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B Thieme
About the Author Joerg Kastner, M.D., L.Ac., was born in 1963 in Germany. He practices naturopathy, homeopathy, sports medicine, pain therapy, acupuncture, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and nutritional therapy in a joint practice in Weßling, near Munich, Germany. He provides naturopathic care for professional athletes, including the German Bundesliga soccer team Schalke 04. Dr. Kastner studied medicine in Münster and Bochum and received further training in internal medicine, sports medicine, and naturopathy. He studied acupuncture and TCM at several renowned national and international institutes, including the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Guangxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Lately he has been appointed as guest lecturer to Guangxi College. Dr. Kastner is head of acupuncture education at the Academy for Continuing Medical Education (Akademie für Ärztliche Fortbildung) of the State Medical Board of Registration, Westfalen-Lippe, Germany. He is also the founder and medical director of the Academy for Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Academie für Akupunktur und TCM, or afat, in Bavaria). He frequently gives talks and teaches seminars with the goal of familiarizing physicians and practitioners with the concepts of TCM and broadening its application in Western medicine.
For Luisa and Max
Chinese Nutrition Therapy Dietetics in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Joerg Kastner, M.D., L.Ac. Private Practice Wessling, Germany
Thieme Stuttgart · New York
IV
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kastner, Jörg, 1963[Propädeutik der chinesischen Diätetik. English] Chinese nutrition therapy : dietetics in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) / Jörg Kastner. p. ; cm “An authorized and revised translation of the 2nd German edition revised and copyrighted 2003 by Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany”—t.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–58890–107–6 (alk. paper) — ISBN 3–13–130961–X (alk. paper) 1. Dietetics. 2. Medicine, Chinese, 3. Diet therapy, 4. Nutrition. [DNLM: 1. Nutrition Therapy—methods. 2. Diet. 3. Medicine, Chinese Traditional. WB 400 K192p 2004] I. Title RM217.K3313 2004 613.2—dc22 2004009720 This book is an authorized and revised translation of the 2nd German edition published and copyrighted 2003 by Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. Title of the German edition: Propädeutik der Chinesischen Diätetik
Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book. Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed.
Original translator: Anika Moje, Portland OR, USA Translator/editor: Johanna Cummings-Pertl, Ukiah CA, USA
Joerg Kastner, M.D., L.Ac. www.afat.de
[email protected]
© 2004 Georg Thieme Verlag, Rüdigerstrasse 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany http://www.thieme.de Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001 USA http://www.thieme.com Typesetting by Fotosatz Sauter GmbH, Donzdorf Printed in Germany by Druckhaus Götz, Ludwigsburg
ISBN 3–13–130961–X (GTV) ISBN 1–58890–107–6 (TNY)
1 2 3 4 5
Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain. This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher’s consent, is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage.
V
Contents About this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XI
1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
A Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics . . .
3
Yin and Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Therapeutic Principles of TCM. . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Yin And Yang are Opposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dampness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryness (Zao) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 16 16 16
Internal Factors, “The Five Minds (Emotions)” (Wu Shi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
7
Traditional Chinese Nutrition Theory . . . . . .
17
Yin And Yang are Divisible but Inseparable (Yin Yang Ke Fen Er Bu Ke Li). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Yin And Yang are Rooted in Each Other (Yin Yang Hu Gen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
The Qi Energy Concept of TCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congenital Constitution Essence (Jing) . . . . Gu Qi (Drum Qi, or Food Qi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ancestral (Air) Qi (Zong Qi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17 17 18 18
Yin And Yang Counterbalance Each Other (Yin Yang Zhi Yue) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Function of the Triple Burner (San Jiao) . . . .
20
7
Yin And Yang Mutually Transform Each Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
The Five Phases (Wu Xing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
The Five Basic Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Life Force—Qi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 10 10
Congenital Essence—Jing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B Methodology of Nutritional Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Energetics of Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Energetic Thermal Nature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Hot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Warm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
11 11 11
Neutral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Cool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Blood—Xue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 12 12
“Yang Foods” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qi Vacuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yang Vacuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24 24 24
Spirit—Shen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 13 13
“Yin Foods” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yin Vacuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yang Repletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24 24 24
Body Fluids—Jin Ye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 13 13
The Five Flavors (Wu Wei) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Sweet Flavor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Acrid Flavor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Salty Flavor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Causes of Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
External Bioclimatic Factors or Impediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 15
Sour Flavor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Bitter Flavor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
VI
Contents
Flavor Association with Organ Networks . .
29
Frying and Roasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example: Carrot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Steaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Grilling/Broiling/Barbecue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Boiling/Simmering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Qi Movement Caused by Food: Food Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upbearing Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Floating Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downbearing Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Falling Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30 30 30 30 30
Influencing the Thermal Nature of Foods . .
32
Cooking with Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Boiling with Plentiful Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Cooking with Cooling Ingredients (e.g., Fruit, Sprouts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
31
Slow, Gentle Frying (Braising) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Cooling Cooking Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Salting (Pickling in Brine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Warming Cooking Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Cooking Methods in Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Seasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Baking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Blanching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Meal Preparation in Tune with the Five Phases (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) .
35
2 Chinese Dietetics in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Basic Recommendations of Chinese Dietetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nutrition and Seasonal Rhythms . . . . . . . . .
45
39
Spring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
The Path to Healthy Eating Habits . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Summer (Hot Season) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Inner Attitude and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . Eating with Enjoyment and in a Relaxed Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Autumn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
39
Winter (Cold Season). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
General Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooking Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Food Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flavor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energetic Thermal Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39 39 40 40 40 40
Nutrition and Pathogenic Factors . . . . . . . . .
47
Cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Special Significance of the Earth Phase . . . .
42
“Strengthening the Inner Center”. . . . . . . . . . . .
42
Nutrition and Daily Rhythms . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Breakfast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Dampness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47 47
External Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wind–Cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wind–Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47 48 48
Internal Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
44
Nutrition and the Human Life Cycle . . . . . . .
49
Lunch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Children and Young People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
Evening Meal/Dinner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Midlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
Older People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
Contents
3 Practical Application of Chinese Dietetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A General Applications of Chinese Dietetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
¢ Stomach Qi Vacuity (Wei Qi Xu) . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Stomach Yin Vacuity (Wei Yin Xu) . . . . . . . . .
VII 51 73 74
¢ Stomach Qi Vacuity with Cold
Practical Guidelines for Giving Nutritional Advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Wei Qi Xu Han). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
53
¢ Food Stagnating in the Stomach
The Role of Chinese Nutrition in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
¢ Stomach Fire (Wei Re) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76 76
General Indications for Chinese Dietetics . . . .
53
Organ Network: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Don’t Worry about Dogmatism . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tips for Giving Nutritional Advice . . . . . . . .
54 54
Bowel (Zang Organ): Lung (Fei), LU . . . . . . . . . .
78
General Nutritional Recommendations (for sharing with patients) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
Viscera (Fu Organ): Large Intestine (Da Chang) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ General Qi Vacuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ General Yang Vacuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ General Yin Vacuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Yin Repletion (Excess) and Dampness . . . . . ¢ Yang Repletion (Excess) Conditions . . . . . . . ¢ Blood Vacuity (Xue Xu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Strengthening Defense Qi (Wei Qi) . . . . . . . . ¢ Supplementing Lung Qi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Dampness and Phlegm Conditions . . . . . . . .
56 57 58 58 59 59 60 62 64 64
Organ Network Lung–Large Intestine . . . . . . . .
78
Nutrition and Organ Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
Lung Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition. . . . . .
79 79
(Shi Zhi Wei Wan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Network: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Bowel (Zang Organ): Spleen/Pancreas (Pi), SP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Viscera (Fu Organ): Stomach (Wei) ST. . . . . . . .
67
Tasks and Functions of Spleen/Pancreas and Stomach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Governance of Body Fluids and Liquids . . . Production and Retention of Blood . . . . . . . Governance of Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . .
67 68 68 69
Special Diet for Spleen/ Pancreas–Stomach Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
Spleen Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition . . . . ¢ Spleen Qi Vacuity (Pi Qi Xu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Spleen Yang Vacuity (Pi Yang Xu) . . . . . . . . . .
69 69 69
Organ Network Spleen/ Pancreas–Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Causes of Stomach Dysfunction. . .
71 72
Stomach Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition . .
73
¢ Lung Qi Vacuity (Fei Qi Xu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Phlegm–Damp Obstructing the Lung
(Tan Shi Zu Fei) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Lung Yin Vacuity (Fei Yin Xu). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80 82
Organ Network: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
Bowel (Zang Organ): Kidney (Shen), KI . . . . . . .
83
Viscera (Fu Organ): Bladder (Pang Guang) . . . .
83
Organ Network Kidney–Bladder. . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
Kidney Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition. . . .
¢ Kidney Yin Vacuity (Shen Yin Xu) . . . . . . . . . .
84 85 85 86
Kidney Yin Vacuity (Shen Yin Xu), Heart Yin Vacuity (Xin Yin Xu), Noninteraction of the Heart and Kidney (Xin Shen Bu Jiao) . . . . . . . . .
88
¢ Kidney Qi Vacuity (Shen Qi Xu) . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Kidney Yang Vacuity (Shen Yang Xu) . . . . . . .
Organ Network: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
Bowel (Zang Organ): Liver (Gan), LR . . . . . . . . .
90
Viscera (Fu Organ): Gallbladder (Dan), GB. . . .
90
Organ Network Liver–Gallbladder . . . . . . . . . . .
90
Nutrition and Organ Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
Liver Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition. . . . . . ¢ Binding Depression of Liver Qi (Gan Qi Yu Jie). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Ascendant Liver Yang (Gan Yang Shang Kang) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Liver Fire Flaming Upward (Gan Huo Shang Yan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¢ Liver Yin Vacuity (Gan Yin Xu). . . . . . . . . . . . .
91 91 92 94 94
VIII
Contents
¢ Liver Blood Vacuity
(Gan Xue Xu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nutrition and Organ Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Organ Network: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
Bowel (Zang Organ): Heart (Xin), HT . . . . . . . . .
97
Viscera (Fu Organ): Small Intestine (Xiao Chang) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
Organ Network Heart–Small Intestine . . . . . . .
97
97
Heart Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition . . . . .
98 98 ¢ Heart Blood Vacuity (Xin Xue Xu). . . . . . . . . . 99 ¢ Heart Yin Vacuity (Xin Yin Xu) . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 ¢ Heart Fire Flaming Upward (Xin Huo Shang Yan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 ¢ Heart Yang Vacuity (Xin Yang Xu) . . . . . . . . .
4 Food Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Coriander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Bamboo Sprouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Ginger, Fresh or Dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Cabbage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Chinese Cabbage (Napa Cabbage) . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Mushrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Cucumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Pepper (Seasoning) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Eggplant (Aubergine). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Green Onions (Spring Onions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Seaweed (General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Leek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Soy Sauce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Sweeteners: Brown or Whole Cane Sugar . . . . 126
Lotus Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Sweeteners: Honey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Onion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Spinach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Sweeteners: Malt Sugar–Maltose–Malt Syrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Sweet Potato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Sweeteners: White Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Tomato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Vinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Grains and Soy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Buckwheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Apricot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Banana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Millet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Cherry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Grapefruit, Pomelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Rice (White and Brown) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Kiwi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Spelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Lemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Soybean, Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Soybean, Yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Peach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Pear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Pineapple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Spices, Herbs, Sweeteners, Condiments . . . 120 Chili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Cinnamon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Plum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Watermelon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Contents
IX
Meat and Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Dairy Products, Eggs, Oils and Fats . . . . . . . 149
Beef. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Butter and Cream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Beef Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Cow Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Cow Milk Cheese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Chicken Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Chicken Eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Duck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Goat and Sheep Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Lamb, Mutton, Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Goat and Sheep Milk Cheese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Pork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Peanut Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Rabbit/Hare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Sesame Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Venison (Deer). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Soybean Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Fish/Sea Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Yogurt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Anchovies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Nuts and Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Carp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Almonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Black Sesame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Chestnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Herring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Hazelnut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Peanut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Mussels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Pine Nuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Oysters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Sunflower Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Prawns/Crayfish/Lobster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Sardines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Squid, Octopus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Trout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Alcoholic Beverages, Coffee and Tea . . . . . . 159 Alcoholic Beverages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Coffee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Tea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5 Clinical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
163
Respiratory Tract Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Main Symptom: Epigastric Disorders . . . . . . . . 190
Main Symptom: Colds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Main Symptom: Nausea and Emesis (Vomiting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Bronchitis/Chronic Bronchitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Main Symptom: Cough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Main Symptom: Sore Throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Main Symptom: Frontal Sinusitis and Maxillary Sinusitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Main Symptom: Meteorism (Abdominal Distension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Main Symptom: Hiccough, Singult (Sighing, Sobbing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Bronchial Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
General Weakness, Lack of Energy, Low Blood Pressure . . . . . . . . . . 203
Main Symptom: Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Main Symptom: Constipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Main Symptom: Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
X
Contents
Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Main Symptom: Cystitis (Urinary Tract Infections/Inflammation) . . . . . 214
Skin Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Incontinence, Enuresis (Bedwetting), Frequent Micturition (Urination) . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Neurodermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Impotence, Weak Libido . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Eye Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Acne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Urogenital Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Gynecological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Morning Sickness During Pregnancy . . . . . . . . 218
6 Chinese Dietetics At a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
221
Foods Classified by Phase/ Organ Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Phase: Wood Organ Network: Liver–Gallbladder . . . . . . . . . . 233
Phase: Earth Organ Network: Spleen/Pancreas, Stomach . . 223
Phase: Fire Organ Network: Heart–Small Intestine . . . . . . 236
Phase: Metal Organ Network: Lung–Large Intestine . . . . . . . 228
Foods from A to Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Phase: Water Organ Network: Kidney–Bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
251
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
256
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
257
XI
“Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food.” Hippocrates, ca. 460–ca. 370 BC
About this Book The concepts of Chinese nutrition, or the effects of food on our health, have a 3000-year tradition in China. Records dating back as far as the third century BC state that there was little difference between the application of foods and that of medicine. Recipes for foods were often similar to those for medicines. A quote by a famous fourteenth-century physician describes the role of Chinese nutrition within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): “Doctors first have to find the cause for an illness and determine which disharmony prevails. To balance this disharmony, the first and foremost measure is appropriate diet. It is not until this measure bears no results that one should use medicines.” Chinese nutritional therapy is closely related to acupuncture and medicinal plant medicine and follows the same diagnostic principles. It focuses on the qualitative effects of foods on the body. The term “qi,” which has many meanings in Chinese, including life force or life energy, is of vital significance in this context. Health is an expression of balanced qi; disease occurs when qi is unbalanced. The body extracts and absorbs qi from food. Foods, therefore, are mild therapeutic agents that help the body stay balanced, or bring it back into balance. Food classification follows the same criteria used for Chinese medicinal herbs: thermal nature, flavor, organ network, and direction of energy flow. Chinese culture reflects an awareness of the healing qualities of food as a kind of folk wisdom, even today. Food and health are favorite topics of conversation. “Did you eat well today?” replaces “Hello” as a popular greeting. What we regard as complicated is practiced on a daily basis in China,
for example, the simple balancing of hot and cold: Cold weather is balanced by eating foods that have a warming effect on the body, such as ginger tea, garlic, fennel, oats, lamb, salmon, etc. Hot weather is balanced by eating cooling foods such as raw fruit and vegetables, salads or, barley. This knowledge of the healing qualities of food was practiced and treasured in our own culture until recently, but has gotten lost in the trend toward “fast food.” Similar connections between food and medicine have been made since antiquity. Hippocrates recommended “Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food.” Hildegard von Bingen, the eleventh-century German visionary naturalist and healer, used foods for healing by devising energetic classifications that are surprisingly similar to Chinese food classifications. Even the original meaning of the word “dietetics,” drawn from the Greek “diaita”—“life care” or “art of living”—shows the comprehensive meaning of diet as supporting life. Western nutritional therapy, a relatively young science, applies primarily quantitative criteria to food. It classifies food by nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, trace elements, and minerals. For diabetes, for example, it prescribes a quantitative diet that measures the glycemic index of foods. However, there is increasing interest in the qualitative aspects of foods in the Western world, in part due to the rapid increase of food-related illnesses and the observation that people can react very differently and very strongly to the same food. Like acupuncture and medicinal plant therapy, Chinese nutritional therapy can offer valuable perspectives in this context.
XII
About this book
Current Western scientific methods are not yet able to offer plausible explanations for the concept of energetics in Chinese nutrition. This difficulty in dealing with unfamiliar concepts starts with the term qi, which is viewed with intellectual skepticism in the West. Qi, however, can be experienced through the practice of qi gong (a healing art that combines movement and meditation). With this book, I would like to awaken the curiosity in my readers that has always been the spark
for moving forward and making progress. Chinese nutrition is a great—and delicious—method for taking a closer look at what we eat and for looking beyond what we know and are used to. It challenges us to practical experimentation, because only those who put theory into practice by cooking will profit—in body and soul! Have fun and enjoy your meal! Herrsching, Spring 2004
Joerg Kastner
Acknowledgements A heartfelt “thank you” to my parents, who gave me the freedom to walk uncommon paths, and to my teachers, who showed me the way. My gratitude also goes out to my patients, who time and time again have proven to me how consistent integration of Chinese nutrition into our daily diet helps overcome illness and creates health. I am also grateful to all the people who have attended my seminars, for their willingness to be inspired by this initially rather unfamiliar body of thought and to practice its principles in their own life and with their patients. I especially thank my wife,
Ulrike, who has stood by me and supported me all the way and who demonstrates to me continually the culinary, sensual pleasures of Chinese nutrition. A big “thank you” also goes out to my editor Angelika-M. Findgott for providing such valuable guidance and showing so much editorial patience, and to Johanna Cummings-Pertl, for her meticulous editing of the English translation of this book, and for offering many suggestions for improvements. Together, they made the U.S. edition of this book even better than the German original.
XIII
Structure and Use of this Book The first chapter of this book, “Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics,” introduces Chinese nutrition theory using practical examples. Chapters 2 and 3 introduce Chinese dietetics in practice. Chapter 2 covers key dietary concepts such as healthy eating habits and eating in harmony with seasonal and constitutional factors. Chapter 3 outlines nutritional therapy for the most important pathological processes and provides an overview and orientation framework for symptoms and diagnosis. Chapter 4, “Food Classification,” is based on a variety of source texts and applies their concepts to the most common “Western” foods. Here you will find detailed information about the nature and use of foods and food groups in nutritional therapy. In case of contradictions between the authors regarding classification, I endeavored to classify foods according to my own clinical experience. The clinical examples in Chapter 5, “Analogy of Western Diagnoses with Syndromes in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM),” intend to establish a bridge to Chinese syndrome diagnosis. By their very nature, these offer abridged and incomplete introductions to a very large field of knowledge. They are designed to encourage Western practitioners to combine Western with Eastern thinking. Lay readers are advised that for disorders such as hypertension, asthma, Crohn disease, etc., any therapeutic measure should always be discussed
with the treating physician and should be harmonized with Western methods of treatment. My practice, however, has proven to me repeatedly that Chinese nutrition is an excellent complement to Western treatments and also offers outstanding synergies with other naturopathic therapies. In this book, I have consciously avoided the use of Chinese medicinal plants in recipes. While commonly used in China, Chinese herbal therapy requires many years of experience and a high level of education on the part of the practitioner, as well as reliable quality control of the preparations used. For the reader in a hurry, Chapter 6 provides charts of the most commonly used foods grouped by organ network. “Foods from A to Z” offers a quick guide to the key characteristics of the most common foods. The glossary in Chapter 7 provides definitions of the English terms most frequently used in this book and lists their Chinese translations. The terminology used in this book is based on “A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine” by Nigel Wiseman and Feng Ye (Paradigm Publications, 1998, 2nd edition). Thieme International, in choosing this dictionary as its standard, recognizes the monumental contributions that Nigel Wiseman and Feng Ye have made to the standardization of TCM terminology in the English-speaking world. For more information on terminology, see Chapter 7.
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1 Theory A Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
B Methodology of Nutritional Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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3
A
Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics
Yin and Yang The basic principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are rooted in the Taoist philosophy of yin and yang. These two polar opposites organize and explain the ongoing process of natural change and transformation in the universe. According to ancient lore, yang marks the sunny side and yin the shady side of a hill. In the theory of yin and yang, all things and phenomena of the cosmos contain these two complementary aspects. The traditional Taoist symbol for completeness and harmony is the merging monad of yin and yang.
Fig. 1.1 Monad
The standard of TCM, the Huang Di Nei Jing, “The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine,” dates as far back as 500–300 BC. This 18-volume classic work has two parts, Ling Shu and Su We. The Su Wen explains the theoretical foundations of TCM in the form of a dialogue between the legendary Yellow Emperor Huan Di and his personal physician Shi Po. The Ling Shu, the practical part of the Nei Jing, reports on therapies and their uses in TCM: acupuncture, moxibustion, nutritional therapy, and the use of medicinal herbs. TCM is rooted in the Taoist worldview employed by physicians and philosophers for centuries as a guide for viewing and interpreting natural phenomena. Tao means harmony–destination–way, the “all-inone,” the origin of the world. The teachings of Taoism are based on the work Tao te King (Tao te Ching), “The Book of the Way and of Virtue,” by the famous Chinese scholar Lao Tse (600 BC). Guided by the Taoist perspective, “natural scientists” took the findings of these observations of nature and applied them to humans. They regarded the human being as a natural being, a part of nature, subject to and dependent on nature’s processes. The main principle of Tao is represented by the two polarities yin and yang, which, according to Taoist belief, mirror all phenomena in the universe.
4
Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics
m
In Nature
Yin
Yang
Moon
m
In People
Yin
Yang
Sun
Woman
Man
Shadow/night
Light/day
Right
Left
Dark
Light
Receptive
Creative
Passive
Active
Stomach, front
Back, rear
Water
Fire
From waist down
From waist up
Down
Up
Body interior
Body surface
Structure
Function
Right
Left
Viscera (storage organs) zang (heart)
Bowels (hollow organs) fu (stomach)
Cold
Hot
Organ structure
Organ function
Plant-based foods
Animal-based foods
Blood, body fluids
Qi, life energy
Heaven
Earth
Bones/organs/ sinews
Skin/muscles/ body hair
Autumn, winter
Spring, summer
Viscera
Bowels
Relative stasis
Evident motion
Gu qi (drum qi)
Defense qi (wei qi)
Heavy
Light
Controlling vessel (ren mai)
Governing vessel (du mai)
Yin and Yang
m
In Diagnostics
Yin
Yang
Quiet voice
Loud voice
Talks little
Talks a lot
Pale face
Red face
Shivering, sensation of cold
Warm, sensation of heat
Likes warmth
Likes cold
Slow, reticent movements
Fast, strong movements
Passive, insidious onset of illness
Active, acute onset of illness
Chronic illness
Acute illness
Urine: clear, frequent
Urine: Dark, concentrated
Tongue: pale, white fur
Tongue: Red, yellow fur
Pulse: Slow, weak
Pulse: Rapid, replete
m
In Diagnostics and Therapy
Yin
Yang
Vacuity, interior, cold symptoms
Repletion, exterior, heat symptoms
Inadequate circulation
Blood repletion
Hypofunction (underfunction)
Hyperfunction (overfunction)
Flaccid muscles
Tense muscles
Depression disorders
States of agitation
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Dull pain
Sharp pain
Cool
Warm
Beta-blockers
Caffeine
Cool packs
Fango (hot packs)
Pulse: Slow, deep, rough, vacuous, fine
Pulse: Rapid, floating, slippery, replete, large, surging
m
In Chinese Nutrition
Yin
Yang
Tropical fruit
Meat
Dairy products
Acrid spices
Seaweed
Shrimp
Orange juice
Coffee
Peppermint tea
Fennel tea
Wheat
Oats
Soy sauce
Tabasco
Wheat beer
Anise schnapps
Steamed foods
Grilled foods
5
6
Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics
The Symbol for Qi
The Chinese symbol for qi is formed by two elements. One element means “air,” “breath,” “steam”; the other element means “rice,” “grains.” This character illustrates how something can be both immaterial and material, in accordance with the Taoist principle of yin and yang. The energy field between the poles of yin and yang gives rise to the universal primal force qi. According to ancient Chinese belief, vital—or life force—qi
(sheng qi) is the primary source of all living processes in the cosmos. The concept and meaning of qi is only partially translatable into Western languages. Hindus and Yogis use the term “prana” to reflect similar ideas about all-permeating life energy. The ancient Greek term “pneuma” describes a similar concept. Coursing vital qi, as an energetic unit, is an essential element in the various treatment modalities of TCM, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, dietetics, medicinal herb therapy, and qi gong. Imbalances of qi can take the form of vacuity or repletion. The term “vacuity” comes from the Chinese “xu” (vacuous, empty, lacking, weak). Its opposite is “repletion, ” which comes from the Chinese “shi. ” Vacuity and repletion can be present in varying degrees, from slight to complete (see “Glossary,” p. 251, for more details). Acupuncturists will use needles to modulate strength and speed of qi flowing in the channels and to disperse stagnation. Qi vacuity can be balanced with foods rich in qi, or by strengthening a weakened body with Chinese medicinal herbs.
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Therapeutic Principles of TCM Four basic aspects of interaction between yin and yang enable practitioners to gain insight into the main processes for development and treatment of diseases. This fundamental understanding of TCM is a requirement for sound diagnoses and effective therapy. The Four Basic Interactions of Yin and Yang 1 Yin and yang are opposites 2 Yin and yang are divisible but inseparable (yin yang ke fen er bu ke li) 3. Yin and yang are rooted in each other (yin yang hu gen) 4 Yin and yang counterbalance each other (yin yang zhi yue) 5 Yin and yang mutually transform each other All therapy principles in TCM intend to either retain or reestablish the balance of yin and yang. Complete balance of yin and yang means perfect health; imbalance or disharmony between the two poles signifies illness.
Yin And Yang are Divisible but Inseparable (Yin Yang Ke Fen Er Bu Ke Li) Yin And Yang are Rooted in Each Other (Yin Yang Hu Gen) The mutual dependency of yin and yang is essential to understanding yin and yang. Yang cannot exist without yin and vice versa. The Nei Jjing states: “Yin is the root of yang, and yang is the root of yin; no yin can be without yang, and no yang can be without yin.”
Yin And Yang are Opposites
Yin and yang are always interconnected, depend on each other, and conduct an ongoing exchange with each other. Neither of the polarities is ever static. Harmonious unity requires balancing both poles in relationship to each other. They exist in a dynamic, interwoven interplay, similar to the interchange of night and day. For example, activity–rest, above–below, energy–matter, man– woman.
Yin and yang describe the fundamental properties of two opposites inherent in every object or phenomena in the universe. These two opposites do not appear, however, to exist in an absolute or static state, for example, light–dark, slow–fast, heaven–earth.
Yin And Yang Counterbalance Each Other (Yin Yang Zhi Yue) As is their nature, yin and yang strive to retain a lasting dynamic balance. An imbalance in one of the two opposite poles invariably influences the other pole, which changes the relationship of the poles to each other. With yang surplus, yin gets reduced or consumed. For example, high fever (yang repletion) results in a weakening of the body (reduced yin) through intense sweating. There are four basic forms of imbalance, which according to TCM explain essential physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics
Yin repletion with relative yang vacuity g repletion condition Yang repletion with relative yin vacuity g repletion condition Yin vacuity with relative yang repletion g vacuity condition Yang vacuity with relative yin repletion g vacuity condition
Yin And Yang Mutually Transform Each Other Because yin and yang create each other, they are always supporting, repairing, and transforming into each other. For example, inhalation is followed by exhalation, and activity is followed by rest. Even in their seemingly most stable form, yin and yang are undergoing constant change. This process starts at a specific stage of development. It takes
quantitative changes and turns them into qualitative transformations. The Nei Jing states: “There has to be rest following extensive movement; extreme yang turns into yin.” One example is children at a party: The later it gets, the more excited and noisy they get—their yang condition is kept artificially high to suppress their desire for yin (sleep)—until it comes to a sudden breakdown, namely yang has turned into yin. Other examples are life–death, high fever–sudden drop in temperature (shock, blood centralization, cold extremities). The four basic TCM therapy strategies reflect these fundamental interactions between yin and yang: Supplementing yang Supplementing yin Draining yang repletion Draining yin repletion
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The Five Phases (Wu Xing) The theory of the five phases came into being in the 4th century BC. With its help, Tsu Yen (350–270 BC) and his students tried to demystify nature and create an intellectual, rational, self-contained theoretical system. A Western analogy to this model is the theories shaping Greek antiquity marked by Aristotle. The Taoist model of the five phases (or elements) is an extension of the concept of yin and yang developed earlier. It relates the entire spiritual, emotional, material, and energetic phenomena of the universe to five basic phases (earth, metal, water, wood, and fire). These five phases (or elements) represent natural phenomena that were applied to human beings by the Confucian school:
The Five Phases Earth
Fertility, ripening, harvest, inner core (center), stability (being grounded), sweet flavor
Metal
Reflection, change, death, acrid flavor
Water
Flow, clarity, cold, birth, salty flavor
Wood Fire
resulting disharmony can be viewed in terms of “rebellion” or “overwhelming.” The engendering and restraining cycles reflect harmonious courses of events, whereas the overwhelming cycle (xiang cheng) and the rebellion cycle (xiang wu) represent disharmonious events. The overwhelming cycle is an abnormal exaggeration of the restraining cycle, where one of the phases is weakened, causing the phase that under normal circumstances would restrain it to invade and weaken it further. The rebellion cycle is a reversal of the restraining relationship, where one of the five phases is disproportionately strong and rebels against the phase that should normally restrain it (Wiseman). For the TCM practitioner, the five phases, in association with their controlling cycles, provide an interesting tool for explaining tendencies and relationships of clinical processes and for finding the right treatment. The concept of five phases plays an important role in classifying foods and Chinese medicinal herbs.
Growth, bending, childhood, expansion, sour flavor Heat, flare-up, upbearing, bitter flavor
(Yang)
3
Fire (Yin)
1
g en Sh 2
Wood
Earth Ke
These phases do not exist in isolation from each other, but influence each other in a constant, dynamic interaction. With the engendering (or feeding) cycle (xiang sheng, “mother–child–rule”) the phases can nurture each other, for example, water “feeds” wood and makes it grow. Wood nourishes fire and turns into ashes (earth). The restraining cycle (xiang ke) keeps the phases in check when one of them grows too powerful. For example, fire controls metal, meaning it melts it. When the restraining cycle breaks down, the
Water
The Five Phases 1 = Engendering (sheng) cycle 2 = Restraining (ke) cycle 3 = Rebellion (wu) cycle
Metal
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The Five Basic Substances In TCM, the term “substance” is relative, as it does not contain any determination about matter or energy. This concept builds on an understanding of yin and yang based on qi, which can manifest in different ways, from a total absence of substance for example as spirit/consciousness (shen), to material forms, for example as body fluids (blood or other body fluids). The Five Basic Substances
Life force—qi Congenital essence—jing Blood—xue Spirit—shen Body fluids—jin ye
For the TCM practitioner, knowledge about and formation of the five basic substances is very important. They are the key parameters addressed by TCM therapy. Nutritional and herbal therapies are especially valuable for influencing the formation, regulation, and consumption of these basic substances. Attempting to compensate for a deficiency of these substances with acupuncture alone would be a time-consuming process and an ineffective, unsuccessful therapy concept. Effective therapy, for example in case of blood vacuity (symptom: insomnia), should supplement acupuncture treatment with dietary measures and, if needed, herbal therapy, to promote fast recovery of the patient (e.g., blood-building foods, such as chicken or beef). Continuous supplementation and regeneration of qi, blood, and body fluids is one of the most important tasks of Chinese dietetics.
Life Force—Qi
In TCM, the vital life force qi, source of all life processes in the universe, arises from the energy field between the polarities of yin and yang. The Four Basic Forms of Qi
Original qi (yuan qi) Gu qi (Wiseman: drum qi; synonym: food qi, grain qi) Ancestral qi (zong qi) True qi (zhen qi)
Function Qi has a variety of functions. Qi is the source of all movement in the cosmos. In a medical sense, qi is the basic substance of all functions and processes in the human body and the moving force for all life processes. Qi warms and protects the body (wei qi = defense) and is responsible for growth and development, and for mental and physical activities. Qi (zhen qi) flows through the channels of the body. Each organ has its own qi, which controls the organ’s function.
Dysfunction Qi Vacuity (Qi Xu) Symptoms General physical weakness, pale complexion, chronic fatigue, loss of appetite, mild sweating, lowered resistance, shortness of breath, quiet voice. Tongue: Swollen, pale Pulse: Weak
Nutritional Therapy w Strengthen qi with oats, nuts, seeds, warming types of meat and fish (beef, lamb, salmon, trout).
As stated earlier, the term qi is usually translated as “energy” or “life force,” but the meaning of the term in Chinese is much broader and encompasses aspects that are difficult to translate into Western languages.
The Five Basic Substances
Qi Stagnation (Qi Zhi) Obstruction of qi coursing in the bowels and viscera (zang fu), channels, or the entire body.
The Two Sources of Jing:
Symptoms Feeling of pressure, tightness, or oppression; strong, dull, pressing pain; pain in the area of the qi coursing disorder (e.g., qi blockage in channels), often pain increase with pressure, sometimes with varying intensity and localization of pain. For example, liver qi stagnation, tension headaches, rib-side pain. Tongue: Bluish coloring, prominent lingual veins Pulse: Tight
Nutritional Therapy w Disperse stagnation with acrid flavors: pepper, chili, high-proof alcohol, Chinese leeks (garlic chives), green onions, fennel, garlic, vinegar, coriander, chili.
Qi Counterflow (Qi Ni) Qi counterflow (a.k.a rebellious or reverse qi) is a pathological change of direction of normal qi flow.
Symptoms Nausea and vomiting, hiccoughs, cough, asthma.
Nutritional Therapy w Downbear qi with almonds, salt, celery, green tea.
Congenital Essence—Jing The Chinese character for essence means “seed,” The classic Su Wen states: “Jing is the origin of the body.” According to TCM, this extremely valuable substance forms the foundation for all physical and mental development. Jing is stored in the kidneys; it has no equivalent in Western medicine.
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Congenital (constitution) jing (prenatal, inherited jing) (xian tian zhi jing): Congenital jing is created at conception from parental jing (inherited energy, innate energy). It is irrevocably fixed and cannot be replaced or regenerated. This jing corresponds to inherited constitution in the Western view. Acquired constitution jing (hou tian zhi jing): This jing is created by the stomach and spleen after birth from extracted and clear elements of ingested foods and beverages. Acquired jing supplements congenital jing.
Function Practitioners of TCM view the amount of jing as determining one’s quality of life and life expectancy. Since jing, as already discussed, cannot be regenerated, it forms a sort of “inner energy clock” which determines our individual life span. Once this “inner energy clock” runs out, the person dies. Understandably, TCM puts great emphasis on the preservation and the careful treatment of jing. Chinese nutritional therapy, as well as many other areas of Asian philosophies, address this important aspect, for example in qi gong or tantra. The quality of jing is the foundation for prenatal development of the body. Postpartum, jing influences physical and mental growth and is responsible for the body’s reproductive strength.
Dysfunction Poor constitution, premature aging, deformities, sexual disorders such as sterility and infertility.
Nutritional Therapy w Protecting jing with a regular diet of healthy and highly nutritious foods and a balanced lifestyle. Supplementing jing through dietary measures is not possible.
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Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics
Blood—Xue Traditionally, blood is viewed as a dense and material form of qi. It develops from the essence of food fluids that are extracted by stomach and spleen. The kidneys also contribute to the formation of blood. New gu qi obtained from food is transformed via the lung and subsequently connected with ancestral qi (zong qi). It is then distributed to the entire body by the viscera (zang organ) heart. Blood and qi are closely connected. The Su Wen states:
Dysfunction Blood Vacuity (Xue Xu) Symptoms Dull, pale complexion; pale lips, anemia, fatigue, disturbed vision, memory problems, restlessness, insomnia, mental instability. Tongue: Pale, thin Pulse: Fine, rough
Nutritional Therapy w Strengthen blood with bass, eel, octopus (squid, cuttlefish), chicken, beef, liver, chicken egg.
“Qi rides on the blood” and further, “Blood is the mother of qi.” Another passage reads: “When blood and qi develop disharmony, a hundred illnesses can form.”
Function The most important purpose of blood is to nourish and moisten the body, especially the eyes, skin, hair, muscles, and sinews. Chinese medicine makes an important connection between the material aspect of blood and immaterial consciousness: “Blood forms the bed for shen (spirit).” Blood, with its yin aspect as material basis, is responsible for anchoring the yang aspect (spirit or shen) within. Blood contains mostly yin, but also some yang. The spirit is about 98 % yang, but in Chinese thinking, needs “a little yin at night to be able to rest”—this is provided by blood (xue). If there is not enough blood, the spirit cannot rest and the result is sleeplessness. Blood vacuity therefore often displays not only as physical weakness, but also as mental symptoms such as restlessness, forgetfulness, and insomnia.
Blood Stasis (Xue Yu) Symptoms Bright, sharp, firmly localized pain, swelling, possibly discoloration of influenced region, purple lips. Tongue: Dark red, bluish red Pulse: Tight
Nutritional Therapy w Disperse blood stasis with Chinese leek, venison (deer), vinegar, alcohol.
Blood Heat (Xue Re) Symptoms Heat sensation, restlessness, dry mouth, skin disorders with red efflorescence, skin itching, bright red bleeding, hypermenorrhea. Tongue: Red, raised dots Pulse: Rapid
Nutritional Therapy w Clear blood heat with mung beans, tomatoes, wheat, celery stalks, dandelion, spinach.
The Five Basic Substances
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Spirit—Shen
Body Fluids—Jin Ye
In TCM, spirit (shen) encompasses the mental, psychological, emotional, and spiritual aspects of a person and is expressed in the person’s consciousness and personality. Spirit is closely connected with heart, jing, blood, and qi. These material connections exemplify the unity that mind and body form in TCM. Good spirit shows in the face: it provides a radiant expression and eyes that are alert and clear.
Jin ye incorporates all body fluids. They are extracted by the spleen/pancreas from food and beverages. Body fluids include tears, synovial (joint) fluids, sweat, digestive juices, urine, etc.
Function Spirit hosts: Consciousness, thought, memory, sleep, emotions, spirituality, and psyche. Each viscera (zang organ) is accompanied by a psychological–mental aspect: Spirit soul (shen): Heart, consciousness, thought Ethereal soul (hun): Liver, vigor, creativity Corporeal soul (po, body–soul): Lung, instinct, intuition Mind (zhi): Kidney, willpower, character Thought (si): Spleen/pancreas, analytical thinking, memory
Dysfunction
Function TCM distinguishes between two types of body fluid by meaning and function:
Liquid (Jin) Clear, light, thin element; more yang; circulates mostly on body surface; keeps skin, hair, ears, eyes, mouth, nose, genitals, and other orifices and muscles moist.
Humors (Ye) Turbid, heavy, denser element; more yin; moistens and nourishes brain, bone marrow, and lubricates joints. Sweat, snivel, tears, drool, and spittle. Both elements are also partly responsible for blood quality and quantity.
Dysfunction
Psychological and mental disorders, insomnia.
Nutritional Therapy w Soothe the spirit, for example with wheat (stabilizes spirit); when agitated, avoid acrid flavor.
Damage to Body Fluids Body fluids are yin and deficiencies always appear as dryness (advanced stage = exsiccosis).
Symptoms Dry skin, lips, nose, tongue, mucous membranes, or mouth; dry cough; constipation.
Nutritional Therapy w Moisten dryness with pear, apple, tangerine, soy milk, tofu, milk, wheat, tomato, coconut milk, grapes, peanuts, and pine nuts.
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Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics
Body Fluid Accumulation
Organ
Symptom
Dampness caused by a deficiency of spleen qi, lung qi, or kidney qi, or of all three organs.
Lung
Edemas in upper part of body, face, hands
Spleen
Edemas in center part of body, abdomen, ascites
Kidney
Edemas in lower part of body, legs, ankles
Nutritional Therapy w Primarily supplement spleen network with millet, rice, fennel, potatoes, and honey.
Nutritional Therapy w Disperse dampness with amaranth, barley, corn silk tea, ginger, dandelion, and soy milk.
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Causes of Diseases TCM views health as a dynamic balance between yin and yang. Disease develops when this balance is disturbed. TCM generally distinguishes between “external” and “internal” pathogenic factors that can cause disharmony of yin and yang. Other causes of diseases are: Constitution: Quality of inherited congenital constitution (jing), constitution of mother during pregnancy, birth events and miscarriages. Diet: Malnutrition or excess, inferior-quality diet, imbalanced diet, poor eating habits. Unbalanced lifestyle: Overwork, stress, physical, mental, or emotional strain, lack of exercise, sexual problems. Trauma Parasites Treatment errors
External Bioclimatic Factors or Impediments Depending on the source used, the impediments (synonym: bi lun, or adverse climates) include:
Wind impediment Cold impediment Damp impediment Heat impediment Dryness
These impediments often coincide and attack the body by entering the channels and causing “external illnesses.” For example, wind–cold can cause the flu. In many climates of the Northern hemisphere, wind–cold and damp are among the most common external pathogenic factors. When applied early, nutritional therapy provides excellent opportunities for compensating attacks by external bioclimatic factors.
Wind Disorders caused by wind (draft) have yang energy and appear suddenly, often serving as a kind of “carrier” to transport cold or heat to the outer layer of the body. This injures the outer layers, especially the yang channels of the upper half of the body.
Symptoms Sneezing, shivering, colds, running nose, fever, joint pain, headache, aversion to wind and cold, sudden change of symptoms.
Nutritional Therapy w Expulsion of wind or wind–cold. For wind–cold: Acrid spices, especially ginger, green onions, garlic, coriander. For wind–heat: Celery stalk, eggplant, water chestnut, green tea, watermelon.
Cold Cold, another important pathogenic factor with yin quality, is divided into external and internal cold. External cold, caused by external exposure to cold (winter, air conditioning), results in qi and blood stagnation, and manifests itself, for example, in fixed, cold-dependent pain. Internal cold, caused by the excessive consumption of cold foods or a deep penetration of external cold, results in qi and blood stagnation and a weakening of the zang organs.
Symptoms Freezing, cold extremities, and, in case of deeply penetrating cold, joint pain, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that improves with warmth.
Nutritional Therapy w Dispersion of cold with acrid spices such as ginger, green onions, garlic, coriander, chili, black pepper, fennel, chicken, lamb, alcohol.
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Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics
Dampness Dampness is an external pathogenic factor that stems from damp weather conditions, wet surroundings, or wet clothing. Internally, dampness forms as a result of spleen/pancreas network dysfunction. When it becomes chronic, it presents as mucous membrane symptoms. Damp diseases have a pronounced yin character, with qualities such as heaviness, stickiness, swelling, slowing of normal qi flow, and a tendency toward long-term illness.
Symptoms Chronic fatigue, feeling of heaviness in head and limbs, dizziness, edemas, dyspnea (shortness of breath), tightness in chest, and abdominal symptoms such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Damp weather is often associated with a worsening of symptoms.
Nutritional Therapy w Dispelling and drying up dampness. Dampness/heat: Mung beans, soy milk, dandelion, corn silk tea, seaweed. Dampness: Barley, millet, ginger, carp, green tea.
Heat Heat is a pathogenic factor with yang character. Because heat has a tendency to rise, it primarily interferes with the upper parts of the body. Heat dries out and harms yin. It also harms blood and body fluids and impacts the spirit (shen).
lemon, banana, kiwi fruit, crayfish, rabbit, salt, green tea, and yogurt.
Dryness (Zao) Dryness is a yang factor and often appears in combination with heat. Heat, however, plays a more significant role. Dryness damages the lung and harms yin and body fluids.
Symptoms Dry, scaly skin; chapped lips, dry cough, little saliva, thirst, constipation and exsiccosis.
Nutritional Therapy w Moisten and replenish body fluids with pear, banana, watermelon, tangerine, soy milk, tofu, wheat, peanut, honey, cow’s milk, butter, and yogurt.
Internal Factors, “The Five Minds (Emotions)” (Wu Shi) The five minds are joy, anger, anxiety, thought, and fear. Excess or lack of emotions damages health by producing specific reactions in the bowels and viscera (zang fu) of the body. Protracted emotional imbalance can lead to serious and deep organ dysfunctions. Dietary measures can help by cooling or warming the corresponding networks of emotions (e.g., sadness/thought—lung network).
Symptoms Restlessness, irritability, nervousness, sleep disorders, insomnia, hyperactivity, delirium, itching, red rashes, fever, thirst, dry mouth and lips, reddened, sore throat.
Nutritional Therapy w Clear heat and cool, moisten; replenish body fluids with tomatoes, dandelion, cucumbers, watermelon, wheat, tofu, mung beans, sprouts, orange,
Sadness (sad thoughts) and anxiety harms the lungs Fear harms the kidneys Anger and rage harm the liver Excessive joy or stress harm the heart Worry, brooding, and excessive thought (mental activity) harm the spleen
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Traditional Chinese Nutrition Theory The beginnings of Chinese dietetics can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty (1100–700 BC). At the time, four groups of healers were responsible for providing medical care: Therapists for nutritional matters (dieticians): shi yi Therapists for internal diseases (internists): ji yi Therapists for external illnesses and injuries (surgeons): yang yi Therapists for sick animals (veterinarians): shou yi Dieticians were the most significant of these healers. Their task was primarily the prevention of disease in their patients, along with therapeutic use of diet for acute and chronic diseases. The root of the term “diet” reveals an interesting connection between the original Western perception of the term and the Asian concept. Diet is derived from the Greek term “diaita,” meaning life care, lifestyle, or way of life. Lifestyle highlights an aspect that resembles “Tao,” the connection of humans and nature. With its emphasis on prevention, dietary therapy in TCM enabled dieticians to be solely responsible for the health care of entire families of dignitaries. Health was achieved through diet. Prevention, the avoidance of diseases, plays an important role in all TCM therapies. The value placed on prevention is illustrated by an ancient Chinese system of wages for physicians (this may be an anecdote!). The amount of a physician’s annual salary was determined by the immaculate state of health displayed by their patients. The less their patients fell sick, the higher their salary. Acupuncture, moxibustion, phytotherapy, dietetics, and exercise (qi gong, tai chi) are the foundations of therapy in TCM. Even in its origins, dietetics was assigned a vital role in the treatment of disease. To quote from the Su Wen: “When the body is too weak, the therapist should use foods to replenish the deficit.” The famous physician Sun Si Miao of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618—907) further emphasized the important role of dietary therapy:
“Dietary therapy should be the first step when one treats a disease. Only when this is unsuccessful should one try medicines.” In a further quote, he emphasizes the preventive character of Chinese dietetics: “Without the knowledge of proper diet, it is hardly possible to enjoy good health.” Nutritional therapy offers the following options:
“Life care”—Tao Prevention of disease Therapy for acute disease Therapy for chronic disease
The Qi Energy Concept of TCM Qi, the life force, or life energy, is of primary importance in TCM. Sufficient and freely coursing qi signifies vitality, health, and the body’s capacities. Qi vacuity lowers overall quality of life and encourages development of disease. The body gathers its daily energy from three sources. The Three Energy Sources
Congenital constitution essence (jing) Gu qi (drum qi) from food Ancestral (air) qi (zong qi)
Congenital Constitution Essence (Jing) The inherited essence of the parents, stored in the kidneys, provides the basis for all life processes and maturation processes in the body. Quantity and quality of jing are determined at birth. Since this energy reserve can not be replenished, Chi-
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Introduction to the Basic Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Dietetics
nese physicians recommend careful management of this potential. As little jing as possible should be used to meet one’s daily energy requirement. Note: Dissipated, excessive lifestyles, an overactive sex life, hard drugs, extreme stress or strain, and fasting diminish and weaken jing.
Gu Qi (Drum Qi, or Food Qi) Gu qi develops during the first transformation stage as stomach and spleen process ingested foods. The quality of newly formed gu qi depends on the purity of foods ingested (if possible, fresh and not processed or denatured) and on the condition of the digestive organs stomach and spleen. If these organs are in a chronic or acute state of fatigue, quantity and quality of gu qi are reduced. This gradually leads to general debility with a tendency to chronic vacuity symptoms. Since gu qi is a renewable energy source, it plays a key role in Chinese medicine. Gu qi makes up the biggest share of the renewable energies. This role was emphasized by the traditional “School of the Middle,” which viewed nutritional therapy as a key element in the treatment of diseases. “Without knowledge about proper diet, it is hardly possible to enjoy good health.”
Ancestral (Air) Qi (Zong Qi) With each breath, ancestral qi contributes to the total energy of the body, making up about one third of the total renewable energy. Proper breathing and good, clean air enhance its energetic quality. Ancient Chinese techniques can contribute to an increase in ancestral qi through specific breathing exercises, such as qi gong or tai chi, or exercises from the Asian martial arts. The three energy sources congenital essence (jing), gu qi (drum qi), and ancestral qi (zong qi) merge into true qi (zhen qi), which flows through the body in channels as construction qi (ying qi) and defense qi (wei qi). These basic concepts highlight the need for TCM therapy to encompass several complementary therapeutic principles. Acupuncture especially influences true qi (zhen qi). However, acupuncture, with the exception of moxibustion, does not supplement qi in a patient: instead it moves qi, balances it, and disperses stagnation. Tip: Before employing acupuncture treatment for qi, yang, or yin vacuity, please note that qi vacuity or yang vacuity require expanded treatment modalities involving dietary measures and Chinese herbs to supplement qi, yang, body fluids, and blood. Successful treatment of yin vacuity requires replenishing the physical body and its substance with dietary and herbal therapy. These build the foundation for effective acupuncture treatment.
Traditional Chinese Nutrition Theory
The Concept of Qi Production Prenatal essence (jing) about 5 % Food essence (gu qi) about 70 % Air essence (zong qi) about 25 %
Channel qi (ying qi)
True qi (zeng qi)
Defense qi (wei qi)
Possible Therapeutic Approaches Prenatal essence (jing) about 1–5 % (virtually nonrenewable, hence protect: lifestyle, diet) Food essence (gu qi) about 70 % (primarily diet, accompanied by phytotherapy and acupuncture) Air essence (zong qi) about 25 % (qi gong, tai chi)
Channel qi (ying qi) (acupuncture and moxibustion)
True qi (zheng qi) (diet, phytotherapy, qi gong)
Defense qi (wei qi) (acupuncture and moxibustion)
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Function of the Triple Burner (San Jiao) In TCM, the triple burner (san jiao) is likened to the “official responsible for irrigation and control of waterways” in a feudal state. The Nei Jing describes the triple burner’s main task as the creation, transformation, and movement of body fluids (jin ye), with an emphasis on digestion and excretion. The triple burner coordinates distribution and movement of the different types of qi to ensure continuous support of organ networks and enable unobstructed movement of qi. Disorders appear as accumulation of fluids, such as edemas and urinary retention. In Western perception, the triple burner reflects the anatomical division of the body into three parts, described in historic texts such as the Nan Jing (The Classic of Difficult Issues) and the Ling Shu (second part of the Huang Di Nei Jing: The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine). The Upper Burner: Heart, lungs, pericardium, upward from diaphragm The lungs unite ancestral qi (zong qi) with gu qi (drum qi) to form true qi (zhen qi), which flows in the channels, and distribute true qi through the body. Lungs and heart use qi to “breathe life” into the blood (xue) of the upper burner. The lungs disperse fluids as a “fine mist” that moistens skin and muscles. The upper burner controls upward movement and defense qi.
The Center Burner: Spleen, pancreas, stomach, between diaphragm and navel In classic texts, the center burner is often compared to a boiling kettle, or a fermentation barrel that absorbs food as “foam” and processes it. Stomach and spleen are responsible for proper transformation and transport of food. This process separates “clear” (qing) from “turbid” (zhuo). The spleen moves clear qi into the upper burner. Turbid qi is sent downward through the stomach. Once food has been transformed, the flow of essential qi (jing qi) derived from clear food is directed upward, toward lung and heart. This system provides the body with the main share of renewable qi as well as with blood (xue) and body fluids (jin ye), which are moved along from there. The center burner is central to Chinese nutrition: An appropriate and sufficient diet strengthens spleen qi daily and protects the energy resources of the kidney network. The quality of food provided to the center burner determines the body’s entire energy store, as well as quality and quantity of blood and body fluids. The Lower Burner: Liver, kidney, bladder, and intestine, downward from navel The lower burner is usually described as a “swamp” or “sewer.” Its main function is the transformation and excretion of fluids and waste products. The flow of qi is directed downward.
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B
Methodology of Nutritional Therapy
Energetics of Food Western nutrition theory focuses on the analytical and quantitative categorization of foods. This categorization is based on material food components such as carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. The Eastern view, on the other hand, follows the qualitative, holistic concept of yin and yang and illustrates how thermal nature and flavor of foods and medicinal herbs influence the body. Hippocrates and Hildegard von Bingen employed similar qualitative, more energetically oriented approaches. They used diet as an important and inexpensive source of therapy for sustaining health and treating disease. TCM makes a close connection between foods and medicinal herbs for therapy, since their classification follows the same criteria. Foods and herbs can both promote and impede each other in their effect on the body. For example, it would be pointless to prescribe phlegm-reducing herbs and acupuncture to patients without informing them about phlegm-producing foods such as fatty foods, “junk food,” excess dairy products, alcohol, etc. Effective “holistic” therapy in such cases needs to include dietary measures, for example phlegmreducing foods such as pears. Four basic criteria for energetic classification of foods
Thermal nature: Hot, warm, neutral, cool, cold Flavor: Sweet, acrid, sour, bitter, salty Organ network: Spleen, stomach, lung, large intestine, kidney, bladder, liver, gallbladder, heart, small intestine Direction of movement: Upbearing, floating, downbearing, falling
In the classic “Recipes Worth a Thousand Pieces of Gold” (quian jin fang), the famous Chinese physician Sun Si Miao states: “For the body to retain its balance and harmony requires only following a proper diet. One should never take medications in an uncontrolled manner. The power of medications is one-sided, and there are cases in which they are helpful.” Energetic classification assigns foods primarily to four areas: thermal nature, flavor, organ network, and direction of movement. These are modeled after paradigms rooted in the empirical foundations of TCM. Tip: Thermal nature and flavor are of principal value in Chinese nutritional therapy. Flavor and thermal nature are often combined to describe a flavor and its effect on the body, e.g., sweet–hot or sour–cool. General preventive nutrition can focus on only the thermal nature or flavor of foods. Nutritional therapy designed to heal illness, however, needs to be based on a firm diagnosis by a TCM practitioner and consider all four criteria (thermal nature, flavor, organ network, and direction).
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Energetic Thermal Nature Foods are divided into five energetic temperature levels: Hot, warm = yang Cold, cool = yin Neutral Foods and their Thermal Nature Food category
Hot
Warm
Beverages
Alcohol (high –proof) Yogi tea
Cocoa Coffee Red wine
Condiments and sweeteners
Honey
Dairy products
Eggs, fish, fowl, meat, etc.
Lamb
Fruit and vegetables
Seeds and nuts
Cold
Cool
Water
Black tea Fruit juices Peppermint tea Sour milk Soy milk Wheat beer
Salt Soy sauce
Butter Goat’s cheese
Cow’s milk cheese
Beef Chicken Eel Salmon
Carp Duck Chicken egg Goose Pork
Shrimp Crayfish
Rabbit
Cherry Fennel Leek Peach Onion
Carrot Cauliflower Grape Fig Plum Potato
Asparagus Banana Orange Rhubarb Seaweed Tomato Watermelon
Celery Cucumber Soy bean Sprouts Spinach Zucchini
Grains and legumes
Herbs and spices
Neutral
Yogurt
Barley Tofu Wheat
Corn Lentil Millet Peas Rice Spelt Cinnamon Chili Curry Garlic Ginger Paprika Pepper
Dandelion Yellow gentian
Anise Basil Rosemary
Walnut
Hazelnut
Tarragon
Energetic Thermal Nature This same classification is applied to Chinese medicinal herbs and is rooted in a 3000-year tradition of Chinese medicine based on application, observation, experience, and intuition. Independent of its preparation, every food has a “natural” energetic, basic thermal nature that has a specific effect on the body. Example Energetically “hot” foods such as pepper, chili, and garlic have a heating, warming effect on the body. “Cold” foods such as tomatoes and bananas cool the body. Warm and cool foods have a milder effect on the body. Neutral foods do not change the energetic level of the body. Thermal quality initially has a general effect on the body: it cools or warms it. Flavor and association with one of the five phases determine the food’s effect on a particular organ or network. Example The sweet flavor is associated with the earth phase and primarily influences the corresponding organs stomach and spleen. It has a warming or cooling effect on stomach/spleen, depending on thermal nature: Fennel tea warms the stomach, while bananas have a cooling effect.
Hot Hot foods increase yang, speed up qi, activate, warm, disperse, move upward and outward, warm the bowels and viscera (zang fu), eliminate external and internal cold, and mobilize defense energy. Example “Treatment of cold symptoms”: Ø Ginger, cinnamon, lamb, chili
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Excess creates heat (yang repletion), injures yin, and dries out body fluids.
Warm Warm foods strengthen yang and qi, warm the body, bowels and viscera (zang fu), and warm and strengthen the center burner.
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Example “Treatment of cold symptoms”: Ø Fennel, chicken, beef, oats
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Excess creates yang repletion.
Neutral Neutral foods build up qi and body fluids, and stabilize and harmonize the body. Example “Treatment of qi vacuity”: Ø Honey, rice, potatoes
Cool Cool foods supplement body fluids (jin ye) and blood (xue), slow down qi, and clear heat. Example “Treatment of heat symptoms”: Ø Yogurt, soy milk, wheat
Cold Cold foods create cold, cool internal heat, and have a calming effect on the spirit (shen). Example “Treatment of heat symptoms”: Ø Watermelon, dandelion, orange
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Excess damages qi and yang, and thoroughly cools down the body.
Therapeutic goals are derived from the yin–yang principle. The Nei Jing states: “If something is cold, heat it. If something is hot, cool it.” Supplementing the opposite polarity restores original balance.
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Methodology of Nutritional Therapy
Cold requires warmth = yang (hot and warm) Heat requires cold = yin (cold and cool)
“Yang Foods” “Yang foods” are hot or warm foods; they warm and invigorate the body. Acrid spices (pepper, garlic, cinnamon) Meat (beef, chicken, game/venison, lamb) Coffee Alcohol Oats Cherry, peach
“Yin Foods” Yin foods are cool or cold foods; they have a cooling, soothing effect on the body. Dairy products Fruit (especially tropical fruit like banana, citrus fruit) Mineral water Tomato Wheat Yin foods are important therapy for heat disorders, for example:
Yin Vacuity Symptoms
Yang foods are recommended for disorders of a cool or cold nature, for example:
Dry mucous membranes, dry tongue, night sweat, hot hands and feet, feeling hot in the afternoon.
Qi Vacuity
Yang Repletion
Symptoms
Symptoms
Fatigue, pale complexion, shivering, loss of appetite, susceptibility to infection.
Loud voice, red face, restlessness, hectic, hyperactive, sleep disorders, feeling hot. Example
Yang Vacuity Symptoms Cold dominates, chronic cold hands and feet, exhaustion, lethargy, sloppy stool, frequent urge to urinate with pale urine.
w Practical Application Patient is lethargic, pale, tired, shivering. Diagnosis: Yang vacuity Therapy: Replenish yang with yang foods (energetically hot or warm foods like lamb, beef, pepper, fennel tea). Patient is agitated, irritable, with red complexion and sudden headaches. Diagnosis: Yang repletion. Therapy: Drain yang repletion, clear heat with yin foods (energetically cool or cold foods like fruits, salad, peppermint tea, tomato).
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The Five Flavors (Wu Wei) Sweet—acrid—salty—sour—bitter
Organization of Flavors into Yin, Yang, and Organ Network Yang quality
Phase
Network
Sweet Acrid
Earth Metal
Spleen /stomach Lung/large intestine
Yin quality
Phase
Network
Bitter Salty Sour
Fire Water Wood
Heart /small intestine Kidney/bladder Liver /gallbladder
Food Classification According to Flavor Sweet
Acrid
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Almond Apple Anise Barley Banana Beef Butter Carrot Cheese Chicken Corn Duck Eggplant Fennel Fig Milk Millet Oats Pork Potato Pumpkin Pear Rabbit Rice Spinach Wheat
Celeriac (celery root) Chili Cinnamon Fennel Garlic Ginger Kohlrabi Onion Paprika Pepper Radishes Thyme Watercress
Crayfish Duck Ham Oyster Octopus Pork Pigeon Salt Soy sauce
Adzuki beans Apple Apricot Grape Kiwi Lemon Mango Orange Plum Pineapple Cheese Curd cheese Farmer’s cheese Cream cheese Sour (curdled) milk Tomato
Basil Chicory Celeriac (celery root) Coffee Dandelion Lettuce Parsley Tea Tobacco
The five flavors are the oldest system of food classification in TCM and are mentioned in the Nei Jing. Flavors can be divided according to their yin or yang quality.
Yang quality: Sweet, acrid Yin quality: Salty, sour, bitter In addition to their specific yin/yang effect, the five flavors each belong to one of the five phases. Thus
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Methodology of Nutritional Therapy
each flavor is closely associated with the organ network linked to the phase influenced by the flavor.
