Методические указания по теме ''Моя специальность'' для студентов 2 курса архитектурно-строительного факультета

Министерство общего и профессионального образования Российской Федерации

ОРЕНБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ Кафедра иностранных языков инженерно-технических специальностей

Л.А.Анашкина И.Н.Высокинская

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ по теме «Моя специальность» для студентов 2 курса архитектурно-строительного факультета

Оренбург 1999 3

ББК 85.11+38я7 А 64 УДК 72+69](07)

Введение Данные методические указания по английскому языку предназначены для студентов второго курса архитектурно-строительного факультета. Методические указания составлены для обучения студентов устной речи с ориентацией на самостоятельную работу под контролем преподавателя. Пособие состоит из четырех разделов. Первый раздел включает предусмотренную учебным планом разговорную тему "Моя специальность" с комплексом языковых упражнений, направленных на выработку коммуникативных навыков. Цель второго и третьего разделов познакомить студентов с разными видами научных публикаций на английском языке. Все упражнения этих разделов носят коммуникативный характер. Четвертый раздел предназначен для самостоятельной работы студентов с целью развития навыков чтения и перевода научно-технической литературы по специальности. При чтении оригинальных английских текстов у студентов имеется возможность расширить знания в области строительной инженерии и архитектуры, полученные на занятиях по данным дисциплинам.

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1 Section 1 1.1 Предтекстовые упражнения 1.1.1 Запомните следующие слова и выражения. to be a first (second-, third-) year student establishment civil engineer to train highly-qualified to be in great demand day (evening) -time department to deal with to master computer processing of information well-equipped laboratories to have at one's disposal the latest achievements strength of Materials research work course paper graduation thesis degree according to academic plan construction site to gain to defend the State Examining Board a graduate to be provided with post-graduate course opportunity

быть первокурсником (второкурсником) учреждение, заведение инженер-строитель готовить высококвалифицированный иметь большой спрос дневное (вечернее) отделение быть связанным чем-либо, иметь дело с чем-либо овладевать информатика хорошо оборудованные лаборатории иметь в распоряжении новейшие достижения сопромат исследовательская работа курсовая работа дипломная работа степень согласно учебный план строительная площадка получать, приобретать защищать гос. экзаменационная комиссия выпускник быть обеспеченным чем-либо аспирантура возможность

1.1.2 Обратите внимание на произношение следующих слов и выражений. a) -ch- achievements, architecture, chemistry, mechanics, research, technology, technical; -th- methods, mathematics, strength, theoretical, thesis; 5

-ph- philosophy, physics. 6) Civil Engineering Faculty, establishment, speciality, computer processing, scientific, foreign language, highly-qualified, knowledge, graduation, opportunity. 1.1.3 Подберите эквиваленты к словам: to train a degree to gain an opportunity an establishment according to a graduate to have at one's disposal course paper academic plan

согласно получать учебный план готовить курсовая работа иметь в распоряжении учреждение степень возможность выпускник

1.1.4 Подберите синонимы к следующим выражениям: well-prepared; institution; to be connected with; diploma paper; to be supplied with; possibility; to obtain (to get); to get knowledge; to be in need.

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My speciality I am a second year student of the Civil Engineering Faculty of the Orenburg State University. It is one of the largest higher educational establishments in our town. The Civil Engineering Faculty was founded in 1970. It trains civil engineers in the following specialities: “Industrial and Public Construction”, “Manufacture of the Building Structures”, “Architects”, “Designers”, “Automobile Roads”, "City Construction and Economy”. During the years of activity the faculty has trained many highly-qualified engineers. Such specialists are in great demand nowadays. There are the day-time, the evening-time and extra-mural departments. Those who combine studies with their work are trained at the evening-time and extra-mural departments. The whole process of studying deals with mastering new construction methods and progressive technology of production of building structures and materials. The junior students are taught mathematics, physics, a foreign language (English/German/French), chemistry, philosophy, computer processing of information. We attend lectures, do laboratory work and tests. We have quite a number of well-equipped laboratories at our disposal. Mastering one of the foreign languages enables us to read foreign literature and learn about the latest scientific and technical achievements abroad. The senior students study special engineering subjects such as Strength of Materials, Theoretical Mechanics, Building Materials, Geodesy, Architecture, etc. The fourth-year students combine their studies with their research work. We write course papers and graduation theseis on the scientific problems of our research work. Many highly - qualified teachers work at the departments of our faculty, some of them have candidate's degrees and scientific ranks. In summer the students of our faculty, besides vacation, have their practical hours in order to have a clear idea of what our speciality means. According to the academic plan the fifth -year students are sent to work at different plants and construction sites, where they learn to employ in practice the knowledge they gained at the University. During practice the students master the job of a civil engineer and at the same time collect materials for their diploma papers. The final and most important period in the students’ life is the defence of the graduation work in the presence of the State Examining Board. All the graduates get work according to their speciality. We shall work at building material factories, on construction sites, at design and research institutions and laboratories. Besides, we are provided with everything necessary for a scientific career entering a post-graduate course. In a word we have a wide range of job opportunities.

