British Writers: Supplement

BRITISH WRITERS BRITISH WRITERS JAY PARINI Editor SUPPLEMENT XIII British Writers Supplement XIII Project Editor ...

Author: Jay Parini

166 downloads 3655 Views 9MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

BRITISH WRITERS

BRITISH WRITERS JAY PARINI Editor

SUPPLEMENT XIII

British Writers Supplement XIII

Project Editor Michelle Kazensky

Permissions Researcher Laura Myers

Buyer Rhonda A. Dover

Copyeditors Gretchen Gordon, Laura Myers, Linda Sanders

Permissions Barb McNeil, Margaret Chamberlain-Gaston, Jacqueline Key

Publisher Frank Menchaca

Proofreader Susan Barnett, Tara Marion

Composition Specialist Tracey L. Matthews

Indexer Wendy Allex

© 2008 Charles Scribner’s Sons, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning

All RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Charles Scribner’s Sons.

For more information, contact Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at gale.cengage.com

For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to:

Product Manager Peg Bessette

The Permissions Department Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248 699-8006 or 800 877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax: 248 699-8074 or 800 762-4058 Since this pages cannot legibly accomodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA British writers. Supplement XIII / Jay Parini, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-684-31518-8 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-684-31518-1 (alk. paper) 1. English literature--Bio-bibliography. 2. English literature--History and criticism. 3. Commonwealth literature (English)--Bio-bibliography. 4. Commonwealth literature (English)--History and criticism. 5. Authors, English--Biography. 6. Authors, Commonwealth--Biography. I. Parini, Jay. PR85.B688 Suppl. 13 820.9--dc22 [B] 2007025420

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 10 09

Acknowledgments Acknowledgment is gratefully made to those publishers and individuals who permitted the use of the following materials in copyright:

MONICA ALI. Boehmer, Elleke. From Colonial and Postcolonial Literature. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 2005. Copyright © 2005. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press./ Guardian, June 17, 2003. Copyright 2003 Guardian Newspapers Limited. Reprinted by permission of Monica Ali and Aragi Inc./ Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Grifﬁths, and Helen Tiffin. From The Empire Writes Back. Routledge, 1989. Copyright © 1989 Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the publisher.

EDWARD CARPENTER. Forster, E.M. From Maurice. Copyright © 1971 by the trustees of the late E.M. Forster. Used by permission of W.W. Norton & Company, Inc./ Rowbotham, Sheila. From Socialism and the New Life. Pluto Press, 1977. Copyright © Pluto Press 1977. Reproduced by permission./ Victorian Literature and Culture, v. 32, 2004 for “Morris, Carpenter, Wilde, and the Political Aesthetics of Labor” by Ruth Livesey. Copyright © 2004 Cambridge University Press. Reproduced by permission of the publisher and author.

JOHN BURNSIDE FILE. Burnside, John. From Common Knowledge. Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1991. Copyright © John Burnside 1991. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited./ From Feast Days. Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1992. Copyright © John Burnside 1992. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited./ From The Myth of the Twin. Cape Poetry, 1994. © John Burnside 1994. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited./ Scottish Studies Review 4, v. 1, spring, 2003; Dosa, Attila, Poetry and Other Realities: Scottish Poets in Conversation, Rodopi, 2007. Reproduced by permission./ From Swimming in the Flood. Cape Poetry, 1995. © John Burnside 1995. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited./ From A Normal Skin. Cape Poetry, 1997. © John Burnside 1997. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited./ From The Asylum Dance. Cape Poetry, 2000. © John Burnside 2000. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited./ From The Hoop. Carcanet Press, 1988. Copyright © 1988 John Burnside. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From The Light Trap. Cape Poetry, 2002. Copyright © John Burnside 2002. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited./ From The Good Neighbour. Cape Poetry, 2005. Copyright © John Burnside 2005. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited./ From Burning Elvis. Jonathan Cape, 2000. Copyright © John Burnside 2000. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited./ From Common Knowledge. Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1991. Copyright © John Burnside 1991. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited.

CIARAN CARSON Carson, Ciaran. From The Star Factory. Arcade Publishing, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by Ciaran Carson. All rights reserved. Courtesy of Arcade Publishing./ From Belfast Confetti. Wake Forest University Press, 1989. Copyright © Ciaran Carson 1989. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission./ From The New Estate. Blackstaff Press, 1976. © Ciaran Carson 1976. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission Wake Forest University Press./ From “Smithﬁeld Market,” in The Irish for No. Edited by Peter Fallon. Wake Forest University Press, 1987. © Ciaran Carson 1987. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission./ From “Dresden,” in The Irish for No. Edited by Peter Fallon. Wake Forest University Press, 1987. © Ciaran Carson 1987. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission./ From “Belfast Confetti,” in The Irish for No. Edited by Peter Fallon. Wake Forest University Press, 1987. © Ciaran Carson 1987. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission./ The Irish Review, v. 8, spring, 1990. Copyright © The Irish Review 1989. Reproduced by permission./ From First Language: Poems. Wake Forest University Press, 1994. Copyright © Ciaran Carson 1994. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission./ From Opera Et Cetera. Wake Forest University Press, 1996. Copyright © Ciaran Carson. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission./ From Last Night’s Fun. North Point Press, 1997. Copyright © 1996 by Ciaran Carson. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of North Point Press, a division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC./ From The Twelfth of Never. Gallery Books, 1998. © Ciaran Carson 1998. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Wake Forest University Press./ From

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Star Factory. Arcade Publishing, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by Ciaran Carson. All rights reserved. Courtesy of Arcade Publishing.

Edited by Jonathan Galassi. Carcanet New Press, 1976. Copyright © Jonathan Galassi 1976. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ Bernard Knox, “Premature Anti-Fascist,” Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives— Bill Susman Lecture Series, 1998. Reproduced by permission./ From “Extracts from Letters, 1928-1933: Letter to His Mother, Stowe, 1930,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ Bernard Knox, “Premature Anti-Fascist,” Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives— Bill Susman Lecture Series, 1998. Reproduced by permission./ Heinemann, Margot. From “Grieve in a New Way for New Losses,” in New Writing. Edited by John Lehmann. Lawrence and Wishart, 1937. Reproduced by permission./ From “Poems Written at School,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “Communism in the Universities,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited.

STEWART CONN. Conn, Stewart. From Stolen Light. Bloodaxe Books, 1995. Copyright © Stewart Conn 1995. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission. JOHN CORNFORD. Cornford, Frances. From Mountains & Molehills. Cambridge University Press, 1934. Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press./ From “Cambridge Socialism,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “Poems Written at Cambridge: Keep Culture Out of Cambridge,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ Kiernan, Victor. From “Recollections,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “Sad Poem,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ Cornford, F. M. From “John as a Child,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “The Struggle for Power in Western Europe,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “Diary Letter from Aragon,” in John Cornford: A Memoir.Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “Poems Written in Spain,”in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ Cornford, Christopher F. From “At School,” in John Cornford: A Memoir. Edited by Pat Sloan. Jonathan Cape, 1938. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “Letter to Frances Cornford” [June 1936] in Understand the Weapon Understand the Wound. Edited by Jonathan Galassi. Carcanet New Press, 1976. Copyright © Jonathan Galassi 1976. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “Letter to His College Tutor, 4 Oct. 1936,” in Understand the Weapon Understand the Wound. Edited by Jonathan Galassi. Carcanet New Press, 1976. Copyright © Jonathan Galassi 1976. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “Letter to Margot Heinemann, 8 Dec. 1936,” in Understand the Weapon Understand the Wound. Edited by Jonathan Galassi. Carcanet New Press, 1976. Copyright © Jonathan Galassi 1976. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Limited./ From “Letters to Margot Heinemann, Autumn 1936, 21 Nov 1936,” in Understand the Weapon Understand the Wound.

JACKIE KAY. Kay, Jackie. From Bessie Smith. Absolute Press, 1997. © Jackie Kay 1997. Reproduced by permission. JAMES MANGAN. Welch, Robert. From A History of Verse Translation From the Irish 1789-1897. Barnes & Noble Books, 1988. Copyright © 1988 by Robert Welch. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission. RUTH PITTER. Pitter, Ruth. From Essays & Poems Presented to Lord David Cecil. Constable, 1970. © 1970 by Ruth Pitter. Reproduced by permission of Constable & Robinson LTD. PHILIP PULLMAN. Sunday Telegraph, January 27, 2002. Copyright © 2002 Sunday Telegraph. Reproduced by permission. CRAIG RAINE. The English Review, April, 1991. Copyright 1991 Philip Allan Updates. Reproduced by permission./ From The Onion, Memory. Oxford University Press, 1978. © Craig Raine 1978. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission./ Helix, 1984. © Poetry Helix, 1984. Reproduced by permission./ The Malahat Review, February, 1983. © The Malahat Review, 1983. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission./ From A Martian Sends a Postcard Home. Oxford University Press, 1979. Reproduced by permission./. Times Literary Supplement, v. 1141, October 16-22, 1987. Copyright © 1987 by The Times Supplements Limited. Reproduced from The Times Literary Supplement by permission./ Poetry Review, v. 76, December, 1986. Reproduced by permission./ New

vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS York Review of Books, v. 42, March 23, 1995. Copyright © 1995 NYREV, Inc. Reprinted with permission from The New York Review of Books./ The Sunday Herald, July 16, 2000. COPYRIGHT 2000 SMG Newspapers Limited & SMG Sunday Newspapers Limited. Reproduced by permission of the author, Andrew Billen./ The English Review, April, 1991. Copyright 1991 Philip Allan Updates. Reproduced by permission.

The Mortmere Stories. Enitharmon Press, 1994. © Edward Upward 1994. © Don Bachardy 1994. Reproduced by permission./ From “A Marxist Interpretation of Literature,” in The Mind in Chains: Socialism and the Cultural Revolution. Edited by C. Day Lewis. Frederick Muller Ltd., 1937. Reproduced by permission of The British Library./ From The Spiral Ascent. Heinemann,1969, 1977. © Edward Upward, 1969, 1977. Both reproduced by permission of The British Library./Upward, Edward and Christopher Isherwood. From The Mortmere Stories. Enitharmon Press, 1994. © Edward Upward 1994. © Don Bachardy 1994. Reproduced by permission./ From The Night Walk and Other Stories. Heinemann, 1987. © Edward Upward 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1987. Reproduced by permission of The British Library./ From An Unmentionable Man. Enitharmon Press, 1994. © Edward Upward 1994. Reproduced by permission./ From The Mortmere Stories. Enitharmon Press, 1994. © Don Bachardy 1994. Reproduced by permission./ London Magazine, June, 1988; April/ May, 1990 © London Magazine, 1988, 1990. Both reproduced by permission./ From The Scenic Railway. Enitharmon Press, 1997. © Edward Upward 1997. Reproduced by permission./ From The Railway Accident and Other Stories. Penguin Books, 1972. Copyright © 1969 Edward Upward. Reproduced by permission.

DOROTHY RICHARDSON. Hanscombe, Gillian E. From The Art of Life: Dorothy Richardson and the Development of Feminist Consciousness. Ohio University Press, 1983. Copyright © 1982 by Gillian E. Hanscombe. Reproduced by permission. MARY DARBY ROBINSON. Pascoe, Judith. From “Introduction,” in Mary Robinson: Selected Poems. Edited by Judith Pascoe. Broadview Literary Texts, 2000. © 2000 Judith Pascoe. Reproduced by permission. PETER SCUPHAM. Scupham, Peter. From Collected Poems. Carcanet Press, 2002. Copyright © Peter Scupham, 1975. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Ltd./ From Out Late. Oxford University Press, 1986. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Ltd./ From The Air Show. Oxford University Press, 1988. Reproduced by permission of Carcanet Press Ltd./ From Night Watch. Anvil Press Poetry, 1999. Copyright © Peter Scupham, 1999. Reproduced by permission./From The Small Containers. Phoenix Pamphlet Poets, 1972. Copyright © Peter Scupham, 1972. Reproduced by permission.

KEITH WATERHOUSE. Waterhouse, Keith. From There is a Happy Land. Michael Joseph, 1957. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books, Ltd./ The Guardian, April 14, 2001. Copyright 2001 Guardian Newspapers Limited. Reproduced by permission of Guardian News Service, LTD./ From Billy Liar. Michael Joseph, 1959. Copyright © 1959 by Keith Waterhouse. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books, Ltd./ From Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell. Samuel French, 1991. © 1991 by Keith Waterhouse Ltd. Reproduced by permission.

EDWARD UPWARD. Upward, Edward. From The Coming Day and Other Stories. Enitharmon Press, 2000. © Edward Upward 2000. Reproduced by permission./ From The Railway Accident and Other Stories. Penguin Books, 1972. Copyright © 1969 Edward Upward. Reproduced by permission./ From Journey to the Border. Enitharmon Press, 1994. © Edward Upward 1994. Reproduced by permission./ Upward, Edward and Christopher Isherwood. From

JOHN WYNDHAM. Wyndham, John. From Sleepers of Mars. Coronet Books, 1973. Copyright © 1938 by the Executors of John Beynon Harris. Reproduced by permission.

vii

Contents

Contents ........................................................................................................................................................................ix Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................xi Chronology .................................................................................................................................................................xiii List of Contributors ......................................................................................................................................................lv Subjects in Supplement XIII MONICA ALI / Sandie Byrne ...................................................................................................................................1 JOHN BURNSIDE / J. C. Bittenbender .................................................................................................................13 EDWARD CARPENTER / Nikolai Endres ............................................................................................................35 CIARAN CARSON / Jonathan Baines ...................................................................................................................53 STEWART CONN / Gerry Cambridge ..................................................................................................................69 JOHN CORNFORD / Robert Sullivan ...................................................................................................................83 JACKIE KAY / Gail Low .........................................................................................................................................99 JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN / Adrian Paterson ..........................................................................................113 RUTH PITTER / Helena Nelson ...........................................................................................................................131 PHILIP PULLMAN / Sandie Byrne .....................................................................................................................149 CRAIG RAINE / Patrick Denman Flanery .........................................................................................................163 DOROTHY RICHARDSON / Patricia B. Heaman ............................................................................................179 MARY DARBY ROBINSON / Ashley Cross .......................................................................................................195 PETER SCUPHAM / Neil Powell .........................................................................................................................217 WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD / Michele Gemelos .............................................................................................233 EDWARD UPWARD / Robert Sullivan ................................................................................................................249 KEITH WATERHOUSE / Fred Bilson .................................................................................................................265 JOHN WYNDHAM / Fred Bilson .........................................................................................................................281 MASTER INDEX to Volumes I–VII, Supplements I–XIII, Retrospective Supplements I–II .......................295

ix

Introduction

the thirteenth in the series. The goal of the supplements has been consistent with the original idea of the series: to provide clear, informative essays aimed at the general reader. These essays often rise to a high level of craft and critical vision, but they are meant to introduce a writer of some importance in the history of British or Anglophone literature, and to provide a sense of the scope and nature of the career under review. The authors of these critical articles are mostly teachers and scholars. Most have published critical work in the ﬁeld, and several are well-known writers of poetry or ﬁction as well as critics. As anyone glancing through this volume will see, they have been held to the highest standards of clear writing and sound scholarship. Jargon and theoretical musings have been discouraged, except when strictly relevant. Each of the essays concludes with a select bibliography of works by the author under discussion and secondary works that might be useful to those who wish to pursue the subject further. Supplement XIII is to a degree focused on contemporary or fairly modern writers, such as Monica Ali, John Burnside, Ciaran Carson, Stewart Conn, Jackie Kay, Ruth Pitter, Philip Pullman, Craig Raine, Peter Scupham, and John Wyndham, many of whom who have had little sustained attention from critics, although most are rather well known. They have all been written about in the review pages of newspapers and magazines, often at considerable length, and their work has acquired a substantial following, but their careers have yet to attract signiﬁcant scholarship. That will certainly follow, but the essays included in this volume constitute a beginning of sorts, an attempt to map out the particular universe of each writer. A number of classic writers from the distant past included here are Edward Carpenter, James Clarence Mangan, Dorothy Richardson, Mary Robinson, and William Thomas Stead—important authors from earlier centuries who, for one reason or another, had yet to be treated in this series.

“Reading a book is like rewriting it for yourself,” said Angela Carter, the modern English novelist. There is a huge and complicated truth in that statement. As we read a novel or story, a poem or play, we imagine our own lives in relation to the lives unfolding before our eyes. Our past experiences inﬂuence how we see what is going on before us, on the page. This is one of the great delights of reading, but it remains one of its dangers as well. One can read too much of oneself into a text, thus altering the text in ways that obscure its vision. Good criticism is useful in this regard, as it helps us to see how another reader sees a text. If the critic is an intelligent reader, and one who has read widely and therefore has a lot of cultural knowledge to bring to bear on the text, then all the better. One of our implicit goals in British Writers is to ﬁnd and bring before readers a sequence of essays on interesting and important writers by readers of considerable breadth of understanding. These essays are meant as introductions, and they contain a good deal of biographical information that may be useful, but they are also quite sophisticated, in that the critics are asked to probe deeply. British Writers was originally an off-shoot of a series of monographs that appeared between 1959 and 1972, the Minnesota Pamphlets on American Writers. These pamphlets were incisively written and informative, treating ninety-seven American writers in a format and style that attracted a devoted following of readers. The series proved invaluable to a generation of students and teachers, who could depend on these reliable and interesting critiques of major ﬁgures. The idea of reprinting these essays occurred to Charles Scribner, Jr., an innovative publisher during the middle decades of the twentieth century. The series appeared in four volumes entitled American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies (1974). British Writers itself began with a series of essays originally published by the British Council, and regular supplements have followed—this is

xi

INTRODUCTION the texts discussed, to give them useful information and critical hints that will assist them in the act of reading—this complicated process in which they discover themselves as well as the text before them.

Some writers in this volume belong to the more recent past, such as John Cornford and Edward Upward. These are well-known ﬁgures in the literary world, major voices, and it is time they were added to the series. As ever, our purpose in presenting these critical and biographical essays is to bring readers to

—JAY PARINI

xii

Chronology

ca. 1342 1348 ca. 1350 1351 1356 1360 1362

1369 1369–1377 ca. 1370 1371 1372 1372–1382 1373–1393 ca. 1373 ca. 1375–1400 1376 1377–1399 ca. 1379 ca. 1380 1381 1386 1399–1413 ca. 1400 1400 1408

Birth of John Trevisa and Julian of Norwich The Black Death (further outbreaks in 1361 and 1369) Boccaccio’s Decameron Langland’s Piers Plowman The Statute of Laborers pegs laborers’ wages at rates in effect preceding the plague The Battle of Poitiers The Treaty of Brétigny: end of the ﬁrst phase of the Hundred Years’ War Pleadings in the law courts conducted in English Parliaments opened by speeches in English Chaucer’s The Book of the Duchess, an elegy to Blanche of Lancaster, wife of John of Gaunt Victorious French campaigns under du Guesclin John Lydgate born Sir John Mandeville’s Travels Chaucer travels to Italy Wycliffe active in Oxford William of Wykeham founds Winchester College and New College, Oxford Margery Kempe born Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Death of Edward the Black Prince Reign of Richard II Gower’s Vox clamantis Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde The Peasants’ Revolt Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales begun Chaucer sits in Parliament Gower’s Confessio amantis Reign of Henry IV Death of William Langland Death of Geoffrey Chaucer Death of John Gower

1412–1420 1413–1422 1415 ca. 1416 1420–1422 1422–1461 1431 ca.1439 1440–1441 1444 1450 ca. 1451 1453 1455–1485 ca. 1460 1461–1470 1470–1471 1471 1471–1483 1476–1483 1483–1485 1485 1485–1509 1486

1492 1493 1497–1498 1497–1499

xiii

Lydgate’s Troy Book Reign of Henry V The Battle of Agincourt Death of Julian of Norwich Lydgate’s Siege of Thebes Reign of Henry VI François Villon born Joan of Arc burned at Rouen Death of Margery Kempe Henry VI founds Eton College and King’s College, Cambridge Truce of Tours Jack Cade’s rebellion Death of John Lydgate End of the Hundred Years’ War The fall of Constantinople The Wars of the Roses Births of William Dunbar and John Skelton Reign of Edward IV Reign of Henry VI Death of Sir Thomas Malory Reign of Edward IV Caxton’s press set up: The Canterbury Tales, Morte d’Arthur, and The Golden Legend printed Reign of Richard III The Battle of Bosworth Field; end of the Wars of the Roses Reign of Henry VII Marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York unites the rival houses of Lancaster and York Bartholomew Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope Columbus’ ﬁrst voyage to the New World Pope Alexander VI divides undiscovered territories between Spain and Portugal John Cabot’s voyages to Newfoundland and Labrador Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India

CHRONOLOGY 1499 1503 1505 1509–1547 1509 1511 1513 1515 1516 1517 1519 1519–1521 1525 1526 1529 1529–1536 1531 1532 1533

1534 1535 1536

Amerigo Vespucci’s ﬁrst voyage to America Erasmus’ ﬁrst visit to England Thomas Wyatt born John Colet appointed dean of St. Paul’s: founds St. Paul’s School Reign of Henry VIII The king marries Catherine of Aragon Erasmus’ Praise of Folly published Invasion by the Scots defeated at Flodden Field Wolsey appointed lord chancellor Sir Thomas More’s Utopia Martin Luther’s theses against indulgences published at Wittenberg Henry Howard (earl of Surrey) born Charles V of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor Magellan’s voyage around the world Cardinal College, the forerunner of Christ Church, founded at Oxford Tyndale’s English translation of the New Testament imported from Holland Fall of Cardinal Wolsey Death of John Skelton The “Reformation” Parliament Sir Thomas Elyot’s The Governour published Thomas Cranmer appointed archbishop of Canterbury Machiavelli’s The Prince The king secretly marries Anne Boleyn Cranmer pronounces the king’s marriage with Catherine “against divine law” The Act of Supremacy constitutes the king as head of the Church of England Sir Thomas More executed Thomas Cromwell appointed vicar general of the Church of England The Pilgrimage of Grace: risings against the king’s religious, social, and economic reforms Anne Boleyn executed The king marries Jane Seymour

1537

1538 1540

1542 1543 1546 1547 1547–1553 1548–1552 1552 ca. 1552 1553 1553–1558 ca. 1554 1554

ca. 1556 1557 ca. 1558 1558

1558–1603 1559 ca. 1559 1561

xiv

The dissolution of the monasteries: conﬁscation of ecclesiastical properties and assets; increase in royal revenues Jane Seymour dies First complete English Bible published and placed in all churches The king marries Anne of Cleves Marriage dissolved The king marries Catherine Howard Fall and execution of Thomas Cromwell Catherine Howard executed Death of Sir Thomas Wyatt The king marries Catherine Parr Copernicus’ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Trinity College, Cambridge, refounded The earl of Surrey executed Reign of Edward VI Hall’s Chronicle The second Book of Common Prayer Edmund Spenser born Lady Jane Grey proclaimed queen Reign of Mary I (Mary Tudor) Births of Walter Raleigh, Richard Hooker, John Lyly, and Fulke Greville Lady Jane Grey executed Mary I marries Philip II of Spain Bandello’s Novelle Philip Sidney born George Peele born Tottel’s Miscellany, including the poems of Wyatt and Surrey, published Thomas Kyd born Calais, the last English possession in France, is lost Birth of Robert Greene Mary I dies Reign of Elizabeth I John Knox arrives in Scotland Rebellion against the French regent George Chapman born Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart) arrives in Edinburgh

CHRONOLOGY

1562 1562–1568 1564 1565 1566 1567 1569 1570 1571 ca. 1572 1572 1574 1576

1576–1578 1577–1580 1577 1579

1581 1582 1583 1584–1585

Thomas Hoby’s translation of Castiglione’s The Courtier Gorboduc, the ﬁrst English play in blank verse Francis Bacon born Civil war in France English expedition sent to support the Huguenots Sir John Hawkins’ voyages to Africa Births of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare Mary Queen of Scots marries Lord Darnley William Painter’s Palace of Pleasure, a miscellany of prose stories, the source of many dramatists’ plots Darnley murdered at Kirk o’Field Mary Queen of Scots marries the earl of Bothwell Rebellion of the English northern earls suppressed Roger Ascham’s The Schoolmaster Defeat of the Turkish ﬂeet at Lepanto Ben Jonson born St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre John Donne born The earl of Leicester’s theater company formed The Theater, the ﬁrst permanent theater building in London, opened The ﬁrst Blackfriars Theater opened with performances by the Children of St. Paul’s John Marston born Martin Frobisher’s voyages to Labrador and the northwest Sir Francis Drake sails around the world Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande John Lyly’s Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit Thomas North’s translation of Plutarch’s Lives The Levant Company founded Seneca’s Ten Tragedies translated Richard Hakluyt’s Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America Philip Massinger born Sir John Davis’ ﬁrst voyage to Greenland

1585

1586

1587

1588 1590 1592 1593 1594

1595 1596

ca. 1597 1597 1598 1598–1600 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603–1625 1603

xv

First English settlement in America, the “Lost Colony” comprising 108 men under Ralph Lane, founded at Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy Marlowe’s Tamburlaine William Camden’s Britannia The Babington conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth Death of Sir Philip Sidney Mary Queen of Scots executed Birth of Virginia Dare, ﬁrst English child born in America, at Roanoke Island Defeat of the Spanish Armada Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus Spenser’s The Faerie Queen, Cantos 1–3 Richard Brome born Outbreak of plague in London; the theaters closed Henry King born Death of Christopher Marlowe The Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the company to which Shakespeare belonged, founded The Swan Theater opened Death of Thomas Kyd Ralegh’s expedition to Guiana Sidney’s Apology for Poetry The earl of Essex’s expedition captures Cadiz The second Blackfriars Theater opened Death of George Peele Bacon’s ﬁrst collection of Essays Jonson’s Every Man in His Humor Richard Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffıcs, and Discoveries of the English Nation The Globe Theater opened Death of Edmund Spenser Death of Richard Hooker Rebellion and execution of the earl of Essex The East India Company founded The Bodleian Library reopened at Oxford Reign of James I John Florio’s translation of Montaigne’s Essays

CHRONOLOGY

1604 ca. 1605 1605 1606

1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612

ca. 1613 1613 1614 1616

ca. 1618 1618 1619

1620 1621

1622 1623

Cervantes’ Don Quixote (Part 1) The Gunpowder Plot Thomas Browne born Shakespeare’s Othello Shakespears’s King Lear Tourneur’s The Revenger’s Tragedy Bacon’s Advancement of Learning Shakespeare’s Macbeth Jonson’s Volpone Death of John Lyly Edmund Waller born The ﬁrst permanent English colony established at Jamestown, Virginia John Milton born Kepler’s Astronomia nova John Suckling born Galileo’s Sidereus nuncius The Authorized Version of the Bible Shakespeare’s The Tempest Death of Prince Henry, King James’s eldest son Webster’s The White Devil Bacon’s second collection of Essays Richard Crashaw born The Globe Theatre destroyed by ﬁre Webster’s The Duchess of Malﬁ Ralegh’s History of the World George Chapman’s translation of Homer’s Odyssey Deaths of William Shakespeare, Francis Beaumont, and Miguel Cervantes Richard Lovelace born The Thirty Years’ War begins Sir Walter Ralegh executed Abraham Cowley born The General Assembly, the ﬁrst legislative assembly on American soil, meets in Virginia Slavery introduced at Jamestown The Pilgrims land in Massachusetts John Evelyn born Francis Bacon impeached and ﬁned Robert Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy Andrew Marvell born Middleton’s The Changeling Henry Vaughan born The First Folio of Shakespeare’s plays

1624 1625–1649 1625 1626

1627

1627–1628 1628

1629

1629–1630 1631 1633

1634 1635 1636

xvi

Visit of Prince Charles and the duke of Buckingham to Spain; failure of attempts to negotiate a Spanish marriage War against Spain Reign of Charles I Death of John Fletcher Bacon’s last collection of Essays Bacon’s New Atlantis, appended to Sylva sylvarum Dutch found New Amsterdam Death of Cyril Tourneur Death of Francis Bacon Ford’s ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore Cardinal Richelieu establishes the Company of New France with monopoly over trade and land in Canada Buckingham’s expedition to the Isle of Ré to relieve La Rochelle Death of Thomas Middleton Revolt and siege of La Rochelle, the principal Huguenot city of France Buckingham assassinated Surrender of La Rochelle William Harvey’s treatise on the circulation of the blood (De motu cordis et sanguinis) John Bunyan born Death of Fulke Greville Ford’s The Broken Heart King Charles dismisses his third Parliament, imprisons nine members, and proceeds to rule for eleven years without Parliament The Massachusetts Bay Company formed Peace treaties with France and Spain John Dryden born Death of John Donne William Laud appointed archbishop of Canterbury Death of George Herbert Samuel Pepys born Deaths of George Chapman and John Marston The Académie Française founded George Etherege born Pierre Corneille’s Le Cid Harvard College founded

CHRONOLOGY ca. 1637 1637

ca. 1638 1638 ca. 1639 1639

1639–1640 1640

1641

1642

1643

1644

Thomas Traherne born Milton’s “Lycidas” Descartes’s Discours de la méthode King Charles’s levy of ship money challenged in the courts by John Hampden The introduction of the new English Book of Common Prayer strongly opposed in Scotland Death of Ben Jonson Death of John Webster The Scots draw up a National Covenant to defend their religion Death of John Ford Parliament reassembled to raise taxes Death of Thomas Carew Charles Sedley born The two Bishops’ Wars with Scotland The Long Parliament assembled The king’s advisers, Archbishop Laud and the earl of Strafford, impeached Aphra Behn born Death of Philip Massinger Strafford executed Acts passed abolishing extraparliamentary taxation, the king’s extraordinary courts, and his power to order a dissolution without parliamentary consent The Grand Remonstrance censuring royal policy passed by eleven votes William Wycherley born Parliament submits the nineteen Propositions, which King Charles rejects as annihilating the royal power The Civil War begins The theaters close Royalist victory at Edgehill; King Charles established at Oxford Death of Sir John Suckling Parliament concludes the Solemn League and Covenant with the Scots Louis XIV becomes king of France Charles Sackville, earl of Dorset, born Parliamentary victory at Marston Moor

1645

1646

1647

1648

1649–1660 1649

1650 1651

xvii

The New Model army raised Milton’s Areopagitica Parliamentary victory under Fairfax and Cromwell at Naseby Fairfax captures Bristol Archbishop Laud executed Fairfax besieges King Charles at Oxford King Charles takes refuge in Scotland; end of the First Civil War King Charles attempts negotiations with the Scots Parliament’s proposals sent to the king and rejected Conﬂict between Parliament and the army A general council of the army established that discusses representational government within the army The Agreement of the People drawn up by the Levelers; its proposals include manhood suffrage King Charles concludes an agreement with the Scots George Fox begins to preach John Wilmot, earl of Rochester, born Cromwell dismisses the general council of the army The Second Civil War begins Fairfax defeats the Kentish royalists at Maidstone Cromwell defeats the Scots at Preston The Thirty Years’ War ended by the treaty of Westphalia Parliament purged by the army Commonwealth King Charles I tried and executed The monarchy and the House of Lords abolished The Commonwealth proclaimed Cromwell invades Ireland and defeats the royalist Catholic forces Death of Richard Crashaw Cromwell defeats the Scots at Dunbar Charles II crowned king of the Scots, at Scone Charles II invades England, is defeated at Worcester, escapes to France

CHRONOLOGY 1652 1653

1654 1655 1656 1657

1658 1659 1660

1660–1685 1661

1662

Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan War with Holland Death of Richard Brome The Rump Parliament dissolved by the army A new Parliament and council of state nominated; Cromwell becomes Lord Protector Walton’s The Compleat Angler Peace concluded with Holland War against Spain Parliament attempts to reduce the army and is dissolved Rule of the major-generals Sir William Davenant produces The Siege of Rhodes, one of the ﬁrst English operas Second Parliament of the Protectorate Cromwell is offered and declines the throne Death of Richard Lovelace Death of Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell succeeds as Protector Conﬂict between Parliament and the army General Monck negotiates with Charles II Charles II offers the conciliatory Declaration of Breda and accepts Parliament’s invitation to return Will’s Coffee House established Sir William Davenant and Thomas Killigrew licensed to set up two companies of players, the Duke of York’s and the King’s Servants, including actors and actresses Pepys’s Diary begun Reign of Charles II Parliament passes the Act of Uniformity, enjoining the use of the Book of Common Prayer; many Puritan and dissenting clergy leave their livings Anne Finch born Peace Treaty with Spain King Charles II marries Catherine of Braganza The Royal Society incorporated (founded in 1660)

1664

1665

1666 1667

1668

1670

1671 1672

1673

1674

1676 1677

xviii

War against Holland New Amsterdam captured and becomes New York John Vanbrugh born The Great Plague Newton discovers the binomial theorem and invents the integral and differential calculus, at Cambridge The Great Fire of London Bunyan’s Grace Abounding London Gazette founded The Dutch ﬂeet sails up the Medway and burns English ships The war with Holland ended by the Treaty of Breda Milton’s Paradise Lost Thomas Sprat’s History of the Royal Society Death of Abraham Cowley Sir Christopher Wren begins to rebuild St. Paul’s Cathedral Triple Alliance formed with Holland and Sweden against France Dryden’s Essay of Dramatick Poesy Alliance formed with France through the secret Treaty of Dover Pascal’s Pensées The Hudson’s Bay Company founded William Congreve born Milton’s Samson Agonistes and Paradise Regained War against Holland Wycherley’s The Country Wife King Charles issues the Declaration of Indulgence, suspending penal laws against Nonconformists and Catholics Parliament passes the Test Act, making acceptance of the doctrines of the Church of England a condition for holding public office War with Holland ended by the Treaty of Westminster Deaths of John Milton, Robert Herrick, and Thomas Traherne Etherege’s The Man of Mode Baruch Spinoza’s Ethics Jean Racine’s Phèdre

CHRONOLOGY

1678

1679

1680 1681 1682

1683

1685–1688 1685 1686

1687

1688

1689–1702 1689

King Charles’s niece, Mary, marries her cousin William of Orange Fabrication of the so-called popish plot by Titus Oates Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress Dryden’s All for Love Death of Andrew Marvell George Farquhar born Parliament passes the Habeas Corpus Act Rochester’s A Satire Against Mankind Death of John Wilmot, earl of Rochester Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel (Part 1) Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel (Part 2) Thomas Otway’s Venice Preserv’d Philadelphia founded Death of Sir Thomas Browne The Ashmolean Museum, the world’s ﬁrst public museum, opens at Oxford Death of Izaak Walton Reign of James II Rebellion and execution of James Scott, duke of Monmouth John Gay born The ﬁrst book of Newton’s PrincipiaDe motu corporum, containing his theory of gravitationpresented to the Royal Society James II issues the Declaration of Indulgence Dryden’s The Hind and the Panther Death of Edmund Waller James II reissues the Declaration of Indulgence, renewing freedom of worship and suspending the provisions of the Test Act Acquittal of the seven bishops imprisoned for protesting against the Declaration William of Orange lands at Torbay, Devon James II takes refuge in France Death of John Bunyan Alexander Pope born Reign of William III Parliament formulates the Declaration of Rights

