Children's Health - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHILDREN’S HEALTH A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J A...

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CHILDREN’S HEALTH A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Children’s Health: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83862-3 1. Children’s Health-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on children’s health. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH ............................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Children’s Health.......................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 24 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH ..................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding Nutrition Studies on Children’s Health......................................................................... 67 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 68 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH ............................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 71 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 75 General References ....................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH ................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Dissertations on Children’s Health.............................................................................................. 81 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH ............................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Recent Trials on Children’s Health.............................................................................................. 85 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 87 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 88 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 89 Chapters on Children’s Health..................................................................................................... 90 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH ..................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 93 Bibliography: Multimedia on Children’s Health ......................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH .................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 97 Newsletters on Children’s Health ................................................................................................ 99 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 100 Academic Periodicals covering Children’s Health ..................................................................... 100 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 107 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 110 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 111 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 122 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 125

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Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 125 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 125 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 125 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 131 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 131 CHILDREN’S HEALTH DICTIONARY.................................................................................... 133 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with children’s health is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about children’s health, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to children’s health, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on children’s health. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to children’s health, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on children’s health. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on children’s health.

Federally Funded Research on Children’s Health The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to children’s health. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to children’s health. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore children’s health. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for children’s health: •

Project Title: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF HEALTH RISK BEHAVIOR IN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Rew, Donna L.; Professor; None; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: This is a proposal for a cohort-sequential study of the full array of health-risk behaviors. Specific aims are to 1) compare contextual/risk factors, protective resources, and health behaviors of school-aged children as well as health-risk behaviors of early adolescents by gender and ethnicity; 2) identify how risk factors, protective resources, and health behaviors of school-aged children change over time; and 3) determine which set of risk factors and protective resources over grades 4, 5, and 6 best predict health-risk behaviors (sexual activity, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, dietary behaviors, physical activity, and behaviors that lead to intentional or unintentional injury) in early adolescence (7th and 8th grades). The leading causes of morbidity and mortality among American youth are associated with preventable, health-risk behaviors that tend to occur together. These behaviors are increasingly prevalent among ethnic minorities, yet little is known about factors that increase risk or provide protection against these behaviors. Using a cohort-sequential design, a convenience sample of 2200 ethnically diverse children in grades 4-6 in central Texas will be surveyed up to 5 years to meet these specific aims. Findings from the study will advance knowledge about health-risk behaviors in early adolescence by 1) emphasizing stress and ethnicity as understudied contextual/risk factors in school-aged children, 2) exploring understudied concepts of coping and humor as protective resources in school- aged children, 3) exploring the relationship between school-aged children's health behaviors and their health-risk behaviors in early adolescence, 4) identifying whether and how these risk factors and protective resources change over time and whether they predict health-risk behavior in early adolescence, and 5) exploring relationships among risk factors and protective resources that both moderate and mediate outcomes of health-risk behavior in both Anglo and Mexican American youth. The use of hierarchical linear models will increase understanding of how the major variables in the resilience model change over time and allow us to make inferences about the critical time at which to deliver interventions to reduce health-risk behaviors in early adolescence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIENESTAR: A SCHOOL BASED DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Trevino, Roberto P.; Executive Director; Social and Health Research Center 1302 S St Mary San Antonio, Tx 78210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The Third (1988-1994) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reported that Mexican-American adults had higher age- and sex- standardized prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes and other U.S. racial/ethnic populations. Recently investigators have reported the increasing frequency of type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American youth. Diabetes risk factors also have been identified in non-diabetic Mexican- American youth. Since diabetes is highly prevalent in MexicanAmerican adults, diabetes is increasing in Mexican-American youth and diabetes risk factors are more common in Mexican-American children, a prudent measure would be to explore health education programs aimed at preventing diabetes in this population at risk. We propose an intervention, the Bienestar health program, a school-based risk factor prevention program that targets 4th grade Mexican-American children residing in poor neighborhoods. The Bienestar health program's learning activities are based on Social Cognitive Theory. Learning activities were developed for the four social systems that conceptually should have the most influence on children's health behaviorsparents, school classroom, school cafeteria and after school care. The San Antonio Independent School District will be the host for the intervention and the University of

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Texas at San Antonio division of education, and the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and South Texas Health Research Center) will be collaborators in the implementation and evaluation of the intervention. For this study the hypothesis is that children exposed to Bienestar intervention will significantly reduce their risk factors for developing diabetes compared to children in schools not yet receiving the intervention. If differences exist, the study will examine if diabetes risk factors differences are maintained over time (3 years post-intervention). Study outcomes will be behavioral and biological endpoints. Behavioral outcomes will be percent body fat, dietary fat intake, fruit and vegetable intake and physical fitness. Biological outcomes will fasting capillary glucose levels. Ultimately, we would like to delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH CAREER DEVELOPMENT AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Hansen, Thomas N.; Children's Research Institute 700 Children's Dr Columbus, Oh 43205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 11-APR-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of Columbus Children's Hospital Child Health Research Career Development Award (CCH-CHRCDA) is to train new pediatric physician-scientists. Because of rapid advances in biomedical sciences during the past decade, there is a pressing need to speed the transfer of basic science discoveries to clinical applications that will benefit the health of children. As a large, multidisciplinary Department of Pediatrics (Ohio State University) at a hospital devoted solely to the care of children (CCH), we are ideally positioned to further this cause. We will continue the theme of our existing CHRCDA for this competing renewal application - molecular medicine in pediatrics. Although science and medicine have moved forward at a rapid pace since our original application in 1996, the basic premise of our chosen theme has only gained validation. We are proud of our achievements over the last four years. Our first three CHRCDA Scholars have all in succession obtained independent NIH R01 funding. Including our 3 Scholars currently receiving CHRCDA funding, 50% (3/6) have been women and 17% (1/6) have been minorities (African). Institutional support of research and the CHRCDA has never been stronger. Over the past five years, CCH has invested in excess of $20 M to expand research through Children's Research Institute and the Department. Last year, CCH committed to an even more substantial expansion of facilities and faculty. Thus, we are poised to extend our successful CHRCDA program. We have handpicked 21 senior faculty representing 6 Departments, 3 Colleges, and 3 Institutes across Children's Research Institute and The Ohio State University to serve as Established Investigators. Furthermore, we have identified an outstanding pool of prospective scholars for this renewal application. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHILD HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH TRAINING PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldmann, Donald A.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The goal of this postdoctoral training program is to train excellent health services researchers who can address the well-documented critical gaps in child health services research and fundamentally improve the capacity of the U.S. health care system to meet the needs of children and families, including

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socioeconomically disadvantaged and minority populations. This focus on children is responsive to AHRQ's designation of children as a priority population. The program pursues continuous improvement in four key processes to achieve this goal: 1) recruitment and retention, including recruitment of trainees from underrepresented minority groups; 2) research training, including course work in core methodologies at the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) leading to an M.P.H., small-group interactive seminars, structured research guidance by experienced mentorship teams, access to a diverse faculty and health services research "basic scientists" versed in disciplines required for cutting-edge research, and preparation for presentations, publications, and grant submissions; 3) support for career transition, including successful competition for career development awards; and 4) replication and dissemination by leveraging AHRQ support to extend the program's impact, especially by building research capacity in other states through two BRIC collaborations. The experienced leadership team monitors progress towards meeting these goals through surveys of trainees, measures of research productivity and career success of trainees, and feedback from an advisory board. The leadership team has exceeded all of the goals established for the current award period, justifying a request for an increase from 8 to 10 positions per year, accommodating five new M.D. or Ph.D. fellows each year for a twoyear duration of training. In 1998 the program expanded from a single site at Children's Hospital (CH) to a Harvard-wide program with two other institutions, MassGeneral Hospital for Children and the Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention. This dramatically increased the strength and diversity of the program's mentors and faculty, and access to diverse research environments and important databases. In addition to forging this harmonious, synergistic collaboration, the leadership team strengthened links to faculty at Harvard Medical School (HMS) and other Harvard institutions, as well as to the two other AHRQ programs at Harvard. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OUTCOMES

CHILD

STRESS

AND

RESILIENCE--IMMUNE/VIROLOGIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Caserta, Mary T.; Pediatrics; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: This study investigates mechanisms by which life stressors (e.g., family conflict, violence) affect children's immune system function, rate of reactivation of two ubiquitous childhood viruses (HHV-6 and HHV-7), and frequency of illnesses. A second goal is to identify child and family characteristics that either exacerbate or lessen the impact of stressors on immune/virologic outcomes. From an ongoing study of the frequency and consequences of reactivation of HHV-6 and HHV-7 in children, a sample of 170 sociodemographically diverse, 5-10 year old children will be selected. Life stress exposure, immune function parameters, rates of HHV-6 and HHV-7 reactivation, and health will be measured at intervals over a 3-year period. The immune parameters will include natural killer cell number and function, CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte subsets, and the frequency of CD28-CD57+ positive cells. Incidents and type of illnesses will be recorded in weekly health diaries. Two indicators of stress exposure will be measured: a) lifetime cumulative exposure, and b) longitudinal changes in stress exposure. Relationships will be tested between both life stress indicators and immunologic, virologic, and illness outcomes. A specific focus is on understanding stress-health associations in children exposed to chronic high levels of life adversity. Children's temperament and the parenting competence of their primary caregivers will be tested as

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moderators of stress-health associations. Additionally, child attributes associated with psychosocial resilience will be tested as moderators. These attributes include children's attributions of control about adversity, and social and emotional competencies. Knowledge acquired by this study will enhance understanding of the mechanisms controlling life adversity and children's health and begin to define the specific cellular immune mechanisms that mediate stress and health relationships. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DYNAMOTION: HEALTH INTERVENTIONS FOR CHILDREN 5-8 Principal Investigator & Institution: Delouise, Amy C.; Take Aim Media, Inc. 8555 16Th St, Ste 750 Silver Spring, Md 20910 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by investigator): Children are becoming alarmingly sedentary, and their use of electronic media can contribute to this behavior. Research indicates that lack of physical activity is threat to public health. The investigator organization believes that electronic media can be a tool to improve children's health, but more research is needed on the type of content that motivates children to adopt pro-health attitudes and behaviors. This project tests 4 video-based interventions for early elementary aged children. The investigator organization had significant positive results in Phase I testing of "DYNAMOTION: Kids Gotta Move," a video-based intervention teaching physical activity and health concepts for ages 4-7. Compared to the control group, students exposed to the video increased their knowledge scores significantly (p
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Project Title: EFFECTS OF CHILD HEALTH ON FAMILY RESOURCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Reichman, Nancy E.; Research Staff Member; Nat'l Ctr/Children in Poverty; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Children born to unmarried parents are more likely than those born to married parents to experience spells of poverty as they grow up. They are also more likely to have health, behavior, and school problems. Having a seriously unhealthy child may be a further destabilizing force for these already "fragile" families because of the extra burden of caring for the child and the added demands on the family's resources. In this sense, unhealthy children born out-of-wedlock may be at even higher risk than their healthy peers. We will use augmented data from the national Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study of mostly unwed parents to estimate the effects of poor infant and child health on a broad array of family, financial, and community resources available to the child (parental relationships, household composition, subsequent fertility, parents' employment, child care arrangements, subsequent education, receipt of public assistance, child support, use of pediatric health care, and the child's participation in preschool programs for high-risk ). We will synthesize our results by comparing resources available to children with and without

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serious health problems. We also will compare health outcomes of children at age 5 by both their health status in infancy and the resources they received during their first 5 years. The results will yield important information about the processes underlying the health component of the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL AS, PREGNANCY, AND CHILDREN'S HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Graziano, Joseph H.; Professor Public Health And; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Remarkably little is known about the health consequences of chronic inorganic arsenic (InAs) exposure in pregnant women and children, typically perceived to be the most vulnerable to environmental exposures. InAs is a known to teratogen in animals, particularly in species that are inefficient in methylating it to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). We have identified a region of Bangladesh (Sonargaon) where drinking water contains a uniquely wide range concentrations of InAs. We propose to conduct these studies which will test hypotheses concerning the health effects and metabolism of InAs in the pregnant women and children. In year -01, through a retrospective study of past pregnancy outcomes in approximately 2000 women, we will examine the relations between InAs exposure, assess through measurements of drinking water and urinary As, and later spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. In years -02 and -03, we will recruit approximately 100 women at 12-20 weeks of gestation to test the hypothesis that As methylation can be facilitated through the administration of multi-vitamins, or multi-vitamins + addition folate. This randomized trial will examine urinary excretion of InAs, MMA and DMA before and after the provision of such supplements. Third, among the same pregnant women, we will describe at delivery the relationships between maternal and umbilical cord InAs, MMA and DMA; we will also examine the relation between plasma homocyst(e)ine (a marker of folate and B12 status) and InAs, MMA and DMA. Finally, in years -04 and -05, we will conduct cross-sectional studies of children aged-6 and 10-years, respectively, to examine association between InAs exposure and selected biomarkers of health outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FAMILY LINKS IN CHILDREN'S HEALTH, EDUCATION AND INCOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Lillard, Lee; Rand Corporation 1700 Main St Santa Monica, Ca 90401 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Early investments in children are made on the premise that the prenatal period through early childhood present unique opportunities to produce healthy children and that child health is itself an investment in a child's entire future. This study will provide a fuller understanding of the roles the family plays in the determination of children's early health outcomes, cognitive development, education, and adult socioeconomic success. One unique features of this study is that it focuses on the development of the child throughout the life cycle from fetal survival and birth outcomes to success in adult life. Specifically, the study will consider a wide range of child outcomes including: perinatal child health- fetal survival (mortality hazard), gestational age and birth weight; childhood human capital- height for age and cognitive

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development; and adult socio-economic success- education, earnings and spouse characteristics. These outcomes represent the development of the child's "quality" over the life cycle and are the result of both parental decisions concerning resource allocation and investments in children, and the stock of family resources and genetic endowments. In this way, the study design closely approximates consequences of early child development: outcomes from each life cycle phase become inputs to the next. Another important feature of the study is that it focuses on the roles of parental decisions and unobserved family endowments on child outcomes. It will analyze the determinants of these parental child investment choices including the roles of parental resources (father's and mother's age- adjusted permanent earnings), parental education, and observable outcomes of earlier born children, and other measured co-variates. In addition, the proposed study will explore unmeasured family factors that influence parental decisions that may also affect child outcomes directly, family endowments of health, and socio-economic success common to all the parents' children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FAMILY RESOURCE CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: O'brien, Jane E.; Medical Director; Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Mem Hosp (Boston) 30 Warren St, Brighton Boston, Ma 02135 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-JAN-2003; Project End 19-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Franciscan Children's Hospital ("FCH") provides medical, rehabilitation, behavioral health, education, and related support services to 15,000 children annually who have severe and complex special health care needs. The National Library of Medicine Internet Access to Digital Libraries grant will be used to expand, and enhance our new Family Resource Center ("FRC"), which we opened on a 40-bed pediatric inpatient medical unit in 2001. The purpose of the FRC is to contribute to improved quality of care for these children and to reduce the stress on caregivers. FCH patients are children (birth to age 22) with severe developmental disabilities, genetic disorders, or traumatic injuries requiring specialized care and technology, including frequent hospital stays, typically of at least 30-60 days. The FRC provides parents of patients with 24-hr/day Internet access to digital information and support related to their children's health care, discharge planning, advocacy, and support. Access is through our easy-to-use, well-organized web page, which contains links to health-related information, organizations, and events of interest to parents of children with special health care needs. On-site, parents can use the designated Family Resource Center computer, located in a quiet room on the nursing floor. Off-site, they can access the website through their own computers. No password or subscription is required. The NLM grant will be used to increase usership by: establishing an additional FRC on an inpatient pediatric & adolescent psychiatric unit; promoting the FRC as a resource among FCH's 15,000 patient families and all families of children with special health care needs; and translating the web page and promotional materials into additional languages to make it accessible to more families. This grant will enhance the digital resources that the FRC has available by increasing the Internet access speed, expanding its content with an emphasis on behavioral health additions, and adding one-click links to key web information sources (such as MEDLINEplus). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GLOBAL NETWORK FOR WOMEN'S & CHILDREN'S HEALTH RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Spinnato, Joseph A.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-SEP-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Provided by applicant): The maternal, perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates for Brazil are five to ten-fold higher that that reported for developed countries. In Sao Paulo for the year 1998, 127 matemal deaths were recorded. The maternal death rate was 57 per 100,000 live births. Twenty-four of these deaths were directly attributable to complications of eclampsia and preeclampsia. An additional four deaths were related to chronic hypertension. Overall hypertensive complications of pregnancy were associated with 28 maternal deaths and ranked as the number one cause of maternal death (22%). As high as the Sao Paulo maternal mortality rate was, in Brazil for the same year the rate was 140 per 100,000. Complications of hypertensive disease were the most common cause of death (28.5%). The infrastructure and monies to train health professionals in the techniques of clinical research is inadequate in Brazil. As a result, outcomes-based research that might identify methods to eliminate the causes of morbidity and mortality that are specific to Brazil are not performed, or when performed, are likely to be flawed in one way or another, so that accurate conclusions cannot be made. By providing mentored experience in all phases of clinical research to Brazilian health professionals, well designed outcome-based research can be accomplished that will direct changes in clinical management and public policy that will reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. The aims of this proposal are to: 1) study the efficacy of antioxidant therapy initiated at or before 20 weeks of gestation to reduce the incidence and severity of preeclampsia in a high risk obstetric population in Sao Paulo Brazil; 2) integrate this research effort with the training of a Brazilian scientist (concurrent application to the International Women?s and Children?s Health Research Training Grant TW-00-007); and 3) stimulate and facilitate international collaborative women?s and children?s health research that will reduce morbidity and mortality from conditions affecting women and children in developing countries. Obstetric patients with chronic hypertension, or preeclampsia in a prior pregnancy, presenting for care at or before 20 weeks of gestation will be randomized, in a masked, double-blinded fashion, to receive either Vitamin E (400 IU) and Vitamin C (1,000 mg) or placebo. The primary outcome assessed will be the incidence of preeclampsia. The Research Committee of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sao Paulo, and the U.S. investigators will assess the long-term impact of this program on women?s and children?s health research, health care in Brazil, and international research collaboration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HEALTH CARE ACCESS QUALITY AND INSURANCE FOR CSHCN Principal Investigator & Institution: Swigonski, Nancy L.; Pediatrics; Indiana UnivPurdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Indiana's Children's Health Insurance Program (ICHIP) has enormous potential benefit for Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) who are uninsured. Indiana opted for a combination of a Medicaid managed care expansion (Phase I) and a separate State Insurance Program (Phase II). Phase I of ICHIP expands Medicaid coverage for children birth to age 18 up to 150 percent FPL. Phase II, effective

