Cultures of Politics Politics of Cultures : Re-Visioning Latin American Social Movements

Cultures of Politics Politics of Cultures: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements Sonia E. Alvarez Evelina Dagnino Arturo Escobar Editors

Westview Press

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Cultures of Politics Politics of Cultures

10

9

8

7

Contents

PART O N E T H E C U L T U R A L P O L I T I C S OF C I T I Z E N S H I P , D E M O C R A C Y , AND T H E STATE

v

vi

145

ix

145

X PART F O U R THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON T H E C U L T U R A L A N P T H E P O L I T I C A L IN LATIN A M E R I C A N SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Preface and Acknowledgments

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Chapter One Introduction: The Cultural and the Political in Latin American Social Movements SONIA E. ALVAREZ, EVELINA DAG N I N O , AND ARTURO ESCOBAR

I

4 • (see Fo; One of the most useful aspects of the ;

"l;<

tion, of meanings and practices, as simultancousand inextricably bound i of social reality. In this vein, Kay Warren (in this volume)

the cultural issues (and political : politics as well as the 1 in the theory of <

;

the analysis of "the

; of the; practices (see 1991 for an excellent example of this approach), with what is perceived to be a central issue in the field, namely, what the ; of culture and textual ity both help to explain and fail to address. The of the "linguistic t u r f ' in cultural studies. For Half the discovery of discursivity and textuality brought forth the realization of "the crucial importance of lanto any study of culture" (1992, 283). It was thus that cultural studies s "driven back to*

12 (particularly at the elite level) of >of democracy" (12-13).

: political as a given and fail to j I of the cha

. As Slater (1994a) notes, too often politics is referred to in a ^ a meaning that is consensua with Norbert Lechner's assessment that "the analysis of political: raises the question of why a given i ssue is poli tical. Thus, we can assume that politicounts as political and who—besides the "democratic < le the rules of the political game, can be crucial, we maintain, to J ical cultures and, pote dng democracy in Latin (see also Avrit )agnino 1994). Rubin (in political culture that enabled COCEI to secure its ; and the demobilization ofi

8

practices that: of I

(Sales 1994; Telles 1994; Oliveira 1994;

of class, race, and gender that typify vast majority of de jure < to have rights. As we Afro-Latin

tal in constructing a new conception of« rights in society and not just from the state, < erarchies that dictate fixed social places for its (r race, an *

that claims

the rigid social hi-

on the basis of class,

26 1994. Carlos Nelson. 1980. A ina. 1994a. "Os In Anos 90:

. 1994b. "On 1 «Iina»ed, 1994..

i da Socicdade Civil c I ; do CJ5BRAP 38:38-52. eai

. de uma nova ncxjSo , ed. E.

The Story of D. Marlene." In , 1995.

1984. The Practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley:

, Joe. 1995, Theorizing Social 1

1986. Pwblemas de la i FLACSQ/CLAEH.

, Nancy. 1989. "What's Critical about Critical Theory? The Case of 1 Gender." to Unruly 1 ory, ed. N. 1 1993. "Rethinking the I e: A ( f," In The j

i Fe, N.Mex.:

28

Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives, ed. J. Keane. London: Verso, Mouffe, Chantal. 1993. The Return of the Political London: Verso. Mu^oucah, Paulo Sergio. 1995, "As ONGs: dos Bastidores ao Ccntro do Palco." Revista Brasileira de Ciincias Sociais 10 (28):35-37. Mueller, Carol McCIurg. 1992. "Building Social Movement Theory." In Frontiers of Social traduction.'' In Cultural Studies, ed. L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, and P, Treichler. London:

ancisoo de. 1994. "Da Dadiva aos Direitos: A DiaMtica da i de Citncias Socials 9 (25):42-~44.

1992. "Collective Identity in ! if In Frontiers of Social 1 :lles. Vera da Silva. 1994. "Cultura c Citncias Sociais 9 (25):48-51. Wzer, Michael 1992. "The Civil Society i

Theory, ed. A,

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Chapter Two Culture, Citizenship, and Democracy: Changing Discourses and Practices of the Latin American Left EVELINA DAGN1NO

33

TABLE 2.1

'to be Class 12.5 25.0 50.0 12.5

Total

SOURCE: Research Cultura Democrdtica e Cidadania.

