Challenges of Religion and Terrorism

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

Challenges of Religion and Terrorism Gurakuç Kuçi

University of Pristina

Abstract The end of the Cold War, ended the segregation into two ideological camps, but opened the way to new problems. Once the West had not an enemy to be a risk and push to be unified, they should find other ways to keep the united. Imposition of secular state and religion embodied regions, sparked reactions against the secular state, thus creating Occidentalism enemies. We have a clash of cultures or civilizations, that Huntington draw attention to the revival of religion in most of the World, is reinforces cultural differences. Freedom action, has raised and created religious fundamentalisms reclaiming to certain religious roots, and try to disseminate as much in the World to their religion, and their faith radical, potentially could collided religions that we have review and concluded as extreme (Pentecostal, Protestant Evangelicals, Orthodox, Takfir and Salafiyyah Islam). Secular nationalism went wrong, by the categorical religion completely from traditional cultures, and the tendency to create “parochial identities” submit to “the march of history” that fundamentalist groups claim, or even self-funded Orthodox Russia. And the tendency to realize its goals, leads to religious terrorism. Keywords: Terrorism, Fundamentalism, religion, world with religiously, the clash of religions.

Introduction The end of the Cold War did not bring the end of history of Fukuyama, nor permanent peace of Kant, but perhaps “the clash of civilizations” of Huntington. Even Globalization, freedom of movement, interdependence, did not bring any stable peace, except that sparked clashes between civilizations and growth of religion in the World. Establishment of religious groups seeking restitution in the foundation of certain faiths are justifying the instrument to achieve the goal, so the part of our research, is to find extreme groups, the main fundamentalist groups, which are ready, that for achieve their goals as well use terrorism instrument, but only to those of monotheistic. Globalization has brought a clash between different religions of the World, but mostly from the main ones, and so is sharing pole create crops that require protection by returning to the foundations of religion, and thus are created separation pole, which require protection, thus becoming the foundation of religion. As such, we will aim to explain how the World is divided into spheres of influence, and whether it is going and if it has a tendency to increase or confrontational dividing line between religions in the World, using terrorism, or fundamentalist religious terrorism, which will bring together the countries of the World, but also different cultures and peaceful liberals, to defend its values and achievements by joining in the fight against religious extremists. Our study will be directed only to the differences, hikes and religious clashes, and leaving out the study of differences and other clashes could be a handicap for our study. 506

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

Defining Religious fundamentalism and terrorism Fundamentalism is as “a largely urban movement directed against the dissolution of personality, patriarchal notion and social connections and their replacement by nonindividualistic principles. (Emerson & Hartman, 2006) Religious terrorism is a kind of politically motivated violence by an absolute trust. Actions taken in the name of faith that the power of otherworldly rewards in the world beyond. (Hoffman, 1998, p. 130) Profile acttions of the terrorism (Hoffman, 1998, pp. 94-95) Environment

The practice of violence

The scope of violence

Religious

Unconstained scale of terrorist violence Result: uncontrollable choices weapons and tactics

Defining the extent of goals Result: the use of indiscriminate violence

Component profile

Relationes with the existing system

The maximum un-limited, and the non-isolated Result: no call for external audience1

Alienation of “true faith” Result: a fully reformed social order

Religiosity of the global population “Pew Research Center” in a report, showing growth of monotheistic religion in the world, changes in population between the religions of fertility, migration and conversions. Here we went to work, that the World religions are growing more and more every time.

Population growth in developing countries will mainly shift towards larger metropolises. (Thomas, 2010, pp. 93-101) Secularism became inevitable part of modernization with the spread of education, science, technology, and prosperity, and these new large cities, are havens for religious revival after Christianity was established as a religious movement in urban cities of the Roman Empire, also the Franciscans are formed as urban reform (Minimal, limited and isolated Result: no call for an external audience) was column (Component profiles), but for the purposes of this research is changing, adapting to time. 1