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January 1, 2000, serves children 150-200 percent FPL with a basic plan that includes primary, preventive and acute care. Additional services, not provided under the State Insurance Program, will be accessed through other resources for CSHCN, such as the First Steps Early Intervention (IDEA, Part C) and Children's Special Health Care Services (CSHCS, Title V). Little is known about the impact of differing health care delivery systems on children with special health care needs (CSHCN). We will assess enrollee impact for CSHCN, using a 2 X 2 quasi-experimental design. Indicators of access and quality of care will be compared within and between health care delivery systems: Phase I (comprehensive package of services), Phase II (relying on "wrap around" services from other state programs), Risk-Based Managed Care (RBMC) and Primary Care Case Management(PCCM). Specific Aims are to: 1) Describe the structural, organizational and implementation features of Phase I and Phase II of CHIP that facilitate coordination and collaboration of services for optimal outcomes of CSHCN. 2) Evaluate, within and between, program comparisons of outcomes for CSHCN including: (1) access to care; (2) utilization of services; (3) quality of care; (4) satisfaction with care; (5) expenditures for care, evidence of "crowd out"; (6) health outcomes; and (7) family impact by comparing: pre- and post- enrollment outcomes for CSHCN; CSHCN who receive services through the managed care model of RBMC to those enrolled in PCCM; and CSHCN enrolled in a comprehensive package of benefits under EPSDT (Phase I) to CSHCN with a basic service plan and "wrap-around" services (Phase II). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMPROVING CARE FOR ADHD IN PRIMARY CARE PEDIATRICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Leslie, Laurel K.; Children's Hospital Research Center 3020 Children's Way, Mc 5074 San Diego, Ca 92123 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 11-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The applicant, a behavioral-developmental pediatrician, is requesting five years of funding through the Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award (K08) program. Her ultimate goal is to conduct high quality research on the translation of evidence-based mental health care into pediatric primary care settings as called for by the Report of the Surgeon General's Conference on Children's Mental Health: A National Action Agenda. The application focuses specifically on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), one of the five most common morbidities of childhood, with recently published guidelines for identification and treatment (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000, 2001). The applicant's strong academic and clinical background and her work on national policy efforts regarding the future of pediatric education and practice provide an excellent foundation for this research. The application proposes four main areas of focus: 1) thorough methodological training in research methodologies in general; 2) examination of diverse conceptual and methodological approaches to translational research; 3) interactions with the rich cadre of consultants named in this application whose expertise lies in translational research, ADHD, and children's mental health services in primary care and school settings; and 4) developmental research work on the translation of evidence-based care for ADHD into primary care settings. This training will give her the tools to mount innovative translational research bridging the gap between evidence-based mental health care and primary care settings. The developmental research plan in this application proposes to pilot test models to improve the identification and treatment of ADHD in 10 primary care clinics affiliated with 4 networks in San Diego County. Research goals include: 1) determining the acceptability of a protocol for the identification and treatment of

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Children’s Health

ADHD, 2) examining fidelity to the protocol, 3) identifying factors that impact the translation of evidence-based ADHD care in primary care settings, and 4) generating preliminary data regarding treatments offered to children and families in naturally occurring interactions with providers following deployment of an identification and treatment intervention. The data collected will form the basis for future R01 application(s) to test the effectiveness of strategies designed to translate children's evidence-based ADHD care into practice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INSURING UNINSURED CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Flores, Glenn; Associate Professor and Associate Direct; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: The long-term career goal of the candidate, Glenn Flores, MD, is to become a recognized leader in child health services research through outstanding contributions as an investigator, clinician, mentor, and advocate. He has endeavored to conduct research that has the potential to have an immediate impact on children's health, particularly those who are minority, poor, and under- served by the health care system. Dr. Flores considers his publications, research funding, track record as a mentor, and national recognition as a speaker and consultant to be strong evidence of his success as an investigator and potential to make future contributions to the field. The candidate's career development plan includes: 1) refining research skills in conducting focus groups and randomized trials; 2) regular meetings with a senior advisory team; 3) completing a course on the responsible conduct of research; 4) mentoring minority health services researchers; and 5) developing and using collaborative policy links. The institutional environment provides excellent resources, including departmental commitment to protect 80 percent of Dr. Flores's effort for the proposed research, a senior advisory team of renown pediatric health services researchers, and needed support staff and equipment. The aims of the proposed research are to 1) use focus groups to identify the reasons why parents are unable to obtain health insurance for their uninsured children, with an emphasis on Latinos; and 2) conduct a randomized trial to evaluate whether case managers are more effective than traditional methods in insuring uninsured children. Eleven million children are uninsured in the US, and the number grows yearly, despite the Children's Health Insurance Programs (CHIP). States are having difficulty identifying and enrolling uninsured children, and unused CHIP fiends are in danger of being lost. We will conduct 6 focus groups on obstacles to insuring children in the communities identified by pilot work to have particularly high proportions of uninsured children. Focus group data will be used to train case managers to assist families with insurance eligibility, applications, and maintaining coverage. Uninsured children (N = 300) will be recruited and randomized to trained case managers, or a control group with access only to traditional methods of insurance enrollment. Outcomes examined will include: the proportion of children obtaining health insurance coverage, the time from study enrollment to obtaining coverage, the proportion of children with episodic coverage, and parental satisfaction with the process of obtaining coverage. Subjects in both groups will receive participation incentives and be contacted monthly to monitor outcomes for 1-2 years (depending on time of enrollment); intervention subjects also will be contacted monthly for ongoing assistance by case managers. Pilot work has identified several communities with high proportions of uninsured children that are willing to participate in research. The proposed project is timely because it rigorously evaluates

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the effectiveness of a specific, reproducible approach in a high-risk population. If successful, the intervention could serve as a national model for insuring uninsured children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERMOUNTAIN CHILD HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH CONSORTIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoff, Charles J.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: Significant gaps exist between the quality of health care being delivered and that which could be delivered to the U.S. population. Less is known about pediatric health services than about those for adults. Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) use significantly more health care resources than children without chronic conditions, putting them at higher risk for problems due to variations in health care quality and delivery. Very little health services research is currently supported in the Intermountain West, and virtually no projects are ongoing in children health services research. We propose to develop an infrastructure to generate and support a child health service research program for the Intermountain West. This effort will consist of 3 related activities: 1) Developing the Intermountain Consortium for Child Health Services Research through collaboration among seven organizations with significant resources and commitment to improving health care for children; 2) Implementing a Faculty Development Program to prepare and mentor faculty and others for careers in child health services research; and 3) Conduct a study comparing the impact of a pediatric hospitalist system with traditional care on outcomes for CSHCN admitted to Primary Children's Medical Center. The collaborators include: the Department of Pediatrics and Division of General Pediatrics of the University of Utah; Primary Children's Medical Center; Medicaid and the Bureau of CSHCN of the Utah Department of Health; the Utah Pediatric Practice-Based Research Network; and the Harvard Pediatric Health Services Research Fellowship Program. An integral component is the Child Health Services Research Laboratory, using student research assistants in a model developed by the PI. The long-term goal of the Intermountain Consortium is to establish a successful on-going collaborative child health services research program improving the quality and delivery of health care for all children in our region, with emphasis on CSHCN. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LATER RETURN TO EARLY CHILD HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Kilburn, Rebecca M.; Economist; Rand Corporation 1700 Main St Santa Monica, Ca 90401 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Early investments in children are made on the premise that the prenatal period through early childhood resent unique opportunities to produce healthy children and that child health is itself an investment in a child's entire future. This study will provide a fuller understanding of the roles the family plays in the determination of children's early health outcomes and how these early outcomes influence later outcomes such as cognitive development, education, adult health and adult socio-economic success. Two unique features of this study are that it focuses on the development of the child throughout the live cycle from birth outcomes to success in adult life and that it

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Children’s Health

controls for earlier investments in human capital when examining later outcomes. The study uses two data sets, the National Survey of Longitudinal Youth (NLSY) and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), to capture the full range of lifetime outcomes for extended families. The study also provides a new econometric approach to modeling these interrelated behaviors for multiple family members, which reveals the nature of the family links as well as the behavioral relationships of primary interest-the determinants of child quality. Specifically, the study will consider a wide range of child outcomes including: (1) infant health-birth weight and prematurity; (2) childhood outcomes-child mortality, weight for height, and cognitive measures; and (3) adult outcomes-education, health, occupational status, and earnings. These outcomes represent the development of the child's "quality" over the life cycle and are the result of parental decisions concerning resource allocation and investments in children, the stock of family resources, and genetic endowments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MANAGING THE HEALTH NEEDS OF VULNERABLE CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Seid, Michael; Associate Director for Research; Children's Hospital Research Center 3020 Children's Way, Mc 5074 San Diego, Ca 92123 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: Abstract: (Provided by Applicant) There is growing recognition of disparities in access to appropriate and timely care for children. Children are the most diverse stratum of the US population and represent a vulnerable priority population. Improving access to health care and quality of primary care for vulnerable children is of enormous importance for the health of the future US population. Although considerable research has documented the relationship between vulnerability factors and health care processes and outcomes, our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these disparities is less robust. Using an existing conceptual model, this project will apply qualitative methods to gain insight into the experiences of vulnerable children's families. Specifically, how they define their children's health needs, their decision making regarding where and when to seek care, and their expeniences with care received. Their voices, when heard, can help to define ways that the health care system could become more responsive to the needs of the most vulnerable segments of society. The project's objective is to provide qualitative information about managing the health care needs of vulnerable children in San Diego. The data will be gathered using in depth semi-structured interviews. Twenty five families will be selected from a subsample of the most vulnerable children (n=147) participating in a larger study "Measurmig quality of care for vulnerable children" (HSI 03 17). The interviews will focus on health needs, health care services use (when, where, what type), problems in using care, and proposals for health care services improvement. Quality and credibility of the data will be addressed by carefully defining eligible cases, collecting evidence in support of nival explanations, disciplined field-note taking, searching for negative cases, triangulation in data collection (simultaneously collecting data from multiple sources), distinguishing evidence from interpretation, triangulating analysis (with independent analyses by multiple researchers and subject review), and having thought through and defined the types of data to be collected. Data will be analyzed using the rapid ethnographic assessment approach to generate theories. The results will be used (a) to generate hypotheses for further quantitative research and (b) to inform the design of effective interventions to improve health care delivery to vulnerable children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MEXICAN AMERICAN PROBLEM SOLVING (MAPS) PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Cowell, Julia M.; Rush-Presbyterian-St Lukes Medical Ctr Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The purpose of this study is to test the efficacy of the Mexican American Problem Solving (MAPS) intervention, designed to enhance Mexican immigrant mother and child mental health through problem solving steps enhancing family adaptation and children's school adjustment. A report to Congress on September 8, 1998 warned that immigrant children are in a state of emergency regarding access to health care. In the US, first, second, and third generation, Mexican immigrant children have had an average poverty rate of about 50% since 1960, as compared to 13-19% of Non-Latino, White children. A major determinant of morbidity and mortality, this level of poverty indicates the need for tested culturally sensitive, family interventions that address poor immigrant children's health problems. MAPS is guided by the Mexican American Problem Solving Model, a derivation of Cox's Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior. The MAPS intervention consists of mother-child problem solving steps of STOP, THINK AND ACT, with culturally sensitive activities delivered in linked home visits to mothers and after school- based classes to children over one semester (20 weeks). The study is a two-group, randomized field experiment. The 300 participating mother- child dyads from 4th and 5th grades and recruited in 6 waves (50 dyads per wave), will be drawn from Chicago Public Schools randomly assigned to Intervention or Control groups. The specific aims are to AIM 1. Determine the efficacy of the MAPS intervention by comparing change scores (from pre and post intervention) of family adaptation, mother's mental health, child's mental health and school adjustment between both groups; AIM 2. Track the effects of the MAPS intervention from 20 weeks to 60 weeks post baseline on family adaptation, mother's mental health, child's mental health and school adjustment over time. AIM 3. Determine if changes in family adaptation are associated with changes in mother's mental health, child's mental health and school adjustment for those dyads receiving the MAPS intervention compared to those dyads not receiving the MAPS intervention; AIM 4. Identify those background variables (demographic variables: child's age and gender, mother's age, education, partner status, economic status, length of time in the USA; social influence variables: acculturation and family hardiness; and previous experience variables: family stress, and child stress) and child personal characteristic variables (child health self concept and self esteem) that impact the efficacy of the MAPS intervention on change scores of family adaptation, mother's mental health, child's mental health and school adjustment for those dyads completing the MAPS intervention. Descriptive statistics of variables of interest will be provided and planned analyses include comparisons of change scores. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY IN CHILDREN'S ENVIROMENTAL HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Lemasters, Grace K.; Professor; Environmental Health; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (Provided by Applicant) This training application is an interdepartmental and interdisciplinary program in Molecular Epidemiology in Children's Environmental Health (MECEH). Participating training faculty are from three interactive departments and include the Departments of Environmental Health, Pediatrics, and Molecular

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Genetics. The program focus is to identify outstanding pre-doctoral, and postdoctoral M.D.s and Ph.D.s and equip each with the knowledge base to undertake epidemiological and clinical studies using molecular markers of exposure, effect and susceptibility. These studies will examine the impact of environmental exposures on complex diseases in children's health. The program will provide training at three levels: the pre-doctoral student achieving a Ph.D. degree, the postdoctoral trainee with a Ph.D., and the M.D. postdoctoral pediatric resident seeking a M.S. degree in epidemiology. Entering pre- doctoral trainees will have the equivalent of an undergraduate degree majoring in biology, molecular biology, molecular genetics, mathematics or a related field having obtained superior academic achievements and a GRE of 1800 or better. Postdoctoral candidates must have proven academic accomplishments and hold the degrees of Ph.D. or M.D. The physicians should have completed three years their pediatric residency and have demonstrated scholarship. All trainees will have a specific interest in the use of cutting-edge molecular methods to understand the impact of environmental exposures on children's health. Requested for the first year are 2 predoctoral, 1 postdoctoral Ph.D. and 2 postdoctoral M.D. trainees. The physical facilities all contain modern well-equipped laboratories and computer facilities. Being one of 21 NIEHS Centers and the first Center for Environmental Genetics, the trainees are provided with optimum laboratory resources in a highly collaborative environment. Nationally, the MECEH program fulfills a critical need to train researchers at the predoctoral and postdoctoral levels with combined understanding and research skills in pediatric epidemiology, biostatistics, molecular biology and toxicology, and genetics. Institutionally, this program will further collaborations and empower trainees to utilize the best scientific approaches that these disciplines offer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PARENT EDUCATION TO CHILD HEALTH: LONGITUDINAL PATHWAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hair, Elizabeth C.; Child Trends, Inc. 4301 Connecticut Ave, Ste 100 Washington, Dc 20008 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overarching questions motivating the proposed research are: "What are the pathways for healthy development in children?"; and "What is the role of parental education in pathways to child health?" Previous research appears to lack an articulation of a model of the antecedents and intervening mechanisms leading to child health and well-being. Building on the existing literature that has focused primarily on single pathways to child health, this project will develop and estimate a detailed model, highlighting the critical, multiple pathways to child health and well-being. Specifically, this project will examine the pathways through which parental education may influence children's healthy development. The pathways include a series of mediating factors, some of which are child-specific, such as parenting practices and childcare arrangements; others are elements of the larger family environment, such as family employment patterns. These pathways will be examined across important subgroups such as racial/ethnic minorities and children with a chronic illness or disability. The proposed study will utilize two new nationally representative samples of children conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics: the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K). The proposed research will proceed in four phases. Phase I will focus on the bivariate relationships between parental education, perinatal characteristics and behaviors, characteristics of the child-

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specific and family environments, and children's health and well being at birth, as an infant, as a toddler, at kindergarten entry, and in early elementary school. Phase II will examine the possible pathways through which parental education may be related to children's health status at each timepoint. Specifically, perinatal mediators for a healthy child at birth, as well as childhood mediators of the child-specific environment and elements of the family environment, will be examined. Phase III will extend the model to include later developmental outcomes related to health, social behavior, and academic success. During Phase IV of the project, the moderating role of sociodemographic characteristics and children's chronic health status, as well as the potentially important moderating role of parental education, will be examined. Structural equation modeling will be used to address the question for whom and under what circumstances parental education influences child health and well-being. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PARENTAL RESOURCES AND CHILD WELL-BEING Principal Investigator & Institution: Paxson, Christina H.; Professor of Economics and Public Affair; Office of Population Research; Princeton University 4 New South Building Princeton, Nj 085440036 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: The overall aim of this project is to study how parental resources affect children's wellbeing, as measured by children's health status and their cognitive, social, and emotional development. Our approach will be to examine how three broadly defined aspects of parental resources - economic status, family structure, and parental health (both mental and physical) - are related to each other. We will then examine how these parental resources affect the quality of parenting (discipline, warmth, supervision, and cognitive stimulation) and material resources (e.g., home learning materials, food security, neighborhood safety, and access to medical care) that children receive. Finally we will define how all of these "inputs," in turn, affect children's outcomes. As a specific "case study" we will study the determinants of childhood obesity, a preventable child health outcome that is the precursor of adult obesity. The study will utilize newly collected data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a new survey that follows birth cohorts of 3,675 children born to unwed parents, and 1,125 children born to married parents, from twenty US cities in fifteen states, from birth to age four. A key advantage of this survey is that it tracks and collects information from fathers, including those who do not live with their children. Using the Fragile Families data, we will be able to study the role of fathers in children's health and developmental outcomes. The Fragile Families data will be supplemented with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Health Interview Survey. The results of this research will provide valuable information on the determinants of children's wellbeing, and the mechanisms through which parental resources affect children's outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: QUALITY

PARTNERSHIP

TO

IMPROVE

CHILDREN'S

HEALTHCARE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lannon, Carole M.; Natl Initiative/Children's Hlthcare Qual Children's Healthcare Quality Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2006 Summary: Despite excellent intentions and pockets of superb care, a major opportunity exists to improve care for children and their families, as much care is still delivered in

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Children’s Health

ways that are not consistent with the evidence. The proposed project partners the National Initiative for Children's Healthcare Quality (NICHQ),an organization for children's healthcare improvement with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), a medical specialty society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics (ABP), a certifying body. Together with advice and assistance from other national organizations and individuals working to improve care for children, they will use their coordinated efforts and resources to support large-scale activities that have been shown to be effective in improving care for children. Efforts will initially be applied to improving care for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Affecting 4-12% of school-aged children, ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood. In the first project year, the partnership will develop a strategy to support improvements at the local level. Building on NICHQ's success improving care for children with ADHD, this partnership will engage about five state AAP chapters in systems- and evidence-based collaborative learning sessions along with an interactive web-based CME quality improvement tool (eQUIPP). ABP will collaborate by including eQUIPP as a vehicle for satisfaction of new certification requirements. Efforts in subsequent years will focus on supporting these local improvement networks, spreading these efforts to additional AAP chapters, and beginning work with pediatric residency training programs. During the planning and project years, the partnership will join forces with a national family-based organization, Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder (CHADD), to ensure an appropriate child and family focus to improvement efforts. This application addresses the priority funding area of mental health care for children, and builds directly on findings resulting from a number of prior AHRQ-sponsored efforts to translate research into practice. It also addresses the Healthy People 2010 objective of increasing the proportion of children with mental health problems who receive treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DISPARITIES

PASSPORT

TO

HEALTH:REDUCING

VIOLENCE

RELATED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Sharps, Phyllis W.; Associate Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: Pilot Study #1" Health disparities are defined as differences in access to care, processes of health care or health outcomes. The gap between health care and health outcomes continues between minority and nonminority populations in this country. Women of color and their children compared to non- minority families are at great risk for health disparities, including access to care, process of health care and health outcomes. The context of their lives, which often includes lower levels of education, higher rates of poverty, and higher vulnerability to intimate partner violence (IPV) contributes significantly to these health disparities which aremanifested in decreased access to health care, shorter life expectancy, higher rates of infant mortality, greater prevalence of chronic diseases, certain cancers and infections, as well as traumatic injuries from IPV. This pilot project proposes to test the feasibility and obtain preliminary (quasi experimental) data on the efficacy of a community health nursing home intervention (CHNHVl) to reduce health disparities by increasing: access to health care; health promoting and safety behaviors; and parenting skills of women and children survivors of IPV. CHNs will assist families, by developing a Passport to Health, used to identify appropriate health goals and adopt behaviors that will help them to achieve these goals and access to health care. Residents of 2 domestic violence shelters