Urban 10,0

60.0

10.0

11.1

66.7

22.2

10.0

Social

City Council

20.0 70.0

14.3 14.3 42.9 14.3

5,8 15.4 57.7 9.6

10.0

14.3

9.6

40.0

28.6

20.0

14.3 14.3

26.9 15.4 17.3

12.5 37.5 12,5 12,5

10.0

22.2

30.0

11.1

37.5

60.0

22.2

14.3

28.8

100,0

10.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

11.1

10.0

11.1

14.3

7.7

57

; of both

along with other political actors j fori Inj as public and collective what is conthe political arena to enlarge its It is my contention that the cultural efpon the social imaginary must be rec-

62

i e afcmergCnciade uma Nova No0o de < , ed. E. 1 . 1995. "On Becoming a Citizen: The Story of D, I of Oral History and Life Stories, ed. R. ] sity Press. 1995. "A Vet e a Voz do ! i no Brasil P6s-70." Rio de ] 1971., 1 Geoffrey Noeli milio de, and Juan Carlos Portantiero. 1984. "Crisis Social y Pacto J i de Vista 21:13-20. 1985.,

Utopias del Sur 4 (summer): 12-14.

Chapter Three Social Rights: Conflicts and Negotiations in Contemporary Brazil MARIA CELIA PAOLI AND VERA DA SILVA TELLES

Chapter Four New Subjects of Rights? Women's Movements and the Construction of Citizenship in the "New Democracies'? VERONICA SCHILD

93

112

Verdnica Schild

114

Verdnka Schild

117

Chapter Five The Explosion of Experience: The Emergence of a New Ethical-Political Principle in Popular Movements in Porto Brazil

Alegre,

SfiRGIO GREGORIO BAIERLE

118

130

Region

11 12 13 14 15 16 Total

Need* Affected* 3 4 (This region was not cor 3 6 9 2 3 4 6 4 3 4 3 2 6 2 3 4 3 2 6 2 12 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

2 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 4

Priorit

3

6 12 12 9 12 6 12 6

9 12

12 6 12 3

Asphalt Total 12 (4,3%) 1,004 ;ory in 1995) 18 (6.5%) 1,505 24 (8.7%) 2,007 21 (7.6%) 1,756 20 (7.2%) 1,673 22 (8.0%) 1,840 12 (4.3%) 1,004 21 (7.6%) 1,756 15 (5.4%) 1,255 15 (5.4%) 1,255 23 (8.3%) 1,924 27 (9.8%) 2,258 14 (5.0%) 1,171 19 (6.9%) 1,589 12 (4.3%) 1,004 275 (100.0%) 23,001 lack of

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Chapter Six Ambiguity and Contradiction in a Radical Popular Movement JEFFREY RUBIN

141

147

(Ldpez Nelio 1993,235,233).» In, this culture, COCE1 ] the 1970s, < needs (ES, October 6, 1974). In the COCEI > Critico 1977; Martinez Lopez 1985). Duringthe and 1983, COCEI i 1983, 87-92). COCEI opposed the ; of COCEI for no • <

1 COCEI in office. According to Howard Camr S

"

b y i

' (Campbell 1990, 350).

'tth

ti

alltt

]

I] in i

163

. 1984,: de la Cruz, Victor. 1984.' el Istmo." Guchachi' Reza 21:18-24. 1993. "Social. I x" In, .H.Campbell et al. 1

i." In The Making of Social Movement5 in 1 1992b, "Culture, Practice, and Politics: Anthropology and the Study of Social s." Critique of Anthropology 12 (4);395-432, 1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third 1

164

Chapter Seven Indigenous Movements as a Challenge to the Unified Social Movement Paradigm for Guatemala KAY B. WARREN

political work for this oliapse o f ; i of the world subject focused primarily

i for wider! , this is a post-Marxist project The dratiaustion of its appeal in s the limits of ideologies that construct a pothe politics of class conflict or on •

165

176

KayB.'

184

KayB,

Indigenous Movements in Guatemala

187

Indigenous Movements in Guatemala

189

KayB, Warren

190

21. For Ma; lock 1985. On 22. For ren 1993.

, D.' • 1992; t

1992, 1993; CECMA 1992; CEM-G 1994; Keej Maya' Ajtz'ilb' 1993; ai 1990. 24. See Sam Colop 1991 25. See Ajquijay On and Rodriguez 1992 and DAvila 1992, among man 26. See COCADI 1992a, 1992b and CECMA 1994. 27. See CECMA 1994; COMG 1991; and Cojtl Cuxil 1991,1994,1996. , NORAD, FAFO, and APN; . as UNESCO and