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1.2 Упражнения 1.2.1 Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя выражения: I suppose... I believe... I think... As a rule... It seems to me... Usually... As far as I know (remember)... Besides... 1 What University do you study at ? 2 What faculty do you belong to ? 3 When was it founded? 4 Are you a second-year student ? 5 What specialists does the Civil Engineering Faculty train ? 6 Why do you want to become a civil engineer ? 7 What subjects is the academic program composed of? 8 Why do our students study foreign languages ? 9 What does the course of studies end with? 10 What problems do the students deal with in their course papers and graduation theses? 11 Where do our graduates work ? 12 In what way can graduates continue their study? 1.2.2 Вставьте предлоги (with, at, in, on). 1 2 3 4 5

The process of studying deals ......... mastering new construction methods. Such specialists are ......... great demand now. We have quite a number ......... well-equipped laboratories ......... our disposal. We write graduation theses .........the scientific problems of our research work. We are provided ......... everything necessary for a scientific career. 1.2.3 Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения. 1) their speciality, get work, all the graduates, according to; 2) a wide range of, we, job opportunities, have; 3) our faculty, work, at the department of, highly-qualified teachers, many; 4) is, in our town, it, higher educational eslablishments, one of the largest; 5) their studies, students, their research work, the fourth-year, with, combine. 1.2.4 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих русских выражений: 1) процесс обучения; 2) технология производства; 3) второкурсник; 4) дипломная работа; 5) информатика;

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6) ВУЗ; 7) новейшие научные достижения; 8) высококвалифицированные преподаватели; 9) в нашем распоряжении; 10) строительная площадка; 11) ученая степень. 1.2.5 Заполните пропуски словами, данными ниже: 1 2 3 4 5 6

We write ...... and graduation theses on the scientific problems of our ......... work. In summer the students of out faculty, besides ......... , have their practical hours. We have quite a number of......... laboratories at our disposal. The whole process of studying ......... with mastering new ......... methods. The final and most important period in students' life is ...... of graduation work. During the years of ......... the faculty has trained many highly qualified engineers. (construction; activity; research; deals; vacation; course papers; well-equipped; defence). 1.2.6 Спросите своего однокурсника: -if he is a second-year student; -if there are the day-time, evening-time and extra-mural departments; -if the fourth-year students combine their studies with their research work; -if during practice the students master the job of a civil engineer; -if those who combine studies with their work are trained at the evening-time department.

1.2.7 Прочитайте диалог, дополнив недостающие реплики, и инсценируйте его. An Excursion to a construction site

A group of students is asking a civil engineer questions Student: What is under construction here ? Civil Engineer:......... S.: By the way, how long does it take the builders to complete it ? C. E.: ......... S.: What materials do you use here ? C. E.: ......... S.: We see a tower-crane here. What other building machinery and lifting equipment has this team of builders ? C. E.:......... 9

S.: And what about construction methods ? Which of them are used here ? C. E.:......... S.: Thank you for your answers. Good-bye. 1.2.8 Представьте, что вы являетесь участником международной выставки, организованной в вашем Университете. Инсценируйте данный диалог. At an Industrial Exhibition

Boris Antonov is an engineer from an Orenburg factory which is taking part in an industrial exhibition at the Orenburg State University. Mr. Blake, a businessman from Canada, is talking to Antonov, who is working at the exhibition as a guide. Blake: Have you seen our new model, Boris? Antonov: Yes, and I must say it is a very up-to-date design. B: I'm happy to hear that! A: We are interested in buying some of these machines for our factories. B: Are you ? How many would you like to buy? A: I can't give you a definite answer now, I think it may be a big order. Would you like to visit the factory and talk to the Director General? B: I'd love to if you could arrange it soon, because I am leaving Orenburg next Saturday. A: No problem, Mr. Blake. B: Good. Thank you ever so much. 1.2.9 Разыграйте следующие ситуации: -You have met your former classmate, who is a student of the Medical Academy now. Exchange your opinions on the process of studying. -Your acquaintance is going to enter our University this year. Prove him/her to apply for your faculty. -A group of American students is visiting our University . They are interested in each faculty. Tell them about the Civil Engineering Faculty. 1.2.10 Расскажите о своей специальности, используя следующие ключевые слова: a second-year student; to be founded; to train engineers; departments; new construction methods; to be taught; to master foreign language; graduation thesis; according to the academic plan; job opportunities.