Acrid Flavor Phase
Phase
Network
Sweet
Spleen/stomach
Acrid
Lung/large intestine
Salty
Kidney/bladder
Sour
Liver/gallbladder
Bitter
Heart/small intestine
Each flavor also has other important qualities that influence the body:
Metal
Network Lung/large intestine
Effect Moves qi, invigorates energy circulation, loosens stagnation, disperses, opens pores, frees surface of exogenous disease factors, and produces perspiration.
General Application
Sweet Flavor Phase Earth
Network Spleen/stomach
Effect Warming, strengthening, harmonizing, relaxing, and moistening. Sweet has the strongest supplementing effect on the body (craving for “sweets” following heavy physical, emotional, or mental exertion).
General Application Sweet flavor strengthens primarily spleen qi, where it builds up energy. It also helps with acute weakness (ravishing appetite). With its moistening effect, sweet foods nourish body fluids, relieve inner tension (compulsive eating, overeating due to emotional stress), and stabilize one’s “inner center” (earth phase).
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Excess sweet flavors harm spleen qi and produce pathogenic dampness. This can, over time, lead to phlegm disorders, for example recurrent bronchitis, sinusitis, chronic fatigue, dull sensation in head. The Nei Jing says: “Sweet flavor adds flesh,” resulting in obesity and weakness of connective tissue. Via the controlling cycles, excess sweet flavor can weaken the kidneys, resulting in bone and teeth disorders.
The acrid flavor strengthens the lungs and banishes exogenous disease factors, especially wind–cold. Its sweat-producing effect and ability to open pores are helpful during the acute stage of a cold (ginger). Moderately spicy foods during the winter months offer excellent protection against colds. Due to their invigorating effect on qi, acrid flavors loosen emotional stagnation and associated breathing problems (tightness in chest). With its tendency to move qi upward, acrid flavors are beneficial when experiencing emotional strain, such as sadness, melancholy, and despondency (emotions of the lung network).
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People with heat symptoms should assiduously avoid acrid flavors! Excess causes heat symptoms and can impair the skin (dryness, allergies, itching skin, sun allergy). Through the controlling cycles, acrid flavors can damage mostly liver and gallbladder (ascendant liver yang, or gan yang shang kang, for example irritability, hyperactivity, sleep disorders.) Acrid flavors disperse spirit (shen), resulting in inner restlessness, hyperactivity, and sleep disorders. Via the engendering (sheng) cycle, kidney essence may overheat, causing exaggerated sexual desire, sexual compulsions. May weaken muscle tone and cause dryness in large intestine (constipation).
The Five Flavors (Wu Wei)
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Salty Flavor
Sour moves inward and is healing for distracted, unfocused minds or restless lifestyles.
Phase
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General Application
Sour flavor is contraindicated when acute external weather conditions (wind–cold) impact the body. When pathogenic effects are still located in the outer layers of the body, sour flavors pull these factors into deeper layers. This worsens the course of disease and reduces treatment success (no heated lemon juice during acute cold!). The therapy of choice for colds is acrid flavors, which open pores, promote perspiration, and clear pathogenic factors from the body surface.
Salty flavor in moderation supplements kidney function, promotes urine and stool excretion (Epsom salt), dissolves congestions and hardened areas (e.g., subcutaneous nodules, phlegm accumulation).
Excess sour flavors damage muscle tone (lowering pH > sore muscles, muscle contraction) and sinews and should be avoided when suffering from nonarticular rheumatism and arthritis.
Water
Network Kidney/bladder
Effect Cools, moistens, downbears, softens, loosens
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More salt restriction, excess is common! Dehydrates body; damages fluids, blood, and vascular system (hypertension); hardens muscles and damages bones. Via the restraining cycle (ke), inhibits heart and spirit (shen), decreases mental abilities, and leads to rigid thinking.
Bitter Flavor Phase Fire
Network
Sour Flavor
Heart/small intestine
Effect Phase
Drying, hardening, downbearing
Wood
General Application Network Liver/gallbladder
Effect Astringent, gathers and preserves fluids
General Application Sour–cooling foods refresh the body, reduce excessive perspiration, promote the creation of fluids, and soothe “heated” temperaments by cooling emotional “heat” in the liver/gallbladder. Sour flavor also supplements yin. “Sour makes happy.” In times of emotional stress and anger, the sour flavor should be favored, because it supplements liver yin. The supplementing effect of sour flavors is moved along to the heart element (via the engendering sheng cycle).
Bitter–cool, downbears and supports the body’s digestive and excretion functions (digestive teas with amaroids/bitters, such as gallbladder tea, wormwood tea). It supplements heart yin and has a calming effect, especially following stress and mental strain (beer, especially light-colored wheat beer). Bitter–warm flavors in the form of aperitifs, or bitter liqueurs, stimulate the digestive organs due to their alcohol content, especially in combination with bitter flavors. Engendering (sheng) cycle: Bitter (fire) supplements spleen/pancreas and stomach (earth). Its drying property prevents the formation of damp throughout the body. When taken in appropriate dosages, bitter is a spleen qi tonic, preferably during moist–cool weather (coffee, red wine).
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Methodology of Nutritional Therapy
Too much bitter–cool has a strong laxative effect and causes diarrhea (Epsom salt). Excess bitter–warm flavors (coffee!) dehydrate (dry skin), damage fluids (especially blood vacuity, poor circulation), damage texture (Nei Jing: “Bitter spreads to the bones”), heat up the heart, and inhibit spirit. In Western medicine, coffee is considered a “calcium robber” and promotes osteoporosis.
Via the engendering (sheng) cycle, surplus heat in the fire phase is moved into the earth phase, where it can cause damage to spleen/stomach. A symptom often seen in practice is “stomach heat” (TCM), in Western medicine known as gastritis or ulcer, caused by excessive coffee consumption, nicotine, or stress (TCM: stress = heat). Tip: Green tea is energetically “cool,” while black tea is more neutral in thermal nature.
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Flavor Association with Organ Networks Along with their general effect, each of the five flavors is associated with one of the five phases. This explains the flavor’s effect on the specific bowels and viscera (zang fu) of a corresponding phase. The Nei Jing states: “Sourness enters the liver, bitterness enters the heart, sweetness enters the spleen, acridity enters the lungs, saltiness enters the kidneys.” It goes on to say: “Sourness enters the sinews, bitterness enters the blood, acridity enters qi, sweetness enters the flesh, saltiness enters the bones.” (Huang Di Nei Ling Shui Zu Yi: The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine)
Phase
Flavor
Organ
Earth
Sweet
Spleen/stomach
Metal
Acrid
Lung/large instestine
Water
Salty
Kidney/bladder
Wood
Sour
Liver/gallbladder
Fire
Bitter
Heart/small instestine
Food Table: Organ Networks Viscera (zang organs)
Bowels (fu organs)
Spleen
Lungs
Kidney
Liver
Heart
Anise Beef Caraway seed Carrots Chicken Fig Honey Millet Oats Pork Rice Salmon
Almond Duck Garlic Radish Pepper Peppermint tea Watercress
Chestnut Grape Lamb Millet Oats Oyster Plum Raspberry Venison Wheat Walnuts
Alcohol Celery stalks Eel Liver Garlic Lemon Peppermint tea Rye Wheat
Alcohol Black tea Chili Coffee Dandelion Gentian Wheat
Stomach
Large intestine
Bladder
Gallbladder
Small intestine
Beef Caraway seed Carrots Chamomile tea Chicken Corn Fennel Fig Honey Millet Pork Rice Trout
Banana Corn Pepper Rabbit Spinach Tofu Wheat germ
Caraway seed Fennel Parsley Squid
Belgian endive Mung bean Peach Rye
Green lettuce Mushroom Snail Spinach
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Methodology of Nutritional Therapy
Note: In each network, some food flavors can influence bowels and viscera (zang fu) in five thermal directions. Example Sweet–cold, banana: Clears stomach heat Sweet–warm, carrot: Warms stomach Sweet–hot, anise schnapps: Warms, heats stomach
Example: Carrot Flavor Sweet
Upbearing Movement Foods that move yang upward mainly have sweet–acrid flavors and moderate thermal nature (warm, neutral); recommended for use during spring season. Example Green onion, garlic, alcoholic beverages
Floating Movement Moves qi upward and outward (sweating), expels external pathogenic factors, dissipates cold and wind; strong (warm/hot) thermal nature, sweet and acrid flavor.
Phase Earth
Example Cinnamon, pepper, high-proof alcoholic beverages
Thermal Nature Warm
Downbearing Movement Network Stomach and spleen/stomach
Effect Warms and strengthens primarily the digestive organs stomach and spleen/pancreas. Useful for loss of appetite, nausea, digestive stagnation, constipation, and diarrhea.
Qi Movement Caused by Food: Food Direction This quality describes how a food influences the movement of qi in the body.
Moves qi downward and inward, retains qi and body fluids on the inside; cooling–neutral thermal nature, primarily sour flavor, partly bitter and salty. For example, downbearing ascending liver yang with dizziness, headaches. Example Yogurt, lemon
Falling Movement Moves downward, has a laxative or diuretic effect, and a cooling, mostly cold thermal nature, with strong salty or bitter flavor. Example Crayfish, Epsom salt
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Influencing the Thermal Nature of Foods Chinese dietetics recognizes over 50 different ways of preparing foods. The ways in which foods are heated or prepared exert the most significant influence on the qi or thermal nature of foods. Preparation methods can be divided into two categories.
Cooling Cooking Methods These methods increase the cooling nature of foods. They can cool down warm or hot foods by using refreshing or cold ingredients. Cooling cooking methods increase the yin potential of meals. Cooling cooking methods include: Blanching, steaming, salting (pickling in brine), boiling in plentiful water, and preparation using
refreshing ingredients such as fruit, tropical fruit, or sprouts.
Warming Cooking Methods These methods support the warming effect of foods and reduce the refreshing (cooling) effect of foods. Warming cooking methods increase the yang potential of meals. Warming cooking methods include: Grilling, frying, roasting, smoking, searing, baking, long simmering in liquid, cooking with alcohol, using hot or warming spices.
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Cooking Methods in Detail Baking rrs
Steaming rs
This cooking method gently supplies yang energy to foods. It is useful for avoiding the cooling effect of refreshing or strongly cooling foods (yin foods, e.g., vegetables). Baking foods or making casseroles is a way for vegetarians to supply their body with yang energy and balance the cooling effect of the yin foods that make up the biggest share of a vegetarian diet. Baking is beneficial for supplying the body with yang energy during the cold season. Vegetables or raw foods, which due to their yin character cool the body, can become warming through baking. For example, baked tomatoes or baked apples.
Steaming changes the thermal nature of foods very little, which classifies this method as neutral.
Blanching rs This method of preparation does not change the energy level of a food, but foods become easier to digest when heated.
Frying and Roasting rrs Frying and roasting supply foods with yang energy. A good variation of this method in Chinese cooking is the use of a wok with little or no oil added. “Woking” brings foods in contact with extreme heat for a short time only and lends them an outer crunchy layer, but leaves them juicy and fresh on the inside. This provides foods with strong yang energy on the outside and a balancing yin component on the inside. Frying and roasting should be avoided with internal heat symptoms. Using too much oil or other frying fats can also develop moist heat, which strains the liver/gallbladder organ network.
Grilling/Broiling/Barbecue rrrr Grilling, broiling, or barbecuing develops a strong yang effect. Direct contact with a heat source supplies foods with intense heat. This develops a strong warming effect in grilled foods, especially meat. Because grilling, broiling, or barbecuing may develop toxic substances in foods, this method should be applied only in exceptional cases. Grilling broiling, or barbecuing should be avoided with heat symptoms.
Boiling/Simmering rs g rrs With boiling, the warming effect is determined by cooking time and temperature. Brief boiling adds little yang energy to foods. Prolonged boiling over several hours (up to 36 hours for the Master Soup) develops immense yang potential in foods. In TCM, this heightened energy potential is much more important than any potential loss of vitamins during prolonged cooking. Stews containing warming meats and simmered for long periods are an excellent foundation for restoring yang potential in a person with qi or yin vacuity. Boiling is also valuable during cold winter months (meat, broths, and vegetable soups). This cooking method is no longer common in many parts of the world, but it is very effective for healing in Chinese medicine. In the past, boiling or simmering for long periods was widespread in Europe, especially in Northern Europe, where, for days on end, a pot would simmer over an open fire, with new food items added regularly. These energetically very warm meals
Cooking Methods in Detail provided the necessary balance for frequently cool weather conditions. Tip: “The Master Soup” rrrss In Chinese nutrition, the energetics of a food are influenced by cooking duration and intensity of supplied heat. So-called Master Soups, which simmer over a low heat for between six and 36 hours, are of special significance here. These soups are believed by traditional practitioners of TCM to contain tremendous healing powers. In TCM, the Master Soup is used to treat general qi vacuity or yang vacuity, and is recommended particularly after long, strenuous illnesses, during recovery, as well as following childbirth to boost strength in the new mother. Prolonged cooking increases the warming and strengthening effect of meat and bones. Vegetarian stews experience more of an energetic devaluation as a result of extended cooking times. Warming spices should be used instead of prolonged cooking for vegetarian stews to increase the energetics of the meal. Example Selection of specific ingredients can determine the effect on the organ network: Lentil stew with pork supplements the kidney network. Carrot stew with beef supplements the stomach/spleen network.
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Boiling with Plentiful Water ss This method reduces the yang energy of foods, especially in vegetables, and is not recommend.
Cooking with Cooling Ingredients s (e.g., Fruit, Sprouts) Using cooling ingredients during cooking balances excessive yang parts (such as meat) and harmonizes the meal as a whole.
Slow, Gentle Frying (Braising) r Braising with high-quality vegetable oil supplies only a moderate amount of heat.
Salting (Pickling in Brine) s Salt lowers food qi and has a cold thermal nature. By reducing the yang energy of foods, salting increases yin energy.
Cooking with Alcohol rr Alcohol not only enhances the flavor of foods, it also warms them. The movement pattern of alcohol is upbearing, which pulls yang upward. Alcohol also dissolves stagnation, promotes qi and blood circulation, and dissipates cold. This can balance qi vacuity in the upper burner. Cooking with alcohol warms the center burner (stomach and spleen) and the upper burner (heart and lung). During emotional strains with downbearing qi, such as dejection, resignation, or sadness, meals cooked with alcohol upbear qi and enhance mood. Cooking with alcohol warms meals, increases the body’s energy, and stimulates qi circulation in the body, which can also loosen emotional blockage and tension.
Smoking rr Smoking supplies foods with yang energy, but less than with grilling. Smoked fish is recommended as a kidney supplement during colder months. Smoked foods should be used rather sparingly, especially in conjunction with excess salt.
Seasoning rr The thermal nature of most spices is either hot or warm. Spices not only season foods, but also have a strong energetic effect on them. They supple-
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Methodology of Nutritional Therapy
ment and warm stomach and spleen. From a Chinese medicine point of view, this explains the digestion-promoting effect of many spices. By using warming spices such as bay leaf, caraway, or cloves, many yin vegetables like red cabbage, white cabbage, or sauerkraut become easier to digest. Long cooking also contributes to this effect. Highly seasoned foods strongly influence the body’s energy level and should be reduced or avoided during repletion states or inner heat. For example, energetically hot coffee can be unfavor-
able with sleep disorders, which are a symptom of internal heat. Sleep disturbances can be provoked by the consumption of acrid spices like garlic, onion, pepper, etc.
Tip: Warm or hot spices, which raise yang, are recommended for a vegetarian diet to balance the cooling effect of vegetable foods. Foods in general should be seasoned more strongly during cold months to prevent yang vacuity.
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Meal Preparation in Tune with the Five Phases (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) Cooking in tune with the five phases wood, fire, earth, metal, and water is a special method to harmoniously increase the energetic level of a dish. This cooking method follows the engendering (sheng) cycle. The ingredients used in a dish are divided according to the phases they belong to, positioned in a row, and added to the dish in sequence. In keeping with the engendering cycle, the individual phases potentiate each other’s energetic effect and increase the overall energetic aspect of the dish. Practical Application: First, heat a pot on a heat source (fire phase). Add oil (earth phase) to move the cooking process one step further in the engendering cycle. To continue the cycle, follow earth with metal ingredients (e.g., onions). Next, add water ingredients (e.g., water with some salt). Now add wood foods (e.g., tomato). Next, add fire foods (e.g., thyme). This completes the first round of the engendering cycle. Now the cycle can begin again, starting with earth (e.g., carrots), followed by metal (e.g., leeks). Each complete cycle may be repeated as often as desired. The more often the cycle is run, the higher the energetic effect of the meal. Each
of the phases should be allowed to influence the meal for at least half a minute before a new phase (ingredient) follows. No phase may be skipped within a cycle. Individual ingredients may be repeated as often as desired. For example, if using carrots as the only earth ingredient, some of the carrots can be added each time the earth phase comes up in a cycle. If more than one earth phase ingredient is used, carrots can be added in the first cycle, sweet potatoes in the second, and zucchini in the third. The phase used to end the Taoist cycle is discretionary, but the last phase added to the dish does impact the overall effect of the dish on the body. If the final ingredient is a pinch of salt, the overall energetic aspect of the meal is focused on the water phase (kidneys). If cooking concludes with a wood ingredient, for example vinegar, the dish will emphasize the wood phase (liver and gallbladder).
Seemingly strange and unusual ingredients that allow a continuation of the engendering cycle may have a surprisingly positive effect on the overall flavor of the meal.
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2 Chinese Dietetics in Practice
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Basic Recommendations of Chinese Dietetics The Path to Healthy Eating Habits Based on its observations and the experience of centuries, Chinese dietetics introduces a broad spectrum of valuable, practical recommendations for a healthy, holistic diet. Along with the right choice of foods and preparation methods, Chinese nutrition also emphasizes healthy eating habits and developing a lifelong, healthy approach to food.
Inner Attitude and Environment Eating with Enjoyment and in a Relaxed Atmosphere Eating with delight and enjoyment in a leisurely and relaxed atmosphere and without any external distractions creates excellent conditions for good regeneration of qi from food. Positive feelings and moods generally promote good qi flow. During meals, positive feelings enable free flow of stomach and spleen qi, which supports the smooth processing of food and effective integration of food qi in the body. Exhausting talks, discussions, and distractions (TV, radio, reading) burden stomach and spleen, which are especially sensitive to emotional tensions such as brooding, worries, anger, and fear. Negative emotions block and weaken the qi of digestive organs, resulting in loss of appetite, bloating, regurgitation, and stomach pain. “It turned my stomach”; “It ruined my appetite”; “The news made me choke on my food” are popular ways of describing this all too common situation. Continuous exposure of the stomach/spleen network to emotional stress can cause serious eating disorders and digestive problems such as obesity, bulimia, anorexia, or gastric ulcers.
The classic texts recommend: “When angry, it is easy to swallow food, but hard to digest it. When sad, it is hard to swallow and digest food. When experiencing strong emotions, it is advisable to delay eating until they have disappeared. Foods should always be ingested at the proper time. This makes it easier to digest them. Delaying eating and being able to digest food is better than eating too soon and not being able to digest. Digestive problems are accompanied by trouble, while good digestion frees a person from worry. It is not advisable to eat when strong emotions are brewing.” Well-chewed food supports spleen qi, satisfies hunger more quickly, and prevents obesity. Tip: Chinese doctors recommend chewing each bite 10–15 times before swallowing. This prevents weight problems. “Stop when it tastes best” is a good basic principle for determining the right amount to eat. Sleepiness or a burdened feeling should not appear after a meal. After excessively large meals, the entire qi and blood of the body is pulled into the center burner to cope with the excess. This initially results in bloating and drowsiness, and in case of protracted excess, weakens the digestive organs and causes dampness and phlegm disorders.
General Recommendations Cooking Methods Chinese dietetics recommends to always “unlock” all foods by using appropriate cooking methods to make them more accessible and digestible for the body. This protects center burner qi and allows for more effective transformation of food qi. Tip: Grains, preferably freshly ground whole grains, always require cooking (boiling, simmering, steaming).
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Chinese Dietetics in Practice
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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) recommends that raw foods, fruit, and especially tropical fruit should be used in moderation, contrary to some Western views. Except when part of specific healing diets or during the yang phase of summer, these foods are energetically too cool for most Northern latitudes and can cause long-term vacuity of the center burner when consumed in excess.
Common Syndromes Spleen/pancreas qi vacuity, spleen/pancreas yang vacuity, phlegm disorders
Food Quantity 50–80 %: Grains form the main share of a healthy diet in Chinese dietetics, for example corn, barley, millet, oats, rice, spelt, wheat 30–40 %: Cooked vegetables, for example carrots, potatoes, fennel, beans, cabbage, legumes (beans and lentils). 5 %: Meat, for example beef, lamb, game, also poultry, or even better fish, because it is easier to digest and develops less dampness. 5 %: Raw foods, salads, fruit should make up only a small portion of the overall diet; more during the summer. TCM recommends the intake of only small amounts of liquid (yin) during meals. Excess liquid drowns the stomach’s digestive fire. The major share of the daily intake of liquids should be consumed between meals.
Food Quality Fresh, unpolluted, naturally grown and produced foods are considered most valuable in TCM. Freshness is the highest priority, because fresh foods contain the most qi and optimally develop their specific thermal effect. Industrial processing methods and most preservatives denature qi, which degrades food quality. In Chinese dietetics, such foods have weak or empty qi and are energetically inferior.
Avoid: a Polluted foods
Innards
Highly processed and denatured foods Food additives Refined sugar and sweeteners Frozen foods Microwaving
Tip: Refined sugar should be substituted with natural sweeteners, such as raw cane sugar (e.g., Rapadura, an unrefined sugar made from whole raw sugar cane), honey, maple syrup, pear syrup, molasses made from sugar cane, apple butter, or palm sugar.
Flavor The body’s “inner voice” often reveals instinctively which flavor is of special significance. As part of a balanced lifestyle, one may give in to this inclination without hesitation. Example Craving sweets makes sense during exhausting mental work or strong physical exertion, since the sweet flavor has the strongest supplementing effect and most quickly regenerates qi. However, obvious, one-sided preference for a single flavor over a longer period is a diagnostic indicator for a potential imbalance. If a patient, for example, over months or even years seems to prefer sweet flavors, this may indicate disharmony of the earth phase reflecting an underlying disorder of the stomach, spleen/pancreas organ network.
Energetic Thermal Quality Foods with a balanced thermal nature should be given preference in the daily diet: neutral, warm, or cool, depending on the times of day, seasons, bioclimatic factors, and constitution. Acrid, warming spices and herbs may be used generously to support the stomach, spleen/pancreas network in its digestive function. Combining energetically cold and cool foods with warming foods is very beneficial, for example tomato salad with feta cheese, hot peppers, and garlic. Hot and cold foods are thermal extremes and are employed rather sparingly, unless they are used to specifically treat beginning or established patterns of disharmony.
Basic Recommendations of Chinese Dietetics Example Sudden change in weather, pathogenic factor wind– cold
Symptoms Beginning cold with shivering, aversion to cold, sneezing. Cold extremities require yang energy to defend against external pathogenic cold and transport defense qi to the surface.
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Nutritional Therapy w Acrid spices such as ginger, garlic, chili, cinnamon, pepper, hot tea with spices, mulled wine, and acridly seasoned soups make sense during such times. Excessive use of the two energetic extremes hot and cold is not recommended, since they can easily bring about pathological yang or yin patterns of disharmony.
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Special Significance of the Earth Phase “Strengthening the Inner Center” The earth phase and the stomach and spleen/pancreas network (center burner) are of key significance in Chinese dietetics. Earth is yin, nourishing the core, inner balance, stability, and inner center. The center burner nourishes yin. It develops acquired constitution qi and yang and is responsible for intake, processing, and digestion of foods. According to TCM, a large part (about 70 %) of the postnatal, renewable qi is taken from gu qi (drum qi). Li Gao, the famous Chinese scholar of the Song dynasty (AD 960–1280), emphasized the special status of the center burner by founding a school just for the “strengthening of the center,” which specifically focused on prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of the center burner. During the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644), the following quote developed: “Knowing how to treat the center is knowing how to bring all networks into balance.” All therapy began with “strengthening the inner center,” the consistent development and protection of the stomach and spleen/pancreas network, primarily through nutritional therapy. Many doctors were of the opinion that only when the Center Burner is balanced can the body form enough qi, blood, and body fluids. This forms the basis for subsequent therapies such as acupuncture. The physician Sun Si Miao said this in the classical texts: “When treating an illness, the first step should be dietary therapy. Only when this is unsuccessful should one try drugs,” and further, “Without knowledge of a proper diet it is hardly possible to enjoy good health.” This once again illustrates the importance of strengthening the function of the center burner daily through appropriate diet, in order to build up enough food qi to optimally regenerate the body’s entire acquired qi.
If this network is weakened (stomach qi vacuity or spleen/pancreas qi or yang vacuity), the body invariably develops acute and later chronic qi or yang vacuity. For daily strengthening of stomach and spleen qi and yang, warm and neutral foods from the earth phase with sweet flavor and upbearing movement are generally the most appropriate. Foods that Strengthen the Center Burner Foods from the Earth Phase Grains Millet Corn Oats Rice Vegetables Carrots Cabbage (all types) Fennel Potatoes Peas Squash, pumpkin Soy beans Meat Beef, veal Poultry, duck, goose Lamb, goat Venison Fish Bass Carp Herring Mackerel Sardine Raw foods Sweet apples Dates, figs Grapes Papaya Beverages Fennel tea (especially for infants and children) Grape juice Liqueurs
Special Significance of the Earth Phase
Tip: Aperitifs or herbal liqueurs (e.g., aniseed or star anise) with warming effect of high-proof alcoholic beverages and warming herbs, before or after meals, are supportive “medicine” for the stomach and spleen/pancreas network.
While the spleen is responsible for the production of qi, the stomach is responsible for the production of body fluids. The stomach should be supported with moistening, cooling foods that have a downbearing movement.
Avoid: a Foods with cool and cold thermal nature; too
43
An excess of sweet, “heavy,” or fatty foods; they weaken spleen qi and form dampness and phlegm.
!
Foods that are energetically too cool, as well as refrigerated foods, significantly cool down the stomach’s digestive fire. Cold blocks qi flow and causes food stagnation, resulting in stomach qi ascending counterflow. Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, bloating, and gas. Acute and especially protracted use of foods that are too “cold” weaken stomach and spleen qi and yang permanently, with symptoms such as loss of appetite, chronic fatigue, sloppy stool, slight shivering, cold hands and feet.
many raw foods, citrus fruits, salad, or fruit. They cool down the body too much and weaken qi and yang, especially stomach and spleen qi. An excess of dairy products; they are energetically cool and cause dampness and phlegm.
In case of “chronic cooling” of the center burner (an excess of dairy or raw foods), the lower burner is forced to produce more warmth. Protracted exposure can weaken kidney fire and cause kidney yang vacuity.
Foods to Support Spleen Yang:
Foods to Support Stomach Yin:
Bass, beef, carrots, all cabbage varieties, crayfish, corn, fennel, potatoes, poultry, oats, soy beans, venison
All cabbage varieties, cheese, duck, eggplant, goose, milk, pork, potatoes, rice, tofu, tomatoes, wheat
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Nutrition and Daily Rhythms The classic texts recommend: “Meals should always be taken at the proper time. This makes them easier to digest,” and further, “Yang qi increases around noon and is weak at sunset. Thus eat a hearty breakfast, a small lunch, and a frugal meal in the evening and at night.” The following three main meals should be eaten daily and at about the same time, when possible supplemented by two smaller meals (snacks), for example around 11 a.m. and 4 p.m.
Breakfast Since the stomach is at its optimal digestive capacity between 7 and 9 a.m., the morning meal should be substantial and fortifying. A good breakfast strengthens stomach and spleen qi and yang for the day. Optimal breakfast foods are energetically warming foods, prepared with warm cooking methods that stimulate the body and do not spread dampness.
r
Recommended
An ideal start to a good day begins with a cooked (warm) porridge of grains, ideally freshly ground, especially millet, corn, or the very warming oats (e.g., oatmeal). During summer, the slightly cooler wheat is recommended. The porridge can be combined with nuts, seeds, and a little seasonal fruit. If needed, sweeten lightly to supplement, using honey or marmalade or the other sweeteners mentioned earlier. Black tea or coffee, both in moderation, are suitable breakfast beverages to support yang.
Avoid a Energetically cold and dampness-producing foods that suppress the expanding morning yang and weaken digestive fire, i.e., fruit, fruit juices, raw foods, excess dairy products.
Note: Dairy products are appropriate in small amounts when spleen qi is good. Otherwise, they are energetically too cold and can easily cause dampness or phlegm.
Lunch Lunch is preferably a substantial, warm meal that strengthens the center burner. Warming grains and vegetables are highly recommended, as well as fish, poultry, some lean meat and salad. Tip: A good meal does not burden the body or cause drowsiness. Avoid fatty, oily foods, foods that are too cold, or meals that are too big. They produce dampness in the body, slow down qi flow, and cause fatigue and sluggishness.
Evening Meal/Dinner In the evening, yang and digestive capacity decrease and yin increases. The evening meal should be small and support the growing yin, for example warm grain and vegetable dishes, possibly some meat, moderate amounts of dairy or soy products and a small amount of beer.
Avoid: a Energetically hot,
stimulating foods, such as acridly seasoned foods. Tip: Opulent meals in the evening burden the stomach and spleen qi, which is naturally lower in the evening. Often, such meals result in weight gain, nausea, bloating, and disturbed sleep. People with weight problems should not eat at all after 6 p.m., when digestive organs are at their weakest.
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Nutrition and Seasonal Rhythms A multitude of the body’s internal processes follow natural external changes of the seasons. By developing eating habits and choosing foods that are in tune with the seasons, we can integrate ourselves into these rhythms in a natural way. Chinese dietetics views this as beneficial for promoting natural qi flow, compensating for weather effects and preventing potential development of disorders. Tip: Choosing foods that are local and in season is good and easy advice to follow.
Summer (Hot Season) Summer is the season of the big yang and is characterized by the fire phase and summer heat. Heat feeds on body fluids and harms yin. It is recommended to take in predominately cooling, dampness-providing foods (yin food) to disperse heat and build up body fluids. The bitter flavor corresponds to the fire phase, and mostly bitter–cool as well as bitter–cold foods in moderation should be consumed during the hot season.
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Spring Spring is the season of the beginning small yang and is characterized by growth, movement, and expansion. The body’s qi flows strongly again and seeks to expand freely. Food during this season should supplement qi, allow it to course freely, and support spleen and liver functions.
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Recommended Spring Foods
Mildly warming foods with upbearing movement: Fennel, rice, buckwheat; possibly acrid flavors (garlic, paprika, ginger) in case of accumulated dampness left over from the colder months. Sour flavors, because they stabilize liver yin and can regulate upbearing liver yang. Foods from the wood phase, green in color with neutral, cool, or warm energy: Green tea, spinach, celery, a little more raw foods and sprouts
Wind is often the dominating weather effect during spring and causes recurring external wind disorders (colds, flu), which can be balanced with the mildly acrid flavors of green onions and ginger.
Recommended Summer Foods
Fruit or fruit juices: Apple, lemon, kiwi, melon, orange, pear, pineapple, tangerine Cooling foods: Cucumber, Belgian endive hearts, spinach, tomato, as well as more raw foods, salads, yogurt, wheat, barley, black or even better green tea, mineral water, wheat beer, mussels, rabbit
Tip: The Chinese have recommended green tea as an ideal beverage during summer heat for centuries. “It disperses summer heat and can expel toxins, cool the heart fire, calm the mind, remove heat from liver and gallbladder, and relieve stomach and lung.”
Avoid: a Dry and energetically hot foods such as coffee (!) and acrid spices. Also avoid ice-cold foods and beverages and ice cream, because they abruptly block the stomach’s digestive energy. In the view of Chinese medicine, children have a physiologically weak center burner until they are about eight years old. They are especially sensitive to cold foods and beverages.
Symptoms
a Energetically hot and fatty foods, as they block
Sudden diarrhea and vomiting, often in the summer after extensive swimming (external cold), in combination with ice cream and cold beverages.
liver qi, and excess sour flavors.
Nutritional Therapy w Fennel tea with spices
Avoid:
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Chinese Dietetics in Practice
Autumn
Winter (Cold Season)
Autumn is characterized by the external decline of nature and, in many climates, by drying and cooling. The natural movement pattern of autumn is directed inward. Yang energy decreases, the small yin appears, and the energies of the body gather on the inside. Foods with downbearing movement and sour flavor (apple) support “inner” composure and serenity in the body.
Winter is the period when the big yin gathers and hides qi in deeper layers, which makes the body more susceptible to cold disorders. During the colder months, a warm, supplementing diet with acrid and sweet flavors that builds up and moves qi and protects it against cold stagnations is important.
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Recommended Autumn Foods
Mildly acrid and energetically warm foods that compensate for the onset of external cold such as oats, millet, corn, rice, carrots, leeks, radishes, cauliflower, beef, lamb. For inner cold, shivering, and the beginning of a cold, the acrid flavors of garlic, cinnamon, chili, ginger, and onions stimulate qi circulation and rapidly bring defensive energy to the surface. For external dampness, warm, dry foods should be used to support the center burner (millet, rice) and the lungs (acrid spices to drive away dampness and phlegm disorders). If dryness predominates, moistening foods (pear, tofu, peanuts) should be utilized.
Avoid: a Fatty, oily foods, and cool or cold dairy products, which burden the spleen and cause dampness and phlegm disorders (bronchitis, sinusitis), especially during wet weather (see “Dampness and Phlegm Disorders,” p. 64).
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Recommended Winter Foods
Warm meats that supplement qi, yang and blood: Lamb, venison, game, beef, poultry, duck, stews with legumes and meat; also grapes and red wine. The cold season diet should focus on strengthening kidney and spleen yang with lamb, venison, prawns, high-proof alcoholic beverages, acrid spices, aniseed (star anise), cloves, tea with spices, fennel, leek, walnuts, chestnuts, black sesame, oysters. The best time to build up qi and blood with a sweet, supplementing diet is at the end of winter. Li Shi Chin, at the time of the Ming Dynasty, recommends moderate, but regular consumption of alcohol. “Alcoholic beverages are bitter and acrid in flavor and hot in thermal nature. When consumed regularly and in the right amount, alcohol regulates blood flow, promotes qi circulation, stimulates the mind, and warms the body.”
!
A word of caution: “All good things in moderation ...”
Avoid: a An excess of energetically hot, warm, and acrid foods because they dry up body fluids, weaken yin, and encourage yang repletion disorders.
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Nutrition and Pathogenic Factors The pathogenic factors heat, cold, dampness, dryness, and wind have a significant effect on the body. Nutritional therapy can remove the damaging effects of external climate factors, as well as internal pathological states. Sudden weather changes often require rapid and flexible changes in diet.
Dampness Dampness calls for warming, drying, and dampness-transforming foods, because they supplement the spleen. Bitter–warm flavors, warm– sweet flavors and warm–acrid flavors should be preferred.
Nutritional Therapy w Millet, rice, amaranth, pear, cherries, grapes, and
Cold
warming spices like ginger (in moderation).
When the body is affected by cold, it should be supplied with sufficient yang energy with the help of energetically hot and warm food. The acrid–spicy and sweet flavors, as well as hearty dishes, should be favored.
Nutritional Therapy w Acrid spices such as chili, ginger, cinnamon, garlic, star anise, cloves, onions, Chinese leeks (garlic chives), coriander. Also high-proof alcoholic beverages, mulled wine, grog (a hot rum beverage with spices similar to hot buttered rum), cooking with alcohol, tea with spices, oats, fennel, lamb, venison.
Avoid: a Oily, fatty foods, excessively sweet foods, fatty meats, pork, bananas, sugar, too much dairy. Note: Protracted dampness can cause phlegm. This calls for dry foods, such as millet or Belgian endive hearts, and bitter–warm, sweet–neutral, or sweet– warm flavors. Moderately acrid flavors can dissolve phlegm stagnation. With phlegm disorders, fatty–oily foods should be avoided, as should foods that are too hot. Consumption of phlegm-producing foods, such as dairy products and banana, should also be reduced.
Dryness
Heat Heat calls for energetically cooling and cold foods, as well as the bitter and sour flavors. For dehydration and external dryness, foods should also moisten.
w Cooling fruit such as pineapple, tangerine, melon,
Dryness calls for fluid-promoting, moistening foods, refreshing vegetables, fruit and vegetable juices, as well as salads.
Nutritional Therapy w Pear, melon, tomato, banana, grapes, wheat, peanuts, pine nuts, soy products, dairy products, pork.
Nutritional Therapy
orange, lemon, kiwi. Cooling vegetables such as dandelion, tomato, cucumber, Belgian endive hearts, spinach. Also salads, mung bean sprouts, yogurt, wheat, barley, black or better green tea, mineral water, wheat beer.
External Wind External wind often acts as a carrier for the weather factors cold and heat.
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Wind–Cold
Internal Wind
Nutritional Therapy w Acrid spices such as chili, ginger, cinnamon, garlic,
Internal wind has a distinct yang character: Dizziness, tremors, spasms, disturbed vision.
green onions.
Nutritional Therapy w Avoid all foods that move qi.
Wind–Heat Nutritional Therapy w Eggplant, green tea, watermelon, chamomile tea.
Preferable: Eggplant, celery, water chestnut, sunflower seeds, banana, pike/perch, bass, rabbit.
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Nutrition and the Human Life Cycle Children and Young People
also important for children when combined with other methods of healing.
Children should be introduced to good eating habits early. A healthy diet that develops body and mind is of vital importance to their health later in life. Strengthening the center burner is a priority, since it is still underdeveloped in children. Neutral to mildly warming foods of the sweet flavor are ideal for children.
Midlife
Nutritional Therapy for Children w Millet, rice, barley, carrots, fennel, apples, honey, raisins, poultry, beef, potatoes, grape juice, fennel tea. Children have a natural craving for sweet foods and require “sweet” in the view of TCM, because it is the best flavor for strengthening the center burner. Tip: Sugar should be replaced with natural sweeteners such as honey, maple syrup, pear juice, molasses from sugar cane, apple butter, and sweet, warming fruits. Popular and ideal for kids are raisins and dates, displayed in a visually appealing way.
Avoid: a Energetically cold, cool foods, acrid spices, sugar, excess dairy products, fatty foods. A healing diet is well-suited for treating children with already manifest disorders (hyperactivity, allergies, headaches) and is well tolerated. Often, reduced intake of specific foods or substances and a change of diet is all that is needed for lasting improvements in children. Nutritional therapy is
During the middle phase of life, generally all foods are suitable. The diet should be varied and in tune with individual constitution, the seasons, and the weather. General nutritional guidelines should be followed.
Avoid: a An unbalanced diet and an excess of meat, raw foods, fats, dairy products, and coffee.
Older People Several smaller meals throughout the day are recommended for older people, since their digestive fire is weaker and meals can be more easily digested that way. Diet should prevent qi or blood vacuity. Center burner and kidney essence should be supported.
Preferred Foods for Older People w Well cooked foods, porridge, eggs, fish, stews, Master Soups.
Avoid: a Raw foods, fatty, oily, or roasted dishes, excessive salt consumption.
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3 Practical Application of Chinese Dietetics A General Applications of Chinese Dietetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 B Specific Applications of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
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A
General Applications of Chinese Dietetics
Practical Guidelines for Giving Nutritional Advice The Role of Chinese Nutrition in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Nutrition has played an important role in China’s traditional medical system for many centuries and continues to do so. Chinese physicians have always regarded food as medicine. Eating a balanced diet was how the body was kept in harmony. Changing weather conditions throughout the year were taken into account by adjusting the diet accordingly and choosing the appropriate ingredients. Today, nutrition is still firmly rooted in public awareness in China and is regarded as an essential element in achieving a long and fulfilled life. The Chinese diet is a preventive diet. External climate factors determine daily food choices. In times of extreme cold, dishes using acrid spices provide increased nourishment for the body. In winter, the emphasis is on warming and hot dishes, while in times of extreme external heat, the body is calmed with cooling dishes. Such a preventive diet can be practiced in other parts of the world and can be followed by most people. It requires no special expertise other than a general understanding of Chinese nutritional principles. Healing diets that address imbalance, however, require a clear diagnosis and development of a therapy strategy by a professional TCM practitioner.
General Indications for Chinese Dietetics
Daily general regeneration and balancing of qi, blood (xue), body fluids (jin ye), and spirit (shen). Specific supplementation of qi, yang, yin, and especially blood (xue) and body fluids (jin ye). Stabilizing, invigorating, or calming the spirit (shen). Preserving essence (jing) with high-quality foods and regular eating habits. Supplementing and balancing the organ networks and the bowels and viscera (zang fu organs). Supplementing, regenerating, and moving defense qi (wei qi). Supplementing and balancing the spleen/pancreas and stomach organ networks. Balancing disturbing effects brought on by weather or other external factors. Harmonizing the body with the seasons.
In essence, diet influences all functions and processes in the body. A few other proven indications for Chinese nutrition should also be mentioned here: Supplementing the center burner in children. Treating patterns of disharmony in children. Prevention during pregnancy by strengthening qi, particularly blood (xue) and body fluids (jin ye). General regeneration after childbirth, especially in cases of exhaustion. Specific treatment of constitutional disorders. Treating disorders caused by dampness and phlegm.
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General Applications of Chinese Dietetics
Treating acute and chronic conditions. This includes disorders of the respiratory system, allergies, acute and chronic gastrointestinal disorders, skin disorders, gynecological disorders, menopausal symptoms, urological disorders, insomnia, psychological instabilities, exhaustion, weight gain, hyperactivity.
Don’t Worry about Dogmatism Chinese nutrition has nothing to do with rigid diets or instructions that have to be followed dogmatically. On the contrary, enjoyment involving all the senses is a vital part of any diet. Nor does it mean that from now on all one’s meals have to be eaten with chopsticks, or that the fridge has to be stocked with bamboo sprouts, Chinese (napa) cabbage, and tofu. The principles of Chinese nutrition can be applied to any cuisine or cooking style. The only knowledge that is required is an understanding of the thermal and energetic principles of foods, spices, and cooking methods, and an awareness of the adjustments to be made for seasons, climate effects, physical constitution, and individual sensitivities.
Tips for Giving Nutritional Advice Basic knowledge of Chinese nutrition enables anyone to manage their health by choosing the right foods and developing healthy eating habits. This primarily requires a knowledge of the thermal nature of foods (see the tables at the back of this book, p. 220) to respond appropriately to seasonal changes, climate factors such as cold, dampness, and summer heat, or extreme physical or emotional strain. However, people new to TCM, even when in good health, quickly start asking questions about their
own constitution, individual food choices, different interactions, dietary habits, etc. People interested in prevention through diet can benefit from consulting a qualified TCM practitioner who can give specific advice. The confidence a practitioner can instill for the individualized application of Chinese nutrition at home makes such a consultation a worthwhile investment. Important: Nutritional therapy designed to heal illness must always be based on an informed diagnosis by a qualified TCM practitioner. Therapy must consider both the possibilities and the limitations of nutritional healing. Dietary therapy is commonly used in conjunction with other methods of Chinese medicine. Experienced TCM practitioners can also achieve excellent results by combining TCM with the diagnosis and therapy of Western medicine and naturopathy—all to the patient’s advantage.
!
The following tips help you achieve compliance in your patients, which is so crucial to the success of dietary advice! When prescribing a preventive diet, acknowledge your patients’ individual preferences to achieve the greatest possible compliance. In cases where a healing diet is appropriate, a patient’s distinct preferences can provide valuable therapeutic clues to patterns of disharmony. A patient’s constitution should be at the center of any decisions made about dietary prescriptions. Dietary recommendations always need to be adapted to the seasons and bioclimatic factors. Chinese nutrition requires more time than other treatments and thus a little patience. Let your patients know that tangible results might not be felt or seen for weeks or months, but that, once achieved, these results can last a lifetime. Inform your patients that dietary therapy is a great opportunity for developing healthy and beneficial eating habits that will keep them in good health for years to come.
Practical Guidelines for Giving Nutritional Advice
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Suggestions for giving dietary advice
To give competent and professional dietary advice, you should have a sound knowledge of the principles of Chinese nutrition (both preventive and healing diets) and should be trained in TCM diagnosis. During the initial consultation, you can assess your patient’s constitution by paying attention to certain criteria and then deepen your observations by asking your patient specific questions. Let your patients tell you about their eating habits, food preferences, etc. Ask your patients about their digestion. Communicate the results of your observations to your patients and explain in detail the diet plan that will accompany them in the following weeks. Clearly mark all foods that are good for the patient with a “+,” and foods that are bad for the patient with a “–”; Make recommendations about eating habits and food preparation (tailored to the diagnosis) during the initial consultation.
Provide your patient with written information. This includes: – An individual diet plan with a list of all foods that are appropriate for the patient; – General basic information about energetic principles, healthy eating habits, different cooking methods, supplementing the center burner, etc. – Copies of recipes for specific preparations, such as the Master Soup, congees, medicinal wines (see p. 33, 117, 160). This makes your own work easier, takes less time, and enables patients to explore the information at their own pace at home. Length of initial consultation: between 20 and 100 minutes. Arrange a second appointment three to six weeks later. Possible follow-up questions can be answered over the phone (have a phone consultation schedule). During the second consultation, answer any questions and clear up any uncertainties. Have the patient describe any noticeable successes or results.
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General Applications of Chinese Dietetics
General Nutritional Recommendations (for sharing with patients)
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Please take the following to heart: Use high-quality, clean, and unprocessed foods, organically grown whenever possible. Create a pleasant, relaxed atmosphere in which you can enjoy your meals. Eat with pleasure. Eat regularly, between three to five times a day. Do not rush your meals and chew each bite well (between 10 and 15 times)! Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like an emperor, and dinner like a beggar. Stop eating when it tastes best! Drink only small amounts of liquids during meals; too much liquid with meals, or right before and right after a meal can weaken your digestive fire. When putting together a meal, take into account your individual constitution. Choose foods that are appropriate for the season (choosing locally grown foods that are in season is often a good way). When following a vegetarian diet, ensure your diet contains enough energetically warming foods; increase the use of acrid spices in cold weather.
!
Please avoid the following: Too much raw or cold food and tropical fruits: These are energetically too cool, reduce the energy of the center burner, and if consumed, regularly, can cool the kidney organ network. Ice-cold beverages: They block stomach and spleen/pancreas qi flow and weaken spleen qi and spleen yang. Too much dairy: Dairy products are energetically too cool. They weaken the spleen/pancreas network and cause dampness and phlegm. Exhausting discussions or other distractions during a meal (TV, radio, reading): They can block the flow of qi in the center burner and cause food stagnation.
Too much oily, fatty food: Blocks the flow of qi and causes heat, dampness, and phlegm. Too much sugar, sweet flavors: Causes heat, dampness and phlegm. Too much alcohol: Causes damp heat, promotes formation of phlegm and hurts jing, along with a number of other unpleasant effects. Too much meat: Causes dampness and phlegm. Late evening meals: Block the flow of qi, cause food obstruction, weaken the spleen/pancreas network, and lead to weight gain. Overly opulent meals: Block flow of qi, cause food stagnation, burden the spleen/pancreas network, cause dampness and phlegm and lead to weight gain. Excessive and prolonged fasting: Weakens the center burner, as well as yin, blood (xue), and jing.
Application Areas Application Goal: Prevention The main application for Chinese nutrition is prevention and general healthy living. Mild states of disharmony that are common in everyday life, for example those caused by bioclimatic factors such as cold or heat, or brought on by times of stress, can be balanced with appropriate preparation and choice of foods. Choosing foods in accordance and harmony with the seasons protects the body against disorders and helps it to live in tune with natural rhythms. Example During the cold seasons (fall and winter in the Northern hemisphere), one should increase the intake of warm or hot foods with pronounced yang character. Fruits and salads—foods that are mostly yin—are not recommended during the colder months, because they cool down the energetics of the body even further, instead of warming it and protecting it from external cold.
Application Goal: Therapy Therapy always first requires a diagnosis based on the principles of TCM. The appropriate choice of foods provides a foundation for further treatment
Practical Guidelines for Giving Nutritional Advice methods such as acupuncture and herbal therapy. Dietary therapy adjusted to the individual’s symptoms creates a good basis for additional treatments, resulting in quicker and more effective improvement. Chinese practitioners find it hard to understand why most doctors in the Western world utilize only one treatment at a time, for example acupuncture, instead of making full use of all treatments available and coming up with a comprehensive treatment strategy. In traditional Chinese hospitals, a patient’s individual diet plan is part of a holistic treatment concept. Example The treatment of insomnia, which aims to drain yang, will not prove successful through acupuncture alone if patients continue to stimulate their yang by consuming warm or hot foods. Examples are coffee, hot spices, garlic, onions, and lamb. By ignoring dietary recommendations, the patient essentially works against the acupuncture treatment rather than with it. Abstaining from foods containing yang and giving preference to yin foods, on the other hand, supports the acupuncture treatment and promotes success.
¢ General Qi Vacuity Qi vacuity can appear in any of the networks. The most common causes for general qi vacuity are vacuity of spleen qi, kidney qi, and lung qi.
Diet:
births spaced too closely; external cold; chronic illnesses. Too much thermally cold food, yin products, or raw foods; irregular eating habits; too much dairy; too many tropical fruits, frozen foods, denaturalized foods, canned foods, or ice-cold beverages; hasty eating; eating too late in the day.
Prevention
w Nutritional Therapy Thermal nature
Neutral, warming, sometimes hot
Cooking method
Warming
Flavor
Neutral–sweet, warm–sweet, neutral–acrid, warm–acrid, neutral–salty, warm–salty, occasionally also hot
Grains
Oats, millet, corn, rice, short-grain (sweet, glutinous) rice, spelt
Meat
Poultry, lamb, beef, game (venison)
Fish
Oysters, trout, lobster, salmon, anchovies
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots, leeks, chestnuts
Spices
Acrid and hot, ginger, garlic, coriander
Nuts and seeds
Hazelnuts, black sesame, walnuts
Legumes
Lentils
Symptoms Fatigue, exhaustion, lack of appetite, lack of concentration, abdominal bloating; soft, sloppy stool; tendency to diarrhea, tendency to feel cold and to shiver, aversion to cold, lowered resistance, frequent backaches in the lumbar vertebral column, frequent urination with clear urine, large amounts of urine, nocturia (excessive night time urination), dyspnea (shortness of breath), premature ejaculation, reduced sexual desire, impotence. Tongue: Pale, swollen Pulse: Vacuous, weak
General:
Tip: Have a substantial, warming breakfast, for example warm millet porridge or oatmeal, and at least one or two warm meals daily, for example Master Soup, stews.
Supplement spleen qi ST-36 CV-12 SP-3
Causes Stress, overexertion, lack of sleep, too many negative emotions such as worries, anxiety, fear, brooding; too much sexual activity; in women, too many
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p
Supplement kidney qi CV- 6 KI- 7 Moxa
p
58
General Applications of Chinese Dietetics
¢ General Yang Vacuity
¢ General Yin Vacuity
Yang vacuity can present similar symptoms as qi vacuity, because yang vacuity is always preceded by protracted qi vacuity and the transition between the two is not clearly delineated.
Yin vacuity is a deeper disorder of the body and can affect each of the organ networks. Syndromes seen frequently in practice are yin vacuity of the liver, heart, lung, and kidney networks. Yin vacuity can damage the substance of the organ network involved.
Symptoms Primarily cold symptoms, such as cold, pale extremities, general weakness, severe mental and physical exhaustion, lack of drive, general loss of strength, as well as water retention in form of edemas. Women can encounter menstrual disorders, missed periods, and diarrhea. Tongue: Pale, swollen, with tooth impressions Pulse: Vacuous, weak
Prevention
m
Basically the same as for qi vacuity. However, more foods with strong yang character can be used.
Symptoms Thirst, dry mouth, hot soles of the feet, especially at night, possibly hot hands, burning sensation behind the chest bone, night sweat, possibly weight loss. Symptoms that occur due to pseudoyang as a result of yin vacuity: Restlessness, agitation, nervousness, sleep disorders, dizziness, internal heat sensation; dry, hard stool; easily startled, emotional instability, susceptibility to stress, lack of resiliency. Tongue: Red, chapped Pulse: Rapid, thin.
Causes Cooking method
Warming, grilled, fried
Meat
Beef, poultry, lamb, game (especially venison)
Also
Fennel, walnuts, chestnuts, corn, raisins, cherries, peaches, leeks, acrid spices
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Master Soup and stews with warming meat and vegetables.
Supplement kidney yang KI-7 SP-3 CV-6
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Supplement spleen yang ST-36 + Moxa GV-4 + Moxa
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General causes: Long chronic illnesses, depletion of body fluids, for example due to extreme fever; protracted blood loss; excessive sexual activity; excessive drug use or medication abuse; extreme emotional strain such as worry, grief, fear; overexertion and overwork; sleep deprivation due to nighttime work; hectic and stressful lifestyle that creates internal heat and exhausts body fluids. Dietary causes: Excessive intake of extremely warming foods, especially acrid spices that dry out the body fluids and hurt the yin. Additional factors are excessive intake of coffee, high-proof alcoholic beverages, poor and irregular diet.
Prevention
w Nutritional Therapy
Avoid: a Heat; foods with yang characteristics; the flavors hot–bitter, warm–bitter, hot–acrid, warm– acrid; hot and warm foods or beverages, especially coffee, black tea, red wine; garlic, ginger, acrid spices; high-proof alcohol.
Practical Guidelines for Giving Nutritional Advice
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Recommended:
Yin foods with neutral–sweet and refreshing– sweet flavor. Meat/fish
Pork, oysters
Vegetables
Cooling, refreshing vegetables, spinach, tomatoes, seaweed
Grains
Spelt, corn, rice, wheat
Fruit
Apples, pears, blackberries, citrus fruit, strawberries, bananas, grapes
Dairy products
Butter, cheese, yogurt, milk
Soy products
Tofu, soy milk
Beverages
Red fruit juices, citrus juices, wheat beer
Replenish yin by supplementing spleen yin, kidney yin, and liver yin KI-3 SP-6 KI-6
p p
CV-6 LR-8
¢ Yin Repletion (Excess) and Dampness Yin repletion is often caused by a poor, insufficient diet. Consuming too many yin products cools the body, harms spleen qi, and causes dampness. This syndrome can worsen due to a weak spleen and can, over time, lead to phlegm disorders. Yin repletion reduces the body’s yang energy.
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Symptoms
Lack of drive; fatigue; slowed movements and language; cold hands; feeling of heaviness inside the body, as well as in the arms and legs; dull headache which the patient often describes as a “feeling like I am wearing a helmet”; tendency to diarrhea, bloating, water retention in arms, legs, and face; a melancholic disposition, sometimes depression; obesity.
Causes General causes: General factors that can cause spleen qi vacuity and general yang
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vacuity, such as overexertion, lack of sleep. Dietary causes: Irregular intake of food; rushed meals eaten under stress; main meal in the late evening; too much raw food, salads and dairy products that produce too much dampness and phlegm.
Prevention
m
Successfully dealing with the stresses and challenges of everyday life while staying healthy requires a healthy and supportive diet. Healthy eating habits should be developed to sustain the energy necessary for facing the demands of daily life and establishing a balanced state of health.
Avoid: a Yin foods; damp foods, especially dairy products; raw fruit and vegetables; excess sweet flavors; hasty, irregular meals; main meal in the late evening; inadequate breakfast; too much fat and oil.
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Recommended:
Moderately warming foods and cooking methods. For dampness and phlegm, especially bitter–warm flavors, but also sweet– warm, warm–salty, warm–refreshing, as well as all neutral flavors. Moderate intake of hot foods. Also: Ginger, cardamom, leeks, pears, cherries, carp, millet. For additional recommendations, see also “Strengthening the Inner Center,” page 42.
¢ Yang Repletion (Excess) Conditions Yang repletion displays different levels of intensity and is a commonly found pattern of disharmony in medical practice. It is important to differentiate real yang repletion from “pseudo-yang” repletion or “empty heat.” Real yang repletion is a short-term surplus of yang. “Pseudo-yang” repletion is the appearance of yang repletion symptoms caused by the absence of yin, which can lead to an increased appearance of yang character. Draining yang can initially alleviate both patterns. If the cause is complete yin vacuity, as is the case
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General Applications of Chinese Dietetics flavors can dry out body fluids and deplete the body’s yin. These heat symptoms often appear in combination with hot, viscous phlegm and frequently result from excessive consumption of very oily or fatty foods. The liver organ network is especially sensitive to heat and fatty, oily foods (junk food).
with “pseudo-yang” repletion, yin needs to be replenished along with draining yang in order to establish lasting harmony.
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Symptoms
Red complexion, hyperactivity, restlessness, anxiety, loud voice, boisterous laugh, dominating personality, irritability, and tendency to outbursts of anger. Body feels hot, thirst, tendency to get headaches, dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), headache in the temporal region (shao yang headache due to upbearing liver yang), bitter taste in mouth (liver fire), excessive perspiration, high blood pressure, episodes of voracious appetite with a tendency to weight gain (stomach heat).
Causes General causes: The majority of yang symptoms are caused by a relative yang surplus and result from a yin vacuity of the affected bowel (zang organ). Emotional strains such as stress, a hectic lifestyle, and suppressed emotions such as rage, anger, and frustration harm the organ network of heart and liver. The longer an emotional imbalance persists, the more the organs are impaired. The liver phase is especially sensitive and can suffer deep-seated damage from protracted stagnation of liver qi when qi flow is blocked due to suppressed emotions. This creates a precarious balance that can easily be upset by even minor yang effects such as stress or the wrong diet (high-proof alcohol, acrid spices), invoking symptoms of ascendant liver yang (gan yang shang kang) and liver fire (gan huo shang yan) Dietary causes: Green tea, mineral water, wheat beer, tofu, mung beans, dandelion, Belgian endive hearts, peppermint tea, cow’s milk, yogurt, cheese, farmer’s cheese, cottage cheese, buttermilk. Patients often prefer acrid flavors to relax the body and loosen any existing emotional blockages, or excessively sweet flavors to counteract frustrations and grief. Acrid–warm flavors and acrid–hot flavors, like all thermally hot foods, can cause heat-related symptoms. Bitter–hot, as well as all other hot
Prevention
w Nutritional Therapy
Avoid: a All energetically hot foods and beverages, especially acrid spices such as curry, ginger, garlic, and pepper. Onions, high-proof alcohol, warming cooking methods like frying, grilling. Decrease consumption of thermally warm foods and meat (abstain from meat for four to six weeks, especially lamb, beef, poultry, pork). Decrease intake of coffee, red wine, and salt.
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Recommended:
Yin foods with neutral–sweet, cool–sweet, cold– sweet, neutral–sour, cool–sour, cold–sour flavor. Vegetables: Tomatoes, spinach, cucumbers, celery Grains: Wheat, barley Fruit: Apples, pears, citrus fruit, raspberries, gooseberries
¢ Blood Vacuity (Xue Xu) Blood vacuity is an important syndrome in Chinese pathophysiology and is very commonly found in practice. Blood vacuity is often at the root of many gynecological disorders. Men have more qi in their blood and thus tend to suffer more from qi problems.
Practical Guidelines for Giving Nutritional Advice
Symptoms
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Therapy
General:
Pale skin, pale lips, sensation of dizziness inside head, dull complexion, numbness, fatigue, dry hair and skin.
Liver blood vacuity (gan xue xu):
Blurred vision, sleep disorders, dry and brittle nails, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, sensation of “pins and needles” or falling asleep of the limbs, sensitivity of eyes to light, psychological, mental, and gynecological symptoms, lack of drive, nervousness, emotional frailty, low self-esteem, heart palpitations, menstrual disorders such as painful menstruation or absence of menstruation (dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea).
Chronic blood vacuity symptoms are general dryness: Dry skin, dry hair, possibly hair loss, and brittle nails. Blood vacuity can create favorable conditions for liver wind, causing dry skin conditions accompanied by severe itching and blisters on alternating parts of the body. Tongue: Pale, small; dry tongue body Pulse: Thin, fine or rough
Strengthen blood Supplement spleen qi Enrich liver blood SP-10 ST-36 BL-17 SP-6 LR-8 SP-2 BL-21
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w Nutritional Therapy Avoid: a Warming cooking
methods and thermally hot foods. All bitter foods, especially the flavors bitter–hot and bitter–warm. Acrid–hot and acrid– warm flavors, since these dry out blood. Black tea, hot chocolate, acrid spices such as garlic, ginger, pepper, curry, cinnamon, etc. Energetically hot drinks such as coffee, high-proof alcohol, yogi tea (chai).
