbx_]hobfbq_kdh]h dhebq_kl\ZbfheyjghcfZkku m(X) = n(X) · M(X) H[t_f]Zahh[jZagh]h\_s_kl\Z\aylh]h\dhebq_kl\_fhevgZ au\Z_lkyfheyjgufh[t_fhf\_s_kl\Z.Hgh[hagZqZ_lkykbf\hehf Vfb\ujZ`Z_lky\f3fhevbeb^f3fhev H[t_f]ZaZijb^Zgghf^Z\e_gbbbl_fi_jZlmj_qbke_gghjZ\_g ijhba\_^_gbx _]h obfbq_kdh]h dhebq_kl\Z b fheyjgh]h h[t_fZ ba f_j_ggh]hijbl_o`_mkeh\byo V(X) = n(X) · Vf(X) LZdbf h[jZahf obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h \_s_kl\Z qbkeh _]h kljmdlmjguo_^bgbpfZkkZbh[t_f^ey]Zah\ k\yaZguf_`^mkh[hc khhlghr_gb_f m( X ) V ( X ) N ( X ) n( X ) = = = . M ( X ) Vm ( X ) NA D\Z`g_crbfaZdhgZfobfbbhlghkylkyaZdhgkhojZg_gbyfZkku \_s_kl\ZaZdhgihklhygkl\ZkhklZ\Z\_s_kl\ZaZdhgobfbq_kdbowd \b\Ze_glh\baZdhgu]Zah\h]hkhklhygby AZdhgkhojZg_gbyfZkku\_s_kl\Z FZkkZ \_s_kl\ \klmib\rbo \ obfbq_kdmx j_Zdpbx qbke_ggh jZ\gZfZkk_\_s_kl\h[jZah\Z\rboky\j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbb K lhqdb aj_gby Zlhfgh-fhe_dmeyjgh]h mq_gby \ oh^_ j_Zdpbb ijhbkoh^blebrvi_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_Zlhfh\ghg_baf_gy_lkyboh[ s__dhebq_kl\hIhwlhfmh[sZyfZkkZ\k_oZlhfh\lZd`_g_baf_gy _lkyWlhlaZdhge_`bl\hkgh\_jZkq_lh\ihmjZ\g_gbyfj_Zdpbc 6

AZdhgihklhygkl\ZkhklZ\Z\_s_kl\Z Ex[h_ keh`gh_ \_s_kl\h fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby g_aZ\bkbfh hlkihkh[h\_]hihemq_gbybf__lihklhyggucdZq_kl\_ggucbdheb q_kl\_gguckhklZ\ Klhqdbaj_gbyZlhfgh-fhe_dmeyjgh]hmq_gby\ijhp_kk_h[jZah \Zgby fhe_dmeu h[uqgh mqZkl\m_l g_[hevrh_ qbkeh Zlhfh\ dhlhju_ kh_^bgyxlky\k_]^Z\kljh]hhij_^_e_gghfdhebq_kl\_gghfkhhlghr_gbbIhwlhfmdhebq_kl\_gguckhklZ\h[jZamxsbokyfhe_dmeZke_^h\Zl_evgh b khklZ\ h[jZamxsboky \_s_kl\ fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby hdZau\Z_lkyihklhygguf
1 ⋅ Ar ( N) 14 = = 0,298 = 29,8 % ; M r (HNO 2 ) 47

w(O) = 100 % − 2,1 % − 29,8 % = 68,1 % . 7

Ijbf_j .Hij_^_eblvijhkl_crmxnhjfmemh^gh]hbahdkb^h\ ZahlZ\dhlhjhffZkkh\Zy^heydbkehjh^ZjZ\gZ J_r_gb_ ImklvfZkkZhdkb^ZNxOyjZ\gZ]JZkkqblZ_ffZkkuZlhfh\ ZahlZbdbkehjh^Z\hdkb^_ Z m(O) = m(NxOy) · w2 ]Â ] [ m(N) = m(NxOy) – m(O) = ]–] ] GZc^_fobfbq_kdb_dhebq_kl\ZZlhfh\ZahlZbdbkehjh^Z m( N ) 36,85 ] = fhev Z n(N) = M ( N ) 14 ]fhev [ n(O) =

m( O ) 63,15 ] = fhev M (O) 16 ]fhev

GZc^_ffheyjgh_khhlghr_gb_ZahlZbdbkehjh^Z\hdkb^_ n(N) : n(O fhevfhev fhevfhev Ke_^h\Zl_evghbkdhfZynhjfmeZhdkb^Z– N2H3. Ijbf_j . G_ba\_klgh_ \_s_kl\h fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \ ba[uld_ dbkehjh^Z b ihemqbeb m]e_dbkeuc ]Za fZkkhc ] b \h^m fZkkhc 3,6 ]Hij_^_eblvfhe_dmeyjgmxnhjfmemk]hj_\r_]h\_s_kl\Z_keb hlghkbl_evgZyiehlghklv_]hiZjh\ih\ha^momjZ\gZ J_r_gb_ Ihkdhevdm \ j_amevlZl_ k]hjZgby \_s_kl\Z h[jZah\Zebkv m]e_ dbkeuc]Zab\h^Z^_eZ_f\u\h^qlh\_]hkhklZ\\oh^ylm]e_jh^\h ^hjh^b\hafh`ghdbkehjh^ JZkkqblZ_ffZkkmm]e_jh^Z\h[jZah\Z\r_fkyKH2: FKH2 ]fhevÂ]fhev ]fhev ]KH2) kh^_j`Zl ]K -"x]K x =]K ]KH2) JZkkqblZ_ffZkkm\h^hjh^Z\h[jZah\Z\r_cky\h^_ FG2H Â]fhev]fhev ]fhev ]G2H kh^_j`Zl ]G -"m]K m ]G ]G2H GZc^_fkmffmfZkkm]e_jh^Zb\h^hjh^Z\oh^b\rbo\khklZ\ bkoh^gh]h\_s_kl\Z m(C) + m(H ] IhkdhevdmkmffZfZkkKbG] f_gvr_fZkkuk]hj_\r_]h \_s_kl\Z] ^_eZ_f\u\h^qlh\_]hkhklZ\\oh^belZd`_bdbkeh jh^fZkkZdhlhjh]hjZ\gZmH = 6 – ] 8

Hij_^_ebfijhkl_cr__fheyjgh_khhlghr_gb_KGbH\bk oh^ghf\_s_kl\_l__]hijhkl_crmxnhjfmem m(C) m(H) m(O) n(C) : n(H) : n(O) = : : = M (C) M (H) M (O) 2,4 ] 0,4 ] 3,2 ] : : = = 1 : 2 : 1. 12 ]fhev 1 ]fhev 16 ]fhev LZdbfh[jZahfijhkl_crZywfibjbq_kdZy nhjfmeZ\_s_kl\Z– KG2H Ke_^m_lhlf_lblvqlhijhkl_crZynhjfmeZ\_s_kl\Zhlh[jZ`Z_l ebrv ijhkl_cr__ gZbf_gvr__ qbkeh\h_ khhlghr_gb_ Zlhfh\ we_ f_glh\\g_fFhe_dmeyjgZy`_nhjfmeZ\_s_kl\ZhljZ`Z_lj_Zevgh_ qbkehZlhfh\dZ`^h]hwe_f_glZ\fhe_dme_bihemqZ_lkymfgh`_gb_f bg^_dkh\\ijhkl_cr_cnhjfme_gZhij_^_e_ggh_qbkehjZa JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gb_fheyjghcfZkkubkoh^gh]h\_s_kl\Zih _]hhlghkbl_evghciehlghklb M1(CxHyOz) = 29 · D\ha^ = 29 · ]fhev JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gb_fheyjghcfZkkubkoh^gh]h\_s_kl\Zih _]hijhkl_cr_cnhjfme_ M2(CH2O ]fhev Ihkdhevdm agZq_gb_ F1 [hevr_ agZq_gby F2 \ jZaZ lh ^ey gZoh`^_gbyfhe_dmeyjghcnhjfmeu\_s_kl\Z\k_bg^_dku\_]hijh kl_cr_cnhjfme_gm`ghm\_ebqblv\jZaZLZdbfh[jZahfbkdhfZy nhjfmeZ–K3G6H3. AZdhgwd\b\Ze_glh\ <_s_kl\Z\klmiZxl\j_Zdpbbbh[jZamxlky\j_amevlZl_j_Zd pbc\wd\b\Ze_glguodhebq_kl\Zo

1  FheyjgZyfZkkZwd\b\Ze_glZ\_s_kl\ZO – M  ∗ ( X ) –fZkkZ z  h^gh]hfhevwd\b\Ze_glZwlh]h\_s_kl\Z?^bgbpZbaf_j_gby–]fhev beb d]fhev FheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ \_s_kl\Z O k\yaZgZ k fh eyjghcfZkkhc\_s_kl\ZOkhhlghr_gb_f 1  M (X ) . M  ∗ ( X ) = z∗ z  K^jm]hcklhjhgufheyjgZyfZkkZwd\b\Ze_glZ\_s_kl\ZOqbk e_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbx fZkku \_s_kl\Z O d khhl\_lkl\mxs_fm ob fbq_kdhfmdhebq_kl\mwd\b\Ze_glZ\_s_kl\ZO: m( X ) 1  . M  ∗ ( X ) = z  n  1 ( X )  z ∗  1  Obfbq_kdh_dhebq_kl\hwd\b\Ze_glZ\_s_kl\ZO – n  ∗ ( X ) – z  \_ebqbgZqbke_gghjZ\gZyhlghr_gbxfZkku\_s_kl\ZOdfheyjghc fZkk__]hwd\b\Ze_glZ?^bgbpZbaf_j_gby–fhev 1  Fheyjguch[t_fwd\b\Ze_glZ]ZaZO – Vm  ∗ ( X ) – h[t_fh^ z  gh]h fhey wd\b\Ze_glZ ]Zahh[jZagh]h \_s_kl\Z O ?^bgbpZ baf_j_gby –efhevbebf3fhev 10

Fheyjguch[t_fwd\b\Ze_glZ]ZaZOk\yaZgkfheyjgufh[t_fhf ]ZaZOkhhlghr_gb_f 1  V (X ) Vm  ∗ ( X ) = m ∗ . z z 
hldm^Z o AgZqbl qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb ]b^jhdkb^Z ojhfZ z* \ ^Zgghcj_ZdpbbjZ\gh GZoh^bf nZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb KUHG 3 b hij_^_ey_f _]h obfbq_kdbcwd\b\Ze_gl qZklbpZKUHG 3, bhgZfG+ wd\b\Ze_glgZ + -"yqZklbphldm^Zy = 1/3. bhgmH WlhagZqblqlh\^Zgghcj_Zdpbbwd\b\Ze_glhf]b^jhdkb^ZojhfZ ,,, y\ey_lkymkeh\gZyqZklbpZ–qZklv_]hnhjfmevghc_^bgbpu JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gb_fheyjghcfZkkuwd\b\Ze_glZKUHG 3: 1  M (Cr (OH )3 ) M  (Cr (OH)3 ) = ]fhev 3 3  Ijbf_jHij_^_eblvwd\b\Ze_glbjZkkqblZlvfheyjgmxfZkkm wd\b\Ze_glZ]b^jhdkb^ZfZj]ZgpZII \j_Zdpbb 2Mn(OH)2 + 12KOH + 5Cl2 :.0Q24 + 10KCl + 8H2O. J_r_gb_ GZoh^bfqbkehwd\b\Ze_glghklb^eyFQHG 2: Ihkdhevdm \ nhjfmevghc _^bgbp_ wlh]h ]b^jhdkb^Z kh^_j`blky Zlhf fZj]ZgpZ \ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby Z \ nhjfmevghc _^bgbp_ D0Q24 – \ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ^_eZ_f \u\h^ qlh qZklbp_ FQHG 2khhl\_lkl\mxlwe_dljhgh\AgZqblqbkehwd\b\Ze_glghklb ]b^jhdkb^ZjZ\gh GZoh^bf nZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb ]b^jhdkb^Z b hij_^_ey_f 1 1 _]hobfbq_kdbcwd\b\Ze_gl f wd\ = = . z* 5 WlhagZqblqlh\^Zgghcj_Zdpbbwd\b\Ze_glhf]b^jhdkb^ZfZj ]ZgpZ,, y\ey_lkymkeh\gZyqZklbpZ–qZklv_]hnhjfmevghc_^b gbpu JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gb_fheyjghcfZkkuwd\b\Ze_glZ]b^jhdkb^Z 1  M (Mn (OH ) 2 ) 89 ]fhev M  (Mn (OH ) 2 ) = ]fhev = 5 5 5  Ijbf_jHij_^_eblvwd\b\Ze_glbjZkkqblZlvagZq_gb_fheyj ghcfZkkuwd\b\Ze_glZkmevnZlZZexfbgby\j_Zdpbb Al2(SO4)3 + 3Pb(NO3)2 = 2Al(NO3)3 + 3PbSO4. J_r_gb_ GZoh^bfqbkehwd\b\Ze_glghklb$O2(SO4)3. <^Zgghcj_Zdpbbh[f_gZg_ijbgbfZxlmqZklbybhguG+
jZ\gufbeb–
< khhl\_lkl\bb k aZdhghf wd\b\Ze_glh\ obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h wd\b\Ze_glZ f_lZeeZ jZ\gh obfbq_kdhfm dhebq_kl\m wd\b\Ze_glZ dbkehjh^Z m(Me) m (O 2 ) 1 1   = . n  * (Me) = n  * (O 2 ) => 1  1  z z   M  * (Me) M  * (O 2 ) z  z  A^_kv m(Me) –fZkkZf_lZeeZ\klmib\r_]h\j_Zdpbx m(O2) –fZkkZdbkehjh^Z\klmib\r_]h\j_Zdpbx 1  M  * (Me) –fheyjgZyfZkkZwd\b\Ze_glZf_lZeeZ z  1  M  * (O 2 ) –fheyjgZyfZkkZwd\b\Ze_glZdbkehjh^Z z  GZc^_ffZkkmdbkehjh^Z\klmib\r_]h\j_Zdpbx m(O2) = mhdkb^Z – mf_lZeeZ ]–] ] GZc^_ffheyjgmxfZkkmwd\b\Ze_glZfhe_dmeyjgh]hdbkehjh ^ZIjbh[jZah\Zgbbhdkb^ZdZ`^Zyfhe_dmeZdbkehjh^Zijbkh_^bgy_l we_dljhgZbij_\jZsZ_lky\hdkb^-bhgZO 02 :O–2. Lh]^Z we_dljhgZfkhhl\_lkl\m_lfhe_dmeZH2, we_dljhgm -"xfhe_dmehldm^Zx = 1/4. Wlh agZqbl qlh obfbq_kdbf wd\b\Ze_glhf dbkehjh^Z \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbby\ey_lkymkeh\gZyqZklbpZ–q_l\_jlZyqZklvfhe_dmeuGZc ^_fagZq_gb_fheyjghcfZkkuwd\b\Ze_glZdbkehjh^Z 1  M (O 2 ) 32 M  (O 2 )  = = = 8 ]fhev . 4 4 4  Ih^klZ\bf qbkeh\u_ agZq_gby \_ebqbg \ \ujZ`_gb_ aZdhgZ wd\b\Ze_glh\ 1  m(Me) ⋅ M  * (O 2 ) 1  z  = 10 ⋅ 8 ]fhev M  * (Me) = m (O 2 ) 8,89 z  * >eyf_lZeeZqbkehwd\b\Ze_glghklbz jZ\ghkl_i_gb_]hhdbk 1  e_gby\kh_^bg_gbbIhkdhevdmM(Me) = M  * (Me) · z*lhijb z  * FF_ ]fhev z =1 * z =2 FF_ ]fhev * FF_ ]fhev z =3 14

H^gh\Ze_glgh]h f_lZeeZ k fheyjghc fZkkhc ]fhev b ^\mo\Z e_glgh]hf_lZeeZkfheyjghcfZkkhc]fhevg_kms_kl\m_lLj_o \Ze_glgucf_lZeekfheyjghcfZkkhc–ZexfbgbcAl). Ijbf_jIjbjZkl\hj_gbb\dbkehl_f_lZeeZfZkkhc]\u ^_ebeky\h^hjh^h[t_fhfegm Hij_^_eblvf_lZee J_r_gb_ n AZibr_fh[smxko_fmj_ZdpbbF_0 + nH+ :Men+ + H 02 . 2
1  M (Me) IhkdhevdmF  * (Me) = lhfheyjgZyfZkkZf_lZeeZ[m z* z  1  ^_l\ujZ`ZlvkyM(Me) = M  * (Me) ·z*, z  * =^_z bebKfijbf_j FF_ ]fhev Ijbz* = 1 * FF_ ]fhev ijbz = 2 * ijbz = 3 FF_ ]fhev H^gh-b^\mo\Ze_glgh]hf_lZeeh\kgZc^_ggufbagZq_gbyfbfh eyjguofZkkg_kms_kl\m_llj_o\Ze_glgucf_lZeekfheyjghcfZkkhc ]fhev–lblZg7L Ijbf_jBaoehjb^Zg_ba\_klgh]hf_lZeeZfZkkhc]ihem q_ggbljZlwlh]h`_f_lZeeZfZkkhc]Hij_^_eblvf_lZee J_r_gb_ Ihkdhevdm obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h wd\b\Ze_glZ oehjb^Z f_ lZeeZjZ\ghobfbq_kdhfmdhebq_kl\mwd\b\Ze_glZ_]hgbljZlZlh m(Me + x Cl −x ) m(Me + x ( NO 3 ) x ) . = 1  1  M  * (MeCl x ) M  * (Me( NO 3 ) x ) z  z  Ijbj_r_gbbih^h[guoaZ^Zqg_h[oh^bfhihfgblvqlhfheyjgZy fZkkZwd\b\Ze_glZkeh`gh]h\_s_kl\ZjZ\gZkmff_fheyjguofZkkwd \b\Ze_glh\ _]h khklZ\guo qZkl_c >himklbf qlh fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd \b\Ze_glZg_ba\_klgh]hf_lZeeZjZ\gZx]fhevMqblu\Zyqlhfheyj gZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ oehjb^-ZgbhgZ Cl– ]fhev Z fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ gbljZl-ZgbhgZ NO 3− jZ\gZ ]fhev b ih^klZ\b\ agZq_gby\_ebqbg\\ujZ`_gb_aZdhgZwd\b\Ze_glh\ihemqbf 18,34 23,64 = hlkx^Zx ]fhev x + 35,5 x + 62 Hij_^_ebff_lZee 1  IhkdhevdmM(Me) = M  * (Me) · z*, z  ]^_ z* – kl_i_gv hdbke_gby f_lZeeZ \ kh_^bg_gbb lh ijb z* = 1 Ü FF_ = ]fhevÜ ]fhev–f_lZeeg_kms_kl\m_l ijbz* = 2 · FF_ ]fhevÜ ]fhev–f_lZeedZ^fbc&G 16

AZdhg:\h]Z^jh
V (X ) . n( X )

Hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv ]ZaZ O ih ]Zam Y – Dy(X) – [_ajZa f_jgZy\_ebqbgZjZ\gZyhlghr_gbxfheyjguofZkk^Zgguo]Zah\ DY ( X ) =

M (X ) . M (Y )

HgZihdZau\Z_l\hkdhevdhjZa]ZaOe_]q_bebly`_e__]ZaZY_kebboh[t_fuh^bgZdh\uGZijbf_jhlghkbl_evgZyiehlghklvZffbZdZih\h^hjh^m M ( NH 3 ) 17 ]fhev = 8,5. DH 2 ( NH 3 ) = = M (H 2 ) 2 ]fhev ?keblj_[m_lkygZclbagZq_gb_hlghkbl_evghciehlghklb]ZaZO) ih \ha^mom lh fheyjgmx fZkkm ]ZaZ O ^_eyl gZ kj_^gxx fheyjgmx fZkkm\ha^moZF\ha^kj jZ\gmx]fhevGZijbf_jhlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklvoehjh\h^hjh^Zih\ha^mom D\ha^(HCl) =

36,5 ]fhev M (HCl) = 1,259. = M \ha^ (kj.) 29 ]fhev

Kj_^g_cfheyjghcfZkkhc]Zah\hckf_kbFkj gZau\ZxlfZkkmkf_ kb h[t_f dhlhjhc ijb g m jZ\_g e HgZ k\yaZgZ k fheyjgufb fZkkZfb]Zah\khhlghr_gb_f Fkjkf_kb 3(O) · F(O) + 3(Y) · M(Y). A^_kv3X b3Y) –h[t_fgu_^heb]Zah\\kf_kbF(X bM(Y) –fh eyjgu_fZkku]Zah\H[t_fgZy^hey]ZaZ3 \kf_kb–\_ebqbgZjZ\ 17

gZy hlghr_gbx h[t_fZ ]ZaZ O d h[t_fm kf_kb DZd b fZkkh\Zy^hey hgZfh`_l\ujZ`Zlvky\^heyo_^bgbpubeb\ijhp_glZo Iehlghklv]ZaZ! –\_ebqbgZqbke_gghjZ\gZhlghr_gbx_]h fheyjghcfZkkudfheyjghfmh[t_fm !(X) =

M (X ) . Vm

GZijbf_jiehlghklv\ha^moZijbgmjZ\gZ ! \ha^

M \ha^. (kj.) 29 ]fhev ]e = Vm 22,4 efhev AZdhg;hcey–FZjbhllZ

Ijbihklhygghcl_fi_jZlmj_h[t_f^Zgghcihjpbb]ZaZh[jZlghijhihjpbhgZe_g_]h^Z\e_gbx Wlh agZqbl qlh ijb m\_ebq_gbb ^Z\e_gby ]ZaZ \ hij_^_e_ggh_ qbkehjZa_]hh[t_fmf_gvrZ_lky\hklhevdh`_jZaIhwlhfmijhba \_^_gb_^Z\e_gby]ZaZgZ_]hh[t_fijbihklhygghcl_fi_jZlmj_y\ey _lky\_ebqbghcihklhygghc p1V1 = p2V2 = const. Ijbf_j Ijb ^Z\e_gbb dIZ h[t_f ]ZaZ jZ\_g e
p1V1 98,5 ⋅ 10,4 = = 6,3 e . p2 162,6

AZdhg=_c-ExkkZdZ Ijb ihklhygghf ^Z\e_gbb h[t_f ^Zgghc ihjpbb ]ZaZ ijyfh ijhihjpbhgZe_g_]hZ[khexlghcl_fi_jZlmj_ WlhagZqblqlhijbm\_ebq_gbbZ[khexlghcl_fi_jZlmju]ZaZ\ hij_^_e_ggh_ qbkeh jZa _]h h[t_f m\_ebqb\Z_lky \h klhevdh `_ jZa Ihwlhfm hlghr_gb_ h[t_fZ ]ZaZ d _]h Z[khexlghc l_fi_jZlmj_ ijb ihklhygghf^Z\e_gbby\ey_lkyihklhygghc\_ebqbghc V1 V2 = = const . T1 T2 18

Ijbf_jIjbl_fi_jZlmj_ hKh[t_f]ZaZjZ\_ge`fhev · KKmq_lhfwlh]h^eyfhev]ZaZfh`ghaZibkZlv pV = R bebpV = RT. T 19

?keb`_obfbq_kdh_dhebq_kl\h]Zahh[jZagh]h\_s_kl\ZjZ\ghn fhevlh pV = nRT. WlhmjZ\g_gb_gZau\Z_lkymjZ\g_gb_fDeZi_cjhgZ – F_g^_e__\Z. m ^Zggh_mjZ\g_gb_fh`ghaZibkZlv\\b^_ Mqblu\Zyqlh n = M m pV = RT . M Hgh k\yau\Z_lfZl_fZlbq_kdb^Z\e_gb_]ZaZ_]hh[t_ffZkkmb l_fi_jZlmjm >Zggh_ mjZ\g_gb_ iha\hey_l \uqbkeblv ex[mx ba \oh ^ysbo\g_]h\_ebqbg_kebba\_klguhklZevgu_\_ebqbgu Ijbf_j
20

JZkkqblZ_fobfbq_kdh_dhebq_kl\hdZ`^h]hba]Zah\ 14 ] fhev n(N2) = 28 ]fhev n(O2) =

8] fhev 32 ]fhev

JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gbyfheyjguo^he_c]Zah\\kf_kb n( N 2 ) 0,5 fhev $(N2) = = = 0,666 . n(kf_kb) 0,75 fhev Ke_^h\Zl_evghfheyjgZy^heydbkehjh^Z$H2 jZ\gZ $(O2) = 1 – 0,666 = 0,334. JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gbyiZjpbZevguo^Z\e_gbc]Zah\ p(N2) = $(N2) Â Pkf_kb = 0,666 ÜdIZ dIZ p(O2) $(O2) Â Pkf_kb = 0,334 ÜdIZ dIZ. Ijbf_j < khkm^_ h[t_fhf e kf_rZeb dbkehjh^ h[t_fhf 3,5 egZoh^b\rbckyih^^Z\e_gb_fdIZbZahlh[t_fhfegZ oh^b\rbcky ih^ ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f dIZ
p1 ( N 2 ) ⋅ V1 ( N 2 ) 105 ⋅ 5,5 = = 96,25 dIZ . V2 6

GZc^_fh[s__^Z\e_gb_kf_kb Pkf_kb = p(1) + p(2) dIZdIZ dIZ Ijbf_j<[Zeehg_h[t_fhfeijbl_fi_jZlmj_ oKkh ^_j`Zlkydbkehjh^fZkkhc]m]e_dbkeuc]ZafZkkhc]bZahl g_ba\_klghcfZkku
mRT ; VM 27,2 ⋅ 8,314 ⋅ (273 + 19) = 46,35 dIZ . p (O 2 ) = 44,5 ⋅ 32 55 ⋅ 8,314 ⋅ (273 + 19) = 68,16 dIZ . p(CO 2 ) = 44,5 ⋅ 44 JZkkqblZ_fiZjpbZevgh_^Z\e_gb_ZahlZ\kf_kb p(N2) = Pkf_kb – p(CO2) – p(O2) = 139,05 – 68,16 – dIZ JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gb_fZkkuZahlZ\kf_kb pVM 24,5 ⋅ 44,5 ⋅ 28 = = 12,58 ] . m( N 2 ) = RT 8,31 ⋅ (273 + 19) Ijbf_j<]Zahf_lj_gZ^\h^hcijbl_fi_jZlmj_ hKkh^_j `blkydbkehjh^h[t_fhfeih^^Z\e_gb_fdIZJZkkqblZlv agZq_gb_h[t_fZkmoh]hdbkehjh^Z\]Zahf_lj_ijbgm_keb^Z\e_ gb_gZkus_ggh]h\h^ygh]hiZjZijboKjZ\ghdIZ J_r_gb_ JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gb_iZjpbZevgh]h^Z\e_gbyqbklh]hdbkehjh ^Z\kf_kb j(O2) = P(cf_kb – p(H2O) = 102,455 – dIZ Ba mjZ\g_gby h[t_^bg_ggh]h ]Zah\h]h aZdhgZ \ujZabf Vh b jZkkqblZ_f_]hagZq_gb_ T pV 273 ⋅ 99,291⋅ 5,2 V0 = 0 1 1 = = 4,67 e . p0T1 101,3 ⋅ (273 + 25) p=

1. 2.

3. 4.

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19. Qlh oZjZdl_jbam_l kj_^gyy fheyjgZy fZkkZ kf_kb ]Zah\" DZd hgZ jZkkqblu\Z_lky"Q_fmjZ\gZkj_^gyyfheyjgZyfZkkZ\ha^moZ" 20. Knhjfmebjmcl_ aZdhgu ;hcey – FZjbhllZ b =_c-ExkkZdZ aZib rbl_bofZl_fZlbq_kdb_\ujZ`_gby 21. Knhjfmebjmcl_h[t_^bg_gguc]Zah\ucaZdhgbaZibrbl__]hfZ l_fZlbq_kdh_\ujZ`_gb_
10. Bah[jZapZl_ogbq_kdh]hoehjZlZdZebyfZkkhc][ueihemq_g dbkehjh^ h[t_f dhlhjh]h ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb 111,9 dIZjZ\_ge
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71. Ijbl_jfbq_kdhfjZaeh`_gbbhdkb^ZfZj]ZgpZIV fZkkhc] \u^_ebekydbkehjh^bh[jZah\Zeky^jm]hchdkb^fZj]ZgpZfZkkhc ]DZdh\ZnhjfmeZihemq_ggh]hhdkb^Z" 72. G_ba\_klgh_ k_jhkh^_j`Zs__ \_s_kl\h fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \ ba[uld_dbkehjh^Z\j_amevlZl_q_]hh[jZah\Zebkvm]e_dbkeuc]Za fZkkhc]b\h^ZfZkkhc]BG?GBC
GZa\Zgb_keh`gh]h\_s_kl\ZqblZ_lkykijZ\ZgZe_\hl_\gZqZ e_ gZau\Z_lky _]h we_dljhhljbpZl_evgZy khklZ\eyxsZy \ bf_gbl_ev ghfiZ^_`_ZaZl_fwe_dljhiheh`bl_evgZy\jh^bl_evghfiZ^_`_ ;bgZjgu_kh_^bg_gby GZa\Zgby[bgZjguokh_^bg_gbch[jZamxlkybaeZlbgkdh]hdhjgy gZa\Zgby [he__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgh]h we_f_glZ k kmnnbdkhf -b^- b jmkkdh]h gZa\Zgby f_g__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgh]h we_f_glZ \ jh^b l_evghf iZ^_`_ ?keb f_g__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evguc we_f_gl fh`_l gZoh^blvky \ jZaebqguo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby lh kl_i_gv hdbke_gby mdZau\Z_lky\kdh[dZojbfkdbfbpbnjZfb =Zeh]_gb^u: NaCl – oehjb^ gZljby +, – bh^b^ \h^hjh^Z 2)2 – nlhjb^dbkehjh^Z,, )H%U2 –[jhfb^`_e_aZ,, Hdkb^u Al2O3 – hdkb^ Zexfbgby 34O10 – hdkb^ nhknhjZ 9 KH – hdkb^ m]e_jh^Z ,, )H2O3 – hdkb^ `_e_aZ ,,, Hdkb^u kh^_j `Zsb_]jmiimZlhfh\2 22 − (–H–H– gZau\Zxlkyi_jhdkb^ZfbG2H2 – i_jhdkb^\h^hjh^Z
Fgh]hwe_f_glgu_kh_^bg_gby D wlhfm lbim g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo \_s_kl\ hlghkblky [hevrbgkl\h kh_^bg_gbcdhlhju_bf_xl\k\h_fkhklZ\_we_dljhhljbpZl_evgu_b we_dljhiheh`bl_evgu_khklZ\eyxsb_kh^_j`Zsb_[he__h^gh]hwe_ f_glZ Hkgh\Zgby Hkgh\Zgbyfb gZau\Zxlky keh`gu_ \_s_kl\Z kh klhysb_baZlhfh\f_lZeeZbh^ghcbebg_kdhevdbo]b^jhdkh]jmii Hgb y\eyxlky l\_j^ufb djbklZeebq_kdbfb \_s_kl\Zfb Hkgh\ gh_obfbq_kdh_k\hckl\hhkgh\Zgbc–kihkh[ghklv\aZbfh^_ckl\h\Zlv k dbkehlZfb b dbkehlgufb hdkb^Zfb k h[jZah\Zgb_f khe_c Hkgh\Z gbys_ehqguo/L1D.5E&V bs_ehqgha_f_evguof_lZeeh\&D 6U%D jZkl\hjbfu\\h^_bgZau\Zxlkys_ehqZfbKbkl_fZlbq_kdb_ gZa\Zgbywlh]hlbiZkh_^bg_gbckhklhylbakeh\Z]b^jhdkb^bgZa\Z gbywe_f_glZ\jh^bl_evghfiZ^_`_kmdZaZgb_f_]hkl_i_gbhdbke_ gby_kebwlhg_h[oh^bfh LiOH –]b^jhdkb^eblby
lZ?kebwe_f_glh[jZam_lg_kdhevdhdbkehllhjZaebqb_f_`^mgbfb j_]mebjm_lky k ihfhsvx kmnnbdkh\ ijbkh_^bgy_fuo d dhjgx jmk kdh]hgZa\Zgbywe_f_glZ-g-, -\-beb-_\-ijb\ukr_cbeb_^bgkl\_g ghckl_i_gbhdbke_gbyb-h\-, -bkl-, -gh\Zl-, -gh\Zlbkl-ijbijhf_ `mlhqguobgbarbokl_i_gyohdbke_gby Khebij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcijh^mdluaZf_s_gbyZlhfh\\h^hjh^Z\ dbkehl_gZf_lZeebeb]jmiiuHG–\hkgh\ZgbbgZdbkehlguchklZlhd < aZ\bkbfhklb hl kl_i_gb aZf_s_gby bhgZ \h^hjh^Z \ dbkehlZo bebHG–]jmiiu\hkgh\Zgbyoh[jZamxsb_kykhebdeZkkbnbpbjmxlky gZdbkeu_kheb]b^jhkheb lbiZ1D+623, Mg(HCO3)2, kj_^gb_ihegh_ aZf_s_gb_GbHG lbiZ)H2(SO4)3, Na2CO3bhkgó\gu_]b^jhdkhkh eb lbiZ)H2+ &O&X2+ 2CO3. JZaebqZxllZd`_^\hcgu_khebh[jZah\Zggu_^\mfyf_lZeeZfbb h^gbfdbkehlgufhklZldhf.$O624)2, KCr(SO4)2), kf_rZggu_h[jZ ah\Zggu_ h^gbf f_lZeehf b ^\mfy dbkehlgufb hklZldZfb &D&O2&O beb &D2&O2 6U+6 &O b dhfie_dkgu_ kheb >$J1+3)2]ClO4, K3[Fe(CN)6]). ;hevrbgkl\h g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo khe_c ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc kh_^b g_gbykbhgghcdjbklZeebq_kdhckljmdlmjhcbhlghkbl_evgh\ukhdb fbl_fi_jZlmjZfbieZ\e_gbybdbi_gbyFgh]b_khebohjhrhjZkl\h jbfu\\h^_ LjZ^bpbhggu_gZa\Zgbykhe_ckhklZ\eyxlkybagZa\ZgbcZgbhgh\ \ bf_gbl_evghf iZ^_`_bgZa\ZgbcdZlbhgh\\jh^bl_evghfiZ^_`_ GZa\Zgb_ZgbhgZ\dexqZ_ldhj_gvjmkkdh]hbebeZlbgkdh]hgZa\Zgby dbkehlhh[jZamxs_]h we_f_glZ k ^h[Z\e_gb_f kmnnbdkZ khhl\_lkl \mxs_]hlhcbebbghckl_i_gbhdbke_gbywe_f_glZ ?keb dbkehlhh[jZamxsbc we_f_gl bf__l lhevdh h^gm kl_i_gv hdbke_gbylh^h[Z\ey_lkykmnnbdk-Zl-: Na2CO3 –dZj[hgZlgZljby K2SiO3 –kbebdZldZeby ?kebdbkehlhh[jZamxsbcwe_f_glbf__l^\_kl_i_gbhdbke_gby lh ijb \ukr_c kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ^h[Z\ey_lky kmnnbdk -Zl- Z ijb gbar_c-bl-: CaSO4 –kmevnZldZevpbyMgSO3 –kmevnblfZ]gby IjbgZebqbbZgbhgh\khhl\_lkl\mxsboq_luj_fkl_i_gyfhdbk e_gby dbkehlhh[jZamxs_]h we_f_glZ bo gZa\Zgby h[jZamxlky lZdbf h[jZahf ^ey h[hagZq_gby \ukr_c kl_i_gb hdbke_gby bkihevamxlky ijbklZ\dZi_j-bkmnnbdk-Zl: KBr+7O4 – i_j[jhfZldZeby 34