USAID,

See Cojti Cuxil 1996 on in the na-

Indigenous Movements in Guatemala

193

194

KayB, Warren

Indigenous Movements in Guatemala

195

Chapter Eight The Process of Black Community

Organizing in the Southern Pacific Coast Region of Colombia

LIBIA GRUESO, C A R L O S ROSERO, AND ARTURO ESCOBAR

196

Chapter Nine Black Movements and the aPolitics of Identity™ in Brazil OLIVIA MARIA GOMES DA CUNHA

under the rubric of the "black j a tributary of that movemer own ideology and projects. The group's founders came to within the recreational and activist circles of Rio de Janeiro's 1 nongovernmental organizations jNGOs). The principal objective of this chapter 2

' of the black population. I will argue that, to their different contexts, intel^ scholarly activities in race and race relations in Brazil, served as crucial

220

229

I to the! political discussions privileged by black activists that •of] I of the 1970s i .The proximity of the black J litical parties was very close and intense. In i need to develop practices that would result in the creation of "counter-hegelar culture. The move reified "pure" black cultural practices as opposed tothose

237 In the following section I will describe the experience of Grupo Cultural Afro Reggae in Rio de Janeiro with regard to these issues. I will try to explain how these movements become delinked from specific places (Gray 1993; Clifford 1988; Hall

239

244

Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha

; that both the "official „ i the corporal' * perof the: 'or"black" infs. If the former privileged the superiority of objectivity ,if they did not agree, qualified the value of objectivity : it was mediated by a kind of "guilt* ticity." The weight of always being "native," more or less "black," "whitened," "conThey were always present, although not alwlys explicitly, in the • raents of debate about "race" and racism, and many times their presence resulted Oliveira (1977) believed that a double insertion conferred'legitimacy and power : the object/subject, Beatrix Nascimento (1976) questioned whether it was • to take a critical stance on this position. Gonzalez (1980) positioned from a more esscntialist vision and argued for a "black point of view." r

246

Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha

248

Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha

249

i C&ar. 1989, capes do ISER 8 (33):36-42.

ANPOCS.

250

Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha

251

Chapter Ten Beyond the Domestic and the Public: Participation in Urban Movements in Mexico City

Colonas

MIGUEL D l A Z - B A R R I G A

260 . be an aspect c In this sense, Dona Jovita's testimony centers on, to use Carolyn Moser's phrase, the "practical needs" to maintain the household. Indeed, participation in land the lack of basic services such as water, electricity, , Dona Jovita, however, simultaneously identifies "strategic needs" ;

icized her for engaging^ politics. Sh/is criticafof her husband and of J e n in I o n of the childrenland the procurement of a home and land (MRP n.d., 31). In Campamento 2 de Octubre, as in Lomas de Padierna and Ajusco, there were » the : 1 the police. Pilar, in 1 tory of participation in the UM in Campamento 2 de Octubre, • provided basic services for the community, such as a school In I n e case, a

; one change we said, "let's do

They [the police] had changes oft

ger had a guard station and we had a is here so 1

[the j

this 1992,253) ds the

itoa

with or co-opted by the state. In histories of UMs, activists often refer to the 1970s as the age of the caudillo. During this period, UMs were noted for their reformist lack of democratic structure. They were led by political powers were almost incontestable. In up the tendencies of UMs in the early 1970s, Javier Farrera Araujo and *o ended up becoming caudillos because of their lac^of political conco-opted by components of the state" (Farrera Araujo et al. 1982, 30). Activists in the southern part of Mexico City,

Colonas Movements in Mexico City

273

in Mexico City

275

18. The PSUM joined the PMT (Mexica Party). The PMS was part of the PDN part of the PRO (Party

In The Making of Social 1

, 1992. The Mating of Social!

• in Latin

276

17 (11):1799-1825. ). n.d."Dofta Jovita; un lexico City,

Chapter Eleven

Defrocking the Vatican: Feminism's Secular Project JEAN F R A N C O

278

281

287

INOicS 1. See the essay by Soaia E. Alvarez in this volume; see also Virginia Vargas Valente, "Disjing," Nueva Sociedad 141 (January-February 1996): 43-53. 2. "Draft Platform for Action" (Fourth Conference on Women, United Nations, New York, May 24,1995), The Reinvention ofNature (New York: Routledge, 1991), 130,

restricted by it" (6).

vereidad Catdlica del Pert, 1996), 105-143, 23. Delia Zamora, Pill de mujer(Lima: Fomento de la Vida, 1995). Delia Zamora is a 24. Proceso (Mexico City), October 2,1995, p. 32. (October 1995). 26. Valente, "Disputando." 27. Ibid., 141.