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Recommended:
Cooking method
Cooling
Flavor
Sweet–neutral, sweet–warm, sour–neutral, sour–cool
Grains
Oats, amaranth, short-grain (glutinous) rice, rice
Vegetables
All thermally neutral and refreshing vegetables like red beets, red cabbage, carrots, spinach, fennel
Meat
Chicken, chicken liver, beef, beef stock, beef liver, veal liver, lamb liver (liver preferably from organically raised animals or aninmals living in the wild)
Fish
Oysters, mussels, squid (octopus), perch, eel
Fruits
Red grapes, sweet cherries, longans (a type of lychee), plums, apricots
Nuts and seeds
Sesame, sunflower seeds
Beverages
Red beet juice, sweet cherry juice, plum juice, red tea (e.g., rosehip tea, hibiscus), red grape juice, red wine in moderation
Pathogenesis TCM believes that blood is primarily formed in the spleen. Blood vacuity can therefore be caused by spleen vacuity. Blood formed in the spleen with help from the lungs becomes “spirited” with qi and jing from the kidneys as it circulates. Not until then does blood from the spleen have the necessary energy. Good blood formation also requires balanced lung and kidney energy. The liver plays an important role as a storage organ for blood. This means that any blood vacuity eventually leads to liver disharmony with liver blood vacuity (gan xue xu). Particularly damaging to the blood is liver heat, which sets blood into restless motion. Protracted heat can dry out and damage blood (xue).
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General Applications of Chinese Dietetics
Recommended for liver blood vacuity: Meat
Chicken, duck, rabbit liver, hare liver, pork liver (liver preferably from organically raised or wild harvested animals)
Fish
Oysters, shrimps, white fish, bass
Fruit
Apples, lychees, plums, grapes, longans (similar to lychees)
Vegetables
Thermally neutral and cooling, green vegetables of the wood phase: beans, broccoli, lamb’s lettuce (miner’s lettuce), lotus root, mangold chard (Swiss chard), spinach, sprouts, tomatoes
Beverages
Carrot juice, tomato juice
Grains
Wheat, short-grain (glutinous) rice
Spices
Watercress, marjoram, parsley root
Nuts and seeds
Sesame, sunflower seeds
Other
Egg yolk
¢ Strengthening Defense Qi (Wei Qi) Defense qi protects the body against disease. It circulates outside the body channels, mainly on the body’s surface. Defense qi’s most important function is to provide protection against external pathogenic factors such as wind, cold, heat, and dampness. At the same time, it warms and moistens skin and muscles. Since it circulates below the skin’s surface, defense qi is primarily governed by the lungs. Defense qi prevents pathogens from entering the body by regulating the opening and closing of the skin’s pores. If lung energy is too weak, pores do not close in time, allowing pathogens to penetrate and cause disorders. Lung qi vacuity can result in lowered resistance, which in turn can lead to increased susceptibility to colds. While the lungs are responsible for the control and distribution of defense qi, the center burner also contributes to the production of defense qi, along with the stomach and spleen. If those two organs
are in a state of vacuity, qi supply of the whole body is lowered, which then affects quantity and quality of defense qi. Original essence (prenatal) qi from the kidneys also plays a minor role in the production of defense qi. In summary, there are three energy systems responsible for good defense: First and foremost, lung qi for governing and distributing defense qi, stomach and spleen qi, as well as for reproduction, quantity, and quality of defense qi. Secondly, original qi from the essence of liver yang. Thirdly, defense qi is a fleeting and active yang energy. With its role in the opening and closing of pores, it is closely associated with the secretion of body fluids (sweat). During the day, it circulates mostly in the surface yang channels of greater yang (tai yang) lesser yang (shao yang), and yang ming. At nighttime, it flows back into the bowels (zang organs) kidney, heart, lung, liver, and spleen.
Symptoms General symptoms of qi or yang vacuity include: pale complexion; feeling cold, shivering and aversion to cold; cool and cold extremities; easily physically and emotionally fatigued; general listlessness; spontaneous perspiration (lung qi vacuity). During the acute phase of a cold: chills, a feeling of coldness along one’s back along the greater yang (tai yang) channel, joint pain; runny nose with liquid, clear secretion; sneezing, sensitive to cold, exhaustion (symptoms of a wind–cold attack on the body).
Causes
Factors that weaken lung qi, for example constitutional weakness, extended periods of sitting in a slumped position (inhibits breathing and thus leads to lung qi vacuity). Smoking, damage to lung qi by external pathogenic factors such as wind–cold or wind–heat, overwork, prolonged grief. Factors that weaken spleen and stomach. Factors that weaken kidney yang and essence.
Practical Guidelines for Giving Nutritional Advice
Therapy
as oranges and lemons should not be consumed for the duration of a cold.
Strengthen body yang KI-7 + Moxa ST-36 GV-4
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Supplement lung qi LU-9 + Moxa LU-7 BL-13 BL-12
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Supplement center burner ST-36 BL-20
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Supplement kidney yang KI-7 + Moxa BL-23 GV-4
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!
In Chinese herbal therapy, huang qi (astragalus) is an important remedy for supplementing defense qi.
!
In the early stage of a cold, it is especially productive to treat the symptoms (cold and chills) with the strong yang energy of acrid–warm and acrid–hot flavors. This moves defense qi, opens the pores for a short time to allow the expulsion of pathogenic factors such as cold, dispels external pathogenic cold and wind, clears the body surface, and strengthens yang and defense qi in the body.
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Avoid: a All foods that can weaken the yang of the body, for example foods with cool or cold thermal nature such as raw foods, salads, cold types of fruit, dairy products, cold beverages.
!
During the acute phase of a common cold, avoid all foods that increase the formation of mucus to protect the weakened lung qi from possible phlegm disorders and to avoid straining the spleen (bananas, dairy products, raw foods, and very oily and fatty foods).
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Recommended:
Acrid–warm and acrid–hot flavors that strengthen the metal phase to supplement and support defense qi. During the acute beginning of a cold, avoid the sour flavor. In Chinese medicine, all citrus fruits are contraindicated for the duration of a cold. The reason is the direction of movement of the sour flavor. It moves inward and thus prevents the already weakened defense qi from coming to the surface and averting the penetrating pathogenic factors. This results in the pores of the skin being insufficiently closed, creating a relatively unobstructed path for entry of pathogenic factors through the skin. The sour flavor makes it possible for pathogenic factors located on the body surface to move into deeper layers. Thus, TCM believes hot lemon juice and large servings of citrus fruits such
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Recommended: Especially fresh ginger! Also pepper, chili, acrid spiced tea (e.g., yogi tea)
Decoction of fresh ginger with green (spring) onions:
Simmer thumb-sized pieces of fresh ginger and green onions in 0.5 L (two cups) of water for about 10 minutes. Drink one to two cups of this liquid while warm. All foods with yang potential are recommended for strengthening defense qi. Sweet–warm or sweet– hot flavors are especially suitable for supplementing the center burner. Salty–hot and salty–warm flavors can strengthen the kidneys. The body is especially susceptible to pathogenic energy at night, since defense qi circulates deeper in the body during that time, leaving the surface unprotected. Too little sleep and too much nightly activity increase susceptibility to externally caused disorders. Nutritional therapy can individually strengthen specific organs with certain foods. Aside from generally supplementing yang in the body via the three networks kidney, spleen/stomach, and lung, supplementing lung qi is especially advisable for strengthening the body’s defenses.
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General Applications of Chinese Dietetics
¢ Supplementing Lung Qi
w Nutritional Therapy Spices
Chili, curry, ginger, pepper
Beverages
Spiced teas, high-proof alcohol
Vegetables
Cauliflower, leeks, horseradish, onions, radish, watercress
Nuts and seeds
Almonds, almond butter
!
Wind–cold disorder, which attacks the lung when there is insufficient defense qi to protect it, can develop into wind–heat, which is characterized by fever; thirst, a preference for cold beverages, headaches, sparse, dark urine, and physical exhaustion. These signs of a wind–heat attack with predominant heat symptoms require immediate adjustment of nutritional therapy. During this phase, acrid–hot and acrid–warm flavors, as well as foods with a hot thermal nature are contraindicated; cooling foods are recommended. Sour flavors should be avoided to prevent the disorders from moving into deeper layers of the body.
¢ Dampness and Phlegm Conditions TCM views dampness and phlegm as important and common pathological factors in the treatment of many disorders. The motto of traditional Chinese physicians was: “If you’ve treated a disorder for a long period of time without success, always remember phlegm.” The Western observer associates phlegm disorders mainly with a stuffed up nose and sinuses, sinusitis frontalis, sinusitis maxillaris, and bronchial congestion. In TCM, these are only partial aspects, as the Chinese idea of phlegm disorders incorporates a lot more than just material phlegm: Phlegm can occur in all parts of the body. It slows down the flow of qi and congests the channels, inducing symptoms such as numbness, dull, “foggy” headache, sluggishness, and lack of concentration. A well-known and typical symptom of dampness in the head is the so-called hangover headache
caused by too much alcohol resulting in the creation of phlegm.
Pathogenesis Phlegm is created mainly by a disorder of the spleen/pancreas network. If the spleen is too weak, qi flow slows and transformation and transport of fluids becomes congested. As a result, dampness accumulates. With chronic spleen qi or yang vacuity, dampness collects over a longer period and creates concentrated accumulations of liquid. These eventually thicken into phlegm, especially if subjected to the effects of heat. Since spleen vacuity is always the primary cause of phlegm, therapy needs to focus on strengthening this particular bowel (zang organ)! Also contributing to the formation of phlegm are the lungs and kidneys. The primary responsibility of the lungs is to distribute and reduce fluids produced by the spleen. If weakened, the lungs are unable to perform this task, resulting in the formation of dampness (swelling and edemas) and phlegm in the nasal and sinus cavities (maxillary sinus and frontal sinus). In the worst case, the lungs themselves become obstructed (bronchitis, pneumonia). The kidneys, on the other hand, are responsible for the intake and discharge of liquids. If this function is impaired, liquids gather primarily in the lower burner and can lead to formation of edemas. As a rule, good kidney energy (kidney yang) is important for warming and supporting the spleen. Other causes for the formation of phlegm, especially heat phlegm (viscous, yellow phlegm) are external wind–heat disorders that damage the lung, for example acute bronchitis, sinusitis, and hay fever. Heat phlegm can also arise with liver qi stagnation, since heat is formed when the flow of qi is slowed and congested, and heat thickens fluids. Phlegm Differentiation Substantial phlegm: Appears in the form of sputum with disorders of the respiratory system, for example rhinitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, or pneumonia. Immaterial, “invisible” phlegm: Collects in the channels of the body and obstructs qi flow. Immaterial phlegm can gather subcutaneously and appear in the shape of skin nodules: Lipoma, adenoma, ganglia, or as a goiter. In its hardened form, phlegm turns into gallstones or
Practical Guidelines for Giving Nutritional Advice kidney stones. Phlegm in the joints causes bone deformation or chronic rheumatoid arthritis. Even “plum pit qi” (the sensation of a foreign body in the throat, mei he qi), a condition known in TCM, is another form of phlegm (qi phlegm), triggered mainly by binding depression of liver qi due to emotional causes. Its symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, globus hystericus (“lump in the throat”), or a feeling of oppression in the chest and diaphragm.
nebulous, confused mind, types of schizophrenia, hallucinations, manic depression. Cold phlegm: White, viscous sputum; lack of appetite, feeling of oppression in chest and epigastrium (abdominal wall above umbilicus [belly button]), infection of lungs. Immaterial phlegm: Congestion of the channels, for example wind colic (apoplexy) and sensation of numbness, mostly in elderly people.
Tongue:
Symptoms General phlegm disorders Protracted illnesses that do not improve despite intensive treatment. Painless lumps beneath the skin that are neither hot nor red and are freely movable (lipoma). A general feeling of heaviness and numbness, sluggishness, chronic fatigue, difficulty concentrating, especially dull headache and recurrent dizziness (Ménière disease). Frequent infections in children, with stuffy nose, muciferous and purulent bronchitis, and purulent maxillary sinus and frontal sinus infections. Obesity. Tip: These symptoms can be increasingly found in children and young adults due to bad dietary habits (fast food, too many sweets, dairy products, and sugary soda pops). Differentiation of phlegm disorders by location of phlegm collection and symptoms Upper burner: Fatigue, lack of concentration, dull pressure in head, dizziness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), sinusitis frontalis and sinusitis maxillaris, stuffy nose. Center burner: Bronchitis, pneumonia, bronciectasis (inflammation of the lungs), cough with copious white or yellow secretion, nausea. Lower burner: Fluid deposits in the form of leg or ankle edemas. Differentiation by type of phlegm condition and symptoms Wind and phlegm: Feeling of dizziness, sensation of numbness in the extremities, aphasia (communication disorder), wind stroke. Heat phlegm: Yellow, viscous sputum, dry mouth and lips, bronchitis, pneumonia, apathy,
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Pulse:
Puffy, wet tongue is typical, partly with impression (spleen qi or spleen yang vacuity). Often oily, soft fur appears on a normal, but pale tongue in the retrolingual region. White fur: cold phlegm; yellow fur: heat phlegm. Typical slippery pulse, similar to pulse of a pregnant woman.
Therapy Strengthen spleen Transform dampness and phlegm Strengthen lung and kidneys ST-40 CV-12 PC-6 ST-36 SP-3 BL-20 BL-21
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For chronic disorders KI-3 KI-7 BL-23 LU-9 BL-13
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Avoid: a Foods that produce copious phlegm, especially dairy products, bananas, very oily and fatty foods, junk foods, too much of the sweet flavors, sugary beverages. An excess of yin foods (take into account season and climate!): raw foods, salads, and cool/cold types of fruit, citrus fruits, and juices. Frozen foods and cooking or heating meals in the microwave should also be avoided. Caution: Meat and alcohol produce phlegm if consumed excessively. This applies especially to pork and wheat beer.
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General Applications of Chinese Dietetics
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Recommended: Strengthen spleen
All foods that strengthen the spleen to deter further production of dampness and phlegm (see “Spleen/Pancreas Qi Vacuity,” p. 69 and “Spleen/Pancreas Yang Vacuity,” p. 69). Millet, rice, and corn are especially beneficial for supplementing and warming the spleen. Soy beans and mung beans are recommended for removing excess moisture from the body.
Flavors and foods that transform dampness and phlegm: Heat phlegm (yellow, viscous): Thermal nature/flavor: bitter–cool, salty–cool, sometimes sweet–cool Belgian endive hearts, dandelion, soy milk, mung beans, radish, pears, grapes, carp, salt, red marine algae (rhodophyta, also known as dulse), and seaweed.
Cold phlegm (whitish, clear, thin): Thermal nature/flavor: bitter–warm, acrid– warm In moderation, fresh ginger, leeks, garlic, cardamom, cherries. Phlegm obstructs qi flow in the meridians: Moderately acrid flavor can remove the congestions, for example strong spices such as pepper, garlic, ginger.
Tip: With recurrent phlegm conditions, drastically reduce meat, alcohol, dairy products, sweets, and fatty foods. Abstain from these altogether for three to six weeks. General recommendation for dampness and phlegm: Millet muesli or millet porridge with cinnamon and raisins. For heat phlegm: Mung beans, mung bean decoction, soy milk, mixed juice of pears and lemons. For cold phlegm: Ginger tea.
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B
Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
Network: Spleen/Pancreas–Stomach Earth Phase Bowel (Zang Organ): Spleen/Pancreas (Pi), SP
Viscera (Fu Organ): Stomach (Wei) ST
Character
Function
“In charge of economy and nutrition” The spleen is the material foundation of the body and root of acquired qi. It is responsible for absorption, distribution, transformation, and creation of energy from food.
“Cooking vessel” for acquired qi Most important viscera (Fu organ): Downbears the flow of qi Gathers food Separates and extracts food Downbears Loves dampness Time of day: 7–9 a.m.
Role in TCM: Governs transformation, transport, and processing of food and energy. Retains the blood in the blood vessels. Governs muscles and extremities. Opens at mouth and lips. Governs upbearing qi, keeps the organs in place. Houses the mind (zhi). Association with the five phases: Emotions: Brooding, worries, pensiveness Climate factor: Dampness Season: Late summer, early fall Direction: Center Color: Yellow Flavor: Sweet Time of day: 9–11 a.m.
Tasks and Functions of Spleen/Pancreas and Stomach The stomach and spleen/pancreas are important bowels and viscera (zang fu organs). As the production site of acquired qi, yang, blood (xue), and body fluids (jin ye), they play a key role in TCM therapy. The famous Chinese scholar Li Gao, during the Song dynasty (AD 920–1280), emphasized the importance of the center burner by founding a special school for the “Strengthening of the Center,” which focused primarily on the treatment of the center burner. The following quote from the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644) also speaks to the significance of the body’s “center”:
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
“The person who knows how to treat the center knows how to balance all networks.” Many doctors during that period were of the opinion that no disorder is really curable as long as the network of the center burner is impaired. They perfected strengthening the “inner center” by strengthening the stomach and spleen as a prerequisite for all therapy. “Zang Fu Governs Transformation and Transport” The bowels and viscera (zang fu organs) spleen/pancreas are largely responsible for transformation and transport of ingested food. Both organs separate food into clear and turbid components. The clear components of food essence are transformed into gu qi (drum qi). Gu qi forms the basis for all acquired qi and for production of blood. According to TCM, most of the qi in our body that can be regenerated is derived from gu qi acquired through stomach and spleen/pancreas. Lack of spleen qi results in energy deficiencies for the entire body. Key symptoms of spleen qi vacuity: Chronic fatigue, general immune deficiency, susceptibility to infections, lack of concentration; sloppy, shapeless stool.
Therapy Therapy principle: Supplementing qi means also supplementing the spleen. Strengthening blood means also supplementing the spleen.
excessive consumption of cold beverages, raw foods, salads, fruit and dairy products. Dampness, phlegm, or edemas in the body always requires treating the spleen as part of the therapy.
Symptoms Edemas, swollen face, sensation of heaviness in the limbs; heavy, dull head; apathy, depression and lack of drive, obesity, sinus congestion (maxillary and frontal sinuses), bronchial congestion, frequent colds (see also “Dampness and Phlegm Conditions,” p. 64) Signs of healthy spleen qi include well-shaped red lips, a closed mouth, and a good sense of taste. Spleen qi vacuity presents as pale and chapped lips and a continually open mouth. A strong preference for sweet flavors also indicates spleen disharmony.
Production and Retention of Blood Healthy spleen qi produces sufficient blood and enables it to circulate through the body and stay in its vessels. Spleen qi vacuity can cause more frequent bleeding, because the blood can not be retained in its vessels. Gu qi (drum qi) is extracted from food and then transported by the spleen to the heart. Blood is produced in the heart with help from the original qi of the kidneys. This makes the spleen one of the central organs for the formation of qi and blood. Chronic spleen qi vacuity reduces the production of blood and results in liver blood vacuity.
Symptoms
Governance of Body Fluids and Liquids Transformation and distribution of fluids requires sufficient spleen qi. Spleen vacuity obstructs the transport of fluids. This can cause accumulation of dampness or phlegm, which can damage a weakened spleen even further. The spleen loves dryness and shuns dampness. Dampness in the body can be caused by external wetness and dampness (damp apartment, rainy fall days), but also by dampness formed on the inside of the body caused by the wrong foods (too many yin foods). Key factors that can weaken the spleen and cause dampness and later formation of phlegm, are
Night blindness; blurry, distorted vision; lightsensitive eyes; numb limbs; insomnia (shen is anchored in the blood), menstrual disorders, frequent bruises (purpura, petechia, hematuria, excessive menstruation).
Governance of Muscles and Limbs Gu qi extracted by the spleen from food is distributed to all tissues of the body. This nourishes and warms muscles and limbs and supports mobility. Weak, tired, or atrophied muscles indicate spleen qi vacuity.
Network
Governance of Connective Tissue The spleen holds the organs in place. Taught and elastic connective tissue is a sign of good spleen qi. Loose connective tissue, cellulite, colon/rectal prolapse (tuo gang), or uterus prolapse (zi gong xia chui) indicate weak spleen qi.
Home of the Mind/Thought (Si) Clear thinking and good concentration indicate strong spleen qi. Spleen vacuity can present as mental symptoms such as fuzzy thinking, problems concentrating, and weak memory Tip: Mental overexertion can weaken the spleen, which explains a craving for sweets during long periods of intensive studying or other mental work. The sweet flavor is associated with the earth phase and, therefore, with the spleen. Sweet flavor has the strongest supplementing effect of all flavors. In moderation, eating sweet foods during times of intense mental activity (studying, writing) can be beneficial.
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compensated with appropriate foods of the sweet flavor. Caution: Excessive consumption of refined sugar and denatured sweeteners (so-called simple sugars) causes extreme fluctuations of blood glucose levels and depletes nutrients from the body. Concentrated “healthy” sweeteners such as honey, maple syrup, molasses, or raw cane sugar are also extreme representatives of the sweet flavor and should be consumed in moderation. Spleen vacuity causes dampness and phlegm. If present, dietary measures to treat the spleen should be included in treatment.
Spleen Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition Spleen qi vacuity (pi qi xu) Spleen yang vacuity (pi yang xu)
¢ Spleen Qi Vacuity (Pi Qi Xu) Honey, dates, poppy seed cake or muffins, raisins.
Special Diet for Spleen/ Pancreas–Stomach Network This network is one of the most important sources of acquired qi and responds very well to dietary supplementation and treatment. The mainstay of every meal should be the sweet flavor of the earth phase. All other flavors should only be used as supplements (see also “Strengthening the Inner Center,” p. 42). Sweet foods such as grains, poultry, vegetables, certain types of fruit and dried fruit strengthen qi and moisten body fluids; they strengthen and supplement our “center.” Excessive consumption of cold beverages, raw foods, fruit, and dairy products weaken the spleen. Spleen qi vacuity caused by extended periods of mental activity and mental strain should be
This is probably one of the most common syndromes found in clinical practice and leads patients into the doctor’s office with a variety of different symptoms. Western diagnosis: Gastroenteritis, indigestion, malabsorption syndrome, diarrhea, anemia, and inflammatory intestinal disorders.
Symptoms Chronic fatigue, general exhaustion, susceptibility to infection, lack of appetite, weakness and frailty of limbs, craving sweets; pale, pallid complexion; soft, sloppy stools; sometimes diarrhea.
¢ Spleen Yang Vacuity (Pi Yang Xu) Spleen yang vacuity can result from protracted spleen qi vacuity or pronounced weakening of the spleen due to cold foods, irregular meal times, and irregular eating habits.
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
Western diagnosis: Chronic gastroenteritis, anemia, chronic malabsorption, and chronic gastroenterological disorders.
Symptoms Feet and hands are always cold; shivering; a sensation of cold in the abdomen; watery stool with undigested food particles; edemas, weakness, fatigue, chronic digestive problems.
Pathogenesis Four factors can weaken the spleen:
Diet Mental strain Climate Chronic illness
Diet: Probably the number one factor leading to a weakening of spleen qi. Bad eating habits such as irregular meals, eating too late in the day (e.g., having the first warm meal of the day in the evening), overeating, excessive consumption of cold and raw foods (too many yin products), too much dairy, too much frozen food, heating and cooking foods in the microwave, excessive consumption of acrid spices, and too many yin foods during the cold season all contribute to a weakening of spleen qi. Mental strain:Excessive mental activity and mental strain produce spleen qi vacuity. This syndrome is compounded by food eaten too hastily due to mental strain combined with time pressure and stress. Climate: Since the spleen despises wetness and dampness, it is sensitive to all dampness, especially from protracted exposure to wet weather or damp living environments, which weaken the spleen. Chronic illnesses: Protracted illness progressively weakens and exhausts the spleen and eventually also weakens the kidney organ network.
Therapy Supplement spleen qi
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SP-3 SP-2 BL-20 BL-21 ST-36 CV-12 Moxa
Avoid: a Cold or cooling yin foods; excess acrid flavors; excessive consumption of sweets, especially refined sugar. The most common ones are outlined below: Fruits
Pineapples, oranges, bananas, kiwis, watermelons, lemons
Vegetables
Cucumbers, raw foods, excessive consumption of salads (especially during the cold season), tomatoes
Beverages
Cold or iced drinks; too much mineral water; energetically cool fruit juices (e.g., orange juice); black tea, green tea, wheat beer, light beer
Dairy products
Cottage cheese, farmer’s cheese, cream cheese, milk, sour milk products (e.g., yogurt, kefir)
Network
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Recommended:
Regular meals; at least one warm meal a day. Sweet and warming foods such as: Flavor
Sweet–hot, sweet–warm, sweet–neutral
Cooking method
Neutral and warming
Meat
Poultry, poultry broth, lamb, beef, beef stock, venison
Fish
Trout, salmon, tuna, shellfish
Fruit
Sweet apples, apricots, dates, jujube (Chinese dates), figs, sweet cherries, peaches, plums, raisins, red grapes
Vegetables
Fennel, cabbage, pumpkins, carrots, sweet potatoes, onions gently sautéed until transparent
Beverages
Fennel tea, spiced tea with cinnamon (yogi tea), mead, liqueurs, corn silk tea, licorice tea, red grape juice
Grains
Amaranth, oats, millet, polenta, short-grain (glutinous) rice, rice
Nuts and seeds
Peanuts, hazelnuts, pistachios, sesame, walnuts
Sweeteners
Maple syrup, barley malt, raw honey, marzipan, raisins, raw cane sugar (e.g., Rapadura), molasses
Spices
Aniseed, star anise, cayenne, pepper, fennel, ginger, cardamom, nutmeg, vanilla, cinnamon; also spices of the fire phase such as coriander, oregano, rosemary, thyme
Comment: Spleen syndromes are a domain of Chinese dietetics. Treatment duration is two to three months; eat regularly.
c
Millet porridge with raisins, cinnamon, nuts, and warming fruits for breakfast.
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Organ Network Spleen/ Pancreas–Stomach “Sea of food and liquids”
TCM views the stomach network as a very significant viscera (fu organ). Its tasks and functions are closely related to those of the spleen. The most important function of the stomach is the absorption of food and its distribution via the spleen. A person’s overall state of health is very dependent on the constitution of the stomach. Traditional Chinese doctors often measured the prognosis and course of a disorder by looking at the energy condition of the stomach. A stomach supplied with sufficient qi promised a brief disorder and rapid recovery. If the stomach energy was weakened, the prognosis was unfavorable, since the formation of qi as well as the beneficial effect of herbs and acupuncture require a healthy stomach. The task of the stomach is to separate and digest food. TCM believes that the stomach separates food into clear and turbid components. Pure, clear components are transported to the spleen. Impure, turbid components are eliminated via the intestines. Clear gu qi (drum qi) is distributed with the help of spleen and lungs. The stomach is seen as the origin of the acquired body fluids (jin ye) and thus of acquired yin, which is formed in the body with the help of kidney yin. Dryness and heat are especially damaging to the stomach. Examples are foods with too much yang quality, such as acrid spices, coffee, high-proof alcohol or warming cooking methods, such as grilled or rapidly seared foods. Strong emotions such as anger, frustration, and resentment can also produce heat and attack the stomach. A healthy stomach requires a proper diet. The following recommendations should be considered: high food quality; regular meals (three to five meals a day); a substantial, leisurely breakfast; at least one warm meal a day. Do not eat too much or too little, do not eat too late in the evening, and do not eat when under time pressure (no “wolfing down” of meals). Chew well, between 10 and 15 times per bite. Stomach problems may be closely related to spleen disharmony and have to be treated concurrently.
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
General Causes of Stomach Dysfunction The main causes of stomach dysfunction include external pathogenic cold, heat, dryness; excess of energetically too hot or too cold foods; and irregular eating habits. While the spleen assures that clear gu qi (drum qi) reaches the upper burner, the stomach’s task is to transport the turbid components downward into the intestines. Impairment of this function can lead to vomiting, which TCM calls “qi vomiting” (qi ou). The stomach is unable to downbear qi, and as a result, it counterflows pathologically upward. Example A good example for excess “external pathogenic cold” is what often happens to children who spend their summer eating ice cream, drinking cold sodas, and staying in a cold swimming pool for longer periods, or running around in wet swimsuits. This can cool down and block the sensitive stomach qi of children in particular, resulting in stomach pain and lack of appetite. If this cold penetrates the body more deeply, it can cause stomach yang vacuity with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Tip: Ginger or spiced tea, fennel tea Acupuncture or, for children, acupressure; moxa if applicable. Strengthen stomach qi and spleen qi PC-6! ST-36 CV-12
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Unfavorable eating habits Avoid eating too quickly and hastily, skipping breakfast, or insufficient breakfast. The best time for building up stomach qi is in the morning between 7 and 9 a.m. Avoid irregular mealtimes, discussions at mealtime, and business lunches or dinners with exhausting conversations. Avoid eating too late in the evening or during the night (weak period for the stomach). If the stomach is filled with too much food during its weak period, it is unable to transform and transport the food. This results in “food stagnation” in the stomach, accompanied by bloating and disturbed sleep. Protracted weakening of stomach qi weakens stomach yin. Obesity is a common consequence of this condition. Frequently changing diets, following unbalanced nutritional advice, and fasting lead first to stomach qi vacuity, then to spleen qi vacuity, and may reduce the overall qi and yang of the body. During times of stress, it is especially important to concentrate on a balanced and regular diet. Emotional factors Emotional stress factors, especially anger and worry, have a distinct adverse impact on stomach function. A Chinese saying advises not eating immediately after an argument, so that the qi has time to calm down first. Sudden food cravings and eating out of frustration can be symptoms of unbalanced stomach qi. Strong (or suppressed) emotions can give rise to depressed qi, which then transforms into fire (Wiseman) and can cause sudden cravings. Qi stagnation caused by suppressed or intense emotions can also block the flow of qi in stomach, spleen, and even lungs. The resulting food stagnation prevents food from being trans-
Foods that weaken stomach function Cold foods Raw foods, salad, ice cream, fruit, cold drinks
Cool stomach and spleen
Hot foods Acrid spices such as pepper, curry, garlic, or ginger
Damage stomach, create stomach heat
Yang foods Lamb, alcoholic beverages
Damage stomach, create stomach heat
Sugar and sweets
Create dampness and phlegm, which weaken the spleen and damage stomach due to heat
Fatty foods
Create dampness and phlegm
Network formed properly. As a result, the body is not supplied with sufficient qi. Frequently, food passes through the digestive tract and is eliminated only partially digested (wan gu bu hua, or nontransformation of food), and little use is made of the potential food energy (spleen vacuity with food damage, or pi xu jia shi). As a result, stomach and qi are not supplied with sufficient acquired qi and weakened in case of protracted emotional obstruction. Other factors involving the stomach are physical and mental exhaustion, congenital weakness, and even the wrong treatment strategies or medicines.
Stomach Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition Stomach qi vacuity (wei qi xu) Stomach yin vacuity (wei yin xu) Stomach qi vacuity with cold (wei qi xu han) Food stagnation in the stomach (shi zhi wei wan [guang]) Stomach heat (wei re)
¢ Stomach Qi Vacuity (Wei Qi Xu) This syndrome is very similar to spleen qi vacuity. The prime time of activity for the stomach is in the morning between 7 and 9 a.m. A major share of our food for the day should be eaten during that time to enable us to produce the energy needed for the day. If stomach qi is vacuous, spleen qi is depleted as well, resulting in symptoms like lack of appetite, fatigue, and general weakness.
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Causes Diet:
General:
The most common cause of stomach qi vacuity is insufficient and inappropriate diet: Eating irregularly, eating too much or too little, fatty food; onesided, unbalanced diets. Chronic illnesses
Therapy Supplement stomach qi and spleen qi ST-36 CV-12 BL-21 SP-2 BL-20 Moxa
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Recommended:
Thermal Nature
Warm, neutral
Flavor
Sweet–warm, sweet–neutral
Cooking Method
Warming
See also “Spleen Qi Vacuity,” page 69 and “Spleen Yang Vacuity,” page 69.
Stomach qi vacuity is always treated the same as spleen qi or spleen yang vacuity in nutritional therapy. Dietary measures should keep the stomach sufficiently damp. This might require incorporating more neutral or gently cooling foods into the diet. Since the stomach, unlike the spleen, loves dampness and hates dryness, fewer hot and dry foods should be used for stomach qi vacuity than for spleen yang vacuity. Besides dietary measures, good eating habits and proper diet are important steps toward long-term stabilization of the stomach.
Comment/Prognosis Western diagnosis: Lack of appetite, diarrhea, nausea, lack of appetite in children, weakness during recovery, rectal prolapse (tuo gang).
Symptoms Morning fatigue, lack of appetite (especially in children), upper abdominal complaints, and sloppy stool. Tongue: Pale, floppy, sometimes enlarged Pulse: Vacuous
A well-functioning stomach and a “strong” spleen are key ingredients in the overall formation and preservation of qi in the body. Developing good eating habits is as important as choosing the right foods. Both should be maintained long term. Within days or weeks, the patient will feel a noticeable difference. Dietary measures are simple ways to permanently correct dysfunctions that have persisted for years, such as feelings of pressure in the epigastric region, nausea, and lack of appetite. Adopting a lifestyle that is supportive to spleen, stomach, and center burner is advisable for
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
maintaining good energy, a strong immune system, and lasting vitality.
¢ Stomach Yin Vacuity (Wei Yin Xu)
and settle on the tongue as a whitish coating (fog). These physiological signs of a healthy stomach are missing with yin vacuity, since no fluids are available to be vaporized.
Therapy Stomach yin vacuity is a commonly found syndrome caused mostly by poor dietary habits, but also by chronic heat disorders of the stomach. Stomach yin vacuity frequently results from longstanding damaging factors. Western diagnosis: Chronic gastritis, gastric insufficiency, chronic nausea and vomiting, gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Symptoms Lack of appetite, lethargy, afternoon fever or heat sensation, constipation (dry, hard stools), dry mouth, thirst without the desire to drink, drinking in small portions, bloating after eating, minimal to moderate pains in the solar plexus (epigastrium), bleeding gums. Tongue: Red, dry, clean (without fur); no fur in center Pulse: Thin, rapid
Causes Diet:
The main causes of stomach yin vacuity are unfavorable dietary and eating habits, such as late evening meals; rushed, hectic meals; starting work right after eating; chronic heat disorders of the stomach and chronic stomach qi vacuity. General: Chronic illnesses, syndromes that expose spleen to protracted heat and dampness. Aging leads to a physiological stomach yin vacuity.
Pathogenesis The stomach loves dampness and is regarded as a source of yin. When the stomach is weakened, dryness forms in the body (“hot” foods, coffee, acrid spiced tea). A diagnostic indicator of stomach yin vacuity is a red tongue without tongue fur, especially in the center of the tongue, which represents the stomach area. This is caused by a lack of dampness. The stomach functions properly when it is heated by the lower burner. This vaporizes stomach liquids, which then rise into the upper burner
Nourish stomach yin SP-3 SP-6 KI-3
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Replenish body fluids ST-36 CV-12
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a
Avoid:
Thermal nature
Warm, hot foods
Flavor
Bitter–hot, bitter–warm, acrid–hot, acrid–warm
Beverages
High-proof alcohol, coffee, red wine, black tea
Spices
Acrid spices
Other
Grilled, broiled, or barbecued foods
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Recommended:
Thermal nature
Mostly neutral and cooling foods that have a refreshing effect and replenish fluids; possibly slightly warming foods in moderation
Cooking method
Cooling, fluid-forming cooking methods
Flavor
Sweet–neutral, sweet–cool, sweet–cold
Meat
Poultry and beef in the form of soups or stews, pork, rabbit, goose
Fruit
Apples, pears, bananas, tangerines, honeydew melons
Vegetables
Cauliflower, napa (Chinese) cabbage cucumbers, watercress, raw foods, salads, celeriac (celery root), steamed tomatoes, zucchini, eggplant, potatoes
Network Beverages
Grains Other
Pear juice, bread drink (a lactofermented beverage made from grain), rosehip tea, corn silk tea, mallow tea (hibiscus palustris or swamp rose-mallow), milk, soy milk, red grape juice, wheat beer Spelt, millet, rice, short-grain (glutinous) rice, wheat Milk products, butter, egg, cheese, cream
!
In dietary therapy, vegetable casseroles baked in the oven are especially beneficial for replenishing body fluids in case of stomach syndromes.
Comment/Prognosis Stomach yin vacuity calls first and foremost for a change in dietary habits and the right food choices. These two therapy approaches will produce significant improvement after just a few weeks or months. Patients will subjectively experience a distinct improvement of stomach disorders and a general increase in strength and vitality. Appropriate lifestyle and diet can eliminate stomach disorders permanently. Restoring stomach function often resolves other disorders brought on by a deficiency of liquids and body fluids. Dietary therapy is especially well suited for alleviating symptoms in women with gynecological disorders rooted in blood vacuity. Elderly people often find a distinct improvement of long-lasting constipation problems.
¢ Stomach Qi Vacuity with Cold (Wei Qi Xu Han) This syndrome can appear in combination with spleen yang vacuity. Kidney qi can be impacted or damaged as well. This condition is generally caused by diets containing an excess of yin products. Stomach qi vacuity with cold and spleen yang vacuity are closely connected. Symptoms include cold extremities, sloppy stools, and vomiting of clear fluids. Coldness and emptiness in the stomach can be improved by warm meals and bever-
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ages, but also by external application of heat and massages, since these supply the body with yang. Western diagnosis: Lack of appetite, recurrent nausea and vomiting, chronic diarrhea, uncomfortable feeling or sensation of coldness in the solar plexus (epigastrium).
Symptoms Uncomfortable feeling of pressure in the solar plexus (epigastrium) that is generally improved by heat (hot-water bottle) or pressure. Discomfort often worsens after bowel movement. Symptoms improve with eating. Lack of appetite, dislike of cold beverages, preference for warm beverages and warm foods, vomiting of clear fluid, no thirst, sloppy stools, and cold extremities with a sensation of heaviness.
Causes Diet:
General:
Cold foods; chronic excess of salads, raw foods, fruit, ice-cold beverages, ice cream, etc. External pathogenic cold (wet swimsuit); can also be caused by invasive abdominal surgery.
Therapy Warm stomach and spleen CV-12 CV-6 ST-36 Moxa
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Supplement kidney KI-3 KI-7 BL-23 Moxa
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a
Avoid:
Thermal nature
Cooling, especially cold foods
Cooking method
Cooling
Flavor
No special recommendations
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Warm, hot foods
Cooking method
Warming
Flavor
Sweet–hot, sweet–warm, bitter–warm, bitter–hot
Foods
All foods that strengthen the center burner (see “Spleen Qi Vacuity,” p. 69 and “Spleen Yang Vacuity,” p. 69)
!
This repletion syndrome can appear in the form of cold or heat. To differentiate the two, look at tongue fur: white = cold, yellow = heat.
Causes Diet:
Therapy Remove food stagnation ST-36 LR-3 SP-4
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Downbear (jiang) stomach qi CV-10 PC-6 CV-12
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Drink one cup of ginger tea every morning.
Comment/Prognosis Consistent implementation of dietary recommendations can bring about distinct improvements with this syndrome within a few days or weeks. When combined with acupuncture or moxibustion, this syndrome can be easily treated. Continued adoption of dietary recommendations can stabilize the stomach in the long term.
m
Healthy eating habits: Allowing enough time, chewing carefully, and eating an appropriate amount (not too much, not too little).
¢ Food Stagnating in the Stomach (Shi Zhi Wei Wan) This syndrome often appears with excessive intake of food at the wrong time, especially big dinners and “holiday feasts.” Western diagnosis: Indigestion, insomnia, abdominal distention (meteorism), nausea, headaches.
Symptoms Stomach qi is obstructed in its downbearing function by food retention. This causes a pathological upbearing of stomach qi with the following symptoms: Bloating in the solar plexus (epigastrium) alleviated by vomiting; nausea, vomiting, burping, sour reflux, bad breath, lack of appetite. Protracted stomach qi vacuity with cold can also obstruct heart qi. This leads to restlessness at night and disturbed sleep.
Common causes are overeating, hasty or hurried meals, and eating while under psychological or emotional strain.
Digestive liqueurs: Aniseed, caraway seeds, herbal liqueurs Also: Barley, carrots, coriander, fennel, ginger, millet, vinegar, white cabbage
¢ Stomach Fire (Wei Re) This repletion heat syndrome dries out body fluids, causing intense thirst, constipation, and a dry tongue. Subsequent “upbearing” heat in the stomach channel causes swollen and bleeding gums. The repletion condition also prevents stomach qi from downbearing, resulting in esophageal (sour) reflux. In extreme cases, stomach fire combined with phlegm can impair the spirit (shen). This can lead to disturbed sleep and psychological symptoms. Protracted exposure to extreme heat (fire) can damage stomach substance (yin damage, frustration). Western diagnosis: Gastritis, ventricular and duodenal ulcers, stomatitis, nosebleeds.
Network
Symptoms Burning and pain in solar plexus (epigastrium), thirst, craving cold beverages, excessive appetite, food cravings, bleeding gums, sour reflux, vomiting after eating, nausea, bad breath, constipation. Tongue: Reddish, enlarged; yellow, sometimes dry tongue fur. For heat phlegm: Thick, yellow, sticky tongue fur. Pulse: Replete, deep, rapid. For heat phlegm: Slippery, rapid, replete.
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Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool, cold foods
Flavor
Sweet–cold, sweet–cool, bitter–cold, bitter–cool, sour–cold, sour–cool
Cooking method
Cooling
For stomach fire: Fruit
Pears, rhubarb, watermelons, bananas, honeydew melons, kiwis
Vegetables
Cucumber, mung beans, sprouts, tomatoes, peas, spinach, bamboo sprouts, Chinese (napa) cabbage
Beverages
Chamomile tea, green tea, black tea, wheat beer
Dairy products
Yogurt
Other
Tofu, wheat, dandelion
Causes Diet:
General:
Excess hot foods and warming cooking methods, especially acrid spices or coffee; smoking. For heat phlegm: Too much hot and fatty food, for example deep-fried foods. Too many heated emotions, anger, too much brooding.
Therapy Cool and remove stomach heat ST-44 ST-45 CV-12
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Downbear stomach qi PC-6 CV-10 CV-13
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!
Since chamomile tea is cooling, it is recommended only for stomach fire and is contraindicated for cold stomach syndromes.
!
For phlegm symptoms: Avoid muciferous foods
a Avoid:
Comment/Prognosis
Thermal nature
Hot and warm foods
Cooking method
Warming
Flavor
Bitter–hot, bitter–warm, acrid–hot, acrid–warm, sweet–hot, sweet–warm
Meat
Lamb
Beverages
High-proof alcohol, coffee, red wine
Spices
Chili, curry, ginger, garlic, pepper
Other
Smoked, fatty foods, strongly seasoned foods
This syndrome can be successfully treated in a few days or weeks by changing eating habits and making the right food choices. It responds very well to a combination of dietary measures and acupuncture. Treatment needs to address the emotional factors leading to stomach heat. Heated discussions, arguments, and relationship or work problems can be even more detrimental than the effects of coffee or other foods with yang characteristics. In TCM, emotional strain and burdens play a far bigger role than they do in Western medicine!
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Organ Network: Lung–Large Intestine Metal Phase Bowel (Zang Organ): Lung (Fei), LU
Organ Network Lung–Large Intestine
Character “In charge of foreign affairs and defense” Controls the body’s surface, is in direct contact with the environment, and is responsible for immune defense and most secretions. Role in TCM: Dominates qi and governs breathing Governs diffusion and downbearing Governs regulation of waterways Houses the corporeal soul (po) Governs tissues, including skin and sweat glands, pores, and body hair Opens at the nose Association with the five phases: Emotion: Sadness Climate factor: Dryness Season: Fall Direction: West Color: White, silver Flavor: Acrid Time of day: 3–5 a.m.
Governs qi and breathing One of the most important functions of the lungs is to inhale air and transform it into clear, ancestral (or gathering) qi (zong qi), which it then combines with gu qi (drum qi from food) from the spleen. These are then combined with the essential qi (jing) into true qi (zheng qi). True qi is circulated in the meridians by the lungs to fill the body and nourish the organs. The lungs, together with the spleen, carry a major responsibility for the acquired qi in the body. True qi divides into two separate forms: channel qi (yin qi) and defense qi (wei qi). Defense qi protects against external pathogenic attacks such as cold or heat and is produced mainly from lung qi. TCM believes that sufficient, freely coursing lung qi is the foundation of a good defense (immune system).
Viscera (Fu Organ): Large Intestine (Da Chang)
Governs regulation of waterways, diffusion, and downbearing Another important lung function is diffusion and downbearing of qi and governance of body fluids. Conveyance disorders in qi distribution lead to cough, pressure, and a restricted feeling in the thorax. Body fluids are connected with stomach function. The stomach gathers fluids and the lung network diffuses them throughout the body to keep the body moistened.
Function
Symptoms
Governs transformation and conveyance of waste: receives the turbid and firm parts passed down from the small intestine and forms it into stool before discharging it from the body. Downbearing lung qi supports the large intestine in defecating.
Water retention, edemas, eyelid edemas, but also dryness. Governs skin Skin dryness and blemishes, often caused by internal heat, damp heat, and a deficiency of body fluids, are very receptive to nutritional therapy.
Organ Network
Nutrition and Organ Network Nutritional therapy is well suited for prevention of lung disorders—by supplementing lung qi—and for treatment of acute and chronic lung network disorders.
Supplementing lung qi for overall good qi supply. Strengthening defense qi. During the acute phase of colds, but also as adjunct therapy during chronic illnesses, for example asthma, in combination with other therapies, such as acupuncture and healing herbs. For dry skin and mucous membranes by making use of cool and moistening foods. For phlegm disorders of the respiratory system, such as bronchitis, sinusitis, by strengthening the lung and spleen networks. Especially important for chronic phlegm conditions to prevent continued production of phlegm, but also to transform phlegm. Sadness as an emotional factor for lung disorders can be treated in nutritional therapy with acrid flavors and their dispersing effect.
against external bioclimatic factors, which cannot damage the lung network as long as defense qi is strong enough. Lung qi vacuity is a syndrome commonly seen in practice.
Symptoms Shortness of breath, quiet voice, pale complexion, shivering, susceptibility to infections; recurring respiratory infections like colds, flu, tonsillitis, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia; moderate exhaustion.
Causes General:
Diet:
Lung Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition Lung qi vacuity (fei qi xu) Phlegm–damp obstructing the lung (tan shi zu fei) Lung yin vacuity (fei yin xu)
¢ Lung Qi Vacuity (Fei Qi Xu) In Chinese medicine, the lungs are known as the “delicate” organ. The lungs are the only yin organ with an external orifice via the respiratory tract and a direct connection with bioclimatic factors. The lungs’ susceptibility to external bioclimatic factors like wind–cold and wind–heat depends on the strength of defense qi, which is governed and diffused by the lungs. Defense qi is a barrier
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Lung qi vacuity can be caused by external bioclimatic factors, especially wind– cold and wind–heat, or by congenital constitutional weakness. Smoking is detrimental to lung qi, as is prolonged or unresolved grief. Sitting hunched over with tense shoulders for extended periods of time is just as detrimental to lung qi, because it blocks the flow of the lung’s main pathway. Taking frequent breaks from sitting for stretching or regular qi gong exercises that stimulate lung qi flow are beneficial. Such exercises also invigorate a tired mind. Too many cold or cool food items or yin products.
Therapy Supplement lung qi LU-9 BL-13 BL-12 CV-6
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Stimulate qi diffusion LU-7
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In the engendering cycle (sheng cycle), the lung is the child of the earth phases spleen and stomach. Treating lung disharmony, therefore, is facilitated by feeding the child through supplementation of spleen and stomach.
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
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Recommended:
All foods that supplement the center burner; foods used for treatment of lung qi vacuity: Flavor
Acrid–warm, possibly slightly acrid–hot, as well as sweet–warm for supplementing spleen and stomach
Fish
Tuna, carp
Meat
Duck, quail
Fruit
Peaches, grapes
Vegetables
Cauliflower, kohlrabi, carrots, olives, onions, mushrooms
Grains
Oats, millet, barley malt, rice (roast lightly before preparing)
Spices
Ginger, garlic, thyme
Nuts and seeds
Peanuts
Other
High-proof alcohol
!
Colds that frequently occur during the cold fall and winter months, such as flu and bronchitis, can be prevented by timely strengthening of lung qi with a warming diet focused on acrid–warm flavors and by supplementing the center burner. Combined with sufficient physical activity or exercise in fresh air, this treatment strategy can successfully prevent recurring colds and the use of antibiotics.
c
Ginger tea every morning; increase use of strong seasoning.
¢ Phlegm–Damp Obstructing the Lung (Tan Shi Zu Fei) This syndrome encompasses several lung phlegm syndromes: Phlegm–damp obstructing the lung (tan shi zu fei), phlegm–heat coating the lung (tan re zu fei, and phlegm–liquid coating the lung (tan shui zu fei). In practice, phlegm, phlegm–cold or phlegm–heat coating the lung is often a cold that has turned into bronchitis. Factors promoting the production and accumulation of phlegm include defense qi and lung qi vacuity, as well as a weakened spleen that insufficiently transforms and transports fluids.
These fluids accumulate, are transformed into phlegm, and in the sequence of the engendering cycle (sheng cycle), are handed from the “mother phase” earth/spleen to the “child phase” metal/lung. Energetic spleen vacuity impairs the lung network in the engendering cycle. The phlegm produced by the spleen is stored in the lungs. In TCM, all respiratory disorders involving phlegm— from acute purulent bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, to acute or chronic frontal or maxillary sinusitis—are part of the same syndrome category. Acute phlegm disorders are relatively easy to treat with nutritional therapy. When the recommended dietary measures are strictly and consistently followed, nutritional therapy can also successfully treat recurrent and chronic congestion of the respiratory tract. By comparison, acupuncture alone is often insufficient therapy for treating these conditions in practice. Chinese pathophysiology differentiates between cold and warm phlegm syndromes. Cold phlegm is easy to cough up, of a whitish, transparent color, usually of a thin consistency, and displays excess cold. Hot phlegm (phlegm–heat or phlegm–fire) is more difficult to cough up, and depending on clinical and pathogenic factors, is viscous, yellowish, or greenish, possibly even blood-colored and can smell bad or even rotten. This condition clearly displays excess heat. Each condition requires a different treatment strategy. Cold phlegm calls for warming treatment, for example supplementing acupuncture and warming, yang-inducing foods or Chinese herbs. Hot phlegm calls for cooling, calming treatment with acupuncture, cooling Chinese herbs, and cooling foods. When treating phlegm–heat conditions with cooling foods, make sure that the weak spleen qi or the lungs are not further weakened (see “Dampness and Phlegm Conditions,” p. 64) Cough with sputum, dyspnea, asthma, chest tightness, headaches.
Causes Lung obstructions involve the factors leading to lung qi vacuity discussed earlier (see “Lung Qi
Organ Network Vacuity,” p. 79 and “Defense Qi Vacuity,” p. 62), as well as factors that can weaken the spleen and stomach.
Foods for treating phlegm–heat conditions Vegetables
Watercress, white radish, celeriac (celery root)
Therapy
Beverages
Peppermint tea, lemon
Spices
Less acrid
p
Other
Soy beans, red seaweed (dulse), grapefruit, tangerines
p
c
Loosen phlegm ST-40 LU-5 CV-22 Strengthen spleen and lungs SP-3 BL-20 BL-21 ST-36 LU-9 BL-13 LU-7
Avoid: a Foods that promote the formation of fluids and phlegm, such as dairy products, fatty, overly sweet or acrid foods, alcohol, bananas, and junk food.
r
Recommended:
Foods that supplement spleen qi and lung qi.
81
Lemon juice, green tea, pear juice.
Foods for treating cold phlegm conditions Beverages
Bitter liqueurs (warm the body and remove dampness)
Spices
Garlic, ginger, pepper, cinnamon, thyme, cardamom
Other
Cherries, millet
Flavor
Sweet–neutral, sweet–warm (spleen qi), bitter–cool (drying), acrid–warm (lung qi)
Fruit
Pears, star fruit, tangerines
Vegetables
Radish, asparagus, water chestnuts, lotus root, dandelion, Chinese (napa) cabbage
Grains
Millet, rice, rye, buckwheat
Foods for treating lung heat conditions
Spices
Fresh ginger, marjoram, pepper, cardamom
Fruit
Apples, pears
Vegetables
Nuts and seeds
Apricot seeds, almonds, walnuts
Savoy cabbage, asparagus, radish, carrots, dandelion, tomatoes, mushrooms
Other
Green tea, peppermint tea, mung beans, soy milk, salt, seaweed
c
Ginger tea
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
¢ Lung Yin Vacuity (Fei Yin Xu)
Therapy
Prolonged exposure to external or internal heat attacks the body, dries up fluids, and damages lung yin. This syndrome can also result from chronic illness of other organs and long-term phlegm–heat syndrome.
Enrich lung yin LU-9 BL-13 KI-6
Western diagnosis: Chronic pharyngitis, bronchiectasis, chronic febrile bronchitis, chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, chronic cough, tuberculosis.
Replenish body fluids KI-6 CV-12 SP-6
Symptoms Dehydration of body fluids resulting in general dryness: Dry cough, dry mouth, and throat, hoarseness, sore throat, night sweat; subfebrile (below normal) body temperature, especially in the afternoon; sleep disturbances with hot flashes. Five hot areas on the feet, hands, and behind the sternum; hoarse voice; pale face with rosy cheeks; rosy cheeks in the afternoon or evening. Tongue: Red, dry, chapped; little tongue fur. The more red and chapped the tongue, the more serious the condition. Pulse: Rapid, floating pulse, in which the yang appears on the surface
p
Remove heat LU-5 LU-6 LU-10
p p
Avoid: a All warming foods and cooking methods that dry out body fluids even further and can produce heat in the body: acrid–hot, acrid–warm, bitter–hot, and bitter–warm flavors; foods with hot thermal nature.
r
Recommended:
Slightly cooling, neutral foods Foods that moisten Cooking method
Cooling
Flavor
Sweet, sweet–neutral, sweet–cool
Flavor
Banana (with honey), pear, tangerine, honeydew melon
Beverages
Poultry broth, almond milk, cow’s milk
Nuts and seeds
Peanuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, sesame
Other
Marzipan, cottage cheese, farmer’s cheese, butter, honey
Causes General:
Diet:
!
Dryness; dehydration caused, for example by yang heat during hyperactivity; exhaustion of yin; smoking. Too many warm–bitter foods, for example too much coffee; too many acrid–hot or acrid–warm foods that dry out body fluids; too much highproof alcohol. Can also result from stomach yin vacuity, often caused by irregular meals, eating late in the evening, or hurried meals.
Elderly patients often suffer from lung yin vacuity due to insufficient body fluids.
c !
Milk with honey
Grandma’s “milk with honey remedy” is still a suitable treatment for lung yin vacuity, especially for dry cough. Back in her days, tuberculosis—a lung yin vacuity syndrome—was common. However, this remedy is contraindicated for all phlegm conditions such as bronchitis, sinusitis, and colds, and is frequently used incorrectly.
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Organ Network: Kidney–Bladder Water Phase Bowel (Zang Organ): Kidney (Shen), KI
Organ Network Kidney–Bladder
Character “The Vice President” “The lung is the governor of qi and the kidney is the root of qi” (Wiseman). The kidneys are the foundation of life, keeper of the original essence (jing), foundation of yin and yang, and seat of “fire and water” in the body. Role in TCM: Kidney stores essence and governs birth, development, reproduction, and aging (shen cang jing) Kidney governs water (shen zhu shui) Kidney governs qi absorption (shen zhu na qi) Kidney stores mind/memory—governs willpower (shen cang zhi) Association with the five phases Emotion: Fear Climate factor: Cold Season: Winter Direction: North Color: Blue, black Flavor: Salty Time of day: 5–7 p.m.
Viscera (Fu Organ): Bladder (Pang Guang) Function Receives the “turbid” fluids from small intestine and kidneys and stores and discharges them in the form of urine. Keeps the lower waterways clear and open. The Sue Wen states in Elementary Questions: “The bladder holds the office of river island, stores fluid, and by (kidney) qi transformation, lets it out.”
Time of day: 3–5 p.m.
“The kidney is the root of all yang and all yin in the body” This classic quote accurately describes the overall significance of the kidney network. Long-lasting imbalance and chronic illnesses weaken the kidney, which means it has to be strengthened as part of any therapy for chronic illness.
Kidney stores essence, governs birth, development, reproduction, and aging Kidney yin serves as a material basis for the development and maturation of egg cells and sperm. Kidney yang provides the energy for sexual activity. Kidney vacuity leads to a multitude of disorders such as impotence, weak libido, infertility, problems during pregnancy, and other sexual and urological dysfunctions. Congenital jing (essence) is stored in the kidney organ network. This jing can be preserved, but not replenished. Acquired jing, which supplements congenital jing, is obtained through the daily intake of food.
Kidney governs water The kidney governs all production and movement of body fluids and via its connection with the bladder, is also responsible for the discharge of fluids. Excessive dryness, for example due to heat, weakens body fluids and kidney yin. The salty flavor associated with the kidney network is able to replenish fluids due to its hygroscopic properties.
Kidney rules ming men, the “fire of life” (ming men zhi huo) Cold—external cold (cold weather) as well as a diet that is energetically too cold—reduces and blocks kidney yang and causes lasting obstruction of all bodily functions. As the “fire of life” (ming men zhi huo), kidney yang warms the yang of the entire
84
Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
body. “Ming men,” the life gate (GV-4), is also sometimes called the “gate of fire,” the root of fire of all internal organs. The cold symptoms of chronic yang vacuity can be treated very effectively with nutritional therapy along with moxibustion, acupuncture, and Chinese herbs. Nutrition and Organ Network As a rule, only vacuity patterns develop in the kidney network. A good diet protects jing and kidney qi. For the kidney network, the focus should be on preventive dietary measures that support kidney yang and kidney yin long term to keep them from being exhausted. Kidney yang is closely connected to both spleen yang and lung qi. Dietary measures should supplement all three networks: kidney, spleen, and lung.
Kidney Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition Disharmony in the kidney network presents as vacuity or emptiness. The most important syndromes for nutritional therapy are: Kidney qi vacuity (shen qi xu) Kidney yang vacuity (shen yang xu) Kidney yin vacuity (shen yin xu) Kidney vacuity involves general physical weakness, as well as increased susceptibility to external and internal illnesses. Often appearing in connection with kidney vacuity are sexual dysfunction, urological conditions, and disorders of the lower back and bones. Western diagnosis: General weakness, sensitivity to cold, loss of strength, incontinence, enuresis (bedwetting), impotence, premature ejaculation, knee pain, chronic cystitis (urinary tract infections), nephritis, frigidity, depression, anxiety, chronic degenerative arthropathy, rheumatoid arthritis.
Pathogenesis Regardless of the type of kidney disorder, the factors weakening kidney energy are similar. They differ only in severity and duration, which is determined by the gravity of the disorder and pathology
of the network. Qi vacuity is a relatively mild disorder of the network. It can develop into a more serious disorder with yang vacuity symptoms if it persists and the damage increases. More severe damage can injure the organ system structure and present with the same symptoms as yin vacuity. Progression of disorders is not always so clear-cut and may involve gradual transitions and the involvement of other networks. The most common cause weakening the energy exchange of the kidneys are the strong demands made on the body by our “civilized world.” Both mental and physical overexertion often lead first to kidney qi vacuity, then to kidney yang vacuity, and with prolonged overexertion and stress, finally to kidney yin vacuity. Too much work under time pressure, a hasty, unbalanced and insufficient diet, and not enough time for rest and relaxation can weaken kidney energy within weeks or months. If such constant exhaustion is not balanced or taken care of, serious disorders can develop in the course of a few years. Other negative factors are excessive sexual activity and emotional factors such as fear or a sudden mental shock. All of these can undermine kidney energy. Chronic illness, independent of the organ network involved, always weakens kidney energy eventually, since the kidney is the root of all yin and yang in the body. Kidney energy decreases physiologically with age. This aging process accelerates when kidney energy is carelessly wasted. TCM believes that the quality of kidney energy for a new life is determined by the health of the parents at the time of conception. If the parents have weak kidney energy when they conceive, their baby will inherit a constitutional weakness. Foods that strengthen the kidney network Fish
Smoked fish, oysters, lobster, salmon, shrimp, tuna
Meat
Game: venison, doves, wild pig
Vegetables
Lentils
Grains
Oats, millet, wheat, black soy beans
Nuts and seeds
Walnuts, black sesame
Organ Network
¢ Kidney Qi Vacuity (Shen Qi Xu) This condition is a mild precursor of kidney yang vacuity.
Symptoms Fatigue, easily tired, lethargy, depression, gloomy mood, fears, feeling of weakness with pain in the lumbar region, incontinence, enuresis (bedwetting), reduced libido, frigidity, premature ejaculation.
85
Symptoms General sensitivity to cold, weakness, lethargy, very susceptible to illnesses; sensation of cold and weakness in lower back as well as in knees, coupled with lower back and knee pain. Gloomy mood, depression, withdrawal, fearfulness, frequent urination with clear urine, nycturia (excessive urination at night), incontinence, loss of libido, impotence, frigidity, amenorrhea (lack of menstruation), fertility disorders, hearing loss, dizziness, tinnitus, morning diarrhea, lack of appetite, soft stools.
Therapy Therapy Supplement kidney qi KI-7 KI-3 GV-4 CV-4 + Moxa
p
Preserve jing
m
Kidney qi can be replenished using the same foods as for kidney yang vacuity.