aZl_f\ihjy^d_mf_gvr_gbykl_i_g_chdbke_gby [_aijbklZ\dbkmnnbdk-Zl: KBr+5O3 –[jhfZldZeby kmnnbdk-bl: KBr+3O2 –[jhfbldZeby ^eygZbf_gvr_ciheh`bl_evghckl_i_gbhdbke_gby–ijbklZ\dZ– ]b ih-bkmnnbdk-bl: KBr+1O – ]bih[jhfbldZeby Ijbihkljh_gbbljZ^bpbhgguogZa\Zgbcdbkeuokhe_cdgZa\Zgbx ZgbhgZkj_^g_ckheb^h[Z\ey_lkyijbklZ\dZ]b^jh-bqbkeh\ZyijbklZ\ dZ_kebdhebq_kl\hZlhfh\\h^hjh^Z\Zgbhg_[hevr__^bgbpu DGKH3 – ]b^jhdZj[hgZldZeby Fe(H2PO4)2 – ^b]b^jhnhknZl`_e_aZII). =b^jhdkhkheb ljZ^bpbhggh gZau\Zxl ^h[Z\e_gb_f d gZa\Zgbx dZlbhgZijbklZ\db]b^jhdkh-: (CuOH)2CO3 –dZj[hgZl]b^jhdkhf_^bII); Al(OH)2NO3 –gbljZl^b]b^jhdkhZexfbgbybl^ GZa\Zgby ^\hcguo b kf_rZgguo khe_c kljhylky h[uqguf h[jZ ahf ?^bgkl\_ggZy hkh[_gghklv ijb ibkvf_gghc aZibkb – wlh ihklZ gh\dZ^_nbkZ^eyjZa^_e_gby^\hcghcqZklbdZlbhgZbebZgbhgZ ^\hcgu_kheb KCr(SO4)2 –kmevnZlojhfZIII dZeby; kf_rZggu_kheb Ca(ClO)Cl – oehjb^-]bihoehjbldZevpby AlNO3SO4 – kmevnZl-gbljZlZexfbgby LjZ^bpbhggu_ gZa\Zgby kj_^gbo khe_c gZb[he__ mihlj_[bl_evguohdkhdbkehlijb\_^_gugb`_ LjZ^bpbhggh_ gZa\Zgb_ dbkehlu

NhjfmeZ

LjZ^bpbhggh_ gZa\Zgb_ kj_^g_c kheb

;hjgZy

H3BO3

;hjZlu

M]hevgZy

H2CO3

DZj[hgZlu

F_lZdj_fgb_\Zy

H2SiO3

F_lZkbebdZlu

Hjlhdj_fgb_\Zy

H4SiO4

HjlhkbebdZlu

Furvydh\Zy

H3AsO4

:jk_gZlu

Furvydh\bklZy

H3AsO3

:jk_gblu

NhknhjgZy

H3PO4

NhknZlu

>bnhknhjgZy

H4P2O7

>bnhknZlu

NhknhjbklZy

H3PO3

Nhknblu

35

LjZ^bpbhggh_ gZa\Zgb_ dbkehlu

NhjfmeZ

LjZ^bpbhggh_ gZa\Zgb_ kj_^g_c kheb

Nhknhjgh\ZlbklZy

H3PO2

=bihnhknblu

:ahlgZy

HNO3

GbljZlu

:ahlbklZy

HNO2

Gbljblu

Ojhfh\Zy

H2CrO4

OjhfZlu

>bojhfh\Zy

H2Cr2O7

>bojhfZlu

K_jgZy

H2SO4

KmevnZlu

K_jgbklZy

H2SO3

Kmevnblu

FZj]Zgph\Zy

HMnO4

I_jfZg]ZgZlu

FZj]Zgph\bklZy

H2MnO4

FZg]ZgZlu

Oehjgh\ZlbklZy

HClO

=bihoehjblu

OehjbklZy

HClO2

Oehjblu

Oehjgh\ZlZy

HClO3

OehjZlu

OehjgZy

HClO4

I_joehjZlu

AZ^Zqb^eyj_r_gby 76. GZibkZlv nhjfmeu hdkb^h\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo mdZaZgguf ]b^jhdkb^Zf+4SiO4, Cu(OH)2, H3AsO3, H6TeO6, Fe(OH)3. 77. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbckihfhsvxdhlhjuofh`ghhkms_ kl\blvij_\jZs_gby Z) Ba :%D2:%D&O2 :%D123)2 :%D624; [) Mg :0J624 :0J2+ 2 :0JO :0J&O2 . 78. DZdb_bamdZaZgguo]Zah\\klmiZxl\obfbq_kdh_\aZbfh^_ckl\b_ kjZkl\hjhfs_ehqb+&O+2S, NO2, N2, Cl2, CH4, SO2, NH3"GZib kZlvmjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc 79. DZdb_ kheb fh`ghihemqblvbf_y\k\h_fjZkihjy`_gbb&X624, AgNO3, K3PO4, BaCl2"GZibkZlvmjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcbgZa\Zlvih emq_ggu_kheb 80. KdZdbfbai_j_qbke_gguogb`_\_s_kl\[m^_lj_Z]bjh\Zlvkhey gZydbkehlZ<2O3, Zn(OH)2, CaO, AgNO3, SiO2, H3PO4"KhklZ\blv mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc 81. DZdb_ ba mdZaZgguo \_s_kl\ j_Z]bjmxl k ]b^jhdkb^hf gZljby HNO3, CaO, CO2, CuSO4, Cd(OH)2, P4O10"KhklZ\blvmjZ\g_gbyj_ Zdpbc 82. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc k\b^_l_evkl\mxsbo h[ hkgh\guo k\hckl\Zo)H2&V2O, HgO, Bi2O3. 36

83. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc^hdZau\Zxsb_dbkehlgucoZjZdl_j SeO2, SO3, Mn2O7, P4O6, CrO3. 84. GZah\bl_ kheb: SbCl2NO3, (Fe(OH)2)2CrO4, (AlOH)SO4, Cd(HS)2, Ca(H2PO4)2. 85. GZibkZlv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc h[jZah\Zgby 0J2P2O7, Ca3(PO4)2, Mg(ClO4)2, Ba(NO3)2\j_amevlZl_\aZbfh^_ckl\by Z hkgh\gh]hbdbkehlgh]hhdkb^h\ [ hkgh\Zgbybdbkehlgh]hhdkb^Z \ hkgh\gh]hhdkb^Zbdbkehlu ] hkgh\Zgbybdbkehlu 86. GZa\Zlv kheb =Q&+3COO)2, NaH2SbO4, K2H2P2O7, Al(OH)2NO3, Na2Cr2O7, Ba(HSO3)2, CrOHSO4, NaHS. 87. Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju hdkb^h\ dhlhju_ ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb k \h ^hc h[jZamxl ^\_ dbkehlu DZd \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k jZkl\hjhf ]b^jhdkb^ZdZevpby12O3; N2O5; NO2? 88. Hkms_kl\bl_ ij_\jZs_gby q_j_a ijhf_`mlhqguc ijh^mdl FeCl3 : Fe2O3; Al(CH3COO)3 : Al2O3; CuSO4 : CuO; MnBr2 : MnO. DZdfh`gh^eyh^gh]hblh]h`_we_f_glZbah^gh]hhdkb^Zihem qblv^jm]hcgZijbf_j&X2ba&X2O)H2ba)H2O3; P4O10ba34O6; 0Q2ba0Q2O7; NO2ba12" 89. GZdZdhfjZaebqbb\k\hckl\Zofh`_l[ulvhkgh\ZghjZa^_e_gb_ ke_^mxsbohdkb^h\%D2b0J23E2b=Q26L22b1D220Q2b =Q2)H2b6L22? 90. Q_fhij_^_ey_lkyhkgh\ghklvdbkehl"Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_judbkehl jZaghchkgh\ghklbbgZibrbl_bo]jZnbq_kdb_nhjfmeuDZdke_ ^m_ljZkkfZljb\Zlvkljh_gb_fhe_dmeunhknhjbklhcdbkehlubk oh^ybolh]hqlhhgZ\_^_lk_[ylhevdhdZd^\mohkgh\gZy" 91. GZ ijbf_j_ f_lZ- hjlh- ihebnhknhjguo dbkehl ihdZ`bl_ q_f hlebqZxlkywlbnhjfmeu^jm]hl^jm]ZbijbdZdbomkeh\byoijh bkoh^ylbo\aZbfhij_\jZs_gby" 92. DZdb_ kh_^bg_gby h[jZamxlky ijb l_jfbq_kdhf jZaeh`_gbb ke_ ^mxsbo dbkehl beb ^_ckl\bb gZ gbo \h^hhlgbfZxsbo kj_^kl\ HNO2; HClO; H3PO3; H2WO4; H3AsO4; HBO2; H2B4O7; HAsO3; H2S3O10? 93. KdZdbfbbai_j_qbke_gguo\_s_kl\\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lkheygZydb kehlZ&D212O3; AgNO3; SO3; Pb(NO3)2; CuSO4; FeS; FeO; Cu; Zn? 94. Hkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZdZdh]h]b^jhdkb^Z\ujZ`_gukbevg__bihq_ fm $V2+ 3 beb %L2+ 3; Sn(OH)2 beb 6Q2+ 4; Fe(OH)2 beb Fe(OH)3; Ba(OH)2beb%H2+ 2? 37

95. Hij_^_ebl_fZkkm]b^jhdkb^ZgZljbydhlhjucfh`_l[ulvihem q_gbafhjkdhckhebfZkkhclijbmkeh\bbqlhfZkkh\Zy^hey oehjb^ZgZljby\g_ckhklZ\ey_l 96. GZc^bl_ fZkkh\mx ^hex ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby ij_\jZlb\r_]hky \ dZj[hgZlaZkq_lih]ehs_gby&22\ha^moZ_kebfZkkZ]b^jhdkb^Z \hajhkeZk^h]Q_fmjZ\_gh[t_fgm ih]ehs_ggh]h ijbwlhfKH2? 97. < dZdhf h[t_fghf hlghr_gbb ^he`gu [ulv kf_rZgu jZkl\hju G3JH4b1D2+h^bgZdh\hcfheyjghcdhgp_gljZpbb^eyihemq_ gby]b^jh-b^b]b^jhnhknZlZgZljby" 98. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc dhlhju_ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh ijhl_ dZxlijbihkl_i_gghf^h[Z\e_gbb Z 1D2+djZkl\hjm]b^jhkmevnZlZpbgdZ [ k_jghcdbkehludk\_`_hkZ`^_gghfm]b^jhdkb^mZexfbgby 99. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcijbihfhsbdhlhjuoi_j_qbke_g gu_ gb`_ kheb fh]ml [ulv i_j_\_^_gu \ kj_^gb_ &X2+ 2SO4, Ca(HCO3)2, [Al(OH)2]2SO4, [Cr(OH)2]2SO4, FeOHSO4, (BiOH)SO4. 100. DZdb_ ba khe_c
=E:<:,,, WG?J=?LBD:OBFBQ?KDBOJ?:DPBC L_jfh^bgZfbdZbamqZ_laZdhghf_jghklbh[f_gZwg_j]b_cf_`^m kbkl_fhcb\g_rg_ckj_^hc\hafh`ghklvgZijZ\e_gb_bij_^_eukZ fhijhba\hevgh]hijhl_dZgbyobfbq_kdboijhp_kkh\ Kbkl_fZ – kh\hdmighklv \_s_kl\ beb qZklbp hl^_e_gguo hl \g_rg_c kj_^u JZaebqZxl ]hfh]_ggu_ b ]_l_jh]_ggu_ kbkl_fu =h fh]_ggu_ kbkl_fu khklhyl ba h^ghc nZau ]_l_jh]_ggu_ kbkl_fu – ba ^\mo beb [he__ nZa NZaZ – wlh qZklv kbkl_fu h^ghjh^gZy \h \k_o__lhqdZoihobfbq_kdhfmkhklZ\mbk\hckl\Zfbhl^_e_ggZyhl ^jm]bonZakbkl_fuih\_joghklvxjZa^_eZ Obfbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky hij_^_e_ggufb iZjZf_l jZfb. D iZjZf_ljZf kbkl_fu hlghkylky l_fi_jZlmjZ L ^Z\e_gb_ j, h[t_fVfZkkZmbdhgp_gljZpbyk L_jfh^bgZfbq_kdh_khklhygb_kbkl_fuhibku\Z_lkynmgdpbyfb khklhygby dhlhju_ h^ghagZqgh hij_^_eyxlky q_j_a iZjZf_lju kh klhygby j, V b L Baf_g_gb_ ohly [u h^gh]h ba gbo \e_q_l aZ kh[hc baf_g_gb_\k_onmgdpbckhklhygbykbkl_fuIhke_^gb_g_aZ\bkylhl imlbb\j_f_gbijhp_kkZijb\h^ysbokbkl_fm\^Zggh_khklhygb_D nmgdpbyf khklhygby gZau\Z_fuo lZd`_ l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdbfb ih l_gpbZeZfb hlghkylky U –\gmlj_ggyywg_j]by G –wglZeviby S –wgljhiby G –wg_j]by=b[[kZk\h[h^gZywg_j]by

beb hldm^Z

U2 – U1= Qj – p(V2 – V1),

Qp = (U2+ pV2) – (U1+ pV1). Nmgdpby U + pV h[hagZq_ggZy q_j_a G gZau\Z_lky wglZevib_c. WglZeviby_klvnmgdpbykhklhygbybbf__ljZaf_jghklvwg_j]bbd>` Qp = H2 – H1 = ∆H. L_ieh\hc wnn_dl j_Zdpbb ijb ihklhygghf ^Z\e_gbb b l_fi_jZ lmj_khhl\_lkl\m_lbaf_g_gbxwglZevibbkbkl_fu\oh^_j_ZdpbbHg aZ\bkblhlijbjh^uj_Z]_glh\bijh^mdlh\bonbabq_kdh]hkhklhygby mkeh\bc L, j ijh\_^_gby j_Zdpbb Z lZd`_ hl dhebq_kl\Z \_s_kl\ mqZkl\mxsbo\j_Zdpbb H[uqgh l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdb_ \_ebqbgu hij_^_eyxl ijb klZg ^Zjlguo mkeh\byo: j dIZbL D hK KlZg^ZjlgZywglZevibyj_Zdpbbh[jZah\Zgbyfhev^Zggh]h\_s_ kl\Z ba ijhkluo \_s_kl\ gZoh^ysboky \ klZg^Zjlguo khklhygbyo gZau\Z_lkyklZg^ZjlghcwglZevib_ch[jZah\Zgbywlh]h\_s_kl\ZgZijbf_j ∆f H 0298 (CO2) = – d>`fhev ∆f H 0298 (HgO) = –90,9 d>`fhev Wg lZevibyh[jZah\Zgbyijhkluo\_s_kl\\klZg^Zjlghfkhklhygbbijb gbfZ_lkyjZ\ghc. Obfbq_kdb_mjZ\g_gby\dhlhjuomdZaZgubaf_g_gbywglZevibb l_ieh\u_wnn_dluj_Zdpbc gZau\Zxlkyl_jfhobfbq_kdbfb mjZ\g_ gbyfb: beb

K]jZnbl H] →KH] ; ∆G 0298 = –d>`

K]jZnbl H] →KH] d>` ?keb\j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbbl_iehlZ\u^_ey_lkyQ > lhwglZeviby kbkl_fuihgb`Z_lkyûH < LZdZyj_ZdpbygZau\Z_lkywdahl_jfbq_k40

dhc J_Zdpby ijhl_dZxsZy k ih]ehs_gb_f l_iehlu Q < l _ k ih\ur_gb_fwglZevibbkbkl_fuûH > gZau\Z_lkywg^hl_jfbq_kdhc. Hkgh\gufaZdhghfl_jfhobfbby\ey_lkyaZdhg=_kkZ l_ieh \hcwnn_dlj_Zdpbbhij_^_ey_lkylhevdhgZqZevgufbdhg_qgufkh klhygb_fkbkl_fubg_aZ\bkblhlimlbi_j_oh^Zkbkl_fubah^gh ]hkhklhygby\^jm]h_. Ke_^kl\b_baaZdhgZ=_kkZ klZg^Zjlgucl_ieh\hcwnn_dlj_ ZdpbbjZ\_gkmff_klZg^Zjlguol_iehlh[jZah\Zgbyijh^mdlh\j_ Zdpbb aZ \uq_lhf kmffu klZg^Zjlguo l_iehl h[jZah\Zgby bkoh^ guo\_s_kl\kmq_lhfkl_obhf_ljbq_kdbodhwnnbpb_glh\ ∆G 0298 j-pbb ∑∆f G 0298 ijh^ –∑∆f G 0298 bko Ijbf_j Ihevamykv ^Zggufb h klZg^Zjlguo wglZevibyo h[jZ ah\Zgby\_s_kl\\j_Zdpbb0Jd + CO ] = 2MgOd + C]jZnbl \uqbk eblv∆Gh j_Zdpbb J_r_gb_ Bkoh^ybalZ[ebqguo^ZgguoihwglZevibyfh[jZah\Zgby&22b 0J2 b mqblu\Zy qlh klZg^Zjlgu_ wglZevibb h[jZah\Zgby \_s_kl\ jZ\gugmexgZoh^bf\_ebqbgmklZg^ZjlghcwglZevibbj_Zdpbb ∆ G 0298 =2∆f G 0298 (MgO) – ∆f G 0298 (CO2) = = –601,8 .2 + 393,5 = –d>`fhev Ijbf_j Bkoh^y ba l_iehlu h[jZah\Zgby ]Zahh[jZagh]h ^bhd kb^Zm]e_jh^Z&22) = –d>`fhev bl_jfhobfbq_kdh]hmjZ\g_ gbyK]jZnbl + 2N2O ] KH] + 2N] ; ∆G 0298 = –d>`
∆G 0298 j-pbb ∆f G 0298 (CO2) + 0) – (2∆fG 0298 (N2O) + 0), 2∆fG 0298 (N2O) = ∆f G 0298 (CO2) – ∆G 0298 j-pbb –393,5 – (– d>`

Ke_^h\Zl_evgh∆f G 0298 (N22 d>`fhev GZijZ\e_gb_\dhlhjhfkZfhijhba\hevghijhl_dZ_lobfbq_kdZy j_Zdpbyhij_^_ey_lkykh\f_klguf^_ckl\b_f^\monZdlhjh\ l_g ^_gpb_c d i_j_oh^m kbkl_fu \ khklhygb_ k gZbf_gvr_c \gmlj_gg_c wg_j]b_c\kemqZ_bah[Zjguoijhp_kkh\–kgZbf_gvr_cwglZevib_c l_g^_gpb_c d ^hklb`_gbx gZb[he__ \_jhylgh]h khklhygby l _ khklhygby dhlhjh_ fh`_l [ulv j_Zebah\Zgh gZb[hevrbf qbkehf jZ\gh\_jhylguokihkh[h\fbdjhkhklhygbc 41

F_jhci_j\hcbawlbol_g^_gpbc^eybah[Zjguoijhp_kkh\kem `blbaf_g_gb_wglZevibb\obfbq_kdhcj_ZdpbbhljbpZl_evgucagZd ∆GmdZau\Z_lgZmf_gvr_gb_Ziheh`bl_evguc–gZ\hajZklZgb_wg lZevibbkbkl_fu F_jhc \_jhylghklb g_mihjy^hq_gghklb [_kihjy^dZ khklhygby kbkl_fu \ l_jfh^bgZfbd_ ijbgylh kqblZlv wgljhibx S – \_ebqbgm ijhihjpbhgZevgmx eh]Zjbnfm qbkeZ jZ\gh\_jhylguo fbdjhkhklhy gbcq_j_adhlhju_fh`_l[ulvj_Zebah\Zgh^Zggh_fZdjhkhklhygb_ S = k . ln W. ?^bgbpZbaf_j_gbywgljhibb–>`fhevÜK. Wgljhiby\hajZklZ_lijbi_j_oh^_\_s_kl\ZbadjbklZeebq_kdh]h khklhygby \ `b^dh_ b ba `b^dh]h \ ]Zahh[jZagh_ ijb jZkl\hj_gbb djbklZeeh\ijbjZkrbj_gbb]Zah\ijbobfbq_kdbo\aZbfh^_ckl\byo ijb\h^ysbodm\_ebq_gbxqbkeZqZklbpbij_`^_\k_]hqZklbp\]Z ahh[jZaghfkhklhygbbGZijhlb\\k_ijhp_kku\j_amevlZl_dhlhjuo mihjy^hq_gghklv kbkl_fu \hajZklZ_l dhg^_gkZpby ihebf_jbaZpby k`Zlb_ mf_gvr_gb_ qbkeZ qZklbp khijh\h`^Zxlky mf_gvr_gb_f wgljhibb Ijbf_jG_ijhba\h^y\uqbke_gbchij_^_eblvagZdbaf_g_gby wgljhibb\ke_^mxsboj_Zdpbyo NH4NOd = N2O] G2H] ; (1) (2) G] H] G2H] ; G] H] G2H` . (3) J_r_gb_ < j_Zdpbyo b mf_gvrZ_lkydZdh[s__qbkehfhe_clZdbqbkehfhe_c]Zahh[jZaguo \_s_kl\lZdqlhûS2 < bûS3 < IjbwlhfûS3bf__l[he__hljbpZ l_evgh_agZq_gb_q_fûS2lZddZdS(H2O` ) < S(H2O] ). >ey wgljhibb kijZ\_^eb\h ml\_j`^_gb_ ZgZeh]bqgh_ jZkkfhl j_gghfm \ur_ ^ey ∆G: baf_g_gb_ wgljhibb kbkl_fu \ j_amevlZl_ obfbq_kdhcj_Zdpbb∆6 jZ\ghkmff_wgljhibcijh^mdlh\j_ZdpbbaZ \uq_lhfkmffuwgljhibcbkoh^guo\_s_kl\DZdbijb\uqbke_gbb wglZevibbkmffbjh\Zgb_ijhba\h^ylkmq_lhfkl_obhf_ljbq_kdbodh wnnbpb_glh\ KlZg^ZjlgZywgljhibyijhkluo\_s_kl\\hlebqb_hlwglZevibbh[jZah\Zgbyijhkluo\_s_kl\g_jZ\gZgmex 42

Nmgdpb_ckhklhygbyh^gh\j_f_gghhljZ`Zxs_c\ebygb_h[_bo mihfygmluo\ur_l_g^_gpbcgZgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyobfbq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\ kem`bl wg_j]by =b[[kZ (k\h[h^gZy wg_j]by k\yaZggZy k wglZevib_cbwgljhib_ckhhlghr_gb_f G = H – TS, ]^_L –Z[khexlgZyl_fi_jZlmjZ DZd \b^gh wg_j]by =b[[kZ bf__l lm `_ jZaf_jghklv qlh b wg lZevibybihwlhfmh[uqgh\ujZ`Z_lky\>`bebd>` >eybah[Zjgh-bahl_jfbq_kdboijhp_kkh\l_ijhp_kkh\ijhl_ dZxsboijbihklhygguol_fi_jZlmj_b^Z\e_gbb baf_g_gb_wg_j]bb =b[[kZjZ\gh ∆G =∆H – T∆S. DZdb\kemqZ_∆Hb∆S, baf_g_gb_wg_j]bb=b[[kZ ∆G \j_amev lZl_ obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb (wg_j]by =b[[kZ j_Zdpbb jZ\gh kmff_ wg_j]bc =b[[kZ h[jZah\Zgby ijh^mdlh\ j_Zdpbb aZ \uq_lhf kmffu wg_j]bc=b[[kZh[jZah\Zgbybkoh^guo\_s_kl\kmffbjh\Zgb_ijhba \h^ylkmq_lhfqbkeZfhe_cmqZkl\mxsbo\j_Zdpbb\_s_kl\ Wg_j]bx =b[[kZ h[jZah\Zgby \_s_kl\Z hlghkyl d fhex wlh]h \_s_kl\Zbh[uqgh\ujZ`Zxl\d>`fhevijbwlhf∆G0 h[jZah\Zgby gZb[he__ mklhcqb\hc fh^bnbdZpbb ijhklh]h \_s_kl\Z ijbgbfZxl jZ\ghcgmex. Ijbihklhygkl\_l_fi_jZlmjub^Z\e_gbyobfbq_kdb_j_Zdpbbfh]mlkZfhijhba\hevghijhl_dZlvlhevdh\lZdhfgZijZ\e_gbbijbdhlhjhfwg_j]by=b[[kZkbkl_fumf_gvrZ_lky∆G < 0)Wlh_klvmkeh\b_ ijbgpbibZevghc\hafh`ghklbhkms_kl\e_gby^Zggh]hijhp_kkZ < ijb\_^_gghc lZ[ebp_ ihdZaZgZ \hafh`ghklv b mkeh\by ijhl_ dZgbyj_ZdpbbijbjZaebqguokhq_lZgbyoagZdh\∆Gb∆S. AgZd baf_g_gby nmgdpbb ∆/

∆S

∆G

– + – +

+ – – +

– + ± ±

IjbgpbibZevgZy \hafh`ghklv b mkeh\by ijhl_dZgby j_Zdpbb
Ijbf_j . Ihevamykv kijZ\hqgufb ^Zggufb mklZgh\blv \ha fh`ghebijbl_fi_jZlmjZobD\hkklZgh\e_gb_hdkb^ZlblZ gZ,9 ^hk\h[h^gh]hf_lZeeZihko_f_ TiOd K]jZnbl = Tid KH] ? 43

AZ\bkbfhklvx∆Ghb∆Shhll_fi_jZlmjuij_g_[j_qv J_r_gb_ AgZq_gbyûG 0h[j \d>`fhev ijbD^eyTiO2 (– bCH (– Lh]^Z^eyjZkkfZljb\Z_fhcj_ZdpbbûG 0298 = –137,1·2 – (–888,6) = d>`IhkdhevdmûG 0298 !\hkklZgh\e_gb_TiO2 ijbDg_ \hafh`gh >eyjZkq_lZûG 02500 \hkihevam_fkymjZ\g_gb_fûG = ûHo – TûSo. Ijb wlhf \ khhl\_lkl\bb k mdZaZgb_f \ mkeh\bb aZ^Zqb bkihevam_f agZq_gbyûGh bûSoijbD>eyjZkq_lZûHobûSoj_Zdpbcg_h[oh ^bfhgZclb\lZ[ebp_agZq_gbyûG 0h[j ^eyTiO2 (– bKH–110,5), ZlZd`_agZq_gbySo^eyTiO2 K Ti bKH Lh]^Z^eyjZkkfZljb\Z_fhcj_Zdpbb ûHo = –110,5 · 2 – (– d>` ûSo = 30,6 + 197,5 · 2 – 50,3 – 5,7 · 2 = –>`D L_i_jvgZoh^bfûG 02500 j_Zdpbb\ujZ`ZyûSo\d>`D ûG 02500 = ûG 02500 – TûS 02500 = 722,9 – 2500 · 363,9/1000 = = 722,9 – 909,8 = –d>` LZdbf h[jZahf ûG 02500 < lZd qlh \hkklZgh\e_gb_ TiO2 ]jZnb lhfijbD\hafh`gh Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ ihgylbyf kbkl_fZ nZaZ kj_^Z fZdjh- b fbdjhkhklhygb_. 2. DZdb_kbkl_fugZau\Zxlky]hfh]_ggufbZdZdb_–]_l_jh]_ggufb" 3. DZdb_^\ZnZdlhjZhij_^_eyxlkZfhijhba\hevgh_ijhl_dZgb_ob fbq_kdboj_Zdpbc\^ZgghfgZijZ\e_gbb" 4. GZah\bl_ hkgh\gu_ l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdb_ \_ebqbgu oZjZdl_jb amxsb_khklhygb_kbkl_fuIhq_fmhgbghkylgZa\Zgb_nmgdpbc khklhygby? 5. JZkkfhljbl_ kfuke ihgylbc \gmlj_ggyy wg_j]by kbkl_fu b wg lZeviby Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju j_Zdpbc m dhlhjuo ∆Η > ∆U b ∆U > ∆Η. 6. DZdb_ nZdlhju hij_^_eyxl \_ebqbgm baf_g_gbywglZevibbj_Zd pbb"DZdaZ\bkblwlZ\_ebqbgZhlwg_j]bbZdlb\Zpbbimlbbmkeh \byijhl_dZgbyijhp_kkZijbkmlkl\bydZlZebaZlhjh\" 44