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2 Section 2 2.1 Предтекстовые упражнения

2.1.1 Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова: Activity, master, individual, absorb, distance, functional, central, traditional, social, industrial, topography, position, cultural, active, circulation, public, diagram, structure,communications, interest, reconstruct, adapt, control, natural, zone, fix, organic, modify. 2.1.2 Вспомните значения следующих английских слов и подберите к ним соответствующий перевод из правого столбца: description purpose freedom development to exist recent needs to accept to define to connect complete movement to change main to adapt creation to surround

Полный Основной Cвобода Изменять Движение развитие; расширение окружать нужды описание цель определять создание существовать приспособить(ся) общество принимать недавний

2.1.3 Прочтите текст. Укажите, в каких абзацах дается определение понятию «генеральный план». Выучите данные слова: to admit large- scale to absorb to modify environment

Принимать крупномасштабный поглощать изменять (видоизменять) окружающая среда 11

trend dwelling amount pollution survey forecast master plan flexible to avoid congestion community core to accept space for recreation ultimate

направление жилой дом; жилище количество загрязнение исследование прогноз генеральный план гибкий избегать; скопление (перенаселенность) общество; общность средний; центр принимать место для отдыха окончательный, последний.

Text. Town Planning (1) That cities should have a plan is now admitted in the time of large-scale construction and planmaking has become an everyday activity. The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual. It does this by controlling development in such a way that it will take place in the interests of the whole population. (2) The new development absorbs or modifies an existing environment, and so before it can be designed it is necessary to find out about that environment. It is also necessary to do research of the trends of population growth, the distance from work to home, the preferences for different types of dwelling, the amount of sunshine in rooms, the degree of atmospheric pollution and so on. After the survey is complete a forecast of future development is made in the form of a map, or series of maps: the master plan or development plan. As no one can be certain when the development is to take place and since a society is an organic thing, with life and movement, the plan of a city must be flexible so that it may extend and avoid congestion in every part. (3) The plan is never a complete and fixed thing, but rather one that is continually being adapted to the changing needs of the community for whom it is designed. Until recent years town plans were always made as inflexible patterns, but history has shown that a plan of this description breaks down in time. (4) The flexible plan, based on a survey, is one of the best ideas that man has ever had about the control of his environment. (5) Most towns today have a characteristic functional pattern as follows: a central core containing the principal shopping centre, business zones, surrounded by suburbs of houses. Most town planners accept the traditional town pattern. In the preparation of a master plan they are preoccupied with the definition of the town centre, industrial areas and the areas of housing; the creation of open space for 12

recreation, the laying down of a pattern of main roads which run between the builtup areas (thus leaving them free of traffic) and connect them to each other. (6) The master plan thus has to define the ultimate growth of the town, but though the master plan is a diagram, and even a flexible one, it is the structure upon which all future development is to take place. 2.2 Упражнения к тексту

2.2.1 Вспомнив, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и английские слова, подберите к ним эквивалент из правого столбца.

Образец: activity(активность) - деятельность.

to absorb diagram social to modify industrial central position traditional natural public to fix

схема общественный закреплять расположение промышленный главный (центральный) естественный обычный предшествовать поглощать видоизменять гибкий

2.2.2 К следующим английским словам подберите русские эквиваленты:

design suburbs forecast traffic communication survey dwelling environment

жилой дом движение общественный окружающая среда проект подготовка окрестности прогноз 13

community development pollution congestion housing recent recreation pattern

снабжение жильем недавний транспортная сеть скопление (затор) рост (расширение) образец загрязнение отдых общество (население) исследование, изыскание

2.2.3 Переведите следующие словосочетания:

Business zone, town pattern, population growth, development plan, road system, plan making, town planner, housing area, shopping centre, public transport, recreation area. 2.2.4 Укажите, какие из данных предложений выражают главную мысль текста:

1 In the preparation of the master plan it is necessary to define the town zones. 2 All cities should have a plan. 3 Before a flexible plan is made it is necessary to find out about the existing environment. 4 The master plan also defines places for active and passive recreation. 2.2.5 Укажите, к каким абзацам текста могут служить заголовками данные предложения. Расположите их согласно последовательности изложения. 1 2 3 4

Features of the traditional town pattern. The purpose of a master plan. The purpose of a town plan. What main points should be included in a survey.

2.2.6 В соответствии с содержанием текста дополните незаконченные предложения одним из данных вариантов: 1 The purpose of a town plan is......... a) to do research of the trends of population growth; b) to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual; 14