¢ Kidney Yang Vacuity (Shen Yang Xu) Kidney yang vacuity develops from kidney qi vacuity. Kidney yang vacuity usually presents with cold symptoms. Since kidney yang is the root of all yang energies in our body, kidney yang vacuity causes extensive cold symptoms in the bowels and viscera (zang fu organs), lethargy, and weakness. Digestive disorders of stomach and spleen can result from insufficient warming (symptoms: lack of appetite, sloppy stools). Weak kidney yang prevents sufficient warming of jing, which weakens energy. Western diagnosis: Urological disorders such as chronic cystitis (urinary tract infection), nephritis, prostatitis, urethritis, sexual problems such as frigidity, impotence, and premature ejaculation; depression, anxiety, recurrent lumbago, sciatica, degenerative arthropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, impaired hearing, tinnitus.
Strengthen kidneys KI-7 GV-4 CV-4 CV-6 BL-23 + Moxa
p
Strengthen ming men (life gate) GV-4 + Moxa
p
m
The same dietary recommendations apply to kidney qi vacuity and kidney yang vacuity.
Avoid a All thermally cool or cold foods, frozen foods, raw foods, thermally cold fruit (e.g., citrus and tropical fruit), salads, sour milk products, excessive consumption of liquids (e.g., mineral water high in sodium) and thermally cold beverages (e.g., orange juice). The following foods have a strong kidney-energyweakening effect: Refined sugar and alcoholic beverages, especially high-proof alcohol.
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Moderately hot, warm, neutral foods
Cooking method
Warming
Flavor
Hot–salty, warm–salty, neutral–salty
Fish
Oysters; all smoked fish, especially salmon; mussels, shrimp, tuna
Meat
Especially venison, lamb, wild pig, dove, duck, pork
Vegetables
Fennel, cabbage prepared with warming spices, leeks, radish, root vegetables, onions
Fruit
Cherries, grapes
Beverages
Grain coffee, spiced tea, yogi tea
Grains
Buckwheat, oats, millet, rice (roasted before cooking)
Spices
Ginger, garlic, black pepper, cinnamon
Legumes
Adzuki beans, lentils, black soy beans
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, lotus seeds, especially roasted black sesame, sunflower seeds, roasted walnuts
c
Master Soup with warming types of meat, vegetables, and seasonings.
!
Thermally hot foods, especially hot seasoning, should not be used excessively, since they can dry out fluids and weaken yin. Eating two to three warm meals daily and strengthening the body with kidney-warming foods is advisable, especially for kidney yang vacuity. Combining nutritional therapy with foods that strengthen the center burner is recommended.
Comment/Prognosis TCM considers deficiency or vacuity conditions in the kidney network serious disorders requiring careful treatment. This includes addressing the damaging lifestyle that led to the disorders. Fol-
lowing thorough diagnosis, treatment should include acupuncture and moxibustion, nutritional therapy, Chinese herbs, and movement therapy (qi gong, tai chi). Acupuncture treatments should be appropriately supplemented with nutritional therapy. Strengthening and warming foods for the kidneys, prepared using appropriate cooking methods, accelerate treatment success. In conjunction with supplementing kidney energy, nutritional therapy needs to also supplement and sustain the stomach and spleen. Serious disorders such as kidney yang vacuity or kidney yin vacuity might require Chinese herbal remedies. Depending on the seriousness of the condition, treatment may require weeks to months of consistent therapy. Profound disorders of the kidney network may even require treatment for a number of years. With correct diagnosis and therapy, good to very good results can be achieved. The prognosis is not so good for constitutional kidney qi vacuity, essence vacuity, or jing vacuity, perhaps caused by massive external damage such as shock or drugs. These are difficult to treat and improvements or modest success often take years to accomplish. Nutritional therapy as well as medicinal herb therapy can significantly strengthen kidney energy, as can a change of circumstances and lifestyle. Kidney yin vacuity, or general yin vacuity, however, do not respond well, if at all, to acupuncture. These conditions require nutritional and medicinal herb therapy.
¢ Kidney Yin Vacuity (Shen Yin Xu) Kidney yin vacuity, as a deep disturbance of the kidney network, is associated with essence vacuity (jing vacuity), since essence is part of the kidney yin. Kidney yin vacuity causes fluid deficiency. Effulgent yin vacuity fire (yin xu huo wang, or internally developed heat) can form in the body, which further depletes yin fluids (symptoms include agitation, redness of the cheeks, dry mouth, and sore throat). One important symptom of yin vacuity with vacuity heat is night sweating, also known in TCM as “thief sweating (yin xu dao han),” which causes loss of yin-nourishing essence. TCM believes that all body fluids, for example blood or sweat, are valuable nourishing substances that need to be preserved. Kidney yin vacuity can cause
Organ Network depression, lethargy, mental sluggishness, forgetfulness, and premature aging.
87
a Avoid: Warming foods:
Western diagnosis: Severe exhaustion, burnout syndrome, chronic consumptive disorders, spermatorrhea (frequent involuntary emission of semen), constitutional weakness, and chronic lumbar spine problems.
Cooking method
Warming
Flavor
Bitter–hot, bitter–warm, acrid–warm, acrid–hot
Beverages
Coffee, red wine, too much black tea and green tea
Pathogenesis
Spices
Acrid spices, salt
All factors that cause kidney qi or kidney yang vacuity and persist over time eventually result in kidney yin vacuity. Disease progression is exacerbated by chronic consumptive disorders, protracted fevers, excessive use of drugs and alcohol, heavy blood loss, extreme stress, and chronic sleep deprivation. “Graveyard” shifts, night work
Symptoms A typical symptom of yin vacuity, especially kidney yin vacuity, is the above-mentioned night sweat, often accompanied by the five hearts (wu yi), or hot areas: hot soles of the feet, hot palms of the hands, heat and burning behind the sternum. Additional symptoms are dry mouth, dry throat, thirst, back and bone pain, tinnitus, hearing loss, dizziness, forgetfulness, impotence, infertility, premature ejaculation, deep and dark rims around the eyes. Tongue: Red, chapped, no tongue fur Pulse: Vacuous, rapid, stringlike
Therapy Enrich kidney yin KI-3 BL-23 KI-6 KI-7 KI-10
p
Preserve and support yin CV-4 SP-6
p
Also avoid strong mental and physical overexertion, lack of sleep, stress, and excessive sexual activity.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral, cooling foods that moisten and produce fluids
Cooking method
Cooling
Flavor
Salty–neutral, salty–cool, sweet–neutral, sweet–cool
Meat
Pork, duck, dove
Fish
Oysters, octopus, perch, carp
Fruit
Pears, refreshing fruit, grapes
Vegetables
Refreshing vegetables, cabbage, asparagus, carrots
Grains
Barley, rice, wheat
Nuts and seeds
Black sesame, walnuts
Other
Butter, cream, sheep’s and goat’s milk
Comment/Prognosis With kidney yin vacuity, all heat factors that can cause yang exuberance and prevent regeneration of kidney yin need to be strictly avoided. This includes heat from diet, stress, and chronic overexertion. Cooling and moistening foods that build up kidney yin and nourish the body are important for treatment. Therapy should encompass acupuncture, as well as nutrition and Chinese herbs. Kidney yin vacuity is a profound imbalance that requires several months of therapy to achieve improvements. Nutritional therapy with kidney essence vacuity (jing vacuity) can be supportive for kidney essence vacuity (jing vacuity) for months or
88
Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
even years. The prognosis for treating jing vacuity, however, is unfavorable.
and an unbalanced diet, make this an increasingly common condition.
!
Western diagnosis: Deeply exhausted patients, burnout syndrome, chronic consumptive disorders, spermatorrhea (frequent involuntary emission of semen), sexual hyperactivity, irritability, sleep disorders.
The damaging effect of the bitter–warm drug coffee is often underestimated. Large amounts of coffee (six to eight cups daily) dry up fluids and damage kidney yin over time.
!
Strengthening and enriching kidney yin and warming kidney yang with appropriate foods supplements the entire yin and yang of the body. Since all chronic illnesses eventually weaken kidney energy, it is often advisable to address kidney energy in the treatment of a wide variety of disorders.
Kidney Yin Vacuity (Shen Yin Xu), Heart Yin Vacuity (Xin Yin Xu), Noninteraction of the Heart and Kidney (Xin Shen Bu Jiao) This syndrome involves a weakening of two important organ networks: kidney yin and heart yin. The condition, which should be taken very seriously, often appears in times of intense physical and emotional strain and leads patients to see a practitioner with a variety of different symptoms. When the yin of an organ is reduced, especially kidney yin as the root of all yin, yang can no longer be sufficiently contained. Exuberant yang produces heat, which further depletes the already weakened yin. Yin vacuity produces yang hyperactivity (yin xu yang kang). If heart and kidney yin are both weakened, yang fire can display distinct symptoms in the area of the spirit (shen). Examples are sleep disturbances, heart palpitations, and mental restlessness. This reflects insufficient kidney yin for cooling the heart fire. The association between kidney yin vacuity and heart yin vacuity results from the deep and sensitive jue yin (reverting yin) axis. TCM believes that when this axis between heart and kidneys is completely severed, the process of dying begins. The negative effects of our modern civilization, such as intense physical strain with inadequate rest, mental stress, financial worries, relationship issues, existential fears,
Pathogenesis This symptom complex is rooted in kidney yin vacuity and is intensified by extreme emotional strain, such as fear, grief, and depression. Serious emotional impacts, such as the sudden ending of a relationship, can weaken heart yin and, when combined with fear, can sever the important deep jue yin axis between heart and kidney.
Symptoms Impotence, fertility disorders, amenorrhea (lack of menstruation), severe exhaustion, dizziness, forgetfulness, sleep disorders, mental restlessness, heart palpitations, lower back pain, nocturnal emissions, erotic dreams, strong sexual desire, back pain, irritability.
Therapy Enrich kidney yin and heart yin
p
KI-3 CV-4 SP-6 HT-5
Calm shen HT-7 GV-20
p
Clear heart vacuity fire HT-6 PC-8 PC-7
p
Avoid: a Thermally hot and warm foods, cooking methods that increase yang in foods; high-proof alcoholic beverages, sweets, extreme lifestyles, mental overexertion, sexual excess; stimulating drugs such as amphetamines and ecstasy.
Organ Network
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral, cool and refreshing foods
Cooking method
Cooling
Flavor
Bitter–neutral, bitter–cool, salty–neutral, salty–cool
Meat
Pork, beef, poultry
Fruit
Apples, bananas, refreshing types of fruit
Vegetables
Refreshing types of vegetables, mushrooms, asparagus, spinach, tomatoes
Grains
Barley, wheat germ, rice, corn
Beverages
Lemon balm tea, peppermint tea, wheat beer
89
Comment/Prognosis This very serious syndrome requires an immediate change of circumstances, sometimes including psychotherapy. Dietary measures can only play a supplementary role in treating this syndrome, with some relief provided mainly by avoiding warming foods. Quieting yang hyperactivity with a combination of acupuncture and Chinese herbs is mandatory. At the same time, the entire body has to be balanced using dietary measures.
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Organ Network: Liver–Gallbladder Wood Phase Bowel (Zang Organ): Liver (Gan), LR
Organ Network Liver–Gallbladder
Character “In charge of the Interior” Loves the unobstructed, harmonious flow of qi and thus assures all bodily functions work well. Distinguishes itself by strategic planning. Role in TCM: Governs free coursing of qi Stores blood (xue) Stores the ethereal soul (hun) Governs muscles and sinews Governs the making of strategy Opens at the eyes and blooms in the nails Association with the five phases: Emotion: Rage, anger Climate factor: Wind Season: Spring Direction: East Color: Green Time of day: 1–3 a.m.
Viscera (Fu Organ): Gallbladder (Dan), GB Character “The Official who Makes Decisions”
Governs free coursing of qi The most important function of the liver is to ensure unobstructed and uninterrupted qi flow in the body by coordinating and controlling the amount and speed of coursing qi and substances. This requires equilibrium and harmony. Emotional impacts such as anger and rage immediately block qi flow (liver qi stagnation).
Symptoms Muscle tension, feeling of oppression, chest tightness, premenstrual syndrome, and abdominal distension. Stores blood (xue) Another function of the liver is the storage of blood (xue). During periods of rest, when lying down or sleeping, blood flows to the liver, is retained there and then regenerated. The spleen network is responsible for the production of blood, while the heart network keeps the blood flowing. Emotions such as anger or rage seriously impact the flow of qi and can easily block or obstruct qi flow. Protracted unresolved obstructions lead to development of internal heat from such “heated emotions,” causing symptoms such as ascendant liver yang (gan yang shang kang), liver fire (gan huo shang yan), depletion of liver yin, and liver wind (gan feng).
Function
Supports digestion Looks after the “inner plan for life” Gives courage and initiative Time of day: 11 p.m.–1 a.m.
Nutrition and Organ Network The sour flavor associated with the liver is astringent and contracting, which gathers body fluids and protects blood. Unhealthy eating habits, strong emotions such as aggression, anger, and
Organ Network rage, and a hectic and stressful lifestyle produce liver heat and impair liver function.
Diet, especially spices and alcohol, can help disperse qi obstruction to some extent, but its impact is limited. Acupuncture, Chinese herbs, and movement therapy are more appropriate treatments. With liver heat, it is absolutely necessary to reduce energetically hot foods and emphasize cooling foods. With blood and liver yin vacuity, strengthen blood and yin via the liver network. Anger, rage, and heated emotions can be “calmed” or drained by cooling foods.
General:
Liver Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition Binding depression of liver qi (stagnation) (gan qi yu jie) Ascendant liver yang (gan yang shang kang) Liver fire flaming upward (gan huo shang yan) Liver yin vacuity (gan yin xu) Liver blood vacuity (gan xue xu) Imbalances of the liver network are very common. The primary purpose of this network is to smooth and regulate the coursing of qi. The liver is the most important organ for the preservation of blood. Large amounts of blood return to the liver at night and are regenerated there. The liver opens at the eyes, which can show signs of possible imbalances. Western diagnosis: Temporal headache, hypertension, sleep disorders, gynecological problems such as dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual cramps) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Emotional imbalance with irritability and aggression.
91
often results in ascending liver yang, or, in its more extreme form, liver fire flaming upward (gan huo shang yan), which is often accompanied by liver yin vacuity. In women, liver yin vacuity frequently presents as blood vacuity. The liver is sensitive to external pathogenic factors such as wind and dampness and especially sensitive to emotional upsets. Chinese medicine views the liver as a filter for all emotional impact. The liver distributes the impact in the body. Anger, rage, and resentment cause the liver to “cramp up” and inhibit the smooth coursing of qi. One of the most common syndromes in clinical practice is binding depression of liver qi (gan qi yu jie), which is mainly attributable to emotional imbalance. Even small emotional impacts such as arguments, frustrations, etc. can block liver qi. Over a period of time (months to years) these problems accumulate and root deeply inside the body. In addition to “undigested” emotions, a hectic and stressful lifestyle can also overheat the liver.
!
Restoring balance to the liver network requires not only dietary changes, but also changes in lifestyle, such as stress reduction, regular relaxation exercises, rest and meditation periods, as well as appropriate expression of one’s emotions.
¢ Binding Depression of Liver Qi (Gan Qi Yu Jie) Western diagnosis: Menstrual disorders, gynecological problems such as dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual cramps), disorders of the vegetative (autonomous) nervous system, premenstrual syndrome, depression.
Causes Diet:
Warming foods and cooking methods, especially acrid spices, high-proof alcohol, and very fatty or oily foods, can damage the liver. They have a heating effect and thus “ignite” liver yang, which in turn damages liver yin. This
Symptoms Feeling of congestion and swelling in chest, bloating in epigastric region, gas, irritability, depression, frustrations, mood swings with sudden outbursts of feeling, impaired appetite, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), nausea, retching, stomach aches,
92
Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
diarrhea (restraining cycle, or xiang ke—liver excess attacks the stomach). Tongue: Vividly colored, curled at the edges Pulse: Tight
¢ Ascendant Liver Yang (Gan Yang Shang Kang)
Therapy Clear binding depression of liver qi LR-3 LR-14 GB-34 LR-13
p
Avoid: a Foods that burden the liver. Beverages
Alcohol, coffee
Other
Drugs, food coloring, preservatives, heavily spiced foods, sugar
r
Recommended:
Only a few foods have a calming effect on the liver. Fruit
Plums
Vegetables
Radish, Chinese leek (garlic chives), celery, brown seaweed
Nuts and seeds
Black sesame
Other
Crayfish, prawns (shrimp), vinegar
To stimulate qi flow Flavor
Mild–acrid
Spices
Ginger, garlic, pepper (these spices should be used only in small amounts, otherwise they can damage the liver), marjoram
Vegetables
Kohlrabi, leeks, radish
Other
Alcohol, coriander, chili (careful, hot!)
!
as the combination LI-4 Union Valley (he gu) and LR-3 Supreme Surge (tai chong) are very useful in dissolving binding depression of liver qi.
Binding depression of liver qi is commonly found in practice with different levels of intensity. It is very well suited for acupuncture treatment, but is also suitable for treatment with Chinese phytotherapy. Acupuncture treatments such
Western diagnosis: Cephalgia (headaches), hypertension (high blood pressure), migraine, vertigo, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, Ménière disease (auditory vertigo), tinnitus.
r
Symptoms
Irritability, loss of temper, temporal headaches, feelings of pressure behind the eyes, vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disorders, dry mouth. Tongue: Red, especially at the edges Pulse: Stringlike, tight
Causes Diet:
General:
Highly warming foods such as alcohol and acrid spices, as well as cooking methods that increase yang produce heat and cause yang to ascend. This also weakens liver yin. An excess of fatty foods and oils obstructs the coursing of qi and this stagnation can cause heat. Emotional impact such as suppressed anger, rage, resentment, or frustrations are the most common causes for ascending liver yang. Liver yin vacuity or kidney yin vacuity can also cause ascending liver yang. Excessive lifestyles, emotional imbalance, frustration, living with constant time pressure, and unhealthy eating habits are witnessed more and more often in practice. These can cause a multitude of ailments such as upper burner disorders, tinnitus, headaches, dizziness, and sleep disorders.
Organ Network
Therapy
93
Thermal nature
Neutral–cool, cold foods
Cooking method
Cooling, raw foods
p
Flavor
Sour–cool, sour–cold, bitter–cool, bitter–cold
p
Fruit
Rhubarb, lemons, apples, mangos, mulberry fruit
Vegetables
Spinach, sprouts, tomatoes, raw vegetables, dandelion, gentian, Belgian endive hearts, celery
Beverages
Green tea, peppermint tea, wheat beer, bread drink (a lacto-fermented beverage made from grain), apple juice
Strengthen liver yang LR-8 SP-6 KI-3 Clear heat LR-2 LR-3 Drain yang LR-3 GB-20 GB-34 GV-20
p
a
Avoid
Thermal nature
Warm and hot foods
Cooking method
Warming
Grains
Flavor
Bitter–hot, bitter–warm, acrid–warm, acrid–hot, sweet–hot, salty–hot, and sour–hot
Spelt, wheat, wheat germ, mung beans, mung bean sprouts
Dairy products
Sour milk products, yogurt
Legumes
Mung beans, mung bean sprouts
Other
Salt
Spices
Acrid spices, ginger, garlic, pepper, chili
Beverages
High-proof alcohol, coffee
Other
Food coloring, preservatives, salt, very oily and fatty foods, sugar
Tip: No meat for six weeks!
r
Recommended:
All foods that have downbearing movement and enrich yin.
Despite its alcohol content, wheat beer is very cooling for the liver and enriches yin.
r
Comment/Prognosis
With ascendant liver yang, all heat-generating foods should be avoided. Treatment should begin with a cooling and yin enriching diet (four to six weeks of only vegetarian foods). In addition to acupuncture treatment, supplemented with Chinese herbs, it is important to convey to the patient that long-term stabilization requires a change in lifestyle (no stress, no anger!). With TCM as adjunct therapy, good to very good results can be obtained, depending on the changes made. Physical exercise outdoors is important!
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
¢ Liver Fire Flaming Upward (Gan Huo Shang Yan) Western diagnosis: Cephalgia (headaches), migraine, hypertension (high blood pressure), Ménière disease (auditory vertigo), tinnitus, chronic conjunctivitis.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and cold foods
Cooking method
Cooling, raw foods
Flavor
Sour–cool, sour–cold, bitter–cool, bitter–cold
Foods
Reduce salt and meat, vegetarian diet for several days or weeks, no alcohol, no sugar, no coffee; see also dietary recommendations for ascending liver yang, page 93.
Symptoms Restlessness, insomnia, irritability, sudden loss of temper, vertigo (dizziness), severe headaches, red eyes, intraocular pressure, dry mouth, bitter taste in mouth, nose bleeds, tinnitus. Tongue: Dry, red, red edges, yellow fur Pulse: Tight, rapid
Causes Diet:
General:
Excess alcohol, overly spicy and overly fatty foods. Overuse of warming cooking methods such as grilling, barbecuing, searing, frying, etc. Common cause is liver qi stagnation resulting from prolonged emotional disharmony, such as anger, frustration, and rage.
With liver fire flaming upward, choose foods with a downbearing and strongly cooling effect. Fruit
Bananas, rhubarb, watermelons, lemons, tropical fruits
Vegetables
Cucumbers, water chestnuts, spinach, tomatoes, celery
Beverages
Yerba mate tea, wheat beer, vermouth
Dairy products
Yogurt
Other
Salt, dandelion, gentian
Therapy Comment/Prognosis Cool liver fire LR-2 LR-3 GB-20 GB-34 LR-8 GB-13
p
a Avoid: Thermal nature
Hot and warm foods
Cooking method
Warming
Flavor
Acrid–hot, acrid–warm, salty–hot, sweet–hot, bitter–hot, sour–hot
Foods
High-proof alcohol, strongly seasoned foods, very fatty and very oily foods
With this syndrome, all heating foods need to be strictly avoided. Symptoms often appear suddenly, and immediate acupuncture can help manage them. Combined with Chinese herbal remedies, long-term treatment can achieve good results.
¢ Liver Yin Vacuity (Gan Yin Xu) Liver yin vacuity rarely occurs as a single syndrome. It is often combined with the following syndromes: ascending liver yang, liver fire flaming upward, and blood or liver blood vacuity. Western diagnosis: Hypertension (high blood pressure), chronic conjunctivitis, cephalgia (headaches), and chronic migraine
Symptoms Nervousness, internal restlessness, dry eyes, vertigo (dizziness), headaches, red face, red cheeks,
Organ Network hot palms and soles of feet (typical sign of yin vacuity), impaired vision, depression. Tongue: Reddish, dry Pulse: Thin, rapid, stringlike
Causes Diet:
General:
Overly acrid foods, overuse of cooking methods that increase yang, too many fatty, oily foods. Extreme physical and emotional strain can weaken liver yin. Excessive night work weakens liver yin and also blood since, according to TCM, blood is stored and regenerated in the liver at night. This syndrome is becoming more and more common, since long hours in front of the computer weaken liver yin.
Excess yang energy, for example due to heated emotional strain or hot foods, provokes syndromes such as ascending liver yang or liver fire.
Therapy
r
95
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool, cold, and neutral foods
Cooking method
Cooling
Flavor
Sour–refreshing, sour–cool, sour–neutral, sweet–cool, sweet–cold
Vegetables
Cucumbers, sauerkraut, celeriac (celery root), spinach, tomatoes
Beverages
Bread drink (a lacto-fermented beverage made from grain)
Grains
Spelt, barley, wheat
Dairy products
Sour milk products
Soy products
Tofu
Comment/Prognosis A balanced diet with neutral and slightly cooling foods, as well as avoiding excess of warming foods, along with other lifestyle changes can improve symptoms.
Nourish liver yin LR-8 SP-6 KI-3 BL-18
p
¢ Liver Blood Vacuity (Gan Xue Xu)
a Avoid: Thermal nature
Hot and warm foods
Flavor
Bitter–hot, acrid–hot, sour–hot
Cooking method
Warming
Foods
All foods that further weaken yin, especially acrid spices, coffee, high-proof alcohol, red wine, smoking
This symptom usually appears in combination with liver yin vacuity. Western diagnosis: Anemia, neuroses, menstrual disorders such as dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea.
Symptoms Vertigo (dizziness), blurred vision, dry eyes, dull complexion, pronounced paleness, night blindness, general weakness, numbness of extremities, tremors, cramps, menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea, insomnia.
Causes Diet:
General:
An excess of overly spicy and warming foods weaken body yin. Foods that are too cold reduce spleen qi and inhibit the formation of blood. Blood loss, for example during surgery or childbirth. Exaggerated activity at
96
Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions night, when the liver stores and regenerates blood. Blood is an important yin substance that is built up primarily by good spleen function, but also by good kidney function. Prolonged negative impacts on the three organs spleen, kidney, and liver result in blood vacuity. Since blood is the mode of transportation for qi, blood vacuity weakens the entire body. Sinew, muscle, and nail problems result from malnutrition caused by blood vacuity. Blood is the “bed of rest” for the spirit (shen), which cannot be firmly anchored with liver blood vacuity. Symptoms include insomnia, sleepwalking, and mental instability.
Vegetables
All thermally neutral and refreshing vegetables, especially those of a red color such as beets, red cabbage, carrots, as well as spinach, fennel
Meat
Poultry, poultry liver, beef, beef stock, beef liver, veal liver, lamb liver (liver preferably from organically raised animals)
Fish
Oysters, mussels, octopus, perch, eel
Fruit
Red types of fruit such as grapes, sweet cherries, longans (a type of lychee), plums
Nuts and seeds
Sesame, sunflower seeds
Beverages
Red beet juice, sweet cherry juice, plum juice, red tea (rosehip tea, hibiscus), red grape juice, red wine in moderation
Therapy Generate liver blood
p
SP-10 SP-6 BL-17 BL-18 LR-8
Recommended for liver blood vacuity: Meat
Poultry, duck, rabbit liver, hare liver, pork liver (liver preferably from organically raised animals)
Fish
Oysters, crab, white fish, perch
Fruit
Apples, lychees, plums, grapes, longans (a type of lychee)
Vegetables
Thermally neutral and cooling vegetables from the wood phase that are green in color, such as beans, broccoli, lamb’s lettuce, lotus root, mangold chard, spinach, sprouts, tomatoes
Beverages
Carrot juice, tomato juice
Grains
Wheat, short-grain (glutinous) rice
Spices
Watercress, marjoram, parsley root
Nuts and seeds
Sesame, sunflower seeds
Other
Egg yolk
Enrich kidney yin KI-3 KI-6 SP-6
p
Supplement spleen qi SP-3 BL-20 BL-21
p
Avoid: a Warming cooking methods, thermally hot foods. All bitter foods, especially the flavors bitter–hot and bitter–warm. Acrid–hot and acrid–warm flavors, since these dry out blood. Black tea, cocoa, acrid spices, such as garlic, ginger, pepper, curry, cinnamon, etc. Energetically hot beverages such as coffee, high-proof alcohol, yogi tea.
r
Recommended:
Cooking method
Cooling
Flavors
Sweet–neutral, sweet–warm, sour–neutral, sour–cool
Grains
Amaranth, short-grain (glutinous) rice, rice
97
Organ Network: Heart–Small Intestine Fire Phase Bowel (Zang Organ): Heart (Xin), HT
r
Character
“Ruler and Godlike Emperor” The heart represents all the emotional, mental, and spiritual abilities and activities that make up the unique personality of a person. It is the seat of consciousness and mental vitality. Role in TCM: Governs blood (xue) and blood vessels Governs circulation of blood Houses spirit (shen) Opens at the tongue and governs speech, sense of taste Association with the five phases: Emotion: Joy Climate factor: Heat Season: Summer Direction: South Color: Red Flavor: Bitter Time of day: 11 a.m.–1 p.m.
Viscera (Fu Organ): Small Intestine (Xiao Chang)
Organ Network Heart–Small Intestine Houses spirit (shen) Shen comprises spirit or “consciousness” in its broadest sense: The mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual abilities of a person. TCM believes that these are closely connected to heart, blood, and yin. Blood is a material anchor for shen. Disturbances of the spirit (insomnia or confusion; shen pi, or lassitude of spirit and lack of strength) can be associated with material aspects such as heart blood vacuity. The spirit can be calmed by avoiding energetically very hot foods (garlic, ginger, alcohol). Often these dietary measures are in keeping with religious or spiritual dietary recommendations intended to calm the mind. Strengthening blood can cure certain types of insomnia. Governs blood The heart is responsible for anchoring qi extracted from food (gu qi) in the blood and for circulation of blood in the body.
Nutrition and Organ Network
Character “Holds the Office of Reception”
Function
Receives “water and grain” (food) that has been decomposed in the stomach and transforms it further. Separates the turbid from the clear liquids and extracts nutrients from food. On a mental level: Facilitates powers of judgment and distinction between important and unimportant Time of day: 1–3 p.m.
An excess of hot foods should be avoided to keep the spirit and heart calm. Avoid further stimulating external heat (climate factor) or “inner” heat resulting from stress and frenzy or from drinking coffee or eating acrid spices. An excess of bitter flavors can dry out blood and body fluids. Building up heart yin through dietary measures can support blood. Blood stagnation, similar to qi stagnation, can only be partially resolved through dietary measures, and is more successfully treated with acupuncture and Chinese herbs.
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
Heart Syndromes and Chinese Nutrition Heart qi vacuity (xin qi xu) Heart yang vacuity (xin yan xu) Heart blood vacuity (xin xue xu) Heart yin vacuity (xin jin xu) Heart fire flaming upward (xin huo shang yan) TCM believes the heart to be the emperor of the body. Its most important function is to house the spirit (shen). The spirit resides in blood and yin, creating a natural connection between heart and blood. Besides the mental and spiritual connection, the heart (fire phase) warms the body and provides it with liveliness. Joy is associated with the heart. Other important functions of the heart network are to govern blood (xue) and blood vessels and to govern sweat. Disharmonies in the heart network are caused by emotions such as extreme joy, but also by sadness and anger. Other triggering factors for heart problems can be a heavy workload under intense time pressure; external pathogenic factors, especially heat; and lack of joy or love. Western diagnosis: Insomnia, restlessness, heart palpitations, paroxysmal tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, vertigo (dizziness), night sweats, nightmares, cardiovascular disorders.
ning, can cause sleep disturbance, restlessness, etc. The syndrome “heart fire flaming upward” (xin huo shang yan) should be treated by restricting all yang foods and cooking methods and by using bitter–cool foods. The syndromes “phlegm–fire harassing the heart” (tan huo rao xin) and “phlegm confounding the orifices of the heart” (tan mi xin qiao) should be treated by following the dietary recommendations for reducing phlegm and by making use of phlegm-loosening foods. These conditions are more successfully treated with herbal remedies and acupuncture. The same holds true for “heart blood stasis obstruction.” Chinese nutrition is effective for treating the following syndromes: heart yang vacuity, heart blood vacuity, and heart yin vacuity.
¢ Heart Yang Vacuity (Xin Yang Xu) Heart qi vacuity and heart yang vacuity are treated with the same nutritional therapy. Heart yang vacuity, with its additional cold component, differs in its symptoms from heart qi vacuity. Western diagnosis: Autonomic heart conditions, convalescence, cardiac arrhythmia, exhaustion.
Symptoms Therapy General:
Dietary treatments for disharmonies in the heart network are limited. As with all repletion (excess) syndromes that display heat symptoms, avoiding yang foods and cooking methods and giving preference to soothing yin products and cooling cooking methods is recommended. Vacuity patterns can be treated with warm and neutral foods. Bitter–warm and bitter–neutral flavors of the fire phase are recommended.
The heart network is especially sensitive to external and internal heat. In treating heart disharmony conditions, overly hot and warm foods such as acrid spices or high-proof alcohol should be used very sparingly. Even small amounts of acrid foods, for example pepper or garlic eaten in the late eve-
Listlessness, fatigue, exhaustion, cold extremities, pale glowing face, dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion, chest tightness in the area of the heart, sometimes racing heart with sensation of extreme heart beats, shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating. Tongue: Pale, slightly swollen Pulse: Weak
Causes General:
Extreme emotional strain, especially sadness, can first cause heart qi vacuity and then heart yang vacuity. Blood loss first weakens heart qi and then heart yang. Heart yang vacuity can also be partially caused by kidney yang vacuity, since the kidneys are the root of yang in the body. Symptoms appear in the periphery of the body, the head,
Organ Network and the extremities, since the body no longer has sufficient yang energy to adequately supply these areas.
Therapy Strengthen and supplement heart yang Supplement yang
p
HT-5 BL-15 CV-4 CV-6 Moxa
Avoid: a All foods that reduce and weaken yang. Thermal nature
All cool and cold foods
Cooking method
Cooling
Flavor
Bitter–cool, bitter–cold
Vegetables
Raw vegetables
Fruit
Citrus fruits
Dairy products
Yogurt
Other
Ice cream, ice-cold drinks; also frozen foods and foods heated in the microwave, since they do not have sufficient qi.
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99
!
Coffee dries up blood and should be consumed only in moderation, despite its bitter–hot effect; if possible, add warming spices such as cardamom or cinnamon to reduce the stagnationcausing effects of coffee.
Comment/Prognosis Lifestyle changes such as going to sleep before 11 p.m. and sufficient rest and relaxation periods are important. Heart yang and heart qi can be regenerated within weeks or months with longer periods of rest and by following the appropriate dietary recommendations.
¢ Heart Blood Vacuity (Xin Xue Xu) Western Diagnoses: Anemia, autonomic heart conditions, exhaustion, and convalescence.
Symptoms Pale face, pale lips, heart palpitations, fatigue, weakness, inner restlessness, forgetfulness, easily startled, frequent blinking, sleep disturbance with many dreams, vertigo (dizziness), trouble falling asleep, nightmares, depression, agitation. Tongue: Pale, tear in the center, sometimes swelling at the tip Pulse: Thin
Recommended: Causes
Thermal nature
Warm–neutral; hot in small amounts
Cooking method
Warming
Flavor
Bitter–warm; bitter–hot in moderation, sour–hot/warm, sweet–hot/warm, acrid–hot/warm
Meat
Lamb, beef
Grains
Buckwheat, corn, short-grain (glutinous) rice, oats
Beverages
Yogi tea, warm wheat beer, coffee, cocoa
Other
Aniseed, chili
Diet:
General:
Overly acrid foods that damage yin. Highly dehydrating foods such as coffee or alcohol. Dietary errors that cause spleen vacuity and prevent sufficient blood formation. Heart blood vacuity generally has the same causes as general blood vacuity or liver blood acuity. Loss of blood, for example during childbirth, too much stress, extreme physical activity (sweating weakens qi and yang energy), lingering emotional problems, especially sadness and anger, all damage yin.
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Application of Chinese Dietetics for Specific Conditions
¢ Heart Yin Vacuity (Xin Yin Xu)
Therapy Strengthen heart blood BL-15 CV-14 CV-15
p
Western diagnosis: Anemia, chronic exhaustion, hypertension (high blood pressure), menopause, chronic sleep disturbances.
p
r
Supplement spleen SP-6 BL-20 ST-36 SP-3 Enrich body yin SP-6 KI-6 KI-3 CV-4
p
a Avoid: Thermal nature
Foods that are too hot or too warm
Cooking method
Warming
Foods
Highly dehydrating foods such as coffee, red wine, acrid spices
r
Causes General:
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral–warm, cool
Flavor
Sweet–warm, sweet–neutral, sour–neutral
Meat
Blood sausage, chicken meat, beef, pheasant
Fish
Oysters
Fruit
Cherries, longans (a type of lychee), red grapes
Grains
Short-grain (glutinous) rice, wheat, oats
Beverages
Goat’s milk, sheep’s milk, cow’s milk
Symptoms
Inner restlessness, anxiety, trouble falling asleep with many dreams, trouble sleeping through the night, thirst, dry mouth, agitation, red cheeks, subfebrile (below normal) body temperature in the evening. Especially important differential symptom: Night sweat, hot flushes, hot feet and soles of feet. Tongue: Red, no fur, red dots at the tip, tear at the tip Pulse: Vacuous, floating, rapid
Fever, too much talking, stress, always “being on the run,” hectic lifestyle, excessive sexual activity late at night.
Differential Diagnosis Differentiating heart yang vacuity from heart yin vacuity: Increased trouble sleeping through the night with heart yin vacuity; common in middleaged and older people.
Therapy Strengthen heart yin HT-6
p
Calm spirit (shen) GV-20 CV-15
p
Enrich body yin SP-6 KI-6 KI-3
Also all foods recommended for general strengthening of blood (see p. 60ff.).
p
a Avoid: Thermal nature
Hot and warm foods
Cooking method
Warming
Flavor
Acrid–hot, acrid–warm, bitter–hot, bitter–warm
Foods
All drying and warming foods
Organ Network
r
Recommended:
101
Therapy
Thermal nature
Neutral, cooling, possibly slightly warming foods
Cool heart fire HT-7 HT-8 PC-5
Flavor
Sweet–neutral, sweet–warm, sweet–cool, bitter–neutral, sour–neutral, sour–cool
Calm spirit (shen) GV-20 HT-9
p p
Meat
Beef, (pork)
Fruit
Red grapes
Grains
Wheat (pasta)
Dairy products
Goat’s milk cheese, sheep’s milk cheese
Thermal nature
Warming foods and cooking methods
Nuts and seeds
Poppy seed, black sesame
Flavor
Bitter–hot, acrid–hot
Other
Poppy seed pastry
Foods
High-proof alcohol, acrid spices
¢ Heart Fire Flaming Upward (Xin Huo Shang Yan) Western diagnosis: High blood pressure, autonomic heart conditions, glossitis (burning tongue).
r
Causes
General:
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Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and cold foods
Flavor
Bitter–cool, bitter–cold, sour–cool, sour–cold
Fruit
Rhubarb, watermelons, lemons
Vegetables
Raw vegetable salads, tomatoes, dandelion
Beverages
Bread drink (a lacto-fermented beverage made from grain), black tea
Dairy products
Sour milk products
Other
Gentian, vermouth, green tea
Symptoms
Intense emotional symptoms such as inner restlessness, anxiety, sleep disorders with nightmares, emotional instability and impulsiveness, red face, erosion and ulceration in the mouth area (canker sores), bitter taste in mouth, dark urine. Tongue: Red tip, yellow fur, red dots Pulse: Rapid, strong
Diet:
a Avoid:
Comment/Prognosis Too many overly spicy and warming foods. Strong emotional agitation and strain, such as long-suppressed fears and worries can suddenly discharge as heart fire flaming upward.
Heart fire flaming upward is frequently associated with kidney yin and heart yin vacuity, resulting in loss of governance of heart yang.
In its acute stage, this syndrome can be only marginally improved through dietary therapy. It can, however, benefit from nutritional therapy in the long term. Treatment should focus on acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies.
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4 Food Classification Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grains and Soy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spices, Herbs, Sweeteners, Condiments . . . Fruit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meat and Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fish/Seafood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dairy Products, Eggs, Oils, and Fats . . . . . . . Nuts and Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alcoholic Beverages, Coffee, and Tea . . . . . .
105 113 120 129 138 143 149 156 160
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105
Vegetables Vegetables represent all flavors and all variations of thermal nature. Chinese dietetics believes vegetables to be the ideal complement to grains. The classic Su Wen states: “The five types of grain nourish, the five types of vegetables complete.” To treat repletion (robust person; loud, powerful voice; sensation of heat, hyperactivity, choleric features, extroverted, tongue with thick fur, replete pulse): Celery root (celeriac), lettuce, spinach, eggplant, and tomato. To treat vacuity (weak person; weak, quiet voice; shivering, frequently tired and exhausted, introverted, swollen tongue, weak pulse): Fennel, sweet potatoes, potatoes, carrots, and cabbage. To treat heat (red face, thirst for cold drinks, worsening of condition and pain with heat, red tongue, rapid pulse): Tomato, cucumber, sprouts (bamboo, soy bean, mung bean), and dandelion. To treat cold (shivering, aversion to cold, condition and pain worsens with cold, pale, swollen tongue; weak, slow pulse): Leek, onion, green onion, fennel, and carrots. To treat dampness (general feeling of heaviness, pathological swelling and edema; chronic phlegm disorders, for example frontal sinusitis, bronchitis, cysts, tumors): Belgian endive hearts. To treat dryness (dry mouth and lips, chapped skin, dry mucous membranes): Tomato, cucumber.
Bamboo Sprouts Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, lung
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Clear heat, enrich yin, calm restlessness, transform phlegm, downbear qi, diuretic and laxative
Preparation methods
As salad, cold, boiled, stir-fried, or as decoction
Contains
Plenty of water, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamins B1, B2, niacin
Indications
Heat in stomach: Heartburn, gastritis, ulceration in stomach and intestinal tract, thirst, dry mouth Heat phlegm disorders of the lung: Bronchitis, sinusitis with viscous, yellow phlegm
c
Boil fresh bamboo sprouts and eat them cold, mixed with a little ginger, salt, and vinegar.
106
Food Classification
Cabbage
Chinese Cabbage (Napa Cabbage)
Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Thermal nature
Neutral, tendency towards cold
Organ network
Large intestine, stomach
Flavor
Sweet
Direction
Upbearing
Organ network
Stomach, large intestine
Phase
Earth
Direction
Downbearing
Effect
Supplements center burner, alleviates acute pain, promotes digestion
Phase
Earth
Effect
Clears heat, promotes digestion, creates body fluids, diuretic and laxative
Preparation methods
Juiced, boiled, or as decoction
Contains
Rich in vitamin A, B1, and C, niacin, calcium and iron; beta-carotene, magnesium, phosphorus, essential amino acids, mustard oils
Preparation methods
Raw, as salad, or as a juice (good for intestinal ulcers)
Contains
High in vitamin B1, B2, C, and A, beta-carotene, flavonoids, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc
Indications
Stomach and spleen disharmony and stagnation: Cramplike-pain in center abdomen, constipation Stomach and duodenal ulcers (Western and Chinese medicine views converge here)
Indications
Heat in stomach: Gastritis, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, thirst, dry mouth Heat in lung: Feverish cold, cough
c
Decoction of Chinese cabbage juice, radish, and honey.
Dryness and heat in intestine: Constipation, flatulence
Vegetables
Cucumber
Eggplant (Aubergine)
Thermal nature
Cool
Thermal nature
Cool
Flavor
Sweet
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, large intestine
Organ network
Stomach and spleen, large intestine
Direction
Downbearing
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth
Phase
Earth
Effect
Clears heat, drains yang, diuretic, reduces swelling, detoxifies, clears skin
Effect
Preparation methods
As salad, raw, boiled, fried, or as decoction
Clears heat, moves and cools blood, disperses blood stasis, reduces swelling, eases pain; harmonizes liver and uterus, especially with suppressed emotions
Contains
Water, vitamin B1, B2, niacin, beta-carotene, rutin, high in potassium, magnesium, amaroids (bitters)
Preparation methods
Boiled, stir-fried, baked, as juice, decoction or preserved in wine
Contains
Water, carbohydrates, vitamin C, calcium, niacin, iron, phosphorus, aboveaverage amount of potassium, amaroids (bitters), essential oils
Indications
General heat symptoms: Thirst, anxiety, swelling and pain in throat, hoarseness, reddened and swollen eyes, acne, skin inflammations Summer heat: Good nutritional supplement during hot season, especially for conditions brought on by external heat External use: Red, inflamed, swollen and dry eyes; for regeneration of facial skin (in Arabia, cucumber juice was a common ingredient in facial soaps), for first-degree skin burns (sunburn) Damp–heat in large intestine: Traveler’s diarrhea
Contraindications
107
Cold and vacuity symptoms in center burner: Stomach aches and diarrhea; worsens with cold
Indications
Heat in blood: Skin disorders with itching and red cutaneous efflorescence, skin ulcers and growths, breast inflammation (mastitis), carbuncle (external use), bloody stool, hemorrhoids
108
Food Classification
Green Onions (Spring Onions)
Warm
Flavor
Acrid
Organ network
Lung, stomach
Direction
Upbearing
Thermal nature
Warm
Phase
Metal
Flavor
Acrid
Effect
Removes external pathogenic weather factors from body surface, moves yang and dissipates cold, detoxifies
Organ network
Lung, liver, stomach, kidney
Direction
Upbearing and downbearing
Phase
Wood, metal
Effect
Regulates and moves qi, dissolves blood stasis, supplements, supports kidney yang, warms center burner, dissipates cold, disperses wind–cold influences, detoxifies
Contains
Vitamin B1, rich in vitamin C, iron, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, amaroids (bitters)
Preparation methods
Decoction, juice, paste, stir-fried, steamed or as a spice; decreasing effect when cooked too long.
Contains
Rich in essential oils, predominantly allicin; rich in vitamin C and A, calcium; also vitamin B1 and B2; potassium, phosphorus, iron, iodine, and selenium
Colds due to external wind and cold influences: Shivering, dislike of cold, fever without sweating, headaches, stuffy nose Cold symptoms in center burner: Abdominal pain and diarrhea
c c c
General lack of strength and tendency to spontaneous sweating
Thermal nature
Indications
Contraindications
Decoction of green onions and ginger.
Abdominal pain due to parasite infestation
About 30 g (one tablespoon) each of green onion juice and sesame oil daily.
Leek
Indications
Contraindications
Acute ulceration or lesions in the initial stage
Two to three tablespoons of green onion juice with a little brown sugar to taste and hot water; take once daily.
Cold symptoms in center burner: Dysphagia (difficulty or pain when swallowing), abdominal pain, reduced appetite, diarrhea Kidney yang vacuity: Loss of libido, impotence, premature ejaculation, back (lumbar) pain, urorrhea (passage of urine per rectum), weakness in back and legs Blood stasis: Abdominal swelling and pain External wind–cold influences: First signs of a beginning cold, influenza with chills, aversion to cold
Heat symptoms General yin vacuity
Vegetables
Lettuce
Lotus Root
Thermal nature
Cool
Thermal nature
Raw: cool Cooked: warming
Flavor
Sweet, bitter
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Large intestine, stomach
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, heart
Direction
Downbearing
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Fire, earth
Phase
Earth
Effect
Clears heat, diuretic, stimulates milk flow
Effect
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, or as decoction
Contains
Calcium, vitamin A and C, chlorophyll (stored primarily in outer leaves)
When eaten raw, clears heat, produces fluids, cools blood, disperses stagnation; when cooked, supports the center burner, supplements blood, relieves diarrhea.
Indications
Indications
109
General heat symptoms and heat in bladder: Restlessness, thirst, nervousness, micturition (urination) problems, burning sensation when urinating; sparse, dark urine Disturbance of milk flow after birth
Heat symptoms: Fever, thirst, restlessness
c c
Blood heat symptoms: Nosebleeds, bloody stool
Raw lotus root
Center burner vacuity: Lack of appetite (anorexia), nausea, dysphagia (problems or pain when swallowing), diarrhea
c
Raw lotus root
Cooked lotus root
Blood vacuity: General fatigue, vertigo (dizziness), recurrent collapses or breakdowns. Recommended especially following childbirth: Lotus root cooked with angelica (radix angelicae sinensis) replenishes blood.
110
Food Classification
Onion
Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Acrid and sweet (by lightly braising)
Organ network
Lung, stomach, large intestine
Direction
Upbearing
Effect
Supplements stomach, regulates qi, disperses blood stasis, drives out cold, produces perspiration, promotes appetite, loosens qi stagnation, and supplements center burner when abdomen is taut and appetite is lacking
Preparation methods
As juice, fried, or dried; onions lose their effect when cooked too long
Contains
High concentration of sulfurbased essential oils (isothiocyanate), many phytonutrients especially the flavonoid quercetin, calcium, iodine, selenium, phosphorus, fluoride, potassium, vitamin B1, B2, and C, prostaglandin A, mustard oils
External use for insect bites, swelling, pain: Raw onion or onion juice compress
Contraindications
Heat symptoms General yin vacuity
Spinach Thermal nature
Cool
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, liver, large intestine, small intestine
Effect
Clears heat, moistens dryness, promotes the formation of body fluids, supplements blood, supplements liver, supports yin, downbears qi (especially of liver and stomach)
Preparation methods
Blanched, as salad or side dish, boiled
Contains
Rich in Vitamin A and C, beta-carotene, folic acid, vitamin B1, amino acids, phosphorus, oxalic acid, calcium, iron
Indications Indications
Hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperlipidemia (elevated lipoprotein levels in blood plasma), coronary heart disease (Western and Chinese medicine) Bronchitis (Western and Chinese medicine) Wind–cold and phlegm disorders: General cold with cold symptoms, bronchitis, sinusitis (loosens phlegm), chest and throat colds
c
Traditional recipe: Boil an onion with a teaspoon of honey; apply externally as onion packs or rub on chest.
Heat in stomach: Heartburn, gastritis, gastrointestinal ulcers, thirst, dry mouth, and restlessness Heat symptoms and liver yin vacuity: Headache, dizziness, tinnitus, reddened eyes, restlessness, blurred vision, night blindness, insomnia Western indications: Tinnitus, hypertension (blood pressure), following excessive alcohol consumption
c
Blanch spinach, let cool; season with soy sauce, vinegar, and salt.
Heat in blood: Nosebleeds, skin disorders with itching, reddened cutaneous efflorescence
Vegetables
Dryness and heat in large intestine: Constipation, anal fistula, hemorrhoids, blood in stool, chronic constipation in elderly people
Tomato
Contraindications
Center burner vacuity with a tendency to diarrhea
Sweet Potato Thermal nature
Neutral with a tendency towards warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, kidney
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements center burner and supports formation of qi and blood, disperses qi stagnation, harmonizes blood, produces fluids, strengthens kidney yin, laxative in its raw form
Contains
Pantothenic acid, vitamin A and C, potassium, magnesium
Stomach qi, spleen qi, or yang vacuity: Diarrhea with “cold symptoms and signs” and weakness; constipation
Contraindications
Excessive consumption leads to stagnations in center burner with bloating and distension.
Thermal nature
Cold
Flavor
Sweet and sour
Organ network
Stomach, liver
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Wood, earth
Effect
Clears heat, enriches yin (especially liver yin), produces fluids and removes dryness, cools and cleans blood, strengthens stomach, promotes liver network activity
Preparation methods
Raw, as juice, boiled, sautéed, or as decoction
Contains
High in vitamin A, B1, B2, and C, zinc, cobalt, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, essential oils, natural hormones, oxalic acid (caution in case of kidney stones!)
Indications
Indications
111
Heat in blood: Nosebleeds, skin disorders with itching, reddened cutaneous efflorescence, sun allergy, seasonal allergies Heat in liver and liver yin vacuity: Headaches, red itching eyes, vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus, night blindness, blurred vision, hypertension (high blood pressure)
c
Western recommendation: One to two tomatoes for breakfast.
Heat symptoms and yin vacuity of stomach: Thirst, dry throat, lack of appetite, restlessness Heat symptoms and vacuity of body fluids: Restlessness, nervousness
c
Fresh tomatoes with sugar, mixture of tomatoes and melon juice.
112
Food Classification
Contraindications
Cold and vacuity in center burner
!
Constant and excessive consumption of tomatoes, especially during the cold seasons, causes pronounced cooling and weakening of the body. Daily dosage is about one to two tomatoes. Unripe tomatoes and tomatoes with green patches can weaken the kidney network.
113
Grains and Soy According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), grains should make up the main part of one’s daily diet. Grains supply the body with strength and endurance, and promote emotional stability, mental calm, and balance (especially wheat). Grains are mostly sweet and primarily affect the spleen/pancreas and stomach organ network. Their thermal nature is warm, neutral, or cool, depending on the type of grain. A diet rich in grains ensures a good balance between qi, yin, and yang formation. With cold symptoms, during the cold season, or when following a primarily vegetarian diet, warming types of grain such as oats or buckwheat should be given preference. In those cases, the thermal energy of grains should be raised by adding warming spices and vegetables like cinnamon, ginger, garlic, raisins, and fennel to the diet. Soy is listed with grains here (even though it is a legume), because it plays a similar nutritional role in Chinese dietetics. To treat repletion (strong person, loud, powerful voice, choleric features, extroverted; red tongue, sometimes with thick fur): Wheat, rice, barley. To treat vacuity (weak person; weak, quiet voice; frequently tired and exhausted; pale, swollen tongue; weak pulse): Oats, rice, spelt, corn, millet. To treat heat (red tongue, rapid pulse, red face, reddened eyes, nervousness): Wheat, barley, amaranth. To treat cold (pale, swollen tongue, weak; slow pulse, shivering, aversion to cold, worsening of condition and pain with cold): Oats, rice, corn. To treat dampness (swelling, edema; chronic phlegm disorders, e.g., frontal sinusitis, bronchitis): Millet, rye, buckwheat, barley.
To treat dryness (dry mouth, lips, and skin; constipation): Wheat, spelt.
Tips for the preparation of grains In Chinese nutrition, grains are always eaten cooked or as a decoction, never raw. Grains can be eaten whole, ground coarsely or finely (preferably freshly ground just before use), or rolled into flakes. If at all possible, use organically grown and processed grain. Always rinse grain well before use. To shorten the cooking time for grains and to make them more digestible, soak grains for 3–10 hours before cooking. This reduces phytin (phytic acid, inhibits minerals absorption) and makes minerals more available. Cook grains in their soaking liquid. Soaking is not necessary for millet, buckwheat, rice, or ground corn (polenta). To cook grains, use two to two-and-a-half parts of water for each part of grain. For barley, Grünkern (dried, unripe spelt kernels), and especially polenta, three to four parts of water can be used. Cook buckwheat, millet, white rice, coarsely, ground grains, or grain flakes for about 20–25 minutes. Cook brown rice, spelt kernels, and Grünkern for about 45 minutes. Cook wheat, barley, and whole oat kernels for about 1 hour. For best results, after cooking, remove pot from heat source and allow grains to sit, covered, for about 30 minutes. Salt, herbs, or spices, if desired, should be added to grain dishes after cooking. Spices that make grains more digestible: Caraway, fennel, anise, coriander.
114
Food Classification
Barley
Buckwheat
Thermal nature
Cool
Flavor
Salty, sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth, water
Effect
Clears heat, moistens dryness, nourishes yin, harmonizes stomach, removes digestive obstructions, detoxifies, increases diuresis (formation and secretion of urine)
Preparation methods
Cooked whole, ground, as flakes, as a decoction, as porridge
Contains
Protein, starch, fat, calcium, vitamin B1, B2, and B6, pantothenic acid, folic acid, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, silicic acid, mucins
Indications
Heat symptoms: Agitation, nervousness, insomnia, dryness of mouth
c
c
Water accumulation (edema) in body
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, large intestine
Phase
Earth
Effect
Downbears qi, supplements spleen, loosens hardness, dispels dampness
Preparation methods
Cooked whole or ground as porridge, decoction, or as flower
Contains
Protein, fat, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, copper, vitamin B1, B2, B3, and E, lecithin, lysine, tryptophane
Stagnation and counterflow stomach qi: Nausea, vomiting, pain, abdominal distention
Contraindications (Depending on Thermal Classification)
Porridge of freshly ground and cooked barley with slightly warming ingredients, for example raisins and cinnamon.
Varies depending on source, classified mostly as cool, in some sources as warm
Indications
Porridge of freshly ground and cooked barley .
Disharmony in center burner (especially stomach): Nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, abdominal pain due to bloating and food stagnation; supports digestive function
Thermal nature
Warm classification: Excessive consumption of buckwheat can produce heat symptoms and provoke internal upbearing heat syndromes, dizziness, headaches, restlessness, etc. Cool classification: Limit intake for stomach spleen vacuity.
Grains and Soy
Corn
Millet
Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Kidney, large intestine, stomach
Thermal nature
Neutral to slightly warming (depending on source, some sources classify it as cool)
Flavor
Sweet and salty
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, kidney
Phase
Earth
Direction
Downbearing
Effect
Supplements center burner, kidneys, qi, and blood; balances body fluids, harmonizes stomach, strengthens diuresis (production and elimination of urine)
Phase
Earth, water
Effect
Supplements, strengthens, and harmonizes center burner (best grain besides rice for this organ network), strengthens kidneys (very good food during pregnancy), supplements blood and qi, dispels dampness, transforms phlegm, downbears counterflow stomach qi, diuretic, detoxifying
Preparation methods
Cooked as porridge, decoction, or steamed
Contains
Carbohydrates, protein, starch, fat (high in linoleic acid), calcium, phosphorus, rich in iron, fluoride, magnesium, vitamin B1 and B6, lecithin, extremely high in silicic acid
Preparation methods
Boiled, as porridge or decoction
Contains
Protein, fat, starch, iron, phosphorus, vitamin B1, B2 B6, and E, high in unsaturated fatty acids, calcium, potassium, selenium. Suitable for gluten-free diet!
Indications
115
Center burner vacuity: Lack of appetite, indigestion, diarrhea Kidney yin vacuity: Lack of strength, weakness, and sensation of cold in lower extremities, impotence Water accumulation in body: Edema and bloating
Indications
Center burner vacuity: Lack of appetite, general weakness, fatigue, diarrhea
c
Millet muesli (or porridge) for breakfast, with raisins, nuts, cinnamon, and fruits in season.
Dampness and phlegm disorders due to spleen vacuity Recurrent phlegm disorders (sinusitis, bronchitis), dull feeling of heaviness in head, feeling of heaviness in extremities, nausea, indigestion. Counterflow stomach qi: Acute and chronic nausea, vomiting, morning sickness
116
Food Classification
Stomach and intestinal infections: Following intake of spoiled foods, with acute nausea and diarrhea General weakness, lack of strength, and sensation of cold, especially weakness in lower extremities
Rice (White and Brown)
Oats Thermal nature
Neutral to warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, kidney
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth, water
Effect
Supplements qi and blood, moves qi; strengthens nerves, muscles, and sinews; dispels dampness
Preparation methods
Decoction, ground, as porridge, or rolled oats
Contains
Especially valuable protein (contains all essential amino acids), fat, vitamin B1 and B2, calcium, iron, manganese, silicon, zinc
Indications
General qi, blood, and yang vacuity Exhaustion Recovery after extended, chronic, draining illnesses General physical lack of strength, especially in pale, weak children and elderly people
c
Freshly cooked oat porridge daily, or cooked oatmeal with raisins.
Contraindications
Use cautiously for heat symptoms Consumed in excess, oats can produce anxiety, nervousness, sleep disturbances (“feeling one’s oats”).
Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, lung
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements qi and blood, harmonizes stomach, strengthens spleen, regulates and produces body fluids, relieves diarrhea, diuretic
Preparation methods
Boiled as porridge, steamed, as a decoction
Contains
Carbohydrates, protein, fat; brown rice contains vitamin B1, B2, B3, and E, iron, potassium, all essential amino acids, linoleic acid
Indications
Spleen and stomach vacuity: General lack of strength, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, morning sickness, diarrhea
c
Cook short-grain (glutinous) rice in desired amount of water. Good for infants and children with nausea and vomiting: At first, drink only the boiled rice liquid, later eat the rice, possibly sweetened with honey or licorice.
Heat symptoms due to stomach yin vacuity: Thirst, dry mouth, restlessness, insomnia (stabilizes mood swings)
!
Rice (along with millet) is recommended for strengthening the stomach and spleen network (short-grain, glutinous rice especially supplements qi). Short-grain (glutinous, sweet, or sticky) rice, with its warming thermal nature, is very suitable for supplementing qi and blood.
Grains and Soy
c
Basic recipe for congee: (Anglo-Indian: Rice pudding or rice porridge. In Chinese, this dish is called “shi fan” or “water rice”; the main ingredients are rice and water.) Add one cup of rice (or possibly other grain) to six to ten cups of water. Boil briefly, then simmer on low heat for about four to six hours. Effect: Strengthens qi of center burner. This effect can be modified by adding other foods or herbs (see also below).
Spelt Thermal nature
Neutral to cool
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, liver
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Similar to wheat (according to TCM), with a slightly more warming thermal nature (less tendency to form dampness and phlegm symptoms). More robust in its cultivation (grown without synthetic agricultural chemicals), valued for its purity
Preparation methods
Ground coarsely, ground as flour, as porridge, flakes, as decoction
Contains
Carbohydrates, protein, starch. fat, lecithin, vitamin B1 and B2, zinc, silicic acid, unsaturated fatty acids
Examples Mung bean congee: Cools, lowers fever, especially from summer heat. Chestnut congee: Strengthens kidney network. Wheat congee: Strengthens liver yin, cools and lowers fever, calms and stabilizes mood.
Rye Thermal nature
Neutral to cool
Flavor
Bitter
Indications
Organ network
Gallbladder, liver, spleen, heart
Similar to wheat.
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Fire
Effect
Dispels dampness, supports first and foremost the secretion of fluids (diuretic)
Preparation methods
Cooked as decoction, porridge, flour
Contains
Protein, starch, fat, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, high in lysine, B-vitamins
Indications
117
Phlegm and fluid accumulation
Due to its purity, spelt is the preferred grain in some dietary plans for allergies and skin disorders.