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(rural NC and urban MD) will be recruited to the post-shelter CHNHVI or comparison (post shelter usual care) groups. The CHNHVl includes health education for women's and children's health and parenting; strategies for implementing safety plans; and coaching and/or referrals for accessing health care. Women and children will be receiving 14 weekly visits over 6 months post shelter stay. Intake and Three and 6 months post shelter stay data will be obtained from both groups related to health behaviors, physical/mental health outcomes, health care utilization; parenting skills and school performance. Data will be examined to compare outcomes between the intervention and comparison groups. We hypothesize that: women and children survivors of IPV enrolled in the CHNHVI will report: 1) increased health behaviors and use of appropriate health visits; 2) increased use of safety behaviors and 3) increased parenting skills and less parenting stress. The results will be used as the basis for a clinical trial intervention proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS IN HISPANIC AND ANGLO CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Kennedy, Christine M.; Family Health Care Nursing; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: In the 1990's the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in childhood involve risk-taking. There is also an increasing prevalence among children of poor diet and sedentary lifestyle habits, which are risk factors for chronic adult diseases. Traditional health care approaches to modify these behaviors have produced disappointing results. Since high amounts of television viewing have been implicated as a contributor to these behaviors, this study will examine the influence of television on Hispanic and Anglo children's risk-taking and dietary intake, and test the effectiveness of a family based intervention in reducing children's television viewing, reducing their risk-taking behaviors and improving their dietary intake. As prevention, health promotion and self care become more significant modalities to achieve individual and community health, new interventions need to be empirically tested and disseminated. The intervention is based on "The Interaction Model of Health Behavior". This mulitphasic model provides a broad framework for investigating how various antecedents predict complex behavioral outcomes. The intervention offers a behavioral approach to alternative strategies and incentives to reduce television viewing by children and their families. Using a prospective,randomized longitudinal trial design, the investigators will examine the effects of age- and culture- specific interventions to modify children's behaviors in a sample of ethnically diverse children and their families. We hypothesize that children who experience the intervention will report less TV viewing, have fewer risk-taking behaviors, make healthier food choices, and demonstrate more preventive health behaviors. The child's motivation, health perceptions, self- esteem and coping strategies, as well as mother's stress, fatigue and health motivations will be explored. The effects of potential covarying influences on children's health behaviors such as gender and ethnicity will also be examined, as will family characteristics, social influences, family functioning, and parental motivation in health behaviors, fatigue, and stress. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Children’s Health

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Project Title: PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND ASTHMA IN URBAN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Murdock, Karla K.; Psychology; University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston, Ma 02125 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Asthma is the most common chronic illness among children in the United States, and it disproportionately affects poor and minority children living in inner-city environments. There is considerable evidence that children with asthma are at greater risks for problems in psychosocial development when compared to their healthy peers, population norms, and/or children with some other chronic illness. Specifically, studies have revealed elevated levels of depression, functional impairment (e.g., frequent school absences, activity restrictions). The proposed Children's Health in Context (CHIC) Project will examine co-morbid psychopathology and asthma in a sample consisting of minority children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Participants will be recruited from urban community health centers. Interview assessments will be conducted of 1108-10 year-old children who have been diagnosed with asthma, as well as their primary and secondary care givers. Questionnaire data will also be collected from children's teachers and health care providers. Participants will be assessed at two points separated by approximately one year. The study will utilize hierarchical multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling to test a hypothetical model that incorporates several dimensions of children's ecological contexts, including family stresses, family resources, and the quality of connections between the family and child, between the secondary family/child, between the family and health care provider, and between the family and teacher. It is proposed that these aspects of children's social contexts influence their ability to successfully manage asthma symptoms. Successful symptom management is crucial in order for children to participate in developmentally important activities and enjoy healthy psychosocial adjustment. Ineffective asthma symptom management directly and indirectly increases children's risk for psychopathology, with indirect effects occurring through greater functional impairment (e.g., activity restriction, school absences). The results of the proposed study will inform the design of developmentally-and socioculturally-sensitive clinical interventions to optimize urban children's adaptive asthma symptom management and psychosocial well being. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SOCIAL CONTEXT, FAMILY PROCESS, AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, Kathleen Mullan.; Professor of Sociology; Carolina Population Center; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The proposed research entails an agenda of studies that focus on social context, family process, and child and adolescent well- being. Kathleen Mullan Harris will serve as a Principal Investigator of the NICHD Family and Child Well-Being Research Network, bringing her knowledge and expertise on a new secondary data source on adolescent health and health behavior as a Co-PI and Associate Director of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Harris will study the impact of family and environmental influences on adolescent health, focusing on a particular family context in one individual project (immigrant families) and on a particular health risk behavior in a second individual project (nonmarital pregnancy and childbearing), and will lead a team of interdisciplinary UNC researchers to foster

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cooperative network activities and research on the interrelationships between family, biological, and environmental influences on children's health and development. Collaborating with Harris on the proposed research projects are Guang Guo, a colleague in the Sociology Department and on-going collaborator on research on children in poverty; Desmond K. Runyan, a pediatrician and epidemiologist in the School of Medicine at UNC and a Network PI during its first cycle; Martha J. Cox, a developmental psychologist at the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center at UNC and a PI in the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network; and Johanne Boisjoly, a sociologist at the University of Quebec at Rimouski and collaborator with Harris on numerous Add Health projects. Two individual research projects are proposed. The first examines the health status and health behavior of children in immigrant families and explores the mediating role of contextual influences on immigrant health and wellbeing, including family, peer, school, and neighborhood effects. The second project examines a comprehensive set of causes that are related to nonmarital pregnancy and childbearing in the U.S., including the effects of social context, relationship experiences, and welfare policies. Three cooperative research projects are proposed. The first examines the effects of welfare reform policies on child well-being using multiple datasets across various developmental stages of children. The second project focuses on family process and the impact of father involvement on child well-being within the context of family structure, family income, and race and ethnicity. The third project assesses the role for biological factors typically ignored in most social science research on family and child well-being. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SOCIOECONOMICS STATUS&RESPIRATORY/CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Edith W.; University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Pl Vancouver, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Low socioeconomic status (SES) has a strong negative impact on health in adulthood; however, very little is known about how SES impacts health during childhood. We propose that the effect of SES may not be consistent throughout all of childhood and adolescence, but rather, may change in strength as children pass through different stages of development. Documenting SES differences from early childhood through late adolescence is important because previous studies have often investigated childhood SES effects based on a wide age range of children. This approach runs the risk of drawing misleading conclusions (e.g., that SES impacts health across all of childhood) if in fact SES effects are attributable only to specific periods of childhood (e.g., early childhood but not adolescence). In the present study, we propose to conduct an empirical test of the interrelationships among age, SES and childhood health by analyzing two large, national datasets (National Health Interview Survey, 1994, and National Longitudinal Study of Youth- Children) that contain information about SES and childhood respiratory (e.g., asthma) and cardiovascular health outcomes. Through this secondary data analysis, we will test the hypothesis that the relationship between SES and health varies by age, and follows one of three patterns: Persistence model (constant effects of SES on health from early childhood through adolescence); Childhood limited model (SES effects on health that are strong in early childhood but decrease over time); or Adolescent emergent model (SES effects that are small early in life but gradually increase over time). The two datasets will allow us to address our hypotheses both cross-sectionally and

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longitudinally. Longitudinally, we will be able to address questions of whether early childhood SES continues to have a persistent effect on children's health (regardless of improvements in family SES later in life), and whether certain patterns of family SES (e.g., persistent poverty versus fluctuating SES) are most strongly associated with health as children age. Finally, given the large sample size, we can also begin to tease apart the effects of SES versus race on children's health. These analyses could have implications for how to time interventions to reduce health disparities in children, and for understanding the mediators that drive the relationship between SES and childhood health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GENETIC RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Berhane, Kiros T.; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that air pollution is significantly associated with adverse health outcomes, mostly focusing on adults. There is also a growing interest in assessing the role of genetics in modulating the impact of the environment. In the CHS, one of the few longterm studies with a focus on children's health, the investigators adopted the multilevel modeling paradigm to show that air pollution leads to significant deficits in lung growth, increases in respiratory symptoms and school absenteeism, increases in asthma incidence in heavily exercising children in high ozone communities, and interacts with genetic factors. These results were obtained by using existing analytic techniques and by developing new methods that address the scientific questions of interest, where none existed. But important analyses still remain to be done due to lack of appropriate statistical techniques that handle exposure measurement error multicollinearity among pollutants, proliferation of possibly related outcomes and susceptible subgroups, and analysis of gene-environment interactions in this multilevel setup. Moreover, the new studies raise additional meteorologic issues that need to be addressed in order to examine lung growth trends into young adulthood (Project 1), effects of air pollution and genetics on asthma via a new cohort (Project 2), and effects of genes and geneenvironment interactions on children's respiratory health (Project 3). The main focus of this Project is to develop novel statistical methods that will help in integrating inferences across outcomes and methods for examining cause-and-effect relationships between lung function and respiratory symptom outcomes. In this way, a coherent story on the effects and interrelationships of genetic and environmental factors on children's health can be derived. Multilevel models that account for exposure measurement error will be developed to avoid possible attenuation of study results. Bayesian model averaging techniques will be developed in the multilevel setting to handle the multicolinearity problem in the highly correlated mix of pollutants in Southern California and also to enable summarization of evidence across subgroups in a systematic way. New techniques will be developed for genetic analysis of longitudinal data to explore main effects of candidate genes (along with gene-environment and genegene interactions) and toxicokinetic models for complex oxidative stress pathways that may mediate the effect of air pollution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE GANSU SURVEY OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 2 AND 3 Principal Investigator & Institution: Hannum, Emily; Sociology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: The proposal seeks support for two health-focused follow-up waves to The Gansu Survey of Children and Families (GSCF), one of the first major surveys of youth, poverty, and human capital acquisition undertaken in developing countries. The baseline wave (GSCF-1) included a sample of 2000 children aged 9-12 in 20 rural counties in a province in northwest China. Focusing on educational attainment, it included questionnaires for children, mothers, households, teachers, school administrators, and village leader, as well as tests of child cognitive ability and achievement in math and language. GSCF-2 and 3 will reinterview the same children at three-year intervals to 1) examine the economic consequences of physical and psychosocial health, especially for future labor supply decisions and labor productivity; 2) evaluate the indirect effects of health on labor outcomes through its effect on education and learning; and 3) identify community, family, and individual factors that affect health and development. The GSCF offers a prospective panel design that facilitates identification of the effects of early education and health experiences on adult productivity and health as youth enter the labor market. It pilots new measurement standards for examining these relationships derived from interdisciplinary conceptualizations of health and learning. Finally, it incorporates multiple levels of measurement that allow thorough attention to the roles of family and community resources in conditioning children's health, educational, and economic outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: WEALTH DEVELOPMENT

AND

HEALTH:

RACE,

ASSETS

AND

CHILD

Principal Investigator & Institution: Conley, Dalton C.; Associate Professor & Adjunct Associate; Sociology; New York University 15 Washington Place New York, Ny 10003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): What is the relationship between race, wealth and health among children? There has been much epidemiological research done to investigate the association of children's health and developmental indicators with parental social economical status (SES) as measured by education level, occupation and income. However, household wealth (i.e. net worth) - which displays a distribution that is more unequal than that for income - has received little attention with respect to child health. In fact, the income and wealth distributions are not very co-linear at all (some research shows a correlation between a multiyear income measure and net worth of around.45). Also, racial wealth differences are substantial even when controlling for income. Some recent research has shown that parental net worth differences may explain a significant portion of black-white disparities in areas such as educational attainment, work patterns, teenage fertility, and welfare usage (Conley 1999). Despite such tantalizing evidence, wealth has been under-examined with respect to children's health and other aspects of development such as cognitive ability and behavior problems, where a number of racial disparities have also been shown to persist. Addressing this gap in the literature is the purpose of the current proposal. The investigators intend to examine the relationship between parental wealth and children's development, with a particular emphasis on how net worth may mediate or modify the race - child health association. The mechanism through which family wealth influences

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children's health and achievements will be a focus of this study. Data for this study will come from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), Child Development Supplement (CDS) and Main File. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for children’s health in the PubMed Central database: •

Diesel exhaust, school buses and children's health. by Weir E.; 2002 Sep 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=121970

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with children’s health, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for children’s health (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A Children's Health Belief Model. Author(s): Bush PJ, Iannotti RJ. Source: Medical Care. 1990 January; 28(1): 69-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2296217&dopt=Abstract

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A combination approach to children's health insurance. Author(s): Mann C. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 1998 March-April; 17(2): 229-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9558803&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of homeless, previously homeless, and never homeless schoolaged children's health. Author(s): Menke EM, Wagner JD. Source: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. 1998 July-September; 20(3): 153-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9752106&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of the socioeconomic and health status characteristics of uninsured, state Children's health insurance program-eligible children in the united states with those of other groups of insured children: implications for policy. Author(s): Byck GR. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 July; 106(1 Pt 1): 14-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878143&dopt=Abstract

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A coordinated approach to children's health in India. Author(s): Tandon BN. Source: Lancet. 1981 March 21; 1(8221): 650-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6110873&dopt=Abstract

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A growth spurt in children's health laws. Author(s): Schmidt CW. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109(6): A270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11445532&dopt=Abstract

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A network for children's health. Author(s): Lemon BC, Adams JR. Source: Leadersh Health Serv. 1995 January-February; 4(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10140970&dopt=Abstract

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A new advanced practice role focused on outcomes management in women's and children's health. Author(s): Terhaar M, O'Keefe S. Source: The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. 1995 December; 9(3): 10-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8699357&dopt=Abstract

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A quality assurance program for the measurement of capillary blood cholesterol levels in private pediatric practices. The Children's Health Project. Author(s): Bennett MJ, Tershakovec AM, Cortner JA, Shannon BM. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1993 March; 147(3): 340-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8438823&dopt=Abstract

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A report card on quality improvement for children's health care. Author(s): Ferris TG, Dougherty D, Blumenthal D, Perrin JM. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 January; 107(1): 143-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134448&dopt=Abstract

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A retrospective analysis of the cost-effectiveness of dental sealants in a children's health center. Author(s): Weintraub JA, Stearns SC, Burt BA, Beltran E, Eklund SA. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1993 June; 36(11): 1483-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8511636&dopt=Abstract

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A shot in the arm for children's health in Atlanta. Interview by Kathryn Taylor. Author(s): Hawk JL Jr. Source: Hospitals & Health Networks / Aha. 1994 February 20; 68(4): 6-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8305953&dopt=Abstract

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A step-by-step guide to planning a children's health fair. Author(s): Beavers N, di Grande A, Case C. Source: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. 1984; 7(2-3): 155-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6565005&dopt=Abstract

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A tradition of focusing on children's health. Author(s): Clay Haynes R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 January; 106(1): A14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10408933&dopt=Abstract

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Aboriginal unit plays a vital role in children's health. Author(s): Hagger J. Source: Australas Nurses J. 1975 April; 3(10): 2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1040491&dopt=Abstract

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Abraham Jacobi, MD: father of American pediatrics and advocate for children's health. Author(s): Ligon-Borden BL. Source: Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 14(3): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12913838&dopt=Abstract

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Addressing challenges, creating opportunities: fostering consumer participation in Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance managed care Programs. Author(s): Molnar C. Source: The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management. 2001 July; 24(3): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433557&dopt=Abstract

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Advocacy service for children's health. Author(s): Gluckman PD. Source: N Z Med J. 1988 November 23; 101(858): 803. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3194084&dopt=Abstract

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Advocating children's health needs. Author(s): McGoldrick KE. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1989 January-February; 44(1): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2926092&dopt=Abstract

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Advocating for children's health at the state level: lessons learned. Author(s): Aitken ME, Rowlands LA, Wheeler JG. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001 August; 155(8): 877-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11483112&dopt=Abstract

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Advocating for children's health: a US and UK perspective. Author(s): Waterston T, Tonniges T. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 September; 85(3): 180-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11517094&dopt=Abstract

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Air pollution exposures and children's health. Author(s): Raizenne M, Dales R, Burnett R. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1998 May-June; 89 Suppl 1: S43-8, S47-53. Review. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9654792&dopt=Abstract

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American Academy of Pediatrics: Implementation principles and strategies for the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Committee on Child Health Financing. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 May; 107(5): 1214-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331712&dopt=Abstract

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Americans' views on children's health. Author(s): Blendon RJ, Young JT, McCormick MC, Kropf M, Blair J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 December 23-30; 280(24): 2122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875885&dopt=Abstract

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AMS efforts defend children's health care. Author(s): Chambers S. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 2001 March; 97(9): 299. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233498&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic resistance: what is the impact of agricultural uses of antibiotics on children's health? Author(s): Shea KM. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 July; 112(1 Pt 2): 253-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12837918&dopt=Abstract

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Applicability of the Parcel-Meyer Children's Health Locus of Control Scale. Author(s): Hearne J, Klockars AJ. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1988 January; 58(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3347012&dopt=Abstract

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Are infant walkers hazardous to children's health? Author(s): Blasco PA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1994 June; 33(6): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8200176&dopt=Abstract

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Are people facing the facts on the dangers that smoking posed to their and their children's health. Author(s): Robinson-Walsh D. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 July 7-13; 95(27): 45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524129&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of children's health status. Field test of new approaches. Author(s): Lewis CC, Pantell RH, Kieckhefer GM. Source: Medical Care. 1989 March; 27(3 Suppl): S54-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2921887&dopt=Abstract

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Assuring children's health as the basis for health care reform. Author(s): Hughes RG, Davis TL, Reynolds RC. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 1995 Summer; 14(2): 158-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7657237&dopt=Abstract

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Beyond The Bangkok Statement: research needs to address environmental threats to children's health. Author(s): Suk WA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 June; 110(6): A284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055055&dopt=Abstract

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Breadth of children's health problems reported. Author(s): Wagner L. Source: Modern Healthcare. 1991 July 1; 21(26): 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10111421&dopt=Abstract

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Building a children's health network: city-wide computer linkages among heterogeneous sites for pediatric primary care. Author(s): Deutsch L, Fisk M, Olson D, Bronzino J. Source: Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1994; : 536-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7949985&dopt=Abstract

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Can children's health be predicted by perinatal health? Author(s): Sauitz DA. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 February; 29(1): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750622&dopt=Abstract

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Can children's health be predicted by perinatal health? Author(s): Gissler M, Jarvelin MR, Louhiala P, Rahkonen O, Hemminki E. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 April; 28(2): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10342691&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in reported health status and unmet need for children enrolling in the Kansas Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Fox MH, Moore J, Davis R, Heintzelman R. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 April; 93(4): 579-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660200&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical contaminants in breast milk and their impacts on children's health: an overview. Author(s): Landrigan PJ, Sonawane B, Mattison D, McCally M, Garg A. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 June; 110(6): A313-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055061&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical mixtures exposure and children's health. Author(s): Etkina EI, Etkina IA. Source: Chemosphere. 1995 July; 31(1): 2463-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7670860&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical wastes, children's health, and the Superfund Basic Research Program. Author(s): Landrigan PJ, Suk WA, Amler RW. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 June; 107(6): 423-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10339440&dopt=Abstract

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Child health benefits packages: lessons from Minnesota for State Children's Health Insurance Programs. Author(s): Petersen DJ. Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 1998 March; 2(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728259&dopt=Abstract

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CHILD profile: an immunization registry and more--a new approach to tracking and surveillance. Children's Health, Immunization, Linkages and Development. Author(s): Baker BJ. Source: Vaccine. 1998 November; 16(18): V-Vi. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778742&dopt=Abstract

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Children are different: environmental contaminants and children's health. Author(s): Chance GW, Harmsen E. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1998 May-June; 89 Suppl 1: S9-13, S10-5. Review. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9654786&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health and child-parent relationships as predictors of problem-drinking mothers' and fathers' long-term adaptation. Author(s): Timko C, Kaplowitz MS, Moos RH. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 2000; 11(1): 103-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10756517&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health and the environment. Author(s): Lewit EM, Baker LS. Source: Future Child. 1995 Summer-Fall; 5(2): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8528690&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health and the environment: a new agenda for prevention research. Author(s): Landrigan PJ, Carlson JE, Bearer CF, Cranmer JS, Bullard RD, Etzel RA, Groopman J, McLachlan JA, Perera FP, Reigart JR, Robison L, Schell L, Suk WA. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 June; 106 Suppl 3: 787-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646038&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health and the environment--the first Herbert L. Needleman Award Lecture. Author(s): Landrigan PJ. Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 1997 March; 1(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728227&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health and their mothers' risk of divorce or separation. Author(s): Joesch JM, Smith KR. Source: Soc Biol. 1997 Fall-Winter; 44(3-4): 159-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9446957&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health care issues: a continuing priority. Author(s): Dougherty DM, Simpson LA, Eisenberg JM. Source: Health Services Research. 2000 October; 35(4): Xi-Xix. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055446&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health care use in the Healthy Kids Program. Author(s): Shenkman E, Pendergast J, Wegener DH, Hartzel T, Naff R, Freedman S, Bucciarelli R. Source: Pediatrics. 1997 December; 100(6): 947-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9374562&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health care. Educating adults. Interview by Helene Mulholland. Author(s): Clarke P. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 July 26-August 1; 97(30): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957935&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health insurance coverage and family structure, 1977-1996. Author(s): Weinick RM, Monheit AC. Source: Medical Care Research and Review : Mcrr. 1999 March; 56(1): 55-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189777&dopt=Abstract