c) to find out about the existing environment. 2 Before a town plan is designed, it is necessary......... a) to renew and extend the dwellings, reconstruct the working places; b) to make a forecast of future development in the form of a map; c) to find out about the existing environment. 3 History has shown that a plan should be flexible, because ......... a) it should continually be adapted to the changing needs of the community; b) it defines the position of schools, shopping centres and social centres; c) it suggests the routes of public transport. 4 In the preparation of a master plan the planners are preoccupied with ........ a) the idea that in our time plan-making has become an everyday activity; b) the definition of the town pattern and the laying down of a pattern of main roads; c) the necessity to determine the distance from work to home. 2.2.7 Составьте план к тексту из 5-ти пунктов. 2.2.8 Сверяясь с текстом, подберите нужное значение выделенных слов в данных сочетаниях и переведите их. Large-scale construction (1) ..... (шкала, масштаб, размер) Everyday activity (1) ..... (ежедневный, повседневный, обычный) In such a way (1) ..... (дорога, средство, способ, путь) Development plan (2) ..... (развитие, усовершенствование, застройка) Master plan (2) .... (главный, ведущий, руководящий, генеральный) Most towns (5) .... (больше всего, самый, наибольший, большинство) Town pattern (5) .... (образец, характер, структура) То lay down the pattern (5) ..... .(уложить, составить, установить) 2.2.9 Определите, в каких предложениях "since" употреблено в качестве союза и переводится "так как". 1 2 3 4

Since a society is an organic thing, the plan of a city must be flexible. The plan is continually being adapted since it is never a complete thing. The town has changed greatly since I saw it last. Before a plan is designed it is necessary to find out about the existing environment since a plan absorbs or modifies it. 5 Since the master plan takes into consideration the existing topography, it indicates the areas for rest. 6 The master plan is very much like a diagram since it is never a complete and fixed thing. 2.2.10 Переведите и найдите предложения, где слово употребляется во избежание повторения существительного.

"one"

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1 The plan of a city must be flexible, as no one can be certain when the development will take place. 2 A plan is never a complete and fixed thing, but rather one that is continually being adapted to the changing needs of the society. 3 One should know that a good plan is the one that forecasts the future development. 4 One should use a new plan based on a survey, and not an old one. 5 A flexible plan, based on a survey, is one of the best ideas. 6 The practice of making flexible plans is progressive enough. 2.2.11 Переведите в тексте второй абзац письменно.

2.2.12 Укажите, какие из 3-х предложений (а, Ь, с) являются ответами на данные вопросы. 1 Why is it necessary to make a survey of the existing environment ? a) It is because no one is certain when the development is to take place. b) It is because the new development absorbs or modifies the environment. c) It is because growth is a law of life. 2 What does a survey consist in ? a) It consists in completing the town's communications. b) It consists in finding out about the environment, in research into the trends of population growth. c) It consists in defining a place for recreation. 2.2.13 Опровергните содержания текста.

следующие

утверждения

с

точки

зрения

Образец : Most town planners suggest quite new town patterns. - It's wrong. (It is not right). Most town planners do not suggest quite new town patterns. According to the text (As the text says), most town planners accept the traditional town patterns. 1 The purpose of a plan is to limit the active life of its population. 2 The plan is a complete and fixed thing, since the needs of the community do not change. 3 Growth is a law of life and town growth should not be controlled by any plan. 2.2.14 Переведите письменно со словарем данный текст за 25 минут. Far or Near

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In choosing a location of the satellite towns being planned in Russia preference is given to the southern and south-eastern slopes of hills with big green belts and reservoirs in the vicinity. A necessary condition in making the choice is the availability of convenient means of communication with the city best of all being an electrified railway line and a good automobile highway. The distance of the satellite town from the city depends upon how well developed the electrified railway and highway systems are. In the case of Moscow, which has highly ramified networks running in all directions it is possible to locate the satellite cities within 46 to 50 km, whereas in the case of Nizhny Novgorod, for example, the sensible thing is to place them nearer. It is taken into consideration that even there are some enterprises and offices of its own in the satellite town, a certain portion of the population may still work in the city; thus Russian architects are of the opinions that the town and city should not be more than an hour's distance apart. 2.2.15 Прочтите текст про себя за 1 минуту и дайте ответ на данный вопрос: What places of rest does a master plan define ? The master plan defines the pattern of the town and its relation to the topography. It shows the principal areas and zones necessary for housing and industry. Furthermore, it defines the principal zones in the town centre for civic, business and cultural purposes. As for the landscape, the master plan shows the agricultural areas surrounding the town, it indicates the areas of natural landscape that should be left for passive recreation; it also shows the active recreation areas necessary for the housing areas and for the town as a whole. As for the road system, it shows the principal roads connecting various zones together; it suggests the routes of public transport and it may define the principal pedestrian ways.

Text A. From the History of Building Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to build houses of different materials such as mud, wood or stones. Later people found out that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine become almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially, people learned the use of these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years. 17

The ancient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The greatest tomb is the stone pyramid of Khufu ['ku'fu], the king of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians often erected their huge buildings without thinking of their usefulness. The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They often used pillars, partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration. Parts of these ancient building can still be seen today in Greece. During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness of steel as a building material. Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they are.

