D ISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT · V III
THE
GREEK MINOR PROPHETS SCROLL
F RO M NABAL BEVER
(8 f;1e vX II gr)
(THE SElyAL C OL LECT ION I )
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT · VIII
THE
GREEK MINOR PROPHETS SCROLL
FROM NAHAL HEVER
• • (8BevXIIgr)
( THE SElyAL COLLECTION I)
BY
E MANUEL T OV HE BR EW UNIVER SIT Y, J ERU S ALEM WI TH THE C O L LA BO RA T I ON OF
R . A . KRAFT AND A CO N T R IB U TI O N BY
P . J. PARSONS
C LARENDON P RESS , O XFOR D ~.COl(
!lTJJ~t1\ .q~BJ' · ~~ ~
llJ
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CONTEN T S PREFAC E
by J.
STRlJGNELL
V ll
FOREWORD
IX
ABBREVIATION S A ND SIG LA
Xl
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T ov, E manuel
The ' Seivai' collect ion.
V ol. 1: T he Greek Minor P rophets scroll
f rom Na llal He~ 'er .
1. Greek S eptua!(inl . B ible. O. T. Critical studies
I . T itle 1/. Kraft , R . /I. . 1/1. Parso ns,
P .). I V. Series
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A. I NTRODU C TION
I
I. Archaeological
r
data and identification 2. Columns and measu rements 3. Content and scope 4. Special characteristics a. Div ision into sense-units b. Tetragrammaton
7 9
5. The two scribes/hands
12
6. Descript ion of the materials and their state of preservation (by Robert A. Kraft) 7. The scripts and their date (by Peter J. Parsons)
14
BAN D
C . TR A NSCRI P TIO N S O F THE T E XT
19
27
D. NOT ES ON PA LA EO GRA PH Y A N D IDE NT I F IC ATION
79
E. NOT E S ON T H E REC ONS T R UC TI O N S
83
F. T RA NS LATI ON TE CHN IQ U E, O RT H OG R APH IC PECU LI ARI T IES A N D TE X T UAL R EL A T I O N S
99
G. I N DEX H,
i)
2
PLAT E S
159 I-XX
PREFACE
O N 8 September 1986, R. P. Pierre Benoit, OP, submitted to the competent authorities his desire, on grounds of age and health, to resign from the post of editor-ill- chief of the series Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. He had taken up that post in 197[, as successor to R. P. Roland de Vaux, OP, at an age when most m en would be preparing for retirement, and has led the project both through the substantial difficulties which followed the changes in the political status of Jerusalem , and also through the publicat ion of two volumes of DJD, together with several assorted books hors serie. He was not long to enjoy a well -earned retirement; seven and a half months after resigning the editorship, on 23 April 1987, he died in Jerusalem, and now rests among his teachers and colleagues in the cemetery of St Stephen's Priory. As his successor, the body of editors nominated the under-signed; this nomination was subsequently confirmed by the governmental authorities, who at that time expressed a pressing hope for seeing a quicker rate of publication of the series in the future, a hope which the new editor-in-chief shares, and will do his best to realize. The present volume is the first to present the 'Seiyal' collection, which was also entrusted to our editorial group; one more Seiyal volume will follow, to be edited by J.-T . Milik, E. Puech and J. Schwarz. This collection was acquired in 1952- 4 by the Rockefeller (or, as it was then called, Palestine) Archaeological Museum, from clandestine excavators who had shown little respect for political frontiers. They told us that the provenance of these document s was 'the Wadi Seiyal' and the collection was named accord ingly. L ater, in 1960-1, excavations in the same general region by the Expedition to the Judaean Desert (directed by Professor Y. Yadin) found, in certain ofthe caves which they had recorded and excavated, traces of p revious excavations, and sometimes even fragmen ts of written material of which larger parts had earlier been brought to us as coming from ' Seiyal' . Another group of scholars, under the auspices of the Shrine of the Book, are cu rrently preparing for publication the written material found by the Expedition to t he J udaean Desert, and the two editorial groups try to work in co-ordination . For most of t he collect ion in our second Seiyal volume the cave of provenance cannot be identifi ed any more precisely than 'Seiyal', and we must use that name and abbreviation (Se) for m anuscrip ts in that collection , not intending provenance from a specific wadi or cave. Sometimes, however, later discoveries have made more precise localizations possible. Thus the present scroll of the Minor Prophets in Greek, NO. 2 in the 'Seiyal' collection (as it were, Se2grX II ), has been reunited with some other fragment s of it which came from cave 8 in N abal Bever (8I::levXIIgr), excavated by Y. Aharoni in [961, and published preliminarily by B. Lifshitz. Since for this manuscript the true provenance of all the fragments is known , we suggest using a common siglum for all the fragmen ts: 8BevXIIgr. T he scroll published here, containing large parts of the Minor P rophets in an early revision of the Septuagint version , was published in part in a prelim inary fash ion , and discussed at length, by R. P. Dominique Barthelemy , OP, of F ribourg. It had b een ex pected that the same author would produce the full edition too; but as he became mo re and more pressed by other obligations, he turned to another Septuagint specialist, Professor Eman uel
VUI
PREFA CE
Tov of the H ebrew University in Jerusalem, inviting him to take over his own place as editor. The resultant edition will be, I hope, as welcome to Septuagint scholars as it is to the editor-in-chief. The reader may notice slight typographical differences from the conventions of earlier volumes; these are due to the fact that this is the first volume in DJD to be typeset on a phototypesetter at the Oxford University Computing Service, from an electronic copy of the text prepared by Professor Tov.
Jerusalem, June I9 87
JOHN STRUGNELL
editor-in-chiej
FOREWORD
SCHOLARS will always associate the name of R. P. Dominique Barthelemy, O P , of Fribourg with the Minor Prophets scroll because of h is masterly treatment of its contents in Devanciers (see below), a book which in many ways has revolutionized scholarship. That monograph also presented the preliminary transcription of the scroll (R), t hough not in the form of an edition in the usual sense of the word. Barthelemy had, howeve r, done a substantial amount of work towards such an edition, mainly a first attempt to reconstruct the incomplete lines. This work was discontinued because of other obligations, and when Barthelemy asked me in 1982 to prepare the present edition, he kindly placed these not es at my disposal. R ealizing that the reconstruction of the complete t ext, or at least of the partially preserved lines , required a full study of the translation technique, orthography and textual status of the preserved sections, I made this my first assignment after the decipherment of the fr agments. In this matter I was ably assisted by P. Lippi and G. Marqu is. F or this purpose each individual word of MT (Masoretic Text) was aligned in a computer file w ith the corresponding equivalents of the L XX ('Old Greek ') and R (Revision) , accompanied by sigla designating categories r elevant for the analysis . The complete reconstruction of the partially preserved lines (section C of this book) was facilitated by this anal ysis (section F) and is documented by the notes in section E. Study of the other im portant aspects of the scroll w as commenced at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in cooperat ion with R. A . Kraft during ajoint seminar o n R in 1985-6. It is he who init iated a computer-assisted analysis of the column structure and of the exact location of the fragments such as presented in sections Band C. For this purpose the text of t he Minor Prophets w as roughly restructured according to the expected translation technique and vocabulary of R so as to facilitate the correct representation of these fragments within the column structure. This was linked with calculations , also provided by the computer, of the line length and column size of va rious columns (see section G). A mockup of the whole scroll prepared by R . A. Kraft fonned the basis for the plates presented here. T he co m puter could not prevent mistakes since incorrectly encoded data produce faulty results, but the very use of computer-assisted research ena b led calculations and an analysis of t he contents which otherwise would have been very difficult . Furthermore, other computer programs facilitated t he identification of several small fragments (see sections AI, D) . As a result , the contributions by R. A. Kraft are much felt in sections B, C and G . H e also wrote section A6 and his remarks on A I-5 are gratefully acknowledged. The following participants in the University of Pennsylvania seminar helped with t he reconstruction of the sections between the preserved fragments (not represented here , but facilitating the placing of these fragments) and with the analysis of several characteristics of the scroll : Dr. J. R. Aberc rombi e, D. Brueggemann, L. Cohick , D . McCartn ey , J. Z . Pastis, F. W at son, B. Wright III. At the H ebrew University, Miss H enson and M rs . S. Ory assisted me in verifying d etails and D r. W. F ields in the research leading to T ables 3-8 in
x
FOREWORD
section AI . Prof. A. Shisha-Halevi kindly read section FI2. Dr. P. Parsons of Christ C hurch, Oxford, kindly agreed to add a much needed section on palaeography. Much help was received from the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (lDAM) enabling m e to locate and study the fragments in the Rockefeller Museum . I gratefully acknowledge the help provided by Mrs. A. Sussmann , head of publications, and Mr. M. Broshi, director of the Shrine of the Book. Most of the photographs present ed in the plate section at the end of this book were made in the 1950$ when the main portion of the scroll was found, but severa] new ones were made by Mrs. Z. Sagiv of the IDAM. She also managed to prepare for the plates good prints from the old (glass) negatives . Thanks are also extended for the efforts of the editors at Oxford University Press, first Mr J. Cordy and then A. Ashby, and of the designer, Ms J. Tydeman, in producing this complicated work. Since the contents of the various sections of this work existed in electronic form, it seemed logical that they should be typeset directly from the elect ronic files. It was soon realized that this process required more preparation than expected, and it is due to the able assistance of Mrs C. Griffin and Mrs J. Burnell-Higgs of the Oxford University Computing Service, and Mr S. Cope, that the present book has been successfully produced from those computer files . It has been a great pleasure to work with the general editor of the series , J. Strugnell, who has done much more than is required from an editor. He was a source of constant encouragement and guidance during the final stages of this enterprise, and knowledgeable in so many areas, he added many a remark and found many an inconsistency and incorrect notation. I d edicate this book to my dear wife Lika who designed the form of the tetragrammaton used in this volume, although she would have preferred to offer a more artistic contribution. EMANUE L T OV
Jerusalem, September I9 B7
A few er rors have been co rrected in th e second prin ting , Some of t hese have been poin ted out by th e fol lowing re"iews a nd review articles: E, Puech , "Les fra g m ents no n identifies de 8KhXlIgr et Ie manuscrit grcc des Douze Petits P rophe tes" , RB 98 (1991 ) 161-<); idem , " :'\iotes cn m a rge de 8KhXllgr", RQ 15 (1992) 583--<)3; A, van der Kooi j , Bibliotheca Orielltalis .. 9 (1992) 23 2 - 5; 0, Nlunnich, ThLZ 117 (199 2) S87-{)1. D I.-\:-'; l 'EL TOY
Oxford , S eptember 1994
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGLA
THE following abbreviations are used for the biblical books: Ho
Hosea Joel Am Amos Ob O b adiah Jo Jonah Mi Micah Na Nahum H a H abakkuk Zp Zephaniah Hg Haggai Z a Zechariah Ma Malachi
11
F urther LXX MT R
ab breviat ions: Septuagin t (, Old Greek') Masoretic Text R(evision)- the text contained in the present scroll
The following sigla are used in the text: the margin as preserved (upper, lower, right or left) a_f3 uninscribed space as preser ved b etween letters " indicates (part of) word which has not been reconstructed ind icates parts of letters visible on the leather, where n o reconstruction is attempted ? indicates room for eith er a single letter or a space C!unidentified lette r aa difference between R and the LXX (edition of Ziegler)
A. I NTRODUCTION
I.
Archaeological D ata and Identification
THE archaeological facts about the discovery of the scroll (Se2grXI I , now identified with 8BevXllgr [Rahlfs: 943]) in 1952 and 1961 have been d escribed in d etail by D. Barthelemy in the preliminary publication , Les devanciers d' A quila , SVT 10 (1963) [henceforth = Bar th.] and Y. Aharoni, 'Expedition B- The Cave of Horror', IE] 12 (1962) 186-99 and id. , 'The Caves of Nabal Bever' , Atiqot 3 (1961) 158 (map) [henceforth: Aharoni). At first the exact location of the find w as unknown , but subsequent excavations in the ' C ave of H orror' in Nal)all:lever (Wadi Babra) brought to li ght a few scraps of the same scroll, togeth er with other documents and artifacts, so that the place of origin of the sc roll is now known . In th e catalogue of the R ockefeller Museum the bulk of our m anuscript is designated as coming from W adi S eiyal on plates 528- 32, 535, 537-9A (photographs PAM 4 0 . 2 39- 40 , 40. 559-74, 4 1. 690, 4 I. 690A and IDAM 200.296-7, 204.601 - 3). For exact details see p lates I-XX, presented here through the courtesy of the Israel Dept. of Antiquities and Museums. We suggest that for all fragments scholars use the siglum 8I:IevXIIgr. The preliminary pub licat ion by Barth. contains a running text of the main section of the scroll, wi th several fragments unidentified, and without the usual apparatus for critical ed itions. This preliminary publication includes only two plates, representing fragmen ts from different columns (mainly cols 18 and BI-2). Barth .'s earlier article ('Redecouver te d ' un chainon man quant d e l'histoire d e la Septante', RB 60 [1953] 18-29) contained another plate (col 17), also rep roduced in J. Allegro, The Dead Sea Scrolls (Harmondsworth 1956 [Pen guin)) op p. p. 105 . The small fragments foun d in Nal)al I:Iever we re pu blished (wit h accompanying photograp hs), prior to the app earance of Devanciers , by B. Lifshitz, ' The Greek Documents from the C ave of Hor ror ' , IEJ 12 (1962) 201 - 7 = Yediot 26 (1962) 183- 90 (published separately as TheJudean Desert Caves, Archaeological Survey I96 I [Jerusalem 1962] 183-<)0 [H ebrew]). The plate published with the H ebrew article (and its reprint) is of better quality than the one accompanyin g the IEJ article. The m ajor lot discussed by Barth. contains large and small sections of the following books: 10, Mi , Na, Ha, Zp and Za. Nine small fragments were ascribed by Lifshitz to these books: Ho , Am, jl , Jo, Na, and Za. If these identifications are correct, they would be rather important since we would then have proof that the scroll contained also the books of Ho, Am and 11, all occurring at the beginning of the Minor Prophets. H owever , some of Lifshitz 's identifications are problematic. For example, fragm. 6 was ascribed by him to a section also contained in Barth.'s large lot (Na 2:8- 9 [see note in D on col 3 n. rO-1 r D. Sin ce the same passage in Na would then be represented twice, we would in fact have two different scrolls written in the same hand responsible for the bulk of the material-a very unlikely situation. By the same token it is not very likely that the only remains of what originally would have constituted 27t columns of Ho , Am and Jl would be one small fragment for each book. Barth. 168, n. 9 expressed doubts on these identifications and suggested some alternatives. All of these are accep table and two new ones are added (see Table I).
2
For some of these fragments see the notes in D. Fragments 3 and 5 contain small segments
of col 13 otherwise not preserved. All other fragments can easily be attributed to the fringes
of the large fragments brought to Barth. in the Ecole Biblique (note that fragments 2 , 4 and 6
belong to the same col). This situation can be supported by what is known about the
discovery. In all likelihood small pieces could easily have broken off from the main segments
of the scroll when they were found in the cave. Cf. the observation of Barth. 163 that parts of
col 18 (his col 13) had been kept by a bedouin under the lining of his keffiyeh, a situation
which, in his words, did nothing to increase the legibility of the fragments!
2.
Columns and Measuremen ts
The size, shape and number of the columns can be reconstructed with some degree of confidence from the preserved data. The lower part of the scroll has been preserved more fully than the top. For col 8 parts of all four margins are visible, while for most other column s portions of only t he right or left margins have been preserved together with the lower margin . Preserved margins are indicated by " in t he transcription (see Table 2). These data together with the full reconstruction of the text enable us to determine the size of the individual columns of the scroll. The number of lines in each column written in hand A seems to have b een relatively stable, with 42 lines p robable for m ost columns (thus tract. Sopherim 2:5). Although for no column have portions of all the lines been preserved , the combined evidence suggests that 42 lines per colu mn is well sup ported for those colum ns t hat can be reconstructed with confiden ce, with the exception of cols 3 (44) and 4 (45). Col 18 originally contained 42 lines as well, but the last line has been erased, probably in order to start the new section (Ha 3: I) at the beginning of a new column. The column th at can be reconstructed with confidence from hand B (B I) contains only 33 lines. For hand B, however, the letters themselves are larger and wider spaced, so that fewer letters and lines occupy the same physical space as used by h an d A. The result is that the dimensions of the blocks of writing are the same for hands A and B (see T able 3). T he absolute figures- based on the extant and reconstructed portions-are shown in T able 3 (since the measurements of the reconstructed portions are based on the extant ones TABLE 1:
I dentification of the small fragments
Lifshitz No
Lifshitz
Barthelemy
Our identification
Fragm . I Fragm. 2 Fragm · 3 F ragm· 4 Fragm· 5 F ragm.6 Fragm·7 F ragm. 8 Fragm.9
H o 2:8 Am 1.5 JII:14 Jo 3:2- 5
Na 1:9
Na 3:13
? N a 1:14
Jo 3:4-5
Na2:~
Za 3: r-2
Za 4:8- 9 Za 8:21
Na I: 13-14
? Na 3:3
Za 2:11 -12
3
A . INTRODUCTION
DISCOVERIES IN T HE JUDAEAN DESERT V III
Jo 3:3
and since these are unequal due to shrinkage of the leather, there are slight differences between the various columns). In the calculation of the number of lines per column, spaces between the individual books of the Minor Prophets are taken into consideration. Before the beginning of Mi six such blank lines have been preserved (for the practice, see B.T. Baba Batra 13 b [referring to three lines]) and Mur XII (three lines) and similar breaks (three-four lines) are reconstructed before the beginning of all other books. It is not known whether a short title was written in these spaces. In d escribing the width of the columns, two factors are taken into consideration; fi rst of all the internal consistency of the scribe with regard to the evenness of the right and left margins of each column, and secondly the consistency (o r lack of it) concerning the relative widths of the various columns of writing. Each scribe was more or less consistent regarding the length of the lines in each column. The fragments by hand B show th e use of a rulin g device fo r the side margins as well as for
.
TABLE 2:
left margin Jo [1 ](not preserved ) 2 3
Mi
4 5 6 7 8 9 [10] [ Il ]
Na [ 12]
13
14 15 H a 16 17 18 19 Zp 20 21 22 23 [24]
[Hg] [25]
[26] [27] Za 28 29 30
31 BI
B2
x x
x
x x
Preservation of Margins right margin
lower m argin
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
upper margm
x x
x
x x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
(x) x
x
x
x
x
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
x
X
X
X
x
X
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
4
A. INTRODUCTION
3: Height of relatively well-preserved coLumns (in cm )
TABLE
col
extant
reconstr.
2 3 4 8 14 15 .6 17 18 19 20 30 31 BI
B2
12 .0 15· 7 15·5 15 ·5 14. 1 19·7 13·5 21.6 19·5 11.8 11.5 12.6 14 .8 13·4 13 ·2
14·4 12.0 12·4 11.6 13-4 7.6 £3·5 5 .2 7· 5 15.0 15 ·4 13 -4 11.7 13·3 13 ·0
total 26·4
27·7 (44 lines)
27 ·9 (4 5 lines)
27. I
27 ·5
27·3
27 .0
26.8
2 7 .0 (last line erased, see pI. XVIII ) 26.8 26·9
26.0
26·5
26·7
26.2
the top (and b ottom ?) margin. Hand B thus has very even right margins (based on II preserved lines in col B I), and there is no evidence that hand B used letters extending into the left m argin. Hand A does not seem to have used r uled margins, but the left margin is more or less straight except for some lines in which a capital letter indicating the beginning of a new section protrudes into the left margin. The right margin of han d A consists of a relatively straight line, with a deviation of up to two letters on either side, and rarely a few more. T here is less consistency, however, regarding the relative width of the writing in t he various columns for hand A, w ith some columns considerably w ider o r narrow er than the average. The measurements assume the average location for t he r ight-hand margin, relative to the actual line ends preserved (see Tab le 4). A nothe r system of measuring is based on counting the letters and spaces on each li ne, which is the usual practice in the study of ancient documents. I n spite of the differences in width b etween the letters, t he average number of letters per line in each column gives a good T ABLE
4: Width of relatively well-preserved columns (in cm )
Col
extant
reconstr.
total
Col
extant
2 3 4 5 7 8 9 14 16 17
9·5 9·7 6.2 8.1 8· 3 8·3 6.2 8 .8 9 .2 9.I
2.0 0.2 3 ·5 0 .2 0·5 0.2 2.6 0 .1
1 I.5 9·9 9 ·7 8·3 8.8 8 ·5 8 .8 8·9 9·2 9. I
18 19 20 22 23 28 31
'.5- 8
Bl B2
8·5 8.1 8 .0 5. 6 6 ·5 5. 6 3·9 6.6
reconstr.
0 ·4 3·J 1.4 2·9 5·0 2·5
total 7 ·5-8
8·5
8·5 8.0
8 ·7
7 ·9
8·5 8·9 9. 1
5
indication of the relative widths. These data are provided under the published text in section B. The average number refers only to lines of which at least one letter (or part of the margin) has been preserved (see Table 5). These data show that there are cons iderable differences in width between the various coLumns of hand A, even within the material relating to a single book . Thus, Jo is written in wide columns, with an average of respectively 43 and 4 1 letters. At the same time, the n ext book, Mi, is written in narrower columns, with respectively 38, 34, 35,33,33,3 I, [33] , [33] letters. The other books vary likewise: Na [33],35,3 2, 33; Ha 34, 35,28,29; Zp 30 , 31 , 29 . 29, [30], and Za 29, 30 , 32, 33· M ost columns written by hand A thus h ave an average of 30 to 35 letters, with wider columns in the early books Jo and Mi and narrower ones in the later books Ha, Zp and Z a. In p rinciple these differences could be attributed to the physical limitations of the individual sheets of leather composing the scroll, but we have no firm evidence on this matter. F o r example , when space would begin to run out on one of the sheets of which the scroll is composed, t he scribe m ight decide to use the remaining space either for two narrow columns or one wide one. However, this hypot hesis cannot be tested since with one exception it is not known w h ere the sheets were joined . Joining by sewin g is wel1 attested in antiquity, as in most Qumran scrolls and in our hand B (see add itional fragment 6 [plate X X]); but the colum ns w ritten by h and A seem to have been join ed with some kind of adhesive (see t h e ma rgin bet w een cols 17 and 18). Ap parently this system is not know n from Qumran, and is otherw ise rejected by the first of the q uoted authorities in the tract.
S opherim
2: I I. TABLE
5: Average number of letters for the preserved lines in each column
and reconstructed number of lines reconstructed no. of II.
no . of letters (preserved n.) Col I. 2. 3· 4· 5· 6. 7· 8. 9· 10. II. 12. 13· 14· 15· 16 . 17· 18. 19· 20.
[no evid) 4 2.88 41. 00 3 8 .00 34 .0 0 34 . 8 3 33.4 1 32.84 31. 3 6 [33·49] [32.90] [3 3. 12] 35. 00 32 .2 5 33. 16 33·7 1 34· 87 27·53 29 .00 3 0 .33
Jo Mi
Na
Ha
Zp
((42]] 42 44 45 [42] 42 42 42 [4 2] ((4 2]] [[4 2]] [[42]] [4 2 ] [42] [4 2 ] 42 42 42 42 42
no . of letters (preserved II.) Col 21. 22. 23· 24· 25· 26. 27· 28. 29· 30 . 31. 32. 33· 34· 35· 36 . 37· BI. B2.
31.3 8 29. 2 5 28·71 [3 0 . 12] [no evid] [no evid] [no ev id] 29 · 10 30 . 2 5 3 2 .50 33 .3 2 [no evid] [no evid] [no evid] [no ev id] [no evid) [no evid] 21 .88 24. 0 5
reconstructed no . of 11.
[Hg]
Za
42 42
42
[[4 2 ]]
[[4 2 ]]
[[42]]
[[4 2 ]]
42
42
42 42 [[4 2 ]] [[4 2 ]]
[[4 2 ]] [[4 2 ]] [[4 2 ]] [[4 2 ]] [33] [[3 3]]
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
A . IN T RODUCTION
With hand A, the last two columns leading up to the join between columns 17 and 18 do not differ from the other columns that immediately preceded, but the next two columns, constituting the first columns of the next sheet (I 8, 19) are distinctly narrower than the other cols, having an average respectively of 27.53 and 29.00 letters. The margins between 17 columns have been preserved, and in one pLace several continuous columns with margins are present (columns 16 to 22). However, these margins do not provide any clue to understanding the differing widths of the columns. Such a clue m ay come from the one place where we know with certainty that two sheets were joined, that is, between cols 17 and 18. Note that cols 13 to 17, which certainly were written on the same sheet, have an average of 32- 35 letters, while columns 18 to 22, written on a different sheet, were narrower, with an average of 28-3 1 letters. At the same time the presumably different sheet containing Jo and the beginning ofMi bas an average of 38-43 letters (cols 2- 4), while what may have been the next sheet, containing the remainder of Mi (cols 5-<), averaged 31- 35 letters. While a more thorough study of the relevant material in the Qumran scrolls is in order, a study of some large scrolls shows that the columns often differ much from each other, though within each sheet a certain consistency is visible (see especially IQS, I QIsQ and IIQTemple), presumably because each individual sheet was ru led at the start into roughly equal-width columns. The measurements of the margins between the columns, and of top and bottom margins, when preserved, are as follows.
These partial data allow us to reconstruct the height of the leather as 35.2 cm for hand A (4.4 em for the top margin, 27 cm for the average col [see Table 3] and 3.8 cm for the bottom margin). Similar data cannot be reconstructed with complete confidence for hand B, although the top margin of col B2 is 4.2 cm and col BI is about 26.7 cm high (no bottom margin is preserved).
6
TABLE
col col col col col col col col
2-3 3-4 fr-7 7- 8
6: Margins between columns col col col col col col col col
1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.1 [. 5 1.4 1.8
8--9 14- 15 1fr-17 17- 18
TABLE
col 5 col 8 col 13
3.4 (slightly ragged)
4. 0
2 3 4 6 7 17 18
[9-20
20--21 21-22 22- 23 28--29 30--31 BI-B2
1.1 1.6- 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 2·3 I.Z 1. 7-1.9
7: Top margins col 14 col S2
4 .5 (complete) 4. 2 (complete)
4.5 (complete)
T ABLE
col col col col col col col
18- 19
3.5 (ragged) 3.4 (ragged) 3 .0
3 .1 (ragged) 3. [ (ragged) 3. 5 (ragged) 3·5
8: Bottom margins col col col col col col
[9 20 22 23 28 3I
3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3·5
(complete) (complete) (ragged) (ragged) (ragged)
7
3. Content and Scope F or the sake of simplicity, the following discussion assumes that we are d ealing with a single manuscript written in two different hands. The evidence for and problems with such a hypothesis are d iscussed in A5. Major and minor portions of 25 (or 26---see additional fragment 6 [plate XX)) columns have been preserved from Jo, Mi , Na, Ha, Zp and Za. Together with the recon structed sections these books comprised 55 columns according to the reconstruction shown in Table 9 (double square brackets denote columns for which no d ata have been preserved, w h ile data within single brackets refer to columns which h ave been partially preserved, lacki ng at least the top or bottom line) (see Table 10). Adding the numbers for the individual books (see Table 10) we reconstruct 331 colu mns for hand A covering the following books: Jo, Mi, Na, H a, Zp and Za. To these we add 3 columns for Hg between Zp and Za, even though no fragment of that book has been preserved. Altogether, for hand A 37 columns are calculated, to which 18 columns are added for hand B. T his brings the tentative calculation of the scroll to at least 55 co lumns. This calculation is based on the assumption that scribe B started to write exactly in the first column preserved in his handwriting, that is in Za 8. This assumption is made for the sake of convenience only, for if we assume that scribe B started with the first column after the last preserved fragment of han d A , we would have to add to the calculation another 31 cols TABL E 9:
col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col
(I] Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [10) [I I] [I Z] 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 zo
Reconstructed content of the scroll (Jo-Za )
[[ ? ))-Jo ([1.5)] [ I .s]-z·7a Jo [Z·7 b )- 4 ·Sa Jo [4·Sb]-Mi 1.7a Mi I .7b-[Z .7] Mi z .7- 3.6a Mi [).6b)- 4. S M i 4.6-S.4(s )a Mi S. 4(S )b-[6.4) Mi [[6 .S-7.z]] Mi [(7.2- 7.14)] Mi [(7. 14]]- Na [[1.5)] Na [I .S]-[z.sa] Na Z.5b- [3.4] Na [3. 4]- [3.18] Na [3 .1 8]-Ha LI la Ha [I.I Ib]-z.8a Ha [ z.8b]--z.zo Ha [3.1 ]- 3. I Sa Ha [3. ISb]-Zp 1.6a
Jo
col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col col
ZI Z2 23 [24] [zs] [z6) [z7) z8 29 30 3I [3Z) [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] BI Bz [B3- 18]
Zp [1. 6b]-I.I 8a Zp [ I.ISb]- 2.10 Zp [z . 11 ]-3· 7 Zp [[3.8- 3.19]] Zp [[3 . 19)]- [[Hg (start»)] [[Hg)] [[Hg]) [Hag (end»)-Za 1.4a Za [1.4b ]- (J.ls a) Za [l.I s b]- 2.Iz(8)a Z a [z.Iz(8)b]-3.7a [[Za 3.7b-4 .10)) [[Za 4 .10--5.9]] [[Za 5.9- 6.lz]] [[Za 6.12- 7 .10]] rrZa 7. 10- 8.8]] [[Za 8.8- 8. I 8)] Za [8 .18]- 8.Z3<1 Za 8. z 3b-[9.7] [rZa 9·8- end]]
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
A. INTRODUCTION
between chaps. 3 and 8 since the columns of hand B contain less text. This asswnption may well be correct ifthe identification of additional fragm ent 6 (Za 4 :7-8?) in the handwriting of scribe B is stable. [In the reconstruction the sequence Jo-Mi is sound since the fragments containing col 3 (end of Jo) and 4 (beginning of Mi) make a convincing join (see plates I , III, IV). The fragment containing col 4 also contains two letters of the ends of lines of col 3 (epsilon on I. 25 and eta on 1. 33).] The sequence of the books follows that of MT and not of the LXX. [In the case ofHg we are relatively confident that the book was contained between Zp and Za in the original scroll, since without it the structure of the scroll becomes more
problematic. If Hg did not follow Zp in th e scroll, Zp would be followed immediately by Za; in that case the join b etween the end of Zp and the start of Za would be unusually cramped.] Size-The material w r itten by hand A probably did not begin with Jo because in that event 10 would start h alf way down the 'first' reconstructed column, which suggests that it must have been preceded by at least one other book. If, as seems possible , the scroll contained all the M inor Prophets, it would have required another 7 columns for JI and Ob and another 22 for Ho and Am, that is, altogether 66 columns for hand A to the point where h and B is preserved. The material from where h and B begins would cover 18 columns for Za and 7 for Ma, totalling 25 columns. Thus a complete scroll of the Minor Prophets in this fo rmat (hand A p lus hand B) would have contained at least 9 1 columns. Furthermore, if the section b etween the last column of hand A and the first one of hand B was all written by hand B, and not by h and A, another 31 columns m ust be added to t his calculation, that is, 941 columns altogether. Alternatively, if hand B wrote only 3 columns, that is, if these were a mere ' p atch'- like in the H ebrew 4QDeut" ['All Souls']- the reconstructed total length could be 80 columns. Note that if h and B was a patch, add itional fragment 6 must have come at the end of the patch, to be sewn on to whatever fo llowed. Returning now to the width of the preserved columns, the len gth of the scroll can be calculated on the basis of the assumption that it contained all the books of t he M inor Prophets. The data provided in T ables 4 and 6 point to an average of 8 .9 cm for each column (based on 17 columns totalling 151 cm) and to an av erag~ of 1.7 cm fo r the margins between t he columns. T he average column with margin is thus 10.6 cm w h ich w ould yield a scroll of either 9.64 m eters (based on 91 columns) or 10.07 meters (based on 95 columns ). Such a scroll-would be longer than any p ublished Qumran scroil. T he longest preserved scrolls from Qumran (in Hebrew!) are IQIsa (7.34 meters) and I I QTemple (8. 148 meters, but reconstructed to a full length of at least 8.75 meters). To assume a length of 10 meters for the Minor Prop hets scroll is thus unusual but p erhaps not impossible.
8
TABLE 10;
Calculation of the columns by book
Rand A
Jo
t remains of
Mi
rem ains of next
2
t sf
2t t
Na
remains of 3
i
Ha
remains of 4
t
Zp
remains of
Za
remains of
3t It
31
6
first col reconstructed (beginning) co Is preserved last col reconstructed (end) cols preserved eols r econstructed col reconstructed (beginn ing) cols preserved col reconstructed (end) cols preserved col reco nstructed (end) eols p reserved (beginning) cols r econstructed (en d) cols preserved eols reconstruct ed
RondB remains of
2
,6
eols preserved cols reconstructed (?) unidentified fragment preserved (additional fragment 6)
9
4. Special Characteristics TABLE II:
Order of books in the Hebrew and Greek (MSS ABS ; MS V resembles MT) tradition compared with the contents of the scroll Hebrew
preserved books of scroll
Ho
Jl
xx
Am
XX
Mi Na Ha Zp Hg Za Ma
)(.,'(
Ob
xx
XX XX XX XX
XX
XX
XX XX
[XX]
Ho Am Mi
JI
Ob
Jo
Greek
[XX]
Jo Na
Ha Zp Hg Za Ma
4a. Division into Sense- Units The text of the scroll has been s u bdivided into paragr aphs with both m ino r and major breaks, as observed b y Barth . 166 and J. M . Oesch , Petucha und Setuma Untersuchungen zu einer iiherlieferten Gliederung im hebraischen T ext des A lten T estament , OBO 27 (Freibur g-G ot t ingen 1979) 303---<). W hat has not been observed b y these scholars is that the scroll co ntai ns also a d ivision into 'verses' and that in all th ree d ivisions the scroll agrees to a great extent w ith the M asoretic t radition, not only regarding the system of sub dividing the text, but also regar ding t he location of the divisions themselves. On the other hand, this fact had been recognized b y E. J. R evell on t he basis of published photographs: 'The Oldest Evidence for the Heb rew Accent System' , BJRL 54 (1971 - 2) 214-22. R evell goes much further, since he id entifies in the sCioll a division into hemistichs and the beginning of the accent system later found in M T. T his view has b een further developed by Revell on the basis of photographs of the complete scroll in ' Biblical Punctuation and Chant in t he Second Temple Period', JSY 7 (1976) 181 - 98. The Minor Prophets scroll reflects the fram ework and content of the M asoretic system of J
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIlJ
A. INTROD UC TION
subdivisions which distinguishes between 'open' sections, in which the remainder of the line is left blank after the last word, and 'closed' sections, in which a given number of spaces is left between sections. Most of the open and closed sections in the scroll agree with similar indications in MT, although in some instances an open section of the scroll agrees with a closed section of MT or vice versa: see Table 12. [In addition, the 'paragraphos' sign occurs in the following places at the beginning of a prophecy or prayer (as in certain Greek papyri in which it indicates the beginning of direct speech): Jo 4:2, Mi 1:5, Zp 1:2, Za I: 14, 2:17,3:7. (The intention of the paragraphos in Za I: 13 is not clear.) In all these instances a closed section is reconstructed or preserved (Mi 1:5)·]
In the scroll, the indication of open section s is consistently combined with two scribal practices. All open sections are indicated by large letters at the beginning of the next line, protruding into the margin. Furthermore, a horizontal line-'paragraphos'- between the lines indicates the same phenomenon. T his mark occurs either below or above the line in which the open section occurs. (Often the beginnings of the lines where the paragraphos would have stood have not been preserved. Such instances have been noted in Table 12 as '[?]'.) Note further that the use of the paragraphos for new sections is also known from m any Hebrew non-bibHcal scrolls from Qumran (IQS, 1Q S"b I QMyst (27), IQp Hab, 4Q502-504, 509, 512), from the Aramaic 4QTestLev" as well as from secular Greek and Aramaic documents from the hellenistic period. In IQIs" the paragraphos is used 70 times (mainly for open sections, but also for closed sections and 'indentations' [see Y. Maori, T extus 10 (1982) N-3, esp. T]). For secular Greek documents and literary texts, see the material collected by E. G. Turner, Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World (O xford 1971) JO, 15 = 2nd ed. (London 1987) 8, 12f. Furthermore, the system of our scroll resembles that of PFouad 266 in which closed and open sections are indicated with the paragraphos sign see F. Dunand, Papyrusgrecs bibliques ( Papyrus F. I nv. 266) (Cairo 1966) and id., Etudes de Papyrologie 9 (197 1) 81 - 150; Z. A ly, Three Rolls of the Early Septuagint: Genesis and Deuteronomy (Bonn 1980)-as well as that of 4QLXXLe~ (see P . W . Skehan, SVT 4 ( 1957) 159). For a detailed discussion, see Oesch, op. cit. 206--3 I. The second convention used in connection with open sections is that of enlarged initial letters which we would caU capitals, often p rotruding to t he left of the m argin . This system, otherwise known only from Greek papyri of documentary texts and Christian sources, has been described in detail by C . H . Roberts, Manuscript, Society and Beliefin Early Christian Egypt (Oxford 1979) 16--1 8. T he presence of these capitals is indicated in T able 12. [In addition, other 'capital' letters are found at the beginnin g of some 'verses'. after short spaces, and often elsewhere such as the first letter of a book (see M i I : I) or a line (the latter can b e disregarded for our purpose): Jo 2:6 (middle of v.), 4:1 (beginning), M i 5:1 (2) (middle) , 5:4(5) (middle), N a 3:16 (beginning), H a 1:15 (middle), 1:16 (beginning), 1:17 (beginning), 2:3 (middle), 2: 16 (beginning) , 3: 10, 15 (both beginning), Zp I: 17 (middle), 3:7 (middle).] In addition to the open an d closed sections the scroll indicates with one or two spaces the beginning of what in M T is a new verse. This practice is known from a few Hebrew sources o (I QpaleoLev [limited evidence] and 4Q D an ,d [reported b y S. J. Pfann]; the situation with regard to I QIso is not clear) as well as from two early Greek biblical sources: PFouad 266 and PRyl Greek 458. I t is relatively easy to recognize these sp aces in the scroll since in the section written by scribe A there are otherwise no spaces between words. At the same time , the very recognition of a space is sometimes subjective, when the space is recognized only by comparing the extant space with the surrounding text and not by any absolute measure. The second scribe left spaces between most words, and for the beginnings of new verses he left
10
TABLE 12 :
Open and closed sections reflected in the scroll
This table lists the open and closed sections found before the verses indicated (p = petulJ-ah [open] ; s = setumah [closed]) in codex Leningrad BI9A (L) of MT and the scroll (for additional- usually smal ler- spaces, see Table 13). I t also records the existence of a ' paragraphos' sign (third column), denoted in the scroll by a horizontal stroke between lines, and of 'capital letters ' (fourth column) protruding into the left margin after the open or closed section ('cap protr' in the T able). ' [?]' in the third column denotes that the fragments are not adequately preserved to permit seeing the interli.'1ear space in which the 'paragraphos' sign would be expected. '[?]' in the fourth column indicates that the beginning of the next tine (only after an 'open' section) which would have contained a capital letter has not been preserved (such capital letters have been included in the reconstruction).
scroll
paragrapJws
capital letteT
}o Z : I }02:6 Jo 3:10
p
[?]
(?]
p
para
cap protr
Mi Mi Mi Mi Mi Mi Mi Mi Na Na Na
s
p
[?]
[?]
end of col [?] [?] (?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
cap protr
[?] para
[?]
cap protr
[?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
end of col para
[?]
cap protr
elements found before:
colkx L
s
I:Z
3:5 4:5 4:6 4:8 4:9 5:1 5:6 2:7
p
[s]
p p
s s
[s]
p
[P]
3:8
[s?]
3:11
Ha Z :I Ha z:15 Ha z:18 H a 2:19 Ha z:zo Ha 3:1 Ha 3:14 Za 1:4 Za 2:3 Za z:8 Za 2:12 Za 3:1 Za 8:20 Za 9:1
p
p p p
s s s
[s]
p
s
p
s
s
p
p
p p
s
s
[s]
p
s s p
[sJ
[P]
s
[p]
p
TABLE 13:
para [?] [ ?]
cap protr
[?]
cap protr
Spaces recorded between VeTses (excluding open and closed sections for which see Table
JJ
12)
BefoTe }o 2 :7, 3:3,8,9; Mi 1:8; 3 :6; 5:4 ; Na 3:16; Ha 1:6.7,8,9,10,16 ,17; 2:2 ,6,7,16,l7; 3:10,15; Z p 1:[2],14,16,17 ; 3 :7.
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
A. INTRODU C TION
more than one space. Likewise) the scribe of PRyl Greek 458 often left spaces within the verse , and between verses he left more than one space. With the exception of three places (Mi 1:6; Na 2:6,8), our scroll contains at least one blank space at the beginning of each new verse (T able 13). In the following instances a space is left in the middle of a verse where MT has an etnachta:
could have b elonged to the same scroll, or to 'sister' scrolls, in terms of height and column format . The question of the relation between the two hands is made all the more problematic because so little has been preserved of the work of hand B, and the presumed djviding line between the two scribes occurred at an unusual p oint , viz., in the middle of Za, somewhere between chapters 3 and 8. Scr ibe B probab ly wrote Ma as w ell. On this hypothesis, his share must have been limited, unless one ascribes to him also the non- preserved books at the beginning of the scroll. If, on the other hand , it is proposed that hands A and B represent two different complete m anuscripts of the Minor Prophets, it is surprising t h at so little of hand B has been preserved. T he d ifferences between the script of the two hands are d escribed in A7. In ad dition, t he fo llowing differences between t he two hands are notewort hy:
12
Mi 1:5.5:4; Ha 1:1 5,2:3; Zp 3:7; Za 3:4
In addition, in the following instances a space is left b et ween different parts of a verse, suggesting that the parts were understood as independent units: 102:6.7; [4:2] ; Mi
1:1,1;
5 :1,2; N a 1:14; Za [3: 6] .
4b. Tetragrammaton T h e texts of both han d A and h and B con t ain the tetragrammaton in palaeo-Hebrew, though in different forms. Altogether there are 24 sam p les of the fully or parti ally preserved tet r agrammaton in h and A m aterial and fou r in hand B . The question of who actually wrote the tetr agrammaton into the text and at what point in the process of producin g the manusc ri p t is of interest. The evidence from other sources warns us not to assume that the G reek scribe who first p roduced the man uscript himself wrote the tetragrammaton. In PFouad 266, the original G reek scribe left open large spaces fo r the tetragramm aton indicated by a raised dot on each side of t he space. Then, at a later time, t he tetragrammaton was added, possibly by another scribe, in the indicated spaces. In the course ofthis procedure one preser ved space was left empty. In all other instances there is ample space both b efore and after the tet r agrammaton . The same sort of procedure has b een employed in POxy 656 (Gen.) = 905 (Rah lfs), where KVPWS has been ad ded by a second hand. In our scroll hand A probab ly wrote both the Greek text and the p alaeo-He brew t etragramrnaton without interruption, since in some instances t here is little or no space between the tetrag rammaton and the adjacent wor ds, and occasionally the tetragrammaton is written in almost one cont inuous movement together with the next letter (col 28, 1. 37; also col 8 , 1. 6). In col 28, 1. 37 the tail of the y od of the tetragrammaton and the beginning of the first letter of the next word alm ost touch each other in one continuous stroke. Becau se of t he unusual shape and large size of the H eb rew letters, the scribe wrote in col 8,1. 40 the H ebrew at the level of t he bottom of the preceding Greek word an d when h e continued wi t h t he Gn:ek after the H ebrew he w rote one level below the previous Greek word. This, too , suggests that the same hand wrote b oth the G r ee'k and Hebrew, p resumably both from left to right. Likewise , the scribe of POxy 3522 (Job) very clearly wrote the t etragramm aton from left to right , creating a ligature between the yod and t he next G reek letter. There is not enough evidence from hand B to judge these matters .
5. T h e Two Scribes/H ands The data in Tables 3- 4 an d 6- 7 show that the leather on which the text of hand B was w r itten had the same m easurements for the top and side m argi ns, and the writing block was also compatible in size with that of h and A. The materials written by scribes A and B therefore
13
H and A w r o te columns averaging 42 lines (wit h some exceptions ), w h ile the one col umn that can be tested of hand B contains only 33 lines. The aver age number of letters on each line is 3
2. U nlike h and B, hand A left no spaces between words .
3. Evidence of ruled m arkings at the side m argins as w ell as the top (an d bottom?) margin appears for hand B, while there is n o such evidence for hand A. 4. The sheets written by hand A w ere glu ed t ogether (see the joining of cols 17-18), while those of h and B were sewn (see addi tional fragment 6). 5. The shape of the p alaeo- Hebrew letters of the tetragramm aton is completely different in each script. In the script of t he second hand all letters point dow n wards. T h is is particularly evident with regard to the he. T he he of the first hand stan ds upr ight w it h t he c ross-bars in horizontal d irection, while the cross-bars of the he of the second h and p oin t vertically downwards. (I n fact, hand A used two different forms of the he, t he final one almost always tilting to the left, but in comparison with t he he used by hand B they can still b e called upright; likewise , the scr ibe of POxy 3522 (Job ) used two d ifferent forms of the he.) Both scribes 'drew' rather than wrote th e letters from an imprecise m odel. (This a pplies also to the form of the tetragrammaton in the Aqu ila fragments p ublished by F. C . Burkitt [Cambridge 1897] in w h ich t he waw and yod are id entical.) 6. Probably b ecause the lines in the columns written by hand B were rather n arrow , h e used all the available space so that he often divided w ords even afte r a s in gle letter, m uch more than h and A. 7. T he leather u sed b y hand B was prepared less well than that used by hand A (see Barth. 164). It is coarser, thicker and less polish ed. The gen eral background of the bisection of the Minor Prophets in the scroll is not clear. Although the sections written by hands A and B p robably belonged to the same scroll , the unusual length of the scroll that would res ult from the combined work of the two scrib es raises some problems . Nevertheless, the supposition t hat we are dealing with one scroll gains some support from the archaeological data, sin ce the fi rs t lot brou ght to the Ecole Biblique (see Barth. 163) contained m ain ly the work of hand A, but also a small fragment b y hand B, while the second lot (very small) brought to him a year later contained the wo rk of
14
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
hand B, but also a small scrap written by hand A. Thus there is no initial presumption in favour of t he assumption that we are confronted with two different lots representing two different scrolls. The major argumen ts in favour of the view that the work of hands A and B belongs to one scroll are the aforementioned data on the measu rements, the identical textual character of the two segments (see F ), and the fact that no overlap between the work of hands A and B has yet been identified. It is thus quite possible that han ds A and B wrote segments of the same scroll, as som etimes happened with other biblical man uscripts. It is not impossible that some time elapsed between the writing of hand A and t he completion of the scroll by hand B (although there is n o compelling palaeographic reason for this [thus P. Parsons in A7]). In this regard we are remind ed of the Temple S croll, for Yadin (p. 10) claimed that time had elapsed between the work of the first and second scribe of that scroll. It m ay well b e that scribe A produced an incomplete scroll finished after some time by scr ibe B, or that a complete scroU by scribe A became damaged and was later patched by scrib e B. T here is even the possibility, illustrated many centuries later by a C optic cod ex of the P salms, that two originally separate scrolls have been united into one in an effort to repair damage or comp lete the desired corpus (see R . A. Kraft, 'An Unpublished C op tic Sahidic Psalter Codex at th e U niversi ty Museum in Philadelphia: A Prel iminary R eport', in: M. E. Stone (ed.), Armenian and B iblical Studies (JerusaJem 1976] 87- 8). A related possibility is th at we are dealing with a copy of the M inor P rophets that w as produced and preserved in mUltiple scrolls (perhaps three ?), written by two or more scribes, and portions of (at least) two of these 'sister scrolls' have survived in h ands A and B.
6. D escription of the Materials and their State of Preservation BY R OBE R T A. KRA FT
6a. General Description The M inor Prophets materials from the Cave of Horror consist of a plethora of leather fragments of varying sizes, written only on one side, in two different hands, wi th numerous gaps b etween the fragments, b oth horizontal and vertical. There seems no point in measuring all the p ieces individually (see the plates). T h e following measurements describe the larger sections of joined or nearly joined fragments, at the wi d est and t allest points. Thus the triangularly shaped section containing portions of cols 20 (the ends of a few lines) to 23 is described as 32 cm wide (at its widest point) an d 14 cm tall (at its tallest point). Each of the larger sections m ay encompass a number of smaller fragments that have been pieced together. On the measurements of each preserved column, see A2. N o column of writing is fully preserved, although contiguous portions of all b ut eight lines of col 17 have survived. The largest conjoined portion of material is from cols 17-19, about 25.2 cm tall by 25 cm wide; if this section is rejoined to the remaining lower portions of cols 19- 20, the total width of the c ombined sections would be increased to about 42 cm. The immediately adjacent large fragment containing portions of cols 20-23 was about 14 cm tall by 32 em wide before it broke into two parts. The much more brittle and now fragmented section representin g cols 2-4 was at least 19 cm tall and about 30 cm wide at some point in its recent history. The material from the lower portion of cols 6-8 w as about 10 cm high and 27 em wide .
A . INTRODUCTION
IS
AIl of the aforementioned sections, plus relatively smaller portions from cols 16, 28- 29 and 30-3 I, represent the lower portion of the roll. The largest surviving block of material that includes the top margin is cols 13- 15, at perhaps 27 cm high and 19 wide (only p art of the uninscribed top margin of coli 3 has survived). Cols 8-9 preserve another significant chunk that includes the top margin , about 12 cm high and IS em wide. A smaller an d more mutilated portion of top margin appears for col 5, about 5 em high and I I cm wide. The largest fragment of hand B also comes from the top of its roll and is 17.7 cm high by about 12 cm wide. The main body of material (hand A) is written on a relatively thin and relatively smooth leather surface that was probab ly pale yellowish b rown in its original state. Despit e extensive d amage and some discoloration, it still has an attractive appearance, with its neatly written rows of clear black letters. There is a tendency for the writing to be relatively more cramped towards the bottoms of columns. The average 'letter b lock' (i.e. from start of a letter to the start of its neighbour, and from base line to adjacent base line) for the letters alpha and theta is about 0.5-0.7 cm high and 0.2-0.3 cm wide. The widest letters are omega and m u, at nearly twice the width of alpha. D elta, zeta, lamd a, nu, xi, pi, tau and chi are abou t one third to one quarter again as w ide as alpha. On the narrow end of the scale, iota is about half as wide as alpha, while beta, gamma , epsilon, omicron , rho, and sigma are about three fourths the widt h. Upsilon varies greatly in width, but with eta, kappa, p hi and psi is usually just slightly wider t han alpha. T h e four palaeo-Hebrew letters of the tet ragrammaton t ogether take from 5 to 7 times the width of an alpha. H and B uses larger and heavier lettering, with slightly b rowner ink, on leather that is also thicker and perhaps a bit less yellow in tone. The average letter block for han d B is about 0 .8 em h igh by 0.4 cm wide (for alpha), in the small portion t hat is p reserved. Both scribes have written on the usually p aler 'flesh side' of the leather, but only hand B em ploys rulings to outline the margins at the sides and top (an d bottom ?) of the colu mns of w riting. Stitch ing is evident on one fragment from h and B, while an adhesive apparently was used to join panels of leather in the material by hand A (cols 17-1 8).