1690

1692 ca. 1693 1694

1695 1697 1698 1699 1700

1701

1702–1714 1702

1703 1704

xix

William and Mary accept the Declaration and the crown The Grand Alliance concluded between the Holy Roman Empire, England, Holland, and Spain War declared against France King William’s War, 1689–1697 (the ﬁrst of the French and Indian wars) Samuel Richardson born James II lands in Ireland with French support, but is defeated at the battle of the Boyne John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding Salem witchcraft trials Death of Sir George Etherege Eliza Haywood born George Fox’s Journal Voltaire (François Marie Arouet) born Death of Mary II Congreve’s Love for Love Death of Henry Vaughan War with France ended by the Treaty of Ryswick Vanbrugh’s The Relapse Jeremy Collier’s A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage Fénelon’s Les Aventures de Télémaque Congreve’s The Way of the World Defoe’s The True-Born Englishman Death of John Dryden James Thomson born War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714 (Queen Anne’s War in America, 1702–1713) Death of Sir Charles Sedley Reign of Queen Anne Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion (1702–1704) Defoe’s The Shortest Way with the Dissenters Defoe is arrested, ﬁned, and pilloried for writing The Shortest Way Death of Samuel Pepys John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat the French at Blenheim Capture of Gibraltar

CHRONOLOGY

1706 1707

1709

1710 1711

1712 1713

1714–1727 1714 1715

1716 1717 1718 1719

Swift’s A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books The Review founded (1704–1713) Farquhar’s The Recruiting Offıcer Deaths of John Evelyn and Charles Sackville, earl of Dorset Farquhar’s The Beaux’ Stratagem Act of Union joining England and Scotland Death of George Farquhar Henry Fielding born The Tatler founded (1709–1711) Nicholas Rowe’s edition of Shakespeare Samuel Johnson born Marlborough defeats the French at Malplaquet Charles XII of Sweden defeated at Poltava South Sea Company founded First copyright act Swift’s The Conduct of the Allies The Spectator founded (1711–1712; 1714) Marlborough dismissed David Hume born Pope’s The Rape of the Lock (Cantos 1–2) Jean Jacques Rousseau born War with France ended by the Treaty of Utrecht The Guardian founded Swift becomes dean of St. Patrick’s, Dublin Addison’s Cato Laurence Sterne born Reign of George I Pope’s expended version of The Rape of the Lock (Cantos 1–5) The Jacobite rebellion in Scotland Pope’s translation of Homer’s Iliad (1715–1720) Death of Louis XIV Death of William Wycherley Thomas Gray born Pope’s Eloisa to Abelard David Garrick born Horace Walpole born Quadruple Alliance (Britain, France, the Netherlands, the German Empire) in war against Spain Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe

1720

1721 1722 1724 1725 1726 1727–1760 1728 1729

1731

1732 1733 1734 1736 1737 1738 1740

1742

xx

Death of Joseph Addison Inoculation against smallpox introduced in Boston War against Spain The South Sea Bubble Gilbert White born Defoe’s Captain Singleton and Memoirs of a Cavalier Tobias Smollett born William Collins born Defoe’s Moll Flanders, Journal of the Plague Year, and Colonel Jack Defoe’s Roxana Swift’s The Drapier’s Letters Pope’s translation of Homer’s Odyssey (1725–1726) Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels Voltaire in England (1726–1729) Death of Sir John Vanbrugh Reign of George II Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera Pope’s The Dunciad (Books 1–2) Oliver Goldsmith born Swift’s A Modest Proposal Edmund Burke born Deaths of William Congreve and Sir Richard Steele Navigation improved by introduction of the quadrant Pope’s Moral Essays (1731–1735) Death of Daniel Defoe William Cowper born Death of John Gay Pope’s Essay on Man (1733–1734) Lewis Theobald’s edition of Shakespeare Voltaire’s Lettres philosophiques James Macpherson born Edward Gibbon born Johnson’s London War of the Austrian Succession, 1740–1748 (King George’s War in America, 1744–1748) George Anson begins his circumnavigation of the world (1740– 1744) Frederick the Great becomes king of Prussia (1740–1786) Richardson’s Pamela (1740–1741) James Boswell born Fielding’s Joseph Andrews

CHRONOLOGY

1744 1745

1746

1747

1748

1749

1750 1751

1752 1753

1754

Edward Young’s Night Thoughts (1742–1745) Pope’s The New Dunciad (Book 4) Johnson’s Life of Mr. Richard Savage Death of Alexander Pope Second Jacobite rebellion, led by Charles Edward, the Young Pretender Death of Jonathan Swift The Young Pretender defeated at Culloden Collins’ Odes on Several Descriptive and Allegorical Subjects Richardson’s Clarissa Harlowe (1747–1748) Franklin’s experiments with electricity announced Voltaire’s Essai sur les moeurs War of the Austrian Succession ended by the Peace of Aix-laChapelle Smollett’s Adventures of Roderick Random David Hume’s Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Montesquieu’s L’Esprit des lois Fielding’s Tom Jones Johnson’s The Vanity of Human Wishes Bolingbroke’s Idea of a Patriot King The Rambler founded (1750–1752) Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Fielding’s Amelia Smollett’s Adventures of Peregrine Pickle Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert begin to publish the Encyclopédie (1751–1765) Richard Brinsley Sheridan born Frances Burney and Thomas Chatterton born Richardson’s History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753–1754) Smollett’s The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom Hume’s History of England (1754– 1762) Death of Henry Fielding George Crabbe born

1755

1756

1757

1758 1759

1760–1820 1760

1761 1762

1763 1764

xxi

Lisbon destroyed by earthquake Fielding’s Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon published posthumously Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language The Seven Years’ War against France, 1756–1763 (the French and Indian War in America, 1755–1760) William Pitt the elder becomes prime minister Johnson’s proposal for an edition of Shakespeare Death of Eliza Haywood Robert Clive wins the battle of Plassey, in India Gray’s “The Progress of Poesy” and “The Bard” Burke’s Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful Hume’s Natural History of Religion William Blake born The Idler founded (1758–1760) Mary Darby Robinson born Capture of Quebec by General James Wolfe Johnson’s History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia Voltaire’s Candide The British Museum opens Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (1759–1767) Death of William Collins Mary Wollstonecraft born Robert Burns born Reign of George III James Macpherson’s Fragments of Ancient Poetry Collected in the Highlands of Scotland William Beckford born Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse Death of Samuel Richardson Rousseau’s Du Contrat social and Émile Catherine the Great becomes czarina of Russia (1762–1796) The Seven Years’ War ended by the Peace of Paris Smart’s A Song to David James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny

CHRONOLOGY 1765

1766

1768

1769

1770

1771

1772 1773

1774

Parliament passes the Stamp Act to tax the American colonies Johnson’s edition of Shakespeare Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto Thomas Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765–1769) The Stamp Act repealed Swift’s Journal to Stella ﬁrst published in a collection of his letters Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakeﬁeld Smollett’s Travels Through France and Italy Lessing’s Laokoon Rousseau in England (1766–1767) Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy The Royal Academy founded by George III First edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica Maria Edgeworth born Death of Laurence Sterne David Garrick organizes the Shakespeare Jubilee at Stratfordupon-Avon Sir Joshua Reynolds’ Discourses (1769–1790) Richard Arkwright invents the spinning water frame Boston Massacre Burke’s Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents Oliver Goldsmith’s The Deserted Village Death of Thomas Chatterton William Wordsworth born James Hogg born Arkwright’s ﬁrst spinning mill founded Deaths of Thomas Gray and Tobias Smollett Walter Scott born Samuel Taylor Coleridge born Boston Tea Party Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Götz von Berlichingen The ﬁrst Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia Goethe’s Sorrows of Young Werther

1775

1776

1777

1778

1779

xxii

Death of Oliver Goldsmith Robert Southey born Burke’s speech on American taxation American War of Independence begins with the battles of Lexington and Concord Samuel Johnson’s Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s The Rivals and The Duenna Beaumarchais’s Le Barbier de Séville James Watt and Matthew Boulton begin building steam engines in England Births of Jane Austen, Charles Lamb, Walter Savage Landor, and Matthew Lewis American Declaration of Independence Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1788) Adam Smith’s Inquiry into the Nature & Causes of the Wealth of Nations Thomas Paine’s Common Sense Death of David Hume Maurice Morgann’s Essay on the Dramatic Character of Sir John Falstaff Sheridan’s The School for Scandal ﬁrst performed (published 1780) General Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga The American colonies allied with France Britain and France at war Captain James Cook discovers Hawaii Death of William Pitt, ﬁrst earl of Chatham Deaths of Jean Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire William Hazlitt born Johnson’s Prefaces to the Works of the English Poets (1779–1781); reissued in 1781 as The Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets Sheridan’s The Critic Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule

CHRONOLOGY 1780 1781

1782

1783

1784

1785

1786

1787

1788

Death of David Garrick The Gordon Riots in London Charles Robert Maturin born Charles Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason Friedrich von Schiller’s Die Räuber William Cowper’s “The Journey of John Gilpin” published in the Public Advertiser Choderlos de Laclos’s Les Liaisons dangereuses Rousseau’s Confessions published posthumously American War of Independence ended by the Deﬁnitive Treaty of Peace, signed at Paris William Blake’s Poetical Sketches George Crabbe’s The Village William Pitt the younger becomes prime minister Henri Beyle (Stendhal) born Beaumarchais’s Le Mariage de Figaro ﬁrst performed (published 1785) Death of Samuel Johnson Warren Hastings returns to England from India James Boswell’s The Journey of a Tour of the Hebrides, with Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Cowper’s The Task Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom Thomas De Quincey born Thomas Love Peacock born William Beckford’s Vathek published in English (originally written in French in 1782) Robert Burns’s Poems Chieﬂy in the Scottish Dialect Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro Death of Frederick the Great The Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in England The Constitutional Convention meets at Philadelphia; the Constitution is signed

1789

1790

1791

xxiii

The trial of Hastings begins on charges of corruption of the government in India The Estates-General of France summoned U.S. Constitution is ratiﬁed George Washington elected president of the United States Giovanni Casanova’s Histoire de ma fuite (ﬁrst manuscript of his memoirs) The Daily Universal Register becomes the Times (London) George Gordon, Lord Byron born The Estates-General meets at Versailles The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) convened The fall of the Bastille marks the beginning of the French Revolution The National Assembly draws up the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen First U.S. Congress meets in New York Blake’s Songs of Innocence Jeremy Bentham’s Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation introduces the theory of utilitarianism Gilbert White’s Natural History of Selborne Congress sets permanent capital city site on the Potomac River First U.S. Census Burke’s Reﬂections on the Revolution in France Blake’s The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Edmund Malone’s edition of Shakespeare Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Man Death of Benjamin Franklin French royal family’s ﬂight from Paris and capture at Varennes; imprisonment in the Tuileries Bill of Rights is ratiﬁed Paine’s The Rights of Man (1791– 1792) Boswell’s The Life of Johnson

CHRONOLOGY

1792

1793

1794

1795

1796

Burns’s Tam o’Shanter The Observer founded The Prussians invade France and are repulsed at Valmy September massacres The National Convention declares royalty abolished in France Washington reelected president of the United States New York Stock Exchange opens Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman William Bligh’s voyage to the South Sea in H.M.S. Bounty Percy Bysshe Shelley born Trial and execution of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette France declares war against England The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de Salut Public) established Eli Whitney devises the cotton gin William Godwin’s An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice Blake’s Visions of the Daughters of Albion and America Wordsworth’s An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches John Clare born Execution of Georges Danton and Maximilien de Robespierre Paine’s The Age of Reason (1794– 1796) Blake’s Songs of Experience Ann Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho Death of Edward Gibbon The government of the Directory established (1795–1799) Hastings acquitted Landor’s Poems Death of James Boswell John Keats born Thomas Carlyle born Napoleon Bonaparte takes command in Italy Matthew Lewis’ The Monk John Adams elected president of the United States Death of Robert Burns

1797

1798

1799

1800

1801 1802

1804

xxiv

The peace of Campo Formio: extinction of the Venetian Republic XYZ Affair Mutinies in the Royal Navy at Spithead and the Nore Blake’s Vala, Or the Four Zoas (ﬁrst version) Mary Shelley born Deaths of Edmund Burke, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Horace Walpole Napoleon invades Egypt Horatio Nelson wins the battle of the Nile Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads Landor’s Gebir Thomas Malthus’ Essay on the Principle of Population Napoleon becomes ﬁrst consul Pitt introduces ﬁrst income tax in Great Britain Sheridan’s Pizarro Honoré de Balzac born Thomas Hood born Alexander Pushkin born Thomas Jefferson elected president of the United States Alessandro Volta produces electricity from a cell Library of Congress established Death of William Cowper and Mary Darby Robinson Thomas Babington Macaulay born First census taken in England The Treaty of Amiens marks the end of the French Revolutionary War The Edinburgh Review founded England’s war with France renewed The Louisiana Purchase Robert Fulton propels a boat by steam power on the Seine Birth of Thomas Lovell Beddoes George Borrow and James Clarence Mangan Napoleon crowned emperor of the French Jefferson reelected president of the United States Blake’s Milton (1804–1808) and Jerusalem

CHRONOLOGY

1805

1806

1807

1808

1809

1810 1811–1820 1811

The Code Napoleon promulgated in France Beethoven’s Eroica Symphony Schiller’s Wilhelm Tell Benjamin Disraeli born Napoleon plans the invasion of England Battle of Trafalgar Battle of Austerlitz Beethoven’s Fidelio ﬁrst produced Scott’s Lay of the Last Minstrel Scott’s Marmion Death of William Pitt Death of Charles James Fox Elizabeth Barrett born France invades Portugal Aaron Burr tried for treason and acquitted Byron’s Hours of Idleness Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare Thomas Moore’s Irish Melodies Wordsworth’s Ode on the Intimations of Immortality National uprising in Spain against the French invasion The Peninsular War begins James Madison elected president of the United States Covent Garden theater burned down Goethe’s Faust (Part 1) Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony completed Lamb’s Specimens of English Dramatic Poets Drury Lane theater burned down and rebuilt The Quarterly Review founded Byron’s English Bards and Scotch Reviewers Byron sails for the Mediterranean Goya’s Los Desastres de la guerra (1809–1814) Alfred Tennyson born Edward Fitzgerald born Crabbe’s The Borough Scott’s The Lady of the Lake Elizabeth Gaskell born Regency of George IV Luddite Riots begin Coleridge’s Lectures on Shakespeare (1811–1814)

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

xxv

Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility Shelley’s The Necessity of Atheism John Constable’s Dedham Vale William Makepeace Thackeray born Napoleon invades Russia; captures and retreats from Moscow United States declares war against England Henry Bell’s steamship Comet is launched on the Clyde river Madison reelected president of the United States Byron’s Childe Harold (Cantos 1–2) The Brothers Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1812–1815) Hegel’s Science of Logic Robert Browning born Charles Dickens born Wellington wins the battle of Vitoria and enters France Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Byron’s The Giaour and The Bride of Abydos Shelley’s Queen Mab Southey’s Life of Nelson Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba; Bourbon restoration with Louis XVIII Treaty of Ghent ends the war between Britain and the United States Jane Austen’s Mansﬁeld Park Byron’s The Corsair and Lara Scott’s Waverley Wordsworth’s The Excursion Napoleon returns to France (the Hundred Days); is defeated at Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena U.S.S. Fulton, the ﬁrst steam warship, built Scott’s Guy Mannering Schlegel’s Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature translated Wordsworth’s The White Doe of Rylstone Anthony Trollope born Byron leaves England permanently The Elgin Marbles exhibited in the British Museum James Monroe elected president of the United States Jane Austen’s Emma

CHRONOLOGY

1817

1818

1819

Byron’s Childe Harold (Canto 3) Coleridge’s Christabel, Kubla Khan: A Vision, The Pains of Sleep Benjamin Constant’s Adolphe Goethe’s Italienische Reise Peacock’s Headlong Hall Scott’s The Antiquary Shelley’s Alastor Rossini’s Il Barbiere di Siviglia Death of Richard Brinsley Sheridan Charlotte Brontë born Blackwood’s Edinburgh magazine founded Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey and Persuasion Byron’s Manfred Coleridge’s Biographia Literaria Hazlitt’s The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays and The Round Table Keats’s Poems Peacock’s Melincourt David Ricardo’s Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Death of Jane Austen Death of Mme de Staël Branwell Brontë born Henry David Thoreau born Byron’s Childe Harold (Canto 4), and Beppo Hazlitt’s Lectures on the English Poets Keats’s Endymion Peacock’s Nightmare Abbey Scott’s Rob Roy and The Heart of Mid-Lothian Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Percy Shelley’s The Revolt of Islam Emily Brontë born Karl Marx born Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev born The Savannah becomes the ﬁrst steamship to cross the Atlantic (in 26 days) Peterloo massacre in Manchester Byron’s Don Juan (1819–1824) and Mazeppa Crabbe’s Tales of the Hall Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa Hazlitt’s Lectures on the English Comic Writers

1820–1830 1820

1821

1822

xxvi

Arthur Schopenhauer’s Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Idea) Scott’s The Bride of Lammermoor and A Legend of Montrose Shelley’s The Cenci, “The Masque of Anarchy,” and “Ode to the West Wind” Wordsworth’s Peter Bell Queen Victoria born George Eliot born Reign of George IV Trial of Queen Caroline Cato Street Conspiracy suppressed; Arthur Thistlewood hanged Monroe reelected president of the United States Missouri Compromise The London magazine founded Keats’s Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems Hazlitt’s Lectures Chieﬂy on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth Charles Maturin’s Melmoth the Wanderer Scott’s Ivanhoe and The Monastery Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound Anne Brontë born Greek War of Independence begins Liberia founded as a colony for freed slaves Byron’s Cain, Marino Faliero, The Two Foscari, and Sardanapalus Hazlitt’s Table Talk (1821–1822) Scott’s Kenilworth Shelley’s Adonais and Epipsychidion Death of John Keats Death of Napoleon Charles Baudelaire born Feodor Dostoyevsky born Gustave Flaubert born The Massacres of Chios (Greeks rebel against Turkish rule) Byron’s The Vision of Judgment De Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium-Eater Peacock’s Maid Marian Scott’s Peveril of the Peak Shelley’s Hellas

CHRONOLOGY

1823

1824

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

Death of Percy Bysshe Shelley Matthew Arnold born Monroe Doctrine proclaimed Byron’s The Age of Bronze and The Island Lamb’s Essays of Elia Scott’s Quentin Durward The National Gallery opened in London John Quincy Adams elected president of the United States The Westminster Review founded Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony ﬁrst performed William (Wilkie) Collins born James Hogg’s The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justiﬁed Sinner Landor’s Imaginary Conversations (1824–1829) Scott’s Redgauntlet Death of George Gordon, Lord Byron Inauguration of steam-powered passenger and freight service on the Stockton and Darlington railway Bolivia and Brazil become independent Alessandro Manzoni’s I Promessi Sposi (1825–1826) André-Marie Ampère’s Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans Disraeli’s Vivian Grey (1826–1827) Scott’s Woodstock The battle of Navarino ensures the independence of Greece Josef Ressel obtains patent for the screw propeller for steamships Heinrich Heine’s Buch der Lieder Death of William Blake Andrew Jackson elected president of the United States Births of Henrik Ibsen, George Meredith, Margaret Oliphant, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Leo Tolstoy The Catholic Emancipation Act Robert Peel establishes the metropolitan police force Greek independence recognized by Turkey

1830–1837 1830

1831

1832

1833

xxvii

Balzac begins La Comédie humaine (1829–1848) Peacock’s The Misfortunes of Elphin J. M. W. Turner’s Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus Reign of William IV Charles X of France abdicates and is succeeded by Louis-Philippe The Liverpool-Manchester railway opened Tennyson’s Poems, Chieﬂy Lyrical Death of William Hazlitt Christina Rossetti born Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction Charles Darwin’s voyage on H.M.S. Beagle begins (1831–1836) The Barbizon school of artists’ ﬁrst exhibition Nat Turner slave revolt crushed in Virginia Peacock’s Crotchet Castle Stendhal’s Le Rouge et le noir Edward Trelawny’s The Adventures of a Younger Son Isabella Bird born The ﬁrst Reform Bill Samuel Morse invents the telegraph Jackson reelected president of the United States Disraeli’s Contarini Fleming Goethe’s Faust (Part 2) Tennyson’s Poems, Chieﬂy Lyrical, including “The Lotus-Eaters” and “The Lady of Shalott” Death of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Death of Sir Walter Scott Lewis Carroll born Robert Browning’s Pauline John Keble launches the Oxford Movement American Anti-Slavery Society founded Lamb’s Last Essays of Elia Carlyle’s Sartor Resartus (1833– 1834) Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin Mendelssohn’s Italian Symphony ﬁrst performed

CHRONOLOGY 1834

1835

1836

1837–1901 1837

1838

1839

1840

Abolition of slavery in the British Empire Louis Braille’s alphabet for the blind Balzac’s Le Père Goriot Nikolai Gogol’s Dead Souls (Part 1, 1834–1842) Death of Samuel Taylor Coleridge Death of Charles Lamb William Morris born Hans Christian Andersen’s Fairy Tales (1st ser.) Robert Browning’s Paracelsus Births of Samuel Butler and Mary Elizabeth Braddon Alexis de Tocqueville’s De la Democratie en Amerique (1835– 1840) Death of James Hogg Martin Van Buren elected president of the United States Dickens’ Sketches by Boz (1836– 1837) Landor’s Pericles and Aspasia Reign of Queen Victoria Carlyle’s The French Revolution Dickens’ Oliver Twist (1837–1838) and Pickwick Papers Disraeli’s Venetia and Henrietta Temple Chartist movement in England National Gallery in London opened Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s The Seraphim and Other Poems Dickens’ Nicholas Nickleby (1838– 1839) Louis Daguerre perfects process for producing an image on a silvercoated copper plate Faraday’s Experimental Researches in Electricity (1839–1855) First Chartist riots Opium War between Great Britain and China Carlyle’s Chartism Canadian Act of Union Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert Charles Barry begins construction of the Houses of Parliament (1840– 1852)

xxviii

1841

1842

1843

1844

William Henry Harrison elected president of the United States Robert Browning’s Sordello Thomas Hardy born New Zealand proclaimed a British colony James Clark Ross discovers the Antarctic continent Punch founded John Tyler succeeds to the presidency after the death of Harrison Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-Worship Dickens’ The Old Curiosity Shop Chartist riots Income tax revived in Great Britain The Mines Act, forbidding work underground by women or by children under the age of ten Charles Edward Mudie’s Lending Library founded in London Dickens visits America Robert Browning’s Dramatic Lyrics Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome Tennyson’s Poems, including “Morte d’Arthur,” “St. Simeon Stylites,” and “Ulysses” Wordsworth’s Poems Marc Isambard Brunel’s Thames tunnel opened The Economist founded Carlyle’s Past and Present Dickens’ A Christmas Carol John Stuart Mill’s Logic Macaulay’s Critical and Historical Essays John Ruskin’s Modern Painters (1843–1860) Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, one of the ﬁrst consumers’ cooperatives, founded by twentyeight Lancashire weavers James K. Polk elected president of the United States Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Poems, including “The Cry of the Children” Dickens’ Martin Chuzzlewit Disraeli’s Coningsby Turner’s Rain, Steam and Speed Edward Carpenter and Gerard Manley Hopkins born

CHRONOLOGY 1845 1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

The great potato famine in Ireland begins (1845–1849) Disraeli’s Sybil Repeal of the Corn Laws The Daily News founded (edited by Dickens the ﬁrst three weeks) Standard-gauge railway introduced in Britain The Brontës’ pseudonymous Poems by Currer, Ellis and Action Bell Lear’s Book of Nonsense The Ten Hours Factory Act James Simpson uses chloroform as an anesthetic Anne Brontë’s Agnes Grey Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights Bram Stoker and Flora Annie Steel born Tennyson’s The Princess The year of revolutions in France, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Poland Marx and Engels issue The Communist Manifesto The Chartist Petition The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood founded Zachary Taylor elected president of the United States Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall Dickens’ Dombey and Son Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton Macaulay’s History of England (1848–1861) Mill’s Principles of Political Economy Thackeray’s Vanity Fair Death of Emily Brontë Bedford College for women founded Arnold’s The Strayed Reveller Charlotte Brontë’s Shirley Ruskin’s The Seven Lamps of Architecture William Thomas Stead born Death of Anne Brontë, Thomas Lovell Beddoes and James Clarence Mangan The Public Libraries Act First submarine telegraph cable laid between Dover and Calais

1851

1852

1853

1854

xxix

Millard Fillmore succeeds to the presidency after the death of Taylor Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese Carlyle’s Latter-Day Pamphlets Dickens’ Household Words (1850– 1859) and David Copperﬁeld Charles Kingsley’s Alton Locke The Pre-Raphaelites publish the Germ Tennyson’s In Memoriam Thackeray’s The History of Pendennis Wordsworth’s The Prelude is published posthumously The Great Exhibition opens at the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park Louis Napoleon seizes power in France Gold strike in Victoria incites Australian gold rush Elizabeth Gaskell’s Cranford (1851–1853) Meredith’s Poems Ruskin’s The Stones of Venice (1851–1853) The Second Empire proclaimed with Napoleon III as emperor David Livingstone begins to explore the Zambezi (1852–1856) Franklin Pierce elected president of the United States Arnold’s Empedocles on Etna Thackeray’s The History of Henry Esmond, Esq. Crimean War (1853–1856) Arnold’s Poems, including “The Scholar Gypsy” and “Sohrab and Rustum” Charlotte Brontë’s Villette Elizabeth Gaskell’s Crawford and Ruth Frederick D. Maurice’s Working Men’s College founded in London with more than 130 pupils Battle of Balaklava Dickens’ Hard Times James George Frazer born Theodor Mommsen’s History of Rome (1854–1856) Tennyson’s “The Charge of the Light Brigade”

CHRONOLOGY

1855

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860

Florence Nightingale in the Crimea (1854–1856) Oscar Wilde born David Livingstone discovers the Victoria Falls Robert Browning’s Men and Women Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South Olive Schreiner born Tennyson’s Maud Thackeray’s The Newcomes Trollope’s The Warden Death of Charlotte Brontë The Treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War Henry Bessemer’s steel process invented James Buchanan elected president of the United States H. Rider Haggard born The Indian Mutiny begins; crushed in 1858 The Matrimonial Causes Act Charlotte Brontë’s The Professor Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Aurora Leigh Dickens’ Little Dorritt Elizabeth Gaskell’s The Life of Charlotte Brontë Thomas Hughes’s Tom Brown’s School Days Trollope’s Barchester Towers Carlyle’s History of Frederick the Great (1858–1865) George Eliot’s Scenes of Clerical Life Morris’ The Defense of Guinevere Trollope’s Dr. Thorne Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities Arthur Conan Doyle born George Eliot’s Adam Bede Fitzgerald’s The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyám Meredith’s The Ordeal of Richard Feverel Mill’s On Liberty Samuel Smiles’s Self-Help Tennyson’s Idylls of the King Abraham Lincoln elected president of the United States

1861

1862

1863 1864

1865

1866

xxx

The Cornhill magazine founded with Thackeray as editor James M. Barrie born William Wilkie Collins’ The Woman in White George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss American Civil War begins Louis Pasteur presents the germ theory of disease Arnold’s Lectures on Translating Homer Dickens’ Great Expectations George Eliot’s Silas Marner Meredith’s Evan Harrington Francis Turner Palgrave’s The Golden Treasury Trollope’s Framley Parsonage Peacock’s Gryll Grange Death of Prince Albert George Eliot’s Romola Meredith’s Modern Love Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market Ruskin’s Unto This Last Trollope’s Orley Farm Thomas Huxley’s Man’s Place in Nature The Geneva Red Cross Convention signed by twelve nations Lincoln reelected president of the United States Robert Browning’s Dramatis Personae John Henry Newman’s Apologia pro vita sua Tennyson’s Enoch Arden Trollope’s The Small House at Allington Death of John Clare Assassination of Lincoln; Andrew Johnson succeeds to the presidency Arnold’s Essays in Criticism (1st ser.) Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Dickens’ Our Mutual Friend Meredith’s Rhoda Fleming A. C. Swinburne’s Atalanta in Calydon First successful transatlantic telegraph cable laid George Eliot’s Felix Holt, the Radical

CHRONOLOGY

1867

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

Elizabeth Gaskell’s Wives and Daughters Beatrix Potter born Swinburne’s Poems and Ballads The second Reform Bill Arnold’s New Poems Bagehot’s The English Constitution Carlyle’s Shooting Niagara Marx’s Das Kapital (vol. 1) Trollope’s The Last Chronicle of Barset George William Russell (AE) born Gladstone becomes prime minister (1868–1874) Johnson impeached by House of Representatives; acquitted by Senate Ulysses S. Grant elected president of the United States Robert Browning’s The Ring and the Book (1868–1869) Collins’ The Moonstone The Suez Canal opened Girton College, Cambridge, founded Arnold’s Culture and Anarchy Mill’s The Subjection of Women Trollope’s Phineas Finn The Elementary Education Act establishes schools under the aegis of local boards Dickens’ Edwin Drood Disraeli’s Lothair Morris’ The Earthly Paradise Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s Poems Saki [Hector Hugh Munro] born Trade unions legalized Newnham College, Cambridge, founded for women students Carroll’s Through the Looking Glass Darwin’s The Descent of Man Meredith’s The Adventures of Harry Richmond Swinburne’s Songs Before Sunrise William H. Davies born Max Beerbohm born Samuel Butler’s Erewhon George Eliot’s Middlemarch Grant reelected president of the United States Hardy’s Under the Greenwood Tree

1874

1875 1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

xxxi

Arnold’s Literature and Dogma Mill’s Autobiography Pater’s Studies in the History of the Renaissance Trollope’s The Eustace Diamonds Dorothy Richardson born Disraeli becomes prime minister Hardy’s Far from the Madding Crowd James Thomson’s The City of Dreadful Night Britain buys Suez Canal shares Trollope’s The Way We Live Now T. F. Powys born F. H. Bradley’s Ethical Studies George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda Henry James’s Roderick Hudson Meredith’s Beauchamp’s Career Morris’ Sigurd the Volsung Trollope’s The Prime Minister Rutherford B. Hayes elected president of the United States after Electoral Commission awards him disputed votes Henry James’s The American Electric street lighting introduced in London Hardy’s The Return of the Native Swinburne’s Poems and Ballads (2d ser.) Births of A. E. Coppard and Edward Thomas Somerville College and Lady Margaret Hall opened at Oxford for women The London telephone exchange built Gladstone’s Midlothian campaign (1879–1880) Browning’s Dramatic Idyls Meredith’s The Egoist Gladstone’s second term as prime minister (1880–1885) James A. Garﬁeld elected president of the United States Browning’s Dramatic Idyls Second Series Disraeli’s Endymion Radclyffe Hall born Hardy’s The Trumpet-Major Lytton Strachey born

CHRONOLOGY 1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

Garﬁeld assassinated; Chester A. Arthur succeeds to the presidency Henry James’s The Portrait of a Lady and Washington Square D. G. Rossetti’s Ballads and Sonnets P. G. Wodehouse born Death of George Borrow Triple Alliance formed between German empire, Austrian empire, and Italy Leslie Stephen begins to edit the Dictionary of National Biography Married Women’s Property Act passed in Britain Britain occupies Egypt and the Sudan Uprising of the Mahdi: Britain evacuates the Sudan Royal College of Music opens T. H. Green’s Ethics T. E. Hulme born Stevenson’s Treasure Island The Mahdi captures Omdurman: General Gordon appointed to command the garrison of Khartoum Grover Cleveland elected president of the United States The Oxford English Dictionary begins publishing The Fabian Society founded Hiram Maxim’s recoil-operated machine gun invented The Mahdi captures Khartoum: General Gordon killed Haggard’s King Solomon’s Mines Marx’s Das Kapital (vol. 2) Meredith’s Diana of the Crossways Pater’s Marius the Epicurean The Canadian Paciﬁc Railway completed Gold discovered in the Transvaal Births of Frances Cornford, Ronald Firbank, and Charles Stansby Walter Williams Henry James’s The Bostonians and The Princess Casamassima Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee Rupert Brooke born

1888

1889 1890

1891 1892

1893 1894

1895

xxxii

Haggard’s Allan Quatermain and She Hardy’s The Woodlanders Edwin Muir born Benjamin Harrison elected president of the United States Henry James’s The Aspern Papers Kipling’s Plain Tales from the Hills T. E. Lawrence born Yeats’s The Wanderings of Oisin Death of Robert Browning Morris founds the Kelmscott Press Agatha Christie born Frazer’s The Golden Bough (1st ed.) Henry James’s The Tragic Muse Morris’ News From Nowhere Jean Rhys born Gissing’s New Grub Street Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray Grover Cleveland elected president of the United States Conan Doyle’s The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Shaw’s Widower’s Houses J. R. R. Tolkien born Rebecca West and Hugh MacDiarmid born Wilde’s Lady Windermere’s Fan Wilde’s A Woman of No Importance and Salomé Vera Brittain born Kipling’s The Jungle Book Moore’s Esther Waters Marx’s Das Kapital (vol. 3) Audrey Beardsley’s The Yellow Book begins to appear quarterly Shaw’s Arms and the Man Trial and imprisonment of Oscar Wilde William Ramsay announces discovery of helium The National Trust founded Conrad’s Almayer’s Folly Hardy’s Jude the Obscure Wells’s The Time Machine Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest Yeats’s Poems

CHRONOLOGY 1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

William McKinley elected president of the United States Failure of the Jameson Raid on the Transvaal Housman’s A Shropshire Lad Edmund Blunden born Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee Conrad’s The Nigger of the Narcissus Havelock Ellis’ Studies in the Psychology of Sex begins publication Henry James’s The Spoils of Poynton and What Maisie Knew Kipling’s Captains Courageous Shaw’s Candida Stoker’s Dracula Wells’s The Invisible Man Death of Margaret Oliphant Ruth Pitter born Kitchener defeats the Mahdist forces at Omdurman: the Sudan reoccupied Hardy’s Wessex Poems Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw C. S. Lewis born Shaw’s Caesar and Cleopatra and You Never Can Tell Alec Waugh born Wells’s The War of the Worlds Wilde’s The Ballad of Reading Gaol The Boer War begins Elizabeth Bowen born Noël Coward born Elgar’s Enigma Variations Kipling’s Stalky and Co. McKinley reelected president of the United States British Labour party founded Boxer Rebellion in China Reginald A. Fessenden transmits speech by wireless First Zeppelin trial ﬂight Max Planck presents his ﬁrst paper on the quantum theory Conrad’s Lord Jim Elgar’s The Dream of Gerontius Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams V. S. Pritchett born

xxxiii

1901–1910 1901

1902

1903

William Butler Yeats’s The Shadowy Waters Reign of King Edward VII William McKinley assassinated; Theodore Roosevelt succeeds to the presidency First transatlantic wireless telegraph signal transmitted Chekhov’s Three Sisters Freud’s Psychopathology of Everyday Life Rudyard Kipling’s Kim Thomas Mann’s Buddenbrooks Potter’s The Tale of Peter Rabbit Shaw’s Captain Brassbound’s Conversion August Strindberg’s The Dance of Death Barrie’s The Admirable Crichton Arnold Bennett’s Anna of the Five Towns Cézanne’s Le Lac D’Annecy Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Henry James’s The Wings of the Dove William James’s The Varieties of Religious Experience Kipling’s Just So Stories Maugham’s Mrs. Cradock Stevie Smith born Times Literary Supplement begins publishing At its London congress the Russian Social Democratic Party divides into Mensheviks, led by Plekhanov, and Bolsheviks, led by Lenin The treaty of Panama places the Canal Zone in U.S. hands for a nominal rent Motor cars regulated in Britain to a 20-mile-per-hour limit The Wright brothers make a successful ﬂight in the United States Burlington magazine founded Samuel Butler’s The Way of All Flesh published posthumously Cyril Connolly born George Gissing’s The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft Thomas Hardy’s The Dynasts Henry James’s The Ambassadors