118
Food Classification
Soybean, Black Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, kidney
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth (water)
Effect
Supplements spleen and kidneys, nourishes kidney yin, moves blood, dispels wind, dispels dampness, detoxifies; strengthens spleen, supplements blood and qi, clears heat and drains yang; moistens dryness and supports the excretion of water; used to treat bloating in abdomen, diarrhea, malnutrition in children, severe emaciation, allergies, and skin rashes
Preparation methods
As a decoction, boiled, soaked in alcohol
Contains
Rich in protein, fat and carbohydrates; phosphorus, iron, vitamin B1 and B2
Wind–dampness disorders (damp impediment, shi bi): Rheumatic (arthritis) pain, aching joins, muscle pain that worsens with external dampness and wind
Contraindications
Excess weakens spleen and can cause phlegm disorders
Soybean, Yellow Thermal nature
Neutral, tendency toward warmth; roasted: hot
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, large intestine
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements spleen, qi, and blood, downbears qi, moistens dryness, secretes fluids, detoxifies
Preparation methods
Boiled, powdered, or as decoction
Contains
High in protein, very suitable for treatment of malnutrition. Fats, unsaturated fatty acids, phosphorus, iron, calcium, carotene, vitamin B1, B2, and B12 folic acid, lysine, lecithin
Indications
Spleen vacuity: Water accumulation, edemas, feeling of oppression, heavy limbs, bloating
c
Soybean decoction (200 g = about 0.5 lb)
Kidney vacuity, especially kidney yin vacuity: Weakness in lower extremities, hearing loss, premature graying of hair, thirst, dry eyes, blurry vision, night sweat, low back pain
c
Roast black soybeans (200 g = about 0.5 lb) in a dry pan at low temperature until fragrant. Pickle in rice wine for several days, remove beans, and drink 100 mL (about one half cup) of the liquid twice daily.
Indications
Weakness of stomach and spleen with qi and blood vacuity: Fatigue, lack of strength, cool extremities, lack of appetite
c
Warm soymilk
Water accumulations, edemas, bloating due to spleen weakness Disharmony in large intestine: Acute and chronic indigestion, diarrhea, swell-
Grains and Soy
ing in abdomen, abdominal distension, especially in toddlers After consumption of spoiled foods
!
Soy beans are high in valuable protein with all essential amino acids and high-quality fatty acids. Soy milk and soy bean products are a preferred treatment for people with skin disorders and allergies, provided they do not have soy allergies or intolerances.
Contraindications
Excessive consumption leads to: Qi stagnation in abdomen, abdominal distension and possibly formation of dampness and phlegm
Boil 0.5 L (two cups) water with two tablespoons coarsely ground wheat for 30 minutes, possibly sweeten with licorice; drink while warm.
Internal heat conditions with emotional and psychological symptoms: Agitation, anxiety, hysteria, internal restlessness, irritability, insomnia, unstable emotional state, tendency to sadness
c
Decoction of wheat (220 g or 0.5 lb), Jujube (Chinese dates, 50 g, about 1.5 oz), licorice (18 g, about 0.5 oz); drink warm, twice daily. Wheat is well suited for “inner” emotional stabilization! (Caution: phlegm disorders).
Wheat
Liver heat, for example due to ascending liver yang or liver fire flaming upward: Irritability, disturbed sleep, restlessness, headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, reddened itchy eyes
Thermal nature
Cool, tendency to cold
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Heart, liver, spleen, kidney
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Clears heat, supplements spleen and kidney, nourishes heart yin, builds qi and blood when combined with warm foods, relives thirst, diuretic
Preparation methods
Cooked coarsely ground, finely milled, as porridge, or as decoction
Contraindications
Contains
Carbohydrates, protein, starch, fat, lecithin, vitamin B-complex, E, beta-carotene, biotin, folic acid, selenium, natural estrogen
Indications
c
General heat symptoms: Dry mouth, fever, sweating. Well suited for lowering fever in infants and toddlers.
119
c
Freshly ground, cooked wheat porridge (50 g or about 1.5 oz) daily, no meat for one to two weeks, and avoid thermally hot foods, for example acrid spices, alcohol.
Liver blood vacuity and blood heat: Itching skin disorders, allergies Menopause: For hot flashes or night sweats
Excess wheat or wheat products (pasta) produces dampness and phlegm
!
Wheat flour, wheat bran, or wheat germ have significant differences in thermal nature:
Wheat flour
Warm, can cause heat symptoms if eaten in excess
Wheat germ
Cold
Wheat bran
Cool to cold
!
Wheat supplies the body with strength and endurance.
120
Spices, Herbs, Sweeteners, Condiments Sweeteners are warm in thermal nature and sweet in flavor. Spices are usually warm to hot in thermal nature and acrid in flavor. Due to their warming effect, sweeteners and spices support the center burner and activate the digestive organs. Spices are well suited for “warming” the thermal nature of cool or cold foods. This makes them valuable especially during the cold weather months, or for qi or yang vacuity of the digestive organs. Excessive consumption of spices can easily cause heat symptoms, and when occurring over a longer period, can be partially responsible for yin vacuity. To treat repletion (robust person; loud, powerful voice; sensation of heat, hyperactivity, choleric features, extroverted, tongue with thick fur, replete pulse): Avoid hot spices, or use extremely sparingly (caution with garlic, ginger, cinnamon). To treat vacuity (weak person; weak, quiet voice; shivering, often tired and exhausted, introverted, swollen tongue, weak pulse): Mix fortifying foods with warming spices: garlic, fennel seeds, cinnamon, ginger. To treat heat (red face, thirst for cold drinks, worsening of condition and pain with heat, red tongue, rapid pulse): Avoid hot and warm spices completely! To treat cold (shivering, aversion to cold, worsening of condition and pain with cold, pale, swollen tongue; weak, slow pulse): Season foods well, for example with pepper, garlic, ginger, cinnamon, chili, fennel seeds. To treat dampness (general sensation of heaviness, pathological swelling, edema; chronic phlegm disorders, e.g., frontal sinusitis, bronchitis): Fresh ginger. To treat dryness (dry mouth, lips, and chapped hands; dry mucous membranes): Avoid hot and warm spices and seasonings completely!
Chili Thermal nature
Hot
Flavor
Acrid
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, heart
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Fire
Effect
Dissipates cold, warms center burner, dissolves food stagnation, sweat producing, dries dampness
Preparation methods
Mainly as a seasoning; raw, fried, in soups
Contains
Rich in capsaicin and 2Hcapsaicin, essential oils, vitamin C, A, and E, phosphorus, calcium
Indications
Wind–cold disorders: Flu, common cold, with aversion to cold; shivering External wind–cold and wetness influences, as well as cold obstructions: Rheumatic disorders or arthrosis worsened by external wind–cold influences Stagnation of cold wetness in center burner: Lack of appetite, fatigue and exhaustion, sensation of heaviness and muscle pain in extremities Cold in stomach and spleen: Decreased appetite, sensation of cold in stomach, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting
Contraindications
Generally, all hot chilies and peppers should be used sparingly. They are, however, very well suited as seasoning to supply dishes with a warming effect, if used in focused applications and in moderation. Restraint is advised for patients with general yin vacuity and heat symptoms, such as dry eyes, ulcers in mouth area, ulcers in digestive tract, and hemorrhoids.
Spices, Herbs, Sweeteners, Condiments
Cinnamon
Coriander
Thermal nature
Warm to hot
Flavor
Acrid
Thermal nature
Warm
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, liver, kidney
Flavor
Acrid
Direction
Upbearing
Organ network
Lung, spleen
Phase
Earth, metal (depending on sources)
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Metal
Effect
Warms center burner, dissipates cold, moves blood, loosens stagnation; can promote the secretion of digestive juices and alleviate bloating.
Effect
Preparation methods
As seasoning or in seasoning mix, powder, decoction, or in pill form
Well suited for warming foods; dissipates cold, produces perspiration, balances qi, disperses blood stasis, loosens digestive obstruction, reverses counterflow qi
Preparation methods
Contains
About 2 % cinnamon oil and 90 % cinnamon aldehyde and resins
Use leaves, stems, roots, or dried seeds in soups; as salad, or as a seasoning; should not be cooked too long to retain warming effect
Contains
Essential oils, bioflavonoids, protein, vitamin C, and calcium
Green leaves, stems, roots, and dried seeds of plant
Indications
Stomach and spleen vacuity: Lack of appetite Cold symptoms, cold in stomach and spleen with sensitivity to cold, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Pain caused by stagnation due to cold or pain due to wind–cold or blood stasis: Abdominal pain (e.g., after childbirth), rheumatic pain (caused by wind–cold and dampness) Wind–cold disorders: Common cold, flu General yang vacuity, spleen yang vacuity, or kidney yang vacuity: Cold extremities, aversion to cold, shivering, cold in lower part of the body, impotence, pain in back and knees, abdominal pain that worsens with cold
Contraindications
121
Heat symptoms due to yin vacuity Restricted use during pregnancy
Indications
Cold and disharmony in stomach and spleen: Lack of appetite, nausea, indigestion, digestive stagnation due to cold influences in abdomen
c
Add coriander as a seasoning to dishes.
Wind–cold disorders: Colds, flu with aversion to cold, chills, low-grade fever, little sweat
c
Decoction of green onions, coriander seeds, and ginger.
Contraindications
Use with caution in cases of: General qi vacuity or foul-smelling perspiration
122
Food Classification
Ginger, Fresh or Dried Thermal nature
Warm (dried ginger is warmer)
Flavor
Acrid (dried ginger is more acrid)
Organ network
Lung, stomach, spleen
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Metal
Effect
Strengthens center burner, controls nausea, frees surface from pathogenic wind–cold factors (supports stomach qi in the Greater Yang layer (tai yang), sweatproducing, relieves retching, transforms phlegm, supplements lung, relieves cough and detoxifies; stimulates blood circulation, increases appetite, and promotes secretion of digestive juices
Preparation method
Contains
Fresh ginger (purple ginger is milder and is often eaten as a vegetable); dried ginger flakes, chips, or powder; as juice or decoction High in essential oils, starch and amino acids, amaroids (bitters), gingereol = cardio tonic agent (activates Ca2+pumping ATPase in skeletal and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum)
c
Chewing a small slice of fresh or crystallized (candied) ginger is a great remedy for motion sickness and morning sickness.
Cold, flu caused by wind–cold: Chills, aversion to cold, arthritis/joint pain, headaches, stuffed up nose
c
Decoction of fresh ginger and green onions: Simmer thumb-sized pieces of ginger and green onions in 0.5 L (two cups) of water for 10 minutes; drink warm decoction immediately at the first sign of a cold .
Cold in lung or cold phlegm: Cough, shortness of breath, clear, white phlegm
c
Decoction of fresh ginger with malt sugar (or raw cane sugar or molasses): Combine about 50 g (1.5 oz) of ginger and 30 g (one to two tablespoons) of malt sugar into a decoction and drink warm.
Indigestion: Vomiting and diarrhea after consumption of spoiled foods
c
Freshly grated ginger, possibly as a tea.
General cold symptoms: Cold hands and feet, rheumatism (arthritis) that worsens with wind–cold
!
Dried ginger (powder, chips, or candied) is classified as hotter than fresh ginger in thermal nature.
Contraindications
Indications
!
Stomach and spleen vacuity, disharmony of stomach qi (wei qi bu he), stomach qi upbearing counterflow (wei qi shang ni): Nausea and vomiting
General yin vacuity and heat signs High blood pressure
Prolonged consumption of larger amounts of ginger should be avoided. Excess can provoke heat phlegm disorders.
Spices, Herbs, Sweeteners, Condiments
Garlic Thermal nature
Cooked: warm
Flavor
Raw: acrid
Raw: hot
Gently cooked: sweet–acrid Organ network
Lung, stomach, spleen
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Warms center burner, strengthens stomach, moves qi, disperses blood stasis and qi stagnation in abdomen, dispels cold, detoxifies, antiparasitic, relieves cough
Preparation methods
Raw, gently braised (on low heat), as a juice or decoction
Contains
High in essential oils, mainly allicin (antibiotic effect), protein, calcium, vitamin B1 and C, carotene
!
c c
Garlic raw or braised
Intense watery diarrhea
Garlic syrup: Chop one clove of garlic, mix with one tablespoon of lemon juice and one tablespoon of honey. Take this mixture three to five times a day.
Cold, cough, or whooping-cough, chronic and acute bronchitis
c c
Decoction of garlic, ginger, and sugar.
Parasite infestation, especially hookworms and pinworms (enterobiasis, oxyuriasis)
10–15 g (0.5 oz) steamed garlic with sunflower seeds.
Prophylaxis for flu, hypertension (high blood pressure) and hyperlipidemia
Raw garlic is significantly more acrid and is classified as thermally hot, while gently braised garlic develops a sweet flavor and is classified as having a warm/hot thermal nature.
Contraindications
Indications
!
Cold symptoms and digestive obstructions in center burner: Pain in abdomen and solar plexus (epigastric) region
c
Garlic cloves pickled in vinegar, about half a clove once daily
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or dysentery, also in connection with intake of contaminated food
123
Heat symptoms General yin vacuity Thrush (aphtha)
In Western medicine, the regular intake of garlic shows a positive effect on stomach peristalsis and secretion. Garlic glycosides can lower blood pressure and can decrease blood lipids and thus may be good prevention for arteriosclerosis. Garlic also has a known antibacterial and antiparasitic effect.
124
Food Classification
Mushrooms
Pepper (Seasoning)
Thermal nature
Cool to cold
Thermal nature
Hot
Flavor
Sweet
Flavor
Acrid
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, lung
Organ network
Direction
Downbearing
Stomach, spleen, large intestine, lung
Phase
Earth
Direction
Upbearing
Effect
Support center burner, balance qi, moisten dryness, transform phlegm
Phase
Metal
Effect
Warms center burner, dissipates cold, regulates qi, disperses blood stasis, reduces counterflow qi, eliminates phlegm, relieves pain, produces sweat, dispels wind–cold, disperses qi stagnation and blood stasis. In small amounts, pepper promotes secretion of digestive juices, increases appetite, and alleviates bloating.
Preparation methods
As a seasoning, decoction, powder, or pill
Contains
Essential oils, piperine, piperonal, calcium, iron
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, or powdered
Contains
Protein, fat, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, magnesium, vitamins A, B1, B2, C, E, and K, essential amino acids, dietary fiber, high purine concentration (contraindicated for people suffering from gout)
Indications
Spleen and stomach qi vacuity: Lack of appetite, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, reduced milk flow
c
Indications Cooked mushrooms with chicken (or pork)
Lung yin vacuity: Shortness of breath, dry cough with viscous phlegm
c
Contraindications
Excessive consumption can lead to possible heavy-metal exposure
General spleen and stomach vacuity: Lack of appetite, indigestion, bloating
Cold disorders of stomach and spleen: Sensation of cold and pain in abdomen. Pain that worsens with cold.
c
Increase use of pepper as a seasoning.
Decoction of pepper and ginger: Simmer a pinch of freshly ground pepper and 30 g (1 oz) fresh ginger in water for 10 minutes. Drink while warm.
Cold phlegm disorders: Clear or white sputum
Spices, Herbs, Sweeteners, Condiments
Wind–cold disorders: Cold with cough, hoarseness, cold limbs. Rheumatoid arthritis due to wind–cold influences
Seaweed (General)
Contraindications
Heat symptoms due to general yin vacuity: Excessive consumption of pepper damages body fluids (dehydrates)
Salt Thermal nature
Cold
Flavor
Salty
Organ network
Stomach, kidney, small intestine, and large intestine
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Water
Effect
Clears heat, cools blood, moistens dryness, downbears qi, strengthens kidneys, loosens phlegm
Preparation methods
As seasoning, dissolved in warm or hot water
125
Thermal nature
Cold
Flavor
Salty
Organ network
Liver, lung, kidneys
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Water
Effect
Clears heat, moistens dryness, transforms phlegm, softens hardness, enriches yin, diuretic
Preparation methods
Fresh or dried, boiled, as a soup ingredient, as a decoction, as salad, as pill or powder
Contains
41 minerals and trace elements, unsurpassed source of iodine, vitamin A, B1, B6, B12, C, D, E, and K
Indications
Heat and phlegm in lung, bronciectasis or cough with viscous yellow phlegm Following excessive alcohol consumption with heat symptoms Edema
Indications
Kidney yin and yang vacuity: Supplements the kidney organ network when taken in moderation Fire flaming upward due to yin vacuity: Dizziness, headaches, red eyes, mouth and tongue ulcers, bleeding gums, constipation, hoarseness and sore throat
c
Half a teaspoon of salt dissolved in warm water, taken before meals.
Phlegm accumulation or hardness in body
Contraindications
Shortness of breath Edema Diabetes mellitus High blood pressure
Contraindications
Seaweed should not be consumed in excess (iodine!)
126
Food Classification
Soy Sauce
Sweeteners: Brown or Whole Cane Sugar
Thermal nature
Cold
Flavor
Salty and sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, kidney
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Water
Effect
Clears heat, harmonizes center burner, detoxifies
Contains
Made from the pressed juice of sugar cane. Preferably raw, unrefined, and made with whole sugar cane, without removal of molasses (e.g., Rapadura).
Protein, fat, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin B1 and B2, niacin, iron
Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, liver
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements center burner, supplements qi, disperses blood stasis, calms liver, moves and harmonizes blood, relieves spasms and acute pain
Preparation methods
Dissolved in warm liquids, in alcoholic beverages, as decoction
Contains
Sucrose, calcium, vitamin B2, iron
Indications
Disharmony of stomach qi: Lack of appetite, nausea Heat symptoms: Agitation, nervousness Symptoms of stomach poisoning due to spoiled foods such as meat and fish
Contraindications
Formation of phlegm possible with excessive consumption
Indications
Stomach and spleen vacuity: Abdominal pain, for example with blood stasis, nausea, and vomiting
c
Decoction of brown sugar (100 g or about 2.5 oz), fresh ginger (200 g or about 5 oz), and dried tangerine peels.
Blood stasis caused by cold: Painful menstruation, persisting and congesting lochia (postnatal discharge) following childbirth
Contraindications
Dampness and phlegm disorders Damp–heat Dental cavities (caries)
Spices, Herbs, Sweeteners, Condiments
Sweeteners: Honey Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, lung, large intestine
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements center burner, moistens dryness, moistens lung, relieves cough, relieves pain, moistens large intestine, detoxifies
Preparation methods
Raw, as a seasoning in cooking, dissolved in warm water
Contains
About 70 % fructose and glucose, also protein, citric acid, pectin; small amounts of vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, C, and D, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, iron, copper, manganese
Formed by enzymes or acid hydrolysis from starch (grains or tubers). A natural sweetener usually made from grain (e.g., ground corn and sprouted barley). Found in health-food stores, malt syrup has an earthy, full-bodied flavor and is 75–80 % as sweet as honey. Malt syrup is also referred to as malt extract.
Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, lung
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Warms and supplements center burner, moistens the lung, cough-relieving, removes dryness, relieves cramps and acute pain conditions, creates body fluids, detoxifies
Preparation methods
Syrup or powder, dissolve in water, as powder or decoction
Contains
Maltose, vitamin B, iron
Steamed pear with honey
Dryness in large intestine with vacuity of body fluids due to heat: Constipation, especially constipation in elderly people
c
Dampness and phlegm disorders Stagnation in center burner Diarrhea
Sweeteners: Malt Sugar–Maltose–Malt Syrup
Stomach and spleen vacuity: Lack of appetite, fatigue, lack of strength, shortness of breath, diarrhea with abdominal pain Dryness of lung: Dry cough with little sputum or with viscous phlegm, hoarseness, dry throat, chronic hacking and exhaustion cough
c
External application: Chapped and dry lips, ulcers in mouth or lips, burns or frostbites
Contraindications
Indications
Mix honey with roasted black sesame; grind into porridge; dissolve in warm water and drink.
Stomach heat: Gastritis, stomach and duodenal ulcers
127
Indications
Stomach and spleen vacuity: General fatigue, lack of appetite, lack of strength, diarrhea Dryness and lung vacuity: Throat pain, hoarseness, cough with little sputum, shortness of breath
128
Food Classification
c
Steam white radish (500 g or about 1 lb) mixed with malt sugar (20 g or about one tablespoon), until sugar has melted (or use malt syrup); eat while warm.
Vinegar
Contraindications
Dampness Moist–heat Bloating in abdomen with tendency to nausea and vomiting
Sweeteners: White Sugar Made by repeatedly refining and processing the juice of sugar cane, sugar beets, sorghum, or sugar maples.
Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Sour and bitter
Organ network
Stomach, liver
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Wood
Effect
Stops bleeding (hemostatic), disperses blood and qi stagnation, detoxifies, promotes digestion
Preparation methods
As a seasoning, diluted in water, as decoction
Contains
Acetic acid, acetal, oxalic acid, acetaldehyde, minerals, acids, alcohols of higher quality
Thermal nature
Warm to neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Indications
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, lung
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements center burner, moistens lung, creates body fluids, alleviates acute pain
c
Preparation methods
Dissolved in water
Contains
Sucrose
Blood stasis: Pain in abdomen, palpable hardness in abdomen
Healing herbs brewed with vinegar.
Qi and blood stasis: Digestive obstruction caused by too much fatty, oily food, meat, and fish Bleeding: Nosebleeds, bloody stool, bloody sputum
Indications
Dryness in lung: Dry cough, hoarseness Stomach yin vacuity: Thirst, dry throat Stomach and spleen vacuity: Painful solar plexus (epigastric) area, or after alcohol excess
c
Dissolve 30 g (1 oz) of sugar in water.
Contraindications
Quickly leads to dampness and phlegm conditions, wet heat Weakens the kidney network (caries, bones)
Tip: Vinegar (as well as celery) is one of the few foods that can treat qi and blood stasis. Look for good quality!
Contraindications
Stagnation in center burner caused by dampness
129
Fruit Fruits have a sweet, sour, and occasionally bitter flavor. Their thermal nature is primarily cool to cold; for some types of fruit, it is neutral and warm. Fruit should be eaten primarily during the warm and hot seasons since it cools heat conditions, replenishes body fluids, and moistens dryness. In TCM, fruit is a nutritional complement to grains and supports the formation and preservation of body fluids. During the cold season, highly cooling fruit such as bananas, oranges, and lemons should be avoided to prevent developing cold in the body. To treat repletion (robust person, loud powerful voice, sensation of heat, hyperactivity, choleric features, extroverted, tongue with thick fur, replete pulse): Apple, citrus fruit, pineapple, tangerine. To treat vacuity (weak person, weak quiet voice, shivering, often tired and exhausted, introverted, swollen tongue, weak pulse): Cherries, red grapes. To treat heat (red face, thirst for cold drinks, worsening of condition and pain due to heat, red tongue, rapid pulse): Citrus fruit, kiwi, watermelon, pineapple, apple. To treat dryness (dry mouth and lips, chapped hands, dry mucous membranes): Pear, banana, kiwi.
Apple Thermal nature
Sweet
Flavor
Sweet and sour
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, lung
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth/wood
Effect
Clears heat, relieves agitation, alleviates summer heat, creates body fluids, moistens the lung, relieves diarrhea, stimulates appetite
Preparation methods
Raw, cooked, as juice, decoction, syrup, dried, as powder
Contains
Calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur, vitamin A, B1, B2, and C, niacin, flavones, malic acid, citric acid, pectin, tannin
Indications
Heat symptoms: Restlessness, thirst, or following excessive alcohol consumption
c c
Raw apples
Yin vacuity: Lack of appetite, indigestion
Shredded apple, preferably slightly heated or as a compote
130
Food Classification
Apricot
Banana
Thermal nature
Neutral to warm
Thermal nature
Cold
Flavor
Sweet and sour
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, lung
Organ network
Stomach, large intestine
Phase
Earth, wood
Direction
Downbearing
Effect
Creates body fluids, moistens lung, quenches thirst and relieves cough
Phase
Earth
Effect
Clears heat, enriches yin, moistens and detoxifies intestines, creates body fluids, moistens stomach
Preparation methods
Raw or steamed
Contains
10 different vitamins and 18 (!) minerals and trace elements, especially potassium, magnesium, calcium, high in pantothenic acid and folic acid; contains serotonin (good mood hormone!)
Preparation methods
Raw, dried, as a decoction or syrup
Contains
Very high in minerals and trace elements, iron, potassium and betacarotene; some silicic acid
Tip: Due to their high iron content and warming effect, apricots are recommended during pregnancy.
Indications
Stomach yin vacuity: Thirst, dry mouth
c
Eat fresh apricots.
Heat and lung dryness with upbearing qi: Cough, shortness of breath, dry throat, dry cough with viscous phlegm, asthma symptoms
c
Raw apricots or syrup from apricots preserved in honey.
Contraindications
Heat symptoms Diarrhea
!
Indications
Excessive consumption can damage teeth, especially in children.
Heat disorders that damage yin, especially stomach yin: Thirst, dry throat, restlessness, chronic dry cough, dry stools
c c
Raw bananas
Dryness in small and large intestine: Constipation, bleeding hemorrhoids
Raw bananas
Contraindications
Cold and vacuity symptoms in center burner Phlegm disorders
Fruit
Cherry Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, spleen (liver and kidney)
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements the center burner, qi, and blood; supplements and moistens liver and spleen, disperses blood stasis, dissipates cold, dispels wind–dampness
Preparation methods
Raw, as decoction, syrup, or preserved in alcohol
Contains
Beta-carotene, vitamin B1, B2, B3, and C potassium, calcium, iron, fruit acids, fructose
c
Spleen and stomach vacuity, stomach yin vacuity: Exhaustion, lack of appetite, fatigue, dryness of skin and mouth
c
Cherry decoction
Liver and kidney vacuity: Weakness and pain in knees and hips, weakness and numbness in limbs
Medicinal cherry wine: Cover 250 g (about 0.5 lb) of cherries for half a day with 0.5 L (two cups) clear brandy; drink half a cup daily.
Wind–dampness: Arthritis pain in lower half of body, rheumatism, gout, arthritis
c
Cherry juice or medicinal cherry wine
Liver and kidney vacuity or stagnation combined with weak muscles, sinews and bones; weakness of limbs and restricted joint mobility
Blood vacuity: Vertigo (dizziness), forgetfulness, heart palpitations, insomnia, restlessness, anemia during pregnancy
c
Indications
131
Medicinal wine made from cherries and longans
Cold disorders, especially in patients with a tendency to feel cold
Contraindications
Exercise restraint with strong heat symptoms
132
Food Classification
Grapefruit, Pomelo
Grapes
Thermal nature
Cool to cold (peel: warm)
Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet and sour (peel: sweet and bitter)
Flavor
Sweet and sour
Organ network
Spleen, lung, kidneys (liver)
Organ network
Stomach, lung (peel: stomach–kidney– gallbladder)
Direction
Downbearing and upbearing
Phase
Wood and earth
Effect
Supplements kidneys and liver, supplements qi, promotes blood formation, creates body fluids, strengthens muscles, sinews, and bones; diuretic
Preparation methods
Raw, as juice, decoction, or preserved in alcohol
Contains
Especially rich in glucose, various fruit acids, the highest potassium content in fruit, iron, copper, bioflavonoids
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Flesh: creates body fluids, relieves thirst Peel: transforms phlegm, downbears qi and disperses digestive obstructions
Contains
Vitamin C, beta-carotene, potassium, calcium, amaroids (bitters)
Indications
c
Indications Eat raw grapefruit flesh
Stomach qi upbearing counterflow: Nausea, vomiting, stomach aches, diarrhea, digestive obstruction
c
Note: Raisins (dried grapes) have a higher carbohydrate content and more iron and calcium than fresh grapes.
Stomach yin vacuity: Restlessness, thirst, following excessive alcohol consumption
Simmer whole fruit, including peel, add sugar or honey to taste. Use only untreated fruit, preferably from organic agriculture.
Phlegm disorder, especially of the lung: Bronchitis with viscous, yellow phlegm
c
c
Medicinal wine made from grapes and ginseng: Soak equal amounts of fresh grapes (about 10 grapes) and ginseng root in 100 mL (half a cup) brandy for two to four days. Drink 20 mL (about two tablespoons) daily.
Grapefruit with honey for phlegm disorder
General liver and kidney vacuity: Weakness and pain in knees and hips, rheumatic symptoms with joint pain, caused by wind– dampness and qi stagnation Weakness and pain in spine, frailty
Stomach and kidney yin vacuity: Dry mouth, thirst, agitation, lack of appetite with a deficiency in body fluids
c
Syrup made from grapes and honey
Fruit
Qi and blood vacuity: Agitation, dizziness, forgetfulness, night sweat, heart palpitations
c
Decoction or syrup from raisins
!
Dried grapes (raisins) have a stronger strengthening effect on the kidney and liver and form qi and blood, while fresh grapes primarily create body fluids.
Indications
Thermal nature
Cold
Flavor
Sweet and sour
Organ network
Stomach, gallbladder (kidney)
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth, wood
Effect
Clears heat, creates body fluids, harmonizes stomach, downbears upbearing stomach qi, diuretic
Contains
Rich in vitamin C (about twice as much as in citrus fruit), some iron, magnesium, proteopeptic enzyme actinidine
!
Raw or as a decoction; peel two to three kiwi and cut into small pieces, add honey and possibly some water and simmer gently
Diabetes, restlessness
c
See above
Disharmony in stomach and stomach qi upbearing counterflow: Nausea, decreased appetite
c
Juice mixture of kiwi and ginger: Mix freshly squeezed juice of three kiwis and about one tablespoon juice of freshly squeezed ginger (squeezed separately); drink juice in three portions throughout the day.
Micturition (urination) difficulties with heat and dampness symptoms: Painful, sparse micturition, secretion of concrements (stones or crystals in urinary tract)
c
Raw or as a juice
Contraindications
Kiwis are believed to lower the carcinogenic effect of nitrosamines in the body, as well as lowering cholesterol and glycerides.
Heat symptoms: Thirst and dryness of the mouth
c
Kiwi
133
Cold disturbances of stomach and spleen
134
Food Classification
Lemon
constipation, inner tension, temporal headache, menopausal symptoms
Thermal nature
Cool to cold
Flavor
Sour
Organ network
Stomach, liver, lung
Direction
Contracting (astringent), downbearing
Phase
Wood
Effect
Clears heat, quenches thirst, dispels summer heat, creates body fluids, harmonizes stomach, and calms the fetus, transforms phlegm, relieves cough
Preparation methods
Contains
Raw, as juice, salted or sweetened or as decoction; salted lemon loosens phlegm
c
Decoction of lemon peels together with grapefruit peels moves and regulates liver qi. Please use only peel from organic lemons or grapefruit to prevent possible exposure to agricultural chemicals. Contraindications
!
Lemons are four to six times more acidic than oranges.
Orange
High in vitamin C, also citric acid, malic acid, saccharide, vitamin B1 and B2, calcium, phosphorus, potassium
Indications
Heat or summer heat symptoms or heat in stomach: Thirst, agitation, sweating, nervousness
c c
Drink lemon juice mixed with sugar cane, raw cane sugar, or Rapadura;
Thermal nature
Cool to cold
Flavor
Sweet and sour
Organ network
Stomach, gallbladder
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Wood
Effect
Cools, creates body fluids, thirst-quenching, downbears qi
Preparation method
Raw, as juice or decoction
Contains
Vitamin C, beta-carotene, extremely high in bioflavonoids, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, saccharide, citric acid
Freshly squeezed lemon juice (one to two lemons daily) for scratchy and burning throat (external wind–heat); gargle. Indications
Stomach qi upbearing counterflow: Nausea, vomiting, belching, lack of appetite
c
Stomach hyperacidity and gastric ulcers
Salted lemon
Heat phlegm disorders: Bronchitis, sinusitis Liver qi stagnation: Irritability, mood swings, intercostal neuralgia,
Stomach yin vacuity and heat in stomach: Thirst, restlessness, after excessive consumption of alcohol
c
Fresh oranges or orange juice with honey
Rebellious stomach qi due to heat: Nausea, vomiting
Fruit
c
Simmer one to two oranges (peeled) and mix with honey
Heat accumulation in lower burner with painful urination, fever, summer heat Sweat-producing physical exertion
c
135
Eat fruit raw or steamed
Blood stasis: Painful menstruation
Contraindications Contraindications
General cold syndrome: Especially with qi vacuity or yang vacuity of stomach and spleen Cold disorders of lung High phlegm accumulation
Pear
Peach
Thermal nature
Cool
Flavor
Sweet
Thermal nature
Warm to hot
Organ network
Lung, stomach
Flavor
Sweet–sour
Direction
Downbearing
Organ network
Stomach, large intestine (liver)
Phase
Wood, earth
Effect
Direction
Downbearing, upbearing (not certain)
Clears heat, moistens dryness, creates body fluids, transforms phlegm
Phase
Earth
Contains
Effect
Creates body fluids, moistens intestines, moves blood, dissolves blood stasis, can soften hardness
Preparation methods
Raw, steamed, or dried
Beta-carotene, vitamin B1, B2, B3 (niacin), and B6, folic acid, vitamin C, especially rich in potassium; also magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, fruit acids, tannin, hormone-like substances
Contains
Ripe peaches are rich in vitamins A, B, and C betacarotene; also bioflavonoids, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc. Very favorable potassium– sodium ratio: invigorates kidneys
Indications
Heat symptoms: Especially heat-related skin disorders, heat in blood
Stomach yin vacuity: Thirst, dry throat, constipation Heat and dryness in large intestine: Constipation, especially chronic constipation in elderly people
Indications
Heat syndrome with fluid vacuity: Restlessness, sleeplessness, dry mouth Heat symptoms in lung and small intestine: Trouble swallowing, sore throat
c c
Pure pear juice
Irritated, hoarse vocal chords, loss of voice, dysphagia, dry cough
Pure pear juice
Dry, compact stool; constipation
136
Food Classification
One to two glasses of pure pear juice, at room temperature, taken before noon
Heat phlegm disorders of lung: Bronchitis, sinusitis with viscous yellow phlegm
c
Mixture of pear juice (or concentrated pear syrup)and lemon juice, 200–700 g (one to three cups) daily; loosens and transforms phlegm.
Contraindications
!
Pineapple Neutral to cool
Flavor
Sweet and sour
Organ network
Stomach, gallbladder
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Disperses summer heat, creates body fluids, thirstquenching, diuretic, promotes digestion
Preparation methods
Raw, as juice or decoction
Contains
High water content, few calories, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, valuable fruit acids, vitamin C, bromelain enzyme (promotes digestion of protein!)
Indications
Heat symptoms and stomach yin vacuity: Thirst, dry mouth, nausea, lack of appetite, restlessness
c
Micturition (urination) problems, dampness in body, fever
Thermal nature
Neutral to warm
Flavor
Sweet and sour
Organ network
Liver, kidney, stomach
Direction
Upbearing and downbearing
Phase
Earth, wood, water
Effect
Clears liver heat, disperses qi stagnation and blood stasis, creates body fluids, diuretic
Preparation methods
Raw, dried, as a juice, or preserved in alcohol
Contains
Excellent potassium–sodium ratio, rich in iron, ideal calcium/phosphorus content, vitamin B1, B2, and C, minimal protein and fat
Indications
Liver stagnation and heat in liver: Restlessness, irritability, constipation, tendency to outbursts of rage; subfebrile (lower than normal) body temperature in the afternoon, night sweat
c c
Fresh pineapple or pineapple juice
Unripe, sour pineapples can damage teeth!
Plum
Wind–heat symptoms in heart: Thirst, mental restlessness, nervousness, and anxiety
Thermal nature
Skin ulcers and eczema
Drink fresh plum juice, possibly sweetened with honey
Stomach yin vacuity: Thirst, dry mouth
Raw plums or plum juice
Formation of ascites (abdominal fluids) due to liver disorders
Fruit
Contraindications
Indications
Excess Weakens stomach and spleen Decreases appetite Leads to diarrhea Possibly develops phlegm
Watermelon Cold
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, heart, bladder
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Clears heat, relieves summer heat, quenches thirst, relieves agitation, diuretic
Preparation methods
Raw, as a juice, decoction, or syrup
Contains
95% water, high in potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, nickel, vitamin A and C, as well as sugar and amaroids
Heat and summer heat symptoms, body fluids injured by heat: Thirst, restlessness, sweating. During summer heat: Sweating, headaches, dry lips
c
Thermal nature
137
Eat about 500 g (1 lb) of watermelon fresh or as juice (two cups), possibly mixed with tomato juice.
Heat or heart fire flaming upward: Thirst, mouth or tongue ulcers, mental restlessness, disturbed sleep (especially during summer), dark urine, heart palpitations Moist–heat in lower burner: Sparse, dark urine, painful urination
Contraindications
Vacuity and cold symptoms in spleen and stomach General accumulation of moisture
138
Food Classification
Meat and Poultry Most types of meat are warm to hot in thermal nature and are excellent for supplementing qi and yang. Meat should be eaten primarily during the cold seasons. Meat intensifies body energy and provides the body with a degree of “aggressiveness.” It is very suitable for quickly replenishing energy deficits (following heavy physical exertion, after childbirth, during recovery). Excess consumption of meat pollutes the body with toxins and promotes phlegm disorders. To treat repletion (strong person, loud powerful voice, choleric features, extroverted, red tongue, possibly thick fur): Avoid meat, no meat for four to six weeks; increase grains, fruit, and vegetables. To treat vacuity (weak person, weak, quiet voice, often tired and exhausted, pale, swollen tongue, weak pulse): Beef, chicken, pork, venison. To treat heat (red tongue, rapid pulse, red face, reddened eyes, nervousness): No meat for four to six weeks; increase grains, fruit, and vegetables. To treat cold (pale, swollen tongue, weak, slow pulse, shivering, aversion to cold, cold worsens condition and pain): Above all venison, lamb, game; also chicken, beef. To treat dampness (swellings, edema, chronic phlegm disorders [e.g., frontal sinusitis, bronchitis]): Avoid meat, no meat for four to six weeks; increase drying grains. To treat dryness (dry mouth, lips and skin; constipation): Pork, increase grains, fruit and vegetables.
Beef Thermal nature
Warm, neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, in part also kidney
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements qi and blood, supplements stomach and spleen, strengthens yang, strengthens sinews, muscles and bones
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, fried/roasted, or in soup
Contains
Protein, fat, vitamin B1 and B2, calcium, phosphorus, iron
Indications
Qi and blood vacuity: Lack of strength, weakness in knees and legs, spontaneous sweating, emaciation, especially weakness caused by profuse bleeding after pregnancy or strong menstrual blood losses
c
Beef stock or beef stew combined with carrots, celery, spinach, mangold chard; very good for supplementing blood, especially during and after pregnancy
Stomach and spleen vacuity: Lack of appetite, general weakness, lack of strength, bloating, diarrhea
c
Beef stock or beef stew combined with carrots, leeks, and onions
Contraindications
Meat excess can cause moist–heat symptoms Exercise restraint also with heat in blood: Skin efflorescence with raised, itching red skin patches, skin ulcers
Meat and Poultry
Beef Liver
Chicken
Preferably from organically raised or grass-fed animals
Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Sweet
Thermal nature
Neutral
Organ network
Stomach, spleen
Flavor
Sweet
Direction
Upbearing
Organ network
Spleen, liver
Phase
Earth
Direction
Upbearing
Effect
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements liver network, qi, and blood
Preparation methods
Fried or boiled
Supports and warms center burner, supplements qi and blood, enriches yang, supports ying, supplements bone marrow, enriches kidney yin and yang
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, fried/roasted, deep-fried, grilled, or in soup
Contains
Protein, low in fat with high-quality unsaturated fatty acids, calcium, phosphorus, iron
Indications
139
Especially for blood vacuity: Pale dull complexion, poor concentration, numbness, fatigue, heart palpitations, lack of strength Liver blood vacuity: Night blindness, hypomenorrhea (scant, brief menstruation) or amenorrhea (lack of menstruation), blurred vision, dizziness, insomnia
c
Beef liver combined with green vegetables and green salads, apple
Indications
Qi vacuity: Pale face, fatigue, quiet voice, sweating during the day, lack of strength, easily exhausted Blood vacuity (generally associated with qi vacuity): Dull, pale complexion; difficulty concentrating, numbness, muscle weakness, heart palpitations, amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) or hypomenorrhea (scant menstruation), general weakness, emotional instability, depression Qi and blood vacuity following childbirth: Lack of strength, postnatal depression, heart palpitations, dizziness, lack of milk flow after giving birth
c
Recipe for supplementing qi and blood during pregnancy to prevent blood vacuity: Combine fresh chicken with carrots, parsley, a small amount of fresh ginger, possibly egg yolk, soybean sprouts, and water. Simmer for about three hours or more. Eat three to four times a week.
Stomach qi and spleen qi vacuity: General lack of strength; loss of strength follow-
140
Food Classification
ing long, draining illness; infirmity in old age, decreased appetite, indigestion, diarrhea, edema Stomach cold or spleen yang vacuity: Sensation of cold in body, especially in stomach region, cold extremities, lack of appetite General vacuity of kidney network: Weakness and pain in knees and hip, premature ejaculation, tinnitus, frequent urination
c
Chicken boiled in rice wine with ginger and pepper
ness, numbness in extremities, muscle weakness
c Duck
Contraindications
Steamed or fried chicken liver combined with lamb’s lettuce (Mache lettuce), spinach, arugula, parsley, and mangold chard
Restraint with general heat symptoms, especially heat in blood: Skin disorders with reddened, raised, itching efflorescence Restraint during beginning colds: Pulls pathogenic factors into deeper layers
Thermal nature
Neutral to cool
Flavor
Sweet and salty
Organ network
Lung, kidneys, stomach, spleen
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Nourishes yin, supplements blood, strengthens stomach, moistens lung, clears heat, diuretic, reduces swelling.
Preparation methods
Fried, boiled, steamed, or as soup
Contains
Protein, fat, iron, vitamin B1 and B2
Chicken Liver Preferably from organically raised animals. Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Kidney, liver
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements liver, kidneys, qi, and blood
Preparation methods
Steamed, fried, or grilled
Contains
Protein, rich in vitamins and minerals
Indications
Kidney yang vacuity: Weakness, back pains, impotence, nocturnal urination, cold extremities Kidney blood vacuity: Night blindness, insomnia, blurred vision, dizzi-
Indications
General yin vacuity with heat symptoms, especially lung yin vacuity: Subfebrile temperatures, thirst, agitation, night sweat, dry mouth and throat, persisting cough with little phlegm
c c
Braised or boiled duck
Spleen vacuity with fluid accumulation and edema:
Braised duck stuffed with about half a cup of fresh ginger and one to three cloves of garlic to taste
Blood vacuity and general yin vacuity with yang hyperactivity: Following high blood loss, for example after
Meat and Poultry childbirth; blurred vision, heart palpitations, sleep disturbances, headaches, rotatory vertigo
c
Duck and chicken soup with parsley and 50 g (about 2 oz) of brown seaweed (dry weight)
Blood vacuity with cold symptoms after childbirth: Abdominal pains, reduced milk flow, cold lower extremities Lamb with fresh ginger
Contraindications
141
Qi stagnation Spleen vacuit
Stomach and spleen yang vacuity: Lack of appetite, exhaustion, persistent chills, cold extremities, fatigue
Contraindications
Lamb, Mutton, Sheep
Heat symptoms: Agitation, insomnia, reddened itching skin disorders, excessive menstrual bleeding
Thermal nature
Warm to hot
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, kidney
Direction
Upbearing/floating
Thermal nature
Neutral
Phase
Earth
Flavor
Sweet, salty
Effect
Warms center burner and kidney network, supplements qi and blood, supports jing
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, kidney
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth, water
Preparation methods
Steamed, fried/roasted, grilled, boiled
Effect
Enriches yin, moistens dryness, supplements blood
Contains
Protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus
Preparation methods
Boiled, fried/roasted, grilled, or as soup
Contains
Protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron
Pork
Indications
Lamb is especially recommended during the cold months as a warming food, served well spiced. Very good for kidney yang vacuity: Feeling of coldness in body, cold extremities, aversion to cold, weakness or pain in legs, back, or knees, increase of symptoms with cold, weak libido, impotence, frequent nocturnal urination with clear urine
c
Lamb fried/roasted, grilled or wellcooked in liquid with ginger, Chinese leek (garlic chives), walnuts, garlic, and carrots, preferably seasoned with rosemary, thyme, and oregano
Indications
Qi and blood vacuity: Emaciation, lack of strength, muscle weakness Liver and kidney yin vacuity: Dry eyes, night sweat, hypomenorrhea (scant menstruation), weakness and pain in hip, back, and bones Dryness: Thirst, dry cough, mouth and throat dryness, dry skin
Contraindications
Excessive consumption leads to obesity Excessive consumption promotes the formation of dampness and phlegm
142
Food Classification
Avoid with heat phlegm disorders: Bronchitis, sinusitis Avoid with qi stagnation
Venison (Deer)
Rabbit/Hare Thermal nature
Cool, neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Liver, large intestine, stomach, spleen
Direction
Floating
Phase
Earth, ambiguous, depending on source
Effect
Supplements center burner, supplements qi, cools blood
Preparation methods
Boiled, fried/roasted, or steamed
Contains
Rich in protein, minerals, little fat
Stomach spleen qi vacuity: Fatigue, lack of strength, lack of appetite Heat in stomach and large intestine: Constipation, nausea, vomiting, ravenous appetite Stomach yin vacuity: Constipation, lack of appetite, mouth dryness
Contraindications
Cold symptoms in stomach and spleen
Warm, hot
Flavor
Acrid, sweet
Organ network
Kidney
Direction
Upbearing/floating
Phase
Earth; ambiguous, depending on source
Effect
Strengthens qi, blood, and yang, especially kidney yang, moves blood
Preparation methods
Fried/roasted, braised, or boiled
Contains
Protein, fat, minerals
Indications
Indications
Thermal nature
Venison is an excellent tonic for the kidney network to strengthen kidney yang; it is primarily suitable for the cold season diet. General qi and blood vacuity: Especially lack of strength, emaciation, fatigue Kidney yang vacuity: Aversion to cold, constant chills; weakness and pain in lower back, knees and legs with worsening of symptoms with cold; weak libido, impotence, frequent nocturnal urination
c
Braised venison in red wine with garlic or ginger, carrots, and walnuts
Contraindications
Exercise caution with heat symptoms based on a yin vacuity to avoid yang hyperactivity: Agitation, insomnia, sexual hyperactivity, sudden sweating, migraines, or irregular and strong menorrhagia (excess/prolonged menstruation)
143
Fish/Sea Food Fish (sweet water) often has a sweet/salty flavor and a neutral to warm thermal nature. It is easy to digest and strengthens qi, blood, and yang, especially the center burner (stomach, spleen/pancreas) and the kidneys. Seafood (fish and shellfish from the ocean) is mostly salty and has a cool to cold thermal nature. It affects the liver and kidney network and nourishes yin. To treat repletion (strong person, loud powerful voice, choleric features, extroverted, red tongue, possibly thick fur): Squid/octopus. To treat vacuity (weak person, weak quiet voice, often tired and exhausted, pale, swollen tongue, weak pulse): Eel, sardines, mussels, oysters. To treat heat (red tongue, rapid pulse, red face, reddened eyes, nervousness): Squid/octopus. To treat cold (pale, swollen tongue, weak, slow pulse, shivering, aversion to cold, worsening of condition and pain with cold): Trout, salmon, prawns, crayfish. To treat dampness (swellings, edema, chronic phlegm disorders, frontal sinusitis, bronchitis): Carp, mackerel. To treat dryness (dry mouth, lips and skin, constipation): Oysters.
Anchovies Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet, salty
Organ network
Stomach, spleen
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements qi and blood, warms stomach and spleen
Preparation methods
Deep-fried, fried, grilled, boiled
Contains
Protein, fat, vitamin B1 and B2
Indications
Qi and yang vacuity of stomach and spleen: Lack of appetite, lack of strength, indigestion
Contraindications
Heat conditions: Especially skin disorders
144
Food Classification
Carp
Crab
Thermal nature
Neutral
Thermal nature
Cold
Flavor
Sweet
Flavor
Salty
Organ network
Spleen, kidney
Organ network
Liver, stomach
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Water
Phase
Earth
Effect
Effect
Supplements stomach and spleen, supplements qi and blood, dispels dampness, downbears qi, reduces swelling
Clears heat, moves blood, strengthens muscles, sinews, and bones
Preparation methods
Steamed, boiled
Contains
Rich in protein and vitamin D
Indications
Spleen qi vacuity and spleen yang vacuity: Swelling, edema Qi and blood vacuity: Insufficient milk flow, during recovery, lack of strength Lung network vacuity: Chronic cough, sensation of fullness in chest, shortness of breath
Contraindications
Skin disorders
Indications
Blood stasis: Pain after injuries to muscles, sinews, and bones (swelling, tears, fractures) Abdominal pain following childbirth, to increase blood circulation
c
Soak and boil crab in rice wine and eat throughout the day
Contraindications
During pregnancy Skin disorders
Fish/Sea Food
Eel
Herring
Thermal nature
Neutral, warm
Flavor
Thermal nature
Neutral
Sweet
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, liver, kidneys
Organ network
Spleen, lung
Direction
Upbearing
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Water
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements qi and yang, regulates wind and dampness
Effect
Supplements qi of stomach, spleen, and lung
Preparation methods
Fried, boiled, or in soup
Preparation methods
Deep-fried, fried, grilled, boiled
Contains
Protein, fat, minerals
Contains
Protein, high fat content, calcium, phosphorus
Indications
Indications
Qi and yang vacuity: Weakness, exhaustion, shortness of breath Wind and dampness disorders: Pain and swelling in extremities, weakness in legs and hips (rheumatic complaints caused by wind–dampness)
c
Phlegm disorders Diarrhea caused by spleen and stomach vacuity
Qi vacuity of stomach and spleen: Lack of appetite, weakness, chronic digestive problems Lung qi vacuity: Rapid exhaustion, perspiring easily, shortness of breath
Contraindications
Cook eel in rice wine with salt, vinegar, and a little fresh ginger
Contraindications
145
Skin disorders
Mackerel Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, liver
Direction
Floating
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements qi and blood, removes dampness
Indications Swelling, edema, rheumatism (damp impediment or shi bi)
146
Food Classification
Mussels
Indications
Thermal nature
Warm, neutral
Flavor
Salty
Organ network
Liver, kidney
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Water
Contraindications
Effect
Enriches yin and yang of liver and kidneys, nourishes jing and blood
Kidney yang vacuity: Impotence, back pain, weak back
c
Skin disorders
Prawns/Crayfish/Lobster
Indications
Yin vacuity: Sleep disturbance, nervousness, fluid vacuity, blood vacuity, excessive perspiration, night sweats, excessive alcohol consumption Kidney network vacuity: Exhaustion, premature ejaculation, spermatorrhea (involuntary discharge of semen)
Mussels cooked in wine or rice wine with onions, leeks, carrots, garlic, and pepper
Yin vacuity: Nocturnal sweating and dizziness
Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Kidney, liver
Direction
Floating
Phase
Earth
Effect
Enriches yang, especially kidney yang; supplements qi and blood, dispels cold, disperses blood stasis, eliminates wind and phlegm
Preparation methods
Deep-fried, fried, grilled, boiled
Contains
Protein, minerals
Oysters Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet, salty
Organ network
Kidney, liver
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth, water
Effect
Supplements qi and blood, nourishes blood, enriches yin and yang of kidneys, moistens dryness, cools blood.
Preparation methods
Raw, deep fried, simmered in liquid
Contains
Rich in minerals
Indications
Kidney yang vacuity: Impotence, premature ejaculation, weak libido, lack of strength, pain in lumbar region.
c
Prawns fried in alcohol with garlic, ginger, and Chinese leeks (garlic chives)
Qi and blood vacuity: After childbirth, stimulates milk flow and milk production
Contraindications
Blood heat disorders: Can produce efflorescence with skin disorders
Fish/Sea Food
Sardines
147
Squid, Octopus
Thermal nature
Neutral, warm
Thermal nature
Cold
Flavor
Sweet, salty
Flavor
Sweet, salty
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, kidneys
Organ network
Kidney, bladder, liver
Direction
Upbearing
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth, water
Phase
Water
Effect
Supplements qi, yang, and blood; warms stomach and spleen, supplements kidneys
Effect
Nourishes yin, strengthens blood and qi, clears heat
Preparation methods
Deep-fried, fried, grilled, boiled
Preparation methods
Deep-fried, fried, grilled, boiled
Contains
Protein, fat, minerals
Contains
Protein, fat, minerals
Indications Indications
Stomach and spleen vacuity: Lack of appetite, lack of strength, indigestion, edema Kidney network vacuity: Impotence, decreased libido, back pain and weakness, sinew and bone weakness
c
Grilled sardines with garlic
Contraindications
Heat conditions Skin disorders
Yang vacuity and heat conditions rooted in liver yin vacuity or kidney yin vacuity: Dizziness, tinnitus, sudden profuse menorrhagia (menstrual bleeding), strong menstrual pain with light-red blood Blood heat: Itching skin disorders Stomach heat caused by liver repletion: Heartburn, gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers
Contraindications
With heat symptoms avoid: Deep-fried, fried, or grilled
148
Food Classification
Trout
Tuna
Thermal nature
Warm, hot
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, spleen
Direction
Upbearing/floating
Phase
Wood
Effect
Enriches yang, regulates qi, dispels cold, warms stomach and spleen
Preparation methods
Boiled, grilled, fried
Contains
Protein, minerals
Indications
Stomach and spleen vacuity: Lack of appetite, general weakness, bloating, diarrhea Qi and yang vacuity: Weakness, exhaustion, cold extremities, shortness of breath
c
Grilled trout with garlic and almonds
Contraindications
Wind–heat disorders Rashes
Due to its high degree of metal toxicity (higher than most other fish), tuna is not recommended during nutritional therapy, and possibly also afterward.
149
Dairy Products, Eggs, Oils, and Fats Milk and dairy products are considerably less prevalent in Chinese nutrition than in the Western world. They are sweet in flavor and neutral to cold in thermal nature; they moisten dryness and enrich yin. Excessive consumption, often found in our “modern diet,” can quickly lead to phlegm disorders (recurrent colds with phlegm production, frontal sinusitis, bronchitis, chronic headaches with heaviness and dull pressure). The center burner especially suffers when “overfed” with dairy products, and produces dampness and eventually phlegm disorders in the body. Children are especially at risk from excess dairy products, often in combination with other cold foods (citrus fruits and juices) and overly fatty, phlegm-forming foods (sugary sodas, junk food). In children under age eight, the center burner is not yet fully developed, which makes it difficult for them to compensate for excess cold, cool, dampness, and phlegm-producing foods. For cheeses, the harder a cheese, the less dampness, it will generate (if eaten in moderation!) and the warmer it is in temperature. Cottage cheese, for example, is cool, while Parmesan is neutral to warm in thermal nature. Fats and oils are mostly of neutral thermal nature when raw, but change to warm/hot when heated (deep-frying). They moisten dryness (constipation) and nourish yin. Excessive consumption
causes dampness and phlegm, or hot phlegm from deep-frying oils. Caution: Avoid dairy products and oils in case of spleen qi and spleen yang vacuity! To treat repletion (robust person, loud, powerful voice, sensation of heat, hyperactivity, choleric features, extroverted, tongue with thick fur, replete pulse): Yogurt in moderation. To treat vacuity (weak person; weak, quiet voice; shivering, frequent fatigue and exhaustion, introverted, swollen tongue, weak pulse) (to treat yin vacuity): Butter, cream, cheese, milk, eggs. To treat heat (red face, craving for cold drinks; worsening of symptoms from cold; pale, swollen tongue; weak, slow pulse): Avoid dairy products! To treat dampness (general sensation of heaviness, pathological swelling, edema; chronic phlegm disorders, e.g., frontal sinusitis, bronchitis, cysts, tumors): Avoid dairy products! To treat dryness (dry mouth, lips, and chapped skin; dry mucous membranes): Butter, cream, oils, cheese, milk. Pasteurized dairy products are warmer in thermal nature than raw milk, cream, or cheese made from raw milk. Some nutritional components in milk are lost when milk is heated above body temperature.
150
Food Classification
Butter and Cream
Cow’s Milk
Butter produces less dampness than cream. Thermal nature
Warm, neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, liver, lung, kidney, large intestine
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements qi, yin, and blood; moistens dryness, disperses blood stasis
Preparation methods Contains
Thermal nature
Neutral, cool
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Lung, stomach, heart
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements qi, yin, and blood; supplements lung, stomach, and heart; creates body fluids, moistens intestine and skin, detoxifies
Preparation methods
Raw or in cooking
Contains
Raw, boiled, in porridge Rich in protein, minerals and vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, and C.
Rich in protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals
Indications
Qi vacuity: Fatigue, exhaustion, mental exhaustion Yin vacuity: Dry mouth and throat, dry cough, dry skin, constipation, nervousness
Contraindications
Avoid with blood heat disorders: Itching skin disorders Excess can weaken spleen and cause dampness and phlegm disorders: More pronounced with cream
Indications
General qi and blood vacuity: Weakness, mental exhaustion, dizziness, overexertion, consumption (especially in old age)
c
Milk porridge. Simmer 100 g (half a cup) of cooked short-grain (glutinous) rice in about 0.5 L (two cups) of milk. Add cinnamon and raisins.
Stomach yin vacuity: Dry mouth and throat, lack of appetite, constipation
c
Fresh milk boiled with a little ginger juice
Contraindications
Excessive consumption of milk and milk products can easily weaken the stomach and spleen network and often leads to dampness and phlegm disorders, especially in children: Dull, heavy head, lack of concentration, chronic fatigue, loose stool, diarrhea, recurrent infections: colds, bronchitis, sinusitis, ear infections
Dairy Products, Eggs, Oils, and Fats
Cow’s Milk Cheese Thermal nature
Neutral, cool (blue cheese: warm)
Flavor
Sweet, sour
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, lung, liver
Direction
Upbearing and downbearing
Phase
Wood, earth
Effect
Supplements and moves qi, nourishes yin, moistens, laxative
Preparation methods Contains
Chicken Eggs
Thermal nature
Raw: neutral, cool
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Egg white: lung
Cooked: warm
Egg yolk: heart, kidney Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements qi and blood, nourishes yin, moistens, calms the fetus Egg white: moistens lung, clears heat Egg yolk: enriches yin and blood, moistens
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, fried, scrambled
Contains
Rich in protein, fat, especially lecithin, cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as vitamin A and D, iron, phosphorus
Raw or melted Rich in fat and protein, minerals
Indications
151
Yin vacuity, especially lung yin vacuity: Dry cough, sore throat, hoarseness, dry skin, night sweats Dryness in large intestine: Constipation
Contraindications
Cheese, especially blue cheese, can cause dampness and phlegm disorders when eaten in excess
Indications
Qi vacuity: (Egg yolk!) exhaustion, weakness, fatigue, during recovery, malnutrition Yin and blood vacuity: Nervousness, sleep disorders, heart palpitations, dizziness, night blindness Lung yin vacuity: Sore throat, hoarseness, dry cough, loss of voice Stomach yin vacuity: Lack of appetite Heat symptoms: (Egg white!) reddened eyes, strong movement of fetus, thirst after delivery
Contraindications Excess causes Wind disorders: Skin rashes Qi stagnation Moist–heat
152
Food Classification
Goat’s and Sheep’s Milk Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Lung, stomach, in part heart and kidneys
Direction
Upbearing
Phase Effect Preparation methods Contains
Goat’s and Sheep’s Milk Cheese Thermal nature
Warm, neutral
Flavor
Sweet, sour, salty
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, lung, liver, heart, kidneys
Earth
Direction
Upbearing and downbearing
Warms and moistens stomach and spleen
Phase
Wood, earth
Effect
Supplements and moves qi, warms stomach and spleen, nourishes yin
Raw or cooked Rich in protein, fat, minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
Preparation methods Contains
Raw or melted Rich in fat and protein, minerals
Indications
General qi vacuity: Fatigue, weakness, indigestion, emaciation Stomach yin vacuity: Dry mouth and throat, lack of appetite, constipation
Indications
Stomach and spleen vacuity: Indigestion Dryness in large intestine: Constipation
Contraindications
Excessive consumption can cause dampness and phlegm disorders
Dairy Products, Eggs, Oils, and Fats
Peanut Oil
Sesame Oil
Thermal nature
Neutral
Thermal nature
Cool
Flavor
Sweet
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Large intestine, lung, stomach
Organ network
Large intestine, liver, kidney
Direction
Downbearing
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Phase
Earth
Effect
Effect
Supplements center burner, moistens lung and large intestine, antiparasitic
Moistens intestines, laxative, detoxifies
Preparation methods
As a seasoning or for salads, sparingly for occasional frying
Contains
High in unsaturated fatty acids, lecithin, vitamin E
Preparation methods
For frying and deep-frying
Contains
High-quality essential fatty acids, especially the heartfriendly linoleic acid, B-vitamins
Indications
Stomach spleen vacuity: Lack of appetite Dryness in lung or large intestine: Dry cough with little sputum, constipation
Contraindications
153
Excess leads to formation of phlegm
Indications
Dryness in intestines: Constipation, digestive obstructions Blood and qi vacuity of liver and kidney: Weakness in muscles, sinews, and bones
Contraindications Excess Weakens the spleen/pancreas network Can cause diarrhea
154
Food Classification
Soybean Oil
Yogurt
Thermal nature
Warm
Thermal nature
Cool, cold
Flavor
Acrid and sweet
Flavor
Sweet, sour
Organ network
Large intestine
Organ network
Direction
Upbearing
Liver, lungs, large intestine (ambiguous, depending on sources)
Phase
Earth, metal
Effect
Moistens intestines, disperses blood stasis, laxative, antiparasitic
Preparation methods
For frying and deep-frying
Contains
High amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, linolenic acid, oleic acid, rich in vitamin E; cold-pressed soy bean oil is similar to wheat germ oil in potency and quality
Constipation
Downbearing
Phase
Earth, wood
Effect
Nourishes yin, clears heat, relaxes liver, moistens lung, quenches thirst
Preparation methods Contains
Raw Protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals
Indications
Indications
Direction
Heat symptoms: Restlessness, nervousness, sleep disturbances, thirst Stomach heat: Pain in epigastric region, gastritis, stomach ulcers, heartburn Heat in liver, upbearing liver yang: Restlessness, irritability, sudden temporal headaches, dizziness, red itching eyes Dryness and heat in intestine: Constipation External use: Skin eruption with itching, rough, dry skin from sunburn
Contraindications
Cold symptoms in center burner Diarrhea If eaten in excess, risk of dampness and phlegm formation
155
Nuts and Seeds Nuts and seeds are highly nutritious and mostly warm in thermal nature. They are ideal for building up qi and yang in the body. Nuts can quickly balance energy deficiencies (e.g., “energy balls” made with walnuts, honey, and coconut). To treat repletion (robust person; loud, powerful voice; sensation of heat, hyperactivity, choleric features, extroverted, tongue with thick fur, replete pulse): White sesame. To treat vacuity: (weak person; weak, quiet voice; shivering, frequently tired and exhausted; introverted, swollen tongue, weak pulse): Walnuts, peanuts, pine nuts, chestnuts. To treat heat (red face, thirst for cold drinks, worsening of symptoms and pain from heat, red tongue, rapid pulse): Avoid nuts and seeds, instead choose fresh sprouts (mung beans). To treat cold (shivering, aversion to cold, worsening of condition and pain from cold; pale, swollen tongue; weak, slow pulse): Walnuts, chestnuts. To treat dryness (dry mouth, lips and chapped skin, dry mucous membranes): Sunflower seeds.