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Children's Health Insurance Program, (CHIP), North Dakota Healthy Steps. Author(s): Rose W. Source: Prairie Rose. 1998 June-August; 67(2): 11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025595&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health insurance program--an opportunity for improvement. Author(s): Lowe M, Havens DH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1998 September-October; 12(5): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9987261&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health insurance status and emergency department utilization in the United States. Author(s): Luo X, Liu G, Frush K, Hey LA. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 August; 112(2): 314-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897280&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health insurance status, access to and utilization of health services, and unmet health needs in a rural Alabama school system. Author(s): Carter TM, Adams MH, Judd AH, Leeper JD, Wang L, Yu J. Source: The Journal of Rural Health : Official Journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association. 2003 Fall; 19(4): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14526511&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health insurance, access to care, and health status: new findings. Author(s): Weinick RM, Weigers ME, Cohen JW. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 1998 March-April; 17(2): 127-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9558790&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health insurance: the difference policy choices make. Author(s): Holahan J, Uccello C, Feder J, Kim J. Source: Inquiry. 2000 Spring; 37(1): 7-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892354&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health legislation introduced, linked to tobacco tax. Author(s): Smith K. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1997 May-June; 23(3): 315, 320. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9220810&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health legislation introduced; linked to tobacco tax. Author(s): Smith KT. Source: Ons News / Oncology Nursing Society. 1997 July; 12(7): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9305137&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health promotion through caregiver preparation in pediatric brain injury settings: compensating for shortened hospital stays with a three-phase model of health education and annotated bibliography. Author(s): Holland D, Holland D. Source: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. 2002 April-June; 25(2): 73-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12060516&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health resource centre. Author(s): Kohut R. Source: Axone. 1997 September; 19(1): 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9355269&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health status instruments: their potential application in the emergency department. Author(s): McCarthy ML, MacKenzie EJ, Durbin DR. Source: Ambulatory Pediatrics : the Official Journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association. 2002 July-August; 2(4 Suppl): 337-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135409&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health, susceptibility, and regulatory approaches to reducing risks from chemical carcinogens. Author(s): Charnley G, Putzrath RM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 February; 109(2): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266331&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health. Author(s): Fowlkes-Callins J. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1995 March-April; 8(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7778492&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health: a crucial issue. Author(s): Van Doorn H, Oberklaid F. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1994 October; 23(10): 1845. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7818384&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health: a mixed review. Author(s): Olden K, Guthrie J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108(6): A250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856035&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health: racial and ethnic differences in the use of prescription medications. Author(s): Hahn BA. Source: Pediatrics. 1995 May; 95(5): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7724312&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health: uniting across boundaries. Conference organized by the Society of Paediatric Nursing of the Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom in conjunction with the journal Paediatric Nursing, held at Forte Posthouse Hotel Birmingham City, Birmingham, England, 18-20 September 1998. Author(s): Smith JP. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1999 February; 29(2): 520-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10197954&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health-related quality of life, neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital. A contextual analysis. Author(s): Drukker M, Kaplan C, Feron F, van Os J. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 September; 57(5): 825-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850109&dopt=Abstract

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Chipping away at SCHIP. With costs mounting, Idaho cuts outreach for children's health program. Author(s): Benko LB. Source: Modern Healthcare. 2001 April 16; 31(16): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330095&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic effects of toxic environmental exposures on children's health. Author(s): Landrigan PJ, Garg A. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2002; 40(4): 449-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216997&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary: television, children's health and safety behavior, and pediatric psychology. Author(s): Roberts MC, Warren JS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1998 June; 23(3): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640895&dopt=Abstract

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Complicating childhood: gender, ethnicity, and “disadvantage” within the New Zealand children's health camps movement. Author(s): Tennant M. Source: Can Bull Med Hist. 2002; 19(1): 179-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958195&dopt=Abstract

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Comprehensive children's health bill to be introduced. Author(s): Meier E. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1999 September-October; 25(5): 560, 568. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024407&dopt=Abstract

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Critical windows of exposure for children's health: cancer in human epidemiological studies and neoplasms in experimental animal models. Author(s): Anderson LM, Diwan BA, Fear NT, Roman E. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108 Suppl 3: 573-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852857&dopt=Abstract

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Critical windows of exposure for children's health: the reproductive system in animals and humans. Author(s): Pryor JL, Hughes C, Foster W, Hales BF, Robaire B. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108 Suppl 3: 491-503. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852849&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of children's health care use: an investigation of psychosocial factors. Author(s): Riley AW, Finney JW, Mellits ED, Starfield B, Kidwell S, Quaskey S, Cataldo MF, Filipp L, Shematek JP. Source: Medical Care. 1993 September; 31(9): 767-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8366679&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of children's health-related beliefs and behaviors. Author(s): Lewis CE, Lewis MA. Source: Family & Community Health. 1982 February; 4(4): 85-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10254085&dopt=Abstract

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Developing communality: family-centered programs to improve children's health and well-being. Author(s): Schor EL. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1995 Winter; 72(2): 413-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101380&dopt=Abstract

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Development of an instrument to measure children's health locus of control. Author(s): Parcel GS, Meyer MP. Source: Health Educ Monogr. 1978 Spring; 6(2): 149-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=689889&dopt=Abstract

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Development of the Children's Health Ratings Scale. Author(s): Maylath NS. Source: Health Educ Q. 1990 Spring; 17(1): 89-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2318653&dopt=Abstract

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Diarrhea in the Dominican Republic: determinants of the utilization of children's health services. Author(s): Thind A. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 April; 49(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729291&dopt=Abstract

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Diesel exhaust, school buses and children's health. Author(s): Weir E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 September 3; 167(5): 505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12240819&dopt=Abstract

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Dimensions of children's health beliefs. Author(s): Dielman TE, Leech SL, Becker MH, Rosenstock IM, Horvath WJ, Radius SM. Source: Health Educ Q. 1980 Fall; 7(3): 219-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7275644&dopt=Abstract

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Do enrollees in 'look-alike' Medicaid and SCHIP programs really look alike? State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Edwards JN, Bronstein J, Rein DB. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2002 May-June; 21(3): 240-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025990&dopt=Abstract

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Does maternal employment augment spending for children's health care? A test from Haryana, India. Author(s): Berman P, Zeitlin J, Roy P, Khumtakar S. Source: Health Transit Rev. 1997 October; 7(2): 187-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10176378&dopt=Abstract

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Ecology and children's health conditions the far eastern region of Russia. Author(s): Kozlov VK, Evseeva GP, Suprun SV, Chepel TV, Pankova TD, Moschinetsky AYu. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 1998; 57 Suppl 1: 148-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093264&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of placement at a children's health camp on nocturnal enuresis. Author(s): Sinclair M, Mitchell EA. Source: N Z Med J. 1986 February 26; 99(796): 122. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3456536&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the North Carolina State Children's Health Insurance Program on Beneficiary Access to Care. Author(s): Slifkin RT, Freeman VA, Silberman P. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 December; 156(12): 1223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444834&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of low doses of lead on children's health. Author(s): Abbritti G, Muzi G, Cicioni C, Accattoli MP, Fiordi T, Morucci P. Source: Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1989; 25(3): 437-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2696392&dopt=Abstract

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Eligibility under State Children's Health Insurance Programs. Author(s): Ullman F, Hill I. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 September; 91(9): 1449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527780&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancing low-income parents' capacities to promote their children's health: education is not enough. Author(s): Williamson DL, Drummond J. Source: Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.). 2000 March-April; 17(2): 121-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760194&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental policy and children's health. Author(s): Landrigan PJ, Carlson JE. Source: Future Child. 1995 Summer-Fall; 5(2): 34-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8528687&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental threats to children's health in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Author(s): Suk WA, Ruchirawat KM, Balakrishnan K, Berger M, Carpenter D, Damstra T, de Garbino JP, Koh D, Landrigan PJ, Makalinao I, Sly PD, Xu Y, Zheng BS. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 August; 111(10): 1340-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896856&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental threats to children's health: a challenge for pediatrics: 2000 Ambulatory Pediatric Association (APA) Presidential Address. Author(s): Crain EF. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 October; 106(4 Suppl): 871-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11044137&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of the impact on children's health of environmental tobacco smoke in England and Wales. Author(s): Rushton L, Courage C, Green E. Source: J R Soc Health. 2003 September; 123(3): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14526756&dopt=Abstract

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Ethiopian parents' perception of their children's health: a focus group study of immigrants to Israel. Author(s): Yaphe J, Schein M, Naveh P. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2001 December; 3(12): 932-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794918&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnicity and children's health: hope for the future. Author(s): Baranowski T. Source: Ethn Dis. 2002 Spring; 12(2): 174-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019924&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating community efforts to decategorize and integrate financing of children's health services. Author(s): Newacheck PW, Halfon N, Brindis CD, Hughes DC. Source: The Milbank Quarterly. 1998; 76(2): 157-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9614419&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating the State Children's Health Insurance Program: critical considerations. Author(s): Starfield B. Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 2000; 21: 569-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884965&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of children's health insurance: from New York State's CHild Health Plus to SCHIP. Author(s): Szilagyi PG, Holl JL, Rodewald LE, Shone LP, Zwanziger J, Mukamel DB, Trafton S, Dick AW, Raubertas RF. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 March; 105(3 Suppl E): 687-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699145&dopt=Abstract

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Evolution of a children's health insurance program: lessons from New York State's Child Health Plus. Author(s): Trafton S, Shone LP, Zwanziger J, Mukamel DB, Dick AW, Holl JL, Rodewald LE, Raubertas RF, Szilagyi PG. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 March; 105(3 Suppl E): 692-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699146&dopt=Abstract

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Examining television as an influence on children's health behaviors. Author(s): Kennedy C. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2000 October; 15(5): 272-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11077764&dopt=Abstract

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Exposure to parental tobacco and alcohol use: effects on children's health and development. Author(s): Richter L, Richter DM. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2001 April; 71(2): 182-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11347360&dopt=Abstract

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Factors mediating children's health care attitudes. Author(s): Hackworth SR, McMahon RJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1991 February; 16(1): 69-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2010878&dopt=Abstract

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Families on the move and children's health care. Author(s): Fowler MG, Simpson GA, Schoendorf KC. Source: Pediatrics. 1993 May; 91(5): 934-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8474813&dopt=Abstract

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Family income and the impact of a children's health insurance program on reported need for health services and unmet health need. Author(s): Feinberg E, Swartz K, Zaslavsky A, Gardner J, Walker DK. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 February; 109(2): E29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11826239&dopt=Abstract

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Family structure and children's health: United States, 1988. Author(s): Dawson DA. Source: Vital Health Stat 10. 1991 June; (178): 1-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1716803&dopt=Abstract

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Family-centeredness of the Children's Health Care journal. Author(s): Trivette CM, Dunst CJ, Allen S, Wall L. Source: Children's Health Care : Journal of the Association for the Care of Children's Health. 1993 Fall; 22(4): 241-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10130537&dopt=Abstract

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Federally sponsored insurance programs for children: the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Velsor-Friedrich B. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2003 April; 18(2): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720210&dopt=Abstract

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Financing children's health care needs in the next century. Author(s): Schoen C, Desroches C. Source: Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 1998 December; 75(4): 639-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9854231&dopt=Abstract

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Financing children's health care. Author(s): Sullivan JA. Source: Orthopedics. 2002 May; 25(5): 462, 476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046901&dopt=Abstract

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Finding common ground: the necessity of an integrated agenda for women's and children's health. Author(s): Chavkin W, Breitbart V, Wise PH. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 1994 Fall; 22(3): 262-9; Discussion 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7749483&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up study of the impact of a rural preventive care outreach program on children's health and use of medical services. Author(s): Briscoe ME, Hochstrasser DL, Somes GW, Cowen DL, Culley GA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1980 February; 70(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7352609&dopt=Abstract

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Foreward. Improving children's health. How population-based research can inform policy--the Manitoba experience. Author(s): Starfield B. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2002 November-December; 93 Suppl 2: S7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678097&dopt=Abstract

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Foreward. Improving children's health. How population-based research can inform policy--the Manitoba experience. Author(s): Sale T, Santos R. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 2002 November-December; 93 Suppl 2: S5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678096&dopt=Abstract

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Future issues in children's health care: addressing psychosocial concerns. Author(s): Tucker HS, Roberts MC. Source: Children's Health Care : Journal of the Association for the Care of Children's Health. 1990 Fall; 19(4): 199-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10107661&dopt=Abstract

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Gatekeeping and children's health care costs. Author(s): Pati S. Source: Ldi Issue Brief. 2003 March; 8(6): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715800&dopt=Abstract

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Genes and the environment: their impact on children's health. Author(s): Suk WA, Collman GW. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 June; 106 Suppl 3: 817-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646043&dopt=Abstract

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Global environmental change and children's health: understanding the challenges and finding solutions. Author(s): Shea KM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 August; 143(2): 149-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970625&dopt=Abstract

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Happiness and children's health: an investigation of art, entertainment, and recreation. Author(s): Rogers MA, Zaragoza-Lao E. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 February; 93(2): 288-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554587&dopt=Abstract

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Health insurance, medical care, and children's health. Author(s): Valdez RB, Leibowitz A, Ware JE Jr, Duan N, Goldberg GA, Keeler EB, Lohr KN, Manning WG Jr, Rogers WH, Camp P, et al. Source: Pediatrics. 1986 January; 77(1): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3940352&dopt=Abstract

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High-consulting children indicate illness-prone families. A study of 38 rural and 38 urban Swedish children's health and use of medical care. Author(s): Petersson C, Hakansson A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1996 June; 14(2): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792499&dopt=Abstract

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Hispanic mothers' beliefs and practices regarding selected children's health problems. Author(s): Mikhail BI. Source: Western Journal of Nursing Research. 1994 December; 16(6): 623-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7839680&dopt=Abstract

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Historical overview of children's health care coverage. Author(s): Mann C, Rowland D, Garfield R. Source: Future Child. 2003 Spring; 13(1): 31-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14503453&dopt=Abstract

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Homeless families and their children's health problems. A Utah urban experience. Author(s): Page AJ, Ainsworth AD, Pett MA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 January; 158(1): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8470381&dopt=Abstract

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Hospital emergency rooms and children's health care attitudes. Author(s): Peterson C, Ross A, Tucker VC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2002 April-May; 27(3): 281-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11909935&dopt=Abstract

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How can information technology improve patient safety and reduce medication errors in children's health care? Author(s): Kaushal R, Barker KN, Bates DW. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001 September; 155(9): 1002-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529801&dopt=Abstract

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How will states implement children's health insurance programs? Author(s): Riley T, Pernice C, Mollica R. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 1998 May-June; 17(3): 260-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9637982&dopt=Abstract

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Hunger: its impact on children's health and mental health. Author(s): Weinreb L, Wehler C, Perloff J, Scott R, Hosmer D, Sagor L, Gundersen C. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 October; 110(4): E41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359814&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying critical windows of exposure for children's health. Author(s): Selevan SG, Kimmel CA, Mendola P. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108 Suppl 3: 451-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852844&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of a children's health insurance program on newly enrolled children. Author(s): Lave JR, Keane CR, Lin CJ, Ricci EM, Amersbach G, LaVallee CP. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 June 10; 279(22): 1820-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9628715&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of a rural preventive care outreach program on children's health. Author(s): Cowen DL, Culley GA, Hochstrasser DL, Briscoe ME, Somes GW. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1978 May; 68(5): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=645996&dopt=Abstract

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Implementation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in rural areas. Author(s): Dunbar JL, Sloane HI, Mueller CD. Source: Policy Anal Brief W Ser. 1999 November; 2(5): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764815&dopt=Abstract

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Improving children's health care: an interview with Charles Homer. Interview by Steven Berman. Author(s): Homer C. Source: Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2002 March; 28(3): 139-47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902029&dopt=Abstract

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Income and race differences in children's health in the mid-1960s. Author(s): Edwards LN, Grossman M. Source: Medical Care. 1982 September; 20(9): 915-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7121097&dopt=Abstract

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Incorporating expanded school mental health programs in state children's health insurance program plans. Author(s): Nabors LA, Mettrick JE. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2001 February; 71(2): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247383&dopt=Abstract

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Incorporating nutrition into pediatric practice: physicians and dietitians working together to improve children's health. Author(s): Lasswell AB. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1992 October; 21(10): 676-7, 681-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1408409&dopt=Abstract

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Incorporating school mental health programs in SCHIP plans. State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Nabors LA, Weist MD, Mettrick J. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2002 July; 53(7): 902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096185&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor and outdoor smoking: impact on children's health. Author(s): Johansson A, Halling A, Hermansson G. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2003 March; 13(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678316&dopt=Abstract

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Inequality and children's health. Author(s): Logan S, Spencer N. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2000 January; 26(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696513&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of proxy respondents in children's health interview surveys. Author(s): Rajmil L, Fernandez E, Gispert R, Rue M, Glutting JP, Plasencia A, Segura A. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999 January; 53(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326051&dopt=Abstract

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Information technology for children's health and health care: report on the Information Technology in Children's Health Care Expert Meeting, September 21-22, 2000. Author(s): Shiffman RN, Spooner SA, Kwiatkowski K, Brennan PF. Source: Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : Jamia. 2001 November-December; 8(6): 546-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687562&dopt=Abstract

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Integrating children's health services: evaluation of a national demonstration project. Author(s): Hughes DC, Brindis C, Halfon N, Newacheck PW. Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 1997 December; 1(4): 243-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728250&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction and summary: workshop on children's health and indoor mold exposure. Author(s): Rylander R, Etzel R. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 June; 107 Suppl 3: 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10346995&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction: children's health and the environment. Author(s): Woolf AD. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2002; 40(4): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216996&dopt=Abstract

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Involuntary smoking and children's health. Author(s): Samet JM, Lewit EM, Warner KE. Source: Future Child. 1994 Winter; 4(3): 94-114. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7859045&dopt=Abstract

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Is insurance for children enough? The link between parents' and children's health care use revisited. Author(s): Hanson KL. Source: Inquiry. 1998 Fall; 35(3): 294-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9809057&dopt=Abstract

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Issues and problems in measuring children's health status in community health research. Author(s): Fink R. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1989; 29(6): 715-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2672351&dopt=Abstract

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Issues in children's health. Author(s): Behrman RE. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1995 Winter; 72(2 Suppl): 575-85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101392&dopt=Abstract

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Joining forces for children's health. Author(s): Brown KS. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998 January; 106(1): A24-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9422709&dopt=Abstract

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Just caring about women's and children's health: some feminist perspectives. Author(s): Tong R. Source: The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2001 April; 26(2): 147-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11376425&dopt=Abstract

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Kids need clean air: air pollution and children's health. Author(s): Dixon JK. Source: Family & Community Health. 2002 January; 24(4): 9-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772346&dopt=Abstract

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Latino children's health and the family-community health promotion model. Author(s): Mendoza FS, Fuentes-Afflick E. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1999 February; 170(2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10063394&dopt=Abstract

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Latino parents' perception of their children's health status. Author(s): Arcia E. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1998 May; 46(10): 1271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9665559&dopt=Abstract

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Lead and children's health--recent research and future questions. Author(s): Harvey PG. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 1984 October; 25(4): 517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6480728&dopt=Abstract

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Making the grade: our children's health. Author(s): Murdock NH. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1997 November; 89(11): 713-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375473&dopt=Abstract

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Managed care and the implementation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Back K. Source: Manag Care Interface. 2000 January; 13(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10747695&dopt=Abstract

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Managed care and the quality of children's health services. Author(s): Bergman DA, Homer CJ. Source: Future Child. 1998 Summer-Fall; 8(2): 60-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782650&dopt=Abstract

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Many factors affect children's health. Author(s): Watson P. Source: Nurs N Z. 1998 May; 4(4): 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10586745&dopt=Abstract