CHRONOLOGY

1904

1905

Alan Paton born Shaw’s Man and Superman Synge’s Riders to the Sea produced in Dublin Yeats’s In the Seven Woods and On Baile’s Strand William Plomer and Edward Upward and John Wyndham born Roosevelt elected president of the United States Russo-Japanese war (1904–1905) Construction of the Panama Canal begins The ultraviolet lamp invented The engineering ﬁrm of Rolls Royce founded Barrie’s Peter Pan ﬁrst performed Births of Cecil Day Lewis and Nancy Mitford Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard Conrad’s Nostromo Henry James’s The Golden Bowl Kipling’s Traffıcs and Discoveries Georges Rouault’s Head of a Tragic Clown G. M. Trevelyan’s England Under the Stuarts Puccini’s Madame Butterﬂy First Shaw-Granville Barker season at the Royal Court Theatre The Abbey Theatre founded in Dublin Death of Isabella Bird Russian sailors on the battleship Potemkin mutiny After riots and a general strike the czar concedes demands by the Duma for legislative powers, a wider franchise, and civil liberties Albert Einstein publishes his ﬁrst theory of relativity The Austin Motor Company founded Bennett’s Tales of the Five Towns Claude Debussy’s La Mer E. M. Forster’s Where Angels Fear to Tread Richard Strauss’s Salome H. G. Wells’s Kipps Oscar Wilde’s De Profundis

1906

1907

1908

xxxiv

Births of Norman Cameron, Henry Green, and Mary Renault Liberals win a landslide victory in the British general election The Trades Disputes Act legitimizes peaceful picketing in Britain Captain Dreyfus rehabilitated in France J. J. Thomson begins research on gamma rays The U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act passed Churchill’s Lord Randolph Churchill William Empson born Galsworthy’s The Man of Property Kipling’s Puck of Pook’s Hill Shaw’s The Doctor’s Dilemma Yeats’s Poems 1899–1905 Exhibition of cubist paintings in Paris Henry Adams’ The Education of Henry Adams Henri Bergson’s Creative Evolution Conrad’s The Secret Agent Births of Barbara Comyns, Daphne du Maurier, and Christopher Fry Forster’s The Longest Journey André Gide’s La Porte étroite Shaw’s John Bull’s Other Island and Major Barbara Synge’s The Playboy of the Western World Trevelyan’s Garibaldi’s Defence of the Roman Republic Christopher Caudwell (Christopher St. John Sprigg) born Herbert Asquith becomes prime minister David Lloyd George becomes chancellor of the exchequer William Howard Taft elected president of the United States The Young Turks seize power in Istanbul Henry Ford’s Model T car produced Bennett’s The Old Wives’ Tale Pierre Bonnard’s Nude Against the Light Georges Braque’s House at L’Estaque

CHRONOLOGY

1909

1910–1936 1910

Chesterton’s The Man Who Was Thursday Jacob Epstein’s Figures erected in London Forster’s A Room with a View Anatole France’s L’Ile des Pingouins Henri Matisse’s Bonheur de Vivre Elgar’s First Symphony Ford Madox Ford founds the English Review The Young Turks depose Sultan Abdul Hamid The Anglo-Persian Oil Company formed Louis Bleriot crosses the English Channel from France by monoplane Admiral Robert Peary reaches the North Pole Freud lectures at Clark University (Worcester, Mass.) on psychoanalysis Serge Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes opens in Paris Galsworthy’s Strife Hardy’s Time’s Laughingstocks Malcolm Lowry born Claude Monet’s Water Lilies Stephen Spender born Trevelyan’s Garibaldi and the Thousand Wells’s Tono-Bungay ﬁrst published (book form, 1909) Reign of King George V The Liberals win the British general election Marie Curie’s Treatise on Radiography Arthur Evans excavates Knossos Edouard Manet and the ﬁrst postimpressionist exhibition in London Filippo Marinetti publishes “Manifesto of the Futurist Painters” Norman Angell’s The Great Illusion Bennett’s Clayhanger Forster’s Howards End Galsworthy’s Justice and The Silver Box Kipling’s Rewards and Fairies Norman MacCaig born Rimsky-Korsakov’s Le Coq d’or Stravinsky’s The Firebird

1911

1912

1913

xxxv

Vaughan Williams’ A Sea Symphony Wells’s The History of Mr. Polly Wells’s The New Machiavelli ﬁrst published (in book form, 1911) Lloyd George introduces National Health Insurance Bill Suffragette riots in Whitehall Roald Amundsen reaches the South Pole Bennett’s The Card Chagall’s Self Portrait with Seven Fingers Conrad’s Under Western Eyes D. H. Lawrence’s The White Peacock Katherine Mansﬁeld’s In a German Pension Edward Marsh edits Georgian Poetry Moore’s Hail and Farewell (1911– 1914) Flann O’Brien born Strauss’s Der Rosenkavalier Stravinsky’s Petrouchka Trevelyan’s Garibaldi and the Making of Italy Wells’s The New Machiavelli Mahler’s Das Lied von der Erde Woodrow Wilson elected president of the United States SS Titanic sinks on its maiden voyage Five million Americans go to the movies daily; London has four hundred movie theaters Second post-impressionist exhibition in London Bennett’s and Edward Knoblock’s Milestones Constantin Brancusi’s Maiastra Wassily Kandinsky’s Black Lines D. H. Lawrence’s The Trespasser Death of William Thomas Stead Second Balkan War begins Henry Ford pioneers factory assembly technique through conveyor belts Epstein’s Tomb of Oscar Wilde New York Armory Show introduces modern art to the world Alain Fournier’s Le Grand Meaulnes

CHRONOLOGY

1914

1915

1916

Freud’s Totem and Tabu D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers Mann’s Death in Venice Proust’s Du Côté de chez Swann (ﬁrst volume of À la recherche du temps perdu, 1913–1922) Barbara Pym born Ravel’s Daphnis and Chloé R.S. Thomas born The Panama Canal opens (formal dedication on 12 July 1920) Irish Home Rule Bill passed in the House of Commons Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated at Sarajevo World War I begins Battles of the Marne, Masurian Lakes, and Falkland Islands Joyce’s Dubliners Norman Nicholson born Shaw’s Pygmalion and Androcles and the Lion Yeats’s Responsibilities Wyndham Lewis publishes Blast magazine and The Vorticist Manifesto C. H. Sisson born and Patrick O’Brian The Dardanelles campaign begins Britain and Germany begin naval and submarine blockades The Lusitania is sunk Hugo Junkers manufactures the ﬁrst ﬁghter aircraft First Zeppelin raid in London Brooke’s 1914: Five Sonnets Norman Douglas’ Old Calabria D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation Gustav Holst’s The Planets D. H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow Wyndham Lewis’s The Crowd Maugham’s Of Human Bondage Pablo Picasso’s Harlequin Sibelius’ Fifth Symphony John Cornford and Denton Welch born Evacuation of Gallipoli and the Dardanelles Battles of the Somme, Jutland, and Verdun Britain introduces conscription

1917

1918

xxxvi

The Easter Rebellion in Dublin Asquith resigns and David Lloyd George becomes prime minister The Sykes-Picot agreement on the partition of Turkey First military tanks used Wilson reelected president president of the United States Henri Barbusse’s Le Feu Griffith’s Intolerance Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Jung’s Psychology of the Unconscious Moore’s The Brook Kerith Edith Sitwell edits Wheels (1916– 1921) Wells’s Mr. Britling Sees It Through United States enters World War I Czar Nicholas II abdicates The Balfour Declaration on a Jewish national home in Palestine The Bolshevik Revolution Georges Clemenceau elected prime minister of France Lenin appointed chief commissar; Trotsky appointed minister of foreign affairs Conrad’s The Shadow-Line Douglas’ South Wind Eliot’s Prufrock and Other Observations Modigliani’s Nude with Necklace Sassoon’s The Old Huntsman Prokoﬁev’s Classical Symphony Yeats’s The Wild Swans at Coole Wilson puts forward Fourteen Points for World Peace Central Powers and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Execution of Czar Nicholas II and his family Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates The Armistice signed Women granted the vote at age thirty in Britain Rupert Brooke’s Collected Poems Gerard Manley Hopkins’ Poems Joyce’s Exiles Lewis’s Tarr Sassoon’s Counter-Attack

CHRONOLOGY

1919

1920

Oswald Spengler’s The Decline of the West Strachey’s Eminent Victorians Béla Bartók’s Bluebeard’s Castle Charlie Chaplin’s Shoulder Arms The Versailles Peace Treaty signed J. W. Alcock and A. W. Brown make ﬁrst transatlantic ﬂight Ross Smith ﬂies from London to Australia National Socialist party founded in Germany Benito Mussolini founds the Fascist party in Italy Sinn Fein Congress adopts declaration of independence in Dublin Eamon De Valera elected president of Sinn Fein party Communist Third International founded Lady Astor elected ﬁrst woman Member of Parliament Prohibition in the United States John Maynard Keynes’s The Economic Consequences of the Peace Eliot’s Poems Maugham’s The Moon and Sixpence Shaw’s Heartbreak House The Bauhaus school of design, building, and crafts founded by Walter Gropius Amedeo Modigliani’s Self-Portrait The League of Nations established Warren G. Harding elected president of the United States Senate votes against joining the League and rejects the Treaty of Versailles The Nineteenth Amendment gives women the right to vote White Russian forces of Denikin and Kolchak defeated by the Bolsheviks Karel apek’s R.U.R. Galsworthy’s In Chancery and The Skin Game Sinclair Lewis’ Main Street Katherine Mansﬁeld’s Bliss Matisse’s Odalisques (1920–1925) Ezra Pound’s Hugh Selwyn Mauberly Paul Valéry’s Le Cimetière Marin

xxxvii

1921

1922

1923

Yeats’s Michael Robartes and the Dancer Edwin Morgan born Britain signs peace with Ireland First medium-wave radio broadcast in the United States The British Broadcasting Corporation founded Braque’s Still Life with Guitar Chaplin’s The Kid Aldous Huxley’s Crome Yellow Paul Klee’s The Fish D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love John McTaggart’s The Nature of Existence (vol. 1) Moore’s Héloïse and Abélard Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones Luigi Pirandello’s Six Characters in Search of an Author Shaw’s Back to Methuselah Strachey’s Queen Victoria Births of George Mackay Brown and Brian Moore Lloyd George’s Coalition government succeeded by Bonar Law’s Conservative government Benito Mussolini marches on Rome and forms a government William Cosgrave elected president of the Irish Free State The BBC begins broadcasting in London Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter discover Tutankhamen’s tomb The PEN club founded in London The Criterion founded with T. S. Eliot as editor Kingsley Amis born Eliot’s The Waste Land A. E. Housman’s Last Poems Joyce’s Ulysses D. H. Lawrence’s Aaron’s Rod and England, My England Sinclair Lewis’s Babbitt O’Neill’s Anna Christie Pirandello’s Henry IV Edith Sitwell’s Façade Virginia Woolf’s Jacob’s Room Yeats’s The Trembling of the Veil Donald Davie born The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established

CHRONOLOGY

1924

1925

French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr in consequence of Germany’s failure to pay reparations Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) proclaims Turkey a republic and is elected president Warren G. Harding dies; Calvin Coolidge becomes president Stanley Baldwin succeeds Bonar Law as prime minister Adolf Hitler’s attempted coup in Munich fails Time magazine begins publishing E. N. da C. Andrade’s The Structure of the Atom Brendan Behan born Bennett’s Riceyman Steps Churchill’s The World Crisis (1923– 1927) J. E. Flecker’s Hassan produced Nadine Gordimer born Paul Klee’s Magic Theatre Lawrence’s Kangaroo Rainer Maria Rilke’s Duino Elegies and Sonnets to Orpheus Sibelius’ Sixth Symphony Picasso’s Seated Woman William Walton’s Façade Elizabeth Jane Howard born Ramsay MacDonald forms ﬁrst Labour government, loses general election, and is succeeded by Stanley Baldwin Calvin Coolidge elected president of the United States Noël Coward’s The Vortex Forster’s A Passage to India Mann’s The Magic Mountain Shaw’s St. Joan G. F. Dutton born Reza Khan becomes shah of Iran First surrealist exhibition held in Paris Alban Berg’s Wozzeck Chaplin’s The Gold Rush John Dos Passos’ Manhattan Transfer Theodore Dreiser’s An American Tragedy Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby

xxxviii

1926

1927

1928

André Gide’s Les Faux Monnayeurs Hardy’s Human Shows and Far Phantasies Huxley’s Those Barren Leaves Kafka’s The Trial O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway and The Common Reader Brancusi’s Bird in Space Shostakovich’s First Symphony Sibelius’ Tapiola Ford’s A Man Could Stand Up Gide’s Si le grain ne meurt Hemingway’s The Sun also Rises Kafka’s The Castle D. H. Lawrence’s The Plumed Serpent T. E. Lawrence’s Seven Pillars of Wisdom privately circulated Maugham’s The Casuarina Tree O’Casey’s The Plough and the Stars Puccini’s Turandot Jan Morris born General Chiang Kai-shek becomes prime minister in China Trotsky expelled by the Communist party as a deviationist; Stalin becomes leader of the party and dictator of the Soviet Union Charles Lindbergh ﬂies from New York to Paris J. W. Dunne’s An Experiment with Time Freud’s Autobiography translated into English Albert Giacometti’s Observing Head Ernest Hemingway’s Men Without Women Fritz Lang’s Metropolis Wyndham Lewis’ Time and Western Man F. W. Murnau’s Sunrise Proust’s Le Temps retrouvé posthumously published Stravinsky’s Oedipus Rex Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse The Kellogg-Briand Pact, outlawing war and providing for peaceful settlement of disputes, signed in Paris by sixty-two nations, including the Soviet Union

CHRONOLOGY

1929

Herbert Hoover elected president of the United States Women’s suffrage granted at age twenty-one in Britain Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill’s The Three-Penny Opera Eisenstein’s October Huxley’s Point Counter Point Christopher Isherwood’s All the Conspirators D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover Wyndham Lewis’ The Childermass Matisse’s Seated Odalisque Munch’s Girl on a Sofa Shaw’s Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism Virginia Woolf’s Orlando Yeats’s The Tower Iain Chrichton Smith born The Labour party wins British general election Trotsky expelled from the Soviet Union Museum of Modern Art opens in New York Collapse of U.S. stock exchange begins world economic crisis Robert Bridges’s The Testament of Beauty William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury Robert Graves’s Goodbye to All That Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms Ernst Junger’s The Storm of Steel Hugo von Hoffmansthal’s Poems Henry Moore’s Reclining Figure J. B. Priestley’s The Good Companions Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front Shaw’s The Applecart R. C. Sheriff’s Journey’s End Edith Sitwell’s Gold Coast Customs Thomas Wolfe’s Look Homeward, Angel Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own Yeats’s The Winding Stair

1930

1931

xxxix

Second surrealist manifesto; Salvador Dali joins the surrealists Epstein’s Night and Day Mondrian’s Composition with Yellow Blue Death of Edward Carpenter and Flora Annie Steel Keith Waterhouse born Allied occupation of the Rhineland ends Mohandas Gandhi opens civil disobedience campaign in India The Daily Worker, journal of the British Communist party, begins publishing J. W. Reppe makes artiﬁcial fabrics from an acetylene base John Arden born Auden’s Poems Coward’s Private Lives Eliot’s Ash Wednesday Wyndham Lewis’s The Apes of God Maugham’s Cakes and Ale Ezra Pound’s XXX Cantos Evelyn Waugh’s Vile Bodies Birth of Kamau (Edward) Brathwaite and Ruth Rendell The failure of the Credit Anstalt in Austria starts a ﬁnancial collapse in Central Europe Britain abandons the gold standard; the pound falls by twenty-ﬁve percent Mutiny in the Royal Navy at Invergordon over pay cuts Ramsay MacDonald resigns, splits the Cabinet, and is expelled by the Labour party; in the general election the National Government wins by a majority of ﬁve hundred seats The Statute of Westminster deﬁnes dominion status Ninette de Valois founds the VicWells Ballet (eventually the Royal Ballet) Coward’s Cavalcade Dali’s The Persistence of Memory John le Carré born O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra

CHRONOLOGY

1932

1933

Anthony Powell’s Afternoon Men Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s Vol de nuit Walton’s Belshazzar’s Feast Virginia Woolf’s The Waves Caroline Blackwood born Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president of the United States Paul von Hindenburg elected president of Germany; Franz von Papen elected chancellor Sir Oswald Mosley founds British Union of Fascists The BBC takes over development of television from J. L. Baird’s company Basic English of 850 words designed as a prospective international language The Folger Library opens in Washington, D.C. The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre opens in Stratford-upon-Avon Faulkner’s Light in August Huxley’s Brave New World F. R. Leavis’ New Bearings in English Poetry Boris Pasternak’s Second Birth Ravel’s Concerto for Left Hand Peter Redgrove born Rouault’s Christ Mocked by Soldiers Waugh’s Black Mischief Yeats’s Words for Music Perhaps Roosevelt inaugurates the New Deal Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany The Reichstag set on ﬁre Hitler suspends civil liberties and freedom of the press; German trade unions suppressed George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein found the School of American Ballet Beryl Bainbridge born Lowry’s Ultramarine André Malraux’s La Condition humaine Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London Gertrude Stein’s The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas Peter Scupham and Anne Stevenson born

1934

1935

xl

The League Disarmament Conference ends in failure The Soviet Union admitted to the League Hitler becomes Führer Civil war in Austria; Engelbert Dollfuss assassinated in attempted Nazi coup Frédéric Joliot and Irene JoliotCurie discover artiﬁcial (induced) radioactivity Einstein’s My Philosophy Fitzgerald’s Tender Is the Night Graves’s I, Claudius and Claudius the God Toynbee’s A Study of History begins publication (1934– 1954) Waugh’s A Handful of Dust Births of Fleur Adcock, Alan Bennett, Christopher Wallace-Crabbe, and Alasdair Gray Grigori Zinoviev and other Soviet leaders convicted of treason Stanley Baldwin becomes prime minister in National Government; National Government wins general election in Britain Italy invades Abyssinia Germany repudiates disarmament clauses of Treaty of Versailles Germany reintroduces compulsory military service and outlaws the Jews Robert Watson-Watt builds ﬁrst practical radar equipment Karl Jaspers’ Suffering and Existence Births of André Brink, Dennis Potter, Keith Roberts, and Jon Stallworthy Ivy Compton-Burnett’s A House and Its Head Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral Barbara Hepworth’s Three Forms George Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess Greene’s England Made Me Isherwood’s Mr. Norris Changes Trains Malraux’s Le Temps du mépris Yeats’s Dramatis Personae Klee’s Child Consecrated to Suffering

CHRONOLOGY

1936–1952 1936

1937

Benedict Nicholson’s White Relief Edward VII accedes to the throne in January; abdicates in December Reign of George VI German troops occupy the Rhineland Ninety-nine percent of German electorate vote for Nazi candidates The Popular Front wins general election in France; Léon Blum becomes prime minister Roosevelt reelected president of the United States The Popular Front wins general election in Spain Spanish Civil War begins Italian troops occupy Addis Ababa; Abyssinia annexed by Italy BBC begins television service from Alexandra Palace Auden’s Look, Stranger! Auden and Isherwood’s The Ascent of F-6 A. J. Ayer’s Language, Truth and Logic Chaplin’s Modern Times Greene’s A Gun for Sale Huxley’s Eyeless in Gaza Keynes’s General Theory of Employment F. R. Leavis’ Revaluation Mondrian’s Composition in Red and Blue Dylan Thomas’ Twenty-ﬁve Poems Wells’s The Shape of Things to Come ﬁlmed Steward Conn and Reginald Hill born Death of John Cornford Trial of Karl Radek and other Soviet leaders Neville Chamberlain succeeds Stanley Baldwin as prime minister China and Japan at war Frank Whittle designs jet engine Picasso’s Guernica Shostakovich’s Fifth Symphony Magritte’s La Reproduction interdite Hemingway’s To Have and Have Not

1938

1939

xli

Malraux’s L’Espoir Orwell’s The Road to Wigan Pier Priestley’s Time and the Conways Virginia Woolf’s The Years Emma Tennant born Death of Christopher Caudwell (Christopher St. John Sprigg) Trial of Nikolai Bukharin and other Soviet political leaders Austria occupied by German troops and declared part of the Reich Hitler states his determination to annex Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia Britain, France, Germany, and Italy sign the Munich agreement German troops occupy Sudetenland Edward Hulton founds Picture Post Cyril Connolly’s Enemies of Promise du Maurier’s Rebecca Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Graham Greene’s Brighton Rock Hindemith’s Mathis der Maler Jean Renoir’s La Grande Illusion Jean-Paul Sartre’s La Nausée Yeats’s New Poems Anthony Asquith’s Pygmalion and Walt Disney’s Snow White Ngg wa Thiong’o born German troops occupy Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia incorporated into Third Reich Madrid surrenders to General Franco; the Spanish Civil War ends Italy invades Albania Spain joins Germany, Italy, and Japan in anti-Comintern Pact Britain and France pledge support to Poland, Romania, and Greece The Soviet Union proposes defensive alliance with Britain; British military mission visits Moscow The Soviet Union and Germany sign nonaggression treaty, secretly providing for partition of Poland between them Germany invades Poland; Britain, France, and Germany at war The Soviet Union invades Finland New York World’s Fair opens

CHRONOLOGY

1940

1941

Eliot’s The Family Reunion Births of Ayi Kwei Armah, Seamus Heaney, Michael Longley and Robert Nye Isherwood’s Good-bye to Berlin Joyce’s Finnegans Wake (1922– 1939) MacNeice’s Autumn Journal Powell’s What’s Become of Waring? Ayi Kwei Armah born Churchill becomes prime minister Italy declares war on France, Britain, and Greece General de Gaulle founds Free French Movement The Battle of Britain and the bombing of London Roosevelt reelected president of the United States for third term Betjeman’s Old Lights for New Chancels Angela Carter born Chaplin’s The Great Dictator Bruce Chatwin born Death of William H. Davies J. M. Coetzee born Disney’s Fantasia Greene’s The Power and the Glory Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls C. P. Snow’s Strangers and Brothers (retitled George Passant in 1970, when entire sequence of ten novels, published 1940–1970, was entitled Strangers and Brothers) German forces occupy Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete, and invade the Soviet Union Lend-Lease agreement between the United States and Britain President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill sign the Atlantic Charter Japanese forces attack Pearl Harbor; United States declares war on Japan, Germany, Italy; Britain on Japan Auden’s New Year Letter James Burnham’s The Managerial Revolution F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Last Tycoon

1942

1943

1944

xlii

Huxley’s Grey Eminence Shostakovich’s Seventh Symphony Tippett’s A Child of Our Time Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane Virginia Woolf’s Between the Acts Japanese forces capture Singapore, Hong Kong, Bataan, Manila German forces capture Tobruk U.S. ﬂeet defeats the Japanese in the Coral Sea, captures Guadalcanal Battle of El Alamein Allied forces land in French North Africa Atom ﬁrst split at University of Chicago William Beveridge’s Social Insurance and Allied Services Albert Camus’s L’Étranger Joyce Cary’s To Be a Pilgrim Edith Sitwell’s Street Songs Waugh’s Put Out More Flags Births of Douglas Dunn, and Jonathan Raban German forces surrender at Stalingrad German and Italian forces surrender in North Africa Italy surrenders to Allies and declares war on Germany Cairo conference between Roosevelt, Churchill, Chiang Kaishek Teheran conference between Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin Eliot’s Four Quartets Henry Moore’s Madonna and Child Sartre’s Les Mouches Vaughan Williams’ Fifth Symphony Peter Carey and David Malouf born Allied forces land in Normandy and southern France Allied forces enter Rome Attempted assassination of Hitler fails Liberation of Paris U.S. forces land in Philippines German offensive in the Ardennes halted Roosevelt reelected president of the United States for fourth term Education Act passed in Britain

CHRONOLOGY

1945

Pay-as-You-Earn income tax introduced Beveridge’s Full Employment in a Free Society Cary’s The Horse’s Mouth Huxley’s Time Must Have a Stop Maugham’s The Razor’s Edge Sartre’s Huis Clos Edith Sitwell’s Green Song and Other Poems Graham Sutherland’s Christ on the Cross Trevelyan’s English Social History Craig Raine and W. G. Sebald born British and Indian forces open offensive in Burma Yalta conference between Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin Mussolini executed by Italian partisans Roosevelt dies; Harry S. Truman becomes president Hitler commits suicide; German forces surrender The Potsdam Peace Conference The United Nations Charter ratiﬁed in San Francisco The Labour Party wins British General Election Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Surrender of Japanese forces ends World War II Trial of Nazi war criminals opens at Nuremberg All-India Congress demands British withdrawal from India De Gaulle elected president of French Provisional Government; resigns the next year Betjeman’s New Bats in Old Belfries Britten’s Peter Grimes Orwell’s Animal Farm Russell’s History of Western Philosophy Sartre’s The Age of Reason Edith Sitwell’s The Song of the Cold Waugh’s Brideshead Revisited Births of Wendy Cope and Peter Reading

1946

1947

1948

xliii

Bills to nationalize railways, coal mines, and the Bank of England passed in Britain Nuremberg Trials concluded United Nations General Assembly meets in New York as its permanent headquarters The Arab Council inaugurated in Britain Frederick Ashton’s Symphonic Variations Britten’s The Rape of Lucretia David Lean’s Great Expectations O’Neill’s The Iceman Cometh Roberto Rosselini’s Paisà Dylan Thomas’ Deaths and Entrances Philip Pullman born President Truman announces program of aid to Greece and Turkey and outlines the “Truman Doctrine” Independence of India proclaimed; partition between India and Pakistan, and communal strife between Hindus and Moslems follows General Marshall calls for a European recovery program First supersonic air ﬂight Britain’s ﬁrst atomic pile at Harwell comes into operation Edinburgh festival established Discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Palestine Princess Elizabeth marries Philip Mountbatten, duke of Edinburgh Auden’s Age of Anxiety Camus’s La Peste Chaplin’s Monsieur Verdoux Lowry’s Under the Volcano Priestley’s An Inspector Calls Edith Sitwell’s The Shadow of Cain Waugh’s Scott-King’s Modern Europe Births of Dermot Healy, and Redmond O’Hanlon Gandhi assassinated Czech Communist Party seizes power

CHRONOLOGY

1949

1950

Pan-European movement (1948– 1958) begins with the formation of the permanent Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) Berlin airlift begins as the Soviet Union halts road and rail traffic to the city British mandate in Palestine ends; Israeli provisional government formed Yugoslavia expelled from Soviet bloc Columbia Records introduces the long-playing record Truman elected of the United States for second term Greene’s The Heart of the Matter Huxley’s Ape and Essence Leavis’ The Great Tradition Pound’s Cantos Priestley’s The Linden Tree Waugh’s The Loved One Death of Denton Welch Ciaran Carson born North Atlantic Treaty Organization established with headquarters in Brussels Berlin blockade lifted German Federal Republic recognized; capital established at Bonn Konrad Adenauer becomes German chancellor Mao Tse-tung becomes chairman of the People’s Republic of China following Communist victory over the Nationalists Peter Ackroyd born Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex Cary’s A Fearful Joy Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four Korean War breaks out Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Bertrand Russell R. H. S. Crossman’s The God That Failed T. S. Eliot’s The Cocktail Party Fry’s Venus Observed Doris Lessing’s The Grass Is Singing

1951

1952–

xliv

C. S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia (1950–1956) Wyndham Lewis’ Rude Assignment George Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant Carol Reed’s The Third Man Dylan Thomas’ Twenty-six Poems Births of Sara Maitland, and A. N. Wilson Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean defect from Britain to the Soviet Union The Conservative party under Winston Churchill wins British general election The Festival of Britain celebrates both the centenary of the Crystal Palace Exhibition and British postwar recovery Electric power is produced by atomic energy at Arcon, Idaho W. H. Auden’s Nones Samuel Beckett’s Molloy and Malone Dies Benjamin Britten’s Billy Budd Greene’s The End of the Affair Akira Kurosawa’s Rashomon Wyndham Lewis’ Rotting Hill Anthony Powell’s A Question of Upbringing (ﬁrst volume of A Dance to the Music of Time, 1951– 1975) J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye C. P. Snow’s The Masters Igor Stravinsky’s The Rake’s Progress Peter Fallon born Reign of Elizabeth II At Eniwetok Atoll the United States detonates the ﬁrst hydrogen bomb The European Coal and Steel Community comes into being Radiocarbon dating introduced to archaeology Michael Ventris deciphers Linear B script Dwight D. Eisenhower elected president of the United States Beckett’s Waiting for Godot Charles Chaplin’s Limelight Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea Arthur Koestler’s Arrow in the Blue

CHRONOLOGY

1953

1954

F. R. Leavis’ The Common Pursuit Lessing’s Martha Quest (ﬁrst volume of The Children of Violence, 1952–1965) C. S. Lewis’ Mere Christianity Thomas’ Collected Poems Evelyn Waugh’s Men at Arms (ﬁrst volume of Sword of Honour, 1952– 1961) Angus Wilson’s Hemlock and After Births of Rohinton Mistry and Vikram Seth Constitution for a European political community drafted Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for passing U.S. secrets to the Soviet Union Cease-ﬁre declared in Korea Edmund Hillary and his Sherpa guide, Tenzing Norkay, scale Mt. Everest Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Winston Churchill General Mohammed Naguib proclaims Egypt a republic Beckett’s Watt Joyce Cary’s Except the Lord Robert Graves’s Poems 1953 Death of Norman Cameron First atomic submarine, Nautilus, is launched by the United States Dien Bien Phu captured by the Vietminh Geneva Conference ends French dominion over Indochina U.S. Supreme Court declares racial segregation in schools unconstitutional Nasser becomes president of Egypt Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Ernest Hemingway Kingsley Amis’ Lucky Jim John Betjeman’s A Few Late Chrysanthemums William Golding’s Lord of the Flies Christopher Isherwood’s The World in the Evening Koestler’s The Invisible Writing Iris Murdoch’s Under the Net

1955

1956

1957

xlv

C. P. Snow’s The New Men Thomas’ Under Milk Wood published posthumously Births of Iain Banks, Louise De Bernières, Romesh Gunesekera, Kevin Hart, Alan Hollinghurst, and Hanif Kureishi Warsaw Pact signed West Germany enters NATO as Allied occupation ends The Conservative party under Anthony Eden wins British general election Cary’s Not Honour More Greene’s The Quiet American Philip Larkin’s The Less Deceived F. R. Leavis’ D. H. Lawrence, Novelist Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita Patrick White’s The Tree of Man John Burnside and Patrick McCabe born Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal leads to Israeli, British, and French armed intervention Uprising in Hungary suppressed by Soviet troops Khrushchev denounces Stalin at Twentieth Communist Party Congress Eisenhower reelected president of the United States Anthony Burgess’ Time for a Tiger Golding’s Pincher Martin Murdoch’s Flight from the Enchanter John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger Snow’s Homecomings Edmund Wilson’s Anglo-Saxon Attitudes Janice Galloway and Philip Kerr born The Soviet Union launches the ﬁrst artiﬁcial earth satellite, Sputnik I Eden succeeded by Harold Macmillan Suez Canal reopened Eisenhower Doctrine formulated Parliament receives the Wolfenden Report on Homosexuality and Prostitution

CHRONOLOGY

1958

1959

Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Albert Camus Beckett’s Endgame and All That Fall Lawrence Durrell’s Justine (ﬁrst volume of The Alexandria Quartet, 1957–1960) Ted Hughes’s The Hawk in the Rain Murdoch’s The Sandcastle V. S. Naipaul’s The Mystic Masseur Eugene O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night Osborne’s The Entertainer Muriel Spark’s The Comforters White’s Voss Death of Dorothy Richardson European Economic Community established Khrushchev succeeds Bulganin as Soviet premier Charles de Gaulle becomes head of France’s newly constituted Fifth Republic The United Arab Republic formed by Egypt and Syria The United States sends troops into Lebanon First U.S. satellite, Explorer 1, launched Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Boris Pasternak Beckett’s Krapp’s Last Tape John Kenneth Galbraith’s The Afﬂuent Society Greene’s Our Man in Havana Murdoch’s The Bell Pasternak’s Dr. Zhivago Snow’s The Conscience of the Rich Fidel Castro assumes power in Cuba St. Lawrence Seaway opens The European Free Trade Association founded Alaska and Hawaii become the forty-ninth and ﬁftieth states The Conservative party under Harold Macmillan wins British general election Brendan Behan’s The Hostage Golding’s Free Fall Graves’s Collected Poems Koestler’s The Sleepwalkers

1960

1961

1962

xlvi

Harold Pinter’s The Birthday Party Snow’s The Two Cultures and the Scientiﬁc Revolution Spark’s Memento Mori Robert Crawford born South Africa bans the African National Congress and Pan-African Congress The Congo achieves independence John F. Kennedy elected president of the United States The U.S. bathyscaphe Trieste descends to 35,800 feet Publication of the unexpurgated Lady Chatterley’s Lover permitted by court Auden’s Hommage to Clio Betjeman’s Summoned by Bells Pinter’s The Caretaker Snow’s The Affair David Storey’s This Sporting Life Ian Rankin born South Africa leaves the British Commonwealth Sierra Leone and Tanganyika achieve independence The Berlin Wall erected The New English Bible published Beckett’s How It Is Greene’s A Burnt-Out Case Koestler’s The Lotus and the Robot Murdoch’s A Severed Head Naipaul’s A House for Mr Biswas Osborne’s Luther Spark’s The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie White’s Riders in the Chariot Jackie Kay born John Glenn becomes ﬁrst U.S. astronaut to orbit earth The United States launches the spacecraft Mariner to explore Venus Algeria achieves independence Cuban missile crisis ends in withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba Adolf Eichmann executed in Israel for Nazi war crimes Second Vatican Council convened by Pope John XXIII