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Chapter Twelve Latin American Feminisms aGo GlobalTrends of the 1990s and Challenges for the New Millennium SON1A E. ALVAREZ

293

301

at the Mar del Plata NGO participating in a 1 "[had helped to] redeem my :

, to struggle for my rights, to make my < [ser dona de mim]," she had also seen "rich woi ! and violences lived by poor' en, and I thought to o matter how hard they tried to be they were far : t we in the [urban] periphery, from the:

312

the cost of this oout process . . . the : [in Beijing) . . . I don't think we ! been particularly controversial within the larger femi process exacerbated existing tensions between the "ongistm" and the "o el Movimiento de Mujeres" (Metaforura: World Summits and the Women's the implications of feminist participation in the UN j ^ ^ that "this "Summits' thing caught us very < lized; this has to do t the genesis of NGOs in Latin.

318

319

iofthe ; to Latin • 16-18,1994, Section 1C, p. 7. 27. Sifckmk 1995; Friedman 1995; Jelin 1996. 28. Naciones Unidas, Section 7, para, 124a, p. 33. 29. Ibid., para. 126, p. 34. 30. Nilza Iraci, "A Confertocia de Beijing e o Mito da 32 (September !995):9. 31. See Franco, in this 32. For farther ition of the

Latina y el Caribe. 1995-2001.

35. On the proliferation of NGOs in « 1994; Oliveira and Tandon 1995; MacDonald 1992. 36. Iind 1995,145; see also Lebon 1996; ] Vrohmann and Valdfe 1995; Alvarez 1995. 37. See Schild, to this volume; Barrig 1994,1995. 38. See esp. Tarrfe 1995; Lind 1995; Frohmann and Valdfe 1995; ] 39. The USAID-defined subregions were Mexico, Central,

Racial" Fimm 3, no.

322

324

, 1995. "O Oratradittirio e AmWguo Caminho a Beijing." Revista Bstudos Feminists 3 (1):180—191.

. 1995. "Una Mirada del Proceso Hacia Beijing." Revista Bstudos Feminisms 3 (1): 172-179.

Chapter Thirteen

Cybercultural Politics:

Political Activism at a Distance in a Transnational World GUSTAVO LINS RIBEIRO

325

337

341

play a. central role in users' evaluations. One environmentalist said that hours before a preparatory meeting of the UNCED in New York, he could retrieve vital official UN information at the last minute that gave him political leverage vis-^-vis of Brazil's Foreign Ministry. The use of the

351 The 1992 Rio 3(2). 91-99,

i A. De Souz Novo Mapa do Munch: him de Simla e [1931] 1956. "The Function of an , 45-64. 1991. The Global City: New York,

Uni-

Chapter Fourteen The Globalization of Culture and the New Civil Society GEORGE YUDICE

353

The New Civil Society r political leverage to 1 1 X 5

373

: PAN? Will the -

^ o extend their reach.? And does not. the effervescence of

at the same time making it possible for the state to steer clear of what was once ment that hasto date waged its most effective battles in the realm of publicity. To what degree does such activity depart from the; of publicity in. a capitalist societv? Of course, there is no : be wielded against itself. The production of a CD-ROM, an1 in July 1996, will allow interested parties to walk through the ] : to know the Indians and their plight. But will such a i on the <

society.

8

oncept points out the limits to action. Even if the PRI were to be

; be altered enough for true democratization to take place in Mexico? Can i ction in the terrain of civil:

374

George YMke

The New Civil Society

375

of Under-

The New Civil Society

377

378

George YMke

Chapter Fifteen

Spatialities

Rethinking the of Social Movements: Questions of Culture, and Politics in Global Times

(B)orders,

DAVID SLATER

393

398

David Slater

399

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Chapter Sixteen Toward a Culture of Participation and Citizenship: Challenges for a More Equitable World ELIZABETH JELIN

Chapter Seventeen Final Comments: Challenges to Cultural Studies in Latin America PAULO J. KRISCHKE

,397

421

Chapter Eighteen Third World or Planetary Conflicts? ALBERTO MELUCCI

,397

Chapter Nineteen Where To? What Next? MARY LOUISE PRATT

,397

About the Editors and Contributors

,397

440

About the Editors and Contributors

George Yudice is professor of American studies and Spanish and Portuguese at New York University, He is the author of the forthcoming We Are Not the World; Identity and Representation in an Age of Global Restructuring (Duke University Press); coeditor with Jean Franco and Juan Flores of On Edge: The Crisis of Contemporary Latin American Culture; and author of numerous essays on U.S. and Latin American culture and intellectual discourse. He is director of the Inter-American Cultural Studies Network.