7. Fh]ml eb [ulv wdahl_jfbqgufb ijhp_kku ^bkkhpbZpbb fhe_dme gZ Zlhfubhguwg^hl_jfbqgufb–ijhp_kkuh[jZah\Zgbyfhe_ dmebaZlhfh\jZ^bdZeh\ba^jm]bofhe_dme" 8. H[tykgbl_ kfuke ihgylby wglZeviby h[jZah\Zgby \_s_kl\Z. Knhjfmebjmcl_ mkeh\by klZg^ZjlbaZpbb wlhc oZjZdl_jbklbdb Q_fhlebqZxlkyklZg^Zjlgu_mkeh\byhlghjfZevguo" 9. Knhjfmebjmcl_aZdhg=_kkZDZdZyk\yavf_`^ml_ieh\ufwnn_d lhf wglZevib_c j_Zdpbb b wglZevibyfb h[jZah\Zgby bkoh^guo \_s_kl\bijh^mdlh\j_Zdpbb" 10. Q_f h[tykgy_lky kZfhijhba\hevgh_ ijhl_dZgb_ g_dhlhjuo j_Zd pbckih]ehs_gb_fl_ieZ∆Η>0)? 11. >Zcl_h[tykg_gb_ihgylbywgljhiby. 12. G_ ijh\h^y jZkq_lZ hij_^_ebl_agZdbaf_g_gbywgljhibb\oh^_ ke_^mxsboijhp_kkh\ Z +2 ] + O ] = 2H2O ] ; [ +2S ] + 3O ] = 2 H2O ` + 2 SO ] ; \ MgO d + CO ] = MgCO d ; ] e_^→\h^Z→iZj ^) CH3COOH (j-j) = CH3COOØ++. 13. >Zcl_hij_^_e_gb_ihgylbywg_j]by=b[[kZ. 14. DZdh\hkhhlghr_gb_f_`^m\_ebqbghcbaf_g_gbywg_j]bb=b[[kZ b\_ebqbgZfbbaf_g_gbywglZevibbbwgljhibbkbkl_fu" 15. Ihq_fm∆Gfh`_ljZkkfZljb\ZlvkydZddjbl_jbckZfhijhba\hev ghklbijhl_dZgbyobfbq_kdhcj_Zdpbb"Zcl_h[tykg_gb_ 16. Mqblu\ZyjhevwglZevibcgh]hbwgljhibcgh]hnZdlhjh\bl_fi_ jZlmju\hij_^_e_gbb\_ebqbgu∆G\u^_ebl_q_luj_h[sbolbiZ j_Zdpbc jZaebqZxsboky \hafh`ghklvxbl_fi_jZlmjgufbmkeh \byfbijhl_dZgby AZ^Zqb^eyj_r_gby 106. Qlh gZau\Zxl l_ieh\ufb wnn_dlZfb j_Zdpbc" < dZdbo kemqZyo mjZ\g_gbyobfbq_kdboj_ZdpbcgZau\Zxll_jfhobfbq_kdbfb" 107. DZdb_mkeh\bykhklhygbykbkl_fuijbgbfZxl\l_jfh^bgZfbd_\ dZq_kl\_klZg^Zjlguo"DZdbfbkbf\heZfbboh[hagZqZxl" 108. QlhgZau\Zxl\gmlj_gg_cwg_j]b_ckbkl_fu"Ihq_fm\l_jfh^b gZfbq_kdbojZkq_lZobkihevamxlg_Z[khexlgu_agZq_gby\gml j_gg_c wg_j]bb U Z __ baf_g_gb_ ∆U ijb i_j_oh^_ kbkl_fu ba h^gh]hkhklhygby\^jm]h_" 45

109. DZdbf mjZ\g_gb_f hij_^_ey_lky wglZeviby b __ baf_g_gb_" DZ dhc aZdhg y\ey_lky hkgh\guf aZdhghf l_jfhobfbb" >Zcl_ _]h nhjfmebjh\dm 110. DZdhcnmgdpb_ckhklhygbyoZjZdl_jbam_lkyl_g^_gpbykbkl_fud ^hklb`_gbxlZdgZau\Z_fh]hgZb[he__\_jhylgh]hkhklhygbydh lhjhfm khhl\_lkl\m_l fZdkbfZevgZy [_kihjy^hqghklv jZkij_^_ e_gbyqZklbp" 111. DZdbaf_gy_lkywgljhibykbkl_fukih\ur_gb_fl_fi_jZlmju\ j_Zdpbyokbgl_aZbjZaeh`_gby\_s_kl\" 112. DZd baf_gy_lky wgljhiby kbkl_fu ijb bkiZj_gbb dhg^_gkZpbb m\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gbynZah\uoi_j_oh^Zo" 113. DZdbfb h^gh\j_f_ggh ^_ckl\mxsbfb nZdlhjZfb hij_^_ey_lky gZijZ\e_gghklvobfbq_kdh]hijhp_kkZ" 114. Ijbkh_^bg_gbb]`_e_aZkk_jhc\u^_ebehkvd>`JZk kqblZlvl_iehlmh[jZah\Zgbykmevnb^Z`_e_aZ 115. Hij_^_eblv klZg^Zjlgmx wglZevibx ∆G 0298 h[jZah\Zgby JG3, bkoh^ybamjZ\g_gby 2PH] H] J2Hd G2H` ; ∆Gh = –d>` 116. Bkoh^ybal_ieh\h]hwnn_dlZj_Zdpbb KZHd J2Hd KZ3JH4) d ; ∆Gh = –d>` hij_^_eblv∆G 0298 h[jZah\ZgbyhjlhnhknZlZdZevpby 117. KjZ\gblv∆G 0298 j_Zdpbb\hkklZgh\e_gbyhdkb^Z`_e_aZIII jZa ebqgufb\hkklZgh\bl_eyfbijbD Z )H2Od + 3H2 = 2 Fed + 3H2O ] ; [ )H2Od K]jZnbl = 2 Fed KH] ; \ )H2Od KH] = 2 Fed KH] . 118.
120. G_ijhba\h^y\uqbke_gbcmdZaZlv^eydZdbobai_j_qbke_gguo ijhp_kkh\baf_g_gb_wgljhibbiheh`bl_evgh Z 0J2d + H] = Mgd + H2O` ; [ K]jZnbl KH] KH] ; \ KG3KHHG\h^g KG3KHH-\h^g G+\h^g ; ] G&O] H] = 2Cl] G2H] ; ^ 1+4NOd = N2O])G2H] . 121. MklZgh\blv ijhl_dZgb_ dZdbo ba gb`_ke_^mxsbo j_Zdpbc \ha fh`gh\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\byo Z 1] + ½ H] = N2O] ; [ +&O] H] = 2Cl] G2H` ; \ )H2Od KH] = 2Fed KH] . 122. MdZaZlvdZdb_baj_Zdpbch[jZah\Zgbyhdkb^h\ZahlZbijbdZdbo l_fi_jZlmjZo\ukhdbobebgbadbo fh]mlijhl_dZlvkZfhijhba \hevgh Z 1] H] = 2N2O] ; ∆Gh298 > 0 [ 1] H] = 2NO] ; ∆Gh298 > 0 \ 12] + O] = 2NOd ; ∆Gh298 < 0 ] 12] + NO] = N2Od ;∆Gh298 < 0 123. Hij_^_ebl_agZq_gby∆Gh298, ∆Ηh298 b∆Sh298 ^eygb`_ijb\_^_gguo j_ZdpbcbmklZgh\bl_l_fi_jZlmjgu_mkeh\bybohkms_kl\e_gby \ijyfhfgZijZ\e_gbb Z 1L2d +Pb d =Nid + PbOd ; [ 1+] = 3H] + N] ; \ &D&2d = CaOd KH] . 124. Ih baf_g_gbx klZg^Zjlghc wglZevibb b wgljZibb j_Zdpbb \u qbkeblvbaf_g_gb_wg_j]bb=b[[kZ H] + F] = 2HF] 125. Hp_gblv l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdmx \hafh`ghklv ijhl_dZgby \ klZg ^Zjlguomkeh\byoj_Zdpbb N] + 2H2O` = NH4NOl . 126. Bkihevamy kijZ\hqgu_ ^Zggu_ hij_^_eblv dZdZy ba j_Zdpbc l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdb\hafh`gZ\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\byo a) CaCO3(l) = CaO(l) + CO2(]); [) CO2(]) + CaO(l) = CaCO3(l); \) Ca(OH)2(l) + CO2(]) = CaCO3(l) + H2O(`). 127. Hp_gblv ijbgpbibZevgmx \hafh`ghklv hkms_kl\e_gby j_Zdpbb f_`^m dhfihg_glZfb Zlfhkn_ju Z ijb klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo [ ijbih\ur_gghcl_fi_jZlmj_ 1) N] + O] :NO] ; NO] ; 2) N2(]) +H2O(`) :1+4NO2(l); 3) N2(]) + H2O(`) + O2(]) :1+4NO3(l); 4) N2(]) + H2O(`) + O2(]) :+123(`). 47

=E:<:IV HKGHey we_f_glZjguo j_Zdpbc kijZ\_^eb\ aZdhg ^_ckl\mxsbo fZkk kdhjhklv we_f_glZjghc obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb ijb ^Zgghc l_f i_jZlmj_ijyfhijhihjpbhgZevgZijhba\_^_gbxdhgp_gljZpbcj_Z]b jmxsbo\_s_kl\\kl_i_gyojZ\guokl_obhf_ljbq_kdbfdhwnnbpb _glZf >eyj_Zdpbb\h[s_f\b^_Z:bB :__kdhjhklvkh]eZkghaZ dhgm^_ckl\mxsbofZkk\ujZ`Z_lkykhhlghr_gb_f v = kc a ( A)c b ( B ) ,

]^_ k: bk< – fheyjgu_dhgp_gljZpbbj_Z]bjmxsbo\_s_kl\:b< k – dhgklZglZ kdhjhklb ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb Nbabq_kdbc kfuke dhg klZglu kdhjhklb – hgZ qbke_ggh jZ\gZ kdhjhklb obfbq_kdhc j_Zd pbbijbdhgp_gljZpbyoj_Z]bjmxsbo\_s_kl\F: bF< fheve DhgklZglZ kdhjhklb ]hfh]_gghc j_Zdpbb aZ\bkbl hl ijbjh^u j_Z]b jmxsbo\_s_kl\l_fi_jZlmjubdZlZebaZlhjZ ;hevrbgkl\h obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbc y\eyxlky keh`gufb ijhl_ dZxsbfbq_j_afgh`_kl\hijhf_`mlhqguoklZ^bc
>ey]_l_jh]_gguoj_Zdpbc\mjZ\g_gb_aZdhgZ^_ckl\mxsbofZkk \oh^yl dhgp_gljZpbb g_ \k_o j_Z]_glh\Zlhevdh]Zahh[jZaguobeb jZkl\hj_gguo LZd ^ey j_Zdpbb ]hj_gby m]ey Kd H] : KH] mjZ\g_gb_kdhjhklbbf__l\b^ v = k ⋅ c(O 2 ) . Ijbf_j >eyj_Zdpbb12] + O] <12] ijhl_dZxs_c\ ]Zah\hc nZa_ dhgklZglZ kdhjhklb jZ\gZ JZkkqblZcl_ Z gZqZev gmx kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb_kebbkoh^gu_dhgp_gljZpbb\_s_kl\jZ\gu c12 fheve c(O2 fheve[ kdhjhklvwlhcj_Zdpbb\fh f_gldh]^Zijhj_Z]bjm_l12 J_r_gb_ Z
= 8 · k · c 02 (NO) · c0(Cl2). 49

v 8 ⋅ k ⋅ c0 ( NO) ⋅ c0 (Cl 2 ) Hlkx^Zke_^m_lqlh 1 = = 8. 2 v k ⋅ c0 ( NO)c0 (Cl 2 ) Kdhjhklvj_Zdpbbm\_ebqblky\jZa [ Mf_gvr_gb_ h[t_fZ khkm^Z \ jZaZ ijb\h^bl d khhl\_lkl \mxs_fm m\_ebq_gbx dhgp_gljZpbc j_Z]_glh\ LZdbf h[jZahf c2(NO) = 4 · c0(NO), a c2(Cl2) = 4 · c0(Cl2 J_rZyaZ^ZqmihZgZeh]bbk v ij_^u^msbfimgdlhfihemqbf 2 = 64 l_mf_gvr_gb_h[t_fZkh v km^Z\jZaZijb\_^_ldm\_ebq_gbxkdhjhklb\jZaZ 2

<ebygb_l_fi_jZlmjugZkdhjhklvobfbq_kdhcj_Zdpbb AZ\bkbfhklvkdhjhklbj_Zdpbbhll_fi_jZlmjuijb[eb`_gghhi j_^_ey_lky wfibjbq_kdbf ijZ\behf
=

T2 −T1 γ 10

,

]^_ vT2 b vT1 –kdhjhklbj_Zdpbbkhhl\_lkl\_gghijbl_fi_jZlmjZoL2b L1; – l_fi_jZlmjguc dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb j_Zdpbb dhlhjuc \u qbkey_lky gZ hkgh\_ wdki_jbf_glZevguo ^Zgguo b ijbgbfZ_l agZq_ gby^ey[hevrbgkl\Zj_Zdpbchl^h>ey^Zgghcj_Zdpbb–\_eb qbgZijZdlbq_kdbihklhyggZyijb¨L § 100h. KihfhsvxijZ\beZ
Ea RT

, k = Ae ]^_:–ihklhyggucfgh`bl_evg_aZ\bkysbchll_fi_jZlmjuhij_ ^_eyxsbcky ijbjh^hc j_Z]bjmxsbo \_s_kl\ R – mgb\_jkZevgZy ]Z ah\ZyihklhyggZy?Z –wg_j]byZdlb\Zpbb_–hkgh\Zgb_gZlmjZevgh]h eh]ZjbnfZDZdke_^m_lbamjZ\g_gby:jj_gbmkZdhgklZglZkdhjhklb j_Zdpbbl_f[hevr_q_ff_gvr_wg_j]byZdlb\Zpbb 50

Ijbf_j . L_fi_jZlmjguc dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb jZ\_g
=

T2 −T1 γ 10

;

v38o v15 o

=

38 −15 2,1 10

= 2,12,3 = 5,5.

Ijbf_qZgb_ ?keb m
c d ( D) c e ( E ) . c a ( A) c b ( B )

IjbmklZgh\b\r_fkyjZ\gh\_kbbijhba\_^_gb_dhgp_gljZpbcijh ^mdlh\ j_Zdpbb hlg_k_ggh_ d ijhba\_^_gbx dhgp_gljZpbc bkoh^guo \_s_kl\^ey^Zgghcj_Zdpbbijb^Zgghcl_fi_jZlmj_ij_^klZ\ey_lkh [hcihklhyggmx\_ebqbgmgZau\Z_fmxdhgklZglhcjZ\gh\_kby(D). Ijbf_j.GZc^bl_dhgklZglmjZ\gh\_kbyj_Zdpbb: + < <D, ijhl_dZxs_c \ ]Zah\hc nZa_ \aZdjulhfkhkm^__kebbkoh^gu_dhg p_gljZpbb : b < jZ\gu khhl\_lkl\_ggh fheve b fheve Z d fhf_glm gZklmie_gby jZ\gh\_kby ijhj_Z]bjh\Zeh \_s_kl\Z <. 51

JZkkqblZcl_ baf_g_gb_ ^Z\e_gby \ kbkl_f_ ih kjZ\g_gbxki_j\hgZ qZevguf J_r_gb_ AZibr_f\ujZ`_gb_dhgklZglujZ\gh\_kby^eywlhcj_Zdpbb c 2 ( D) K= 2 . c ( A) ⋅ c( B ) Hij_^_ebfjZ\gh\_kgu_dhgp_gljZpbb\_s_kl\ D fhf_glm gZklmie_gby jZ\gh\_kby ijhj_Z]bjh\Zeh \_s_ kl\Z<ke_^h\Zl_evgh∆k(<) = 0,25 Â k0(<) = 0,25 Â fheveJZ\gh\_kgZydhgp_gljZpby\_s_kl\ZZ\e_gb_\kbkl_f_\fhf_gljZ\gh\_kby[m^_lkhklZ\eylv hlbkoh^gh]h Ijbf_j
`fhev Z ijb\\_^_gbb\kbkl_fmm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZ [ ijb\\_^_gbb\kbkl_fmhdkb^ZdZevpby \ ijbm\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gby ] ijbm\_ebq_gbbl_fi_jZlmju" J_r_gb_ < khhl\_lkl\bb k ijbgpbihf E_-RZl_ev_ jZ\gh\_kb_ \ kbkl_f_ k^\b]Z_lkylZdbfh[jZahfqlh[umf_gvrblv\g_rg__\ha^_ckl\b_ Z <\_^_gb_m]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZijb\h^bldih\ur_gbxdhgp_gljZ pbb CO2 >ey hkeZ[e_gby wlh]h \ha^_ckl\by jZ\gh\_kb_ \ kbkl_f_ ^he`ghkf_klblvky\e_\h 53

[ <\_^_gb_l\_j^h]hhdkb^ZdZevpbyg_baf_gy_ldhgp_gljZpbx KZH\nZa_KZHd bobfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_g_kf_sZ_lky \ M\_ebq_gb_ ^Z\e_gby ijb\h^bl d m\_ebq_gbx dhgp_gljZpbb CO2] bijZdlbq_kdbgbdZdg_\eby_lgZdhgp_gljZpbbl\_j^uodhf ihg_glh\JZ\gh\_kb_k^\b]Z_lky\e_\h ] M\_ebq_gb_ l_fi_jZlmju fh`_l [ulv kdhfi_gkbjh\Zgh wg^h l_jfbq_kdbfijhp_kkhfIhkdhevdmbf_gghijyfZyj_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_l kih]ehs_gb_fl_ieZjZ\gh\_kb_\kbkl_f_kf_sZ_lky\ijZ\h
17. DZdh\h \ebygb_ \_ebqbgu wg_j]bb Zdlb\Zpbb gZ l_fi_jZlmjguc dhwnnbpb_glkdhjhklbj_Zdpbb" 18. DZdb_\_s_kl\ZgZau\ZxlkydZlZebaZlhjZfb" 19.
135. GZkdhevdh]jZ^mkh\g_h[oh^bfhbaf_gblvl_fi_jZlmjm\kbkl_ f_qlh[ukdhjhklvj_Zdpbbm\_ebqbeZkv\jZa_kebl_fi_jZ lmjgucdhwnnbpb_gljZ\_g" 136. ` [ 1] H] <12] ; ¨Ho d>` \ KH] H] <KH] ; ¨Ho = –d>` ] G] H] <G2H] ; ¨Ho = –d>` –ijbm\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gby –ijbm\_ebq_gbbh[t_fZkbkl_fu –ijbhoeZ`^_gbbkbkl_fu 137. GZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ dhgklZglu jZ\gh\_kby \ kbkl_f_ Z 1] H] <12] ; [) CH3COOH(j) <++(j) + CH3COO-(j); \ &X2d G] <&Xd G2H] ; ] 12] H] <12] ; ^ >$J&1 2]–j <$J+j + 2CN–j . 138. KlZg^ZjlgZy wglZeviby h[jZah\Zgby 3&O] jZ\gZ d>`fhev DZdb_ mkeh\by g_h[oh^bfh kha^Z\Zlv ^ey m\_ebq_gby ijZdlbq_ kdh]h\uoh^Z3&O5 ijb_]hkbgl_a_baijhkluo\_s_kl\" 139. Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_12] H] <12] mklZgh\behkvijb dhgp_gljZpbyo hdkb^Z ZahlZ ,, dbkehjh^Z b hdkb^Z ZahlZ ,9 jZ\guo khhl\_lkl\_ggh b fheve
143. Ijb hKdhgklZglZjZ\gh\_kbykbkl_fu)H2d + CO] <)Hd + + CO] jZ\gZ ey j_Zdpbb G] + Br] < +%U] ijb g_dhlhjhc l_fi_jZlmj_ dhgklZglZ jZ\gh\_kby jZ\gZ Hij_^_eblv h[t_fguc khklZ\ jZ\gh\_kghckbkl_fu_kebbkoh^gZykf_kvkhklhyeZbafhev \h^hjh^Zbfhev[jhfZ 147. < aZfdgmlhf khkm^_ ijhl_dZ_l j_Zdpby :<] < :] <] Dhg klZglZjZ\gh\_kbyjZ\gZZjZ\gh\_kgZydhgp_gljZpby\_s_ kl\Z:jZ\gZfheveGZc^bl_gZqZevgmxdhgp_gljZpbx\_ s_kl\Z:<ZlZd`_kl_i_gvjZaeh`_gbywlh]h\_s_kl\Z 148. Hij_^_ebl_dhgklZglmjZ\gh\_kbyj_Zdpbb12] <12O] ijb 25 hKbkoh^ybabaf_g_gbybah[Zjgh-bahl_jfbq_kdh]hihl_gpbZ eZkbkl_fu\j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbb¨Go298(N2O4 d>`fhev ¨G 0298 (NO2 d>`fhev =E:<:9 DHEBQ?KLey[bheh]bbbf_^bpbgugZb[hevrbcbgl_j_kij_^klZ\eyxl`b^ db_\h^gu_jZkl\hjuEx[hcjZkl\hjkhklhblbajZkl\hj_gguo\_s_kl\b jZkl\hjbl_ey ohly wlb ihgylby \ ba\_klghc kl_i_gb mkeh\gu H[uqgh jZkl\hjbl_e_f kqblZxl lhl dhfihg_gl dhlhjuc \ jZkl\hj_ gZoh^blky \ lhf`_\b^_qlhb^hjZkl\hj_gbyGZijbf_j\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_]exdhau l\_j^h_ \_s_kl\h jZkl\hjbl_e_f y\ey_lky \h^Z Z kf_kv kibjlZ `b^ dhklv b \h^u `b^dhklv fh`gh gZa\Zlv \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl dhebq_kl\Z dhfihg_glZjZkl\hjhfkibjlZ\\h^_beb\h^u\kibjl_ 57

ey jZkl\hjh\ kibjlZ ijbgylh h[t_fguc ijhp_gl h[hagZqZlv dZdh. GZijbf_j_kebfZkkh\Zy^hey+&O \jZkl\hj_lhwlhagZ qblqlh\]jZkl\hjZkh^_j`blky]+&Ob]jZkl\hjbl_ey?k eb h[t_fgZy ^hey 22 \ \ha^mo_ khklZ\ey_l – wlh agZqbl qlh \ 100 e\ha^moZkh^_j`blkyedbkehjh^Zbl^ FheyjgZy^heyjZkl\hj_ggh]h\_s_kl\Zχ –ob)\ujZ`Z_lky\ ^heyo _^bgbpubebijhp_glZo bqbke_gghjZ\gZhlghr_gbxob fbq_kdh]hdhebq_kl\ZjZkl\hj_ggh]h\_s_kl\Zn1 dkmffZjghfmqbkem fhev\k_odhfihg_glh\jZkl\hjZni: n (X ) χ( X ) = 1 ⋅ 100% n ∑ i FZkkh\Zydhgp_gljZpby\_s_kl\Z7X), beblblj\ujZ`Z_lky \ d]^f3 ]kf3 ]e ]fe f]fe Qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbx fZkku jZkl\hj_ggh]h\_s_kl\ZX)dh[t_fmjZkl\hjZV: m( X ) T(X ) = . V (j − jZ ) 58

< debgbq_kdhc ijZdlbd_ g_j_^dh \ujZ`Zxl fZkkh\mx dhgp_g ljZpbxbhgh\\fbeeb]jZffZogZfejZkl\hjZf] FheyjgZy dhgp_gljZpby \_s_kl\Z k(X) \ujZ`Z_lky \ fheve fhev^f3fhevkf3fhevfeQbke_gghjZ\gZhlghr_gbxobfbq_kdh]h dhebq_kl\ZjZkl\hj_ggh]h\_s_kl\ZX)dh[t_fmjZkl\hjZV: n( X ) c( X ) = . V (j − jZ ) FheyjgZydhgp_gljZpbywd\b\Ze_glZ\_s_kl\Zwd\b\Ze_gl 1  gZy dhgp_gljZpby k  * ( X ) \ujZ`Z_lky \ fheve fhev^f3, z  3 fhevkf fhevfe Qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbxobfbq_kdh]hdhebq_ 1  kl\Zwd\b\Ze_glZjZkl\hj_ggh]h\_s_kl\Z  * ( X ) dh[t_fmjZkl\hjZ z  1  n  * ( X ) 1  z . c  * ( X ) =  z  V (j − jZ ) Fheyevghklv jZkl\hjZ E; fhevd] qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_ gbxobfbq_kdh]hdhebq_kl\ZjZkl\hj_ggh]h\_s_kl\ZX dfZkk_jZk l\hjbl_eymd] b( X ) =

n( X ) . m(j − ey)

Dhwnnbpb_gl jZkl\hjbfhklb \_s_kl\Z s – fZdkbfZevgZy fZkkZ \_s_kl\Z kihkh[gZy jZkl\hjblvky \ ] \h^u ijb ^Zgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ k h[jZah\Zgb_f gZkus_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ JZkl\hjbfh klvxlZd`_gZau\Zxlfheyjgmxdhgp_gljZpbx\_s_kl\Z\_]hgZ kus_gghfjZkl\hj_ Ijbf_jDZdb_h[t_fu\h^ubjZkl\hjZ%D&O2kfZkkh\hc^he_c kheb b iehlghklvx ]fe ihlj_[mxlky ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby gh\h]h jZkl\hjZ h[t_fhf e k fZkkh\hc ^he_c kheb jZ\ghc b iehlghklvx]fe" J_r_gb_ Z
\]

x ] (BaCl2), − 100 2 x ] = 1012 x
15 ⋅ 110 = 16,5 ] 100 GZc^_ffZkkmjZkl\hjZ+2SO4kh^_j`Zs_]h]+2SO4: 100 ⋅ 16,5 m1j-jZ = ] 96 AgZyfZkkmjZkl\hjZbiehlghklvgZc^_fh[t_fjZkl\hjZ m(j − jZ ) 17,19 = = 9,34 fe. V1 (j − jZ ) = ρ(j − jZ ) 1,84 FZkkZ+2SO4\wlhfjZkl\hj_– m(H2SO4) =

Ijbf_j . Dhwnnbpb_glu jZkl\hjbfhklb gbljZlZ dZeby ijb 60 KbhKkhhl\_lkl\_gghjZ\gub]\]\h^uDZdh\Z fZkkZgbljZlZdZeby\u^_eb\r_]hky\hkZ^hdijbhoeZ`^_gbbhl ^hhKgZkus_ggh]hijbhKjZkl\hjZwlhckhebfZkkhc]" J_r_gb_ FZkkZgZkus_ggh]hjZkl\hjZijbhKjZ\gZ mj-jZ ] FZkkZgbljZlZdZeby\wlhfjZkl\hj_ \jZkl\hj_fZkkhc]kh^_j`blkyKNO3fZkkhc] -«] -«o] 110,1 ⋅ 40 = 20,96 ] o= m(KNO3) = 210,1 h

FZkkZ\h^u\]jZkl\hjZ[m^_ljZ\gZ m(H2O) = 40 – ]
\]H2OjZkl\hjy_lky]KNO3, \] -«y]KNO3, y = m(KNO3 ] IjbhoeZ`^_gbb\u^_eblkygbljZldZebyfZkkhc m(KNO3) = 20,96 – ]
1. >Zcl_hij_^_e_gb_ihgylbyjZkl\hj. 2. H[tykgbl_klhqdbaj_gbyfhe_dmeyjgh-dbg_lbq_kdboij_^klZ\e_ gbc ijhp_kk jZkl\hj_gby l\_j^uo `b^dbo b ]Zahh[jZaguo \_ s_kl\\\h^_ 3. Q_f hlebqZ_lky jZkl\hj hl f_oZgbq_kdhc kf_kb" Hl obfbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc" 4. Fh`ghebkqblZlvqlhh[t_fjZkl\hjZjZ\_gkmff_h[t_fh\jZk l\hjbl_eybjZkl\hjy_fh]h\_s_kl\Z" 5. DZdb_nZdlhjuhij_^_eyxll_ieh\hcwnn_dljZkl\hj_gby" 6. DZd \eby_l ijbjh^Z jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z b jZkl\hjbl_ey gZ jZkl\hjbfhklv"DZdb__s_nZdlhju\ebyxlgZjZkl\hjbfhklv\_ s_kl\" 7. Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju ]Zah\ bf_xsbo g_agZqbl_evgmx b hq_gv [hevrmxjZkl\hjbfhklv\\h^_Q_fwlhh[tykgy_lky" 62

8. DZd\ebyxll_fi_jZlmjZb^Z\e_gb_gZjZkl\hjbfhklv]Zah\\\h^_" 9. Fh`_leb[ulvgZkus_ggucjZkl\hjjZa[Z\e_ggufZdhgp_gljb jh\ZggucjZkl\hj-g_gZkus_gguf" 10. DZdfh`ghihemqblvbkhojZgblvi_j_kus_ggucjZkl\hj" 11. Qlhijhbahc^_lkgZkus_ggufi_j_kus_ggufbg_gZkus_gguf jZkl\hjZfb kmevnZlZ f_^b ijb \g_k_gbb \ dZ`^uc ba gbo g_ kdhevdbodjbklZeeh\f_^gh]hdmihjhkZ" 12. QlhlZdh_djbklZeeh]b^jZlu"Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_ju 13. Qlhij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcdhwnnbpb_gljZkl\hjbfhklb\_s_kl\Zb\ dZdbo_^bgbpZo_]h\ujZ`Zxl" 14. DZdbaf_gy_lkyjZkl\hjbfhklv\_s_kl\kbaf_g_gb_fl_fi_jZlmju" 15. DZdh\uhkgh\gu_kihkh[u\ujZ`_gbykhklZ\ZjZkl\hjh\" 16. QlhlZdh_fZkkh\Zy^hey\_s_kl\Z\jZkl\hj_" 17. DZdZydhgp_gljZpbygZau\Z_lkyfheyjghcwd\b\Ze_glghc" 18. DZdgZclbwd\b\Ze_gldbkehluhkgh\Zgbykheb" 19. DZd i_j_kqblZlv fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx gZ fZkkh\mx ^hex \_ s_kl\Z\jZkl\hj_"GZc^bl_fZkkh\mx^hex+3PO4\-fheyjghf jZkl\hj__keb_]hiehlghklvjZ\gZd]f3. 20. DZdi_j_kqblZlvfZkkh\mx^hex\_s_kl\Z\jZkl\hj_gZ_]hwd\b \Ze_glgmxdhgp_gljZpbx"GZc^bl_wd\b\Ze_glgmxdhgp_gljZpbx jZkl\hjZ +&O k fZkkh\hc ^he_c _keb _]h iehlghklv jZ\gZ ]fe 21. DZdhlghkylkywd\b\Ze_glgu_dhgp_gljZpbbj_Z]bjmxsbojZkl\h jh\dboh[t_fZf" AZ^Zqb^eyj_r_gby 149. DZdhch[t_fjZkl\hjZk_jghcdbkehlukfheyjghcdhgp_gljZpb_c fhevefh`ghijb]hlh\blvbafefheyjgh]hjZkl\hjZ" 150. IehlghklvjZkl\hjZkfZkkh\hc^he_c+2SO4jZ\gZ ]kf3.
154. DfejZkl\hjZρ ]kf3 kmevnZlZgZljbykwd\b\Ze_gl ghc dhgp_gljZpb_c fheve ^h[Z\beb fe jZkl\hjZ (ρ = ]kf3 wlhckhebkfheyjghcdhgp_gljZpb_cfheve hdZdh]hh[t_fZg_h[oh^bfhjZa[Z\blvfejZkl\hjZkheyghc dbkehlukfZkkh\hc^he_cρ ]kf3 qlh[uihemqblv jZkl\hjρ ]kf3 bdZdh\Z[m^_l_]hfheyjgZydhgp_g ljZpby" 156. DZdhch[t_fZffbZdZgm g_h[oh^bfhjZkl\hjblv\fe\h ^u^eyihemq_gbyjZkl\hjZkfZkkh\hc^he_cZffbZdZ 157.
164. >eyi_j_djbklZeebaZpbbgbljZldZeby[uejZkl\hj_g\\h^_fZk khc]ijbhK^hihemq_gbygZkus_ggh]hjZkl\hjZdhlhjuc aZl_fhoeZ^beb^hhK
174. DjZkl\hjmfZkkhc]kfZkkh\hc^he_coehjb^ZdZevpby ^h[Z\bebdZj[hgZlgZljbyfZkkhc]Q_j_ah[jZah\Z\rmxky kf_kv ijhimklbeb m]e_dbkeuc ]Za h[t_fhf e baf_j_gguc ijbghjfZevguomkeh\byoHij_^_ebl_fZkkmihemq_ggh]hhkZ^dZ bfZkkh\u_^heb\_s_kl\\h[jZah\Z\r_fkyjZkl\hj_ 175. D jZkl\hjm h[t_fhf fe ! ]kf3 k fZkkh\hc ^he_c Zahlghc dbkehlu ijb[Z\beb jZkl\hj ]b^jhdkb^Z dZeby k fZkkh\hc ^he_c DHG ^h iheghc g_cljZebaZpbb DZdh\Z fZkkZkheb\uiZ\r_c\hkZ^hdijbhoeZ`^_gbbjZkl\hjZ^hhK _keb\gZkus_gghfjZkl\hj_ijbwlhcl_fi_jZlmj_fZkkh\Zy^hey khebkhklZ\ey_l" 176. >ey ihemq_gby kl_deZ kf_kv ihlZrZ b ba\_klgydZ ijhdZebeb k dj_fg_a_fhf Z \u^_eb\rbcky ]Za ih]ehlbeb jZkl\hjhf ]b^jh dkb^Z[Zjbyh[t_fhffeiehlghklvx]kf3Ijbwlhf\u iZe hkZ^hd fZkkhc ] ijbq_f ]Z kh s_ehqvx j_Z]bjh\Ze \ khhlghr_gbyo Hij_^_ebl_ fZkkh\mx ^hex s_ehqb b h[t_f ih]ehlb\r_]hky]ZaZ 177. GZjZkl\hj_gb_kf_kbf_^bbhdkb^Zf_^bII fZkkhc]bajZk oh^h\Zgh]jZkl\hjZkw(H2SO4) = 90
c(H + ) ⋅ c(CH 3COO − ) . cg_^bk (CH 3COOH)