CHRONOLOGY

1963

1964

Nobel Prize for literature awarded to John Steinbeck Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Beckett’s Happy Days Anthony Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange and The Wanting Seed Aldous Huxley’s Island Isherwood’s Down There on a Visit Lessing’s The Golden Notebook Nabokov’s Pale Fire Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union sign a test-ban treaty Birth of Simon Armitage Britain refused entry to the European Economic Community The Soviet Union puts into orbit the ﬁrst woman astronaut, Valentina Tereshkova Paul VI becomes pope President Kennedy assassinated; Lyndon B. Johnson assumes office Nobel Prize for literature awarded to George Seferis Britten’s War Requiem John Fowles’s The Collector Murdoch’s The Unicorn Spark’s The Girls of Slender Means Storey’s Radcliffe John Updike’s The Centaur Tonkin Gulf incident leads to retaliatory strikes by U.S. aircraft against North Vietnam Greece and Turkey contend for control of Cyprus Britain grants licenses to drill for oil in the North Sea The Shakespeare Quatercentenary celebrated Lyndon Johnson elected president of the United States The Labour party under Harold Wilson wins British general election Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre Saul Bellow’s Herzog Burgess’ Nothing Like the Sun Golding’s The Spire Isherwood’s A Single Man

1965

1966

1967

xlvii

Stanley Kubrick’s Dr. Strangelove Larkin’s The Whitsun Weddings Naipaul’s An Area of Darkness Peter Shaffer’s The Royal Hunt of the Sun Snow’s Corridors of Power Alan Warner born The ﬁrst U.S. combat forces land in Vietnam The U.S. spacecraft Mariner transmits photographs of Mars British Petroleum Company ﬁnds oil in the North Sea War breaks out between India and Pakistan Rhodesia declares its independence Ontario power failure blacks out the Canadian and U.S. east coasts Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Mikhail Sholokhov Robert Lowell’s For the Union Dead Norman Mailer’s An American Dream Osborne’s Inadmissible Evidence Pinter’s The Homecoming Spark’s The Mandelbaum Gate The Labour party under Harold Wilson wins British general election The Archbishop of Canterbury visits Pope Paul VI Florence, Italy, severely damaged by ﬂoods Paris exhibition celebrates Picasso’s eighty-ﬁfth birthday Fowles’s The Magus Greene’s The Comedians Osborne’s A Patriot for Me Paul Scott’s The Jewel in the Crown (ﬁrst volume of The Raj Quartet, 1966–1975) White’s The Solid Mandala Thurgood Marshall becomes ﬁrst black U.S. Supreme Court justice Six-Day War pits Israel against Egypt and Syria Biafra’s secession from Nigeria leads to civil war Francis Chichester completes solo circumnavigation of the globe

CHRONOLOGY

1968

1969

Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs ﬁrst heart transplant operation, in South Africa China explodes its ﬁrst hydrogen bomb Golding’s The Pyramid Hughes’s Wodwo Isherwood’s A Meeting by the River Naipaul’s The Mimic Men Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Orson Welles’s Chimes at Midnight Angus Wilson’s No Laughing Matter Violent student protests erupt in France and West Germany Warsaw Pact troops occupy Czechoslovakia Violence in Northern Ireland causes Britain to send in troops Tet offensive by Communist forces launched against South Vietnam’s cities Theater censorship ended in Britain Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated Richard M. Nixon elected president of the United States Booker Prize for ﬁction established Durrell’s Tunc Graves’s Poems 1965–1968 Osborne’s The Hotel in Amsterdam Snow’s The Sleep of Reason Solzhenitsyn’s The First Circle and Cancer Ward Spark’s The Public Image Monica Ali born Humans set foot on the moon for the ﬁrst time when astronauts descend to its surface in a landing vehicle from the U.S. spacecraft Apollo 11 The Soviet unmanned spacecraft Venus V lands on Venus Capital punishment abolished in Britain Colonel Muammar Qaddaﬁ seizes power in Libya Solzhenitsyn expelled from the Soviet Union Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Samuel Beckett

1970

1971

1972

1973

xlviii

Carter’s The Magic Toyshop Fowles’s The French Lieutenant’s Woman Storey’s The Contractor Death of John Wyndham Civil war in Nigeria ends with Biafra’s surrender U.S. planes bomb Cambodia The Conservative party under Edward Heath wins British general election Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Durrell’s Nunquam Hughes’s Crow F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis’ Dickens the Novelist Snow’s Last Things Spark’s The Driver’s Seat Death of Vera Brittain Communist China given Nationalist China’s UN seat Decimal currency introduced to Britain Indira Gandhi becomes India’s prime minister Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Heinrich Böll Bond’s The Pope’s Wedding Naipaul’s In a Free State Pinter’s Old Times Spark’s Not to Disturb Birth of Sarah Kane and Martin McDonagh The civil strife of “Bloody Sunday” causes Northern Ireland to come under the direct rule of Westminster Nixon becomes the ﬁrst U.S. president to visit Moscow and Beijing The Watergate break-in precipitates scandal in the United States Eleven Israeli athletes killed by terrorists at Munich Olympics Nixon reelected president of the United States Bond’s Lear Snow’s The Malcontents Stoppard’s Jumpers Britain, Ireland, and Denmark enter European Economic Community Egypt and Syria attack Israel in the Yom Kippur War

CHRONOLOGY

1974

1975

1976

Energy crisis in Britain reduces production to a three-day week Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Patrick White Bond’s The Sea Greene’s The Honorary Consul Lessing’s The Summer Before the Dark Murdoch’s The Black Prince Shaffer’s Equus White’s The Eye of the Storm Death of William Plomer Miners strike in Britain Greece’s military junta overthrown Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia deposed President Makarios of Cyprus replaced by military coup Nixon resigns as U.S. president and is succeeded by Gerald R. Ford Betjeman’s A Nip in the Air Bond’s Bingo Durrell’s Monsieur (ﬁrst volume of The Avignon Quintet, 1974–1985) Larkin’s The High Windows Solzhenitsyn’s The Gulag Archipelago Spark’s The Abbess of Crewe Death of Nancy Mitford Death of Edmund Blunden The U.S. Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecrafts rendezvous in space The Helsinki Accords on human rights signed U.S. forces leave Vietnam King Juan Carlos succeeds Franco as Spain’s head of state Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Eugenio Montale New U.S. copyright law goes into effect Israeli commandos free hostages from hijacked plane at Entebbe, Uganda British and French SST Concordes make ﬁrst regularly scheduled commercial ﬂights The United States celebrates its bicentennial Jimmy Carter elected president of the United States

1977

1978

1979

xlix

Byron and Shelley manuscripts discovered in Barclay’s Bank, Pall Mall Hughes’s Seasons’ Songs Koestler’s The Thirteenth Tribe Scott’s Staying On Spark’s The Take-over White’s A Fringe of Leaves Silver jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II celebrated Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat visits Israel “Gang of Four” expelled from Chinese Communist party First woman ordained in the U.S. Episcopal church After twenty-nine years in power, Israel’s Labour party is defeated by the Likud party Fowles’s Daniel Martin Hughes’s Gaudete Treaty between Israel and Egypt negotiated at Camp David Pope John Paul I dies a month after his coronation and is succeeded by Karol Cardinal Wojtyla, who takes the name John Paul II Former Italian premier Aldo Moro murdered by left-wing terrorists Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Isaac Bashevis Singer Greene’s The Human Factor Hughes’s Cave Birds Murdoch’s The Sea, The Sea Death of Hugh MacDiarmid The United States and China establish diplomatic relations Ayatollah Khomeini takes power in Iran and his supporters hold U.S. embassy staff hostage in Teheran Rhodesia becomes Zimbabwe Earl Mountbatten assassinated The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan The Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher wins British general election Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Odysseus Elytis Golding’s Darkness Visible Hughes’s Moortown

CHRONOLOGY

1980

1981

1982

Lessing’s Shikasta (ﬁrst volume of Canopus in Argos, Archives) Naipaul’s A Bend in the River Spark’s Territorial Rights White’s The Twyborn Affair Iran-Iraq war begins Strikes in Gdansk give rise to the Solidarity movement Mt. St. Helen’s erupts in Washington State British steelworkers strike for the ﬁrst time since 1926 More than ﬁfty nations boycott Moscow Olympics Ronald Reagan elected president of the United States Burgess’s Earthly Powers Golding’s Rites of Passage Shaffer’s Amadeus Storey’s A Prodigal Child Angus Wilson’s Setting the World on Fire Greece admitted to the European Economic Community Iran hostage crisis ends with release of U.S. embassy staff Twelve Labour MPs and nine peers found British Social Democratic party Socialist party under François Mitterand wins French general election Rupert Murdoch buys The Times of London Turkish gunman wounds Pope John Paul II in assassination attempt U.S. gunman wounds President Reagan in assassination attempt President Sadat of Egypt assassinated Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Elias Canetti Spark’s Loitering with Intent Britain drives Argentina’s invasion force out of the Falkland Islands U.S. space shuttle makes ﬁrst successful trip Yuri Andropov becomes general secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist party Israel invades Lebanon First artiﬁcial heart implanted at Salt Lake City hospital

1983

1984

1985

l

Bellow’s The Dean’s December Greene’s Monsignor Quixote South Korean airliner with 269 aboard shot down after straying into Soviet airspace U.S. forces invade Grenada following left-wing coup Widespread protests erupt over placement of nuclear missiles in Europe The [00a3]1 coin comes into circulation in Britain Australia wins the America’s Cup Nobel Prize for literature awarded to William Golding Hughes’s River Murdoch’s The Philosopher’s Pupil Konstantin Chernenko becomes general secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist party Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India assassinated by Sikh bodyguards Reagan reelected president of the United States Toxic gas leak at Bhopal, India, plant kills 2,000 British miners go on strike Irish Republican Army attempts to kill Prime Minister Thatcher with bomb detonated at a Brighton hotel World Court holds against U.S. mining of Nicaraguan harbors Golding’s The Paper Men Lessing’s The Diary of Jane Somers Spark’s The Only Problem United States deploys cruise missiles in Europe Mikhail Gorbachev becomes general secretary of the Soviet Communist party following death of Konstantin Chernenko Riots break out in Handsworth district (Birmingham) and Brixton Republic of Ireland gains consultative role in Northern Ireland State of emergency is declared in South Africa

CHRONOLOGY

1986

1987

1988

Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Claude Simon A. N. Wilson’s Gentlemen in England Lessing’s The Good Terrorist Murdoch’s The Good Apprentice Fowles’s A Maggot U.S. space shuttle Challenger explodes United States attacks Libya Atomic power plant at Chernobyl destroyed in accident Corazon Aquino becomes president of the Philippines Giotto spacecraft encounters Comet Halley Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Wole Soyinka Final volume of Oxford English Dictionary supplement published Amis’s The Old Devils Ishiguro’s An Artist of the Floating World A. N. Wilson’s Love Unknown Powell’s The Fisher King Gorbachev begins reform of Communist party of the Soviet Union Stock market collapses Iran-contra affair reveals that Reagan administration used money from arms sales to Iran to fund Nicaraguan rebels Palestinian uprising begins in Israeli-occupied territories Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Joseph Brodsky Golding’s Close Quarters Burgess’s Little Wilson and Big God Drabble’s The Radiant Way Soviet Union begins withdrawing troops from Afghanistan Iranian airliner shot down by U.S. Navy over Persian Gulf War between Iran and Iraq ends George Bush elected president of the United States Pan American ﬂight 103 destroyed over Lockerbie, Scotland Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Naguib Mafouz Greene’s The Captain and the Enemy Amis’s Diffıculties with Girls

1989

1990

1992

li

Rushdie’s Satanic Verses Ayatollah Khomeini pronounces death sentence on Salman Rushdie; Great Britain and Iran sever diplomatic relations F. W. de Klerk becomes president of South Africa Chinese government crushes student demonstration in Tiananmen Square Communist regimes are weakened or abolished in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, and Romania Lithuania nulliﬁes its inclusion in Soviet Union Nobel Prize for literature awarded to José Cela Second edition of Oxford English Dictionary published Drabble’s A Natural Curiosity Murdoch’s The Message to the Planet Amis’s London Fields Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day Death of Bruce Chatwin Communist monopoly ends in Bulgaria Riots break out against community charge in England First women ordained priests in Church of England Civil war breaks out in Yugoslavia; Croatia and Slovenia declare independence Bush and Gorbachev sign START agreement to reduce nuclearweapons arsenals President Jean-Baptiste Aristide overthrown by military in Haiti Boris Yeltsin elected president of Russia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Nadine Gordimer U.N. Conference on Environment and Development (the “Earth Summit”) meets in Rio de Janeiro Prince and Princess of Wales separate War in Bosnia-Herzegovina intensiﬁes

CHRONOLOGY

1993

1994

1995

Bill Clinton elected president of the United States in three-way race with Bush and independent candidate H. Ross Perot Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Derek Walcott Death of Ruth Pitter Czechoslovakia divides into the Czech Republic and Slovakia; playwright Vaclav Havel elected president of the Czech Republic Britain ratiﬁes Treaty on European Union (the “Maastricht Treaty”) U.S. troops provide humanitarian aid amid famine in Somalia United States, Canada, and Mexico sign North American Free Trade Agreement Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Toni Morrison Nelson Mandela elected president in South Africa’s ﬁrst post-apartheid election Jean-Baptiste Aristide restored to presidency of Haiti Clinton health care reforms rejected by Congress Civil war in Rwanda Republicans win control of both houses of Congress for ﬁrst time in forty years Prime Minister Albert Reynolds of Ireland meets with Gerry Adams, president of Sinn Fein Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Kenzaburo Õe Amis’s You Can’t Do Both Naipaul’s A Way in the World Death of Dennis Potter Britain and Irish Republican Army engage in diplomatic talks Barings Bank forced into bankruptcy as a result of a maverick bond trader’s losses United States restores full diplomatic relations with Vietnam NATO initiates air strikes in Bosnia Death of Stephen Spender Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin assassinated

1996

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

lii

Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Seamus Heaney IRA breaks cease-ﬁre; Sein Fein representatives barred from Northern Ireland peace talks Prince and Princess of Wales divorce Cease-ﬁre agreement in Chechnia; Russian forces begin to withdraw Boris Yeltsin reelected president of Russia Bill Clinton reelected president of the United States Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Wislawa Szymborska Death of Caroline Blackwood British government destroys around 100,000 cows suspected of infection with Creutzfeldt-Jakob, or “mad cow” disease Diana, Princess of Wales, dies in an automobile accident Unveiling of ﬁrst fully-cloned adult animal, a sheep named Dolly Booker McConnell Prize for ﬁction awarded to Arundhati Roy United States renews bombing of Bagdad, Iraq Independent legislature and Parliaments return to Scotland and Wales Booker McConnell Prize for ﬁction awarded to Ian McEwan Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Jose Saramago King Hussein of Jordan dies United Nations responds militarily to Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic’s escalation of crisis in Kosovo Booker McConnell Prize for ﬁction awarded to J. M. Coetzee Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Günter Grass Deaths of Ted Hughes, Brian Moore, and Iain Chrichton Smith Penelope Fitzgerald dies J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire sells more than 300,000 copies in its ﬁrst day

CHRONOLOGY

2001

Oil blockades by fuel haulers protesting high oil taxes bring much of Britain to a standstill Slobodan Milosevic loses Serbian general election to Vojislav Kostunica Death of Scotland’s First Minister, Donald Dewar Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Gao Xingjian Booker McConnell Prize for ﬁction awarded to Margaret Atwood George W. Bush, son of former president George Bush, becomes president of the United States after Supreme Court halts recount of closest election in history Death of former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau Human Genome Project researchers announce that they have a complete map of the genetic code of a human chromosome Vladimir Putin succeeds Boris Yeltsin as president of Russia British Prime Minister Tony Blair’s son Leo is born, making him the ﬁrst child born to a sitting prime minister in 152 years Death of Patrick O’Brian Keith Roberts and R.S. Thomas In Britain, the House of Lords passes legislation that legalizes the creation of cloned human embryos British Prime Minister Tony Blair wins second term Margaret Atwood’s The Blind Assassin wins Booker McConnell Prize for ﬁction Kazuo Ishiguro’s When We Were Orphans Trezza Azzopardi’s The Hiding Place

2002

liii

Terrorists attack World Trade Center and Pentagon with hijacked airplanes, resulting in the collapse of the World Trade Center towers and the deaths of thousands. Passengers of a third hijacked plane thwart hijackers, resulting in a crash landing in Pennsylvania. The attacks are thought to be organized by Osama bin Laden, the leader of an international terrorist network known as al Qaeda Ian McEwan’s An Atonement Salman Rushdie’s Fury Peter Carey’s True History of the Kelly Gang Deaths of Eudora Welty and W. G. Sebald Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Europe experiences its worst ﬂoods in 100 years as ﬂoodwaters force thousands of people out of their homes Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl kidnapped and killed in Karachi, Pakistan while researching a story about Pakistani militants and suspected shoe bomber Richard Reid. British-born Islamic militant Ahmad Omar Saeed Sheikh sentenced to death for the crime. Three accomplices receive life sentences. Slobodan Milosevic goes on trial at the U.N. war crimes tribunal in The Hague on charges of masterminding ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia.

CHRONOLOGY

2003

2004

Yann Martel’s Life of Pi wins Booker McConnell Prize for ﬁction Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Imre Kertész Ariel Sharon elected as Israeli prime minister Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez forced to leave office after a nine week general strike calling for his resignation ends U.S. presents to the United Nations its Iraq war rationale, citing its Weapons of Mass Destruction as imminent threat to world security U.S. and Britain launch war against Iraq Baghdad falls to U.S. troops Official end to combat operations in Iraq is declared by the U.S. Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese opposition leader, placed under house arrest by military regime NATO assumes control of peacekeeping force in Afghanistan American troops capture Saddam Hussein J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the ﬁfth installment in the wildly popular series, hit the shelves and rocketed up the best-seller lists Nobel Prize for literature awarded to J. M. Coetzee Death of C. H. Sisson NATO admits seven new members—Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia Terrorists bomb commuter trains in Spain—al–Qaeda claims responsibility Ten new states join the European Union, expanding it to twenty–ﬁve members states total Muslim terrorists attack a school in Beslan, Russia, resulting in over 300 civilian deaths, many of them schoolchildren George W. Bush is re–elected president of the United States

2005

2006

liv

Allegations of corruption in the election of Ukraine’s Viktor Yanukovych result in the “Orange Revolution” and Parliament’s decision to nullify the ﬁrst election results— the secondary run–off election is closley monitored and favors Viktor Yushchenko for president A massive 9.0 earthquake rocks the Indian Ocean, resulting in a catastrophic tsunami, devastating southern Asia and eastern Africa and killing tens of thousands of people Alan Hollinghurst’s The Line of Beauty wins Man Booker Prize for ﬁction Terrorists bomb three subway stations in London, killing 52 and injuring more than 700 Pope John Paul II dies, marking the end of an era for the Roman Catholic Church. He is succeeded by Pope Benedict XVI Hurricane Katrina hits the U.S. Golf Coast, devastating cities in Louisianna and Mississippi, and killing over 1,000 people. J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince sells over 6.9 billion copies on the ﬁrst day of release in the U.S. alone Nobel Prize for literature awarded to Harold Pinter Deaths of Saul Bellow and Arthur Miller Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is found guilty for crimes against humanity and is executed in Iraq Ban Ki-moon elected the next UN secretary-general International Astronomical Union rules that Pluto is no longer seen as a planet Fleur Adcock wins the Queen’s Gold Medal for Poetry Kamau Brathwaite wins the Griffin Poetry Prize for Born to Slow Horses

List of Contributors

JONATHAN BAINES. Jonathan Baines is writing a doctoral thesis on the concept of ‘obliquity’ in the work of William Empson and Paul Muldoon at Hertford College, Oxford. With luck it will be complete before Volume XIII appears. Recently he put his research on ice in order to move to Poland, where he worked as a visiting lecturer at the University of Warsaw. He continues to divide his time between England and Poland. Ciaran Carson

Schools of Biological Sciences and Physics. His website is: www.gerrycambridge.com. Stewart Conn

FRED BILSON. Fred Bilson holds a Bachelor’s in Philosophy and in English and a master’s in science. He has lectured in English, Linguistics and Computer Studies and works as an advisor to students who have difficulty structuring their writing. Keith Waterhouse; John Wyndham

NIKOLAI ENDRES. Nikolai Endres, Ph.D. Comparative Literature from UNC Chapel Hill, is an assistant professor at Western Kentucky University. He teaches Great Books, classics, mythology, critical theory, and gay and lesbian studies. He has published on Plato, Petronius, Gustave Flaubert, Edward Carpenter, Oscar Wilde, André Gide, Mary Renault, and Gore Vidal. He is working on a study of Platonic love as a homoerotic code in gay novels, as well as an investigation of Petronius’ Nachleben in modern literature. Edward Carpenter

A SHLEY C ROSS . Ashley Cross is an Associate Professor of English at Manhattan College in the Bronx. She has published articles on the Shelleys and Mary Robinson in ELH, Women’s Writing and Studies in Romanticism. Mary Darby Robinson

J. C. BITTENBENDER. J. C. Bittenbender, Ph. D., is an associate professor of English at Eastern University in St. Davids, Pennsylvania where he teaches twentieth-century British literature. He specializes in modern Scottish and Irish literature and has published articles on Robert Burns, James Kelman, and Robert Crawford. His other areas of academic interest include Bakhtinian theory and censorship studies. John Burnside

PATRICK DENMAN FLANERY. Patrick Flanery has recently completed a doctoral thesis at St. Cross College, Oxford, on the publishing and adaptation histories of Evelyn Waugh’s novels. He has published on Waugh and J. M. Coetzee, and has interests in contemporary British and American literature, institutions of literature, textual criticism, adaptation theory, and postcolonial and South African literatures. Craig Raine

SANDIE BYRNE. Fellow in English at Balliol College, Oxford. Her publications include works on eighteenth and nineteenth-century ﬁction and twentieth-century poetry. Monica Ali; Philip Pullman

MICHELE GEMELOS. Michele Gemelos received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Skidmore College. She has a Master of Philosophy in English from the University of Oxford, where she is completing doctoral work on British writing about New York City. As the current Wilkinson Junior Research Fellow at Worcester College (Oxford), she has also published works on Ford Madox Ford and transatlantic literary relations. William Thomas Stead

GERRY CAMBRIDGE. Gerry Cambridge is a ScotsIrish poet, editor and essayist. His collections of poetry include Madame Fi Fi’s Farewell (Luath Press, 2003) and Aves (Essence Press, 2007), a book of prose poems about wild birds. He is the founding editor of the Scottish-American poetry magazine The Dark Horse, and a Royal Literary Fund Writing Fellow at the University of Edinburgh for 2006–2008, where he works in the

lv

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PATRICIA B. HEAMAN. Patricia Heaman is a Professor of English Emerita at Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, where she teaches courses in nineteenth and twentieth-century literature. She is the author of numerous articles and reviews, including essays on George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell, Flora Thompson, Mary Wollstonecraft, Flannery O’Connor, Katherine Mansﬁeld, John Updike, and William Faulkner. Dorothy Richardson

ADRIAN PATERSON. Lecturer in English at Hertford College, Oxford, where he teaches nineteenth and twentieth-century literature. A graduate of Worcester College, Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin, he has published widely on modernist and Irish writing, notably on W. B.Yeats, Joyce, and poetic tradition, and is the author of a forthcoming work entitled Words For Music Perhaps, a study of Yeats and music. James Clarence Mangan

G AIL L OW. Gail Low teaches contemporary literature in English at the University of Dundee and has research interests in the ﬁeld of postcolonial book history. She is the author of White Skins/ Black Masks: Representation and Colonialism (Routledge, 1996) and the co-editor of A Black British Canon? (Palgrave, Macmillan 2006). She is presently writing a monograph, Publishing Postcolonial: West African and Caribbean writing in Britain 1950–1968. Jackie Kay

NEIL POWELL. Neil Powell is a poet, biographer and critic. His books include six collections of poetry-At the Edge (1977), A Season of Calm Weather (1982), True Colours (1991), The Stones on Thorpeness Beach (1994), Selected Poems (1998) and A Halfway House (2004)-as well as Carpenters of Light (1979), Roy Fuller: Writer and Society (1995), The Language of Jazz (1997) and George Crabbe: An English Life (2004). He divides his time between the Waveney Valley and the Surrey Hills. Peter Scupham

HELENA NELSON. Born Cheshire, England 1953. B.A. Honours University of York, 1974; M.A. in Eighteenth Century Literature, University of Manchester 1977. 1978–1988 freelance writer of short ﬁction. Since 1988, full-time lecturer in English & Communication Studies at The Adam Smith College, Scotland. Editor and originator of HappenStance Press and chapbook review magazine Sphinx. Poetry reviewer for a variety of UK magazines. Poetry collections include: Mr & Mrs Philpott on Holiday at Auchterawe, Kettillonia 2001, and Starlight on Water Rialto Press, England 2003. Ruth Pitter

ROBERT SULLIVAN. Robert Sullivan was born in Ireland and was educated at universities in England and the United States. He is the author of two books of criticism and numerous articles on literature. Sullivan has been the recipient of two Fulbright Awards and is currently Visiting Professor of Literature at the University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. John Cornford; Edward Upward

lvi

MONICA ALI (1968—)

Sandie Byrne MONICA ALI IS the daughter of a Bangladeshi man, Hatem Ali and an English woman, Joyce Ali, who met in Great Britain when Hatem was a student in the 1960s. When Hatem returned to Dhaka, the capital and largest city of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) Joyce followed him and they were married, amid family hostility. Monica was born there on October 20, 1967, but when the civil war between East Pakistan and West Pakistan began in 1971, the family left for Britain and settled in the town of Bolton, in Lancashire. Describing her early life in a short essay published in the Guardian, “Where I’m Coming From” (June 17, 2003), Ali writes of the family being prepared for Dhaka’s “murderous nights.” They slept fully clothed on the balcony of their apartment, with money concealed in her father’s sock. If the knock on the door came, her father would climb over the rail into the branches of the mango tree in the orchard of the next building, an orphanage. Her mother would hand the children to Mr. Ali, and they would slip into the orphanage. Ali recalls that her father was summoned, with ﬁfteen colleagues, to a meeting at the university where he worked. Her mother asked him not to go, and he stayed away. Of the eleven who went, none came back. Flights from Dhaka were canceled, and Mrs. Ali took her children to the airport every day for a fortnight, through terriﬁed and terrifying crowds, not knowing whether they would be able to get away. When they did, Mr. Ali, as a government employee, had to remain. Being safe “home” in Britain was not all that Mrs. Ali had hoped, however. There was no warm welcome but family disapproval, and “Tagore’s golden Bengal [seemed] a teasing counterpoint to our drab northern milltown lives.” Mrs. Ali wrote her husband to say that she wanted to come back

to Dhaka. Instead, he escaped into India and was allowed to join his wife: “a temporary situation.” Ali writes that her personal history and what she calls her internalized folklore tell her that life hangs by a thread. The experience of being between two worlds, and of the civil war, which she calls “the genocidal midwifery that delivered the Bangladeshi nation,” lies behind her novel, but the novel is not an account of it. “My book does not trace my family history. It is not concerned with all that. And yet there is something there: difficult to deﬁne, but demanding—in my eyes, at least—recognition.” About the frequently put question of how she can write about a community (the Bangladeshi community in the East End of London) when she is not part of it, she writes: I could set lines of inquiry about my book into two broad camps. Tell us about “them,” is one. The tyranny of representation—the phrase is not mine but belongs, I think, to C. L. R. James—means that when I speak, my brown skin is the dominant signiﬁer. The other reaction is rather different. What gives you the right to write about “us,” when you’re clearly one of “them”? # How can I write about a community to which I do not truly belong? Perhaps, the answer is I can write about it because I do not truly belong. Growing up with an English mother and a Bengali father means never being an insider. Standing neither behind a closed door, nor in the thick of things, but rather in the shadow of the doorway, is a good place from which to observe. Good training, I feel, for life as a writer.

Although Mr. Ali had been an inspector of technical colleges in Dhaka, in Britain he found it difﬁcult to get work; for some time the family ran a small shop before he earned a history degree and became a teacher for the Open University and her mother became a counselor. After having at-

1

MONICA ALI a whole narrative of coughs, ﬂushings, bed-head bangings, television programs, and arguments, and there is also the “tattoo lady” for whom Nazneen would like to have a few English words of greeting, always sitting on a balcony in an opposite block, smoking and drinking from a can. As the story, and Nazneen, come out of the ﬂat, we are introduced to the wider community of Brick Lane. The story opens far from Brick Lane in a small village in the Mymensingh district of East Pakistan where Nazneen is born. Although her father is an overseer and better-off than most villagers, by western standards the family is poor. Her premature birth is inauspicious. First she is assumed to be stillborn, then takes a breath but seems sickly; later she will not feed. The ancient midwife suggests that she can be taken to a hospital, which would be expensive, or left to her fate, and her mother, Rupban, decrees: “we must not stand in the way of Fate. Whatever happens, I accept it. And my child must not waste any energy ﬁghting against Fate. That way, she will be stronger” (p. 3). Life or death is to be accepted as God’s will. The baby lives, and one of the novel’s major motifs is immediately established: the acceptance versus the refusal of one’s destiny, or the “destiny” that is in fact the imposition of others’ will. Nazneen passively and submissively imbibes the culture of the assignment of fate and the approved way for Muslim Bangladeshi women to accept the role assigned to them. Her mother tells her to be still in her heart and mind, “to accept the Grace of God, to treat life with the same indifference with which it would treat her.# What could not be changed must be borne. And since nothing could be changed, everything had to be borne. This principle ruled her life” (p. 4). In contrast, Nazneen’s beautiful sister, Hasina, “listened to no one” (p. 4). She rejects the destiny laid out for her and elopes with the nephew of the sawmill owner. Nazneen never sees her again. Rupban commits suicide for reasons never fully articulated, her sorrow too great to be borne and the cause of it, the operation of “fate,” too great to be fought.

tended the private Bolton Girls’ School, at age eighteen Ali entered Oxford, where she read politics, philosophy, and economics at Wadham College. After graduating she worked in the marketing departments of two publishing houses and in a design and branding agency before marrying her husband, a management consultant, and starting a family.

BRICK LANE (2003)

The original title of this novel was Seven Seas and Thirteen Rivers, a reference to the distance, geographical and cultural, between Britain and the protagonist’s place of birth, as well as to the internal distance she travels. This was also the title under consideration for the U.S. edition of the novel. Had it been adopted for the U.K. edition, it is possible that the novel would have attracted less controversy but probable that it would have been marketed differently and possibly not have become a best-seller, since Seven Seas and Thirteen Rivers is likely to connote the Indian subcontinent for a reader and suggests the starting point of the story, while Brick Lane denotes the destination point and an area not only known to most British readers but much in the news, as the subject of television and ﬁlm documentaries. The geographical area “Brick Lane” from which the novel takes its title covers not just the main street of that name but also the side roads and surrounding streets of an East London area that for centuries has been home to waves of migrants. Huguenot, Russian, Irish, Polish, Indian, Pakistani, and other peoples have found a home there. The fact that the novel is named for such an area rather than for the central protagonist or a metaphor for a signiﬁcant event of the plot suggests that it is not, or not only, a bildungsroman, or ﬁctional biography but also a broader canvas that represents the life of a community. To an extent this is true, though initially the story focuses on the life of Nazneen, a Bangladeshi woman who is sent to Britain for an arranged marriage, and initially the only part of Brick Lane she knows is the inside of the ﬂat where she lives. Even so, she comes to know a lot about her neighbors. The paper-thin walls of the ﬂats reveal

2

MONICA ALI same pattern but with less stability and security. Her letters are naive, poignant, and touching. She describes the exploitation, abuse, and cruelty to which she is subjected without ever losing her generosity and optimism. Nazneen, in her husband’s cramped and shoddy council ﬂat with paper-thin walls and furniture that ranges from the heavily cumbersome to the gimcrack, is asked to recall the stories that began with a prince who lived “seven seas and thirteen rivers away” and is told that Hasina imagines her like that: farremoved, in deserved, exotic luxury (p. 19). The reader is forced to reassess; Nazneen’s poverty is made to seem like wealth compared to Hasina’s deprivation, but the reference to it as princely riches is deeply ironic. Gradually Nazneen’s life opens. She learns some English. She ventures into Brick Lane to shop. She meets other Bangladeshi women. Then the political life of the community begins to intrude on her domestic sphere. She attends meetings and takes an interest in antiracist movements. A local political activist, Karim, becomes her lover, and Nazneen is shocked to the core by her life seeming to take a course she has chosen rather than one that has been laid out for her. Though the young and handsome Karim brings Nazneen physical pleasure for the ﬁrst time, it becomes clear that he is no more liberating or liberated than Chanu. Born in Britain, Karim is attuned to the rise of religious fundamentalism in Bangladesh. He wants to connect to the “real” Bangladesh and its “real” culture and sees Nazneen less as a unique individual whose personality he could love than as a pure, authentic version of the Pakistani “village girl,” in contrast to the hybridized or assimilated women of London’s Bangladeshi communities. Chanu, overheard by Nazneen a week after their wedding, had used the same words of her: a village girl, unspoiled, a good worker. He also added words that indicate that he has examined her as a commodity. She is not beautiful—forehead too broad, eyes too close together, hips rather narrow—but he sees no reason why she should not be able to bear children. She is right for her assigned role.