6b. Damage and Decay Patterns Thus far, the preserved materials have yielded few unambiguous clues concerning the physical form and circumstances in which they survived through the ages. The fragments are extensively damaged , b oth with reference to the reconstructed original scroll or scrolls from which they derive, and also in relationship to the larger sections of the originals that remain relatively intact. To help focus t h e discussion, the preserved fragments will be examined in relationship to the following con trasting hypothetical models: (I) The remains (at least those from h and A) represent a single scrol! that had been relatively intact and rolled up neatly when it was deposited in antiquity, but suffered extensive decay and damage from the ravages of time and the carelessness of its bedouin discoverers. (2) The remains were already extensively damaged in antiquity an d the effects of time and modem mistreatment have only added to the existing situation. Important unknown factors in the discussion are the extent to which the bedouin may h ave contributed t o the d egener at ion of the materials, and the exact circumstances in w h ich the archaeologists discovered the 13 ' shreds of p archment' describ ed by Lifshitz, of w h ich 4 scraps are contiguous and one other is blank (thus 9 fragments with writ ing). If the archaeologists found the fragments in situ, or at least adhering to the (disturbed) layers of bat
17
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
A. INTRODUCTION
dung that apparently covered t he cave floor, we would have a better idea of which edges were exposed to the outside in antiquity. If the archaeologically discovered fragments were simply mixed in with the disturbed debris, as separate items, that would suggest that they could have broken off from the larger lot when the bedouin attempted to remove their n ew treasure . Just how the bedouin succeeded in exiting the cave with their discoveries is also a relevant question, since the cave is d escribed as virtually inaccessible (80 meters down from the top of an almost sheer cliff face) , and they presumably d id not have appropriately protective containers in which to transport the d elicate manu script m aterials. To what extent did they divide up t he discoveries, fold the material for more convenient port ability, etc.? On the other hand, the discovery apparently took place in late A u gust, 1952, when the value of such scrolls was not unknown to t heir finders- indeed, the bedouin o bviously were searching for such relics and thus prob ab ly were anxiou s to p reserve as much of value as possible . Thus it seems unlikely, a priori, that large portions of the material would have been lost or d estroyed by the bedouin, except by accident. It is possib le th at additional portions of the scroH(s) fell into private hands and will some day surface. But for now, we must wo rk wit h what we have, and it is severely fragmen ted and damaged. If we assume that the roll from which the bulk of the m aterials (hand A ) derived was rolled up neatly when it began the p eriod of dormancy from which its recent disco verers disturbed it, we m igh t expect to find some repeating patterns of decay where moisture, vermin, or other destructive factors left their mark, over time, on adj acent layers of the roll. F rom such information we might also be able to make related conjectures concerning the o rigin al length of the roll, its contents, structure, etc. W it h this ideal model in m ind, it could be argued that t he preserved portions from hand A exhibit such a pattern. The best evidence comes from cols 13 to 23, which represent a fragmented consecutive section of more than 105 cm in length , mostly from t he lower h alf of the original roll. Similarly positioned and shaped decay holes are found near the bottom of cols 17, 20 and 22 / 23, approximately 25-32 cm apart. I n addition, the preserved material from t he upper portion of cols 14/ 15 and 17/ 18 originally would have been about 27-33 cm a part, and thus could have b een adjacent. If such a pattern were accepted as probable, it would suggest that almost four turns of the roll h ave been preserved in this sect ion , w ith the wider intervals (, p anels ') to t he left, requiring about 29-33 cm for a full turn , and the shorter to the right, needing about 23-24 cm per turn. Each successive panel (or turn) varies from the adjacent panel b y about 1.5-3.5 cm in widt h. I t is not possible t o d etermine w hether the writing faced inward (as expected) or outward on this hypothesis, but the scroll itself would have been rolled u p from right to left so that the first part of the text would be encountered first as the sc roll was unrolled. Cols 2 to 9, which originally covered about 86 cm of t h e ro li, sh ow some similar patterns. T he top margin is p reserved for cols 5 an d 8/9, abou t 32- 40 cm apart. Since the missing cols 10 to 13 would have required about 40 cm (a little more th an one turn or panel at that p oint), it is n ot unreasonable to think th at the t op margin of cols 8/9 could h ave backed up to the top margin of col 5. Again , cols 28 to 3 I rep resent a sect ion that originally was about 38 cm wide, and lower margins are preserved for col 28 and for 30/3 I. T he interval is abou t 16-25 cm . At t his point in t he hypothetical roll pattern, we expect the 'panel' to be abou t 19.
This results in a reconstructed picture of a somewhat loosely rolled body of material in ten turns/panels for coIs I to 32, with the following adjacent/overlapping representative points at the start of each sucessive panel (estimated widths of each panel in parentheses below):
16
cols 2 (4 2 )
5/6 (39)
9 /10 (36)
13 (33)
16/17 (3 1 )
19/20 (28)
22 /23 (25)
2S (23)
27/ 28 (21)
30 (oo.)
With slight adjustment, allowing for looser rolling at the outside and tighter nearer the centre, it could be argued that there is even a certain symmetry to the larger picture: two panels preserved (cols 2-9) , then one lost (10-12); 4 preserved (13- 2 3), then 2 lost (24- 2 7); 2 preserved (28-3 1 ), then an unknown number lost (but probably not more than 10 panels, depending on how tightly the interior is rolled, containing another 10 cols or so). Such a reconstruction, however, encounters serious difficulties. With the possible excepti on of t he holes in cols 17-23, the supposedly similar decay patterns on ly approximately coincid«.7-there are few impressive detailed replicat ions of sh apes to support the hypothesis. Furthermore, u n less a great deal of mat erial was lost, destroyed or retained by t he m o dern discoverers , h ow is it possible to account for the large gaps b etw een the preserved ' sections' as well as within each of those sections? When all is said and done , the reconstr uction d oes n ot seem to w o rk for all of the preserved fr agments, although it may be satisfactory for the midd le p o rtion (cols 13-2 3) as a sub- u n it of t he o r iginal scroll.
6c. Other Evidences of Damage: Folding and Crumpling The fragmen ts con tain oth er clues of value for making conjectures about the p hysical state of the m aterial at the time it w as left in the cave. Many fragments attest t h at the leather had been a ump led and folded, w hether in antiquity or by later explorers. M uch of t h is evidence comes from t he early columns: cols 2-4 show fold s that run at a slight angle from the upper left to the lower right as well as a few creases running from lower left to upper right. The top of col 5 appears to be crumpled as well, as d oes the small fragmen t from near the top of col 6 (plate V, frag ment a) . A series of fold marks can b e seen between cols 7 and 8, on a slight di agonal from u p p er left to lower right, and with var ious offshoots. The bottom of col 6 and the top of cols 8-9 also appear unusually w rinkled. Nor a re remaining sections free of such marks. T he top of col 14 is badly crumpled and has various di agonal folds running almost perpen d ic ular to each oth er . The lower m argin at col 17 seems to show heavy fo ld/crumple lines (see col 16 as well). The m aterial from cols 30-3 I also reveals similar damage, with prominent, almost vertical fold lines as well as a heavy d iagonal fold from lowe r left t o u pper right. E ven the large fragment of h and B (p late XIX, fragment a) shows evidence of d iagonal folding at the top r ight (see also additional fragment 6 , from hand B). T hese damage li nes do not all seem to be recent, although some ofthem may very well b e. N otice that the b reaks betw een the portions of L ifshitz ' reconstru cted larger fragment from n ear the top of col 3 (plate I I I , fragment a) suggest a similar pattern of diagonal fo ld damage, which strength ens the case fo r such damage being ancient. Vertical lines of damage would be expected in a normally rolled scroll that had aged an d/or h ad been crushed , especially in the innermost , more t ightly rolled panels. A prominent horizontal 'fol d ' half way down the roll sometimes appears as well , as in IQlsQ cols 1- 17; see also I QS col I)- p erhaps the result of a heavy guideline for ruling , or a manufacturer's fold to help produce even ly cut upper and lower edges? Patterns of diagonal folds seem abnorm al.
18
A . INTRODUCTION
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
Thus it may well be t hat the material was already in a dishevelled, and possibly heavily damaged state when it was abandoned to history. Whether such damage would have been intentional or accidental can only be conjectured-e.g. perhaps the scroll was accidentally dropped and trampled upon d uring the confusion surrounding the last days of the cave's occupancy in antiquity? Perhaps it had been damaged at an earlier time, and had been put aside to await appropriate disposal ? Perhaps the Roman soldiers sacked the cave after the inhabitants had succu mbed to fami ne and other terminal forces, and tore the materials apart? Although the excavators discovered no evidence of Roman presence in the cave, they did find the rem ains of a large hot fire in the centre of the cave-corridor, and conjectured that 'the besieged occupants . .. evidently decided to m ake a great b onfire ... and destroy all their belongings in it-apart from the G reek scroll of the T welve M ino r Prophets which, together p erhaps with some important documents , was buried between the rocks ofthe end chamber' (Aharoni, 199). It m ay also be that the fi re was the work of a Roman m ilitary 'mop up' crew after the occupants had succumbed , or of ot hers who discovered the situation soon after the Romans had departed from their camp atop t h e cave area. In any event , occasions on which the scroll could h ave received serious damage do not seem to have been lacking in antiq u ity. Perhaps it is worth noting at this point that the excavators also found th ree scraps of unconnected papyri in situ under the top layer of dung not far f rom the mout h of the cave, and concluded t hat 'these documents . .. must th erefore have been torn up and drop ped at t his spot in antiquity' (Aharon i, 195). By whom, and why? And can this tell us anything about the history of the Minor Prophets m aterials ? One other possibility is suggested by the details of the site report. The modern bedouin and the archaeologists were not the first to disturb the cave in its isolated slumber from the second century to the 20th. At least one other intruder left a calling card-an intact byzantine lamp from no earlier t han the 5th century in the centre of the cave (Aharon i, 194). D oes this h ave any relationship to the reports of manuscri pt discoveries in the J udaean caves in t he late 7th century ? Dou btless there w ere also others who made their way to this treacherously remote but not q uite impenetrable spot . What such visito rs may have found, and what they may have done with their finds, can only b e conjectured . 6d. Matching Patterns of (Ancient?) Damage The damage patterns on the fragments can be used in support of a hypothesis that the material was already badly damaged in antiquity. F or example, for cols 13- 23, it is possible to fit the rightmost p anel (cols 20/21 - 23) atop cols 18- 20 in a slightly skewed m anner such that the curved shape of cols 20/ 21 fits nicely over the dam age pattern in the middle of col 18, while the rightmost p ort ion of col 23 overlies the lower margin of col 20. Similarly, if the section containing cols 13-15 is turned so that the top lies under the similarly shaped sections of col i 6 and col 17, the fold patterns and deterioration patterns app roximately (but not exactly) coincide in various places. Again , the destruction patterns found on col 6 are very similar to those on col 30/31 and col 28/29, including a heavy diagonal fold running from lower left to upper right on an angle not prominent elsewhere. Each of these fragm ents also seems to have similar heavy vertical folds. Perhaps they were adjacent to each other during the t rip from antiquity? Indeed , it is tem pting to place this packet among the outside layers of the preserved mass, along with the panel containing cols 13- 15, to help explain the relationship to the L ifshitz fragments, which come from cols 3, 13-1 5, and 30-3 I.
19
Other possible overlaps in the destruction patterns could be suggested, but with even less conviction. Nothing really aligns unambiguously, but, based on the presently available evidence, the model of a damaged mass of material abandoned in antiquity seems somewhat more probable than the model of a neatly rolled consecutive text. Furthermore, there is reason to suspect that the scroll rested alongside other written companions in antiquity. According to the excavation report concerning the discovery of the fragments later published by L ifshitz, the scroll materials p robably came from the back part of the cave, near the opening to the 'end chamber' where numerous burials were located. A piece of papyrus containing cursive Greek writing (from a letter?) was also found at the same location, suggesting that the (damaged?) scroll may have been par t of a larger collection of written materials, deposited in a grave or buried among the rocks, or otherwise left in that relatively remote area. This may also help explain Barthelemy's vague reference to 'Hebrew-Aramaic papyri' from the same cave, apparently as reported by the bedouin (see Aharoni, 19 8), and perhaps also the presence of Minor Prophets Greek ' hand B' fragments, which in this context could easily be viewed as coming from a different roll.
7. The Scripts and Their D ate B Y PET ER
J.
PAR S O NS
Abbreviations Barth. 1953
D . Barthelemy , 'Redecouverte d'un chainon manquan t de 1'histoire de la Septante', RB 60 (1953) 18- 29 ·
Barth. 196 3 GMAWl
GLH Kahle LSSE Menci
PGB
id ., Les devanciers d'Aquila, SVT 10 (L eiden 196 3) .
E . G . Turner, Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World ed. 2 (London (9 8 7). C . H. Roberts, Greek Literary Hands (Oxford (95 6 ). P.E. Kahle, The Cairo Geniza ed. 2 (Oxford (959). G. C avallo, Libri Scribi Scritture a Ercolano (Naples 19 8 3). G . M enci, ' Scritture greche lib rarie con ap ici ornamentali (Ill a.c.-II d.C.)' , S crittura e
Civilta 3 (1979) 23ft'·
W. Schubart, Papyri Graecae B erolinenses (Bonn 19 1 I) .
7a . Description
S cribe A (a) Modulus. The script is in intention bilinear (only 4> reach es well above the line; the
d escenders of p, 4> and I/J are normally curtailed), although uncertainty in execution, and the enlargement of initial letters, gives an irregular imp ression. F or the sizes of t he letters, see A6a. (b) Shading. T he pen is thick, and there are variations of thickness in the strokes, though not, it seems, to any consistent effect. But in several places th e scribe can be seen to sharpen his pen, or take a newer and thinner one: cols 8, 1.1 2, 20 , 1. 3 5· (c) Ornament. T he script is profusely ornamented. The feet of verticals and descending obliques carry blobs or hooks or half-serifs (horizontal or angular or arched) or-rarely fu ll ser ifs; hooks and half-serifs normally point to the right; they may be very large. A glance at fig. I will show that there is no consistency; any suitable letter may carry any of these ornaments. Some ve rticals (11, " K) may be hooked to the left at the top . In some p laces the verticals themselves are given a sinuous shape, which enhances the m annered look.
20
DISCOVERIES IN THE J UDAEAN DE S ERT VIIf
A . INTRODUCTION
21
(d) Letter fonns (see fig. I) A..AAA/to..AAA.
aBB. c- t" .b~
~
e e E:.~ C! €
AAA B
A
rr
B
.l::.
..:j
E~e-~c=
E
Hk
HJ1X
e as-
e€)e
A M
LUlL )..
J, J J ILl<:
"2:.2
l<~ k
""
,,1\../\ M M. ~
N. N N ;;:: '3:
rfl'4 H
c-r
:z:::
r rrr9
'X
T Q
!f
c c c c:.C'
ecc e
-z: :r 1: T ~
rr rr
'i "t '(. "'1. "/.
~f Y
1>++1
X ~
1:
TI n
nn n
~~
t w F IG URE 1
U..) U )
Scribe A cols
W 17-19
n
~ N
00
() 0 00
"'t"
o
MM
N S
F IGURE 2
Scribe B
appears mostly in the cap ital shape (horizontal cross-bar, three movements); sometimes (especially when the letter is enlarged) the right-hand oblique p rojects above the apex. But there are also examples of the pointed form (the cross-bar sloping upward from the left foot). sometimes has its loops made in a single movement, sometimes the base is suppljed as a sep arate horizontal stroke. The right-hand oblique projects above the apex. app ears in various form s: in two movem ents, sometimes with the cross-bar detached (as a short oblique or an arc) o r reduced to a dot, or in three movements, with its top righ t-hand portion add ed as a separate st roke . sometimes has the right-hand oblique p rojecting above the ap ex. with oblique sides, and the central dip touching the line; the right-han dj un ction well below the top of t he right-hand ob liq ue. Various forms : som etimes certain ly in fo u r movements, m ore often in three (som etimes perhaps strokes I and 2 in one movement, then 3 and 4 separate; sometimes strokes 2 and 3 in one movem ent , with the cen tral dip correspondingly rou nded). in three m ovem ents, the right-hand junction norm ally well above the foot of the right-han d upright. someti mes has three separate st rokes, som etimes the m iddle and lower joined in a single m ovement. in two movem ents, the right-han d arc often straighter than the left ; th e joins at head and foot are often imperfect, giving a gap or an overlap. with the right side gently curved. sometimes h as its cap m ade as a separate stroke. somet imes has its top in a single stroke, sometimes divided (the left-hand p art w ritten in a single movement with the stem ). generally in a single movement, but some examples of the two-m ovement fo rm (the right-hand a rc added separately).
(e) G eneral. This aspires to b e a book-hand (there are' only occasion al ligatures). But the performance is incon sistent: individual letter forms vary (e.g. £ and (j are now full and rounded, now narrower and ovoid); ornamentation differs w id ely in application and execu tion; some w hole passages are copied m ore neatly than others (contrast cols 18-19 with col 20).
Scribe B (a) M odulu s . (i) Vertical. T h e script is bilinear (allowi n g fo r the enlargem en t of some line
initials), except for p and 4> (this scribe makes no attempt to curtail them ). (ii) Horizontal. The gen eral effect is round and square; round ed letters ten d to a circle and even an oblate circle, but t here are examples of oval fonns as well. For the sizes of the letters, see A6a. (b) Shading. Thick strokes (horizontals, obliques descending from left to right ) and thin strokes (obliques ascending from left to righ t) are clearly d ifferentiated; verticals may be eithe r. (c) Ornament. The feet of uprights, t he tops of up rights in L, K, 11, 4>, and the left-hand t ips of v and x. take decoration in t he for m of blobs , hooks and half-serifs (horizontal or oblique),
rarely full serifs; hooks and half-serifs m ore oft en (but not consistently) point to the left. (d) Letter forms (see fi g. 2) A E
B A M
n
sometimes in the capital shape, with horizon tal (or concave) c ross-bar, sometimes with cross-bar slop ing to lower left (in at least on e place made in a single m ovement with the fi rst obliqu e ?) . has its c ross-bar detached ; sometim es the b ack is m ade in a single movement, sometimes the cap is added as a further short curved or ho rizontal stroke. sometimes has its cross-bar detach ed on the left side or on both. has its right-h and stroke p rojecting above the apex. has sloping sides, and its b ow touches the line; the junction well below the summ it on both sides. Generally (always ?) in three m ovements, th e second and third strokes in one . with the right side curved (and m ade in one m ovement with th e top?).
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
22
E T Y
tI> D
generally (always?) in two movements, the top supplied as an additional straight or curving stroke.
has a strong curl down on its left-hand end; that part of the cross-bar is often th ickened.
apparently in two movements, the left-hand prong and the stem fo nned in one .
has a large bowl which fills the whole normal line-space.
sometimes (not always ?) in two movements.
(e) General. We have only a small sample of this script; what survives suggests a much more
fluent and consistent copyist than hand A. 7b. Dating
Principles The manuscript came originally from the 'Cave of Horror'; we therefore have a terminus ante quem of C.A . D . 13S for its writing (see AI). For a terminus post quem we have no objective evidence. No certain d eductions can be made from the format of the roll (see A2) or from the orthography (see FI2); the heavy soiling of upper and lower m argins, and of the back, which Barth. reports, may prove heavy use, but whether intensive use over a short period, or recurrent use over a long period, who can say? W e have therefore to base our date on palaeographic evidence. The reader who surveys the bibliography will not need to be warned that such evidence is shifting sand. Barth. 1953 dated the script (that is, hand A) towards the end of i A. D . Roberts apud Kahle (p. 226) opted for 50 B.C.- A.D. 50, and Schubart ibid. for a d ate around the reign of Augustus; Barth. 1963 accepted Schubart's date for hand A, found parallels for hand B in dated papyri of i A.D. and assigned the whole manuscript to mid i A.D. The scientific aspect of the process is simple enough: it consists in pointing out similarities between the script to be dated and other scripts to which an objective (non palaeographic) date can be attached. But such dated hands are rare; and the use to be made of them must be qualified by subjective and ideological fact ors. I list some particular difficulties: (i) 'Styles' and 'similarities'. Ideally, we group scripts together by their similarities; and within one group try to see a definable 'style' of script with its own dynamics of historical development; then undated hands may be placed chronologically within the schema articulated by the dated examples. The difficu lties are twofold. (a) What is a 'similarity'? Two characteristics referred to above are 'ornament' (the use of decorative serifs and the like) and 'shading' (the deliberate alternation of thick and thin pen-strokes, related to the angle at which the pen meets the paper). In one 'style' d efinable by other criteria ornament seems to be essential (the ' Roman Uncial'); in another (the 'Biblical U ncial') heavy shading is always p resent. But in other possible 'styles' shading and ornament seem to be facultative . Thus Turner (GMAW2 p. 21) rightly insists that Schubart's 'decorated style' (to which Schubart assigned hand A) is not really a style, but a single feature of several styles, spread over a period of at least four centuries from ii B.C. (b) What is a style? Some palaeographers speak of a 'canon', that is, a fixed and unitary prescription to which good scribes can be seen conforming, and whose development and decay can be charted . Other palaeographers emphasise that we know effectively nothing about ancient views of these matters or about the training of ancient scribes; t herefore 'canon', with its suggestion of scientific precision and h istorical realism, is inappropriate; 'style', and 'development' within a style, are no more than modern analytic concepts. (ii) Local Styles. There is no special reason to suppose that the same styles of script
A. INTRODUCTIO N
23
existed at the same time, and developed at the same pace, in all parts of the Mediterranean world . It is, for example, arguable that styles which contrast wide and narrow letters appear at Herculaneum in i B.C. , but in Egypt not until ij A.D. (see GMAW2 no. 78). Comparative material from three areas is listed below; it remains an open question how far papyri from Egypt and from Herculaneum are relevant. (iii) Personal styles. We have to add further factors. (a) A scribe may have a working life of 50 years; in that time he may not change his script. Therefore , even if a style can be assumed to show a linear diachronic development, not all practitioners will develop wi th it; very precise datings are risky. (b) Occasionally we can p oint to certain examples of archaising writing: thus POxy L 3529, which I should have assigned on palaeographic evidence to the early Roman period , is shown by its content to date after A.D. 307. We do not know whether archaism was a matter of personal choice or the habit of certain scriptoria or the requirement of certain patrons, or whether it was more likely at certain periods or places or in the copying of certain genres of text (say, scriptural texts).
Comparative Material Hands A and B clearly differ in size and polish (hand B looks much less crabbed and inconsistent than h and A); but they are of the same type, bilinear and decorated . I list some datable comparative material: (i) Egypt. T he overwhelming bulk of our material is from here; but even here the d ated examples are rare . GLH provides an essent ial selection; for the serifed styles with which we shaH be concerned see the detailed lists in Menci. i
B. C .
i
A.D.
GLH 8a document 99 B.C. PLond III 1209 doc. 89 883 doc. 88 PAmh II 51 doc. 88 G LH 8b doc. 30-29 P GB 12 doc. 13 GL H 9a doc. C.7-4 PQasrl b rim Homer later i B.C. ? [See JE A 62 (1976) II6; all datable texts from this find have been early Augu stan .) PMerton I I 52 Homer before 5 B.C. [The verso carries a document of that date.] GMAW 56 LXX later i B.C. ? [See GMAW2 Add . 125 , where Tumer judges a cursive note in th is papyrus to be ' unmistakably Ptolemaic' . Since dated cursive hand s are relatively common, the pa\aeographic dat ing of such hands is relatively reliable .] [GMAW 12, a good paraJlel , has no objective date : see GMAW 2 Add. 16.] POxy 25 55 horoscope after 46 POxy 3700 mime b efore c .48-9 GMAW 64 doc. C. 50 POxy 3332 doc. 53 POxy 3250 doc. c.63 G LH IOC doc. 66 POxy 2987 doc. c.78-9
Most of this material is documentary; but the comparison is rathe r appropriate, since the use of enlarged initials at line-beginning (hands A and B) and phrase-beginning (hand A) and (set out in the m argin ) to mark a new section (hand A) gives this manuscript a documentary look (see A4) . The fact is itself remarkable . Early Christian books show the
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
A . INTRODUCTION
same characteristic; copies of the Greek classics do not. It has therefore been tempting to argue that the texts of the Early Church stood closer to the world of business than to that of literature, and to draw conclusions about the social milieu in which the texts circulated or the esteem in which they were held . Now we see the same thing in a Jewish manuscript of pre-Christian date. T his may suggest that the Christians inherited the practice, rather than inventing it; the problem remains, why G reek-speaking Jews should h ave adopted it in the first place. In Egyptian context, bot h hands give a clear immediate impression of being late Ptolemaic or early Roman; that was the m eaning of Roberts's original dating' 50 B.C. - A.D. 50'. The question is, whether the period can be narrowed down . Hand A could certainly be ascribed to the earlier part of the period. It has striking similarities with GLH 8a, of 99 B.C. (not to be pressed too far , for part of the similarity- the fact that both scribes handle a thick pen clumsily-is irrelevant). The literary style to which it aspires, the bilinear serifed manner in which only the riser of phi b reaks the mould, occurs in t wo Homer texts, assigned on objective grounds to i B.C., and (in a less insistent form) in G MAW 56 (PFouad Inv. 266), reasonably assigned to the same period , as well as in many literary papyri dated on simple palaeographic grounds to that cen tury; in the epsilon whose cross-bar occasionally becomes a dot there is a point of contact with the 'Epsilon Theta' style, which is represented at Herculaneum (i.e. before c.40 B.C.?) (see C avallo, Cron. Erc. 4 (1974) 33; Menci 38-40). Among letters one may note some older-looking forms, which ap pear alongside later (more cursive) shapes ofthe same letter: alpha in the capital form, mu in four movements, xi in three strokes. All in all, I can see n othing against ascri bing this hand to the late r first century B.C., and nothing specifically in favou r of datin g it later. But POxy 2555, a horoscope fo r A.D. 46 (copied, therefore, some indefinite period after), warns that the later date would be perfectly possible. Hand B has at first sight a later look; that may be m erely that t he execution is more regular and elegant, and the round letters wider and fuller. But the width has parallels e.g. in GLH 8b, 9~ (later i B.C.); and, although this h and deliberately m akes rho and phi break the b ilinearity, there is a likeness to the two Homers cited and to PFouad Inv. 266 (note here the neckless u psilon). Among letter-fo rm s, Mr. Skeat notes theta with the cross-bar d etached; add the tau wit h the left extremity thickened and hooked down, which in this form seems to me a P tolemaic inheritance (t hough the ductus which produces this form , i.e. , ~ , is still fo und in d ocuments of the early Roman period). (ii) Herculaneum. The Greek papyri, all literary, come from a single library. There is a certain terminus ante, A.D. 79 , when the town was buried. There is a less certain one C. 40 B.C., the presumed date of Philodemus ' d eath: since the collection includes so many of Philodemus' own works, some (it can be argued) in draft as well as in fair copy , and includes no author demonstrably late r than him , it seems reasonable to suppose that this was P hilodemus' own library. Where the books were originally copied, and where the local copyists were originally trained, we have no means of saying. Bilinear serifed hands are common in this library, as a glance at LSSE will show . I should make a general comparison with PHerc 182 (LSSE pI. 18) and 1005 (p I. 22) (both assigned by Cavallo to mid-i B.C.), and of hand B with PHerc. 1471 (PI.36) (assigned to earlier i B.C.), 1186 (pI. 33) (assigned to m id i B.C.), 1423 and 1507 (pll. 50 and 53; these often have alpha in the pointed, not the capital form, and are assigned to later i B.C.).
These parallels ten d to show that the hands of our scroll could be of i B.C. (though of course they cannot exclude a later date). (iii) Judaean Desert. These hands should be the most relevant . But it seems that no very precise archaeological dates can be given. At Qumran, the material probably antedates A.D. 68 (DJD VI 2 I), although there remains the possibility that some of the caves were occupied again at the time of the Second Revolt (DJD III 32); at Murabba'at, the terminus ante is no earlier than for the Minor Prophets scroll, i.e., C.A.D. 135 (or even later?: DJD II 47f)· Qumran. 7QILXXEx (van H aelst 38), see DJD III p. 142 and pI. 30. Assigned date: c. 100 B.C. (Rob erts). T h is small serifed bilinear hand has some sim ilarities with hands A and B (note the pointed alpha, and wide tau hooked down at the left), so far as can be seen from the scrap which survives. 4QLXX Le~ (van Haelst 49), see P. W. Skehan, S V T 4 (1957) 148ff with plate fac ing p. 159. Assigned d ate: late ii B.C. (Roberts). This is a pinched, undecorated hand of the type of GLH 6a, with a pronounced Ptolemaic look; not sim ilar to h ands A or B, and probably earlier. 4QLXXNum (van Haelst 5 1), see P. W . Skehan, HTR70 (1977) 39ffwjth plate. Assigned dat e: i B.C. / i A.D. (Roberts). This b ilinear script (the descenders of rho and phi are curtailed) , heavily ornam ented with half- and full serifs, has some similarities wit h hand A, but it is much more elegant and finely written; a d istinctive feature is that the oval letters tend to lean backward s. 4QL X XDeut, see E. U lrich in De Septuaginta: Studies in H onour ofJohn William Wevers on his Sixty-Fifth Birthday (eds. A. Pietersma and C. C ox, Mississauga, Ont., 1984) 71ff with plate. The hand of this scrap shows no similarities with hand A or B; it is an in formal script of Ptolem aic look with some cursive tendencies and no decoration except some terminal hooks and blobs. 4Qsn. A non- biblical text to be p ublished by E. Ulrich, in a decorated hand of the same typ e as 4QLXXNum, but not so elegant. 7Q2EpistJer (van Haelst 3 12), see DJD III p . 143 and pI. 30. Assigned date: C.IOO B.C. (Roberts). This t in y scrap shows a b road bilinear script without ornament (except for a half serif on the foot of t au). 7Q4-9 (van H aelst 1094), ibid. O f these unprofitable scraps, no. 5 (assigned date: 50 B.C.- A.D. 50) shows some likeness to hands A and B (half-serifs; alpha in capital shape). . Murabba
24
25
Conclusion Both hands give the impression of belonging to the late Ptolem aic or early Roman period. Some features favour an earlier rather than a later date; no feature recommends a late r rather than an earlier date. I should therefore opt , tentatively (since I have seen only photographs,
26
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT Vllt
not the originals) and with all the provisos listed above, for a date in the later i B.C.; the objectivel y dated parallels show that such a dating is possible, though not of course necessary. D r C. H . Roberts and Mr T . C. Skeat have allowed me to cite their opinions. Dr Roberts would remain with his original estimate, '50 B.C.-A .D . 50'. Mr Skeat (to whom I am greatly indebted for comment and advice) inclines to i B.C., and sees nothing which would bring the date down into i A.D.
BAND C . TRANSCRIPTIONS OF THE TEXT
THE text of the scroll is reproduced on facing pages in two different ways: Section B The text is printed so as to represen t as closely as possible the contents of the scroll. The text is printed in uncials, and spacing L - ) and margins ('), when present, are indicated . T he relative position of the fragment in its column is indicated as well. The m ain imprecision in the printed form d erives from the fact that the size and printed form of the letters differ from those of the letters in the scroll. Nevertheless, the presentation of the printed form of B (never of C!) resembles as much as possible the shape of the fragments. For calculation of the real distance between different fr agments of a column, or of the size of the lacunae, th e plates should always be consulted . Doubtful letters indicated by dots in C are not indicated as such in B. Next to each line number follows in parenthesis the n umber of letters in the (reconstructed) line. U nder each column the fo llowing data are provided: total number of letters for each column (including spaces when attested), the number of lines, length of t he shortest and longest line (extant or reconstructed), average num ber of letters per line for the whole column, number of lines for which at least one letter or the margin has been preserved, and the average length of those lines. F or these data, cf. A2, 3, 6,8. The number of the reconstr ucted letters is naturally more reliable for single lines found between partially preserved lines than for complete sections which have not been preserved. Section C Printed form of the text with reconstructions for all lines on which at least one letter or part of the margin has been preserved. The other lines have been left empty except for the verse numbers (calculated on the basis of the full reconstruction of the text, which is not represented here). Punctuation marks, accents and breathings have been added. The survlvmg columns are not numbered consecutively but rather the numbering represents the place of each column in the reconstructed complete scroll from Jo to Za. The first extant column (10 [I.S]- 2.7a) is recorded as col 2 and not as COlI since it must have been preceded by the beginning of that book. Books before Jo have not been included in this numbering. All differences between R and the LXX (edition of Ziegler) are underLined, both in the extant and the reconstructed portions. Excluded from this notation are differences in capitalization, punctuation and the tetragrammaton. Pluses of R and differences in sequence are indicated by underlined words, and omissions by an underlining in the space between the words. J
B. TEXT (without reconstructions)
Column 2 2
3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 II
12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
21 22
23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38 39 40 4I 42
10 [1.5]-2.7a
Column 2
(43) (46) (44)
3
[ [ [
4
[
5 6
8
[ [ [ [
9
[
10
2
(48) (44) (42)
(43) (39) (4 1 ) (41) (40 ) (42) (39) (4 2 ) (41) (44) (41) (43) (39) (43) (40) (40) (42) (43) (38) (47) (43) (43) (42) (45) (4 5) (43) (4 1 ) (43) (4 6 ) (4 1 ) (4 1 ) (41) (4 2 ) (40) (4 1 ) (40)
C . TEXT (with reconstructions)
7
J
19
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21
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13
14 15 16
17
18
22
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7
20
12
23
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9 10
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12
14
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B . T E XT WITHOUT RECONSTRUCTIONS
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B . TEXT WlTHOUT RECONSTRUCTIONS
Column 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I I
12-
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45
(4 1) (39) (4°) (41 ) (39) (41 ) (4 1) (4°) (4 1 ) (40) (43) (4 1 ) (4 I) (39) (41) (39) (39) (4 1) (41) (3 8) (39) --- - --(39) - --- - ---------(3 9) - - - - - - --------(39) - - - - - ---------(39) --- - - - ----- (3 9) - - - - ---- (3 2) ' AO r o ~t (34) :\H1PA ~ eE I - E NHM (39) RA~T t\E n~IOr~ A 0 (3 6 ) AAHM AKO (35) RAT Ton pn~AA (39) ENT"EINEI~MAPTr (4°) ~ ~ 0 TIl Il 0 T t XflE Kn (4°) KA T ABH ~ E TAIK A (4 1) ~ON T AOPH Y' (4°) rH~ ON I n~ A (3 8) KATA OMENO (37) nANTA T YT AKA I (]8) (37) (4°) (4°) (3 6 ) (3 8 ) (]6)
Ar EBIAJAK n BO XIIEPorrAAHMKA PO Y'AAK I ONTO "f A
C. TEXT WITH RECONSTRUCTIONS
Jo [4.Sb]l- Mi 1.7a
16 17 18 19
[
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20
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2
8 9 10 11
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36 37 38 39
6
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M i 2.7-3 .6a
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37
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Mi 4.6- 5.4(5)a
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T OTALS : 14 16 letters/column ; 4 2 lines, 28 (sh ort), 40 (lon g) , 33 .71 (average) all /part of 26 lines prese rved f ro m column, ave rage length 32.84 le tters
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42
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Column 13 I
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C. TEXT WITH RECONSTRUCTIONS
B. TEXT WITHOUT RECONSTRUCTIONS
44
(36)
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Column 13
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TOTALS: 1425 letters/column; 42 lines, 27 (short) , 37 (long), 33.93 (average) all/part of 3 lines preserved from column, average length 35.00 letters
45
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TOTALS: 1364 letters/column; 4 2 lines , 26 (short), 39 (long). 32.47 (average) all /part of 24 Jines preserved from column, average length 32. 25 letters
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Column 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II
12 13 14 15
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(30) (2 9) (29)
36 37 38
(3°) (2 9) (30) (2 8 ) (2 9) (2 9) (2.8)
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C. TEXT WITH RECONSTRUCTIONS
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C . TEXT WITH RECONSTRUCTIONS
B . TEXT WITHOUT RECONSTRUCTIONS
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Column
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C. TEXT WITH RECONSTRUCTION S
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Column 28
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C . TEXT WITH RECONSTRUCTIONS
[Hg (end) ]- Za I.4 a
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... ]
B. TEXT WfTHOUT RECONSTRUCTIONS
70
Column 30 I
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1I 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 2 I
22
23 24
25 26 27
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37
38 39 40 4I 42
Column 30
Za [ I. ISb]- 2.12(8)a
(37) (36) (30) (3 6 ) (3 2 ) (37) (36 ) (33) (3 2 ) (35) (34) (39) (36) (34) (34) (34) (33) (33) (3 7) (34) (3 8) (35) (39) (3 6) (37) (37) (3 8) (3 0) (33) (34) (33)
NT A l' T
T AAIKMH
IEPOY
PE~
Y A
22
POI: T AI:TI YI: ElI: Y'
ATOIK
8
rA
E .\ E rE
2H I:A
I:TElAEN
TOTALS: 1425 letters/column; .p lines , 26 (short), 39 (lo ng), 33. 92 (average) aU/part of 22 lines preserved from column, average length 32.50 letters
Za [1 .I Sb]- Z.lz(8)a
[
.,
21
OA A AOI:ETE
71
] ] 2 [ ] 16 3 [ ] 4 [ ] 5 [ ] 6 [ ] 17 7 [ ] 8 [ ] 9 [ ] 10 [ ] 2.1(1.18) 11 [ ] 2(1.19) 12[ \_\ " " ' ] O[ " \ \ 13 [ayyEI\ov TOV I\W\OIJVTa EV EpOL T& EaTl v Tall! a ; ] 14 [Ka, Et'IT~ 'lTPO!) p E Tatn-a 7"(1 K€paTa] T~ ~~I!~: ~. I 5 [oaVTa TOV wooav ~ TOV ,opa'YI~ ~~! !~!:\!f~~: 16 [~~!11!. ____ 3(I.20) Kai E8of~ 1'0' T€Ooa]e!~' • 17 [T€KTOVa !) , 4( I. 21) Kat Et'ITa Tl OtH-OI EPXOVTa&!~lQ' • .8 ['lTO(1)oaL; Ka, Et'IT~ ~!l'~!: Tatn-a TQ K£paT]a" 19 [ ] 20 [ ] I
(34) (2 6) (3 2 ) (2 7)
(34) (29) (33) (3 2 ) (34) (31) (31)
C. TEXT WITH RECONSTRUCTIONS
[
]
[
]
5( J)
] ] 6(2)] ] ]. [TO pr;KOS ~~! ' 7(3) Ka' 0 aYYE~O!)] 0 ~a- • • \ , , \ ' , ' '']\ '''' [I\WV EV Ep Ol !~'!!~e!~!!~!, Kal ayyE ~O!) ETE ' , " , -] ___ .. 8( 4 ) [p O!) EK1TOpEIJET al O!) awaVT'YIOLV aVTcp. [Ka& ~Et'ITE~ 'lTpJ;~avTov _8pO.PE ~ ~a~'YIoov 'IT )pO!) • , ' VEav,av I .EKOVOV I\EYWV ~!~!2" !~! !!: [ TOV [~2"!!! lEPOIJOaA'YIP ?? 411'0 1I'~1}8o]IJ!) ' , ["."" ... " ..... , 9(5) Ka, ;yw EOOpa&] Ea!) ' , [av:~~, MYEL T Eixos 'lTIJPO!) K]V- :--: \'8 " ~ I~" KI\O EV Kal O!) oosav Eoopal EV pEOcp aVT1'1!),
[ [10(6) Ova, ova, Ka& q,EtJyETE 411'0 Y* (Joppa,)' .
38 [Myo~, ~i!~~ T£ooae!!) aVEI!~~!] • •
39 [Toli ovpavoii ""'" .. vpas, AfYEL 40 [1 1(7) Q~~£ Ea!) O!!WV 4vaoqJ~~~, _ K]q.To'K[~Qaa) Q[IJ]ya- ' .
4 1 [T£pa fJa·fJv~wvO!) . __ I2(8) ~!! Ta~]E MYf[' 42 [TWV ........ _ SvvapEwv ......... .... _ _ _ _ _ lm{ow ~01 ['7S 4[1I'E1 9TE'~£V' 44__ _ .
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
[ [ [ [ [
,80v
-
0
\'
" }
"
f-rt7,
•
I';-
1
•
0
]
••
t \rf1.]' .
tif?r .
[""
~,."" ~,.""""
. "' '''''''' tI ]"""" '['"'' "]' "''''''
B. TEXT WITHOUT RECONSTRUCTIONS
72
Column 31
Za [2.12(8)b]-3. 7a
C . TEXT WITH RECONSTRUCTIONS
2 3 4 S
(33) (3 2) (3 6)
3 4
6
5
[ [ [ [
(35) (33) (39) (22) (3 I) (28) (3 1) (34) (33 ) (3 4)
6
[14( 10)
7
[ [ [
[
[
[ [ .[
7 8 9 10 II
12 13 14 15
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 3S 36 37 38 39 4° 4' 42
(3°) (34) (33) (34) (3 1 ) (27) (34) (36) (3 6) (30) (34) (3 2) (34) (3 4) ( 32 ) (3 0) (3°) (32) (3' ) (34) (33) (35 ) (3 2) (33) (33) (32 ) (31 )
] ] 13(9) ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
]
]
16(12) ]
EKAE-]
[p.E 2
8 9
10 II
12 13 14 IS
3 ETAI
16 16
Za [2 .12(8)b]- 3·7 a
Column 31
(28) (28)
1
~AP=A
TA l
17 18 19
KAlE
20 21
NAY T
.1 I
iUElnEN nlTI
22
23
24 25
26 27 28
no Y AIElnENnp YAErnNA
29 30
A )'TO)'_ K A A A no~o)' KJ~I\PINKA
KAIEnE0HK Enl T IlNK E I~'IATJA
\1 ArT)' PA
32 33
TA
~EMETE
I
5( II)
"{!!~~ [£'n ~
IEpovaa).11IL. _ 17(13) ~~~~~~~~ 7TliO'a] , ~., ' to ' ] 11'0\ 11'p0O'W11'0V ' -l ?, ~ !! f~fY'1YEP , ' Ta L [ EK !~~ ~~!~~~!l!'2e££~ &)'{~~ ath ov· ___ 3· I]
,.
\ to '[
O'ap~ a
' K at' f.[ on5~ '" to' /LO' !~~ " '11O'OVV - 'TOil \ IEpEa • , 'T OV '] [ ] •• ~~[cf~o'\oS' ~~::!!~~~ EK Sfg,W]V aUT[ oli TOU] [olO.~illf W alhov. 2 K]ai f l11'fll [t~] [;;o~-;J~Lcf~~:\~v E]mn[p.~a~t €v ao {,] [ ] [ ] [ 3] [ )
f't1
[
4 f O'TTJKoTaS'
]
11'PO 11'p0O'w] 7]'9'1 [ TOU
[
. ' \ K] at' fL11' f~ 1Tp [oS' 'TOV>
C'
,
" ~~ '!~~
ANEnl T THNI{l n HN:\1' T O'fK r r EA o ~tx rrEAo~ t
T AnEAErE I tXf?TnNLll' T A I k 0 .1 0 I k ~I 0 )' n 0 PEr 0 H ~ I{HN~10r())rAA :=: H~I{A I rE~ r OJKON~O),KAlrE())
A :=: EI~ T
KAt
n
n~OIE Nn
TOTALS: 1358 letters/column; 42 iines, 22 (short), 39 (long), 32 ,33 (aver age) all /p a rt of 25 lines preserved from column , average length 33.32 letters
34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42
] av.,
. . \' ' [Ao. 1'\ \ .. ['TO ] U I\fYWV a 'l'El\fTE 'Ta ~ana 'Ta
\" " , . ~ \ ,A. ' ]
" ] • _ [ [ a11' aVTOU._Ka L fL11'f~ 11'po> aV'TOIi wo v a 'l'T/ " [ \. , .., ]
[P11K ]a ~'!~ ~~~ ::'!l~ aliolLla~ aov, Ka L f IlOU [aatl O'f ILfTf[KOUl:Lahc,I. 5 [Kat E111'a E11'{()fTf]
I
\
,.;""
\
31
73
• •:ClSap;;'
:C~T8-;pjd-;'-j;;'i
'T[ ~II
KfCP~~~V
' ]
.
aV'TOv .]
· .Ka t\"E11'E()11K [a ll] :: 7J~ KLO'''[aptll !'2~, Ka ()a pa' ll) \
· . f,11'L, 7TJII \ K[A. - \] TJV , aU70U • - K[at, flIf , ''''ovaav aV7 , 0V , ] f'l'U/\ · ' &dna, [Kal_ a ]yydo> X[t1' -{;;~~~~. 6 Kat ~:] , • fLa p'Tupa( 70 a]YYEAO> iTJa' " Mywv 7)
f17
t trxt1' ....
::0~ ~~r~i~~':l~- -_Eall Ell] OOOLS' ILOU 11'0PfU(}ll~ [ Ka t Eav :~~ p~~~:] , , ~ ~~ fLou cpu>"cfgT/> , Kat i'~ av [ OLaKP'"fL> 7011] , ... ' , ).,[ ']' to r' .\ , ] OL KOII fLou ' KaL i' ~ 't'_~ ~ a ~H> :.b~~ aU I\~~ fLoU
· T6lu MYH , ''Ta i S'
, ' Kat [8wa]w aot
~~'Ii~e:l'!r~:9Q~:~~ Ell
"_ .[ , ,
.. . , [' , , , , ... , . , , , , ,
,
, , , , , , , ,
fL€acp]
.. , .)')
B . TEXT WITHOUT RECONSTRUCTION S
74
Column BI
8
(22) (22) (22) ( 22) (22) (23) (21) (2 2)
9 10 II 12 13
(24) (22) (2 3) (22) (26)
14 15 16
(2 3) (22) (1 8)
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
(23) (17) ( 20) (22) (21) (21)
2 3 4 5
6 7
(19) (22) ( 19) ( I8) (20) (2 I) (20) (20) (20) ([ 8)
Za [8.r8]- 8.23a
C . TEXT WITH RECONSTRUCTIONS
Za [8.18]-8.23 a
Column BI [
TE l IK!2 :'J KAI KAT TH N_A EIPHNHN_A 1_ TO N _ ~ rN A 00LJ:'J _ AAOl _ KAI nOAEIl:_nOA 1:0 NT AJ_KA TO l:MIAN MEN _ no
AIl:EKE J NTA I_ ~E
O N ._ TQ N
NQN_ K
(20)
TOTALS: 697 letters/column; 33 lines, 17 (s h ort) , 26 (long), 21. r 2 (average) aU/part of 17 lines preserved from column, average length 2I.88 letter s
18
]
2
[
]
3 4 5
[ [
1} :!:~e:] . ,
19
]
[!11 Kat V'f/C1T€ICl ~ TT(,.,.1T'"1 Kat]' . 6 ["11C1T€la ~ i/3M,.,.1j Kat "11o]nt- ' • 7 [Cl ~ S€KClT1j £OOV'Ta, Tep 0 ]iK4J • • 8 r,ovoa &€ S ftXPpouVv-q] v_Ka&' • " '"1" , _a , . .. 9 fiS O € pTas ayCl8' as, _] KaL ' \ ] " , .. \ '8 10 [1\1'] flav KClI T1jV E&PTJV'f/V _ a ' 1I .____] ___ ______ .. 20 [ yClTTTJOClT€ '
f
-
"
,
[
12 13
14 I5
16 17 18
[TaS€ '\(y€, txt]L:0~-~~~: ' . £Jt!<:,~ !<:'~ " !~l~<:'~~ _'\aot -;;KCli' •
[KaToIKoVv-rfS] _1TOAE&S_1TO~- "
['\&s. 2 I KClt !~!~] OOV'Ta~_KClTO[ 1-]' ,
[Koiivns?? -'tf~~ !!~h ,.,.Ia v _
[,\(Y0V'T€S" TTop€ v8w],.,.€v - !!~1e!~:)
[~e!~~
]
19
[
]
20
[
21
[
22
[
]
23 24
[ [
]
]
25
[
]
26 27 28 29
]
22
]
[ 23 ]
[ )
[l v -rClis ~,.,.(p]als lKU1vClIS]
[lay lmAa/3w]v7Cl&_()([KCl O:v-]
30 [Sp€ S" lK TTClo]wv_·n.,v_[yAwO-]
3 1 [owv TWV l 8]vwv_K[at lmAa-]
32 [/3WV'TCl& ]
33 [ ]
7S
76
B. TEXT WITHOUT RECONSTRUCTIONS
Column B2
C. TEXT WiTH RECONSTRUCTIONS
Column B2
Za 8.23b--[9.7] o
0 I
(22)
2
(25) (25) (28) (22)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jl
12 13 14 IS
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
(24) (26) (24) (23) (24) ( 24) (23) (23) (25) (23) (25) (23) (24) (20) (22) (2 2) (2 2) (22) (22) (22) (22) (22) (22) (22) (2 2) (22)
2
Za 8.23b-[9·7]
["" ']" """" """ ["'] [1TO]/?E voofuIJG _J-LE8' ~e-I0~, ~~]
[d] ~'1/KOaI-'E V_ eE O>-J-LEIJ' [V/-Lwv . _ _ - 9,l J
' Al}/-L/-LG _£V [Y?7 ~l;p""axf" KaL l; a/-LaOK01L~~:~'!~Yr~~ am-oil,]
PEYl:O\1 EBA _ ME0 )'~1 KHKOAMEN_0EOL _ MEB , A H M M A A 0 roy _t-xp _EN "KAI _ 6AMAl:KOT _ KATAnAY , 'OT ,_ TH _tXf7_0<,l)0AA
4
6
' 'lJpdm,!!~ _ Ka L 7TCl~0~ ~[v~0~ "Tou]
"
0pnnnN _ KAI_nALnN~
7
,
I LPAHA _ KAI _ rE_EMAB _ THN _ TYPOL_KAI _ LEI6 PO~HLEN _ L<,l)06P A
MIILEN _T YPOL_OX Y
KAI _ EllOTNIl:EN _AP
XOiN _ KA I _ XPTLION
, , E:=:06 nN _ I 601' _ t x "MHLEI _ A1'THN _ KAln 0AAALLAN 6 iNAMI AYTH _ EN _ nTPI _ K T AN TAl K 10
(24) (23)
TOTALS: 764 letters/column ; 33 l.ines, 20 (short), 28 (long), 23.15 (average) all /part of 17 lines preserved from column, average length 24.05 letters
3 5
'\oyov-tX-P'
' , 1~,
:0- tXf7 - ~p~~~v:~~ dv-]
\ lopa'1/I\. _2
I
KG'_i' ~_ E/-La
IJ - [.~e~,: Ir ' ] ~ av
8
,. !' '!J~, _"T VpOS _K UI _ O~'l wv,
~:~ E
9
•. cpp6vTJo~v _ocpol;pa. [3 Kat
I
I
~[
•
I
..
']
I I
'/-L"1o~ _ 'TVpo>-oxu[pwe-~ €avTr}] , • I , [I « ] KG,"12 _ £!-'01JVIOEV _Clp YIJPlOV WS
12
•• xoilv ~~""ar:Xpvotov
13
' '!{ol;wv·_4 ~~~_
14 15
' 'J-L~o£t _aV'Tl1V_ Ka, 1T[a'Tat£1 £is] ' 'lJa'\aooClv SVVClJ-LI[ v am-l}S, Kai]
16 17 J8
. . avTr} _£v_7TvpLK[a]"Tav[a,\wO~OE-] ' . 'TClt·_5 ~r~li 9[I/J£'TClt aOKa'\wv Kai] [
10
77
•
[WS 7T"1'\OV]
tX[t1 K'\'1/POVO- ]
]
19
[
]
20
[
]
21
[
]
22
[
23
[
~ 25
[
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
[ [ [ [
]
6
]
] 7
] ] ] ]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[ [
] ]
78
Additional Fragments (unidentified) · I.
Zp
(PAM 40.566)
2:JO
(col 22, J.42)?
D. NOTES ON PALAEOGRAPHY
AND IDENTIFICATION
r ]wv" 2
L 2. (PAM
I
4°.566)
].,,[
2
representing earlier photographs.
].[
3· (PAM 40.566)
1
]
2
]0"
3 ]8-q "
4· (PAM 40.559) Mi 1:5 I
Cols. 2-4 (plates I-IV)- Due to deterioration of the leather at the edges and to a slightly different arrangement there are some differences between plate I, representing a recent photograph (not including the fragments published by B. Lifshitz), and plates II-IV,
lrav[Ta
Col. 3. 11. 10-11 (10 3:3)---The identification of fragment b on plate III is based on the assumption that the tetragrammaton on 1. 1 I together with the spaces on both sides amount to some 6-7 letters (cf. col. 18, I. 24). The identification is further supported by the fact that three other fragments from the same lot (published by B. Lifshitz) have been preserved for these lines (fragms. a, c, d on plate III). Note also the similarity between these fragments in the colour of the leather and the thinness of the letters. Note that fragm ent b has been identified by Lif. (fragm. 6) as Na 2:8-<) (I. 2: Kat N[wEv'l]]).His reconstruction, however, is not possible as part of the text reconstructed by him h as actually been preserved in a different position . Nor does the omega on 1. I fit the preserved part of the omega of [1TEpLOT]EpWV (col. 14,1. 8). The space between the lines on this fragment is larger than that on the main fragment of col. 14, where Na 2:8--() would have belonged.