Kl_i_gvx ^bkkhpbZpbb . we_dljheblZ gZau\Z_lky ^hey _]h fh e_dme ih^\_j]rboky ^bkkhpbZpbb l _ hlghr_gb_ qbkeZ fhe_dme 66

jZkiZ\rbokygZbhguN^bkdh[s_fmqbkemfhe_dme\\_^_gguo\jZk l\hjNh[s.: N α = ^bk . N h[s G_ljm^gh ihdZaZlv qlh hlghr_gb_ qbkeZ fhe_dme fh`gh aZf_ gblvhlghr_gb_ffheyjghcdhgp_gljZpbbijh^bkkhpbbjh\Z\rbofh e_dmek^bk dh[s_cfheyjghcdhgp_gljZpbbkeZ[h]hwe_dljheblZk: c (CH 3COOH) , α = ^bk c(CH 3COOH ) ZlZddZd k^bkKG3KHHG kG+) = kKG3KHH–), lh c(CH 3COO − ) c( H + ) . α= = c(CH 3COOH ) c(CH 3COOH) < p_eyo mijhs_gby \b^Z nhjfme h[hagZqbf h[smx dhgp_gljZ pbxmdkmkghcdbkehlu[md\hckl_kKG3KHHG k Lh]^Zke_^m_lqlh kG+) = kKG3KHH–) = . · k, Zkg_^bkKG3KHHG k – . · k = (1 – .)k. Ihke_ ih^klZgh\db k^bk b kg_^bk ihemqZ_f mjZ\g_gb_ dhlhjh_ gZ au\ZxlaZdhghfjZa[Z\e_gbyHkl\Zev^Z c 2α 2 cα 2 K= . = (1 − α)c 1 − α ?kebkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbbagZqbl_evghf_gvr__^bgbpulhijb ijb[eb`_gguo\uqbke_gbyofh`ghijbgylvqlh–.§Lh]^Z\u jZ`_gb_aZdhgZjZa[Z\e_gbymijhsZ_lky K . c Ihke_^g__ khhlghr_gb_ ihdZau\Z_l qlh ijb jZa[Z\e_gbb jZk l\hjZ l _ ijb mf_gvr_gbb dhgp_gljZpbb we_dljheblZ c kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbbwe_dljheblZ\hajZklZ_l ?keb\jZkl\hj_we_dljheblZAXkl_i_gv_]h^bkkhpbZpbbjZ\gZ .lhdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\A+bX–\jZkl\hj_h^bgZdh\ubkhklZ\eyxl k(:+) = k(O–) = . · k. D = .2khldm^Z. =

67

Ih^klZ\b\kx^ZagZq_gb_.baij_^u^ms_]hkhhlghr_gbygZoh^bf K = Kc . c Ijbf_j.Hij_^_ebl_dhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\bg_ijh^bkkhpbbjh \Zgguofhe_dme\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_+)kk(HF) = fheveKl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb+)\wlbomkeh\byojZ\gZ J_r_gb_ AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbb+) HF ↔ H+ + F–. Ihmkeh\bxaZ^Zqbkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbb+)jZ\gZihwlh fm dhgp_gljZpbb dZ`^h]h ba bhgh\ ++ b )– jZ\gu Â = 0,0025 fheve .10–3fheveDhgp_gljZpbyg_ijh^bkkhpbbjh\Zgguofhe_dme+)khklZ\ey_lk(HF) = 0,01 – fheve = 7,5 ·10–3fheve Ijbf_j Q_fm jZ\gZ kl_i_gv we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkhpbZpbb mdkmkghcdbkehlu\__F\h^ghfjZkl\hj_"DZdh\Zdhgp_gljZpby bhgh\G+\wlhfjZkl\hj_"D^bk(CH3COOH) = 1,80 ·10–5. J_r_gb_ AZibr_f fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ aZdhgZ jZa[Z\e_gby Hkl cα 2 . \Zev^Z K = 1− α LZddZd\gZrbomkeh\byoαlhfh`gh\hkihevah\Zlvkymi jhs_gghcnhjfhcD= α2khldm^Z k:+) = kO–) = c ⋅

K 1,8 ⋅ 10 −5 α= = = 9,5 ⋅ 10 −3 , beb C 0,2 Dhgp_gljZpbybhgh\G+[m^_ljZ\gZ kG+) = α · k = 9,5 · 10-3 · 0,2 = 1,9 · 10-3fheve Bhggh_ijhba\_^_gb_\h^u
Ihkdhevdmkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbb\h^uhq_gvfZeZlhjZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpbyg_^bkkhpbbjh\Zgguofhe_dme\h^ukG2H k^hklZlhq ghclhqghklvxjZ\gZh[s_cdhgp_gljZpbb\h^ufheveLh]^Z \ujZ`_gb_ ^ey dhgklZglu ^bkkhpbZpbb \h^u fh`gh ij_h[jZah\Zlv ke_^mxsbfh[jZahf kG+) · kHG–) = D · kG2H –14 = DW. DhgklZglZDWgZau\Z_lkybhggufijhba\_^_gb_f\h^u >ey \h^u b jZa[Z\e_gguo \h^guo jZkl\hjh\ ijb g_baf_gghc l_fi_jZlmj_DW –\_ebqbgZihklhyggZyIjbhKDW =10–14. Ihkdhevdm ^bkkhpbZpby \h^u – wg^hl_jfbq_kdbc ijhp_kk lh k jhklhfl_fi_jZlmju^bkkhpbZpbymkbeb\Z_lkybagZq_gb_DW\hajZk lZ_l 10–7fhevebkG+ !kHG– Z\s_ ehqguojZkl\hjZokG+) < 10–7fhevebkG+ kHG–).
Ijbf_jJZkkqblZcl_fheyjgmxdhgp_gljZpbx+&O_keb\h^h jh^gucihdZaZl_ev\h^gh]hjZkl\hjZoehjh\h^hjh^ZjZ\_g J_r_gb_ LZddZdS+ ke_^h\Zl_evgh–OJk++) = 1,85; lg c(H+) = –1,85 = −

= 2,15 l_–2 + 0,15 = – Hlkx^Zk++) = 1,4 · 10–2LZddZdkhey gZy dbkehlZ y\ey_lky kbevghc h^ghhkgh\ghc dbkehlhc lh b k+&O = 1,4 · 10–2fheve Ijhba\_^_gb_jZkl\hjbfhklb JZkkfhljbf]_l_jh]_ggmxkbkl_fm–gZkus_ggucjZkl\hjfZehjZkl\hjbfh]hwe_dljheblZgZoh^ysbcky\jZ\gh\_kbbkhk\hbfhkZ^dhf KnAm(d) ey l\_j^hc nZau hkZ^dZ k(DnAm) = const b fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_dhgklZglu^Zggh]hjZ\gh\_kbybf__l\b^ Ds = kn(Dm+) km(:n–) LZdZydhgklZglZjZ\gh\_kbygZau\Z_lkyijhba\_^_gb_fjZkl\h jbfhklbIJ bebdhgklZglhcjZkl\hjbfhklb (Ds): Ds IJ k n(Dm+) k m(:n–) LZdbf h[jZahf \ gZkus_gghf jZkl\hj_ fZehjZkl\hjbfh]h we_dljheblZ ijhba\_^_gb_ dhgp_gljZpbc _]h bhgh\ \ kl_i_gyo jZ\ guokl_obhf_ljbq_kdbfdhwnnbpb_glZfijb^Zgghcl_fi_jZlmj_– \_ebqbgZihklhyggZy Ijhba\_^_gb_ jZkl\hjbfhklb oZjZdl_jbam_l kjZ\gbl_evgmx jZk l\hjbfhklv h^ghlbiguo \_s_kl\ q_f [hevr_ IJ ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z l_f[hevr__]hjZkl\hjbfhklv Mkeh\byh[jZah\ZgbyhkZ^dZ ID k(Dm+)n k(:n–)m!IJKnAm, ]^_ ID – ijhba\_^_gb_ dhgp_gljZpbc bhgh\ gZoh^ysboky \ ^Zgghf jZkl\hj_ JZkl\hj\dhlhjhfkha^Z_lkywlhmkeh\b_– i_j_kus_gguchl ghkbl_evgh^Zggh]hwe_dljheblZbag_]h[m^_l\uiZ^ZlvhkZ^hd >Zggh_mkeh\b_fh`_l^hklb]ZlvkygZijbf_j\\_^_gb_fh^gh bf_ggh]hbhgZ\gZkus_ggucjZkl\hjKnAm. Mkeh\b_jZkl\hj_gbyhkZ^dZID < IJKnAm. JZkl\hj \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ – g_gZkus_gguc djbklZeeu fZehjZk l\hjbfh]hwe_dljheblZKnAmijb\\_^_gbb\g_]h[m^mljZkl\hjylvky 70

Mkeh\by ID IJKnAm fh`gh ^hklb]gmlv ijbeb\Zy ^hklZlhqgh [hevrh_dhebq_kl\hjZkl\hjbl_eyeb[h`_k\yau\Zy\fZeh^bkkhpbb jmxsb_qZklbpul_bhgudhlhju_hkZ^hdKnAmihkueZ_l\jZkl\hj Ih \_ebqbg_ IJ fh`_l [ulv gZc^_gZ jZkl\hjbfhklv \_s_kl\Z sfheve >ey[bgZjguowe_dljheblh\gZijbf_j%D624IJ Â–10), jZkl\hjbfhklvs = k(Ba2+) = c(SO42– ihwlhfm IJ = k(Ba2+) · c(SO42–) = s2hldm^Z s = IJ = 1,1 ⋅ 10−10 ≅ 10− 5 fheve Ijbf_j Ijhba\_^_gb_ jZkl\hjbfhklb $J2SO4 jZ\gh .10–5 (25 hK Hij_^_eblvjZkl\hjbfhklvwlhckheb\fheveb\]e J_r_gb_ Khev^bkkhpbbjm_lihko_f_$J2SO4 :Ag+ + SO42–. H[hagZqbfbkdhfmxjZkl\hjbfhklvkhebq_j_asfheve Lh]^Zk(Ag+) = 2sZk(SO42–) = s. IJ$J2SO4 k2(Ag+ Âk6242–) = (2s)2 · s = 4s3. 1,6 ⋅10 − 5 3 = 4 ⋅ 10 −6 ≅ 1,6·10–2 fheve Hlkx^Zs = IJ / 4 = 4 LZd dZd fheyjgZy fZkkZ $J2SO4 jZ\gZ ]fhev lh jZkl\hjb fhklv$J2SO4\]e[m^_ljZ\gZÂ–2 ·312 ≅]e Ijbf_j JZkl\hjbfhklv 3E,2 ijb hKjZ\gZ · 10–4fheve JZkkqblZlvIJ3E,2 ijbhK J_r_gb_ LZddZdjZkl\hjbfhklv3E,2jZ\gZ · 10–4fhevelhdhgp_gljZpby bhgh\3E2+\gZkus_gghfjZkl\hj_kheb[m^_llZdZy`_– 6,5 · 10–4 fheve dhgp_gljZpby,–[m^_l\^\ZjZaZ[hevr_ PbI2 :3E2+ + 2I–l_ Bafhev3E,2ijb^bkkhpbZpbbh[jZam_lkyfhev,–Lh]^Z IJPbI2) = c( Pb2+) · c2(I–) = 6,5 · 10–4 · (2 Â 6,5 · 10–4)2 ≅ 1,1 · 10–9. Ijbf_j . Kf_rZeb jZ\gu_ h[t_fu F jZkl\hjh\ &D&O2 b Na2SO4H[jZam_lkyebhkZ^hd&D624"IJ&D624) = 2,5 · 10–5 . J_r_gb_ Ba\_klgh qlh hkZ^hd kheb h[jZam_lky _keb ijhba\_^_gb_ dhg p_gljZpbckhhl\_lkl\mxsbobhgh\kheb\fhf_glkf_rb\Zgby[m^_l [hevr_ijhba\_^_gbyjZkl\hjbfhklbwlhckhebLZddZdijbkf_rb\Z gbbjZ\guoh[t_fh\^\mokhe_cdhgp_gljZpbydZ`^hckhebmf_gvrZ _lky \^\h_ lh \ fhf_gl kf_rb\Zgby dhgp_gljZpbb khe_c \ gZr_f kemqZ_ [m^ml jZ\gu ih fheve Dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ &D2+ b SO42–\wlhl`_fhf_gl[m^mljZ\guihfheveKe_^h\Zl_evgh 3

3

71

k(Ca2+) · k(SO42–) = 0,0005 · 0,0005 = 2,5·10–7qlhagZqbl_evghf_gvr_ \_ebqbguIJ&D624 AgZqblhkZ^hdg_h[jZam_lky Ijbf_jKhihklZ\blvjZkl\hjbfhklv$J&Oijb hK\\h^_b\ jZkl\hj_ 1D&O k dhgp_gljZpb_c F1D&O fheve IJ$J&O =1,8·10–10. J_r_gb_ ImklvjZkl\hjbfhklv$J&Oijbwlbomkeh\byo\\h^_jZ\gZVLh ]^Zc(Ag+) = c(Cl–) = skfijbf_j IJ$J&O c(Ag+) ⋅ c(Cl–) = s2; s = IJ = 1,34 ⋅ 10−5 fheve ImklvjZkl\hjbfhklv$J&O\FjZkl\hj_1D&OjZ\gZs1lh]^Z k(Ag ) = s1, k(Cl–) = s1 Ih^klZ\bf wlb agZq_gby \ \ujZ`_gb_ IJ$J&O IJ(AgCl) = s1(s1 + 0,1) = 1,8 ·10–10. LZddZd >> s1lhs1 + 0,1 ≅ 0,1 bij_^u^ms__\ujZ`_gb_fh`ghmijhklblvs1 · 0,1 = 1,8 · 10–10Hl kx^Zs1 = 1,8·10–9. KjZ\gbfjZkl\hjbfhklvAgCl\\h^_b\FjZkl\hj_NaCl. <FjZkl\hj_1D&OjZkl\hjbfhklv$J&O[m^_lf_gvr_\ +

s 1,34 ⋅ 10 −5 = = 7,4 ⋅ 103 jZa −9 s1 1,8 ⋅ 10 =b^jhebakhe_c =b^jhebakheb –ijhp_kk\aZbfh^_ckl\bykhebk\h^hcijb\h^y sbc d h[jZah\Zgbx keZ[h^bkkhpbbjmxsbo qZklbp fhe_dme beb bh gh\ =b^jhebakhe_cdZq_kl\_gghfh`ghjZkkfZljb\ZlvdZdj_amevlZl iheyjbaZpbhggh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by bhgh\ kheb k bo ]b^jZlghc h[h ehqdhcbmijhs_gghij_^klZ\blvke_^mxsbfbko_fZfb Kn+ + HOH ↔ KOH(n–1)+ + H+, An– + HOH ↔ HA(n–1)– + OH-. =b^jheba h[mkeh\e_g h[jZah\Zgb_f fZeh^bkkhpbbjmxsbo qZklbpDHG(n–1)+bG:(n–1)–. Q_f [hevr_ aZjy^ b f_gvr_ jZ^bmk bhgh\ kheb l_f kbevg__ bo iheyjbaZpbhggh_ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k \h^hc keZ[__ ^bkkhpbZpby h[jZ amxsboky qZklbp DHG(n–1)+ b G:(n–1)– b \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb ijhbkoh ^bl]b^jheba Iheyjbamxs__ \ebygb_ gZ fhe_dmeu \h^u g_\_ebdh m dZlbhgh\ s_ehqguobs_ehqgha_f_evguof_lZeeh\h^ghaZjy^guoZgbhgh\gZ 72

ijbf_j&O–, Br–, NO 3− mg_dhlhjuo^\moaZjy^guogZijbf_j62 24 − Ih wlhfm kheb h[jZah\Zggu_ Zgbhghf kbevghc dbkehlu b dZlbhghf kbevgh]hhkgh\Zgby]b^jhebamg_ih^\_j]Zxlky 7). GZijbf_j CH3COONa → CH3COO– + Na+, Na+ + HOH →j_Zdpbyg_b^_l CH3COO– + HOH ↔ CH3COOH + OH–. Fhe_dmeyjgh_mjZ\g_gb_]b^jhebaZ– CH3COONa + HOH <&+3COOH + NaOH. >Zgguc ijhp_kk h[jZlbfuc jZ\gh\_kb_ ]b^jhebaZ kbevgh kf_ s_gh\e_\hihkdhevdmD+2O)
=b^jheba ih dZlbhgm b Zgbhgm. Ih dZlbhgmbZgbhgm]b^jheb amxlky kheb h[jZah\Zggu_ dZlbhghf keZ[h]h hkgh\Zgby b Zgbhghf keZ[hcdbkehluGZijbf_j CH3COONH4 → CH3COO– + NH4+, CH3COO– + HOH
c h= ] , k ]^_k] –dhgp_gljZpby]b^jhebah\ZgghcqZklbkhebk –h[sZydhgp_g ljZpbyjZkl\hj_gghckheb >ey]b^jhebaZihZgbhgm\h[s_f\b^_:–GHG
Kw ihemqZ_f c(H + )

Kw K beb K ] = w . K HA K dbk

A^_kvDdbk –dhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbblhcdbkehludhlhjZyh[jZam _lky\j_amevlZl_]b^jhebaZ >ey]b^jhebaZihdZlbhgm.+ + HOH <.2+++ZgZeh]bqgh

( ) ( )

c(KOH )⋅ c H + = K] , c K+

K] =

Kw . K hkg

A^_kvDhkg –dhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbblh]hhkgh\Zgbydhlhjh_h[ jZam_lky\j_amevlZl_]b^jhebaZ >ey]b^jhebaZihdZlbhgmbZgbhgm K+ + A– + HOH <.2++$ Kw c(KOH) ⋅ c(HA) K] = . = K] , + − K dbk ⋅ K hkg c(K ) ⋅ c(A ) DZ`^Zyklmi_gv]b^jhebaZfgh]haZjy^guobhgh\oZjZdl_jbam_lky k\h_cD]LZdklmi_gqZlu_dhgklZglu]b^jhebaZ^\moaZjy^gh]hZgbh gZke_^mxsb_ Kw , D] > D] , D] = K w , D] = K dbk K dbk ]^_Dd bDd –dhgklZglu^bkkhpbZpbbdbkehluihbklmi_gbBa khhlghr_gbc ke_^m_l q_f keZ[__ dbkehlZ hkgh\Zgb_ h[jZamxsZy h[jZamxs__ khev l_f kbevg__ khev ]b^jhebam_lky b dhgklZglZ ]b^jhebaZ __ [hevr_ =b^jheba – ijhp_kk wg^hl_jfbq_kdbc ihwlhfm ijbih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmjuD]m\_ebqb\Z_lky 75

>ey]b^jhebaZihdZlbhgmbebihZgbhgmaZ\bkbfhklvf_`^mhbk hibku\Z_lky\ujZ`_gb_fZgZeh]bqgufaZdhgmjZa[Z\e_gbyHkl\Zev^Z K] , c l_jZa[Z\e_gb_jZkl\hjZkhebmkbeb\Z_l__]b^jheba ?kebkhev]b^jhebam_lkyh^gh\j_f_gghbihdZlbhgmbihZgbh gmlhdhgp_gljZpbykheb\jZkl\hj_ijZdlbq_kdbg_\eby_lgZh: D] ≈ ch2bebh ≈

D]

h≈

< khhl\_lkl\bb k ijbgpbihf E_ RZl_ev_ ]b^jheba ih dZlbhgm mkbeb\Z_lkyhm\_ebqb\Z_lky ijb^h[Z\e_gbbhkgh\ZgbydjZkl\hjm khebZ]b^jhebaihZgbhgmmkbeb\Z_lkyijb^h[Z\e_gbbdbkehlu
1. DZdh_ khklhygb_ j_Zdpbhgghc kbkl_fu gZau\Z_lky obfbq_kdbf jZ\gh\_kb_f" 2. DZdhij_^_eblvfhf_glgZklmie_gbyobfbq_kdh]hjZ\gh\_kby" 3. Fh`ghebkqblZlvihklhygkl\hdhgp_gljZpbcj_Z]_glh\\kbkl_f_ ^hdZaZl_evkl\hfbklbgghklbobfbq_kdh]hjZ\gh\_kby" 4. Qlh lZdh_ dhgklZglZ obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby" DZdh\ __ nbabq_ kdbckfuke" 5. AZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ \ujZ`_gby dhgklZgl jZ\gh\_kby ^ey kbkl_f Z HCl] + O] ↔2Cl2 ] + 2H2O] [ Fed + 3Cl] ↔ 2FeCld 6. DZdh\h \ebygb_ l_fi_jZlmju ^Z\e_gby dhgp_gljZpbb b ijbkml kl\bydZlZebaZlhjZgZ\_ebqbgmdhgklZgluobfbq_kdh]hjZ\gh\_ kby" 7. DZdh\h \ebygb_ l_fi_jZlmju ^Z\e_gby dhgp_gljZpbb b ijbkml kl\bydZlZebaZlhjZgZkhklhygb_obfbq_kdh]hjZ\gh\_kby" 8. Knhjfmebjmcl_ijbgpbiE_-RZl_ev_ 9. < dZdmx klhjhgm kf_klblky jZ\gh\_kb_ NO] + O] ↔ 2NO2] ; ∆H0 = –d>`ijbZ mf_gvr_gbb^Z\e_gby[ \\_^_gbb\kbk l_fmdbkehjh^Z\ ih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmju" 10.
11. DZdb_j_Zdpbbhlghkylkydnhlhobfbq_kdbf" 12. Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju g_jZa\_l\e_gguo b jZa\_l\e_gguo p_iguo j_Zdpbc 13. DZdh\hagZq_gb_nhlhobfbq_kdboj_Zdpbc^ey`b\hcijbjh^u" JZkl\hjuwe_dljheblh\

14. Zcl_hij_^_e_gbydbkehlhkgh\Zgbcbkhe_cklhqdbaj_gbyl_h jbbwe_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbb 26. GZah\bl_kbevgu_hkgh\Zgbybkbevgu_dbkehlu 27. DZdbaf_gyxlkydbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_k\hckl\Z]b^jhdkb^h\ihi_ jbh^Zfb]jmiiZfI_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_fu" 28. h[Z\e_gb_f dZdbo \_s_kl\ fh`gh Z mkbeblv beb [ hkeZ[blv ^bkkhpbZpbxZffbZdZ\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_" 30. DZdb_we_dljheblu^bkkhpbbjmxlklmi_gqZlh"Ihq_fm\_ebqbgu dhgklZgl dZ`^hc ihke_^mxs_c klmi_gb ^bkkhpbZpbb j_adh mf_gvrZxlky" 77

>bkkhpbZpby\h^u
31. DZdh\Z\aZbfhk\yavf_`^mdhgp_gljZpbyfbbhgh\]b^jhdkhgbyb ]b^jhdkb^-bhgh\\\h^guojZkl\hjZo" 32. QlhgZau\Z_lky\h^hjh^guf]b^jhdkb^guf ihdZaZl_e_f" 33.
37. DZdh\uf_oZgbafu]b^jhebaZkhebihdZlbhgmbihZgbhgm" 38. DZdb_nZdlhju\ebyxlgZijhp_kk]b^jhebaZkheb" 39. DZdh\h \ebygb_ ijbjh^u kheb dhgp_gljZpbb kheb \ jZkl\hj_ l_fi_jZlmjubjGkj_^ugZkl_i_gv]b^jhebaZ" 40. >h[Z\e_gb_f dZdbo \_s_kl\ fh`gh Z hkeZ[blv beb [ mkbeblv ijhp_kk]b^jhebaZkheb"Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_ju 41. DZdhcfh`_l[ulvj_Zdpbykj_^u\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_khebh[jZah \ZgghckeZ[ufhkgh\Zgb_fbkeZ[hcdbkehlhc" 42. DZdh\Zj_Zdpbykj_^u\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_ Z kmevnb^ZZffhgby [ bh^b^ZZexfbgby \ kmevnblZdZeby" 43. GZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ \ujZ`_gby ^ey dhgklZgl ]b^jhebaZ Z Zp_lZlZgZljby[ oehjb^ZZffhgby 44. DZdb_ bhgu ih^\_j]Zxlky klmi_gqZlhfm ]b^jhebam" Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju 45.
Ijhba\_^_gb_jZkl\hjbfhklb

46. QlhgZau\Z_lkyijhba\_^_gb_fjZkl\hjbfhklbIJ " 47. >eydZdbo\_s_kl\ijbf_gbfhihgylb_IJ" 48. GZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ IJ ^ey nlhjb^Z dZevpby Baf_gblky eb \_ebqbgZIJCaF2 ijb^h[Z\e_gbb\gZkus_gguc jZkl\hjCaF2ke_^mxsbo\_s_kl\ Z kmoh]hnlhjb^ZdZeby [ kmoh]hoehjb^ZdZevpby" DZd^h[Z\e_gb_wlbo\_s_kl\\eby_lgZjZkl\hjbfhklvCaF2? 49.
181. Kl_i_gv we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkhpbZpbb +122 \ F \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ jZ\gZ JZkkqblZcl_ dhgp_gljZpbb qZklbp G+, NO −2 , HNO2\wlhfjZkl\hj_ 182. Q_fmjZ\gZi_j\ZydhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbbm]hevghcdbkehlu_k ebkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbb__ihi_j\hcklmi_gb\jZkl\hj_kh^_j `Zs_fÂ–3fhevedbkehlujZ\gZ 183. Ijb dZdhc fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpbb mdkmkghc dbkehlu __ [m^_l gZoh^blvky \ jZkl\hj_ \ g_ijh^bkkhpbbjh\Zgghf \b^_" DKH3COOH) = 1,8 · 10–5. 184. Hij_^_ebl_dhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\G+\FjZkl\hjZoke_^mxsbo dbkehl +&O +2SO4, HCOOH, CH3COOH. K(HCOOH) = 1,8 · 10–4; K(CH3COOH) = 1,8· 10–5. 185. DZdbaf_gblkydhgp_gljZpbyG+bkl_i_gv^bkkhpbZpbbmdkmkghc dbkehlu_keb\eF&+3&22+jZkl\hjblveoehjh\h ^hjh^Zmkeh\byghjfZevgu_ Baf_g_gb_fh[t_fZjZkl\hjZij_ g_[j_qv 186. Hij_^_eblv dhgp_gljZpbx bhgh\ G+ b kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb md kmkghcdbkehlu\__jZkl\hj_ρ ]kf3). D(CH3COOH) = = 1,8·10 –5. 187. Hij_^_ebl_S+ jZkl\hjh\\dhlhjuodhgp_gljZpbbG+\fheve jZ\guZ [ Â–3\ Â–11. 188. Hij_^_ebl_ S+ b S2+ jZkl\hjh\ \ dhlhjuo dhgp_gljZpbb HG– \ fheve jZ\guZ [ Â–5\ ,4 ·10–12 . 189. Hij_^_ebl_S+ ke_^mxsbo\h^guojZkl\hjh\Z F+2SO4; [ F%D2+ 2. 190. Hij_^_ebl_ S+ \h^gh]h jZkl\hjZ k_jghc dbkehlu _keb w(H2SO4) = iehlghklvjZkl\hjZρ ]kf3. 191. Hij_^_ebl_S+ bS2+ \h^gh]hjZkl\hjZkh^_j`Zs_]hfheve NH3.H2O. 192. Hij_^_ebl_S+ bS2+ \h^gh]hjZkl\hjZmdkmkghcdbkehlu_keb w(CH3&22+ biehlghklvjZkl\hjZjZ\gZ]kf3. 193.
195. JZkkqblZcl_k(H+ \`_em^hqghfkhd_b\djh\bq_eh\_dZ_kebS+ `_em^hqgh]h khdZ b djh\b a^hjh\h]h q_eh\_dZ jZ\gu khhl\_lkl \_gghb 196. DZdbaf_gblkyS+ F&+3&22+_kebjZkl\hjblv]Zp_lZ lZgZljby\ewlh]hjZkl\hjZ" 197. GZ hkgh\Zgbb lZ[ebqguo ^Zgguo ih \_ebqbgZf ijhba\_^_gbc jZkl\hjbfhklb$J&O$J%U$J,b$J26jZkkqblZcl_jZkl\hjbfh klbwlbokhe_c\fheveb\]e 198. Kdhevdh]bhgh\$J+kh^_j`blky\fegZkus_ggh]hjZkl\hjZ Ag2SO4"IJ$J2SO4 ) = 1,6 · 10–5. 199.
81

=E:<:9,, KLJH?GB?:LHF: BI?JBH>BQ?KDBCA:DHG>BF?G>?E??<: 1. MdZ`bl_hkgh\gu_oZjZdl_jbklbdbfZkkmaZjy^bhlghkbl_evgu_ jZaf_ju we_f_glZjguoqZklbp\oh^ysbo\khklZ\ZlhfZ 2. >Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ ihgylbc fZkkh\h_ qbkeh Zlhfguc ghf_j bahlhiubah[Zjubahlhgugmdeb^u. 3. QlhlZdh_jZ^bhZdlb\ghklv"DZdh\u__ijbqbgu"Ijb\_^bl_ijb f_juhkgh\guolbih\jZ^bhZdlb\guoij_\jZs_gbc 4. H[tykgbl_ ijbqbgu dhjimkdmeyjgh-\hegh\hc ^\hckl\_gghklb fbdjhh[t_dlh\ 5. Qlh lZdh_ we_dljhggh_ h[eZdh \hegh\Zy nmgdpby we_dljhggZy iehlghklvZlhfgZyhj[blZev"Zcl_ lhedh\Zgb_ ihgylbc we_dljhggZy h[hehqdZ wg_j]_lbq_ kdbcmjh\_gvwe_dljhgguckehcih^mjh\_gvZlhfgZyhj[blZev 8. QlhlZdh_wnn_dlb\gucaZjy^y^jZ" 9. Ihykgbl_hkgh\gu_ijbgpbiujZkij_^_e_gbywe_dljhgh\ihhj[b lZeyf\Zlhf_ 10. >Zcl_ nhjfmebjh\dm ijZ\beZ De_qdh\kdh]h DZd hgh hij_^_ey_l ihjy^hd aZiheg_gby Zlhfguo hj[blZe_c :H " DZdb_ :H bf_xl h^bgZdh\u_agZq_gb_kmffunOjZ\gh_beb" 11. GZibrbl_ nhjfmeu we_dljhgguo dhgnb]mjZpbc Zlhfh\ i_j\uo q_luj_oi_jbh^h\, La, Ru, W, Hg, Po, U, Bk, Md&Gwe_f_glh\k Zlhfgufb ghf_jZfb Bah[jZabl_ ]jZnbq_kdb kljmdlmjm bo^\moihke_^gbowg_j]_lbq_kdbomjh\g_c 12. DZdb_jZaebqby\ihgylbyogmdeb^ubbahlhiu? 13. Q_fhlebqZ_lkyjZ^bhgmdeb^hlklZ[bevgh]hgmdeb^Zlh]h`_we_ f_glZ" 14. Qlhy\ey_lky]eZ\ghcoZjZdl_jbklbdhcZlhfZ" 15. >Zcl_kh\j_f_ggmxoZjZdl_jbklbdmi_jbh^bq_kdh]haZdhgZbih ykgbl__]hnbabq_kdbckfuke 16. DZdh\uhkgh\gu_lbiubah[jZ`_gbyi_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_fuwe_ f_glh\"MdZ`bl_bokoh^kl\ZbjZaebqby 17. DZdh\nbabq_kdbckfukeghf_jZi_jbh^Zghf_jZ]jmiiu" 82

18. Qlh lZdh_ s-, p-, d-, f-we_f_glu" DZdh\h bo jZkiheh`_gb_ ih i_ jbh^Zfb]jmiiZf"DZdh\ufZdkbfZevgu__fdhklbi_jbh^h\" 19. Zlv lhedh\Zgb_ ihgylbc wnn_dlb\guc dh\Ze_glguc bhgguc \Zg-^_j-Zcl_hij_^_e_gb_ihgylbykjh^kl\hdwe_dljhgm. 26. DZdb_ nZdlhju hij_^_eyxl \_ebqbgm kjh^kl\Z d we_dljhgm" DZd fh`gh h[tykgblv jZaebqgu_ agZdb wlhc oZjZdl_jbklbdb ^ey jZa ebqguowe_f_glh\" 27. Fh]ml eb kms_kl\h\Zlv \ k\h[h^ghf khklhygbb Zgbhgu 22Ø 62Ø N3Ø"Ihq_fm" 28. Qlh lZdh_ we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklv" DZdmx kihkh[ghklv ZlhfZ hgZoZjZdl_jbam_l" 29. DZdh\u ijbgpbiu ihkljh_gby rdZeu we_dljhhljbpZl_evghkl_c we_f_glh\" DZd baf_gy_lky wlZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ ih i_jbh^Zf b ]jmiiZfi_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_fu" =E:<:VIII OBFBQ?KD:YK?CKL
4. >Zcl_hij_^_e_gb_dh\Ze_glghck\yabDZdh\Zko_fZ__h[jZah\Z gbygZijbf_j_fhe_dme+2, Cl2b+&O " 5. GZah\bl_bijhbeexkljbjmcl_dhgdj_lgufbijbf_jZfbhkgh\gu_ kihkh[uh[jZah\Zgbydh\Ze_glghck\yab 6. Knhjfmebjmcl_hkgh\gu_iheh`_gbyf_lh^Z\Ze_glguok\ya_c 7. I_j_qbkebl_hkgh\gu_k\hckl\Zdh\Ze_glghck\yab 8. H[tykgbl_f_oZgbafh[jZah\Zgbyσ-, π-bδ-k\ya_c 9. QlhlZdh_djZlghklvk\yab"DZdh\h__\ebygb_gZ^ebgmbijhq ghklvk\yabf_`^mZlhfZfb" 10. QlhlZdh_\Ze_glghklv"Q_fhij_^_ey_lkydhebq_kl\_ggZyoZjZd l_jbklbdZ\Ze_glghklb" 11. DZdh\umkeh\byh[jZah\Zgbyiheyjghcbg_iheyjghcdh\Ze_glghc k\yab"Ihykgbl_ihgylb_wnn_dlb\gucaZjy^ZlhfZgZdhgdj_l guoijbf_jZo 12. QlhlZdh_we_dljbq_kdbc^bihev"Zcl_h[tykg_gb_dhgp_ipbb]b[jb^baZpby. 18. Ihykgbl_hkgh\gu_mkeh\bymklhcqb\hc]b[jb^baZpbb 19. DZdh\ulbiu]b[jb^baZpbbb]_hf_ljbq_kdb_kljmdlmjudhlhju_ bfkhhl\_lkl\mxl" 20. Qlh lZdh_ k\yau\Zxsb_ b g_k\yau\Zxsb_ hj[blZeb" DZdh\h bo \ebygb_gZ]_hf_ljbxdh\Ze_glguokljmdlmj" 21. DZd \eby_l ijbjh^Z eb]Zg^Z b djZlghklv k\yab gZ]_hf_ljbxh^ ghlbiguokljmdlmj" 22. QlhlZdh_dhhj^bgZpbhggh_ qbkehDZdh\Z_]hdhebq_kl\_ggZybg l_jij_lZpby" 23. Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_jukljmdlmjkfgh]hp_gljh\ufbk\yayfb 24. Q_fm jZ\gZ \Ze_glghklv b kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ZahlZ b m]e_jh^Z \ fhe_dmeZo 12, NH3, N2H4, NH2OH, NF3, CH4, CCl4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, CO2, CO? 25. IjhZgZebabjmcl_ke_^mxsb_fhe_dmeyjgu_kljmdlmjumklZgh\b l_oZjZdl_jjZkij_^_e_gby\Ze_glguowe_dljhgh\lbi]b[jb^baZ pbbp_gljZevguoZlhfh\m]euk\ya_ciheyjghklv\Ze_glghklvb 84

kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyhl^_evguoZlhfh\ &2&22, N2O, NO2, N2O5, HNO3, H2SO4, BF, BF3, NH3, NF3, CO 32 − , ClO 3− , ClO −4 , HN3, SO2, 26. 27. 28.