Index

,310 ,56,99,119,150,180,313,412

! of social ; (APSAs), 22-23 ,16-17

ACTION, ( List, 347(nl5)

Africa, 221,224,231,247(n20), 387, 398(n5) ? Noticms, 237-238,241-242

.Louis, 35,43 ,143,158,272,390,415,420 s of, 418-419

Argentina, 58(nn 6,8), 96,281,285,299, 302,304 Ailed, }o$6,38

Aristotle, 430-431 ARN.; ,355 ,296-297 Art, 157,158,159,161,221,232,361 > Povo, 60(n29) (APC), 326, 337-339,348(nn 18,19) loritarianism, 10,12,17,19,49, 59(n24), 60(n28), 68,81,109,222, 285,364,408 ,412 ,333 social, 47-48,50,52,53,55,56 ,81,89(nl9) ,42,99,107,122,134,136, 151,154,158,159,161,184,202, 203,206,210,211,213,238,263, 272,297,367-368,387,393,395, 425 ,104

,397

442

6,8), 187,297,298,

,309,384,413(111),

Adminls ,s, 88(nl2) : in, 118,121 NGOs in, 307,339, 340 Party) (PT), 49,51,67,73,74, 88(nl4), 124,136,433 Party of the Brazilian Democratic : (PMDB), 127-128 ,234

443

,221,237,248(1132), 337, 247(nn 18,20} ,75-76,119,124

idel ,334,343,347(nl3) Change, 98,99,336,354,415,423.

,9,44,396,431 231 , 147,157 114(n39) 224,229,233 7, 10,58(nl0), 97,98, 119, 136, 151,166,197-198,209,216(iil4}, 244,279,284,287,296,326,327,333, 364,374(n3), 424,425,433

Social, (FOSIS), 22,

444

de la Mujer (PRODEMU),

110,lH{n5) itiago, 94,100,106,108 acional de la Mujer 101-102,104> 105> 106> 107,109,110,113(nn 27,28), 283,

,1-2,10,12,22,23,33,35,47, 48,49, 65,68, 74,78,99,105,107, 120-121,125,136,241,315,326,430

rw, 49-50,50-51,52,55, 71,79-80, 85, 121-124,126, 135,150,155, 418—419 id political culture, 118 , 94, 95,109,111(114), 127 ,81-86

,13,206 Civil society, 1,16-18,39,40-41,42,44,52, 53,55-56,71,72,85,86,119,287, 342,363,364,372,373,409 caveats concerning, 17-18 310,317,325,336 ,353-374 ,412 > issues, 12,35, 44,47,65,122,135, 143,145,155,161,180,184,187,227, 327,355,357,385,386,396,426 .36,42 179

•8,111

, 141, 151, 196-214,243,387,: i in, 283 .(ANCN), 201-202, 215(n7) AT 55 in, 199,200,201,215(nn 6,8) Choc6 1 214(n4) ; (DNP), 217(n25) ,196,197-201,207

445 (CNCN),

ciousness raising, 220,222,223,224, 227,228,231,232,237,238,241,244,

i in, 204,209 Ley 70 in, 197,200-201,203-204,2 207,209, 21 l,215(nn 7, 9) Liberal Party, 200,201,215(n8)

(PCN), 200,203,204, 211,212,213,215{n7), 217(n25) ciocultural regi.

,326,327, 328-332,337,342,344,346(nn 6, 7),

: (Cairo), 281-282 Conflict, 43,52,66,72,73,74,75-76,79, 85,120,161,210,217(n22), 233,254, 258,261,295,327,; 393,396,408,423,425, <

,223,226,232,256,265,266, ,270,304,305,313

97,111(112) 173,256,265,269 51,81,87(nn 4,5), 89(nl9), j 123,127,128,130-131,134 city councils, 132-133

,2,5-10,18,43,50,52, 213,415,416 ,197 ,381 ,2,3,4-5,35,43,175,353 354-357,359,396,415-420 ,417-418 , (Garcia Canclini), 360

446

, 112(nl6), 188,226,245,;

ng, 80,81,83,212, 305,313, 314,366,426 Degler, Carl, 246(nl0) de la Cruz, 1

,10,11,12,14,34,39,40,44, 45,69,84,119,143,165,186,297, 331,357,388,394,413,422,426, > of, 353-374 ,43,178 ,213,214 ,361-364 ,33,34,35,36,37,38,40,42, 43,44,45,46,48,50,57,84,178, 221-237,359 jpular culture, 3,35,43-44,175,228, 229,237,328,331,360,361,427

ICOCEI, 149-151,1

149,296 ,80-81

,2,7,13,17,19,33, 45-57,96,142,286,317,336,342, 364,366,373,381,382,387,405,409, 412,417,419,420,422,426 imposition of, 391-392 institutional issues concerning, 56-57, 69,81,85,120,126,418,433,434 ,223,225-226,227,230, 52-56,