Almonds Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Lung, large intestine, spleen
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Moistens lung, relieves cough, transforms phlegm, downbears qi, moistens large intestine
Preparation methods
Raw, roasted, ground, and as decoction
Contains
Rich in fats, protein, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, relatively high amount of vitamin A; also C, B-complex, enzymes with hormone character
Indications
Dryness and lung vacuity: Cough with breathing problems, wheezing, dry mouth and throat
c
Mix ground almonds, ground walnuts, and honey dissolved in warm water
Dryness in large intestine: Constipation Spleen vacuity: Lack of appetite, lack of strength
Contraindications
Dampness and phlegm disorders
156
Food Classification
Black Sesame Thermal nature
Neutral to cool; roasted sesame is thermally much warmer than raw sesame
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Liver, kidney
Direction
Downbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements liver and kidney, moistens dryness
Preparation methods
Raw, roasted, ground, cooked with liquid as porridge, as a seasoning, or made into butter
Contains
Contraindications
Chestnut
Rich in essential fatty acids, carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamin E, calcium, iron, phosphorus, selenium, silicic acid, lecithin
Indications
Liver and kidney vacuity: General lack of strength, weakness in knees and back, muscle pain, weakness in extremities, tinnitus, rotary vertigo, impotence Blood vacuity and exhaustion of fluids: Postpartum lactation problems; dizziness, forgetfulness Wind impediments (feng bi): Rheumatic disorders (arthritis), dry cough, dryness in large intestine: constipation
c c
Roasted sesame to strengthen blood and kidneys: Roast black sesame in a dry pan until fragrant; eat one to two teaspoons daily Black sesame porridge: Mix 50 g (half a cup) of black sesame seeds and 100 g (half a cup) of shortgrain (glutinous) rice with water and simmer for about 20–30 minutes
Balances liver and kidneys, strengthens muscles, sinews, and bones, for weakness in arms, legs, and back
Diarrhea Use cautiously with heat symptoms
Thermal nature
Warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, kidney
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements kidneys, supplements qi and blood, disperses qi stagnation, dispels cold, strengthens sinews and muscles, balances stomach and spleen
Preparation methods
Raw, roasted, as porridge or decoction
Contains
Less fat and protein than other types of nuts, also calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, carotene, vitamin B1, B2, C, and E
Indications
Kidney vacuity: Weakness and pain in hip, knees, and lower back
c
Yang vacuity of spleen and kidney: Diarrhea, cold extremities, lack of strength, impotence, back pain
c
Roasted chestnuts or as a porridge with walnuts
Roasted chestnuts
External application: For injuries, swelling due to blocked blood flow
Contraindications
Excessive consumption leads to bloating and abdominal distention
Nuts and Seeds
Hazelnut
Peanut
Thermal nature
Neutral
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, stomach
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Harmonizes center burner, regulates qi
Preparation methods
Raw, roasted, ground, or as nut butter
Contains
High amount of fat, thus high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, protein, carbohydrates, calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, rich in B-vitamins, vitamin C, tannins (stimulate skin and intestinal function), high lecithin content
Thermal nature
Neutral Raw: cool Roasted or boiled: warm
Flavor
Sweet
Organ network
Spleen, lung
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Earth
Effect
Supplements center burner, harmonizes stomach, moistens lung, relieves cough, promotes milk production, moistens large intestine
Preparation methods
Raw, roasted, boiled or ground
Contains
Extremely high protein and fat content, rich in B-vitamins. Note: large amounts of linoleic acid, vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, phosphorus, manganese, most essential amino acids—plenty of tryptophane (important for sleeping!)
Indications
157
Spleen/pancreas organ network vacuity: Lack of appetite, fatigue
Indications
Spleen vacuity: Lack of appetite, lack of strength
c
Dryness and lung vacuity: Dry cough with little sputum, dry throat, persistent cough
c
Decoction of 60 g (about one quarter cup) each of peanuts, adzuki beans, and jujube beans boiled in water, taken throughout the day.
Mixture of peanut butter and almond butter, mixed with honey
Dryness in large intestine: Constipation Qi and blood vacuity: After childbirth with reduced milk flow
158
Food Classification
Contraindications
Excess produces dampness, phlegm, and diarrhea
Sunflower Seeds
Pine Nuts
Lung, large intestine
Direction
Upbearing Earth
Flavor
Sweet
Effect
Organ network
Lung, liver, large intestine
Supplements spleen, enriches yin, moistens large intestine
Direction
Upbearing Earth
Preparation methods
Raw, roasted, or as oil
Phase Effect
Moistens lung and large intestine, creates body fluids, expels wind and cold
Contains
Preparation methods
Raw, roasted, as a paste or pill
Rich in fats and essential fatty acids, especially linoleic acid and lecithin, protein, carbohydrates, vitamin B1, B2, and D as well as calcium, iron
Contains
Rich in essential fatty acids, calcium, phosphorus, iron, highest in vitamin B1 of all nuts
Dryness and lung vacuity: Dry throat, cough with little or no phlegm, recurrent cough
Indications
Dryness in large intestine: Constipation Wind impediment (feng bi) or internal liver wind: Rheumatism (arthritis), dizziness, drowsiness
Excess can cause dampness and phlegm production
Spleen/pancreas network vacuity: Lack of drive, lack of strength, diarrhea Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis (Western and Chinese medicine)
Contraindications
Porridge of ground pine nuts (30 g or about two tablespoons) and ground walnuts (60 g or about half a cup) mixed with honey (20 g or one teaspoon)
Contraindications
Organ network
Phase
c
Sweet
Neutral, tendency to warm
Neutral
Flavor
Thermal nature
Indications
Thermal nature
Caution with heat symptoms
159
Alcoholic Beverages, Coffee, and Tea Alcoholic Beverages Thermal nature
Acrid, sweet, and bitter
Organ network
Heart, liver, lung, stomach
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Metal
Effect
Moves qi, moves blood, dispels cold, disperses liver qi stagnation
Preparation methods
Consumed in small amounts, for preserving and seasoning foods Ethanol, fatty acid, acids, possibly sugar
Indications
c
Dependent on alcohol content: the more high-proof, the warmer or hotter. Brandy: hot Wine: warm Beer: cool, especially wheat beer (during summer heat)
Flavor
Contains
effect. The colder seasons are preferable for treatments using alcohol.
Short-term qi vacuity: Fatigue, exhaustion (decoction of alcohol and radix ginseng) Blood stasis and cold: Cold extremities, shivering, pain in abdomen Blood vacuity: Pale complexion, insomnia, forgetfulness, fatigue (Red wine in moderation also strengthens kidney energy, pain and tension in lower back region) Liver qi stagnation: Mental and physical tension, depression, melancholy, dysmenorrhea (lack of menstruation) Invasion of wind–cold: Aversion to cold, shivering, pain in extremities, pain in chest and back
Alcohol balances qi, strengthens lung, spleen, and heart networks. In combination with the appropriate herbs, alcohol can have an accelerating and strengthening
Basic recipe for medicinal wines/liqueurs:
Immerse individual herbs or herb combinations in clear, high-proof alcohol (e.g., rice wine, gin, vodka) for at least two weeks and up to several months.
Example Ginseng liqueur (radix ginseng [Latin]/ Ren Chen [Chinese]). Immerse root in clear, high-proof alcohol for at least six weeks; second brew possible.
Contraindications
Liver yin vacuity Heat symptoms Damp–heat Regular excessive alcohol consumption damages qi, damages the spirit (shen), and destroys yin.
160
Food Classification
Coffee
Tea
Thermal nature
Warm to hot
Flavor
Bitter and sweet
Direction
Upbearing
Phase
Fire
Effect
Warms and strengthens heart, stimulant, stimulates mental capacities, diuretic, detoxifies after excessive alcohol consumption, dries out body fluids
Preparation methods Contains
The effect of tea depends on the type of tea, processing, and preparation. A basic distinction can be made between fermented black tea and unfermented green or white tea. Green tea is preferred for medicinal purposes in China. Thermal nature
Black tea: cool to slightly warming
Pour boiling water over ground coffee beans, possibly add milk and sugar Sucrose, polysaccharide, fat, protein, caffeine potassium
Flavor
Bitter and sweat
Organ network
Stomach, lung, heart, kidneys
Phase
Wood, earth, fire (not clear)
Effect
Clears heat, especially in head region; quenches thirst, diuretic, downbears qi, disperses digestive obstruction, refreshes the mind, transforms phlegm and dampness, detoxifies, harmonizes stomach (black tea)
Preparation methods
Brewed, powdered, and as decoction
Contains
Caffeine, tannins, essential oils, vitamin C and carotene, vitamin B1 and B2, minerals
Indications
General qi and yang vacuity: Fatigue, exhaustion, sensation of cold inside body, headaches, dizziness, especially of the heart After alcohol abuse Spleen yang vacuity: Fatigue, indigestion, cold extremities
Contraindications
Coffee dries out body fluids, can lead to blood vacuity and, when consumed in excess, can permanently damage the kidney network.
Indications
Consumed in small amounts (about one to two cups), coffee is therapeutic. Negative effects appear when overdosed or with daily excessive consumption (four or more cups). Tip: To alleviate the diuretic, dehydrating effect of coffee, drink a glass of water with each cup (“coffee culture” in Austria and Italy).
Green and white tea: cool to cold;
Wind–cold disorders: Aching, itchy eyes; blurred vision, headaches, heat sensation and dizziness in head Summer heat with strong thirst Heat symptoms: Thirst, nervousness, agitation, after excessive alcohol consumption Damp–heat disorders: Diarrhea or dysentery Damp–heat: Fatigue, exhaustion, heavy extremities Heat symptoms: Agitation, nervousness, after excessive alcohol consumption
Alcoholic Beverages, Coffee, and Tea
Internal wind–heat: Sensation of heat in head, dizziness, blurred vision, headaches and aching eyes
Contraindications
Cold and vacuity of stomach and spleen Sleep disturbances Excess dries out body fluids, especially blood (xue). Exercise caution with blood vacuity!
161
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5 Clinical Examples Analogy of Western Diagnoses with Syndromes in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Respiratory Tract Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eye Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Skin Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urogenital Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gynecological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165 184 203 209 210 214 218
Any form of treatment for the disorders above, including the use of nutritional therapy, needs to be preceded by a clear diagnosis by a trained TCM practitioner. Treatment should never take place without a prior consultation with the treating physician. The analogies between Western diagnoses and syndromes in TCM are not limited to the disorders discussed in this book. These are intended as a starting point for connecting Eastern and Western medical systems.
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165
Respiratory Tract Disorders Main Symptom: Colds Acute cases of flu
Wind–cold fettering the lung (feng han shu fei)
Acute bronchitis
Wind–heat invading the lung (feng re fan fei)
Bronchitis, sinusitis, with yellow secretion
Phlegm–heat obstructing the lung (tan re zu fei)
According to TCM: Cough (ke sou) and phlegm–rheum (tan yin) develop through the assault of external pathogenic factors, mostly cold, which block the flow of qi. These primarily occur due to lung, spleen, and kidney vacuity.
!
Nutritional therapy, along with acupuncture and herbal therapy, can produce very good results during the onset, as well as the subsequent course of the disorder.
¢ Acute Case of Flu Wind–Cold Fettering the Lung (Feng Han Shu Fei) Wind–Cold Cough (Feng Han Ke Sou) Symptoms Stuffy or runny nose, with clear, watery phlegm, sneezing, cough, aversion to cold, aching limbs, headache, sore throat. Tongue: Thin white fur Pulse: Superficial, weak
Causes External invasion of wind–cold into the lung due to weak defense qi. Lung function and flow of qi are impaired by cold.
Therapy Clear body surface LU-7 BL-12 LI-4
p
Expel wind and cold TB-5 GB-20 SI-14
p
Avoid: a Raw, cold, and cool foods, and dairy products (they encourage phlegm disorders).
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Hot and warm
Organ network
Lung, spleen/pancreas
Direction
Floating
Preparation methods
Boiled, fried
Flavor
Acrid
Vegetables
Green onions, coriander
Beverages
Spiced tea, mulled wine, grog (beverage with rum, hot water, and sugar), whiskey
Spices
Aniseed, chili, ginger, garlic, pepper, rosemary, thyme (loosens phlegm, disinfects), cinnamon
166
Clinical Examples
c
Ginger tea: Place thumb-sized pieces of ginger in 0.5 L (two cups) of water, simmer for about 20 minutes; drink while warm; add licorice for sore throat Mulled wine Spiced tea (Yogi tea with pepper, ginger, cardamom, and cinnamon)
Therapy Clear surface Dispel wind–heat LU-5 LI-4 LI-11 GB-20 BL-13 LU-11 (for sore throat) ST-40 (for secretion)
p
Avoid: a Warm and hot foods, dairy products (encourage congestion).
!
At the first onset of sneezing, shivering, and cold symptoms, expel cold and wind with hot and spicy foods for one day.
c
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool, possibly a little cold
Phase
Metal, earth
Flavor
Acrid, bitter, possibly a little sweet
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, steamed
Fruit
Pears, watermelons
Vegetables
Chinese (napa) cabbage, mung beans (sprouts even cooler), radish, black soybeans, dandelion
Wind–Heat Invading the Lung (Feng Re Fan Fei)
Beverages
Pear juice (for dryness, sore throat, and phlegm), green tea, peppermint tea
Symptoms
Grains
Wheat
Spices
Chinese chrysanthemum blossoms, mulberry leaves, salt /salt water
Soy products
Tofu
Decoction of spring onions and ginger Chili con carne
!
As soon as symptoms shift from wind–cold to wind–heat (possibly overnight), with the predominant symptom of fever with sweating, immediately change nutritional therapy and choose cool and cold foods.
¢ Acute Bronchitis
Burning sore throat, frequent cough, yellow secretion, fever, aversion to cold, stuffy nose, aching body and aching limbs, headaches. Tongue: Thin yellow fur Pulse: Superficial, fast
Causes Wind–heat attacks on the lung, summer flu, weakened defense qi or next stage of a wind–cold attack on the lung (transformation from cold to heat can occur within a few hours).
Respiratory Tract Disorders
c
Relief during initial stage: Concentrated peppermint tea, Chinese chrysanthemum blossom tea Dry cough: Pear juice Sore throat: Figs, fresh lemon juice Cough relief and loosening of phlegm: Roasted almonds with salt Cough and loss of voice: Fresh radish juice and ginger
¢ Bronchitis, Sinusitis with Yellow Secretion Phlegm–Heat Obstructing the Lung (Tan Re Zu Fei)
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral and cool, later neutral and warm to supplement the spleen
Organ network
Lung, spleen
Flavor
Slightly acrid, slightly sweet, salty (transforms phlegm)
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, steamed
Mucolytic (decongesting) and transforming: Fruit
Pears, lemons
Beverages
Green tea
Grains
Soybeans
Vegetables
Bamboo sprouts, radish, red marine algae (dulse)
Cooling effect on lung: Vegetables
Bamboo sprouts, watercress, radish, celery root (celeriac), asparagus
Beverages
Peppermint tea, green and black tea
Symptoms Cough with copious yellow, possibly green, sputum; bloating and feeling of pressure in chest, exhaustion, lack of appetite, soft stools. Tongue: Red, with thick, sticky, yellow fur Pulse: Fast, slippery
167
Supplement spleen and remove dampness: Grains
Millet, rice
Causes Long-term damage or constitutional vacuity of lung qi, combined with a spleen qi vacuity, promotes the formation of dampness and phlegm; inappropriate diet, excess of fatty, hot dishes.
Therapy Loosen phlegm Clear heat LU-7 LU-5 LI-4 LI-11 BL-13 ST-40 (transforms phlegm)
p
Avoid: a Dairy products (promote congestion), bananas, alcoholic beverages, reduce consumption of meat.
Cough with phlegm: Vegetables
Button or crimini/portobella mushrooms
Nuts and seeds
Pine nuts, salt-roasted almonds
Tip: Recurrent bronchial and sinus “phlegm conditions” respond very well to reducing the consumption of dairy products and meat.
168
Clinical Examples
Bronchitis/Chronic Bronchitis Chronic lung function impairment; recurrent bronchitis/chronic bronchitis
Lung qi vacuity
Chronic bronchitis with phlegm production (and phlegm retention in lung)
Lung qi or spleen qi vacuity
Chronic bronchitis with constitutional lung function impairment
Lung yin and kidney yin vacuity
According to TCM: Cough “ke sou” and phlegm “tan yin” are caused by chronic vacuity of lung, spleen, and kidney. Treatment should primarily consist of acupuncture and herbal therapy, accompanied by dietary measures. Over a longer period (weeks to months), nutritional therapy can noticeably strengthen organ function and reduce formation of phlegm.
Therapy
!
r
Chronic bronchitis is primarily a mixed syndrome of the above-mentioned primary syndromes. Treatment should target the primary syndrome. Treatment principles for nutritional therapy are supplementing the spleen for phlegm reduction and supplementing the lung and kidney to make up for chronic vacuity.
¢ Chronic Lung Function Impairment; Recurrent Bronchitis/Chronic Bronchitis Lung Qi Vacuity Symptoms Weak cough; thin, clear sputum; spontaneous perspiration, fatigue, susceptibility to infection. Tongue: Pale Pulse: Weak
Causes Protracted and persistent cough weakens lung qi; constitutional weakness; general exhaustion (especially in old age).
Supplement lung LU-9 BL-13 CV-6 ST-36
p
Avoid: a Raw, cool, and cold foods, and bitter flavor. Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral and warm
Organ network
Lung, spleen
Flavor
Slightly acrid, slightly sweet
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, fried
Meat
Duck
Fish
Carp
Fruit
Grapes
Vegetables
Cauliflower, carrots, onions
Grains
Oats, short-grain (glutinous) rice
Spices
Aniseed, ginger, garlic, rosemary, thyme
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, almonds, black sesame, sunflower seeds, walnuts
Other
Alcoholic beverages
c
Congee (see p. 117) with rice, onion, and ginger
Respiratory Tract Disorders
¢ Chronic Bronchitis with Phlegm Production (and Phlegm Retention in Lung)
169
Thermal nature
Neutral and warm
Organ network
Spleen, heart, lung
Spleen Qi Vacuity and Lung Qi Vacuity
Flavor
Slightly sweet, slightly bitter, slightly acrid
Symptoms
Preparation methods
Boiled, fried, steamed
Cough with excessive white sputum, sensation of fullness in chest, fatigue, lack of appetite, soft stools. Tongue: Whitish, slimy fur Pulse: Slippery
Transform phlegm: Fruit
Pears, cherries, apples
Vegetables
Leeks, radish
Protracted or constitutional damage to lung qi, chronic spleen qi vacuity caused by inappropriate diet and overwork.
Grains
Millet
Spices
Ginger, garlic
Therapy
Meat
Poultry, beef
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots
Grains
Oats, millet, rice
Spices
Aniseed, basil, ginger, coriander, thyme
Causes
Transform phlegm Supplement spleen Supplement lung LU-9 BL-13 ST-40 CV-12 PC-6 SP-3 BL-20
p
Avoid: a Raw, cold, and cool foods; dairy products, excess sweets, excess meat.
r
Recommended:
(see “Lung Qi Vacuity,” p. 79)
Supplement spleen:
c
Millet or rice dishes with acrid seasonings
170
Clinical Examples
¢ Chronic Bronchitis, Constitutional Lung Disorder Lung Yin Vacuity and Kidney Yin Vacuity Symptoms Dry cough, dry throat, chronic shortness of breath, weakness in knee and back, hot hands and feet, subfebrile temperatures in the afternoon. Tongue: Red, dry, possibly no fur Pulse: Thin
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral and cool
Organ network
Lung, spleen, kidney
Flavor
Sweet, slightly salty
Preparation methods
Raw, steamed, boiled
Supplementing lung yin:
Causes
Meat
Duck, pork
Protracted smoldering illness, chronic exhaustion, physiological process of aging.
Fruit
Pears, tangerines, apricots, figs
Vegetables
Eggplant, button or crimini/portobella mushrooms, carrots, water chestnuts
Spices
Honey
Nuts and seeds
Peanuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, pine nuts
Dairy products
Butter, yogurt, farmer’s cheese, cottage cheese, cow’s milk
Soy products
Soy milk
Therapy Supplement lung yin and kidney yin KI-3 BL-23 LU-7 BL-13 CV-4 SI-4 LU-9
p
Avoid: a Warm and hot foods, excess bitter and acrid flavor.
Supplementing kidney yin: Meat
Duck, pork
Fish
Oysters, perch, octopus
Fruit
Cherries, grapes
Vegetables
Carrots
Grains
Wheat, corn
Nuts and seeds
Black sesame, walnuts
Other
Sheep’s milk and goat’s milk products
c
For dry cough: Milk with honey, almond milk Restorative soup with carrots and pork
Respiratory Tract Disorders
171
Main Symptom: Cough Acute weak cough
Wind–cold fettering the lung (feng han shu fei)
Acute violent cough
Wind–heat invading the lung (feng re fan fei)
Chronic cough with sputum
Phlegm–damp cough (tan shi ke sou)
Chronic dry cough
Lung yin vacuity with dryness (fei yin xu, fei zao)
According to TCM: Counterflow lung qi; differential diagnosis based on frequency, severity, secretion and fever. Good results can be achieved with nutritional therapy, acupuncture, and herbs. Requires extended therapy over several weeks.
¢ Acute Weak Cough Wind–Cold Fettering the Lung (Feng Han Shu Fei) Symptoms Weak, quiet cough with thin white secretion, sore throat, fever without sweating, aversion to cold.
Therapy Dispel wind and cold Downbear qi LU-7 BL-13 TB-5 LI-4 GB-20 ST-40
p
Avoid: a Cold and cool foods.
r
Recommended:
Beverages
Thyme tea with honey
Spices
Thyme, watercress, aniseed
Nuts and seeds
Roasted almonds with salt, walnuts with honey, almond butter
c
Aniseed tea
¢ Acute Severe Cough Wind–Heat Invading the Lung (Feng Re Fan Fei) Symptoms Frequent strong cough with yellow or greenish thin or viscous secretion, sore throat, fever, headaches.
Therapy Expel wind and cold LU-5 LU-11 LI-4 SI-14 LI-11 ST-40
p
Avoid: a Warm and hot foods.
r
Recommended:
Fruit
Pears, pear juice, grapefruit, lemons
Vegetables
Radish, bamboo sprouts
Beverages
Radish juice, green tea
Radish juice, pear juice, radish juice with ginger
172
Clinical Examples
¢ Chronic Cough with Sputum
¢ Chronic Dry Cough
Phlegm–Damp Cough (Tan Shi Ke Sou)
Lung Yin Vacuity with Dryness (Fei Yin Su, Fei Zao)
Symptoms Cough with excessive white sputum, exhaustion, bloating in thorax and epigastric region, loss of appetite. Tongue: White, sticky fur Pulse: Slippery
Symptoms Persistent, dry, intense cough, little or no secretion, dry throat, thirst, fever in the afternoon, heat sensation in hands and feet. Tongue: Red, dry, possibly thin, yellow fur Pulse: Thin
Causes Chronic lung qi vacuity and spleen qi vacuity caused by external pathogenic factors and incorrect nutrition.
Causes
Therapy
Therapy
Loosen phlegm Supplement spleen qi and lung qi SP-3 + Moxa LU-9 + Moxa BL-13 + Moxa BL-20 + Moxa ST-40 PC-6
p
Damage caused by external or internal heat, depletion of body fluids.
Nourish yin Dispel heat Moisten dryness KI-6 SP-5 LU-6 BL-13 LU-9 LU-7
p
Avoid: Avoid: a a Raw, cold, and cool foods, dairy products, meat, Acrid and hot foods. acrid and fatty foods, excess sweets.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature Neutral and warm
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, pancreas, lung
Flavor
Slightly sweet, bitter, acrid
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled
Fruit
Lemons, pears, apricots
Vegetables
Button or crimini/portobella mushrooms, fennel, radish, carrots, cauliflower, kohlrabi
Neutral, cool, and cold
Organ network
Stomach, spleen/pancreas, lung
Flavor
Sweet
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, baked (au gratin)
Meat
Duck, pork
Fruit
Pears
Beverages
Pear juice, aniseed tea
Spices
Honey, aniseed, watercress Butter, cream Almond butter, pine nuts, sesame, walnuts with honey, peanuts
Grains
Millet, rice, corn, oats
Dairy products
Spices
Ginger, aniseed, watercress, pepper
Nuts and seeds
Nuts and seeds
Pine nuts, salted almonds, salted peanuts
Soy products
Tofu, soymilk
Other
Chicken eggs
Respiratory Tract Disorders
c
Peanut milk, peanut butter, and almond butter mixed with honey, paste of ground pine nuts, almonds, and walnuts.
173
174
Clinical Examples
Main Symptom: Sore Throat Acute tonsillitis
Wind–heat invading the lung (feng re fan fei)
Acute laryngitis
Wind–cold fettering the lung (feng han shu fei)
Acute/chronic laryngitis
Dryness–heat damaging the lung (zao re shang fei)
According to TCM: The most common cause of these disorders is attack of external pathogenic factors (wind–heat, wind–cold). Acute disorders are usually a repletion syndrome, whereas chronic illnesses generally appear as a vacuity syndrome. Acute disorders can be treated with good results by immediate application of acupuncture, nutritional therapy, and herbs.
¢ Acute Tonsillitis Wind–Heat Invading the Lung (Feng Re Fan Fei)
Avoid: a Foods with sour flavor, for example lemon, poultry (they draw pathogenic factors deeper into the body); foods with hot and warm thermal natures (too drying).
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and cold
Organ network
Lung, spleen/pancreas
Flavor
Mildly acrid (to expel pathogenic factors, but avoid creating heat), sweet (moistens)
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, steamed
Symptoms Painful reddened and swollen throat, burning pain, trouble swallowing, hoarseness, thirst, sometimes cough with thick yellow sputum; reddened swollen, possibly yellow–whitish tonsils. Tongue: Yellow fur Pulse: Superficial
For cooling: Fruit
Mulberries, watermelons, lemons, mangos
Vegetables
Dandelion, mung beans, radish, tomatoes
Beverages
Green tea
Grains
Wheat
Spices
Peppermint
Causes Penetration of external wind and heat factors that deplete body fluids (summer heat, central heating, steel workers).
Therapy Remove external pathogenic heat Supplement lung LU-11 (microbleeding) LU-5 LI-11 LI-4 GB-20 LU-7 ST-44
p
To moisten dryness: Fruit
Pears
Beverages
Pear juice, melon juice, tomato juice
c
Mixture of tomato and watermelon juices. For dryness, drink pear juice with honey. Gargle with or drink fresh juice of one to two lemons.
Respiratory Tract Disorders
175
¢ Acute Laryngitis
¢ Acute/Chronic Laryngitis
Wind–Cold Fettering the Lung (Feng Han Shu Fei)
Dryness in Lung
Symptoms
Acute or chronic dry sore throat, hoarseness, dry cough, dry skin. Tongue: Reddish Pulse: Fast
Scratchy throat, hoarseness, weak cough with whitish sputum, aversion to cold. Tongue: Thin, white fur Pulse: Superficial
Symptoms
Causes External wind–cold factors block qi, for example cold air, draft, air conditioners, cool storage rooms.
External dryness enters the lung, vacuity of body fluids, condition shortly before lung yin vacuity develops, dry surroundings, heated air.
Therapy
Therapy
Causes
Expel wind–cold Supplement lung LU-7 TB-5 GB-20 LI-4
p
Moisten lung Replenish fluids LU-9 KI-6 LU-7 LI-4 LU-5 SP-6
p
Avoid: a Avoid: a Raw, cool, and cold, as well as sour foods. Thermal Acrid, sour, bitter foods with warm and hot thernature: Hot for a short time, then warm, neutral.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Hot for a short time; then warm, neutral
Organ network
Lung
Flavor
Acrid
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, fried
Vegetables
Green onions
Spices
Ginger, coriander, garlic, pepper, thyme, cinnamon
!
This syndrome can quickly change into wind–heat. If this happens, adapt therapy immediately! Decoction of fresh ginger and green onions
mal nature.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral and cool
Organ network
Spleen
Flavor
Sweet
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed
Fruit
Pears, honeydew melons
Vegetables
Eggplant, button mushrooms
Nuts and seeds
Peanuts, pine nuts
Soy products
Soy milk
c
Banana with honey (But not with phlegm conditions!)
176
Clinical Examples
Main Symptom: Frontal Sinusitis and Maxillary Sinusitis Acute sinusitis
Wind–heat invading the lung (feng re fan fei)
Acute/chronic sinusitis
Liver–gallbladder damp–heat (gan dan shi re)
According to TCM: Belongs to the “bi yuan” category, which literally means “nose pond,” and refers to deep-source nasal congestion. The main cause of sinusitis is repeated external attack of wind–heat or wind–cold (usually wind–heat). Sinusitis responds very well to acupuncture and herbal treatments, supported by dietary measures. Other causes of sinusitis are lung qi vacuity and spleen qi vacuity, both of which can be easily treated with nutritional therapy. Spleen qi vacuity, responsible for acute and chronic phlegm production, responds especially well to dietary measures.
¢ Acute Sinusitis Wind–Heat Invading the Lung (Feng Re Fan Fei) Symptoms Stuffy nose with white, mostly yellow secretion and crusting, partly blood-stained; headache, dry mouth, slight fever, aversion to wind. Tongue: Thin, yellow fur Pulse: Fast and superficial
Therapy Expel wind–heat Balance lung qi LI-20 LI-4 LI-11 LU-10 LU-7 GB-20
p
Avoid: a Foods with sour flavor, for example lemon, or poultry (which pull pathogenic factors deeper into the body), foods with hot and warm thermal natures (too drying).
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and cold
Organ network
Lung, spleen
Flavor
Mildly acrid (to expel pathogenic factors, but avoid producing heat), sweet (to moisten)
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, steamed
To cool: Fruit
Mulberries, watermelons, pears, lemons, grapefruit
Vegetables
Dandelion, mung beans, radish, tomatoes
Grains
Wheat
Spices
Peppermint
For dryness: Fruit
Pears
Beverages
Pear juice, tomato juice, melon juice
c
Juice mix made from tomatoes and watermelon For dryness: Pear juice with honey
Respiratory Tract Disorders
¢ Acute/Chronic Sinusitis Liver–Gallbladder Damp–Heat (Gan Dan Shi Re) Symptoms Stuffy nose, dryness, sticky and yellowish purulent secretion; foul-smelling, bitter taste in mouth; dry mouth and throat, headaches. Tongue: Reddened on the side, yellow fur Pulse: Fast, lateral
r
177
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and cold
Organ network
Liver, gallbladder
Flavor
Bitter, salty, slightly sweet
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, steamed
To disperse heat and remove dampness:
Causes Combination of external wind–heat, excess heat and phlegm-producing foods (e.g., fatty and fatty foods, alcohol abuse); emotional strain, such as anger, rage, stress.
Fish
Crayfish
Vegetables
Bamboo sprouts, mung beans, dandelion, celery root (celeriac)
Beverages
Green tea
Therapy To disperse heat: Dispel liver–gallbladder damp–heat Promote downbearing of lung qi LR-2 LI-4 GB-43 LU-7 GB-15
p
Avoid: a Thermally hot and warm foods, grilled food, acrid spices, alcoholic beverages, very fatty dishes, dairy products.
Vegetables
Bamboo shoots, Belgian endive hearts
Beverages
Gentian tea, green tea
c
Gentian tea, green tea Pear juice with fresh lemon
¢ Recurrent Sinusitis Lung Qi Vacuity, Spleen Qi Vacuity Symptoms Stuffy nose, copious white–sticky or yellow–sticky viscous secretion, sometimes cough with watery or yellow–sticky sputum, loss of appetite, soft stools. Tongue: Slightly red, white fur Pulse: Weak and empty
Therapy Supplement lung and spleen LU-9 BL-13 SP-2 BL-20 ST-36 CV-6 ST-40
p
Avoid: a Raw, cool, or cold foods, and bitter flavor.
178
Clinical Examples
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral and warm
Organ network
Spleen, heart, lung
Flavor
Slightly sweet, slightly bitter, slightly acrid Boiled, fried, steamed
Thermal nature
Neutral and warm
Organ network
Lung, spleen
Flavor
Slightly acrid, slightly sweet
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, fried
Preparation methods
Meat
Duck
To transform phlegm:
Fish
Carp
Fruit
Pears, cherries, apples
Fruit
Grapes
Vegetables
Leeks, radish
Vegetables
Cauliflower, carrots, onions
Grains
Millet
Grains
Oats, short-grain (glutinous) rice
Spices
Ginger, garlic
Spices
Aniseed, ginger, garlic, rosemary, thyme
To supplement spleen: Meat
Poultry, beef
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, almonds, black sesame, sunflower seeds, walnuts
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots
Grains
Oats, millet, rice
Alcoholic beverages
Spices
Aniseed, basil, ginger, coriander, thyme
Other
c
Congee (see p. 117) made with rice, onions, and ginger
a Raw, cold, and cool food, dairy products, excess Avoid:
sweets, excess meat.
r
Recommended:
(see also “Lung Qi Vacuity,” p. 79)
c
Damp–Heat in Spleen (Pi Wei Shi Re)
Symptoms Stuffy nose with copious yellow, foul-smelling secretion; pressure in head, sensation of heaviness in head and limbs; bitter, sticky taste in mouth. Tongue: Yellow, sticky fur Pulse: Fast, slippery
Causes External dampness and heat, nutritional errors (irregular eating, too many acrid and fatty dishes).
Therapy Supplement spleen Remove heat and dampness SP-9 LI-20 CV-12 BL-22 LI-4
p
Avoid: a Raw, thermally
hot and warm foods, excess sweets, dairy products, and alcoholic beverages.
Respiratory Tract Disorders
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool, cold, and neutral
Organ network
Spleen
Flavor
Bitter
Preparation methods
Steamed, boiled
Vegetables
Artichokes, Belgian endive hearts, cucumbers, mung beans, celery
Beverages
Gentian tea, green tea, corn silk tea
Grains
Millet
c
179
Decoction of corn silk tea: Steep about 50 g (1.5 oz) of corn silk in 1 L (four cups) of hot water; drink 1–2 L (four to eight cups) daily. Clears damp–heat and cools. Decoction of corn silk tea and dandelion: Steep about 50 g (1.5 oz) each of corn silk and dandelion in 1 L (four cups) of hot water; drink 1–2 L (four to eight cups) daily. Combining dandelion with corn silk increases the cooling and clearing effect of decoction.
180
Bronchial Asthma Intrinsic (nonallergic) asthma
Phlegm–heat obstructing the lung (tan re zu fei)
Extrinsic (allergic) asthma
Wind–cold fettering the lung (feng han shu fei)
Chronic asthma
Lung qi vacuity and spleen qi vacuity Lung qi vacuity and kidney yang vacuity
According to TCM: Shortness of breath (qi chuan bing) with or without accompanying sounds (gasping [xiao] due to phlegm) and with or without dyspnea (chuan). Acute bronchial asthma is often caused by pathogenic factors such as wind–cold, heat, and phlegm. A chronic course or remission signifies an underlying lung, spleen, or kidney vacuity. These syndromes often overlap. Consistent therapy combining acupuncture and herbs, supported by dietary measures and breathing exercise, for example qi gong, can produce good results.
¢ Intrinsic (Nonallergic) Asthma Phlegm–Heat Obstructing the Lung (Tan Re Zu Fei) (Acute Heat-Type Asthma ) Symptoms Thick yellow viscous sputum that is difficult to cough up, frequent flat respiratory sounds, hasty breathing, thirst for cold drinks, fever. Tongue: Yellow, sticky fur Pulse: Fast, slippery
Avoid: a Cold and overly acrid foods, excess sweet flavor, excess dairy products and meat (promotes production of phlegm), foods of a hot thermal nature (e.g., acrid spices).
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral and cool, small amounts of cold
Organ network
Lung, spleen
Flavor
Mildly acrid, mildly sweet
Preparation methods
Raw, steamed, braised, boiled
Transformation of hot phlegm: Fruit
Pears, tangerines (peel), grapefruit (peel), lemons (peel preferably from organically grown fruit)
Vegetables
Bamboo sprouts, button or crimini/portobella mushrooms, dandelion, mung beans, radish, red marine algae (rhodophyta, red seaweed, or dulse)
Causes Inappropriate nutrition leading to spleen qi vacuity, external wind–heat factors.
Therapy Transform phlegm Cool heat inside lung Stimulate qi coursing CV-17 ST-40 LU-5 LU-6 LI-4 TB-5 PC-6 BL-13
p
Clear heat in lung: Fruit
Apples, pears
Vegetables
Seaweed, bamboo sprouts, watercress, Chinese (napa) cabbage, asparagus, radish, water chestnuts
Beverages
Peppermint tea
Grains
Pearl barley
Respiratory Tract Disorders Supplementing spleen: Meat
Poultry, beef
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots, sweet potatoes
Grains
Millet, rice
Spices
Aniseed
c
Radish juice, pear juice with fresh lemon
¢ Extrinsic (Allergic) Asthma Wind–Cold Fettering the Lung (Feng Han Shu Fei) (Acute Cold-Type Asthma) Symptoms Often copious whitish, watery sputum, gasping breathing sounds, aversion to cold, scratchy throat. Tongue: White fur, damp Pulse: Superficial
Causes External pathogenic wind–cold binds qi in lungs, causing nondiffusion of lung qi; constitutional weakness.
Therapy Expel of wind–cold Transform phlegm LU-7 BL-13 ST-9 CV-17 ST-40
p
Avoid: a Raw, cool, and cold foods, foods that cause phlegm (dairy products, sweets, meat).
r
181
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Warm and neutral, possibly mildly hot
Organ network
Lung
Flavor
Acrid
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, fried
Vegetables
Green onions
Grains
Oats
Spices
Aniseed, ginger, coriander, thyme
c
Decoction of fresh ginger and green onions
¢ Chronic Asthma Lung Qi Vacuity and Spleen Qi Vacuity Symptoms Copious white sputum, fatigue, swollen extremities, lack of appetite, bloating in epigastric region after eating. Tongue: Swollen, pale, white fur Pulse: Weak
Causes Persistent cough, weakened lung qi, constitutional weakness, lack of exercise, inappropriate diet that weakens the spleen.
Therapy Supplement lung and spleen SP-3 ST-36 BL-20 BL-21 LU-9 BL-13
p
w Nutritional Therapy
Avoid: a Raw, cool, and cold foods, dairy products, excess sweet, excess meat.
r
Recommended:
(see also “Lung Qi Vacuity,” p. 79)
182
Clinical Examples
c
Thermal nature
Neutral and warm
Flavor
Slightly acrid, slightly sweet
Organ network
Lung, spleen
Flavor
Mildly acrid, mildly sweet
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, fried
Lung Qi Vacuity and Kidney Yang Vacuity (Kidney is Unable to Receive Qi)
Meat
Duck
Symptoms
Fish
Carp
Fruit
Grapes
Vegetables
Cauliflower, carrots, onions
Grains
Oats, short-grain (glutinous) rice
Cough, dyspnea, predominantly during inhalation (which is governed by the kidneys), dizziness, listlessness, clear urination during asthma attack, pain and weakness in knees and back. Tongue: Moist, swollen, and pale Pulse: Weak
Spices
Aniseed, ginger, garlic, rosemary, thyme
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, almonds, black sesame, sunflower seeds, walnuts
Other
Alcoholic beverages
To transform phlegm: Fruit
Pears, cherries, apples
Vegetables
Leeks, radish
Grains
Millet
Spices
Ginger, garlic
To supplement spleen: Meat
Poultry, beef
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots
Grains
Oats, millet, rice
Spices
Aniseed, basil, ginger, coriander, thyme
Congee (see p. 117) made with rice, onions, and ginger
¢ Chronic Asthma
Causes Long-lasting chronic illnesses that weaken lung and kidney; inherited vacuity of the organ networks, excessive tension and strain. Because of kidney qi vacuity, the downbearing qi of the lungs can not be received, and accumulation of qi leads to a repletion condition, with fullness in the chest and dyspnea.
Therapy Supplement and warm kidneys Supplement lung KI-7 + Moxa KI-3 + Moxa BL-23 + Moxa LU-7 KI-6 CV-17 PC-6 BL-13
p
Avoid: a Excess hot and acrid foods as well as raw, cold, and cool foods.
Respiratory Tract Disorders
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Warm and a little hot, neutral
Organ network
Kidney, lung
Flavor
Salty, bitter
Preparation methods
Boiled, baked, fried, and grilled
To supplement and warm kidneys: Meat
Chicken, lamb, venison
Fish
Mussels, shrimp, oysters
Fruit
Raisins, grapes, cherries
Vegetables
Fennel
Grains
Oats, corn
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, walnuts
To supplement and downbear lung qi: Meat
Pork, duck
Fish
Mussels, pollack, carp, squid
Vegetables
Cauliflower, olives, onions
Other
Salted almonds
183
184
Gastrointestinal Disorders Main Symptom: Diarrhea Acute and chronic diarrhea
Stomach qi and spleen qi vacuity Stomach yang and spleen yang vacuity Large intestine qi and yang vacuity
Acute/chronic diarrhea
Damp–cold encumbering the spleen (han shi kun pi)
Infectious enteritis/traveler’s diarrhea
Damp–heat in spleen or large intestine
Chronic morning diarrhea
Spleen yang and kidney yang vacuity (“fifth watch diarrhea”)
According to TCM: “Xie xie” means “flow discharge” and indicates soft and watery stools. This condition generally responds well to nutritional therapy, acupuncture, and possibly herbal therapy. Supplementing the center burner is also important.
Therapy Supplement spleen and stomach CV-12 ST-36 SP-2 SP-3 BL-20 BL-21 possibly Moxa!
p
General Nutritional Therapy Avoid: w a Rice, short-grain (glutinous) rice, millet, blueberRaw and thermally cool or cold foods (salads, fruit, ries, button or crimini/portobella mushrooms, shredded apple; cooked, warm food.
¢ Acute and Chronic Diarrhea Stomach Qi and Spleen Qi Vacuity Stomach Yang and Spleen Yang Vacuity Large Intestine Qi and Yang Vacuity Symptoms Usually chronic diarrhea, watery and soft stools with undigested food particles, bloating after meals, improvement with pressure and warmth, flatulence after meals, physical weakness, lack of appetite. Tongue: Pale, swollen with impressions Pulse: Weak
fruit juices), dairy products, denatured foods, frozen food, canned food.
r
Recommended:
Boiled or steamed warming foods that build up spleen and stomach, combined with mildly acrid spices. Thermal nature
Warm, neutral, possibly initially hot for a brief period
Organ network
Spleen, stomach
Flavor
Sweet–warm, sweet–neutral, possibly sweet–hot (briefly)
Meat
Poultry, beef
Fruit
Steamed apples, blueberries
Vegetables
Fennel, pureed carrots, button or crimini/portobella mushrooms, possibly some honey or brown sugar
Beverages
Fennel tea
Causes Diet: General:
Inappropriate diet that is too thermally cold, irregular meals. Excessive worries, mental overexertion.
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Grains
Rolled oats, millet, rice, rice soup, short-grain (glutinous) rice with cinnamon and honey, slightly acrid rice dishes (warming effect)
c
Thermal nature
Warm to hot, neutral
Organ network
Earth
Flavor
Sweet–warm, bitter–warm
Preparation methods
Rice cooked for a long time, with apple and cinnamon;
Boiled; steamed, possibly with alcohol; warming spices (e.g., ginger, pepper).
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots, sweet potatoes
Carrot congee (see p. 117).
Beverages
Fennel tea, spiced tea, coffee with cardamom
Grains
Oats, millet, rice with mildly acrid spices
Spices
Aniseed, chili, ginger, pepper, licorice, cinnamon
Damp–Cold in Spleen or Large Intestine Symptoms Tendency to clear watery stool with undigested food particles, gurgling bowel sounds; improvement of stomach aches with warmth, worsening with pressure; aversion to cold, headaches, sensation of heaviness. Tongue: White fur, moist, possibly slimy Pulse: Slow, slippery
Causes
General:
Recommended:
Boiled millet porridge with cinnamon and raisins;
¢ Acute/Chronic Diarrhea
Diet:
r
185
Excess cold foods (e.g., ice tea) is a common cause of diarrhea in children during summer. Penetration of external cold and dampness (e.g., too much time spent in the swimming pool, wet clothes).
Therapy Expel cold Warm center burner ST-25 + Moxa ST-36 + Moxa CV-12 + Moxa CV-6 + Moxa SP-9
p
c
Ginger tea with cinnamon bark; Coffee with cinnamon or cardamom; Cinnamon rice with steamed apples.
¢ Infectious Enteritis, Traveler’s Diarrhea Damp–Heat in Spleen or Large Intestine Symptoms Watery, soft, and foul smelling to stinking stools, tenesmus (constant feeling of the need to empty the bowel, accompanied by pain, cramping, and involuntary straining efforts), possibly bowel movement with blood, stomach aches that improve after bowel movement, hot burning sensation around anus, sparse dark urine, thirst. Tongue: Thick, yellow fur, possibly slimy Pulse: Fast and slippery
Causes
a Raw, cold, and cool foods. Avoid:
Diet: General:
Inappropriate or spoiled foods. Infections, penetration of external heat, and dampness into intestines.
186
Clinical Examples
Therapy
Causes General:
Dispel heat Dry dampness ST-44 LI-11 BL-22 CV-12 ST-25 SP-6 SP-9 PC-6
p
Avoid: a Acrid, warm, and hot foods.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool, cold, and neutral
Organ network
Earth
Flavor
Sweet, bitter
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, steamed
Fruit
Bananas, pears, honeydew melons, oranges, cranberries
Vegetables
Eggplant, bamboo sprouts, cucumbers, spinach, mung beans, dandelion
Beverages
Green tea, black tea, chamomile tea, wheat beer
Grains
Amaranth, corn
Spices
Yellow gentian
Dairy products
Yogurt
Soy products
Soy yogurt, tofu
c
Increase consumption of green or black tea and dried cranberries
¢ Chronic Morning Diarrhea Spleen Yang and Kidney Yang Vacuity Symptoms Chronic morning diarrhea! Stomach aches that improve with warmth, cold extremities, weakness in back and knees. Tongue: Pale, impressions Pulse: Weak, deep
Overwork, long-lasting illness, emotional stress, dissipated sex life, many births, exposure to cold.
Therapy Warm kidneys Supplement spleen CV-12 + Moxa CV-4 + Moxa SP-6 + Moxa BL-20 + Moxa ST-36 + Moxa BL-23 + Moxa CV-6 + Moxa SI-4 + Moxa KI-7
p
Avoid: a Raw, cool, and cold foods.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Warm to hot (briefly), neutral
Organ network
Kidney, spleen/pancreas
Flavor
Slightly salty, sweet
Preparation methods
Steamed, boiled, fried
Meat
Lamb, chicken
Fruit
Raisins, cherries
Vegetables
Fennel, leeks, carrots
Grains
Oats, short-grain (glutinous) rice, corn, millet
Spices
Aniseed, cinnamon, pepper, ginger
Nuts and seeds
Walnuts, chestnuts
c
Master Soup three times a week. Suggested ingredients: carrots, leek, beef, ginger, etc.
Gastrointestinal Disorders
187
Main Symptom: Constipation Constipation in elderly patients, postnatal constipation
Qi vacuity or yang vacuity
Constipation primarily in elderly patients
Yin vacuity
Constipation caused by stress or travel
Liver qi stagnation Chronic internal heat or heat in stomach and large intestine
According to TCM: Infrequent bowel movements, abnormal stool shape, dry stools.
!
Responds very well to consistent dietary therapy, and also to combination of acupuncture and herbal therapy.
General Nutritional Therapy w Give preference to fruits and vegetables rich in fiber.
¢ Constipation in Elderly Patients and Postnatal Constipation
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Warm and neutral
Organ network
Spleen, kidney, lung, large intestine
Flavor
Sweet, bitter, acrid
Preparation methods
Steamed, fried, boiled
Meat
Beef, poultry
Fruit
Dates, plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, figs
Vegetables
Fennel, radish, carrots, sweet potatoes
Beverages
Grape juice
Grains
Oats, rice, corn, soy
Spices
Aniseed, fresh ginger, garlic, marzipan, cinnamon
Nuts and seeds
Almonds, pine nuts, black sesame
Qi Vacuity or Yang Vacuity Symptoms Thinly formed, long stools; exertion and exhaustion after defecation, pale face, cold extremities. Seen especially in elderly patients and postpartum. Tongue: Pale, swollen, moist Pulse: Weak, deep
Causes Qi vacuity or yang vacuity of the spleen, yang vacuity of the kidneys, exhaustion, aging, women after childbirth, after surgery, following long illnesses.
Therapy Supplement qi Supplement kidneys Moisten intestine CV-4 + Moxa CV-6 + Moxa SP-6 + Moxa ST-36 + Moxa BL-20 BL-21
p
Tip: Increase use of warming spices that promote digestion, such as pepper, coriander, capers, garlic.
¢ Constipation Primarily in Elderly Patients Yin Vacuity
r
Symptoms
Dry stool, dryness in mouth and throat (especially in the evening), night sweat, dizziness, ringing in the ears. Primarily seen in elderly patients. Tongue: Red, chapped, without fur
188
Clinical Examples
Pulse:
Superficial, empty
Causes Aging (kidney yin vacuity), fluid deficiency in large intestine.
Therapy Nourish yin Supplement kidneys Replenish body fluids Moisten SP-6 KI-6 KI-3 BL-23 ST-36 ST-25 (no moxibustion)
p
Avoid: a Bitter, acrid, and hot foods (too drying).
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and neutral, for heat symptoms possibly slightly cold
Organ network
Spleen, lung, large intestine, kidney
Flavor
Sweet, salty
Preparation methods
Steamed, raw
Meat
Pork
Fruit
Bananas, pears, apples, apricots, plums
Vegetables
Seaweed, eggplant, Chinese (napa) cabbage, cucumbers, spinach, celery root (celeriac)
c
Walnuts with sesame Walnuts with almonds and honey
Tip: Fresh fruits moisten and cool the digestive tract. Dried fruits concentrate sweetness, are mostly warming, absorb juices, moisten, and have a stronger laxative effect.
¢ Constipation Caused by Stress or Travel Liver Qi Stagnation Symptoms Sheeplike stool (small pellets), difficult bowel movement, belching, irritability. Usually caused by stress or travel. Tongue: Slightly reddened sides Pulse: Tense
Causes Unresolved anger, stress, resentment.
Therapy Loosen stagnation Downbear qi Moisten LR-3 LI-4 CV-12 ST-36 ST-25 GB-34
p
Avoid: a Hot and fatty foods, acrid spices, fried or grilled foods.
r
Recommended:
Grains
Wheat, barley, wheat germ
Spices
Salt
Thermal nature
Neutral and cool, possibly a little cold
Nuts and seeds
Black sesame, peanuts
Organ network
Spleen
Soy products
Tofu
Phase
Wood
Flavor
Sour, possibly a little sweet, bitter–cool
Preparation methods
Raw, steamed, blanched
Fruit
Oranges, plums, grapefruit
Gastrointestinal Disorders Vegetables
Chinese (napa) cabbage, cucumbers, mung beans, spinach, tomatoes, celery stalks
r
189
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and cold
Organ network
Liver, spleen, large intestine
Flavor
Sour, sweet
Beverages
Bread juice, black tea, wheat beer, plum juice
Grains
Wheat, wheat germ Black sesame
Preparation methods
Raw and steamed
Nuts and seeds Soy products
Tofu
Fruit
Other
Yogurt, kefir, vinegar, apple cider
Apples, bananas, pears, kiwis, oranges, plums, grapefruit
Vegetables
Mung beans, spinach, rhubarb
Beverages
Pear juice, green tea, wheat beer
Grains
Wheat
Spices
Salt
Dairy products
Yogurt
Soy products
Tofu
c
Wheat beer Apple cider vinegar Celery
Chronic Internal Heat, Heat in Stomach and Large Intestine Symptoms Dry, hard thirst, dry abdomen. Tongue: Pulse:
stools, infrequent bowel movements, mouth, pain and sensation of heat in Red, dry yellow fur Fast
Causes Too many acrid foods, stress.
Therapy Clear heat Moisten intestine LI-4 LI-11 TB-6 ST-44 ST-25 SP-15 SP-14 ST-28
p
Avoid: a Hot foods and acrid spices.
c
Increase consumption of plum, pear, or orange juice.
190
Clinical Examples
Main Symptom: Epigastric Disorders Acute and chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer
Liver qi invading the stomach (gan qi fan wei)
Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer
Stomach fire (wei huo) Stomach fire flaming upward (wei huo shang sheng) Liver fire flaming upward (gan huo shang yan)
Acute/chronic gastritis
Stomach vacuity cold (wei qi xu han) Stomach qi vacuity
Acute/chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer
Stomach yin vacuity
According to TCM: Disorders of the epigastric region are summarized by the term “wei tong,” which means “stomach pain,” or “wei wan tong,” which means “stomach duct pain.” Both indicate stomach function disturbances.
¢ Acute/Chronic Gastritis, Gastric Ulcer, and Duodenal Ulcer
Acute gastritis is more of a repletion syndrome, while chronic gastritis is more of a vacuity syndrome. Differential diagnosis is made by localization, duration, and type of symptoms.
Symptoms
General Nutritional Therapy w Reduce consumption of coffee, cigarettes, alcohol (high-proof), strongly spiced dishes (too warm/hot in thermal nature). Instead, several smaller (five) meals a day, prepared in a neutral or slightly warming way. Tip: Generally recommended are white cabbage, white cabbage juice, carrots, dill, parsley, sage, basil.
Liver Qi Invading the Stomach (Gan Qi Fan Wei)
Attacks of cramplike pain in epigastric region, bloating, belching, nausea, retching, heartburn (stomach qi ascending counterflow, heat), bitter taste in mouth, irritability. Tongue: Normal, sometimes white, thin fur; sometimes reddened sides Pulse: Tense
Causes One of the most common causes of acute and chronic epigastric pain is stagnation obstructing the upbearing of stomach qi. Other common causes are stress, anger, eating too fast; also liver qi stagnation, or ascending liver yang rooted in liver yin or kidney yin vacuity.
Therapy Calm liver Disperse qi stagnation LR-3 GB-34 PC-6 CV-12 LR-14 ST-36
p
Avoid: a Acrid, hot, and fatty foods.
Gastrointestinal Disorders
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral, cool, and cold
Organ network
Liver, spleen, stomach
Flavor
Sour, sweet (possibly for a short time a little acrid and cool to remove stagnation)
Preparation method
Raw, steamed, boiled
Fish
Crab
Meat
Rabbit
Fruit
Apples
Vegetables
Brown seaweed, fennel, celery root (celeriac), celery stalks, (also white cabbage), spinach, water chestnuts
191
Therapy Calm liver Clear heat ST-44 ST-21 LR-13 LR-14 LR-2 PC-6 CV-12 CV-13
p
Avoid: a Hot, acrid, and fatty foods.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and cold
Phase
Earth
Flavor
Sour, sweet
Preparation method
Raw, steamed, boiled
Fruit
Bananas, kiwis, watermelons
Vegetables
Seaweed, bamboo sprouts, Chinese (napa) cabbage, cucumbers, dandelion, mung beans, tomatoes, water chestnuts
Beverages
Gentian tea, green tea
Grains
Barley, wheat
¢ Gastric Ulcer and Duodenal Ulcer
Dairy products
Yogurt, cow’s milk
Stomach Fire (Wei Huo), Stomach Fire Flaming Upward (Wei Huo Shang Sheng), and Liver Fire Flaming Upward (Gan Huo Shang Yan)
Soy products
Tofu
¢ Acute/Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms
Stomach Vacuity Cold (Wei Qi Xu Han) Stomach Qi Vacuity
Beverages
Peppermint tea, black tea, wheat beer
Grains
Wheat
Dairy products
Yogurt
c
Avoid meat; seven-day diet of freshly ground, cooked grain porridge and black tea
Burning pain in epigastrium, bitter taste in mouth, heartburn, thirst, ravenous appetite, swollen and bleeding gums, nausea, vomiting, constipation, irritability, tendency towards outbursts of rage. Tongue: Red, red sides, yellow fur Pulse: Fast, full
Causes Intense, protracted emotional burdens (lead to liver stagnation) that turn into heat/fire and attack the stomach. Anger, rage, inappropriate diet, excess acrid and hot foods, stress.
Symptoms Acute, dull pain in epigastrium, feeling of coldness, vomiting of clear liquids, improvement with warm beverages, cold extremities, lack of appetite. Tongue: Pale; thick, white fur Pulse: Deep, slow, weak
Causes Inappropriate diet; penetration of external pathogenic cold, for example ice-cold beverages or cold foods, which burden stomach qi, lead to stagnation, and obstruct qi downbearing.
192
Clinical Examples
Therapy Expel cold Warm center burner CV-12 + Moxa CV-6 + Moxa ST-36 + Moxa SP-4 BL-20 + Moxa BL-21 + Moxa
p
Avoid: a Raw, cold, and cool foods.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Warm, hot, and neutral
Organ network
Stomach, spleen/pancreas
Phase
Earth
Flavor
Sweet–warm, sweet–hot
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, fried (lightly)
Meat
Beef, chicken
Fish
Salmon, tuna
Fruit
Raisins, dates, papaya
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots, cabbage, potatoes, kohlrabi
Beverages
Fennel tea
Grains
Oats, millet, rice, corn
Spices
Increase use of warming spices, for example aniseed, ginseng, honey, ginger, cardamom, garlic, pepper, rosemary, cinnamon
c
Increase consumption of ginger tea, spiced tea, acridly spiced rice dishes, chicken dishes and beef dishes, warming and strengthening stocks and soups.
¢ Acute/Chronic Gastritis, Gastric Ulcer, and Duodenal Ulcer Stomach Yin Vacuity Symptoms Dull, burning pain in epigastric region, dry mouth, thirst, constipation, lack of appetite, sensation of heat in the afternoon. Tongue: Red, chapped, no fur at center Pulse: Fast
Causes Diet:
General:
The most common causes are irregular and bad eating habits (too many late evening meals). Protracted heat conditions, deficiency of body fluids, chronic stress, and overwork.
Therapy Nourish stomach yin Replenish fluids SP-6 BL-20 BL-21 ST-36 CV-12 SP-3 SP-9 SP-4
p
Avoid: a Acrid, bitter, and hot foods, alcoholic beverages, acrid spices.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
For heat symptoms: cold; otherwise cool and neutral, a little warm
Organ network
Stomach, spleen/pancreas
Flavor
Sweet–neutral, sweet–cool
Preparation methods
Steamed, boiled, and baked in the oven
Cold foods: Fruit
Bananas, tomatoes, watermelons
Cool and neutral foods: Meat
Duck, fatty meat, pork
Fish
Bass, tuna
Gastrointestinal Disorders Fruit
Grapes, strawberries, apples
Vegetables
Carrots, eggplant, radish
Grains
Barley, millet, rice, wheat
Dairy products
Cheese, cow’s milk, farmer’s cheese, cottage cheese
Soy products
Tofu
c
Increase consumption of thermally neutral meat dishes that are high in fat, oven-baked casseroles, dairy products, white cabbage, and white cabbage juice.
193
194
Clinical Examples
Main Symptom: Nausea and Emesis (Vomiting) Infectious emesis
Cold evil invading the stomach (han xie fan wei)
Acute/chronic emesis, motion sickness
Stomach qi vacuity and cold
Emesis following overeating
Food stagnation in stomach
Emesis caused by emotional strain
Liver qi invading the stomach (gan qi fan wei)
Chronic emesis
Stomach yin vacuity
According to TCM: “Rebellious” stomach qi, or stomach qi flaming upward, is often caused by external pathogenic factors, especially cold, and also by emotional strain, constitutional weakness, and inappropriate diet. Differentiation between emesis with or without food particles.