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

35.

SO 32 − , NO 3− , NH +4 , BF −4 . >Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ bhgghc k\yab DZdh\Z __ ijbjh^Z b f_oZgbaf h[jZah\Zgby" QlhlZdh_^heybhgghklbk\yab? I_j_qbkebl_bh[tykgbl_hkgh\gu_oZjZdl_jbklbdbbhgghck\yab MdZ`bl_\q_f__koh^kl\hbjZaebqb_\kjZ\g_gbbkdh\Ze_glghc k\yavx" Q_fhij_^_ey_lky\_ebqbgZdhhj^bgZpbhggh]hqbkeZ\bhgguokh _^bg_gbyo" DZdZyk\yav\dZ`^hfbakh_^bg_gbc+&O21D+624, KOH, H2CO3 bf__lgZb[he__bhggucoZjZdl_j" >Zcl_hij_^_e_gb_f_lZeebq_kdhck\yabDZdh\Z__ijbjh^Zbf_ oZgbafh[jZah\Zgby" < q_f aZdexqZxlky hkh[_gghklb lj_o lbih\ f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by. JZkkfhljbl_f_oZgbafh[jZah\Zgby\h^hjh^ghck\yab__hlebqb_ hlobfbq_kdhck\yabbkbef_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h\aZbfh^_ckl\by DZd \eby_l gZebqb_ \h^hjh^ghc k\yab gZ nbabq_kdb_ b obfbq_ kdb_ k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\" Ihykgbl_ gZ ijbf_j_ baf_g_gby k\hckl\ \_s_kl\\jy^Zo+)– HJ; H2O – H2Te; NH3 – SbH3; CH4 – SnH4. Ihykgbl_ jhev \h^hjh^ghc k\yab \ [bheh]bq_kdbo h[t_dlZo gZ ijbf_j_\h^u[_edh\ihebi_ilb^h\>GDJGD =E:<:,; HDBKEBL?EVGH-
Dhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgufhlghkylkyj_Zdpbbijhl_ dZxsb_kbaf_g_gb_fkl_i_g_chdbke_gbyZlhfh\\oh^ysbo\khklZ\ j_Z]bjmxsbo\_s_kl\ Kl_i_gvhdbke_gby – mkeh\gucaZjy^ZlhfZjZkkqblZggucbk oh^yba^hims_gbyqlh\_s_kl\hkhklhblbabhgh\ IhkdhevdmlZdh_^hims_gb_y\ey_lkymkeh\gufihgylb_kl_i_gv hdbke_gbyghkbllZd`_mkeh\gucoZjZdl_jby\ey_lky\_ebqbghcnhj fZevghc g_ hljZ`Zxs_c j_Zevgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby aZjy^h\ f_`^m ZlhfZfb H^gZdh wlh ihgylb_ rbjhdh bkihevam_lky ijb khklZ\e_gbb mjZ\g_gbcH<J 85

&l_i_gbhdbke_gbywe_f_glh\ijbgbfZxlagZq_gbyhl–^h\ khhl\_lkl\bbkijZ\beZfb Kl_i_gv hdbke_gby we_f_glh\ \ ijhkluo \_s_kl\Zo jZ\gZ gZijbf_j2 02 D0, S 80 .
QZklbpudhlhju_\oh^_j_Zdpbbhl^Zxlwe_dljhgugZau\Zxl ky\hkklZgh\bl_eyfbQZklbpudhlhju_\oh^_j_Zdpbbijbkh_^bgy xlwe_dljhgugZau\Zxlkyhdbkebl_eyfb. LZdbf h[jZahf \ oh^_ H<J \hkklZgh\bl_ev hl^Z\Zy we_dljh gu hdbkey_lky Z hdbkebl_ev ijbgbfZy we_dljhgu \hkklZgZ\eb\Z _lkyIjbwlhfqbkehwe_dljhgh\hl^Zgguo\hkklZgh\bl_e_f\k_]^Z jZ\ghqbkemwe_dljhgh\ijbgyluohdbkebl_e_f Hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z\_s_kl\fh`ghhij_ ^_eblvbkoh^ybaagZq_gbckl_i_g_chdbke_gbywe_f_glh\\oh^ysbo \bokhklZ\ ?keb\khklZ\\_s_kl\Z\oh^ylZlhfuwe_f_glZ\fbgbfZevghc kl_i_gbhdbke_gbylhhghfh`_lijhy\eylvlhevdh\hkklZgh\bl_ev gu_k\hckl\Z ?keb\khklZ\\_s_kl\Z\oh^ylZlhfuwe_f_glZ\fZdkbfZevghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby lh hgh fh`_l ijhy\eylv lhevdh hdbkebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ?keb\khklZ\\_s_kl\Z\oh^ylZlhfuwe_f_glZ\ijhf_`mlhq ghckl_i_gbhdbke_gbylhhghfh`_lijhy\eylvdZd\hkklZgh\bl_ev gu_lZdbhdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\Z

[ _keb\bkoh^guo\_s_kl\Zoh^bgblhl`_we_f_glgZoh^blky\ ^\mojZaguokl_i_gyohdbke_gbyZ\ijh^mdl_j_Zdpbb–lhevdh\h^ ghcijhf_`mlhqghcihhlghr_gbxdbkoh^gufkl_i_gyfhdbke_gby lh khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ H<J hlghkylky d j_Zdpbyf dhfijhihjpbhgbjh \ZgbybebdhgfmlZpbbgZijbf_j H2S–2 + H2S+6O dhgp :6+4O2 + H2O JZkklZgh\dZdhwnnbpb_glh\\mjZ\g_gbyoH<J f_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZ H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_gZlhqlh\kemqZ_j_Zdpbcf_`fhe_dmeyjgh ]hhdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gbyjZkklZgh\dZdhwnnbpb_glh\ijh\h^blky ke_\Z gZijZ\h ijbf_j Z \ kemqZ_ j_Zdpbc \gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby–kijZ\ZgZe_\hijbf_j Ijbf_jF_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZjZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb _glu\mjZ\g_gbbj_Zdpbbijhl_dZxs_cihko_f_ H2O-12 + K2Cr+62O7 + H2SO4 :202 + Cr+32(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O J_r_gb_ 1. >ZggZyH<Jhlghkblkydj_Zdpbyff_`fhe_dmeyjgh]hhdbke_ gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby ihwlhfm jZkklZgh\dm dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijh\h^bf ke_\ZgZijZ\h 2. Hij_^_ey_fwe_f_gluZlhfudhlhjuo\oh^_j_Zdpbbbaf_gb ebkl_i_gvhdbke_gby<^ZgghfkemqZ_wlhdbkehjh^bojhfDbkeh jh^baf_gbekl_i_gvhdbke_gbyhl–^hZojhf–hl^h 3. AZibku\Z_f we_dljhggu_ mjZ\g_gby ijhp_kkh\ hdbke_gby b \hkklZgh\e_gby
[ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z baf_gb\rbo kl_i_gv hdbke_gbyihklZ\b\i_j_^nhjfmeZfbO2bH2O2dhwnnbpb _glu©ª \ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ dZeby ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfmehc K2SO4dhwnnbpb_gl©ª ] mjZ\gb\Z_fqbkeZdbkehlguohklZldh\62 24 − ihklZ\b\i_j_^ nhjfmehck_jghcdbkehludhwnnbpb_gl©ª ^ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ \h^hjh^Z ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfm ehc\h^udhwnnbpb_gl©ª _ ijh\_jy_fh^bgZdh\uebqbkeZZlhfh\dbkehjh^Z\e_\hcb ijZ\hcqZklyomjZ\g_gby 3H2O2 + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 = 3O2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O Ijbf_jF_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZjZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb _glu\mjZ\g_gbbj_Zdpbb Fe+3(N+5O 3−2 )3 :)H +23 O3 + N+4O2 + O02 J_r_gb_ >ZggZyH<Jhlghkblkydj_Zdpbyf\gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]hhdbk e_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby ihwlhfm jZkklZgh\dm dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijh\h ^bfkijZ\ZgZe_\h Hij_^_ey_fwe_f_gluZlhfudhlhjuobaf_gbebkl_i_gvhdbk e_gby < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ wlh Zahl b dbkehjh^ :ahl baf_gbe kl_i_gv hdbke_gbyhl^hdbkehjh^–hl–^h AZibku\Z_f we_dljhggu_ mjZ\g_gby ijhp_kkh\ hdbke_gby b \hkklZgh\e_gby
gZc^_ggu_qbkeZZlhfh\ZahlZbdbkehjh^Zmfgh`bfgZIhemqZ_l ky qlh kl_i_gv hdbke_gby baf_gbeZkv m Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z b m Zlhfh\ZahlZ 5. JZkklZgh\dm dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijh\h^bf \ ke_^mxs_c ihke_^h\Z l_evghklb Z mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ ZahlZ ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfmehc Fe(NO3)3 dhwnnbpb_gl©ªZi_j_^nhjfmehcNO2 –dhwnnb pb_gl©ª [ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ `_e_aZ ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfmehc Fe2O3dhwnnbpb_gl©ª \ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeh Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfm ehcO2dhwnnbpb_gl©ª 6. Ijh\_jy_fh^bgZdh\hebh[s__qbkehZlhfh\dbkehjh^Z\e_\hc bijZ\hcqZklyomjZ\g_gby 4Fe+3(N+5O 3−2 )3 :)H +23 O3 + 12N+4O2 + 3O 02 . We_dljh^gu_bhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ ihl_gpbZeubbobkihevah\Zgb_ Dhebq_kl\_gghc oZjZdl_jbklbdhc hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguok\hckl\\_s_kl\\\h^guojZkl\hjZoy\eyxlkyagZq_gbywe_d ljh^guo beb hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguo ihl_gpbZeh\ khhl\_l kl\mxsboihemj_ZdpbcWe_dljh^gucihl_gpbZeij_^klZ\ey_lkh [hc jZaghklv ihl_gpbZeh\ \hagbdZxsmx gZ ]jZgbp_ jZa^_eZ we_d ljh^ – jZkl\hj we_dljheblZ :[khexlgu_ agZq_gby ihl_gpbZeh\ wdki_jbf_glZevgh hij_^_eblv g_\hafh`gh ihwlhfm gZ ijZdlbd_ bk ihevamxlkybohlghkbl_evgu_agZq_gbybaf_j_ggu_ihhlghr_gbxd klZg^Zjlghfm \h^hjh^ghfm we_dljh^m ihl_gpbZe dhlhjh]h mkeh\gh ijbjZ\gb\Z_lkydIhl_gpbZeubaf_j_ggu_\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\b yo dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ jZ\gu fheve ^Z\e_gb_ \h^hjh^Z jZ\gh dIZl_fi_jZlmjZ– 25 hK gZau\ZxlkyklZg^Zjlgufbwe_dljh^gufb beb klZg^Zjlgufb hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgufb ihl_gpbZeZfb b h[hagZqZxlky kbf\hehf ?h Bo agZq_gby bkihevam xlky^eyoZjZdl_jbklbdbj_Zdpbcijhl_dZxsbo\klZg^Zjlguomkeh \byo?keb`_j_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_l\^jm]bomkeh\byolh^ey__hibkZ gby bkihevamxlky jZ\gh\_kgu_ ihl_gpbZeu ? dhlhju_ jZkkqblu\Z xlkyihmjZ\g_gbxG_jgklZ 2,303 ⋅ R ⋅ T c(\hkkl) . E = E0 − lg n⋅F k(hdbke) 91

0,059 c(\hkkl) . lg n k(hdbke)

BamjZ\g_gbyG_jgklZke_^m_lqlh\_ebqbgZihl_gpbZeZaZ\bkblhl dhgp_gljZpbc\hkklZgh\e_gghcbhdbke_gghcnhjfwe_f_glZ?keb\j_ Zdpbb ijbgbfZ_l mqZklb_ f_lZee lh \_ebqbgZ _]h we_dljh^gh]h ihl_g pbZeZaZ\bkblebrvhldhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\wlh]hf_lZeeZ_]hhdbke_g ghcnhjfu \jZkl\hj_Dhgp_gljZpbykZfh]hf_lZeeZ\hkklZgh\e_gghc nhjfu dZd\_ebqbgZihklhyggZy\mjZ\g_gb_G_jgklZg_ih^klZ\ey_lky Djhf_lh]h_keb\ihemj_ZdpbbijbgbfZxlmqZklb_bhguH+bebHG–bo dhgp_gljZpbblZd`_\ebyxlgZ\_ebqbgmihl_gpbZeZ Bkihevamy agZq_gby we_dljh^guo beb hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evguoihl_gpbZeh\ihemj_Zdpbcfh`gh\uihegblvke_ ^mxsb_hi_jZpbb 1. Hp_gblv hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z khhl\_lkl \mxsbo\_s_kl\ 2. Ij_^kdZaZlv ijbgpbibZevgmx \hafh`ghklv hkms_kl\e_gby j_ Zdpbb\mdZaZgghfgZijZ\e_gbb 3. Hij_^_eblvgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb 4.
;he__ kbevgufb \hkklZgh\bl_evgufb k\hckl\Zfb h[eZ^Z_l \_s_kl\h dhlhjhfm khhl\_lkl\m_l ihemj_Zdpby k [he__ gbadbf agZq_gb_fihl_gpbZeZ;he__kbevgufbhdbkebl_evgufbk\hckl \Zfbh[eZ^Z_l\_s_kl\hdhlhjhfmkhhl\_lkl\m_lihemj_Zdpbyk [he__\ukhdbfagZq_gb_fihl_gpbZeZ Ijbf_jHij_^_ebl_dZdhcba\hkklZgh\bl_e_cijhy\ey_lgZb [he__kbevgu_\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\ZijbklZg^Zjlguomkeh\b yo\j_Zdpbyo Z) FeSO4 + O2 + H2SO4 :)H2(SO4)3 + H2O; [) HI + O2 :,2 + H2O; \) H2SO3 + O2 :+2SO4. J_r_gb_ Hij_^_ey_fdZdb_\_s_kl\Z\^Zgguoj_Zdpbyoy\eyxlky\hk klZgh\bl_eyfb < j_Zdpbb ©Zª \hkklZgh\bl_e_f y\ey_lky FeSO4 ih kdhevdmm`_e_aZkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyih\urZ_lkyhl^h\khhl \_lkl\bbkmjZ\g_gb_fihemj_Zdpbb Fe+2 –:)H+3 < j_Zdpbb ©[ª \hkklZgh\bl_e_f y\ey_lky HI ihkdhevdm m bh^Z kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyih\urZ_lky\khhl\_lkl\bbkmjZ\g_gb_fihemj_ Zdpbb: I– –:I0
Fe 2+

= 0,77 B [ EI00

2I −

2

0 = 0,54 < \ ESO 2− 4

H 2 SO 3

= 0,17 < .

GZoh^bf gZb[he__ kbevguc \hkklZgh\bl_evIhkdhevdmkZfh_ gbadh_agZq_gb_ihl_gpbZeZmihemj_Zdpbbhdbke_gbyk_jgbklhcdb kehlulhwlh\_s_kl\hb[m^_ly\eylvkygZb[he__kbevguf\hkklZgh \bl_e_f Ijhl_dZgb_hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evghcj_Zdpbb\^ZgghfgZijZ\e_gbb\hafh`ghebrvlh]^Zdh]^Zihl_gpbZe\hkklZgh\e_gbybkihevam_fh]hhdbkebl_ey[hevr_ihl_gpbZeZhdbke_gby bkihevam_fh]h\hkklZgh\bl_ey 93

Ijbf_j Hij_^_eblv fh`gh eb bkihevah\Zlv \ klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byokheb`_e_aZIII ^eyhdbke_gbybhgh\)–, Br–bI–^hijhkluo \_s_kl\"Hl\_lih^l\_j^blvjZkq_lZfb J_r_gb_ GZoh^bfagZq_gby?hihemj_Zdpbc EI00

2

2I −

EF00

2F −

0 = 0,53 <; EBr 0 2

0 = 2,85 <; EFe 3+

0 IhkdhevdmagZq_gb_ EFe 3+

Fe 2+

2 Br − Fe 2+

= 1,08 <; = 0,77 <.

[hevr_agZq_gby EI00

2

2I −

lhbhgu

Fe3+kihkh[guhdbkeblvbhgu,– ^hijhklh]h\_s_kl\ZI2Ke_^h\Zl_ev gh ba mdZaZgguo Zgbhgh\ lhevdh bhgu ,– [m^ml hdbkeylvky bhgZfb `_e_aZ,,, Ex[Zy H<J \k_]^Z ijhl_dZ_l \ lhf gZijZ\e_gbb dhlhjhfm khhl\_lkl\m_l iheh`bl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ jZaghklb ihl_gpbZeh\ hdbkebl_eyb\hkklZgh\bl_ey. H^gZdhg_h[oh^bfhihfgblvqlh\^ZgghfgZijZ\e_gbbj_Zdpby ijhl_dZ_l ijZdlbq_kdb g_h[jZlbfh ijb jZaghklb ihl_gpbZeh\ û?, [hevr_ceb[hjZ\ghc<?keb`_jZaghklvihl_gpbZeh\û?hdZau \Z_lkyf_gvr_<lhH<Jijhl_dZ_lh[jZlbfhbgZijZ\e_gb_j_Zd pbbhij_^_ey_lkymkeh\byfb__ijh\_^_gby Ijbf_jMklZgh\blv\dZdhfgZijZ\e_gbb\hafh`ghkZfhijh ba\hevgh_ijhl_dZgb_j_Zdpbb SnCl4 + 2FeCl2 <6Q&O2 + 2FeCl3. J_r_gb_ GZoh^bfagZq_gby?hihemj_Zdpbc 0 ESn 4+

Sn 2+

= 0,15 <,

0 EFe 3+

Fe 2+

= 0,77 <.

IhkdhevdmagZq_gb_Ehihemj_ZdpbbkmqZklb_fbhgh\`_e_aZ [hevr_ agZq_gby ?h ihemj_Zdpbb k mqZklb_f bhgh\ heh\Z lh bhgu Fe3+[m^mlhdbkeylvbhgu6Q2+kh[jZah\Zgb_fbhgh\)H2+b6Q4+Wlh khhl\_lkl\m_lijhl_dZgbxmdZaZgghcj_ZdpbbkijZ\ZgZe_\h Ba \k_o \hafh`guo H<J gZb[he__ \_jhylghc [m^_l lZ j_Zd pby dhlhjhc khhl\_lkl\m_l fZdkbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ jZaghklb ihl_gpbZeh\bkihevam_fuohdbkebl_eyb\hkklZgh\bl_ey Ijbf_j Bkihevamy agZq_gby E0 ihemj_Zdpbc hij_^_eblv gZb[he__\_jhylgucijh^mdl\hkklZgh\e_gbybh^Zl-bhgh\k_jgbklhcdbkehlhc Z IO 3− + 6H+:IæH2O, E0 = 1,08 <; [ IO 3− + 6H+ + 5:I2 + 3H2O, E0 = 1,19 <; 94

\ IO 3− + 5H+:HIO + 2H2O, E0 = 1,14 <; ]) SO 24 − + 4H+:+2SO3 + H2O, E0 = 0,17 <. J_r_gb_ IhkdhevdmagZq_gb_ihl_gpbZeZihemj_Zdpbb©]ªf_gvr_agZ q_gbcihl_gpbZeh\ihemj_Zpbc©Zª©[ªb©\ªlhkmevnbl-bhgu[m^ml y\eylvky\hkklZgh\bl_eyfbihhlghr_gbxdbh^Zl-bhgZf >ey dZ`^hc ba ihemj_Zdpbc ©Zª ©[ª b ©\ª gZc^_f jZaghklv f_`^m__ihl_gpbZehfbihl_gpbZehfihemj_Zdpbb©]ª E0Z – E0] < – 0,17 < = 0,91 <; E0[ – E0] < – 0,17 < = 1,02 <; E0\ – E0] < – 0,17 < = 0,97 <.
Mn 2+

= 1,51< .

JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gb_ûE0j_Zdpbb 0 ûE0 = EMnO − 4

Mn 2+

0 − EFe 3+

Fe 2+

= 1,51 < – 0,77 < = 0,74 <

95

∆E ⋅ n 0 , 059

= 10

0 , 74⋅5 0 ,059

≈ 5 ⋅ 1062 .

LZdh_h]jhfgh_agZq_gb_dhgklZglujZ\gh\_kbyk\b^_l_evkl\m_l hlhfqlh^ZggZyj_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_lke_\ZgZijZ\hijZdlbq_kdbg_h[ jZlbfh <ebygb_jZaebqguonZdlhjh\gZgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgby hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_Zdpbc Hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgZyj_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_l\lhfgZ ijZ\e_gbb \ dhlhjhf hkms_kl\ey_lky ihemj_Zdpby k [he__ \ukhdbf agZq_gb_fihl_gpbZeZIhwlhfmnZdlhju\ebyxsb_gZ\_ebqbgmih l_gpbZeZ hdZau\Zxl \ebygb_ b gZ gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby H<J D lZdbfnZdlhjZfhlghkylky dhgp_gljZpbyihl_gpbZehij_^_eyxsbobhgh\ \_ebqbgZjGjZkl\hjZ l_fi_jZlmjZjZkl\hjZ \_ebqbgZIJfZehjZkl\hjbfh]hijh^mdlZj_Zdpbb <_ebqbgZdhgklZglug_klhcdhklbh[jZamxs_]hkydhfie_dkgh ]hbhgZ JZkkfhljbf oZjZdl_j \ebygby dZ`^h]h ba wlbo nZdlhjh\ gZ gZ ijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyH<J <ebygb_dhgp_gljZpbcihl_gpbZehij_^_eyxsbobhgh\ Baf_gyy agZq_gby dhgp_gljZpbcbhgh\\jZkl\hj_fh`ghbaf_ gblvgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyH<J Ijbf_jHij_^_eblvgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb Sn0 + Pb2+ <6Q2+ + Pb0 ijbke_^mxsboagZq_gbyodhgp_gljZpbcbhgh\ Z k(Pb2+ fhevek(Sn2+ fheve [ k(Pb2+ fhevek(Sn2+ fheve J_r_gb_ JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gby jZ\gh\_kguo we_dljh^guo ihl_gpbZeh\ ^eykemqZy©Zªbhij_^_ebfgZijZ\e_gb_j_Zdpbb 0,059 1 0,059 1 o − ⋅ lg = −0,13 − ⋅ lg = −0,13B EPb 2+ Pb 0 = EPb 2+ 2+ Pb 0 2 1 n c(Pb ) 96

:gZeh]bqghkqblZ_fagZq_gb_ihl_gpbZeZheh\Z 0,059 1 ⋅ lg = −0,14 B . ESn 2+ Sn 0 = −0,14 − 2 1 Ihkdhevdm agZq_gb_ we_dljh^gh]h ihl_gpbZeZ k\bgpZ [hevr_ q_fmheh\Zlhbhguk\bgpZ[m^mly\eylvkyhdbkebl_eyfbihhlghr_ gbxdheh\mbmdZaZggZyj_Zdpby[m^_lijhl_dZlvke_\ZgZijZ\h. 1) JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gbyjZ\gh\_kguoihl_gpbZeh\^eykemqZy©[ªb hij_^_ebfgZijZ\e_gb_j_Zdpbb 0,059 1 0,059 1 o EPb 2+ Pb 0 = EPb lg 0 , 13 lg ⋅ = − − ⋅ = −0,15B ; 2+ 0 − Pb n 2 0,15 c(Pb 2 + ) 0,059 1 ⋅ lg = −0,13B . ESn 2+ Sn 0 = −0,14 − 2 1,5 <^ZgghfkemqZ_we_dljh^gucihl_gpbZe[hevr_mheh\Zihwlh fm_]hbhgu[m^mly\eylvkyhdbkebl_eyfbihhlghr_gbxdk\bgpmb mdZaZggZyH<J\^Zgguomkeh\byoijhl_dZ_lkijZ\ZgZe_\h. <ebygb_\_ebqbgujGjZkl\hjZ Baf_gyy agZq_gb_ jG jZkl\hjZ fh`gh baf_gblv gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgbyH<J_keb\g_cijbgbfZxlmqZklb_bhguG+bebHG–. Ijbf_jBaf_gblkyebgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb\kbk l_f_K3AsO4 + KI + H2SO4 ZggZyH<Jhkms_kl\ey_lky[eZ]h^Zjyijhl_dZgbx^\moihem j_Zdpbc Z AsO4 3– + 2H+:AsO33– + H2O; E0 = 0,57 <; [) I2:,–; E0 = 0,54 <. Ihkdhevdm\ihemj_Zdpbb©ZªijbgbfZxlmqZklb_bhgu\h^hjh^Z__ ihl_gpbZeaZ\bkblhl\_ebqbgujGjZkl\hjZ
IhkdhevdmijbjGjZ\ghfihl_gpbZeihemj_Zdpbb©Zª[hevr_ ihl_gpbZeZ ihemj_Zdpbb ©[ª Zjk_gZl-bhgu [m^ml ijhy\eylvhdbkeb l_evgu_Zbh^b^-bhgu–\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\ZbmdZaZggZyj_ Zdpby\p_ehfijhl_dZ_lke_\ZgZijZ\h. JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gb_ihl_gpbZeZihemj_Zdpbb©ZªijbjGjZ\ ghfbhij_^_ebfgZijZ\e_gb_H<J ?keb jG jZkl\hjZ jZ\_g lh dhgp_gljZpby bhgh\ \h^hjh^Z kh klZ\ey_l0-8 fheveLh]^Z EAsO 34

AsO 33-

= 0,57 −

0,059 1 ⋅ lg = 0,098B . 2 1 ⋅ (10− 8 ) 2

Ihkdhevdm ijb jG jZ\ghf ihl_gpbZe ihemj_Zdpbb ©Zª f_gvr_ ihl_gpbZeZihemj_Zdpbb©[ªlhZjk_gbl-ZgbhguAsO 33− [m^mlijhy\eylv \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_Zfhe_dmeuI2 –hdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\ZWlhagZqbl qlh\^Zgguomkeh\byomdZaZggZyj_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_lkijZ\ZgZe_\h <ebygb_l_fi_jZlmjugZgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyH<J BamjZ\g_gbyG_jgklZ\b^ghqlh\_ebqbgZwe_dljh^gh]hihl_gpbZeZ aZ\bkbl b hl agZq_gby l_fi_jZlmju Ihwlhfm baf_gyy l_fi_jZlmjm jZkl\hjZfh`ghbaf_gblvgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyg_dhlhjuoH<J Ijbf_jIhdZaZlvdZd\eby_lbaf_g_gb_l_fi_jZlmjuhloK ^hoKgZgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb Na2Cr2O7 + 14HCl <&O2 + 2CrCl3 + 2NaCl + 7H2O, _kebdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\Cr2O 72 − bCr3+jZ\gufhevedhgp_gljZpby kheyghc dbkehlu jZ\gZ fheve Z iZjpbZevgh_ ^Z\e_gb_oehjZ– dIZ J_r_gb_ 1. MdZaZggZyj_Zdpbykhklhblba^\moihemj_Zdpbc Z &U2O 72 − + 14H+:Cr3+ + 7H2O?0 = 1,333 <; [ Kl2:Cl–?0 = 1,359 <. 2. JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gby ihl_gpbZeh\ihemj_Zdpbc©Zªb©[ªijb l_fi_jZlmj_hKbhij_^_ebfgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyH<J 2,303RT c 2 (Cr 3 + ) o Z ECr O 2− Cr 3+ = ECr O 2− Cr 3+ − ⋅ lg = 2 7 2 7 nF c(Cr2O 72 − ) ⋅ c14 (H + ) 2,303 ⋅ 8,314 ⋅ 298 1 = 1,333 − ⋅ lg 14 = 1,350B ; 6 ⋅ 96500 1⋅1 98

[ ECl 0

2

Cl −

o = ECl 0

2

Cl −

−

2,303RT c 2 (Cl − ) ⋅ lg = 0 nF p(Cl 2 )

2,303 ⋅ 8,314 ⋅ 298 1,322 = 1,359 − ⋅ lg = 1,352 B . 2 ⋅ 96500 1 Ihkdhevdm \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ jZaghklv ihl_gpbZeh\ ûE hdZaZeZkv f_gvr_ < \ kbkl_f_mklZgZ\eb\Z_lkyobfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_Gh mqblu\Zy[he__\ukhdh_agZq_gb_ihl_gpbZeZihemj_Zdpbb©[ª^_eZ _f\u\h^qlhijboK[he__kbevgufbhdbkebl_evgufbk\hckl\Zfb h[eZ^Z_loehjbqlhmdZaZggh_jZ\gh\_kb_kf_s_gh\e_\h 3. JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gby ihemj_Zdpbc ijb oK b hij_^_ebf gZ ijZ\e_gb_kf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby 2,303RT c 2 (Cr 3+ ) o Z ECr O 2− Cr 3+ = ECr O 2− Cr 3+ − ⋅ lg = 2 2 7 2 7 nF c(Cr2O 7 − ) ⋅ c14 (H + ) 2,303 ⋅ 8,314 ⋅ 363 1 = 1,333 − ⋅ lg 14 = 1,353B . 6 ⋅ 96500 1 ⋅1 c 2 (Cl − ) 2,303RT o [ ECl 0 Cl − = ECl 0 Cl − − ⋅ lg = 2 2 nF p(Cl02 ) 2,303 ⋅ 8,314 ⋅ 363 1,322 = 1,359 − ⋅ lg = 1,350B . 2 ⋅ 96500 1 LZdbf h[jZahf ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ oK [he__ \ukhdh_ agZq_gb_ ihl_gpbZeZ m ihemj_Zdpbb ©Zª Wlh agZqbl qlh [he__ kbevgu_ hdbk ebl_evgu_k\hckl\Zijhy\eyxlbhguCr2O 72 − bjZ\gh\_kb_j_Zdpbb\ p_ehfkf_s_gh\ijZ\h <ebygb_\_ebqbguIJfZehjZkl\hjbfh]hijh^mdlZ gZgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyH<J ?keb\j_amevlZl_H<Jh[jZam_lkyfZehjZkl\hjbfucijh^mdllh dhgp_gljZpby h[jZamxsbo _]h bhgh\ \ jZkl\hj_ j_adh mf_gvrZ_lky
J_r_gb_ JZkkqblZ_fdhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\k_j_[jZ\jZkl\hj_gZ^hkZ^ dhfAgCl^himklb\qlhdhgp_gljZpbyoehjb^-bhgh\\jZkl\hj_jZ\gZ dhgp_gljZpbbGClbkhklZ\ey_lfheve c(Ag+) =