,327,346(nn5,9) tion of, 347(nl 1)

Daily life, 44,59(n24), 66,70,95,96,98,99, 142,143,144,145,147,154,157,158, 160,161,180,200,202,222,254, 261-264,274(n9), 287,296,360,413, 110

381,:

184,188,297,361,362,

Thirty

,2,74,94,104,124, 143,173, 176,181,197, i 210,211,212-213,214,2 306,313,315 al/cognitive, 417,418,419 , 181,182,209

447

political, 417 Dialectics of Sex, '. , Larry, 11-12,19 ,273,312,333,416,431 ,45,48,50,86,142,160,179, 183,206,207,209,224,226,227,230, 236,240,241,245,278,358,387,390, 393,419,423,430,431 214(n4) J J,24(rt3), 109, 245,397,417-418

,304,307 , 135,169,170,172,173-174, 178,181-182,186,188,225,353,368 .Seel

231, T.S.,374(nl) , 9,12,19,49,146,148,180,185,205, 208,223,287,301,314,329,334,342, 357,360,374(n2), 408,426 327 171 144,145,162(n6)

, 22,24(n3), 40,41, 59(nl5), 97,373,384,389

EZLN, See

60(n29), 70,221,257,357.

19-20,316

,7,8,15,16,93,95,99-111,157, 187,254,293-317,382,407,410,434 t of, 297,299,316,317 i in, 100,295,311,312,316,410 ,312 it

305 Fry, Peter, 225

19,313,314 ligation of, 312-313, 315

7,8,279,281,287,354

314,315,316 in 1990s 304—306 s

iin, 298-302,316,317(n4)

, M. P., 382 GCAR, See

143,360,361 ,:

171 12,47,65,67,70,71,143,155, 157-158,207,227,278,288(n6), 315,

311,314,317 (FWCW), 293,294,304, 309, 311. See c

,1,21,23,72,78,79,197, 212,284,325,342,380,381,393,394, 397,397(nl), 398(n5), 423 ,415

19,40,69,417,418 167 Hall, Stuart, 4,24(n3), 206,231,245,416 247{nl3) 279 Harris, David, 416,417-418,420(nl) Harvey, N„ 393 101,110,122,123,131,135,

12,47-48,53,66,85,143,179, 183,241,297,331 Daniel, 274(n9) 331 issues, 173-174,178,191(nn 38, 43), 205,206,210,270,366,384, 397(nl),407,424 171 : in, 167-169,175, 183,184,185,186,187,191(n43) (1994), 191 (n39)

70,71,76,121,124,125,182,:

Ide

,13,64,68,70,71,: ,316,353,3! ,155 ,53,85

,397

5-6,66,97,98,99,110,175,176, 180,183,196,197,202,212,232,253, 261,264,368,369,370,374(n2), 385, 387,395,407,413 241,243 incyb 347(nll)

, 152,153,169,171-173,177, 179,183,222,225,248(n25), 358, 359,373-374,424,432,433 ack, 226-227,228,244

,19,20,37,41,42,52,69,81,1 120,133,178,210,426 ..ethnic, 212 ,74,75,76

i of identity, 230,231,244,245 , 35,36,43, 57(n2), 147, 148,149, 183,253,253,273,326,355

, 141-142

uple, 86(n2), 146,

net, 326,327,1 11), 356,357,365,372,374,393 sues, 385-389,397,423,431 .363, 375(n4) > de, 58(nl4), 59(nl9)

, 363, 375(n4) , 134,150,156,179,181,237, 306,313,314,326,328,329,330,331, 332,336,340,341,342,343,345,423, Keck, (IGC), 337,338,343,348(nl7) stitutional engineering, 119 ,327 i levels, 327-328.342,346(n3)

82-83 55,67,70,71,74, 77-86, 127,221,234,:

451

3), 112(nl3), 165, 69,72-73,81,107,410. in ,4,146,150,155,158,159,160, 166,169,173,174,175,178,183,184, 186-187,230,233,239,278,328, 330-331,355,368,370,393 -in English, 341-342 ,9 ,6,8,9,11,14,19,176,: 285,405,422 vilian governments in, 99 Internet in, 331 Left in, 33,35,36,41,44,45,49, 112(n8), 141,150,189(n3),353,355,

)

Studies A* dark)

143,144,147,148,149,150-151, 152,153,154,157,160,161,168,171, 172,173,174,175,184,207,233,