!
Acute and chronic symptoms both respond very well to nutritional therapy, acupuncture, and herbs.
¢ Acute/Chronic Emesis Stomach Qi Vacuity and Cold Symptoms Short, violent vomiting attacks with thin fluid (soft stools, lack of appetite, pale face, exhaustion). Tongue: Pale, swollen; white fur Pulse: Weak
Causes
General Nutritional Therapy w Supplementing center burner, consumption of
Inappropriate diet, foods that are too cold, overwork, constitutional weakness.
foods with downbearing effect.
Therapy
¢ Infectious Emesis Cold Evil Invading the Stomach (Han Xie Fan Wei)
Expel cold Warm center burner PC-6 CV-12 + Moxa ST-36 + Moxa SP-4 + Moxa ST-21 + Moxa
p
Symptoms Sudden violent vomiting, often with food particles. Headache, aversion to cold, tension in epigastrium, shivering, fever. Tongue: Thick, swollen; thick white fur Pulse: Slow, deep
Causes Inappropriate diet; penetration of external pathogenic cold, such as ice-cold drinks and cold foods, which burden stomach qi, lead to stagnation, and obstruct qi downbearing.
Therapy See below
Avoid: a Raw, cool, and cold foods.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Warm and hot
Organ network
Stomach, spleen/pancreas
Flavor
Sweet, acrid
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, fried
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots
Gastrointestinal Disorders Beverages
Tea made from fresh ginger; spiced teas with warming herbs, for example aniseed tea, fennel tea, cardamom, pepper, cinnamon; warming digestive liqueurs
Grains
Acridly seasoned rice or millet dishes, oats, corn
Spices
Aniseed, freshly grated ginger, fennel
c
Simmer a thumb-sized piece of ginger in 0.5 L (two cups) of water for 20 minutes; drink while warm. Spiced teas
¢ Emesis Following Overeating Food Stagnation in Stomach
r
195
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral and warm
Organ network
Stomach, spleen/pancreas
Flavor
Sweet, acrid (disperses stagnation)
Preparation method
Boiled, steamed, braised
Beverages
Aniseed schnapps, espresso, fennel tea, coffee, highquality herbal liqueurs
Other
One to two teaspoons of vinegar
c
Keep high-quality herbal liqueurs at hand; nonalcoholic alternatives are fennel tea, freshly grated ginger, freshly brewed coffee with cinnamon and cardamom, espresso.
Symptoms Nausea; sometimes vomiting of food particles, which brings relief; bloating in epigastrium, bad breath. Tongue: Swollen; white, thick fur Pulse: Full, slippery
Causes Inappropriate diet (too many raw and cold foods, intake of cold beverages during meals, irregular meals, hasty eating, late evening meals).
Therapy Disperse food stagnation Supplement center burner PC-6 ST-36 CV-10 ST-20 ST-25 ST-45 LR-14
p
Avoid: a Excessive eating, main meals after 6 p.m., raw and
¢ Emesis Caused by Emotional Strain Liver Qi Invading the Stomach (Gan Qi Fan Wei) Symptoms Nausea and belching, sometimes with sour food particles; when anxious, pressure and bloating in epigastrium; frequent belching, irritability. Tongue: Normal; sometimes white, thin fur; possibly reddened sides Pulse: Tense
Causes Mostly as a result of emotional strain. Stagnation of free coursing of stomach qi, for example due to anxiety, anger, frustration.
Therapy
cold foods. Calm liver Disperse qi stagnation LR-3 GB-34 PC-6 CV-12 LR-14 ST-36
p
196
Clinical Examples
Avoid: a Acrid, hot, and fatty foods.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral, cool, and cold
Organ network
Liver, spleen, stomach
Flavor
Sour, sweet, (possibly for a short time a little acrid and cool to remove stagnation)
Therapy Nourish stomach ying Nourish fluids Warm center burner PC-6 ST-4 ST-44 ST-36 SP-9 KI-6
p
Avoid: a Acrid, bitter, and hot foods, alcoholic beverages, acrid spices.
r
Preparation methods
Raw, steamed, boiled
Fish
Crab
Meat
Rabbit
Thermal nature
Fruit
Apples, tangerines, grapefruit, pineapples, lemons
For heat symptoms: cold; otherwise cool and neutral, a little warm
Organ network
Stomach, spleen/pancreas
Flavor
Sweet
Preparation method
Steamed, boiled, baked in the oven
Vegetables
Brown seaweed, fennel, celery root (celeriac), spinach, water chestnuts, radish
Beverages
Peppermint tea, black tea, green tea, wheat beer
Grains
Wheat
Dairy products
Yogurt
Other
Vinegar, caraway seed
c
Recommended:
Cold foods: Fruit
Bananas, tomatoes, watermelons
Cool and neutral foods:
Abstain from eating meat; seven-day diet of freshly ground, cooked grain porridge and black tea.
¢ Chronic Emesis Stomach Yin Vacuity
Meat
Pork, duck, fatty meats
Fish
Tuna, bass
Fruit
Grapes
Vegetables
Carrots, potatoes
Grains
Millet, rice, barley, corn
Dairy products
Cow’s milk, cheese, farmer’s cheese, cottage cheese
Soy products
Tofu
Symptoms Recurrent vomiting with small amounts of fluids, dry mouth, lack of appetite, overall weakness, exhaustion. Tongue: Red, chapped; no fur in center Pulse: Fast
Causes Following long-term illnesses with loss of body fluids, overwork.
c
Increase consumption of fatty, thermally neutral meat dishes, casseroles baked in the oven, and dairy products. Subsequently: Supplement center burner.
Gastrointestinal Disorders
¢ Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Disorders, Crohn Disease, Ulcerative Colitis According to TCM: Differential diagnosis is made according to symptoms, for example diarrhea, blood in stool, sloppy stools. Good results can be achieved by combining conventional allopathic medicine, Chinese dietetics, acupuncture, and herbal therapy.
!
In severe cases, conventional medicine and TCM should work hand in hand at the beginning. As soon as the TCM treatment starts showing good results, the intake of allopathic medications can be reduced and finally stopped. Such treatments should only be undertaken by an experienced TCM practitioner.
Therapy Determined by the following TCM syndromes, which usually occur simultaneously. Stomach qi and spleen qi vacuity Liver qi invading the stomach and spleen (gan qi fan wei, gan qi fan pi) Large intestinal damp–heat (da chang shi re) Kidney yang vacuity Spleen yang vacuity
¢ Stomach Qi and Spleen Qi Vacuity Symptoms Loose, frequent, slimy and bloody stools; uncomfortable feeling of pressure in lower abdominal region, lack of appetite, weight loss, overall weakness, pale face. Tongue: Pale, swollen Pulse: Weak
Causes Weak spleen qi no longer able to retain blood; inappropriate diet, weakened qi due to liver attack brought on by unresolved emotional burdens.
197
Therapy Supplement stomach and spleen CV-12 ST-36 BL-20 BL-21 SP-3 ST-25 SP-10 ST-25 ST-27 CV-66 possibly Moxa
p
Avoid: a Raw, cool, and cold foods.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral and warm
Organ network
Stomach, spleen/pancreas
Flavor
Sweet
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed
Meat
Chicken, beef
Vegetables
Fennel, sweet potatoes
Beverages
Aniseed tea, fennel tea
Grains
Millet, oats, rice
Spices
Honey
c
Consistent rice and millet diet with warming vegetables and lightly warming spices (especially cooked carrots, potatoes, coriander for stomach cold); fennel tea.
¢ Liver Qi Invading the Stomach and Spleen (Gan Qi Fan Wei, Gan Qi Fan Pi) Symptoms Cramplike pain attacks in epigastric region, bloating, belching, nausea, retching, heartburn (stomach qi flaming upward, heat), bitter taste in mouth, irritability. Tongue: Normal; possibly white, thin fur; possibly reddened sides Pulse: Tense
198
Clinical Examples
Causes One of the most frequent causes of acute and chronic epigastric pain is stagnation obstructing stomach qi. Other common causes are stress, anger, hasty eating, as well as liver qi stagnation or ascending liver yang, rooted in liver yin vacuity or kidney yin vacuity.
¢ Large Intestinal Damp–Heat (Da Chang Shi Re) Symptoms Loose, slimy, purulent stools, sometimes mixed with blood; pain in hypochondrium (upper lateral region of the abdomen, marked by the lower ribs), subfebrile temperatures in the afternoon, thirst. Tongue: Thick; firm fur, perhaps slimy Pulse: Fast, slippery
Causes Weak spleen qi can no longer transform fluids; inappropriate diet (hot, acrid, and fatty dishes) and emotional stress lead to heat symptoms.
Therapy Dispel heat Drain dampness ST-44 LI-11 BL-22 CV-12 ST-25 SP-6 SP-9 PC-6
p
Avoid: a Acrid, warm, and hot foods.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool, cold and neutral
Phase
Earth
Flavor
Sweet, bitter
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, steamed
Fruit
Bananas, pears, honeydew melons, oranges
Vegetables
Eggplant, bamboo sprouts, cucumbers, spinach
Beverages
Chamomile tea, black tea, green tea, wheat beer
Spices
Yellow gentian
Dairy products
Yogurt
Soy products
Tofu
c
Increase intake of green or black tea.
¢ Kidney Yang Vacuity According to TCM: Source of different vacuity syndromes, primarily vacuity in center burner (stomach qi and spleen qi vacuity or spleen yang vacuity).
Symptoms Morning diarrhea, stomach aches that get better with warmth, cold extremities, weakness in back and knees. Tongue: Pale with impression Pulse: Weak, deep
Causes Overwork, protracted illness, emotional stress, dissipated sex life, many births, exposure to cold.
Therapy Warm kidney yang KI-3 KI-7 BL-23 Moxa
p
Gastrointestinal Disorders
199
Avoid: a Raw, cool, and cold foods.
Avoid: a Raw and thermally cool or cold foods (e.g., salads,
r
fruit, fruit juices), dairy products, denatured foods, frozen foods, canned foods.
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Warm to hot (briefly), neutral
Organ network
Kidney, spleen/pancreas
Flavor
Slightly salty, sweet
Preparation methods
Steamed, boiled, fried
Meat
Lamb, venison, beef, chicken
Fruit
Raisins, cherries, grapes
Vegetables
Fennel, leeks
Grains
Oats, short-grain (glutinous) rice, corn
Spices
Aniseed, cinnamon, rosemary
Nuts and seeds
c
Walnuts, chestnuts, black sesame
Master Soup with ingredients that supplement the kidney organ network, such as carrots, leek, lamb.
r
Thermal nature
Loss of appetite, hiccoughs, nausea, retching, soft stools, diarrhea. With yang vacuity: Cold extremities, fatigue, exhaustion. Tongue: Pale, swollen with impression Pulse: Weak
Causes Inappropriate diet, overexertion, irregular intake of food, long, draining illnesses.
Therapy Supplement stomach and spleen CV-12 ST-36 SP-6 BL-20 BL-21
p
Neutral, warm, hot
Flavor
Sweet–warm, sweet– neutral, possibly sweet–hot (briefly)
Organ network
Stomach, spleen/pancreas
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed
Meat
Chicken, lamb, beef
Fruit
Steamed apples, blueberries
Vegetables
Button or crimini/portobella mushrooms, fennel, pureed carrots, leeks, sweet potatoes
Beverages
Fennel tea
Grains
Oats, millet, rice, rice soup, rice dishes lightly seasoned with warming spices (see below, warming effect), short-grain (glutinous) rice with cinnamon and honey
Spices
Aniseed, honey, ginger, coriander, garlic, caraway seed, brown sugar
¢ Spleen Yang Vacuity Symptoms
Recommended:
Warming foods that supplement stomach and spleen, seasoned with slightly warming spices.
c
Cooked millet porridge with cinnamon and raisins.
200
Clinical Examples
Main Symptom: Meteorism (Abdominal Distension) “Acute” meteorism
Qi stagnation with food retention in stomach and spleen
“Recurrent” meteorism
Stomach qi vacuity, spleen qi vacuity, stomach or spleen yang vacuity
According to TCM: “Du zi zhang,” which means belly distention, or “gu chang/fu zhang,” which means drum/abdominal distention (Wiseman).
Thermal nature
Warm
Organ network
Stomach, spleen
Flavor
Sweet, acrid
Differential diagnosis according to repletion and vacuity conditions, primarily caused by dysfunction of spleen and stomach. Responds very well to nutritional therapy.
Preparation methods
Steamed, boiled
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots, leeks
Beverages
Fennel tea, caraway seed tea, warming, acrid herbal liqueurs
Spices
Aniseed, garlic, coriander, chili, star anise, pepper
General Nutritional Therapy w Prepare dishes using warming spices, such as caraway seed, coriander, chili, and vinegar.
¢ “Acute” Meteorism Qi Stagnation with Food Retention in Stomach and Spleen Symptoms Loud flatulence sounds, bloating, complaints worsen with pressure, possibly nausea and vomiting, bad breath, possibly constipation. Tongue: Thick yellow fur Pulse: Fast, slippery
¢ “Recurrent” Meteorism Stomach Qi and Spleen Qi Vacuity Stomach or Spleen Yang Vacuity Symptoms
Causes Irregular food intake, inappropriate diet
Therapy Disperse qi stagnation CV-12 ST-25 ST-36 CV-6 LI-4
p
Avoid: a Raw, cool, and cold foods.
r
c
Increase use of warming spices, improve eating habits, increase consumption of spiced teas.
Recommended:
Give preference to slightly acrid foods and spices with digestive effect.
Quiet flatulence sounds, bloating improves with pressure and warmth, lack of appetite, fatigue, soft stools, light urine. Tongue: Pale; white fur Pulse: Weak
Causes Inappropriate diet, constitutional weakness, overwork
Therapy Supplement stomach and spleen ST-36 + Moxa CV-4 + Moxa SP-3 + Moxa ST-25
p
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Avoid: a Raw, cold, and cool foods.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral, warm, and hot
Organ network
Stomach, spleen, pancreas
Flavor
Sweet, acrid
Preparation
Boiled, steamed, fried
Vegetables
Fennel, cooked carrots
Beverages
Aniseed tea, warming herbal liqueurs
Grains
Oats, millet, rice
Spices
Aniseed, ginger, garlic, coriander, caraway seed
c
201
Warming spiced teas, warming spices with slightly acrid flavor, acridly seasoned dishes, for example, millet and rice casseroles. For children, especially fennel tea, cooked carrots, improvement of eating habits, regular meals.
202
Clinical Examples
Main Symptom: Hiccough, Singult (Sighing, Sobbing) Cold evil invading the stomach (han xie fan wei) According to TCM: “Rebellious” or counterflow stomach qi; retching primarily due to cold in the stomach. Responds well to acupuncture and nutritional therapy.
¢ Cold Evil Invading the Stomach (Han Xie Fan Wei) Symptoms
Therapy Downbear stomach qi Warm stomach CV-12 BL-17 PC-6 CV-12 ST-36 ST-21
p
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Neutral and warming
Organ network
Stomach, spleen/pancreas
Flavor
Sweet
Causes
Direction
Downbearing
Inappropriate diet, excess of raw and cold foods, irregular eating habits, constitutional qi vacuity.
Preparation methods
Steamed, boiled, fried
Beverages
Ginger juice
Spices
Aniseed, fennel, freshly grated ginger, coriander
Heavy, deep belching which improves with heat; lack of appetite, exhaustion. Tongue: Pale; white fur Pulse: Slow
203
Cardiovascular Disorders General Weakness, Lack of Energy, Low Blood Pressure Brief fatigue, exhaustion
Spleen qi or spleen yang vacuity
Lethargy, low blood pressure, dizziness
Blood vacuity
Chronic fatigue
Kidney qi or kidney yang vacuity
According to TCM: No direct analogy, often appears in connection with dizziness, headaches, and lethargy. Responds very well to regular and supplementing nutritional therapy, moxibustion, and acupuncture, and possibly herbal therapy.
r
Organ network
Spleen, stomach, kidney
Flavor/thermal nature
Sweet–warm, sweet–hot, salty–warm, salty–hot (not for blood vacuity)
Preparation
Stews simmered for a long time, fried, grilled
Therapy Supplement spleen and stomach qi and yang:
Supplement kidneys, spleen, and stomach Replenish blood Supplement spleen and stomach: ST-36 + Moxa CV-3 + Moxa CV-6 + Moxa CV-12 + Moxa Supplement kidneys: KI-3 + Moxa KI-7 + Moxa BL-23 + Moxa Replenish blood: ST-36 CV-4 SP-6 LR-8 BL-17 BL-20
p
a Coffee, which brings only brief improvement and
Meat
Duck, lamb, chicken, beef
Fish
Bass, salmon, tuna, eel
Fruit
Cherries, peaches
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots, dates
Grains
Short-grain (glutinous) rice, corn, millet, oats
Spices
Chili, ginger, garlic, pepper, cinnamon, possibly cooking with alcohol
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, walnuts
Avoid:
To supplement stomach, spleen, and blood:
is especially damaging (drying) to blood (blood vacuity). Thermally cool or cold foods (e.g., raw foods, salads, fruit juices). Excess dairy products, irregular diet, cold meals, or uncooked foods, insufficient use of spices.
Meat
Chicken, beef
Beverages
Grape juice
Grains
Oats, rice
r
To supplement kidneys, qi, and yang:
Recommended:
Choose foods that supplement spleen, stomach, and kidney and that have a warming and briefly hot effect.
Meat
Venison, lamb
Fish
Mussels, oysters, sardines
Fruit
Raisins, cherries
Vegetables
Fennel
204
Clinical Examples
Grains
Oats, corn
Spices
Honey
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, walnuts
Short-term stimulation of heart qi and heart yang: Beverages
c c
Coffee, cocoa, black tea
Eat regularly, have an ample breakfast, for example oatmeal. Eat more warm, fried, and grilled dishes, such as prawns with garlic and alcohol, and acrid venison and lamb dishes. Increase consumption of meat, simmered soups, or stews with beef or chicken. Increase use of warming spices. For vegetarians: Increase use of more supplementing and warming types of grain, for example oats, rice, and corn, with warming acrid spices or vegetables such as leek, ginger, garlic, carrots, and lentils.
Cardiovascular Disorders
205
Main Symptom: Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Hypertension with headache
Ascendant liver yang (gan yang shang kang) Liver fire (gan huo) Liver wind (gan feng)
Hypertension with headache
Liver yin vacuity and blood vacuity
Hypertension with tinnitus
Kidney yin vacuity
Hypertension with feeling of heaviness
Phlegm and moisture retention
According to TCM: No direct analogy to hypertension. Treatment often in connection with headache or dizziness. Caused by ascending yang, often rooted in liver yin vacuity or kidney yin vacuity. Limited treatment possibilities if hypertension has not manifested for more than one or two years. Recommended treatment: Combination of acupuncture, herbs, and nutritional therapy, combined with conventional allopathic medicine. Important: Weight reduction!
¢ Hypertension with Headache Ascendant Liver Yang (Gan Yang Shang Kang), Liver Fire (Gan Huo), Liver Wind (Gan Feng)
Therapy Downbear ascending yang Calm liver LR-2 GB-20 GB-43 SI-20 LR-3 LI-4
p
Avoid: a Thermally warm and hot foods, especially acrid spices; alcoholic beverages, bitter–hot foods that damage liver yin (such as coffee), acrid foods, especially garlic.
r
Recommended:
Foods that supplement liver blood and yin to drain the ascending yang and regulate liver qi flow.
Symptoms
Organ network
Liver
Hypertension, hypertensive crisis, irritability, anger, insomnia, severe headaches, reddened eyes, tinnitus, reddened face, dry mouth, bitter taste in mouth. Tongue: Red; white or yellow fur Pulse: Lateral
Flavor/thermal nature
Sour–neutral, sour–cool, sour–cold, possibly a little sweet–cool and salty–cool
Causes Inappropriate diet (thermally hot foods, alcoholic beverages), often in combination with protracted, heavy emotional burdens, anger, rage, or stress can transform stagnant liver qi into ascending liver yang, in part also caused by external pathogenic factors such as wind.
To cool liver heat and drain yang: Fruit
Apples, pears, oranges
Vegetables
Wheat, mung beans, spinach
Beverages
Green tea
Dairy products
Milk
To regulate liver qi and downbear qi: Fish
Crab, octopus
Fruit
Blueberries, lemons
206
Clinical Examples
Vegetables
Dandelion, spinach, celery, tomatoes water chestnuts
Avoid: a Thermally hot and drying foods (e.g., coffee, acrid
Beverages
Chinese chrysanthemum blossom tea, green tea
spices, excess salt), excess bitter foods (e.g., coffee, black tea).
To supplement liver yin and blood:
r
Recommended:
Foods that nourish liver yin and blood.
Meat
Duck, pork, chicken
Fruit
Grapes
Organ network
Liver
Vegetables
Spinach, celery, tomatoes
Flavor/thermal nature
Sour–neutral, sour–cool, sweet–neutral, sweet–cool
Grains
Black soy beans Pine nuts, black sesame, sunflower seeds
Preparation methods
Boiled, steamed, raw
Nuts and seeds
c
To clear heat (cooling):
Green tea, Chinese chrysanthemum blossom tea, freshly cooked wheat porridge, fresh celery juice, tomato juice, apple juice, pear juice. Reduce meat consumption for three weeks or longer.
Vegetables
Dandelion, mung beans, spinach, tomatoes
Beverages
Green tea
To nourish liver yin: Meat
Rabbit, pork
Fruit
Mulberries, plums, lemons
Vegetables
Spinach, celery, tomatoes, brown seaweed
Symptoms
Grains
Black soy beans, wheat
Hypertension, dizziness (mild, but persistent), tinnitus, numbness in extremities, heat sensation on palms and soles of feet, insomnia, blurred vision, dry eyes, amenorrhea, scant menstruation, muscle weakness, dry, brittle nails. Tongue: Reddish; light yellowish fur Pulse: Fast, thin
Oils and fats
Olive oil
¢ Hypertension with Headache Liver Yin Vacuity and Blood Vacuity
Causes Often appears in people of advanced age in combination with kidney yin vacuity, too little sleep at night, overwork, strong emotional burden, inappropriate diet (e.g., excess alcohol, overly acrid foods).
Therapy Nourish liver yin Drain ascending liver yang LR-3 BL-18 LR-8 KI-3
p
To supplement blood: Fruit
Cherries, grapes
Nuts and seeds
Pine nuts
c
Green tea (too much is drying), freshly ground, cooked wheat porridge, fresh celery juice; meat dishes in moderation, for example beef liver, rabbit liver, pork liver; or, preferably, fish (bass, eel, oysters)
Cardiovascular Disorders
207
¢ Hypertension with Tinnitus
To nourish liver yin:
Kidney Yin Vacuity
Meat
Rabbit, pork
Fruit
Plums, mulberries, lemons
Hypertension, sleep disturbances, memory loss, back pain and knee pain, tinnitus, dizziness, impotence, nocturnal ejaculation. Tongue: Reddish, chapped; little fur Pulse: Thin, fast
Vegetables
Brown seaweed, spinach, celery, tomatoes
Grains
Black soy beans, wheat
Oils and Fats
Olive oil
Causes
Clear heat (cooling):
Too little sleep at night, overwork, sexual excesses, drugs.
Fruit
Apples, kiwis
Vegetables
Mung beans, asparagus
Therapy
Beverages
Green tea, wheat beer
Symptoms
Supplement kidney yin KI-3 BL-23 ST-36 SP-6 CV-6 CV-4 SI-20
p
Avoid: a Excess salt; bitter foods, for example coffee and tea; foods with hot thermal nature and acrid flavor, for example garlic, cinnamon, alcohol.
r
Recommended:
Foods that nourish liver yin and essence (jing). Possibly also supplement liver yin. For heat vacuity symptoms: cool kidney and liver if needed. Organ network
Liver, kidney
Flavor/thermal nature
Sweet–neutral, sweet–cool, possibly briefly sweet–warm, salty–cool, sour–cool, sour–neutral
To nourish kidney yin: Meat
Duck, chicken, pork
Fish
Oysters, bass, carp, octopus
Fruit
Cherries, mulberries, raisins, grapes
Grains
Millet, wheat
Dairy products
Butter, cream
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, black sesame, walnuts
c
Millet porridge with raisins; freshly ground, cooked wheat porridge, nourishing soup stocks with duck, pork, or chicken. Increase consumption of fish and seafood, for example octopus, oysters, carp, or bass.
¢ Hypertension with Feeling of Heaviness Retention of Phlegm and Damp Symptoms Hypertension, feeling of heaviness in head and extremities; slowed, “dragging” movement; feeling of pressure in chest, dizziness, fatigue, excess weight. Tongue: Pale; thick white slimy fur Pulse: Slippery
Causes Primarily due to inappropriate diet (e.g., excess fatty meat, dairy products, sweets), weakening of spleen, obesity, stress, and overexertion.
Therapy Dispel moisture and phlegm Supplement spleen SP-9 ST-40 ST-36 CV-12 PC-6 BL-20 BL-21 SP-2
p
208
Clinical Examples
Avoid: a Raw foods, foods with cold thermal nature (fruit, fruit juices, salads), fatty types of meat, too much dairy or citrus fruit, too many sweets (sugar especially promotes the formation of phlegm and damp).
r
c
Transform damp and phlegm: Porridge of short-grain (glutinous) rice, increase consumption of soy bean products and rice dishes with acrid flavor to transform damp and phlegm: garlic, ginger, coriander, cardamom.
Recommended:
Foods that supplement the spleen, are drying, drain fluids, and transform phlegm. Organ network
Spleen, stomach
Flavor/thermal nature
Sweet–warm, sweet– neutral, bitter–neutral, bitter–warm, salty–neutral, salty–warm, possibly briefly acrid–neutral, acrid–warm
To transform phlegm and damp: Vegetables
Radish
Grains
Barley, soy beans
Spices
Ginger, cardamom, garlic (warm: use sparingly), coriander
To nourish spleen: Meat
Beef, lamb
Fruit
Raisins
Vegetables
Beans, fennel, carrots, potatoes
Grains
Oats, rice, corn
Spices
Aniseed, ginger
Nourish spleen: Warm porridge in the morning, for example oats with raisins and cinnamon; corn dishes; stock and stews simmered for a long time with carrots, beef, poultry, acrid spices; fennel tea.
209
Eye Disorders Inflammation According to TCM: “Fire eye” (red and swollen eyes), often in spring and fall, caused by external wind–heat with repletion conditions in liver and gallbladder (allergy). Very good results can be achieved by combining acupuncture, nutritional therapy, and herbal therapy.
¢ Conjunctivitis
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and cold
Organ network
Liver, gallbladder
Flavor
Bitter, sour, salty, possibly a little sweet
Preparation methods
Raw, boiled, steamed
Wind–Heat
To expel wind–heat:
Symptoms
Vegetables
Itching and foreign-body sensation in eyes, red swollen eyes, headache, aversion to wind. Tongue: Reddened sides; thin yellow fur Pulse: Fast
To cool heat: Vegetables
Cucumbers, mung beans, spinach, tomatoes, water chestnuts
Beverages
Gentian tea, green tea, wheat beer
Spices
Chinese chrysanthemum blossoms, peppermint
Causes External wind–heat and draft during spring or fall that irritate the eyes; wind–heat in the lung pathway, often in combination with heat conditions in liver and gallbladder.
Therapy Expel external wind–heat Clear heat Calm liver LI-11 LI-4 LU-11 GB-20 GB-14 LR-2 LR-3 ST-2
p
Avoid: a Thermally warm and hot foods, acrid spices, alcoholic beverages, grilled foods, and foods fried or seared at high temperatures.
Chinese (napa) cabbage, dandelion, tomatoes
c
Increase consumption of green tea, mixture of tomato juice and melon juice, Chinese chrysanthemum blossom tea.
210
Skin Disorders According to TCM: General disorder of lung organ network and defense qi, usually both from invasion of pathogenic factors such as wind, heat, damp, dryness. Other contributing factors: Emotions and inappropriate diet.
Neurodermatitis Acute flare-up
Wind–heat, heat in blood
Chronic condition
Blood vacuity and dryness
According to TCM: Combination of external pathogenic factors, such as wind, heat, dryness, emotional imbalance, and inappropriate diet. Good therapeutic results can be achieved with dietary measures in combination with acupuncture and herbs.
¢ Acute Flare-Up
Avoid: a Thermally warm and hot foods, acrid spices.
r
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Cool and cold
Organ network
Liver, lung
Flavor
Sour, a little sweet, a little bitter
Wind–Heat, Heat in Blood Symptoms
To dispel wind–heat:
Red, itching skin with flat pustules, partly oozing; crust formation, scaling, restlessness, irritability, hyperactivity. Tongue: Pale, in part with red, raised dots; possibly thin, yellow fur Pulse: Rapid
Vegetables
Chinese (napa) cabbage, carrots, dandelion, radish, tomatoes
To cool blood: Vegetables
External wind–heat penetrating skin, heat stagnation, enduring emotional strain and inappropriate diet causing heat in blood.
Brown seaweed, mung beans, tomatoes, spinach, celery
Beverages
Green tea, wheat beer
Grains
Wheat
Therapy
T o moisten dryness:
Causes
Expel wind–heat Dispel heat in blood LI-11 SP-10 SP-6 GV-14 BL-40 LR-2 GB-43
p
Fruit
Bananas, pears, kiwis, watermelons
Grains
Soy beans, wheat
Spices
Honey
Nuts and seeds
Peanuts, pine nuts
Skin Disorders
Dairy products
Butter, yogurt, kefir, cream
Soy products
Soy milk, tofu
c
Wind–heat and heat in blood: Increase consumption of green tea; dandelion decoction, Belgian endive hearts salad. Moisten dry skin: Pear juice, baked bananas, increase consumption of soy milk products.
¢ Chronic Conditions Blood Vacuity and Dryness
r
211
Recommended:
Thermal nature
Blood heat: cool, cold Blood vacuity: neutral, cool, a little warm
Organ network
Liver, lung
Flavor
Sweet, a little sour
Preparation
Boiled, steamed, baked
To supplement blood: Meat
Duck, chicken, liver, beef
Fish
Bass, octopus
Fruit
Cherries, plums, grapes
Nuts and seeds
Pine nuts, black sesame
Other
Chicken eggs
Symptoms Dry, dull skin with heavy scaling, possibly occasional itching (due to internal liver wind), pale lips, dizziness, forgetfulness, depression, amenorrhea, chronic symptoms. Tongue: Pale, pink, small Pulse: Thin, deep
Causes
To cool blood heat: Fish
Oysters
Vegetables
(Brown seaweed), dandelion, spinach, celery, tomatoes
To nourish yin:
Vacuity of body fluids, for example from enduring heat, inappropriate diet, or wind–dryness, weakens the blood and leads to blood vacuity.
Fish
Eel
Vegetables
Carrots, potatoes
Grains
Wheat, spelt
Therapy
Spices
Honey
Dairy products
Butter, cow’s milk, cow’s milk cheese
Supplement blood Moisten dryness Calm liver wind LR-3 SP-6 SP-10 ST-36 KI-6 GV-14
p
Avoid: a Thermally hot foods; highly drying foods with bitter taste, for example coffee, black tea, acrid spices, too much salt.
212
Clinical Examples
Acne According to TCM: “Damp-heat which slumbers inside the skin.” Consistent dietary measures, in combination with acupuncture and herbal therapy, can achieve very good and lasting results.
¢ Common Acne Damp–Heat, Possibly Liver Qi Vacuity Combined with Binding Depression of Liver Qi (Gan Qi Yu Jie) Symptoms Reddened to yellowish pustules on skin; impure, oily skin, inflammation, fatigue, exhaustion (with spleen qi vacuity), irritability, sleep disturbances (with heat, liver qi stagnation). Tongue: Swollen; thick yellow fur Pulse: Weak
Causes Primarily inappropriate diet (e.g., excess of sweet, fatty, and thermally hot foods), emotional imbalance causing internal heat and intensified by inappropriate diet; spleen qi vacuity causes dampness.
Therapy Dispel heat and dampness Supplement spleen LI-11 LI-4 GB-20 LR-3 SP-10 GV-10 SP-6 LU-5
p
Avoid: a Thermally hot and fatty foods (junk food), especially acrid spices (garlic, ginger, pepper), grilled and smoked meat; sweets; meat consumption; with weak spleen, consumption of dairy products.
r
Recommended:
Select foods that cool heat and remove dampness, calm and cool the liver, and supplement the spleen without creating heat and dampness.
Thermal nature/flavor
Sour–neutral, sour–cool, bitter–neutral, bitter–cool, possibly briefly bitter–cold and sour–cold, sweet–neutral
Organ network
Liver, gallbladder, spleen
To expel dampness and heat: Fruit
Pears, tangerines
Vegetables
Mung beans, asparagus
Beverages
Corn silk tea, green tea, black tea
To cool heat: Vegetables
Belgian endive hearts, dandelion, mung beans
Beverages
Gentian tea
Grains
Wheat
Soy products
Tofu
For liver stagnation, to move and cool blood : Vegetables
Radish, spinach, celery, tomatoes
Other
Vinegar
To supplement spleen: Meat
Poultry, beef
Fruit
Apples
Vegetables
Eggplant, cucumbers, carrots, fennel
Grains
Spelt, barley, millet, rice, wheat
Nuts and seeds
Almonds, black sesame
Soy products
Tofu
Skin Disorders
c
Tea cure: For three to six weeks, drink 1 L (four cups) of corn silk tea daily. Increase consumption of green or black tea, millet porridge, and fresh vegetables, for example spinach, salads with mung bean sprouts, bamboo sprouts, tomatoes; give preference to spelt products.
213
214
Urogenital Disorders Main Symptom: Cystitis (Urinary Tract Infections/Inflammation) Nonbacterial cystitis
Damp–cold in bladder
Bacterial cystitis
Damp–heat in bladder
According to TCM: Damp–cold or damp–heat often accumulate from external pathogenic sources, primarily cold in the lower burner (bladder). Good therapeutic results for recurrent cystitis can be achieved with acupuncture and nutritional therapy.
¢ Nonbacterial Cystitis Damp–Cold in Bladder Symptoms Frequent desire to urinate with light, cloudy urine, sometimes difficult micturition, feeling of heaviness in hypogastrium (lower abdomen). Tongue: White, sticky fur at the root of the tongue Pulse: Slippery
Causes Overall lowered resistance (qi and yang vacuity, in part of the kidneys), often caused by external pathogenic cold, possibly following emotional strain, for example fear; excessive sexual activity weakens kidney yang.
Therapy Remove dampness Dispel cold Supplement bladder and kidneys SP-9 SP-6 CV-3 CV-9 DV4 BL-23 KI-7
p
Avoid: a Foods with cool and cold thermal nature, dairy products, excess meat.
r
Recommended:
Foods that remove dampness, supplement the lower burner, supplement kidney yang, and nourish the spleen. Organ network
Kidney, bladder, spleen
Flavor/thermal nature
Bitter–neutral, bitter–warm, sweet–neutral, sweet–warm
Preparation methods
Boiled, fried
To expel dampness: Fish
Carp, bass
Vegetables
Adzuki beans
Grains
Corn
Spices
Ginger, garlic
To supplement spleen:
See “Spleen/pancreas Network,” page 67
To nourish kidney yang: Fish
Prawns, eel
Meat
Venison, lamb, poultry
Fruit
Cherries, raspberries
Vegetables
Fennel
Beverages
Corn silk tea
Grains
Millet, corn, oats
Spices
Cloves, cinnamon, rosemary, fennel
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, walnuts, black sesame
Urogenital Disorders
c
Start by removing fluids, for example with corn silk tea, adzuki beans, more soy products; then supplement spleen and kidneys with warming dishes such as millet porridge with raisins and cinnamon, acridly spiced rice dishes, acridly spiced meat dishes, fennel tea.
¢ Bacterial Cystitis Damp–Heat in Bladder
r
Recommended:
Foods that cool heat and expel dampness; if needed, nourish spleen and supplement kidney qi. Organ network
Kidney, bladder, spleen
Flavor/thermal nature
Salty–neutral, salty–cool, bitter–neutral, bitter–cool, possibly briefly bitter–cold, sweet–neutral, sweet–cool
To expel damp–heat: Vegetables
Adzuki beans, cucumbers, mung bean sprouts, radish, tomatoes, celery
Beverages
Dandelion tea, corn silk tea
Grains
Amaranth, barley
Nuts and seeds
Job’s tears
Soy products
Soy milk
Symptoms Frequent desire to urinate with burning sensation during urination; dark yellow, cloudy urine; hematuria (blood in urine), fever, thirst. Tongue: Red; thick, yellow, and sticky fur Pulse: Fast, sliding
215
Causes Exposure to external damp–heat or damp–cold that turns into heat, heavy emotional burden, weakened resistance.
To supplement spleen: Use sweet–warm sparingly, better: sweet–neutral (otherwise dampness recurs)
Therapy Disperse heat Expel dampness Open waterways of the lower burner CV-4 SP-9 SP-6 BL-39 BL-66
p
In combination with conventional, allopathic medicine!
Avoid: a Foods with warm and hot thermal nature (acrid spices, alcoholic beverages), foods that produce dampness and heat (excess sweets, fatty, and thermally hot foods like chips, French fries, coke, junk food).
To supplement kidney qi: Fruit
Cherries, raspberries
Vegetables
Fennel
Grains
Oats, corn, millet
Spices
Cinnamon, honey, rosemary
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, pistachios, walnuts
To cool heat: Vegetables
Bamboo sprouts, mung beans
Beverages
Green tea
Corn silk tea, dandelion tea, fresh radish juice, or celery juice
216
Clinical Examples
Incontinence, Enuresis (Bedwetting), Frequent Micturition (Urination) Kidney Qi Vacuity, Kidney Yang Vacuity According to TCM: Kidney yang vacuity or unstable kidney qi due to weak constitution, advanced age, or excessive sexual activity. In children, “fear,” in addition to constitution, is often an initial factor that weakens the kidneys. Good therapeutic results can be achieved by combining nutrition, acupuncture, and herbs.
Symptoms Urinary stuttering, incontinence, nocturnal incontinence in children, pale urine, nycturia, general weakness, exhaustion, pain in back and knees, dizziness, sexual disorders, psychovegetative (psychosomatic) disorders, cold sensation with yang vacuity. Tongue: Pale, damp Pulse: Weak, deep
Causes Weak constitution, advanced age, excessive sexual activity; heavy emotional burden, especially shock and fear, which can traumatize or permanently weaken the kidneys.
Therapy Supplement and warm kidneys LI-7 LI-3 BL-23 + Moxa GV-4 + Moxa CV-6 + Moxa HT-7 GV-20
p
Avoid: a Foods with cool and cold thermal nature (raw foods, fruit juices, dairy products).
r
Recommended:
Foods that supplement kidney qi and kidney yang.
Organ network
Kidney
Flavor/thermal nature
Sweet–warm, sweet– neutral, possibly sweet–hot (briefly)
Preparation methods
Boiled, fried, grilled
Meat
Venison, poultry, lamb
Fruit
Raspberries, raisins, cherries
Vegetables
Fennel, leeks
Grains
Oats, corn, millet
Spices
Star anise, cinnamon, rosemary
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, walnuts, black sesame
c
Prawns sautéed in alcohol with acrid spices and Chinese leek (garlic chives); fried walnuts with leeks. Fresh oatmeal with raisins and cinnamon; three to four walnuts daily; acrid meat dishes, for example: venison, lamb, poultry with acrid spices; broth and stews with warming types of meat and acrid spices; fennel tea.
Urogenital Disorders
217
Impotence, Weak Libido Kidney Yang Vacuity According to TCM: Kidney yang vacuity extinguishes kidney fire: ming men (“life gate fire”). TCM believes that the essence (jing) should be conserved and treated with care. Conservation of the seminal fluid (jing) is viewed as healthpreserving and life-prolonging. Unnecessary loss of semen and sexual dissipation weaken kidney yang and kidney yin.
Symptoms Erectile dysfunction (no erection, or erections that last only a few seconds), spermatorrhea, frequent micturition, general exhaustion, back and knee pain, tinnitus, dizziness, blurred vision; dull, pale complexion. Tongue: Pale; white fur, damp Pulse: Deep, weak
Causes Constitutional weakness, overwork, dissipative sex life, emotional stress and fear, inappropriate diet, foods with overly cold and cool thermal nature.
Therapy Supplement and warm kidney yang Support essence (jing) GV-4 + Moxa KI-3 KI-7 + Moxa BL-23 + Moxa CV-4 + Moxa ST-36 GV-20
p
Avoid: a Raw and thermally cool and cold foods (fruit, salads, raw foods), excess dairy products, sugar, excess coffee, alcoholic beverages, excess acrid spices (prolonged use weakens kidney yang and kidney yin).
r
Recommended:
Foods that nourish and warm kidney qi and kidney yang. Organ network
Kidney
Flavor/thermal nature
Sweet–warm, sweet–hot, sweet–neutral, acrid–warm, acrid–hot (only briefly)
Preparation methods
Boiled, grilled, fried
Meat
Venison, poultry, lamb, goat, duck
Fish
Eel, shrimp, oysters, mussels
Fruit
Raisins, cherries, raspberries
Vegetables
Fennel, leeks
Grains
Oats, corn
Spices
Rosemary, star anise, cinnamon, garlic, ginger
Nuts and seeds
Chestnuts, pistachios, black sesame, walnuts, lentils
c
Shrimp fried in alcohol with acrid spices, such as garlic; Spiced fried or grilled venison, lamb, or poultry; Simmered stews with supplementing types of meat (Master Soup); Increased use of acrid spices, for example garlic, cinnamon, chili, and ginger; during winter, roasted chestnuts and roasted walnuts; Freshly cooked oat porridge with cinnamon and raisins.
218
Gynecological Disorders Morning Sickness During Pregnancy According to TCM: Vacuity or disharmony of center burner. Very good results are often achieved with dietary measures and acupuncture (PC-6), in severe cases in combination with herbs.
!
During pregnancy, acupuncture and herbs should only be administered by practitioners with a very good knowledge of these therapies, since some acupuncture points are contraindicated during pregnancy (they increase labor pain, can increase pathological disease progression, and can lead to premature birth). With recurrent vomiting, ensure sufficient intake of fluids, possibly intravenous hydration with fluids by allopathic physician.
¢ Morning Sickness during Pregnancy Spleen and Stomach Qi Vacuity Stomach and Spleen Yang Vacuity Symptoms Vomiting of watery fluids, in part with undigested food particles after meals, loss of appetite, fatigue, heart palpitations. Tongue: Pale, damp; white fur Pulse: Slow, slippery
Therapy Supplement spleen and stomach Downbear counterflow qi Only with good knowledge of acupuncture: PC-6 (most important point) ST-36 CV-12 GV-20 SP-4 CV-13
p
Avoid: a Raw and thermally cold and cool foods (salads, fruit, fruit juices), excess dairy, excess of acrid spices.
r
Recommended:
Foods that supplement spleen and stomach and that downbear qi. Organ network
Spleen, stomach
Flavor/thermal nature
Sweet–warm, sweet–neutral
Preparation methods
Steamed, boiled
Fruit
Dates, raisins
Vegetables
Fennel, carrots, sweet Hpotatoes
Grains
Millet, rice
Spices
Freshly grated ginger, malt
Causes Vacuity and disharmony of center burner with upbearing stomach qi, in part caused by inappropriate diet (excess foods with cold thermal nature), overburden.
Tip: A pinch of freshly grated ginger daily in the morning, for one to two weeks! Or simmer a thumb-sized piece of fresh ginger in 0.5 L (two cups) of water for 20 minutes; drink while warm.
Gynecological Disorders
c
Rice or millet dishes, possibly with mildly acrid spices, fennel tea, carrot stew, stock from beef and carrots, chicken soup, millet porridge.
!
Foods that should be avoided during pregnancy, according to TCM:
Acrid–hot foods (lead to heat and commotion in the blood and disturb the fetus). Chili, garlic, cinnamon, lamb, coffee (dries and heats up the blood). Excess black and green tea or red wine (dries the blood). Crab/crayfish (cause too much heat in blood) and citrus fruit (cooling/cold).
r
219
Recommended:
Foods that cool liver heat and calm the liver, harmonize and nourish spleen and stomach qi. Organ network
Liver, spleen, stomach
Flavor/thermal nature
Cool liver heat: sour–cool, sweet–cool Harmonize stomach and spleen: sweet–cool, sweet–neutral
Preparation method
Boiled, steamed
To cool liver heat:
Liver Qi Invading the Stomach (Gan Qi Fan Wei) Symptoms Vomiting of bitter, sour liquid; sour belching, bitter taste in mouth, strong thirst, tenseness in thorax and hypochondrium region, headaches, dizziness, irritability. Tongue: Pale, reddened sides; thin, yellow or white fur Pulse: Slippery
Causes Stagnation of heat in liver from emotional strain, inappropriate diet (overly acrid and hot foods) lead to repletion heat in the liver and attack the stomach.
Therapy Calm liver Supplement and harmonize stomach Downbear counterflow qi Only with a good knowledge of acupuncture: PC-6 ST-36 CV-12 LR-3
p
!
May induce/promote labor; only with clear indication.
Fruit
Apples, strawberries
Vegetables
Eggplant, mung beans
Grains
Pearl barley, wheat
Beverages
Black tea, green tea
To downbear ascending liver qi: Fish
Oysters
Vegetables
Spinach, celery, tomatoes
Beverages
Green tea
To harmonize and supplement stomach and spleen: Vegetables
Carrots, sweet potatoes
Grains
Corn, rice, millet
Spices
Honey
Dairy products
Cow’s milk
Nuts and seeds
Almonds
For upbearing stomach qi and stomach heat: Fruit
Bananas, kiwis, watermelons
Vegetables
Bamboo sprouts, dandelion, water chestnuts
Beverages
Green tea
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6 Chinese Dietetics At a Glance Foods Classified According to Phase/Organ Network Earth (SP–ST). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metal (LU–LI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water (KI–BL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wood (LR–GB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire (HT–SI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
223 228 231 233 236
Foods from A to Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
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Foods from A to Z
223
Foods Classified by Phase/Organ Network Phase: Earth Organ Network: Spleen/Pancreas, Stomach Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Beet
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Balances spleen and stomach qi
Cabbage, green
Neutral to warming
Acrid, sweet
Balances stomach, spleen
Cabbage, red
Neutral to warming
Acrid, sweet
Balances spleen, stomach, blood
Carrot
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements center burner
Celery root (celeriac)
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Liver, cools stomach heat
Mushroom, button, crimini, portobella
Cooling
Sweet
Cools blood and heat
Chili (or chile) pepper, capsicum
Warming
Sweet, slightly acrid, bitter
Moves blood and qi
Chinese (napa) cabbage
Neutral to cooling
Sweet
Cools heat, diuretic
Cucumber
Cold
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools heat, diuretic
Eggplant
Cooling
Bitter, slightly sweet
Cools liver heat
Fennel
Warming
Sweet, acrid
Balances qi, harmonizes center burner
Lettuce
Cooling to cold
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools heat
Onion
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Moves qi
Parsnip
Neutral to warming
Sweet, bitter, acrid
Balances stomach, intestine, lung
Potato
Neutral
Sweet
Strengthens spleen and stomach qi
Pumpkin
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements center burner, strengthens qi
Salsify
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Balances blood and cools
Sweet potato
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements center burner and balances qi and blood
Tomato
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Supports liver yin
Zucchini
Cooling
Sweet, bitter
Cools stomach heat and liver heat
Vegetables
224
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Black bean
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen, kidneys
Chickpea (garbanzo bean)
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements qi, spleen, and kidneys
Fava (broad) bean
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen, drains dampness
Green bean (snap bean)
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements blood and qi
Lentil, green
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Lentil, red
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements kidney and heart qi
Peanut
Neutral
Sweet
Moistens lungs
Snap pea
Neutral to slightly cool
Sweet
Supplements spleen
Snow pea
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Soybean, black
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen, kidneys
Soybean, green
Neutral to cool
Sweet
Cools heat
Soybean sprout
Neutral
Sweet
Expels damp–heat
Tofu
Neutral to cool
Sweet
Cools heat
White bean
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen
Pea, yellow (yellow split pea, dal)
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen
Legumes
Fruit Grape
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements blood and qi
Apricot
Neutral to warming
Sweet, sour
Supplements body fluids
Banana
Cold
Sweet
Moistens large intestine
Currant
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Astringent, forms body fluids and blood
Cherry
Warming
Sweet
Supplements body fluids
Cranberry
Cooling to neutral
Sweet, sour
Increases appetite
Currant
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Astringent, forms body fluids and blood
Date
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements blood and body fluids
Elderberry
Cool to neutral
Bitter, sweet
Balances intestine
Fig (fresh)
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Strengthens center burner, moistens
Melon
Cooling
Sweet
Cools heat
Orange
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Supplements body fluids
Foods from A to Z
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Peach
Neutral to warming
Sweet, sour
Supplements body fluids
Pear
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, slightly sour
Cools stomach heat, moistens
Pineapple
Cooling to neutral
Sweet, sour
Activates digestion
Quince
Neutral to cooling
Slightly bitter
Strengthens intestine
Tangerine
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Cools heat, supplements body fluids
Watermelon
Cold
Sweet
Cools heat
225
Grains Barley
Cooling
Sweet, slightly salty
Drains dampness, cools heat
Buckwheat
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Strengthens spleen
Corn (maize)
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Millet
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplements qi and cools heat
Oats
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplements blood and qi
Rice
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi, strengthens center burner
Rye
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplements and strengthens qi
Spelt
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements spleen qi
Wheat
Cooling
Sweet
Supplements qi, blood, and yin
Butter
Neutral to cool
Sweet, fatty
Supplements blood and qi, moistens
Lard (pork)
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Margarine
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Olive oil
Cooling
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Peanut butter
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Peanut oil
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Soy oil
Neutral to warming
Sweet, fatty
Moistens, laxative
Sesame oil
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, fatty
Moistens skin and intestine
Sunflower oil
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, fatty
Moistens, enriches yin
Oils, Fats
226
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Butter
Neutral to cool
Sweet, fatty
Supplements blood and qi, moistens
Buttermilk
Cooling
Sweet
Moistens, cools heat
Cheese, cow’s milk
Neutral
Acrid, salty
Moistens
Cheese, goat’s milk
Warming
Acrid, salty
Warms center burner
Cheese, sheep’s milk
Warming
Acrid, salty, sweet
Warms center burner
Cream
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Supplements qi and blood, moistens
Cottage cheese
Cooling to cold
Sweet, slightly sour
Moistens
Cream cheese
Cooling
Sweet
Moistens, cools heat
Milk, cow’s
Neutral to cooling
Sweet
Moistens, cools
Milk, goat’s and sheep’s
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Moistens, warms
Sour cream
Neutral to cool
Sour, sweet
Enriches yin
Yogurt
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Enriches yin, cools intestine
Coconut
Cooling
Sweet
Expels heat
Peanut
Neutral to warming
Sweet, fatty
Moistens lung
Peanut butter
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Pistachio
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Moistens skin and lung
Sesame, black
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Strengthens liver and kidneys
Sesame, white
Cooling
Sweet, fatty
Supplements blood and body fluids
Beef
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Chicken
Warming
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Duck
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi, blood and yin
Egg, chicken
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements blood and yin
Goat
Warming
Sweet
Supplements spleen and liver yang
Goose
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen qi
Hare, wild/rabbit
Neutral to cooling
Sweet
Supplements spleen and qi
Pork
Cooling
Sweet, fatty
Supplements blood and yin
Veal
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen qi
Dairy Products
Nuts, Seeds
Meat, Poultry, Eggs
Foods from A to Z
Food
227
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Bass
Neutral
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi and blood
Crab (sweet water)
Cold
Sweet
Enriches yin
Eel
Warming
Sweet, fatty
Supplements qi and blood
Salmon
Warming
Sweet, slightly salty, fatty
Supplements qi and blood
Trout
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements center burner
Aniseed
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Stimulates digestion
Caraway
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Stimulates digestion
Chili pepper
Hot
Acrid
Expels cold
Curry
Warming to hot
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestion
Fennel seed
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Stimulates digestion
Honey
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Paprika
Mildly warming
Bitter, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion
Saffron
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, bitter, acrid
Balances liver, spleen
Chamomile
Neutral to cooling
Slightly bitter, sweet
Harmonizes digestion
Corn silk
Cooling
Slightly sweet
Astringent, cools damp–heat
Licorice
Neutral
Very sweet, slightly bitter
Stimulates digestion, supplements center burner
Onion
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Loosens phlegm
Fish
Spices
Herbs
Beverages, Alcoholic Beverages Beer
Cooling to cold
Bitter, sweet
Cools liver heat
Liqueur
Hot
Acrid, bitter– sweet
Dispels internal cold
228
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Phase: Metal Organ Network: Lung–Large Intestine Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Asparagus
Cooling
Sweet, bitter
Supplements kidney yin and lungs, diuretic
Cauliflower
Neutral to cool
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools stomach heat and lungs
Chili pepper
Warming
Sweet, slightly acrid, bitter
Moves qi and blood
Fennel
Warming
Sweet, acrid
Balances qi, harmonizes center burner
Garden cress
Cooling
Acrid
Balances qi and blood
Garlic
Warming to hot
Acrid
Moves qi, loosens phlegm
Green onion
Warming
Acrid
Moves qi, expels cold
Kohlrabi
Neutral
Acrid, sweet
Supplements liver, gallbladder and kidneys
Leek
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Moves qi, warms center burner
Onion
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Moves qi
Radish, icicle, daikon (raw)
Neutral to cool
Acrid to mildly acrid (daikon)
Loosens phlegm in lungs and stomach
Radish, small, round
Cooling
Acrid
Loosens blood stagnation, blood heat
Arugula (rocket, rucola) lettuce
Neutral to cooling
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates appetite
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements kidneys and spleen
Peanut oil
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Peanut butter
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Peanut
Neutral to warming
Sweet, fatty
Moistens lung
Pistachio
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Moistens skin and lung
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi, blood, and yin
Vegetables
Legumes Bean, black Oils
Nuts, Seeds
Meat, Poultry Duck
Foods from A to Z
Food
229
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Caraway seed
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Stimulates digestion
Cardamom
Warming
Acrid, slightly bitter
Stimulates digestion
Cayenne pepper
Hot
Very acrid
Expels cold
Cinnamon bark
Warming to hot
Acrid
Astringent, expels cold
Cinnamon twig
Warming
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestive organs
Clove
Warming
Bitter, slightly sweet
Expels damp cold
Coriander
Neutral to cooling
Bitter, acrid
Stimulates digestion
Ginger
Warming to hot
Acrid, slightly sweet
Loosens phlegm
Nutmeg
Warming
Acrid
Astringent, expels damp–heat
Pepper (seasoning), black (ripe)
Warming to hot
Very acrid
Enriches yang, expels cold
Pepper (seasoning), green (unripe)
Warming
Acrid
Enriches yang, moves qi
Pepper (seasoning), white (fully ripe)
Warming to hot
Very acrid
Enriches yang, expels cold
Turmeric (curcuma)
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Dries phlegm–cold
Basil
Warming
Acrid, bitter, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion, loosens phlegm
Garden cress
Cooling
Acrid, slightly bitter
Stimulates digestion, strengthens immune system
Fennel seeds
Warming
Slightly acrid, sweet
Stimulates digestion
Garlic
Warming to hot
Acrid, slightly salty
Dispels phlegm–cold
Horseradish
Warming, heating
Very acrid
Enriches yang
Onion
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Loosens phlegm
Sage
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Mildly expels phlegm–cold
Savory
Warming
Acrid, bitter, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion, loosens phlegm
Thyme
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Dries, moves qi, loosens phlegm
Watercress
Warming
Acrid, slightly bitter
Stimulates digestion
Spices
Herbs
230
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Hot
Acrid, bitter, sweet
Dispel internal cold
Alcoholic Beverages Liqueur, spirits
Foods from A to Z
Phase: Water Organ Network: Kidney–Bladder Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Cooling
Sweet, bitter
Supplements lung and kidney yin, diuretic
Raspberry
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Mild laxative, diuretic
Strawberry
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Forms body fluids and blood
Barley
Cooling
Sweet, slightly salty
Cools heat
Corn (maize)
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Millet
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplements qi
Wheat
Cooling
Sweet
Supplements qi, blood, and yin
Warming
Sweet, fatty
Supplements kidney yang
Sesame, black
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Strengthens liver and kidneys
Chestnuts
Warming
Sweet
Strengthens spleen and kidneys
Sunflower seeds
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Nourishes yin, moistening
Walnuts
Warming
Sweet, bitter, fatty
Strengthens lungs and kidneys
Goat
Warming
Sweet
Supplements spleen and kidney yang
Lamb
Warming to hot
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplements kidney–spleen yang
Pheasant
Warming
Sweet, slightly sour
Supplements center burner
Pork
Cooling
Sweet, fatty
Supplements blood and yin
Venison, red deer, blacktailed deer
Warming
Sweet
Supplements qi, blood, and yang
Venison, reindeer, moose, elk, roe deer
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Wild boar (pig)
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi and yang
Vegetables Asparagus Fruit
Grains
Oils Walnut oil Nuts, Seeds
Meat
231
232
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Bass
Neutral
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi and blood
Caviar
Cold
Salty
Supplements kidney yin
Crab (sweet water)
Cold
Sweet, slightly salty
Enriches yin
Crayfish
Cold
Sweet
Enriches yin
Eel
Warming
Sweet, fatty
Supplements qi and blood
Lobster
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements kidney qi and kidney yang
Mussel
Warming
Salty
Supplements liver yang and kidney qi and yang
Octopus (squid)
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, salty
Supplements qi, blood, and yin
Oyster
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, salty
Supplements liver, kidneys, blood, and yin
Prawn
Warming
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements kidney qi and kidney yang
Salmon
Warming
Sweet, slightly salty, fatty
Supplements qi and blood
Sardine
Neutral
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi and blood
Sea snail (conch)
Neutral
Sweet, salty
Supplements liver yin and kidney yin
Trout
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements center burner
Tuna
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi and blood
Miso
Neutral to cooling
Salty, slightly sour
Harmonizes digestion
Salt
Cooling to cold
Salty
Softening
Seaweed
Cooling to cold
Salty, slightly sweet
Cools blood heat
Neutral, cooling to cold
Salty, bland
Enriches yin
Fish
Spices
Drinks Mineral water
Foods from A to Z
Phase: Wood Organ Network: Liver–Gallbladder Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Artichoke
Cooling
Bitter, slightly sweet
Cools liver heat
Eggplant
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools blood and heat
Sauerkraut
Cooling
Sour
Cools heat from intestine and stomach
Spinach
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools liver and blood
Tomato
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Supports liver yin
Apple
Neutral to cooling
Slightly sour, sweet,
Stops diarrhea
Apricot
Neutral to warming
Sour, sweet
Supplements body fluids
Currant
Cooling
Sour
Astringent, forms body fluids and blood
Blueberry
Cooling
Sour
Astringent, inhibits diarrhea
Cranberry
Cooling to neutral
Sour
Increases appetite
Gooseberry
Cooling
Sour
Cools heat, cools intestine
Grapefruit
Cooling to cold
Sour
Quenches thirst, downbears qi
Kiwi
Cold
Sour, sweet
Cools heat
Lemon
Cold
Very sour
Expels heat
Mango
Cooling
Sour, sweet
Forms body fluids and blood
Orange
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Supplements body fluids
Peach
Neutral to warming
Sour, sweet
Supplements body fluids
Pear
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, slightly sour
Cools stomach heat, moistens
Pineapple
Cooling to neutral
Sweet, sour
Activates digestion
Plum
Neutral to warming
Sour, sweet
Cools liver heat
Raspberry
Cooling
Sour, sweet
Mild laxative, diuretic
Rhubarb
Cold
Sour
Astringent, balances intestine
Strawberry
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Forms body fluids and blood
Tangerine
Cooling
Sour
Supplements body fluids
Vegetables
Fruit
233
234
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Grünkern (dried, unripe spelt kernels)
Cooling
Sweet, slightly sour
Cools liver heat
Rye
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Strengthens and supplements qi
Spelt
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements spleen qi
Wheat
Cooling
Sweet
Supplements qi, blood, and yin
Wheat bran
Cooling
Sweet
Strengthens center burner
Grains
Wheat flour
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Moistens, enriches yin
Wheat germ
Cooling to cold
Sweet, slightly acrid
Cools liver heat
Cream cheese
Cooling to cold
Slightly sour
Moistening
Sour cream
Neutral to cool
Sour, sweet
Enriches yin
Yogurt
Cooling to cold
Sour, sweet
Enriches yin, cools intestine
Neutral to cooling
Slightly sour
Cools blood
Warming
Sour, slightly acrid
Moves qi, loosens stagnation, improves circulation, stimulates gastric juices
Peppermint
Cooling
Acrid, slightly sweet
Cools heat, loosens phlegm
Rhubarb root
Cold
Bitter
Astringent for intestine, loosens constipation
Sorrel
Cooling
Sour
Diuretic, cools heat
Wood sorrel (shamrock, oxalis acetosella)
Cooling
Sour
Cools blood heat
Dairy Products
Meat Rabbit Spices Vinegar
Herbs
Beverages, Alcoholic Beverages Beer
Cooling to cold
Bitter, sweet
Cools liver heat
Bread juice
Cooling
Sour
Preserves body fluids
Cider
Cooling
Sour
Cools heat, preserves body fluids
Cider vinegar
Neutral
Sour, slightly acrid
Moves qi, loosens stagnation, stimulates appetite
Red wine vinegar
Warming
Sour
Moves qi, loosens stagnation, stimulates appetite
Foods from A to Z
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Sherry vinegar
Warming
Sour
Moves qi, stimulates appetite
Tea, black
Neutral
Bitter
Stimulates stomach and intestine
Tea, green
Cooling
Bitter
Supplements heart and liver yin
White wine
Cooling
Sour, sweet
Enriches yin
235
236
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Phase: Fire Organ Network: Heart–Small Intestine Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Belgian endive hearts
Cooling
Bitter, sweet
Cools liver heat
Dandelion
Cooling to cold
Bitter
Cools liver heat
Elderberry
Cooling to neutral
Bitter, sweet
Balances intestine
Peach
Neutral to warming
Sweet, sour
Supplements body fluids
Watermelon
Cold
Sweet
Cools heat
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplements qi and yang
Cardamom
Warming
Acrid, slightly bitter
Stimulates digestion
Chili pepper
Hot
Acrid
Expels cold
Cinnamon bark
Warming to hot
Acrid
Astringent, expels cold
Cinnamon twigs
Warming
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestive organs
Coriander
Neutral to cooling
Bitter, acrid
Stimulates digestion
Cumin
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Dries phlegm–cold
Curry
Warming to hot
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestion
Paprika
Mildly warming
Bitter, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion
Rose paprika (sweet paprika)
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Expels damp–cold
Saffron
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, bitter, acrid
Balances spleen and liver
Turmeric (curcuma)
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Dries phlegm–cold
Basil
Warming
Acrid, bitter, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion, loosens phlegm
Bitter orange peel
Neutral to cooling
Bitter, slightly acrid, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion
Dandelion
Cooling to cold
Bitter
Cools liver heat
Linseed
Warming
Sweet, bland
Protects mucous membrane
Vegetables
Fruit
Grains Oats Spices
Herbs
Foods from A to Z
237
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Marjoram
Neutral
Bitter, acrid
Astringent, calms digestion
Rosemary
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Stimulates digestion, antispasmodic
Sage
Warming
Bitter, acrid,
Mild clearing of phlegm–cold
Thyme
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Dries, moves qi
Beverages, Alcoholic Beverages Grain coffee (from roasted barley, spelt, figs, acorns, etc.)