IJ(AgCl) 1,8 ⋅10−10 = = 1,8 ⋅ 10−10 fheve − 1 c(Cl )

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ihl_gpbZeZk_j_[jZ\^Zg ghfjZkl\hj_ 0,059 1 o ⋅ = EAg + Ag 0 = EAg lg 0 − + Ag n c(Ag + ) 0,059 1 = 0,8 − ⋅ lg = 0,225B. 1 1,8 ⋅ 10−10 Hij_^_ebfgZijZ\e_gb_j_Zdpbb©Zª Ihkdhevdm\mdZaZgguomkeh\byoihl_gpbZe\h^hjh^ZjZ\_gZ ihl_gpbZek_j_[jZjZ\_g<lhbhguk_j_[jZijhy\eyxlhdbkeb l_evgu_k\hckl\Zihhlghr_gbxd\h^hjh^mbjZ\gh\_kb_j_Zdpbb©Zª kf_s_gh\e_\hIhwlhfmf_lZeebq_kdh_k_j_[jhg_jZkl\hjy_lky\kh eyghcdbkehl_ JZkkqblZ_fdhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\k_j_[jZ\jZkl\hj_gZ^hkZ^ dhf AgI ^himklb\ qlh dhgp_gljZpby bh^b^-bhgh\ \ jZkl\hj_ jZ\gZ dhgp_gljZpbbHIbkhklZ\ey_lfheve c(Ag+) =

IJ(AgI) 8,3 ⋅ 10−17 = = 8,3 ⋅ 10−17 fheve . − 1 c(I )

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ihl_gpbZeZk_j_[jZ\^Zg ghfjZkl\hj_ 0,059 1 o − ⋅ lg = EAg + Ag 0 = EAg + Ag 0 n c(Ag + ) 0,059 1 = 0,8 − ⋅ lg = −0,14 B. 1 8,3 ⋅ 10−17 Hij_^_ebfgZijZ\e_gb_j_Zdpbb©[ª Ihkdhevdm\jZkl\hj_HIihl_gpbZek_j_[jZf_gvr_ihl_gpbZeZ \h^hjh^ZjZ\gh]h lhk_j_[jh[m^_lhdbkeylvkybhgZfb\h^hjh^Zb jZ\gh\_kb_j_Zdpbb©[ªijZdlbq_kdbiheghklvxkf_s_gh\ijZ\h LZdbf h[jZahf f_lZeebq_kdh_ k_j_[jh \ul_kgy_l \h^hjh^ ba jZkl\hjZbh^h\h^hjh^ghcdbkehlu 100

<ebygb_dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby gZgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyH<J ?keb \ j_amevlZl_ H<J h[jZamxlky dhfie_dkgu_ kh_^bg_gby \ dhlhjuo jhev dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey b]jZxl ihl_gpbZehij_^_eyx sb_bhgulhdhgp_gljZpbywlbobhgh\\jZkl\hj_j_adhmf_gvrZ_lky HgBr4]2–b>HgI4]2–jZ\gufheve^Z\e_gb_\h^hjh^ZjZ\ ghdIZ J_r_gb_ JZkkqblZ_fdhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\Hg2+h[jZamxsboky\j_amev lZl_ ^bkkhpbZpbb bhgh\ >HgBr4]2– Ijb wlhf ^himkdZ_f qlh dhgp_g ljZpby bhgh\ Br– \ jZkl\hj_ jZ\gZ dhgp_gljZpbb HBr b khklZ\ey_l 2 fheve Dg_kl [HgBr4]2– =

k(Hg 2 + ) ⋅ c 4 (Br − ) = 2 ⋅ 10− 22 . 2− c([HgBr4 ] )

Hlkx^Z 2+

c(Hg ) =

K (gg_k) ⋅ k([HgBr4 ] ) 2−

c 4 (Br − )

=

2 ⋅ 10−22 ⋅ 1 = 1,25 ⋅ 10− 23 fheve. 4 2

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ EHg 2+

Hg 0

ijb

^Zgghcdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\Hg2+: EHg 2+

Hg 0

0 = EHg 2+

= 0,85 −

Hg 0

−

0,059 1 ⋅ lg = 2 c(Hg 2 + )

0,059 1 ⋅ lg = 0,174B. 2 1,25 ⋅ 10− 23

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ ihl_gpbZeZ E2H +

H 02

^himklb\ qlh dhg

p_gljZpbybhgh\G+jZ\gZdhgp_gljZpbbHIbkhklZ\ey_lfheve 0,059 1 0,059 1 ⋅ lg 2 + = 0 − ⋅ lg 2 = 0,018B . E2H + H 0 = E2H + H 0 − 2 2 2 2 c (H ) 2 101

Hij_^_ebfgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb©ZªIhkdhevdm\ ^ZgghfkemqZ_[he__\ukhdbfy\ey_lkyagZq_gb_ihl_gpbZeZjlmlblh bhguHg2+h[jZah\Z\rb_kyba>HgBr4]2– hdbkeyxlfhe_dmeu\h^hjh ^Zbj_Zdpby©Zªijhl_dZ_lkijZ\ZgZe_\h. JZkkqblZ_fdhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\Hg2+h[jZamxsboky\j_amev lZl_^bkkhpbZpbbbhgh\>HgI4]2-Ijbwlhf^himkdZ_fqlhdhgp_gljZ pbybhgh\I-\jZkl\hj_jZ\gZdhgp_gljZpbbHIbkhklZ\ey_lfheve c(Hg 2 + ) ⋅ c 4 (I − ) = 1,48 ⋅10 − 30 . Dg_kl [HgI4] = 2− c([HgI 4 ] ) 2–

Hlkx^Z 2+

c(Hg ) =

K ( g_kl ) ⋅ k([HgI 4 ]2 − ) c 4 (I − )

=

1,48 ⋅ 10− 30 ⋅ 1 = 9,25 ⋅ 10− 32 fheve. 4 2

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ EHg 2+

Hg 0

ijb

^Zgghcdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\Hg2+: EHg 2+

Hg

0

= 0,85 −

0 = EHg 2+

Hg

0

−

0,059 1 ⋅ lg = 2 c(Hg 2 + )

0,059 1 ⋅ lg = −0,065B. 2 9,25 ⋅ 10− 32

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6. DZdb_\_s_kl\Zy\eyxlkylbibqgufbhdbkebl_eyfb" 7. Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju \_s_kl\ dhlhju_ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl mkeh\bc fh]ml ijhy\eylv dZd hdbkebl_evgu_ lZd b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z" 8. DZd deZkkbnbpbjmxlky hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ j_Zd pbb" Q_f hlebqZxlky j_Zdpbb f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby\hkklZgh\e_gby hl j_Zdpbc \gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby\hkklZgh\e_gby j_Zdpbb ^bkijhihjpbhgbjh\Zgby hl j_Zdpbc dhfijhihjpbhgbjh\Zgby" 9. Qlh y\ey_lky dhebq_kl\_gghc oZjZdl_jbklbdhc hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evguo k\hckl\ \_s_kl\" Qlh ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc klZg^Zjlgucwe_dljh^guchdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguc ih l_gpbZe" 10. DZdb_ihl_gpbZeugZau\ZxlkyjZ\gh\_kgufb"DZdhgbk\yaZgukh klZg^Zjlgufb we_dljh^gufb ihl_gpbZeZfb" Hl dZdbo nZdlhjh\ aZ\bkbl\_ebqbgZjZ\gh\_kgh]hihl_gpbZeZ" 11. DZd k\yaZgu hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\ khagZq_gbyfbwe_dljh^guoihl_gpbZeh\khhl\_lkl\mxsboihem j_Zdpbc" 12. DZdhp_gb\Z_lkyijbgpbibZevgZy\hafh`ghklvijhl_dZgbyH<J\ mdZaZgghfgZijZ\e_gbb" 13. DZdhij_^_ey_lkygZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyH<J" 14. DZd fh`gh hij_^_eblv gZb[he__ \_jhylgmx H<J ba g_kdhevdbo \hafh`guoj_Zdpbc" 15. DZdh\Z aZ\bkbfhklv dhgklZglu obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby H<J hl agZq_gbcwe_dljh^guoihl_gpbZeh\ihemj_Zdpbc" 16. DZdb_ nZdlhju hdZau\Zxl \ebygb_ gZ gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby H<J"HoZjZdl_jbamcl_\ebygb_dZ`^h]hbagbo 17. DZdh\Z jhev hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguo j_Zdpbc \ ijhp_k kZo`bag_^_yl_evghklb" 18.
]) KMnO4+FeSO4+H2O : : K2SO4+MnO2+Fe(OH)SO4+[(Fe(OH)2]2SO4; ^) Al+HClO3 :$O&O3+Al(ClO3)3+H2O; _) FeS2+KOH+Cl2 :.2FeO4+K2SO4+KCl+H2O; `) H2O2+Mn3O4+H2SO4 :22+MnSO4+H2O; a) Fe(OH)2 + NO2 :)H123)3 + NO + H2O; b) P2S3+H2SO4(dhgp.) :+3PO4+SO2+H2O; d) (NH4)2CrO4 :12+NH3+Cr2O3+H2O. 207. AZdhgqblv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc f_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ jZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb_glumdZaZlvhdbkebl_evb\hkklZgh\bl_ev Z) I2+Cl2+H2O :+&O« [) Ba(OH)2+Br2 :%D%U23)2 + … \) KMnO4+PH3+H2SO4 :+3PO4 + … ]) H3AsO4+Al+H2SO4 :$V+3 + … ^) Ca(ClO)2+HCl :&O2 + … 208. Hij_^_eblv gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby \ klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo ke_^mxsboj_Zdpbc Z) H2O2+HOCl <+&O22+H2O; [) H3PO4+2HI < H3PO3+I2+H2O; \) 2FeCl3+Cu <)H&O2+CuCl2; ]) SnCl4+2KI <6Q&O2+I2+2KCl; ^) H2SO3+Cl2+H2O <+2SO4+2HCl. 209. DZdb_ ba mdZaZgguoj_Zdpbcfh]mlijhl_dZlv\klZg^Zjlguomk eh\byo Z) MnO −4 +Ag0 :0Q2 24 − +Ag+; [) MnO −4 +3Ag0+2H2O :0Q22+3Ag++4OH-; \) MnO −4 +8H++5Ag0 :0Q2++5Ag++4H2O? 210. < \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ k(Hg2+ fheve c(Fe3+ fheve c(Fe2+ fheve DZdZy ba j_Zdpbc fh`_l ijhl_dZlv kZfh ijhba\hevgh Z FeCl3+Hg :FeCl2+HgCl2; [) HgCl2+2FeCl2 :+J)H&O3? 211. AZdhgqblvmjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc^bkfmlZpbbjZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb _gluf_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZ Z) K2SO3 :.2S + … [) HClO3 :&O22 + … \) P4O6+H2O :3+3 + … ]) NO2+Ca(OH)2 :&D122)2 + … ^) Se+KOH :.2SeO3 + … 104

212. AZdhgqblvmjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcdhgfmlZpbbjZkklZ\blvdhwnnbpb _gluf_lh^hfwe_dljhggh]h[ZeZgkZ Z) SO2+H2S : [) Ca(ClO3)2+HCl(dhgp.) : \) H2S+H2SO4(dhgp.) : ]) KMnO4+MnSO4+H2O : 213. Fh`gheboehjb^hf`_e_aZIII \jZkl\hj_hdbkeblvkmevnb^gZ ljby^hk_ju^hkmevnblZgZljby^hkmevnZlZgZljby"Ijh\_^b l_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZkq_lu KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gb_ \hafh`ghc H<J 214. ;m^_lebhdbkeylvkynhknhjbklZydbkehlZijbklZg^Zjlguomkeh \byoihke_^mxsbfko_fZf" Z) H3PO3 + I2 + H2O : [) H3PO3 + AgNO3 +H2O :$J0 + \) H3PO3 + Cd(NO3)2 + H2O :&G0 + ]) H3PO3 + Hg(NO3)2 + H2O :+J0 + AZdhgqbl_mjZ\g_gby\hafh`guoj_ZdpbcjZkklZ\vl_dhwnnbpb _glu 215. Fh`gh eb ijb klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo ijb]hlh\blv jZkl\hj kh ^_j`Zsbch^gh\j_f_ggh [ CuSO4bNaBr; \ H2O2bH2S; Z DMnO4bKI; _ D2Kr2O7bK2S? ] Cu(NO3)2b
219. < dZdhf gZijZ\e_gbb ijhl_dZxl mdZaZggu_ j_Zdpbb \klZg^Zjl guomkeh\byo Z) NO 3− + Cr3+ + H2O <12&U2O 72 − + H+; [) Fe2+ + MnO −4 + H+ <)H3+ + Mn2+ + H2O; \) Co2+ + MnO −4 + H+ <&R3+ + Mn2+ + H2O. 220. Fh`ghebbkihevah\Zlvhdkb^k\bgpZIV \dZq_kl\_hdbkebl_ey ^eyhkms_kl\e_gby\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\byomdZaZgguoj_Zdpbc Z) I2 + 6H2O -:,23- + 12H+; [) Mn2+ + 4H2O -:0Q24- + 8H+; \ Sn2+ -:Sn4+; ] Cr3+ + 7H2O -:Cr2O72- + 14H+. 221. Hij_^_eblvgZijZ\e_gb_ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb\kbkl_f_ 2Co2+ + Pb4+ <&R3+ + Pb2+, _kebdhgp_gljZpbbbhgh\jZ\gu c(Co2+) = 1·10–1fhevec(Co3+) = 1 · 10–5fheve c(Pb2+) = 1·10–4fhevec(Pb4+) = 1 · 10–2fheve 222. DZd\eby_lihgb`_gb_\_ebqbgujGjZkl\hjZgZ\_ebqbgmhdbk ebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgh]hihl_gpbZeZihemj_Zdpbb Z MnO4ØH+:Mn2+ + 4H2O; [) Fe3+:)H2+; \) CrO 24 − +2H22:&U2 −4 + 4OH–. 223. DZdZybaj_ZdpbcgZb[he__\_jhylgZ\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\byo Z) SnCl4 + Fe :6Q&O2 + FeCl2; [) SnCl4 + 2Fe :6Q)H&O2. 224. Fh]mleb\klZg^Zjlguomkeh\byoijhl_dZlvj_Zdpbb Z) Ag + H2SO4 (jZa[.) :$J2SO4 + H2; [) Fe + FeCl3 :)H&O2; \) Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 :&X624 + FeSO4; ]) Hg + H2S :+2 + HgS? 225. Kihfhsvxkhhl\_lkl\mxsbojZkq_lh\ihdZ`bl_dZdbaf_gblky ihl_gpbZeihemj_ZdpbbCr2O 72 − + 14H+:Cr3+ +7H2Oijb m\_ebq_gbb jG jZkl\hjZ hl ^h _keb dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ Cr2O 72 − bCr3+jZ\gufheve 226. DZdhcbahdbkebl_e_c– KMnO4., PbO2bebK2Cr2O7ijbklZg^Zjl guo mkeh\byo y\ey_lky gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guf ih hlghr_gbx d HClijbihemq_gbboehjZ"Ijh\_^bl_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_jZkq_lu khklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbckmqZklb_fmdZaZgguohdbkebl_e_c jZkklZ\vl_dhwnnbpb_glu 106

227. We_dljh^guc ihl_gpbZe pbgdZ ihf_s_ggh]h \ jZkl\hj gbljZlZ pbgdZjZ\_g–0,85 <hibrbl_ ijb\_^_ggu_ gb`_ ko_fu \ dhlhjuo mdZaZgu bhgu lhevdhbkoh^guo\_s_kl\Ih^[_jbl_dhwnnbpb_glubgZibrbl_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\fhe_dmeyjghcnhjf_ Z) Fe3+ + IØ [) Kr2O 72 − + NO −2 + H+ :\) NO 3− + Zn + H+ : 231. JZkkqblZcl_fZkkmi_jfZg]ZgZlZdZebyg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyijb]h lh\e_gby jZkl\hjZ h[t_fhf ^f3 k fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpb_c wd\b\Ze_glZ^Zgghckhebfheve_kebba\_klghqlhijb]h lh\e_ggucjZkl\hj[m^_lbkihevah\Zg^eyhdbke_gby\g_cljZev ghckj_^_ 232.
=E:<:X DHHJ>BG:PBHGGU?KH?>BG?GBY GZb[he__ h[rbjguc b jZaghh[jZaguc deZkk g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo\_ s_kl\ij_^klZ\eyxldhfie_dkgu_bebdhhj^bgZpbhggu_kh_^bg_gby DK < ihke_^g__ \j_fy \ gZmqghc ebl_jZlmj_ gZjy^m k l_jfbghf dhfie_dkgu_ kh_^bg_gby qZklh mihlj_[ey_lky lh`^_kl\_gguc _fm l_jfbg dhhj^bgZpbhggu_ kh_^bg_gby H^gZdh l_jfbg dhfie_dkgh_ kh_^bg_gb_ \ gZmqghc obfbq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ ijh^he`Z_l rbjhdh ijbf_gylvky
pbhgguf hlghkbeb \k_ gh\u_ lbiu kh_^bg_gbc klZgh\behkv \k_ ljm^g__ ^Zlv bf hij_^_e_gb_ ;_amkeh\gh [_amij_qgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ dhhj^bgZpbhgghfm kh_^bg_gbx ^Zlv hq_gv ljm^gh L_f g_ f_g__ fh`gh ij_^eh`blv ke_^mxs__ Dhhj^bgZpbhggufb gZau\Zxlky kh _^bg_gby\maeZodjbklZeebq_kdboj_r_lhddhlhjuogZoh^ylkydhf ie_dkgu_ qZklbpu kihkh[gu_ d kms_kl\h\Zgbx \ jZkl\hjZo Wlb qZklbpuh[jZah\ZguaZkq_ldhhj^bgZpbbwe_dljhgh^_nbpblgufZlh fhf beb dZlbhghf Zdp_ilhju we_dljhgh\ we_dljhg_cljZevguo qZk lbpbebZgbhgh\^hghjuwe_dljhgh\ Hkgh\gu_iheh`_gbydhhj^bgZpbhgghcl_hjbb Lbiudhfie_dkguokh_^bg_gbc Kljh_gb_bk\hckl\Zdhhj^bgZpbhgguokh_^bg_gbch[tykgyxlky dhhj^bgZpbhgghcl_hjb_chkgh\udhlhjhc[uebaZeh`_gu\]h ^m:<_jg_jhfHgijbr_edaZdexq_gbxqlh\khklZ\dhfie_dkgh]h kh_^bg_gby \oh^bl keh`gZy qZklbpZ khklhysZy ba p_gljZevgh]h ZlhfZ lZd`_ gZau\Z_fh]h dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_f bhgf_lZeeZ \hdjm]dhlhjh]hjZkiheZ]Zxlkydhhj^bgbjmxlky g_cljZevgu_fhe_ dmeu beb Zgbhgu gZau\Zxsb_ky eb]Zg^Zfb Qbkeh dhhj^bgbjh\Zg guoeb]Zg^h\qZs_\k_]hjZ\ghbebDhhj^bgZpby©m^_j`b\Z gb_ª eb]Zg^h\hdhehp_gljZevgh]hZlhfZhkms_kl\ey_lkyaZkq_lh[ jZah\Zgbyobfbq_kdbok\ya_cWlbk\yabgZau\Zxldhhj^bgZpbhggu fb k\yayfbDhebq_kl\hdhhj^bgZpbhgguok\ya_cdhlhju_h[jZam_l h^bg eb]Zg^ k dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_f gZau\Z_lky ^_glZlghklvx eb]Zg^Z^b-ljb-l_ljZ^_glZlgucbl^ H[s__qbkehobfbq_kdbo k\ya_cdhlhjh_dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_evh[jZam_lkeb]Zg^ZfbgZau\Z _lkydhhj^bgZpbhggufqbkehfdhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey Kh\hdmighklv bhgZ f_lZeeZ b hdjm`Zxsbo _]h eb]Zg^h\ [ueZ gZa\ZgZ<_jg_jhf\gmlj_gg_ckn_jhcdhfie_dkZ=Q&1 4]2– – Zgbhg; dZlbhggu_ dhfie_dku– [Cu(NH3)4]SO4]^_\gmlj_ggyykn_jZ [Cu(NH3)4]2+ – dZlbhg b g_cljZevgu_ dhfie_dku >3W1+3)2Cl2]0. G_cljZevgu_dhfie_dkgu_kh_^bg_gbyg_bf_xl\g_rg_ckn_juAZ jy^\gmlj_gg_ckn_jujZ\_gZe]_[jZbq_kdhckmff_aZjy^Zp_gljZev gh]hbhgZbaZjy^Zeb]Zg^h\ Ijbf_j JZkkfhljbfkljh_gb_dhfie_dkgh]hkh_^bg_gbykhklZ \Z.4[Fe(CN)6]. 108

J_r_gb_ BhguD+ –\g_rgyykn_jZ>)H&1 6]4– –\gmlj_ggyykn_jZdhf ie_dkgh]h kh_^bg_gby khklhysZy ba dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey bhg Fe3+ b eb]Zg^h\ bhgh\ &1– H^bg eb]Zg^ &1– k\yau\Z_lky k dhf ie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_f)H3+ lhevdhh^ghck\yavxihwlhfm^_glZlghklv wlh]heb]Zg^ZjZ\gZDhebq_kl\hdhhj^bgZpbhgguok\ya_cdhlhju fb dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ev k\yaZg kh \k_fb eb]Zg^Zfb jZ\gh ke_ ^h\Zl_evgh dhhj^bgZpbhggh_ qbkeh `_e_aZ \ ^Zgghf dhfie_dkghf kh_^bg_gbbjZ\gh < ijb\_^_gghc lZ[ebp_ jZkkfhlj_gh kljh_gb_ g_dhlhjuo dhf ie_dkguokh_^bg_gbc Kljmdlmjguc we_f_gl _glZlghklv Dhhj^bgZpbhggh_ qbkeh

Dhfie_dkgh_ kh_^bg_gb_ [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3

[Cr(H2O)6] ClCr3+

3+

K[Ag(CN)2]

[Ag(CN)2] K+ Ag+

–

[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]

K3[Ag(S2O3)2]

[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] — Pt2+

[Ag(S2O3)2]3Ø K+ Ag+

H2O

CN-

NH3; Cl-

1 6

1 2

1, 1 4

2−

S2O 3 2 4

Ijbdhhj^bgZpbbbaf_gyxlkyk\hckl\ZdZdeb]Zg^h\lZdbbhgZ f_lZeeZ-dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_eyQZklhdhhj^bgbjh\Zggu_eb]Zg^ub bhgf_lZeeZg_\hafh`ghh[gZjm`blv\jZkl\hj_dhfie_dkgh]hkh_^b g_gbyijbihfhsbobfbq_kdboj_ZdpbcoZjZdl_jguo^eygbo\k\h [h^ghf g_dhhj^bgbjh\Zgghf khklhygbb l d hgb gZoh^ylky \ k\y aZgghfkhklhygbb\khklZ\_dhfie_dkghcqZklbpu Ghf_gdeZlmjZdhhj^bgZpbhgguokh_^bg_gbc Ihjy^hd gZa\Zgby dhfie_dkguo kh_^bg_gbc ZgZeh]bq_g gZa\Z gbyfh[uqguokhe_cl_kgZqZeZmdZau\Z_lkyZgbhg\bf_gbl_evghf iZ^_`_ZaZl_fdZlbhg\jh^bl_evghfih^_`_Nhjfmeudhfie_dkh\ qblZxlky kljh]h kijZ\Z gZe_\h kh[ex^Zy mdZaZgguc \ gbo ihjy^hd jZkiheh`_gbyeb]Zg^h\ ?keb kh_^bg_gb_ g_we_dljheblgh]h lbiZ \gmljbdhfie_dkgh_ kh_^bg_gb_ lh_]hgZau\Zxl\h^ghkeh\hDZlbhggu_bebg_cljZev gu_DKg_ihemqZxl\gZa\Zgbyoki_pbZevguohdhgqZgbc\gZa\Zgb yoZgbhgguodhfie_dkh\dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_evgZau\ZxleZlbgkdbf l_jfbghf k ^h[Z\e_gb_f kmnnbdkZ(-Zl b mdZaZgb_f jbfkdbfb qbk 109

eZfb kl_i_gb hdbke_gby p_gljZevgh]h ZlhfZ _keb hg fh`_l bf_lv i_j_f_ggu_kl_i_gbhdbke_gby GZa\Zgbyg_cljZevguoeb]Zg^h\g_baf_gyxlkyZgZa\ZgbyZgb hgguoeb]Zg^h\hdZgqb\ZxlkygZ– h>eyh[hagZq_gbyqbkeZh^bgZdh \uo eb]Zg^h\ \h \gmlj_gg_c kn_j_ dhfie_dkZ \ dZq_kl\_ ijbklZ\db i_j_^ gZa\Zgb_f eb]Zg^h\ bkihevamxl ]j_q_kdb_ qbkebl_evgu_ ^b-; ljb-l_ljZi_glZ]_dkZ-bl^IjbklZ\dmfhghg_mihlj_[eyxl GZa\Zgb_\gmlj_gg_ckn_juaZibku\Zxl\h^ghkeh\h
Dhfie_dkgucbhg\\h^ghfjZkl\hj_g_h[eZ^Z_lZ[khexlghcmk lhcqb\hklvxEb]Zg^u_]hdhhj^bgZpbhgghckn_jufh]mlaZf_sZlvky fhe_dmeZfb\h^udhlhjZylZd`_y\ey_lkyeb]Zg^hfLhqghlZd`_ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb Zd\Zdhfie_dkZ k ^jm]bfb eb]Zg^Zfb \ jZkl\hj_ fh `_lijhbkoh^blvihkl_i_ggh_aZf_s_gb_fhe_dme\h^udhhj^bgZpb hgghckn_juZd\Zdhfie_dkZgZwlbeb]Zg^uLZdhcijhp_kk\obfbb dhfie_dkh\gZau\Z_lkyeb]Zg^gufh[f_ghf. JZkkfhljbf \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ ]Zahh[jZagh]h ZffbZdZ k \h^guf jZkl\hjhfkhebgbd_ey<\h^ghfjZkl\hj_dZlbhg1L2+kms_kl\m_l\ \b^_dhfie_dkgh]hbhgZ>1L+2O)6]2+NiNH3(H2O)5]2+(j + H2O` H[uqgh ^ey ijhklhlu aZibkb nhjfmeu fhe_dme \h^u \ mjZ\g_ gbyoih^h[guoj_ZdpbchimkdZxl Ni2+j + NHj <>Ni(NH3)]2+j bqZklgZydhgklZglZmklhcqb\hklbdhgklZglZjZ\gh\_kby ^eyi_j\hc klmi_gbh[jZah\Zgbydhfie_dkgh]hbhgZaZibku\Z_lkylZd c([ Ni(NH 3 )]2 + ) K1mkl = bl^Zh[sZyDmkl^eyi-klZ^bc c( Ni 2 + ) ⋅ c( NH 3 ) c([ Ni(NH 3 )i ]2 + ) K mkl = bebDi mkl=K1 · K2 · ... · Ki. c( Ni 2 + ) ⋅ c i ( NH 3 ) J_Zdpby h[jZlgZy j_Zdpbb dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby ^bkkhpbZpby dhfie_dkZ y\ey_lkyj_Zdpb_ceb]Zg^gh]hh[f_gZ\dhlhjhceb]Zg^u dhfie_dkgh]hbhgZaZf_sZxlkyfhe_dmeZfbjZkl\hjbl_ey [Ni(NH3)6]2+j + H2O` <>Ni(NH3)5(H2O)]2+j + NHj beb [Ni(NH3)6]2+j <>Ni(NH3)5]2+j + NHj >eyj_Zdpbb^bkkhpbZpbbdhfie_dkgh]hbhgZdhgklZglmjZ\gh\_ kbygZau\ZxldhgklZglhcg_klhcdhklbDg_kl.ihdZ`^hcklZ^bb c( Ni( NH 3 ) 5 ]2 + ) ⋅ c( NH 3 ) K1g_kl = ijbq_fK1 > K2 > ... > Ki. c([ Ni( NH 3 ) 6 ]2 + ) 111

Ijhba\_^_gb_ qZklguo dhgklZgl g_klhcdhklb ^Z_l h[smx dhg klZglm g_klhcdhklb Kg_kl = K1 · K2 · ... · Ki DhgklZglu mklhcqb\hklb b g_klhcdhklb–wlh\aZbfghh[jZlgu_\_ebqbgu 1 K mkl = . K g_kl DhgklZglumklhcqb\hklbbg_klhcdhklb\gmlj_gg_ckn_jukeZ[h aZ\bkylhll_fi_jZlmju Ijbf_jGZibrbl_dhhj^bgZpbhggmxnhjfmemmdZ`bl_dhhj ^bgZpbhggh_qbkehbaZjy^dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_eyaZjy^\gmlj_gg_c kn_jub\ujZ`_gb_dhgklZglug_klhcdhklbke_^mxs_]hdhfie_dkgh ]hkh_^bg_gby]_dkZgbljblhdh[ZevlZl,,, dZevpby J_r_gb_ Ag(NH3)2]+k _]hfheyjghcdhgp_gljZpb_c\jZkl\hj_fheve^h[Z\e_gb_fjZ\ gh]h h[t_fZ jZkl\hjZ .&O k lZdhc `_ dhgp_gljZpb_c ijb gZebqbb \ dhg_qghf jZkl\hj_ ba[uldZ ZffbZdZ k _]h fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpb_c fheve" J_r_gb_ JZkkqblZ_ffheyjgmxdhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\>Ag(NH3)2]+ \jZk l\hj_ihke_^h[Z\e_gbyjZ\gh]hh[t_fZjZkl\hjZKClIhkdhevdmh[t _fbkoh^gh]hjZkl\hjZm\_ebqbeky\jZaZlhfheyjgZydhgp_gljZpby bhgh\>Ag(NH3)2]+mf_gvrbeZkv\jZaZbkhklZ\ey_lfheve 112

JZkkqblZ_ffheyjgmxdhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\Ag+\ihemq_gghf jZkl\hj_ Ihkdhevdm dhgp_gljZpb_c ZffbZdZ h[jZah\Z\r_]hky ijb ^bkkhpbZpbb dhfie_dkgh]h bhgZ fh`gh ij_g_[j_qv ^himkdZ_f qlh dhgp_gljZpbyZffbZdZ\ihemq_gghfjZkl\hj_jZ\gZ_]hba[ulhqghc dhgp_gljZpbbbkhklZ\ey_lfheveBkdhfmxdhgp_gljZpbxbhgh\ Ag+h[hagZqbfq_j_ao: < Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ fheve ofheve fheve AgZq_gbydhgp_gljZpbcbhgh\ih^klZ\bf\\ujZ`_gb_dhgklZglu g_klhcdhklbdhfie_dkgh]hbhgZ K ( g_kl ) =

c(Ag + ) ⋅ c 2 ( NH 3 ) x ⋅ 102 −8 1 10 . = ⋅ = 0,05 c([Ag( NH 3 ) 2 ]+ )