Col. 3,1. 35004:1) 1}Q[Vf-L'l]oEv]-Barth. 163 notes that some letters were lost in Jo 4:1. He 5· (PAM 4°.566) see notes in D on Mi I: J and N a 3:9- J 0
Col. 4, I. 24-What looks on the photograph like /'iQI and co uld, with some imagination, be
]" 2
]ov"
3
]al"
6. (PAM 40.559 [hand B]) Za 4:8-10 ••
2
3 4
5 6
'*
[ ] " [,,£ MywII 9 al X£ip£.. ZopofJafJ]£A' , [££h,,£AlwClall TO il 011(011 Toli] TO il' • [I(at ai XEip£s a.nov f7Ti T£.\fClOJI!9.'!'· . . , , • , f'! h ]. " [ allTOII I(al £7T1 yvwClll 07"1 0 It i" £ _ [~a7T£CJ'TaA/('" fU "pO!; ul J 0 OTI T;")· .
tL
For possible identificatio ns. st!c n nw E . Puech, "Lcs fragm ents
non identifies de 8KhXJlgr ct Ie ma nllscrit grec des Douze
**
probably refers to this word, of which now only the first two letters are visible, although the word itself is transcribed by him as 1}[OV}f-L'l]OEV. taken as !Q/'i(A) written upside down in the space after the book of Jonah, actually represents mere holes in the leather. Col. 4, 11. 28-<) (Mi I: I )- At the end of these lines additional fragment 5 could be placed (note [€~EK{OV] at the end of I. 28 and [Kat] at the end of 1. 29 as well as a short I. 27). However, at the beginning of 1. 30 there is no room for [tEl (now r econstructed at the end of 1. 29) and furthermore on the fragment there is more room between the lines than on the main text of col. 4. Col. 4, 1. 38- See note on additional fragment 4.
Col. 6, ll. 4o-2- The right and left sides of these lines do not occur on the same level on plate V due to shrinkage of fragment b.
Col. 7 , l. 41 (Mi 4:5)- The base of the preserved part of the delta of ~E is slanted. In view of the MT, LXX and the available space, SEis nevertheless the only possible reconstructi on. Col. 13, l. 21 [oLappNt w-Reconstructed differently by Lif. (fragm. 5 [Na I :9)): [Aoy]{~ ~q[E].
The cross-bar of the first letter (eta) is clearly visible. The second letter is a xi.
Petits Prophetes" , RB 98 (1991 ) 16, -yo
Col. 13, l. 22 OU o1T~[PhloET[aL]-Reconstructed differently by Lif. (fragm. 3): [1TpEo,BvTEp]ov<;
1T4[v'Ta<;]. The latter reconstruction (JI I: 14) is impossible as there is a large space before oU.
Id enti fication hy E . Puech, ibid ., 166 - 7. improvin g on ou r earlier identification ("4: 7-8?").
Col. 14, l. 36 [7TA:r]Oo]v<;-Reconstructed differently by Lif. (fragm. 8 [Za 4:8-9]):
80
DISC O VERIES TN TH E JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
Zo[po,8a,8EA]. The reconstruction of this fragment as Na 3:3 is based on the reading of these two letters. Upsilon and sigma are clearly visible. Col. 15, n. 15- 16 (Na 3:9- IO)- Additional fragment 5 can be placed at the ends of these lines (note [aou] at the end ofl. 15) only if the chi, now reconstructed at the end of 1. 16, would be written at the b eginning of the next line. However, there is no room for that letter and the division of the word in the middle of a syllable would b e unusual for hand A. At present the text is reconstructed as [alx.-)( 16 )lLaAw[ a,19-' Col. 15, I. 28- '1!'Jp T[o]v~Reconstructed differently by Lif. (fragm. I): ~VPT/ (sic) . Lifshitz's reconstruction (Ho 2:8) differs mainly in one letter from ours: the last letter on the fragment clearly is part of a tau. Col. 17-22- There are slight differences between plate XVII I (recent photograph) and
p lates XI- XV. See the note on cols. 2-4 .
Col. 17, II. 23-5-Fragment c (plate XI) can b e placed at the ends of the lines because of t he
structure of the m argin and the gluing of the two columns.
Col. 18,1. 18 (Ha 2:[5) 1'[cjJ]-Less likely: 7![o·rt'ovTk, based on an unusu al pi.
Col. 18--The text of this column h as one line less th an the two adjacent columns (see plate
XIX). There are a few traces of letters on 1. 42 and it appears that it had been inscribed
previously and then erased, p rob ably because the scribe wanted to start the new section (H a
3:1) at the beginning of a n ew column.
Col. 19. 1. 26 (H a 3:9) pa,8~[o]l! ~T races of some fou r lett ers are visible afte r this word .
Barth. reads MYH te[tr] ( = L XX), but t his reconstruction creates too long a text.
Reconstruct ion according to MT req uires a different text.
Col. 19, I. 35-Traces of additional letters are visible on the leather.
Col. 20, ll. 35-42-ln these lines a thinner pen is used .
Col. 21, 11. 35--9--There are faint traces of several additional letters on the leather.
Col. 22, 1. 42-The traces of t he letters occur at a higher level than the remainder of the
words, but th is m ay be due to the shrinking of the leather.
Col. 23, II. 39- 40 [1T-](40)11yr]-See note on the reconstruction.
Col. 30, 1. 4 1 [TaS]E My~(,]-Reconstructed differently b y Lif. (fragm. 9 [Za 8:21]) : EAEYO[V].
The remnant of the third epsilon appears a little higher than the p revious letter, so that an
omicron would be possib le as well.
Col. 30, 1. 42 [So1t 11S" ci[7TE1qrHAEv-R econstructed differently by Lif. (fragro. 9 [Za 8:2 I): [Kat
'11)1'iJaa(,]. The first preserved letter clearly is a xi and cannot be a tau.
Col. 31, 1. 3S-K[at]-For shape of p reserved bottom part of kappa, d. 1. 41.
C ol. B2-Above the first line of the text, at a distance of what would h ave been four lines of
text, appears a partial semicircle turning downwards. I n col. 18 a similarly shaped sign
(letter) occurs one line below the text at the far right, but this is probably a remnant of a
completely erased line (see above). Furthermore, on the photograph of col. 31 appears a
similar shape, but this is a mere shadow not visible on the leather. Probably this letter (sign)
has no significance and like the minuscule line in the margin between cols. 8 and 9 (opposite
1. I ) it merely presents a 'trying out' of the scribe's pen . For a similarly shaped sign, see the top margin of 4Q49I, 5 (DJD V II, plate V).
D . NOTES ON PALAEOGRAPHY AND IDENTIFICATION
8,
Col. B2, 1. I 4 lL~aEL-All letters are clearly visible on photograph 4 1 . 6 90A .
Additional fragment 4- The shape and content of the fragment fit Mi 1:5 (col 4, 1. 3 8 ).
Additional fragment 5-See above on Mi J:[ (col. 4) and Na 3:9- 10 (col. IS)· Anothe r
possibility is co1. 16, ll . 33- 4 (Ha I :8), accepted by E. Puech, RB 9 8 (199 I) J 63·
E. NOTES ON THE RECONSTRUCTIONS
THE reconstructed text of the scroll (R) not only completes words of R which have been partially preserved, but it also reconstructs most words in the lacunae. In both m atters, the reconstruction follows as much as possible t he known orthography, vocabulary and translation technique of R. Since the biblical text is known and t he length of the lines of the scroll and the column structure are rather fixed, frequently the contents of the lacunae are reconstmcted on the basis of these data. As a rule, R is rather consistent, so that its vocabulary and system of translation can be identified in other instances as well (see FI I). Such supporting evid ence is provided in the following notes . In these notes constant reference is made to section F, containing a discussion of the translation technique, language and text of R. A reference such as 'see F I I ' refers to paragraph I I of that section. The reliance on a presumed consistency can, of course, be misleading. Thus, if [aa]lLclpo,a in Mi 1:5 is a mere mistake, reconstructions based on this spelling (Mi I :1,6) rather t h an aUlLclpE,a (LXX) are incorrect. The text of R is reconstructed in accordance with the supp osition that this translation followed M T as closely as p ossible (see most sections in F I , especially F lO, FI4.1). However, since only limited knowledge on the vocabulary and translation technique of R can be derived from the scroll, and since R sometimes follows th e LXX even when R could have found a more literal (consistent) rendering (see F O.2, 11.2,3). the text of the LXX forms the starting point for the reconstructions in the lacunae . That text has b een deviated from whenever adherence to M T in the widest sense of the word would require a different renderin g. At the same time, if R would h ave offered a rendering different from the L XX, but when that equivalent is not known, no equivalent is included in the reconstruction. The text in the lacunae is reconst ructed on the b asis of their size and our knowledge of the translation technique and vocabulary of R and without reference to any external sources. While studies by Barth. and others have m ade it very plausible that there exists a close connection with other known translations such as sections of the so-called 'LXX' of 1-4 Kingdoms, the vocabulary of those sections has not been invoked in our reconstruction in order to avoid circular reasoning. By the same token, even tho ugh a remarkable similarity has been recognized with some of the other Greek versions of the M in . P roph. (see FI 6.2), this evidence is, as a rule, not used in the reconstruction itself. An exception is made for the quotations from Mi in Justin Martyr which show a remarkable resemblance to R (see H . Koester, Septuaginta und Synoptischer Erzahlungsstojj im Schriftbeweis Justins des Martyrers , Habilitationsschrift, Theol. Fak. Heidelberg 1956, pp. 26-32 and [independently] Barth . 203- 1 I). In several instances the transcription deviates from the one published by Barth. 169- 178. Differences consisting of the amount of certainty ascribed to letters visible on the leath er (questionable letters, etc.) are disregarded in th e notes. On the other hand, differences in readings are mentioned. 'Barth.' refers to Devanciers, and 'Barth. (notes), to unpublished notes. The latter reference occurs rareJy. Several fragments which Barth. could not place and letters visible on the fragments overlooked by him have now been identified . These additions to Barth. have not been noted separately.
85
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
E . NOTES ON THE RECO N STRUCTIONS
As elsewhere in this monograph, the 'LXX' is quoted from the best available reconstruction of the Old Greek translation, viz., the edition of Ziegler. On the implications of this use of the term 'LXX', see Fo. I .
Jo 3:8 [0: avOpw1To,] = LXX- F or the recon str uction (MT O"TKi1), cf. v. 7 and Ha 2:17· Jo 3:8 [£1' 'axV t ] (LXX: lI
84
Jonah Jo Jo Jo Jo Jo
J: .6 [Tall
p]n (LXX: Tall I
For the use of the article rendering l'lN, see F6. 2: I [Pf?] (LXX: I
2:1 [TOU K~TOU]~ = L XX-Also possible he re (and elsewhere in vv. [-2): [ToDiXlMo]l (MT: [n]l'i1).
2:2 [Pf?] (LXX: KVPtOv)-See above on 1:16.
2: 2 [Tal' 8£ov alITo]D = L XX- For use of article, see F4.I.
2:2 [£1< 1<0tMa. ] (LXX: £1< rij. 1<01Aw..)-According to F 3.5 R would have omitted the article, but no certainty
is possible here. Jo 2:3 [€v] = LXX- The dative of[8Aup]n requires the preposition €v (= LXX) reflectin g -::1 as against -r.) in MT M'~r.) . ) 0 2: 3 [E1T£KaA£aa/L'1v] (LXX: KpavyTj, /Lou)-instead of M T ~l:'l?~, the L XX read ~~~ (nominal form) , t hus wrongly adding a seeond comp lement to the verb . R prob ably recognized the verbal form of the H ebrew, reconstructed as £1T£ l
J o 3:2 [1TpO. m,h¥] (LXX: £v m,hii)- Adapted to MT n~"K (see F II .r[2]). )0 3:2 [TO K~pvY/La-- -) (LXX: TO l<~pVY/La TO € /L7Tpoo8£v)-Omitted with MT mc~'pn. Jo 3:3 ] 1!opE{a. (LXX: wo£l1Top£taS")-Omission of wa£' in accordance with M T 1"nr.), also in v. 4 (LXX: wa£1 1TOpE{av). See F l o.6. Jo 3:S [£1T iolr£va~[v] (LXX: £v£1T{anuaal')-Reconstructed with many M SS of the LXX in accordance with F8 .1. Jo 3:5 [av8p£S" IItvw 17] (LXX: ot avSpES" NtVEV"l)-For om ission of articles, see F 3.4 and FS·3· Jo 3:7 [ot fMEs-] (LXX: I
Jo 4:1 K[a, lJ~[~8"1 I]wva = LXX (IwvaS"). Jo 4:2 Space reconstructed after El1TEI' in accordance with the 'paragraphos' occu rring after 1. 3 6 . See A4a . J o 4:2 [o&roS"] (LXX: o~To,)-Adapted to MT MT. Reconstructed on the basis of the following words in R , & ,\oyo. /LOU. For approximations to M T in grammatical num ber, see FIO· 4·1. Jo 4:2 [£1T1 T1jS" Y17S" ,",ou] (LXX: £1' Tn yn /Lou)-Adapted to MT ~l'Ir.)"TN "P. F or the prepositions, see F 9·3· For the use of the article, see F 4·1. Jo 4:2 [0711] (LXX: 8u)n)- See F9·3 · Jo 4:2 [8£(k ] (L X X: --- )-Adapted to MT "N. See 14· 1.
..,:l,
Jo 4:5 [laVT
Micah Mi
I :I
110.,,0.
t£Xt7 oS" £Y£V£TO or £1'°"78"1] (L XX: Kai lylVETOAOyO. Kup{ou)-Reconstructed with M T mn~ ,::1,
~M ,UtiN on the basis of the first two words p reserved in R . C f. LXX to H o
I ; Am ( : [ ; J\ [: I; Zp I : 1. Mi I : 1 [TOV] ,",wpaafl£t (L XX: TOVMwpaaBt)- MT ~l'IUti'r.)n . The reconstructed line 27 of col. 4 is short, possibly b ecause the sc ribe did not want to b reak up I-'wpao8n now written as the first word of I. 28. Mi 1: [ [tw8a/L] (LX X : Iwa8a/L)-R econstructed according to M T Cl'l'~. Cf. the note on the transliteration of nl'!" in Jo 2: I. Mi 1: I - In the recon struction Kat of th e LXX is omitted twice with M T , leaving a somewhat short line 28. Cf. F 14. 1. There is room for one occurrence of I>, but in the reconstructed text of R there is only room for one of the two words. Mi 1:2 [- -- 1Tpoo£XlTW] (LXX: Katl)-Omitted with M T '::1"Vipil , see FI4·1. Mi 1:2 [yfj] (LXX: ~ yfj)- For the omission of the article (MT : 'r'N), see F1. 3· Mi 1: 2 [KUPtO' ~] (LXX: KUptO.), M T mn~ 'l'N-In the lacuna there is sufficient room for two words , so that R probably had KVPtOS" for ~l'N and th e tet ragrammaton for mn~ (see FS .4. [). See also note on ~l'N in V. 2b. Mi [: 2 £i. ~pT,![pa] (LXX: £i. /LapTUptOv)- Adapted to MT F o r lexical approximations of nouns to M T, see F [o.1. . Mi 1:2 [I
'17'.
J:
86
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VII I
Mi 1:3 EK7T[opE6ETaL] = LXX, MT N:lt~-Based on the assumption that the Hebrew participle would be reRected by the Greek praesens . Barth .: EK7T[OpE V6f-LEVos] . M i 1:3 Ka[l €7TL,B,-}OETaL]
= LXX- Future tense reconstructed according to the preceding verb in R (MT: ""
1"')· Mi 1:3 [E7TLu,p"y/ Y1Js] (LXX: E7TL TO. ii,p"y/ n js yijs)-Articles om itted in accordance wi th F 3.4. This assumption is supported by calc. of space, although one of the two articles could have been included in the text . M i 1:4 [TaKry]oo~[TaL] (LXX: oa'\w87}oETaL)- Reconstructed accord ing to the frequent LXX equivalence of T~ KW OO~ and the ident ical reading o f a ' ad loco(cf. also 8'). Note that in the same ve rse ,l:P:l1" is rendered in R by [pa]y~ oov[Ta]L and in the LXX by TaK7}OoVTat. M i 1:4 4[1T0 1Tpoatt'J7TOv]
=
LXX- For a sim ilar rende ring in R, see Ha 2:20 .
M i 1:4 [TOU 7TVpOS] (LXX: 7Tvpos)-Article added with MT tiNi1.
M i 1:4 [dis vowp] (LXX: Kat ws ilowp)-Adapted to MT C'~::l. For omission of Kat in R to conform with MT,
see Fro.6a. For the grammatical n u mber of ilowp , see on Jo 3:7 . The next word in R ending in -f-LHO[V] necessitates the singular rather than the plural form of vowp. M i 1:5 [cSt'] (LXX: Sin ) twice-Cf. H a 2: 17 and see FI 2.6 for th is orthography. Preposition reconstructed according to the case endjng of the noun. Mi 1:5 [a ai,BLav] (LXX: aO€,BELal/)-Cf. aoi,BLa later in the verse in R. Mi 1:5 ]aO€,BLa (LXX: ~ ao€,B€La)-
Article omitted in acco rdance with F3-4
Mi 1:5 o[u] = LXX-According to R 's rendering of K1'i1late r in the verse as well as in Ha 2:7, OUX{ would have been expected he re , too. However, the re does not seem to be room for OUXt, so that R probably followed the LXX. Mi 1: 5 [aa]f-Lupota (LXX: L'af-Lup€La )- Barth. reads [oa]f-Lup€La like the LXX, b u t the reading of the omicron is certain. See FI2.2. Mi 1:5 [v,p'1] (LXX: ~ af-LapTLa oi'Kou}-Adapted to MT 1'I'~ ::J. For the use of the ar ticle , see F3.4. For the use of ii,pT) (rathe r than V,pT)AO. ), see v. 3. Mi 1:6 oau",upoLav] (LXX: Eaf-Lup€Lav)-Cf. o n
Y. 1.
Barth. reconstructs R as the LXX. See Fr 2.2.
Mi 1:6 [.p unLas] (LXX: .pvnLav)-Adapted to MT "17t)~' . See F I0.4. r for ap proximations to the Hebrew in g ramm atical n umber. M i J: 7 KaTaK[6,poVOLV] = LXX (-oL }- For the verbal form, cf. the next verb in the verse. See F12.1 3 for u se of v movable. M i 1:7 87}q[w] (LXX: 8ryoof-LaL)- Based on placing of the fragment and cou n t of letters (d. also M i 47 and Na 3:6). On th e other h an d , [8Hoof-LaL is used in the previous verse. Mi 1:7 [acp avLof-L6v] (LXX: Eis a.pavLof-Loll)-Adapted to MT i1~~ti. See Fro.6.1 for approximations to MT by omission. Mi 1:7 [O]n (LXX : oLon)- Reconstructed accord ing to R's prefe rence, see F9.3 . Mi r :7 y€ f-LLq[8wf-LaTo s) (LXX: €K f-LL08wf-LuTwv}-Ada pted to MT ll1'1N~. For ap proximations to MT m grammatical number, see FlO.4a. For the orthographic interchange l K > l y, see FI2 .4. Mi 1:7 [7T6]'?~h S') (LXX: TTOPV€Las ) twice-Ad apted to MT i1l'1T (thus also the Lucian ic MSS). Mi 1:7 [E7TLOTp€,pova]tv (LXX : OW€OTP € ,pEv)-Adapted to MT ':nti~ (for the equi valen t, see no te on 2:8). See F I0-4 a for app roximations to MT through a ch ange in grammatical number and F7.5 for the change of tense. Barth.: [avOTp€,pOvaJLv . M i 1:8 [K6~0J.LaL KaL 8p"y/v~ow, 7TOp€U00f-La t] (LXX: K6,pETaL Kat 8pT)v~a€L, 7TopE6oETaI)- Adapted to MT i1"T£)ON i1::l'~N i1'~'~N'. See F I0.4C for approximations to MT in grammatical person. M i 2:7 [OtA6YOLf-LOV] (LXX: o[ A6YOLaUTov)- Reconstr ucted with MT~'::J"T . See FI O-4- 3 for approximations to MT in grammatical pe rson. Mi 2:7 f-L[ETo. TOU op8wS']( LXX: f-LET' aUTou KaLOpBOL)- Adapted to MT ,tti"i1 Cl:. See F ro.6.1, 14. 1 for omjssion of Kat and aUTou, Fl.2 for the article, and FJO.4 . 1 for t he grammat ical number. C f. a' op{}W" a' dJ &iw,. Mi 2:8 [€l, €X8pov] (LXX: €ls X € 8pav) -Reconstructed wi th MT ::J..,N'. M i 2:8 ~7Tf[aTpa.p-ryoov]Ta L (LXX: OWTPLf-Lf-Lov)-Reconstructed as translation of a varian t ,::JW" (see F I 5.3) for which cf. MT ~::J,tr;i . For the eq uivalen t, see R in Jo 3:8, 10; M i 5:3(4); Z a [ :4.
E. NOTES ON THE RECONSTRUCTIONS
87
Mi 2:8 7TO'\Ef-Lc?[V] (LXX: 1ToMf-Lou [diff. constr.])-Based on the preceding verb ~7Tf[CTTpacfn100Jl1'Tal. Less likely: 1TOA€f-LC?[ 11). Mi 2:9 [yuvaiKEs1 (LXX: 1'}yovf-LEVol}-Adapted to M T "!til.
Mi 3:4 [t1TI'T'I]oEVf-LIlTa a.n-aJJl) (LXX: tv TO;, E7TL'T'I]OEVf-Laa", a.n-wv)- Reconstructed with MT crr""~~ (thus also
a'l·
ffi]
Mi 3:5 [Taod€YEt = LXX- For reconstruction of R see Za 2: 12(8) and 3:7 (M T : i1'i1~'~N i1~). Similar reconstructions: Za 1 :4, 14; 8:20. Mi 3:5 [Kal tK~pv!aJl] (LXX: Kai K1'IpvaooV'ra.)-Adapted to M T 'N'i" (for the lexical choice cf. R in Jo 3:2,5). A form of KaA€W is possible as well. Mi 3:5 [E1T' a.n-)c?v = LXX-Reconst r ucted on the basis of the L XX and not MT. In the reconstruction of trus column all Hnes have app roximately 35 characters, so that also t his line (38) would have had the same number of characters. . "]9v could reflect K11pVaa19v[Ta' as in the LXX, but then the tine, reconstr ucted without a.n-ov, would be too short , and the verbal form would not have equaUed M T. Mi 3:5 [Kalo.] (LXX: KaL}-Adapted to MT ,tiK'l. F or th e use of the same p art of speech as in the Hebrew, see FIO· 3· Mi 3:5 [Swan] (LXX: JSo~)-Adapted to MT 11'1'. Mi 3:5 [E1TI] (LXX : E,s)-Adapted to M T ,~ (cf. F IO.2). Mi 3:5 [Kat 1'}y{aaav] (LXX: ~ynpav)-Adapted to MT '1Fti" (cf. F lO.I). Mi 3:6 [vf-LEiv] (LXX: vI-'M-Cf. the same form later in the verse and see F 12.1.
Mi 3:6 [uI-'EiJl ---], [ul-']t:iv (L XX: l CTTa.&}-O mitted in accordance with MT (supported by calc. of space). See
F IO.6. Mi 3:6 [OpaOEWs] = L XX. For equivalent of R, cf. Ha 2: 2. Mi 4:3-7-For a fuJI recon struction of the text of these verses accordin g to R, see Barth . 206. M i 4:3 [~a.Wv] = LXX (MT: C~~~)-For eqwvalent of R, cf. M i 4:5; Ha 3:13; Zp 2 :9,1 0 ; Za 8: 20. Mi 4:3 [Kal lMY~EI}--A reconstructed compositum E~E My!£1 ( = many M SS of t he LXX) is possible as well (not prohibited by calc . of space). H owever. in accordance with F8.S, R would have preferred the simplex . Mi 4:3 [lws] (LXX: lws Els). M T 'S7-For the reconstruction , see Mi 1:7,4:7, 5:3(4) and Just ad loc. Mi 4:3 /lo[axa1pav] (LXX: pol-"l»o.{av) -The rem aining p art of the letter makes the present reconstruction (d. th e same equivalence [MT : ::I, "] earlier in the verse) more likely than e(Of-L4>ataJl] for which cf. Mi 5:5(6}; Na 3: IS· M i 4:4 [Kal /Co8(a]ovTat (LXX: KW ava1Tavo£Tal}-Adapted to MT ,::1,"" (cr. also J ust). For lexical approximations of verbs to MT, see F I 0.1. F or approximations to the grammat ical number of the Hebrew, see FIO.4.1. Mi 4:4 [/CaL2 ---] (LXX: Ka~ lKoCTTos)-Omitted with MT (and Just) on the basis of calc . of space. See F I 0.6.1. Mi 4:4 ~[/Ccpo,Bwv] (LXX: 0 EK~,Bwv)-Arti cie omitted with M T '~'"~. Barth. 206: 0 EKcf>O,BwV (indeed, r? [l/C~,Bwv] is possible as well). Mi 4:4 [(~a~'1aEv. ---) (LXX: E~a~'1at: TaliTa}-Omitted in accordance with MT (and Just). See F I o .6 . I. In this p lace a closed section is reconst ructed since the scroll must have included somet hing between the last word of v. 4 (t~Q.\'1 aEV) and the beginning of v. 5. Alternatively, the text m ay h ave read TOUTa as in the LXX. Mi 4:5 7TOpE[VOOV'rol ---] (LXX: 1ToPfilaovTal l"aCTTos)-Note that in the scroll there is no room for this word, also lacking in Just. See FlS .3. Mi 4: 5 [b. c\VOI"lTi 8E]OU OVTGiw (L XX : n}v a.n-ou)-based on MT ":1~K C'ef::l and in agreement with Just. For substitutions of nouns, see FIO.I. For the omission of the article in front of the nomen regen s , see F3.4. Mi 4:5 1-For MT 'VI are possible either [Kal [ TI] for which cf. J ust ad loc. and Barth . 206 or [Kat E1TIKt:lVa] = L XX. Mi 4:6 [MYEl] = LXX, M T ClQ-Cf. R in Na 2:14; Zp 1:3. Similar reconstructions in Zp 1: 2; 2: 9; Za 1:3; 2:9(5), 10(6). Mi 4:6 [niv (KT(8~1f-Lp.Jvr,v] and in v. 7 [T1}V EKTE8~11-'+'€""1)J! (in both cases LXX: auvTETpif-Lf-L€""1v)-bot h reflecting MT i1S7""i1- , based on Just, D ial. 110.S; cf. also 109 .3. Both U. 2 and 4 of col. 8 are somewhat short, so that either the recon structed word must b e longer than indicated or the writing of this word took more space (note the wide letters in this word).
ooov
r....
88
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
Mi 4:6 [ci8po{ow] (LXX: £ ;0'8'~opa,)-Adapted to MT MDCM (cf. equivalent of R in Ha 2:5). For lexical approximations of verbs to MT, see Fl o.I. Mi 4:7 V[1fO'\£ll-'W-a = LXX (MT: n~'ICW('»-Cf. Zp J:4 0r[O'\HI-'I-'aJ. Mi 4:7 [JK1f£1Tl£al-'f1If11v (LXX: Kal T.qV (i1Tw O'~v), MT: MM':llm-Based on Just. Mi 4:8 [auX]l-'w81js = LXX. The first letter after t he lacuna is a mu enabHng the present reconstruction. A tau wou ld have enabled a reconstructed [O'KO]TW~S as in a'. Mi 4: 8 [O'HWV] (LXX: L'lwv)-For this orthography, see FI2.I. The article is not reconstructed with F5.3 and the LXX .
Mi 4:8 [lws O'ov1 ( LXX: J1fi O'i)-Adapted to M T 1~':V (for R, cf. F9.3). Mi 4: 8 [Kal J'\WO'fTCl]l (LXX: Kai f;O'f'\fl~Of'TaL), MT MM~'1--Base d on th e regular eq uivalent of the root M:2. See F8.1 concerning the replacement of compound verbs in the L XX with the sim plex in R. Mi 4:8 [fJamAd a ---1 (LXX: {3aO'L>"f{a JK Ba{3I1Awvos}-Omitted in accordance with MT. See F1 4. J. Mi 4:8 [lfpollO']a..\1j1-' = L XX- The article is not reconstructed with F5.3 and the LXX (also calc. of space). Mi 4:9 [--- Nvv) (L XX: Kai vw}-Om itted with MT Mn:v . F or omission of Kal, see F I 4.J. Mi 4 :9 [OUK laTlV 0'01) (LXX: OUK "v O'o l)-Adapted to M T 1:2 rM. C f. 4:4; Ha 2:19. See FIO.4.4 for approxim ations to Hebrew in tenses. Mi 4:9 [Jav] (LXX: ~)-Ad apted to M T tiM (cf. R in H a 2:3). M i 4:9 [& uVl-'{3ovAO, ] oov (LXX: ~ {JOVA", oov)-Adapted to MT 1~:vT'. Cf. passim in the LXX. F or the article, see F4· I. F or lexical approximations of nouns to M T, see F IO.I. M i 4: 9 [KaT£ KpaT1joav] = L XX-Plural form of the verb reconstructed on the basis of the plural of [w8i]v£ s in spite of the singular of M T (1P"mM). Mi 4:10 O'[HWV] (LXX: L'Iwv)--For this orthography, see F J2. I. Mi 5: 1 otKO[S······] (LXX: B.",8Affl-'otKos)-In the lacuna there is room for j ust {3T/8Af.£1-' (thus Barth. with W Ach Sa) or a.p-r01l (with or without TOV ). For approximations to MT by omission of elements, see FI 4.1 . Mi 5:1 [Io]v8a = LXX-A rt icle not reconstructed w ith F 5.3 an d the L XX (also calc. of sp ace). M i 5:2 [TiKTov1 01js = L XX-Syntax of LXX = R is not clear (cf. 0') and possib ly a com ma ought to be add ed afte r this word (against Ziegler). Mi 5:3 [aU-rov] (LXX: aVTwv)-Adapted to MT T'M'M. See F10-4- 1 fo r the approximation of pronouns to M T . Mi 5:4 [fi'J? [-r1}v,niv ~I-'w)v (LXX: t1fi T.qV,niV ~I-'wv)-Reconstr uction of [fl1~ is based on the same rendering of US'M::2 in the next verse. See F 9 .3 for synonymous prep ositions. Mi 5:4 {3ap.[m· ~I-'w v] (LXX: xwpav ~I-'WV [Z iegler; MSS: v~v])-Ad apted to MT V'nl7'l'lC. See FIO.1. M i 5:4 1f[oll-''''as] (LXX: 1fol,...o.fs)-Reconstructed th us since t1f'Y£'P£1V requires t he accusative case, whereas in the LXX the noun is the subject of the verb. Mi 5:5 1fapa{[t
Mi 5:5 [f~] (LXX: fK Tov)-Omitted on the basis of M T "W7'l. See F5 .3 fo r the om ission of the definite article
before proper names. Mi 5:5 [~I-'wvl ]
=
LXX (Ziegler; MSS: V~I') and MT U~'lC~.
M i 5:5 [0'1'1 2] (LXX: oTav). Based on the same set of equivalen ts earlier in t h is verse and see fu rther F9.3 . Mi 5:6 - In accordance with the p revalent custom of the scroll three spaces would have been left in front of v. 6 correspond ing with a 'closed space' of MT. Mi 5:6 [KaTa]Aol1Tov (LXX: z)"oAfll-'l-'a)- Based on the LXX in Zp 2:9. For the lack of the article, see F 3.4. If the space m entioned in the preceding note would not be reconstructed, there would be room fo r an article in the lacuna. Mi 5:6 [---] (after ,aKw{J) (LXX: (V TOI~ ;9~(a'I')-Omitted with MT on the basis of count of letters. Mi 5:6 [-- -J (after ~ ) (LXX: 1f{1TTolloa}-Omission based on MT wht:re this plus of the LXX has no equivalen t.
E . NOTES ON THE RECONSTRUCTIONS
89
M i S:6 [oS' OUK ......... «v8pl Kat O~ I-'~J (LXX: rmws I-'~ uvvax9ii I-'T/O€I. 1-'T/8i)-Reconst ructed with MT K~ "~K
K'" W'K' ;,'p' (d. a'8') .
Nahum Na 1:14 [£1Tt 0'011 (LXX: z)"i p O'ov)-Adapted to MT 1"~ . Na 1: 14 [yAIJ1T'Tol'] (LXX: Tel yAu1TTa)-Adapted to M T 'O£), cf. FIO.4·I.
Na 2:5 [opaI-'Ouvj-raL (LXX: SLaTp£xovaaL)- Adapted to the fut u re tense of MT ('~~"~).
Na 2:6 --- (after aUTou) (LXX: Kal tPw~ovTaL ~I-'£pas)-Omitted in conformity to M T . See F I 4. I. Na 2:6 £70'l-'a o£[,] (LXX: £'ToIl-'aaov aL)- Based on the as sumption that MT 1~Z1) (sing.) was read as an active form both by the LXX (plur.) and R (sing.). See F IO.4.1 for d ifferences in number . N a 2:7 [nV>..] a[L] = L XX, MT "lTW- No art icle h as been reconstructed (calc. of space). See F3 .2. Na 2:8 [.... ]7) (LXX: Kat aVTT/ dV£~aLV€)-For the omission of KaL (MT ;'J'1 ~ ~:1) , see F I 4.I. R could be reconstructed as [av£~]7) parallel to the form of the LXX . Ba rth. (notes): [~v~x0]7). Na 2:8 w[S' cpwv~] (LXX: KaOwS' ---)-Adapted to MT ',p~ . F or the preposi tion , see F9.3 · Na 2:8 a1TocpO£yy [o]I-'£v[wv] (LXX: cp8£yyol-'£vaL)- Barth. reconstructs the nomi native for R: «1Tocp8Ey[y011-'€v[al] (cf. LXX). . N a 2:8 [(1fl TTJV Kapo{av aUTwv] (LXX: EVKapo{aL, aUTwv)-Adapted to MT l;'~:J' ,,~. See FIO .2. Article added on th e b asis of F4.1 (al so calc. of space). N a 2:9 cp£t5[yovaLI'] (LXX: CP£VyovT£s)-Adap ted to M T C'Cl. The L X X translated th is verb in conj unction with the next one as a participle. N a 2:9 [oT]ii[T£, a'TTjT£] (LXX: OUK € o T1)oav)- Reconstructed in agreem ent with MT ~ib~ ~'7;l~. T he remnants of II. 10- 1 r do not allow for the text of the LXX if indeed the last letter of 1. ro is an eta . In that case there is no room in f ront of the last word of 1. 10 for OUK of the LXX , and a reconstructed [loT]?7[oav] wi th [oal'] at the beginning of 1. I I leaves too sh ort a text until the m iddle of 1. 1 I . N a 2:9 [---] (after 1Jv) (LXX: o}-Omitted w ith MT :11£)7'l. See F1.3. Na 2: I 0 [TO dpyupwv] = LXX-Article reconst ructed in acco rdan ce with the parall el phrase TO x[pua{ov] in sp ite of M T I'JC~ . N a 2: I 3 [Kat T~V l-'a]l;'opav [auTov] (L XX: Kat TO KaTOLKT/T~PWV aUTou)-For the article before a noun with a pronomjnal suffi x, see F 4.1. N a 2:1 4 [1TpO, a]' (LXX: J1TL a')-Adapted to MT '~"K. For the equ ivalent of R, see FII.l(2). Na 2: 14 ['TWV ovval-'£wv] (LXX: 1TavToKpaTwp)-Adapted to M T n'K:J~. See F 1.5 fo r a complete list. F or lexical approximations of nouns to MT , see F lo. I . Na 2:14 [Kat JKKa] t5O'w = LXX, MT ~J'1'l1:Jm . Compositum reconstructed with t he LXX because of calc . of space. N a 2: 14 [TO apl-'a aUTTj,] (LXX: 1T>..Tj86, aou)-Adapted to MT M:J~' (the LXX read a form of :J" viz., ;'~:J'). For lexical approximations of nouns to MT, see Fro.1. F or the article see F 4. 4, and for the pronoun Fl°-4- 3. Na 3:3 [dva{3a{l'ov'ToS'] = L XX- For this and the follow ing words gen itives are reconstructed (as in the LXX), supported by [1TA~8o]u, in I. 36, si vera lectio. Na 3:3 [po!-'cpa{a], = L XX (M T : ::l'n)-Cf. Mi 5:5(6); N a 3:1 5. [p.axaLpa]s is possible , too (cf. Mi 4:3) · Na 3:3 [Tpau!-'u'rlov] (LXX: Tpaul-'a'TLwl')~The singular form is adapted to MT See FI O.4. 1 for approximations to MT in grammatical n umber. N a 3:3 [... '] ~ For MT 'ltl, R possibly read [7TTWO£W]~ as in the L XX, or otherwise [1TTWl-'aTol? or [aw!-'aTok Na 3:3 [Ka! a (1W£ [v~(10UOLV] = LXX-F or the sake of convenience R is recon structed as the LXX reflecting the Qere '~lU~'. N a 3:6 [ws] (LXX: £ls)-Reconstructed with MT -~ (·N'~). See F9. 3· Na 3:7 [auTij] (LXX: aUT~v )-Recon structed (hebraistically) with MT Na 3:7 1T[apaKa>"ovvTas] (LXX: 1fapaK>"T/ULI')~Adapted to MT C~r.lnlr.l. See FloA. I for approxim ations to M T in grammatical for m.
"'n.
il".
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
E . NOTES ON THE RECONSTRUCTIONS
Na 3:7 [aoL] (LXX: a m-fl)- Adapted to MT " . For approximations of pronouns to MT, see Fro .4.3. Na 3:8 Before this verse, at the e nd of I. 10 of COilS, a space must have been left in the scroll corresponding with an 'open section ' of MT. This space is indicated in the scroll by a 'p aragraphos ' and by the 'capital' letter starting the next line (1. I I) to the left of the margin . See A4a.
Na 3: I 5 [pp
90
Na 3:8 --- fL~ aya.8vvH' (LXX: o.PfLoaaLxop8~v , ETo{,."aoaL)- The fir st two words of t he d ifficult text of the LXX are om itted with MT ~~t)'n:1 (calc. of space). For the third word R has an alternative translation . N a 3:8 U7T[€P vw] (LXX: fLEpt' Sa)-Reflecting MT Nl~ . LXX reRects an etymological understanding according to m~. Na 3:8 [~S"] laxu, (LXX: -?> ~ d.pX~)-For the omission of the Greek article in accordance with MT '~n, d . F1. 3· Na 3:8 [TQ T£ixoS" aun?,] (LXX: TO. .,..,{x'rJ alh7]s-)-Adapted to MT in"\1:),n. See F IOA. I for approximations to MT in grammat ical n umber. Na 3:9 [-- -] (before [al8Lo1T{a]) (LXX: Kal)-Adapted to MT lV'l::::l. For omission of Kat, see F 14.1. Na 3:9 [---] .povS (LXX: T7]> .plJ)l7]S')-Adapted to MT t),£) . See F S.3 for the omission of the article before proper nouns. Na 3:9 [aou] (LXX : alh7j>}--Adapted to MT ,n"Tl1~ . N a 3:10 [i7TOp£lJO'l)] (LXX: 7TOpftJOETaL)-Adapted to MT :1~':1. See F7.I.I. Na 3: I 0 [i v alX]J.LaAw[ at]~ (LXX: alXJUiAwTo,)-Adapted to MT ~~a;~. See F 10.3 for t he exact representation of all elements of the Hebrew. For equivalents of -~, see F9.3. Na 3:10 [bTi K£.paA]~V (LXX: €1T' apxa, )- A dapted to MT a;N"~ accord in g to the fIequent (hebraistic) equivalen t ofa;N., . [£1T' dpxJ~JI (cL Barth.) is also possible. €1TLis secured by the case en d ing of th e n ext word (cf. also R in Mi S:4 [5]) . Na 3:10 [Dow... ---] (LXX; TWV DOW)) o.uT7],)-Articie and pronoun om itted with MT n'~'n. See Ft o .6.I, 14.1. Na 3;10 [-- -] (after E7T[2) (LXX: m:tvTa)-Omitted with MT. F or approximations to MT by omission , see FI4·1. Na 3: 10 [TO uS' fv06gou> aU]T7]S(LXX: TO. £vooga aurijs). MT :1~'~::::ll-Adapted to the paralJel phrase [,."EYLani]vE> (MT ~~"l). N a 3:1 0 [K,\7]pO"'] (LXX: KA-rypous)- Reconstructed accord ing to MT See FIO.4a for ap p roximations in grammatical n umber .
'.,,1.
Na 3: 10 [€V XHpomfoa t>] (LXX: X£Lpomfoa,s)- Adapted to M T C~i'T:I . For representation of all elements of t he Hebrew, see FlO. ) and for the equivalent of -:I , see F9.3. I n view of th e uncertainty, the space reconstructed before v. I I is tentati ve. Na 3: 1 I [--- [an] (LXX: Kat £CI11)--Omitted with MT ~:1J"\, see FI4. 1. Na 3:1 I [Eg EX t/pou] (LXX: €g EXOpwv)-Reconstructed with MT :I"'N~. C f. FIO.4.1 . N a 3:12 [auv] aKo1T[oi s] (LXX: aKo7Tous [Xouaa.,)-Adapted to MT C~"'::::l~ C17. See F IO .2 for approximation to Hebrew p repositions . See Fro.7 for t ran spositions of the LXX. Na 3: 12 [iat/o]vToS = LXX or [€a8{o}lI'ToS' (d. R in Ha 3: 14) . N a 3:13 (--- YlillaiKE,1 (LXX: w, y uvaiKE,)-Omitted with MT C~l. See F10.6. Na 3: 13 [€]v [,.,,€GCP GOv] (LXX: EVao{)-Adapted to MT '~"i':I (see equivalent of R in Ha 2: 19) . See FIO. 2 for app roximati ons to t he lexical meaning of Heb rew preposition s. Na 3: 13 [£.pay€V] (LXX: KaTa,p&'YETa,)- Reconstructed because of calc . of space. See F8. I for the use of the simplex instead of a compos.i rum and F7. I for the tense. Na 3:1 4 [t18pE uaa]L (LXX: €1T{a7Ta aa.)-For lexical choice of R, cf. passim in the LXX and see FIO. I. N a 3: 14 [TIl OXvp6JfLaTa GOu] (LXX: TWV 0xvpwfLaTwv aov)- For the lexical choice, d. Ha r: 1 0 , For the a rt icle , see F 4.5. The d ifference in case ending is reconstructed in accordance with the assumption that the L XX reRects ~i? J'" while R refl ect s MT (~i?~Ij) . Na 3: 14 [' ,\0£] (LXX: t'fL,81]8L)- Adapted to MT 'N~ . See F9.1. I for synonymous verbs . N a 3:14 [K pl.lT1]aov] (LXX: KaTaKpa-TT}aov), MT ' i" Tn:1-See F8. 1 fo r t he use of the simplex in stead of a compositu m . Na 3:IS [.paYETa,1 (LXX : KaTacp&'YETat) (twice)- Preverb omitted in accordance with F8.1 (calc. of space) .
91
H abbakuk Ha I:S ]. a t-The clearly visible alpha stands at a place where we would expect an equ ivalent for either C"'l~ or 'N." ne ither of which wou ld have an alpha (;S£TE iv Toi, t'8vEaLlJ). It is therefore not impossible that R had here the equivalent of the LXX (KaTa.p pOVT}TaO, represen ting a di fferent Hebrew text. Ha I :S --- (after [OavfL]aaaT€) (LXX: KaL d.pavlaO'rJT€}--Double reading of t he LXX not reconst ructed fo r R. See 14.1. Ha 1:5 t'p[yov """ ""1 (LXX; €pyov £yw €pr&.~ofLa L)-R may have read the same verb as the LXX, since its root corresponds with that of €pyov (MT: "17~ '17~) , but the exact form (first or thi.rd person) cannot be determined. If R's Hebrew text was ident ical with t hat of MT, he would not have read €yw as in the LXX . On the other h and , there is room in the lacuna for a short word in add ition to the verb. H a J:5 [---] (before [~K~ L'rJYh8?7) (LXX; TL,)-Omitted with MT (diff. construction). See Fl o.6 for approximation to MT through omission. Ha I:S [JKOl1]y]T}8ii (LXX: ~KS tT}y7]TaL )--Text of R reconstructed according to the assumption that it woul d contain an aor. subj . rather t han an indo (which would not be compatible with MT "~~7, v iz. , [Jg£S'1]yN 8'rJ [it is not cle ar which form Barth. had in mind : [~KSL'I)YN8'rJ D. The subj. would probably depend on a conj unction like €&.V as in the LXX . Ha 1:6 [€ydpw] (LXX: E~EYE {pw)-In accordance with F8. I , R would have p referred the simplex . Con siderations of space strengthen th is assumption. On the other hand, in Mi S:4(5) R (following the LXX) uses the compositum €7TEyd pw in accordance w ith the context there (€7T' a UT611). Ha 1:6 [---] (after lydpw) (LXX [Rahlfs]: i .p' ufLcls)-Omitted with M T (calc. of space). The text of R agrees with that of m ost MS S of t he LXX and the edition of Ziegler against that of Rahlfs. Ha 1:6 [---] (after iYE{pW ) (LXX: TOU, fLaX'l)TG..)--Omitted with MT on the basis of the assu m ption that [TO US' xaAoSa{oos1 equals MT. The LXX con tains a doublet . Ha 1:6 [T7], y7Js] = LXX in spite of MT r.,N. T he article is reconstructed because of calc. of space. Cf. F r 04 Ha 1:6 [al).,.cp] (LXX: am-ou)-Adapted to MT " , d. Ha 2:6 and see FIO.2. H a 1:7 [,pOI3EPOS] (LXX: f1T£.pav~,)-Adapted to MT N.,m (d . the equivalence of R for N"~ and .po,8€ofLat in Jo 1:16). For lexical approximations of adjectives to MT , see F IO.1. Ha 1:7 [a UTOS] (LXX: ~ anv)-Cf. Ha 1:10, 2:19. See FIO.3 for use of the same part of speech as in the Hebrew. Ha 1:7 [---] (after a ~Tovl) (LXX: [aTaL)-Omitted with MT. S ee F I 0 .6. I for omission of elements possib ly involving a sh ort Hebrew text. Ha 1:7 [---] (after am-ou 2) (LXX; i~ aUTou 2 )--Omitted with MT because of calc. of space. See FJO.6. I for om ission of elements possibly involving a short Heb rew text. Ha 1:8 Kat KOU.p[OU pot] (LXX: Ka, €gaAoVvTat), MT: "P'1--C f. the paralle] rendering on,m by o6h[EPOt] in R in the same verse. Also p ossible: KOV[WVUl V] . See Fl o .1 for lexical approximations to the Hebrew. Ha 1:8 [U7Tfp] = LXX- Twice in this verse U1T€P is reconst ructed with the LXX for the comparative l~ of M T (for the equivalent, cf. R in Na 3:8). Ha 1:8 [--- ? €U7T€]paS' (LXX: T7]' 'Apa{3 {aS')-See FlO. [ fo r lexical approximations to the Hebrew. R would have omitted the articl e, since MT ~"17 has no article (see F1. 3) and this is supported by calc . of space. Ha 1:8 [Ka, ot i7T]1!ELs- aVTo u (LXX: Kat 0PfL-ryaoUat), MT: ,~.,£)'- For the use of the art icle before nouns wit h pronorninal suffixes, see F 4.4. For approximation s to MT usin g the same part of speech as the H ebrew , see FIO·3 ·
DISCOVERIES IN THE J UDAE AN DESERT V I (I
92
Ha 1:8 [EA£tJaovTa t] (LXX: - - -)--Reconstructed according to MT
E . NOTES ON THE RECONSTRUCTIONS
'N~~.
93
LXX, so that the problem of grammatical agreement may have been overlooked by both the LXX and R.
Ha 1:8 [Kal~] = L XX- R probably agrees with the LXX in ad d ing Kal to MT '037" or possibly in reading '037' (calc . of space).
Ha 2:3 [ou] (LXX: oUK)- Reconstructed on the basis of the next word: [8halj;€Va€Tat.
Ha 1:8 [Toii <,b]ay€iv (LXX: €t, TO .paYELv) -See F 2.1 for the r endering of the lamed of th e info by TOU .
Ha 2:4 [KaP) (LXX : 0 Sf)- Adap ted to MT i'~'~" Ka, also replaces Se in Jo 3:3, Ha 2:20 and M i 4:5 and is reconstructed in Jo 3:7. For omission of the article in accordance w ith MT, see F I. 3.
H a 1:9 -At the end o f \. 36 of col. 16, R would have h ad an equivalent for MT
Tl~l~
such as Tlp6 aolj;t s (a').
H a I : 10 y[€i\ws] (LXX: 7Ta{yvta)-For the recon struction, see a' and a'. See F9.2 for synon ymous nouns. Ha 1:1 0 [ath0] (LXX: athou)-Adapted to MT'a, (see FI O.2).
Ha 1:10 [- -- au}ro, (LXX: Kal' aVTo,2 )--Ko.l omitted with MT N' i1 (see FI 4.1).
Ha 1:1 0 [Ev]1Ta{gH (LXX: EVTpu.p~ aE£)-Adapted to MT Oa,i'Tl~. See FlO. I. Ha 1:1 0 Ev7TU!1geTat] (LXX: E/-t7TU:gfTat)-Fo r the orthog rap h ic change I-' > v, see FI2.3 . Ha I : 10 [,BJ~~ i" = L XX- There is room for a p reverb such as E7Tt- at the end of t he preceding line. Barth. (n otes): [,B]oWtaH (for the equ ivalent, cf. R in Za 9: 3) . Ha
1: 10
Ha I: I I
[athol (LXX : athov)- Ad apted to the syn tax of the verb in R. 1Tapk~E1Ja€Tat]
(LXX: 8t€AEVa€Tat)-Cf. the frequent LXX equivalent of "1:J37.
Ha ) :1 4 [dv8pdmov,] = LXX TOUS dv8pd.l1To us-Reconstructed in plural with Jo 3:7 [5v8p w]1T0! and Ha 2:17 dv[8 pdJ1T]wv (MT: C'N). Art icle omitted (cf. Ha 2:1 7) with M T. Ha 1:14 [lx 8va,] (LXX : TOV, lXBVa,)-Article omitted w ith F 3 -4
Ha 2:3 [7Tpoa8€xov] (LXX: o1T6I-'ELvov)- T h us a' . See F9.1. 1 for synon ymous verbs.
Ha 2:S (" '].o,-Calc. of space make it probable that th e scroll lacks one or mo re of the words o f MT, such as ~::l t'JN' wh ich are also lacki ng in the LXX. [" l os could rep resent e.g ., [davv8dTo" fo r wh ich cf. Ot Ain Jer. 3:7; a'a'8' in Ps. 77(78):57 and a' {f in Ps. I18(Il9) : I S8.
'l'::l
Ha 2:5 ouy[' '] (LXX: ouoev I-'~ 7T€pclV?J )- Barth. OV8[fV ...]' T h e Jet ter canno t be a delta (B art h .) o r mu (ou H-[~]) or kappa (~UK). Possible , but not likely , is a nu (lIol-'€VW or V€I-'W equall ing the root ml?) , but t he most likely candidates are a pi (cf. LXX 7T€pavTJ) and even more so a gam ma (OV r D. Ha 2:5 [aweigH] (LXX: E7TLawagH)-Based on Ha 1: 1 S; I\tli 4 :6 (MT: t'J0N",). See F8 .1 conce rn in g the replacement of compounds w ith sim plex forms in R . Ten se recon str ucted in acco rdance with the p arallel verb . Ha 2:5 [1TpO,2] = LXX- Barth .: [€l,]. Cf. FI I.1. Ha 2: 13 [7Tu p6,] (LXX: EV7Tupt)-Adapted to MTWN. For approximation s to MT in case endin gs, see F IO.4b. For omission of elemen ts, see F lo.6 . If the same constr uction was used in both stichs, 7TlJp must be recon structed rather than 1Tup6, (cf. K€VOV in the accusative). H a 2: 13 [EV 'Kav6T7]Tt] KHOV (LXX; 7Toi\i\d)-Adapted to MT 1'" ":J . For EV IKavoT7]TL cf. context in R. S ee FIO.3 for the exact rep resentation of all elem ents of the Hebrew.
Ha I: 14 8o..Aei[a07} ,]- Reconstructed as 8aAa[a-](10)[a7],] on lines <)- 10 of col. 17 because th e usual practice was to d ivide between geminate conso nan ts. There is no trace of the sigma on 1. 9 and the reconstructed letter would extrude into the m arg in . Howeve r , also on 1. 17 t he scribe wrote t wo letters beyond h is right hand m arg m .
Ha 2:14 [7TA7] a]8~a€Tat (LXX: EI-'7TA7]a8~a€Tat)-For reconst ructed simplex, see F 8. Barth.: [Ev7TA7]a]8~a€Tat .
H a 1: 14 [---] (before [0..,)) (LXX: Ko.I)-O m itted with MT W~'::l . S ee FI 4 .r.
Ha 2:1 4 [tiS" ] (LXX: ti8wp)- See on Jo 3:7.
H a I: 14 (--- l p7T€Td] (L XX: Tn lp1TETd)-Article omitted with MT
iu7#,):P.