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Marketing and advertising: harmful to children's health. Author(s): McLellan F. Source: Lancet. 2002 September 28; 360(9338): 1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383673&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal psychological distress: the role of children's health. Author(s): Hahn BA, Schone BS. Source: Women & Health. 1996; 24(1): 59-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8883371&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement methodology in children's health locus of control. Author(s): Bases H, Schonfeld DJ. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 2002 June; 23(3): 15862. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055498&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring components of children's health status. Author(s): Dolch NA, Monroe E, McGregor L. Source: Medical Care. 1991 February; 29(2): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1994149&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring components of children's health status. Author(s): Eisen M, Ware JE Jr, Donald CA, Brook RH. Source: Medical Care. 1979 September; 17(9): 902-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=480998&dopt=Abstract

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Medicaid and indigent care issue brief: state response to children's health insurance programs. Author(s): Johnson P. Source: Issue Brief Health Policy Track Serv. 2000 July 1; : 1-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11073442&dopt=Abstract

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Medicaid matters: children's health and Medicaid eligibility expansions. Author(s): Lykens KA, Jargowsky PA. Source: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management : [the Journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management]. 2002 Spring; 21(2): 219-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722747&dopt=Abstract

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Mental health work in children's health centers: learnings from five years' experience. Author(s): Stringer LA. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1978 January; 48(1): 40-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=341722&dopt=Abstract

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Mexican-origin mothers' experiences using children's health care services. Author(s): Clark L. Source: Western Journal of Nursing Research. 2002 March; 24(2): 159-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858347&dopt=Abstract

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Mission focused. How Egleston Children's Health Care System and Scottish Rite Children's Medical Center work to provide charity care for children. Author(s): Webster B. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1999 February; 88(1): 39-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10087713&dopt=Abstract

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Mothers and others: who invests in children's health? Author(s): Case A, Paxson C. Source: Journal of Health Economics. 2001 May; 20(3): 301-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11373833&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple influences on the acquisition and socialization of children's health attitudes and behavior: an integrative review. Author(s): Tinsley BJ. Source: Child Development. 1992 October; 63(5): 1043-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1446542&dopt=Abstract

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NAPNAP supports new children's health bill. Author(s): Shroyer JE, Havens DH. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1999 July-August; 13(4): 199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10690086&dopt=Abstract

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Natural approaches to children's health: herbals and complementary and alternative medicine. Author(s): Vessey JA, Rechkemmer A. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2001 January-February; 27(1): 61-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025152&dopt=Abstract

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New Zealand children's health camps: therapeutic landscapes meet the contract state. Author(s): Kearns RA, Collins DC. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2000 October; 51(7): 1047-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11005392&dopt=Abstract

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Observable signs of children's health problems by teachers--how important? Author(s): Haag JH. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1974 September; 44(7): 371-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4496579&dopt=Abstract

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Observed maternal strategies and children's health locus of control in low-income Mexican American families. Author(s): Olvera N, Remy R, Power TG, Bellamy C, Hays J. Source: Journal of Family Psychology : Jfp : Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43). 2001 September; 15(3): 451-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584795&dopt=Abstract

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Omission of active commuting to school and the prevalence of children's healthrelated physical activity levels: the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Study. Author(s): Tudor-Locke C, Neff LJ, Ainsworth BE, Addy CL, Popkin BM. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2002 November; 28(6): 507-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568480&dopt=Abstract

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Organochlorine chemicals and children's health. Author(s): Wolff MS, Landrigan PJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 January; 140(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815757&dopt=Abstract

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Origins and stability of children's health beliefs relative to medicine use. Author(s): Bush PJ, Iannotti RJ. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1988; 27(4): 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3175716&dopt=Abstract

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Our children's health. Author(s): Randolph L. Source: Social Policy. 1994 Summer; 24(4): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10138307&dopt=Abstract

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Our children's health: prospects for the 1990's. Author(s): Moodie DS. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1991 June; 30(6): 357-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1860276&dopt=Abstract

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Outreach and the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Mayer R, Kavanagh LD, Carpenter MB. Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 1998 June; 2(2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728269&dopt=Abstract

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Parent involvement with children's health promotion: a one-year follow-up of the Minnesota home team. Author(s): Perry CL, Luepker RV, Murray DM, Hearn MD, Halper A, Dudovitz B, Maile MC, Smyth M. Source: Health Educ Q. 1989 Summer; 16(2): 171-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2732061&dopt=Abstract

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Parent involvement with children's health promotion: the Minnesota Home Team. Author(s): Perry CL, Luepker RV, Murray DM, Kurth C, Mullis R, Crockett S, Jacobs DR Jr. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1988 September; 78(9): 1156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3407811&dopt=Abstract

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Parental behavior and child health. Health coverage by itself may not influence some of the health-related family behavior that affects children's health. Author(s): Case A, Paxson C. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2002 March-April; 21(2): 164-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11900156&dopt=Abstract

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Parental radiation exposure and children's health: are there effects on the second generation? Author(s): Sever LE. Source: Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 1991 October-December; 6(4): 613-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1962249&dopt=Abstract

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Parental schooling & children's health. Author(s): Zill N. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1996 January-February; 111(1): 34-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8610189&dopt=Abstract

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Parents' labour market participation as a predictor of children's health and wellbeing: a comparative study in five Nordic countries. Author(s): Reinhardt Pedersen C, Madsen M. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2002 November; 56(11): 861-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388579&dopt=Abstract

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Participation of plans and providers in Medicaid and SCHIP managed care. State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Gold M, Mittler J, Draper D, Rousseau D. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2003 January-February; 22(1): 230-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528855&dopt=Abstract

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Passive smoking and young children's health. Author(s): Moorhead R. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1985 October; 14(10): 1058-9, 1061-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4084127&dopt=Abstract

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Passive smoking: a danger to children's health. Author(s): Mohler SE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1987 November-December; 1(6): 298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3694405&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric cardiology at Children's Health Center--first five years. Author(s): Katkov H. Source: Minn Med. 1979 June; 62(6): 411-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=492083&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatric research in office settings (PROS): a national practice-based research network to improve children's health care. Author(s): Wasserman RC, Slora EJ, Bocian AB, Fleming GV, Baker AE, Pedlow SE, Kessel W. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 December; 102(6): 1350-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9832568&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatricians overestimate importance of physical symptoms upon children's health concerns. Author(s): Loonen HJ, Derkx BH, Griffiths AM. Source: Medical Care. 2002 October; 40(10): 996-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395031&dopt=Abstract

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Pediatrics 2000: top 10 trends for children's health services in the 1990s. Author(s): Coile RC Jr. Source: Hosp Strategy Rep. 1991 November; 4(1): 1-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10115437&dopt=Abstract

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Perspectives. Facing SCHIP's (State Children's Health Insurance Program) acid test: getting kids care once they're covered. Author(s): Williams S. Source: Med Health. 1998 November 9; 52(44): Suppl 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10187177&dopt=Abstract

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Perspectives. SCHIP's (State Children's Health Insurance Program) success inspires incrementalists to pursue ideas for expanding coverage; tax-based proposals draw fresh interest. Author(s): Cunningham R. Source: Med Health. 1999 March 8; 53(10): Suppl 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10351436&dopt=Abstract

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Physicians' recognition of complaints made by parents about their children's health. Author(s): Starfield B, Borkowf S. Source: Pediatrics. 1969 February; 43(2): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5763854&dopt=Abstract

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Planning and design of children's health care facilities. Author(s): Schubert WR, Tyne MD, Plappert JJ. Source: The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management. 1993 January; 16(1): 71-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10123432&dopt=Abstract

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Poverty levels and children's health status: study of risk factors in an urban population of low socioeconomic level. Author(s): Issler RM, Giugliani ER, Kreutz GT, Meneses CF, Justo EB, Kreutz VM, Pires M. Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 1996 December; 30(6): 506-11. Epub 2002 September 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9302819&dopt=Abstract

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Preparing psychologists to link systems of care in managing and preventing children's health problems. Author(s): Power TJ, Shapiro ES, DuPaul GJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2003 March; 28(2): 147-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556514&dopt=Abstract

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President's message: priorities for children's health care: how to achieve healthy people 2000 goals. Author(s): Dunn A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1995 September-October; 9(5): 28A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7562317&dopt=Abstract

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Promoting change in children's health care. Presented to the College of Diplomates of the American Board of Pediatric Dentistry 15th annual symposium, Nashville, Tennessee, Saturday, May 27, 2000. Author(s): Simmons H Jr. Source: Pediatr Dent. 2000 September-October; 22(5): 424-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11048315&dopt=Abstract

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Promoting children's health--the role of the school nurse. Author(s): Johnson J. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1989 March 25; 3(26): 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2497359&dopt=Abstract

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Promoting parent-provider interaction during young children's health-supervision visits. Author(s): Finney JW, Brophy CJ, Friman PC, Golden AS, Richman GS, Ross AF. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 1990 Summer; 23(2): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2373656&dopt=Abstract

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Protecting children's health. CHA's immunization program helps organizations increase vaccination rates in their communities. Author(s): Wiener JO, Trocchio J. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1992 September; 73(7): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10120199&dopt=Abstract

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Public health advocates target children's health. Author(s): Voelker R. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 December 25; 276(24): 1938. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8971051&dopt=Abstract

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Racism and children's health: issues in development. Author(s): Williams-Morris RS. Source: Ethn Dis. 1996 Winter-Spring; 6(1-2): 69-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8882837&dopt=Abstract

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Recent trends in children's health insurance coverage: no gains for low-income children. Author(s): Cunningham PJ, Park MH. Source: Issue Brief Cent Stud Health Syst Change. 2000 April; (29): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11010711&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships among children's health-related behaviors: a multivariate, developmental perspective. Author(s): Terre L, Drabman RS, Meydrech EF. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1990 March; 19(2): 134-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2359738&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability and validity of the Children's Health Survey for Asthma. Author(s): Asmussen L, Olson LM, Grant EN, Fagan J, Weiss KB. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 December; 104(6): E71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10586005&dopt=Abstract

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Reports focus on bad, good in children's health. Author(s): Marwick C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 December 2; 280(21): 1814-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9846760&dopt=Abstract

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Reproductive health services for adolescents under the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Gold RB, Sonfield A. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 2001 March-April; 33(2): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330855&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for psychosocial dysfunction among enrollees in the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Brickman AL, Garrity CP, Shaw JA. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2002 May; 53(5): 614-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986513&dopt=Abstract

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Rural children's health. Author(s): Clark SJ, Savitz LA, Randolph RK. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2001 February; 174(2): 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156932&dopt=Abstract

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Sara Josephine Baker: crusader for women and children's health. Author(s): Bendiner E. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1995 September 15; 30(9): 68-77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559839&dopt=Abstract

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SCHIP: State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Bruflat C. Source: Awhonn Lifelines / Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 1999 October-November; 3(5): 21-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10827579&dopt=Abstract

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School nurses: insuring children's health. Author(s): Wolfe LC. Source: Nasnewsletter. 2000 March; 15(2): 1, 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051992&dopt=Abstract

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School nursing. Investing in school-age children's health. Author(s): Bagnall P. Source: Nurs Times. 1994 August 3-9; 90(31): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8065973&dopt=Abstract

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Self-care education, parent knowledge, and children's health care visits. Author(s): Sirles AT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1988 May-June; 2(3): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3373412&dopt=Abstract

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Setting priorities for children's health: viewpoints of family physicians and pediatricians. Author(s): Schneider D. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1994 September-October; 7(5): 387-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7632204&dopt=Abstract

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Single motherhood and children's health. Author(s): Angel R, Worobey JL. Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1988 March; 29(1): 38-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3367028&dopt=Abstract

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Social factors and life events as predictors for children's health. A one-year prospective study after discharge from hospital. Author(s): Aagaard J. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1982; 10(3): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7156918&dopt=Abstract

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Social factors and life events as predictors for children's health. A one-year prospective study within a general practice. Author(s): Aagaard J, Husfeldt P, Husfeldt V. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983 March; 72(2): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6837301&dopt=Abstract

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Socioeconomic differences in children's health: how and why do these relationships change with age? Author(s): Chen E, Matthews KA, Boyce WT. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 2002 March; 128(2): 295-329. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931521&dopt=Abstract

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Socioeconomic status and children's health. Author(s): Dutton DB. Source: Medical Care. 1985 February; 23(2): 142-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3974331&dopt=Abstract

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Some correlates of children's health beliefs and potential health behavior. Author(s): Gochman DS. Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1971 June; 12(2): 148-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5088034&dopt=Abstract

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Sources of support: the financial and political base for children's health care. Author(s): Schlesinger M. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1989 March; 65(3): 400-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2590747&dopt=Abstract

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Soy and children's health: a formula for trouble. Author(s): Barrett JR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 June; 110(6): A294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055058&dopt=Abstract

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Stability in a measure of children's health locus of control. Author(s): O'Brien RW, Bush PJ, Parcel GS. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1989 April; 59(4): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2785616&dopt=Abstract

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State child health; revisions to the regulations implementing the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Interim final rule with comment period; revisions, delay of effective date, and technical amendments to final rule. Author(s): Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), HHS. Source: Federal Register. 2001 June 25; 66(122): 33810-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724064&dopt=Abstract

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State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Murphy SG, Brandt EN Jr. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2002 February; 95(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845677&dopt=Abstract

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State children's health insurance program. Author(s): Rhodes AM. Source: Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 1998 January-February; 23(1): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9470361&dopt=Abstract

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State Children's Health Insurance Program. Making it work for your patients. Author(s): Howse JL. Source: Awhonn Lifelines / Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 1997 December; 1(6): 27-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9468986&dopt=Abstract

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State Children's Health Insurance Program; eligibility for prenatal care and other health services for unborn children. Final rule. Author(s): Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS. Source: Federal Register. 2002 October 2; 67(191): 61955-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361063&dopt=Abstract

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State legislatures expand children's health coverage. Author(s): Smith K. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1997 July-August; 23(4): 432. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9282059&dopt=Abstract

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State of children's health in Pakistan--1979. Author(s): Khan SR. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1982 August; 28(4): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7131622&dopt=Abstract

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Strategies to increase enrollment in children's health insurance programs: a report of the New York Academy of Medicine. Author(s): Andrulis DP, Bauer TA, Hopkins S. Source: Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 1999 June; 76(2): 247-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10924034&dopt=Abstract

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Stress, coping and children's health. Author(s): Masten AS. Source: Pediatric Annals. 1985 August; 14(8): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4034267&dopt=Abstract

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Stressors and children's health. Author(s): Grey M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 1993 April; 8(2): 85-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8509978&dopt=Abstract

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Student nurses' attitudes toward children's health rights: implications for advocacy. Author(s): Parks P. Source: Children's Health Care : Journal of the Association for the Care of Children's Health. 1982 Summer; 11(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10262140&dopt=Abstract

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Study on the effects of lead from small industry of battery recycling on environment and children's health. Author(s): Wu Y, Huang Q, Zhou X, Hu G, Wang Z, Li H, Bao R, Yan H, Li C, Wu L, He F. Source: Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2002 June; 23(3): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411081&dopt=Abstract

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Telehealth technologies enhance children's health care. Author(s): Connors HR. Source: Journal of Professional Nursing : Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 2002 November-December; 18(6): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486636&dopt=Abstract

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Television and young Hispanic children's health behaviors. Author(s): Kennedy CM. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2000 May-June; 26(3): 283-8, 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026392&dopt=Abstract

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Television viewing and children's health. Author(s): Chen JL, Kennedy CM. Source: Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses : Jspn. 2001 January-March; 6(1): 35-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288503&dopt=Abstract

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The 103rd Congress: a last-minute look at children's health care. Author(s): Smith K. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1994 November-December; 20(6): 622. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7708467&dopt=Abstract

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The ABCs of children's health care: how the Medicaid expansions affected access, burdens, and coverage between 1987 and 1996. Author(s): Banthin JS, Selden TM. Source: Inquiry. 2003 Summer; 40(2): 133-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677561&dopt=Abstract

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The changing American family: implications for children's health insurance coverage and the use of ambulatory care services. Author(s): Cunningham PJ, Hahn BA. Source: Future Child. 1994 Winter; 4(3): 24-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7859041&dopt=Abstract

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The Children's Health Insurance Program: expanding the framework to evaluate state goals and performance. Author(s): Shi L, Oliver TR, Huang V. Source: The Milbank Quarterly. 2000; 78(3): 403-46, 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028190&dopt=Abstract

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The children's health symposium. Author(s): Sumaya CV. Source: Tex Med. 1994 June; 90(6): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8073373&dopt=Abstract

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The children's hour: the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Rosenbaum S, Johnson K, Sonosky C, Markus A, DeGraw C. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 1998 January-February; 17(1): 75-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9455017&dopt=Abstract

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The distribution of particle-phase organic compounds in the atmosphere and their use for source apportionment during the Southern California Children's Health Study. Author(s): Manchester-Neesvig JB, Schauer JJ, Cass GR. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2003 September; 53(9): 1065-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678364&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of poverty, race, and family structure on US children's health: data from the NHIS, 1978 through 1980 and 1989 through 1991. Author(s): Montgomery LE, Kiely JL, Pappas G. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 October; 86(10): 1401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8876508&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of SCHIP on children's health insurance coverage: early evidence from the community tracking study. Author(s): Cunningham PJ, Hadley J, Reschovsky J. Source: Medical Care Research and Review : Mcrr. 2002 December; 59(4): 359-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508701&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of sedentarism and physical activity on children's health. Author(s): Bar-Or O. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2002 March 7-10; 51 Suppl 1: 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050974&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of a Children's health insurance program by age. Author(s): Keane CR, Lave JR, Ricci EM, LaVallee CP. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 November; 104(5 Pt 1): 1051-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10545546&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of a state children's health insurance program on access to dental care. Author(s): Mofidi M, Slifkin R, Freeman V, Silberman P. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2002 June; 133(6): 707-14; Quiz 767-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083646&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of PCBs and dioxins on children's health: immunological considerations. Author(s): Tryphonas H. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1998 May-June; 89 Suppl 1: S49-52, S54-7. Review. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9654793&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of school enrollment-based health insurance on the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Author(s): Romund CM, Farmer FL. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2000 November; 70(9): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127001&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of smoking on children's health: new initiatives. Author(s): Ferguson YO, Ferguson SL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2000 December; 15(6): 388-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11151477&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of welfare reform on parents' ability to care for their children's health. Author(s): Heymann SJ, Earle A. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1999 April; 89(4): 502-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191791&dopt=Abstract

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The indoor air and children's health study: methods and incidence rates. Author(s): Marbury MC, Maldonado G, Waller L. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1996 March; 7(2): 166-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8834557&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of mothers' health beliefs on use of preventive child health care services and mothers' perception of children's health status. Author(s): Amen MM, Clarke VP. Source: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. 2001 July-September; 24(3): 153-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12141834&dopt=Abstract

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The mammalian respiratory system and critical windows of exposure for children's health. Author(s): Pinkerton KE, Joad JP. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108 Suppl 3: 457-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852845&dopt=Abstract

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The Medicaid sweater, children's health, and the tiny hole. Author(s): Keigher SM. Source: Health & Social Work. 1997 November; 22(4): 306-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9408781&dopt=Abstract

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The politics of EPSDT policy in the 1990s: policy entrepreneurs, political streams, and children's health benefits. Author(s): Sardell A, Johnson K. Source: The Milbank Quarterly. 1998; 76(2): 175-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9614420&dopt=Abstract

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The precautionary principle and children's health. Author(s): American Public Health Association. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2001 March; 91(3): 495-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236434&dopt=Abstract

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The State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Author(s): Lewit EM. Source: Future Child. 1998 Summer-Fall; 8(2): 152-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782657&dopt=Abstract

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The state Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Author(s): Jenkins J, Faulkner T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2002 October; 14(10): 438-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426800&dopt=Abstract

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The State Children's Health Insurance Program: effective but vulnerable. Author(s): Wise PH. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 December; 156(12): 1175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444823&dopt=Abstract

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The State Children's Health Insurance Program: how much latitude do the states really have? Author(s): Hegner RE. Source: Issue Brief Natl Health Policy Forum. 1998 October 1; (725): 1-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10558569&dopt=Abstract