507

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

movement in medieval Europe as counter-response to poverty and inequality that accompanied the growth of the market economy. (Thomas, 2010, pp. 93-101) Also Islam had followed, and is following the same path, expanding urban environments. Although urbanization can lead to civil unrest, and cities can be good cover for criminal and terrorist networks, urbanization provides understanding about the possibilities of religious institutions to prevent such threats in the first place. (Thomas, 2010, pp. 93-101) Therefore, the religion will continue to be concentrated in cities to fulfilled the notion of fundamentalism mentioned above. Why such an impact in urban areas rather than rural ones? “The classical theory of crowds”, the influence of propaganda, Communist, Nazi, etc., came as a result of the loss of hierarchy, family, church, disappointment, etc., And by this anarchy, the people were used to change the social order. (Reicher, 2001, p. 200) Now this frustration is changing approach seeking spiritual tranquility of the dynamics of capitalism, not social equality, failed states and the crisis of identity and so the crowds today is not difficult to organize, and Claire will continue imposition of fundamentalism to restore once power had papacy, caliphate, etc. And religious propaganda against the secular state (in) directly, inspires groups fighting for their purpose, or even groups with political goals, will use religion to come to power. Revival of Christianity Fundamentalisms Evangelical Protestantism Pentecostal and Charsimatic Independent Charismatic

1970 126,251,000 18,809,600

2010 545,887,000 326,047,000

2020 653,682,000 397,124,000

43,875,400

257,161,000

312,704,000

The largest outbreak religious in the World nowadays, is going from Pentecostialism and Evangelical Protestantism. Both require the return to the roots of faith, because Christianity has deviated from its foundations. Center for the Study of Global Christianity (CSGC), in 2013, issued a report on Christianity in the World. These data were collected from 1970-2010. Measurements that are shown in the table with digits, showing that Evangelical Protestantism has been constantly growing. (CSGC, 2013) Pentecostal, include a new tradition, charismatic, Pentecostal stream accept conservatism, but by practicing the traditions of churches (Anglican, Roman, Orthodox, Protestant, etc.), and recognized as the second kind charismatic and independent charismatic, the third type. The first two trends, insist on the return of the “holy spirit” to the roots of Christianity and shown to have continuous growth trend, while the third trend is not expected to have new accessions or additions towards the growing number of population based on the above table. Compared generally, Christian religion in general, and its sects in particular, have been steadily increasing, but also redistribution in the World. By 1910 Africa possessed only 9% of the Christian population, in 1970 reached 38.7%, 48.3% with 2010, the tendency is that with 2020 to reach the 49.3%. (CSGC, 2013) Asia in 1970 was only 4.5% Christian, by 2020 it is expected to have 9.2% Christian. (CSGC, 2013) If we 508

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

examine more in depth PEW reports, note that these currents are distributed in parts of the World, where Christianity as a whole has been significantly smaller in number. Revival of Islam PEW in another report, begins with the question: “Why Muslims are growing fast and unaffiliated are shrinking by the percentage of population in the World”. (PEW, 2015) Muslims have, and will continue to have the highest fertility in the World, with 3.1 children per woman, the world average of 2.5, as well as the youngest average age.(PEW, 2015, p. 10) Population Estimates % 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

1,559,700,000 1,907,110,000 2,209,270,000 2,497,830,000 2,761,480,000

23.2 24.9 26.5 28.1 29.1

Unlike Christianity that conversion will be negative, converting to Islam will be positive (PEW, p. 11), although there is no fixed line negativity and positivity to any of the religions. Islam will spread across the World also from its migration, as well as Christianity will continue its expansion to countries that have not been so popular. (PEW, 2015, p. 47) This report does not provide data on the number of Muslim population before 2010, but it provides data up to 2050, which are given in the table. Takferism and Salafism, although extreme currents, both of these are mutually exclusive, and takfirism remains the source of extremism, Salafism remains as a radical conservative, extreme potential. Unfortunately we were unable to identify, the number of supporters of these two currents. Renewal of monotheistic religions in Asia Population Muslim Christian