Ha 1:14 [---] (before [OUK]) (LXX: Td 2 )-Om itted with MT Na, . S ee Fl.3 and Fl o .6.I.
Ha 2:1 4
[T~V] =
LXX-For the use of the Greek article for
1'\~
w ith nouns, see F6.
Ha 2: 14 [KaTo.KaAvIj;H] = LXX- Reco nstructed in spite of R 's pro bable preference for the simplex (d. v . 17) because of calc. of space.
Ha I: I S [7TllvTa]-( LXX: aUVT€At€ a v)- Adapted to M T :1-;':>; cf. v. 9 in M T, LXX and R. See F IO.2.
Ha 2 : 14 [E1Tt] 8aAclaa[7]s] (LXX: aVTov, )-Reconstructed acco rd ing to MT C' a,37 .
Ha I: I S [T0 dl-'].pt{3A~aTpcp aUTou (LXX: EV dl-'.pt{3"~aTpcp)-Articl e added in accordance with added pronoun (cf. MT '~'n:l), d. F4. Ha I: I S [~V Til] aa y~JI"!7 aUTov (LXX: EV TOo', aay~vat, aVToii}--Article reconstru cted in the singular to agree with the noun. See F 4 . I.
Ha 2: I S Before this verse a 'closed ' section is reconst ructed in acco rdance with the M asoretic prac tice and follow ing calc . of space. See A4a.
~
Ha 1:16 [T0
dl-'.ptfil"~] (JTpcp
aVTov (LXX: Til aay~vTJ aUToii)-For the use of the article, see F4. 1. L XX--TOU not reconstructed before this word (cf. MT l'i1a,) because of calc. of
Ha 1:17 [d170KT£Wft]l( = space. See FZ.3 .I. H a 2: I [b TL 7TlfTp]a, (LXX: En, 7T€Tpav)- Case ending of [7T€Tp]a, continued from previous preposition. The L XX used a d iffe re n t verb . Barth. 220 : [E7Tt 7T€Pt.p€p€~a, reconstructed from 0.' l (ci rcinum) re Rec ting etymological exegesi s of MT ,,~~ ~37. C alc . of space make th is reconstruction unlikely . H a 2:2 EK.pav[' ']-E.g., IK.pav[€Lv] parallel t o the previous verb or
~ K.pav[7]8t] .
H a 2:2 [E7TL 7TUg{W ]V ( LXX: En, 7TUg{OV ), MT: mna,i1 ~37-AJJ elements of the reconst ruct ion are u ncertain . Our point of depart u re is the assum p t ion t hat the same word is u sed as in the LXX and th at R wou ld have preserved the plural of MT instead of the sing u lar of the LXX (see FI 0A- I ). Th is change requires the em ployment of the genitive case with E1T{ wh ich is m ore fr eq ue nt in the LXX w ith verbs of writing than either the accus.at ive or d ative case. At the sam e tim e, there is no room in the lacuna for an article required by MT so th at in th is m atter R probably followed tbe LXX . For the placing of the fragment at the ends of II. 23- 5 of col. 17, see note in D . H a 2:2 [T plXlTJ (LXX: OtWKTJ)- For lexical approxi m ations of ve rbs to MT , see F IO.I. T he reco nst ructed read ing is identical with a' a'. Ha 2:2 [EV aVTiI] (LXX : aVTa.) --Reconstructed (h ebraistical1y) w ith MT':I (feminine fo rm adap ted to opaat,). Ha 2:3 [OTt] (LXX: 8t6Tt)- See F9. 3. T he shorter OTt is prefe rred because of calc. of space . Ha 2 :3 [opaat,] = LXX-Reconstruction probable because of identical eqtuvalent (MT: Tnn) in R in v. 2. O n the oth er hand, [au]T6v later in the verse should probably refer to t his n oun , so that a masculine noun may be expected h ere (amvo, ; opal-'aTtal-'6, of a' is too long for the lacuna). However , the same problem obtains in the
Ha 2:1S [ouat] T[0J (LXX: w)--MT "'i1. Cf. H a 2:6. Barth.: [o]vaU]. H a 2:1 5 [.... ]u-- dvaTp[o7Tfj) occurs also in the LXX for n£)C~ o f M T, so that it is difficult to dete rm ine the eq u ivalent in MT represented by the preceding wo rd ["·' ]u. Barth. 216- 17 re constructs [Eg d1Tpoa80K~To]V and avaTp[o7T7),] as in '€ an d the S ahidic translation (see p. 230). G. Howard, Biblica SS (1 974) 18 suggests: [auTo]u. H a 2:IS [T]oii E7T!,?[M7THII] (LXX: 07TWS E7Tt{3M7TTJ}- For a similar rende ring o q37~a" see the LXX in Jud 2:22 and 2 Ch r 2S:20. For the article with the infi n itive , see F2A H a 2:I S [T~V daX'7l-'0a]vv7]v a~[TC.;:']v (LXX: Td p ronom inal suffix, see F 4 . 1.
a7T~Aata
aUTwv)--For the articl e before t he nou n with a
Ha 2: 16 - I n the lacuna at t he beginning o f I. 23 of col. 18 there is p robably roo m for on ly one of the two ver bs of the LXX (Kat 8taaai\€v87]Tt KaL a€{a87]Tt) representing one word in M T, a,'37:1t Ha 2: 16 -At the begi nn ing of 1. 24 of col. 18 th ere is room fo r Ti], b efore [8£gt
=
~lywv
LXX- Cf. Ha 2:6 for equivalent of R. (LXX: 0 Mywv)-Article om itted w ith MT
"1~N.
See F I.3.
Ha 2 :19 [---] T0 At8cp (LXX: Ka L T0 At8cp )- Ka1 omi tted with MT l::!Na, (c alc. of space) . See F I4.1.
94
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DE S ERT VII I E . NOTES ON THE RE C OKSTRUCTIONS
Ha 2 : 19 [loov] (LXX: TOv-rO ol)- -Adapted to MT itli'1. F or lexical approximat ion of particles, see FIO.2. Fo r approximations to MT by omission, see Flo.6a. H a 2: I 9 ou [p.'11 i[o)Tlv (LXX:ouKlo·nv)-Although the constructi on itsel f is not likely (cf. R in Mi 4:4 rN-oUK lOTlII) , it is reconstructed because the sequence ou £[O]TtV is not p robable and because there is room for two letters in front of l [o]TlIl. H a 3:9 [ifE'yt"{pwv] ifE'Y[E'p]~!, (LXX: iVTt"{vwv i VTt"VE'LS")- Participle reconstru cted on the basis of the preserved verb . M T : "':I1M i'1~":11 . Ha 3:9 - See note in D on the word after pa/1~[o]v)". Ha 3:9 [aE'AE'] (LXX: ouil/JaAfLa)-.Cf. H a 3: 13 for equivalent of R. Forlexical approximations of nou ns to MT, see Flo.I. Ha 3:9 [1rOT<1]/:,ot(LXX: 1roTafLwv)- Probably the only possible way to u nderstand the syntax ofR is by adding a comma after this word on the assumption that l1i':m was read as a passive verb (see FI3 .2). Ha 3: 1 0 [--- WS{v'1a]av (LXX: Kal WOtV~oOuo')-Kat omitted with MT ,1;I~n~. See F lo .6. I. Ha 3: 10 vW'l (LXX: t1oaTa) -See on Jo 3:7. Ha 3: 10 [1rap1]A80'] (LXX: 1ropda,; MSS add aVrou, th us Rahlfs)-Adapted to MT .,::l11 (freq ue n t equivalent in the LXX; see also a'). See FIO.3 fo r use of the same part of speech as as the H ebrew . Ha 3: 10 ["lat s" [a]v.rov-These words are taken as an eq uivalent of 1i'1~i~ in v . 10 , although they cou ld also represent i'11;1::lT in the next verse . Th is view is based on a partial reconstruction of II. 29-3 2 of col. 19. See next note. Ha 3: I I [E' t,) ~iyYoe; aa[Tpa1r17S"] = LXX-These words are taken as equivalents o f P.,::l i'1111.;1 of MT 1~~n '1N1;I 'M~ln i',:::1 i'111? ,;:,I.;Ii'1\ beca use the two G reek wo rds are regular equ ivalents of these Hebrew words. They cannot reflect ,~~n "NI.;I, and the scroll t hus reflects a differ ent Hebrew text. In t his diffe rent text after the fir st word in I. 3 2 of col. 19 there p robably followed a translation of ,-~n "NI.;I. In other words, the scroll represents ,-~n .,'KI.;I and ,M'ln i',:::1 i'1111.;1 in a reverse order. Furthermore , it looks as though there is no space in I. 29 for a translation of (10) NtrJl and (I I) i'1~~T i~l1 n." w~a;, so that in this regard also R reflects a different text. Ha 3: I I [at/Mv1]'] (LXX: o7TAwv)-MT 11'1'ln . C f. Mi 4: 3. See F9. 2 for synonymous nouns and FI 2. 12 for the orthograp hy . H a 3: 12 iv €fL[,BptfL~au] (LXX: ill a1rHAiJ)-F or the reconstruction (M T : C17T::l), cf. Lam 2:6.
Ha 3: 12 [--- iv OUfLO/] (LXX: KaZ €V {JllfLo/}-Kai omitted witb MT I')N::l . See F t 4 .I.
2
Ha 3: J 3 [dS" aWT1] p{av ] (LXX: TOU owoat)-Adapted to MT 17W"I.;I . For th e use of t he same part of speech as the Hebrew, see F IO. 3. H a 3: 13 [TaU XptOToil] oou (LXX: Tove; Xpt OTOVS" oou)-Reconstr ucted according to M T ,n~~ MK (sing ,), adapted to the p reced ing word. Barth. 2 I 8: {owT7]p{a]v a[uv To/ XptOTo/].
Zephaniah
95
Z p 1:4 [TOV,] = LXX-Probably R retained the art icle because of [1ravT]aS" (su pported by calc. of space). For a similar mstance in the p reserved text, see Ha 2:8 "M~ 1.;I;:'-[7Ta]~£S" ot [" ']. Zp 1:4 [TO] v1![oAE' tf.Lf.La] (LXX: TO. ovofLaTa) - For the art1cle rendering MN, see F6. F or the equivalent, see M i 4:7 v[1ToA£ Lf.L]fLa as well as frequentl y in the LXX . See FJo.1 fo r lexical approximations to MT . Zp 1:4 [" '] ,BaaA- Either [T1]'] as in the LXX or [TOU] . Zp 1:4 /:,[mi] (LXX: --- )- Adapted to MT Cl1. Zp 1:5 K[a]1 [TOUS" 7TPOOKvvouvTaS"] (LXX: Kat -- - ) -Added according to MT c..,nnW7.)i'1 MK12 (calc. of space). For the equivalent, see the beginning of the verse . Zp 1: 5 [TCp ~] (LXX: KaTo. TOU Kvp{ou}-Adapted to MT i'11i'1'I.;I. For lexical app roximations o f prepositions to MT, see F IO.2. For th e article before the divine name, see FS+ Zp I :5-6 - Reconstruc tion of I. 4 I of col . 20 is difficult. If the word in the beginnin g o f v . 6 is reconstructed as [Kat TOUS" €KKA[vOVTaS"] ( = LXX, MT: C"l'Clil MN' ), even withou t the pr everb there is not enough room for €V [r)o/ [,BaoL AE't ali"Twv] at t he end of v. 5 (MT: Cf7~~) . It is therefore not impossible that a shorter text such as iv He;; [p.d XOfL] (cf. many MSS of the LXX) should b e reconstructed. Zp I: 14 [~fLcpa] = LXX (Ziegler; Rah lfs read s the article w ith many M SS of the LXX)- For the omission of the article with nouns in the construct state , see F3 , 5. Zp 1: 14 E7TLa{""}--Almost certainly this word stand s for n'~ in the MY and aKA1]pa in the LXX. Barth.: E1r{o['1fLoe;]. Z p 1:1 4 [€KE'L ouvaTo,] (LXX: TCTaKTat ollvaT~ )-Ad apted to MY ":::11 CW. See F ro.2. Z p t:l 7 K[aF [ifE'XE'LTO] (LXX: Kal i KxuL}- Adapted to MT 1~qt) ·
Zp I: I 7 1r[T~fLJq.[T]a (LXX.: oapKas), MT C7.)nl.;l1-See F9.2 for ~;nonymous no uns.
Zp 1:18 K[a{ ye1 (LXX: Kat)-Adapted to MT C1. Cf. Fr o .2 for the equivalent of R.
Zp 2:9 E[wS" TOU alwvoS"] (LXX: E'LS" TOV alwva ), MT: c1;I,11 i17- Reconstructed on the basis of R in Mi 1 :7; 4=7 . Z p 2:9 [KantAOt]1rO[t] (LXX: Ka( oi KaTaAot7Tot)- KaL omitted with ]\tIT M-"~ . Calc. of space d o n ot allow for the in cl usio n of th e article (alternatively [TO U) should be omi tted in the reconstruction of the preceding phrase) . Zp 2:9 [TOU] Aaou [p.]o[u] (LXX: Aaou fLou)-For the addi tion of the article before noun s wi th a pronominal su ffix (calc. of space), see F4. 5. The same app lies to the reconstruction of [TOU UlvouS" f.Lou]. Zp 2:9 [TOU E8vouS" f.Lou] = LXX (E8vou; fLOU) and Qe re ~"l . Z p 2:9 [K]A1][P]O[VOfL~oo]u[aLV] = LXX-Calc. of space favo ur the simplex rather than a compositum (Kara) . See F 8, S. Zp 2: 10 [aVTL t1,BpEwe;] aUTw\, (LXX: aVT! T1]S" t1/1p£wS" aUTwv}-Article omitted because of calc . of space (MT: Cl'Nl). See F4. 3. Zp 2: 10 - Five 0) letters are visible at the beginning of the last line of col. 22 representin g ,1;Ii1..,. T hey cannot rep resent -81]oav of i fLeyaAUv81]aav (for equivalent , see Mi 5: 3[4] and LXX ad loc .). Zp 3:6 [ci7T]W[AoVTO] (LXX: EgIAt1rov)-This is a mere conjecture, not supported by any evid ence, as the Hebrew verb (i'1i::l) does not occur elsewhere in t he O,T.
Zp 1:2 -Spaces are reconstructed before this verse in accordan ce with the 'paragraphos occurri ng after I. 25
of col . 20. See A4a.
Zp 3:6 [7Tapo. TO f.Lry v1rap]xk ]tv (LXX: rrapa. TO fLT)O€JlU v7TapXHv)- Preposition reconstructed acco rdi ng to the LXX ad loc o and th e most frequent equi valent in the LXX of -1.;I::l7.) in tru s constructio n.
Zp 1:2 ouv[a'Y''']---e.g., ovv[ayayE'].
Zp 3:6 rO ta. TOU fLry E'tvat] (LXX: fL'1o()- Recons truc ted in accordance with th e frequ en t LXX equivalen t o fPK~ in th is construction . The use of an infi nit ive is necessary before [KaTOt]Kouvra .
I
Zp 1:2 [7TavTa] (LXX: ---)-Added according to MT 1.;1;:, . Zp 1:2 [i1TaIlW8E' v] (LXX : a1ro)-MT 1.;I11~. Calc. of space favour t he choice of [imlvw/JflI) in V. 2 (for the equivalent cf. Barth. 54-59) and of [ci7T01 (cf. R in Z a 3:4) in v. 3, although l mlvw9E'v is not impossible for V. 3. In both cases t he article is omitted (d. F3.1 ). Zp 1:3 [17E THVOV] (LXX: TO. 7THHvo.)-Adapted to M T 1'),:11. Zp 1:3 [tX OVE,] = LXX (0; ,x9we;)-Nominative reconstructed in accordance with the case ending of [av8]p.w7T0S" . Article of the LXX omitted in accord ance w ith F3 .S. Zp 1: 3 According t o the space available in I. 30 of col. 20, R must have contained a rendering of MT ",1.;Iv;;:'7.)m C~l1W"i'1 l1N not represented in the LXX . Possible reconstruction : [Ka i ai ao8ivua L auv TO', aoc/1wt). Zp 1:4 [Kai EK"TE'IIW] = L XX (MT : -M~tm)-Cf. a' passim.
Zp 3:7 [--- oE'1faL (LXX: Kat Ufa08E')-Adapted to MT 'npM. For omission of Kai, see F1 4. I. Zp 3:7 [7T- hY~- This type of division is unusual for scribe A so that one 's first inclination is to reconstruct a pi at the beginni ng of L. 40 of col. 23 and not at the end of I. 39 as in o u r recon struction. However, with the exception of a m inute dot which could be ink t here are no sign s on the leather which co uld be t ake n as remnants of such a letter. More importantly, if there would have been such a letter , it wo uld have been p rotruding too much into the left margin without an y contextua l reason. T he leather at this point is as smooth as the s urroundi n g surface and shows no signs that a section would have peeled off. Zp 3:7 cl [pOploan] (LXX : op8ptoov) -Adap ted to the consonantal fr am ework of MT '1;)~;:'Wi'1 . See n ext entry and FI OA . r for app roximations in grammatical n um ber. Zp 3: 7 [oLa~8E'{p]an (LXX: otl4>8apTat)- Compositum reconstructed wi th the LXX because of calc. of space (in spite of F8 .r).
96
DISC O VERIES TN THE J UDAEAN DESERT V III
Zechariah Z a 1:2 [7Tan'paS' VfkWV] (LXX: TOUS' 7TaT£pas v/.uvv)-Recon struction of I. 34 of col. 28 is no t certain . [n its present form the reconstru cted lin e is longer than the other lines, so that agains t F3 .5 the article before 7TaT£paS' is left out. Possibl y [opy~v] ( = M T fJ ~V' ) was lack ing as we ll , and certainly /.u,ya>'7]v of t he LXX . Za 1:3 [TaOE MYEL] = LXX-Cf. also R in Za 3:7 . Za [ :3 [MYE~] ~ (LXX : ---)-Adapted to MT mil' CK] (cf. R in N a 2:14; Z p 1:3) . S ee above on Mi 4:6.
Z a 1:4 [.1l7!![aTp£ljJaTE]-[dl ,!.;.[aTp£ljJaT£] = LXX is possi ble as well. F or R, see note o n Mi 2:8.
Za
I: 13 [--- >'6yo vs] (LXX: Kal~ '\oyovs)-Adapted to MT C'i::l"T . For omission of Kat to correspond with MT,
see F1 4 . [.
Za I: 14 -Space reconstructed after A[lywv] in accordance with 'paragraphos ' occurring after I. 4 0 of col. 29. See A4a. Za
I : 14 [TWV Dvv]affkEwv]-Word division in tbe midd le of a syllable (11. 40- I of col. 29: [Dvv-](4 1)affkEwvj) is unusual for scribe A who otherwise usual ly breaks offwords at the ends of syllables. The reconstruc tion is therefore not ce rtai n .
Za
I : 14 [T~V tf'povaa>'7]fJ- Kat T~V] aE[tWv] F S·I.
=
LXX (L'twv)- Articles reconstructed because of calc. of space. See
Z a 2:2 [£aTt]v = LXX-Governed by TaVr[a). [Elat]v is equally possible, cf. F7.1 I.
Z a 2:2 [---] (before Kat!) (LXX: dptd.- Omitted with M T.
Za 2:2 [Kat T~V] tEpov[aa>'7]fJ-] (LXX: ---)-Ad apted to MT C~'Ztli"'. F or the add ition of Kat, see F1 4. I. T h e
article is reconstructed because of calc. of space, but the argum ent is not decisive. Za 2: 3 - S p ace reconstructed before this verse (cf. 'closed section ' in MT) . See A4 a . Z a 2:4 [M ywv] (L X X: 71pOS fkE)-Adap ted to MT i~K~ (calc. of space). Za 2:7 [.1K710PElJf'Tat] (LXX: EiaT~Kf't)-For the equivalen t (MT : K3~ ) , cf. M i I :3. For lexical approx imations to MT, see FIO. I . Z a 2:8 [Dpaw] (L X X: M y wv DpafJ-E Kat)-Adapted to MT
f'
(calc . of space).
Z a 2:8 [dTEtx{a]TaS' (LXX: KaTaKap71ws)-Reconstructed fo r M T 1m .,!:) becau se of a simi lar form in a (dTELX LaTWS ) an d R in H a 3: 14, even tho ugh the exact form is not clear in the context (tf'povaa>'7]fJ- is construed as a p lu ral femi n ine noun , p robab ly on the basis of I'm , !:) . Za 2:8 n[lJ,jaEts] may reflect C' WM for MT :::I~M, and it would furt hermore explain the accusative of [dTHXta]Tas ment ioned above. Za 2:8 [a710 71>'~80]vs = L X X (MT ::I' r.I)- R econstruction yields too sh ort a I. 33 of col. 30 and too long a 1. 34. [&V8pW710]VS' wou ld n ot fit th e con text. E ither th e recon struction is wrong or the verse was shorter in R' s text. Za 2: 10 [OQaL ovat Kat] (LXX: JJ J,)-Recon structed (here as well as in v . I r) according to MT.' "1il ~'n. For R, cf. H a 2:6, 19. Z a 2: 10 [OTt] (LXX: Olon)-Cf. F9.3 (MT: '~) . Za 2: 10 [WS' TOUS' T£aaapf'S' aVEfJ-OvsJ (L X X: £K TWV uaaapwv UVEfJ-wv)- Adapted to MT C~r.I~i1 mn' i 37:l " K~. C alc. of space do not necessitate th e inclusion of TOUS . For the reconstructed TEaaapf'S', cf. R in 2:3. Za 2: [I [dS' anwv] (LXX : ds L'twv)-For the reconstructed spel li ng , see F I 2. I, fo r t he non -repre sentation of the article , see FS.3 . Za 2: I I [civaacP~ov] (LXX: dvaa- See F 9.3. Z a 2.: 12 [TWV DVVa(J-f'wv] (LXX: 71avToKpaTwp)-See F I.S for the full evidence . For lexical approxi m ations of nou ns to MT, see F l o .! .
E. NO T ES ON THE RECON S TRU C TION S
97
Za 2:16 [Iv Ilfpouaa'\"1JLl (LXX: 'T1jv fifpouaaA"1fk)--Prep osition reconstructed with MT C~":J ... '"In:Jt For this Hebraistic rendering, see the L XX of 2 C h r (6:S,6,34 and passim) and see P . Walters, The Text of the Septuagint (Cambridge 1973) 142-3. F or the non- representation of the article, see F5+ Za 2:17 - Space reconstructed befo re this verse in accord an ce with the 'paragraphos' occu rring after 1. 15 of col. 31. See A4a. Za 2:17 [au.o'"1aov] (LXX: wAa,8If{08w)- MT Oit . Cf. H a 2:20 for equiv alent of R. See F lo.1 fo r lexical approximations to M T . Za 2: 17 [IK TOUKaToiKT/TT/p{OU ay{ov aVToii] (L XX: l K vlftPlf).wvay{wvavTov)--Ad apted to M T W"Ty 'J'Il1r.1r.1. F o r the root, cf. a' lK Ka'TOIK~ a£ws ay{as aVTou and the frequent eq uivalent of the LXX and a' . R's p resumed equivalent probably differed from that fo r ~~"it , vaOS (see Na 2:7). S ee F lo. 1 for lexical ap proximation s to MT. For the addition of the article, see F4.4. Za 3:1 S pace reconstructed before th is verse because of calc. of space. C f. ' closed section' in M T and see A4a. Za 3:1 (;OTTJKVI] (LXX: £i~KE,)--Reconstructed (here and in v. 5) fo r the particip le of M T ("Tr.l11). Za 3:1 [TOUoiafMAAlflv aVT6v] -(L X X : TOU aVTtK£ia8at a VTc.O), MT: 'l~W~ - Reconstructed in accordance with j)II1,80>.o, (lOW) occu rring earlier in the sentence. For a sim ilar renderin g, see the LXX of Num 22:22. Za 3:4 [lvw7Tlov] (LXX: 7TpO 7Tpoaonrov...)--For R a shorter word has been reconstructed because otherwise the line would h ave b een too long . The longer reconstruct ion is, however, n ot impossible . Za 3:4 [d JLana}--O rthog rapby reconstructed as in v. 5. See F 12 . I. Za 34 ['T1jv avofk{av aov] (LXX: nts aVOJL{as aou)-Adapted to M T '1'I~ . For approximations to M T m gramm atical number, see FI O.4. I. Za 3:5 [Ka, 1f17Ta] (LXX: Ka; ---)--Add ed according to M T '"Ir.lK'1 . Za 3:5 T h e sequence ofthe two sentences in R agrees with the LXX as in M SS BS + (Ziegler's ed ition ) and disagrees with M S S W AQL + (Rahlfs). Za 3:5 K[ai IV£l;uaav aVTov] ( L XX : Kai 7T£p"f3a'\ov aOrov)--Recon structed according to the frequent eq u ivalent of M T ,iW:z"". Za 3:5 [Kai a]YYIf,\os (LXX: Kal 0 aYYIf>'os Kvp(ou)--F or the omission of t he article in construct nouns, see F 3·5· Za 3:6 [E1fkap1'Upa[To) (L XX: j)IIfJLaprepaTo)-The p reverb is not reconstructed for R because of calc . of space. See F8. I. Barth .: [j)'~]JLaPTvpa['To]. Za 3:6 [---] (before [a)yy£).os) (L XX : o)--See on F 3.4. Za 3:7 -Space recon structed after /) u[vaJL£wv] in acco rdance wit h the 'paragraphos' occurring befo re I. 38 of col. 3 I. See A4a. Za 3:7 [njv .pv'\a]K~v JLOV (LXX: Ta "'p0G'TaYfkaTa fJ-ov)-Fo r th e article rende ring MK, see F6. Barth.: THv ... J, Za 3:7 T[a, aQ).as JLou] (L XX: T~V aQ)'~v JLOu)- Ada pted to MT "?~t! l'IK. See F IO-4- 1 . Za 3:7 11l1?'(Ep~]7T[aToWraS') (LXX: avaaTp£tP0fk£VOUS), M T : C~:;l?;:t~ Recon st ructed from the preserved letters accord ing to the equivalen t of a' elsewhere. I n th is reconstr'uction the Hebrew is taken in the same way as in the LXX (possibly reflecting a d ifferent vocalization : C~:;l~::r7;). At the same t im e, the H eb rew could also have b een understood abst ractl y (BD B: 'goings') as .1V7![£pI];[aT~fkaTa] (wo rd not foun d in t he LXX) . Za 8-Q - S paces b etween wo rds have n ot been indicated for the reconstructed words in the lacunae, since they are not p red ict able , even though they occur in most instances in the text written by scribe B. Za 8: 19 [~ T£TapT7]] (L XX : ~ T£Tpas)-Reco nstructed according to MT ~l1 ' :::I 'it (thus also a' a'8': 1j TOVT£TapT7]). Za 8:19 [; uovTal] = LXX- Reconstructed because of G reek syntax as well as of calc. of space. M T is in the singular: ;"I"il'. Za 8:1 9 [- - -] (before £ls) (LXX: £Is xapall Kai}-Omitted against M T (calc. of space).
Za 8:19 [---] Kai s (LXX: Kat fVtPpav8..fJuE a8E, Kat}-Omitted with MT (calc . of space).
Za 8:20 [Ta:OE MYEl] = L XX- Thus also R in Za 3:7.
Za 8:20 [lws] (LX X : In)--Reconstructed on th e b asis of the mood of [; '\]8walv which would not have suited
In. [;ws] is reconstructed from MT "T» read as "T~. T he next word in R (MT : "~K) was probab ly avo Za 8:21 [1'\IfV)aovTa! (LXX: avvf'\nl aovTal)- For the rep lacement of com posita of the LXX with simplex forms in R, see F 8.1. Za 8:21 [."po]s (L XX: £l,)--Reconstructed with F ll . I(2). Barth. : [EYS .
t-r[p ]
98
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
Za 8:21 - I. r6 of col BI is somewhat short, and there is room for an added word such as [110"\(11), possibly required as supplement to [pJa}'1] . Za 8:21 1TO(P£VO/-W'Ol] (LXX: ---)-Reconstructed with MT "~l'1 on the basis of the assumption that in this construction of the infinitive absolute ("~l'1l'1:;)~l) the participle would be used (d. the addition in Lucianic and other MSS). Also possible is 1TO(P£VU€I] (thus Barth. with the corrector of codex S). Za 8:23 [OTt] (LXX: ~l(STl)-See F9.3 (MT: ~).
F . TRA N SLATION TECHNIQUE, ORTHOGRAPHI C
PEC U LIARI T IES AND TEXTUAL RELATIONS
Za 8:23 [---] (after last word) (LXX: lUTllI)-Om itted with M T . For approximations to MT by omission, see FIO.6.
Contents
Za 9: 1 - 'Open' section reconstructed before this verse because of calc. of space and the 'capital ' letter in I. 3 of col. B2. Cf. the 'closed section' in MT and see A4a . Za 9: I [a~pax] (LXX: L'€cSpaX)-MT ,.,,".
I. Introduction General R is a revision of the LXX
0.2.' Shared equivalents
0.2.2 Shared translation technique 0.1
Za 9:1 [TOU) IUpa"1A = LXX-Article included because of calc. of space. Za 9: 2 [Op{{€1 au)njll (LXX: lv Toi~ Op{Ol~ aVnj~)-Adapted to MT l'1~ '~l1'1 . For the use of the same part of speech as the Hebrew, see FIO·3. The rendering of the p reposition l'1~ has been adapted to the verb: [au]njl'. Za 9:2 [OTI] (LXX:~IoTl)-See F9.3.
0.2
Za 9:3 oxo[pw~aJ (LXX: 0XVPW/LaTa)-Adapted to MT "'~7'l. For approximations to MT in grammatical number , see FIO.4.1. Za 9: 3 [JaVTiiJ = L XX - According to the orthography of iaTol' in Ha 2:6, [JaTjiJ is possible as well. Za 9:3 [ws ."..,,"\011] = L XX and MT-For equivalent of R , cf. Na 3:14; Ha 2:6.
II. Translation Technique and Orthographic Peculiarities I. Hebrew
article 1.1 H ebrew article: R = LXX h as G reek article (34 x + 27 x ) 1.2 Hebrew article: R adds to LXX in conformity with MT (2 x ) 1.3 R ( = M T ) omits article of LXX (2 x + 6 x) 1.4 R = LXX adds article against MT (lO X + 2 X ) 1.5 R adds article against MT = LXX (5 x + 5 X ) 1.6 Conclusions
Za 9:4 [f l~) = L XX for - ~ in MT- Reconstruction secured by th e case ending of the next word . For similar renderings in R, see Jo 3:4; Na 3: 14 (both = L XX).
2.
Lamed info Lamed info ren dered b y T aU: R = LXX (4 x + 2 x ) L amed inf.: R adds TOV against LXX (2 x ) 2.3 L amed inf.: R omits TaU again st LXX (2 X + I x) 2 .1 2 .2
2.4 Conclusions
3. Construct words 3.1 Construct words: 3.2 Construct words: 3.3 Construct words: 3.4 Construct words: 3.5 C onclusions
R = L XX has Greek art. before nom . regens (7 x + I x) R = LXX omits Greek art. before nom. regens as in MT (9 x R adds article before nom. regens (I x) R ( = MT) omits article before nom. regens (, x + 13 x )
+ 4 x)
4. Pronominal suffix 4 . 1 Pronom in al suffix: R (23 x + 37 x) 4.2
= LXX has article before no un, sometimes w ith differen t nouns
Pronominal suffix: R = LXX omits article
(12 X )
4. 3 Pronominal suffix: R omits article (against LXX) (9 x
4.4 Pronominal suffix: R adds article (against LXX) (2 x 4.5 Conclusions
+ I x) + 4 x)
5. Article before proper nouns 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
Article before p rope r nouns: R = LXX (I X + 3 x ) Article before proper nouns: R omits article of LXX (3 x ) Conclusions Article before Kuptos/tXfi
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VII I
100
5-4- 1 G en eral practice (18 x )
5·4·2 Article before KVPLO,/t~: 5·4·3 Article befo re KVPLO,/tXf1:
R ( = LXX) has article R omits (I x )
(2
x +2
X )
6. riM 6. I nK-G reek article: R = L XX (7 x 6.2 C onclusions
+ 12 X )
7. T enses of the verb 7 .0 ~Op translated by historic present, when R = L XX (2 X + 4 x )
7· I 'Op translated b y past (usually aorist), when R = LXX (19 x )
7.1.1 Idem, when R differs from LXX ( 13 x + 5 x)
7. 2 ' Op translated by future , when R = L XX (3 x ) 7.2 . I I d em , wh en R diffe rs from L XX (I X )
7 ·3 'Op, t ranslated by future , w hen R = LXX (14 x)
7. 3.1 Id~m, when R d iffers from L XX (II x +4 x ) 7.4 'Op, t ranslated by past b y R and L XX (0 x + I x)
7·5 'Op~ translated by indo fut. , w hen R = L XX (19 x)
7.5. I Id em, when R d iffers from L X X (9 x + 10 X )
7.6 ~OP" translated by indo of past or present tense b y both R and L XX (5 X ) 7 .6. 1 Idem, w hen R diffe rs from LXX ( I x)
7 ·7 ' OP"translated after conjunctio ns OI negations by aorist subj. by R = LXX (5 X )
7.7. I Idem, when R d iffers from LXX (5 x + 2 x)
7 ·8 ~OP"1 translated b y past by both R and LXX (lI X + 3 X )
7 .8. I Idem , when R differs from LXX (5 x + I X )
7.9 ~Op~ translated by fut ure by both R and LXX (5 x ) 7. 9.1 Idem, when R differs from LXX (6 x + I x)
7 . 10 C onclusions 7. I I The use of verbs wit h neuter plu ral n o uns
F . TRANSLATION TE C HNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPH I C PECULIARITIES
10.4.3 Person: nouns, pronouns, verbs (5 x + 2 x)
10-4.4 T enses (1 x + I x)
10.5 Addition of element(s) (3 x ) 10.6 Omission of element(s) (12 x + 6 X )
10.6.1 Omission of elements possibly involving different Hebrew text 10.7 Stylistic transpositions of the LXX (7 x + I x)
(0 x
+II
1 I. Consistency and inconsistency
I I. I Consistency
1l.2 Inconsistency
11. 3 Non -stereotyped renderings 12. Orthographic and (morpho)phonological peculiarities 12.1
L
=
EL ( I2X
+4 x)
12.2 EL = OL (IX +2 X ) 12.3 P reverbs and prefixes with fina] nasal (9 x 12.4 EK before nasals (3 x ) 12.5 YY = vy (2 x ) 12 .6 SUI = S,' ( I X + 2X ) 12 .7 T = 8 (IX ) 12 .8 En' = ECP' (2 X ) 12 .9
>.ap..{3avw
+ 1 X)
(2 X )
12.10 a = E ( I X + 1 X)
12.IIO=W(IX)
12.1 2 Sibilants ( I x )
12 .13 v
movable
1 2. 14 av =
a (IX )
12.15 Augment
8. T he ver b: simplex and composita 8. 1 S implex in R for compositum in LXX (5 x + II X 8. 2 Compositum in R for simplex of LXX (2 x + I) 8 .3 Different p reverbs (5 x + I X )
8.4 S ame preverb, different verb (and number) (4 x ) 8.5 Conclusions
9. Synonymous pa rts of speech 9. I Synonymous ve rbs 9. I.I D ifferent verbs (s tems) ( 13 x ; 4 x )
9. 1.2 Synonymous verbs-different form (4 x ) 9.2 Synonymous nouns and adjectives (33 x + 9 x )
9·3 Synonymous prepos itions, conjunctions and particles
10.
I II . Textual R elations ( 13-1 5)
)
Approximations to the Hebrew text/langu age
10.1 Lex . mean ing of t he H eb r.: adjectives, n ouns, verbs (43 x + 15 x )
10. 2 Lex . meaning of the Hebr.: prepositions and particles (9 x + 14 x )
10·3 Exact representation of elements of the H ebrew (IS x + 9 x)
10.4 Form 10.4.1 Number (in nouns, p ronouns an d verbs) (19 x + 22 x )
10 -4 .2 Case endings (7 x + I x)
13. 1 R = LXX against MT (14 x + I x)
13 .2 R = LXX against MT in vocalization
(21
x)
14. 1 R = M T against LXX (59 x + 35 X)
14.2 R = M T against LXX in vocalization (15 x 15. 1 15 .2 15 .3 15.4
LXX = MT against R (14 x + 3 X)
L X X = M T against R in vocalization (2 x R differs from both LXX and MT (6 x) Indecisive (IX)
+5x )
+ 1 x)
16. Relation between Rand MSS of the LXX and the Hexaplaric sources 16.1 D ata 16. 2 C onclusions
x )
101
DISCOVERIES
102
I~
THE J UDAEAN DESERT VIII
I . Introduction 0.1
General
The following paragraphs analyse some of the issues in the translation technique and language of R, its relationship to MT and the LXX, and its relation to individual MSS and revisions of the LXX. While a fuller treatment of these issues must await another occasion, the present discussion centres on matters which need to be clarified for the reconstruction of the full text of R. For each entry the text of MT is written in the left-hand column. The right-hand column contains the text of the LXX (edition of Ziegler) as a lemma with the text of the scroll (R) recorded or referred to in second position. Five different relationships bet ween these texts are denoted by square brackets: (a) One bracket after the LXX lemma without any following text: R is identical with the LXX.
(b) One bracket with following text: R is identical with the LXX, but some letters are recon structed. Reconstructed letters are indicated throughout in square brackets. (c) Two brackets after the LXX text with text following : R differs from the LXX (including orthographical differences and the writing of the tetragrammaton in palaeo-Hebrew characters) .
(d) Three brackets after the LXX text with text following: R d iffers from the LXX (as in c), but the difference is reconstructed.
(e) T ext of th e LXX without brackets: presumed text of R is identical with the LXX. Since the two presumably are identical, the text is not repeated. In addition, the following notations are used:
[ ]
after the brackets: reconstructed text of the scroll
{... }
text of the LXX rearranged in order to represent equivalent of MT
{ .. "' } {d}
idem , st ylistic transposition doublet
+++
plus element of the LXX minus element of the LXX
K,Q
Ketib, Q ere
(Hebr)
reconstructed Hebrew Vorlage of the LXX (supplement to the left column) or R (supplement to the right column)
F . T RANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES
10 3
the individual morphemes of the Hebrew in the Greek translations. In the use of these slashes , convenience for the purpose of comparison rather than linguistic correctness has sometimes guided their location. The text of the "LXX" is quoted from the edition of Ziegler which contains the best modem reconstruction of the Old Greek translation: J . Ziegler, Duodecim prophetae, Septuaginta, Vetus Testamentum graecum auctoritate societatis litterarum gottingensis 2 , vol. XII (Gottingen 1967 [basically identical with the first edition of 1943]). This edition is superior to that of Rahlfs from which the text (as opposed to the apparatus) deviates in 22 details in the section covered by the scroll as well as in 43 cases of orthography (mainly the 1/ movable). In some of these instances it would have made a difference if the text of Rablfs had been chosen as the base t ext, since what appears as a change in R from t h e" LXX" according to one edition may be identical with the text of the LXX in the other one . These details have been r emarked upon in the notes on the reconstruction (E). In any event, study of the best single ancient source , codex B, shows that because of the idiosyncracies and m ist akes of this source it is still better to choose a modern reconstruction of the Old Greek, with all its subjectivity, than an available ancient source such as codex B. In the following analysis conclusions are drawn from the detailed compa rison of R with t he LXX. In this analysis the only possibl e procedure is to compare R with th e best available reconstruction of the so-called original text of the LXX, contained in the aforementioned edition of Ziegler. This procedure implies some imprecisions, for if the text of the LXX in fact known to the revi ser differed from this modern edition, to the same degree our analysis and st atistics will be slightly imprecise as well. This margin of error m ust b e kept in mind . Naturally, this imprecision applies to the study of all r evisions of the L XX. This imprecision is felt especially in those few cases in which R is presented as changing the text of the LXX, while some MSS of the LXX actually agree with R (see 16.1). In those inst ances R possib ly did not insert the change. Rather, R copied the text from ancestors of MSS which have not been chosen as the text of Ziegler's edition, and such "variants " may b e irrelevant to the discussion. At the same time, caution is in order in the other direction, since the MS tradition of the LXX may h ave been influenced secondarily by the reading of R which is often identical with that of the Hexapla or a ' a /(}/ (see 16.2 and Barth. 203- 65). 0.2
R is a revision of the LXX
That R is a revision of the LXX, rather than an independent translation of the Hebrew, is established by two sets of data : (I) R depends on the LXX, as is shown by those special (unusual, idiosyncratic) renderings of the LXX which for some reason were left untouched by R.
(2) R revises the LXX in a certain direction. The last- mentioned notations employ the system of the CATSS data base, on which see in greater detail : J. Abercrombie et a1., Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint Studies (CATSS), Vol. I, Ruth, Septuagint and Cognate Studies 20 (Scholars Press: Atlanta, 1986) and E. Tov, A Computerized Data Basefor Septuagint Studies, The Parallel Aligned Text of the Greek and Hebrew Bible, C ATSS Vol. 2, Journal of Northwest Semitic L anguages, Supplementary S eries 1 (1986). In accordance with the CATSS system, the morphological component s of the Hebrew words are separated by a slash (j) . This system facilitates the analysis of the representation of
Evidence of consistent recensional activity is provided in sections FlO (involving inner G reek revisional activity) and F14. 1 (involving the reviser' s correcting of the LXX towards a Hebrew text close to MT). Secondary proof of inner-Greek recensional activity is foun d in sections FI - 9 and 1 1-12. In what follows, evidence of the common basis of the LXX and R is provided. Examples are given of shared translation equivalents which are rare, unusual or even unique within th e LXX as a whole , shared additions of elements or omissions against MT, all of which show
D I SCOVERIES IN THE J UDAEAN DESERT VIII
104
the special relationship between the two translations which is explained here in terms of a translation and its r evision. Agreements of the LXX and R against MT involving a different Hebrew text (F 13 . I) are not included in this category, for while they show that t he two texts were based on the same Hebrew text, they do not necessarily prove that both were derived from a common inner-Greek origin. The evidence is subdivided into two categories: shared equivalents (0.2.1) and shared translation technique (0.2.2). The exact reasoning fo r adducing a particular example is not quoted in detail , but is based on an analysis of the vocabulary and translat ion technique elsewhere in the LXX. T he evidence adduced here is not exhaustive . The text is quoted according to the sequence and num bering of MT. Different numbers of the LXX, if any, are added in p arenthesis after the text of the L XX. 0.2.1
The following shared equivalents are rare , unusu al or unique within the LXX, thus showing a d ependence of R upon the L XX. In several instances the revision shares only one aspect of a LXX rendering, while changing another. Thus in Ha 2:61'11i"n R did not change t he translation option of the LXX, but omitted the preposition and changed t he case ending. Likewise , in Ha 2: 16 R, like the LXX, took T'~ P"P as being composed of two elements, but changed the translation options.
]0 4: 1 M i 1:4 M i 1:6
M i 1:6
"11~1l
c',m
a1TWO/-LaL ) q.1Tw(o/-LaL) (hapax translat ion)
loxo:rTJ )) (lox o]'fT), {d} t Aoc; (vocal.) ('1io-en ding, '1~0)
Kal ] K[al]
l Aurn/8TJ ] [E]~[u1T~OTJ1
AU1TTJV ) AU(1TTJV)
Ka7"ar/>£p0/-L£vov 1 Ka7"ar/>[EpI6/-LEvo[v)
'31/'
(is
~~ O
(reed)
?X P"/' i117.,
C)1TWPOr/>UAOKLOV I [o1Tw]por/>uAaKLOv (rendering '31 also in Ps. 79 (78): 1; M i 3:12; Je r 26 (33 ): 18; m eaning unclear)
Kat ]
"n'li1~
KUTUC17Ta.(1W ]
Mi 1:8 M i 2:8
?''ID
Mi 3:6
ilX:J/1
M i 4: 7
l1"NTD/?
(K)
"l:)l1 X~
??W; (Q)
aVU7To,sE7"0C; ) avu1T6[,sE7"0c;1 (hapax translation) (barefoot) Kail £/-L1TPOOO£V
Mi4:8
,~i)
(h ill )
,sUOE-raL I [,s]UOE7"aL EtC; 1 imoAEL/-L/-La ) v[1ToAEL/-L)/-La aUX/-Lw,sT)C; ) [auX)/-Lw,s1)C; (hapax translation; vo calization; w rongly co nnec ted with preceding word) (dry-based on 'El31 'tttt?; d. also a') T
iI'rDC1:)/:1
~1 apxYi 1
Na
:1'/"',
01
/-LEYW7"clVEC;1 !J..EYL oni]YEC;
aun)c; 1 aU(7"H(c;1
m
N a TIZ
tl"'::I:J (first-ripe figs)
OK01TOVC; OK01T(O',] (hapax tran slation) (watchers, guards;
m ean ing uncl ear)
Na 3:16
'1 lr/'
Kal l (KJal
Ha
C'3T'/1
Kall
pnW'
7"u!'avvoL1 (hapax translation) £/-L1TatgnaL )1 £v7TaME7"a.j
1 :10
Ha J: 10 Ha 1:10 Ha 1:14
Egmmi oOTJ ) £gE1TE( n100TJ1
'::l3'/1 (and he heaped up)
Kat
{1/::l - .. }
{3aAEl 1 [f31~A~i' (hapax transla tion) (and he th rew)
fXOV-ra I [l x ov1-ra
'TDr.l
1{:J
iI'lm
Ha 2:5 H a 2:6
"iI'
Ha z:6 Ha z:7
11,,'n ,lri'''' (also v. 19)
Ha z:15
ncol:)
Ha 2: 18
il" O
Ha 2: 18
11' 3'
ilEll:X~
aVEa7TaOE II aVEo1Taoev (hapax transl ation) Kat) a1TOOK07T€VOW ]
illr'?D~
cUa {w v 1(rare t ranslation) Kat] 1Tpo{3ATJ/-La ) 1Tpo{3Ah/-L)a ,s'~YTJOLY II ,sL1/1'TJOL, Kat 1 £Kvt,.j;OUOIV )] E1'V~ [.j;OUO)!V (rare) dVa7"p01Tii II [.. .1u avu7"p(07T7i] (hapax word in LXX; me aning un cl ear-LSJ : pouring out)
--- ill
(Kat')
r/>av-raotav I [r/>a1v7"aotav (hapax; rare word; based on etym .
ilX,)
7"0 ) 1TAao/-LU ]
~yOU/-LEVOV
{...} II >
Z a 1:4 Za 1: 14 Za 9: 2
0.2.2
1
C"lTDX'fi'1 X'i' ilD:::m
01 E'/-L1TPOOOev )] o{ fV1TPOOOEV avaICpa1'E ] [d voKpa)YE lr/>povTJoav [E] r/>POVTJOEV
n
Shared translation technique
Jo 3:4
~~/' '''P/ ~
Jo 3:7
CiKjil
'rOU
EtOEio.IJELV )] (1TO!'EuEoOlaL ~'C; ] (p rep.) 7"~V ] 1ToALV ) 7T~(ALV1 o{
avOpw1ToL
Jo 4: 2
'31
'/m'iI M i 4 :3
Pi1:)" "'P :1Dn'l:)
I (&VOpW)1TOL (number)
£n ]
OV7"0C; ] o(V7"0c;] (construction)
fLOU
J.L
{.. .} 11 £n
1ToAe/l£Lv 1 7ToAE/-L~ilvl (const ruction)
Mi S:1
" PS
OALY0070C; (2) ] OAL(y10070C;
Mi s:z
1131
(3) KaLpov
iI'T'"
7"Ege-raL ] (identica l constr uc tion; possibly a comma has to be
nE'V1TpOOO(EV)
Kat
Mi 4:8 3:10
H a 1:15 Ha 2: 1
lOS
aVTou ] ari'Tov
Shared equivalents
Jo 2:S Jo 2:6 10 4 : 1
F. TRANSLATION TE CHN IQUE AND ORTHOGRAPH Ie PECULIARITIES
Na z:6
iii""
n/nc,n
nK7"0uC11JC;
1[nK7"0u1C11Jc;
ad ded after nK7"0UOT}C;) £1TL]
7"n]
P:JW'
n ,XTJ 1(voca li zation) 7"0 1
xpuo{ov I x[puotov1
£/-L{3TJOL )]] (tAO,1
el, I (p rep .) 1TTJAov J 7TTJA(ov1
E/-L1TL7TAa/-LEVo, II £v1TL7TAo/-L(evoc;1
n,,.'n
els ]] >
Ha z:16
V'
P"i"i'~
Kail
Ha 2:17
'1:)"/1:)
Na 2:10
:Jilt
Na 3:14
'X:J O'O/~
Ha 2:S Ha 2:6
H a 3:13 Ha 3:14 Zp 3:6
,.',::IX!" 0'
vT'X "~/I:)
,s L..]1'TJOLV II ,s'~YTJOLC;
aV70v1 (preposi tion)
ouv..]XOTJ I) ;fL E7"0' (two wo rds)
an/-L{o. ill [an/-Ltac;1
,s"i 11 ,s,' (preposition)
ai/-La-ra 1
,sW/-LOUC; 11qE/-Le),,{ouc; (number)
£oOwv ]] (£o]Otwv (participle instead of infinitive)
TTapa
'1"0
/-LTJ,sEva
11 !J..1}1 ---
ImapXELv ] [.maplx[el'v (construction)
{.../-LTJ,sEva} ])
civ~ [pa1
F . TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PE C ULIARITIES
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
106
p!ln)'~
Za 9 : 1
/( 0.;
vnnm
J a/Lu oKoV ]
8vatu
aorou ]]
Ha 1 : 14
, ill >
im:),/::>
Kat
ws
KU'Tcl?TCt'!luL S" aVTov]
. .
(vocal.) , £p7T£Ta
Tn ]]]
S ee further all instances of shared vocaliz ation of the LXX and R (FI3.2).
Tn ]]]
OUK
He 2:4
p"~1"
" O€ ]]] [Kat]
Ha
'1JN
2 :19
3{Ka
" ]]] >
>"ywv] ~'ywv
I I. Tran slation Technique and Orthographic P eculiarities I.