2.3 Упражнения к тексту А

2.3.1 Выберите правильный вариант и закончите предложения. Запомните их. 1 People first lived in ......... a) houses b) palaces c) trees or caves 2 Egyptian pyramids are made of ......... a) stone b) wood c) bricks 3 The cheapest building material is ......... a) wood b) bricks c) concrete 4 The ancient Greeks knew the art of building with ......... a) steel b) cut stone c) concrete 5 Nowadays very tall and huge buildings are made of .…..... a) steel and concrete b) bricks c) stone 2.3.2 Закончите следующие предложения: 1 2 3 4

The ancient Greeks used pillars for ......... We usually make houses of ......... Bricks are made of ......... The ancient Egyptians made their homes of ......... 2.3.3 Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1 1 .Where did people live many thousands of years ago? 18

2 3 4 5 6

.Did ancient people use wood or bricks to build their houses? 3. What kinds of buildings did the ancient Egyptians erect? What did the ancient Greeks use pillars for? ls steel used as a building material? What kinds of building materials do you know ? 2.3.4 Переведите текст на русский язык со словарем: Relics of Wooden Architecture

The carpenters of the ancient Russian city of Novgorod were famed for their skill. Carpenters and builders, they erected peasant homes, fortress walls and towers, windmills, churches, chapels and even palaces. They built thousands of villages and a large number of towns mainly with axes. In old times practically all the buildings in Novgorod were made of timber. Relics of the carpenters' skill - art of truly folk origin - have been preserved to our days. To establish the artistic worth of old structures a close study is made of all that is left and of books and even legends passed on from generation to generation. The rich finds led to the decision to collect and put in one place all the more valuable works by unknown architects of the Novgorod area.

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3 Section 3 3.1 Предтекстовые упражнения

3.1.1 а) Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова:

modern, fact, organism, symptom, analyze, stereotype, dictate, functions, contrast, horizontal, activities, vertical, topography, formulate, focus, despotic, typical, parade, soldiers, automatically, standard, result, ignore. b) Посмотрите, в каких случаях при переводе лучше использовать русский синоним. (Например: focus-фокус или центр).

3.1.2 Укажите, какие из данных слов являются прилагательными и какие существительными.

matter, later, soldier, power, longer, quarter, planner, older, builder. 3.1.3 Прочтите текст. Укажите, какие четыре вопроса рассматриваются в нем. Запомните следующие слова.

settlement core to have an influence on urban lay-out Renaissance Baroque medieval sanctuary defensive erection 20

(по)селение середина, центр оказывать влияние городской расположение, планировка, план эпоха Возрождения, Ренессанс Барокко средневековый святилище, убежище, заповедник защитный сооружение

access to handle bold to achieve traffic circle pedestrian uniform to submit imprint curved

доступ обращаться, относиться смелый достигать кольцевая дорога пешеход одинаковый, однородный подчиняться отпечаток извилистый

Text. City Architecture (1) Any community consists of examples of architecture but in another sense the community itself is the form of architectural planning. A true community grows and changes, and its change is a symptom of its life. (2) In Europe and in the original settlements of North and South America the modern city grew up around an older core, and down to our days these cores have continued to have a powerful influence on new plans. Certain urban lay-outs which have been repeated automatically are still looked upon as standard forms. (3) The medieval town was a combination of camp, market, and sanctuary. The necessity for protection colored all its institutions, dictated the use of a defensive site on hillside or waterside. It led to the erection of walls separating the town from the country and allowing access only through guarded gates. The social functions of the medieval town were concentrated in a square. Medieval builders, in their handling of space and their bold contrasting of horizontal and vertical, still have something to teach the twentieth-century architect who knows no way of achieving height except by erecting skyscrapers. (4) The Baroque (or so-called Renaissance) city was formulated in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and was actually built in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the Baroque plan the old medieval market square is transformed into the traffic circle which the pedestrian crosses at a great risk. The focus of this plan is no longer the church but the palace, the seat of a one-sided, despotic power. In contrast with the medieval town, the Baroque city demands flat sites, straight continuous streets, and uniform building and roof lines. It was built for armies and wheeled vehicles. The typical Baroque form might be called the parade city: not only its soldiers but also its citizens and its buildings are on parade. Whatever is visible must submit to this geometry; the city is organized for show. (5) The Baroque plan, unlike the medieval, left a deep imprint on later generations; it became standard throughout Western civilization. This style preferred straight streets to curved ones ignoring the topography. 3.2 Упражнения к тексту 21

3.2.1 Подберите соответствующий перевод к данным английским словам. превращать, преобразовывать видимый, в поле зрения оригинальный визуальный коммуна сосредоточить протекция трансформировать сочетание общество концентрировать защита комбинация первоначальный 3.2.2 Укажите, к каким абзацам текста могут служить заголовками данные предложения. Расположите их согласно последовательности изложения. original (2) community (1) combination (3) protection (3) to concentrate (3) to transform (4) visible (4)

1 2 3 4 5 6

City designed for protection and sanctuary. A true community is a living organism. City designed for expression and extension of power in every form. Planning of communities is the form of architectural planning. City's change is a symptom of its life. Uncritical imitation of Baroque principles.