2010 986,420,000 287,100,000

2010 24.3% 7.1%

2050 1,457,720,000 381,200,000

2050 29,5% 7,7%

The former concerns China’s economic development, allowed tactically action Christianity and neo-Confucianism, mainly act freely, believing that they could promote social harmony and issues for many social changes. (Thomas, 2010, pp. 93-101) How will it continue domestic tranquility of China, if Christianity continues to grow, and penetrates the culture of China from South Korea, where the latter has reached more than a quarter of the population, it could fundamentally change the structure of China policy. (Thomas, 2010, pp. 93-101). Pacific countries, from the data, see that every day more and more populated and converted monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam. (Thomas, 2010, pp. 93509

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

101) Since there are Takfirism and Salafism in China (Al-Sudairi, 2014), this is known, but unfortunately there is no statistical data. Also two fundamentals Christian operating in China. (PEW, 2006) If we would like a reply to an earlier question, “clash of civilizations” is a base which gives us to understand that the war between civilizations potential is likely to happen within countries. Russia, Orthodoxy and Islam

Orthodox Christians account for 260 million of the World, or 12% of the Christian population in the World. (PEW, 2011, p. 31) Orthodoxy believes that only they are on the right path to Christianity, greater extent there had in Europe, and its historic place that keeps the bigotry is Russia. If we look at the ten countries that Orthodoxy leads, we observe that there is great scope in the East of Europe, especially the former Communist Bloc countries, but also allied countries, such as Egypt. Russia to 2010 carrying within himself 13,634,000 Muslim or 9.2%, of which by 2030 may reach the digits at 16,379,000, or 11.7% of the population of Russia. (PEW, 2011) Orthodoxy Europe Sub-Saharian Africa Asia-Pacific Mid. East-North Africa

76.09% 15.4% 4.6% 2.10%

The growing influence of religion and globalization In this new World, local politics is the politics of ethnicity; Global politics is politics of 510

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

civilizations (Huntington, 2004, p. 18), expressed Huntington in “Clash of Civilizations and the Remake of World Order”. This book as controversial response to the book “The End of History and the Last Man” of Francis Fukuyama, sparked much controversy, even today is quite current in academic debates, dividing authors into two camps. Neither Huntington, had not tend that his book, to make “academic book”, and the book is “presented in the form of the hypothesis”. (Huntington, 2004, f. 10). However, Huntington, in principle entitled to some clarifications, the collapse of the Communist bloc, more rightly emphasises that the dividing lines are not ideological, but cultural and revival of religion in most of the World, reinforces these cultural differences. (Huntington, 2004, p. 22) If anyone still doubts that Huntington is incorrect in its assumptions, I propose to read the part where he talks about the confrontation between Russia and Ukraine. (Huntington, 2004, f. 39) Westernisation is not a phenomenon that has won the Cold War adversaries, zeal against her appeared in attacks on Pearl Harbor and in previous events, but the most recent terrorist attacks. When China was humiliated during the Opium War in the nineteenth century, educated Japanese had understand that their country’s survival depended on careful study and imitation of ideas and technology to give priority to the Western colonial powers. (Buruma & Margalit, 2004, f. 9) Such imitations, occurring even in our time, and imitations are occurring only in combating the West, and with the West means, with the technology and ideas that the West itself created. All are witnessing for fanaticism holding Asians to culture, however, the West there insisted some roots and developed a religion, not previously belonged to them and are becoming part of their culture and civilization. Given that mentality, for example Japan or China, is preserving the death of their possessions, they certainly would create such a tendency of spreading and preserving their religion, even if against the government. But the trend for rooting of culturs and non-folk religions in Asia can be protected by locals with facing up to fight cross-cultural or inter-religious. Christian fundamentalism (Pentecostial and Protestant Evangelical) On February 19, 2015, the world’s Pentecostal leaders of “The General Council of the Assemblies of God”, gathered in Los Angeles, where they presented the 90 million new members. They also expressed concern about the persecution, discrimination, marginalization to the death of the Christians in the World and put attention to the killings of Christians in Egypt. (Wood, 2015) However, Pentecostal and their churches are not intangible, cases of violence against them posed in India’s Karnataka. (DeCaro, 2011) Steve Bruce, Evangelical Protestants fundamentalism, compares with the notion of Islamic fundamentalists of “jihad”. (Bruce, 2015) The Department of Defense of the United States, with 2013, Evangelical Protestants categorized as “extremist” near Al-Qaida and the Ku Klux Klan. (Markay, 2013) Orthodox fundamentalism Putin is a declared believer who always wears a cross of baptism and is inspired by the old oppression of the Orthodox Church (Galelotti & Bowen, 2014), and in his speech of 511