One day Nazneen’s father, Hamid, asks her if she would like to see a photograph of the man he has arranged for her to marry in a month’s time. As if compensating by her dutiful subservience for Hasina’s disobedience, Nazneen shakes her head and simply says that she hopes she will be a good wife. But she catches a glimpse of the photograph. Her husband-to-be, Chanu, is a much older man with a face like a frog. Nazneen arrives in East London as his wife, knowing only two phrases of English: “sorry” and “thank you.” These are indicative of the role she is to fulﬁll and the life she is expected to lead. Although she has had little formal schooling, Nazneen is perceptive and intelligent, but she has neither outlet nor stimulus. Dislocated from everyone she knew, alone for the ﬁrst time, for years she is virtually conﬁned to a tiny ﬂat in a high-rise block. She performs the role of the dutiful wife, never criticizing her husband, even when he refuses to allow her to go to college to learn English. When he quotes to her from English literature and translates phrase by phrase, and when he pontiﬁcates on social issues on the basis of one Open University module in “Race, Ethnicity and Identity” from a degree course he will never ﬁnish, the reader quickly understands that Chanu is a well-meaning but self-deceived and pompous failure. He complains endlessly about the injustices meted out to him: allegedly lesser men are promoted over his head; unmerited parking tickets are issued to him; his qualiﬁcations are overlooked, his abilities undervalued. Nevertheless, Nazneen cares for him, for their son, Raqib, who dies as a small baby, and their two daughters, Shahana and Bibi, on their diminishing income. Marking the monotonous rhythm of her days, weeks, and months is the regular task of paring the corns and calluses from Chanu’s feet. Nazneen constantly worries about Hasina, wondering what she is doing and feeling that no good can ever come from kicking against fate. Then a letter arrives, and the reader sees Nazneen’s life in Britain counterpointed by Hasina’s in Bangladesh. Hasina had seemed to escape the path laid out for her of arranged marriage and servitude but has only escaped into the

3

MONICA ALI would once have submissively followed, listens to her daughters’ and her own desires. Even though she wants to be reunited with her sister and to cushion Hasina from the worst of her trials, Nazneen chooses to stay in Brick Lane, which has become the nearest thing she has to home. There are a number of signiﬁcant motifs in the novel. Food, its preparation and consumption, is important. For years Nazneen does all the preparation for the family’s meals, dividing her day between cleaning and cooking, but she cannot bear to eat in Chanu’s presence, often starving herself all day and then standing in front of the refrigerator at night, stuffing into her mouth anything in front of her. She is expected to cook and serve food when Chanu brings home a colleague or the man he admires, Dr. Azad, and Chanu gives explicit instructions about how this should be prepared; there should be large pieces of meat. During their early years together, Chanu buys the food, Nazneen walking a few paces behind him as he selects vegetables from the local shops. Later, as Nazneen becomes more conﬁdent and Chanu less exuberant, she goes marketing. After Nazneen’s depression, alienation, and claustrophobia cause a kind of breakdown, the reader learns that Chanu can cook, and for a while he does and delights in it. When Nazneen recovers, however, they revert back to their accustomed roles. Ice-skating is also of symbolic signiﬁcance in the narrative, even though it does not appear more than a few times. The ﬁrst reference is when Nazneen, encountering British television, is enraptured by the grace of a couple apparently dancing, ﬂowing across the ground powered by some invisible force. She watches the female skater spin and stop, with a look of triumph: “you knew she had conquered everything: her body, the laws of nature, and the heart of the tightsuited man” (p. 20). Chanu tells her that this is ice-skating. She ﬁnds it again and is still entranced by the freedom of the skaters’ movements, and when she comes across a photograph of an ice-skating partnership in a magazine, she fantasizes that she is part of the picture and has a vivid imaginary experience of traveling fast on

Nazneen’s daughters are becoming such hybrids, in spite of their father’s efforts. He insists that they wait on him, wear traditional dress, and recite from the work of the national poets Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam. The eldest daughter, Shahana, wants jeans, spills paint on her kameez, prefers baked beans to dal, and, furious that she is forbidden to speak English in the house, does not make the effort to improve her written Bengali. The youngest daughter, Bibi, more like her mother, is desperately and touchingly keen to please and feels the guilt of her sister’s rebellions. Chanu’s reaction to Shahana’s intransigence is violent but also comic: [He] wore himself out with threats before launching a ﬂogging with anything to hand. Newspaper, a rule, a notebook, a threadbare slipper, and once, disastrously, a banana skin. He never learned to select his instrument and he never thought to use his hand. An instrumentless ﬂogging was a lapse of fatherly duty. He ﬂogged enthusiastically but without talent. His energy went into the niyyah— the making of his intention—and here he was advanced and skilful, but the delivery let him down. [The niyyah is the intention to pray which is recited before prayer in Islam.] (p. 128)

Meanwhile, some of the British characters in the book are resisting what they see as an attempt to hybridize or efface their identity. Chanu is driven to near apoplexy by the delivery of a leaﬂet that represents contemporary fears of multiculturalism; warning people of the threat to British culture from, for example, the provision of lessons on Buddhism and Islam and acceptance of national dress and holidays in schools and the use of public money for the beneﬁt of migrant communities. In response, Asian groups produce their own literature, and a campaign of leaﬂet and counter-leaﬂet ensues. When unrest erupts into riot and threatens Shahana, Nazneen does not remain passive or accepting of fate but acts of her own volition, courageously venturing into the streets. Following this exercise of her own agency, Nazneen further amazes herself by standing up to Mrs. Islam, the local loanshark, and when Chanu decides to return to Bangladesh, Nazneen, who

4

MONICA ALI hybridized subject between two worlds: brought up in Bangladesh in one hybridized culture and living in England in another. Rather than a novel about a Bangladeshi woman changed by contact with western society then, Brick Lane is a novel about being between and outside worlds. Nazneen, because her family is poor, because she is female, because she does not (at ﬁrst) speak English, because she is conﬁned, and because she is a migrant is “other” in many ways and between several worlds. The pocket of Bangladeshi culture in this ﬁctional Brick Lane is not and cannot be untouched by European or British culture. Dr. Azad and his wife eat frozen television dinners; Nazneen’s eldest daughter wants denim jeans and western shampoo. When Chanu returns to Bangladesh, it is not to the unchanged home of his imagination. The process of hybridization is twoway, however. The Brick Lane restaurants serving Bangladeshi food are frequented by British people, and Nazneen and her friends are able to start a clothes-making and retailing business because British girls are buying salwaar kameez (long tunic and loose trousers) and other kinds of traditional dress, often in a form adapted to western taste. Since precolonial “purity” of identity and culture can never be fully recovered, Karim’s attempt to return to an unadulterated, originary Bangladeshi culture is misguided because the cultures of the Indian subcontinent have been hybridized, as have those of Britain. Among the dangers of calling for the defense of a colonized culture against the inﬂuence of a colonizer is that of homogenization of the colonized, with a consequent loss of emphasis on difference. Just as in Brick Lane and other postcolonial novels, the British are represented as failing to distinguish among Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and other groups, so in emphasizing solidarity and the necessity of preserving “the” culture, Karim loses sight of the diversity of Bangladeshi traditions and even opinions. Ali wrote Brick Lane in English, in which she has said she is now more at home than her ﬁrst language; the novel was ﬁrst published by an English (London) publisher, and it has become

one foot across ice that smells of limes. Finally, at the end of the novel, the friends who have forged strong bonds by their mutual support though suffering, difficulty, and more recently, daring new enterprises, take Nazneen on a mystery trip. It is to an ice-skating rink. She protests that one cannot skate in a sari, but her friends tell her that she can. This is England; she can do anything. When Brick Lane was ﬁrst published, Ali was hailed as a new leading light of British Asian writing, a genre that now includes Zadie Smith (White Teeth, 2000), Hanif Kureishi (The Buddha of Suburbia, 1990, and The Black Album, 1995), Nadeem Aslam (Maps for Lost Lovers, 2004), and Gautam Malkani (Londonstani, 2006), among others. These novels represent contemporary British society as complex, multiethnic, multicultural, and hybridized. Such writing can be seen as postcolonial ﬁction in the larger sense in that it has been produced in the era during and after the effects of the imperial process, and in the more specialized sense in that it was produced in the time when some former subjugated and/or colonized countries have taken back their independence and are concerned with issues of ethnic (as well as gender, class, and individual) identity. Speciﬁcally, Brick Lane depicts a community of people upon whom colonization has had an effect, whose ethnic identity is modiﬁed by the society of the colonizers and reinforced by efforts of resistance to that modiﬁcation. Helen Tiffin points out in The Empire Writes Back that postcolonial cultures are inevitably hybridized. Brick Lane represents hybrid, multicultural cultures but also the resistance to these cultures. Ali’s novel is not a work of theory, so it does not interrogate colonial discourses and discursive practices overtly. Nor is it, like Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958), a representation of a precolonial culture and the damage done to that culture by the colonists or, like Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), an example of a postcolonial “writing back” to a colonial text (Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, 1847) by foregrounding and ventriloquizing the hitherto suppressed colonial subject. Rather, Brick Lane represents the already

5

MONICA ALI the object of study for English literary criticism. From the point of view of a postcolonial critique, this is problematic. Bill Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin explain in The Empire Writes Back (1989) that it can be argued

texts, cutting down to manageable size the vast unknown by the use of comfortingly familiar nomenclature and tropes. In their myriad narratives of journeying we see how postcolonial writers have managed, though a process of mass imaginative appropriation, to hijack one of the deﬁning stories of imperial expansion: the traveller’s tale, the voyage of mystery, to the heart of darkness. Tales of occupation and settlement plotted from the colonial centre to the colonies have been supplanted by journeys from the hinterland to the city—with the extra inﬂection of the ﬁnal moment of homecoming and return.# Incorporating indigenous cultural material, deﬁant of western authority, the postcolonial quest seeks mastery not in the ﬁrst instance over land or other peoples, but of history and self. (p. 192)

that the study of English and the growth of Empire proceeded from a single ideological climate and that the development of the one is intrinsically bound up with the development of the other, both at the level of simple utility (as propaganda for instance) and at the unconscious level, where it leads to the naturalizing of constructed values (e.g. civilization, humanity, etc.) which, conversely, established “savagery”, “native”, “primitive”, as their antitheses and as the object of a reforming zeal. (p. 3)

Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin also point out that an important aspect of imperialist attitudes was enshrined in the formation of English Studies, the evaluation of that which was deemed central, and the devaluation of that which was considered peripheral, marginal, or uncanonical. They continue:

Nazneen journeys from a rural home to an alien city, and while neither she nor any member of her community comes to master it, she does attain a measure of mastery over her own identity and her own future. In following Nazneen’s journey, Ali, like George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell, and other Victorian novelists, uses ﬁction set largely in the domestic sphere, the traditional arena for women, as a venue for the socialproblem or “condition of England” novel.

when elements of the periphery and margin threatened the exclusive claims of the centre they were rapidly incorporated. This was a process, in Edward Said’s terms of conscious affiliation proceeding under the guise of ﬁlilation (Said 1984), that is, a mimicry of the centre from a desire not only to be accepted but also to be adopted and absorbed. It caused those from the periphery to immerse themselves in the imported culture, denying their origins in an attempt to become “more English than the English.” (pp. 3–4)

ALENTEJO BLUE (2006)

The setting of Brick Lane is in a community largely composed of migrants to Britain and ﬁrstor second-generation settlers in Britain. Most of the characters in Alentejo Blue are native Portuguese, and the British characters, expatriates and tourists, are in a minority. Where Brick Lane’s Chanu and Nazneen have had to learn a new language and pick their way through an alien environment with few familiar landmarks, here the English, Germans, and other non-Portuguese are the outsiders. They are not precisely colonists, but neither are they assimilated into Portuguese culture. A British child who has lived in Portugal for most of his life asks: “Am I Portuguese now?” His father replies: “Don’t be so bleeding soft” (p. 102). But the Portuguese believe that cultural imperialism is coming their way.

The authors cite the works of Henry James and T. S. Eliot as examples, but we can see in postcolonial ﬁction a number of representations of characters who attempt to be more English than the English, in Meera Syal’s Anita and Me (1996, for example, as well as characters who emphasize their difference from the colonial “centre.” In a section applicable to Brick Lane as well as to the other novels mentioned here, Elleke Boehmer shows that postcolonial writers are appropriating the techniques and forms of colonial

6

MONICA ALI thoughts and conversations ﬁlling in the story of their lives to the present of the narrative. It begins with João, an eighty-four-year-old farmer, who comes out of his house in the early morning to ﬁnd his friend and beloved of sixty-seven years, Rui, hanging from a tree. João remembers their ﬁrst meeting, as hungry seventeen-year-olds looking for work and their history as they come together, lose each other, and are reunited again, in a beautifully written and moving but understated section reminiscent of Annie Proulx’s short story “Brokeback Mountain.” In Brick Lane characters mourn their separation from and try to re-create Bangladeshi culture, but there is little reference to the country’s immediate history; as Ali has said, the suffering and violence of the civil war is present in the sense of the fragility of life and the vulnerability of characters, especially women. In Alentejo Blue history is present through the story of João and Rui. João’s memories show us the dominance of the Catholic Church and the wealthy, landed minority; the revolution of 1927; the establishment of a communist opposition; the reallocation of land to cooperatives; the failure of the cooperatives and the landowners’ repurchase of the land, cheaply; the rise of António de Oliveira Salazar, officially president of the Council of Ministers of Portugal from 1932 to 1968 but in effect a fascist dictator; the establishment of the New State; the brutality of Salazar’s secret police (PIDE); the coup by the Movimento das Forças Armadas (Armed Forces Movement), which in 1974 deposed Salazar’s fascist heir, Marcello Caetano. Through all the changes of regime, those who had no capital remained poor, and those, like Rui and João, who hired themselves out to work on the land remained poorest of all. Other local people are introduced. Vasco, owner of Mamarrosa’s most popular café, once worked in the United States and therefore considers himself to be more cosmopolitan, informed, and sophisticated than his fellows. Though he is one of the few local people in the novel to have traveled abroad, he is also one of those who resist change. The food he makes is traditional—his mother’s pigs’ ears and tails salad, for example— and he dreams of attracting tourists to his café by

“What language do you think your grandchildren will speak?”.# “English, my friend,” Vasco informed him. “With an American accent.” (p. 86)

The novel is set in the ﬁctional village of Mamarrosa in the Alentejo, one of the ﬁve regions of Portugal. Alentejo, which lies to the south-center of the country, can be translated as “beyond the Tagus.” It is separated from the northern regions by the Tagus River and bordered to the far south by the popular tourist destination the Algarve. The blue of “Alentejo Blue” is one of the two colors used on door and window frames of the whitewashed Alentejo houses (the other is yellow), but it could also be the blues of the area’s spectacular skies, which characters in the novel perceive from time to time, and it could suggest something more abstract, a rhapsody in blue, or “the blues,” both the music and the mood. A character, Teresa, also wears the color at a crucial crossroads in her life: “She wore her black slingbacks and a white cotton dress with blue ﬂowers that matched the paint that framed the door. Alentejo blue. There she was, in a picture, in a moment, setting out for the rest of her life” (p. 177). Two epigraphs precede the novel, one from Journey to Portugal (1981) by the Portuguese novelist José Saramago (winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for literature), and one from T. S. Eliot’s Ash Wednesday (1930), a six-part poem recording spiritual struggle and spiritual progress toward faith. The ﬁrst, “Villages are like people, we approach them slowly, a step at a time,” suggests that the narrative will take us slowly through the elements of Alentejo, initially through its inhabitants, one by one, and later through their interaction as community. The second, beginning “Because I do not hope to turn again,” introduces the themes of change and resistance to change that pervade the novel. The narrative of Brick Lane is told in the third person and largely seen from the perspective of Nazneen, but Alentejo Blue is a multi-perspective, almost polyphonic novel. The narrative dips in and out of the thoughts and voices of young, middle-aged, and old men and women, Portuguese and foreign, who live in or are visiting the village or surrounding houses, through their

7

MONICA ALI will of God or events than that of Brick Lane, we see a grandmother’s (Vasco’s) response to the fates of these exiles. When her elder son, Humberto, goes to the mines in Mozambique, she says, “He has answered a call”; when her youngest son, Henrique, goes to ﬁght in Angola, she says: “It is the Lord’s will.” When she learns that Henrique will not be coming home, she says “What is meant to be, must be,” and goes out to feed the pig. But when Vasco breaks a teapot, she beats him with a big wooden spoon and tells him that of course he could help it. Vasco reﬂects, “With teapots you are free to choose, in matters of life and death you are not” (p. 77). This grandmother is also an example of the older generation’s resistance to change. When “Senhor Pinheiro” pays for two windows to be put into the house she cannot get used to it and has them boarded up. Vasco’s mother, on the other hand, has told him this shaking her head “to show how far she herself had come into the light” (p. 88). It is said that one son of the village is to come home. Marco Alfonso Rodrigues is coming, and his shadow falls over the community long before he arrives. Rumors spread: he is a fantastically successful businessman; he is in electronics; he is in dry cleaning; he has plans for the village; he is going to build a four-hundred-bed hotel; he is going to develop the area as a tourist resort; he is going to make a nature reserve. When he arrives, he is not at all as anyone expected. Reticent, enigmatic, and given to spare gnomic statements, he is a disappointment to his cousin Eduardo, and Harry Stanton, an English writer and habitué of the café, insists that he is a hippy, a woollythinking drifter, but he is a catalyst for change in a way people did not expect. Stanton is stalled on a ﬁctionalized life of the Romantic artist William Blake, which is ironic, as he seems to be the very antithesis of a Romantic visionary. He loses his illusions about his dream of building a perfect sanctuary where he will be able to write in comfort and peace about his mental excuses for not working and his promises to himself to start working, and about himself as a good man. At the end of the story, he is considering leaving Mamarrosa for that most westernized and Americanized of Eastern

its “authentic” ambience and cooking. For him the present is frequently interrupted by memories of the past; his time working in the restaurants of Cape Cod and the American wife he lost in childbirth. Vasco’s café provides a space in which many of the strands of the narrative brieﬂy intersect. Most of the characters in the novel pass through, and a number of them spend a lot of time at the bar or tables that Vasco constantly wipes in imitation of American waiters, but with an unwashed, all-purpose cloth. Eduardo, Vasco’s sparring partner and opponent in a long-standing feud, drops in regularly. The beautiful young Teresa arrives at the café in the pursuit of her second job, selling insurance on commission, which too often seems to turn into social work instead. When we meet her, she is dreaming of the time when she will surprise her mother with the money she hopes to make, and the moment when she will give her ﬁancé, the mechanic Antonio, the gift of her virginity before telling him that she will not marry him and that she is leaving Portugal to work as an au pair in London. Teresa wants to make the occasion romantic and perfect but ﬁnds Antonio’s callow approach far from either. Sexual encounters in the novel are not described in detail, and we receive the impression that they are generally unsatisfactory. Teresa might be said to have the experience but miss the feeling, as she is partly stoned and partly past caring, in the wake of Antonio’s blithe lack of empathy. The young of Mamarrosa are involved in a more modern, urban life than their elders. Antonio and his friend Vincente talk of engines, oil leaks, and fan belts. Taking some supplies to João, Teresa reﬂects that she envies the simple life he follows; the modern clutter and distractions he is not bothered by. When her mobile phone rings, she puts it away as though it were something shameful. In spite of the connection she feels with João as he gives her a simple country meal, she is unaware either of his almost lifelong love for Rui or that Rui has taken his own life. None of the Alentejo locals is wealthy; few who left to make their fortune have returned, and in a more humorous take on submission to the

8

MONICA ALI husband, Richard, provides another aspect of the novel’s title. She reﬂects that the sky is the same blue as a bowl she had carefully cradled all the way home from Agadir, only to drop it the next day. Eileen fantasizes about running away from her mundane life to Alentejo, where, she reﬂects, she could be an eccentric but accepted foreigner, keeping bees, growing runner beans, and looking after donkeys. “I could ride into town on a donkey, barefoot on a donkey with a wicker shopping basket, and everyone would know me and say in a fond sort of way, ah, there she goes, the crazy Englishwoman” (p. 115). Eileen’s section of the novel shows us the holiday in Alentejo and her life at home from her perspective and is narrated in the ﬁrst person, representing her interior monologue. This provides details of the village and people its natives do not think to note as well as a window onto events, which is of course partial and biased but also intimate. While we inhabit Eileen’s mind, we feel sympathy for her and perceive that she is far from the stupid, irrational person the carping Richard describes. She is acute and responsive and has a wry sense of humor. Like Ali, she is an observer neither in the thick of things nor behind a closed door. When she is in conversation with two other vacationers, a young engaged couple, Sophie and Huw, however, we understand that they see Eileen quite differently, as a clinging and rather ridiculous old lady. Similarly, we follow Sophie and Huw through some days’ sightseeing in the region and their return to Mamarrosa, ﬁrst from his perspective then from hers. Though narrated in the third person, this section uses free indirect style as well as dialogue to give insights into both characters. They have agreed that while on holiday they will put aside the arrangements for their approaching wedding, but the stressful topic is never far from their thoughts and never far from becoming an argument. Both Huw and Sophie have their own hopes, dreams, doubts, epiphanies, and disappointments, and each is irrevocably locked out of the other’s. Huw has no idea that in a chapel made of human bones Sophie is having a profoundly affecting experience and turns the moment into bathos; Sophie

European cities, Prague. Other non-Portuguese inhabitants of Mamarrosa include a British family, the Potts. The Potts are mother Chrissie; son Jay (named after the dope his father smokes), into whose respective perspectives the narrative voice dips at different times; daughter Ruby; and father Michael (known as “China,” a nickname derived from his surname). China has ﬂed to Portugal to escape some unspeciﬁed trouble in Britain and, long saturated in drink and permanently addled by drugs, seems both belligerent and emasculated. The family is near rock bottom. They scrape the smallest of subsistence livings, which China spends on animals he fails to husband, vehicles he wrecks, marijuana, and drink. Ruby, profoundly deaf and speech-impaired, shoplifts and picks up older men and local youths, including Teresa’s brother, in the cafés and bars of the town. Jay is love starved and has shouldered too many responsibilities too young. Chrissie seems hopeless and to have given up trying to run the squalid house and decrepit smallholding or care for the children. Stanton befriends Jay, who he perceives as a grubby, lonely waif in ﬁlthy, outgrown clothes and tries to be kind to Ruby. He sleeps with Chrissie but is aware that he has no feelings for her and is then seduced by or seduces Ruby. The family, dysfunctional but nonetheless with strong ties among its members, is blown apart when it emerges that Ruby is pregnant; they assume by Stanton, though it might be Francisco, a local youth. Stanton learns that neither of the Potts parents is as uncaring and detached as he believed. Each reacts in a different way: China, outraged at ﬁrst, likes the idea of becoming a grandfather; Chrissie organizes an abortion, illegal in Portugal. She is then thrown out by China and threatened with prosecution for murder by the Portuguese state. She escapes the accusation because hospital records show that the fetus had died, and the family pulls itself back together. China gets work, and they are seen in Vasco’s café en famille and cleaned up for the ﬁrst time. Among the transient visitors, Eileen, a middleage British woman who has come to realize the size of the gulf that lies between she and her

9

MONICA ALI plans for the future and nostalgia for the past. Some characters behave with courtesy and consideration, others badly. Vasco overeats hugely, sampling all the dishes laid out—fried liver with chili, baked tripe, cataplana (a traditional seafood dish cooked in a domed, hinged pot), rice with seafood, green beans, broad beans, pork, clams, goose barnacles, spider crabs, melon, pineapple, plums, half a pear, bread, cake, a bottle of sweet sparkling wine—and when he and Eduardo clash, grapple, and spin about the room, he is terribly sick. The next day the pair continue their sparring, which turns out to be not unaffectionate, as usual. As João thinks, “Everything keeps changing but still it remains the same” (p. 275). Marco Alfonso Rodrigues is found to have left, without having made anyone rich, erected a hotel, founded a resort, or made much impact on the village at all. All he has left behind is a note that simply reads: “Peace.” Eduardo avers that after all he was not the real Marco Alfonso Rodrigues but an impostor. The novel ends in December, some time after the main events of the narrative, which took place in spring and early summer, with João telling the story of Marco to his pig, but cautioning her: “There’s more than one way to look it,” before beginning the story again. The strands of Alentejo Blue never really coalesce, and the characters’ personal histories do not mesh, except in brief collisions. Not even the more perceptive or empathic of the characters can fully know any of the others, and most do not try. This adds to the sense that the character vignettes and minor incidents are snapshots of an ongoing reality rather than the carefully crafted and neatly tied-up pattern of a novel. It also adds to the reader’s sense that the novel is a snapshot and cross section of Alentejo past and present, like the palimpsest wall coverings of the British edition’s dust jacket, rather than a linear history of events that happen to a few selected characters living there.

has no idea of the effect her dangerous driving has had on him. These sections of the novel inevitably invite comparisons with modernist ﬁction, in particular that of Virginia Woolf. The couple’s reactions to Stanton are diametrically opposed: Huw thinks he would be an interesting man to have a drink with; Sophie detests and wants to avoid him. Their argument leads to a throwaway but unforgivable remark in the context of Sophie’s episodes of depression— “You’re crazy” (p. 251)—and inevitably they are forced to socialize with Stanton at the Mamarrosa festival. Two of the main events of the novel are festivities, the ﬁrst of which, the opening of an Internet café, brings together a number of villagers, and the second of which brings together both locals and incomers. The Internet café has taken over the premises of a frozen ﬁsh shop. At its grand opening, it has chairs, tables, and computers but no Internet connection, the kitchen is not fully functioning, and the ice cream it serves is redolent of the building’s previous occupants. Later, a mother, Dona Linda, spends hours looking at a webcam view of a bench in the Canadian town of Little Rock, even when it is night in Canada and the screen is dark because her daughter has gone to a Canadian town called Little River; she hopes that the two are close together and that her daughter might just happen to walk along the road to sit on the bench. To contemporary British and American eyes, Mamarrosa is old-fashioned, but things have changed, and are in the process of further hybridization. The harvesting of cork and the growing of fruit and vegetables is being supplemented by the tourist trade; the television shows Brazilian soap operas; and traditional local dishes are supplemented by international cuisine. Food is important in the story, as it was in Brick Lane. Who eats what, with whom, and how much is always signiﬁcant, as is the care with which the food is prepared, whether it is local and traditional, and how good it is. The climax of the novel is set during the festa de Mamarrosa in November, when the villagers and visitors come together for music, dancing, and food. There is happiness and celebration, discord and ﬁghting,

OTHER WRITING

Ali has written introductions to two twentiethcentury novels, Graham Greene’s The End of the

10

MONICA ALI Affair (1951) and R. K. Narayan’s The Painter of Signs (1976). One link between the two is that Greene and Narayan were friends, Greene helping Narayan to ﬁnd a publisher for his ﬁrst novel, Swami and Friends, and suggesting “R. K. Narayan” as a pen name more easily managed by westerners than his full name, Rasipuram Krishnaswami Ayyar Narayanaswami. The End of the Affair concerns an adulterous relationship, but there its resemblance to Brick Lane ends. The End of the Affair is set in London during the Second World War, and the relationship, more peripheral in Brick Lane, is central, though second to the relationship that develops between the main characters and faith, or God. The adulterous woman, Sarah, wife of the civil service nonentity Henry, gives up her lover, a well-known writer, Maurice, as part of a pact with God to save his life, and she subsequently dies. Maurice, made bitter and cynical by what he believes is Sarah’s betrayal, eventually comes to understand what she did and to believe that she was almost saintly. The novel ends with Maurice and Henry sharing a house. In The End of the Affair it is Catholicism revived by the promise to God that parts the central protagonists, while in Brick Lane, religious scruples make Nazneen an unwilling adulteress, but religion is also evoked by Karim and his followers as part of their embattled culture and thus of the campaign that brings him and Nazneen together. The Painter of Signs is set in the ﬁctional Indian town of Malgudi, the location of several of Narayan’s novels, into which comes Daisy, a feminist less interested in marriage than in bringing Indian women the liberation of family planning. She commissions signs for the clinics she plans to establish from Raman (Ram), an educated and conscientious sign painter who, in pursuit of a life based on reason, logic, and routine, is equally determined to avoid marriage. Thrown together by Ram’s need to visit each location in order to decide on the best possible style of sign, the two fall in love. To an extent, like The End of the Affair, The Painter of Signs is about a triangular relationship, among Daisy, Ram, and the aunt with whom Ram lives, but the

novel is as much about changing Indian society as it is about love or Daisy and Ram.

RECEPTION

Brick Lane was published to both popular and critical acclaim. The product of the determination Ali mentions in her autobiographical essay was two chapters of a novel, which she sent to a friend at Doubleday. She was immediately offered a two-book publishing contract. The stillunpublished typescript also earned her a place on the Granta Best Young Novelists list, and the magazine published an extract from the novel, “Dinner with Dr. Azad.” This ﬁrst novel, Brick Lane, was published the following year and won the British Book Awards Newcomer of the Year Award, the W. H. Smith People’s Choice Book Award for 2003, Barnes & Noble’s Discover Award for New Writers, and the Quality Paperback Book Club’s New Voices Award. It was also short-listed for the Man Booker prize, the British Book Awards Literary Fiction Award, and the Guardian First Book Award. It has been translated into thirty languages. After such a successful debut, anticipation of Ali’s next work was bound to be intense, and there was much speculation in the British press about the likely theme, setting, and quality of the second novel. Many commented on the pressure on the “sophomore” novelist, and it seemed almost a foregone conclusion that the rapturous reception of the ﬁrst novel would not be repeated. Reviews of Alentejo Blue have been mixed. The interlacing but not fully integrated stories have been found too elusive and unsatisfying, but described as also pleasingly suggestive and concentrated vignettes. (See, for example, Alex Clark’s review in the Observer (May 21, 2006, p. 23.) Most critics agreed that the characterization, in particular of Nazneen and Chanu, but also of other characters, such as the wonderfully comic but also menacing monster Mrs. Islam, is one of the greatest strengths of Brick Lane, but Ali’s representation of Bangladeshi characters, and her characters’ comments about recent Sylheti migrants (from the Sylhet district in northeastern

11

MONICA ALI Bangladesh), also caused controversy. An organization called the Greater Sylhet Welfare and Development Council sent a letter to Ali’s publishers alleging that the portrayal of Sylheti people was unbalanced and unfair and demanding corrections to statements made by the characters about overcrowding, working conditions, and other issues. The Guardian newspaper reported the accusations and demands, comparing them to the protests made against Salman Rushdie’s Satanic Verses (1988) by those who felt that he had insulted the Islamic faith. Later, members of the Brick Lane community in London accused Ali of promoting racial stereotypes and depicting the inhabitants of their area in an insulting manner. They held a protest meeting in Brick Lane and initiated a campaign against a planned ﬁlm adaptation of the novel (produced by Alison Owen, with the working title Seven Seas) which forced the ﬁlmmakers, Ruby Films, to ﬁnd alternative locations. The authors Germaine Greer and Salman Rushdie took opposing stances on the subject in the pages of the British press in July 2006, and the novelists Hari Kunzru and Lisa Appignanesi were reported (in the Guardian of July 31, 2006) as having added their voices to Rushdie’s in support of Ali.

33-46). Reprinted in Story-Wallah: Short Fiction from South Asian Writers. Edited by Shyam Selvadurai. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005. “Sundowners.” (Extract from Brick Lane.) New Yorker, January 23 and 30, 2006.

OTHER WRITINGS “Where I’m Coming From.” Guardian (http://arts.guardian. co.uk/features/story.html). June 17, 2003. (Personal essay.) Introduction to The End of the Affair, by Graham Greene. London: Vintage, 2004. Introduction to The Painter of Signs, by R. K. Narayan. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 2006.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures. London: Routledge, 1989. Clark, Alex. “Escape from Brick Lane.” Observer, May 21, 2006, p. 23. (Review of Alentejo Blue.) Griffiths, Gareth. “The Myth of Authenticity.” In The Postcolonial Studies Reader. Edited by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. London: Routledge, 1995, pp. 237–241. Boehmer, Elleke. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Tiffin, Helen. “Post-colonial Literatures and Counterdiscourse.” In The Post-colonial Studies Reader. Edited by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. London: Routledge, 1995, pp. 95–98.

Selected Bibliography

INTERVIEWS

WORKS OF MONICA ALI NOVELS

Brick Lane. London: Doubleday, 2003; London: Black Swan, 2004; New York: Scribners, 2003. Alentejo Blue. London: Doubleday, 2006; New York: Scribners, 2006.

SHORT FICTION

AND

AND

JOURNALISM

Lane, Harriet. “Ali’s in Wonderland.” Observer http:// observer.guardian.co.uk/bookgroup/story/0,,991601,00. html). June 1, 2003. (Interview with Ali.) Lea, Richard, and Paul Lewis. “Local Protests over Brick Lane Film.” Guardian Unlimited (http://books.guardian. co.uk/news/articles.html). July 17, 2006. Cacciottolo, Mario. “Brick Lane Protesters Hurt over ‘Lies.’” BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/ 5229872.stm). July 31, 2006.

EXTRACTS

“Dinner with Dr. Azad.” (Extract from Brick Lane.) Granta 81: Best of Young British Novelists 2003 (April 3, 2002

12

JOHN BURNSIDE (1955—)

J. C. Bittenbender In addition to his poetic art, Burnside has written novels, short stories, and memoir in addition to stories for radio. He is a committed writer, environmentalist and ecologist—a poet who reveals the mysteries of the world in a highly unique fashion. In both poetry and prose he offers the reader lyrical visions of the everyday epiphanies that haunt our always local and provisional worlds. Born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on March 19, 1955, Burnside spent part of his childhood living in Cowdenbeath, in the west of Fife, before moving with his family to Corby, an industrial town in the English Midlands. He was educated in Catholic schools in Scotland and England, and he later studied English and European languages at Cambridge College of Arts and Technology. For years he worked as an engineer in computer systems design, and he later worked as a freelance writer. For a time he was writer in residence at Dundee University.

A PROLIFIC WRITER whose stature as a poet and novelist has been steadily growing since the appearance of his ﬁrst collection of poetry in 1988, John Burnside provides a voice that engages with the mystical and the organic as he investigates notions of personal identity and those myths we employ as we negotiate our way around the natural world. In addition to his many published volumes of poetry, ﬁction, and memoir, he has established a voice as a contributor to wellknown international publications such as the New Yorker, the Times Literary Supplement, the London Review of Books, and the Guardian, and his work has been included in a number of anthologies. He is a writer who displays a passionate commitment to ecological and environmental concerns and who interrogates and revisions the world so that readers may always view it in a vibrant and numinous fashion. His poetry exhibits a wonderful combination of botany, horticulture, and biochemistry, as well as existential philosophy. He also engages with voices from other cultures, and he shows a particular fondness for Spanish-language poets such as Octavio Paz, Federico García Lorca, and Jorge Guillén as well as American poets such as Wallace Stevens, Marianne Moore, and William Carlos Williams. Deﬁant of any form of label, especially those aligned with a nationalism of geopolitics, he explained in an interview with Attila Dósa how he would like to be classiﬁed: “I’m happy to call myself a green poet or an environmental poet or an ecological poet, but not a nature poet. I’m not a Scottish poet and I’m not a religious poet. These are not useful labels for me” (p. 18). Named by the Poetry Book Society as one of the twenty New Generation poets in 1994, over the years Burnside has won numerous prizes and awards for his poetry and has contributed poems to a variety of anthologies and literary journals.

EARLY POETRY

Burnside writes deeply felt poetry that considers the world we live in from a number of perspectives. In his early work in The Hoop (1988), Common Knowledge (1991), and Feast Days (1992), he announces a number of prevalent themes that in many ways contribute to his understanding of the beauties and ﬂaws of perception. One of the ways in which Burnside seeks to view the world is through the construction of a notion of the self. His poems offer rich philosophical visions of ways in which we create ideas of our own identities through sensory impressions of the natural world, ﬁrmly held beliefs that are handed to us through tradition,

13

JOHN BURNSIDE memory, and religion, as well as our perceptions of other identities. In Burnside’s debut collection of poetry, The Hoop, which won a Scottish Arts Council Book Award, the poet announces many of the themes to deﬁne his poetry. However, the concept of deﬁnition is itself problematic for Burnside, as he tends to eschew the notion that we can describe the world and our position in it with any degree of certainty. This concern that we as readers defy an assumption of a set and understandable world becomes the leading trope in his early poetry and plays a part in the way he develops his later philosophies of absence, language, and silence. In this collection, Burnside explores the role of memory and silence as well. The “hoop” becomes a unifying image, taking its cues from uses in Celtic mythologies. Early on in his work, Burnside attempts to offer organic understandings of the natural world that challenge traditional interpretations. His poetry exhibits nature in a way that seeks to redeﬁne the way in which we “read” the world. Many of his poems provide intricate visions of ﬂora and fauna that engage with a human psychology, making use of nature as a coded world that allows us ways of gauging our own notions of self. In the poem “Silence Is Possible,” Burnside investigates the condition of ﬁnding silence and registering absence: Silence is possible, and after dark it almost happens: silence, like a glove, the perfect ﬁt you always hoped to ﬁnd.

or the casual hush of abattoirs after the thud of a bullet nobody heard.