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The transition of adolescents with diabetes from the children's health care service into the adult health care service: a review of the literature. Author(s): Fleming E, Carter B, Gillibrand W. Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2002 September; 11(5): 560-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201882&dopt=Abstract

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The trouble with CHIP. State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Frenkel M. Source: J Med Pract Manage. 1999 May-June; 14(6): 275-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10662268&dopt=Abstract

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The Web, communication trends, and children's health. Part 1: Development and technology of the Internet and Web. Author(s): Izenberg N, Lieberman DA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1998 March; 37(3): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9545603&dopt=Abstract

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The Web, Communication Trends, and Children's Health. Part 2: The Web and the practice of pediatrics. Author(s): Izenberg N, Lieberman DA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1998 April; 37(4): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564570&dopt=Abstract

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The Web, communication trends, and children's health. Part 3: The Web and health consumers. Author(s): Izenberg N, Lieberman DA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1998 May; 37(5): 275-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9597293&dopt=Abstract

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The Web, communication trends, and children's health. Part 4: How children use the Web. Author(s): Izenberg N, Lieberman DA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1998 June; 37(6): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9637896&dopt=Abstract

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The Web, Communication Trends, and Children's Health. Part 5: Encouraging positive and safe Internet use. Author(s): Izenberg N, Lieberman DA. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1998 July; 37(7): 397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9675432&dopt=Abstract

•

They kiss babies, don't they? So why can't Congress pass children's health insurance? Author(s): Pretzer M. Source: Med Econ. 1997 June 23; 74(13): 39-40, 42, 44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10168226&dopt=Abstract

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Tracking and improving children's health. Author(s): Kennedy M. Source: Wmj. 1998 September; 97(8): 39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9775752&dopt=Abstract

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Tracking the State Children's Health Insurance Program with hospital data: national baselines, state variations, and some cautions. Author(s): Friedman B, Jee J, Steiner C, Bierman A. Source: Medical Care Research and Review : Mcrr. 1999 December; 56(4): 440-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589203&dopt=Abstract

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Tragic life or tragic death. Mandatory testing of newborns for HIV--mothers' rights versus children's health. Author(s): Madison M. Source: The Journal of Legal Medicine. 1997 September; 18(3): 361-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394926&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding young children's health beliefs and diabetes regimen adherence. Author(s): Charron-Prochownik D, Becker MH, Brown MB, Liang WM, Bennett S. Source: Diabetes Educ. 1993 September-October; 19(5): 409-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7511090&dopt=Abstract

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Update on children's health care. Author(s): Behrman RE. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1993 May; 147(5): 539. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8488798&dopt=Abstract

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User fees, demand for children's health care and access across income groups: the Philippine case. Author(s): Ching P. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1995 July; 41(1): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7667672&dopt=Abstract

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Utilization under children's health insurance programs: children with vs. without chronic conditions. Author(s): Lin CJ, Lave JR. Source: Journal of Health & Social Policy. 2000; 11(4): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620863&dopt=Abstract

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Volunteerism and children's health insurance: expand coverage. Author(s): Swartz K. Source: Inquiry. 1997 Summer; 34(2): 103-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9256815&dopt=Abstract

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Waiting in the wings: eligibility and enrollment in the State Children's Health Insurance Program. Author(s): Selden TM, Banthin JS, Cohen JW. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 1999 March-April; 18(2): 126-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10091439&dopt=Abstract

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Welfare reform and children's health. Author(s): Geltman PL, Meyers AF, Greenberg J, Zuckerman B. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1996 April; 150(4): 384-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8634733&dopt=Abstract

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When children's health matters. Saint Anthony Hospital aggressively seeks Medicaid-eligible children. Author(s): Leathers MW. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1998 November-December; 79(6): 20, 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10339224&dopt=Abstract

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Why children's health is threatened by federal immigration policies. Author(s): Baumeister L, Hearst N. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1999 July; 171(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10483351&dopt=Abstract

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Willing the spirits to reveal themselves: rural Kenyan mothers' responsibility to restore their children's health. Author(s): Amuyunzu M. Source: Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 1998 December; 12(4): 490-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9884995&dopt=Abstract

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Women's schooling and children's health. Are the effects robust with adult sibling control for the women's childhood background? Author(s): Wolfe BL, Behrman JR. Source: Journal of Health Economics. 1987 September; 6(3): 239-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10284621&dopt=Abstract

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Working with employers to increase SCHIP (State Children's Health Insurance Program) enrollment. Author(s): Gugenhelm AM, Shapiro LD. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2001 January-February; 20(1): 287-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194853&dopt=Abstract

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Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: cancer work group summary. Author(s): Olshan AF, Anderson L, Roman E, Fear N, Wolff M, Whyatt R, Vu V, Diwan BA, Potischman N. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108 Suppl 3: 595-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852858&dopt=Abstract

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Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: cardiovascular and endocrine work group summary. Author(s): Barr M Jr, DeSesso JM, Lau CS, Osmond C, Ozanne SE, Sadler TW, Simmons RA, Sonawane BR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108 Suppl 3: 569-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852856&dopt=Abstract

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Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: immune and respiratory systems work group summary. Author(s): Dietert RR, Etzel RA, Chen D, Halonen M, Holladay SD, Jarabek AM, Landreth K, Peden DB, Pinkerton K, Smialowicz RJ, Zoetis T. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108 Suppl 3: 483-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852848&dopt=Abstract

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Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: neurobehavioral work group summary. Author(s): Adams J, Barone S Jr, LaMantia A, Philen R, Rice DC, Spear L, Susser E. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108 Suppl 3: 535-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852852&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and children’s health.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Children’s Health The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “children’s health” (or a synonym): •

Child health in an urbanizing world. Author(s): School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. [email protected] Source: Gracey, M Acta-Paediatr. 2002; 91(1): 1-8 0803-5253

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Dietary fat and children's health. Source: Sims, L.S. Nutr-today. Baltimore, Md. : Lipponcott Williams & Wilkins. July/August 1998. volume 33 (4) page 144-155. 0029-666X

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Ethiopian parents' perception of their children's health: a focus group study of immigrants to Israel. Author(s): Family Medicine Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem. [email protected] Source: Yaphe, J Schein, M Naveh, P Isr-Med-Assoc-J. 2001 December; 3(12): 932-6 15651088

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Examining television as an influence on children's health behaviors. Author(s): School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, USA. [email protected] Source: Kennedy, C J-Pediatr-Nurs. 2000 October; 15(5): 272-81 0882-5963

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Gas chromatographic detection of class I pesticide residuals in olive oil. Preliminary data for a project on food pollution and children's health. Author(s): Dipartimento di Pediatria, Universita Federico II, Napoli. Source: de Franciscis, A Accardo, A Bernardo, I Di Monaco, P Ferrara, A Galzerano, G Matteo, L Piombino, O Boll-Soc-Ital-Biol-Sper. 1993 September; 69(9): 501-8 0037-8771

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Hispanic mothers' beliefs and practices regarding selected children's health problems. Author(s): California State University, Bakersfield. Source: Mikhail, B I West-J-Nurs-Res. 1994 December; 16(6): 623-38 0193-9459

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Natural approaches to children's health: herbals and complementary and alternative medicine. Author(s): Boston College School of Nursing, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA. Source: Vessey, J A Rechkemmer, A Pediatr-Nurs. 2001 Jan-February; 27(1): 61-7 00979805

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Willing the spirits to reveal themselves: rural Kenyan mothers' responsibility to restore their children's health. Author(s): African Medical and Research Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya. Source: Amuyunzu, M Med-Anthropol-Q. 1998 December; 12(4): 490-502 0745-5194

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to children’s health; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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•

Minerals Carnitine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gabapentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Food and Diet Egg-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Soy-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to children’s health. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to children’s health and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to children’s health: •

“And have you done anything so far?” An examination of lay treatment of children's symptoms. Author(s): Cunningham-Burley S, Irvine S. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 September 19; 295(6600): 700-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3117311&dopt=Abstract

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“Do you mean that Mummy is going to die?” Caring for bereaved children. Author(s): Couldrick A. Source: Prof Nurse. 1993 December; 9(3): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8278421&dopt=Abstract

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“Tooth worms”, poverty tattoos and dental care conflicts in Northeast Brazil. Author(s): Nations MK, Nuto Sde A. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 January; 54(2): 229-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824928&dopt=Abstract

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A 3-hour quantitative comparison of glucose-based versus rice-based oral rehydration solution intake by children with diarrhoea in Port Moresby General Hospital. Author(s): Wall C, Todaro W, Edwards K, Cleghorn G. Source: P N G Med J. 1995 December; 38(4): 284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9522869&dopt=Abstract

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A biocultural investigation of the weanling's dilemma in Kathmandu, Nepal: do universal recommendations for weaning practices make sense? Author(s): Moffat T. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2001 July; 33(3): 321-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11446397&dopt=Abstract

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A blind caries and fluorosis prevalence study of school-children in naturally fluoridated and nonfluoridated townships of Morayshire, Scotland. Author(s): Stephen KW, Macpherson LM, Gilmour WH, Stuart RA, Merrett MC. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2002 February; 30(1): 70-9. Erratum In: Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002 October; 30(5): 397. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918578&dopt=Abstract

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A child-to-child programme in rural Jamaica. Author(s): Knight J, Grantham-McGregor S, Ismail S, Ashley D. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 1991 January-February; 17(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2022008&dopt=Abstract

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A developmental approach to pediatric environmental health. Author(s): Gitterman BA, Bearer CF. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2001 October; 48(5): 1071-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579661&dopt=Abstract

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A model for group intervention with the chronically ill: cystic fibrosis and the family. Author(s): Brown DG, Krieg K, Belluck F. Source: Social Work in Health Care. 1995; 21(1): 81-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8553194&dopt=Abstract

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Child health 2000: new pediatrics in the changing environment of children's needs in the 21st century. Author(s): Haggerty RJ.

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Source: Pediatrics. 1995 October; 96(4 Pt 2): 804-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7567361&dopt=Abstract •

Child health indicators for Europe: a priority for a caring society. Author(s): Rigby MJ, Kohler LI, Blair ME, Metchler R. Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2003 September; 13(3 Suppl): 38-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14533747&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health and child-parent relationships as predictors of problem-drinking mothers' and fathers' long-term adaptation. Author(s): Timko C, Kaplowitz MS, Moos RH. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 2000; 11(1): 103-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10756517&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health care: brief report. Nature experiences for hospitalized children. Author(s): Jessee P, Strickland MP, Leeper JD, Hudson CJ. Source: Children's Health Care : Journal of the Association for the Care of Children's Health. 1986 Summer; 15(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10277435&dopt=Abstract

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Children's health: a mixed review. Author(s): Olden K, Guthrie J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 June; 108(6): A250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856035&dopt=Abstract

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Childspacing and child health. Author(s): Senanayake P. Source: Draper Fund Rep. 1982 December; (11): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12264603&dopt=Abstract

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Ethiopian parents' perception of their children's health: a focus group study of immigrants to Israel. Author(s): Yaphe J, Schein M, Naveh P. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2001 December; 3(12): 932-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794918&dopt=Abstract

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Hispanic mothers' beliefs and practices regarding selected children's health problems. Author(s): Mikhail BI. Source: Western Journal of Nursing Research. 1994 December; 16(6): 623-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7839680&dopt=Abstract

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Holistic pediatrics = good medicine. Author(s): Kemper KJ. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 January; 105(1 Pt 3): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617726&dopt=Abstract

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Holistic pediatrics: a research agenda. Author(s): Kemper KJ, Cassileth B, Ferris T. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 April; 103(4 Pt 2): 902-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10103329&dopt=Abstract

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Natural approaches to children's health: herbals and complementary and alternative medicine. Author(s): Vessey JA, Rechkemmer A. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2001 January-February; 27(1): 61-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025152&dopt=Abstract

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Soy and children's health: a formula for trouble. Author(s): Barrett JR. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 June; 110(6): A294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055058&dopt=Abstract

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Spirituality, religion, and pediatrics: intersecting worlds of healing. Author(s): Barnes LL, Plotnikoff GA, Fox K, Pendleton S. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 October; 106(4 Suppl): 899-908. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11044142&dopt=Abstract

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The practice of urethral dilation for voiding dysfunction among fellows of the Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Author(s): Metwalli AR, Cheng EY, Kropp BP, Pope JC 4th. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 2): 1764-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352355&dopt=Abstract

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Use of complementary/alternative therapies among children in primary care pediatrics. Author(s): Sawni-Sikand A, Schubiner H, Thomas RL. Source: Ambulatory Pediatrics : the Official Journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association. 2002 March-April; 2(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926840&dopt=Abstract

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Willing the spirits to reveal themselves: rural Kenyan mothers' responsibility to restore their children's health. Author(s): Amuyunzu M.

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Source: Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 1998 December; 12(4): 490-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9884995&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to children’s health; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Appendicitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Birth Defects Prevention Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infantile Colic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopausal Symptoms (Other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Roseola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seborrheic Dermatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Osteopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,724,00.html •

Herbs and Supplements Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coltsfoot Alternative names: Tussilago farfara Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docosahexaenoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Edta Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum, polybractea, smithii, Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus Globulus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Methylphenidate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Thyroid Hormone Alternative names: Armour Thyroid, S-P-T, Thyrar Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Valproic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valproic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to children’s health. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “children’s health” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on children’s health, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Children’s Health ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to children’s health. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Profile of Children Living in Shelters: Parents' Perspectives on Their Children's Health and Factors That Influence It by Robeson, Paula Marie; Msc from University of Ottawa (canada), 2002, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76632

•

Children's Health Care in the Family Context: the Influence of Key Parental and Family Attributes on Utilization by Uninsured and Privately Insured Children by Hanson, Karla L., Phd from New York University, 1995, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9603210

•

Children's Health in Brazil and South Africa: Does Race Matter? by Burgard, Sarah Andrea; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2003, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089034

•

Contexts of Care: Mothers and Their Young Children's Health by Altschuler, Andrea, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1997, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9828578

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•

Determinants of Children's Health in the United States by Carlson, Andrea Christine, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1999, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9918162

•

Do 'macho' Men Visit the Midwife? Husband Involvement in Maternal and Child Health in Rural Guatemala by Carter, Marion Wigby; Phd from Princeton University, 2002, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3041828

•

Effectiveness of an Experiential Learning-based Health Education Curriculum on Fifth-grade Children's Health Behaviors by Vines-curbow, Tammy Lynette; Phd from University of Arkansas, 2001, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039856

•

Essays on the Impact of Environmental Factors on Children's Health and Human Capital by Neidell, Matthew James; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059550

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Evaluating the Effect of Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program Expansions by Davis, Jason R.; Phd from Michigan State University, 2002, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3064218

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Factors Associated with Children's Health in Taiwan and the United States by Chen, Jyu-lin; Phd from University of California, San Francisco, 2002, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051036

•

Gender Differences in Intra-household Resource Allocations in Zambia: an Empirical Analysis of Effect on Child Health by Wang, Mei, Phd from The George Washington University, 1997, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9726678

•

Household Structure, Women's Autonomy, and Child Health in Ghana by Debpuur, Cornelius Yayele, Phd from Brown University, 1997, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9738534

•

Impact of State Children's Health Insurance Program (schip) on Children's Access to Primary Care in South Carolina: a Study of Hospitalizations with Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (acsc) by Han, Whiejong Matthew; Phd from University of South Carolina, 2003, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084788

•

Intended and Unintended Consequences of a Maternal and Child Health Program in Rural Bangladesh: an Investigation of Anthropometric Outcomes and Intrahousehold Spillovers by Chaudhuri, Anoshua; Phd from University of Washington, 2003, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090975

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Low-income Immigrant Parents and Their Children's Health Care: a Problem-solving Process by Myers, Jacqueline Sue; Phd from George Mason University, 2002, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039419

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Maternal Labor Supply and the Production of Child Health by Jessup, Amber Irene; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9943227

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Parental Perceptions of Their Elementary School Children's Health and Wellness Needs by Kasuda, Christina Lynn, Phd from Walden University, 1998, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9910209

Dissertations 83

•

Policy and Bureaucracy: the Case of Children's Health. by Roysher, Martin Kingsley, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1977, 349 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7812757

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Sin or Folly: Child and Community Health in Philadelphia, 1900-1930 (child Health, Pennsylvania) by Brosco, Jeffrey Paul, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1994, 330 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9503741

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The Cost of Providing Health Insurance to Uninsured Children: an Analysis of New York State's Child Health Plus Program by Jarrell, Lynne Davidson; Phd from The University of Rochester, 2001, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9999620

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The Effect of Marital Disruption on Children's Health by Mauldon, Jane, Phd from Princeton University, 1988, 331 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8819203

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The Influence of Parental Psychosocial Factors on School-age Children's Healthrelated Physical Fitness. (volumes I and Ii) by Jonas, Rodney Arnold, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1993, 437 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9324676

•

The Relationship between Elementary Schools and Children's Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Health Behavior, and Family Health Practices by Shirk, Ardis Marilyn, Edd from University of Washington, 1986, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8613219

•

The Role of Parents in the Socialization of Preschool Children's Health Knowledge by Lasky, Patricia Ann, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1980, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8025831

•

Women's Work and Infant Feeding in Ghana: Implications for Fertility and Children's Health (breastfeeding) by Derose, Laurie Fields, Phd from Brown University, 1995, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9540751

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning children’s health.