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

the national with 2012, Putin demanded the return to the roots of Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia, which became a stronghold immediately after the fall of Constantinople (Putin, 2012), and the role of the Orthodox Church is the protection of the Russian soul and ideals. (Galelotti & Bowen, 2014) The Orthodox Church has had for a long time after the fall of communism internal debates of liberal and conservative currents, for any relation with Jews, but has managed to find its unity for the distribution of their culture and religion and that even with help the Russian state itself. (Knox, 2005) The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Abroad (ROCA, a.d.) and The Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR, a.d.), are very active in the outside World, extending influence, Orthodox religion and Orthodox Russian culture. Intolerance, inequality, only four mosques in Moscow, with 650 churchs, and also had planned to build the 200 other, Moscow is forcing Muslims to fester, radicalized and cling to radical groups. (Shuster, 2013) Islamic fundamentalism Recent wars in the Middle East and the emergence of various groups that call in the name of jihad for Islam, brought the Islamic World, and the World as a whole obvious problems, and has sparked debate within Islam itself on the interpretation of the Quran’s and hadiths of Prophet Muhammad SAW. Two extreme currents were identified as Takfirism1 and Salafism, takfirist currents explained in footnote, labelled as a terrorist line which continues to recruit people from around the World. Salafism/Wahhabism that is involved in the creation, financing and supplying weapons to terrorist groups, with clearly informs us that a study by Claude Monique, requested and financed by the European Parliament. (Moniquet, 2013) The study shows that groups, individuals, businessmen, and others from the ranks of Salafism/ Wahhabism, are the main financiers of terrorist groups that fought and fight the war throughout the Middle East and beyond. (Moniquet, 2013) Notice to Salafism/ Wahhabism also drawn the German intelligence service. (Deutsche Welle, 2014) Salafism has even managed to have supporters within Shi’ite Iran, because young people are disappointed by the Shi’a and shi’as own power. (Khalaji, 2013) Religious clashes and terrorism Terrorism is not only a product of a sick world, crack, crazy, desperate and without any chance and cure. It is the product of aggressiveness of the World, of her soul hidden and vindictive. (Mureşan, 2008, pp. 16-20) The loss of power of the church, birth of reason d’etas, The basic tenets of the Takfir radical extremist ideology, which has its roots from the time of the Kharijites’ (the earliest violent deviated group in Islam) ideology, which the Takfirs have adjusted for the modern period of the 20th and 21st century. This is the ideology embraced by ISIS and other previous violent extremist groups including Al-Qaida and others. Those that embrace the Takfir ideology are part of a radical exclusivist group which misinterprets religious readings, and in many cases base their arguments in Quranic verses dealing with ‘punishment’ while ignoring references to ‘mercy’ and ‘rewards’. They are hasty in their decision to tag and frame someone as an unbeliever or a hypocrite, as exemplified by the embrace of this ideology by ISIS. (Kursani, 2015, f. 10) 512 2