I. I
1. 4 R
Hebrew article
H ebrew article: R = LXX has Greek article (34 x
+ 27 x
RECONSTR UCTIO NS (27 x )
In the following instances the article is reconstructed for R ( = LXX), often supported by calc. of space: Jo 1:15 C"il, 1:16 C'IWlNil, 2:1 l'iI, 2:2 iIl'iI, 3:7 C'Nil, ij.'::lil, TN~iI', 3:8 C'NiI, 3:10 C"iI"Ni1;Mi 1:1 "l"lWi~i1 (calc. of space), 2:7 iW"i1, 4:6 i1l7"~i1 (calc. of space), iln'lm (calc. of space), 4:7 i1l7"~iI (calc. of space), i1N"iIlm; Na 3:8 iI::ltV"i1; Ha 1:6 1"1i1i1; Zp J:4 C"li1:Ji1 (calc . of space); 1:5 C'Il7::lWlil, 1:14 " " lil, 1: 16 li1l!~i1 . 1:17 C'N" (calc. of space); Za 1:4 C"N"::llil, 2:4 (1:21) l"lUi pil , 8:19 c,"wm (calc. of space) , 8:23 O'llJ'::l, C"' ,il. 1.2 H ebrew
M i 1:6 Za 3:5
= LXX adds article against MT
Mi 4: 5
clm7/~
M i 4:7
')31"
)
The most frequent (and expected) equivalence for the Hebrew article is the Greek article: 10 3:7,8 iI~iI::lil\ 3:8 O~nil, 3:9 C"'iI"NiI, 3: 10 2i1l7iil, 4: 5 i"'l7"; Mi 1:4 C"'iilil, 3:5 C"l7l"l~iI, 3: 6 W~WiI, 4:5 C"~l7i1, 4:8 illWNiil iI"W~~iI; Na 2:7l"l'iillil , 3:16 C"~WiI; Ha 1:6 i~iI"Uil, 1: 14 O"iI, 2:5 0"~l7i1, 2:6 iI::li~iI, 2: 19 Yl7", 2:20 yiNiI; Zp 1:2 iI~'NiI, 1:3 C"'~WiI, illJ'NiI, 1:4 O'PlJiI, I: 5 C""nlitzj~illiN', I: 1 5 O'''iI, I: 16 l"l'i~::l iI C'Iil7i1, mil::llil; Za 1:4 C"lWNiil, I: 13 1N"lJiI l"lN, 2:7 '::l'iI, 8: 19 l"llJNilt In all these cases R = LXX . Also in t he following cases both have the Greek article , though a different one: Jo 3: 10 1 ill7'iI; Na 2:6 1:JOil, 2:7 ":J'Iililt
C7ll1
Mi 5: 3
'ODN 'Y,N
Ne 2:8
:l3;'/1
Na2:10
:lm
Ha 2:5
"'Nv;i/~
lJ'l~fil
Ha 1:11
m,
Ha
K"Y'
TO]] >
" II >
'Y'N
~
Na 3:8
i'll£)1J
I]] >
,-n
6 III >
TOV ]] TOV o.{w va II alwvos (phrase) a/(pwv (4) ]] 7T£paTw v
riid
Y'i>l
/( at]
TO]
XPUO'OV J X[pUO{OV]
Ko.OW,> ]
"
:'1 pm
" 11 T[""l
H a 2: 18
,""
" I oa,> ] [7T]>.aqqs ".>'a
Ha 2: 19
l:lK/~
.mO>'d'H/L/LivOl
7TOT'~WV ]] [7T OT{~OVTk'
Kai ]]] >
T "" ] MO'f ] (v ocalization) RECONSTRUCTI ONS (2 X )
2:10
.,0;:)
TO o.pyvptOV
'Y'N
Mi4:4 Za 1;3
mK:l~
Ze
mN~3
1:4
Za 3:7 Za 8: 20
n'~~
mK:l3 n'N:l~
x)
y1) Na ;~ : 9
Kat
EWS] [llW5 £l5 JJ >
T-ry.;
y-ry.;
1.5 R adds article against MT = LXX (5 x + 5 x
)
avaytvWGKWV ]] avaynvwaKw v
Mi l:2
TOV 1
o.{wva (p hrase)
Ha 2:15
--- ]] T~V
RECONSTRUCTI ONS (6
£I'> ]
ot]
Ha 1:6
17V£ViJ-a ] 2:2
X )
'1'1'
Na
+6 x
+2
Ha 2 :8
--- ]] TOV
aypov ] d[yp]ov
(2 X
x
9-3"'] 1 '> ] (vocaIi2ation)
K{o ap,v ]/( {o[a pw]
1.3 R (= MT) omits article of LXX
(IO
~ ] .maoTa o., ]] >' a/L7T~Vf)
article : R adds to LXX in conformity with MT (2 x ) iT'W/iT
>
NO,
€m {3M.7Twv ]1 [im o]T p'¢wfv]
~ dpx~ 11 lox v,>
7Tano/(po.TOP05 ]] (TW]V o[UVo.]i+[£w v) (phrase)
--- 11 nvv owo./L ["wv]
7TavTo/(paTwp 11 TWV 3vvo/L£wv
7TaIl70KpOTWP ]) TWV oU[VO/L£wv]
7TavToKpoTWP ]] TWV owo.[".£wv]
RECONSTRUCTI ONS
N a 2 : 14 Za 1:3 Za 1:3 Za 1:14 Za 2:1
l'11K:l3 mK:l~
n 'N:l~ Z'1'N:l~ n'K~3
(5 x )
7TavTOKpOT(UP 11l [TWV OWO/L£wv] 7TaVTO KpaTWP ]] [TWV o]UVO/L£wv - _. ]] [TWV alJ]vo.w wv 7TavTo/( po.TWP 11 (TWV ovv]o.[".£wv] 7TavToKpoTWP (8) ]]] [TWV owo./L£wvJ
]07
108
DISCOVERIES
I~
THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
F. TRAi'lSLATION TECHNI QU E AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIE S
10 9
1.6 Conclusions
2.4 Conclusions
As a rule, R (more than the LXX) follows MT with regard to the article , like the revision of a' for which see K . Hyvarinen , Die Obersetz ung von Aquila, Coniectanea Biblica (Lund 1977) 3 1-6. In 34 instances R follows the LXX in this matter (I. I) ; it also adds the article with MT against the LXX (1.2 [ 2 X ]), and it omits the article with MT against the LXX (1 .3 [2 x + 6 x D. At the same time, it follows the LXX in adding the article against MT in certain conditions (1.4 [10 x + 2 X J), and it also adds the article against MT = LXX (5 x + 5 x). (However, the latter evidence involves only one phrase.) Because of these statistics, the reconstructions recorded in 1. I (27 x ) and 1.3 (6 x ) are relatively reliable.
R follows the LXX in employing the Greek article for the lamed of the Hebrew inf. (2. I [4 x ]). It even adds the article against the LXX (2.2 [2 X ]), but also omits the article against the LXX (2.3 [2 x J). Although R is not consistent, there is more evidence for the use of the article in this construction than for its omission.
3. Construct words 3. I Constmct words.' R = LXX has Greek art. bejore nom. regens (7 x
2.
2. I
Lamed inf. rendered by J0 3: 1O
'rOV.'
Lamed inf.
R = LXX (4 x +
J0 4:2
n':J/~
M i 5:1
m'i1/~
Mi 5:1
n'I";'/~
2 X )
TOll (2) ]
Mi 4A
'tl
Mi 5:2
mi1' "1:::1
TO] aTo,.,.a]
KUp{OV Jl tX[t?]
TOU, (3) ] TO[U,]
~K'iI7"
JopaTiA
elva, ] [d]va,
TOll (2) ]
.lYa, ]
£ [l]~a,
Mi 5:3
u;ov~
TlNl/:J
Ha 1:8
2.2 L amed
K'1:1/~
inf.; R adds
Ha 3:14
"1/~'Di1f'
Za2=4
nml'
c~
TOU
.'a.A8.,v ]] (170PElJEo8]a, > TO )]] [TOU] (diff. case) ¢ay£,y J [¢]aYE'v
E', m
" :;:)K/'
'TOV
against L XX
(4) ]
1
oogn ]] E7TlJ.pOH
TOll]] >
DV0I-LUTOS' ]
i1'1i1' Na 3: ,6
':J:;:),:;:)/7:I c'~;l/i1
~U~{OV ll, t~?
w,
U17£P ]] Ta 11 TOU,
aOTpa II aaT€pa,
TOU ] T[OU]
ovpa))ou
(2 X )
--- nTOU
o,avo{gouo, ]] oKo[p7T{a]a,
--- n~I-'a . (1: 21) ]]
K Cl'
£v
T?7 1
RECONSTRUCTIONS (2 X )
Jo 3=4
x )
In the distinction between groups 3. I and 3.2 no different syntactical conditions have been recognized, although there are more proper nouns and undetermined nouns among the nomina recta in 3.2.
TOU ] T[oD]
170,ijaa.
TOU]
¢VY.'Y ] ¢vy€i{v]
mW /'
+1
Ha 1:6
f'K
[TO]U
7To.~aa,
'~n'~/"
Ha 2: 17
E7T! D£!1,] Tel ] Ta
17>"6.TTi ] 17A6.[TTi]
~,
y-iJ,
':JW"
TWV]
i1/:J
aVT~V II TWV]
KUTOLKOU ....TW V ]] £ VO tI K]OVVTWV
2.3 Lamed inf. .' R omits Jo 2:5
Ha 2:1
O':J i1/~
mK'/~
7011
against LXX ( 2 X + I
X )
II >
£7TL{3M
TOU II >
lo.,v ]lo[.iv]
Za 8 :23
rrllv;l~
EY[av+7
yAwaawv
TOU
C'U/i1
TWV
Wvwv] [E8]vwv RECONSTRUCT ION (I X )
RECONST RUCTION ( I X )
H a 2:18
. mil717/~
Ha 1:8
III
>
7To,~aa, ] [7T]o.~ a a, TOU
':JNT/7.)
:liP
2.3.1 Lamed inj.: R = LXX omits (0 x + 2 x ) RECONSTRUCT IONS (2 X )
Jo 2:1 H a 1: 17
17~:J!'
l";'I~
KUTa7TL.EllI
1[K]aTU1TtELV
d7TO KT£VVHV ] [a.1T OK TfVV£l]1;'
lJ7TEP
TOU, (calc . of space)
AUKOUS
T~' ]]] > 'Apa{3{a, II [Ea7T.lpa,
3. 2 Construct words.' R = L XX omits Greek art. bejo're nom. regens as in MT (9 x + 4 x ) Mi 1: 1
·7.)'P
.:V] ~,.,.€pa"
cm~
JwaOa,.,.
1~ ,...[;pa L'] III [,wOa,.,.]
1 10
DISCOVERIES IN THE J UDAEAN DESERT VIII Mi 1:5
mNt)n/~(l
Kai]
Sui
RECONSTRUCTIONS (1 3
m[SI']
Jo 2 :1
aJU1p.,.{av ] [a/-L)ap7'a.
1'I':::J
':IM1ir'
Mi4:8
11::1
M i S:1
'D':IN/:J
."..~
n"'m'l' M i S:1
''0'/'0
M i 5=3
O':lUl T»/:::J inil'
'ODM T1N
M i 5:3
F . TRANSLA T ION TECHNI Q UE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES
p1::1
1/11 'ln Ha 3: 14
~N'
1fT'El (K) ,'/nEl (Q)
1'1 ::1
Na 2:7
' 1w;1
T1'~
.m 'ill/il Zp
1 :2
':I"'~ 'lD i1'OiN/ n
Zp 1:3
TOU
'»'0/'0
EK
K~TOVS
Jo 2:2
Ko,Mas illi /iT
TOU
"WlN
at )]) >
il'l'l
tivSPES N, v€VT)
K ~ TO VS"
Jo 3:5
M i 1:3
rijs-] Mi 1:5
a07pam)s ) aO[Tpa7r7js)
'm'O:::J (K) '11'0:1 (Q )
Tn llJ
f'N
V y7js
aou KEalo.as ]] K€alo.~ V SuvaoTwv )) du t{x{a)Tw. --- )1 a ,lTou
Mi
1:5
~
:Ji'li'
dOf,8na )1 daE,8LU
Ta u ]] > IaKw,81
1'11'0::1
OVyaTfp ) [Ou1yau p I.wv ])] a[HW.) 1TlJA.OL ) [llvA] a[,) 7W. )
11070fLW. )
a110 ))) [E11aVw B€v)
11poaW110U ) [11 )poaw7Tou
M i 4:S
"fiI"N O~/:J
M i 5:6
11''''TNW ::lp l1'
Ha 1: 14
'li/"
rijs]
,,7js ] y[7js)
a1TO
C'/,
Zp 1:3
a
3·3 C onstruct words: R adds article before nom. regens ( I 1n/:J
(V]
."..~
OP€I ]
I,w. ll Oft[w.)
~m >
m
(4 x )
11poaW110U ] [11 poaw11)';>V
T7js) y7js]
))) >
al-'apT {a ]]] > OLKOV [u
':1"'/'0
>
w;lc
[o,,8v.T)~)
'lD n'OiN/iT
) [K~Tovh
T7j> )]) >
tIXPl
011Au.. ]))
l itil
'1"'T(')
C'/il
Mi 4:7
••
KO IMq.
IapaT)1o.
Bvya7T)p 1
I .." . III [a€I w.)
l. (2) ]
X,Io.,a al" ) xl,lo.ula,.)
IovfJa ) [LO] uSa
It (2) ]] a '
~I-'~PWV ) ~/-L(EpW.)
aiwvos v€ (4) ] ,axu, ) '1a~u~ KUp{OU)) tiKPWV (4) ]] 11€ pchw.
RECONSTRU CT IONS
M i4:10
3 .5
rfim >
O LKOU
yijs]
Ha 3: I I
'li'O/:J
x )-See remark in
11 J
2:1 I
l'I::11U1' 1'1:1
X )
":::J:J
Za 3:5
--- II 7<;'
1N1m/'l i"nil'
Z a 3:6
I N':I'O
IouSa ~v I]] [Ev ovol-'an j 080. ]] [B€ ]ou
aUTov ]] aVTWV
TO (7) III >
imOIo.HI-'I-'0 II (KaTa)Io.O'7TOV
TaU ]] >
IaKw,8 ) LUKW{)
w> Ta US )]] > iX 8va s T?JS I [,.Jijs
Balo. a. aOT)s ) Balo.a.[aOT) s}
at 1J] >
iXliv€s
T7jS BaM.oOT)S
at (7) ]]] >
KaTO'KOUVTfS II {K}c;tTO'K[ou oa}
liuyaTEpa ) ~[v)ya {7€pa) Ba,8ulo.wvos . Ka,\
oIII > ayy€lo.o<; ] [a]yy€Io.OS KVP'OU tl.t[P)
oIII
>
n
a.yy€ Io.OS ] [a]yy€Io. OS
i'11i1'
3·4 Construct words : R (= MT) omits article before nom. regens (I Mi 5:3 T1Kl/ :::J Ka! (4) J l. ]
717 ]
ootn ]] '7Tapaft
C~
TaU II > OVOJU1TOS )
iI'i1'
Kupiou
11 t!.p
X
KVp{OV
Dt['rf71
+ 13 x ) 3 .5 Conclusions
As a rule , R leaves out the article before nou ns in the construct state, usually follow in g the LXX (3.2 [9 x + 4 x ]) , and also once against the LXX (3.4). In other instances R retains the article of the L X X (3. I [7 x + I x]), and once it adds the article against t h e LXX (3.3). It thus seems that R would rather leave out the article in this construction in which the
F. TRANS L ATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHI C PECULIAR!T! ES
DI SCOVERI ES IN TH E J UDAEAN DE S ERT V I ! [
11 2
Hebrew has no article, even though at times R follows the LXX in the other direction. This tendency is not sufficiently clear, so that calc. of space must guide our dec isions. When no decision is possible, the article is omitted.
4. Pronominal suffix 4. I Pronominal suffix : R = LXX has article before noun, sometimes with different nouns (23 x + 37 x ) Jo 2:4
1'/~l/1
Kat] Ta] KVI-LUra ]
Jo 2:6
'/'DN.,/?
aov ] ao[v] ~ ]) T~V
K€<paAri ]] K£<pa).riV JAoov]
1/::l" j1J
anD ]] £K
Jo 3:10
CP" /"
080v ] 080[v] alhov ) [a]~[ TO ii] a1TO ] nvv Tij'j" 08wv D [080]V aVTwv ] arh[w v]
Jo 4: 2
',,-,:1'
Jo 3:8
Mi 1: 6
M i 4:3
M i 5:4
;'1'/'0'/1
l:IiI' /1'\1'\'1M(1
' l'j1'll"' K/:l
Tef! II T?7 a!,-q,I,BAriaTP't' II aa[yrivn] aUTov ] [auT]ov
H a 2:7
1"/1:T1:",
O( ]
Ha
1/":1::1
I : 16
2:
16
Ha 2: 18
'''-'~
H a 3:9
1!l'IWP
Zp 3:7
C/1'\'~'?1:
Za 3:5
'/'DN'
n
Z a 3:5
VWN'
Za 3:7
' /::l"f:l
U/~ ' N./:1
Jo 2:2
" /iI"N.
Jo 4=2
'/TI"'~
Kat]
Tel 11 ras 86paTa Dol,Bv[vas ] aVTwv ] [a)rlTwv E7T' (5) ]
Tas
M i 1:3
'If"'r'C/"
~JAoWV E7Tt (6) )] £is ~v ] T(~v] ~JAoWV
W"':11/:1
C/m:>l;IiI/:1 (K ) C/.n::l'~iI/:l (Q)
iI'/J:lK
rOJ}
B£ov aUTOv ] (aUTCl]V Til III Hs]
Y?7
m[yijs]
!'-ov f.K TOU
TOUS'
MBovs aUTr,s Ta (afte r [77aVTa]) yAv7TTa J aVTijs ] Ta (after [77aVTa]) !'-IaBtiJp..aTa ] [j.... aBtiJ]f-LaTa aUTijs ] Ta (after [7TavTa]) €r8wAa ] [€~ 8WA a aUTr,s ] [a]uTijs
iI'I?'Ctl
Mi 1:7
:1' /lJ1'l~
Mi 1:7
:1'/ :l~1:
vr]7TLa
Mi 2:8
' /"1:
"
M.i 3:5
C:1 r D
TO
C:1'/1'\:1,n
aVTwv ] [arh] wv Ta, (calc . of space) pof-Lq,a{as llf-Laxa[{pas] aUTwv] [auTw]v
J]
£is
Ta J ~!,-wv
EV Til
II TaLS
aUTWJ.I ] a~Tw~
iI'/~"1:
aUTo':; ] lV TaLs] 080,s ] !,-ov]
M i 1:7
E7Tt (6)
7TO pdq. II 7T0 P€ ta[ I ls Na 3:10
T~V ] K£q,aA~v ] K[€q,aA]ryv
aVTou M i 1:6
apIa] Na 2:6
K£q,aA~v
Tchrov
yijv
Mi 5:5
T~V] THv]
RECON STRUCTI ON'S ( 37 X )
XtiJpav D ,Ba/?[ELs] M i 5:5
TO ] 7TAaa!,-a ] avrov ) a~Tou TO] Totov ] TO[tOV] aov ~ ]] Ta (after 7TaVTa ) lmq,vA).'s ]] Em T[ ,.,8d!,-a Ta]
aUTwv
n"
A6yol II AOYOS !,-ov ) Kat] Ta] B€JAolAta ] aVTijs J
~v ]]
E7Tt,BovAo{]] aaA£I)OVTlS aov ]] a£ T~ V ] T~V 86tav ] aov] q(o]v
aUTov
n/d
O l(
Vl'l''':>''I?
1-Ia
Ta ] T[a]
N a 3:12
1'/'~:l"
aVTijs Ta ] (after [7Ta]vTa) oxvptiJJAoUTa aov
Na 3:1 3
,'/"',:1
TOUS ] T[O]';S
!'-OXAovs ] JAooX[Aovs] aov
Aaos f-Lov orofA-a
Mi 4=3
113
DIS C OVERIES l='l THE J UDAEA N DESER T VIII
114 M i4:9
1 /~P"
M i S:I
~'/nN~!:)I'
M i 5:2
" InN
M iSA
1lf~ " N/ :J
~ lD [0] ~OVA-? III [ aUf-L~ouA6s1
H a 2:1
aou] KaL (2) a, (goOo' ] aUTOU ]
.
'-JnlP!:)"
aVTwv ]] aVTou E7T' (5) ]]) [£{h" nl v
1',"0::>/1
TOV
Ha 2:1 S
Ci1Y",P!:)
l '>' €YX6v f-Lou Ta ]]] [nlV] (calc . of space) 01T1)'>'ala II [o.aX7)fLoa)UV1)v aUT
Zp 1: 4
' /'1'
T~V ]
Zp 1:17
C/!:)'1
Zp 1:1 8
C/tlb~
Z p 1; 18
C/:J:"1T
TO III Hv] KaTO'K7)T-?PWV ]) [fLa)l;'Opav , . Kat
ZalA
C:l'/n:JN/:l
Momi, ] [Mov]Ta[,] aou ] a[ou)
Na 3:9
i17.)~.17 [ i1I !:)~P1
~ LUXUS" ] aUTii, ] auH1j,
Na 3:10
jl'/'1:J::>l
Na 3:10
jl'/I;!m
Tel. III [TOlk ] lvooga ]]] [£vo6gou,] auTii, ] [av)Tii, 0< (after [71avu,)) fL£y,aTaV€,] I.f-L €y,aTa]V€, aVTii, ] aufT]~ [, ]
Na 3: 13
1/7.)P
Na 3:14
l '/"~:J!:)
C:l'f7j'j:J
Za 3:4
lfl':P
Za 3:7
'/.,~"
Jo 2:5
'1U/!:) 1 ' /l':P
Jo 3:8
Ci1'/D:l/:J
Jo 3:9
T".,n/7.)
"Aa6, oou TWV III [Ta) oxupwfLaTwv aou €V
III [oxupwfLaTa)
~~pa" ] HfL£p]a"
Ha 1:7
'!bElW!:) vnN~/'
up-wv ] TO KplfLa] [KPt1fLa aUTOU ]
VElN
Ha 1:8
"/0'0
M i 4:5
. 0'
' /n"~:lr.l r:J
aUTov ] [au)Tou €V Tni, ]]]
Ha 1:16
1j!:)'"I'
Ha 2:1
I;!p ' /n.,r.lw!:)
hil
aay1jva" ]] aay1jvJ7 ulhov ] Til ])J [T ';'] oaYTJvrJ II [d l-'cf>'~A1j]OTP,!, OUTOV]
T-r»
(I2
x)
Jg ]] ~~ €vavTlq., ocpOaAfLwv ] oq,~aAfLwv oou ] €v] X€POLV ] x€paiv aln-wJ.! ] q..~T~J;' g€ ]] a7To ofYri, ]]] [Ou/loii ] OU/l oii II [o py}1J s aUTou I q.[t.hou]
nnn
mroKaTw ] V1!OK a TW
a/l7T£AOU ] aUToii ] aU[Toii]
nnn" 1/nlNn
Ka, l Ka oTDS u1ToKaTw ]]] [Ka t lhTD KclTW] .
aUKii, ] [a]uKii, aUToil ] o.~HoV
tn!1/:1
€V
i11i1'
KUPLOU Owu]
Ha 1: ,6
vpl;!n
Ha 2A
Vnl'!:)Nj:J
ovo/-LQ'n
II [~]tl
~~,, ] ~/-4[w ]v
/-4€pt8a ]] apTo, ' . aUTOV lK
II
€V
77{OT£ WS ]] n{UT£i
H a 3:1 1
P.,:J l /n 'ln
Ha 3: 13
1/!:)P
H a 3:14
i'/b7:Jj:J
En, cpuAaKii, fLOU ]
m
V1Ell
U'/i1'N
l1TTTOt
H a I:IS
M i 4:4
Kat
TO AiifLfL a aUTou
nN
7TaT£p€, ] [7T an'p)€, Uf-Lwv] Ta, 1]] Hv) aVOfLla, 1]] [avofLLav] aou T~V ] T[a , ] aUA1jv [avAa ,] fLoU
4. 2 Pronominal suffix: R = LXX omits article
TaLS"
H a 1:7
TO xpualov ] [xp uaLo]v aUTwv] a.[UTWV] KaOw, ) Kq.[OW,)
0'
TOUS"
Ha I:S
Hl",
X€ipo. ] fLOU ] , TO al/UI aUTwv ] [a uTw]v TO dpyvptOV , . aVTWJ.i
Kat.
aUTOU
Na 2:14
'/nn::m~
TWV (3) dO£ACPWV
yii v UfLWV ]]) [-»fLW] V
N a 2: 13
F. TRA NSLA TIO='l T ECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIE S
/lOU ]] aUTov aOTpa71ii> ] aa(Tpam),] 071 AWv Jll [a,~uV1)'] oou Aaou ] Aao[ iI] aOu €v)
Dp6.~Oo" --. Jl aUTov
(I(o-raofl
115
--DISCOVERIE S IN TH E JUDAEAN DESERT VI I (
116
H a 3:14
Za 9:1
1ftiD (K)
" /MD
1/liMl~
(Q)
IlvvaoT] (voca li zation)
F . TRANSLATIO N TECHNIQUE Na 2:8
A~D
ORTHOGRAPHIC PEC UL IARITIES
117
m
~17
€V [E7Ti]
Hv]
--- m
li"1/:J:J~
.
KapB(o,. ]]] [KaplJ{l1v]
aVTov
aVTW V
Na 2: 14
;"I/:J;:)i
Zp 2:9
'~'liJ
--- 1Jl [Ttl!
7T>.ij86. ll1 [apfLa]
oov 111 [avnj>!
4. 3 Pronominal suffix: R omits article (against LXX) ( 9 x 102:5
I;>~';"I
l {eiiP Mi4:5
" ji"1~N O~!:J
Mi 5:3
" !i"1'N
Na 2:6
" ji 'iN
Ha
1/7:I,n
1:17
Ha 2:5
'{eiDl
' (eiD]
x)
TOV II > vaov] T<,v !l > ay,6v ] a[y],6v oov ] TTJV !l] [EV ov6fLan]
DIlDv ]] [8E lou
aUTO V ]J aVTWV
TOU (4) 11 >
8€O~ ]
aVT
fLEy,onlVE> ]] llvvaaTwv
aVTwv ]] aVTov
T<' II >
afLq,{{3>'T/OTPOV aUTO,) ]
Ha 2:4
+I
~]]
II
';"1/17'
>.ao':; ] fLOV 1lfL!o[ii)
4.5 Conclusions In most instances R retains the article of the LXX before combination s of nouns wi th pronominal suffixes (4. I [23 x while it even adds the article against the LXX (4·4 [2 x + 4 x]). In 9 instances, however, R omits the article under these conditions (4.3), and in another 1 2 instances it leaves out the article wi th the LXX (4.2). Therefore , in m ost instances the article is retained in the reconstruction of these constructions (4. I [3 7 x D.
n,
fLaxu,pav
5. Article bef ore proper nouns
>
.pvX..]
fLoV II aUTou
TTJV II >
.pvXTJv ] .pvXTJ[vl
. TOV II >
. 17T>.lTJO{OV]
aUTOU
Ha 2:15
--- m[TOU!
7T>'T/O{OV
5. I Article before p roper nouns: R = LXX (I
1:17
o/7:lnl;>/,
MiS:1
I;> KiW'/:J
Ka, 1[K]aU]
Tn> II >
oapKa> III 7T[TwfLhHa
aVTwv RECON STRUCTIO N ( I X )
Zp 2:10
1"1"1'1 O{l'Nl
aVTi
rij> III >
iJ{3PEW>
+3 x )
In the followi ng instances the article is ad ded after the p repositions -~ and -:l (Za 9: I [reconstructed ] is an excep tion):
aVTOV
Zp
X
v€ (2) Tt;. ]
1
Iopa1j), ] ,[opaT/>'1 RECONSTRUCT IONS
Za 1:14
O~" /"
Za 1:14
11'3/"11
Za9:1
~M'W'
aUTwv ] aUTc.;')I:'
(3 x )
T~~ (calc. of space) iEPOUUa).T/fL Ka ,
7TJv (calc . of space)
l:,wv o'!'[,wv]
n
TO U
IopaT/>'1
5. 2 A rticle before proper nouns: R omits article of LXX ( 3 x )
4 .4 Pronominal suffi x: R adds article (against L XX) (2 x + 4X ) Ha 1:9
Oil'f]£)
--- ]1 TOU -rrpoaW7fOL~ ]] npoaw7Tov
aVTWlJ ]
Ha 3:14
!:!/li~'I;>17
--- II TO
xa>',vou> aVT('~W
II yavp
]
RECONSTRUC TIONS
Jo
2:3
' fl;>,p
--- III q,wvTJ> fLOV
[nj>]
(4 x )
M i I: 5
:Ji''liJ'2
M i 5:5
i'~l
M i 5:6
:Ji''liJ'
TO,) ]] > IaKw{31 TOU (6) 11 > NE{3pwol TOU (7 ) 11 > IaKw{3 1,aKwfi
Note that all these are construct combinations. See furth er 5.4 .
5.2.1 R = LXX omits article ( 6 X )
In the following instances the article is omitted after the p repost ions ~:s7 and -~ or in the construct case.
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT V III
118 Mi 1:1 Mi 4:7
'::)'7.l
fla.atMwv )) flaa,M ws
iI"iI'
10voa)
'il /J
fV]
F. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES Za 9:1
4:1 0
Zp 1:4 Zp
1:4
L,WV II a.,fwv]
1'1:1
OvyaTfp ) [Ov1yanp
E,wv II o{fLwl'l
iI"iI' ,::)
':J'Iltl"
Zp
(7ft]
l .povaaA,//-,
pitor,)"J
1(0.,)
III h i) III [frt?1
l(aTa TOV
,,~p{o v
iTliI'I'
TW
[tf.rt?
l(~p;4' n
5.4.3 Article before KupwS' /~: R omits (I
TOU S
o,w\',
1 : 17
iI'iI'I'
Note that in three of these cases the Greek article represents -,.
lo voav ) wv[OQ.V)
1T aVTa~ ] [1TavTjaS"
KUTOLKOUVT ClS' ]
Za 9 :1
txt?
RECONSTRUCTIO NS (2 X )
Zp I :S
T1'~
~~3
II T';'
KVPW,
--- 11 T';'
OpEL )
Mi
mil'"
nEV Lfp[ov aaA,//-,)
Zp
2:1 0
X )
TOV II > (different construction)
...upwv II ~fP-)
iTI:T'
Llal-£Q.al(ov)
6. l'lN
5.3 Conclusions In three instances R omits LXX's article before proper nouns [5.2], in six cases it omits the article with the LXX (5-2- I), but in other instances it retains the article of the LXX (1 X + 3 x [5.1]). In accordance with the majori ty rule , the article is omitted also in the following instances (note that in these cases the conditions for r etaining the articl e [5.1 ] are not met): RECONSTRUCTIONS
(3 x )
6. 1 1'1N- Greek article: R
= LXX (7 x + 12 X
Jo 2 : 1
iI:n'l'IN
Tal' )
Jo 3 : 10
Oil' (itol7r,) 1'IN
Ta) ,a
Iwvav)
(pya ) a~Twv ] a ~,[wv)
Mi s:s Zp 1:4
T'N l'IN 'WN IJ'Z! l'IN
''It'N/tl
EI( (6) 1) [.. ~)
TOV > (calc. of sp ace)
Ao aovp)
Na 3:9
tlU)
TiJs ]]] >
Ha
1'11
2 : 17
::1,
Zp I:S
l'IN{'I
o-,nrrrritl/il
]Jl
Za
1: 13
ruc I N'm/il
q,uyiis II q,ovo (calc. of space)
ill > (calc. of space)
Za 3:7
TOV
Ka t
Tn
In the following cases the article is omitted against the evidence of the LXX: Mi S:S
TOV (6) A aaovp
'~3n l'IN
n
OVOI-LUTQ ovo~a
Ka<)) >
TOU> ) T[O)US
7TPOOI(UVOVVTas ) 7Tpoa ~(vvOVV)Tas
Tc:;, J T';'
tiyy.'A
rr,v ill T[as)
III
/-,ov
In many additional places (16) the non-representation of the art icle before the proper noun in the LXX is reconstructed also for R:
103:5 [tiVOPES VLVWT,]; 4:2 [ELS OapaLS']; Mi 1:1 [7TEP( aa/-Lapo{as] ; 1:1 [K]at [LEpova]a,hw; 1:5 [OiKOV wpa1]A]; 1:5 [daE,BLav LaKw,B]; 1:5 [v~1] LOvoa]; 4:8 8vyaT7}p [aHwv]; 4:8 [Tfl (}vyaTp' LEpova]aA.1J/-L; 5: 1 (2) € V x[tAUlaLv LO]voa; 5:2 (3) TO[US' viouS' tapa1]A]; Zp 1 : 1 [,BaaLMwS' LOvoa]; Za 1 :12 7T[OAHS' LOvoa]; 2:1 I [EiS' aHWV]; 2 :1 I (7) Q[v}ya[TEpa ,Ba,BvAwvoS']; 8:19 [7'0 o]iKctJ [wvoa).
1
11 >
11 TO
a~A T/V
Illfla vou
lJ T¥ y~v
avAa,
RECONSTRUCTI ONS (I 2 x )
JO I : 16
m il" l'IN
Mi4:7
;U7~3/i1l'1N
Mi S:S
r'N l'IKn
,
TOV
I(VPLOV
l) [tX)P
TTJV
aUVTfTp,/-,p.iV,/V
m< (6)
J [l l(nOAL/-,l-'fV1))~
T~V
yi}v)
5·4 Article before dpwS'/tXf?
Ha 1:6 Ha 2:14
5·4· 1 General practice ( I 8 x )
Since MT does not have an article before ;nit", neither dpwS' of the LXX nor of R is
preceded by an article: Jo 3:3 4:2; Mi 1:1,34:4,7 5:3(4),3(4); Ha 2:16; Zp 1:3; Za 1:2,3.4
3:5,6,79:1,1. Accordingly ;ni'1~ is normally reconstructed as without the article.
t!ttl
fl?
5. 4.2 Article before KupwS'/t!ttl.' R (= LXX) has article Ha
2 : 20
iI'iI'{'I
o Of
I( VPLO>
1] 1(0.1 0
(2 X
txt?
+2
"tll
ToLi)) > N· fl pwo )
C"~/ il nN
TOUS XaAOatOVS
"nJ::) l'IN
T~V
8o~av
mil' Ha 3:13
lm-ml'lN
Zp 1:4
'KW nN (C~ l'IK)
txt?
I(UPLOU )J TOUS )]] (To.:;l
XPLOTOVS J1] [xP'aTov)
aov)
TO.
III
[TO)
Dvol-'aTa
X )
Zp 1:13
0 11" nN
T()V
o~vo v
]
aOTwv]
II
U1)'[6AfL/-,/-,a)
119
~
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
120
Za 2:2
iI"i1"
me
"lM~ .MK
Q"~" /'I
Z a 3:7
Til( mil' ' /Tlir.lW Tilt
Za 3:7
' /TI' :J TIN
ZS 3:I
(19) TOV lovoav Ka, ]]] > T OV ["paT/A --- III [Ka! nlv] «pov/aaAT/l"l --- ID (Tav] '/'Y} aovv Tel ]]1 [n)v] 7T pocrro."l'-aTCl II [q,uAa]oni v /-Lou]
F. TRAN S LATION T E CHNIQU E AND O RTHO G RAP H I C PECULIARITIES Na 3 :7
"'VIii
Ha 3:10
If'lNi
H a 3:14 Za 1:3
TI:Jj:'l 'I:IN 'N';,
Za 1:4 Za 2:12
TO))
otKOV ] /-Lou ]
il,,1li Tl17:Ji!7
Ha 2:1 6 Ha 2 : 18
Z a 9: 2
il1'J:ln
RECONST RUCTION S
As a rule , "N is represented by the G reek article , which is also required by t h e Hebrew article or pronom inal suffix often foUowing (cf. 1.6 and 4.5).
7. T enses of the verb
7.0 '~i' translated by historic present, when R Z a 2:12
Z a 3 :7
il::l i1'JK n::l i1'JK
mil' l'l'M:::I3
=
LXX
(2 X
+4 x
)
TaSE I
tr'P nTWV ou[va/-Lfwv] X)
T h e same phrase: Mi 3:5; Z a 1:4. 14; 8:20.
Jo 2:4 Jo 2: S Jo 2: 5
,i :JP
o'TiA80v ] S'TiA[80v]
' l'I' I;)M
EtnQ ]
}0 2:7 Jo 3: 10 Jo 3 : 10 }0 4 :2 M i 4 :9 Na 2: 8 N a 3 : 16 H a 1: 15 H e 2:8 H a 2:18
,::1,
iTi!7l7 'TlI;)'i' '::IM
iTTI"l 1'I":Jin ;', 17i1
m"ti V'Cti no::!
1T1l ' KI,"
10in '1~ j:'
, ll7Cg7
€t-rrq.
chrwal'a , ] 47Tw[aj.LU' ]
M i 4:6 Na 2:7 Na 2: 8
,:Jti 'n:l1';' , nTlDl
ilTl';!:I1iT
~ iT'il iT::l'';' il'::lN i:J:I1
7.2 't:l j:' translated by future , when R = L X X (3 x ) Mi S:2
il',,"
TEgna, (3) ]
Na ):lo '" (Cf. ,IliOi'-[Eoaq,wvolv] in parallel stich.) Na 3:13
1nTlOl
{3aAovoi
II
{3aAoil[ o,v]
avo,xl1~OOVTa' ] 4vo[I]xI1HoOVTa']
7.2. I I dem , when R differs from LXX ( I Ha
I :1I
'1 \;'"
X )
/-LfTa{3aAfl] OlEAfVOfTaI
(LXX translates all ve rbs in this verse w ith fut ures, for which cf. v. Io--R is not preserved for other \"orris in this
KaT£{3'Y}v]
EAa.A'Y}o£ 11 Ei.\[&A]'Y}OfV
ve rse .)
€7TO{1](J€V ]
7.3 '~i'1 translated by futur e, when R = LXX ( 14 X )
7TpoEq,l1aoa I [7Tpo]£q,8a[oa]
a7TwAfTo ] a7Tw(Ano]
a7TfKaAvq,I1'Y} ] d7TfK[al~u4>l1h]
E7TA~l1vva, ] €7T .\H l1vva,]
aVE(]7TUaE ]] a VEa 7TaOEv
EodAwoa, ] Eo[t<)vAwoa,
'yAV.pfV ] [€'y AV.pf]V
aUTo] 7TE7T0,8fV ]
{OWKfV ] [{OW]KfV
Eg~/-LapTOV ] ~[g~/-La]p.T9[~]
WVf{O,oav ] wvn'o,[oav]
wpy{08T) ] [wpy{081'YJ
aK'Y}Koa/-Lfv ] [ah'Y}KOa/-Lfv
7. I. I Idem , when R differs from LXX ( I 3 x 103: 10
Mi l:1 Na):lo N a 3:13
7TfP lf xvl1'Y} III 7T[fp"xvl1'Y}oav] /-LO' II /-L f
---]]] [EYEVfTO]
7Topfv oHa, ill [E7TOPfVI1'Y}] (tense)
KaTaq,aYfTa, ]]] [,q,aYfv] (tense)
7Topfta, III [7TapTi .\.l1fv]
(Similarly in LXX: i'I' ::lK-KaTaq,aYfTaI.)
7.1 '~j:' translated by past (usually aorist ) , when R= LXX ( 19 X )
'TlIli"'lll "TI, ,"
'lnDDN
(5 x )
(Cf. I:I/ITl'---ow[oEL] in parallel stich.)
,\Eyt"1 I dpw. ]] 7TaJITOKpO.Twp
(4
102:6
Ha): 10
TC10f (8 ) ] [TaSIE ,\EYEl ] AE,,{[I]
RECONST RUCTIONS
1-13 2:18 Ha 3 : 10 Zp 1: 17 Zp 2:10 Z a 1: 2 Z a 8:23
oELAata ]] [TETaAa, l7Twp'Y}K.[v]
7TAT) a/-Lovryv II V€ f7T At/o(I1'Y}.j
wq,fAft II w.pEATJOfV (tense )
o.pOVTa{ I] fi'O Oa{o.V] (tense)
Of
OlEKo.pa, I] O'ETpT)[oa],
,\EYEL II ft7TfV (tense)
EVfKaAw av Jl EKaAovv (aspect)
a7TEOTaAKE (8 ) ]] a[7TfloT~!,\lv (tense)
/-L f
Eq,POV"'1 oav II [E]q,POV'Y}OfV
'lln~1li
6.2 Conclusions
121
11
.",
M.i 1:6
' TI~i!7/1
Mi 1:6
'Tlili'l/'l
M i ):6
ilK::!,.,
Mi S:3
'r.I:I1fl
Mi S:3
iT17' /' [il:l1' f'l ilK' /' ]
Mi S:4
;"il/1
Mi S:S
,:11,/'1
N a 2:14
'Tl' 17:Jil/1
Kat
KaTa~~aETaL ] KaTa~~aETaL
Kat] Kalil l1~oo/-La, ] II1Hoo/-La,
Kat]
KaTaa7TCLaw ]
, Ka,
OVOfTa, ] [O]VOfTai
Kat (4) ]
OT~onai ] [oTHofTa,
Kat (4) ]] >
o.pfTa,]] >
Kat]
1TOLf-LUVEL] 7TO[L]f.LaVEL
+ 5 x)
d1TEaTpEif;av
Mi 1:3
f.7TfOTpEif;av
a7TWOa/-L'Y}v ]] h a[Kwoa] o''Y}vo{xl1'Y}oav II ~vo{xl1'Y}oav aVE{3atVf ]] [ ... h
Kat (S) )
EaTai J EO[ Ta.1]
Kat (6)
7To'/-LavovOI II [7TOI/-Lavoil]olV
Kat
EKKavaw ] [EKKa}vaw
DIS C OV E RI ES I N THE J UDAEAN DESERT VIII
122
F . TRANSLATION TECHNIQ U E AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES
Ha 2:7
rr'''iI/'l
leaL] £071 ]
Na 3:15
1/n ":Jn
Zp 1:13
'1101/'
Kat
Ha 1:8
'D»'
Zp I: 17
,:Jlm (1
Za 3:7
'nMl(1
Za9 :4
iI:JiI/'l
1TOp£~OOV{Ta]t
1TO p £ UaOY'Ta L ]
Jo 3:9 Mi 3: 6
I [KaTa.pvHvlaovatv
Ka ; ]
Ka' ] 8w (]w ] (8wa]w Ka' ] 1TaTatn ]1T[aT(itn]
+ 4 x)
(I I X
:'VJ/'l
Kat
iI:J'VJn/'l
a1ToaTpc.pn Kai I [Klaf
[l maT]p€.p(n]
.
Mi4:3
mn:J/'l
Kai ]
KaTaKo.povat
Mi4:7
"nDu,/'1
Ka,
M i 5:3 M i5 :4
':'VJ"(1 ~DPil(1
V1Taptova, (4) ]] Kai €maTpa.p~aoVTq.,
Kat (5)
€1TEYEpO~aovTa, II €1TEYEPOUI"EV
Na 2:6
l:JiI(1
Ka, ]
Na 3:6
1rnDu,(1
ETO'l"aaOva, Kat ] [Kali
O~aol"al
O~aol"a {
II
Zp 1: 4
'n':JiI/'1
Za 2:16
,n:(1
II
ETo,~ adt]
JJ O~ aw
Kai ]
.tt1T1TaaOVTa, ] opl"~[aovatv]
Kai ] [K]aU]
Etapw ]] ?[t]oll(~Op.v]aw
Kai (1 2)
a,'pETtE' }) [€KIIEltETa,
(4 x )
RECONSTRUCTIONS
M i IA
' 0~1/'1
Kat
M i 4A
' :I~
aaAEVO~aETa , Ka i
M i 4:8
illC:::I(1
aVQ1TQVaETaL
JlJ JlJ
':J"iI(1
[TaK~]ao ~ [ TaL ]
[Ko.O{alovTaL
Ka, £ia£l\UJO'£Tat ]]]
Za 8: 2 (
1('1:'
i)gEt )
n:1'" "'Dn'
n'Dl1lC iI'n' ' D'i"
IClmn 1te:J'
Ova« )
.pE{aETa , ]
<7T-q aOl'-a, 1 aT..ja[ol-'a,l
H a 3:9 Ha 3: 14 Za 8:23 Z a 9:4
pi':n "»0' iI:J"l illJrl,'
pay-quETa' j
aEt u81/ aovTa, ] aEtaO( ~jqovTa,
1TOPWGOI"EOa ] [1TO]I?WG0I-'" Oa
KIITJPovol"~aEt j [ .cAl]povoJI-' ~aEl
aiiTryv I
~ ~ aETa,
{;AEtJO'€Ta]L
Mi 1:4 M i 5: 3 Na 2:6 Ha I : IO Ha 1:17 Ha 2:3 Ha 2:1 6 Ha 3:9 Za 3:7
EI-'7fllTJaO~aETa,
] (1TIITJa]O~aETa'
KaAV.pEt ] [K aAV]f ...
7.4 "~i'! translated by past by R and LXX
+I O x ) Il lPa];n1(]O v[Taj,
' »p:n'
TaK~aOVTa,
o"pn'
I"EyallvvO~a£Ta, (4) I"Eyall[vvO~) ao vTal l"Vl]aO~aOVTo. , ]l I'-Vl] a8-qaETat lvTpv.p~aEt lJ (,vp a{tEt
"'1' ,:J1"
n
n
p'"
al-'4>, fjallEI [EK KEv]waE' Eis KEVOV IJ [IlJ~EvaET a l € l(v Kllw aEV II KV KAW aEl (tense)
:IT:J'
:::I,on
"pn
'D'VJn
]J
€ VTEVE!> €tEY[Ep)~!S 8ta1>vllafn~ [vll]atEt~
n
RECONSTRUCTI ONS (lOX)
Jo
3:9 M i 1:7 Mi 1:7 M i 3:5 M i 4: 6 H a 1:8 Ha2:19
H a 3: 1 I H a 3:12 Za 2:8
:l'W"
_.- II €1T! [a]T[pi.pnl
D"U1N
O~aOl"o.L
,:::I'W"
In'
aUV€aT p£.p EV ]]) [E1TtaTp€.povallv (tense) UioOT/ ll] [owa£,l (tense) £laoigoflO-' ill [aOpo{aw1 --- Jl] [lA£VaOVTall avma[a llw[TtEI1 [7fOp£6]aoVTq. [,] Ko.TagE! ; &.I\[o)~[aEL ..J KaTO 'Kl]O~aETo., (4) D TI[O~aE!~l
iI~:lrlC
'IC:I'
iI'" ':J"iI' 1I1Ii11
:lwn
--- n
TIl
O~ g[w)
n
(0
x
+I
7.6 '='~i''' translated by indo of past or present tense by both R and LXX (5 x ) Jo 2: 4
X )
'i11(1
'l/:::I:lO'
RECONSTRUCTI ON (I X )
W1j:'J1
I
KU;'
avvEIIEVaOVTa' l]l [€II d] aovTa!
M i 3:5
1~~aET[a,]
civa (J7~aOVTa , ]
7.5.1 Idem, when R differs Jrom LXX ( 9 x
O~aw
J]
( 1T E Ta ] aO~aovTa,
Ha 1:9 Ha 1:16 Ha I : 17 Ha 2:1 Ha2:4 Ha 2:7 Ha 2: 14 Ha 2: 17
aVVKo.pov[a,v]
aE
,'VJD/'I
KaJ.
7fETaa8-qaoVTal )
(]E
Il
GKo-r{a ]] GKO'Taa8[ ~ aETaL]
Ha 1:8
19O1lE8pEvUEt J (lgoll)EOpEvan
ad
KaTa1>VHvaOVatV
7.3.1 Idem, when R differs from LXX
--- ]]] [Kai] ~YE!pav
]ll
[~y {aaav
1
Kai 7foTal"o{]l [Kai 1TOTal"jo~ I'-d]> €K VKllwaav ]] 7fEptEKvKl.wa[El v {.. -~
(All the preceding verbs in the LXX describe past action: 'lll1" nlC'p-<'fjo'l'}aa ... Kai d~KOVa€ ~ o v; 'l:J'~Wm l1~W1jK ovaa~ ...a7fEppl.pO.t; I"E)
(ef. 'lC'i'1--Kai KlJPvaaovTaS in parallel stich in t he LXX.)
Jo
7 ·5 '='~i''' translated by indo Jut., when R = LXX ( T9 x ) Jo 2:5 Mi 4:6 Mi 5:2
,,'O'IC ilDOIC
CflTl'
7fpo(]O~aw
1[1Tpo aW ~ aw
avvatw 1auva[twl Swa£< (3) ] 8w[an ]
..
aU TotJs-
Na 2: 6 Na 3:7
'WP::1IC 'W:J'
12 3
aaOEV-qaoval v J ~TJT~aw
1
2:6
'l(1£1£11C
1TEP IE XVOTJ 1"0t DI'-E
D'7.)
iJllwp ]] ';80. Ta EWS J EW ~
''V1JEll 1 c,nn '1/:::1::10'
.pVX~~ , ] a fjvaa05 ]
€ KVKllwa€ ]] EKvKII,!,[ alv)
I"E
[aa]OE~aovalV
(Tense of 'l,DDIC carr ied over to translation of "1::1:0'.)
III 7T[EptExvOTJaav)
~
F. TRANSLATION TECHN I QUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIE S
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
124 Mi 2:7
'::1'0'"
do, Ka>.oi
11
[1jy]~ !Juvav
Mi 2:8 Mi 2 :8
CtJ'r'
f1Du?lm
o.VT £OT'I') ]] {o.vdjoT1Jaav
EgiSopav lllt £S va[aT€]
'l/N"[1
Za 3:2
'tJN~/'1
Za 3:4
,tJN'/'1
Za 3:5
'~'ir'/'1
2a 3:6
'11~[1
KCl'
Za 9: 3
1:111/'1
S'£j.t.a pTVpaTO JJ] [l ]!J.apTvpa[T o] Ko.' cfJKOOO!J.'I')O£ II [4> Koo ol!J.7]o€v
7.6.1 Idem, when R differs from LXX (J X ) ,~.",
£OE,t{ ll£,[oE,t£v] !J. 0' Ka, 1 [K ]ai Et1f£ ]] (r1T£V Ka, ] [K]a, £fTT£ ]]
(Cf. "tJl1K'1 in context.)
Ha 3:10
KQ t]
2a 3:1
(Cf. context: '~i1 'W'1'I C» '::1·0.... -,::1, .)
Kai ]]] >
wOwr/oova,
11 [w8{v'l')a]av
(In this con text , R rendered the sequence '~'"' ...1'N" w ith t wo verbs in the aorist and the LXX with two v erbs in t he future ten se .)
12 5
€t TTf.V
J(4t ) E1Tlo."Kav ] E1Tf!J'I') K( av]
RECONSl'RUCl'lONS (3 X )
7. 7 ""'j.'~ translated after conjunctions or negations by aorist subj. by R Jo 3:9
Mi 4:3
I(l;I[1
.,::IMl {"nS7.. .} 1(~{1 l' ''7.)~,
"p Mi 5:4
'::1(1
Mi 5:5
'::>f1
Na 3:12
1''''
".,'
CK um'
Kai ] [Ka}i
ou]
!J.1} ]
a1ToAwp.E!Ja ] a1T0>'[W!J.E]8a
Kat]
oilld TL p.1} 11 ou !J.1} ,.,.a8wo, ]] !J.ti8W OLv
K'1::l.' tn::l.'
.,DO·
,,,1'1
,~,
+2
."".
'i"Tn'
Jo
'N'I" (1
3:8
'N""{1
102:4
'lP'~I1{1
10 3 ; 10
N."j'1
J0
~l;I!lI1'/'l
4: 2
H8 1:15
' i'I/tlON'/'l
Jo 1:16
,"::1,../'1
J 0 3: 8
,:::IW'j'1
J03: 10
CMl'j'1
Jo 4 :1
'1l;1 ' "'{1
2 a 9: 3
":::I~1'I{1
I K[at]
+I
]
[lB[v~!J7]]
x)
Kai] ;!Jvoav ]] Etlvolaoav Kat ] K~i a1TfOTp£.pav 11 ~1!iaT[p€.p h Kat !J.(T(VO'l')O£v 11 (7Tap]£~>'~!J'I') <, > Kat] auv£xv!J'I') )) 1}Q[v!J.'I')a£v] Kat
l!J'I')oavp,a€v ]] E{30VV!O£V RECONSTRUCl'lON (I X)
X )
E'TTi>'8n (5) ]] £AOn
E1TWJ n (6) II £>.9n
T'S € K8'1'fY'9Ta, ill [ExS''I')yhOfJ
1TOP£.Jn l} 1TOp£V9fJ S
Tito vo, 1] [;>']8wa,v
Za 3:5
7.9
8«iJKTI Dl (TpfX)TI
Em>'6.{3wVTa, ] [£m>'6.{3w]vTa'
X
+3 X )
l¢o{3..j!J7]uav ] [E]¢o{3~[!J'I')]aav
--- ]]] [Kat]
a1Tipp'.p6.s ]] [a ]1T~pp(L.p6.s
w I p.[£]
Kai l
€l8€V 1[£t}S.(v]
Ka t ]
1Tpo01)vtaTo 111![Poa]dtaTo
Kai ) ' .. a~",!yay€v ] aV ~y(l[yo']
'i1fu?::I~'[1
Kat ] K[a,] 1T£p,i{3aA OV aUTO'"
ill (EviSvaav]
""'j.'' ' translated by future by both R and LXX (5
x)
In the following instances , R and the LXX read "~p'l\ sometimes against MT (the vocalization recorded is that of M T ). . I: 10
"::I~11
H a , : 15
~'l'n
Ha 1:1 6
.,°v'f!
Kat
aUTOV
Kat
l>'V1T~!J'I')
7. 8 . 1 I dem, when R differs from LXX (5 x
Ha
JO I : I 6
~N »"{1
II OaAEv!J[wa,v]
7.8 "~r'lJ translated by past by both R and LXX ( II
Kai] 1T£p,£{36.AoVTO ]1T£[p,€{3 &AOVTO] Kat ) Kc:<(i] dVf.fJ6T}oav
iav
oaAw!Jwa,
'0::111'/'1
Jo 4: 1
o7av )] 0., lm{3fJ ] Kai (6 )
OTaV III (on]
lm{3fJ ]
RECONSTRUCTI ONS (2 X )
Ha 2: 2 Za 8: 23
)
{ ...} ]] £1" Kai (5) ]
7.7 .1 Idem , when R differs from LXX (5 x M i 5:4 M i 5: 5 Ha J:S 2a 3:7 Za 8: 20
= LXX (5 x
Jo 3: 8
Ha 2:1 2a 1:3
;'1D~~11
:l1u? N0
Kat
(3a>.€' ] [f3h~£ f Kai (16) ] xap~oHa, II xapE'Ta , Kat]
!Jv!J.,6.an] Kat a7TOaKOTTf.UOW ] Kat
E1TLaTpa¢~oO!J.a,
7.9. 1 Idem, when R differs from LXX ( 6 x Ha
I:!O
i1/':l~"11
+I
] [£1TLOTpa¢ 107ao!J.a,
X )
Kat KpaT~an (lUTO';
]1 OVV>'~!J..p(T[a,] III (auTo]
-,--:
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
126 Ha
I: I I
Ha 2:1
, ::lV'/j
Kat
i1::l':!l~nKt!