(p. 16)

Silence, as a form of absence, becomes possible through the recognition of the presence of sound. This becomes a typical device of Burnside, whereby opposites are deﬁned in terms of one another; silence through sound, absence through presence, and vice versa. In “After Viking,” Burnside takes the Viking missions to Mars and uses them as a metaphor for silence and new deﬁnition: Our music is a bottle full of wasps and aching seas but silence is the choice we failed to make [#]

(p. 26)

This poem and others contain the image of the ‘hoop” as one that serves to deﬁne the circularity of existence and the repetitive ways in which we learn of the world: “but form is the sub-organic / hoop of the virus” (p. 26). In “Inside” it appears as follows: [#] and night is best appreciated in this hoop of light where dripping is and everybody knows magic is somewhere else, where no one goes. (p. 28)

Burnside’s second collection, Common Knowledge, also won a Scottish Arts Council Book Award. In this work he continues his quest to redeﬁne the concept of deﬁnition, and he relates this to the ability to see the world in new ways. Poems from this volume seem to show Burnside working through a deﬁnition of what “common knowledge” represents and how inadequate the terms are. Many poems reﬂect themes of vision and transformation. The ﬁrst section, “Home,” is an extended series of meditations on the concept of home and how one comes to understand that designation. Here the speaker seems to be creating a world. One world is imagined and the other takes shape more unconsciously, and Burnside is adept at recognizing the differences between those two ways of “knowing” the world:

(p. 16)

The poem goes on to enumerate the ways in which an authentic experience of silence is always fraught with the intrusive noise of the outside world. The experience of silence, though, does ﬁnally become possible through considerations of sounds (or the lack of sounds) that are otherwise rejected or not traditionally recognized: Silence is possible, but you have been a listener for years and what could you ﬁnd but the hard quiet of huddled swimmers in a riverbed

And morning changes— sometimes to the angel we expect

14

JOHN BURNSIDE world and to how these visions are inextricably linked to the mind and the heart. The speaker of “Home” also considers how home is something that is deﬁned in part by time: “The past keeps shifting around us / but each year the same milkcoloured spring returns#” (p. 7). Later, home becomes deﬁned in an aural fashion:

watching the tomb in a garden of blood and lilies, sometimes to the notion of a Christ we half-invent[#] (p. 3)

In some ways this poem announces another theme of Burnside’s, which is a questioning of how we understand the signiﬁcance of religion or the symbols or characters that have always stood for particular ways of religious thinking. He presents a pagan/Christian world that always seeks to deﬁne itself in terms of new visions. His religion is not atheistic or agnostic by any means, but is more likely to be informed by a fresh way of reading the mythos of religion through senses that have been dulled by traditional narrative that depends upon certainty. As one proceeds through the vignettes of “Home,” one begins to see Burnside outlining only tentative foundations of what one might see as identity or a sense of self or the ﬂesh of the imagined world. Along the way he creates new deﬁnitions for “common” things like home by asking the reader to consider “a wireless country”. Another deﬁnition for home might be“#wetland whispers shriven from the air; / warm valves gloved in citrinous velvet dust like jars of myrrh” (p. 4). Any one of these rich descriptions might serve as an adequate response to the question “what is home?” And Burnside opens the possibilities for the uses of all forms of human experience to aid in creating working deﬁnitions for home that are always ﬂuid and subject to reevaluation and reinterpretation. Although Burnside is a poet of landscape, he is not what one might call a “geographical” poet. He often writes of Scottish and other British locations, but he does not make the named identities of these places the focus of his writing. Attention is not drawn to the political landscape of the space he describes, but rather the reader is led to understand a topography of place that is more universal. This is part of Burnside’s concern with dismantling certainty and the many ways in which humans manufacture certainty through language, naming, and other methods of identity formation. Burnside’s landscapes are rather locales that are organic and imagined. He draws attention to what is mythic and created in the

and home a series of lucid echoes between a sky inscribed with gulls and stars and these strange or familiar houses where love is perfected.

(p. 7)

Home might also be described in terms of the “order” of language: Sometimes you linger days upon a word, a single, uncontaminated drop of sound; for days it trembles, liquid to the mind, then falls: mere denotation, dimming in the undertow of language.

(p. 9)

There is something both beautiful yet threatening about the language in these lines. The reader waits for the moment of signiﬁcance, yet the language takes us somewhere that is dangerous in its rigidity and certainty. Burnside seems to suggest that the certainty of an “end” will take us away from the freedom and beauty of the waiting moment. The second part of Common Knowledge is a section titled “Annunciations,” a meditative prose poem in which Burnside imagines angels, the traditional understanding of angels, the “assumption” of angels, and the concept of annunciation. “This is one version of the Annunciation, but there are others,” the poet suggests(p. 19). Burnside exercises a kaleidoscopic approach to the Annunciation in the same way as he has offered a multitextured and varied approach to the deﬁnition of home in the ﬁrst section. This theme of “revisioning” religious (and primarily Christian) imagery and ritual is an element of Burnside’s project to enrich experience through deconstruction and reformulation.

15

JOHN BURNSIDE In the book’s ﬁnal section, “Common Knowledge,” Burnside returns to the themes of a pluralistic understanding of home and how a more ﬂuid understanding of home might serve to deﬁne us in a less restrictive manner. In “The Forest of Beguilement” the speaker addresses the theme of “beguilement” and how one is often tricked by illusions offered by the surrounding world, which is constantly changing: Nothing convinces; distance makes for home in all directions: empty dovecotes, burning thatch and bees, cupboards of sweet jams and bottled skins; rainfalls are enchantments in the mere of dawn, and nothing there so naked, that it never held a thread of sleek intent[#]

“become what we seem,” and that new form of common knowledge opens up vistas (p. 62). Burnside’s third collection of poems, Feast Days, won the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize in 1994. The poems in this collection continue to explore questions of language and naming. Here the poems speak even more directly to the mythologies and ﬁctions that humans create in an attempt to make sense of the world. In the ﬁrst poem, “Septuagesima,” Burnside provides an epigraph from Jorge Guillén that translates, “Names. / Above, below, they cover the essence / of things” (p. 1). This is appropriate not only for the poem, which considers the silence of the world the day before Adam came to “name the animals,” but also for Burnside’s philosophy, which recognizes the problematic nature of naming that reduces and limits the potential of that which surrounds us in the world:

(p. 52)

For Burnside the state of being unconvinced is perhaps one to be embraced, as it argues for a way of seeing the world anew with each shift of the eyes. To see the extraordinary in the ordinary is the preferred state of “being” in this world, and Burnside’s poems articulate a particular organic metaphysics of seeing that is exhilarating. In the ﬁnal poem of the collection, “Domestic,” the speaker paints an immediately recognizable scene of home, then shifts the reader’s vision elsewhere: If we think of the homes we have known, Or stops between tunnels When silence steps up to a train Through frost-printed trees, # # # it barely shows.

A day like this, perhaps: a winter whiteness haunting the creation, as we are sometimes haunted by the space we ﬁll, or by the forms we might have known before the names, beyond the gloss of things.

(p. 1)

The haunting here seems to be an almost desired state, before things were nailed down by language. Something potential is lost by naming, a presence that is erased by the act of naming. The word “gloss” serves to suggest that names can only ever be an artiﬁcial and superﬁcial way of understanding the world. The word also hints at the sense of a veneer that is brushed over the world by naming and that often seals it off from fruitful possibility. In the sequence “Aphasia in Childhood,” Burnside brings to light metaphysical questions of being and the nature of the soul and squarely opposes them to what is learned in the classroom through imposed forms of learning and naming. The word “aphasia,” an inability to express, becomes a theme here that Burnside will develop elsewhere (especially in his 1997 novel, The

(p. 62)

In the ﬁnal lines, self-deﬁnition becomes as untenable a project as it ever has been. The “safety” of home as a place that serves to deﬁne us is a false feeling, but it is a feeling that is ultimately desirable. For Burnside’s speakers, the unimagined self is the one that is imprisoned by false constructs offered up by language and other ways of rigidly reading the world. Ultimately we

16

JOHN BURNSIDE Dumb House). In section two of the sequence, the speaker attempts to enumerate

“The Noli Me Tangere Incident” (Jesus’ admonition to Mary Magdalene: “touch me not”) is one of Burnside’s many prose poems. Here the speaker seems to recount the moment of Mary’s entrance to the cave where Jesus was placed after the Cruciﬁxion. She ﬁnds him gone and the poem describes this discovery in terms of an absence that potentially makes the Resurrection to come a form of presence that can only be accomplished through deﬁning the elements of what is absent. Mary considers the sensory experience of hearing others who are trying to make sense of the absence of Christ, and she weaves together an understanding that might only be tentatively given a name: “nothing you would mistake for resurrection” (p. 14). This theme of deﬁning presence by way of absence is a recurring one in Burnside’s work. He consistently attempts to ﬁnd “something” in the midst of nothingness or to deﬁne something by what it is not, and this establishes him as one of the most deeply metaphysical and existential poets writing today. One of the highlights of Feast Days is the sequence of prose poems titled “Urphänomen” (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s word for basic, archetypal phenomena). These poems reinforce the idea of Burnside as an existential poet, and they also point to his fascination with the role memory plays in deﬁning being and the world that surrounds the individual. In section ﬁve, the speaker speaks of “this illusion”(p. 27). What seems to be insigniﬁcant in the mind of the speaker creates whole worlds of meaning. There are “mementos” strewn throughout the poem: “Somewhere inside the house, in an old medicine bottle, or pressed between the pages of the family bible, a thread of seaweed or a single petal of frangipani is drying through years of late shows and annual statistics: the only evidence of my crime” (p. 27). These are small things that conjure worlds of memory and meaning, but this is not necessarily to be a sought thing, since Burnside points out “later a memory will form in my skin like a tumour.” (p. 27). Memory for Burnside may not be relegated to something ethical. It is neither good nor bad, it simply is. Neither is memory something that is necessarily a product or process of thought; it is more likely

The evidence of home: hairs in the paintwork; broken ﬁngernails between the carpet and the skirting-board. Traces; ﬁbres; the smell of rubber gloves. (p. 4)

Trying to make sense of the world can often be compared to puzzling out a detective story, but the clues can be left lying around in the most common fashion. Here Burnside joins themes announced in earlier collections and attaches them to new considerations of memory and the ways in which humans are rendered inarticulate by standard ways of looking at the world. In section ﬁve the speaker remarks on a new geography that is confronting him as he sits on a train and gazes out at the world passing by: “I am traveling a country of windows[#]” (p. 7). He is cognizant of a “new map” that is in the head and the heart rather than one that is taught or learned as a traditional way of looking at the world. In “Aeaea” and “Penelope,” Burnside plays with two accepted Homeric myths. Aeaea, the home of the sorceress Circe, is used by Burnside to highlight the idea that all geographies are ultimately ﬁctitious. The speaker of the poem becomes like Odysseus in a search for a home that is always mythic. Along the way, in typical Burnside fashion, he asks us to reconsider deﬁnitions for other concepts or sentiments that we may have mistakenly thought were already explained. Here, love is reexamined as the speaker considers a house of looms where nobody can tell if love is skill or fear of being lost.

(p. 12)

Circe’s mythic house of looms becomes a location fraught with the possibility for reconﬁguring what we know of love. In “Penelope,” the speaker talks of how Odysseus’ wife lies awake at night listening to his stories about her “other selves: Calypso, Nausicaa,” thus asking the reader to contemplate possible different geographies of “self” (p. 13).

17

JOHN BURNSIDE when his car stalls on the road. This seemingly insigniﬁcant moment takes on immense importance as it is crafted into an epic explanation for one’s identity. It is a moment, however, that is treated with a wry skepticism by others who hear the story and construct another deﬁnition of mythology that frames it into a ﬁction:

to be a “felt” thing. His poetic treatment of memory renders it as something much more akin to the sense of touch. The concept of memory can too easily become trapped in a deﬁnition as well, as a cerebral abstraction. Burnside’s poems illustrate his desire to overcome this limited way of interpreting memory. In the ﬁnal section of the sequence, Burnside returns to the theme of home and the problematic nature of deﬁning the places one inhabits. Here the concept takes on existential importance, as Burnside writes: “I will sleep as I slept before, but something will be awake in the room: a part of myself reﬂected in the cold and the darkness, and something I do not resemble, which nevertheless ﬁts me precisely, a form I have moulded from what I am not, like a carapace or a shell”. Being and nothingness are expressed here, where the form of the self is created out of absence. Soon after this the speaker announces, “I will think myself home.#”. The myth of home becomes something that is understandable through the agency of thought and reﬂection. Memory becomes a part of the process of realizing the self. The section and the poem end with the following words: “where home is the house I imagined and never expected: a sudden renewal, the pleasure of being lost” (p. 31). There is a certain joy of uncertainty in not truly “knowing” oneself, in allowing a freedom of creation in forming an idea of oneself, a self that is ﬂuid. Later poems in the collection engage with the idea of the fairy story or folktale. Burnside examines the philosophy of the fairy story or folktale in order to continue his concern with deconstructing standard ways in which humans interrogate the world. In the ninth section of “Urphänomen” he writes: “And I will wake, like one of the taken escaped from a day in faery liftetimes ago[#]” (p. 31). Burnside considers the ways in which humans mix the world of the ﬁctional and fantastic with the “real” life. In doing so he suggests ways in which we might all be escaped characters from some other grand narrative that is beyond our knowledge. In “A Tall Story,” the idea of the “unreal” tale is expanded upon as the speaker recounts the story of a man who encounters a hovering owl at a moment

That’s when the owl ﬂew down and hovered about the stopped bonnet of the Cambridge, barely touching. So he said. We never quite believed, and besides, it was hardly a story: it seems the bird ﬂickered for one chill instant at the glass then left him, startled, as the engine turned and he drove on, along the empty road, like someone taken in a fairy tale who breaks the spell and brings a stranger home. (p. 33)

The stranger here becomes in a way the self that is search of some validation. The man encountering the owl is a different person for having experienced the bird. This is a quotidian experience that is now full of existential importance. “Frog” continues the concept of creating a notion of self from the “fairy tale.” Here The prince beneath the skin has come to rest[#] To think I saw in him another self: the changeling I might have been with luck, or daring.

(p. 34)

The possibilities of ﬁctional others who help to frame identities becomes a guiding force in this poem, but by the end the necessity of ﬂuidity is emphasized in an articulation of home as something that is not necessarily the safe and certain place that we have always imagined. By the end of the poem the reader is confronted by “the meagre sanctuary of home,” a frail sense of safety (p. 35). Home becomes just a reassuring construct that offers no real continuity or solidity. This deﬁnition of home becomes an artiﬁcial construct that is in its essence less real than the “fairy tale” selves that we construct on a daily basis.

18

JOHN BURNSIDE used to. The other becomes a way of recognizing possible alternative explanations for the world that surrounds us. Even the term “explanations” becomes something that is antiquated and fraught with the possibility of stagnant completion. As in previous poems, Burnside asks the reader to contemplate new deﬁnitions. The “it” of the “other,” or the twin might be

A NEW GENERATION POET

Burnside’s fourth collection, The Myth of the Twin, was published in 1994 and was a Poetry Book Society recommendation. Around the time of this publication he was acknowledged as one of the twenty New Generation poets in Britain. As the title implies, this is another collection that engages with a philosophy of mythology, particularly a mythology of the self that often depends on an “other” for completion. The ﬁrst poem in the collection, “Halloween,” announces through the title that a concern with the poems will be considerations of how notions of the self are haunted by misreadings and by disguises that pose as identities in a world that is fraught with illusion: “I have peeled the bark from the tree / to smell its ghost” (p. 1). Burnside plays with the concept of “twins” by writing two poems with the title “The Myth of the Twin,” thus asking the reader either to compare them or to defy our tendency to read twins as mirror images. The ﬁrst poem of that title explores the nature of deﬁnitions and the ways in which we read the world. The speaker imagines an “other” like himself who shares a common dream: [#] out walking on the beach I lifted a pebble and split it open, like an apricot, to ﬁnd a live child hatched in the stone

[#] the way that a stumbling or sudden rooting in authenticity is not the revelation of a foreign place, but emptiness, a stillness in the frost, the silence that stands in the birchwoods, the common soul. (p. 53)

The concept of “the twin” becomes something that Burnside wishes to demythologize and reinterpret in the same way that he has interrogated terms such as “home” and “naming.” Anything that serves to artiﬁcially solidify our understanding of the world is anathema to Burnside, and the idea of the twin is something that might too easily suggest a replication that denies the freedom of identity. This is a theory that he will develop further in his novel The Dumb House (1996), in which twins play a signiﬁcant role in the lead character Luke’s investigations into language development and identity formation. The remainder of the collection is ﬁlled with ghosts or seeming apparitions of an “other” that may or may not be the self of the speaker. There are a number of elegies for the poet’s grandfather: “Avoirdupois,” “Variations on a Theme of Wallace Stevens,” “Grandfather,” “A Photograph of My Grandfather, c. 1961,” and “My Grandparents in 1963.” In many ways the speaker of these poems seems to gain a sense of identity by reinhabiting the spaces left vacant by the grandfather who is now gone. In “Variations on a Theme of Wallace Stevens,” the speaker conjures up a vision of a man (presumably the grandfather) raking in the yard:

(p. 3)

The collection as a whole investigates the idea of different selves occupying the same mind and body. In the second poem also titled “The Myth of the Twin,” the notion of a duplicated self becomes more complex and tied to alternative ways of thinking about the world: Say it moved when you moved: a softness that rose in the ground when you walked, or a give in your step, the substance that Virgil saw in the shadows under our feet

(p. 53)

Here the other becomes not a mirror image of the self but rather a way of experiencing the world that is more richly varied than what we are

[A] ghost in his smoke-coloured shirt with his back to the house, my double, from his looks: same age, same build,

19

JOHN BURNSIDE the same clenched rage in his arms, the same bright fear

a sound for the feel of a place, for snowfalls that cover the roads and little owls ascending through the trees, a name for the gap between margins, for siftings and scattered remains, for rising at night, in the moments I share with the dead, and making my place in their house, an echo, singing. (p. 9)

(p. 4)

Toward the end of the poem, however, the speaker draws attention to the otherness of this perceived self in the grandfather. They are not one and the same, as the speaker speaks of [#] missing what he sees, or thinks he sees: the sudden night, the blur of wind and rain, the shadow in the woods that matches him with nothing that is, and the nothing that is not there. (p. 4)

The speaker grieves over a lost language, one that seems to live on through its absence. Here again, Burnside evokes a sense of presence through absence and he highlights how these ways of deﬁning being and nothingness are susceptible to the process of myth. Language serves to deﬁne us in some way and so does the language that is decaying and nonexistent. By the end of the poem the speaker takes his or her place in the seeming order of language, but that place is always only a tentative location. Three additional poems in the collection speak to the loss of Gaelic and a language that is effective in framing a sense of “true” identity. “Love Poem,” “Dialect,” and “The North” all serve to focus on language and the purposes of “naming.” In “Love Poem,” the speaker wonders what it would be like

The existential ending to the poem highlights the condition in which others are never “twinned” with selves in the order of being but rather serve as potential alternative selves. The absence of nothing, the deprivation of presence at the end, becomes the result of a vision that may or may not be ﬂawed and may or may not align itself with the vision of the speaker who has been lured into seeing himself in the man/grandfather. The poem suggests ways in which identity is often created by how humans view themselves in terms of others and attempt to recognize resemblances between themselves and others. This is all part of the mythology that Burnside deconstructs in his poems. Intricately linked with notions of identity for Burnside are questions of language and how it operates to tell us who we are. A number of poems in The Myth of the Twin engage with a sense of lost language, speciﬁcally the Gaelic and Scots languages that have been diminished over the years in Scotland. The ways in which language shapes an identity is the theme of “The Dead,” where the speaker summons up the ghosts of the past, “weavers and children, and women with songs in their heads,” who are resurrected through their rebirth into language due to “[#]the promise that must be fulﬁlled / in the shaping of language” (p. 8). In “Learning Gaelic,” the speaker links memory, “anamnesis,” with a language that is now an “heirloom” (p. 9). The speaker “lacks” the words that he knows “have always existed”:

To think in the old language; to waken at dawn on the borders of dunlin and tern

(p. 13)

A reconﬁguring of the world might occur if one were to not just speak in the old language but to think in it as well. By the end of the poem the act of naming becomes something more than a way of making sense of the world. Instead there is an aesthetics of naming that serves some larger purpose than just explanation: “to name things for the beauty of the sounds: / uisge; aran; oidhche; gealach; teine” (water, bread, night, moon, ﬁre) (p. 13). In “Dialect,” the speaker may be referring either to Gaelic or to Scots when he writes: There were different words for dust: one for the powdered ﬁlm of shading on a closed room’s windowsills,

20

JOHN BURNSIDE and one for the inch-thick layer of talcum and ﬁbre under the bed

fraudulently plays in constructing notions of home and identity, Burnside consistently returns to questioning and revisioning traditional religions (speciﬁcally Christianity) and the ways of seeing that have become particularly associated with them. In the Myth of the Twin, he crafts a number of poems to respond to Christian experience. “Hymn to the Virgin,” “R. E.,” “Conversions,” and “Faith” are all poems about how religious experience is an attempt to deﬁne the world in a particular way. In “Hymn to the Virgin,” the speaker begins the poem in church and ends up reﬂecting upon this experience as he or she walks along a canal “shoulder-deep in sedge and meadowsweet”. The speaker seems to exchange the natural world for the world of the church, which is “spawn-dark, silent, threaded with deceit, / cradled in a curvature of wings” (p. 17). The poem seems less a rejection of the feelings associated with religion than a rejection of the particular venues in which one is traditionally expected to experience spirituality. In Swimming in the Flood (1995), Burnside’s poetry moves from more solitary meditations of an individual speaker to the assumed voices of other identities. Much like Robert Browning, Burnside populates these poems with the voices of characters who have committed terrible deeds or who seem to be societal outcasts in one way or another. In the sequence “Wrong,” the reader confronts a voice of insanity, perhaps that of a serial killer, somone who has been “mutilated” by society and who in turn has become mad and homicidal. Here Burnside investigates the art of the voyeur, with poetry that deals with the idea of looking at others “in passing” or as through a screen and attempting to fashion some notion of self from those visions. In “Wrong” the speaker moves from carving what seems to be a jack-o’lantern, but what very well may be someone’s face, to killing small animals and eventually to news stories concerning the murder of a small child. The ﬁnal scenes are voiced in stage directions, as if the speaker is directing a ﬁlmed version of the event:

(p. 25)

However, even in this language (or dialect) there is nothing to [#] describe the vividness of rain-dark fur and ﬂesh that shaped and gloved the body of a fox beside the road. (p. 25)

Burnside suggests that, no matter what the language or dialect, the act of assigning words, of naming, can signiﬁcantly alter the potential experience of the world. In a moment of existential lamentation, the speaker regrets that there is not a word for “#the presence still to come[#]” Words are ineffective at capturing the essence and spirit of a world of experience that is constantly in process. For Burnside, the action of felt responses to the world is an area beyond possibilities of a language that is often reductive and incomplete. His poems allow readers to “see” the world in new ways and in doing so to be cognizant of the absence of any truly complete and ﬁnalized vision. This notion of the incompleteness of language is continued in “The North,” where the “dying language” is at once Gaelic and Scots and the language of a historical moment that recedes with time (p. 26). The speaker talks of “a common usage” that might be employed for describing a journey home at a particular time of day when a host of other conditions are in place. History and a sense of passing time are nothing but constructions of language, sidestreets where the dead are walking out in twos and threes, sealed in a foreign tongue, a grammar of old recipes and prayers reserving names for things, when they are gone. (p. 26)

The poem seems to suggest that memory both creates and preserves a dying world, and it may only do so through the agency of language and naming things. In addition to demythologizing the world of perceived experience and the role that language

[#] and I think of his family leaning to touch the screen and ﬁnd him again

21

JOHN BURNSIDE to see if they’ll quicken and heal in your salvaged ﬂesh. (p. 26)

or taste what they knew all along was waiting to happen: that sweetness that feathers the tongue; that sense of themselves as seen, like the people in movies.

For Burnside in this collection, water, and the ﬂow of water, seems to offer a new vision. One’s self may be lost in the ﬂood, but a newer self is born from the experience of seeing through the ﬂow. The seeming brutality of a violent death is balanced by a fresher understanding of identity. This concept of reconceiving the world through alternate visions is more directly dealt with in “An Ordered World,” where the speaker imagines a world that is slow to let go of traditional, logical ways of explaining things. The “they” of the poem could either be humans or aliens who are encountering a new world that cannot be explained through traditional “terrestrial” avenues:

(p. 10)

Creating speakers who are outcasts and “villains” in a traditional sense is another method by which Burnside can offer alternative visions of the world that surrounds us. Burnside’s characters demand more from readers than simply horror and disapproval. Instead, the reader is given a more complex and intimate glimpse into the psyches of the outcasts and the perspectives they may have on a world that typically labels things “normal” or “abnormal.” A dominant theme in this collection is that of water and of the ﬂow of life that passes the seemingly casual viewer. In “Swimming in the Flood” and “A Swimming Lesson,” Burnside utilizes the theme of water in order to represent a condition (drowning or being submersed in water) whereby one might view alternative understandings of the world. In “Swimming in the Flood,” there is a newsreel that offers a vision of a ﬂood that differs from the one that was experienced by the speaker both at the time of the ﬂood and in his dream of it later. In “A Swimming Lesson,” Burnside presents the story of a woman who seems to be searching for an identity. Her journey is recounted through a speaker who is her murderer and who documents the movement of her body downstream to where it is discovered by the police. As he traces her movements downstream he is also composing lines of poetry dedicated to her that are represented in italics in the text:

They listened for the hiss of radio and animals that lingered in the ﬂesh, the origin of things, the coming end, a god’s withdrawal, fading in the mind.

(p. 24)

Burnside’s vision of the world as a very “local” entity is taken up in “Parousia,” the ﬁnal poem in the collection. Here the speaker reimagines the Second Coming of Christ, and he turns the event into a moment of introspection on the part of the speaker, who imagines his own complementary rebirth. What had been an event of cosmic proportions that occurred at a speciﬁc time and place is made more parochial and ubiquitous: All resurrections are local: footprints bleeding away through marsh-grass and water, a sound you can almost hear of the ﬂesh renewed in the plashing of rain or a quick trout breaking the stream.

In my dream you are sitting out at the edge of the water, watching me wade towards you in the dark [#] [#] [#] In my dream I am lifting the eyes from your milky skull and I’m placing these pebbles of glass in the empty sockets

(p. 54)

Here again an epiphany is gained through the breaking of the ﬂow, a ﬂeeting recognition of the spirit of the self making its presence known in the larger order of space and time.

22

JOHN BURNSIDE confronts what seems to be either a corpse or the mandrake plant that resembles a man:

In A Normal Skin (1997), Burnside uses images of skin and ﬂesh as ways of encountering different interpretations of the world, much in the way that he employed water and ﬂow in Swimming in the Flood. Where in the previous volume, water became a lens through which to understand different perceptions of the self, here the reader is asked to decipher the ever-changing nature of the ﬂesh and how it serves as another part of one’s identity that needs to be constantly reread. In the title poem, “A Normal Skin,” the speaker considers a neighbor who suffers from eczema and who late at night [#]lies in the healing darkness, half-awake, achieving a normal skin by an effort of will.

Now he will rise again and wander home: drawn from the earth, he takes on human form, he peels me from the air, wraps me in blood, steps into my ﬂesh and walks away. (p. 13)

In “Epithalamium,” the sequence honors a marriage of two selves and how they negotiate the ever-shifting identity of home and one another. It is yet another Burnside poem of renewed vision. Other poems in the collection, such as “The Man Who Was Answered by His Own Self,” “The Blind,” and “Vanishing Twin,” engage with Burnside’s abiding concern with identity, vision, and how to deﬁne otherness. The ghostly presence of selves that might be encountering alternative worlds is articulated in a haunting fashion in lines like the following from “The Man Who Was Answered by His Own Self”:

(p. 1–2)

This description is all by way of comparison with the speaker’s own skin as he talks to another (a wife?) of how his skin has been misperceived as being sensitive. The “renewal” of one’s skin seems to Burnside to speak of the different selves that inhabit the shell we expose to the world, a shell that continually becomes altered by that very exposure. As in his previous collections, Burnside here also exhibits his skill at weaving poem sequences that make full use of the guiding images that he wishes to explore. Themes such as home, identity, memory, mythology, and reinterpretations of the natural world become intertwined and are developed in a more complex fashion in the longer poems of A Normal Skin, poems such as “A Process of Separation” and “Epithalamium.” In the ﬁrst section of the sequence “A Process of Separation,” titled “Echo Pit Road,” the speaker says, “I can still feel the dead against my skin” (p. 6). References to ﬂesh and skin abound in the sequence as a way of highlighting what seems to be the central question of the collection, “What exactly is ‘a normal skin’?” The concept of the constant shedding of skin and renewing of the self is one that Burnside will also explore in his novels The Locust Room (2001) and Living Nowhere (2003). The notion of others inhabiting one’s skin is present here as well, as in the section titled “Mandrake,” where the speaker

I answer the phone and the dark world is quietly present: my own voice lush as the midsummer distance where towns dissolve, their people back from church, adjusting the dials on empty wirelesses and tuning in to nothing, to their own selves, calling home. (p. 19)

In “The Blind,” the speaker imagines a group of blind children swimming in the local baths “attuned to one another through the play / of water and skin” (p. 23). Alternative forms of communication, such as touch, offer the knowledge of identity in what seems a more assured fashion than a vision that might be fraught with deception and disguise. Here Burnside uses skin as something that offers the potential of a different sort of recognition and deﬁnition. Finally, in “Vanishing Twin,” the speaker imagines a dead sister who shared the womb with him as a twin. The poem suggests she died at birth, but the speaker still senses her presence and he speaks of what they shared: “I remember the ﬁelds of grain / in my sister’s dream” (p. 29). Speaker and sister become one, and at the end of the poem she seems to reach into the womb/tomb of life to rescue the speaker from his own “still”

23

JOHN BURNSIDE birth of life that carries its own signs of passage on the skin:

something in myself to set against the chill of the other (p. 26)

She bled away. But sometimes I wake in the dark and feel her with me, breathing through the sheets, or I turn in the shimmer of day and catch her out: my opposite, though still identical, she’s reaching down to haul me from a web of birthmarks, age lines, scars beneath the skin. (p. 29)

Home becomes a function of identity and selfdeﬁnition in these lines, a place of location that is beyond the purely geographical. These poems display a more complex psychology of home that Burnside wishes to reveal. In the collection’s title poem, “The Asylum Dance,” the speaker remembers the annual outing to the “asylum” with his mother to share in the annual dance with the patients. The ritual of the dance becomes a way of communicating with those who are inside the asylum, in a supposedly “other” world, and Burnside uses the poem to question notions of normality:

Burnside’s seventh collection of poetry, The Asylum Dance (2000), won the Whitbread Poetry Award in 2000 and was short-listed for the Forward Poetry Prize and the T. S. Eliot Prize. In this volume he continues to exhibit his skills at writing the long poem or poem sequence. “Ports,” “Settlements,” “Fields,” and “Roads” serve as foundations in the volume around which the other shorter lyrics take their bearings. Here Burnside’s sense of “home,” and more so the sense of “dwelling,” takes command of the poetry once more. In “Ports,” a sense of home as dwelling and sanctuary is investigated. In the section titled “Haven,” the speaker attempts to describe this reﬁned sense of home: Our dwelling place:

All afternoon we picnicked on the lawn then danced in awkward couples to the hiss of gramophones, as daylight turned to dusk; a subtle exchange in the half-light; acts of grace: townsfolk conferring the weight of a normal world, homes in the suburbs, the brisk lives of men who can who sleep, the practiced charm of women who believe, who wake and forget what they dreamed, and go off to work, and wish for nothing. (p. 32)

the light above the ﬁrth

Again, Burnside chooses to redeﬁne home or to explain the concept of home in a way that allows for a variety of interpretations. In “Settlements,” this notion is expanded to include the idea of “constructing” home. The process of homemaking as an act of introspection is suggested by the following lines:

The dance highlights the similarities between two worlds and asks the reader to revision the concept of “asylum,” and interpretations of where we all live, in a world that cannot be simply deﬁned. Perhaps the richest poem in the collection is the sequence titled “The Hay Devil,” where Burnside questions the logic of seeing the world, and deﬁning home in a particular way. He offers rich insights into alternative ways of seeing (not deﬁning) the world in which we live. From opening lines in which the speaker recognizes the desire to have “a named world” (p. 46), the poem moves to the point where a new understanding of home becomes evident:

—there’s more to the making of home than I ever expected: a process of excavation, of ﬁnding

Now I am back and home is a different country: eel-streams in the ﬁelds

shipping forecasts

gossip

theorems the choice of a single word to describe the gun-metal grey of the sky (p. 1)

24

JOHN BURNSIDE the narrow woods a calm between the hills that might be rain. Home is a reason a word from a children’s primer the ﬁeld I have crossed today for the hundredth time: the sway of the wind in my hands and a pulse in my spine and something in the distance shoreline ﬁrth a wreath of smoke above the paper mill (p. 50)

They say, if you dream an animal, it means “the self”—that mess of memory and fear that wants, remembers, understands, denies.