371,372, ,1,45,49,71,72,78,82,94,96, 105,107,110,123,156,176,196,212, 224,234,285,304,358,362,363,364, 398(nl2), 413 ,231 , 175,185,187 i,217(n22) , 33,34, 35,36,37,38,112(nl3), 146,147,216(nl4),281,387 ,417-418

Letter to Women (John Paul II), 282 L6vy, Pierre, 344 , 178 ,9,10,13,50,78,80,84,121 ,98,113(n 19)

,7,14,24(n3), 43,47,66, 71, 76,98,99,112(nl6), 120,143,154, 160,210,223, 253,254,306,311,315, 355,384,413,415,424,425,435

ia, 122,124,126,174,176,178,179, 180,189(n 17), 202,228,234,278, 284,286,297,313,345,355,356,357, 359-360,362,364,365,366,372,374, 375(n6) •int media, 176,328 (PSUM), 271,272,274(nl5), 275(n) ,167,198,199,231 ,273(n2), 418 , 58(ll6), 96,141-161,171,252-273, 284 xirtion in, 283 ont (FAO), 367

(FZT.N), 344,348(n24). 365,394 lexico City, 252-273 >5, 256,261,262,268

398(nl3), 399(nl7) r, 147,148,274(nl7) 111,393,399(1116) 1 (E7.I.N), 344, 365,367,371, 372,392,394, 399(nl6),408 ections in, 148,149,150,153,272, 274(nl5), 275(n) 393 ustitutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), 145,147,149,151,155,159,; 267,274(nn 5,15), 360,364,365,367, 372,373

254,255,256,261 Tont (FPI), 255, ,271,272,274(nl7)

,49,53,55,56,111,146,148, 180,181,182,183,285,329,356,357, 427 , 149,157 ,10,68,98,122,127,166, 220,221,222,223,229,235,405,408 l to, 124, 125, 126

, 145,146,153,154,156,176, 197,209,214(n4), 220,223,224,225, 231,245,247(nl4), 344,372,427 ,9,24(n5), 65,71,78,81,84,98, 99,112(n8), 119,142,143,197,198, ,213,235,329,361 , 64,65,70,71,94,96-99, 135,136,283,285,286,35 372,375(114)

, 107

, 176. See c ,284 ,24(11113, 5), 112(nn 13, ,171,187,358,364,386 -370,372

I 25(B)

,221,234,246(n4), 357,360 ,231,235,236,237

tiom(NGOs), al i 17,22,49,70,71,94,99,101,103, 104,110,112(08), 128,170,235,241, 242,287,325,326,353,358,363,364, 373,375(nn 5,7) 412 181,182,184 104, 105,4I4(n) 1,335-339,347(n 14)

244,247(nl5) 354

>2,209,210,211,212 211,212,213,214,217(n23), 427

. See Needs ,110,254,257-261, 265,267,271,274(n5), 353 practical/strategic, 257-258,260

,131,; 310,312-313,315 (NAFTA), 362,365,366,373, 375(n6), 392 Nun, Josl, 35,44,94

228, 238,243, 244,246(nl0) ,65,66,70,73,74,75,76,77, 79,80,81-82,83,85,87(n3), 89(nl9), OP. See Budget processes 125,146,153,160,201,; Ortner, S. B„ 383,396 124-125,126, , 1,14,17,21-23,45,49, 60(n35)> 71 j 93^94 95> 96~99j 104> 105,123,182,184,201,279,284,285, 287,304,305,353,357,366,372,391, 397,405,426 ,367,394 5

i of, 183-184 > of, 174-177,216(nl5) ; in,170-171 , 184,185,187 . 174, i90(n28)

454 alitics, 71, 85,120,417 birth of modern, 83

337 i. the political, 386-389,391,398(n7) ,18-21 , 10-14,45,47,51,57, 66,71,72,73,77,80,109,135 atist view of, 36,39

(COP), 129,131-132,134,135 ; labor Party (POT), 127

124-134,136 : in, 128,133,136 sin, 121-122 ,171,236,329,336 ,2,4,24(n3), 417,419 sub| cots j 41-42,45, 57) 66) 67> 75j Poverty, 21,47,48,53,64,71,102,123,126, 122,326,335,336,345,359 184,284,285,3 362> 4G7» 408,426, 427 de Hoy (Cojti Cuxil), 170 dco, 399(nl7) 220,223,234,235 : of, 178