Recent Trials on Children’s Health The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to children’s health.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (AHRF) in Pediatrics Condition(s): Respiratory Insufficiency; Anoxemia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): INO Therapeutics Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of nitric oxide for inhalation on the duration of mechanical ventilation in pediatric patients with AHRF. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00041561

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “children’s health” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to children’s health. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on children’s health include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on children’s health: •

Risk, Resilience, and Prevention: Promoting the Well - Being of All Children Contact: Paul Brookes Publishing Company, PO Box 10624, Baltimore, MD, 21285-0624, (410) 337-9580. Summary: This monograph addresses the need for primary prevention of complex social problems facing children, specifically the interrelated problems of abuse, drug use, sexually transmitted diseases, and school dropout. The authors' premise is that there must be a paradigmatic change of emphasis from treatment to prevention, with

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the prevention of children's problems seen as complementary to promoting their wellbeing. The monograph is divided into three sections, with the first section providing a framework and overview of prevention issues and developing a rationale for an epidemiological approach to a prevention agenda. In the second section, twelve representative problems of children's health, education, and behavior are highlighted in separate chapters, and approaches to primary prevention and promotion are defined. The two chapters in the last section provide a synthesis of themes and issues and the identification of implications for practice, policy, training, and research. •

An Early Journey Home: Helping Dying Children and Grieving Families Contact: Baker Book House Company, PO Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI, 49516-6287, (616) 676-9185. Summary: This monograph, directed to pastors, chaplains, Christian health-care professionals, lay ministers, and friends of suffering families, offers strategies on ministering to parents who are losing, or who have lost, a child to death. The first of four parts examines Scripture and lays a Biblical foundation to prepare these helpers for their ministry. In Part 2, the monograph looks at ways to help the dying child during the illness, hospitalization, and death. Part 3 uses numerous personal stories to present ways to help parents and other family members cope with their grief and depression. In addition to looking at terminal cancers and other illnesses more common to childhood, this section also contains special looks at miscarriages, accidents, AIDS, murder, and losing adult children. The fourth part consists of an extensive listing of children's healthcare resources.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “children’s health” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “children’s health” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “children’s health” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

American Academy of Pediatrics Guide to Your Child's Allergies and Asthma: Breathing Easy and Bringing Up Healthy, Active Children by Michael J. Welch M.D. (Editor), American Academy of Pediatrics (2000); ISBN: 067976982X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067976982X/icongroupinterna

•

American Academy of Pediatrics Guide to Your Child's Sleep: Birth Through Adolescence by George J. Cohen (Editor), American Academy of Pediatrics (1999); ISBN: 0679769811; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679769811/icongroupinterna

•

American Medical Association Complete Guide to Your Children's Health (American Medical Association Complete Guide to Your Children's Health) by Donna Kotulak, et al (1999); ISBN: 0679457763; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679457763/icongroupinterna

Books

•

Child Health and the Environment by Donald T. Wigle (2003); ISBN: 0195135598; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195135598/icongroupinterna

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Child Health Nursing: Reviews & Rationales by Mary Ann Hogan (Author), Judy White (Author); ISBN: 0130304522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130304522/icongroupinterna

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Rosemary Gladstar's Herbal Remedies for Children's Health by Rosemary Gladstar (1999); ISBN: 1580171532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580171532/icongroupinterna

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The Children's Health Food Book by Ron Seaborn, et al (1996); ISBN: 0964708906; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964708906/icongroupinterna

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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Charting CHIP: report of the first national survey of the Children's Health Insurance Program Author: Pernice, Cynthia.; Year: 1999; Portland, Me.: National Academy for State

•

Child health facts: national and state profiles of coverage Author: Salganicoff, Alina.; Year: 1998; Washington, D.C.: Kaiser Commission on the Future of Medicaid, [1998]

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Framework and user's guide for state evaluation of the Children's Health Insurance Program Author: National Academy for State Health Policy (U.S.); Year: 1999; Portland, ME: National Academy for State

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Great expectations: fulfilling the promise of the Children's Health Insurance Program Author: Mollica, Robert L.; Year: 1998; Portland, Me. (50 Monument Square, Suite 502, Portland 04101): National Academy for State

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How are states implementing children's health insurance plans?: an analysis and summary of state plans submitted to the Health Care Financing Administration Author: Riley, Trish.; Year: 1998; Portland, ME: National Academy for State

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Implementation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program: outreach, enrollment, and provider participation in rural areas Author: Dunbar, Jennifer L.; Year: 2001; Bethesda, Md.: Project HOPE Walsh Center for Rural

•

Mental health and substance abuse services under the State Children's Health Insurance Program: designing benefits and estimating costs Author: Howell, Embry.; Year: 2001; Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of

9

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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•

Reinventing Medicaid: Hoosier Healthwise and children's health insurance in Indiana: site visit report: April 17-19, 2000, Indiana. Author: George Washington University. National Health Policy Forum.; Year: 2000; Washington, DC: National

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Shaping the future of children's health care Author: Association for the Care of Children's Health.; Year: 1990; Bethesda, MD (7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 300, Bethesda 20814): The Association, [1990]

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State experiences with cost-sharing mechanisms in children's health insurance expansions Author: O'Brien, Mary Jo.; Year: 2000; New York, NY: Commonwealth Fund, [2000]

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Systems of accountability: implementing children's health insurance programs Author: Edmunds, Margaret.; Year: 1998; Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998; ISBN: 0309061490 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309061490/icongroupinterna

•

The State Children's Health Insurance Program: a look at the numbers Author: Ullman, Frank.; Year: 1998; Washington, D.C. (2100 M. St., N.W., Washington 20037): Urban Institute, c1998

Chapters on Children’s Health In order to find chapters that specifically relate to children’s health, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and children’s health using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to children’s health have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:10 •

State Title V directors: Maternal and child health (MCH) and children with special health needs (CSHN) Source: Vienna, VA: National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse. 1999-. irregular. Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 4344MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge.

10

You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “children’s health” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

Books

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Summary: This directory lists the directors of state Title V maternal and child health (MCH) programs and children with special health care needs (CSHN) programs. A listing of federal regional office program consultants for the Maternal and Child Health Bureau is also included. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau]. •

State programs for providing children's health insurance: A resource notebook Source: Washington, DC: Forum for State Health Policy Leadership, National Conference of State Legislatures. 1997. ca. 200 pp. Contact: Available from Forum for State Health Policy Leadership, National Conference of State Legislatures, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 515, Washington, DC 20001. Telephone: (202) 624-5400 / fax: (202) 737-1069 / Web site: http://www.ncsl.org/healthforum. $40.00. Summary: This directory provides a list and description of state child health insurance programs and is designed to provide practical information for state legislators, officials, and other organizations studying options for expanding health insurance for children. Each program description starts with a cover page that includes contact information, sponsoring agency, eligibility and benefits, enrollment, and funding. Also included is authorizing legislation or regulations, where relevant, and brochures or fact sheets supplied by the programs themselves. It includes descriptions of at least one of every model currently in existence, and every program that is large and well-established.

•

Reaching out: A directory of national organizations related to maternal and child health Source: Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health. 1994. 190 pp. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This directory provides information on more than 850 organizations concerned with maternal and child health issues. The directory lists national organizations by the following subject areas: public health programs and services, infant health, child health, adolescent health, women's health, school health, nutrition, injury and violence prevention, services for children with special health needs, and chronic illnesses and disabilities. The publication includes both a subject index and an organizational index. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on children’s health. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on children’s health: •

Unmet needs and special issues in children's health programs Source: Washington, DC: Forum for State Health Policy Leadership, National Conference of State Legislatures. 1998. 1 audiotape guide (21 pp.), 1 audiotape (30:28 minutes). Contact: Available from National Conference of State Legislatures, 1560 Broadway, Suite 700, Denver, CO 80202-5140. Telephone: (303) 830-2200 / fax: (303) 863-8003. $20.00. Summary: This audiotape and accompanying guide lay the ground work to provide legislators and legislative staff an understanding of special populations and services for children with special health care needs, oral health, and mental health and substance abuse as related to their eligibility in the implementation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program. This audiotape is an edited recording of one session of a March 1998 meeting of legislative staff, state agency officials, and national experts in Nashville, Tennessee entitled 'Children's Unmet Needs and Special Issues.' It gave experts on these three issues the opportunity to answer questions such as how many of these children are there and what conditions do they have?.

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Bibliography: Multimedia on Children’s Health The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in children’s health (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on children’s health: •

A fragile fortress [videorecording]: defending our children's health Source: created and written by Simone Manteuil-Brutlag, David Kennard; a production of Independent Communications Associates and Simone Manteuil-Brutlag; produced in association with Public T; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; [San Jose, Calif.]: Independent Communications Associates, c1994

•

Analysis of children's health insurance patterns [electronic resource]: findings from the SIPP Source: submitted to Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Secretary, Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; submited by Mathematica Poli; Year: 1999; Format: Electronic resource; [Washington, D.C.: Dept. of

•

Children's health and children's rights [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Children's Hospital, Boston; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; Boynton Beach, FL: Distributed by Universal

•

Children's health in the community [videorecording] Source: NLN video; Euro-Pacific Film & Video Productions, Inc; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; [New York, N.Y.]: National League for Nursing, c1995

•

Examining substitution [electronic resource]: state strategies to limit "crowd out" in the era of children's health insurance expansions Source: by Anna Fallieras. [et al.] (Lewin Group) for the Office of Health Policy of the Office of the Assistant Secreta; Year: 1997; Format: Electronic resource; [Washington, D.C.: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Dept. of

•

Improving children's health through better communication [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Audio-Video Digest, in collaboration with the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine; Year: 1984; Format: Videorecording; San Francisco, Calif.: Extended Programs in Medical Education, University of California, in cooperation with the Pediatric Communication Project, Division of General Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, c1984

•

Lead poisoning [videorecording]: the effects on children's health Source: a production of Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, c1994

•

Report to the President on school-based outreach for children's health insurance [electronic resource] Source: submitted by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in collaboration with the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Education; Year: 2000; Format: Electronic resource; [Washington, D.C: Dept. of

•

The child health insurance program [electronic resource]: early implementation in six states Source: prepared by Lynne M. Fender, Melissa Panagides-Busch, Rhoda Schulzinger; Year: 1999; Format: Electronic resource; [Washington, D.C.: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 1999]

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•

Twenty-one million children's health [electronic resource]: our shared responsibility: the Medical Child Support Working Group's report. Source: by Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Labor; Year: 2000; Format: Electronic resource; [Washington, D.C.]: HHS Fatherhood Initiative, U.S. Dept. of

•

Using national survey data to analyze children's health insurance coverage [electronic resource]: an assessment of issues Source: by John L. Czajka and Kimball Lewis; Year: 1999; Format: Electronic resource; [Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CHILDREN’S HEALTH Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover children’s health.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on children’s health is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to children’s health. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “children’s health” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for children’s health: •

NIH takes closer look at pollution, child health Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 24, 2003

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•

Congress leaves without fix for children's health Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 21, 2002

•

Children's health improving in the US: report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 12, 2002

•

Germany to conduct survey of children's health Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 17, 2002

•

Middle East crisis takes toll on children's health Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 24, 2002

•

UN urges economic investment in children's health Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 12, 2002

•

Washington urged to support child health research Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 26, 2001

•

New coalition urges investment in children's health research Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 26, 2001

•

Bill would let parents join State Children's Health Insurance Program Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 25, 2001

•

Pediatric group wants more child health coverage Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 07, 2001

•

Rural children's health services in UK given boost Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 24, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “children’s health” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to children’s health, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “children’s health” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Children’s Health Find newsletters on children’s health using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “children’s health.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Health issues for children and youth and their families Source: Minneapolis, MN: Institute for Health and Disability. 1997-. irregular. Contact: Available from University of Minnesota, Institute for Health and Disability, University of Minnesota Gateway, 200 Oak Street, S.E., Suite 160, Minneapolis, MN 55455-2002. Telephone: (612) 626-4032 or (612) 624-3939 TTY / fax: (612) 626-2134 / email: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.peds.umn.edu/centers. Single copies available at no charge. Summary: This newsletter contains articles of interest to families whose children or adolescents have special health needs and to the health professionals and others who provide services to them. The articles focus on topics such as assuring that these

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children and adolescents have access to health care, data collection, public policy issues related to their health care, helping youth live independently, providing health care to adolescents with special health needs, transition programs, gathering demographic data on this population, and resilience and coping. From 1993 to 1994 the newsletter was published as 'Children's Health Issues;' from 1995 to 1996 it was called 'Children's and Youth's Health Issues.' [Funded in part by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on children’s health: •

Dental Insurance is Essential, But Not Enough Source: Closing the Gap. p. 4-5. July 1999. Contact: Available from Office of Minority Health Resource Center. P.O. Box 37337, Washington, DC 20013-7337. (800) 444-6472. Summary: This article reviews the lack of dental insurance and some additional strategies to address the problem of lack of access to dental services in the U.S., particularly among lower income persons. Topics include the amount of money spent on dental services, dental Medicaid, the lack of services for low income children (despite apparent coverage by dental Medicaid), the reasons that dentists do not participate in Medicaid services, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), dental services in CHIP, other public health initiatives, barriers to dental care for some cultural and linguistic minorities. The author concludes with recommendations for addressing these issues, including: make oral health a much higher priority on the local, state, and national levels; upgrade and expand the dental components of Medicaid and CHIP programs; promote and implement special initiatives for vulnerable and high risk populations to improve access to dental care; and fluoridate all community water supplies. 2 tables.

Academic Periodicals covering Children’s Health Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to children’s health. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering children’s health that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the

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name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “children’s health” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

National Child Health Day, 1997: Tobacco and kids: No if, ands or butts! Source: Rockville, MD: Maternal and Child Health Bureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1997. 19 items. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This information packet contains fact sheets, posters, hand outs, and an order form for anti-tobacco materials. The theme of the packet is the theme of the 1997 National Child Health Day; prevention and cessation of tobacco use among children and adolescents.

•

Child Health Day 1996: Violence prevention Source: Rockville, MD: Maternal and Child Health Bureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1996. 16 items. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Summary: This packet contains materials promoting Child Health Day 1996, which focused on violence prevention. The packet includes the history of Child Health Day; and fact sheets on the U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau, the Children's Safety Network, and the Emergency Medical Services for Children program. Other fact sheets cover violence prevention in schools, preventing firearm injuries, state and local initiatives on violence prevention, suicide prevention, lists of publications, and bumper stickers.

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The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 12466 1980 2868 2687 1111 21112

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “children’s health” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are 14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

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used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on children’s health can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to children’s health. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to children’s health. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “children’s health”:

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•

Other guides Adoption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adoption.html Child Day Care http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdaycare.html Child Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdentalhealth.html Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Children's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childrenshealth.html Health Insurance http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthinsurance.html Health Occupations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthoccupations.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Movement Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/movementdisorders.html Teen Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenmentalhealth.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to children’s health, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Medical Care and Your 6- to 12-Year-Old Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/doctor/medical_care_6_12.html You and Your Pediatrician Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=/ZZZPMEIDH4 C&sub_cat=105

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Chest Pain in Infants and Children: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/525.html Elimination Problems in Infants and Children: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/533.html

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Fever in Infants and Children: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/504.html Glossary of Imaging and Scanning Tests Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/labtest12.html Mouth Problems in Infants and Children: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/510.html Taking Your Child's Temperature Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/take_temp.html When to Call Your Child's Doctor Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body/call_doc.html Why Doctors Order Laboratory Tests Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/labtest2.html •

Treatment 20 Tips to Help Prevent Medical Errors in Children Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.aap.org/visit/02-P034-20Tips.pdf Home Treatment of Fever Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZXB1JODDC &sub_cat=107 Medicine and Your Child: How to Give Your Child the Right Dose Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/097.html Talking to the Pharmacist Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body/pharmacist.html Your Child and Medication Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/childmed.cfm

•

Alternative Therap Alternative Medicine and Your Child Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/alternative_medicine.html

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Nutritio Healthy Mealtime Habits Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/nutrition/habits.html

•

Coping Finding a Doctor for Your Child Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/doctor/find_ped.html How to Care for a Seriously Ill Child Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/ill/seriously_ill.html How to Talk to Your Child's Doctor Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/talk_doctor.html Knowing Your Child's Medical History Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/home/medhist.html Parental Dilemma: What to Do When Your Child Is Sick Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HO00035 Preparing Your Child for Visits to the Doctor Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/doctor/dr_visits.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Body Mass Index-for-Age (Children) Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/bmi-for-age.htm Children and Long-Term Illnesses Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry http://www.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/illness.htm Earaches in Children: A Painful Problem for Many Children Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/healthfacts/055/ Fitness and Your 6- to 12-Year-Old Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/fitness/fitness_6_12.html For Kids' Sake Think Toy Safety http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/281.pdf Growing Pains Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/aches/growing_pains.html

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How Much Sleep Is Enough for My Child? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sleep/sleep.html Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/munchausen.html Repeated Infections in Children Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/221.html Runny Nose (with Green and Yellow Mucus) http://www.cdc.gov/antibioticresistance/files/rn.pdf Your Child's Cough Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/eyes/childs_cough.html Your Child's Vision Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/eyes/vision.html •

Children Information for Pediatric Patients and Their Families: The Clinical Center Patient Coloring Book Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/pedweb/coloring_book/coloring_book/coloring_boo k.htm My Trip to the Hospital Coloring Book http://www.asahq.org/patientEducation/MyTrip.pdf Star Sleeper Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/starslp/

•

Latest New Elementary Signs of Heart Disease Found in Children Source: 11/09/2003, American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3016870 More News on Children's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_c.html#C hildrensHealth Nurse-Led Asthma Care Works Well Source: 11/18/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14729 .html Overweight Boys Show More Blood Pressure Problems Source: 11/12/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14640 .html

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Reflux Link to Airway Problems in Kids Unclear Source: 11/24/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14807 .html •

Law and Polic Insure Kids Now: Find Your State Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.insurekidsnow.gov/states.htm New CDC Guidelines Help Schools Prevent Injuries among Children and Adolescents Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r011207.htm

•

Organizations American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org/ BAM! Body and Mind Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.bam.gov/ Emergency Medical Services for Children Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.ems-c.org/ Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics http://www.childstats.gov/ KidsHealth Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/index_noflash.html National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health http://www.ncemch.org/ National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/children/default.htm National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Child Health Guide: Put Prevention into Practice Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/ppip/ppchild.htm HealtheHouse Source: Children's Environmental Health Coalition http://www.checnet.org/healthehouse/virtualhouse/index.asp Hearing Evaluation in Children Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/eyes/hear.html

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How Often to Have an Eye Exam Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZAKCLP3SC& sub_cat=113 Screening Tests for Children (Ages 2-12) Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/wellness/b_children.html Tips to Protect Children from Environmental Risks Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Children's Health Protection http://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/frmTips •

Research America's Children and the Environment Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/envirohealth/children/ Common Chest Blows Can Cause Sudden Death in Children Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=11998 HHS Identifies Drugs for Pediatric Testing and Announces FY 2003 and FY 2004 Funding Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2003pres/20030121.html Nine Hours of Sleep Key to “Back to School” Success Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/sep2002/nhlbi-19.htm Reduced: Unnecessary Antibiotics for Children Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/news/releases/02/6_25_02.asp Study Identifies Barriers to Pediatric Health Care for Children on Medicaid Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZCGAD9D4 D&sub_cat=440 Teen Birth Rate Down, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Drops, Kids More Likely to Be Overweight Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/new/releases/americas03.cfm

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Statistics America's Children 2003: Highlights Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics http://www.childstats.gov/ac2003/highlights.asp America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well Being 2003 Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/childstats/report2003.pdf

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Child Health Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/children.htm Child Health USA 2002 Source: Maternal and Child Health Bureau http://www.mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa02/ Guidelines to Prevent Unintentional Injuries and Violence Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/healthtopics/injury/guidelines/facts.htm HHS Issues New Report Showing More American Children Received Health Insurance in Early 2002 Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/releases/02news/release200212.htm New National Survey Data Detail Quality of Health Care For Children Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2002/mepschpr.htm Youth Risk Behaviors Surveillance Survey: 2001 Information and Results Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/yrbs/2001/summary_results/ You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on children’s health. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Maternal and Child Health Bureau program factsheets Source: Rockville, MD: U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau. 2000. 8 fact sheets. Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 4344MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge; also available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: These fact sheets describe the organization and operations of the U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). One fact sheet gives an overview of MCHB.

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Two fact sheets describe the Office of the Director and the Office of Data and Information Management (DDMI). The remaining fact sheets present information about the following divisions: (1) Division of Research, Training and Education (DRTE); (2) Division of Services for Children with Special Health Needs (DSCSHN); Division of Perinatal Systems and Women's Health (DPSWH); Division of State and Community Health (DSCH); and Division of Child, Adolescent and Family Health (DCAFH). •

West Virginia Office of Maternal and Child Health: Helping make a healthier West Virginia Source: Charleston, WV: Office of Maternal and Child Health, West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. n.d. 1 videotape (VHS, 1/2 inch 11 minutes), 4 fact sheets. Contact: Available from West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Office of Maternal and Child Health, 1411 Virginia Street, East, Charleston, WV 25301. Telephone: (304) 558-0030 / fax: (304) 558-2183. Summary: This information package contains four fact sheets that describe the Right from the Start Project. This public-private partnership seeks to coordinate care and enhance health services for mothers and children. Services include prenatal and delivery care, perinatal care, nutrition counseling, and specific types of financial assistance to assure access to medical care. The videotape describes the prenatal, children's health and women's health services that are available and encourages viewers to call the Office of Maternal and Child Health.

•

Child health facts Source: Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on the Future of Medicaid. 1998. 11 items. Contact: Available from Kaiser Commission on the Future of Medicaid, 1450 G Street, N.W., Suite 250, Washington, DC 20005. Telephone: (202) 347- 5270 / fax: (202) 347-5274. Available at no charge. Summary: This information package contains information on national and state health insurance coverage for children, including fact sheets, a policy brief, and a spiral-bound publication.

•

Low cost health care: Just for kids: Child Health Plan Plus Source: Glendale, CO: Colorado Child Health Plan. 1999. 10 items. Contact: Available from Colorado Child Health Plan, P.O. Box 469022, Glendale, CO 80246. Telephone: (800) 359-1991 or (303) 692-2960 / fax: (303) 266-9723 / Web site: http://www.cchp.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This information package contains materials to distribute to parents in Colorado who wish to enroll their uninsured children in the state Child Health Plan Plus. The pocket folder contains fact sheets, updates, a summary of benefits, enrollment forms, a checklist, a list of primary care providers, a descriptive brochure, a small display poster with tear-off sheets, and an order form for more materials. All materials are in English and in Spanish.

•

Insuring children's health: A community guide to enrolling children in free and lowcost health insurance programs Source: Washington, DC: Children's Defense Fund. 1999. 22 items.