IllfAnJo'E'T aL Kat]
lm{3~CJO!1-aL
Ha2:3
n£)'1')
H a 2:5
'Pi"/j
H a 2:6
'~K't!
n7Tap[f,xfUCJE'TaL]
]] crrn[Aw CJO!1-0,1
Kai ]
avaTEAfi II Jv.pa ~ df T[OI]
KaL]
fluilEtE'TaL J] Q.llpo,tCJfL]
KaL ] Kq.[i]
l pouulv J] [~p]f i
F. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHtC PECULIARITIES
12 7
8. The verb: simplex and composita
8.1 Simplex in R for compositum in LXX (5 x + MiS :4 Mi 5:5 N a 2: 7 Za 1:4 Za 3:7
I I X )
l7T£AIIYI (5) ]] {AllYl l 1TD../I'[I (6) II ,€ \I} D
K'::l' K1::l' 1nntll
OL·'1Votxo.,.,uav J] y]vo,xBTJCJav
~V( KaA£aav ]] JKaAovv
illa.p IJM.~TI ) Il .p[ IJAIa~£< ,
'K'i' '~W1'1
RECONST RUCTIONS ([ [ X ) RECONSTRU CTI ON (I X )
Ha 2:5
'JOKY!
l1TtCJvva~£L
]J]
[CJWcf~£L)
7. 10 C ondusions As a rule, R h as a fixed system of equivalents for the Hebrew tenses which more or less follows that of the LXX but which at times ad heres t o that system more closely than the L XX: ~~p = past (7.1 [19 x, 13 x + 5 x J) , and rarely future (7.2 [3 x , IX D, ~~P1 = future (7·3 [I4 x , 12 X + 4x]) and once past (7.4 [reconstr.]); ~~P' = indo fut. <7.5 [ I9 X , 9 x + 10 x]) and rarely indo of a past tense (7 .6 [5 x but also aor. subj. after conjunctions (7.7 [S x , 5 x + 2 x]; ~~P'1 is r endered mainly by past tenses (7.8 [1 I x + 3 x ,5 x + I x]) , and less frequently by the future t ense (7.9 [5 x , 6 x + 1 X ]), t he latter on the basis of a different vocalizat ion (~~P'1). For Aquila's system of equivalents fo r the verbal tenses, see Hyvarinen, op. cit., 62- 8. .
n,
I
'l'~K'(I
M i4:8
i1K::l(l
N a 2:5 N a 3: 1 3 Na 3: 14 N a 3:IS Ha 1:6 Ha2 :5
'':!l~''
Ita ,
S ee further Za 9:5.
7.I
Jo 3:5
Ka.t
£VE'rrtaTEVaaV
dCJEAflJCJ£Tat J]J [lAEVCJ£TOIt
8ta.TpEXovCJal ]J] [llpOfLovv]'TaL
KaTo.pCY£'Tat [{.paYEv] (calc. of space)
KaTaKpaTTJCJov ]J] [KpaTTJCJov]
Ka'Ta.paYfTa' CJE [.paYETa' CJE] (2 x ) (calc . of space)
l~EYf'PW III [ly dpw]
m m
i1?::lK 'i"~ni1
l /I;!:lM CI'i'~
Kat
'10K'(I
Ha 2:14 Z a 3:6
K?~1'1 'V'(I
Za 8: 21
,:lI;!i1(1
l7T tCJvva~£< ]1] [uvv&.~Et] ;K1TATJCJII~CJ£'Tat 11TATJ CJ1II~CJ£Tat
m
Kat
8tffLapTvpaTO J]] [i]!1-apTvpa[ TO]
Ka.t
CJVV£AEVCJOV'Tat J]] [lAfV]CJOVTa! (calc. ot space)
8.2 Compositum in R for simplex of LXX Jo 2: 4
{... } 'l/::l::lO'
Na 2:8
n£)Dn~
ill [£17 {alr£ua~[v]
I(Q.~
(2 X
+I
X )
!1- E )] >
l KvKAwCJav lJ 1TfPLEKVKAWO[f1v
{ .. -fLE} II fL[E]
.pIlEyy6!1-fvat I] Q.1To.p llfyr[o]fL£v[wv)
The use of 'verbs with neuter plural nouns
The classical rule that the n euter plural noun governs a verb in the singular is followed by R in two instances: Ha 1:9
" /I;!;:,
CJvvT(AE ta )) [7T]avTa
fi, aCJf{3Eis II fi, dlllK,av
1i~£t
Ha 2:6
K1::l' i1"N
o~n/"
)
RECONST RUCTION ( I X )
N a 3: 15
"':l~ni1
Jo 3: 8
,::lW'(I ,::lW
A~fL.povmL
A~.p' [T aL)
J o 3: 10 M i4:3
In one case this rule is ab an doned, as often in the LXX:
Ha 1:11
'::llr'f1
Za 1:4
' ::l1W
'Nirr
M i 1:4
'O~l(l
J]
Kat
CJa.A£v II~CJEmt
CI""1i1
D[TaK~ICJo~[ TatI
Jo 2:6
'l(lEltll( C'~
'n1'1~/'1
.,.d OpTJ ]
In the following doubtful case, calc. of space have guid ed our d ecision: 1TEPLExvIITJ lJ) 1T[EptExvIITJCJav]
fLOt J] fLE
iJ8wp J] .!i8aTa
In three cases, it should b e observed, t he specific fonn of R follows the Hebrew.
ill {Kam{3apvv)/ITJTt
(for reco n st r. see context)
8.3 Different preverbs 5 x +I X )
TO-UTa. ] TaVra
1TaVTa J1Tcfv{TQ]
0/";:,
KaL III >
{3apvvll~C1Y/
Keli ] Kq.?
n
Q.1T£CJTpf.pav ~,!£C1T [Pf.plf~
Q.1T£CJTpf.pav II £1T£CJTp•.pav
Kai]
Ka Ta,..o.pOVCJt I] CJVVKO.pOV[ mv]
Kat
8tEAEVCJETat Il 1Tap[fAEVCJ£Tat]
Q.1TOCJTpf.paTfi II (lhf[CJTp£.paTE)
RECONST ROCTION (I X )
Ka , Q.1TOCJTpE.p£L )) [l1TLCJT)p £.p[£L) (Note t hat this as well as three of the afo remen tione d cases refer to the re n'de ring of ::l'W by l7TtCJTP·.pW. fo r furthe r recon structio ns of :nw as € 1TLcrrp£.pW, see M i 1:7; 2:8; Za 1:3·) Jo 3:9
::lW,.,
8-4 Same preverb, difJerent verb (and number ) ( 4 x ) l~£8£tpav II €~E8vCJ[aT£1
POWEll1 Mi 2:8 H a 3:1 3
n,,»
Ha 3: 14
T'I::li'l
l~~yftpa, J] ['~EI~£v4'qq.[,]
IltlKo.pa, )) 8LfTPTJ[CJa]s
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
128 ZpI A
'",:Jil/'l
Kat I [J(la[i]
ifapw II ~[f)ol.[£ 8p€l))aw
F. TRANSLATION TECHN I QUE AND ORTHOGR A PHIC PECULIARITIES Za 9: 3
.,::13"/'1
8.5 C onclusions
Kat] i8'7aaVpLaEv
II
i{30VVLaEV
RECONSTRUC TIONS (4 X )
R adheres to a system of fixed equivalents (see I I) in which there is less room for composita than in the LXX. Hence, such verbs as N:l, :l' Wand N'P are preferably rendered by simplex forms rather than by compounds. As a consequence, R has a certain preference for the simplex form s of the verb: 8. I (5 x + II x) compared with 8.2 ( 2 x + 1 X ). When space allows , this tendency is followed in the reconstruction.
Na 2:5 Na 3:14 Ha 2:3 Za 3:5
In an attempt to underst and R's translation technjque, we list here all words of the LXX which have been replaced by 'synonym ous ' parts of speech in R . The notion of synon ymity should not be taken in the same sense as in the study of lit erature. Rather, the use of the term he re implies that on a translational level the old and n ew translation options are synonymous, while the words themselves need not be . T his category should be viewed together with section 1 0 which records th e revision al efforts of R. In a way, such revisional wo rk may be refl ected in this category as well , so that R's revisional activi ty can be considered as more exten sive than indicated the re . First, there are cases in which R replaced a word with a seemingly synonymous w ord, b ut to him the new word seemed actually more appropriate than the old one. Second , there are also listed he re instances of changes made for th e sake of consistency such as t he replacement of (hall and ihon with OTt (Hebrew "~). L ikewise, in such a case as Na 2:6 "i1~" was probably rende red with 'raxvvw rather than a7n:v8w (L X X) because of the frequent rendering of the adjective 'iJ~ with TaXv.,. A noun like ~:l 'li1 in Na 2 :7 was probably rendered with vaoS" rather than {3au{AELQ (LXX) because the stem of the latter may have been reserved for the root 1~~.
'M:::I
;'1:ln
'il~:::I'~/'l
IlLaTpixovaa L )11 [opal-'OVV)TaL
"l-'fJ'7 6L TIl [i ).8i)
V1T 0I'ELVOV )]] [1T po alllxov]
Ka,) K[at)
1TEpdfJal.ov ]]] r;vlou aav)
, ,
aVTOV
9. 1.2 Synonymous verbs-difJerent form (4 x ) M i 4 :7
9. S ynonymous parts of speech
'!:c3'l"
'n~w/'l
Kat
II
8~aOl-' aL
Na 3:6
,r"~w/'l
8~aw
Kal) [Ka),
8~aol-'a {
II
8~aw
aE
Za 2: 12
'l/"'W
a1T£aTal.I<£ (8)
II
a[1TE1'!T~~Mv
I-'E
Za 3:7
1'"
9. 2 Synonymous nouns and adjectives (33 x
Jo 3:9
lIDK
Mi 2:8
"K
Mi4:3
O il~/n:::l"M
II
1Topd!'!!
1TOpEV6i1S
+9 x )
8vI-'OV ]] IdpyHs
a1hou ] q[VT OV]
-rryv)l) >
1l0Po.v aUTOU
II [,7£p,,8j61.a wv 11 >
Tas
n
;'ol-'atas I-'a xa [{pas)
aVTWV) [avT w )v
Mi 4:3
Oil'/11" 'lMI'I
Kat 1
Tn nTas
II
oopaTa
Mi 5:3
PKl/::I
a,,Bv[vas)
aVTWV ] [a]VTWV Ka t (4) )
lv]
9. 1 S ynonymous verbs 9. 1.1
Different verbs (s iems ) ( I 3 x
Til)
+4 x )
10 ' : , 6
' "::IT"/'1
Ka, I
Ef)vaav ]) i6va{aaav
1 0 3:4
N'1::1/"
70U
103:9 10 3: 10
Na 2:6 Na 2: 7 Ha I: 10 Ha 1: 10 Ha 1: [ 5
On1/'1 c m'/'1 " il~' l'~l
0"1'' 1'1 /'''''''1'1
'il/'l'
ElaEI.8ELv )] [7t op£1)w8)aL
Ell)) [Ka,)
iJ£TaVO~aH )) 7!ap'[aKI.'76~a£Ta)L
, Ka.' I-'ET£VO'7aEV ]] [1TapJ ~~I.~8'7 < L>
O"7TE"VOOVOlV ]]
TaxvvOVatv
Ild1TWE ]] [iaa])' £1)8'7
iVTpv¢njaH II [iV)1TU{fH
II
avvl.~I-',p£T[aL)
a.lTov 111 [a th o) Ka, ) Eil.Kvan f avpEv
,
,
~DK
Mi 5:6 Na 2:6
::IW» T'/"'K
N a 2:7
Z'I'''MV;i
~:::>~1'111'1/'1
,.,T
Za 8:20
'M~'
""::1/'1
I-'EyLaTii" ES )) ovvaaTWV aVTWV a VTOV Kat)
n
Na 2:8
:l!:Cil/'1
II 0
fJaa{I.Ha Kal)
II
va[ 0,)
Na 2:8
i1~Il'\i1~K/'1
Na 2:13
,'/m»1:)/'I
V1TO (JTa (J'S II I.al-' 1T~V'7
Ka, )
ai)
OovI.a, II dfJpal
aVT~s )
n
IlLaaKop1T{aaVTa (I : 19) Ka, (12)
a'pETL£L II [h l.ElfETaL
1}fovaL )1 [,,)')8waLv
0' II >
TO.
KaL
TO
aUTOV
Za 2:2 Za 2:16
oaf!} D l1Tl1.p aEL
aKpwv (4) )) 1TEpaTwv
Tel (7) ]]] >
V1T ol.Hl-'l-'a )J [Ka Ta)I.OL1TOv
aypwaTLv (7) II Xa[pTOV)
~ )
Kat
KpaT~aH
Mi 5:3 Mi 5:6
)J I. LKI-'~[aaVTa)
III Hv)
KaTOLK'7T~pLOV
II
[I-'a)vopav
aUTOL)
Na 3:10
i1"ll"
£ls ) fL£TOLKf.o[av ]]
a7TOt[KLav]
12 9
13 0
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIJI Na 3:15 Na 3:16
it:::l.,K/:I
,:,S-]
':::I:I,:I/T.I
(3p0Vx05 J) aKp{s im~p ]] ,:"
Ha 1:7 Ha 1:10 Ha 2: 17 Ha 2: 17
C'N pnw ocn ocn"
Ha 2: 19 Ha 2: 19 Ha 2:19
~ElJ'l
:::IitT 1')0:::1"
H a 3:9 H a 3: 12
J'I 'OC DS1T/:::I
H a 3: 14 Zp 1: 15
"J'lOC/:::l itP'~C"
'T a nTO US
lJ.crrpo. ]J acrr'pa, (form only) r/>o{3£po , DlJa,..{Jo~ 7Ta {y~La
aalfJEla
Dy['Aw, ]
n&8tK{a
Ko.&. ] Ka; a.G~fJE'Q ~
II &.8uctav £Aaa/Ul D(]£aay,..o,ov )(pvo,ou )] xpv[ao]uv Kat
apyvpLOV ]] [apyv]pouv aK-r,7TTpo. pa{3~[o) ~~ lv] a7T£lA1i ]] E,..(f3p'!L1)a£,] Aa8pf!. ]] Kp tx/>fJ
n
Ka.i
avaYK1), D[OT]HOXWP.{<,t5
Zp 1:1 5 Zp 1: 15
itNW it"ElK"
Zp 1:15
"D.,S1"
Ka!] yv6r/>o v ]] aKoT,a, Ka, ) [ICa],
Zp 1:16 Zp 2:9
'DlW
o"'[XAT}S ]) [yJ~6r/>ov aaAmyyo s ]) [KHp]anlV1Jsj (cf. Barth. 60-63)
'J'I'"
awp{a, ]] Qnop{o.,
Ko.; ]
oi] [o]i Ka'TaAo<7To,
Za 9:3
J'I'~n
nEm'i\o,['lTo ,)
oil",,>, ]) it61lwv RECONSTRUCTI ONS
(9 x )
For all these, see notes on the reconstruction. Jo 3:9
p.,n/c
Mi 1:2
':::I'it/~
Mi 4:3 M i4 :9
:::I.,M 1/~S11'
n
it a7To opy-r,s ill (IJVJ.Lov] it ill (EK] OiKOV ]]] (vaov] pOJ.LrJ;a(a>' ]) /,L[axa ,pav]
F . TRANSLATION TECHN I QUE Al\;D ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES
and the local 1~ once with -Otv: p'n'~--rrWpp'[WOEV] (Ha 1:8 [LXX: fLaKPOOEV]). In the reconstruction of this preposition the LXX is usually followed. -:l- Quite consistently rendered by R with EV (27 x ), but also with Eis (5 x ), 3 instances of which follow the LXX 00 3:4; Na 3: 14; Za 9:4 [reconstructed, but secured by the next word]) and two instances of which replace hrt of the LXX (Mi 5:S[6],5[6]), with En{ (Mi 5:4[5] and Na 3: 10 [reconstructed, but secured by the next word]), both of which follow the LXX and twice wi t h 8,0. ( = LXX, Mi I:S,5). -" - For the lamed of the info see F2. The preposition is rendered by both the LXX and R with Eis (12 X ), with the dative of nouns (4 X) or pronouns (6 x ). Once R replaces En{ of the L XX with el[s] (Ha I :6), and once the dative of the pronoun in the LXX with Eie; (Za 2:9[S]). 1::1" is rendered by 8,0. TOVTO by both the LXX and R (3 x ). -::I- R usually follows the LXX in its translation of we; (9 x ) or KaOws (2 x ), but once KaOws of the LXX is replaced with w[~] (Na 2:8), while the reverse change takes place in Ha 3: 14 (MT: '7.)::1). "::I-Usually R changes SLon of the LXX to OTt (Mi 1:3,7; 4:4; 5:3[4]; Ha 1:5 ,6,16; 2:3,8,17; Zp 2:10; Za 9:1), in three cases, oTav to OTt (Mi S:4[5],4[5 ],5[6]), and in fou r instances retains OTt of the LXX 003: 10; Mi 4: 5; Ha 2: 18,18). In the following instances O'rL is reconstructed for S'OTt of the LXX: Jo 4:2; Ha 2:3; Za 2: 10[6], 12[8], I 7[1 3]; 8:23; 9: 2 and in M i S:S[6] for OTav. 'Tl7- Always EWe; + gen.: Jo 2:6; Mi 1:7; 4 :7; 5:3 [4]; Ha 3:13, as in the LXX (except for Mi I :7). It is reconstructed likewise in Mi 4:3,8; 5:2[3]; Zp 2:9; Za 8:20. Mi 1:8 Ha Ha Ha Ha
1:8 1: 15 1:16 2:19
Za 2:9
'S1 J'l NT r,n,/T.I 1:1 "S1 1:1 'S1
P" ' /:I
Ha 2: 15 Ha 2:17 Ha 3: II
.,il 1m'lM
Zp 1:17
c/r.m"f1
m~il:::l
EVEKEV
JJ S,a
'TOUTOV 1T[OUT]O (cf. Barth . 84-85)
",aKp6(lEv ]] 7Twpp.[w8E>']
EVEKH TOUTOU (16) ]] Sui TOUTO (cf. Barth. 84-85)
€VfK ~1J
rN
TOVT OV
not-a
TO U T D
OUK II ou ""~1
£arlV I i [a]nv
aUTfJ (5 ) JJ ds [avT1)vl
ill"
>i ill [01 (3ovA1) ]]) [av",,BovA6,] aov]
N a 3: 15
10.
Approximations to the Hebrew text/language
,:"
aKpts ill (f3pouxosl clJ [ova,) 8."pLWV ]]) [KTT}V""V] o7TAwv ]]] [a,,Bvv.,,s] aov Ka, I [K]aU] TIl, D > aupKa, ]1] 7T[Tltl",l<:t!T]a
m
In this category we record renderings of R which presumably reflect approximations to the H ebrew t ext. It is important to keep in mind here the caveat mentioned in the preface tha t the analysis of R's techniques is based on the assumption that R had before him the text of the LXX as reconstructed in Ziegler's edition. Furthermore, one should remember t hat the recognition of an approximation to the Hebrew text is subjective .
aUTwv
9·3 Synonymous prepositions, conjunctions and particles ( see also FIO.2 ) 1~, -~-R
131
is not consistent in the rendering of this preposition. Usually it follows the LXX in the choice of either EK (S X) or ano (6 x ), 8to. (Ha 2: 17), Ka·dva[vTt] (for ",~~ [Mi 2:8]) and amfvavTt (C'TV~ (J 04: sD-textual differences between MT and R = LXX are excluded from this list. At the same time, R replaces a7TO ofthe LXX with EK 00 3:8) and 19 ofthe LXX wit h an6 (10 3:9; Mi 5: 1[2]). In addi tion, R rendered the comparative 1~ once w ith V7T[€p] (Na 3:8),
10. I Lex. meaning of the Hebr. : adjectives, nouns, verbs ( 43 x + r5 x ) Jo 1:14 N'j:'l S'KaLOV II a8C;>[o,·1 (righteo us]] guiltless) 102:6 ~:::In £Ilv I] 7TEptEaX[£]v (R reflects d ifferent readi ng: ti:::ln)
lFt'it Jo 3:8 EKa(]TO, Dd[v~pl (also M i 4:4; see Barth . 48- 54)
,n'"
Jo 4 : 1
V~
Mi 1:2
ilfN~C"
Mi 1:4
,pj':::In' (will bu rst open )
Kat)
avvExu8." ]] »Q[u"'T}aEv] KQ& 7TavTES ot ]] Kat TO 7T[A~]p'WJ.La iv ]] > aU'Tn 1] a [~TT,sl (and all on it ]] and its fuln ess) TaK»aoVTat ]] [paJy»aov[Ta]' (will mel t )] will be broken)
F . TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES
DISCOVERIES IN TH E J U DAEAN DESERT VIII
13 2 Mi 1:6
Mi 4:4
Mi 4:4
1
"') /"
EtS-
II1'N
xao, II ,pa.po.yya (a b yss ]] ravine) €KaUTO, )] av~p 7TavToKpa.TOPO, II [n;';I" S[vva.}",[£wvl (A lmigh t y
--- II
mN ::I~
Zp 3:6 T~V
'T\»'iI
M i 5 :4
'l'lT\l~'N/ ::I
Mi 5: 4
Na 2:6
'~'Ol
J.l
1~O/il
Na 2:9
i1l£)~
Na 3 :8
'::Io'nm
N a 3:8
I
13
III
---?II",~
ETol/-,-aua, II aya(luvEt, /-,-£plSa II U7T[.'P vwl ( LXX : root A/-,-wv
rij, ))) >
H a 1:8
'''j:'/'I
,puyTj, Kail
Ha 1:8
'W/'I
ill~)
II ,uxu, II ,povS
n~''Ti'
.,"n
1""
il ::l~T\N
I
Egl7T7TCluovm, II Dp/-,-~[uouu'vl Eg Evanla, D Kavuwv (differen t etymology) /-,-£Ta{Jat..€, II S' EAEvuETal a!-,-,pat..£' II [€KK€V ]WU€l (w ill throw around]) will empty)
Kai
I
'7Tlp~uo/-,-a,
II
uT?7[Awuo",a,] (I will mount on II [ will stand like a
UT~X'l; cf. Barth. 59-60)
H a 2:3 Ha 2:3 Ha 2:5 H a 2:6 H a 2:7
Kat
il~il~T\'
avanAE' II Ev,pav~uET[a'l (w ill rise II will appear) uunp~a:/ ]] uTpaYlYEUUl)TOlI (will b e late II will ta rry)
~'O::l1'
Kat I €lUSEg£Ta, II a(lpo,lu€l1 (will a dmit ]] w ill assemble) unpapw, II 7Ta.XO, 7T1)A91; (take n by R as two word s: 0'0 ::111)
Tr»Tl1 T~
oil (7T'PO Vt..Olll uaAEvovTE, (advisers 11 those w ho shake)
uov ]1 UE
Ha 2:15
Ha Ha Ha Ha
2:20 T12 3:1 3 3:14
Cil'/" :P~
on ~ 'T T1
n,o " /0 '01::1
Ta ])] Hv]
U'TT~Aa,a II [aux1)/-,-oulvYl)v (cave rns II privy parts)
aUTwv ] av[-rwlv (different etymology)
€UAap£lu(lw II U'W7T1)UOV (be cautious)) be quiet)
KaTag€l, II aA[ol~[u€l>l (will break II will thresh)
S,o.", o.>./-,-a II OEt..E (trans Ii teTation )
EV I
EKOTaU€l
II papSo"
(stretching ou t II staffs)
--- II aUTou
Ha 3:14 H a 3: 14
' /T'£)
(K) " IT'£) (Q)
C/T\~"»
SvvauTwv ]1 anl!x,uITWV (leaders --- II aUTou
_. - II
II
unwalled ones; d. Za 2:8)
Zp 1:4
l'I~"
'JON I')ON 'T1':lil/'l
avauTp~4>o"'Evov,
illn
8ui TOUTO
clothing)
Mi 1:2
"nIl"
M i 1:7 M i 3:5
nflT (t w ice) Wi'Tj:'/'I
M i 4 :4
,::I'D"j'l
Mi 4:5
"m"K CII1/::1
Mi4:6 Mi4:9
n~::Ij:'K
'~P'I'
Na 2:14 Na 3 :14 Ha 1:7
n1K::13 '::IKII1 K" l/'l
Ha 2:2 Ha 3:9 Za 2:12 Za2:17 Za 2: 17
T!"
E7TEp,paua, II £vEn,[vE,1 ht..€l",€l II [uvlvaywyii ht..l7TETW II uvv[ay"'I'(diffe re nt etymology)
Kai I [Kla[tl ,gapw II ~[gloA[£(lp£vlow
niSou
10.2
II (V1]'[Ep')7T[aTouvTa,1 ( see n ote on reconstruc tion)
x)
i€ s)
/-,-apTvpwv lll,..a.PTl'IPaI 7Topvda, III ['TTopYl),1
--- III [Katl
T;y€lpav 1lJ [~y{a uavI Kat
aVa7TaVU€m, III [Ka(l,ulovm,
~v ])] [EV ovo",a n )
080v )] [8£]ou
nth·ou II aVTWV
EluSEgo/-,-a, ill [a(lpoluwl
~ ill [131
(Jo v>.tj ]]] [aV/-'-{JovAo, I
uov )
7TavTOKpaTwp ])] (TWV Svva/-,-Ewvl
E7T{U'TTaUa, [V'SpEvual'
m
Kat
(7TL¢.aV"fJ, ill ["'OPEpO,] ( L XX: etymology ilN') S, wK l1 IJJ [Tpixln
J1J [uEAE]
n"o
S";,,,a>'1-'0
n1K::I~
7TavToKpa.TWP (8) )]] [TWV Svvo./-,-Ewvl
Oil
EUAapElu8w 1lJ [ULW7T1)uovl
fK I
--- ill [Toul
p»~~
v£,p£Awv
J1J
[K I1TO'K1)Tl)PlDV)
Lex. meaning of the Hebr.: prepositions and particles (9 x + I 4 X ) (see also F9.3)
Ql--Kat of
the LXX is replaced by Kat ye (see Barth. 3 1-47) in the following instances: Na 3:10,10,11,11; Ha 2:16 (reconstructed : Zp 1: 18, 18). Ka{ of the LXX for t:m of MT is replaced b y Kat ye in Za 3:7,7; 9:2. For the space between Kat and ye, see Z a 9:2. Jo 3:9
CMl/'l
~i
ill [Ka t]
/-,-£T aV O~UEL
Mi 1:7
'1»/'1
Mi 4:7
'11'/'1
H a 2:4 H a 2 :6 Ha2:7 H a 2:17
illil
""
H a 2:19
il/::I V::I' j:'/::I
tn" /il '::I'D"
II
'I!ap'[aKA1)(I~u£Tal'
Kat ]
(K II €w,
Kai €w, £l, I [Kai i']w,
'TO)) alwva ] 'TOU alwlJo~
(av II lS[ovl
{ ... Ta} oVTa aOTov ]] aVTcp
on II ouXi
n;)v I KUTOLKOVVTWV ) ]
TO
xaA,vou, II yavp{a/-,-a (bridles II exultation)
aVTwv]
Ha 3: IS Zp 1:2
C'~"il~
I
n£)'/'I
Pj:" /'
Z a 3:7 Za9: 4
(LXX poss.: O"D)
EgaAouvm, II KOV,p[OTEpO,1 (will leap out II are lighter)
Kai
Tmi:"n~
RECONSTRUCTIONS (15
princes)
E7TlPM7TW V II [E7TluITpE,pW[vl
apx~
1:9 1:11 1: 17 2:1
1\111 ])
>
, 'n O,£)
Ha Ha Ha Ha
anOVTO, (bites; etymo logy
Za 3:4
Ii"TTa.PXm [li"TTaplx("]'v {.. ./-,-"7S€va} )] av~(pa] 7TOS~ P1) ]) ,..£n[KSv/-,-a]rq. (ro be that fa lls ove r t he feet]] c hanges of
(of hosts; also Z a
Ta, Jl Ho
7Tpo,pvAaKa, II E7TlKaAv/-,-/-,-a (guards ]1 co ver )
aun;)v II >
p~ N
N a 3 :8
Na 3 :9
JJ
--
n
a'TTwua/-,-1)v II h a.[Kwual (I t h rust away]) I di d wic kedly) ('TTi (5) I T~V II Ta, xwpav II papEtS'1 (territory ]) large bu ildings) ~/-'-C;)V S~y",aTa (5)
'TTapa. TO ,..",8EVO I] u..~]
1: 3.4. 14; 3:7; 8 :20)
M i 4 :6
'D"K '''::I/~
133
ath'~v
£vot( K ]OUV'TWV
nEV [atiT]~
v€ ]
--- II I+EUCP
aVTtjJ Zp 1:6
"nK/~
a7To
naVTou
II [a'TTol 07Tlu(I£[v]
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VI II
134
F . TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES
RECONSTRUCTI ONS (14 X )
J04:2 Mi 3:5
?»
M i 4: 3
?P ,»
MiS:6
i""' ,;,IK
Na2:8 Na 3 : IZ Na 3:12
K?
?:; ?» OP C"1:l:::l {... }
Na 3:1 3
H a 1:6
1/:::I'i'/:::I nU:Jw
K?
RECONSTRUCTIONS (9 X)
ill [E 1Tt] E., DJ [( 11i]
&
lws; Ids ] (lw.] ",aKpciv ] [p.a]Kpciv 011WS (7) ]]J [0.] "'~ ill [OUK) & ill [li1Ti] d, ill ((1Tt] {.. -lxollaat} )]] [awl
aKOTrO", ill a K OTr[O~]
lxo lIua Ill >
oiv ] [oi]v
[p.£a
aOl ]]] [aou]
aK'7vdJ",(uci
pMW
V?
a.VTO U [Qtirqi]
Ha 2: 1 Ha 2:19 Zp 1: 5
?» mi1 injl"/?
Zp 3:6
rKfI:)
TOUTO )]] (toou]
KaTa. TOU [rcjJ]
Kllp{OIi ill "'1]8€ ill [S ta TOU ",iJ Etvat]
oiv
m[h,]
m
z :7 3:7
':::1'0"
3: 10
':::I'IIi/:::I ,'!W,f:Jj1
n
Ka,
--- m[ot]
D[{17]'! ... ,
-'/:: 1
al7E Kp{(}"I ] 1TpOS I'-" ]] f-LOI [Kavo, [0 LKav01T1]T[,j (sufficient
IK'lil
Kai ll
"l/~'f:JjI/?
Zp 3:6 Za 1:4
:::IlI'i'1' Cil'/?K
'::231 WI? ?:::Ilrl jl/:::I
--- m[os] X"'poTr£oa'l" ]]] (0 XEtPOTr£oo.,]
( 071V ill [auTos;]
[f... lKo.1I0T1}'T i]
1Tollci ID [KEvov]
170pEla , [l7ap1)'\8EV]
TOU awoa, ]]J [.." aWT1]ptav]
--- m
m
om >
m>
TO" OplO', av.,.1),
ill [op {~EtJ
n[au}n)v
n
£07t
,mj1
C'I:)
J] in
sufficiency)
>
° /:J"j7}
':::IW" j1
MiS:2
,:::1"" ,,;nK
Na2:6
, :Jl"
"/'1"K
av-raa{a DW[nE Y (appearance ]] wi.ll give light) l'\aaf-La II C1waY/L£vov (metal p late ]] packed; abstract noun vers us passive participle) TOU Slavolgolla, aKo[p1Tla]al (they open]] to scatter) KaToLK ei'v
n
n n
n
Ka t aV0 1TutJOE'TU' ]]]
[ICQ.TO &.]KOVVTQ
ti TO
[Ka8{a]ovTuL
TWV (3) ci8EA¢X;w
altTwv lJ aUTov
Ka,n > 0"
II
>
I'-"Y.07avEs Q~TWV
Na 2:6
pill'!
Na 3:10
IIiK'/:I
Ha I : 15
1jn'I:):l~/:::I
H a 1: 16
1f?::>K~j1
D aUTOS 11 >
--- n n --- n~I'-a, n aUToi, n1T pos a[
+ 22 X )
Kat 1TOTaf-L0{ (Kat 1T0-raf-L]0, JSwp 11 jjoo-ra a7TD] TWV ri)~ oSwv [oSo]u av,.wJ.l ] aUT[WV] TWV II [..,.]iis 1TOV1]PWV 1TOv1]p.[as] CT1JV£aTp E
nSuvao-rwv
aVTOV
]]
Kat tTO &I-'aaOV(1L )]
Kai]
(tUTO
Mi 1:7 M.i 4:4
Na 2:6
--- 1] aUTOU
H a 3:14
P"'
ID [lK1/pugav]
f-LV'7a8~aov-ra , ]] "'V'7a8~aETat
n
"1/1:;'/1
iI'" W1Cn
K1j1
" /:: 1
il31'1il
SEtAw'a [TET aAo.<]11dJ P1"/KE[V] (verb) o1JQU5J.WTos [EV alx]",aAw[!1I1q. (captive ]) in captivity) op~,~aolla,
Ha 2: 19 Ha2: 19
C'PT/:::I
+9 x )
Ka, l7civTE S O[ ]] Ka .' TO 17'[,x~]p'W/La
H a 2:1 3 Ha 2:19
Na 3:10 Ha 1:7 Ha Z:1 3
J02:4 Jo 2:6 J0 3:10
(t!tt1]
om > aV-rfl ]] a.[UT1),] Etal KaAOI II [~yJ48I1vav
Ha 2:2
Ita i
10.4. 1 Number (in nouns, pronouns and verbs) ( I9 x
iI/K?I:)j1
1:8
'Wj'I
Ha 3:10 H a 3:13 Za 9:z
This paragraph lists examples in which R seeks to correct im precise renderings in the LXX by matching a p art of speech in Hebrew with the corresponding p art of speech in Greek: verbs are rendered with verbs, prepositions with prepositions, etc. Jo 2:7 'rt'»/':l K4TOXO' ]] KaT' € J..W u (holding down )) against me) Jo 2:7 C?'P/? a,dJv,ol ]] E'I" [atwva]
iI'~
M i 3:S
ill [EV tOXu,]
lea ;'
10.4 Form
10.3 Exact representation of elements of the Hebrew ( I 5 x
Mi Na Na Ha
£Knvw,
OUK
aUTOU ill [a1h cjJ]
Tra'yvla ill y{£,xws;]
Mi 1:2
i1i'Tn/:::I 1lMi'j'I
K1JPuaao vT a,
--- m
V? Ha 1 :10
Jo 3:8 M i 3:S
£TOLJ.L&OE[ l]
(17' ]]] [ETri]
n
apxa.s [KEa'\]1}v
lv
Tai, ill [-rjj]
oaY1lva" aaY1l'71
n
nth-ou ] Ko1 Tel T()
{lpdJ",a-ra
n
n~[p ]w/La
av.,.o ti )
Haz:6 H a 2:7
1KVi'
r"ow/?
H a 3:13 Ha 3: 14 Zp 1:4
;,IK'
'lliK'
'\~l'-'Po vTal
Et, ] 8Iap1Tay~v
cwmc
u,] Zp3 :7
° /"'?'?»
]] '\~.pE[ -ra, j (see 7. 1 [)
nStap1Taya,
KEa}tas; ]] [KEaA~]V
JtEaAa s
JJ
KEaA~V
Kain > TO. TO
n
OVO/UlTa ]] OVO/La 1j TO. E1T< IIA).', ]] i l7'Th8n//LaTa] aVTWV
n
13S
DISCOVERIES IN THE JlJDAEAN DESER T VIII
13 6 Za 9 :2
ilD:::ln
JJ [£]r/>poV7/a€v
Er/>pOV7/aav
iI"'~D I:I'D' "l,nDDK
Jo 4:2 Mi 1:6
ilT
':Pt:lD/~
Mi 1:7
llT1K/D
Mi
llnK '1V'~
1:7
Mi z:7 M i 5:3
Na Na Na Na Na
1: 14 3:3 3:7 3:10 3:11 Ha 3:1 3
Zp 1:3 Z p 3:7 Za 2 : 11 Za 2 : I I
m
w
rom K
m
~OD
m
I;!"n
C'DnlD
~''1l
~"K/C
l Jn"Wl'1K
TIl [1T£TEtVOV]
~,»
Tn 7T€TE" LIIQ
'D':l"ajil
OpOplOOV
't:I~CiI
avaa
Z a 3:4
11m:
Za 3:7
'~3n
1]1 o[p0plaaT€ ] (d. context)
0"(7) J)]
n :1v;,'
(7) ]]] [avaa
>
KaTo.KoUVT€, II [K ]c;tTOIK[ouaa] Ta, ]]) !n}v] avofL,aS' III [avofJ-{av]
aou
10.4.3
Person: nouns, pronouns, verbs (Sx + 2 X )
Mi 2:7 Mi 2:8 Mi SA
potjDn
Ha 2:7
,'j:l"ajl
7t€7t0p€VVTa, ]] [7t0P€VOfL]EVOV
£~ES€lpaV 1] £g€Sva[a u ]
Ka, (5)
E1t"y€pO~ aOVTa, ]] m y € p€ oUfLH
8aKVOVU, 1
Za 3:4
l inK
aUTOV Of. nUTO" DOf.
.,'3D
C ase endings ( 7 x + I
Jo 2:7
y.,Kjil
N a 2:8
1;!'j:'/:::l
JD
[auAa,]
Ha 3:9
nDDn D n,nl;!m m.,ill
»p:111
r.,K Ha 3 : 14 Za 9 :1
--- II ?j
y7jv 1ll [Y7il KaOw, DwI,]
7t€ p.un pai ]] [7t Ep,aT]€pwv
r/>O€ yyofL€V al II Q1Tor/>O€ YY(O]fLEV[wV]
7tug rov TIl [1TU~{WJV .
7tOTap,WV 1] [1ToTa]",o,
pay~ U€Tal ]
M i 1:8
11 [l,,]8{wv
;aOw~
'1l7
1TTWXO, Kall
1Taaas
't:I:1"aj
"K.,i!r'
Za 9: 2
r/>vAa,
JJ
1]
Kat
OP1/~ "€1 ))] {OP1/ v..juw]
N a 3:7
a?JTfi ]]] [aot]
1/"
Tenses (I X + I X ) As shown in 7.10, R has a fixed system of equivalen ts fo r the Hebrew tenses which more or less follows that of the LXX, but which at times adheres to th at system m ore closely than th e LXX. In addition to the material listed in 7, note the timeless represen tation oq'lN for w h ich cf. Barth. 65-68. Kal 1[Ka]L
Mi4: 4 rK,n 10 .4.4
OU K
f erra, ]] O~K f.aTUI
RECONSTRUCT ION (I X )
Mi 4 :9
10. 5
rK
OU K
>jv ]]] [l am]
Addition of element (s) (3 x )
Excluded are additions in R which presumably involve a different Hebrew Vorlage , listed in 14 · 1. H a I: I S
1/D.,n/:1
£V
--- III H,]
QfLr/>LfJA~(1TP~ ] [afLlr/>,fJA~aTp~
Ha 3: 14 Za8:21
rraaWlJ
--- ]] aUTou
8vvaaTwv au .lx{a]Twv
--- II auTOv
1TOPWOWfL€V ] [7tOP€vOW lfL€V
--- 111To[P€ vo fL€vo.j
n
1fT.,£) (K) ,' /nD CQ) iI:ll;!l
1''';'
llJ 1[uAwv]
TOU
11Dn
" :1l1'1
EV
ill
10.6
>
TOI, JD >
apto.s ]]] ap{tE.j
a UT7i, D [au]T..jv
r
iI/:1
KO.p€TaI ]]] [Ko.pOl'a<]
iI"'~'K,n
7tTWXOV
I"pa1/A ]
Kat ]] Ka{ y€
Ep,aO ]
tll,n
iI'DOK
Y7i ] yfl
o,:lK/" I;!:l,n
n
X )
--- ill [wV7}]
Ha 2:2
'1lCj:'iI/'I
oXVpWfJ-aTa ]]] 0xv[pwfLa]
€{,
c':n'
11;!'iI
RECONST RUCTIONS (2 X )
,..01)
10.4.2
'Kavoi]] [£V 'Kavo1TT/Tf,]
£V ill >
7tVp{ ill [1TVP0S']
rr,V ])] -r[a,]
nK
avA..jv
Za 9:3
" /~
"ajK
fJa81/ ill fJaq[oS']
8aAauU7J' ill (8aA aauwv]
v81/ ill 1T[€p 1T€p ,€x ,€ x v81/aav]
fJ-0, ll fJ-€ (see 7· 11)
OOTO' ]]] [oalToS']
€lS' ] H1S']
r/>vutav [r/>uutaS']
EK ]] l y
fJ-IOOwfJ-,hwv lllfJ-1'l[OWfLaToS']
p,100wfLchwv lll l' .[aOwl'aToS']
Ka, OpOOL ill [TOU op8 sl
TOU (4) ]) >
O€O '; ] Owl!
mhwv [mho ';}
TIl yAV7tTa III [yAV7TTOV]
Tpa vl'aTlwv [TpavfLaT{oV]
7tapaKA1/UlV ]]] 1T[apaKaAouvTaS']
"A~povS' III [KA7ipOV]
l~ lx0pwv III [ff I XOpou]
TOUS' ill [TOU]
XP'UTOV, llllxP,aTou]
aou]
137
RECONST RUCT ION (I X )
Ha 2:13
RECONSTRUCT IONS (Z2 X )
Jo 2:4 JO 2: 4 J o 2:6
F . TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES
Omission ofelement (s)
(I 2 X
+ 6X
)
Excluded are omissions by R which presumably involve a different Hebrew Vorlage , listed In 14. I.
DISCOVER1F.S IN THE JCDAEAN DESERT VIII
138
Jo 2:7
'11'"
+++ T'N/il +++
iI',"'::1
KarEfJT)V )
Ei. ]] >
--- D~
F. TRANSLATION TECH N IQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PEClJ LIARITIES Na 3: 13
1~11
yiiv ]]] [yij,) >}.]]) >
)03:4
OI' Jl] > fLOXA01] UwXAo]i
Ha 2:1 3 Za 8 :23
Mi
1:1
'WN
waE' III > rrop.{os ] 7[opda. waE'])] > 7TOp€l O.J) ] [7TO)P.[IJq.[V)
V7TEP 1] >
ilm
£17)E
1"ilO
"11
Mi 2:8
.,'N
M i 4:7
'11/'1
Mi 5: 1
m'iI/"
Na2:6
wv1l orv]
>
':::l "Ul1!'.)W
+++
.is II >
"VI!'.)
aPXOVTa ]] apx[O]VT(l
'~O /il
Ta.]]
+++ ':ltl'l1/i1 Nl/7.:I (roo t ill!'.)
Ha 1:5
pON
+++
Ho
.
II
f TrL KaAUI-'I-'a
apl-'oaal II >
xop8-.)v, ]] /-L~
€ TO{fW uaL ]] aya8uv€tS"
/-LEp{lia , JJ V7T[Ep vw1
A/-Lwv
oJ] >
K"
OV ]
"U'r.lK11
7TLaTEUCTTjTE
,~
OTt
I-'~
"£)1:)'
ns £KliL"rl'yijTaL ] [£KliLT)yjT)Oii
Ha 2:6
l1,,'n
. is II >
H a 2: 19
JK1i1
1] >
(UiTO ]] aUTOS' £U'TL >
Il L~yT)aLv
m
+++
OTt ]]
C'iI"K
,) ]) >
D:l/r.ll1
/MO' 1
+++
EOT'"
>
(JEO. ] UfLWV
m>
Omission of elements possibLy involving different H ebrew text ( 0 x + II X) This category continues 10.6, the only difference being that h ere the LXX possibly reflects a different Hebrew text. RECONSTRU CTI ONS (I I X )
Mi 1: 1
D~"/'1
Ka t
1[Kla!
1r.pt
m>
I.povaaAT)I.L j [1<poua]oJ.T)1-'
Mi 1:7
iT'I:1311
aUTUW ]] >
Na3:8
> yvvalKES EV rrvp< 111 [7Tup6s1 CIon [on] aKT) K60fl-EV 1[a]'!'T)KO¥£V
10.6.1
Sopav ]] [7tE pLfJ]6Aa LOv
aVTOV J] >
Ka! ;ws j [£]ws
TOU (2) )
EtvaL ) E[y",aL
rrPoVAaKaS
WN
w, ll]
(Note that the resulting text of R creates a sequence which is grammatically impossible in Greek .)
rr.pl T~V])]
,) (JOV
c'th
(Note the diffe rent reconstruction of the LXX in vv . 6- 7 necessitating the addition of f i•.)
1"ilO
;Sou .\OOS
a VT'J1S" ]
Jo 3:3
illil
Tn
EiSwAa I [El]Cw'\a (l&rijs 1[(l]UT1jS
i17.:1~W
(J-.)ao/-Lal ]]] 8~ Q[wl d sm >
Mi 2:7
011
}J.n '
Mi 4:4 Mi 4 :4 Na3:lo
+++
+++
':K'/:1
C'TK
dcPU VIUfLOV
?:J T"mrm
II SL1)Y'1aLS
Ka (
N a 3:10
n
11-'[ETa1 aUTO ;; ]]1 > ;KaaTo. ])) > TaVTa II] > frr' [, rr,J apxas ]J [KfoJ.Hv
rraauw ) 7Taaw[v)
m
TWV ]]] >
Jcwv
aVrij. l11 >
?!3(1
KU,( £1Ti.
+++
7TaVTa J]] >
iI'n:1~l
Ta ill [Tousl
Evliog(l ]11 r'vll6gousl
aVTijs
Ha 1:5 Ha 1:7
,) III >
'/ODW
TO KpIl-'a ) [KpL'JJ.ta (lO'TOV ]
RECONSTRUCTIONS (6 X )
Mi3:6 Mi 3:6 Mi 5:1
m[V/-L" vj III > n[v!'-]£
C~/"
"/-Lw
C~I"
EaTal "1-"1'
i111K/'1
cn'? 11':1 ill'I'DlC
Ha 1: 14
+++
E
WS TO. ]1) > Jp1T~To.
II
Ta Jl] >
{.. - '/::1}
; XOVTa l lE'xov]Ta ~y oul-'€VOV ) { ...}
m
TOU ll) >
o'\'YoaTOS J oAL[y]oaTOS . i II >
+++
N"
OIKO[, 'U"']
Etf>paOa ) [< ]pa8a
"l1~
+++
WD'/~
EaTaL III >
Ka! (2 ) I
au)
BT)OA'EI-' OtKOS
1[a ulT1j.
+++
' 1:1
Ha 2: 19
illiT
aU K
m
TOVTO (iliou) Cl m >
139
....,...
F. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE A ND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES
DISCOVERIES IN THE J U DAEAN DE SERT VIII
140
+I x ) I-'€ n>
ro.7 Stylistic transpositions of the LXX ( 7 x Jo 2:4
{. • .}
l KuK'>'woav )} 1T€P'€ KuK'>'wa[£1v
{ .. -I-'d I-'[E]
{.. -Tp,WV} ] Tp,W[V}
"'I-'£(>WV
>
TPIWV
'1./:1:10'
Jo 3:3
nV1';1V1 CI'D'
Mi
{'~K- ..)
I :J
n
m
Kal ]] >
<'YEV£TO ]] >
{it'it - ..) ,:I'T
.>.oyo, ]
mit' Mi 4:3
Na 3: 12
Ha
2:20
{... ) ]] ETt
(1)
{.. - Exovaa,} ]]] [avv]
aKo1Tov, aKo1T[oi",]
{.. .) £xovaa, 1] >
o' Il € " KVplO, Ka( 0 -1 1
1Tapd
rn
n "tlrl-
mit'/'I
rK '';I:l/D
m
/...} CI'D/'I ';IK
1-'7j1l; >
vowp ]]] [Kat vll'1
{ .. -1-'7jOt} ]]] lI-'1}l
Consistency and inconsistency
The literal , even pedantic character of R is obvious in most of the preceding sections, especially in 10. This type of literal translation coincides with the tendency to represent consistently every Hebrew word with a corresponding Greek equivalent. The preserved text is too small for an extensive examination of R's consistency. However, evidence of this tendency can be collected from the preceding paragraphs as well as from an examination of R's lexical choices. Some examples of R's consistency in lexical choices ar e p rovided here: ( I) ,~ All occurrences of"~ are rendered with are reconstructed accordingly.
on, see 9.3 . In the lacunae, renderings of"::1
(2) "N Apart from one exception (Mi 4:3), ~N is rendered by 7Tp6~ : ';IN
Jo 3: 2
, '/71(
Jo 3: 8 Mi 4:3 Za 1:3
';IN ';IN ';IN C;:" /';IN
Za IA
Cit'/7K
1TPO, ]1TpO[.]
1TPo., J [1Tlp[o).
ai 1ai
1TPO, 1[1Tplo,
1TpO; 1
£1T' ]] [£]c/>'
1TPO, 1
UI-'o., J
athOL, ll1Tpo., a[vTov,]
/J-€
'TIPo., (4) ] ["1F]po.S" " pOS" ]1Tp(o., )
';II(
See t he data in 5.4.
As a rule, R is a consistent and literal translator (reviser). However, like all other revisers, R is often not consistent. This can be observed in some of the data adduced above . Note 2. 2 as compared with 2.3, 3. J compared with 3.2, 4.1 compared with 4.2, and 5.2 co mpared w ith
Tl'TD7'
"17 ell
"1FpO, ]
1.2 Inconsistetlcy
5·3·
Consistency
Jo 4: 2
I
Kat]
OUKiTt I-'~ ]] ou I-'~
l-'a6wa( lll-'o6watv
I I.
2:5
m:'1~
(3)
--- ]] [CYEV€TO]
t"P ..) N';I/'I
RECONSTRUC TION (I X)
jo
"I(
- '~I(
1-'7jIlEva ]] lI-'~] -- .moPXEIV ] [u1Tap ]X(£ ltv { .. -1-'"'1lliva} ]] av~[pa]
I I. I
Za 2:8 Za 3:4
- it"it
TO.
Jo 3: 7
'(?I(
KVp{OV )] --- ]] [0,)
CI"':l::l Z p 3:6
t rxp]
Za 1:14
141
F urth er examples of inconsistent renderings are provid ed here.
(2)
Q"~
is rendered with both
vawp
and v8a-ra. See note on the reconstruction of Jo 3:7.
N'' :'1 is rend ered with both ov and ovxt. See ibid . on Mi 1: 5.
(3) Different fo rms of Tt(J"'1I1-' for Q~W «(J~aw an d (J~aoJ.W.') are recorded ibid. on Mi 1:7. (4) Different r enderings of Jo
):2
N'j.'
K'?/'I
(alm ost all = L X X ), reflecting t heir respective con texts: Kai
1(K]t;ll 1K~P.,.(~]ov
K~PV~OV
Jo
3:5
Jo
3:8
Za 1:4 Za r:14
'K'i"/'I 'lC'i"/'I
{~K .. .} ' K'? I('i'
Kat
EK~p u~av ] ?K~p[v~avl
Kal ] KQ.(i)
d.v£~61Jaav
Ev€ Ka.>.wav )] EKO.>.O VV
dV
(5) In one ver se R used two d iffe rent G reek roots for d erivatives of one H ebrew root: Ha 1:10 i'nWt.l --y[lAws"1 (LXX: 1TatYVta ) and j.'nW' -~v1Ta~U"€Tat] (L X X : ~1-L1Ta{g€Ta,), probably because t he translation of t he verse began with [~v]1TatgH (LXX: ~vTpvtP~aH, MT: o"i'n"'). 1 1.3
Non-stereotyped renderings
The fo llowing examples represent relatively free renderings in R, such as addition or omission of t he article, preposit ion s, p ronouns, p articles, and other non-stereotyped renderings (noun /verb , waw rendered by 8l), singular/plural forms , etc. Due to the nature of the Greek language, some of these cannot be avoided in the translation. A large g rou p of exam ples appears in 0.2 (shared translation techniq ue of the LXX and R in significant details) and these examples are not repeated h ere . Add itional examples follow. In most of t hese instances R follows the L XX, so that w e note once again that R may be followin g that translation in some of its non-stereotyped renderings . By the same token he would probably have used some different equivalents if his translation h ad been m ade indep endently of the LXX. Jo
3:8
CI·it~K
Jo 4:1
11';1 '"",/"1
M i 1:5
n1K~n / :l/'l
TOV 1(art.)