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

the decline of the caliphate, secular state and Globalisme pressure towards culture and religions, the pressure of taking power by some uncontrollable external factors religions, all these together have a World, that if he began to lose the sovereignty of states to a global interdependence, now is losing sovereignty to larger countries such as the EU, to other new security that comes from injury of feelings and loss of the Patriarchs and Clergy, but also the loss of a sense of community leads to a clash once against globalization, and then, the religions calshes with each other to occupy secular globalization. If we look at the attention the figure below, note that monotheistic religions in general, and the fundamental trends in particular, are being distributed around the World, and can bring us to a clash between religions, the religion itself, is not that they don’t love this, since claim to the fulfillment of the prophecies, on a fast arrival of “Apocalypse” (Gregg, 2014, pp. 36-51), and fight against another religion, or nonbelievers as they call each other. Terrorist creatures until now almost more dangerous, ISIS, wants to have 80 states on her to fulfill prophecy (SkyNews, 2015), then is creating a Christian organization to fight ISIS, which is the “Sons of Liberty International (SOLI)” (VanDyke, 2015) In the World exist a number of organizations with extreme religious ideas (Juergensmeyer, 2007) that are attacking the secular states, the soon to issue its own interests and may clash with each other. While we have continued provocations on all sides to each other, remember the burning of holy books, cartoons, and similar things, that continue even now, and provocations are reaching even to the point such as the killings at the headquarters of Charlie Hebdo. Aggressiveness and search for return to religious foundations, but quickened by the growth of the LGBT community, and gaining legal rights to, and even war and secular states conditions for equal rights, also atheism increasing, both of these are spark clashes and calls for combating these phenomena, and with them also their supporters, until to liquidation. Cultures and religions by not accepting changes that globalization brings, and the inability to stop this process by peaceful means, then go to terrorism, that is profiled in the table earlier in this paper. The above figure shows that how in the future there is a tendency currents identified as extremes will create hotbeds for the spread and influence, although Christian fundamentals that are doing more peacefully through “soft power,” but tendency that these cultures and religions fighting globalization, will come to a point that would also fight each other. ISIS as takfir most dangerous group, it has published a paper on “How to survive in the West” (ISIS, 2015) and some authors address these terrorist groups that “are neither soldiers nor criminals” (Etzioni, 2007). Then, perhaps this new approach to these extreme groups, like giving signals that the more serious they become and winning the support site, the more is legitimated and are forcing the World to accept, as the only way to combat 513

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

with the Human Rights, after frontal battle can be won, but not the war on terrorism. Conclusions The end of the Cold War, ideological raiment stripped of many civilizations in different parts had also banned religion, and freedom of action may lead to conflict, new war to World completely showdown between religions. After a period when these terrorist groups acquire terrains, then it can escalate into a front war, and the tendency to have weapons of mass destruction or capture states, could lead to greater disasters. Wars today are not only between countries, but also within the state, and they are expanded by including also other countries, the wars to extent the culture or religion. Globalization today is not only Americanization, but also of other cultures and religions. And these religions have produced among them extreme groups, which have emerged as a result of the repression of their culture or religion from the secular state. Christianity, Islam and monotheistic religions that are part of our research, are stripped of their power, transformations have occurred within them, so as such, now require old power, and the only way for them is terrorist. Globalization brought a lot of things that are intolerable for religions, and now own religions are fighting globalization, by means of Globalzmit. Secular state arrived to impose itself in the West, but the tendency to spread in other parts of the World, has stalled in the resistance of local cultures and religions, and attacks on them, has exacerbated the locals to make resistance to foreigners, while not having the strength of the front resistance, the locals have acted as guerrillas to terrorism, and have expanded their transnational reach, becoming a global problem. And the creation of such groups has continued like a pendulum who have considered as demon, secular states, but also from secular countries have established extremist groups. Religious structural changes, bring also changes relations and approaches, on religion, power, World, and humanity. Terrorism has a tendency to understand also as a new fight, that organized by the powerful of the World, for avoiding the international law, and to creating asymmetrical wars to achieve their goals planned. However, not everything can go according to the plan, as they can return to real wars and become uncontrollable, after reaching certain support measures. Politics, is what rejects also the most logical studies, the interests of the great powers, and their power, can change greatly flow of history. But it should be remembered that, we must to be difference betwen religions and terrorist religion groups, because the attack of religions as a whole, can cause great excitement in the community. Should not trust any community faith, for not to provoke any prophetic conflict flow, because extremists are being dreamed it. Bibliography Al-Sudairi, M. (2014, October 23). The Diplomat. http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/chinesesalafism-and-the-saudi-connection/ Bruce, S. (2015). Irish Association. May 10, 2015, from http://www.irish-association.org/papers/ stevebruce11_oct03.asp Buruma, I., & Margalit, A. (2004). Oksidentalizmi: Perëndimi dhe Armiqtë e Tij. Tiranë: IDK. CSGC. (2013). Christianity in its Global Contex, 1970-2020. Hamilton: CSGC. 514