455 6,7,8,11,18,36,37,42,43,65,69, 81,83,85,120,135,160,183,333, 381,390,397

ism, 22,70,71,169,172,175,180, 182,184,185,186,188,222,; 239,240,301,408

49,52,70,123,129,184,186,336, 372,387. See at 172,175

81,84,314,344 114(n30) ices, 86,121-122,123, 128,131,257,261,263,353 18-21,51,65,76,77,78,79, 81,286,361,362,366,373,387-388, 407,413,417,418,420

of Latin i NGOs,294 s> 390,392,393,394,395 76,81,82,97,122,136 160,172,173,224,227,229,233, , 284,344,384 10,41, lll(n5), 153,168,179, s, 104,110,181,

265,270 l 19,133 ,9,10,18,75,121,135, 333,; t

72,73,74,75 344 ace, 2,12,47,67,205,220,224,278,370 vs. class, 178 classification of, 227,246(nl0) racial exceptionalism, 247(nl3)

,5,10,12,20,47,49,50,51,52, 64-65,66,69, 70,75, 86,96,107,110, 111,124,136, 150, 166, 173,174,186, 298,316,408,417,422,426,427 ,51,300,412 institutic

i of, 83, 119 9,261-262

456 281,284,410, See also ,210-211,213

,123 ,77-78,81,83,84-85, 88(nl5), 122, 123,285,353 .See also Civil i , 155,161,183 liana de, 58(nl4), 59(nl9) ,R.,397(nl)

lange/transformation, 2,6,10,17, 21,35,37,39,42,299,356,373, 375(n8), 412-413. See also Change;

,361,392 ,221,222-223,224,237,

10,58(1113), 112(nl3), 147,165, 1-23,34-35,41,53,55, 57,64,66,75,84,85,96-99,135-136, 141,160,162(n5), 178,197,244,270,

; of, 14-16,20,46-47,68, ,103-110,119,211. See also

sin

;w, 6,316,380,385,397(n2). 405, 410-411,424-425,431,435

457 of, 326,332,336,362,382, ,272,410 i of, 380-397 id the state, 51,120,410,413 udies of, 13-14,385,396,416,417, 419,431-432,434 iccess of, 16

357,372,387,

: of (1968), 255,271,361 ,19-20,316,419 , 5,37,44,50,59(n24), 109, 110,167,212,213, i 396 113(n21)

,327,363 jian,346(n9) ,1,36,51,52,55,65,83,113(1118), 122,123,124-125,133,222,266,305, 306,334,373,389,395,397(n4), 413, 415

, 39,40,41,44,75,241 ' of, 10,94,96-97,97-98,409,

,412 ,18, 38,41,57,70,72, 73,75,76,77,81,82,85,93,94, 96-99,lll,112(n8), 120,286,361, 383-384,388,416,417 5 of, 167 :on, 258,4I3(nl) .in, 306,312 L neighborhood associations, 126 t MGOs, 307

,362,364,374 s, Vera da Si!va,48,60(n34) tonality, 211-212,214,381,387,391, 395,397(nn 3,4), See also Rights,

i, 21,244,325,326-332, 335,342,358,359,362,370,373,381 327-328 ansnational brokering, 375(n7)

Urban (popular) movements (UMs), 48, 53,56,60(n29), 118-121,124,126, 127,136,222,252-273,413(nl) > City, 255-257 iof, 119-120,128,270-271 Seed: URNG. See ( 1 de

UAMPA. See UCP. See Mexico City, UMs, See Urban (popular) ]

UNJ

UNCED. ^ ,71,79,88(nl4), 284,362, 363,375(n4) Ungovernability, 363,364 UNICEF. ^

i (UN), 175,182,287,294, 303,308,311,340,341,342 d (UNICEF), 170 (UNCED), 281,337, 347(nl4),< ; in 1990s, 319(n40), 409-410 (UNIFEM), 299,309 285,331-332,343,354,355, 361,367, 396 (U.SAID), 174,308,310,314, 320(1149) Left in, 175 ,8,9,383 ,70,99,104,182,221,287

,10,22,53,64,65,67,70,71,84, 85,125,142,143,144,154,186,222, 259,286,345,357,390,427,428 102,158,161,410 145,146 300,302,303 Virtuality, 330,346(nn 6,7). See i

459 , 105,106,107,108, 110, H4(n31), 131,252-273,296,301

65,69, 11 l(n4), 113(n 19), 3,355 ,344-345 ,16,22,48,77,84,221,235, 433 ,301 ,267 id COCEI, 143,144,155,156, 157-158,159,160,162(nl5) ite, 287,301,314 ,168,182 ,107,108,283 in Mexico City, 252-273,409

99,105,113(n21), 284,285, 287,340,342,348(n23), 362 174 .159,183,231,232,235,237, 241,283,356,357 361 364-372,373-374,391, 392-394. See al. , S., 393

177,190(n34)