3.2.3. Укажите, какие из данных предложений относятся к описанию средневекового города и какие - к городу эпохи Возрождения. 1 The town was a combination of camp, market, and sanctuary. 2 The city demands flat sites, straight continuous streets, and uniform building lines. 3 The necessity for protection led to the erection of walls separating the town from the country. 4 The city is organized for show. 5 The city was formulated in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 6 The focus of this plan is no longer the church, but the palace, the seat of despotic power. 7 It was actually built in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 8 It might be called the parade city. 9 Its plan left a deep imprint on later generations; it became standard throughout Western civilization. 10 It was built for armies and wheeled vehicles. 22

11 The social functions were concentrated in a square. 12 The square was dominated variously by a church, a town hall, and later by a market hall. 3.2.4 Используя упражнения 4 и 6, дайте краткую характеристику средневекового города и города эпохи Возрождения (на русском языке). 3.2.5 Заполните пропуски требуемой формой глагола страдательного (пассивного) или действительного (активного) залога. 1 Someone must ......... (plan, be planned) where streets are to ......... (run, be run), parks are to .........(lay out, be laid out), and industrial facilities are to ......... (furnish, be furnished). 2 The medieval city ......... (designed, was designed) for pedestrians. 3 Down to our days these cores ......... (have continued, have been continued) to have a powerful influence on new plans. 4 The social functions of the medieval town ......... (concentrated, were concentrated) in a square. 5 Certain urban lay-outs which ......... (have repeated, have been repeated) automatically ......... (still look upon, are still looked upon) as standard forms. 6 Where the topography ......... (supplies, is supplied) differences of level, the architecture enhances the vertical dimension. 7 The necessity for protection ......... (dictated, was dictated) the use of a defensive site on hillside. 8 The Baroque city ......... (formulated, was formulated) in the seventeenth century. 9 The city ......... (organizes, is organized) for show. 10 Where verticality is absent, the architecture ......... (makes up, is made up) for it. 11 The typical Baroque form might ......... (call, be called) the parade city. 12 The old medieval market square ......... (transforms, is transformed) into a traffic circle. 13 The baroque plan ......... (left, was left) a deep imprint on later generations. 3.2.6 Переведите отмеченные в тексте "ing-forms", обращая внимание на их роль в предложении. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3.2.7 Сверяясь с текстом, подберите из правого столбца нужное значение для выделенных слов в данных английских сочетаниях. ... in another sense the community ...(1) ... down to our days ... ... except by erecting ...(3) ... is no longer the church ... (4) ... whatever is visible ...(4) ... in contrast with ... (4) ... unlike the medieval ...(5)

кроме как все, что в известном смысле вплоть до в отличие от больше не 23

3.2.8 Вставьте данные внизу слова в нужной форме в соответствии с их функцией в предложении. 1 The ......... for protection ......... all its institutions, ......... the use of a defensive site. 2 The social ......... of the medieval town were ......... in a square. to colour, colour; to necessitate, necessity; to dictate, dictatorship; to function, function; to concentrate, concentration. 3.2.9 Переведите 1 и 2 абзацы текста письменно. 3.2.10 Образуйте прилагательные от данных слов, используя соответственно суффиксы -ful, -а1. Переведите их на русский язык. help, harm, politics, power, origin, architecture. 3.2.11 Прочтите текст про себя за 1 минуту. Определите, какие недостатки современного городского планирования упоминаются в нем. Nowhere, perhaps, are the limitations of an uncritical imitation of Baroque principles so contradictory as in the revival and expansion of the L'Enfant plan for Washington. During the second half of the nineteenth century a Baroque revival took place in planning. One of the great limitations of the late Baroque tradition, as carried into the modern city by planners in New York, is that its social objectives, are as narrow as its functional requirements; hence its triumphs have been limited to park ways, drives, parks, and public buildings, since it has no adequate formula for dealing with the city as a whole. The present-day municipal engineers and city planning authorities deal only with the two-dimensional plan. But planning is not separable from building. Planning, to be effective, means responsible collective over-sight of the whole process, to the end of creating a harmonious social and aesthetic whole. Lacking such collective purposes, modern cities, from Boston to Bombay, from Buenos Aires [‘bwen∂s ‘∂IrIz] to Birmingham, are-what they so unfortunately are. Text A. What is Architecture?