(p. 19)

Poems from the second, middle section of the volume explore the theme of the title, “the light trap.” As in any Burnside collection, the themes to be examined are forecast in earlier poems or even earlier volumes of poetry. Here the idea of trapping or containing light is ﬁrst contemplated in “Harunobu: ‘Catching Fireﬂies’” from the ﬁrst section of the volume. Harunobu was an eighteenth-century Japanese printmaker, and his print “A Young Couple Catching Fireﬂies at Night on the Banks of a River” appears to be the inspiration for this poem. In the poem the couple

Lines from Wallace Stevens’ “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird,” serve as the epigraph to Burnside’s eighth collection of poetry, The Light Trap. This sense of simultaneous correspondence is echoed in the ﬁnal lines of the concluding poem in the collection, “A Theory of Everything”:

[#] go out to the lake, with nets and traps, to capture light and hold it in a box.

for this is how the world occurs: not piecemeal but entire and instantaneous the way we happen: woman blackbird man

(p. 13)

The speaker connects this experience with his own very modern experiments at shining a ﬂashlight (“torch”) into “a moonless sky” and considering the eternal traveling of the light. (This is a theme that Burnside approaches in ﬁction as well, for example in the short story “Ether” in his 2000 collection, Burning Elvis. In Burnside’s 2003 novel, Living Nowhere, the character Jan also considers the eternal continuity of energy that occurs when one dies.) Capturing light is both possible and impossible in the poems that follow. The commanding implication of this trope is the illumination of one’s “self” and the continuity of the self in others and in the world at large. At the conclusion of “The Hay Devil” (from The Asylum Dance), the speaker says

(p. 83)

The collection as a whole, which was short-listed for the T. S. Eliot Prize and for the Saltire Society Scottish Book of the Year Award, is infused with this idea of the simultaneity of existence, primarily the ways in which the “natural” world of ﬂora and fauna connects so seamlessly with the human. Early poems from the ﬁrst section titled “Habitat,” such as “Koi,” “Taxonomy,” “Deer,” and “Animals,” explore ways in which a notion of self can be derived from close examination of the natural world that surrounds us. The calling for an existential reconsideration occurs in the ﬁrst line of “Koi,” the opening poem of the collection: “The trick is to create a world / from nothing”(p. 3). The notion of aligning a sense of self with the natural world is then conﬁrmed in these lines from “Animals”:

as I never quite arrive at absence which is presence somewhere else

(p. 52)

In the poem “The Light Trap,” Burnside similarly deﬁnes darkness in terms of what it is not:

25

JOHN BURNSIDE And this is how darkness works: an alchemy of chalk and silver, all our memories of other gardens, distance, moonlit streams, transformed to something punctual and slight, ﬂickering in the trap[#]

in this, the most provisional of worlds

And the speaker in the ﬁnal section of “After Lucretius,” who talks of a “truth” that is “always local” (p. 77). Burnside’s 2005 collection of poetry, The Good Neighbor, was short-listed for the Forward Poetry Prize. This volume investigates relationships between people and further develops the poet’s concern with how individual identity is formed through contact with others. As in previous collections, Burnside reveals an intent to demythologize a particular way of looking at the world. The mythology of “the neighbor,” and in particular the literary mythology of Robert Frost’s “good fences make good neighbors” (the line serves as an epigraph to the ﬁrst section, titled “Here”), is the target of Burnside’s poems in this collection, poems that look at the barriers (artiﬁcial or not) that seem to separate us from others and that examine how we take a bearing from others that serves to deﬁne our own existence. The opening poem, “Good Neighbors,” asks the reader to imagine the neighbor:

(p. 24)

Burnside is a poet of alchemy (one critic has noted the repeated use of this term in his work) who relates, in epiphanic fashion, the magical conversions of the seemingly commonplace to the status of the miraculous. Here darkness is converted to light, and what has appeared to be the light of vision is only obscurity, if it is a light that is not organically derived from the natural world. Later poems in the collection deal with questions of kinship and the poet’s own family (his wife and son). In many of these poems Stevens’ blackbird serves as a recurring image of continuity that seems to alight on one poem then moves along to settle on the branches of another. Some of the ﬁnal poems, set mostly in Norway, reiterate Burnside’s abiding interest in the constant reconﬁguring of an interpretation of home and our traditional deﬁnitions of time. “History” is a post–September 11 poem in which the poet ﬂies a kite with his son on the beach in St. Andrews, Scotland, on a troubled September day in 2001. Toward the end of the poem, the speaker switches from contemplating the turbulent skies of what seems to be a suddenly more widespread and radically altered “human” history to consider what he calls and the quiet, local forms of history: the ﬁsh lodged in the tide beyond the sands; the long insomnia of ornamental carp in public parks

(p. 62)

Somewhere along this street, unknown to me, behind a maze of apple trees and stars, he rises in the small hours, ﬁnds a book and settles at a window or a desk to see the morning in, alone for once, unnamed, unburdened, happy in himself.

(p. 3)

Then, toward the end of the poem, the neighbor, who has seemed like such a stranger all along, is transformed into an “other” that is more recognizable: and when he lays his book down, checks the hour [#] my one good neighbor sets himself aside, and alters into someone I have known: a passing stranger on the road to grief, husband and father; rich man; poor man; thief. (p. 3)

(p. 41)

The importance and privileging of the local and the ephemeral nature of the world we suspect we live in is brought home by the speaker of “Bleik,” who talks of

The neighbor seems to transform into some notion of the self, or at least some form or image with which the speaker can identify. Two poems from late in the collection also attempt to

a glimpse of something, not quite what we thought, but just enough, that we can think of home

26

JOHN BURNSIDE demythologize the myth of the neighbor as someone who is purely other than the self. In “Blood,” the neighbor is a presence to be feared for one reason or another, and the poem investigates what it really is that separates us from each other in this world. A man, waking to what he thinks is a sound in his house, goes to investigate and meditates on what keeps us from more intimate contact with others:

tions and reinventions of home, deﬁnitions of presence through absence, and revisionings of the natural world, to name a few. Burnside produces both mesmerizing and vibrantly troubling poetry. His Selected Poems was published by Jonathan Cape in 2006, and another collection, Gift Songs, followed in 2007.

FICTION AND MEMOIR

and he’d think, as he slipped on his shirt and hurried downstairs, how little there is to divide us, one from the another: a paper-thin wall, a hayﬁeld, a huddle of trees, the wide dark pressed to a window, the starry sky, or the hope that a snowfall will come, like a friend through the yard, and not the gunman in his hat and scarf, blessing himself on the threshold before he steps in. (p. 73)

In addition to a proliﬁc poetic output, Burnside has been successful with novels, short stories, and memoir. A ﬁfth novel, The Devil’s Footprints, is forthcoming. In their own way, each of these works serves to augment and expand upon themes that have populated his poetry: home, memory, the natural world, identity, absence, and seeing the world “new.” Burnside’s ﬁrst novel, The Dumb House (1997), is a gothic tale that recounts the story of Luke, a dark character, who is interested in language development and how it is affected when one is raised from infancy without social contact or exposure to sound. Luke has a quirky childhood, which includes an unhealthy obsession with his mother. In his spare time, as a youth, he collects animals and insects and performs horriﬁc experiments upon them. As he grows older he becomes fascinated with the legend of Akbar the Great, who ﬁlled his palace with newborn children raised by mutes. Akbar’s interest was to see how and if language would develop in the children, so as to gauge whether language is acquired or innate. The story fascinates Luke, who attempts to re-create this experiment in his own world. Taking in a homeless girl, he impregnates her, and when she dies shortly after having given birth to twins, he creates a laboratory of sorts in his basement where the twins live unexposed to any sound other than music that is piped into the room they inhabit (the subtitle of the novel is “A Chamber Story”). After a series of gruesome follow-up experiments, the novel ends with Luke reevaluating his methods and searching for new subjects in order to resume his inquiry. A richly disturbing, psychological novel, The Dumb House gives Burnside a greater range, in prose, to consider themes that he had previously

Here it is implied that we all fabricate stories or myths about the true nature of our neighbors and that those ﬁctions serve to deﬁne our own sense of self-awareness. In essence, buying into the idea of the neighbor as someone completely separate and “alien” is simply another way of living with oneself. In “Good Fences,” the speaker tells of a border crossing (most likely between the United States and Mexico) and considers the artiﬁcial nature of a concept such as “border.” Here the speaker identiﬁes that we are all “aliens” in a landscape that is always shifting and tentative: Good fences make good neighbors, someone said. I’m not convinced. The neighbours here keep stealing through the wire, cunning and bright as coyotes—and when we chance upon them, we remember who we are: resident aliens, foreigners, fair-weather friends working from ﬁeld guides and road maps, dreaming the land or stopping from time to time, to write things down: Green-tailed Towhee, Verdin, Desert Star. (pp. 76–77)

In addition to deconstructing the myth of the neighbor, The Good Neighbor contains poems that return to familiar Burnside interests: inven-

27

JOHN BURNSIDE that were prepared for them as the novel develops. Here Burnside investigates the relationships that form between men who are searching for personal narratives to explain their own particular ways of being in the world. This fascination with the ﬁctions that men create for themselves, and the frustrations and obstacles they encounter in doing so, can be traced through most of Burnside’s novels and in his 2006 memoir A Lie About My Father. In his 2003 interview with Attila Dósa, Burnside admitted to this quest on the part of his male protagonists: “Most of my stories are about young men who are suddenly faced with the fact that they’d been standing still and that they haven’t been paying attention to the world around them and it’s time to change” (pp. 21–22). In 2000 Burnside published a collection of short stories titled Burning Elvis. In these stories Burnside continues to investigate the themes that concerned him in The Dumb House, The Mercy Boys, and in his volumes of poetry. Here characters either disappear or become invisible as they journey toward understanding the self and the relationship of the self to the larger world. At the beginning of the story “Burning Elvis,” the narrator comments, “I don’t know why I choose to remember one thing, rather than another. Maybe whatever it was that happened turned out to be the myth I needed—the myth or necessary lie, which comes to the same thing” (p. 3). In this story and in the ﬁnal story in the collection, “Graceland,” the myth of Elvis Presley and Graceland serves as a model for the lives of the characters in the stories, who seem to be searching for that colorful or aesthetic lie that will explain their own particular reason for being in the world. In “Burning Elvis,” the character Lindy sees Elvis as someone whose myth is not so much about the person but about the way in which he became a necessary sacriﬁce (much in the same way that Lindy later becomes sacriﬁced through her murder by a jealous lover): “She said anyone who had really loved Elvis would have helped him, by making him see that he was the phoenix, and he had to be burned. People think the phoenix story is about how everything that dies is reborn from its own ashes, not the rebirth,

addressed in his poetry. The nature of the self and of identity, and how that identity is framed and structured through one’s engagement in language, is a large part of the concern of the novel. What is also implicated is the nature of “twinning” and the necessity of an “other” in which to deﬁne oneself. The twins of The Dumb House ﬁnd a mute comfort in one another, and they quickly ﬁnd a loyalty in their silence that Luke, the narrator, ﬁnds threatening. Toward the end of the novel, Luke realizes that the twins have created their own kind of communication and that he is the one, the “scientist,” who has become mute and unable to effectively communicate: They were complicit. Maybe that was the reason for their singing—they weren’t conversing, as such, they were simply performing a ritual of conﬁrmation, a celebration of their combined existence. The complicity that existed between them suggested a world that I was incapable of experiencing, and some of the pleasure of being in that world, part of their private joy, was predicated upon my exclusion. It was as if I was the one who could not speak; as if, for me, the world was nothing more than a jumble of meaningless and disquieting sensations— and it came to me, then, that I was the one who had been placed in the Dumb House. (p. 175)

The novel was a haunting debut and was immediately praised by critics for its dark and troubling beauty. A second novel, The Mercy Boys, was published in 1999 and was a joint winner of the 1999 Encore Award. This narrative follows the lives of four men who live and drink their days away in a pub (The Mercy) in Dundee. The narrative follows each character individually as he negotiates a life that is fraught with frustration, anger, insecurity, and an overwhelming inability to love in any authentic manner. The moments of personal reﬂection offered by each of the characters represent Burnside’s abiding interest in ﬁnding the ways one knows one’s self, and his interest in how that knowledge ties in with personal understandings of what might represent “home.” An often violent book, The Mercy Boys leaves each of the characters with tragic endings, but ones

28

JOHN BURNSIDE but the necessary burning” (p. 7). The story collection abounds with ghosts, imagined twins, and fabrications about others who may or may not have existed yet and have some inﬂuence on the narrators and their lives. In “What I Know About Myself,” a father crafts stories to convince his son that he is not his real father. The narrator then imagines a “real” father who will do all those things that real fathers do with their sons. In “The Invisible Husband,” a character named Laura, disconnected from her husband, creates an alternative husband in her mind, a spouse who accompanies her deeper into her own madness of an alternative world. In “Kate’s Garden,” a husband walks out of his house one summer’s afternoon and disappears. A newlywed husband also disappears on the night of his wedding in “The Wedding Ceilidh.” Doppelgangers, mysterious doubles or twins who help to both complete and complicate the identities of others are also featured in the stories of Burning Elvis. In “Decency,” a man on vacation with his wife is confronted by another man who claims to have committed murders and wishes to pass on his killing instinct. In “Folie à Deux,” the narrator and his “twin” commit a senseless murder and when one of them is taken away the other one suffers from the deprivation:

In Burnside’s third novel, The Locust Room (2001), he sets the action primarily in Cambridge, where Burnside himself went to college. The early sections of the novel recount the story of a boy named Paul who is living in Cambridge in the early 1970s. Paul is on a quest for an understanding of self (like many of Burnside’s other ﬁctional protagonists) while negotiating a world that is full of fear and uncertainty. A parallel narrative that runs alongside Paul’s quest is the story of a rapist who is terrorizing the Cambridge area. The narrative of Paul’s experiences with his friends, roommates, and girlfriends is interspersed with sections in which the reader is given a glimpse inside the head of the rapist—as he diagnoses his relationship with the world that surrounds him and his association with a dark “other” who exists outside of himself. Paul takes a position as a caretaker of sorts at a college-sponsored “insect station,” where he looks after locusts in a “locust room.” Locusts, and the “room” they inhabit, becomes a metaphor for the different layers or “shells” of self that often get stripped away in the quest to locate a pure and authentic identity. The later sections of the novel deal with Paul coming to terms with his father’s death (in Scotland) and his return to Cambridge. Another essential element of the novel is Paul’s interest in photography and his recognition of the ways in which photography allows one to see the world in a particular way. Photography becomes a form of magic for Paul:

When I do sleep, I almost always dream about Val. I had no idea of our state of being—our state of grace—had a textbook name. Folie à deux is what they call it—shared insanity, madness times two.# we were the two halves of something that, otherwise, would have been incomplete, and whenever I looked at him, I saw myself, perfectly reﬂected. Now they tell me it was a form of mania; they’re saying he was inside my head all that time, and I wasn’t thinking straight. (p. 122)

He wasn’t sure when he had decided this, but at some point he had come to believe that photography was, or could be, this Orphic art form, the art that brought us back to the things themselves. Language was too difficult; it was too socialised. People would get lost in the words, in the possible semantics; it was too much of an invitation to the ego to write or to speak. What was needed was an essentially silent work. Better to simply connect with things in themselves, and to show the connection—a meaningless, almost involuntary communion with things as they happened to be; if anything could free things from their names, as Orpheus had done, it would be a certain form of photograph, a way of picturing

Here one is reminded of the Scotsman James Hogg’s Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justiﬁed Sinner (1824), in which the doubles of Robert Wringhim and Gil-Martin perform equally horriﬁc crimes. (Scott Brewster argues, similarly, that Burnside’s novel The Locust Room bears comparison with Hogg’s novel in terms of otherness and the notion of the double.)

29

JOHN BURNSIDE girlfriend of not wanting to live anywhere, and he replies:

the world from which all invested meaning had been stripped away, a neutral, and so natural act. (pp. 175–176)

“No,” I said. “My trouble is that I want to live nowhere.” # I don’t know if she understood what I meant; probably not. I don’t think I understood it myself when I said it, but I’ve been thinking about it ever since: about what we mean when we talk about home, and belonging, and how this is a world where nobody should feel altogether at home, this is a world where no honest person can feel he belongs—or not altogether. In a world like this— not the real, wide world of grass and earthquakes and bullﬁnches, but this world, this human state— grief, and anger, and guilt for that matter, are only natural. Home, wherever and for however long we ﬁnd it, is, by its very nature, provisional and tainted. (p. 305)

The psychology of self and a self-awareness of that psychology is a commanding presence in the stories from Burning Elvis as well as in the narrative of The Locust Room, and it is a theme that one can trace from The Dumb House through Living Nowhere, Burnside’s fourth novel, published in 2003. In this book Burnside investigates the self and how it tries to ﬁnd a geographical position in the world. The ﬁrst sections of the narrative are told through the eyes of a variety of characters who live in Corby, the industrial town in the English Midlands where Burnside lived for a while in his youth. Two of the characters, Jan and Francis, share a special relationship that is shattered when Jan is murdered by a band of town bullies. The remainder of the novel recounts the travels of Francis, who disappears after Jan’s death in a search to understand the meaning of “home” and his own identity in the world. The later sections of the novel are told through letters that Francis writes to the dead Jan, in which he shares his experiences and his thoughts of what it was that made the two boys integral halves of a shared self. In the novel Burnside offers wonderful descriptions of landscape and states of feeling that are described in a richly poetic prose. Burnside also uses the novel to further explore the mythology of “home” that has served as a theme in so much of his poetry. Although most of the reﬂections on home are provided by Francis, an early consideration of what home signiﬁes is offered by Alina, Jan’s sister: “People here were always talking about home, and they always meant some other place, somewhere in the past or the future, a place they had come from, a place they were going to” (p. 13). This deﬁnition of home seems to inform Francis’ travels at some level, as he comes to believe that home is always in the future and is not really a place you can pinpoint on a map. He spends years traveling around Britain and the United States in an effort to escape both Corby and a sense of home as a completed location. At one point in the novel Francis is accused by his

By the end of the novel, Francis has reached some reconciliation with his past, but his understanding of home as a provisional identity that should always be reinterpreted seems close to the philosophy of home as invention and the necessary revisioning of the world that Burnside presents elsewhere in his work. Burnside’s 2006 memoir, A Lie About My Father, won the 2006 Saltire Society’s Scottish Book of the Year Award.—This beautifully written and highly acclaimed work centers on the author’s difficult relationship with his emotionally abusive and alcoholic father. Along the way, Burnside recounts a journey he takes in understanding his own sense of self as it is “mirrored” in the image of his father. The “lie” of the title becomes a way of considering individual lives and history itself as fabrications of self-identity. Early on in the memoir Burnside tells of how his father would construct stories of his genealogy, and it was only after his death that the son heard the story of how the father was a foundling, abandoned as a baby on the steps of a small house in West Fife, Scotland. Later, the father seems to want to deny the son his own existence by telling him of an older sister who died at birth and of how “he wished she had lived, and I had died instead” (p. 33). As the book proceeds, Burnside begins to bring together the images of the father and the son, contemplating in a very philosophical fashion the nature of the lie. The

30

JOHN BURNSIDE narrator/author imagines an “invented” father, the one who would have done all those things expected of a father. The addictive personality of the father is an inheritance that the son honestly acknowledges in this book, as Burnside gives the reader the horrifying yet beautifully drawn details of his own descent into drug addiction and mental illness. Burnside sees himself as an invention, and this allows him to bridge some kind of gap between himself and his father. The reader is left at the end of the work with an image of the potential father that Burnside would like to cultivate as something to pass along to his own son and as a way of circumventing or even deconstructing the power of the lie. He draws essential differences between ghosts and spirits as he contemplates what true artifact of one’s life is worthy to pass along to the next generation:

written A Poet’s Polemic: Otro Mundo Es Posible: Poetry, Dissidence and Reality TV (2003) and contributed an essay to the collection Strong Words: Modern Poets on Modern Poetry (2000). He also served as editor (with Alec Finlay) of Love for Love: An Anthology of Love Poems (2000). The rich variety of Burnside’s work in poetry, ﬁction, memoir, and essay offers a continual sense of renewal to the reader. As he said in the interview with Dósa, “What I’m writing is always about healing: about healing the world or about trying to heal one’s vision of the world” (p. 22). Whether it is the violence of his novelistic characters searching for knowledge of the self or the deconstructive activity of his poetry that dismantles the assumptions we have about the world that surrounds us, the disorder he articulates becomes therapeutic through his poetic voice. His lyricism in verse and prose offers a salve of new vision to eyes that may grow too accustomed to traditional viewpoints and states of knowing.

Maybe one of the things a father does, for his sons at least, is to let them see the difference between spirits and ghosts, to reveal for them the fabric of the invisible world. Ghosts can be dismissed, or they can be sent on their way, some Halloween night, with a kind word and a warm ﬁre, but spirits are with us always, and it seems that the stories we tell are the only means we have to decide who or what they are, and how they might be accommodated. (p. 324)

Selected Bibliography

The “lie” of the self becomes a commanding message of the memoir, and it ﬁts in with Burnside’s other interests in the myths we are constantly constructing as we fashion our world moment by moment.

WORKS OF JOHN BURNSIDE POETRY

The Hoop. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1988. Common Knowledge. London: Secker and Warburg, 1991. Feast Days. London: Secker and Warburg, 1992. The Myth of the Twin. London: Jonathan Cape, 1994. Dream State: The New Scottish Poets. Edited by Donny O’Rourke. Edinburgh: Polygon, 1993. (Includes nine poems by Burnside). Swimming in the Flood. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995.

ESSAYS AND ANTHOLOGIES

In addition to his poetry, ﬁction, and memoir writing, Burnside has contributed as an editor and essayist to a number of publications. As a serious environmentalist and poet he often writes about the intersections of ecology and poetry. With Maurice Riordan, he edited a collection of poems titled Wild Reckoning: An Anthology Provoked By Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring,” and he has written other appreciations of Rachel Carson. In his role as a poet of dissidence he has

Penguin Modern Poets 9. London: Penguin, 1996. (Contributor, with Robert Crawford and Kathleen Jamie.) A Normal Skin. London: Jonathan Cape, 1997. The Asylum Dance. London: Jonathan Cape, 2000. The Light Trap. London: Jonathan Cape, 2001. New British Poetry. Edited by Don Paterson and Charles Simic. St. Paul, Minn.: Graywolf Press, 2004. (Contributor.)

31

JOHN BURNSIDE Howarth, Peter. “Teachers’ Pages: John Burnside in New Writing 9 & 10: New Versions of Pastoral?” British Council: New Writing Anthology (http://newwriting. britishcouncil.org/usr/downloads/seanmatthewsnotes/ nw9&10-burnside-notes.doc). Hunter, Aislinn. “Aislinn Hunter Introducing John Burnside.” ARC: Canada’s National Poetry Magazine, April 2006 ( h t t p : / / w w w. a r c p o e t r y. c a / g r e a t s c o t s / f e a t u r e s / 2006_04_aislinn-hunter-introducing-john-burnside.php). Mcluckie, Craig. “A Poet’s Polemic.” in The Literary Encyclopedia, November 19, 2003 (http://www.litencyc.com). Thwaite, Mark. “On John Burnside’s ‘Septuagesima.’” Readysteadybook, April 20, 2006 (http://www. readysteadybook.com/article.aspx?page=onseptuagesima). Yoshikawa, Akiko. “Living Nowhere.” Eigo Seinen/Rising Generation 149, no. 3: 170 (June 2003).

The Good Neighbor. London: Jonathan Cape, 2005. Selected Poems. London: Jonathan Cape, 2006. Gift Songs. London: Jonathan Cape, 2007. FICTION AND MEMOIR

The Dumb House. London: Jonathan Cape, 1997. The Mercy Boys. London: Jonathan Cape, 1999. Burning Elvis. London: Jonathan Cape, 2000. The Locust Room. London: Jonathan Cape, 2001. Living Nowhere. London: Jonathan Cape, 2003. A Lie About My Father. London: Cape, 2006. The Devil’s Footprints. London: Jonathan Cape, 2007. ESSAYS AND EDITED VOLUMES

Love for Love: An Anthology of Love Poems. Edited with Alec Finlay. Edinburgh: Pocketbooks, 2000. (“Introduction,” pp. 13–18) “Strong Words.” In Strong Words: Modern Poets on Modern Poetry. Edited by W. N. Herbert and Matthew Hollis. Tarset, U.K.: Bloodaxe, 2000. “Reluctant Crusader.” Guardian, May 18, 2002. (Essay on Rachel Carson).

BOOK REVIEWS Baker, Phil. “Experiments in Quiet.” Times Literary Supplement, May 23, 1997, p. 20. (Review of The Dumb House.) Bedford, Martyn. “The Locust Room.” New Statesman, May 28, 2001, p. 57. (Review of The Locust Room.) Birch, Carol. “Never, and Forever.” Times Literary Supplement, april 7, 2006, p. 25. (Review of A Lie About My Father.) Burt, Stephen. “They Found a Cardigan.” Times Literary Supplement, February 2, 1996, p. 28. (Review of Swimming In The Flood.) Carnell, Simon. “The Shiver in the Hedge.” Times Literary Supplement, January 2, 1998, p. 21. (Review of A Normal Skin.) Dooley, Tim. “Incomplete Memories.” Times Literary Supplement, May 22, 1992, p. 31. (Review of Common Knowledge and Feast Days.) Gould, Alan. “Poetry in the Matter-of-Fact.” Quadrant 42, no. 5: 80 (May 1998). (Review of Selected Poems.) Imlah, Mick. “A Connoisseur of Rain.” Times Literary Supplement, May 7, 1999, p. 23. (Review of The Mercy Boys.) Lichtig, Toby. “Invented Places.” Times Literary Supplement, July 11, 2003, p. 23. (Review of Living Nowhere.) Mcallister, Andrew. “Killing Off the King.” Times Literary Supplement, June 23, 2000, p. 25. (Review of Burning Elvis.) Mcinerney, Stephen. “Glimmering Substance.” Quadrant 47, no. 3: 82–84 (March 2003). (Review of The Light Trap.)

A Poet’s Polemic: Otro Mundo Es Posible: Poetry, Dissidence and Reality TV. Edinburgh: Scottish Book Trust, 2003. Wild Reckoning: An Anthology Provoked By Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring.” London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 2004 (Editor, with Maurice Riordan.) Foreword. In Betrayal, by the Marquis de Sade. Translated by Andrew Brown. London: Hesperus Press, 2006. RECORDINGS

John Burnside: Reading from His Poems. Poetry Archive, 2005. The Poetry Quartets: 7. With other Scottish poets W. N. Herbert, Liz Lochhead, and Don Paterson. London: British Council and Bloodaxe Books, 2000.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Andersson, Dag T. “‘#Only the Other Versions of Myself’: Images of the Other in the Poetry of John Burnside.” Chapman, no. 96: 35–39 (2000). Brewster, Scott. “Borderline Experience: Madness, Mimicry, and Scottish Gothic.” Gothic Studies 7, no. 1: 79–86 (May 2005).

Mantel, Hilary. “What He Could Bear.” London Review of Books, March 9, 2006, pp. 3–7. (Review of A Lie About My Father.)

Forbes, Peter. “John Burnside.” British Council on the Arts: Contemporary Writers (http://www.contemporarywriters. com).

Miller, Karl. “Old Nick At Work.” Times Literary Supplement, March 2, 2007, p. 22. (Review of The Devil’s Footprints.)

Galbraith, Iain. “Eclipsing Binaries: Self and Other in John Burnside’s Fiction.” études écossaises 8 (2002): 147–164.

32

JOHN BURNSIDE Herbert, W. N. “John Burnside: An Interview.” in Talking verse. Edited by Robert Crawford, Henry Hart, David Kinloch, and Richard Price. St. Andrews, Scotland: verse, 1995.

Murray, Nicholas. “The Smell of Frost on the Linen.” Times Literary Supplement, July 8, 1994, p. 8. (Review of the Myth Of the Twin.) Robinson, Peter. “Painters of the Forth Bridge.” Times Literary Supplement, june 13, 2003, p. 11. (Review of The Light Trap.) Saynor, James. “Cottage of Horrors.” New York Times Book Review, July 12, 1998. p. 17. (Review of The Dumb House.) “Sentiment Without Sentimentality.” Economist, September 6, 1997, pp. 19–20. (Review of A Normal Skin.) Wardle, Sarah. “Homing Instinct.” Times Literary Supplement, February 9, 2001, p. 25. (Review of The Asylum Dance.) Wootten, William. “Away at Home.” Times Literary Supplement, February 17, 2006, p. 30. (Review of The Good Neighbor.)

“Interview: John Burnside on Three Annunciation Poems.” in New Writing 13. Edited by Toby Litt and Ali Smith. London: British Council and Picador, 2005. (also available at http://newwriting.britishcouncil.org/all/themes/ ?theme=18). Merritt, Stephanie. “Dad, I Could’ve Killed You.” Observer, February 26, 2006. (Interview with Burnside, discussing A Lie About My Father.) (also available at http://books. guardian.co.uk/departments/biography/story.html.) Patterson, Christina. “The Books Interview—John Burnside: Why Hard Men Need Tough Love.” Independent, May 19, 2001 (http://www.ﬁndarticles.com/p/articles/ mi_qn4158/is_20010519/ai_n14397362).

INTERVIEWS

Yates, Emma. “Five Minutes with John Burnside.” Guardian, January 23, 2001 (http://books.guardian.co.uk/poetry/ features/0,907485,00.html). (Includes audio clips.)

Dósa, Attila. “Poets and Other Animals: An Interview with John Burnside.” Scottish Studies Review 4, no. 1: 9–23 (spring 2003).

33

EDWARD CARPENTER (1844–1929)

Nikolai Endres IN HIS OWN time, Edward Carpenter was a celebrity. On his seventieth birthday in 1914, he received a congratulatory address signed by notables such as the feminist Annie Besant, the historian Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, the sexologists Havelock Ellis and Magnus Hirschfeld, the painter Roger Fry, the socialists Sidney and Beatrice Webb, the anarchist Peter Kropotkin, the philosopher Rabindranath Tagore, and the writers George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, and W. B. Yeats. On his eightieth birthday, Carpenter received a message of greeting from all members of the British cabinet, including Labour prime minister Ramsay MacDonald. Shaw named Carpenter the “Noble Savage”; Leo Tolstoy wrote a laudatory preface to a Russian translation of one of Carpenter’s works, calling him a worthy successor of Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin; Mahatma Gandhi also held Carpenter in high esteem. Even royalty took notice of him: Carpenter visited Windsor Castle in response to a request from Princess Alexandra (later Queen Alexandra) to tutor Prince Albert Victor and the future King George V. (Carpenter respectfully declined the honor.) And an Edward Carpenter Community is committed to “caring, trusting, personal growth, sharing, creativity, and other principles and intention aimed at nurturing ‘community’.” His works are proliﬁc, too. Though his work largely has been forgotten in the decades since his death, Carpenter could be viewed today as a prophet of modernism, a crusader for gay rights, an untiring idealist, and a crucial inﬂuence on later writers.

grew up in a world of privilege and complacency that he later came to despise. His father, Charles Carpenter, served as a naval commander, practiced as a lawyer, and drew on investments in British and American railways. As a young boy, Carpenter’s father read the German idealists Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. When he died, he left his son a substantial inheritance that secured his independence. His mother, Sophia Wilson Carpenter, a strict Puritan who dismissed affection as bordering on sin, devotedly submitted to her husband and took care of the education of Carpenter and his six sisters and three brothers. Carpenter’s schooling began at Brighton College, where he divided his attention between literature and mathematics and was inﬂuenced by the Broad Church’s liberal doctrine. When he was thirteen, his entire family moved to France for a year; Carpenter spent his free time playing in the park of Versailles. After graduation from high school, Carpenter traveled to Heidelberg, Germany for some months, where he improved his language skills and “heard [Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von] Bunsen and [Gustav Robert] Kirchhoff lecture on Physics and Chemistry” (My Days and Dreams, p. 45). In 1864, Carpenter enrolled at Cambridge and studied mathematics and English. During his third year, he won a prize for a literary essay. In 1868, after graduating tenth in the mathematical honors examination, he began a career as a lecturer at Trinity Hall and was ordained a deacon in 1870. He came into close contact with F. D. Maurice, the founder of Christian Socialism. Soon though, Carpenter realized the sham of organized religion:

LIFE AND LETTERS

The deadly Philistinism of a little provincial congregation; the tradesmen and shopkeepers in their sleek Sunday best; the petty vulgarities and

Edward Carpenter was born in Brighton on August 29, 1844, to middle-class parents. He

35

EDWARD CARPENTER enchanted by each other. An entire book, Days with Walt Whitman (1906), is devoted to this close encounter. Carpenter also visited Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and John Burroughs, and he threw a stone into Walden Pond, paying his tribute to Henry David Thoreau, whose Walden (1854) he ﬁrst read enthusiastically in 1883. After the death of his parents in the 1880s, Carpenter settled down at his retreat Millthorpe, which became a shrine for all classes of society:

hypocrisies; the discordant music of the choir; the ignoble scenes in the vestry and the resumed saintly expression on returning into the church; the hollow ring and the sour edge of the incumbent’s voice; and the fatuous faces upturned to receive the communion at the altar steps—all these were worse, considerably worse, than the undisguised heathenism of the chapel performance. (My Days and Dreams, p. 53)

After a physical breakdown in 1872, he resigned all his clerical duties, focusing on teaching and lecturing for the people. Moreover, Carpenter turned to Walt Whitman’s inspirational poetry, eagerly listened to the music of Richard Wagner and Ludwig van Beethoven, fervently embraced Socialism, and joined the University Extension movement in Sheffield, England. This democratic movement, founded by James Stuart, had two purposes: to admit women to higher learning and to absorb remote areas of England to Cambridge. In 1873, Carpenter published his ﬁrst volume of poetry, titled Narcissus, which practically fell ﬂat. He also composed a drama, Moses (1875), which hardly fared better; a revised edition, entitled The Promised Land (1910), suffered the same fate. All these failures took a toll, according to his biographers Sheila Rowbotham and Jeffrey Weeks:

Architects, railway clerks, engine-drivers, signalmen, naval and military officers, Cambridge and Oxford dons, students, advanced women, suffragettes, professors and provision-merchants, came into touch in my little house and garden; parsons and positivists, printers and authors, scythesmiths and surgeons, bank managers and quarrymen, met with each other. Young colliers from the neighboring mines put on the boxing-gloves with springs of aristocracy; learned professors sat down to table with farm-lads. ( My Days and Dreams, p. 164)

There he composed his epic collection of lyric poems, Towards Democracy (1905) and received the illustrious crusaders of his day: William Morris, Havelock Ellis (and his wife, Edith), Olive Schreiner (famous for her 1883 novel The Story of an African Farm), Eleanor Marx (the daughter of Karl Marx), Henry and Kate Salt, Annie Besant, Goldworthy Lowes Dickinson, and other members of the Progressive Association, the Fellowship of the New Life, the Fabians, and the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). When Morris broke with the SDF and formed the Socialist League, which mingled politics with spirituality, Carpenter followed suit. Ruth Livesey explains Morris and Carpenter’s common goal:

The North was not quite what he imagined. He found soot and provincial respectability, suffered indigestion from landladies’ cooking and was hurtled about in what seemed like unending railways on his lecturing circuit. As he scrambled around on astronomy outings, peering at the murky stars through polluted industrial skies with his young lady students, he must have cast wry thoughts over the Atlantic. (Socialism and the New Life, p. 36)

Carpenter traveled widely. In France, for example, he witnessed ﬁrsthand the horrors of the Paris Commune. In 1873, he took a vacation in Italy: “The remnants of Greek civilization that he found in Italy seemed a complete antithesis to the stiﬂing ideologies of commercialism and Christianity” (Weeks, Coming Out, p. 69). In 1877, Carpenter crossed the Atlantic and immediately went to 431 Stevens Street, Camden, New Jersey, where he met Walt Whitman; both men were

Both writers worked up against late nineteenthcentury aestheticism in their belief that the increasing autonomy of art was a symptom of advanced capitalism: a condition that would be terminated by the revolution, but that in the meantime needed to be exposed as the sickness it was. Whilst both writers struggled with the aestheticism of their time they also attempted to theorize the likely form of creativity and aesthetic expression in the coming socialist era. Despite clear political differences,

36

EDWARD CARPENTER (1891) and a collaborator with Ellis on several studies in sexual inversion included in Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897–1928). In 1895, when Oscar Wilde was sentenced to prison for gross indecency, Carpenter felt the chill of being an outcast, but he never tired in his crusade. Seven years later, Carpenter published Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship (1902). In 1922, Carpenter and Merrill moved south to a villa on a hill in Guildford. After Merrill died in 1928, Carpenter was left an emotional wreck. He suffered a stroke and died at Guildford on June 28, 1929, interred in the same grave as the love of his life.