6£ov 1q(€o.vl
KaL]
avvExv61] II ~~[vl-'"'1a£vl
Kat 1
Iltd III [011 (prep .)
ap.up.,{uv ] [afL]apT{av
F. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PEC U LIARITIES
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
14 2
~;U 'S ] O£l~
Za
Mi4:5
'lnlK~
Mi4:9 Na 2:10
'-n
w8ivES
:l1'1f
TO] xpvalov ] x{pva{ovl
Zp 1:4
'::I~'
TOUS'
c''ef'l,'
KaTo.KoiivTas ]
lEpOVaa.>.rllJ. II EV 'Ep[ovaa'\tjtt]
12.
1[W8~VES (pI.)
12.1 t
=
fL
(12 X + 4X ) (Thackeray 85-'7 )
for Loccurs especially in certain morphophonemic conditions such as vp..€iv, yuv- , pHr/l- (cf. Gignac I, 189- 19 1), for which no negative examples (vp..iv, TJp..iv, yev- , pup-) are available:
u
Jo 2:4
'l~'~1'1/'l
MiI :2
C~/ ::1
--- J]] [Ka ,] «'TTipp'",,';.> ]] [aPr~ppEll"as /U ] ,..(E] Ev]
Mi 3:6
C:l/"
;,,..iv ]] [v!-,]Eiv
Ha
K" i'
up.iv 2:2
.; D >
o]] T(
Za 1:4
,';,n
'TTOT{,WV ]] [1T O T{'OVTJ~ ,
Ylv£OBE ]] YE{,,£[aOE]
Za 3:5
C"l::l
1l'a:na
n~lJ-LciT'(l
A second group concerns transliterated Hebrew words: Mi
1:1
'1'1Mb/i1
Mi4:7 Zp 1:4
~
Za
'J'I'''I''~
1: 14
C"D:::I/i1
1'1"3/'1
MwpaaO. ]] jU-UpaaO..
};IWV ]] au[wv]
n ov ) TW[V]
<"piow ]] !xw,.a]P" tt
Kat
0:::1/" rr'''
]1'3
=
m
Ot
(I X
Mi 1:5
+2 X)
ynDW
Eaf"lpE.a ]] [aa];ulpota RECONSTRUCTIONS (2 X )
Mi 1:1 Mi 1:6
P"lbW
Ea,.apEias E~ pnav
]1'Dz'
Preverbs and prefixes with final nasal (9 55- 77 ) (full evidence)
12.3 I
M i 1:7 Mi2:8
'IIl,fv' ?'ID1'1K/'I
Mi4:3
'1'11'1:::1/'1
Ha Ha
PfW'
1:1 0 1:10
n£l'/'I
Ha 2:5 Za 1:4
~~fv'
tI'WN'/i1
Za 3:7
C":I"i1D
JCa.' ]
',i)wv ]]
+I
X)
( Thackeray I32-4; Gignac I,
£!-,'TTp~oo v a,v
]] l.,.".p~ aov( OLv]
",a il
;tt'TTpoaOEv ]] {V7Tpoa8(Ev]
Kai ]
KOTaKO""OVOL ]] avvKov.ov[aUl]
Jtt'f'tot~£Ta' ]] Ma!l~ET a l]
i1~:::1"'/'l
Ha 2:3
X
m[aattapotas]
maa!JtapOlav]
Kat
Kpo ~a .. a ~Tou ill
)) ovVA~!-,",,£ T[a.] [a'"6}
1('4']
a vaTEAEL]] Evav.i aET(al}
Ett'f't''f't.\att&os
on
D.!V'TTL7TAa,.[EVos]
;p.'TTpoaO£v D ;.,.".poaOEv
aVaOTpEo;uvOvs ]] ~[£pl}lr[aT oiivTasl
RECONSTRUCTION (I X )
1:10
D [Ev]'TTa{~ ..
o,pn'
£vTpv.q aEl
QPl/::1
Ev a'TT.tAn ]] Ev £ttlflp,tt ~ a,, ]
Note however Ha 3:12
12.4 EK before nasals (3
X )
(Thackeray IOI- 2; Dunand IS; Gignac I, I7 2-6)
Mi 1:7
p1IK/D
Ha 2:7
~i"/'I
Ka'l
i1rpi1
£KYTjr/Jovo,v ]] €-rv.i["" ova]w
{KV'rJ t/>oV II ;Y""I""ov
Ha 2:19
£K]] €-r
f,,08wp.o.Twv ill JLlq[8WJLaTos]
12.5 yy = vy (2 X) ( Thackeray I 30-4; Gignac 1, 17I) (full evidence)
TTJv
au~[wvl
RECONSTRUC TIONS
M i 3:6 Mi4:8 Mi4: IO
£L
T OV
};lWII ]] u.[(.Wv]
Za 9:2
12.2
Ha
i1PW
m[anwvl
1/ >
«aifJua II aaifJ w
»WI)
Mi 1:5
nvfL££v
d,vaYU'W OKWY ]] ciJlaY4f &.vwaKw v
Ha 2:15
E,wv (7)
Note also the reverse phenomenon:
Orthographic and (morpho) phonological peculiarities
This section describes the orthographic and (morpho)phonological peculiarities of R, documented by references to H. St. J. Thackeray, A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek (Cambridge 1909) as well as to M. Dunand, Papyrus grecs bibliques (Papyrus F. Inv. 266 ) (Le Caire 1966). Extensive background material is available in F. T. Gignac, A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine P eriods, I-II (Milano, 1976; 1982). When the full evidence , positive and negative, is provided, this is indicated in the headings. R's orthographic practices are rather consistent. F o r the correct understanding of this paragraph it should he realized that Ziegler's edition does not exactly represent the ort hography of the MSS (see the section on "Orthographika" on pp. 109- 119).
'JT'3
2:1 1
143
(4 x )
v!-,iv ill [VP.EW] EWJV ]l] [aHwv} };lWV]]] a[E£wv]
Zp Zp
I: 14
~"P
I: J 4
::I,'P
(yyVs ]l(ry;'~
(ryus
(yyu~
n
Note also c/Japayya (Mi I :6), a1To~9E'yy(O]iL€V[WV] (Na 2:8), oTpaY(Y€l Jo1]Ta,] (Ha 2:3), ~EYYOS (Ha 3:1 r), [a]YYEAoS" (Za 3:5,6). .
F . TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PECULTARITIES
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
144
12.]3 v
12.6 8ul = 8,' (I X+2 X ) ( ThackeraYI36-J;GignacI,315- zr ) (full evidence )
Elision is the regular practice of R with Q1TO, E1T{, KaTa, I-LETa and S,a (see 12.8 for Em). This paragraph refers only to SLa. Ha
RECON STRUCTIONS ( 2 X )
aU! ill [BI')
ti oi{3(la~ ]]) (tioi{3lav]
wtD/:l mM~n/ :l"
Mi 1: 5
Kat
R used the v movable, as is usual, b efore vowels (]o 3:8,9, I 0; 4:5 ,5; Mi 4:3; 5:2(3); Na 2:6,6; Ha 2:7,18,18,19; Zp ]:13; Za 9:3), but also before consonants:
Jo 2:6
ai/laTa ]
Mi 1:5
movable ( Thackeray 134- 5; Gignac I, II4-16) (full evidence)
Jo z:4
ala ]] aI'
~,~
2: 17
1
ala ill [a,')
ilt.)~n
/l£ EKVK'\woav 11 7r£ p"uvK'\w o[£1v /l[£ )
;au]] 7r£p,lux(£]v (niv)
Jlla>..",O£ ]] ;.\[a>.].", u£~ (..fou])
bro{.",o£v ) (4: J K[a&])
Kal (6 )
7rol/lavo uo, D[7rO'/lQVOU]OIV (niv)
a VlO"7TQO E avl U7TaGEv (Kat)
wc!>£II£i )] w#'\.", o£~ (Y.\U7rTOV)
T{ <errl (1:19)] [Tt Jerr l]v (Tati;[a))
Ka , ] Kali)
£l7r£ (£l7r£vl [7r p]or;
Tigouul ]] (;II]()WUIV (lIao,)
, c!>poVTJ uav ) [(}rPpOV7}o£v (u¢ o8pa)
T:l1l1'
Kat
' 1/:::I:l0' lIt!:ln
Jo 3: 10
,:: 1 ,
J03:10
iW»
Mi5:S
'P'"
Ha I:IS
iI"PiI
Ha 2 : 18 Za 2:2 Za 3:4
"'P'lil nt.) ,t.)K""
Za 8: 20 Za 9 :2 Za 9:3
' N:l'
a/laPT,aV ] (a/l)apn'av 12.7 T
= 0 (I
X ) ( Thackeray 124- 9; Gignac I, 136-8) ,Mi'"
M i 4:3 1 2.8
aV'Tap?I
"N
M i 4:3
E7r' ]] [E].p' ;()~or;
)
This instance reflects the irregular insertion of the aspirate before ;()~or; (= l()vor; ), also known from other sources (cf. W. Schu lze, K leine S,h,ijttm [G ottingen J 933] 5 17ff.) I n all oth er instances R uses E7r' before the smooth breath ing 0 0 2: 4 ; M i 4:7; 5:4(5); H a 2: J 8) and ' c!>' before the roug h breat hing (H a 2: 6).
Ha 2:6 ] 2.9
'TOV KAOtCW aVTo u ]]
" /"31 ('1"31)
£4/
(aTOV
Aal-Lf3avw ( 2 X ) ( Thackeray I0 8- II; Ziegler 114 ; Gignac II, 269 ) (full evidence)
Ha
iI/'~"'''
1 :1 0
]2 .1 0 a
=
E
(I
X
+I
X)
KpaT>iOEl ]] ouV,\>i/ly,£T[a.]
aUTou ill [am-OJ
1I>iP4oV'Ta. ]] 1I>iY,£[Ta.]
T~ooap as
( J :20) ]] [T£ooa]p£ r;
RECONSTRUCTION (I X )
Za
»:l ' M/~
2:1 0
EK (6) I]] Iwr;)
TW ~ JJJ [Tour;I
'T£ooapw ~
12.11 ° Ha 1: 8
W
III
[T ~ooap£<;]
(I X) (Thackeray 89-9 T; Gignac J, 275-7 ) ?'n'J~
/la Kpo()£v]) 7rWP/?[w()£v]
] 2.12 Sibilants ( I X) (Thackeray J08; Gignac I, 120- 4 ) Mi 4:3
n14>Koao1JL.",O£v (TlJpOS )
12. 1 4
au = a (I x ) ( Thackeray 79; Gignac I , 226-7) (full evidence)
H a 2:6
T'/" P (1/"P)
'TOV
KAO ,ay aliTov }] £¢'
eaTal'
Augment (Thackeray 198- 200; G ignac II, 240-1) (full evidence)
Jo 4:2
""e1l'I'
Kai] 7rp0O'l)vgaTo
11
,! [poo).~~aTo
(Thackeray 73- 4; Gignac I , 278- 86)
;'31:l'M
Za 2:3
m
Accordingly, the v movable is reconstructed also before consonants: (] o 2:6 EKUKAqJ[OEV fLE]; 3:4 [EK"pU~EV Kat]; 4: 1 ~q[UfL1]OEV] (2 Kat); Mi 1: 1 [d~EV TTEpt]; 1:7 o[lJV1JyaYEv] Kat; 4:3 OVVKO,pOU[OLV Ta S']; Na 2:9
1 2. 1 5
Kat
,Mi'"
Ha 2:6
n
4>KoaO/l""O£
I] tiv()ap?I
ETT' = Eq,' ( 2 X) ( Thackeray 124- 7; Gignac I, 133-8) (full evidence)
145
CiI'/nn'm"
Kai)
Ta II Tar;
aOpaTa ]] o.,Bv(var;] aUTWV ] [a]vTWY
Reconstructed also in Na 3:11.
III. T extual Relations (13-1 5)
T he following analysis of the textual relationsh ip b etween R, the L X X and MT d iffers b asically from the preceding p ar agraphs in that it d oes not discuss the inner-Greek relation between th e two translations LXX and R, but rather their respective Hebrew Vorlagen vis a-vis M T. The analysis involves the reconstruction of elements in these V orlagen which is necessarily subject ive. T he outcome shows the Hebrew Vorlage of R to b e much closer to MT than to that of the L XX , so that R's revisional labour must have included the approximat ing of the 'LXX' to a forerunner of MT, which howeve r was not identical with it . M ost recognized differences between these two Hebrew texts consist of minor details. This is mainly reflected in ]4. ] (R = MT against L XX [59 + 35]) , and probably also in 15 . ] (L XX = MT against R [14 + 3]), and even in 15.3 (R differs from both L XX and M T [6]), which all indicate that R's Vorlage was similar to , rather than identical with MT. F o r each of these grou ps similar examples of agreements at the level of vocalization h ave been added. However, these are less convincing since they m erely represent exegetical tradition s
146
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
at the time of translation. In fact, R shares more agreements in vocalization with the LXX (against MT) than with MT (against the LXX). This indicates that these renderings have not been corrected. The statistics are as follows: 14 + I (reconstruction) 21 59 + 35 15 + 5 14 + 3
R=LXX against MT (13.1):
Idem, in vocalization (13.2):
R = MT against LXX (14.1):
Idem, in vocalization (14.2):
LXX = MT against R (15 .1):
Idem, in vocalization (15.2):
R differs from b oth LXX and MT (15.3): Ind ecisive (15.4):
F . TEXTUAL RELATIONS lIn~"~
(1m'"')
Ha 2: 18
",.,3"
(v.,r ,~)
Ha 3:9
"~n (.,"»n)
Ha 2 :17
147
1TTo..)a£I) [1TT o ~alEt
ad
t 1Tt ] TO I 1TA&a,... ]
av-roti ] a~h'ov
£VT£Vf'i, £~Ey(£P]f fs
n
RECONST RUCTION (I X )
Ha 1:8
'D~ ('D~'/'l)
Kal
1T£TuaD>iaovTIU
I [1T€'I'aJaD~ aOV'l'IU (calc , of space)
2
6
13.2 R
= LXX against MT in vocalization
(2I X )
I
The proximity between Rand MT is clearly reflected in the followin g analysis. In all these cases this proximity is explained in terms of R 's revision of the L XX towards a different Hebrew t ext (similar to MT). However, in some cases in which the text of the LXX does not reflect a variant Heb rew reading as indicated below, the proximity between R and the MT was thus created at the inner-Greek (translational) level. If that were the case these examples should actually be transferred to 10, but our basic conten tion of the closeness between R and the MT would not be affected by such an internal shift. In most of t he examples, reconstructed Heb rew readings are either added in parenthesis or are clear from the notat ion (min u ses, t ransposit ions).
The left column records the vocalization of MT, while the reconstructed reading of R = L XX is recorded in the right column. Jo 4: 2
,~
Mi 1:7 Mi 1:7
~ nll'
M i 4:8
("'l:)
KUTo.K6.pOIJa.
£ '1' & ]
~D;r
£p.1Tp~aO lJa.v
,,,,lJ;'
mlpyo,
nKaTaK[64/o IJalV (passive/ active)
n£v1Tp~ao lJ[a.vl (U)'~)
. .
,
.,"'~
Mi 5:5
?I;?l: ::I~IJ~
1TO'P.V IOIJ (J.VXp,W01]> Iv (6) ]
Na2 :6
i'Il;~;n
l 1f't ]
('~i
I [culx1J.two1],
=
'~l$ ()
Po!14>a.q. ] p[op.alq.] (::110:;1 )
. ..
TO. I
'I'E {XTJ ] (he of d irection; change of number)
13. 1 R =LXX against M T ( I 4 x
+I
x )
The reconst ructed Vorlage com m on to R and the LXX is recorded in parenthesis after the
text of the MT in the left column. Jo 2:3
iT"3~ (iT'"IS/::I)
Mi 1:5
M,tUm/:i/'l (J'lKon/::J/'l)
£v
8MA/JE. ] [OA«/J]EI
Karl
ill (0.']
a.p.apTlo.v ) [al-'lapTlav
oui Mi 1:6
Mi 3:'5 M i4:3 Mi 5:3
"S7~I:)/' r~~1:)/'/'l)
l~\"
Na2:8
::Ism -
"a.]
'\:
Na2:8 Na 2: 10 Na 3:8
1'Iilm7;l "it . ,
Na 3:9
71~=;C1i
El, I £11;]
q,IJ'I'£lav ]]] [q,IJTE{as]
.,
E1T
PIC/ ::1 (PIC/:I/'l)
o.w ov 1[aw19v OVTaPlJ )] dvOap?I Ka, (4) 1
0:7;1
~ lax v,
Na 3: 14
O"!P~
Ha 1: 10
"il~"1
7TTJAov ]1Tl),[ ov] (O"!;):t)
Ha
Tji )
I : 10
Ka t
rt"':!l'' ' T
:
:
•
Na 2: 13
,../l'IlP7!I/1 ('/Mll71.)/'l)
Kai I [,,]ai <J1TE!laolJolV
DTQXlIVOVa,v
KaTO 'K"I~P IOV
D fI...Gl~pav
a.noti
Ha 1: 15 Ha 2:5 Ha 2:6
':'1j"1l' ('i'1j.,l'/1)
M'/'l (M?)
"'h~ - (~) ~ ("'/'~)
-
00_1e ]
1TQpa~Aijv
KaT'
1
I 0((0.'1" ]
aV'I'oii ] [alh Jov
KpaT~aE' ]] olJvA~"""£T[a'l
a.hov Ka' l
III [auTo1
(i'I'P7:) ?)
Ha 2:5
~tWlI : '
Ha 2:5
filP"1
1Ca.. ]
€iaO€~E'I'a' ]] aOpo.[a.-,1
Ha 2:6
1'I;""J:I
El,
Ha 3:9 H a 3:13
~i?~1;'l
po.y ry aETo.. ] ( ~j?f1;'l )
lfw HPo.; II [I f£1,!-,lvwao.[' 1 (verbal fonn, 2nd person sg,)
K'4t ]
EtAKV aEv D ; aIJpo aUTOV
~
'"I!lp'~
1C0.'
TO III [n}v]
f3a.AEt] LBlq.~~! ("il~:)?) Kat ) ..
Ha 1: 11
~ll ] E1TGpO£!
,i""tiTl:)" (,.,iT1:)"/'l)
]
al!T7is ] a u[T]!is ( i'I~~:V ) fls- ]
Iv]
Na 2:6
..j ]
J.roaTaal, ] Aa.p.1T~V'I'/ (article + noun)
VrO VTO ]] «Y(01uv{o.1! ( passive form)
.s'~P1To.~OV ] [.s,~p1TaOov (";?)
Ko.']1 >
iiowp ] vow{P] (CI;~)
Karl
+++
("'I'~) ,Mir (tCiV')
Kat I
;'I'ol,.,aaolJal ] £To,,.,aa£['] (both active forms)
N a 2:6
.
M;'~'
n
ol£),nlaETaI 1To.p[£),£vaETal] ("!l~ ?)
KaOw, ] ,. cl 1 ~~, ] (~~~)
n>
o'~Yl)a,v
(filp:)?)
11o'~Y'7a" (·m""J:I ?)
F. TEXTUAL R ELATION S
DISCOVERIES IN THE JU D AEA N DESERT VJlf
148
14. 1 R = MT against LXX (59 x
Ha 2:4
+ 35 X )
Jo 3: 8 Jo 3:9
::nW"
Mi 1:6
niiD/1'I (1'1iiD)
M i 1:7
-r'»f'!
Mi 1:7 Mi 2:7 Mi 4:4
,:l'W' (:lW")
1":"1 0 )
,:lW'f'! (?:1W"/1)
(?1~ l')
M i 4:5
",m,tt Cl'ei/:1 (n/~"'1/:l )
Mi 5:3
i117'1'1 (il17'1'1 ilK'f'1)
Mi 5:3
+++
Mi 5:5
r'K11K
Na 2:6
Na 2:6
N a 3:7 Na 3:8 Ha 1:5 H a 1:8
Ka~]
EK ]] ;W~
avvEaTp0.pov )] [E7TLaTpE.pova]Iv
770776povvTa, 1] [770poV0 I-']EVOV
Ka,
aVU7TUUUETat ]]]
T~V
]]] lEV 01'61-'an]
oSOV ]] [O.]ov
at!TOV 11 aUTWV ( R d iffer s)
Kat (4) ]] >
o.pomL ]l >
KaL]
770'1-'0.1'0'] 770(']1-'0.1'£'
TO (4) 11 >
770tI-'VIOV 11 >
at!TOV II >
TOV (6) ]] ~v
~I-'Epa~]l
" tU~' ("tU~/1)
('''')
O '/~ ( O'~)
+++ +++ ,'/tU,tl/' ('V'lD/')
KaL
~u
Haz:6 Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha
2:6 2:6 2:13 2: 14 2:16
Ha 1:16
'f7J'"/' (?1/11"'1~~~t'?)
Ha 1:16
'm"'l ~::lC/' (?V7.1"'l " /')
H a 1:17
P
H a 2:3 H a2A Ha 2:4
,»
Iii
(l::l '17)
:IT::l' (:1T::l/') nli1 (?li") 'ttUtll (' /tUtll)
?,'"'I " /:1 (?0":1') 0'
p'
,S:
(0i1'I'17 ) p'p /1 (?P ?P 'i'/1)
H a 2: 18 Ha 2:19
" I?'»
Ha 3:10 H a 3:13
O',i1 (0'rJl1) 11':1 /rJ - (PVl) - PVl (?mC) , ' C' ('CK)
Ha 3: 13 Ha 3: 14
1 K'li1
(N'i1j'1)
+++
Ha 3: 15
l'l:l,.,. (l'l:l,'1j'1)
Zp 1:4
,Ktti 11K (OW l'lK)
Zp 1:4
OtU l'lK (otU 11Kfl)
Zp 1:4
O"O::l/"
>
11 >
ciaO£v~aovalV
KaTa{3~a.Ta'
1[ciaJe£v~ao va,v
na7701T[1]S~a£Ta'l
Kai 11 >
OOwp ] uSw[P]
Ka, ]] >
ciq,avla01]T€ II >
Kai
017
c'm:>/i1
TTtcrrft
Zp 3:7 Zp 3:7
+++
017
'Mp n ('"Pl'lfl)
~::lK q~i1) Ofn"',l1 (C/n'??17)
OK) il'1il'
n>
--- ]] '\(IOV Ka<]]] > SltaaO£ 11 {iSE1ta, ETO'I-'a~ov 11 S,a TOVTO mJ.aa II 77UVTa ~
]1 Ta ]] f1TlT[ 1]S£vl-'aTa]
Za 3:4
1·/1-,11!~
alno v 1[a Hov
Z a 3:4 Za 3:7
'/11"'1~tUrJ l'lK ('i11'3rJ 11N)
Za 8: 20 Za 8:23
l InK (V11N)
+++ 0~/~11
txtl
--- nTWV Ilvval-'[£wv1
mK~3
mlitl U'"'IE) l'l::lW'l' «('::ItU1')
S,a TOVTO ] Sla TOV[TO]
Ei~ KfVOV ]] [ohw'/Jf:uaETul.
fav II ,S[ov]
~ 11 >
.pvx~ ]
I-'ov II aUTO V
OTt
--- 111 [My"l
Z a 2:8 Za 2 : I I
£,
n
---ll
3mK:13 O'?tU1"/1
--- II
n
[Iv lKaVOT1JTt] KEVOV mho u, ]] [E1TIJ 8aAua<7['7' ) I(a, ]
aVV~X e1] ]J £I-'ETO, (two words)
aTIl-'la ]]] [aTlI-',a,] --- 11 [...alj
t/xlYTa alav J (r/>a]vTaa,av
- -- ]] (71 ' aUTO
I(ai]] >
aUTO ]] aUTOS'
faTl II >
,Iao{ II op1]
av0l-'wv It OiKOV
OuvaTov ]] [aak{3[ov~l
SEaI-'OU~ ]] ~£I-'E A{ov ~ (R reflects MT, albeit as a plural noun)
€v ]] >
aVTfl ]] >
Kaill > l1TE{3{{3aaa, 11lvIT,,[v£>] Ta ]]] [T01
ov61-'aTa II tl".[6A"l-'l-'a]
Kaill >
Ta II TO
ovofLa TO. 11 cwol-'a
TWV ] Tw [vl
t.plwv 11 [xwl-'a ]p"l-'
--- ]] ~[£Ta]
--- 11 [TW"]
7To AAa
aVTWV
Z a 1:3 Za 2:2
naa[y~v!7]
Ka1 ] Kc,tllJ lpovaLv ]] [(plOt £UUTc!i ]J > TO" K"\O tOV aVTOV ]) (4)' £o.TOV
bTlq,vIJ" L~
--- ]] aUTOV
( 16) II >
KapS,a]l >
aVTov II >
Tflll [T
aay~vTl ]] [al-'q,,{3,1~la-TP't'
aVTov] TI{3;"~aTP't'
II aOTOV
--- ]1[11 ~plwv
Zp 1: 14 Zp 2:10 Zp 3:7
Za 1:3
--- 1lI lot] ~
+++
+++
,'/,s: ('1/''»)
i1,,7.1/1 (i1"~)
opl-'~aovat ]] [H".£i~
H a 1:15
"~K'/1 ("~K'/1)
Ha 2:18
[Ka.B{a]OVTUI.
Aaaovp]
KaL II >
q,.vtovTa, 11 >
+++
+++
+++
""
006v D >
I-'OV D >
Myol'T€!> D >
--- )] £77![ajT(pi.pn]
--- ]] TOV
ay po v ] ci[yp]ov
--- II y~v
' WK
lK ]] fV 7rLOTf WS ]]
The reconstructed Vorlage of the LXX (except for the minus signs and such obvious retroversions as i~N' and C"il'N) is written in parenthesis after the reading of MT in the left column. TOV]]>
+++
Jo 2:3 +++
+++
+++
'1/1'1l,CK/:1 ('/m'~K/7.1)
149
(0':1') (1 /rJ17)
--- I] [TIOV
Il vJvaf.Uwv
--- (1:1 9) ]]] [Kai1
--- ]]1 H v]
--- 11 "p ov[aaA1]I-']
KaTa Kap1TW, (4) ]J [aT" x{ajTa,
ot (7) l]l >
KaTO 'KOVVT(, II [KJq;To'K[ovaaJ
--- ]] a770
--- 11 00;;
aUTOV II aE
Ta 111 H I']
77poaTaYl-'aTa I-'0V]
770,1;"0<]1 > I-'£Ta 1]1-'£0' aou II Vl-'[wv]
11 [q,vAa 1K~v
F. TEXTUAL RELATIONS
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT Vlli
ISO
Za9:4
S.d TOUTO lllSou
i1lil
RECONSTRUCTIONS
Jo 2:7 103 :7
+++
~>
'p:l/il ('P:l/i1/'1)
Ka i m > oi
M i 1:4
~N 'C7:ll/1 (?U7:lJ,I'1)
M i 1:4
WN/i1 (~N)
Jo 4: 2
(35 X )
ill >
Mi 1:7
n'7:I:l (?n':l ---) ;r7:l/!)~ (i"I7:l7:lz!/~)
Mi 2:7
,r/i"l (,z!'/i"I,I'1)
Mi 4:8 Mi4:9
+ + + (~:l:l,l1:) nn» (iln»,I'1)
M i 5:6
+++
M i 5:6 Na 2: 14
(O'U/::I)
+++ :'1/:1:>-' (:'1:>/:1-')
'/~ (?i1/~)
N a 3:7 Na 3:9
~:) (~:),1'1)
Na 3: 15
''':l:)ni1 (',,:l:>nil/'1)
H a 1:6
+++
Ha 1:7
+++
H a 1:8 H a 1:10
'N:l'
K'lil ( ?K'lil/1)
Ha 2: 19
J::IN/~
+++ +++
~O~5
--- ill
--- ill (TOU] Ka,
~
Kal ll >
i\6yous
KUP<E ( I: 19» ))] >
Mywv III > (calc. of sp ace)
('nN) ('7:lN/")
Kan
'7:lN/1
+++ +++
Ka, III >
TIl
[TaK~]aOl;'[Tad
ill
>
ill >
14. 2 R = MT against
LXX in vocalization ( I 5 x + 5 x )
The reconstructed reading of the LXX appears in the right column, that of MT = R in the left one.
m
&./-,apTta > Oi'KOU JIl [vy,1/] Eis ]]1 > ci<pall'0J.L0V Kai ill [TOU)
opt/ol ill [opt/ou]
(K Ba{3u>.wvo,]]] >
Kai m >
vtiv
(" (7) ])) > Tois > [t/VEO''' ]]] >
1rtnTouoa (7) ]]] >
m
--- ill [TO]
ni\ijt/rk ill [apIA-a]
oou ill [auTijs)
aurfi ill [00.1
Kai m >
A ltltOnla
Ka;m >
(3apu,,~ aTl lll [KaTa{3apvv]91/Tt
TOUS ill > f.LaX1/Ta, TIl > £e))]> aUTOU 1)1 > --- ill [li\daol/Ta.]
Ka, l]l
> aUTO, ] [auhos Ka, TIl >
T
}o z:6 }0 3:3
.,'C -'~7~
}0 4:2
"":In
l oxo.Tf) ('1ic) ]] [loxo.]T'/, {d} ;>.os Kat/w , ill [KaT)q. D.ri>.'1OE ("~"~) TO PY1f.La
on].;
Ha 3: 10
Kai
TIl >
wS.v~aolJal
Ha ]: 12
.,N/::1 ('1N/:l,l'1)
]] [wSlV7) a]av
.
>.0,,01 ('j~")
n
ni\o"o,
fLOU]
Mi 1:6
'~7
£is' ]
--- ]] nl
M i 3:6
iI:)z!n,
Na 3: 14 Ha 1:5 Ha 1:8
.,ec'
T
~
T:
1~?~
:l?~ '
Ha 1:9 H a 1:9
iI"~
H a 1: 16 Ha 2:16 H a 2:18 Ha 3: 10 Za 9:1
l~~
V
xo.os ('t'?) ]] .po.pa.yya Ka; 1[K];"; OKOTla (il1~rm ]] oKoTao9(~OETaI] r'mip rrMv80v (.~ + noun) ]] H >.. v8E[,10lJ TI, JK8''1yiiTal ('~Q~) II [I K8''7Y] '7t/ii Tijd]] > . 'Apa{3las (:l'~) ] [E 01TE1 pa, aVVT€ IIEta (iI':':;,) ]ll1f]avTa E;~
C1?~7
]
T T
riOEfJEl, (c~h,?) II riSIKlav 1i\{navE (~~) '] ] Ii\! navt/'7 n>''7af.Lo''';'v (n~.1') ]] ("E7T>.~o{t/'7S] [7TllaaEV aUTO ("~) ]] .; 7T>.aOa, aUTO aKop1,{CWV (Oj t) jj IvTlva[y};.ta t/~a ta_ (;n,,~~) ]] KaTo.rra\i[al,]
.
n17:llt' .T : - . T ,.,~.
o'::(t ir"hl':)r T ••
aVTOV
RECONST RUCTIONS
}0 2:3 Ha 1: 15 H a 3: 10 H a 3:] 3
'T-!sm;! ;r"'::;; .
Z a 3:7
"~n T --:
-':l»
96~t?
nN
A{(}'!1 ]
,~.n" ('~'n'/1)
J1l >
Eixppavtl~aEa9E
(1M7:lU?nf1)
[t/(O,)
Ka t
ell, t1Swp M i 1:5
Za 2:2 Za 2:8 Za 3:5 Z a 8 :19
7flJpOS 0'7:1/:> (0'7:1/:>,1'1)
O',:l" (0"::1"/1)
--- ]]) [Erna]
OnJ.Eu8r/oEm .
M i 1:4
Za 1:13
Kai ]]] >
(5 X )
Kpauyij, f.LOV ('J}~ ) ])] ((7r£Kallwo.f.L'7 v]
avvTe>.oav ( i1L;.~) )]] (1TaV'Ta]
nopElas ]]] (7T(;p~>.9EV] (noun)
TOU. {TO U]
XP.UTOV, ("I'~) U PIUTOU]
001) ] . rT]v DT[aS]
aii>...jv f.LOlJ ('}~rJ ) III [a ui\o., f.Lov]
m
m
("
Zp 1:2 Zp 1:4 Z p 1:5
~:l Oll O.,nnw/il nN/'1
t/Vf.L
1: 2
'1~p
+ + + (~"l)
Z a 1:3 Z a 1:4
ONl mil" I;oN (~N(1)
LXX= MT against R ( I 4 x + 3 x )
--- III [7TaVTa] --- III ",(mil
IS.!
Ka , l K(a]!
The r econstructed Vorlage of R is written in the right column.
--- ]]J [TO us] --- ]]J [7TpoaKWOUVTas]
Za
oPrYt v
1',yo.·II'7v
ill > (cal c . of s p ace)
--- ]]] [MYEl]
--- ]]] (txt?] Ka j]] >
p.~
151
Jo 3: 8
':l~(1
Mi 1: 1 M iS :3 Na 2:9
':)1;07:1
'"Tl'
n;:)':1/:)
Kaj] ri7T€ O'TpE apav ]] ~7!€O r[P...p]E~ (:lr(1) {3aotMwv ]] (3aal.Mws q"l':) lUynJ.vvt/~ o€Tal (4) f.LEynJ.[ vvt/'71aovTa. ('~il') wd) > KoIIlJ1'{3~t/pa ] Koi\lJl-'[{3~t/paJ (n:)-,:'l)
n
15 2
DISCOVERIES IN THE }UDAEAN DE SER T VIII Na 3: 1 I
nN
N a3 :16
~:J~'~/7;)
w,"n
Ha 1: 17
'f7;),n
Ha 2:8 Ha 2:8
;'1 /:n177;) (iI/l"17/7;)
aaTpa
/,,-~p{&. Q.V-roV
TO
J]
D
QV'Tou ]
l w> D >
"TP "n7;) ilnK
oq,OaA/,,-WV
11
[~ 1l1'7Y~
(R agrees with LXX in the consonanta l reading [nl"l70] , but d.iffers in the internal division : R reads 1'I)"P7;), while the LXX read iT'l"»7;) or 1'11'177;).) TT ' T ... - ,. - ••
aaT£pas
apTOS (V7;)"")
n>
e€
153
aon)s ) [all]n)s
tmEp
&,..4>{{3AT) (JTpoV
Ha 2:6
Zp 3:7
II > II w, ('J~'~/:l )
7"(; II TOUS
au
Ha 1: 16
F. TEXTUAL RELATIONS
n,.uiXa,pav (1/:1,")
15.4 Indecisive ( I X ) 'l"TK
Z a 9:4
KUpWS
lJ ~[Pl
(See note in D on M i 1:2)
rivo) ]] >
aV]J >
1n?r
--- DKa, (1n?tI'('I
IQpHab)
=
OKvA.€IJOOu o']] OK tJA£U[uovo{v]
afi
Zp 1:5
a..,nnw!iI nK,I'1
Za 2:8 Za9:S
::wn
n
Ka, > (c..,nnW/ill'IK) TOUS ) T[O]US
KaTO 'KT)O~afiTa, (4)
rK
Za 8: 19
;'1n7;);'/' n
£KaO'T OS
TI[O~a£lS] (O'Tn)
(3 x )
RECONST RUCTIONS
~/"
11
--- nK[a]; (N,n n)
K"n
Za 8: 19
16.1 Data
1TpOOKVVOVV'TQ) ] 1Tpoa~[V1Iovv]Tas
Q,pfiTa' J qr.pfiTa' J
M i 4:5
16. Relation between Rand MSS of the LXX and H exaplaric sources
m>
fils ]]] >
xapav
.
Dl >
KW ill > (i1no;'/')
O€ s
J [roq,poauVTI]v
15 ·2 LXX= MT against R in vocaliz ation (2 x) Ha 2:4 Ha 2:4
i1"DP T
II aKOT{a (;'17~~ fiuOfi,a ( iI'~'t)
lnroan{AT)Ta'
i1'~'
fivlioKfi'
• T
II
The followin g list records the agreements between R and individual readings of MSS of the L XX and ofthe Hexaplaric sources as recorded in Ziegler's ed ition. Sources are listed in the sequence of their appearance in the apparatus. All sources listed to the right of the square brackets agree with the reading of R against the other witnesses of the LXX . The + sign refers to minuscules additional to th e m ajuscules ment ioned . T he Hexaplaric sources are referred to as a', (1', (J', f' (Quinta), and anon. St rong similari ty (rather than identity) wi th other sources is indicated as "'. T he obelos is recorded as - .. T he following abbreviations are used for the versions: E for Aet h, A fo r Arm , Co for Coptic (as well as B o, Sa and A ch), S y r for th e Sy ro-Hexapla, Syp for the S yropalestin ian version, Ar for Arab , and L a fo r the Old Latin . (c) stands for the corrector, e.g., W(c). Some evidence relating to the Coptic versions is q uoted from Barth. Jo 2:4 {... } flofi D >
f .roKAw oav 11 7TfiP'fiKuKAwa[£1v
'l/:l:lO'
n
;'17~~)
)02:5 )0 2:5
'll~
o'::In/"
{"-flofi} /"-[d VLO C+ verss
Jt ] ~, €v av-rtqs '" a'8'
TOU]] > Cyr
Jo 2:5
"::l'iI
T(;V
Jo 2:5
1trTi'
) 0 2:6 )0 2:6
WIll
f7TI{3MYJa'
15· 3 R differs f rom both M i 2:8
L X X and MT ( 6 X )
07;)'P'
aVT£OTT)
(R probably reflects '7;)'i", while the L XX possibly reflects M i 2:8
'::,Iti
(R probably reflects Mi s:3
II
[av u 1UTT)aav
C'i''' although
auvTp,floflo0v
it could also reflect M T. )
11 ~7T![aTpa
,::,r and the LXX a noun " JW.)
'JtI'n
'f'lJK'/"
--- (4) ]] Ka,
tmapgoua,
II
€7T'OTpa
Jo 3:3 }0 3:3
:"I'jnnD/:l (?;'1/l'InC/:l)
J]) >
'l/~'l:):"I/?
liwvo{gouOl
nw?w
Jo 3:4
N1J /?
}0 3: 8
'Jr(1
ary
~ II T~V Kfi<pa'\~
nTOU aKo[p7T{a]a, ~f1o'is
(R reflects MT with one difference ['U~'t);'1"] , while the V orlage of the LXX is not clear.)
Ach Sa
lJ Kfiq,a>"~v
Ach Sa
KaOws]] [lCnT1",- BSVOLC + Thph Luc
.Aa'\T)afi II TO p~floa
{ .. -Tp,WV } ] Tp'W[V] OC+ Syp T hph
~flofiPWV
J o 3:8
' /:l""T/7;)
III >
'TOU
"6£iv
.
(LXX differs from MT, wh ile R prob ably reflects a different vocalization of M T based on a noun ;'1l~l},? ) H a 3: 14
vaov 1 TOV]] > 49 (c) 233'
ay,ov ] J,ov
aou]
.pux:f!s 1W'BSAQ· L + L a A
.axaTT) ]] [faxa]TT) , {d} lAos Ach Sa
;liu ]] 7T
TP'WV
TfJll >
aVT~ S
" :l"T / ~
0'7;)'
fV (6) ]
Taq,p
[,]
floOU] Ach Sa
(R refl ects M T, though with different vocalization; LXX may re flect t/t' .) Mi 5:5
'1'0 W1::m
17€ TI{3,\NJ(;t
II > AQOC verss
Kat
J K q..~
111 [7TOpfiuw(;l]n,
a7TfOTpfi.pav
nb.r£OT[pfi.p]fi~ 130' Cyr
anoD EK 407
T~sl
- AVOLC Q + verss
olio'; I ellio[v) nOTo,; ] lal~[To,;]
F . TEXTUAL RELATIONS
D ISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
'54
Jo 3:9
J1V7'
--- n£1T![O)T[PE,pH) C + T ht Hi
Clnl/1
cl m (Ka,]
/"£,Ta~OT/o£t ] 11'aela.... A7)O..]oc·ra)' ~ L' +
f\,n/l:l
Jo 3:10
CI/:I"~
i1l1'm
ClMl'/1
Jo 4:1
V'
Jo 4:2
"DTl'/1
Mi
{,wx- }
1 :1
'M"/1
-- 'it'it WX
Mi 1:1
Mi 1:3
Ka; ]
Ka;]
{iT'it - }
':1'1;) "'/'1
WB·VL + Ka,11 > - C Syh E Thph Hi
£Y~CTO)) > - C S yh E T h ph Hi
--- ]] {os1 C S yh E Thph Hi
--- 11 [JYEVETO] C S yh E Thph Hi
fjaOlMwv Dfjo.atMw s A + Ar
£7T,~~a£TQ.' Kat
Mi2:7 Mi 2:7
,:.1:1....
ElOi
, ,,i1
TltmlTl
Mi 4:3
Mi 4:3
Cli'1'/l'lJ'" Oit'/1111'ln /1
Mi 4:3
{"P.. .} " '
Mi4:3
{"11 .. . }
Mi ~ 4 Mi~4 Mi ~4 Mi ~5
W"K
Mi4:6
K'"
'::1 mK:l3
"/i1' K Oli/::J 'WK/1 '1131'i1
Mi 4:7
'nr.li'/1
Mi4:7
tli'1'/'ll 'i1/J
Mi4: 7
,11"
C"P
Mi S: 1
KaTo fj..]oer al ) Korafj..]ocTal W'BVQOL'C' + verss Ka, ] Ka[I') ASVLWQOC + verss
'01:11/1
m Tl:l/1
Sa a'
1TpO O7).J~aTo )] ?J[Poo] c ~~ aro
Mi l:4
Mi4:3
D>iq[vl'7)oc~1 W(c)
Kat
1" /1
Mi2:8
m n
0lJ1'£xv9'T/
on' 11':2
m n
oaAW()..] OCTal (TaKT/]ao':'lTal] Q' - (f KaAol )) [>iY]~9u vav - a' 1TC1TopCUVTal [1TOpCU0I')EI'OV a'{f? ;~ESf:lpa~ Il l~cSua{oTE] 0' Kall KaTaKo,pOVOI ]] OVYKotJ.ov[aw) Just Eus Tas pOI'4>atas )) fL<1.xa{tp as] VOLT' + Just Or Eus Th T h t Thph a VTW~ J [a.rrwJv
Kat]
nl )) nlS W' NQ + Just O r Eus Cyr BasN SopaTa]] OIf3.i[va,] W 'A'Q + Just O r Eus Cyr BasN a,,Bwa,) a,iTwv ] (a]vTwv Ka j) OVKh, I'~ Dou I'~ 80 Just Itat
OVKETI I'TJ ]) ov I'r, VA'Q. + Syp E AT Just Eus Cyr BasN (KaOTO, ]] a..r,p Just S'OT' 11 .h[,] C'V + Just Eus Thph 1TQVTOr
d1TwOal'7)v ]] £r
Ko.t 9~o0l'al
Mi s: z
" tnN
M i 5: 3
i111'/1
M i 5:3
+++ +++ +++
,~
]) d4>' V
)] 9..]aw 147-26 Just irr' aVTovS' ]] £'TT' avrwv J ust £1' )
--- ]] T Just TOV ]] TaU 198 239 Just alwl'a 11 alwvo, 198-239 Just B7)IJAHI' OrKO'i (z) O;KO[, ""1 W Ach Sa
TWV ( 3)
dJj£A
aUTwv)] aVTo u L+ La Ach Sa A Th T ht H i a'a'O'
Kai (4) ]] > C H i G.J;H al ]) > C Hi TO ]) > CH i " O {I'~IOV II > C Hi aUTou ]] > C Hi I'EyaAvv9rional (4) )] I'cyaA[ uv9ri)oovm, SVAQOC verss patres
aKpwv (4) J] 1TcpaTwv a'
Aaaovp (5) ] B + Ach (most MSS: doavpw,)
ST/Yl'am (5) ]] apx ovm, A - ()'
TOU (6) ]) > 86" Tht
Nc,Bpw,} ]
lv (6) ]
T)) ]) >
TlJ.
auT1j; ]]] . £1TEAfJn (6) )] W in C + T h ph aypwoTlv (7) ]) X6[PTOV) o'fJ' Ach Ka, ]] > Ach fL VTJ ofJ..]ooVTal ]) I'v7)09..]oCTal Ka,]] > C S yh -: ¢> EU ~OVTal )) > C Syh -:
Mi 5:3
"1'
Mi 5: 3 Mi 5:4 Mi 5:4 MiS:S
'ODN
M i 5:5
i1'{nTlD/:
M i 5: 5 Na z:6
N'::l' ::li'l1 ,:IT''
Na 2:6
+++
Na 2:6
C/l'l1:>"i1/ ::J (K) C/11::1'''i1/: (Q)
€v ) rfi )) Tai, A ' Bo 1TOpC{q. ]] 1Topcla[lj<; A' Bo
Na2: 7
l'l1,i1l/i1
Na Na Na Na
nD DTl~
TWV) 1TOTal'wv] S· (other MSS: 1ToAcwv)
¢>fJeyyol'cval )] a1To¢>9EyY[O]I'EV[WV] - 36-49
KaTa,B..]oCTal ]) a1To1T(7)S~OCTal] W Ach BasN T h ph a'
SE IAata II [TETaAal)1T<..Jp7)KE[V) ~ Bo
aPl'ooal ]] >
xopSriv, JJ J.Lr, - a' 0'
f.Totl'aaal ]] dy a9vvc" a'
I'cp {Sa]] ,b[i p vw) -a'{f
Al'wv
' WN ':1'01
,'7:)l
M i 5: 6
~I'Epa,
)) > C Syh -:
avrwv ] a~TWI! z:8 3:7 3:7 3:8
i'" iti,li ':ltl'Tl/i1 Kl/~
'f'I I;)N
Na 3:9
I:I'D
N a 3:1
Ol TlN i
1
Na 3:14 Na 3: 15
1:"1;)
Na 3:16
':::1'::1~
, ::J::1Tlil i" ' /::1
Tr,., ))] >
¢>vy1j, ]] ¢>ovS - L' + 68 Th H i Tht Thph A
Ka, ]] [KJq.{ yc A'Q + Bas N
au ]] > 130'
1J1T£P 1T.\{v9ov 11 (1T)ALVfJC['1ov a' a'
--- DKaTa,BapVl'fJ7)T!
w[, ,Bpouxo,] - VC + S y h T hph H i
U1T~P J] VSC Bo A S pec Hi
--- n
TO. H a 1:5
n
'7:)'/7:)
~I'EPW ~ ) ~I'[cpwv]
)) a1To L' + Chr Th Tht
dPYl1> {Ou,.wu] (1770 ] T(.O ~ T1j~ r 30 ' Bo Chr Luc .lSWv )) [dIlo)u J 30' Bo Chr L uc a,"wv] a,"[wv] nvv )) H §s 130' Bo Chr Luc 1TOV7)pW ~ ]] 1TOV7)p.[as] 130' Bo Chr Luc , Kal
/un vo1/ocl' D[1Tap)f~A..] 1i7] < I > a'
;~
Jo 3:9
Mi S:1
'5 5
H a 1:6 H a 1:6 Ha 1:8
+++ '::1 '::1 '~/iI
:'17 WD
w, -
II TOUS'
aOT pa II aOTEpa,
"at ]] > C S y h -:
a¢>av{o(7) TE > C Syh ~
S,6T' 1] OT! Act
SlOT! 11 OT! A
TO 1TIKPOV ) (sequence) WBSVO LC +
Tr,., ]]] >
'Apa,Bta, ]] [€o7TElpa, a'
n
Ka; ] J{L1T7TaaovraL ]] oPfL~[aovaLv] '" a
H a 1:9
n'::1
OvvTEA£la
II [1T)aVTa
a'
f
15 6
DISCOVERIES 11\ THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII Ha 1:9
cn'lll)
--- II
TOU a'
TTpoo(lnToLt; ]) TTpo a6nTov a
n /~"p
Ha I: 10 Ha I: 10 Ha 1: 15
o'pn' pnw 1/7::I"n/::l
Ha 1:15
' '1'"
Ha I : 1 5
+++
Ha 1:16
'~"n/'
f
aUTwv ] it J"aVTta,
II Kavawv a' Ach
iVTpuq,~a€L
IJ [ivl1Ta{t€L
II
7Ta,yvLa
vn'r.I::Ir.lI'
I: 16
lr.ltU
I : 17
'~"n
Ha 2:1
n:::l ~'1'\ac"
n,ac'l'
Ha 2:3
nC'/1
Ha 2:3 Ha 2 : 3 H a 2:4
:::Il::l' nr.ln~n'
w mr.llC/::l
--- n
Th Tht Hi
Kai(16)
ac'/1
Ha 2:6
1/'
Ha 2:7
l'/::ItUl
Ha 2:8
n1'\ac
n'~ Ha
2:
14
Ha 2:1 5
c'
'P
n ptU~
II
[TlfjI aay~'7I ]] [d ,..q,L{3A1jlaTp'1J W'VA'Q' + Co A, Cyr BasN
TciJ II TiJ W'V A'Q' + Co A , Cyr BasN d,..q, LPA1j aTP'1J II aa[y1jvnl W'VA'Q' + Co A, Cy r BasN
n
fA{7TaV€ f)\L7Tav8TJ Wee) TO II > VC' + T hph d.,..q,'W'TJaTPOV II /LaxaLpav 86marg Bo
I 86marg Bo
Kai] f7TL{3~aO/-LaL
TOU]]
i8€,v
II
aT1}[Awao/-LaL) Ach (Barth. )
> C
I i8[€,vl
II atlTOU
H a 2:16 Ha 2: 17 Ha 2:17
Ci1'/"'Pr.I
np:::Iw o~n
'~'/r.I
Ha 2: 17
n',p
Ha2:1 7
n/::I
Ha
1!'~'
18
Ha 2:19
lac,n
Ha 2:19
V::I'P/::l c',n
Ha 3: 10
a'
ou8iv /-L~ D Kat ou T hph A1j!'4ovmL II A1j.p€[Ta.1 S· 239 oVTa II > aUTou 3 II aUTciJ 26 2 39 544 8aKVOVT€S ] aUTov at W (c) au II > BS·V + faKVA€uaa, ] la[K]VA€Uaa~ aUTov~ II [f7TiI8aAaaa[TJsI - L'CV + A C hr Cyr Th T ht Thph Hi Ach S yh
n
onT{ciJI anon Td
II [7ToT{~ovTI~L
ill Hvl
f
I
aUT1)v II fV [auTjii VC + Syh Thph H i {7TAaan II 0 7TAa;"a~ - 8'
aUTO Kat]] > aUTO II aUTo~ W + €v a VTljJ ]] £V H-£ucjJ aVTov a' Aao{ II OpTJ a' 0' 8'
n
11 [ltE'hc&woa{,l
fg1jy€lpa~
8€a/LOu S D £!€JU..\{ou ~ 8uitf;aA/-La afA€ €'
'l~'Dn/'
--- nTOU
n
--- D~fLii~
II
€'
Bo (Barth .)
~ 8'£
aKo[p1T{alat a' a '
--- DTO
1'\::1"
II yaup,a/-La a ' a' aun,w J loDwv [fa)8{wv VOLC + patres Aa8p9- II KPUq,iJ - a ' a' Ka t 11 > 71 1 A ch A Ambr
C'tU1,·
hpouaaAwJ.
XaA LVOtJ~
Ha3:1 4
Ha 3: 14 Ha 3: 15
'::Iac/' "nor.l/::I
n
f7T£{3{{3aoa~
Zp 1:4 Zp 1: 4
O"I:I:I/il
Zp 1: 5
nac"
Zp 1: 5 Zp I: I 3 Zp I: 14 Zp 2 : 10
c"nntUt.:I/i1 nac,,2
Za 1 :1 Za 1: 3 Za 1:4
Za 1:4 Za 2:2
+++ +++
cp
"p
mac::l~
,ac n,ac::l~
C'tU1"'!1
Za 2:3 Za 2: 16
:117::l"ac , n:::l"
Za 3 :4
TJ'17/~
Za 3:4 Za 3:5
'I:IT"
l /nac '1'l~ lil
- anon
07T1j ..\aLa II [daXTJ/-Lo a]vVTJV A ch a' aunov I a~[ noll' 7TATJa/-Lov~v II fV€1T A1ja(81)sl Ach aoi{3ou ]] &,SI.K(q. a 8Ld II 8L' VOLC + patres aL/-Lam I --- ] Q + (other sources: Kai) 1TOA€w~
2:
a'
.wl>aAd,11 [K€ aAT}].. Ach (Barth.) av6/-Lw v £t oi'Kou Ach (Barth.) 8avaTOV 11 [aalf{3[ov~1 Ach (Barth.)