Hlkx^Zo = 5·10–12fheve JZkkqblZ_fagZq_gb_IDbhgh\Ag+bCl–\ihemq_gghfjZkl\hj_ ID kAg+) Ü c(Cl–) =5 10–12 · 10–1 = 5·10–13. Ihkdhevdm agZq_gb_ ID f_gvr_ agZq_gby IJ(AgCl) jZ\gh]h –10 10 lhhkZ^hdAgClg_\uiZ^Z_lbdhfie_dk>Ag(NH3)2]+\wlbomkeh \byobhgZfb&OØg_jZajmrZ_lky Ijbf_j.;m^_lebjZajmrZlvkydhfie_dkgucbhg>Ag(NH3)2]+\ mkeh\byoijbf_jZijbaZf_g_.&OgZ.," J_r_gb_: AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb\aZbfh^_ckl\bydhfie_dkgh]hbhgZ kbh^b^-ZgbhgZfb [Ag(NH3)2]+ + IØ< AgI + 2NH3. IJ$J, · 10–16LZddZd Ü 10–13 > 1 Ü 10–16lhhkZ^hdAgI\u iZ^Z_lbke_^h\Zl_evghdhfie_dkgucbhg>$J1+3)2]+\l_o`_mkeh \byobhgZfb,ØjZajmrZ_lky
6. GZq_fhkgh\Zgukihkh[udeZkkbnbdZpbbdhfie_dkguokh_^bg_ gbc" 7. Ijb\_^bl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcdhlhjufbfh`ghih^l\_j^blvgZ oh`^_gb_ bhgh\ ClØ b SO 24 − \h \gmlj_gg_c beb \g_rg_c kn_jZo dhfie_dkh\ 8. GZah\bl_ lbiu bahf_jbb b ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju bahf_jh\ \ dhf ie_dkguokh_^bg_gbyo 9. Hlq_]haZ\bkbl\_ebqbgZdhhj^bgZpbhggh]hqbkeZdhfie_dkhh[ jZah\Zl_ey" 10. Q_fh[mkeh\e_gZ^_glZlghklveb]Zg^h\" 11. GZhkgh\Zgbbf_lh^Z\Ze_glguok\ya_ch[tykgbl_khklZ\bkljh_ gb_ZffbZdZlZpbgdZdjbheblZdZj[hgbeZgbd_ey 12. Bah[jZabl_kljh_gb_hdkZeZlgh]hbpbljZlgh]hdhfie_dkh\Fe3+b Zn2+. 13. \Zdhhj^bgZpbhgguokh_^bg_gbydh[ZevlZkh^bgZdh\hcwfib jbq_kdhcnhjfmehc&R%U624·5NH3JZaebqbyf_`^mgbfbijhy\ eyxlky \ j_Zdpbyo bo \aZbfh^_ckl\by \ jZkl\hjZo k %D&O2 b AgNO3 H^gZ khev ^Z_l hkZ^hd lhevdh k oehjb^hf [Zjby Z \lh 114

jZy – lhevdh k gbljZlhf k_j_[jZ GZibrbl_ dhhj^bgZpbhggu_ nhjfmeu ^Zcl_ gZa\Zgby h[_bo khe_c b mjZ\g_gby bo we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbb 236. DjZkl\hjmkh^_j`Zs_fm]Z^^mdlZ&R&O2 · 4NH3^h[Z\beb\^hklZlhqghfdhebq_kl\_jZkl\hj$J123FZkkZhkZ^dZkhklZ\beZ]Hij_^_ebl_dhhj^bgZpbhggmxnhjfmemdhfie_dkZ bgZah\bl__]h 237. GZibrbl_ \ fhe_dmeyjghc b bhggh-fhe_dmeyjghc nhjfZo mjZ\ g_gbyh[f_gguoj_Zdpbcijhbkoh^ysbof_`^mZ .4[Fe(CN)6@b CuSO4[ 1D3[Co(CN)6@b)H624\ .3[Fe(CN)6@b$J123bf_y\ \b^mqlhh[jZamxsb_kydhhj^bgZpbhggu_khebg_jZkl\hjbfu\ \h^_Ijb\_^bl_bogZa\Zgby 238. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbch[jZah\Zgbydhfie_dkguodbkehlb hkgh\Zgbcijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb3W&O4b+&O$J&Ob+&O3E&O2b HCl; SiF4 b +) )H&1 2 b +&1 %)3 b +) &XOH)2 b 1+3; Ni(OH)2 b 1+3 Ijb\_^bl_ mjZ\g_gby we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkh pbZpbbihemq_gguokh_^bg_gbc 239. GZibrbl_dhhj^bgZpbhggu_nhjfmeuke_^mxsbodhfie_dkguo kh_^bg_gbc Z ]_dkZgbljblhdh[ZevlZl ,,, dZeby [ Zffbggbl jhl_ljZoehjhdh[ZevlZl ,,, Zffhgby \ ljbnlhjh]b^jhdkh[_ jbeeZl ]Zeeby ,,, ^ l_ljZlbhpbZgh^bZffbgojhfZl ,,, Zffh gby MdZ`bl_ dhhj^bgZpbhggh_ qbkeh dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey b aZjy^\gmlj_gg_ckn_judZ`^h]hdhfie_dkZ 240. >Zcl_gZa\Zgbyke_^mxsbokh_^bg_gbc>3G1+3)3Cl]Cl; K4[Fe(CN)6]; [Pd(H2O)2NH3Cl]Cl; [Co(H2O)(NH3)4CN]Br2; [Co(NH3)5SO4]NO3; (NH4)2[Rh(NH3)Cl5]; Na2[PdI4@>&X1G3)4](NO3)2; K2[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]. GZibrbl_\ujZ`_gbydhgklZglg_klhcdhklbdhfie_dkh\bmdZ`bl_dhhj^bgZpbhggu_qbkeZdhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_c 241. DZd h[tykgblv qlh dhfie_dkguc bhg >$J1+3)2]+ jZajmrZ_lky m`_ ijb ih^dbke_gbb jZkl\hjZ Z ZgZeh]bqguc bhg >3W1+3)4]2+ khojZgy_lky^Z`_ijb^_ckl\bbdhgp_gljbjh\Zgghckheyghcdb kehlu" 242. Ihq_fmijbh^ghfblhf`_fheyjghfba[uld_j_Z]_glZZ hkZ ^hd $J&O g_ jZkl\hjy_lky \ kheyghc dbkehl_ gh jZkl\hjy_lky \ jZkl\hj_ZffbZdZ[ hkZ^hd$J,g_jZkl\hjy_lky\jZkl\hj_Zf fbZdZghjZkl\hjy_lky\jZkl\hj_pbZgb^ZgZljby" 243. Q_f hij_^_ey_lky \hafh`ghklv aZf_gu h^gbo eb]Zg^h\ \ dhhj ^bgZpbhgghf kh_^bg_gbb gZ ^jm]b_" Hij_^_ebl_ gZijZ\e_gb_ j_Zdpbc\jZkl\hjZo 115

Z) [Ag(CN)2]Ø122Ø<>$J122)2]Ø&1Ø [) [Ag(NO2)2]Ø&1Ø<>$J&1 2]Ø122Ø 244. Fh`ghebbaZffbZqgh]hdhfie_dkZk_j_[jZ^_ckl\b_fkhhl\_l kl\mxsbo eb]Zg^h\ ihemqblv >$J122)2]Ø b >$J&1 2]Ø" Hl\_l fhlb\bjmcl_ 245. H[tykgbl_ ijhp_kk jZkl\hj_gby hkZ^dh\ Zfnhl_jguo ]b^jhdkb ^h\\dbkehlZobs_ehqZodZdij_\jZs_gb_h^gbodhfie_dkh\\ ^jm]b_>hibrbl_mjZ\g_gby Z >&U+2O)6]3+ + OH– :hkZ^hd 3+ – [ >&U+2O)6] + OH ba[ : :hkZ^hd \ >&U2G 6]3– + 3H3H+ 3– + ] >&U2G 6] + H3H ba[ : 246. >hibrbl_ijb\_^_ggu_gb`_mjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcMdZ`bl_ddZ dhfm lbim hlghkblky dZ`^Zy ba gbo b q_f hij_^_ey_lky __ gZ ijZ\e_gghklv" K2[CuCl4] + NH3 : Fe3+ + [Fe(CN)6]4- : Fe2+ + [Fe(CN)6]3- : [Co(NO2)6]3- + K+ : Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO3 :>&X623)4]6-+ [Co(NO2)6]3- + N2H4:1D122 + N2 +

Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + Na2S : [Ni(NH3)6]SO4 + NaOH :1L2+ 2+ K4[Fe(CN)6] + Cl2 : [Co(H2O)6]3+ + Cl- :&O2 + CoSO4 + NaNO2 + CH3COOH : :1D3[Co(NO2)6] + NO +

247. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcoZjZdl_jbamxsb_ij_\jZs_gby Ag+ :>Ag(NH3)2]+ :AgI :>Ag(CN)2]Ø:Ag2S. DZdh[tykgblv\hafh`ghklvdZ`^h]hbagbo"

116

,,G?HJ=:GBQ?KD:YOBFBY IJBF?JG:YKO?F:HIBK:GBYOBFBQ?KDBO WE?F?GLHBG?GBC 1. H[sb_k\_^_gbyhobfbq_kdbowe_f_glZoiheh`_gb_\i_jbh^b q_kdhc kbkl_f_ hldjulb_ kh^_j`Zgb_ \ a_fghc dhj_ hkgh\gu_ ijbjh^gu_kh_^bg_gby 2. We_dljhggu_dhgnb]mjZpbbZlhfh\ 3. OZjZdl_jbaf_g_gbyZlhfguooZjZdl_jbklbdwe_f_glh\ih]jmii_ ZlhfgZy fZkkZ dh\Ze_glguc f_lZeebq_kdbc b bhgguc jZ^bmku ihl_gpbZeubhgbaZpbbkjh^kl\hdwe_dljhgmwe_dljhhljbpZl_ev ghklvkl_i_gbhdbke_gby 4. Hkgh\gu_ nbabdh-obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ijhkluo \_s_kl\ Z]j_ ]Zlgh_ khklhygb_ p\_l iehlghklv l_fi_jZlmju ieZ\e_gby b db i_gbywe_dljhijh\h^ghklv 5. Kihkh[uihemq_gbyijhfure_ggu_beZ[hjZlhjgu_ \_s_kl\ 6. Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zijhkluo\_s_kl\ Z j_Zdpbbkijhklufb\_s_kl\Zfb\h^hjh^dbkehjh^]Zeh]_gu k_jZZahlnhknhjm]e_jh^f_lZeeu [ j_Zdpbb k \Z`g_crbfb j_Z]_glZfb \h^Z dbkehlu s_ehqb hdkb^ukheb 7. Ihemq_gb_ kljh_gb_ b obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z hkgh\guo lbih\ kh _^bg_gbc : ;bgZjgu_kh_^bg_gby Z kh_^bg_gbyk\h^hjh^hf [ ]Zeh]_gb^u \ hdkb^u ] kh_^bg_gbyk^jm]bfbg_f_lZeeZfb ^ kh_^bg_gbykf_lZeeZfb ;Fgh]hdhfihg_glgu_kh_^bg_gby Z ]b^jhdkb^udbkehluhkgh\Zgby [ kheb \ dhfie_dkgu_kh_^bg_gby 8.
1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17.

J-WE?F?GLU9,,=JMIIU IjhZgZebabjh\ZlvaZdhghf_jghklb\baf_g_gbbjZ^bmkh\Zlhfh\ bhgbaZpbhgguoihl_gpbZeh\kjh^kl\Zdwe_dljhgmwe_dljhhljb pZl_evghklbZlhfh\ZlZd`_wg_j]bbobfbq_kdhck\yabbl_jfb q_kdhcmklhcqb\hklbfhe_dme\jy^m]Zeh]_gh\ DZdb_kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyijhy\eyxl]Zeh]_gu\k\hbokh_^bg_gb yo"DZdh\uhkh[_gghklb\Ze_glguokhklhygbcnlhjZ" Ijhbeexkljbjh\Zlv j_Zdpbyfb ijhfure_ggu_ b eZ[hjZlhjgu_ kihkh[uihemq_gby]Zeh]_gh\ >Zlv kjZ\gbl_evgmx oZjZdl_jbklbdm hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguok\hckl\]Zeh]_gh\gZijbf_jZojZaebqguoj_Zdpbc GZibkZlvmjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcihemq_gby\k_o]Zeh]_gh\h^hjh^h\ DZdh\uhkh[_gghklbwlboijhp_kkh\" DZd baf_gyxlky hkgh\gu_ nbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Zbijhqghklvfh e_dme\jy^m+)– HI? IjhZgZebabjmcl_ oZjZdl_j baf_g_gby hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguobdbkehlguok\hckl\\jy^m]Zeh]_gh\h^hjh^h\ GZibkZlvmjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\aZbfh^_ckl\by]Zeh]_gh\k\h^hcb jZkl\hjZfbs_ehq_coheh^gufbb]hjyqbfb DZdb^_ljZaeh`_gb_oehjgh\Zlbklhcdbkehluih^^_ckl\b_fk\_ lZijbgZ]j_\Zgbb\ijbkmlkl\bb\h^hhlgbfZxs_]h\_s_kl\Z" DZdb_ j_Zdpbb bkihevamxlky h[uqgh ^ey ihemq_gby oehjZlh\ b i_joehjZlh\" >_ckl\b_f dZdbo ]Zeh]_gh\fh`gh\u^_eblvk\h[h^guc[jhfba jZkl\hjh\Z [jhfb^ZdZeby[ [jhfZlZdZeby"H[hkgh\Zlv^Zg gufbhklZg^Zjlguowe_dljh^guoihl_gpbZeZobijhbeexkljbjh \Zlvj_Zdpbyfb DZd baf_gyxlky kbeZ dbkehl b hdbkebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z \ jy^Zo HClO – HClO2 – HClO3 – HClO4b+&O2– HBrO –+,2"Ihq_fm" Qlh lZdh_ oehjgZy ba\_klv `Z\_e_\Zy \h^Z" Ijhbeexkljbjh\Zlv j_Zdpbyfbbok\hckl\Z KjZ\gblv]b^jhebam_fhklvkhe_c\jy^Zo 1) KClO – KClO2 – KClO3 – KClO4; 2) KClO – KBrO – KIO? H[hkgh\Zlvg_\hafh`ghklvihemq_gbyhdkb^h\]Zeh]_gh\boijy fuf\aZbfh^_ckl\b_fkdbkehjh^hf DZdmx ]_hf_ljbq_kdmx dhgnb]mjZpbx bf_xl bhgu &O2-, ClO2-, ClO3-, ClO4-? DZdb_ g_hj]Zgbq_kdb_ kh_^bg_gby oehjZ nlhjZ [jhfZ b bh^Z ijbf_gyxlky\f_^bpbg_" 118

18. G_ba\_klguc]Zeh]_gh\h^hjh^ijhimklbeb\jZkl\hjs_ehqbfZk khc]kfZkkh\hc^he_cDHG
1.

119

5. DZd baf_gyxlky l_fi_jZlmju ieZ\e_gbydbi_gbybl_jfbq_kdZy mklhcqb\hklv\jy^m+2O – H2Po? 6. >Zlv kjZ\gbl_evgmx oZjZdl_jbklbdm baf_g_gby dbkehlgh-hkgh\guo b hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguo k\hckl\ \h^hjh^guo kh _^bg_gbcwe_f_glh\9,]jmiiu 7. JZkkfhljbl_ jZkl\hjbfhklv b ]b^jhebam_fhklv kmevnb^h\ jZa ebqguof_lZeeh\ 8. JZkkfhljbl_ kihkh[u ihemq_gby hdkb^h\ k_ju DZd baf_gyxlky hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zmwlbokh_^bg_gbc" 9. K_jgbklZy dbkehlZ b __ kheb Kljh_gb_ hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zijbf_g_gb_ 10. DZdbaf_gy_lkymklhcqb\hklvdbkehlgu_k\hckl\Zbhdbkebl_ev gh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgZykihkh[ghklv\jy^m+2SO3 – H2TeO3? 11. DZdmx j_Zdpbx kj_^u bf_xl jZkl\hju Na2SO3 b NaHSO3" ZlvoZjZdl_jbklbdmiheblbhgh\ufdbkehlZfbbokheyf 16. Lbhk_jgZy dbkehlZ ?_kljh_gb_bhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\ZlbhkmevnZl-bhgZ 17. Qlh lZdh_ i_jhdkh^bk_jgZy dbkehlZ" Kihkh[u __ ihemq_gby k\hckl\Zbijbf_g_gb_ 18. Kf_kv [_jlhe_lh\hckhebkdZlZebaZlhjhfMnO2 h[s_cfZkkhc ]gZ]j_ebbihemqbebkf_kvl\_j^uo\_s_kl\\dhlhjhcfZk kh\Zy^heydZlZebaZlhjZjZ\gZ
` +2SO4dhgpjZa[ + C, P, I2 → a) Na2S2O3+ Cl2 → b) Na2S2O3 + I2 → d) H2S + K2Cr2O7 + HCl → e) SO2 + KMnO4 + H2O → f) Na2SO3 + K2S + H2SO4 → g) H2SeO4 + Au → h) SO2 + NO2 → i) As2S3 + HNO3 + H2O → j) Se + NaOH → k) Al2Te3 + H2O → l) H2S + HNO3 → m) SO2 + SeO2 → n) H2Se + S → o) Na2SeO3 + HI → p) Na2S2O4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → q) K2S2O8 + FeSO4 → 20. Fh`gh eb ihemqblv +2O2 g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf \aZbfh^_ckl\b_f \h^hjh^Zbdbkehjh^Z"Hl\_lh[hkgh\Zlv 21. MdZaZlv kihkh[u ihemq_gby i_jhdkb^Z \h^hjh^Z ijb\_klb mjZ\ g_gbyj_Zdpbc 22. HibkZlvkljh_gb_fhe_dmeu+2O2Ihq_fmwlZfhe_dmeZiheyjgZ" 23. GZibkZlv mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb jZaeh`_gby i_jhdkb^Z \h^hjh^Z D dZdhfmlbimhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_ZdpbchgZhlgh kblky" 24. Ijb\_klb ijbf_ju hdbkebl_evgh]h b \hkklZgh\bl_evgh]h ^_ckl \byG2H2GZq_fhkgh\Zghijbf_g_gb_G2H2\f_^bpbg_ 25. GZibkZlv \ bhggh-fhe_dmeyjghc nhjf_ mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb ]b^ jhebaZ1D2O2KhojZgblebjZkl\hji_jhdkb^ZgZljbyk\hb[_ey sb_k\hckl\Z\dbiys_fjZkl\hj_" 26. GZibkZlvmjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\aZbfh^_ckl\byi_jhdkb^Z\h^hjh^Z k i_jfZg]ZgZlhf dZeby \ dbkehc kj_^_ bh^b^hf dZeby \ dbkehc kj_^_ojhfblhfdZeby\s_ehqghckj_^_ 27. Ijb\_klbijbf_jubgZibkZlvkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeui_jhdkhdbk ehl 28. DZdhc ba hkmrbl_e_c – dhgp_gljbjh\Zggmx k_jgmx dbkehlm l\_j^mxs_ehqvbeb[_a\h^gucoehjb^dZevpby–fh`ghbkihev ah\Zlv^eyhkmr_gbyk_jh\h^hjh^Z" 121

29. DZdb_khebk_jghcdbkehlubihq_fmijbf_gyxl\f_^bpbgkdhc ijZdlbd_" 30. AZdhgqblvmjZ\g_gbyke_^mxsboj_Zdpbc Z +2O2 + NaI → [) Na2O2 + NaBr + H2SO4 → \ +2O2 + KMnO4 → ]) H2O2 + K2Cr2O7 + HCl → ^) H2O2 + As2S3 + NaOH → _) Na2SH3 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 → `) TeO2 + KOH → a) PoO2 + HNO3 → b) TeO2 + H2O2 + H2O → d) O3 + CrCl3 + KOH → e) O3 + PbS → f) H2O2 + I2 → 31. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blvij_\jZs_gby Z) S → H2S → Na2S → Na2Sn → SO2 → S; [) SO2 → NaHSO3 → Na2SO3 → Na2SO4 → NaHSO4 → Na2S2O7; \) KMnO4 → O2 → Na2O2 → H2O2 → I2; ]) NaHSO3 → Na2S2O5 → NaHSO3 → Na2SO3 → Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6. J-WE?F?GLU9=JMIIU JZkkfhljbl_ hkh[_gghklb kljh_gby ZlhfZ ZahlZ b _]h \Ze_glguo khklhygbc\kjZ\g_gbbklZdh\ufb^eynhknhjZbhklZevguowe_ f_glh\ih^]jmiiu 2. DZd baf_gyxlky jZ^bmk ZlhfZ b wg_j]by _]h bhgbaZpbb \ jy^m Zahl – \bkfml" DZdh\Z bo \aZbfhk\yav k nbabq_kdbfb b obfbq_ kdbfbk\hckl\Zfbkh_^bg_gbcwlbowe_f_glh\" 3. DZdbaf_gy_lkymklhcqb\hklvkh_^bg_gbc\kl_i_gbhdbke_gby \jy^mnhknhj–\bkfml" 4. KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ihemq_gby ZahlZ b nhknhjZ ba bo kh_^bg_gbc 5. DZdh\umkeh\bykbgl_aZZffbZdZbaijhkluo\_s_kl\"Hl\_lfh lb\bjmcl_ 6. DZdbaf_gyxlkywg_j]bybiheyjghklvk\yabW-G\jy^mZffbZd– \bkfmlbgbdZdh\hbo\ebygb_gZnbabq_kdb_bobfbq_kdb_k\hc kl\Zwlbokh_^bg_gbc"

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122

7. DZdh\uhkh[_gghklbijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbbhdbke_gbyZffbZdZdb kehjh^hf\ha^moZ" 8. DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z h[jZamxlky ijb ijhimkdZgbb q_j_a jZkl\hj Zf fbZdZ]Zah\&22, NO, NO2, SO2, SO3? 9. Ijb\_^bl_ oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey ZffbZdZ j_Zdpbb ijbkh_^bg_gby aZf_s_gby 10. DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ^ey hkmrdb ]Zahh[jZagh]h ZffbZdZ nhknhjguc Zg]b^jb^ dhgp_gljbjh\Zggmx k_jgmx db kehlmdZmklbq_kdmxkh^ml\_j^ucDHG"Hl\_lfhlb\bjmcl_ 11. KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc l_jfbq_kdh]h jZaeh`_gbygbljZlZ gbljblZ nhknZlZ oehjb^Z b ^bojhfZlZ Zffhgby DZd ^hdZaZlv qlhi_j_qbke_ggu_kheby\eyxlkykheyfbZffhgby" 12. Bah[jZabl_kljmdlmjmhdkb^h\ZahlZbgZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zd pbcbo\aZbfh^_ckl\byk\h^hcbjZkl\hjhfs_ehqb 13. Hlghkylkyebj_Zdpbb\aZbfh^_ckl\by^bhdkb^ZZahlZk\h^hcbk jZkl\hjhf s_ehqb d hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguf" Hl\_l ih^l\_j^bl_mjZ\g_gbyfbj_Zdpbc 14. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc\dhlhjuoZahlbklZydbkehlZy\ey _lkyZ \hkklZgh\bl_e_f[ hdbkebl_e_f 15. Bah[jZabl_ kljmdlmjm Zahlghc dbkehluKhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gb_j_ Zdpbb__jZaeh`_gby 16. h dZdhc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ijb wlhf \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky Zahl"QlhlZdh_iZkkb\Zpbyf_lZeeZ" 18. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcl_jfbq_kdh]hjZaeh`_gbygbljZlh\ dZebyf_^b,, k\bgpZbk_j_[jZ 19. Q_f h[mkeh\e_gZ jZaebqgZy obfbq_kdZy Zdlb\ghklv [_eh]h b djZkgh]hnhknhjZ"Bah[jZabl_bokljmdlmjm 20. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc]hj_gbynhknbgZbZffbZdZ 21. KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \aZbfh^_ckl\by k \h^hc nhknb^h\ dZevpbyZexfbgbybpbgdZbkihevam_fuo\dZq_kl\_y^hobfbdZ lh\ Y\eyxlky eb ^Zggu_j_Zdpbbhdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgufb" 22. KhklZ\vl_]jZnbq_kdb_nhjfmeuhdkb^h\bdbkehlnhknhjZHi j_^_ebl_\Ze_glghklvdhhj^bgZpbhggh_qbkehbkl_i_gvhdbke_ gby nhknhjZ \ wlbo fhe_dmeZo Z lZd`_ hkgh\ghklv nhknhjguo dbkehl 123

23. KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ihemq_gby nhknhjghc dbkehlu ^\mfykihkh[Zfb \ijhfure_gghklbZlZd`_nhknhjguom^h[ j_gbc ijhklh]h b ^\hcgh]hkmi_jnhknZlZij_pbiblZlZbZffh nhkZ 24. GZibrbl_\bhgghcbbhggh-fhe_dmeyjghcnhjf_mjZ\g_gbyj_ Zdpbb ]b^jhebaZ nhknZlZ gZljby DZdh\Z j_Zdpby kj_^u \h^guo jZkl\hjh\nhknZlZb^b]b^jhnhknZlZgZljby" 25. DZdb_ ihebf_jgu_ kh_^bg_gby nhknhjZ b]jZxl \Z`gmx jhev \ `bag_^_yl_evghklb`b\uohj]Zgbafh\" 26. KhklZ\vl_mjZ\g_gby]b^jhebaZoehjb^h\nhknhjZQlhlZdh_]Z eh]_gZg]b^jb^" 27. DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z ]b^jhdkb^h\ j-we_f_glh\9]jmiiu" 28.
31. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blvij_\jZs_gby Z) NH3 → N2 → NO → NO2 → KNO3 → O2; [) Ca3(PO4)2 → P4 → H3PO4 → (ZnOH)3PO4 → Zn(H2PO4)2 → Zn3(PO4)2; \) P4 → Ca3P2 → PH3 → P4O10 → Ca3(PO4)2 → Ca(H2PO4)2; ]) HNO3 → NH3 → (NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 → Na3N → NH4NO3. J-WE?F?GLU,9=JMIIU JZkkfhljbl_kljh_gb_Zlhfh\b\hafh`gu_\Ze_glgu_khklhygby j-we_f_glh\,9]jmiiuDZdb_kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyijhy\eyxlmdZ aZggu_we_f_glu\kh_^bg_gbyo" 2. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ baf_g_gb_ Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ wg_j]bb bhgbaZ pbb kjh^kl\Z d we_dljhgm b we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb \ jy^m K – Pb. 3. DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky mklhcqb\hklv kh_^bg_gbc mdZaZgguo we_f_glh\\bo\ukr_ckl_i_gbhdbke_gby\jy^mC – Pb? 4. DZdb_ijhklu_\_s_kl\Zh[jZamxlj-we_f_glu,9]jmiiu"DZdb_ lbiudjbklZeebq_kdboj_r_lhdoZjZdl_jgu^eygbo"JZkkfhljbl_ kljh_gb_ ZefZaZ ]jZnblZ dZj[bgZ ihebdmfme_gZ nmee_j_gh\ \b^uk\ya_clbiu]b[jb^baZpbbZlhfguohj[blZe_cijhkljZg kl\_ggh_jZkiheh`_gb_Zlhfh\ Ihq_fmg_kms_kl\m_l]jZnblh ih^h[gZyfh^bnbdZpbydj_fgby" 5. DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky wg_j]by k\yab W – W \ jy^m m]e_jh^ – ]_jfZgbc" Q_f h[tykgy_lkykihkh[ghklvZlhfh\m]e_jh^Zkh_^b gylvky\^ebggu_p_ib" 6. DZd baf_gyxlky hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ijh kluo \_s_kl\ ijb i_j_oh^_ hl m]e_jh^Z d k\bgpm" HoZjZdl_jb amcl_bohlghr_gb_d\h^_dbkehlZfs_ehqZfkheyfGZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc 7. JZkkfhljbl_ kljh_gb_ fhe_dme mklhcqb\hklv hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z\h^hjh^guokh_^bg_gbcDZdbaf_gy_l kyl_fi_jZlmjZdbi_gby\jy^m&+4 – SnH4kjZ\gblvkZgZeh]bq gufb aZ\bkbfhklyfb ^ey ]b^jb^h\ j-we_f_glh\ 9–9,, ]jmii "
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125

9. Ihq_fmwg_j]byk\yabSi – O[hevr_wg_j]bbk\yabK–H" 10. Ihq_fm hdkb^ dj_fgby ,9 \ hlebqb_ hl KH2, – l\_j^h_ \_s_kl\h" 11. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ aZ\bkbfhklv dbkehlgh-hkgh\guo k\hckl\ hdkb ^h\b]b^jhdkb^h\mdZaZgguowe_f_glh\hlkl_i_gbbohdbke_gby DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z h^ghlbiguo hdkb ^h\b]b^jhdkb^h\\jy^mm]e_jh^–k\bg_p"Ijb\_^bl_khhl\_l kl\mxsb_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc 12. H[tykgbl_jZaebqby\kljh_gbbb\obfbq_kdbok\hckl\Zo]Zeh]_ gb^h\j-we_f_glh\,9]jmiiuDdZdbfdeZkkZfkh_^bg_gbchlgh kylky6L&O4, GeCl4, SnCl4; SnCl2,PbCl2"GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zd pbc]b^jhebaZSiCl4bSiF4. 13. DZdh\Z kl_i_gv hdbke_gby k\bgpZ \ hdkb^Zo 3E2 3E22, Pb3O4? DZdwlbkh_^bg_gby\aZbfh^_ckl\mxlkjZa[Z\e_ggufbbdhgp_g ljbjh\ZggufbjZkl\hjZfb+&O+2SO4? 14. DZdb_ ba kh_^bg_gbc j-we_f_glh\ ,9 ]jmiiu bkihevamxlky \ eZ[hjZlhjghc ijZdlbd_ \ dZq_kl\_ lbibqguo hdbkebl_e_c" < dZq_kl\_ \hkklZgh\bl_e_c" Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju j_Zdpbc c bo mqZklb_f 15. DZdihemqZxlKH2\eZ[hjZlhjbb"DZdb_baijb\_^_gguo\_s_kl\ fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ^ey hkmrdb m]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZ dhgp_gljbjh \Zggmxk_jgmxdbkehlml\_j^uc_^dbcgZljnhknhjgucZg]b^ jb^" 16. DZdb_ ba mdZaZgguo khe_c ]b^jhebamxlky kbevg__ Sn(NO3)2 beb Pb(NO3)2; Na2CO3bebNa2SiO3"Ihq_fm" 17. Ihq_fm\\h^guojZkl\hjZog_\hafh`ghkbgl_abjh\ZlvdZj[hgZ lu `_e_aZ ,,, ojhfZ,,, Zexfbgby"DZdb_\_s_kl\Zfh]mlih emqblvkyijbkf_rb\ZgbbjZkl\hjh\3E123)2b1D2CO3? 18.
\u^_ebeZkvkf_kv]Zah\h[t_fhfegm IjbijhimkdZgbb wlhc kf_kb q_j_a ba[ulhd ba\_kldh\hc \h^u h[jZah\Zeky hkZ^hd fZkkhc ]
2.

3.