Architecture is the art and profession of designing buildings. The word "architecture" also has a historical meaning. In that respect, it may refer either to the 24

building style of a particular culture or to an artistic movement. For example, we speak of Greek architecture or Gothic architecture. Architects design many kinds of structures. For instance, they design houses, schools, hotels, hospitals, stadiums, factories, office buildings, theatres, and houses of worship. Architects also design monuments dedicated to the memory of important events and people. The beauty of a city or town is largely determined by the quality of its architecture. Architects must work with other people to produce their designs. All architects design a building for a client and must consider the client's wishes and needs. They make drawings and models that show how the building will look after it is completed. They also work with the many different contractors who actually build the structure. Architecture is one of the oldest art forms. It dates from prehistoric times and is founded in almost all societies. A society's architecture reflects the values and ideals of its people. For example, the ancient Greeks stressed discipline and harmony in life. The beautifully proportioned Greek temple reflects this emphasis on harmonious design. In designing a building, architects think in terms of space, planes and openings. They consider a building as space enclosed by planes-that is by the surface of walls, floors and ceilings. Openings include doorways, windows and archways. At various times in history, architects have considered certain shapes more beautiful than others and have emphasized them in their designs. The most popular shapes have included the square, rectangle, and sphere. Architects often combine two or more shapes in one design. A building should be pleasing to look at, but it should also enable people to live or work in it comfortably. In addition, the structure should be well built so that it can stand a long time without expensive maintenance. To create an attractive and efficient building, an architect must balance three major elements: function, appearance, and durability. 3.3 Упражнения к тексту A

3.3.1 Задайте вопросы к подчеркнутым частям предложений. 3.3.2 Составьте план к тексту из 5-ти пунктов. 3.3.3 Переведите письменно отрывок " ... In designing a building ... appearance and durability". 3.3.4 Составьте диалог по тексту, используя следующие выражения: I quite agree with you. I suppose (think, consider), that ...

Я полностью согласен с тобой. Я полагаю, что ... 25

You are wrong. I shouldn't say that ... It seems to me ...

26

Ты ошибаешься. Я бы не сказал, что ... Мне кажется ...

4 Section

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Text 1. Building Construction

The construction of the homes and buildings in which people live and work has been a major industry ever since early human beings first made huts of sticks, mud, or rocks. Methods of building construction have been constantly improved since those first crude structures. Modern skyscrapers can be built within a year or two. Prefabricated buildings, with their various parts made in factories by assembly-line methods, can be built in a day or two, but are rarely as durable as traditionally made buildings. A building has two main parts, the substructure (the part below ground) and the superstructure (the part above ground). The substructure is usually called the foundation. It includes the basement walls, even though these may extend above the ground. Both the substructure and the superstructure help to support the load (weight) of the building. The dead load of a building is the total weight of all its parts. The live load is the weight of the furniture, equipment, stored material, and occupants of a building. In some regions, the wind load of a building is important if the structure is to withstand storms. The snow load may also be an important factor. In some areas, buildings have to be constructed to withstand earthquake shocks. Foundations are the chief means of supporting a building. They carry both the dead and live loads. There are three main types of foundations: (1) spread, (2) pier, and (3) pile. Spread foundations are long slabs of reinforced concrete that extend beyond the outer edges of the building. Such foundations are not so firm as those based on solid rock. The footing areas in contact with the soil must be of sufficient size to spread the load safely over the soil and to avoid excessive or uneven settlement. Any such settlement would cause walls to crack or doors to bind. Pier foundations are heavy columns of concrete that go down through the loose topsoil to a bed of firm rock. This bed may also be sand, gravel, or firm clay. If the bed consists of firm clay, the pier is usually enlarged at the base, to increase the bearing area. Pile foundations are long, slender columns of steel, concrete, or wood. Machines, called pile drivers hammer them down as deep as 60 metres to a layer of solid soil or rock. Workers can tell when the columns reach their proper depth by the number of blows the pile driver needs to drive the columns a few centimetres deeper. These columns transmit the building load to the supporting soil. Most skyscrapers are supported by rock foundations. Text 2. Types of construction 27

In load-bearing-wall construcilon. the walls transmit the load to the foundation. In skeleton construction, all loads are transmitted to the foundation by a rigidly constructed framework made up of beans, girders and columns. This skeleton carries the roof, walls, and floors, together with their loads. Load-bearing-wall construction is usually most economical for buildings less than four storeys high, but skeleton construction is better for taller buildings. All buildings in the skyscraper class are of skeleton construction. The first building to have skeleton construction was the 10storey Home Insurance Building in Chicago. Completed in 1885, this building was the world's first skyscraper. Many parts of a building have no structural function. Partition walls and curtain walls carry only their own weight and serve to divide the interior of a building or to keep out the elements. Other nonload-bearing parts include windows, doors, stairs, and lifts. In one method of construction, called tilt-up construction, concrete wall panels are formed at ground level. Cranes or derricks then lift them into position. Lift-slab construction may be used for positioning roof and floor slabs. These slabs are formed with concrete at ground level, within the framework of the building. They are then lifted into place using hydraulic jacks. Beams, girders, and columns support a building much like bones support the body. They form the skeleton of the superstructure, and bear the weight of the walls and each floor of the building. Beams and girders run horizontally. Girders are usually larger than beams. Closely spaced beams are called joists, especially in wooden buildings. Purlins are small beams that brace rafters or girders and help provide the structure to support roofs. Beams above windowand door openings are called lintels. Slabs are beams whose width is greater than their depth. Columns are heavy vertical supports that carry the load of beams and girders. Trusses consist of many wood or steel supports that are connected in triangular patterns. They provide the strength and rigidity to span large distances with relatively small amounts of material. Arches are curved supports that usually extend over openings. Text 3. Prefabricated Construction