ISSN 2410-759X Acces online at www.iipccl.org

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research IIPCCL Publishing, Tirana-Albania

Special Issue No 1 June 2015

DeCaro, J. (2011). WorthyNews. May 10, 2015, from http://www.worthynews.com/11011-policeclose-pentecostal-churches-as-reign-of-terror-continues-against-christians-in-karnataka Deutsche Welle. (2014). Deutsche Welle. May 10, 2015, from http://www.dw.de/german-domesticintelligence-chief-warns-of-rapidly-growing-salafist-scene/a-18020976 Emerson, M., & Hartman, D. (2006). The Rise of Religious Fundamentalism. Annual Reviews, 127-144. Etzioni, A. (2007, August 22). Terrorists are neither criminals nor soldiers. May 10, 2015. Financial Times: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bb894a8c-5047-11dc-a6b0-0000779fd2ac.html#axzz3blUPgaZ3 Galelotti, M., & Bowen, A. (2014). Foreign Policy. May 10, 2015, http://foreignpolicy. com/2014/04/21/putins-empire-of-the-mind/ Gregg, H. (2014). Defining and Distinguishing Secular and Religious Terrorism. Perspective on Terrorism, VIII(2), 36-51. Hoffman, B. (1998). Religious and Secular Terrorism. Iside Terrorismm (pp. 94-95). New York: Columbia University Press. Huntington, S. (2004).Përplasja e Qytetërimeve dhe Ribërja e Rendit Botëror. Shkup: Logos. ISIS. (2015). How to Survive in the West. ISIS. Juergensmeyer, M. (2007). Global Rebellion. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Khalaji, M. (2013). The Washington Institute. May 10, 2015, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/ policy-analysis/view/the-rise-of-persian-salafism Knox, Z. (2005). Russian Orthodoxy, Russian Nationalism and Patriarch Aleksii II. Nationalities Papers, IV(33), 533-545. Kursani, S. (2015). Raport pë shkaqet dhe pasojat e përfshirjes së qytetarëve të Kosovës si luftëtarë të huaj në Siri dhe Irak. Prishtinë: KCSS. Markay, L. (2013). WashingtonTimes. May 10, 2015, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/ apr/5/dod-presentation-classifies-catholics-evangelicals/?page=all Moniquet, C. (2013). The Involvement Of Salafism/Wahhabism In The Support And Supply Of Arms To Rebel Groups Around The World. Belgium: ESISC. Mureşan, M. (2008). Terrorism and Religion by the Beginning of the 21st Century. CEEOL(3), 16-20. PEW. (2006). Spirit and Power. Washington: Pew Research Center. PEW. (2011). Global Christianity. Washington: Pew Research Center. PEW. (2015). The Future of World Religions. Washington: Pew Research Center. Putin, V. (2012). Kremlin. May 10, 2015, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/17118 Reicher, S. (2001). Blakcwell Handbook of Social Psicholgy: Group Processes. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. May 10, 2015, http://sinod.ruschurchabroad.org/engindex.htm The Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia. May 10, 2015, http://www.russianorthodoxchurch. ws/synod/indexeng.htm Shuster, S. (2013). SBS. May 10, 2015, http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/08/03/commentunderground-islam-russia SkyNews. (2015, January 20). The Apocalyptic Prophecy Fuelling IS Militants. http://news.sky.com/ story/1349422/the-apocalyptic-prophecy-fuelling-is-militants Thomas, S. (2010). A Globalized God. May 10, 2015, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ global-commons/2010-11-01/globalized-god VanDyke, M. (2015, May 31). Sons of Liberty International. http://www.sonsoflibertyinternational.com/ Wood, G. (2015, February 19). Church Of God In Christ. May 10, 2015, http://www.cogic.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/Pentecostal-Leaders-Letter.pdf 515