Neutral
Bitter
Stimulates stomach, liver, and gallbladder
Cocoa
Neutral
Bitter, sweet
Strengthening, stimulating
Coffee
Warming
Bitter
Stimulates heart and circulation
Honey
Neutral
Very sweet
Supplements qi, moistens
Liqueur, spirits
Hot
Acrid, bitter, sweet
Dispel internal cold
Red wine
Warming
Bitter, acrid, sweet
Enriches yang
Tea, black
Neutral
Bitter
Stimulates stomach and intestine
Tea, green
Cooling
Bitter
Supplements heart and liver yin
238
Foods from A to Z Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Almond
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Moistens lung
Alpine wild garlic (allium ursinum)
Neutral to warming
Acrid
Detoxifies, moves qi
Angelica
Warming
Acrid, bitter, sweet
Supplements center burner and digestion
Aniseed
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Stimulates digestion
Apple
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, slightly sour
Remedies diarrhea
Apricot
Neutral to warming
Sweet, sour
Supplements body fluids
Arugula (rocket, rucola)
Neutral to cooling
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates appetite
Arnica
Neutral
Bitter, slightly sweet, acrid
Supplements heart qi and blood circulation
Artichoke
Cooling
Bitter, slightly sweet
Cools liver heat
Asparagus
Cooling
Sweet, bitter
Supplements lungs, kidney yin
Banana
Cold
Sweet
Moistens large intestine
Barley
Cooling
Sweet, slightly salty
Expels heat
Bay leaf (bay laurel)
Warming
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestion
Basil
Warming
Acrid, bitter, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion, loosens phlegm
Bass
Neutral
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi and blood
Bean, adzuki
Neutral
Sweet, sour
Balances qi and blood, balances yin (spleen)
Bean, black
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen and kidneys
Bean, broad (fava bean)
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen, removes dampness
Bean, green
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements blood and qi
Bean, white
Neutral to cool
Sweet
Supplements spleen
Beef
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Beer
Cooling to cold
Bitter, sweet
Cools liver heat
Beet
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Balances spleen and stomach qi
A
B
Foods from A to Z
239
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Belgian endive hearts
Cooling
Bitter, sweet
Cools liver heat
Birch leaf
Cooling
Slightly bitter, acrid
Detoxifies, cools heat
Bell pepper, green
Cooling
Slightly acrid, bitter
Moves qi and blood
Bell pepper, orange and red
Neutral
Sweet, slightly acrid, bitter
Strengthens center burner
Bell pepper, green
Cooling
Slightly acrid, bitter
Moves qi and blood
Bitter orange peel
Neutral to cooling
Bitter, slightly acrid, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion
Blackberry
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Astringent, forms body fluids and blood
Blackthorn
Cooling
Sour
Astringent, balances intestine
Blueberry
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Astringent, inhibits diarrhea
Bone marrow
Neutral to warming
Sweet, fatty
Moistens, supplements
Borage
Cooling to cold
Bitter, slightly sweet, salty
Moistens, anti-inflammatory
Brazil nut
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Strengthens spleen, lung
Bean, broad (fava bean)
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen, removes dampness
Broccoli
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools liver and blood
Bread juice
Cooling
Sour
Retains body fluids
Buckwheat
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Strengthens spleen, loosens phlegm
Butter
Neutral to cool
Sweet, fatty
Supplements blood, qi, moistens
Butterbur root
Warming
Slightly acrid, bitter
Loosens phlegm–cold
Buttermilk
Cooling
Sweet
Moistens, cools heat
Cabbage, green
Neutral to warming
Acrid, sweet
Balances stomach and spleen
Cabbage, red
Neutral to warming
Acrid, sweet
Balances spleen, stomach, blood
Canola oil
Warming
Sweet, fatty
Moistens, laxative
Caraway seed
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Stimulates digestion
Cardamom
Warming
Acrid, slightly bitter
Stimulates digestion
C
240
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Carp
Neutral
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi and blood
Carrot
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements center burner
Cashew nut
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Strengthens stomach and intestine
Cauliflower
Neutral to cool
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools lungs, stomach heat
Caviar
Cold
Salty
Supplements kidney yin
Cayenne pepper
Hot
Very acrid
Expels cold
Celery root (celeriac)
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools stomach heat and liver heat
Celery (stalk)
Cooling
Slightly salty and bitter
Cools stomach and liver heat, loosens qi stagnation
Chamomile
Neutral
Slightly bitter, sweet
Harmonizes digestion
Chard
Cooling
Sweet, bitter
Cools lung heat
Cheese, cow’s milk
Neutral to warming
Sweet, sour
Moistens, warming
Cheese, goat’s milk
Warming
Acrid, salty, moderately sweet
Warming
Cheese, sheep’s milk
Warming
Acrid, salty, moderately sweet
Warming
Cherry
Warming
Sweet
Nourishes blood
Chervil
Cooling to neutral
Bitter, slightly sweet
Cools blood heat
Chestnut
Warming
Sweet
Strengthens spleen and kidneys
Chicken
Warming
Sweet
Supplements blood and qi
Chicken egg
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements blood and yin
Chickpea (garbanzo)
Neutral
Sweet
Strengthens spleen qi and kidneys
Chili pepper
Hot
Acrid
Expels cold
Chinese (napa) cabbage
Neutral to cooling
Sweet
Cools heat, diuretic
Chinese leek (garlic chives)
Warming
Acrid
Moves qi, strengthens center burner
Chives
Warming
Acrid, slightly bitter
Stimulates digestion
Cider
Cooling
Sour
Cools heat, preserves body fluids
Cider vinegar
Neutral
Sour, slightly acrid
Stimulates appetite
Foods from A to Z
241
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Cinnamon bark
Warming to hot
Acrid
Astringent, expels cold, diarrhea remedy
Cinnamon twig
Warming
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestive organs
Clove
Warming
Acrid
Expels damp cold
Cocoa
Neutral
Bitter, sweet
Strengthening, stimulating
Coconut
Cooling
Sweet
Clears heat
Coconut oil
Cooling
Sweet, fatty
Moistening
Coffee
Warming
Bitter
Stimulates heart yang
Coriander
Neutral to cooling
Bitter, acrid
Stimulates digestion
Corn
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Corn silk
Cooling
Slightly sweet
Astringent, clears damp–heat
Cottage cheese
Cooling to cold
Sweet, slightly sour
Moistening
Crab (sweet water)
Cold
Sweet
Enriches yin
Cranberry
Cooling to neutral
Sweet, sour
Increases appetite
Crayfish
Cold
Sweet
Enriches yin
Cream
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Supplements qi and blood, moistens
Cream cheese
Cooling
Sweet
Moistens, cools heat
Cress, garden
Cooling
Acrid
Balances qi and blood
Cucumber
Cold
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools heat, diuretic
Cumin
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Stimulates digestion, warms center burner
Currant, red
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Astringent, forms body fluids and blood
Curry
Warming to hot
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestion
Dandelion
Cooling to cold
Bitter
Cools liver heat
Date
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements blood and body fluids
Dill
Warming
Acrid, slightly bitter
Stimulates appetite
Duck
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi, blood, and yin
Eel
Warming
Sweet, fatty
Supplements qi and blood
Eggplant
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools blood and cools heat
D
E
242
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Elderberry
Cooling to neutral
Bitter, sweet
Balances intestine
Elderberry flowers
Neutral to cooling
Bitter, sweet, slightly acrid
Expels damp–heat from lungs
Fennel (bulb)
Warming
Sweet, acrid
Balances qi, harmonizes center burner
Fennel seed
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Stimulates digestion
Fenugreek seed
Warming
Very bitter, acrid
Loosens phlegm, strengthens
Fig (fresh)
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Strengthens center burner, moistens
Flax seed (linseed)
Warming
Sweet, bland
Protects mucous membrane
Fumaria
Cooling
Bitter, slightly salty
Loosens liver qi stagnation
Garlic
Warming to hot
Acrid
Moves qi, loosens phlegm
Ghee
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Supplements blood and qi, moistens
Ginger
Warming to hot
Acrid, slightly sweet
Loosens phlegm–cold
Goat meat
Warming
Sweet
Supplements spleen yang and kidney yang
Goldenrod
Cooling
Bitter
Astringent, expels damp–heat from bladder
Goose
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen qi
Gooseberry
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Cools heat, cools intestine
Grain coffee (from roasted barley, spelt, chicory root, figs, acorns, etc.)
Neutral
Bitter
Stimulates stomach, liver and gallbladder
Grape
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements blood and qi
Grapefruit
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Quenches thirst, downbears qi
Green bean
Neutral
Sweet
Strengthens qi and blood
Green (spring) onion
Warming
Acrid
Opens stomach and lungs
Grünkern (dried, unripe spelt kernels)
Cooling
Sweet, slightly sour
Cools liver heat
F
G
Foods from A to Z
243
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Hazelnut
Neutral to warming
Sweet, fatty
Supplements spleen and kidneys
Herring
Neutral cooling
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements blood and qi
Honey
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Horseradish
Warming, heating
Very acrid
Enriches yang, expels wind–cold
Horsetail
Cold
Slightly bitter, bland
Astringent, expels heat, dries dampness
Iceland moss (lichen)
Cooling
Bitter, slightly sweet
Enriches yin, relieves cough
Irish moss (carrageen; a seaweed)
Cooling
Slightly sweet, salty, insipid
Enriches yin, cools blood heat
Jasmine blossoms
Warming
Acrid, slightly sweet
Supplements lower burner
Juniper berry
Warming
Slightly acrid, bitter
Diuretic
Kale
Neutral to warming
Acrid, sweet
Balances stomach and spleen
Kiwi
Cold
Sweet, sour
Cools heat
Kohlrabi
Neutral
Acrid, sweet
Supplements liver, gallbladder and kidneys
Lady’s mantle
Cooling to cold
Slightly bitter
Astringent, cools blood heat
Lamb
Warming to hot
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplements kidney and spleen yang
Lard, pork
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Lavender
Cooling
Slightly bitter, acrid
Calming, analgesic
Leek
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Moves qi, warms Center burner
Lemon
Cold
Very sour
Expels heat
Lemon zest
Cooling
Bitter, slightly acrid
Expels heat, phlegm and toxins
Lentil, green
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Lentil, red
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi of kidneys and heart
Lettuce (e.g., butter and similar types)
Cooling to cold
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools heat
H
I
J
K
L
244
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Licorice
Neutral
Very sweet, slightly bitter
Stimulates digestion
Linden flower
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, slightly acrid
Expels wind–heat, calms
Liqueur
Hot
Acrid, bitter, sweet
Expels internal cold
Lobster
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements kidney qi and kidney yang
Lovage
Cooling
Bitter, acrid
Stimulates digestion
Lychee
Neutral to warming
Sweet, sour
Supplements qi and blood
Marjoram
Neutral
Bitter, acrid
Astringent, calms digestion
Mango
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Forms body fluids and blood
Margarine
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Marigold
Neutral
Bitter, sweet, salty, acrid
Expels heat and toxins
Marshmallow
Cooling
Slightly bitter, salty, slightly acrid
Loosens phlegm, softens
Melon
Cooling
Sweet
Cools heat
Milk, cow’s
Neutral to cooling
Sweet
Moistens, cools
Milk, goat’s
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements spleen yang and kidney yang
Milk, sheep’s
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Moistens, warming
Milk thistle
Warming
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates liver and gallbladder
Millet
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplements qi and cools heat
Mineral water
Neutral, cooling to cold
Salty, bland
Enriches yin (kidneys)
Mirabelle (small, yellow plum)
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Cools heat
Miso
Neutral to cooling
Salty, slightly sour
Stimulates digestion
Motherwort
Cooling
Bitter, slightly acrid
Supplements heart qi, expels heat
Mugwort
Warming
Very bitter, slightly acrid
Stimulates liver and stomach qi
Mushroom, button or crimini/portobella
Cooling
Sweet
Cools blood and heat
M
Foods from A to Z
245
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Mussel
Warming
Salty
Supplements liver and kidney qi and yang
Mustard (prepared)
Warming
Acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestion, lipolysis (digestion of fats)
Mustard seeds
Warming
Acrid
Expels damp cold
Nutmeg
Warming
Acrid
Astringent, expels damp cold
Oats
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplement nerves and qi
Octopus (squid)
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, salty
Supplements qi, blood and yin
Olive oil
Cooling
Sweet, fatty
Moistens, anti-inflammatory
Onion
Warming
Acrid, sweet
Moves qi, loosens phlegm
Orange
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Supplements body fluids
Orange blossom
Neutral
Bitter, sweet, slightly acrid
Calms, insomnia remedy
Oregano
Neutral
Slightly acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestion
Oyster
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, salty
Supplements liver, kidneys, blood and yin
Papaya
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Balances stomach qi
Paprika, mild
Warming
Bitter, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion
Parsley leaf
Warming
Slightly acrid, bitter
Stimulates digestion, diuretic
Parsley root
Neutral
Sweet, bland, slightly acrid
Diuretic, supplements kidney yin
Parsnip
Neutral to warming
Sweet, bitter, acrid
Balances stomach, intestine, lung
Passion fruit
Cooling
Slightly bitter, bland
Calms, supplements heart yin
Peach
Neutral to warming
Sweet, sour
Supplements body fluids
Peanut
Neutral to warming
Sweet, fatty
Moistens lungs
Peanut butter
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Peanut oil
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Moistens
Pear
Cooling
Sweet, slightly sour
Cools stomach heat
N
O
P
246
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Pea, green
Neutral to slightly cool
Sweet
Supplements spleen
Pea, yellow
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen
Pepper, black (ripe; seasoning, not bell pepper)
Warming to hot
Very acrid
Enriches yang, expels cold
Pepper, green (unripe; seasoning, not bell pepper)
Warming
Acrid
Enriches yang, stimulates qi coursing
Pepper, white (fully ripe; seasoning, not bell pepper)
Warming to hot
Very acrid
Enriches yang, expels cold
Peppermint
Cooling
Acrid, slightly sweet
Downbears heat, loosens phlegm
Pheasant
Warming
Sweet, slightly sour
Supplements center burner
Pineapple
Cooling to neutral
Sweet, sour
Activates digestion
Pistachio
Neutral
Sweet, slightly bitter
Moistens lung and skin
Plantain (ribwort)
Cold
Bitter
Mildly astringent, anti-inflammatory
Plum
Neutral to warming
Sweet, sour
Cools liver heat
Pollen, bee
Neutral
Sweet–acrid, bitter
Supplements heart
Pork
Cooling
Sweet, fatty
Supplements blood and yin
Potato
Neutral
Sweet
Strengthens spleen, supplements qi and heals inflammation
Prawn
Warming
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements kidney qi and kidney yang
Primrose
Neutral
Slightly sweet, acrid
Alleviates pain, rheumatism/ arthritis
Pumpkin
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements center burner, strengthens qi
Quail
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements qi of center burner
Quince
Neutral to cooling
Slightly bitter
Supplements intestine
Q
Foods from A to Z
247
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Rabbit
Neutral to cooling
Sweet
Cools blood
Rabbit, wild
Neutral to cooling
Sweet
Supplements spleen qi
Radish
Cooling
Acrid
Loosens blood stasis, blood heat
Radish, icicle or daikon (raw)
Neutral to cool
Acrid
Loosens phlegm in lungs, stomach
Raspberry
Cooling
Sweet, mildly sour
Laxative, diuretic
Raspberry leaf
Cooling
Slightly bitter
Astringent, expels damp–heat
Red clover
Neutral to cooling
Slightly bitter, bland
Expels toxins, damp–heat
Red wine
Warming
Bitter, acrid, sweet
Enriches yang
Red wine vinegar
Warming
Sour
Stimulates appetite
Rhubarb
Cold
Sour
Astringent, balances intestine
Rhubarb root
Cold
Bitter
Astringent for intestine, loosens constipation
Rice
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi, strengthens center burner
Rose paprika
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Expels damp–cold
Rosemary
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Stimulates digestion, antispasmodic
Rye
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly bitter
Supplements and strengthens qi
Saffron
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, bitter, acrid
Balances liver, spleen
Sage
Warming, slightly hot
Bitter, acrid,
Expels phlegm–cold
Salmon
Cooling
Sweet, slightly salty, fatty
Supplements qi and blood
Salsify
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Balances and cools blood
Salt
Cooling
Salty
Anti-inflammatory, softens
Sardine
Neutral
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi and blood
Sauerkraut
Cooling
Sour
Expels heat from intestine and stomach
Savory
Warming
Acrid, bitter, slightly sweet
Stimulates digestion, loosens phlegm
R
S
248
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Schnapps (high-proof spirit)
Hot
Acrid, bitter, sweet
Expels internal cold
Sea snail (conch)
Neutral
Sweet, salty
Supplements liver qi and yang and kidney qi and yang
Seaweed
Cooling to cold
Salty, slightly sweet
Cools blood heat
Sesame, black
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Strengthens liver and kidneys
Sesame, white
Cooling
Sweet, fatty
Supplements blood and body fluids
Sesame oil
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, fatty
Moistens skin and intestine
Shark
Neutral
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi, blood and yin
Shepherd’s purse
Cooling
Slightly bitter
Astringent, supplements blood, clears heat
Sherry vinegar
Warming
Sour
Moves qi, stimulates appetite
Shrimp
Cold
Sweet, slightly salty
Enriches yin
Soft drinks, sodas (artificial)
Cooling to cold
Very sweet
Exhaust center burner
Sorrel
Cooling
Sour
Diuretic, cools heat
Sour cream
Neutral to cooling
Sour, sweet
Nourishes yin
Soybean oil
Neutral to warming
Sweet, fatty
Moistens, laxative
Soybean, black
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen and kidneys
Soybean, green
Neutral to cold
Sweet
Expels heat
Soybean, yellow
Neutral to cooling
Slightly sweet
Expels heat
Soybean oil
Neutral to warming
Sweet, fatty
Moistens, laxative
Spelt
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements spleen qi
Spinach
Cooling
Sweet, slightly bitter
Cools liver and blood
St. John’s wort
Neutral to cooling
Slightly bitter, sweet
Anti-inflammatory
Star fruit
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Cools heat
Stinging nettle
Warming
Bitter, acrid, slightly salty
Balances blood, diuretic
Strawberry
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Forms body fluids and blood
Sunflower oil
Neutral to cooling
Sweet, fatty
Moistens, enriches yin
Sunflower seed
Neutral
Sweet, fatty
Nourishes yin, moistens
Sweet potato
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements center burner, qi and blood
Foods from A to Z
249
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Tangerine
Cooling
Sweet, sour
Cools heat, supplements body fluids
Tarragon
Warming
Bitter, slightly acrid
Stimulates digestion
Tea, black
Neutral
Bitter
Stimulates stomach and intestine
Tea, green
Cooling
Bitter
Cools heat and liver yin
Thyme
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Extremely drying, stimulates
Tofu
Neutral
Sweet
Expels heat, moistens
Tomato
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Supports liver and yin
Trout
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements center burner
Tuna
Neutral to warming
Sweet, slightly salty
Supplements qi and blood
Turkey
Warming
Sweet
Supplements qi and yang
Turmeric (curcuma)
Warming
Bitter, acrid
Dries phlegm– cold
Valerian
Neutral to cooling
Bitter, slightly sweet
Supplements heart qi, relaxes
Vanilla
Warming
Sweet
Mildly stimulates spleen and pancreas
Veal
Neutral
Sweet
Supplements spleen qi
Venison, red deer, blacktailed deer
Warming
Sweet
Supplements qi, blood and yang
Venison, reindeer, moose, elk, roe deer
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi and blood
Verbena
Neutral to cooling
Bitter, slightly acrid
Expels wind–heat
Vinegar
Warming
Sour
Stimulates circulation, gastric juices
Walnut
Warming
Sweet, bitter, fatty
Strengthens kidneys and lung
Walnut oil
Warming
Sweet, fatty
Supplements kidney yang
Watercress
Neutral
Acrid, slightly bitter
Stimulates digestion
Watermelon
Cold
Sweet
Cools heat
Wheat bran
Cooling
Sweet
Strengthens center burner
Wheat flour
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Moistens, enriches yin
T
V
W
250
Chinese Nutrition At a Glance
Food
Thermal Nature
Flavor
Effect
Wheat germ
Cooling to cold
Sweet, slightly acrid
Cools liver heat
Wheat germ oil
Cooling
Sweet, fatty
Supplements kidney yin
White wine
Cooling
Sour, sweet
Enriches yin
Wild boar (pig)
Neutral to warming
Sweet
Supplements qi and yang
Wood sorrel (shamrock, oxalis acetosella)
Cooling
Sour
Cools blood heat
Yeast
Refreshing
Sour, sweet, bitter
Stimulates digestion
Yogurt
Cooling to cold
Sweet, sour
Enriches yin, cools intestine
Zucchini
Cooling
Sweet, bitter
Cools stomach and liver heat
Y
Z
7 Glossary The English and Chinese terminology used in this book is based on “A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine” by Nigel Wiseman and Feng Ye (Paradigm Publications, 1998, 2nd edition). As a quick reference, the following glossary provides a list of some of the most common terms used in this book and their Chinese equivalent, as derived from Nigel Wiseman/Feng Ye.
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253 English Terms
Chinese Terms
Acquired constitution jing
hou tian zhi jing
Ancestral qi (synonym: air qi or gathering qi)
zong qi
Body fluids See also humors, liquids (accordning to Wiseman/Feng jin are the thinner fluids, and ye are the thicker, turbid ones). Both elements are also partly responsible for blood quality and quantity.
jin ye
Bowels and viscera
zang fu
Center burner (gTriple burner)
zhong jiao
Center qi
zhong qi
Channel qi (synonym: essential qi, or vessel qi)
jing qi
Clear (food or liquid)
qing
Cold Impediment
han bi
Congenital (constitution) jing (synonym: prenatal, inherited jing)
xian tian zhi jing
Construction qi
yin qi
Controller Vessel
ren mai
Corporeal soul
po
Counterflow qi (synonym: rebellious or reverse)
qi ni
Damp impediment
shi bi
Defense qi
wei qi
Downbear (verb), downbearing (adj.): To descend or cause to descend
jiang
Drum distention (synonym: for abdominal distention)
gu zhang
Dryness
zao
Engendering cycle (synonym: feeding cycle)
xiang sheng
Enriching/supplementing yin
zi yin
Essence (synonym: essential qi) Congenital constitution jing and acquired constitution jing
jing
Ethereal soul
hun
Extraordinary vessels
qi jing ba mai
Fire flaming upward
huo shang yan
Five flavors (acridity, sourness, sweetness, bitterness, saltiness)
wu wei
Five hearts, or hot areas (soles of feet, palms, inside sternum)
wu yi
Five Impediments
wu bi
254
Glossary
Five minds
wu shi
Five phases
wu xing
Governing Vessel (GV)
du mai
Greater yang
tai yang
Gu qi (synonym: drum qi, bone qi, or food qi)
gu qi
Heat impediment
re bi
Humors Turbid, heavy, denser element; moistens and nourishes brain, bone marrow, and lubricates joints. Sweat, snivel, tears, drool, and spittle.
ve
Jing (see p. 10)
jing
Lesser yang
shao yang
Liquids Clear, light, thin element; circulates mostly on body surface; keeps skin, hair, ears, eyes, mouth, nose, genitals, and other orifices and muscles moist.
jin
Lower burner
xia jiao
Mind, willpower
zhi
Night sweating (synonym: thief sweating)
dao han
Nontransformation of food
wan gu bu hua
Original qi
yuan qi
Overwhelming cycle
xiang cheng
Pulse
mai
Qi: Vital life force (see p. 10)
qi
Qi counterflow
qi ni
Qi stagnation
qi zhi
Qi vacuity
qi xu
Qi vomiting (In the original and in some older English books called rebellious qi)
qi ou
Rebellion cycle
xiang wu
Repletion (g Vacuity)
shi
Repletion heat
shi re
Restraining cycle
xiang ke
Reverting yin
jue yin
Right or righting qi
zheng qi
Sheng cycle (upbearing cycle)
sheng cycle
Glossary
Sinew
jin
Spirit
shen
Spirit and Kidney (“kidney stores mind/spirit/will power”)
shen
Stomach fire
wei huo
Stomach heat
wei re
Stomach yin vacuity
wei yin xu
Supplement: To increase or strengthen yin, yang, or qi
bu
Tongue fur
she tai
Triple burner: One of the six bowels, consisting of upper, middle, and lower burner
san jiao
True qi
zhen qi
Turbid (as in food and liquid)
zhuo
Upbear (qi), upbearing (adj.): To ascend, or cause to ascend
sheng
xu (and shi) Vacuity (and repletion) The term “vacuity” comes from the Chinese “xu” (vacuous, empty, lacking, weak). Its opposite is “repletion,” which comes from the Chinese “shi.” Vacuity and repletion can be present in varying degrees, from slight to complete. In Western terms, vacuity may be viewed as a deficit or deficiency. However, vacuity and repletion are not symptom categories, excesses, or deficiencies, but constitutional imbalances perceptible in the topological character of the body (Manaka). Vacuity is the weakness of right qi (zheng qi), the forces that maintain the health of the body and fight disease. Repletion is strength of evil qi (xie qi) or accumulation of physiological products within the body such as phlegm–rheum, water–damp, static blood, and stagnant qi (Wiseman). Viscera
fu
Wind impediment
feng bi
Yang (see p. 7)
yang
Yang brightness
yang ming
Yang vacuity
yang xu
Yin (see p. 7)
yin
Yin humor: Essence, body fluids; blood, liquids, blood, humor
yin ye
Yin vacuity
yin xu
255
256
Further Reading Dai, Y.-F., Liu, C.-J.: Fruit as Medicine. The Ram Skull Press, Kuranda 1986
Maciocia, G.: The Practice of Chinese Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, London 1994
Enquin, Z. et al: Chinese Medicated Diet. Publishing House of Shanghai College. Shanghai 1988
Nan Jing Jiao Shi. Classic of Difficulties, ed. by Nanjing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Reprint/Revised edition, Peoples Health Publishing House, Beijing 1979
Flaws, B.: The Book of Jook. Blue Poppy Press, Boulder 1995 Flaws, B.: Chinese Medicinal Wines & Elixirs. Blue Poppy Press, Boulder 1994 Flaws, B., Wolfe, H.: Prince Wen Hui’s Cook. Paradigm, Brookline/MA 1983 Haas, E.: Staying healthy with the seasons. Celestial Arts, California 1981 Hecker, U. et al.: Color Atlas of Acupuncture, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2002. Hecker, U. et al.: Lehrbuch und Repetitorium Akupunktur 2. Auflage, Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart 2002
O’Connor, J., Bensky, D.: Acupuncture – A Comprehensive Text. Eastland Press, Seattle 1981 Pitchford, P.: Healing with Whole Food. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley 1993 Shen Jia-Lin et al: Zhounguo shiliao (“Chinesische Diätetik”), Shanghai 1987
xue
Shi Dian-Hang: Zhongyi shiliao yingyang xue, Beijing 1988 Sun Simiao: Qian Jin Fang (»Valuable Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergencies«), Beijing 1955, Repring 1992
Higdon, J.: An Evidence-Based Approach to Vitamins and Minerals. Thieme New York, New York 2003.
Unschuld, P.: Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text. University of California Press, Berkeley, California 2003.
Huan, Z.Y., Rose, K.: Who Can Ride the Dragon, Paradigm Publications, Brookline, Massachusetts 1999.
Unschuld, P.: Chinese Medicine. Paradigm Publications, Brookline, Massachusetts 1998.
Huang Di Nei Jing. “The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine”. Beijing Foreign Language Press, Beijing 1986. Jing-Feng, C.,: Eating your Way to Health. Foreign Language Press, Beijing 1988 Kaptchuk, T.: The Web That Has No Weaver. 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, Columbus, Ohio 2000 Kasper, H.: Ernährungsmedizin und Diätetik. Urban & Fischer, München 2000
Wiseman, N., Feng, Y.: A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. 2nd edition Paradigm Publications, Brookline, Massachusetts 1998 Yang Ji-Zhou, Compendium of Acupuncture (Zhen Jiu Da Cheng). Reprint, Peoples Health Publishing House, Beijing 1980 Yang, Shou-Zhong, Ki Jian-yong: Li Dongyuan’s Treatise on the Spleen & Stomach. Blue Poppy Press, Boulder 1993
Liu, J., Peck, G. (eds.): Chinese Dietary Therapy. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh 1995
Zhang Zhongjing (Shang Han Lun), Discussion on Cold-induced Diseases. Reprint ed. by Nanijing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghanlun Research Group Shanghai Scientific Publishing House, Shanghai 1980
Lu, H. C.: Chinese Foods for Longevity. Sterling, New York 1990
Zimmermann, M.: Burgerstein’s Handbook of Nutrition. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2002.
Lu, H. C.: Chinese System of Food Cures. Sterling, New York 1986
Zimmermann, M.: Pocket Guide to Micronutrients in Health and Disease. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart 2001.
Kirschbaum, B.: Atlas of Chinese Tongue Diagnosis. Eastland Press, Vista, California 2000
Maciocia, G., Foundations of Chinese Medicine: A Comprehensive Text for Acupunturists and Herbalists, Churchill Livingstone, London 1989.
257
Index A Abdominal distension 200–1 Acne 212–213 Acrid flavor 25, 26 Acupuncture 6, 18 Adzuki bean 238 Alcoholic beverages 160, 227, 230, 234–235, 237 Alcohol, cooking with 33 Almonds 156, 238 Ancestral qi 18 Anchovies 143 Angelica 238 Anger 16 Aniseed 227, 238 Anxiety 16 Apple 129, 233, 238 Apricot 130, 224, 233, 238 Arnica 238 Artichoke 233, 238 Arugula 228, 238 Asparagus 228, 231, 238 Asthma 180–3 acute cold-type 181 acute heat-type 180 chronic 181–3 extrinsic (allergic) 181 intrinsic (nonallergic) 180–1 Aubergine 107 Autumn 46
B Bacterial cystitis 215 Baking 32 Bamboo sprouts 105 Banana 130, 224, 238 Barbecue 32 Barley 114, 225, 231, 238 Basil 229, 236, 238 Bass 227, 232, 238 Bay leaf 238 Bean adzuki 238 black 224, 228, 238 fava (broad) 224, 239 green (snap) 224, 238, 242 white 224, 238 Bedwetting 216 Beef 138, 226, 238 Beef liver 139 Beer 227, 234, 238 Beet 223, 238 Belgian endive hearts 236, 238 Bell pepper 239 Binding depression of liver qi 91–2 acne and 212
symptoms 91–2 therapy 92 Birch leaf 239 Bitter flavor 25, 27–8 Bitter orange peel 236, 239 Black bean 224, 228, 238 Black sesame 157, 226, 231, 248 Blackberry 239 Blackthorn 239 Bladder 29, 83 damp–cold in 214–215 damp–heat in 215 function 83 see also Kidney–Bladder organ network Blanching 32 Blood (Xue) 12 dysfunction 12 function 12 heat in 210–211 production and retention of 68 storage 90 Blood heat 12 nutritional therapy 12 symptoms 12 Blood pressure high 205–208 see also Hypertension low 203–204 Blood stasis 12 nutritional therapy 12 symptoms 12 Blood vacuity 12, 60, 203, 211 heart blood 99–100 hypertension and 206 liver blood 95–6 nutritional therapy 12, 61–2 pathogenesis 61 symptoms 12, 61 Blueberry 233, 239 Body fluids (jin ye) 13–14 dysfunction 13–14 accumulation 14 damage to 13 nutritional therapy 13, 14 symptoms 13, 14 function 13 governance of 68 see also Blood Boiling 32–3 with plentiful water 33 Bone marrow 239 Borage 239 Bowels (zang organs) 29 see also specific organs Braising 33 Bran 234, 249
Brazil nut 239 Bread juice 234, 239 Breakfast 44 Broad bean 224, 239 Broccoli 239 Broiling 32 Bronchial asthma see Asthma Bronchitis 167 acute 166–7 chronic 168–70 constitutional lung disorder 170 with phlegm production 169 recurrent 168 see also Cough Buckwheat 114, 225, 239 Butter 150, 225, 226 Butterbur root 239 Buttermilk 226, 239
C Cabbage 106 Chinese 106, 223, 240 green 223, 239 red 223, 239 Cane sugar 126 Canola oil 239 Caraway seed 227, 229, 239 Cardamom 229, 236, 239 Cardiovascular disorders 203–208 Carp 144, 239 Carrageen 243 Carrot 30, 223, 239 Cashew nut 239 Cauliflower 228, 240 Caviar 232, 240 Cayenne pepper 229 Celery 240 Celery root (celeriac) 223, 240 Center Burner 20, 42 Chamomile 227, 240 Chard 240 Cheese cottage 226, 241 cow’s milk 151, 226, 240 cream 226, 234, 241 goat’s milk 152, 226, 240 sheep’s milk 152, 226, 240 Cherry 131, 224, 240 Chervil 240 Chestnut 157, 231, 240 Chicken 139–40, 226, 240 Chicken liver 140 Chickpea 224, 240 Children 49 Chili 120, 223, 227, 228, 236, 240 Chinese cabbage 106, 223, 240
258
Index
Chinese nutrition application areas 56–66 blood vacuity 60–2 dampness and phlegm conditions 64–6 prevention 56 qi vacuity 57 strengthening defense qi 62–3 supplementing lung qi 64 therapy 56–7 yang repletion 59–60 yang vacuity 58 yin repletion/dampness 59 yin vacuity 58–9 general nutritional recommendations 56 indications for 53–4 role in Traditional Chinese Medicine 53 tips for giving nutritional advice 54, 55 Chives 240 Cider 234, 240 Cider vinegar 234, 240 Cinnamon 121 bark 229, 236, 240 twigs 236, 240 Clove 229, 240 Cocoa 237, 241 Coconut 226, 241 Coconut oil 241 Coffee 161, 237, 241 Cold, as pathogenic factor 15, 47 nutritional therapy 15, 41, 47 symptoms 15, 41 Cold evil invading the stomach 194, 202 Cold foods 22, 23–4 Colds 165–7 prevention 80 therapy 63, 165 see also Bronchitis; Flu; Sinusitis Conch 232, 248 Congenital essence see Jing (congenital essence) Conjunctivitis 209 Connective tissue governance 69 Constipation 187–9 caused by stress or travel 188–9 in elderly patients 187–8 postnatal 187 Constitutional lung disorder 170 Cooking methods 32–4 baking 32 blanching 32 boiling/simmering 32–3 cooking with alcohol 33 cooking with cooling ingredients 33 cooling methods 31 frying/roasting 32, 33
grilling/broiling/barbecue 32 healthy eating recommendations 39–40 in tune with the five phases 35 salting 33 seasoning 33–4 smoking 33 steaming 32 warming methods 31 Cool foods 22, 23 Coriander 121, 229, 236, 241 Corn 115, 225, 231, 241 Corn silk 227, 241 Cottage cheese 226, 241 Cough 165, 168, 171–3 acute severe cough 171 acute weak cough 171 chronic cough with sputum 172 chronic dry cough 172–3 phlegm–damp cough 172 wind–cold cough 165–6 see also Bronchitis; Colds; Flu Counterflow see Qi counterflow Cow’s milk 150 Crab 144, 227, 232, 241 Cranberry 224, 233, 241 Crayfish 146, 232, 241 Cream 150, 226, 241 sour 226, 234, 248 Cream cheese 226, 234, 241 Cress 228, 229, 241 Crohn disease 197 Cucumber 107, 223, 241 Cumin 236, 241 Currant 224, 233, 241 Curry 227, 236, 241 Cystitis bacterial 215 nonbacterial 214–215
D Da chang see Large intestine Daily rhythms 44 Dairy products 149, 226, 234 Dampness 16, 47 causes 59 nutritional therapy 16, 47, 65–6 prevention 59 symptoms 16, 59, 65 transforming flavors and foods 66 Dan see Gallbladder Dandelion 236, 241 Date 224, 241 Deer meat 142, 231, 249 Defense qi 62–3 symptoms of weakening 62 nutritional therapy 63 Dermatitis see Neurodermatitis
Diarrhea 184–6 acute 184–5 chronic 184–5 morning 186 therapy 184 traveler’s 185–6 Diet see Chinese nutrition; Nutritional theory Dill 241 Dinner 44 Disease 15 external bioclimatic factors 15–16, 47–8 cold 15, 47, 48 dampness 16, 47 dryness 16, 47 heat 16, 47, 48 wind 15, 47–8 internal factors (five minds) 16 see also specific diseases Downbearing movement 30 Drum qi (food qi) 18 Dryness 16, 47 in lung 175 nutritional therapy 16, 47 symptoms 16 Duck 140–1, 226, 228, 241 Duodenal ulcer 190–1, 192–3
E Earth phase 9, 35, 67–77 food listings 223–227 significance of 42–3 Eating atmosphere and enjoyment 39 Eel 145, 227, 232, 241 Eggplant 107, 223, 233, 241 Eggs 151, 226, 240 Elderberry 224, 236, 241 Elderly see Older people Emesis 194–9 acute 194–5 caused by emotional strain 195–6 chronic 194–5, 196 following overeating 195 infectious 194 morning sickness during pregnancy 218–219 therapy 194 Emotions 16 Energy, lack of 203–204 Engendering cycle 9 Enteritis, infectious 185–6 Enuresis 216 Epigastric disorders 190–3 therapy 190 Essence see Jing (congenital essence) Evening meal 44 Exhaustion 203–204 Eye disorders 209
Index F Falling movement 30 Fatigue 203–204 Fats 149, 225 Fava bean 224, 239 Fear 16 Fei see Lung Fennel 223, 228, 242 Fennel seed 227, 229, 242 Fenugreek seed 242 Fig 224, 242 Fire eye 209 Fire phase 9, 35, 97–101 food listings 236–237 Fish 143, 227, 232 Five basic substances 10–14 Five minds 16 Five phases 9 Flavors (wu wei) 21, 25–8 acrid 25, 26 association with organ networks 29–30 bitter 25, 27–8 healthy eating recommendations 40 salty 25, 27 sour 25, 27 sweet 25, 26 Flax seed 242 Floating movement 30 Flour 234, 249 Flu 165–6 Food direction 30 Food energetics 21 healthy eating recommendations 40–1 see also Flavors; Thermal nature of food Food qi 18 Food quality 40 Food quantity 40 Food stagnating in the stomach 76, 200 emesis and 195 Frequent micturition 216 Frontal sinusitis see Sinusitis Fruit 129, 224–225, 231, 233, 236 Frying 32, 33 Fu organs 29 see also specific organs Fumaria 242
G Gallbladder 29, 90 functions 90 see also Liver–Gallbladder organ network Gan see Liver Garden cress 228, 229, 241
Garlic 123, 228, 229, 242 alpine wild 238 Gastric ulcer 190–1, 192–3 Gastritis acute 190–3 chronic 190–3 Ghee 242 Ginger 122, 229, 242 Ginseng liqueur 160 Goat meat 226, 231, 242 Goat’s milk 152, 226, 244 cheese 152, 226, 240 Goldenrod 242 Goose 226, 242 Gooseberry 233, 242 Grain coffee 242 Grains 113, 225, 231, 234, 236 preparation tips 113 Grape 132–3, 224, 242 Grapefruit 132, 233, 242 Green bean 224, 238, 242 Green onion 108, 228, 242 Green tea 235, 237, 249 Grilling 32 Grünkern 234, 242 Gu qi 18 Gynecological disorders 218–219
H Hare 142, 226 Hazelnut 158, 243 Headache, with hypertension 205–206 Healthy eating habits 39–41 cooking methods 39–40 energetic thermal quality of foods 40–1 flavor 40 food quality 40 food quantity 40 inner attitude and environment 39 Heart 29, 97 therapy 98 see also Heart–Small Intestine organ network Heart blood vacuity 99–100 causes 99 symptoms 99 therapy 100 Heart fire flaming upwards causes 101 prognosis 101 symptoms 101 therapy 98, 101 Heart yang vacuity 98–9 causes 98–9 prognosis 99 symptoms 98 therapy 99 Heart yin vacuity 88–9, 100–1 causes 100
259
differential diagnosis 100 pathogenesis 88 prognosis 89 symptoms 88, 100 therapy 88–9, 100–1 Heart–Small Intestine organ network 97–101 food listings 236–237 functions 97 nutrition and 97–8 see also Heart; Small intestine Heat 16, 47 chronic internal 189 in blood 210–211 in large intestine 189 in stomach 189 nutritional therapy 16, 47 symptoms 16 Herbs 227, 229, 234, 236–237 Herring 145, 243 Hiccough 202 High blood pressure see Hypertension Honey 127, 227, 237, 243 Horseradish 229, 243 Horsetail 243 Hot foods 22, 23 Human life cycle 49 Humors 13 Hypertension 205–208 with feeling of heaviness 207–208 with headache 205–206 with tinnitus 207
I Iceland moss 243 Impotence 217 Incontinence 216 Infectious enteritis 185–6 Inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders 197 Influenza 165–6 Insomnia treatment 57 Intestine see Large intestine; Small intestine Irish moss 243
J Jasmine blossoms 243 Jin (liquid) 13 see also Body fluids (jin ye) Jing (congenital essence) 11, 17–18 dysfunction 11 nutritional therapy 11 function 11 sources of 11 Joy 16 Juniper berry 243
260
Index
K Kale 243 Kidney 29, 83 functions 83–4 noninteraction of the heart and kidney 88–89 pathogenesis 84 strengthening foods 84 see also Kidney–Bladder organ network Kidney qi vacuity 84, 85, 203 symptoms 85 therapy 85 urogenital conditions and 216 Kidney yang vacuity 84, 85–6, 198–9, 203 associated conditions asthma 182 diarrhea 186 impotence/weak libido 217 urogenital conditions 216 causes 198 prognosis 86 symptoms 85, 198 therapy 85–6, 198–9 Kidney yin vacuity 84, 86–9 associated conditions bronchitis 170 hypertension with tinnitus 207 pathogenesis 87, 88 prognosis 87–8, 89 symptoms 87, 88 therapy 87, 88–9 Kidney–Bladder organ network 83–9 food listings 231–232 functions 83–4 nutrition and 84 see also Bladder; Kidney Kiwi 133, 233, 243 Kohlrabi 228, 243
L Lack of energy 203–204 Lady’s mantle 243 Lamb 141, 231, 243 Lard 225 Large intestine 29, 78 damp–cold in 185 damp–heat in 185–6, 198 function 78 heat in 189 see also Lung–Large Intestine organ network Large intestine qi vacuity 184 Large intestine yang vacuity 184 Laryngitis acute 175
chronic 175 Lavender 243 Leek 108, 228, 243 Chinese 240 Legumes 224, 228 Lemon 134, 233, 243 zest 243 Lentil green 224, 243 red 224, 243 Lethargy 203–204 Lettuce 109, 223, 243 arugula (rocket, rucola) 228, 238 Libido, weak 217 Lichen 243 Licorice 227, 244 Life force see Qi (life force) Linden flower 244 Linseed 236 Liqueur 227, 230, 237, 244 Liver 29, 90 causes of imbalances 91 functions 90 nutrition and 90–1 see also Liver–Gallbladder organ network Liver (food) beef 139 chicken 140 Liver blood vacuity 95–6 causes 95–6 symptoms 95 therapy 96 Liver fire 205–206 Liver fire flaming upward 94, 191 Liver qi binding depression of 91–2 acne and 212 symptoms 91–2 therapy 92 invading the spleen 197–8 invading the stomach 190–1, 195–6, 197–8 morning sickness and 219 Liver qi stagnation 90 constipation 188–9 symptoms 90 Liver qi vacuity 212 Liver wind 205–206 Liver yang ascendant 92–3, 205 prognosis 93 symptoms 92 therapy 93 strengthening 93 Liver yin vacuity 94–5 causes 95 hypertension with headache and 206 prognosis 95
symptoms 94–5 therapy 95 Liver–Gallbladder organ network 90–6 damp–heat 177 food listings 233–235 functions 90 nutrition and 90–1 see also Gallbladder; Liver Lobster 146, 232, 244 Lotus root 109 Lovage 244 Low blood pressure 203–204 Lower Burner 20 Lunch 44 Lung 29, 78 functional impairment 168 constitutional lung disorder 170 dryness in lung 175 phlegm–damp obstructing the lung 80–1 phlegm–heat obstructing the lung 167, 180 symptoms 78 wind–cold fettering the lung 165–6, 171, 175 wind–heat invading the lung 166–7, 171, 174, 176 see also Bronchitis; Colds; Flu functions 78 nutritional therapy 79 see also Lung–Large Intestine organ network Lung qi 62 causes of weakening 62 supplementation of 63, 64, 79, 81 Lung qi vacuity 79–80 associated conditions asthma 181–2 bronchitis 168, 169 sinusitis 177–8 causes 79 symptoms 79 therapy 79–80 Lung yin vacuity 82 associated conditions bronchitis 170 cough 172–3 causes 82 symptoms 82 therapy 82 with dryness 172–3 Lung–Large Intestine organ network 78–82 food listings 228–230 nutrition and 79 see also Large intestine; Lung Lychee 244
Index M
O
Mackerel 145 Maize see Corn Malt 127–8 Mango 233, 244 Margarine 225, 244 Marigold 244 Marjoram 237, 244 Marshmallow 244 Master soup 33 Maxillary sinusitis see Sinusitis Meat 138, 226, 228, 231, 234 Melon 224, 244 Metal phase 9, 35, 78–83 food listings 228–230 Meteorism 200–1 acute 200 recurrent 200–1 Micturition, frequent 216 Midlife 49 Milk 149 cow’s 150, 226, 244 goat’s 152, 226, 244 sheep’s 152, 226, 244 Milk thistle 244 Millet 115–16, 225, 231, 244 Mineral water 232, 244 Mirabelle 244 Miso 232, 244 Morning sickness during pregnancy 218–219 Motherwort 244 Mugwort 244 Mushroom 124, 223, 244 Mussel 146, 232, 245 Mustard 245 Mutton 141
Oats 116, 225, 236, 245 Octopus 147, 232, 245 Oils 149, 225, 228, 231 canola oil 239 coconut oil 241 olive oil 225, 245 peanut oil 153, 225, 228, 245 sesame oil 154, 225, 248 soybean oil 154, 225, 248 walnut oil 231, 249 Older people 49 constipation 187–8 Olive oil 225, 245 Onion 110, 223, 227, 228, 229, 245 green (spring) onions 108, 228, 242 Orange 134–5, 224, 233, 245 Orange blossom 245 Oregano 245 Organ networks 29 flavor association 29–30 see also specific networks Overeating, emesis and 195 Overwhelming cycle 9 Oyster 146, 245
N Nappa cabbage 106 Nausea 194–9 therapy 194 see also Emesis Neurodermatitis 210 acute flare-up 210–211 chronic conditions 211 Neutral foods 22, 23 Noninteraction of the heart and kidney 88–9 pathogenesis 88 prognosis 89 symptoms 88 therapy 88–9 Nutmeg 229, 245 Nutritional theory 17–18 see also Chinese nutrition Nuts 156, 226, 228, 231
P Pancreas see Spleen/Pancreas–Stomach organ network Pang guang see Bladder Papaya 245 Paprika 227, 236, 245 Parsley leaf 245 root 245 Parsnip 223, 245 Passion fruit 245 Pea green 246 snap 224 snow 224 yellow 224, 246 Peach 135, 224, 233, 236, 245 Peanut 158–9, 224, 226, 228, 245 Peanut butter 225, 226, 228, 245 Peanut oil 153, 225, 228, 245 Pear 135–6, 224, 233, 245 Pepper 229 bell 239 Cayenne 229 seasoning 124–5, 246 see also Chili Peppermint 234, 246 Phases 9 cooking in tune with 35 earth phase 9, 35, 67–77 food listings 223–227 significance of 42–3
261
fire phase 9, 35, 97–101 food listings 236–237 metal phase 9, 35, 78–83 food listings 228–230 water phase 9, 35, 83–9 food listings 231–232 wood phase 9, 35, 90–6 food listings 233–235 Pheasant 231, 246 Phlegm 64, 165, 168 cold phlegm 80 differentiation 64–5 formation 64 hot phlegm 80 transforming flavors and foods 66 Phlegm conditions 64–5 chronic bronchitis with phlegm production 169 differentiation 65 nutritional therapy 65–6 phlegm retention in lung 169, 207–208 symptoms 65 Phlegm–damp cough 172 Phlegm–damp obstructing the lung 80–1 causes 81 therapy 81 Phlegm–heat obstructing the lung asthma 180 bronchitis/sinusitis 167 Pickling 33 Pine nuts 159 Pineapple 136, 225, 233, 246 Pistachio 226, 228, 246 Plantain 246 Plum 136–7, 233, 246 Pollen 246 Pomelo 132 Pork 141–2, 226, 231, 246 Potato 223, 246 Poultry 226, 228 Prawn 146, 232, 246 Pregnancy foods that should be avoided 219 morning sickness 218–219 Primrose 246 Pumpkin 223, 246
Q Qi (life force) 6, 10–11, 17 defense qi 62–3 strengthening 62–3 dysfunction 10–11 energy sources 17–18, 19 forms of 10 function 10 gu qi (drum/food qi) 18 movement caused by food 30 zong qi (ancestral/air qi) 18
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Index
see also Liver qi; Lung qi Qi counterflow 11, 171 nutritional therapy 11 symptoms 11 Qi repletion 6 Qi stagnation 11 nutritional therapy 11 symptoms 11 with food retention in stomach and spleen 200 see also Liver qi stagnation Qi vacuity 6, 10, 57 causes 57 constipation and 187 nutritional therapy 57 prevention 57 symptoms 10, 24, 57, 62 see also Kidney qi vacuity; Large intestine qi vacuity; Liver qi vacuity; Lung qi vacuity; Spleen qi vacuity; Stomach qi vacuity Quail 246 Quince 225, 246
R Rabbit 142, 226, 234, 247 Radish 228, 247 Raspberry 231, 233, 247 Raspberry leaf 247 Rebellion cycle 9 Red cabbage 223, 239 Red clover 247 Red wine 237, 247 Red wine vinegar 234, 247 Repletion 6 see also Yang repletion; Yin repletion Restraining cycle 9 Rhubarb 233, 247 Rhubarb root 234, 247 Rhythms daily 44 seasonal 45–6 Rice 116–17, 225, 247 Roasting foods 32 Rocket 228, 238 Rose paprika 236, 247 Rosemary 237, 247 Rye 117, 225, 234, 247
S Saffron 227, 236, 247 Sage 229, 237, 247 St. John’s wort 248 Salmon 227, 232, 247 Salsify 223, 247 Salt 125, 232, 247 Salting 33 Salty flavor 25, 27 San jiao see Triple burner
Sardine 147, 232, 247 Sauerkraut 233, 247 Savory 229, 247 Schnapps 248 Sea snail 232, 248 Seafood 143 Seasonal rhythms 45–6 Seasoning foods 33–4 Seaweed 125, 232, 243, 248 Seeds 156, 226, 228, 231 Sesame black 157, 226, 231, 248 white 226, 248 Sesame oil 154, 225, 248 Shark 248 Sheep 141 Sheep’s milk 152, 226, 244 cheese 152, 226, 240 Shen see Kidney; Spirit Shepherd’s purse 248 Sherry vinegar 235, 248 Shrimp 248 Sighing 202 Simmering 32–3 Singult 202 Sinusitis 167, 176–9 acute 176–7 chronic 177 recurrent 177–8 Skin disorders 210–213 Small intestine 29, 97 functions 97 see also Heart–Small Intestine organ network Smoking foods 33 Sobbing 202 Sore throat 174–5 Sorrel 234, 248 Sour cream 226, 234, 248 Sour flavor 25, 27 Soy 113 Soy sauce 126 Soybean black 118, 224, 248 green 224, 248 sprout 224 yellow 118–19, 248 Soybean oil 154, 225, 248 Spelt 117, 225, 234, 248 Spices 120, 227, 229, 232, 234, 236 Spinach 110–11, 233, 248 Spirit (shen) 13, 97 dysfunction 13 nutritional therapy 13 function 13 Spirits 230, 237 Spleen 29 damp–cold in 185 damp–heat in 178–9, 185–6 food retention in 200
liver qi invading 197–8 see also Spleen/Pancreas–Stomach organ network Spleen qi strengthening 42–3 Spleen qi vacuity 69, 197, 203 associated conditions asthma 181 bronchitis 169 diarrhea 184 meteorism 200–1 morning sickness 218–219 sinusitis 177–8 causes 197 symptoms 68, 69, 197 therapy 68, 197 Spleen yang support 43 Spleen yang vacuity 69–71, 199, 203 associated conditions diarrhea 184, 186 meteorism 200–1 morning sickness 218–219 causes 199 pathogenesis 70 symptoms 70, 199 therapy 70–1, 199 Spleen/Pancreas–Stomach organ network 67–77 food listings 223–227 functions 67–9 special diet for 69 see also Spleen; Stomach Spring 45 Spring onions 108, 228, 242 Squid 147 Star fruit 248 Steaming of foods 32 Stinging nettle 248 Stomach 29, 67, 71 causes of dysfunction 72–3 emotional factors 72–3 unfavorable eating habits 72 cold evil invading 194, 202 dietary recommendations 69, 71 food stagnation in 76, 200 functions 67–9, 71 heat in 189 liver qi invading 190–1, 195–6, 197–8 morning sickness and 219 strengthening 42–3 see also Spleen/Pancreas–Stomach organ network Stomach fire 76–7, 191 causes 77 prognosis 77 symptoms 77 therapy 77 Stomach fire flaming upward 191 Stomach qi vacuity 73–4, 197 associated conditions diarrhea 184
Index emesis 194–5 food stagnating in the stomach 76 gastritis 191–2 meteorism 200–1 morning sickness 218–219 causes 73, 197 prognosis 73–4 symptoms 73, 197 therapy 73, 197 with cold 75–6 causes 75 emesis 194–5 prognosis 76 symptoms 75 therapy 75–6 Stomach yang vacuity meteorism and 200 morning sickness and 218–219 Stomach yin support 43 Stomach yin vacuity 74–5 associated conditions diarrhea 184 emesis 196 gastric/duodenal ulcer 192–3 gastritis 192–3 causes 74 pathogenesis 74 prognosis 75 symptoms 74 therapy 74–5 Strawberry 231, 233 Strengthening the inner center 42–3 Substances 10–14 see also Blood; Body fluids; Jing (congenital essence); Qi (life force); Spirit Sugar brown/whole cane 126 white 128 Summer 45 Sunflower oil 225, 248 Sunflower seeds 159, 231, 248 Sweet flavor 25, 26 Sweet potato 111, 223, 248 Sweeteners 120, 126–8
T Tangerine 225, 233, 249 Tao 3 Tarragon 249 Tea 161–2 black 235, 237, 249 green 235, 237, 249 Thermal nature of food 21–4 cold 22, 23–4 cool 22, 23 cooling cooking methods 31 hot 22, 23 neutral 22, 23
warm 22, 23 warming cooking methods 31 yang foods 24 yin foods 24 Thought 16 Thyme 229, 237, 249 Tinnitus, with hypertension 207 Tofu 224, 249 Tomato 111–12, 223, 233, 249 Tonsillitis, acute 174 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 3 role of nutrition 53 therapeutic principles 7–8 Traveler’s diarrhea 185–6 Triple Burner (san jiao) 20 center burner 20, 42 lower burner 20 upper burner 20 Trout 148, 227, 232, 249 Tuna 148, 232, 249 Turkey 249 Turmeric 229, 236, 249
U Ulcer duodenal 190–1, 192–3 gastric 190–1, 192–3 Ulcerative colitis 197 Upbearing movement 30 Upper Burner 20 Urination, frequent 216 Urogenital disorders 214–217
V Valerian 249 Vanilla 249 Veal 226, 249 Vegetables 105, 223, 228, 231, 233, 236 Venison 142, 231, 249 Verbena 249 Vinegar 128, 234, 249 cider 234, 240 red wine 234, 247 sherry 235, 248 Viscera (Fu organs) 29 see also specific organs Vomiting 194–9 morning sickness during pregnancy 218–219 therapy 194 see also Emesis
W Walnut 231, 249 Walnut oil 231, 249 Warm foods 22, 23 Water phase 9, 35, 83–9 food listings 231–232
Watercress 229, 249 Watermelon 137, 225, 236, 249 Weakness, general 203–204 Wei see Stomach Wei qi see Defense qi Wheat 119, 225, 231, 234 bran 234, 249 flour 234, 249 germ 234, 250 White bean 224, 238 White wine 235, 250 Wild boar 231, 250 Wind-caused diseases 15, 47–8 internal wind 48 nutritional therapy 15, 41, 48 symptoms 15, 41 Wind–cold cough 165–6 Wind–cold fettering the lung asthma 181 cough 171 flu 165–6 laryngitis 175 Wind–heat invading the lung bronchitis 166–7 cough 171 sinusitis 176 tonsillitis 174 Wine red 237, 247 white 235, 250 Winter 46 Wood phase 9, 35, 90–6 food listings 233–235 Wood sorrel 234, 250 Wu shi (five minds) 16 Wu wei see Flavors (wu wei) Wu Xing (five phases) 9
X Xiao chang see Small intestine Xin see Heart Xue see Blood Xue Re see Blood heat Xue Xu see Blood vacuity Xue Yu see Blood stasis
Y Yang 3–6 in Chinese nutrition 5 in diagnostics 5 in nature 4 in people 4 in therapy 5 liver, ascendant 92–3 Yang foods 24 Yang repletion 59–60 causes 60 nutritional therapy 60 prevention 60
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symptoms 24, 60 Yang vacuity 58 constipation and 187 nutritional therapy 58 prevention 58 symptoms 24, 58, 62 see also Heart yang vacuity; Kidney yang vacuity; Large intestine yang vacuity; Spleen yang vacuity; Stomach yang vacuity Ye (humors) 13 see also Body fluids (jin ye) Yeast 250 Yin 3–6
in Chinese nutrition 5 in diagnostics 5 in nature 4 in people 4 in therapy 5 Yin foods 24 Yin repletion 59 causes 59 prevention 59 symptoms 59 Yin vacuity 58 causes 58 constipation and 187–8 nutritional therapy 58–9 prevention 58–9
symptoms 24, 58 see also Heart yin vacuity; Kidney yin vacuity; Liver yin vacuity; Lung yin vacuity; Stomach yin vacuity Yin–Yang interaction 7–8 Yoghurt 155, 226, 234, 250 Young people 49
Z Zang organs 29 see also specific organs Zong qi (ancestral/air qi) 18 Zucchini 223, 250