Prefabrication has become an important part of most types of building construction. Prefabricated sections of a building are produced in large quantities in a factory and then shipped to various construction sites. This procedure may allow work to continue despite poor weather conditions and should reduce any waste in time and material at the site. As a result, costs are lowered and construction time decreases. Many types of building sections can be prefabricated. For example, entire walls may be prefabricated for a wooden-frame house. Huge wooden arches are prefabricated for use as supports in churches, gymnasiums, and other buildings. 28

Concrete beams, floors, roofs, and wall panels may be precast for many types of structures. Entire buildings may be constructed in a factory and then transported to the desired location. Prefabricated structures are sometimes made by a process called modular construction, first used in Japan. Modular construction refers to the use of a standard measurement as the basis for all building materials. The size of the module may vary considerably from country to country. In the United States, the basic module is 10 centimetres. All building parts are designed so that each dimension equals this measurement. Modular parts are also used in buildings that are not prefabricated. Text 4. Building Stone

Building stone ranks in importance with steel as a construction material. Stone is used for the foundations, walls, and steps of buildings, for the support of piers and bridges, and for finishing and decorating all types of structures. Crushed stone accounts for most building stone used in construction. Crushed stone is quarried stone crushed into small pieces suitable for such uses as the surfacing of roads and industrial construction. Dimension stone is stone in natural blocks or slabs cut in definite shapes and sizes. Builders expect good dimension stone to last at least a hundred years. The best dimension stone has the fewest pores or air cells, making it able to resist the wearing effects of weather. Stone with large, open pores will chip off if water freezes and expands in the pores. Dimension stone includes granite, limestone, sandstone, marble and slate. Granite is one of the strongest of all the building stones. However, it is difficult to cut and handle because it is extremely hard. It is used extensively in the construction of public buildings. Granite can be polished to a glossy finish, and is an excellent background for carvings and lettering. Limestone is a hard and lasting building stone that can be cut easily and shaped with saws, planes, and even lathes. These buff or gray stones are sometimes placed over the rough stonework of a building to make an attractive surface. Limestone is also used to tile floors, and for sills, steps and trimming. Marble is the most elegant building stone. Pure marble is white, streaked with veins of black, gray, green, pink, red, and yellow. Builders use marble to make monuments and tombstones, and to decorate stairways, hearths, floors, and panelling. Slate is fine-grained rock that can be split easily into thin slabs and used for roofing shingles and flagstone flooring. Text 5. Constructing a skyscraper

New methods in the design and construction of skyscrapers have been closely related to the development of computers. Engineers use computers to solve the 29

complex mathematical problems involved in such construction projects. Computers do this work quickly by breaking the design down into a limited number of precalculated elements. Before construction begins, engineers determine the strength of the soils that will lie underneath the new building. With this information, they can design the proper foundation. After the building site is cleared, levelled and drained of water, excavation (digging) begins. Mobile diggers usually excavate the foundation. Ground made of rock may be excavated by blasting. After the excavation is finished, the footings (base) and the superstructure are built. Most steel used in the superstructure, such as beams, girders, and columns, comes prefabricated. Each piece of steel should have a number indicating the exact place where it should be used. When the steel is raised into place, workers fasten the pieces together temporarily with bolts. Later, welders and riveters join these pieces together permanently. Many kinds of cranes and derricks are used in the construction of skyscrapers. The two main kinds are mobile cranes and tower cranes. Mobile cranes are mounted on trucks or specia vehicles and can manoeuvre around the outside of the building to hoist materials and equipment from various locations. Tower cranes are supported on a steel tower erected next to or inside a building's framework. After workers complete the superstructure and outside walls, the building is ready to be finished, decorated and furnished.

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Список использованных источников 1 Е.В. Горбунова. Пособие по английскому языку для студентов строительных ВУЗов. - М.: Высшая школа, 1985. - 159 с. 2 Н.И. Ажищев, Ф.С. Суэта. Пособие по английскому языку для инженерных специальностей ВУЗов. - М.: Высшая школа, 1989. - 95 с. 3 Н.А. Бонк. Английский для международного сотрудничества. - М.: изд. СП “Прин-Ди”, 1992. - 379 с.

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