.,,0' l'I'O
mil'
fK II fV n'
nfVT'.,n[yy.a a' a'8'
J'l"p
ojrtr,p
Kat
aVanA€L II fvq,av1jO€T[aLI Ach (Barth .) €i~ K€vOV 11 [oha
aKo p7T'~WV
157
~ D > 26- 2 39 a{3 uaao~ I apv aa'?[~1
8r.avo{to val
x ap€,mL W S(e)VC Adr Syh Th H i KapS{a II > S (e)VC Ach Syh Th Hi aUTou II > S( c)VC Ach Syh Th Hi
7TOT {~ WV
Ha 2: 15
Ha 3:1 3 Ha 3: 14
xap~a€mL ]] ~ (16) lJ >
Tjj
(Wi")
- PtU, (n'::l/r.I) Ha 3:1 3
diUl)L{3A~aTP'1J I [d/-Llq,L{3A~ aTP'1J aUTou L' + La Co E A
/-LOU
,aevr
IDle,
fV
7Tt(TTf£W'i Jl 1T{OTEL
Ha 2:5 H a z:6
Ha 3:1 3
o'l'In
-
--- III [Tlfjl
a thou
Ha 2:1
o"r
n'::I~
aUTOU ) [auTJo u
Ha Ha
Ha 3:10 Ha 3:10
- a' y{.rAwS"] a' -a'
aV70V ]
Ha 1:16
F . TEXTUA L RELATIONS
Za 3:7
01"
"Il:ItUn Za 8:20 Za 8:23 Za9:1
+ + + [C':,]
c'n,ac vnnlr.l
--- II no[v]
DIv .rn.[v€~1 II EO'
L€p[ouaaAwJ.] L + La Cyr
--- Dfxw/-Lalp€L/-L - 8' Ka t IJ > 407 Cyr TO tJ, 1 T[O] U~
--- nK[al, [TOU~ 7TpoaKuvouvTa~1 (calc. of space) BSC +
--- 1--- W OTt JI > C
Cypr (other MSS add: fV
--- nAaov L' +
Ach T h Tht Tov ]1 > C + KUP
n
7TavToKpaTwp 11 [n;)v 8Juva/-L€wv BA' LC+ La Syh A Th Tht Hi Ka< II > 449' E Cyr /-L~ 7TavToKpaTwp DTWO' 8uva/-L€wv Hi -- (1 : 19) JD [K a1]
--- m[~vl
-- ]] L€po u[aaATJ/-LI BSVCL + T h Tht T.raaapa~ (I :20) II [T.raaalp€~ S Q. I(ai (1 2) a'p£TL€I 11 [l KA €ltfTaL Just --- II a7TO L'C + E A Th T ht H i -- ]] oo~ L'C + E A Th Tht Hi aUTov II af E
I(ai )] ;."t8TJ Ka.·ll fmf8TJK[avI BSVOC + (sequence) -- )] T~V 407 K{8apLv ) KL'8[apLVI Kat Ka{ yf W · A'Q + Cyr BasN 8 L(1q,uAatn~ II q,[uAlag.. ~ - A + Cyr 7T0)..,\0<]] > 490 E Cyr
n
oII
> BA + BasN
8€0 ~
I
8uata
II
KaTa7Ta,![aL~)
- 147 198 534 Cyr a'
aUTou ':I
0)." i1r.1::1n
Za 9 :2 Za 9 :2 Za 9: 4
l'Il/tU,,,
Za 9:5
K,n
Syh
a .l Ta'~)
II OTt Q' T h t D Ka t y E" a '
8LOTt Ka,
lq,p6vTJaav II [.']q,pOVTJafV VC + Tht KATJPovofL1j a€1 J [KATJPOVO J/-L 1jan aUT~V ]
WAQO
-- ]] K[a]! L + E O,p€mL I q[.p€TaLI
15 8 I
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
6.2 Conclusions
The full analysis of these data is somewhat complicated since much relevan t evidence is excluded, in particular disagreements bet ween R and the aforement ioned sources. Furthermo re, some of t he agreements bet ween R and the other sources, while appearing to be significant, when viewed together with the disagreements, are less important. Most of the agreements mentioned above have also been discussed by Barth., but the disagreements there are not covered by his monograph. In spite of this it is clear that R agrees especially w ith Sym, Aq. the so-called 'Th' and the so-called Q u inta , as well as with codex W of the LXX, the biblical te xt quoted by Just (with reference to the quotation from lVli 4:3- 7) and the Coptic trans lations. The text of the biblical quotations of Just also reflects a very literal translation (beyond t he aforementioned citation from Mi) so t hat it is quite certain that these quotations reflect R. (At the same time , the running commentary of J u st reflects the LXX text rather t han a literal r e ndering of th e type of R. This mixture of text types b elongs to the textual transmission of Just an d reminds one of that of the writings of Philo.) For more full data on the relat ion between R and these sources, see Bart h. 205- 70. Mere statistics about t h e agreements between R an d the mentioned sources are of limited value because of the fragmen tary state of preservation of t hese sources, and they do not disting uish between different types of agreements: C (38), V (28), Aq (23 ), Sym (22), L (22), W (21), Ach (18), A (18) , Just (15),0 ( 14), Q ( 15) , C yr (14) , Tht (14), Hi (1 4) , Thph (14), B (12) , 0' (12) , Th (II), Syh (9), A rm (9), BasN (8), Eth (8) , S (8) , Bo (7) , Sa (6), La (5), Ar(4), Quinta (3).
INDEX
THE index contains all words of which a t least one letter has been preserved. For words (especially verbal forms) whose base form wou ld have occurred at a different place in the alphabet t he base form (the first person of t he present) is provided in the appropriate place. Unusual spellings (such as el/Lan a) are listed according to the standard spelling. All words are listed exactly as th ey occur in the reconstructed text, including accents, diacritical marks and hyphens .
ftt7 4: 33; 8:6,4 0 ; B2:3 . 5
[tx]n 2:28
t~lJ
):11;
18: 16 ,24,39; 28:37,42; 31 :38 ;
4 :27; 8:39; 20:3 2; 28:34,38; 31:37
txt[l] 3:3 6
tx[P] 7:39; 2 2 :42; 31:36 ; B2:1 3
WrJp
T41
[t]Xf'1 2 1:29,37 [t!rf]? BI:12
[d] IfI7K6a~v B 2:2
aKp{, 15 :34 a'\a~wv 17:3 I
d-[A~(hwv] BI:9
cL\ [o Jn[ a€l ,) 19:34 [U/L) apT{av 4 :38
a/L/Lov 16:3 8
D./L7TEAOV 7= 3 7
d/L7TEAwlI[a, ] 2 1 :26
[a/LJ4,,{3'\~aTp'fl 17: 1 2
d{3pa l 14:7 "A{3vaao, 2:40 a{3vaaq[,] 19:29
aya[8a] 29: 38 aya8Vv€l, 15: 1 I
[-?YJ48vvav 6: 2
a. [ya1T17oa7£] B J: 10 [a]YYEAoS" 31 :36, 37 [ayy£] ~oS" 30:29
ciy{~ 18:40
0:[y],6v 2:39 a[yp)ov 4:41
ayw: ay[ol/L£v[a], 14:7 /f.O"1S" 17:3 2
&,liIK!f!. 18:25 [a]oIKlas 3:29
dO'KtaV 18: 28 d[£TO,] 16: 35 d8pollou] I T 35 a8V/LEw: 1}Q[U/L'/o£v] 3:35 a8ep- [ov] 2:24 air[V1TTO,] 15: 14 [a 1]/La 2:24 ai/LaTa 18:27
[a tX-]/La.\w [at1~ 15: 16
alX/LaAwolav 16: 38 alwvos 8=7 ax o[uaan ] 4:30
[D./L4>,{3'\~]aTp'fl IT 15 a ~wv] 20 :25
ctvaY€l vwaKwlI 17 :25 [avaKpa- ]y£ 29:39
avaTp[o7TV] 18: 19
dvaa7TClw: D.VEa7Taa£v 17: I I dv7}p 7 :36,17:31 a[vr)p] 3:28
aVQ[pa] 23 :37
av8a-PYI 7= 34 [av8] p.w-7TO, 20: 27
[av8pw-]7TO! 3:23 av8pw7Tw[V] 9=4
av- [8pw7T]WV 18:27 [av-]8pW7TWV B2 : 5
[av8pw]7TOV, 21:36 av{aTTJ/L1: dva uT~ uovTa, 17: 3 9 4vo[']X8 [~uovTa,] 15:27
1}votx 8,/uav 14: 5 [&1'7£1 a1',/aav 6 =4 dVV7T6 [O£TO,] 5:4 [a7TEvuvT]' 3:44 d7TO 3:29,3 1,32; 18:40 ; 3 1:3 1
4[7T0] 4 :36 d[7TO] 3 1:16 d7T' 8 :3 5 0.4>' 8 :35 Cbo'[Ktav] 15: 16
160
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
a1TOKaAwTw: d-7T€K [a] ~V4>8[1)J 14:6 a7rolCp{vw: a1ToKp,6[w] 17:2 2 a1Tf.Kp{61) 17:23 [a1ToKTlVJIIfL]1;' 17: 19 ciTroAAu!J.': aTrOA[ tiJ!J.€]6a 3:3 1 a1TtiJ-[A€TO] 8:12 [chr- ]tiJ[AOVTO] 23 :35 a1To1T[1]S7)a€Ta,] 15:8 anoplas 21:31 a1Topp{1TTW: [ahr~ppH,pa s 2: 3 5 aTrOaK01T€ UaW 17: 21 a1ToaTlAAw: a[ 1T'Jq'mMv 3°:42 a1T0.p6€y?,[ 0],.tE'v(wv] 14:8 g.1Tw[ a!J.a,] 2:38 ap[yupw v] B2: I I [apyu ]poiiv 18:38 apoTpa 7:3 3 apTOS 17: 16 d.PX~ 8:9 d.[pJx~s 8:35 ap~ [o] vTa 8:3 4 apxovTaS 9:4 cial{J,a 4:39 [aah"-{J[ovs] 19:36 [aa]6€v 7)aouatv 14:2 [aa]q€[v7)uoua,v] 14:38 Aaaoup 9:1.5 (aaaovp) ,7 aarlpas 15:35 d a [Tpan~s] 19:31 [auXl1!J.oa]W7)v 18: 21 aTf ,[x{a]Twv 19:40 [aTHx{u]Ta s 30:32 atiTos 18:36
avr[os] 16:38 [a uhos [6:40 aVTov 8: 35 ,38 ;
14:1 ; 16:3° ,34; 17:12,1 3,15, 17 , 18,29,3°,37; 18:39,4 1 ; 19: 39,40; 3 1 :30 .35
[avTo]ii 2:32; 31:29
[aN[Toii] 3:28
<;z[vToii] 3:31
[auT]o[ ii] 6:5
aU[Toii] 7= 37 ;16:32 a,;lT]oii 7=38 [atiT]ov 17:16,36
a~Tov 18:33
[a]vToii 18:40; 19:30
aur[oii) 31 :20 aVTcp 17=38
aVTov 9:3
[avT)ql' 6:38
[av] T6v 17:28,35
[avhov 17:34
aUT~
15:16; B2:16
aVT7) 22 :40 aVriis 2: 4 2 ; 4 :43,44,45; 14:7
a[un ]s] 4: 31
[a]uT~S 5:1
aU[T]fls 15:14
[au]n7S 15:19; 23:40
aU[T]~ [S]
15:20
[auT]V 18: 30 aUT~v
B 2:14
[auTNv 23:41
[au- ]T7)v B2:7
aUTO 18:31.3 1,33 ,37
aUToL 14:10 aVTwv 7:40; 8:6; 16:3 7; 19 :4 1; 21: 27 aVTWI;' 14:2 <;zvrc.iJ1;' 3: 29 aur[wv] 3:32
aVT[wv] 3:33
[auT]wv 6: 39
[auTw ]v 7 :33; 21:38
[a ]uTwv 7: 34
av[n u]v 18:21 a[uTwv] 21:40
aUTw,:, 22 :41
aUToLS" 1T 1 6
[au]ToLS" 3: 34
atiT[oiS"} IT41
aUToi{s] 22:40
[av]TouS" 28:35
a[v-TovS] 28:40
[avX]!J.tiJS1]S" 8:8 d[ .pIA€Tf] 3 1 : 29 [dcpn-p1]K]a 31 :30 {JaaA 20: 36 {JaQ[os] 2:35 [{J]<;z~~! 16 =4 1 {Ja.\o v[atv] 15 : 19 {JaP.[HS] 9:2 {J]apuvwv 17:38 {Jaat- [A€ VS] 8: 1 I {Jaa,MwS" 4: 29 [{JaOL- A]€ v[ a,v] 16: 38 {JOl!V{~w : £{JoUVtaH B2: 1 1 8[P ]w!J.a 17: 1 7 yaupla!J.a 19:4 1
INDEX
yf. (Katyf.) 15:16, 17,21; 18:22; 31:40,41; B2:7 [Y]f. (Kal )'€ ) [5 :22 y[€ Aws] 16:39 [yw aaa- ]6waall 3:24 yij 18:41
y;
y~S
19: 27 8:42; 18:28; 20:32
Y[~S] 20:27
y~ 1I
9:5,6
Y{Yllo!J.a,: ydvf.[a6€] 28:39
yAV7TT6v 18:30
yAUTrTa 4 :44
yAvcpw: [lYAI1l/I€]v 18:31
[y]vocpou 21: 33
[ypcU/sa] , 17:24
[ywl"J<;Zs 21:35
161
Swa!J.€WI' 28:42
c5[lWa]!:'[€wv ] 7:39
[c5uva- ]!J.[€wv ] 18: 1 (
[c5]uval"€ wv 28: 36
SUl'a!J.[€ wl'] 28:37
[c5U]Vcl!J.f.WI' 28:39
[Sw-]a[!J.€wv ] 29:40
c5u[va!J.€(jJV] 31 :38
c5uva-lJuwv] B 1: 12
Suvaarwv 14: I [c5]uuf.'Tat 6: 4 2
'Eav IT27
lauTov: l aTov 17:38
[',8So- J!J.?} [KoaTov] 29:35
lyyus: Jvy vs 2[: 27,28
lyw 16:25
SaKVOVT€S 17:40
[ly]w 2:38 Sa!J.aaKov B2:4
J!J.ov 2:42 ~€ 7=41
!J.ou 2:4 1; 3:37; 17:20 ; 20:33; 31 :39.40 ,41 S€ {KVU!J.I: l [SH~€V] 3 I : 18
(}t] o[u] 22:38 SI[ Ka] Bl:29
l!J.oL 17: 22
[S€~tW]1I 31: 20
!J. o , 8:33; 17: 23
SIX0!J.al: [81- )~a, 23:38
l!J.€ 2:37
Sui 5:3; 8: 36; 17: 17,1 8 !J.€ 2:4 0 S[,a] 6:40
!J.[€] 2: 35,3 6 LI,a 17: 13,14; 23:41
S€ c5w 28: 3 3 LI [,a] 22 :33
l6vos 7:35; 8:5 ; 16:26
S,' 18:27 [6v[os-] 7:35
~M{JOAOS] 3 1:20 16v1] 17: 19.34.4 2
SWp77ayas 17:41 [J8]vwv BI:31
[o/appN{w 13: 2 1 El 17:17 [S,a-cp6dp]aT€ 23 :41 £i'SwAa 18:34 [S]!a,p€UU€Ta, 17:27 [dJc5wAa 5: 1 Salw!J.': [StiJ a]w 31:42 d!J.l : [aTtv 7:38
c5tiJ[aH] 8:36 '[a]Ttv [8:39
[lSW]K€V 19:28 [lan]v 30:13
StipX0!J.a,: c5,€A€ua€Ta, t 6:4 2 [€ l- ]l'aL 8:32
St~A-[60v] 2: 3 7 € [t]l;'at 8:34
c5laTfTpa{vw : LltiTp1][aa]s 19:39 O[VTO,] 3:37
S(7)Y1](1t.. IT 3 7 ta?) 17:41
[c5(7)p77 a~]ov 14 : II la[Ta ,] 8: 42
[St 7)pTra~o]v 14: 12 €l7r(~ 2:38 [StJlCawS" 17=3 0 t11T[a] 23: 38
SO~1]s 18: 22
[So]~1]S" 30 :42
S6{av 18:25 [Sp€1-~ava 7 :34
Spoaos 9:10 Suva!J.I[I'] B2: 15
€[Tr€V 28:38; 3 1:2 1,28
€[[Tr£v] 3:14
IT37
[lp]€i dp7)l'1]v B I: 10
i€ S" 2:42; 4:3 2 ,4 2; 7:33,42 ; 8:4 .5; 9:7 .8; 15 : 16 ,3°; 16:3 6 ; 17= 41; 30 :34
162
DI S COVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VII!
Ei, (cont.) [EI1'! 2:35; 9:1
e[i,] 2:41
~i,
3: I 3
ei[,] 4 :41
16:27
en,]
~[ i]~ 16: 4 0
el,: p.fav BI:16 £K 3:28; 20:3 5 'EK 8: 3 3 [l ]K 18:22 £Y 5: 1
~~ 2:3 8
[l ]{ 13 :23 £~ 19:3 6
[EKOL1)Y)1)Bii 16:25 lKOVW: l~eOVa[a'TE] 6: 5 [EKE]Llv]1) 21: 30 EKELlvaL,) BI: 28 l K-[BAtljlw] 21: 35 [l KTEO'\IP.P.t'v1)]1;' 8:4 [EKK a]Vuw 14:26 [£KKE v]waEL l Tr 8 [E~E)~t'vwaa[,] 19: 37 [l KM-)~ETaL 31 :14 EKvry4>W : f YV1)ljIov 18 :35 £yv~[ljIova]fv 17=40 £KlTETawvp.L : £~ElTe [ 1'Oa87] ] 15:36 lK1TLt'~W : [lKlTE1TLeap.E11;'1)v 8: 5 £KlT[opEvnaL] 4:33 EKc/>av["] 17 :24 r[K c/>o,8wV) 7= 3 8 ~Ae~ [p.]C!iv 3 :39 ; Ao, 2AI EP.ae B2:7 EP.[,8pLp.~aEL] 19:33 £p.no, 18:24 EP.lT {P.lTA1)P.L: 'Ev£7rA~a-[(1), ] , 8: 21 £p.lTpoaOEv: £vlTpoaO[ev) 6: 3 EV1TpoaBEv 28:4] EV 3:29; 4:2 8. 32; 8:6.33 .34, 39,4,0; 9: 5 ,6; 14:2,26 ; 15:12; 17= 16,30; 18:29,3 9,4 0 ; 19:33 ,39; 20:34,41; B2:3.16 [l]v 15:26; 17: 22; 21 A I l J'o.VTIC!S 2: 3 8 lVO L[ K]OVvTWV 18:29 [£II )7Ta {~EL 16:39 £1I7T a fl~ETaL) t6:40 £1I7![Ept]lT[a1'OUVTuS] 3 1:4 2 lP.1TIP.17pTfP.L: lll7T p~aov[ aLII] 4:45
£lIlT L7TAaP.[ElIO,] 17: 33 £1I1'etvw: 'EV€TE L- [VE,] 19:42 fIlTl'va[y]p.a 19:28 l vc/>avryaET[aL] 1 T 26 f~aLlc/>V1)h 17:39 E~a.p.a.p'TCiIlW: r [fr/p.a]p',!C;>[v] 21 :37 l~EY[Ep)~i', 19:25 £~E-[yt'p01)TI] 18:35 [i~Ey~yep - ]TaL 3 I : 16 l~t'pxop. aL : £~ [eAEVa€ - ]TaL 8:33 [i~€AeVaE1'a]L 16: 31 ;gOSOL 8: 35 £f6Swv B2:13 [fgo..\€]Ope[uaw} 14:28 ~[g] oA[eBpeu]aw 20:35 [E~ O -A]EOpEUaEL 15:31 £gwa- [p.t'V7]v] 8: 2 E7T!ipaeL 8:40 £17eyt:poup.£.lI 9: 3
£171 3:33; 8:3 8; 9: 2; 14:3; 18:23,33; 20:33; 22:42;
31 :33,35
[£]17[1] 20:38
£17! 21 :34
£17' 8:6; 9:3; 18: 33
[£]17' 2:37
£c/>' 1T3 8
[f]4>' 7: 35
£m,8ii 9:2,8 f7Tft.l[ MlTeLll] 18:20
INDEX fp-[yOV] 16:23 £pya 3 :3 2 'Pxop.evo, 17:28
E'A8T/ 9:1,7
[E'\ ]OWatv BI : I 3
f1AEUaeTaJ, 8:9
[EAEU}aOVTaf B I: IS
[£a]8fwv 19 :42 [;aOo ]VTO, 15:25 [c/>]ayt:Lv 16:36 [€a7Te1 pa, 16: 33 [£I1Xa]T1) 2 :41 ;TE-[p0S') 30:29 En 3:37; 7: 36 [fTh 17:2 5 ETOLfLoae[ L] 14: 3 eV8ELa 17:29 Ev-[¢pavthi l1€Ta]~ 17: 1 3 [euc/>pouVV1)}v Bl:8 [e]c/>pa8a 8:3 2 [E'xov]ra 17: 10 lw , 5:2; 8:42; 19:37 ;Wi 2:40
[€]w , 8:7
qws] 22:37 ~~ aeT[al] 17:30 ~1)n1uw 15: 10
~1)T[~aEl'] 15 :22
f1TL,8MljI~ [ L) 2:39
f 7TLKQ.'\vp.p.a 14:4 [f1TLAa,8W}VTaL BI: 29 E7T{AOL- [7TOL] 22 :3 8 £1TLa[""] 2 r :29 [E1TL a)Tpt'c/>W [v} 14 : 1 1 f7!£GT'[peljl]el;' 3: 28 f17t'aTpt:.pav 3: 32
[f}7!d aTpN a'TE] 28 :42
bTf[al r[ pt'ifiEL} 3:30
[f1TLaT ] p£~ [ EL] 3: 30
[f7TLa1'p£tpova}Lv 5 :3
£1TLaTp[€1.povaLv 8 :38
[f1TL- G'TpwPNaop.aL 28 :37
£1TLa1'pa4>~aovT~L 8:4 1
f7Tf [aTpac/>~aov}1'a L 6:6
f1TLT[1)oe6p.aTu] 23:42 f1TL1'f(1)P.L: £lTt'01]K[av] 3 r :34 [f] 1TL1't [p.~aa L] 31 :22 7TOtt'W: £7To(1)a€V 3 :34
E1T'T o. 9:3
~yovp.£vov I 7: 10 7/KW: ij~eL 16:36 7/[~EI] 17:28 7/Ato , 6:42 T7p.eLs 7:4 1 1}p.[ w]~ 7=42
[T7p.w]v 9:2
~p.as 19:4 J ~p.t'pa 2 1 :31 [T7fL t'p]a 2 1: 30, 33
'J}p.[t'paJ ZI :30
[T7]P.~p<;l 21:3 0
[~] p.t'pq. 21 :32
~p.[t':pwv] 8 :3 5
T7p.[t'pal,] 4:28 [T7P.t'P ]aL' 16:24; B I :28 ~p.(pa<; 2 :31
OciAaaaa 15 : 13 OaAa[a-a1)'] J7:9
O&Aaauav B2: 15
OaAaua [1),] 18: 17
[00A]a9'[aaIl1 2:26
Oop.,8o~ 16:29
[OaVa]TO, 17:3 3
[8avp.]& aaTe 16:23
Oep.i..\La 4 :43
Qep.e).{ov, 19: 37
Oeo, 3:33; BZ:2
Oe9[, ] 3 :30
OEOU 7=4 1 OEO~ 8:40 [Oe]ou 7: 4° O[EO]~ 13 :23 Q[eov] 3 :27
[O"'.p]eL 2: 33
Ovya'TT!P 8:8
Q[v] ya- [Tt'pa] 30:40 [OU}ya'TEp 8: 14
Ovp.,oaEl J 7: 1 5
Ov aL 6.~w : fOvafaaav 2:2 8
8[ua]fav 2: 28
Ouw: OuaH 17: 14
laKW,8 4:39
LaKwt.l 9:9
loou 4:33; 16:25; B2: 13
IS[ov] 17: 29
[11 ~pt'wv 20:37
LEpouaaA1)p. 4:40
[Lepova ]aA1)p. 4 :29; 8: 1 0
Lep[ ovaaA1)p.] 20:34
L€pOu-[aa,\1)p.J 30 : 1 5
[iKa v6- ]T1)T[ d 18: 1 2
ip.anov: elP.aTLa 31 :36
LOvSa 4 :29
[LOJ uOa 8: 33 LOv[Sav] 20:33 U7T ]7!eL, 16:34
LGpa1)'\ B 2:7
L[apa1)A] 8:34
raT1)p.t: a1'~a[ op.a t] 17: 20
[aT]~aeTru 8:39
[U1']Yj - [u ] 14:10
i ax V§' 1 5: 1 3, I 4
i[aJ x v1 8:39
tax up6v 8:5
[L] w[va] 3:10
[L]wva 3 :35
Lwvav 2:30
16 3
16 4
DIS C OVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
Ka [8ap]av 31 :3 3
[Ka8{u]oVTal 7: 36
Ka8ws 17:32
Ka8[w,J 19:42
KQ -[8 s] 28:39
KUTUU1Taaw 4:42
[KaTaaTp] u
KaTaq,[£p]OI-'£vo[v] 4 :37
[KuTuq,vnv -) aovalv 21:25
KUT€VU[VTL] 6 :4
Ka! 2:28.31.3 7; 3: 1°.11. 24.26.34.35. 35.3 9;
[KaTol -]KovvTa 2 3 :37
4 :3 1.3 8 ,41 ,42 .43; 5: 2 ; 6:3; 7= 3 2.3 3.34.35
[KUTOLKOV- ]au IS: [ I
8: 37.39, 39 ,40 ,4 1,42; 9: 2 ; 14:3.5 ,6.7 .35. 37;
[K]QTOLK[ ovau] 30:40
I 5: I 4 . I 5 . I 6, 17; 16 : 3 1 .32. 33,38 ,39.4 I ,4 2;
KaTo[L-Kovvns] BJ:15
17=11, 12.14 ,15,18,20 ,2 1,22,24,26,3 I ,34,37,40,42;
KUTOLKOVVTUS 20: 34
18: 22 , 22,24 ,26,3 8 ,39; 21 :28 ,32, 36; 22 :3 8 ;
Kavawv 16:37
3 1:34.4°.4 1 ,42; Bl:8.9,13; B2 :4, 6,7 .8,11, 12,14
K£VOV 18:14
[Ku]i 2 :26; 3 :31; 7:3 8; 14 : 12.; 15:7; 2 1:3 3
[K€PUT]U 30:18
[K]Q' 3 :9; 15: 21
[K]£[p]UT{- [V1'/S] 2 1 :33
KQ [l] 3 :27
K£q,UA~V 2 :4 1; 19:39
KQ! 3: 28
[K£q,aANV 15: 1 8 [K]af 6 :4 1
[K£q,aA~)V 19:36 [KJal 14:3; 15:36; , 8:29; 31: 2 1,28
K[£q,aANv 3 r :35 KQUJ 17:37
K~p ~[~]ov 3 :9
K[a!] 17=38; 21:39; 31 :35; BI:31
?K~p[v~av] 3: 16
Ka! 18:28
[K~Tovh 2 :3 1
KQ[i] 20:28
K{OUpLV 3 I : 3 3
[K]a [i] 20: 35; 21 :38
KlO[a pw) 3 1: 34
K[a]1 20: 39
[KA1)povo- ]fL~ au B2: 13
~a , 21: 25
[K]A~ [p] O[vof,~ ao)v- [aw] 22:39
w
Ka[i] 4:34.39,40; 31 :30 K[a]! B2: 17
KaL 3: 32; 8:32; 17:23 ; 2 1:3 5; 3 1: 18
KIui] 3:35
KIa)i 2 1:37
[KJaLpov 17:26 (K]aK{~ 3 :34
KaKow: fKa[Kwuu) 8 :3 KaMw: fKaAovv 28: 4 0 [Ka.\Q].pE< 18: 26 [KaT]~ 3: JI
KaT' 2:42
K[aT'] 17 :36
Ka Ta~apvv 8~TL 15:33
[ KaTa~apvv-]O~TL 15 :33
KaTa{3a{vw: KaT€{3~v 2:42 Ka?"u{3~a£TaL 4:3 4 [Ka }ra{3a[uEI) 4 :37 [KaTa K)A~pOvo &·L1iaut) 16 :28 KaTuK[o.po valv] 4:44 [KuTa- ]AOL7TOV 9: 8 [KaTaAoL]1To[L] 22 :37 K[a]Tav[aAwO~a£- ]Ta L B2: 16 KaTa1Ta ~ [al'] B 2 :4 [K]UTU1TI£iv 2:3 0
KOAVI-'~~l:Ipa] 14 :9
Kovq,[onpoL) 16:31 [KpL11-'a 16:30 Kpvq,iI 19:42 KT~V1'/ 3 :27 KT[~VTJ] 3:24
[K] V-(KMI:I€V] 30 : 35 KVKAwau 18:23 IlKvKA~ [U€V] 2:40 KVI-'UTa 2 :37 Kwq,a 18: 34
I NDEX ~':'ywv 18:3 5
A[lywv] 29:40
Mywv 31: 29
MyovTt"s 28:41 [Mov]Ta [s] 14 :27 A iJl-'l-'a B2:3 M{3v[£s] 15: IS MOt.;J 18:36 AL KI-'~ - [ uavTa] 30 : 14 AL1TU{VW: IlAL7TaVO~ 17: 1 6 AOyOS 3:37 Aoyos 4:27 Myov B 2:3 AV1Tlw: [IlB [V1T~O~] 3:35 AV [7T~V] 3:35
[l-'a]Kpav 7= 32 [l-'a]l!opav 14 : 24 l-'avOavw : l-'a-OwaLv 7: 35 l-'apT~[pa] 4:3 2 l-'ap-nJpol-'aL: [1l-] fL(lpropa [To] 3 1: 36 l-'axa[tpaS'] 7 :33 l-'axo.1pav 17: 18 f.L[axaLpav] 7: 3 5 fLEyaA [ vvO~-] aovTaL 8:41 I-'lyas: [fU- ]y&A~ 21: 27 [1-'£ywTa]v£S' 15: 20
IlA[ aA ha€V 3: 34 AUI-'{3avw : A~.p£[ TUL] 1T 36 AUI-'1T~V~ 14 :6 Aaov 22:37 Aao[v] 19:35 Aaov 22 :4 2 Auol BI :1 3 ~Q[ol] T40 AU[OV], 17: 35
Myu 14: 25; 3 1:38
A[IY]EI 20:32
MY~ [L] 3°: 41
V[ ww~]
3: 11 1!![v£]VTJ 14:9
vvv 8 :41
vu~ 6:40
~VAt.;J 18 :35
a 3:30,37; 6:42;
14:5 ; 17= 32,37; [8:3 [, 32, 39; 30: 28 TOV 3: 38; 4:4 1; 8:7,32, 34; [6: 37; 19:40; 20:29,3 5 T[OV] 3:34; 15: 35 [T]OV [8:20 [TO]V 30: 17 T0 8:6, 34; 18: 35 ,36; B 2 :5 T[0) 18:18 [T)0 20:4 1
T'fi 29:37 TOV 2:30; 3: 27; 7:42 ~ 2:4 2 ; 8: 9.9; 14 :6; 18:4 1; 2 1: 30 TTJs 3: 28,44; 8:42; 20:27,32 [T]iJs 3 : 28; 17:9 T[iJ,) 3:29 Tfl~ 3: 2 9 Ti)~ 3 :3 2
[T]~s 3:33
TiJ
3:33 ; 8:40; 17: 15
T~V 2:41; 3:13 ; 4 :42 ; 9: 5; 31 :34,35; BI:9 ?"[~v) 9:7
1-'£8[vaO~un] 15:21
dv
f.L€at.;J 18: 39 I-'[£Ta] 6 :2 f.L[£Ta] 20:37 1-'£0' B2:1 ,2 l-'£n[Kovl-'ah Q 3 1:3 2 I-'~ 3:3 1 ; 7:34.35; 8 :1I ; 28:39
[T~]I! 20:33
M~ 15: 11
I-'T] 21 :25 I-'~o[€v] 3:25
~a-[AWv] 30 :28
16 5
I-'Lq- [I:IWl-'aTO,] 5: 1 I-'L[aOw-l-'aTo,] 5:2 £fLLaOw- ]l-'aTa 4 :44 I-'LI-'V~ aKw: I-'vTJal:l~a£TuL 14: 1
[fLoXAo]i 2 :42 I-'0X[AOV,] 15 :2 8 I-'wpa aOEl 4 :28
18:25
T[~V] 31:33
TO 3:11; 4 :3 1; 7:38; 14: 12; 16:26 ,26; 17:1 7; 18:33; 19:25 ,4 1; 20:36
[T)O 14 :4 o[ 17 :4°,42; 28:41
9+ 7:40 [0][ 2 2: 38 TWV 14:5 ; 18:29; 28 :37,42; 3 1:38 BI:1 2,30 [nu)v 7 :39 TW[V) 20:36
TOUS 6:36; 15 :35 ; IT35 TO[US] 8:38 T[O] US 15:28; 20 :37 al 14:7 Tais 14: 2; 3 1 :39 Ta, 7= 33; 9 : 2 ; 2 1: 34 .35
VU[O,] 14:5
T[ah
vac!J 18:40 vaov 2 :39 v£{3pwo 9:6 [v~a]Tt" {-[u BI:6
T[a,) 31: 41
Tn
21: 34
2 :37; 3: 24 ; 4 :35 .43; 9: 8 ; 14:3; 15 :23; IT34 ; 23:4 2; 30:14
T~ 3 :2 7
,66
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
o (cont.)
0[0] 4:39
QV 21 :25
OOK 3:34; 7:38
oval 17=37
[Ooa], 18:35
oo[pavou] 20:29
oo[pa-]vou 20:38
OUTO,: T[OVTOV ] 20:3 5
TOiI'TO 8:36; 17 : 13 .14; 23:41
T[OiI'T]O 5 :3
[To] iiTO 6:40
TOV-[TO] 17:17 7[a ]il'Ta 4 :38
Taiira 17 :36
miir[a] 30: 13
OOX' 17:35,39 [ov- lx' 4:39 o4>fitAw: ci>c/KA1]o£v 18: 30
rei 3: 32; 16:27 T[d] 15:17
08£: [,·410]£ 30:,P
Tao £ 31 :38
ooo[u] 3:28
[ooo] u 3:3 3 OOOt, 3 1 :39 [oljo[£v] 3 :29 olKo [,] 8:32
OiKOU J 3:23; 19:36 [O] iKCfI BI:7 olKov 31:41 OlKOOOfL£W: [cP KOOO-]fL1]a£v B2 :9 olvov 21 :27
OKTtiJ 9:4
oAt(y]oaTo, 8:32 [ofLvV-]ov[T]a, 20:39 OVfLO['W: ci>v£LOI[aav] 22:41 ovofLa 20 :36 ovofLaTo, 8:40 Oglh[€ POI] 16:3 2 o7TLa8£[v] 20 :42 [017W- ]pOq>uMKLOV 4:40 opaaLv 17 : 24 opaw: [£ljo£[v] 3:32 EiOoa[41v] 19:27 lO[£tv] 17= 21 q(t/lfTaL] 8 2: 17 oms 21 :30 [opy}ij, 3:31 0p[Y7ls] 21:41 opyt' w: [ci>py{u8J1] 28: 34 OPfL 8:6 oP'l] 4 :35; 19:27 [op€1wv 2:42 o[p8pLaClT£] 23 :41 opla 9:8 0PfL7J[aoualv] 16:33 os: o[v] 4:29
fI
3 :34
iiv
8: 3
o4>8a~Uto,] B2:5
D4>£!aAp,Wv 2:38
9X A[O,] 15:37 o-[xvpasJ 21: 34 OXVPWfLCl 16:40 ox6[pw",a ] 82:10
7Ta,l)E{av 23:39 17av- [TO,] 17: 18
17aoa J 8:4 1
1Tav 16:40; 18:38
7Tav-7£, 7: 39 [7I'41]I;'7£S' J 7:42 1TelVTWV 18:29 WelVTa, 17 :35 [17avT]as 20: 34 71aawv B 2:6 7Taaw [v] 15: I 8 [1Taa]wv B l:30 1TaliTa 4: 38; 17= 34; 23 :4 2 [17a]VTa 15:2 3 [1T]elVTa J6 :36 71elV[Ta] 17:36; 23 :40
17apa{3oA-r,v 17:36
17[apaKaAovVTns] 15: 10
OU, 28:40
1!ap[ aKA1]8~ o£Ta]L 3 :30
Q'[aa] 23:40 4 :33; 8:4 1; 9:1 .2.7; 18 :25.3° .3 2; 22=4 1; B2:S [O]TI 3:3 2; 5: 1
(hi
16: 23,25;
17: 28 ,4 1 ;
07[t] 7=38 .39 0[1"1] 17:16 ov 3:31; 7=34.35; 13: 22 ; 16: 24; 17:19.31; 18 :38
[1Tap] ~~A7J8'1)
< L> 3: 33
17apa~r ~4>t"] 9:6
7TapEPXO",at : 17ap[€A€Va€TaL] 16:42 7T[aTag£L] B2: 14 [17aT Ep]£S 28 :40 7!axoS' 17 :39
INDEX 7TE170,8H 18: 32 17£paTwv 8:42 17€PLfU .AAW: 17dpL€,BaAovTo] 3: 26 [17£pL,B)oAawv 6:5 17£ptlXW : 17fipdaX [fi)v 2:,P 17EPLKUKAOW: 17€PL£KvKAwa[€1 v 2: 36 [17£pLaT]£pwv 14:8 17£PLXEW : 17[£pL-€xv8'1)aav] 2:39 [17€Ta]a87J00VTaL 16:3 5 [1TETp) a s' 17:21 [17-]1]yr} 23:39 1T'I)A[ ov] r 5: 30 1T'I)AQ~ 17:39
[7T){£ 18:2 2 [7TL)E-Twaav 3 :25 17LKPOV 16:26 7TLKpa 21 : 29 17{fL1TA1]fLL: [17A1]a- ]87Ju£TaL 18: 14 17{OTfL 17:30 7TL07£VW: [£17{ah£uo~[v) 3 :15 17Aa- [vwvTas] 6 :36 17A41oa, 18:31 [17]A419'q., 18:3 3 7TAaofLa 18:33 1TAn- [T1]] 16:27 [17A~ 8o ] v, 14: 36; 30 :3 3 17A1]8vvwv 17:38 'E7T A[ ~81JVa,J 1 5 : 34 17[A~]p'wfLa 4: 3 I
17A['l)o{ovJ 18: 18 [17]ALV(Jt:[tl ou 15 :31 17v£u",a 16:42; 18: 38 [170-J8€v 15:9 [17] 0 L'ljaaL 18:34 £170[1]a€V 3 :34 170[ L]fLClV€L 8: 39 [17oLfLavov-]aLv 9:4 7T[oLfLEva,] 9: 3 17oA£w, 18: 28 170A£~[S"]
3:44
7T<;l [A LV] 3: 1 3
170AfL, B I: 14
[17 0A]~LS 21: 34
71[OA€LS] 29 :35 170A£",~ rrll ] 7:36 [7T<)A£fLO]V 6:40 170A£/L9 [1I] 6:6
170~- [Aas] 8 1:1 4
170A>.W[V] 7:31 170AAa 17=42
170V7]e[a,] 3:3 3 710[V7]pnS] 3:28 ,,!opda s 3: 12
[170]pt:[11q.[v] J:l3
71opd a[t]S 14:2
[170pfi VO",]EIIOU 6: 3 [170p]£VO",£[vo]v 16:27
170[pt:U-Oj.LfiVO'] B 1: 17
[71op£v£08]al 3:13
170p£[uoo/L£8a] 7 :41
[170)p.£voo",£8a B2:J
170pE[vaoVTaL] 7:40
[1TOp£V- )OOVTq.[I] 19:31
1TopqluolI[Ta]t 2 1:36
170PEU8iis 3 I : 39
[1Topw8w)",H B I : 17
[170Ta",] 0, 2:36
[71oTa]/:W { 19:26
1ToTap,Wv 14: 5
170Ta/Lo LS 15: 12
1TO-[T7JPWV] 18:2 3 [1TOTt'OVTJ ~ L 18: 18 17po,BA(1)fL]a 17:37 1TpOS 3:36; 28 :38.4 0 ; 29: 3 9
71pO[S] 2:39
H p[d], po
[17p]OS 3:27
[1T ]pO' 3°: 31 17p[OS'] 31:28 [17pO]S BI:16 1![poa- ]£ ~~aTo 3:35
17poa~[ ullovv- ]Ta , 20:37
17pOOT[~fLL : [17poa]f!~ aw 2:39
17poaclmou 16: 3 7
1!pooumou 18:41
[1T ]pooumov 20:26
[17poaum]c;>u 20:32
[17po4>il] Tat 28:41
17porp8o..vw: [17pO- ]'4>8a[aa] 3 :37
[17To~a]£L 18:27
71'[ n,)/L]q.H a 21 :38
71TWXOV 19:42
[nVA]a[L] 14:5
[17Vg{W]V 17:24
1!VP 15: 2 8
1TVPL B 2: 16
7T(.vpp[w8£v] 16:34
po.,BOOt, 19:39
pa,B~ [o] ,=,~ 19:26
,67
r 68
DISCOVERIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT VIII
Pay~-a£TaL 19:26
[pa- ]y~aov[Ta ]l 4:3 5 pijp.a 3 : (1 pofL4> [a{a] 15:32 p[ofL4>a{q.] 9:5 [po!U/>a{a]s- 14 : 3 5 aa~V?1 17: 13 aa- [y~v?1] 17: 15 aaAE uovTE, 17:40
aaAw 8[watv] 15 :24 [Jaa]A£u81) 14:6 [aa]p.apoLa 4 :39 aa[p.apotav] 4:40 acip~ 3 1: 16 aaTTw : a£aayp.Evov 18:37 amuT[z)] 15:29 aH ~[w v] B2 :8 ana8[~] qovTaL 19:40 aH- [wv) 8 :6 a[n-wv] 8: 14 a£[Lwv] 29:42 a£A£ 19 :38
a'fJu[va,] 7: 34 alW1I'WV 18:36 aLW'TT1)aov 18:40 aKO'TT[oLS] 15 :24 aKo[pTT{a]aL 19:41 aK oTa a8[~a£'TaL) 6:4 1 aKoT{a 17: 29 aKoT{a, 21: 32 aK(lTOUS 21: 32 aKuAEu[aoua{v] 17:4 2 Ja[K]6A£uaas 17=4 1 am;t[pN OH[aL] 13:22 [aT)£voxW[p]?~s 21 :31 anpEOV 17: 1 7 aT?7[Awaop.aL] 17=20 aTop.a 7= 38 aTop.[a] 15 :25 aTpaY[YEu
auva- [tw] 8: 1 a[u~yay£v)
5: 2
auv~ya- [y£v] 17: 12
auv[ay"' ] 20:26 [Eu]vaywyn 20:25 auvKo«pou- [aLv] 7: 32 auvA~p.«pET[a ,] 16:4J aupw: £avp£v 17: 11 atj>oSpa B2:9 [awT1)p{a]v 19:34 [TaK~ - ]aOl![TaL] 4: 34
TaAamWpEw: [nTaAal- ]'TTWP1)K£[V] 15 :8 TaAamwp{a 18 :26 Ta X£La 21 :28 TaxuvovaLv 14:3 TEtX1) 14 :3 TE~ETaL 8 :37 [uoo£p]aKov[Ta] 3:14 [TEaaa]p£ s 30: 16 'TL -[8~aH S] 30 :3 2 8~ aw 8 :3; 15:7 8~Q'[w] 5: 1 [8]~aofLai 4 :40 'TL - [KTOU 14 :9 voaTa 2 :40 v[S''' ] 19 :28 [iiopw oa] l 15 :29 ulov 20 :25 [u nov 28: 3 3 vfLwV 16:24; 28:4 0 VfL[wv] Bz: 1 VfL£ LV 4:3 2 [vfL]£ iv 6:4 1
INDEX vp.as 28: 38 [v7Tap-]X [£]tv 23 :36 VTT[£p] 15: 11 VTToKaTw 7=37 v('TTOK aTw8Ev] 4 :35 V['TTOAHfL]fLa 8:4 mr [oAnp.p.a] 20:36 ~[«pJ71Aas 21:35 [tj>a)VTaa{av 18:32 tj>apayya 4:42 tj>€yyos 19 :3 1 tj>ELa£'TaL 17= 19 tj>Eu[youaLv] 14 : 10 tj>OfJEW : [J]tj>ofJ~[81)]aav 2: 27 tj>ouo 15 : 15 tj>POVEW : [J-Jtj>pOV1)aEv B 2:8 tj>uy£i[v] 3:38 [tj>uAa- ]K~v 31:39 tj>uAa~?1S 3 J :40 tj>[uA] a~EL ' 31 :41 f[ VAWV] B 2:6 tj>w -[ 'TLEi] J 8:36
169
xa{pw: XaPEi'TaL 17: 14 x£ipa 20:33 XEpa!l! 3: 29
X[ lAlaaLv) 8:33
X6(pTOV] 9 : I 1
xovv B2:12
xpua{ov B2: 12
x[pvalov] 14: 1 2 [xpuaLO]v 2 I :40
xpv[ao]uv 18:37
xwp.a 16:41
[xw fLa- ]pHfL 20 :3 6
xwvwfLa 18: 3 r
«pwSij 18:32 tPUX~ 17: 29
tPuxij s 2:40
tPuX~[v] 17= 3 2
[woi]v£ , 8:13 [wotv1)a]av 19:27
ws 4 :3 6; 8:1 3; 9 :10; 15:3·h 35 ; 16 :35 ,38 ; 18:16; 21 :38 w[s] 14:7; 15: 33
PLATES The plates are composed of photographs (see note in Section D on col. 2-4) of the fragments, rearranged according to the columns. The numbers accompanying the plates are those of the photographs, almost all prepared by the Palestine Archaeological Museum (PAM) in the fifties, except for the ones indicated as lDAM (Israel Department of Archaeology and Museums) dated 1986. The numbers in parenthesis refer to the present inventory number of the PAM. The scale of all plates is
I: I
except when indicated otherwise.
References to "Lif." refer to t he publication of nine fragments by B. Lifshitz mentioned on the first page of Introduction.
LD
N
o
E
u
t-z °1°;)
PLATE III PLATE I I
Col.
Col. 3
(8 lines)
2
.' ~I'f~ ~I;
"
bC'{
t
..:J.
{_. ~
~tN
•., ~i:t\ .. ~~ 0 \'
a
c: ·\c.-;r\u.,
,\
~;\tt·m ~.
"t~ ',l
(23 lines)
c
d
': ~"t-\ .~
(7 lines)
e
f
c
c -,. . ~
g
(4 lines) a. !DAM 200.296 b. !DAM 200.297 C. !DAM 200.296 d. !DAM 200.297 e. 4 0 .5 6 5 (539) f. 4 0 .5 6 5 (539) g. 4 0 .5 6 5 (539) a. b. c. d.
4 0 .5 6 4 4 0 .5 6 5 4 0 .5 6 5 4 0 .5 62
(539) (539) (539) (539)
h. 40.559 (539) i. 40.565 (539) j. 40 .5 6 3 (539) k. 40.562 (539)
(539A (539A (539A (539A
[Lif. [Lif. [Lif. [Lif.
4]) 6]) 4]) 2])
b
PLATEIV
PLATE V
Col. 4
Col. 6
(20 lines) • ..J ~ .L, "
, ~, o"t.~~ett'" race,
"-':tl~~ kA"I:e~'
a
o Mu.)NC~ (A""
\001\"'''
:'.il
(28 lines)
h
a. 4°.5 6 3 (539) h. 4 1 .6 90 (539)
h
.1.
a. 4°,563 (532) h. 4°,563 (529) '. c. 4°.564 (529)
Col. 7 (30 lines)
~')(f>,
Col. 5
.• i.' a
[:LfrM. • -~
h
.,'
J("....~ ~:.tJ~
tt-1.
•I'
.b~-Z;
\N.'trf.f a. 4°.563 (532) h. 4°.563 (532)
a. 4°.564 (529) h. 4°.560 (531)
PLATE VII
PLATE VI
Col. 9
Col. 8
4°.5 66 (53°)
j
A ~6qlaH. £nttr c iUo..'
........
\l ,.....~
~."U.)..E.ci E: r1A"t'TON e-~f"7
IT\" ~li A~)Ui N
c
u
'''.>-.H
MHBA.cL
)I
~O:r:'MUJ ,tECWCL:L . -a.-cEp( L. ,
(16 lines)
yr
u I:\.... (31 lines)
c
Col. I3 a
a. 4°.566 (530) b. 4°.560 (531) c. 4° .560 (531)
a. lOAM 200.296 (539A [Lif. 5]) b. 200.296 (5391\ [Lif. 3])
b
PLATE IX PLATE VIII
Col. IS
Col. 14
(6 lines)
a
Ct
b c b (8 lines)
c
d
(6 lin es)
(5 lin es)
a. 4°.567 (535) b . 4°.5 66 (535) C. 4°. 562 (535) d. 4°.5 6 7 (535) e. !DAM 200.296 (539A [Lif. 8])
e
(4 lines)
a. 4°.562 and 40 .239 (535) b. 4°.5 66 (535) C. !DAM 200. 296 (539A [Lif. I] ) d. 4°.5 66 (535)
PLATE XI
PLATE X
Col. 17
Col. 16 (8 lines)
t("'e.AA,....
t-tOc-L
... A.HC"O
.• «tcnAc . e d~l.6~xt€N "'LB~po.'A~'t kAlcrriHC""A 't . .
,
~
(21 lines)
e............tt.D i
I
...AA A--c-r:cI
~
\ .~c~-p..\'
~cr:t~r
Ir
i
-J 1 'J
;ro~ .~.L~f;><:Q~~ru~e .. ' r-,
~
o-t:J), o't~"'t~l.JJ'l'
~ co t-{,-rA\~ C
a. 40.572, 40.573 (63) b. 4°.567 (63)
t{"t"A f; I.e f>..b. uClA
c. 4°. 564 (530)
'(l..O"("'~~ l
40 .559 (5 28 )
.,.;;
~ ~, ·!.\;r ~u..-no'.t2-1:lce: ... l " '. • i .. ,
'.;..:,.~~~lQ"r
PLATEXII
PLATE XIII
Col. 18
Col. 19
(rrlines)
(23 lines)
'l
\.
b C)""~ r>; -
.' • ~ri~cu.Rt
.
\
e
a c
a. 4° .564 (63) b. 40·56r (63) c. 40·574 (63)
a. 40.574 (63)
b. 4°.568 (63)
l
PL ATE XIV
Col.
PLATE XV
20
Col.
21
(24 lines)
(24 lines) b
-'r.~f1..~ ..1:". .• ,. ,•.,. . r .. '
\
'Ol.1~
a
"' ~!.
_
'U.'"
~
~'l!'
'"
40·570 (63) ~
C. :---.
~ :,
. '\
Col.
22-23
a
(32 lines)
~ ~
j'
..
b_ .-..
M< I
~ '1' i\Ol..
'I.
a. 4°.569 (63) b. 40.570 (63)
a. 40 .570 (63) b. 4°.571 (63)
..
X ~~~
l
PL ATE XV I
P L ATE XV II
Col. 28- 29
Col. 30- 31 (I2 lines) ~ ~. '
~A).J ~t<\
a
b
(32- 34) li nes a
(4-8 li nes) Co
m.,~t'.
•
~
~~ t"%-7.:\'~ N ... ~
I
.,..
~tt;e'Oe'XMAC 61 t'Uei -:
'~ei ~Hc"€'1."'t
~ ,~
).. lb;:.
. rzel)(
b
d
a . 40 .559 (530) b. 40 ·56 r (530)
a. b. c. d.
4°.560 (530) !DAM 200.296-7 (539A [Li f. 7] ) 40·56r (530) !DAM 200.297 (539A [Lif. 9] )
.--.
00 M
IJ)
N
....I
"0
u
o ~
.--. (j) V
c::
tZ-LI o,OJ
PLATE XX
Additional fragments (unidentified)
J .
!', ::,\ "
.....
I
4
2
3
OJ .l
6
5
4° .566 (530 A) 4° .5 66 (530 A) 3· 4°.5 66 (530 A) 4· 40·559 (?) 5· 4°.5 66 (53 2 ) 6. 40·559 (538) I.
2.
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