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Contact: Available from Children's Defense Fund, 25 E Street, N.W, Washington, DC 20001. Telephone: (202) 628-8787 / fax: (202) 662-3510 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.childrensdefense.org. Summary: This information package offers step-by-step instructions on how to organize strong, local outreach and enrollment campaigns for the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). It includes suggestions for simple ways to engage schools, congregations, small businesses, and other community members in the effort and has a list of key contacts for CHIP and Medicaid in each state. •

Ensuring the Health of Families in the Nation's Capital: Planning for our Future-17th annual Maternal and Child Health Coordinating Conference, February 26, 2003 Source: Washington DC: Maternal and Family Health Administration, District of Columbia Department of Health. 2003. 1 v. Contact: Available from District of Columbia Maternal and Family Health Administration, 825 North Capitol Street, N.E., Third Floor, Washington, DC 20002. Telephone: (202) 442-5925 or (202) 216-9885 TTD/TTY / fax: (202) 442-4947 / e-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This notebook contains information from the 17th annual Maternal and Child Health Coordinating Conference held in the District of Columbia on February 26, 2003. It contains the conference agenda and background materials related to the health of infants and children, women and men, and youth.

•

Serving children with special health care needs in the community: Child Health Insurance Program Source: Rockville, MD: Division of Services for Children with Special Health Care Needs, U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau. [2000]. 1 v. Contact: Available from Merle McPherson, U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Division of Services for Children with Special Health Needs, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 18A-27, Rockville, MD 20857. Telephone: (301) 443- 2350 / fax: (301) 443-1728. Contact for cost information. Summary: This report discusses the 2000 revised national agenda and call for action for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and the Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP). The materials enclosed outline 7 action steps to guarantee children have access to quality health care, providers are appropriately trained, financing issues are equitably addressed, and that families play a pivotal role in how services are provided to their children. The report contains 4 sections: a revised National Agenda for Children with Special Health Care Needs; an eight step process for actions; information on related initiatives such as Family Voices, Medical Home, and Communities Can; and support materials containing papers, newsletters, fact sheets, issue briefs, tables, outlines of group meetings, and a compendium of federal funded projects on managed care and CSHCN. Two additional brochures are included: evaluating managed care plans for CSHCN, purchaser's tool; and data from 1997 on managed care and vulnerable Americans from the Alliance for Health Reform. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Children's Health Month Summary: Celebrate Children's Health Month by learning how to keep your kids healthy and safe. Choose from the topics and tips on this Web site to see how you can discover the rewards of healthy children. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6918

•

Hazardous Waste Sites and Children's Health Risks Summary: Children who live near hazardous waste sites often have greater exposures, greater potential for health problems, and less ability to avoid hazards. Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1179

•

Insure Kids Now: Your State's Children's Health Insurance Program Source: Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4033

•

Questions & Answers About the State Children's Health Insurance Program Summary: A series of answers given in response to questions raised by states, providers, consumers, and others about the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Source: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), formerly the Health Care Financing Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1218

•

State Children's Health Insurance Program Summary: Materials of interest to various audiences -- policy makers, insurers and families -- regarding the recent passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), also known as Title XXI. Source: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), formerly the Health Care Financing Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1187

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to children’s health. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to children’s health. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with children’s health. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about children’s health. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “children’s health” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “children’s health”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “children’s health” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “children’s health” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CHILDREN’S HEALTH DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Absenteeism: Chronic absence from work or other duty. [NIH] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and

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kidneys. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a

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phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] BMI: Body mass index; the body weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared (wt/ht2) used as a practical marker to assess obesity; often referred to as the Quetelet Index. An indicator of optimal weight for health and different from lean mass or percent body fat calculations because it only considers height and weight. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH]

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Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Child Development: The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= growth). [NIH] Child Health Services: Organized services to provide health care for children. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Community Health Centers: Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood. [NIH] Community Health Nursing: General and comprehensive nursing practice directed to individuals, families, or groups as it relates to and contributes to the health of a population. This is not an official program of a Public Health Department. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1

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to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumer Participation: Community or individual involvement in the decision-making process. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a

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myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco

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product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Characteristics: Size and composition of the family. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Far East: A geographic area of east and southeast Asia encompassing China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macao, Mongolia, and Taiwan. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorosis: Discoloration of the tooth enamel due to fluorine. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the

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blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Care Reform: Innovation and improvement of the health care system by reappraisal, amendment of services, and removal of faults and abuses in providing and distributing health services to patients. It includes a re-alignment of health services and health insurance to maximum demographic elements (the unemployed, indigent, uninsured, elderly, inner cities, rural areas) with reference to coverage, hospitalization, pricing and cost containment, insurers' and employers' costs, pre-existing medical conditions, prescribed drugs, equipment, and services. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community

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basis. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

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Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH]

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Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Local Government: Smallest political subdivisions within a country at which general governmental functions are carried-out. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Maternal Mortality: Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medication Errors: Errors in prescribing, dispensing, or administering medication with the result that the patient fails to receive the correct drug or the indicated proper drug dosage. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH]

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Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with

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other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or

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multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perinatal Care: The care of a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which

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another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH]

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Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Public Assistance: Financial assistance to impoverished persons for the essentials of living through federal, state or local government programs. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

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Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Self Concept: A person's view of himself. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH]

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Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Socialization: The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Teratogen: A substance which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin may involve a risk of subsequent non-hereditable birth defects in offspring. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of

152 Children’s Health

formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10

Dictionary 153

megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Walkers: Walking aids generally having two handgrips and four legs. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH]

154 Children’s Health

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

155

INDEX A Absenteeism, 22, 133 Acculturation, 15, 133 Adaptation, 15, 30, 73, 133 Adjustment, 15, 20, 133 Adolescence, 4, 21, 88, 133, 136, 146 Adverse Effect, 133, 151 Age of Onset, 133, 152 Algorithms, 133, 135 Alpha Particles, 133, 149 Alternative medicine, 99, 133 Ambulatory Care, 6, 27, 52, 59, 82, 133 Amino Acids, 133, 148, 150, 152 Amniotic Fluid, 133, 141 Anal, 22, 43, 53, 134 Anaplasia, 134, 145 Anatomical, 134, 139, 142 Animal model, 35, 134 Antibiotics, 28, 117, 134 Antibodies, 134, 142, 144 Antibody, 134, 136, 142, 143 Antigen, 134, 137, 142, 143 Antioxidant, 10, 134, 146 Anus, 134, 135 Aqueous, 134 Arginine, 134, 146 Arterial, 134, 142, 148, 151 Arteries, 134, 135, 137, 145, 153 Arterioles, 134, 135 Articulation, 16, 134 Attenuation, 22, 134 B Bacterial Physiology, 133, 134 Base, 16, 56, 134, 143 Benign, 134, 145 Biological Factors, 21, 134 Biomarkers, 8, 135 Biotechnology, 24, 89, 99, 107, 135 Blood pressure, 135, 142, 145 Blood vessel, 135, 136, 139, 151, 152, 153 BMI, 114, 135 Body Fluids, 135, 152 Bone Marrow, 135, 142 Bowel, 134, 135, 138 Bowel Movement, 135, 138 Bradykinin, 135, 146 Branch, 129, 135, 149, 151, 152

C Capillary, 5, 26, 135, 153 Carcinogenic, 135, 138 Carcinogens, 33, 135 Cardiology, 51, 135 Cardiovascular, 21, 66, 136 Cause of Death, 10, 136 Cell, 6, 135, 136, 137, 139, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153 Cervix, 136, 150 Child Care, 7, 21, 136 Child Development, 9, 21, 24, 48, 136 Child Health Services, 5, 12, 13, 136 Cholesterol, 26, 136 Chromosome, 136, 144 Chronic, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 34, 64, 91, 114, 116, 118, 133, 136, 143, 144 Chronic Disease, 18, 114, 116, 118, 136 Clinical Medicine, 136, 148 Clinical trial, 3, 19, 85, 86, 107, 136, 137, 139, 148, 149 Cloning, 135, 136 Cofactor, 136, 148 Community Health Centers, 20, 136 Community Health Nursing, 18, 136 Complement, 136, 137 Complementary and alternative medicine, 48, 68, 71, 74, 79, 137 Complementary medicine, 71, 137 Computational Biology, 107, 137 Conception, 137, 140, 148 Connective Tissue, 135, 137, 140 Consumer Participation, 27, 137 Consumption, 137, 138, 150 Contraindications, ii, 137 Control group, 7, 12, 15, 137 Convulsions, 137, 139, 148 Coordination, 11, 137 Coronary, 137, 145 Coronary Thrombosis, 137, 145 Cross-Sectional Studies, 8, 138 Curative, 138, 152 Cyclic, 138, 141, 146 D Data Collection, 14, 100, 138, 140 Databases, Bibliographic, 107, 138 Decision Making, 14, 138 Delivery of Health Care, 13, 136, 138, 141

156 Children’s Health

Dental Care, 60, 72, 100, 138 Dentists, 100, 138 Deprivation, 34, 138 Developed Countries, 10, 138 Developing Countries, 10, 23, 138 Diagnostic procedure, 99, 138 Diarrhoea, 72, 138 Diastolic, 138, 142 Digestive system, 86, 138 Dilation, 74, 135, 138 Dioxins, 60, 138 Direct, iii, 10, 12, 136, 138, 150 Domestic Violence, 18, 139 Double-blinded, 10, 139 Drive, ii, vi, 10, 22, 67, 139 Drug Interactions, 139 E Eclampsia, 10, 139, 148 Edema, 139, 148 Efficacy, 7, 10, 15, 18, 139 Electrons, 134, 139, 143, 146, 149 Embryo, 139, 148, 151, 153 Embryo Transfer, 139, 148 Empirical, 21, 82, 139 Enamel, 139, 140 Endothelium, 139, 146 Endothelium-derived, 139, 146 Enuresis, 37, 139 Environmental Exposure, 8, 16, 34, 139 Environmental tobacco smoke, 38, 139 Epidemiological, 16, 23, 35, 88, 140 Esophagus, 138, 140, 151 Exogenous, 140, 152 F Faecal, 138, 140 Fallopian Tubes, 140, 150 Family Characteristics, 6, 19, 140 Family Planning, 54, 107, 140 Far East, 36, 140 Fat, 5, 68, 135, 140, 144 Fathers, 17, 30, 73, 140 Fatigue, 19, 140 Fertilization in Vitro, 140, 148 Fetus, 140, 147, 148, 151, 153 Fibrosis, 72, 76, 140 Fluorine, 140 Fluorosis, 72, 140 Focus Groups, 12, 140 Folate, 8, 140 Fold, 10, 140 Folic Acid, 69, 140

G Gallbladder, 138, 140 Gas, 68, 140, 142, 146, 149, 150, 153 Gas exchange, 140, 150, 153 Gene, 22, 89, 135, 141 Genetics, 16, 22, 141 Gestation, 8, 10, 141, 147, 151 Gestational, 8, 141 Gestational Age, 8, 141 Glucose, 5, 72, 141, 143 Governing Board, 141, 147 Grade, 4, 46, 82, 141 Graft, 141, 142 Growth, 22, 25, 133, 134, 136, 138, 141, 145, 147 Guanylate Cyclase, 141, 146 H Hazardous Waste, 121, 141 Health Behavior, 4, 7, 15, 19, 20, 39, 56, 58, 68, 82, 83, 141 Health Care Costs, 41, 141, 142 Health Care Reform, 28, 141 Health Education, 4, 19, 33, 82, 141 Health Expenditures, 141, 142 Health Promotion, 19, 33, 46, 50, 114, 116, 118, 142 Health Services, 5, 12, 13, 31, 32, 36, 38, 39, 44, 46, 51, 54, 57, 98, 119, 138, 141, 142 Health Status, 8, 17, 21, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 45, 46, 47, 52, 61, 141, 142 Hemorrhage, 142, 151 Herbicides, 138, 142 Heredity, 141, 142 Host, 4, 142, 153 Hydrogen, 134, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149 Hypertension, 10, 142, 148 I Id, 69, 75, 114, 122, 128, 130, 142 Immune function, 6, 142 Immune response, 134, 142, 153 Immune Sera, 142 Immune system, 6, 142, 144, 153 Immunization, 30, 53, 142, 148 Immunologic, 6, 141, 142 Impairment, 20, 142, 144 Indicative, 88, 142, 153 Infancy, 8, 143 Infant Mortality, 18, 143 Infarction, 138, 143, 145 Infection, 77, 142, 143, 144, 153 Inflammation, 140, 143 Ingestion, 141, 143, 147

Index 157

Inhalation, 85, 141, 143, 147 Inorganic, 8, 143 Insight, 14, 143 Insulin, 143, 152 Intermittent, 143, 144 Intracellular, 143, 146 Involuntary, 45, 139, 140, 143, 145 Ionizing, 133, 139, 143 Ions, 134, 142, 143 J Joint, 134, 143 K Kb, 106, 143 L Large Intestine, 138, 143, 150 Library Services, 128, 143 Life cycle, 8, 14, 143 Life Expectancy, 18, 144 Linear Models, 4, 144 Linkages, 29, 30, 144 Lipid, 143, 144, 146 Lipid Peroxidation, 144, 146 Liver, 138, 140, 144 Local Government, 144, 149 Longitudinal Studies, 138, 144 Long-Term Care, 12, 144 Lymphocyte, 6, 134, 144 Lymphocyte Subsets, 6, 144 M Maternal Mortality, 10, 144 Mechanical ventilation, 85, 144 Mediate, 4, 7, 22, 23, 144 Medical Records, 144, 150 Medical Staff, 139, 144 Medication Errors, 42, 144 MEDLINE, 107, 144 Membrane, 137, 144, 147, 152 Mental Disorders, 86, 144, 148, 149 Mental Health, iv, 3, 11, 15, 18, 19, 43, 44, 86, 93, 106, 109, 112, 113, 144, 148, 149 Mental Health Services, iv, 3, 11, 109, 144 Mental Processes, 144, 149 Mentors, 6, 145 Metastasis, 145 MI, 88, 131, 145 Microbiology, 133, 145 Minority Groups, 6, 145 Modeling, 14, 17, 20, 22, 145 Modification, 145, 149 Molecular, 5, 15, 107, 110, 135, 137, 145 Molecule, 134, 137, 139, 145, 146, 149 Monitor, 12, 145

Motivations, 19, 145 Mutagenic, 138, 145 Mydriatic, 138, 145 Myocardium, 145 N NCI, 1, 86, 105, 145 Necrosis, 143, 145 Need, 5, 15, 16, 19, 22, 29, 39, 46, 87, 90, 99, 100, 108, 123, 145 Neonatal, 10, 25, 55, 57, 143, 145 Neoplasms, 35, 135, 145 Nerve, 145, 146, 151, 153 Networks, 11, 18, 26, 146 Neutrons, 133, 146, 149 Nitric Oxide, 85, 146 O Oral Health, 93, 100, 146 Ovaries, 140, 146, 150 Ovum, 141, 143, 146, 153 Oxidation, 134, 144, 146 Oxidative Stress, 22, 146 P Palliative, 146, 152 Pancreas, 135, 138, 143, 146, 152 Particle, 60, 146 Patient Education, 118, 126, 128, 131, 146 Penis, 146, 150 Perception, 38, 46, 61, 68, 73, 146 Perinatal, 8, 10, 16, 25, 29, 119, 143, 147 Perinatal Care, 119, 147 Pharmacist, 113, 147 Pharmacologic, 147, 152 Phospholipids, 140, 147 Physical Examination, 141, 147 Physical Fitness, 5, 83, 147 Physiology, 135, 147, 153 Placenta, 147, 153 Plants, 141, 142, 147 Plasma, 8, 134, 147 Platelet Aggregation, 146, 147 Platelets, 146, 147 Poisoning, 94, 147 Posterior, 134, 146, 147 Practice Guidelines, 109, 147 Precursor, 17, 147 Preeclampsia, 10, 148 Pre-eclamptic, 139, 148 Pregnancy Outcome, 8, 148 Pregnancy Tests, 141, 148 Prenatal, 8, 13, 57, 119, 139, 148 Prenatal Care, 57, 148 Prevalence, 4, 18, 19, 49, 72, 148

158 Children’s Health

Primary Prevention, 87, 148 Problem Solving, 15, 148 Progression, 134, 148 Progressive, 141, 145, 148 Prone, 42, 148 Prophylaxis, 148, 153 Prospective study, 55, 56, 148 Prostate, 135, 148, 150, 152 Protein S, 89, 135, 148, 150 Proteins, 133, 134, 136, 145, 147, 148 Proteinuria, 148 Protocol, 7, 11, 148 Protons, 133, 142, 143, 149 Proxy, 44, 115, 149 Psychiatric, 9, 44, 54, 144, 149 Psychiatry, 46, 114, 149, 153 Psychology, 20, 34, 39, 42, 46, 49, 52, 149 Psychopathology, 20, 149 Public Assistance, 7, 149 Public Policy, 10, 47, 100, 107, 149 Publishing, 24, 87, 149 Pulmonary, 135, 137, 149, 150, 153 Pulmonary Ventilation, 149, 150 Pulse, 145, 149 Pupil, 138, 145, 149 Q Quality of Life, 34, 149 R Race, 21, 22, 23, 43, 60, 81, 149 Radiation, 50, 139, 143, 149 Radiography, 141, 149 Randomized, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19, 139, 149 Reactivation, 6, 149 Receptor, 133, 134, 149 Rectum, 134, 135, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150 Refer, 1, 136, 146, 150 Regimen, 64, 139, 150 Rehydration, 72, 150 Reproduction Techniques, 148, 150 Reproductive system, 35, 150 Respiration, 145, 150 Respirator, 144, 150, 153 Respiratory System, 61, 66, 150 Restoration, 149, 150 Retrospective, 8, 26, 150 Retrospective study, 8, 150 Ribosome, 150, 152 Risk factor, 4, 19, 52, 54, 148, 150 Risk-Taking, 19, 150 S Salivary, 138, 150 Salivary glands, 138, 150

Screening, 117, 136, 150 Sedentary, 7, 19, 150 Self Care, 19, 150 Self Concept, 15, 150 Sex Characteristics, 133, 150 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 87, 150 Side effect, 133, 151, 152 Social Behavior, 17, 55, 56, 151 Social Environment, 149, 151 Social Problems, 87, 151 Socialization, 48, 83, 151 Somatic, 133, 151 Specialist, 122, 138, 151 Species, 8, 149, 151, 152, 154 Spinal cord, 136, 151 Spontaneous Abortion, 8, 148, 151 Stillbirth, 8, 148, 151 Stimulus, 139, 151, 152 Stomach, 138, 140, 151 Stress, 4, 6, 9, 15, 19, 58, 146, 151 Stroke, 86, 106, 151 Subspecies, 151 Synergistic, 6, 151 Systolic, 142, 151 T Temperament, 6, 151 Teratogen, 8, 151 Teratogenic, 138, 151 Therapeutics, 85, 152 Threshold, 142, 152 Thrombosis, 148, 151, 152 Thymus, 142, 152 Tissue, 134, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152 Tooth Preparation, 133, 152 Toxaemia, 148, 152 Toxic, iv, 34, 121, 139, 152 Toxicity, 139, 152 Toxicology, 16, 34, 45, 108, 152 Transfection, 135, 152 Transfer Factor, 142, 152 Translating, 9, 152 Translation, 11, 152 Translational, 11, 152 Transplantation, 139, 142, 152 Tumor marker, 135, 152 Type 2 diabetes, 4, 152 U Ultrasonography, 141, 152 Umbilical Arteries, 153 Umbilical Cord, 8, 153 Unconscious, 142, 153

Index 159

Urban Population, 52, 153 Urinary, 8, 139, 153 Urine, 139, 148, 153 Uterus, 136, 140, 146, 150, 153 V Vaccination, 53, 153 Vaccine, 30, 148, 153 Vagina, 136, 150, 153 Vascular, 139, 143, 146, 147, 153 Vasodilators, 146, 153 Vein, 153 Venous, 148, 153

Ventilation, 153 Ventilator, 144, 150, 153 Venules, 135, 153 Veterinary Medicine, 107, 153 Viruses, 6, 145, 153 W Walkers, 28, 153 White blood cell, 134, 144, 153 Womb, 150, 153 X Xenograft, 134, 154

160 Children’s Health

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