HoZjZdl_jbamcl_kljh_gb_Zlhfh\j-we_f_glh\III]jmiiuDZdh\u we_dljhggu_ dhgnb]mjZpbb bo \g_rgbo wg_j]_lbq_kdbo mjh\g_c \ hkgh\ghf b \ha[m`^_gghf khklhygbyo" DZdb_ hj[blZeb \ Zlh fZo mdZaZgguo we_f_glh\ y\eyxlky \Ze_glgufb" Ihq_fm wlb we_f_gluhlghkylkydk_f_ckl\mj-we_f_glh\" IjhZgZebabjmcl_oZjZdl_jbaf_g_gbyZlhfguojZ^bmkh\wg_j]bc bhgbaZpbb kjh^kl\Z d we_dljhgm b we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb Zlh fh\ \ jy^m < – Al Q_f h[mkeh\e_gZ g_fhghlhgghklv baf_g_gby wlbo Zlhfguo oZjZdl_jbklbd \ hlebqb_ hl ^jm]bo ]jmii j-we_f_glh\" DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ijhy\eyxl mdZaZggu_ we_f_glu \ kh _^bg_gbyo" DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky mklhcqb\hklv h^ghlbiguo kh_^bg_gbc wlbo we_f_glh\ \ \ukrbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby ijb i_j_oh^_hl[hjZdlZeebx" 127

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DZd fh`gh h[tykgblv j_adh_ hlebqb_ nbabq_kdbo b obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\ijhkluo\_s_kl\[hjZbZexfbgby"KjZ\gbl_bohlghr_ gb_ d \h^_ jZkl\hjZf dbkehl s_ehq_c b khe_c KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\ g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc Q_ffh`ghh[tykgblvqlhZexfbgbc\h[uqguomkeh\byokh\_j r_gghg_\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lkqbklhc\h^hcohly_]hwe_dljh^guc ihl_gpbZeagZqbl_evghf_gvr_gh[mjgh\ul_kgy_l\h^hjh^ba \h^guojZkl\hjh\s_ehq_c" DZdbihq_fmbaf_gyxlky\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\\ jy^mAl – Tl? CjZ\gbl_oZjZdl_jbo\aZbfh^_ckl\byk\h^hcjZk l\hjZfbdbkehls_ehq_cbkhe_cQ_ffh`ghh[tykgblvkihkh[ ghklvlZeebyj_Z]bjh\Zlvk\h^hcijbdhfgZlghcl_fi_jZlmj_" Q_fihobfbq_kdbfk\hckl\ZfhlebqZxlkyhdkb^[hjZhlhdkb^Z Zexfbgby]b^jhdkb^[hjZhl]b^jhdkb^ZZexfbgby"Mkh_^bg_ gbcdZdh]hwe_f_glZkbevg__\ujZ`_gudbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z"GZ ibrbl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc DZdfh`ghh[tykgblvqlhijbdhfgZlghcl_fi_jZlmj_Zexfbgbc ijZdlbq_kdb g_ j_Z]bjm_l \ jZkl\hj_ k CuSO4 gh [mjgh \aZbfh ^_ckl\m_lkCuCl2? HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z hdkb^h\ b ]b^jh dkb^h\Al, Ga, InbTlKjZ\gbl_bohlghr_gb_djZkl\hjZfdbkehl bs_ehq_cIjbkmsZebZfnhl_jghklvkh_^bg_gbyflZeeby" DZdb_ijhp_kkuijhl_dZxlijbihkl_i_gghf^h[Z\e_gbbba[uldZ jZkl\hjZ _^dh]h gZljZ d jZkl\hjm gbljZlZ Zexfbgby" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_ZdpbcgZah\bl_ijh^mdlu<\b^_ dZdboqZklbpZexfbgbckh^_j`blky\s_ehqguog_cljZevguob dbkeuojZkl\hjZo" DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky kl_i_gv ]b^jhebaZ khe_c \ jy^m Al(NO3)3 – Ga(NO3)3 – In(NO3)3 – Tl(NO3)3\jZkl\hjZokboh^bgZ dh\hc dhgp_gljZpb_c" DZdZy ba khe_c TlNO3 beb Tl(NO3)3 ]b^ jhebam_lkykbevg__"Ihq_fm" CmevnZlZexfbgbyrbjhdhbkihevam_lky^eyhqbkldb\h^ugZ\h ^hhqbklbl_evguo klZgpbyo GZ q_f hkgh\Zgh _]h ijbf_g_gb_ \ ^Zgghf ijhp_kk_" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zd pbc\bhgghcbbhggh-fhe_dmeyjguonhjfZo F_^bpbgkdbcij_iZjZl©:efZ]_evªij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcklZ[beb abjh\Zggmxkmki_gabx]b^jhdkb^h\ZexfbgbybfZ]gbyGZq_f hkgh\Zgh_]hijbf_g_gb_ijbba`h]_"Fh`ghebijbgbfZlv^Zg guc ij_iZjZl ijb ]bihZpb^ha_ ihgb`_gghc dbkehlghklb `_em ^hqgh]hkhdZ " 128

14. DZdh\obfbq_kdbckhklZ\ZexfhdZeb_\uod\Zkph\"GZq_fhkgh \Zgh bkihevah\Zgb_ wlh]h \_s_kl\Z \ f_^bpbg_ \ dZq_kl\_ djh \_hklZgZ\eb\Zxs_]hkj_^kl\Z" 15. DZdb_ ijhp_kku ijhl_dZxl ijb himkdZgbb Zexfbgby \aylh]h \ ba[uld_ \ \h^guc jZkl\hj oehjb^Z Zexfbgby" GZibrbl_ mjZ\ g_gbyj_ZdpbcgZah\bl_ijh^mdlu 16. Fh`gh eb ihemqblv kmevnb^ Zexfbgby kf_rb\Zgb_f \h^guo jZkl\hjh\kmevnZlZZexfbgbybkmevnb^ZdZeby"Ihq_fm"DZdb_ khebZexfbgbyijbgpbibZevghg_\hafh`ghkbgl_abjh\Zlv\\h^ guojZkl\hjZo"GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc 17.
\h^hjh^Z \ayluc \ ba[uld_ \u^_ebeZkv kf_kv ]Zah\ h[t_fhf egm JZkkqblZlvfZkkmbkoh^ghckf_kbbfZkkh\u_^heb \_s_kl\\g_c 25. >eyih^dhjfdbdhfgZlguojZkl_gbcbkihevam_lkyjZkl\hj\fe dhlhjh]hkh^_j`blky[hjfZkkhcÂ-4]JZkkqblZcl_fZkkm[mju g_h[oh^bfhc^eyijb]hlh\e_gbylZdh]hjZkl\hjZh[t_fhfe 26. AZdhgqbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_ZdpbcjZkklZ\vl_dhwnnbpb_glu Z B + HNO dhgp : [) B2H6 + NaH : \ Na[BH4] + H2O : ] H3BO3 + NaOH jZkl\hj : ^) Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + H2O : _) Al + KOH + H2O : `) Al+ NaOH(jZkieZ\) : a) Al + HNO3(hq. jZa[Z\e.) : b) Al + NaNO3 + NaOH + H2O : t → d) Al2O3 + K2CO3  e) Al2O3 + KOH + H2O : f) Na3[Al(OH)6] + CO2 : t → g) Na[Al(OH)4(H2O)2]  h) K3AlO3 + H2O : i) AlN + HCl(ba[ulhd) : j) Al(OH)3 + NaF(ba[ulhd) : k) Al2(SO4)3 + Na2CO3 + H2O : t → l) Al(NO3)3  m) Al(OH)3 + Al2(SO4)3 : n) Al2S3 + KOH(ba[ulhd) + H2O : o Al4C3 + H2O : 27. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blvke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby Z) Al :1D3AlO3 :$O2O3 :>$O2+ 2]2SO4 :$O&O3; [) Na3[Al(OH)6] :$O2(SO4)3 :$O2O3 :$O2+ 3 :$O2O3; \) Al(NO3)3 :$O&O3 :1D3[Al(OH)6] :$O2+ 3 :$O2S3; ]) Al :$O1:$O123)3 :$O:.$O22 :$O2O3. S-WE?F?GLU,B,,=JMII 1. K mq_lhf we_dljhgghc kljmdlmju Zlhfh\ hoZjZdl_jbamcl_ \ha fh`gu_\Ze_glgu_khklhygbys-we_f_glh\,b,,]jmii
2. DZd \ ]jmiiZo V-we_f_glh\ baf_gyxlky jZ^bmku Zlhfh\ wg_j]by bhgbaZpbb kjh^kl\h d we_dljhgm we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklv" DZd wlbZlhfgu_oZjZdl_jbklbdbbaf_gyxlkyijbi_j_oh^_hl,dh,, ]jmii_\ij_^_eZoh^gh]hi_jbh^Z" 3. Ijb\_klbijbf_jukh_^bg_gbcs_ehqguof_lZeeh\kjZaebqgufb lbiZfbobfbq_kdhck\yab 4. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ kihkh[ghklv s-we_f_glh\ h[jZah\u\Zlv dhhj^b gZpbhggu_kh_^bg_gby 5. H[tykgbl_ \aZbfgh_ jZkiheh`_gb_ s_ehqguo f_lZeeh\ \ we_d ljhobfbq_kdhfjy^mgZijy`_gbcf_lZeeh\ 6. Bkoh^ybaiheh`_gby%Hb0J\we_dljhobfbq_kdhfjy^mgZijy `_gbc f_lZeeh\ hoZjZdl_jbamcl_ bo kihkh[ghklvd\aZbfh^_ckl \bxk\h^hc 7. H[hkgmcl_ \hafh`ghklv ihemq_gby s_ehqguo f_lZeeh\ obfbq_ kdbfiml_fGZibrbl_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc 8. DZdbaf_gyxlkyhkgh\gu_k\hckl\Zhdkb^h\b]b^jhdkb^h\s-we_f_glh\ihf_j_m\_ebq_gbyihjy^dh\h]hghf_jZwe_f_glZ"GZib rbl_ j_Zdpbb oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ Zfnhl_jgu_ k\hckl\Z hdkb^Z b ]b^jhdkb^Z[_jbeeby 9. JZkkfhljbl_ obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ]b^jb^h\ s-we_f_glh\ DZdb_ hkh[_gghklb kljh_gby ]b^jb^Z [_jbeeby" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc\aZbfh^_ckl\by/L+b%D+2k\h^hcbjZa[Z\e_gghc+&O 10. DZdb_ ijhp_kku ijhl_dZxl ijb we_dljheba_ jZkieZ\Z 1D&O ijb we_dljheba_jZkl\hjZ1D&l? 11. DZdb_kh_^bg_gbyh[jZamxlkyijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbV-we_f_glh\k dbkehjh^hf"DZdb_bhgugZoh^ylky\maeZodjbklZeebq_kdboj_ r_lhd /L2O, Na2O2, KO2, KO3, BaO, BaO2" Hij_^_ebl_ kl_i_gv hdbke_gbywe_f_glh\\wlbokh_^bg_gbyoHoZjZdl_jbamcl_hdbk ebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z kh_^bg_gbc s-we_f_glh\ k dbkehjh^hf 12. KieZ\ gZljby k g_ba\_klguf s_ehqguf f_lZeehf h[s_cfZkkhc ]jZkl\hjbeb\\h^_fZkkhc]
[) Na2O2 + H2SO4 (j) → \) BaO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 → ] 1+4Cl + Mg(OH)2 → ^) BeCl2 + KOH → t _) Ca(HCO3)2  → `) Be + KOH + H2O → . 15. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blvke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby Z) Na → NaH → NaOH → NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 → NaOH; [) K → KO2 → K2O2 → K2O → KHSO4 → KCl. H;S:YO:J:DL?JBKLBD: D-WE?F?GLH< KhihklZ\vl_ baf_g_gb_ Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ wg_j]bb bhgbaZpbb b we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb we_f_glh\ \ ]eZ\guo b ih[hqguo ih^ ]jmiiZo 2. Q_fh[tykgy_lky[ebahklvZlhfguojZ^bmkh\d-we_f_glh\9i_jbh^Zbd-we_f_glh\9,i_jbh^Zh^ghc]jmiiu" 3. JZkkfhljbl_ hkh[_gghklb baf_g_gby hkgh\guo oZjZdl_jbklbd ZlhfZ^eyd-we_f_glh\,,,]jmiiu 4. Ihq_fm fgh]b_ ba d-we_f_glh\ ijhy\eyxl i_j_f_ggmx kl_i_gv hdbke_gby"DZdb_bad-we_f_glh\ijhy\eyxlihklhyggmxkl_i_gv hdbke_gby" 5. DZd baf_gyxlky mklhcqb\hklv b hdbkebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z kh_^b g_gbcd-we_f_glh\\\ukrbokl_i_gyohdbke_gby\ih^]jmiiZo" 6. JZkkfhljbl_hkh[_gghklbobfbbd-we_f_glh\\kjZ\g_gbbkobfb _cs-bS-we_f_glh\ 7. DZdbaf_gyxlkydbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_k\hckl\Z]b^jhdkb^h\h^gh]h blh]h`_d-we_f_glZ\aZ\bkbfhklbhlkl_i_gbhdbke_gby" 8. DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgu_ k\hckl\Z dbkehl d-we_f_glh\ 9–VIII ]jmii\\ukrbokl_i_gyohdbke_gby" 9. Q_fh[mkeh\e_gZ[hevrZykdehgghklvddhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgbxm d-we_f_glh\" >ey dZdbo ba d-we_f_glh\ hgZ ijhy\ey_lky \ gZb [hevr_cgZbf_gvr_c kl_i_gb" 10. JZkkfhljbl_dhhj^bgZpbhggucbhgbaZpbhgguc]b^jZlgucpbkljZgk- b hilbq_kdbc a_jdZevguc lbiu bahf_jbb dhfie_dkguo kh_^bg_gbc 11. DZdb_dZlbhggu_bebZgbhggu_ nhjfu[he__oZjZdl_jgu^eydwe_f_glh\ Z \ gbarbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby [ \ \ukrbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_ gby"

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132

D-WE?F?GLU9,,,=JMIU 1. DZdb_kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyoZjZdl_jgu^ey`_e_aZdh[ZevlZbgb d_ey"Ijb\_^bl_ih^\Zijbf_jZkh_^bg_gbcwlbowe_f_glh\\oZ jZdl_jguokl_i_gyohdbke_gbybgZah\bl_bo 2. DZd\aZbfh^_ckl\mxl`_e_ahdh[Zevlbgbd_evkZahlghck_jghc bkheyghcdbkehlZfb"DZdwlbf_lZeeu\aZbfh^_ckl\mxlk\h^hc k\h^gufbjZkl\hjZfbkhe_c" 3. JZkkfhljbl_ijhp_kkudhjjhabbhpbgdh\Zggh]hbem`_gh]h`_e_ aZ<eby_lebgZdhjjhabxijbkmlkl\b_22b&22\hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^_" 4. H[tykgbl_agZqbl_evgh_mf_gvr_gb_klZg^Zjlgh]hwe_dljh^gh]h ihl_gpbZeZkbkl_fu&R3+ + e = Co2+\s_ehqguokj_^ZobjZkl\h jZokh^_j`Zsbo&1-. 5. Bkihevamy agZq_gby dhgklZgl g_klhcdhklb bhgh\ >&R1+3)6]3+ b [Co(CN)6]3+hij_^_ebl_\hafh`ghklvijhl_dZgbyijhp_kkZ [Co(NH3)6]3+ + 6CN- ⇔ [Co(CN)6]3- + 6NH3 6. JZkkfhljbl_ khklhygb_ bhgh\ )H3+ \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo ijb jZa ebqguojG 7. IjhZgZebabjmcl_ ]b^jhebam_fhklv )H6 b )H624 >ey )H624 gZ ibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyi_j\hcklmi_gb]b^jhebaZ 8. Qlh[hevr_]b^jhebam_lky Z )H&O3 beb)H&O2; [) FeCl3 beb K3[Fe(CN)6]; \ )H&O3beb.3[Fe(OH)6]; ] )H&O3beb.2FeO4. 9. IjhZgZebabjmcl_klhqdbaj_gbyl_jfh^bgZfbdbZexfhl_jfbq_ kdbckihkh[ihemq_gby`_e_aZ=^_gZoh^blijbf_g_gb_wlhlkih kh["Fh`ghebbkihevah\ZlvpbgdbfZ]gbc^ey\hkklZgh\e_gby `_e_aZ" 10. DZdbaf_gy_lkymklhcqb\hklvdhdbke_gbx\jy^m)H,, – Co(II) – 1L,, "DZdbaf_gy_lkyhdbkebl_evgZykihkh[ghklv\jy^m)H,,, – Co(III) – 1L,,, " HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ mkeh\by ihemq_gby ]b^jhdkb ^h\0H2+ 2 b0H2+ 3 . 11. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blvij_\jZs_gby Z) Fe → FeCl2 → Fe(OH)2 → Fe(OH)3 → Na2FeO4 ; [) Na2FeO4 → Fe(OH)3 → NaFeO2 → Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 → FeO; \) Fe3O4 → Fe → FeCl3 → FeS → Fe(NO3)3. 133

12. AZdhgqbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc Z) Fe + O2 + H2O → [) Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O → \) FeSO4 + O2 + H2O → ]) FeSO4 + KBrO3 + H2SO4 → ^) Fe(OH)3 + HCl → _) Co(OH)3 + HCl → `) Ni(OH)3 + HCl → a) FeCl3 + KI → b )H2+ 3 + Cl2 + KOH → d )H62 + HNO3dhgp → e) K4[Fe(CN)6] + KMnO4 + H2O → f) K2FeO4 + H2O → g .2FeO4+&Odhgp → h) K2FeO4 + HNO3 → 13. Ijb\_^bl_oZjZdl_jgu_j_ZdpbbgZbhgu)H2+b)H3+. 14. DZdb_ j_Zdpbb e_`Zl \ hkgh\_^_fhgkljZpbhggh]hhiulZ©ihj_a jmdbª©bkp_e_gb_ª" 15. JZkkfhljbl_kljmdlmjm]_fh]eh[bgZDZdh\ijbgpbi^_ckl\by]_ fh]eh[bgZ\`b\hfhj]Zgbaf_" D-WE?F?GLU9,,=JMIIU DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby oZjZdl_jgu ^ey d-we_f_glh\ 9,, ]jmi iu"Ijb\_^bl_ih^\Zijbf_jZkh_^bg_gbcwlbowe_f_glh\\oZ jZdl_jguokl_i_gyohdbke_gbybgZah\bl_bo 2. Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju dZlbhgghc b Zgbhgghc nhjf kh_^bg_gbc fZj]ZgpZ,,, bfZj]ZgpZ,9 3. MdZ`bl_jZaebqby\kljh_gbbZlhfh\we_f_glh\ih^]jmiiufZj ]ZgpZ b ]Zeh]_gh\ < dZdhc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby fZj]Zg_p b oehj ijhy\eyxlgZb[hevr__koh^kl\h\k\hckl\Zo"Ijb\_^bl_khhl\_l kl\mxsb_ijbf_ju 4. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \ dhlhjuo kh_^bg_gby fZj]ZgpZ ijhy\eyxl Z hdbkebl_evgu_[ \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z\ hdbkebl_ev gu_ b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ h^gh\j_f_ggh DZdb_ kh_^bg_gbyfZj ]ZgpZ fh]ml ijhy\eylv hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgmx ^\hckl \_gghklv"

1.

134

5. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_iheh`_gb_0Q7F5H\jy^mgZijy`_gbcbbo hlghr_gb_d\h^_dbkehlZfs_ehqZf 6. IjhZgZebabjmcl_ dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z ]b^jhdkb^h\ hd kb^h\ fZj]ZgpZII, IV, VII). 7. JZkkfhljbl_hdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\Z.0Q24\jZaebqguokj_^Zo Qlhij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcijh^mdlu\hkklZgh\e_gby.0Q24\dbk euo g_cljZevguo b s_ehqguo kj_^Zo" DZd baf_gy_lky hdjZkdZ jZkl\hjh\\ijhp_kk_\hkklZgh\e_gby.0Q24? 8. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ kheyghc dbkehlu k hdkb^Zfb fZj]ZgpZ0Q20Q22, Mn2O7. 9. Qlh[hevr_]b^jhebam_lky Z MnCl2bebMnCl4; [ K2MnO4bebKMnO4. 10. GZibrbl_mjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbcijbihfhsbdhlhjuofh`ghhkm s_kl\blvij_\jZs_gby Z) KMnO4 → MnO2 → MnCl2 → HMnO4 → KMnO4; [) KMnO4 → MnSO4 → MnCO3 → MnO → Na2MnO4; \) Na2MnO4 → NaMnO4 → Na2MnO4 → MnO2 → Na2MnO4. 11. AZdhgqbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc mdZ`bl_ hdbkebl_ev \hkklZgh\b l_evblbihdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evghcj_Zdpbb Z) MnCl2 + Br2 + KOH → [) MnSO4 + NaBiO3 + H2SO4 → \) MnO2 + PbO2 + HNO3 → ]) MnO2 + KI + H2SO4 → ^) KMnO4 + SO2 + H2SO4 → _) KMnO4 + K2S + KOH → `) KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2O → a) KMnO4 + C3H5(OH)3 + H2SO4 → b) KMnO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 → d) KMnO4 + MnCl2 + H2O → t e) KMnO4  → f) K2MnO4 + H2O → 12.JZkkfhljbl_ [bheh]bq_kdmx jhev fZj]Zg_pkh^_j`Zsbo kh_^bg_ gbcMdZ`bl_[bheh]bq_kdb_wnn_dlubhgh\Mn2+.

D-WE?F?GLU9,=JMIU

135

1. DZdb_kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyoZjZdl_jgu^eyG-we_f_glh\9,]jmiiu" Ijb\_^bl_ ih ^\Z ijbf_jZ kh_^bg_gbc wlbo we_f_glh\ \ oZjZd l_jguokl_i_gyohdbke_gbybgZah\bl_bo 2. KjZ\gbl_ we_dljhggmx kljmdlmjm Zlhfh\ ojhfZ b k_ju DZdb_ kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyj_Zebamxlky^eywlbowe_f_glh\"
12. Ijh\_^bl_l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdbcZgZebaj_Zdpbb (NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 + Cr2O3 + H2O. IjhZgZebabjmcl_mkeh\byijh\_^_gbywlhcj_Zdpbb 13. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blvij_\jZs_gby Z) Cr(NO3)3 → Cr(OH)3 → K3[Cr(OH)6] → K3CrO3 → Cr(H2PO4)3 → CrPO4; [) Cr2O3 → K2CrO4 → K2Cr2O7 →Cr2(SO4)3 → K3[Cr(OH)6]; \) Cr SO4 → Cr2(SO4)3 → K2CrO4 → CrO3 → Cr2O3. 14. Qlh [hevr_ ih^\_j]Z_lky ]b^jhebam: CrCl2 beb CrCl3; CrCl3 beb Na3[Cr(OH)6]; CrCl3 beb Cr(CH3COO)3; CrCl3 beb MoCl3; K2CrO4 beb K2WO4. 15. AZdhgqbl_mjZ\g_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsboj_Zdpbc Z) K2Cr2O7 + HCl → [) CrCl3 + Na2S + H2O → \ 0R+123 → ]) Cr + KClO3 + KOH → ^) Cr2(SO4)3 + Cl2 + KOH → _) NaCrO2 + PbO2 + NaOH → `) Cr2O3 + NaNO3 + NaOH → a) K2Cr2O7 + H2S + H2SO4 → b) Na2CrO4 + NaBr + HCl → d 0R62 + HNO3dhgp → e &U23+&Odhgp → f) K2Cr2O7 + H2O2 + HCl → 16. DZdmxjhev\uihegy_lfheb[^_g\khklZ\_fheb[^_gkh^_j`Zsbo n_jf_glh\" D-WE?F?GLU,,=JMIU 1.

2.

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3.

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14.

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k HgCl2 + NH3 : l) Hg2Cl2 + NH3 : t → m) Hg(NO3)2  n) Hg(NO3)2 + KOH : o) Hg2(NO3)2 + NaOH : p) HgO + KI + H2O : 19. GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blvke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby Z Zn(OH)2 :Zn :Zn(OH)NO3 :K2ZnO2 :Zn(OH)2; [ Na2[Zn(OH)4] :ZnO :>Zn(OH)]2SO4 :Zn :Na2ZnO2; \) CdSO4 :&G:>&G1+3)6]SO4 :&G6:&G2+ 2; ]) HgO :+J2Cl2 :+J123)2 :+J&O2 :.2[HgI4] :+J6 D-WE?F?GLU,=JMIIU HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ kljh_gb_ Zlhfh\ d-we_f_glh\ I ]jmiiu DZdh\Z we_dljhggZydhgnb]mjZpbyboij_^\g_rgbob\g_rgbowg_j]_lb q_kdbomjh\g_c\hkgh\ghfkhklhygbb"DZdb_hj[blZeb\ZlhfZo f_^bk_j_[jZbahehlZy\eyxlky\Ze_glgufb" 2. JZkkfhljbl_ baf_g_gb_ Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ wg_j]bc bhgbaZpbb kjh^kl\Z d we_dljhgm b we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb \ jy^m Cu – Au. Ihq_fm jZ^bmk ZlhfZ f_^b Z f_gvr_ jZ^bmkZ ZlhfZ dZeby (Z " Ihq_fm jZ^bmku Zlhfh\ k_j_[jZ Z b ahehlZ Z=79) ijZdlbq_kdbh^bgZdh\u" 3. DZdb_kl_i_gbhdbke_gbyba\_klgu^eyZlhfh\jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo we_f_glh\"DZdb_bagbogZb[he__oZjZdl_jgu^eyf_^b^eyk_ j_[jZ^eyahehlZ" 4. Hp_gbl_ \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ijhkluo \_s_kl\ DZd hgb baf_gyxlky\jy^mCu – Au? 5. DZdb_k\hckl\ZahehlZiha\heyxlhlghkblv_]hd[eZ]hjh^guff_ lZeeZf" JZkkfhljbl_ hlghr_gb_ mdZaZgguo f_lZeeh\ d dbkehjh ^m]Zeh]_gZfk_j_ 6. H[tykgbl_ ihq_fm f_^v g_ j_Z]bjm_l k qbklhc \h^hc gh \ul_k gy_l\h^hjh^ba\h^gh]hjZkl\hjZpbZgb^ZdZeby"Ihq_fmk_j_[jh bahehlhjZkl\hjyxlky\\h^guojZkl\hjZopbZgb^h\ebrv\ijb kmlkl\bbhdbkebl_e_cgZijbf_jdbkehjh^Z"DZdh_ijZdlbq_kdh_ ijbf_g_gb_gZoh^blwlhk\hckl\hahehlZ" 7. HoZjZdl_jbamcl_hlghr_gb_f_^bk_j_[jZbahehlZdjZa[Z\e_g gufbdhgp_gljbjh\ZggufjZkl\hjZfdbkehldjZkl\hjZfs_eh

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142

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DhgklZglug_klhcdhklbdhfie_dkguobhgh\ ijbl_fi_jZlmj_DK

NhjfmeZ [Ag(NH3)2]+ [Ag(CN)2][Ag(CN)4]3[Ag(SCN)2][Ag(SCN)4]3[Ag(SO4)2]3[AgCl2][AgBr2][Ag(NO2)2][AgI4]3[Ag(S2O3)2]3[Ag(SO3)2]3[AlF6]3[AlF4][Au(CN)2][Au(SCN)2][Au(SCN)4][AuCl4][AuBr2][Cd(NH3)4]2+ [Cd(NH3)6]2+ [Cd(CN)4]2[Cd(SCN)6]4[CdCl4]2[CdCl6]4[CdBr4]2[CdI4]2[Co(NH3)6]2+ [Co(NH3)6]3+ [Co(CN)6]3[Co(CN)6]4[Co(SCN)4]2-

,g_kl 9,31 · 10-8 8,0 · 10-22 2,1 · 10-21 2,7 · 10-8 1,3 · 10 –11 5,9 · 10-1 1,8 · 10-5 7,8 · 10-8 1,8 · 10-3 1,8 · 10-14 2,5 · 10-14 4,5 · 10-8 1,4 · 10-20 1,8 · 10-18 5,0 · 10-39 1,0 · 10-23 1,0 · 10-42 5,0 · 10-22 4,0 · 10-13 7,6 · 10-8 7,3 · 10-6 1,4 · 10-19 1,033 9,3 · 10-3 2,6 ·10-3 2,0 · 10-4 8,0 ·10-7 7,8 · 10-6 3,1 · 10-33 1,0 · 10-64 1,0 · 10-19 5,5 · 10-3

NhjfmeZ [Cu(NH3)2]+ [Cu(NH3)4]2+ [Cu(CN)2][Cu(CN)4]3[Cu(CN)4]2[CuCl4]2[CuI2][Cu(OH)4]2[Cu(SO3)2]3[Fe(CN)6]4[Fe(CN)6]3[Fe(C2O4)3]3[Fe(SO4)2][Hg(CN)4]2[HgCl4]2[HgBr4]2[HgI4]2[Hg(SCN)4]2[Hg(S2O3)2]2[Mg(NH3)4]2+ [Mg(NH3)6]2+ [Ni(NH3)4]2+ [Ni(NH3)6]2+ [Ni(CN)4]2[Zn(NH3)4]2+ [Zn(CN)4]2[Zn(SCN)4]2[Zn(OH)4]2[Zn(H2O)6]2+ [ZnCl4]2[ZnBr3][ZnI4]2-

146

LZ[ebpZ

,g_kl 2,2 · 10-8 2,1 · 10-13 1,0 · 10-24 5,0 · 10-31 5,0 · 10-28 6,3 · 10-6 1,8 · 10-9 7,6 · 10-17 3,1 · 10-9 1,0 · 10-24 1,0 · 10-31 6,3 · 10-21 1,1 · 10-3 4,0 · 10-42 8,5 · 10-16 2,0 · 10-22 1,5 · 10-30 5,9 · 10-22 3,6 · 10-30 1,1 · 101 2,0 · 103 1,1 · 10-8 1,9 · 10-9 1,8 · 10-14 3,5 · 10-10 1,3 · 10-17 5,0 · 10-2 3,6 · 10-16 2,5 · 10-10 1 50 220

KlZg^Zjlgu_we_dljh^gu_ihl_gpbZeu? \\h^guojZkl\hjZoijbhK

WE? F?GL

o

LZ[ebpZ

WE?DLJH>GUC IJHP?KK

Ag

Ag+:$J

Al

Al :$O

?h, B

0,80 í

3+

1,66 Br

Br2(`):%UØ

Cd

Cd :&G

Cl

Cl2:&O

1,07 2+

– 0,40

Ø

HClO + H :&O + H2O +

1,36

–

1,49 Co

Co :&R

Cr

Cr :&U

3+

2+

1,808 3+

Cr :&U 3+

2+

CrO42– + 4H22:&U2+ 3 + 5OHØ Cr2O7 + 14H :&U + 7H2O 2–

+

3+

í – 0,407 í 1,33

Cu

Cu :&X 2+

+

Cu + I :&X, 2+

0,15

–

Cu :&X

0,86

2+

0,34 F

F2:) Ø

Fe

Fe :)H

2,87 2+

Fe :)H 3+

2+

147

í

WE? F?GL

WE?DLJH>GUC IJHP?KK

?h, B

0,77

Fe :)H 3+

í 0

2H :+2 Hg22+:+J +

H Hg

0,79

Hg :+J 2+

0,85 I2(d):, Ø

I

0,54

HIO + H :, + H2O +

–

2IO3 + 12H :I2(d) + 6H2O –

0,99

+

1,19

IO3 + 6H :, + 3H2O –

+

–

1,08

IO3 + 5H :+,2+2O –

+

2IO3 + 6H22:,2 + 12OH –

1,14

–

IO3 + 3H22:, + 6OH –

–

0,21

–

0,26 Li

Li :/L

Mn

MnO4Ø:0Q24 Ø

+

2

Mn :0Q

í 0,56

2+

– 1,179

3+

Mn +:0Q

2+

MnO4Ø+22:0Q22 + 4OHØ MnO2 +4H :0Q + 2H2O +

0,60

2+

MnO4Ø+ :0Q + 4H2O +

1,23

2+

MnO4 + 4H :0Q22 + 2H2O 2–

1,51

+

148

1,51

WE? F?GL

WE?DLJH>GUC IJHP?KK

?h, B

MnO2 + 2H22:0Q2+ 2 + 2OH

2,26

–

– 0,50

N

NO3 + 10H :1+4 + 3H2O –

+

+

0,87

NO3 + 2H :122 + H2O –

+

NO3 + 3H :+122 + H2O –

0,80

+

0,94

NO3 + 4H :12+2O –

+

NO3 + H22:122 + 2OH –

–

0,957

–

NO3 + 2H22:122+ –

0,10

-

NO2 + H22:122+ –

– 0,14

–

– 0,46

Na

Na :1D

Ni

Ni :Ni

O

O2 + 2H :+2O2

+

í

2+

í

+

0,68

O2 + 4H :+2O +

1,23

O2 + 2H22:2+

–

0,40

O2 + 2H :+2O2 +

0,68

O3 + 2H :22 + H2O +

O3 + H22:22 + 2OH

2,07

–

H2O2 + 2H :+2O

1,24

+

1,78 P

H3PO4 + 2H :+3PO3 + H2O +

149

í

WE? F?GL

WE?DLJH>GUC IJHP?KK

?h, B

Pb2+:3E

Pb

Pb :3E 4+

í

2+

1,694

PbO2 + 4H :3E + 2H2O +

2+

PbO2 + SO4 + 4H :3E624 + 2H2O 2–

1,449

+

1,685

PbO2 + H22:3E22+

–

0,28 6:6

2–

S

– 0,48

S + 2H :+2S +

0,17

SO3 + 6H :6 + 3H2O 2–

+

2–

0,231

SO4 + 10H :+2S + 4H2O 2–

+

0,311

SO4 + 8H :6 + 4H2O 2–

+

2–

0,15

SO4 + 4H :+2SO3 + H2O 2–

+

SO4 + 2H22:623 + 2OH 2–

2–

H2SO3 + 4H :6+2O

0,17

–

– 0,93

+

0,45 Sn

Sn :6Q 4+

2+

Sn :Sn

0,15

2+

Ti

Ti :7L

Zn

Zn2+:=Q

4+

150

3+

í – 0,04 í

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151

H=E:<E?GB? IH;S:YOBFBY =eZ\ZI. :lhfgh-fhe_dmeyjgh_mq_gb_ Hkgh\gu_ihgylbybaZdhguobfbb . . . . . . . . . . 3 =eZ\ZII. Hkgh\gu_deZkkug_hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc =eZ\ZIII. Wg_j]_lbdZobfbq_kdboj_Zdpbc =eZ\ZIV. Hkgh\uobfbq_kdhcdbg_lbdb Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 =eZ\ZV. Dhebq_kl\_gguckhklZ\jZkl\hjh\ =eZ\ZVI. JZ\gh\_kby\jZkl\hjZowe_dljheblh\ =eZ\ZVII. Kljh_gb_ZlhfZbi_jbh^bq_kdbcaZdhg =eZ\ZVIII. Obfbq_kdZyk\yavbf_`fhe_dmeyjgh_ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ =eZ\ZIX. Hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ j_Zdpbb =eZ\ZX. Dhhj^bgZpbhggu_kh_^bg_gby 107 IIG?HJ=:GBQ?KD:YOBFBY j –we_f_gluVII]jmiiu . . . 117 j –we_f_gluVI]jmiiu j –we_f_gluV]jmiiu j –we_f_gluIV]jmiiu j –we_f_gluIII]jmiiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 s –we_f_gluIbII]jmii d –we_f_gluVIII]jmiiu d –we_f_gluVII]jmiiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 d –we_f_gluVI]jmiiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 d –we_f_gluII]jmiiu d –we_f_gluI]jmiiu Ijbeh`_gb_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Ebl_jZlmjZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

152

Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии

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