Morris and Carpenter shared a vision of the subject under socialism. It was a vision in which the self achieved fullest expression, clearest realization— true manhood—as Morris put it, through communal labor. For Morris and Carpenter the masculine laboring body became an aesthetic site: the origin for the rebirth of the arts after the demise of capitalism. (p. 603)

Carpenter also became friends with art critic and wrtier John Ruskin but distrusted his escapes into the Middle Ages, as Ruskin was more interested in literature and history rather than political change. In the middle of the 1880s, Carpenter read Karl Marx’s Capital (1867) for the ﬁrst time, but he had already been inﬂuenced by H. M. Hyndman’s England for All (1881), which he discovered in 1883. Another seminal text Carpenter systematically studied was the BhagavadGita, the Hindu sacred verses that present a dialogue between Krishna and the warrior Arjuna about a love that unites the ﬁnite and inﬁnite. In 1890, Carpenter set out for India and Ceylon. His biographer Chushichi Tsuzuki notes that “his journey to the East was as much a tour of discovery of the new India that was rising as it was a pilgrimage to the holy temples of the ancient religion for reassurance and reinvigoration of his faith” (p. 107). When he returned from India in 1891, Carpenter met George Merrill, a working-class man raised in the slums of Sheffield. George became the love of his life:

POETRY AND POLEMIC

Towards Democracy, ﬁrst published in 1883 and revised several times until its complete edition in four parts in 1905, contains almost three hundred lyric poems arranged in four sections. Part 1 comprises the long prose poem “Towards Democracy” in seventy cantos, a compendium of Carpenter’s views on politics, erotics, spiritualism, socialism, feminism, and mysticism. The recurrent terms “freedom,” “equality,” “sky,” and “joy” permeate the poem, coupled with a biblical, prophetic ring. Carpenter travels the world to spread his gospel of democracy, while at the same time denouncing England for her social ills, yet there is hope: “I see a great land poised as in a dream—waiting for the word by which it may live again” (p. 55). He seeks comfort in Earth: “The sun, the moon and the stars, the grass, the water that ﬂows round the earth, and the light air of heaven: / To You greeting. I too stand behind these and send you word across them” (p. 13). He envisions “a millennium on earth—a millennium not of riches, nor of mechanical facilities, nor of intellectual facilities, nor absolutely of immunity from disease, nor absolutely of immunity from pain; but a time when men and women all over the earth shall ascend and enter into relation with their bodies—shall attain freedom and joy” (pp. 14–15). He ridicules the four pillars of society—law, medicine, church, and commerce: “The magistrate sits on the bench, but he does not exercise judgment; the doctor dispenses medicine but has heard no tidings of what health

I take thy gift, so gracious and sparkling-clear, Thy naïve offering, as of a simple Nature-child, Wondering, like one who sees a rose in winter blooming, or cypress ’mid a wilderness of rocks; [#] Come, son (since thou hast said it), out of all Shiráz Háﬁz salutes thee comrade. Let us go A spell of life along the road together. Towards Democracy, pp. 336–337)

The two put into practice one of Carpenter’s greatest political ideals, the love between two masculine men that would bridge class and create a truly democratic erotic universe. Carpenter also met John Addington Symonds, the author of famous essays in defense of homosexuality such as “A Problem in Greek Ethics” (1873) and “A Problem in Modern Ethics”

37

EDWARD CARPENTER is; the parson opens his mouth, but no intelligible sound comes forth; the merchant distributes evils just the same as goods” (p. 47). At the end, Carpenter insistently asks “What is Freedom?” His answer is as simple as it can be, both Socratic and Christian:

during election season” (p. 101). In “As a Woman of a Man,” Carpenter surrenders himself to Democracy, the personiﬁcation of beauty, love, strength, passion, sex: As a woman of a man so I will learn of thee, I will draw thee closer and closer, I will drain thy lips and the secret things of thy body, I will conceive by thee, Democracy. (p. 142)

I AM. In the recluse, the thinker, the incurable and the drudge, I AM. I am the giver of Life, I am Happiness. I am in the good and evil, in the fortunate and the unfortunate, in the gifted and the incapable, alike; I am not one more than the other. (p. 93)

Two other poems stand out. “On an Atlantic Steamship” recollects a trip to the United States: multinational passengers, changing weather, and awe-inspiring scenery. “After Long Ages” intimates a journey to paradise; after orgasmic bliss—“The ecstatic deliverance, the bursting of the sac, the outrush and innumerable progeny!” (p. 207)—the soul achieves felicity:

Part 2, “Children of Freedom,” develops his newfound treasure: O Freedom, beautiful beyond compare, thy kingdom is established! Thou with thy feet on earth, thy brow among the stars, for ages us thy children I, thy child, singing daylong nightlong, sing of joy in thee. (p. 97)

Spread, O earth, with blue lines of distant hills— stretch for the feet of men and all creatures! Sing, chant your hymns, O trees and winds and grass and immeasurable blue! [#] Being ﬁlled with love, having completed our pilgrimage, We also pass into peace and joy eternal. (p. 211)

Carpenter worships the (male) body: All these in his eyes who stood there, lusty with well knit loins, devouring bread and cheese—all these and something more: Nature standing supreme and immensely indifferent in that man, yet condensed and prompt for decisive action: True eyes, true interpreters, striking as a man wielding a sledge strikes, in whom long practice has ensured the absolute consent of all his muscles! True eyes, true interpreters—of abounding gifts free givers— Without wrigglings and contortions, without egotistic embarrassments, grimaces, innuendos, Without constraint and without stint, free! (p. 122)

In part 3, “After Civilisation,” Carpenter foretells the demise of civilization and paves the way for a better world. Part 4, “Who Shall Command the Heart,” assembles Carpenter’s best pieces. “I Hear Thy Call” responds to the call of a mysterious being: Take me, great Life—O take me, long-delaying, Unloose these chains, unbind these clogs and fetters; I hear thy call—so strange—Mysterious Being, I hear thy call—I come. (p. 306)

"I Hear Thy Call” pays tribute to Whitman’s poem “Long I Thought that Knowledge Alone Would Suffice” (from Leaves of Grass, 1881):

Democracy, as much as a political concept, is for Carpenter an affair of the heart. As Andrew Elfenbein contends: “Whitman and Carpenter allowed men to claim for themselves a more permanent understanding of democracy than that offered by the actual extension of the franchise: to accept their vision was to have democracy at every moment, rather than for a brief interval

I heed knowledge, and the grandeur of The States, and the example of heroes, no more, I am indifferent to my own songs—I will go with him I love, It is enough for us that we are together—We never separate again.

38

EDWARD CARPENTER "As the Greeks Dreamed” revels in Greece’s sensuality:

“The soldier’s cap, the felon’s crop, the bishop’s mitre, / Under the eyelids of the peasant woman, beneath the burnous of the Arab chieftain,” Carpenter’s “gaydar” makes them all out: “by the ﬁrst glance revealed— / I see, and know my own” (p. 332). Political problems, especially imperialism, Carpenter denounces in “Empire":

How the human body bathed in the sheen and wet, steeped in sun and air, Moving near and nude among the elements, Matches somehow and interprets the whole of Nature. (p. 313)

An empty House to hear the burden of the sorrows of India, And Irish questions treated with derision. O England, thou old hypocrite, thou sham, thou bully of weak nations whom thou were called to aid, Thy day of ruin surely is near at hand, Save for one thing—which scarcely may be hoped for— / Save that a heart of grace within thee rise And stay the greed of gold—which else must slay thee. (p. 374)

"A Mightier than Mammon,” in many ways Carpenter’s program piece, expresses the potential for bridging class barriers: “They only speak a few words, and lo! underneath all the differences of class and speech, of muscle and manhood, their souls are knit together” (p. 322); remarkably, women are included in Carpenter’s vision: “And here are two women, both doctors and mature in their profession, whose souls are knit in a curiously deep affection. / They share a practice in a large town, and live in the same house together, exchanging all that they command, of life and affection and experience” (p. 323); to arrive at such an ideal, Carpenter advises: “The sacredness of sex in freedom is taught in schools and churches; the ulcer of prostitution slowly disappears; the wasted love that ﬂows in a morbid stream through the streets, or desiccates in grand mansions, runs once more into the channels of free devotion and life” (pp. 326–327). Eve Sedgwick astutely notes: “Because he was a pioneer both of socialism and at the same time of the study of sexuality, he never conﬁned his vision of class struggle to the (male) wage workplace, nor his vision of ideal sexuality to the (bourgeois) female-immobilizing one” (p. 214). “O Child of Uranus” invokes the German sexologist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs’ famous selfdescription as anima muliebris virili corpore inclusa (“a woman’s soul trapped in a man’s body”) but shows understanding for his plight:

The whole system must be overhauled: “Ignorance breeds Fear, and Fear breeds Greed, and Greed that Wealth whose converse is Poverty— and these again breed Strife and Fear in endless circles,” but a new dawn has formed on the horizon: “Experience [#] breeds Sympathy, and Sympathy Understanding, and Understanding Love; / And Love leads Helpfulness by the hand, to open the gates of Power unlimited” (p. 319). Finally, in “India, the Wisdom-Land,” Carpenter anticipates his voyage to the East, a repository of knowledge: Handed down, the sacred lore, from one to another, carefully guarded, Beneath the outer conventional shows, beneath all the bonds of creed and race, gliding like a stream which nothing can detain [#] The soul’s true being—the cosmic vast emancipated life—Freedom, Equality— The precious semen of Democracy. (p. 356)

Oliver Buckton proposes that, in Towards Democracy, “Carpenter’s poetic persona # emerges from a complex array of sources, including Greek art, Whitmanesque poetics of desire, socialism, and Eastern mysticism” (p. 180). Havelock Ellis, much to Carpenter’s delight, initially dismissed Towards Democracy as “Whitman and water” (quoted in Tsuzuki, p. 61), but later he came to

I see thee where for centuries thou hast walked, Lonely, the world of men Saving, redeeming, drawing all to thee, Yet outcast, slandered, pointed of the mob, Misjudged and cruciﬁed. (p. 332)

"One at a Time” sets out, among the world’s millions of faces, to spot other lovers of comrades:

39

EDWARD CARPENTER a gilded cage. In “Simpliﬁcation of Life,” he proposes a domestic economy. In “Does It Pay?” Carpenter recounts how “none of my well-to-do friends asked whether the work I was doing was wanted, or whether it would be useful to the community, or a means of healthy life to those engaged in it, or whether it was honest and of a kind that could be carried on without interior deﬁlement”; they always asked “Does it pay?” (p. 121). “Trade” shows how production is vitiated by gain and proﬁt. “Private Property” emphasizes that legal ownership is harmful, while true ownership necessitates a living and human relationship to the object owned. In “The Enchanted Thicket,” Carpenter concludes: “In every department, of morality, good taste, commonsense, private and public expediency, a change in the lives of the rich is called for” (p. 177). Civilisation: Its Cause and Cure (1889) went through many new, revised, and enlarged editions, a total of sixteen. It carries a Whitmanesque epigraph: “The friendly and ﬂowing savage, who is he? / Is he waiting for civilisation, or is he past it, and mastering it?” (p. 1). Carpenter proffers three goals of a new civilization: the realization of a new society, in touch with nature and without class domination; the realization of a new science, no longer linked to the brain but to real life; and the realization of a new morality, the vital unity between man and his fellow beings. The title chapter proposes that civilization is a social, bodily, intellectual, and moral disease: the opposite of health, unity, integration, wholeness, cleanness, togetherness, oneness, and holiness. Man has turned his back on himself, on his mother earth, on his community, on his spirit, and on his god. He began to suspect his neighbors, guarding his possessions with ﬁerce jealousy, hence the division of society into classes. Carpenter fearfully sees “vast epidemic trains over the face of the earth, plagues and fevers and lunacies and world-wide festering sores, followed by armies, ever growing, of doctors—they too with their retinues of books and bottles, vaccinations and vivisections, and grinning death’s-heads in the rear—a mad crew, knowing not what they do” (p. 33). For the cure, Carpenter attempts a

appreciate it very much. Carpenter, however, realized that in order to effect change, poetry was not enough; polemic was needed.

SOCIETY AND SOCIALISM

In his autobiography, My Days and Dreams, Carpenter argues that the real value of the modern Socialist movement “has not lain so much in its actual constructive programme as (1) in the fact that it has provided a text for a searching criticism of the old society and of the lives of the rich, and (2) the fact that it has enshrined a most glowing and vital enthusiasm towards the realization of a new society” (p. 126). England’s Ideal, and Other Papers on Social Subjects, which ﬁrst appeared in 1887 and went through many subsequent editions, collects Carpenter’s vision of a just society. In “England’s Ideal,” Carpenter bemoans the state of affairs of his home country. England has degenerated to “a kind of human sink into which much ﬂows but of which nothing ever comes— except an occasional putrid whiff of Charity and Patronage” (p. 5), because it has lost sight of the great traditions of Christianity, democracy, and honesty. In “Modern Money-Lending, and the Meaning of Dividends: A Tract for the Wealthy,” Carpenter realizes that “Political Economy always begins with an island!” (p. 25), meaning it begins with the individual, then on the island of England, and also in the island’s dealing with its colonies. Everything is governed by the twin “deities” supply and demand. Soon, though, the people will be demanding that the land and the equipment be put into their hands and thus directly reap the fruits of their labor. According to “Social Progress and Individual Effort,” since man forms society and its institutions and laws, he needs to reform them; it cannot be science and intellect; competition then shall be superseded by equality. In “Desirable Mansions,” Carpenter bemoans materialism: “I go into the houses of the rich. In the drawing-room I see chill weary faces, peaked features of ill-health; downstairs and in the kitchen I meet with rosy smiles, kissable cheeks, and hear sounds of song and laughter. What is this?” (p. 75). It is a prison,

40

EDWARD CARPENTER the being or creature not knowing or perceiving its emanation from, or kinship with, the One” (p. 219) An appendix on the characteristics and customs of precivilized peoples rounds out the volume.

synthesis between communism and savagery or anarchy. In “Modern Science: A Criticism,” Carpenter argues that the true ﬁeld of science is life, but that science has separated the logical and intellectual from the instinctive and emotional. In “The Science of the Future: A Forecast,” Carpenter urges a practical application of scientiﬁc theories: “Do we not want to feel more, not less, in the presence of phenomena—to enter into a living relationship with the blue sky, and the incense-laden air, and the plants and the animals—nay, even with poisonous and hurtful things to have a keener sense of their hurtfulness?” (p. 109). According to “Defence of Criminals: A Criticism of Morality,” laws can be grossly unjust: “the so-called vices and defects [#] are necessary elements of human life, elements without which the so-called vices could not exist [#] The evil consists not in the actions or passions themselves, but in the fact that they are inhumanely used” (pp. 144–145). As a result, morals as an absolute code of action need to be discarded. There is only one supreme law, derived from Jesus Christ: love your neighbor as you love yourself. In “Exfoliation,” Carpenter privileges Lamarckian internal and organic variation—a form of willed or purposive evolution fueled by desire rather than necessity—over Darwinian external and accidental growth or survival of the ﬁttest: “Variation is a process by which change begins in the mental region, passes into the bodily region where it becomes organised, and ﬁnally is thrown off like a husk” (p. 172). In “Custom,” Carpenter wonders to what extent customs are due to ﬁtness in nature or otiose habit and concludes that customs, like morals, need to be shaken off. “A Rational and Humane Society” laments a mechanistic view of science that utterly neglects “nature”—both the natural world and human nature—and fails to combine sense, intellect, and soul. In “The New Morality,” Carpenter surveys the moral teachings of St. Paul, Baruch Spinoza, Plato, Jesus of Nazareth, Leo Tolstoy, Friedrich Nietzsche, and even George Bernard Shaw, and recommends Indian thought: “The only essential evil was ignorance (avidya)—that is, the fact of

SEX AND SEXUALITY

In the 1890s, a diverse group of authors, clergymen, artists, educators, philosophers, and scientists set out to destigmatize homosexuality. Carpenter, together with John Addington Symonds and Havelock Ellis, stands in the forefront of law reform: “All three writers can, in their different ways, be identiﬁed with a rejection of Victorian utilitarianism, determinism and materialism,” Jeffrey Weeks points out in his groundbreaking 1977 study Coming Out (p. 49). Carpenter published three books on homosexuality: Love’s Coming-of-Age (1896; revised and enlarged through eleven editions to 1923), The Intermediate Sex (1908), and Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk (1914). The ﬁrst tract, Love’s Coming-of-Age, is named after the god of love, Eros or Cupid, who is usually depicted as a child that needs to come of age. The book originally collected three pamphlets published in 1894: “Sex-Love: And Its Place in Free Society,” “Woman: And Her Place in a Free Society,” and “Marriage in a Free Society.” An additional essay, “Homogenic Love: And Its Place in a Free Society,” which had been privately circulated, had to be excluded because of the Oscar Wilde trials and was not published (in revised version) until 1906 as “The Intermediate Sex.” “Sex-Love” contends that the Industrial Revolution divorced sex from biological and natural desire, thus alienating men and women from their bodies. Another problem—here Carpenter is presenting a modern, Foucauldian argument—is that sex, especially in moral discourse, has become a “consciousness” rather than a “hunger,” a manifestation of an “unclean” rather than “sacred” body: “The body itself is kept religiously covered, smothered away from the rush of the great purifying life of Nature, infected with dirt and disease, and a subject for prurient thought and exaggerated lust such as in its naked

41

EDWARD CARPENTER state it would never provoke” (1927, pp. 23–24). Next, Carpenter turns to women, who are disempowered because of an obsolete feudal system. A woman is a “serf” to her master-husband, who clings like “ivy” to an “oak.” A total revaluation is in order: “Not till our whole commercial system, with its barter and sale of human labor and human love for gain, is done away, and not till a whole new code of ideals and customs has come in, will women really be free” (1927, pp. 76–77). Carpenter is particularly concerned with three types of women—the “lady,” the working woman, and the prostitute—and negotiates various solutions to their problems. In “Marriage,” Carpenter’s outlook on marriage is bleak and graphic, a life sentence: “The brief burst of their ﬁrst satisfaction has been followed by satiety on the physical plane, then by mere vacuity of affection, then by boredom and nausea” (1927, p. 95). He makes four suggestions for improvement: furthering the self-dependence of women, promoting rational teaching of heart and head for youths of both sexes, breaking up marriage as a pettily exclusive and rigidly monogamous relationship, and abolishing the current law that binds people together for life. Finally, Carpenter waxes lyrical:

reproduction, and death. The second elaborates on the fatality of self-consciousness to love, for which Carpenter blames Christianity and commercialism. Notes on the early star and sex worships, primitive group marriage, jealousy, family, and preventive checks to population, and an appendix of quotations conclude the volume. “Homogenic Love,” the only apologetic and well-known work of the period about homosexuality, reviews the historical, literary, artistic, and medical evidence for homogenic love. Carpenter’s readings include David and Jonathan, Achilles and Patroclus, Orestes and Pylades, Harmodius and Aristogiton, Theocritus, Sappho, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Plato, Catullus, Martial, Virgil, Persian poets, the medieval tale of Amis and Amile, literature from Renaissance Italy and Elizabethan England, writing by the German scholar Johann Joachim Winckelmann, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s In Memoriam (1850): “It will be noticed that here we have some of the very greatest names in all literature concerned; and that their utterances on this subject equal if they do not surpass, in beauty, intensity, and humanity of sentiment, whatever has been written in praise of the other more ordinarily recognized love” (1927, p. 328). The Hebraic tradition has reduced love and sex to child breeding, but Carpenter disagrees:

Is it possible [#] that there really is a Free Society—in another and deeper sense than that hitherto suggested—a society to which we all in our inmost selves consciously or unconsciously belong—the Rose of Souls that Dante beheld in Paradise, whose every petal is an individual, and an individual only through its union with all the rest—the early Church’s dream, of an eternal Fellowship in heaven and on earth—the Prototype of all the brotherhoods and communities that exist on this or any other planet; and that the innumerable selves of men, united in the one Self, members of it and of one another (like the members of the body) stand in eternal and glorious relationship bound indissolubly together? (1923, pp. 177–178)

Without denying that sexual intimacies do exist; and while freely admitting that, in great cities, there are to be found associated with this form of attachment prostitution and other evils comparable with the evils associated with the ordinary sexattachment; we may yet say that it would be a great error to suppose that the homogenic love takes as a rule the extreme form vulgarly supposed; and that it would also be a great error to overlook the fact that in a large number of instances the relation is not distinctively sexual at all, though it may be said to be physical in the sense of embrace and endearment. (1927, p. 330)

Carpenter conceived of homosexuals as a third sex: “urnings” or “uranians,” derived from Greek ouranos, Pausanias’ Heavenly (or “homogenic”) Aphrodite in the Symposium. Like Plato, Carpenter reiterates the notion that homogenic love is superior to heterosexuality. As the critic Frank

The ﬁnal edition of Love’s Coming-of-Age, which appeared in 1923, adds two chapters from The Drama of Love and Death (1912): “The Beginnings of Love” and “Love’s Ultimate Meaning.” The ﬁrst is a technical exposé of cell growth,

42

EDWARD CARPENTER do as reconcilers and interpreters of the two sexes to each other” (1912, p. 14). This is a striking image, contrary to the Victorian view of homosexuals as disruptive, freakish, and promiscuous. Carpenter then lists the stereotypes of the male invert:

Leib puts it: “Love between persons of the same sex is necessarily gratuitous; it has no obvious social or biological utility. For Victorians of every race and religion, this makes it evil. For Carpenter, as for Plato, the fact that it is humanly useless renders it morally divine” (p. 76). Then Carpenter surveys current theoretical research: Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Albert Moll, Paul Moreau, Cesare Lombroso, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Havelock Ellis, and John Addington Symonds. According to sexologists, homosexuality was congenital and therefore unchangeable: “Too much emphasis cannot be laid on the distinction between these born lovers of their own sex, and that class of persons, with whom they are so often confused, who out of mere carnal curiosity or extravagance of desire, or from the dearth of opportunities for a more normal satisfaction (as in schools, barracks, etc.) adopt some homosexual practices” (1927, p. 332). Second, the number of homosexuals is much higher than previously estimated. Third, the homosexual does not have his orientation written all over him. All in all, however, Carpenter is not impressed with medical research. His agenda is political: “we have solid work waiting to be done in the patient and life-long building up of new forms of society, new orders of thought, and new institutions of human solidarity—all of which in their genesis will meet with opposition, ridicule, hatred, and even violence” (1927, p. 344). First and foremost, the British law will have to be changed. The Code Napoleon in France and the Codice Principe in Italy, for example, tolerate sexual inversion. The Intermediate Sex (1908; third edition, 1912) compiles Carpenter’s writings on homosexuality: “The Intermediate Sex,” “The Homogenic Attachment” (which duplicates “Homogenic Love” from the previous volume), “Affection in Education,” and “The Place of the Uranian in Society,” plus an introduction and an appendix of notes and quotations. Early on, Carpenter extols homosexuals: “with their extraordinary gift for, and experience in, affairs of the heart—from the double point of view, both of the man and of the woman—it is not difficult to see that these people have a special work to

not particularly attractive, sometimes quite the reverse [#] a distinctly effeminate type, sentimental, lackadaisical, mincing in gait and manners, something of a chatterbox, skilful at the needle and in women’s work, sometimes taking pleasure in dressing in woman’s clothes; his ﬁgure not unfrequently betraying a tendency towards the feminine, large at the hips, supple, not muscular, the face wanting in hair, the voice inclining to be high-pitched, etc.; while his dwelling room is orderly in the extreme, even natty, and choice of decoration and perfume. (1912 p. 29)

Inverted women fare hardly better: a rather markedly aggressive person, of strong passions, masculine manners and movements, practical in the conduct of life, sensuous rather than sentimental in love, often untidy, and outré in attire; her ﬁgure muscular, her voice rather low in pitch; her dwelling-room decorated with sporting scenes, pistols, etc., and not without a suspicion of the fragrant weed in the atmosphere; while her love (generally to rather soft and feminine specimens of her own sex) is often a sort of furor. (1912, pp. 29–30)

Carpenter admits that these examples are extreme and rare and holds up some of history’s most revered ﬁgures: Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Queen Christine of Sweden, and Sappho. In “Affection in Education,” Carpenter surveys schoolboy friendships, modeled on Greek paiderastia: The younger boy looks on the other a hero, loves to be with him, thrills with pleasure at his words of praise or kindness, imitates, makes him his pattern and standards, learns exercises and games, contracts habits, or picks up information from him. The elder one, touched, becomes protector and helper; the unselﬁsh side of his nature is drawn out, and he develops a real affection and tenderness toward the younger. He takes all sorts of trouble to initiate his

43

EDWARD CARPENTER dream, and discover; third, because the intermediate type combines characteristics and powers of both sexes, the emotional plus the practical, he is superior to his fellow men; fourth, the blending of masculine and feminine temperaments produces in some cases a great genius:

protégé in ﬁeld sports or studies; is proud of the latter’s success; and leads him on perhaps later to share his own ideals of life and thought and work. (1912, p. 81)

Antiquity provided such models, but they are utterly lacking in modern schools, where “panic terror” of affection prevails. “The Place of the Uranian in Society” offers radical models for accommodating Uranian love and hits at excellence in the artistic, musical, and literary realms, even in the business world, military service, and politics or administration, but crucially in “affairs of the heart.” Uranians hold out the mirror to inﬁnity: “it is possible that the Uranian spirit may lead to something like a general enthusiasm of Humanity [#] which will one day transform the common life by substituting the bond of personal affection and compassion for the monetary, legal and other external ties which now control and conﬁne society” (1912, pp. 108–109). In his 1995 study A Road to Stonewall, the critic Byrne Fone praises Carpenter for his “advocacy of a liberationist position concerning sexual difference” and compares his efforts to “current attempts to institute rainbow curricula, establish gay studies in universities, and pass civil rights legislation” (p. 155). Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk comprises two parts: “The Intermediate in the Service of Religion” (originally published as “On the Connection Between Homosexuality and Divination” in the American Journal of Religious Psychology and in the Revue d’ethnographie et de sociologie, 1911) and “The Intermediate as Warrior.” Long before the heyday of anthropological investigation, Carpenter was interested in how homosexuality made its inroads into “normal” society. According to his logic, manly-active homosexuals became military leaders, while effeminate-passive homosexuals took up religious services. Carpenter turns to the prophet or priest, the wizard or witch. Why are many homosexuals so gifted? First, since the “intermediate” man or woman belongs to neither gender, he or she would be unsatisﬁed with traditional work activities and would thus create a niche; second, because he is “different” from the majority and subject to great scrutiny, he would begin to think,

whether they prophesied downfall or disaster, or whether they urged their people onward to conquest and victory, or whether by acute combinations of observation and experience they caught at the healing properties of herbs or determined the starry inﬂuences on the seasons and the crops—[these geniuses] in almost all cases would acquire and did acquire a strange reputation for sanctity and divinity—arising partly out of the homosexual taboo, but also out of their real possession and command of a double-engine psychic power. (pp. 62–63)

Naturally, then, Carpenter considers hermaphroditism among gods and mortals, especially in Hindu literature and art, Hebrew stories (since Eve was created out of Adam, was Adam a “manwoman,” with a female soul trapped in a man’s body?), Greek mythology, and even Egyptian and Norse traditions. He concludes that some of the greatest ﬁgures in myth and history—Apollo, Buddha, Osiris, Lord Byron, St. Francis, Jesus of Nazareth—beautifully reconciled masculine and feminine traits, the seat of their greatness. There have also been great “gay” warriors: Dorian Greeks, Japanese Samurai, and other Mohammedan peoples. As Joy Dixon remarks: “Carpenter was reversing contemporary valuations of the primitive and the feminine, both of which were being constructed by late Victorian anthropologists and ethnologists as repositories of the superstitious and irrational” (p. 413). Three more of Carpenter’s texts on sexuality deserve to be mentioned brieﬂy. Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship (1902), named after Hercules’ beloved charioteer, is divided into ﬁve sections: “Friendship-Customs in the Pagan and Early World,” “The Place of Friendship in Greek Life and Thought,” “Poetry of Friendship Among Greeks and Romans,” “Friendship in Early Christian and Mediaeval Times,” and “The Renaissance and Modern Times.” Carpenter collects the biblical love story of David and

44

EDWARD CARPENTER Jonathan, Plato’s Symposium, Persian homoerotic poetry, Shakespeare’s sonnets, Tennyson’s In Memoriam, the correspondence between the German composer Richard Wagner and King Ludwig II of Bavaria, and many other sources. Though hardly complimentary, the book’s nickname “The Bugger’s Bible” testiﬁes to the anthology’s wide appeal. In Some Friends of Walt Whitman: A Study in Sex-Psychology (1924), a paper delivered to the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, Carpenter quotes copiously from Leaves of Grass and lectures on Whitman’s homo sexual passion; he also talks about John Addington Symonds infamous letter to Whitman, in which he wanted an answer to what exactly Whitman was depicting in his homoerotic poetry, a request that Whitman angrily dismissed as Symonds’ “morbid inferences”—certain things obviously are better left unsaid and Symonds should have known better; Carpenter concludes with an exhortation to uncouple sex from procreation: “When two people love each other to that degree that they become in effect one person they take on [a] new character, and may almost be said to enter into a new order of existence” (p. 15). In The Psychology of the Poet Shelley (1925), Carpenter investigates how the “loveelement” saturates all of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s poetry, asks why Shelley largely ignores direct references to physical sex acts while at the same time tackling delicate issues such as incest and polygamy and applies Freudian psychology to Shelley. He exalts Shelley as a new type of human being that will save the world and rid it from the evils of “gold” (greed) and “blood” (war). And once again, Carpenter laments the vulgarity of sex: “in the present day Sex is ceasing to wield the glamour which once surrounded it"; the reason is simple and strikingly modern: “We know too much about it!” (p. 31).

juxtaposition of two ‘races’ who could not comprehend each other—a modern, materialist, English governing class, and an ancient, spiritual subject population—each with their own pattern of virtues and vices, and seemingly incapable of living in harmony with each other” (p. 521). Copiously illustrated, From Adam’s Peak to Elephanta: Sketches in Ceylon and India (1892) chronicles his trip to South Asia. Adam’s Peak is a shrine at 7,400 feet that supposedly retained the footprint of Buddha; the caves of Elephanta feature a statute of Siva, who is depicted as half man, half woman, hence an ideal type of the intermediate sex. Carpenter traveled through the Suez Canal to Colombo, to the Buddhist Temple at Kandy, and to the Indian cities of Madras, Calcutta, Benares, Delhi, and Bombay. Particularly interesting are the chapters on Carpenter’s meeting with a gñáni, an esoteric teacher of the South Indian school of Brahminism: here in this man it was of absorbing interest to feel one came in contact with the root-thought of all existence—the intense consciousness (not conviction merely) of the oneness of all life [#] After seeing Whitman, the amazing representative of the same spirit in all its voluminous modern unfoldment—seven years before—this visit to the Eastern sage was like going back to the pure lucid intensely transparent source of some mighty and turbulent stream. (My Days and Dreams, pp. 143–144)

The teaching method Carpenter describes differs from Socratic inquiry, for the gñáni does not prove anything and simply hands down orally delivered doctrines; the pupil is not supposed to ask questions. Eventually, man and woman will become emancipated: “all distinction of castes, classes, all sense of superiority or self-goodness—of right and wrong even—and the most absolute sense of Equality must prevail towards every one, and determination in its expression” (From Adam’s Peak, p. 162). There are three conditions for the attainment of divine knowledge, or gñánam: the study of the sacred books, the help of a guru, and the veriﬁcation of tradition through personal practice. Initiation consists of meeting a guru, the consciousness of Grace, the vision of Siva, and ﬁnding the “universe

ORIENT AND OCCIDENT

In addition to his contributions to gay culture, Carpenter’s visits to the East proved crucial to the development of his worldview. “For Carpenter,” suggests the political theorist Vincent Geoghegan, “the Indian empire involved the

45

EDWARD CARPENTER tends to push outwards towards Expression” (p. 28). Creation is a work of art, constantly renewing itself, giving meaning to outer form by expressing its inward treasures. In “Matter and Consciousness,” Carpenter deﬁnes knowledge, perception, and consciousness as messages of communication between various selves. “The Three Stages of Consciousness” describes the knower, the knowledge, and the thing known—still undifferentiated, differentiated, and eventually reconciled. This is Cosmic Consciousness, when subject and object are once again uniﬁed and man triumphantly returns to the Garden of Eden. In “The Self and its Affiliations,” Carpenter explores race consciousness: man is not a separate being but someone who “stretches (through affiliation after affiliation) into the far ‘backward and abysm of Time,’ who through endless centuries has been seeking to express itself; nevertheless whose consciousness is here and now in its visible body, as well as in that agelong world-life” (p. 102). In “Platonic Ideas and Heredity,” Carpenter evokes Platonic anamnesis (recollection). How, for example, do we share a sense of justice or truth or beauty? Plato believed in a world of Absolute Forms, beyond the reach of time and place; the soul initially had a knowledge of the Forms but lost it after birth; therefore, human beings only have a memory of them. According to “The Gods as Apparitions of the Race-Life,” the gods represent the life of the race itself, and through them “we reach to another and more extended order of consciousness” (p. 126). In “The Gods as Dwelling in the Physiological Centres,” Carpenter explains how all the gods represent both distinct feelings and activities in the race (war, love, day, night) and centers of organic life in the human body (love, sleep, pugnacity). “The Devils and the Idols” points out how devils result from tyranny suffered by ourselves and inﬂicted on others; the gods of one age become the devils of another. In “Beauty and Duty,” Carpenter attempts to reconcile art and morality into “Love.” The chapter “Creation” posits a new awareness of the body, an undreamed world of possibilities: “the individual should conceive and know himself, not as a toy and

within.” To become a gñáni one goes through previous stages: student, householder, yogi (from yog, “to join”), each with appropriate costume and rules. The objective of his spiritual quest is “universal or cosmic consciousness, in contradistinction to the individual or special bodily consciousness with which we are all familiar” (p. 156), the Hindu philosophy of Sat-chit-ánanda Brahm, the all-pervading and all-perceiving bliss. Then Carpenter gathers the outstanding tenets of his master’s ideas: “Gentleness, forbearance towards all, abstention from giving pain, especially to the animals, the recognition of the divine spirit in every creature down to the lowest, the most absolute sense of equality and the most absolute candor, an undisturbed serene mind, free from anger, fear, or any excessive and tormenting desire” (p. 176). It was through this teacher that Carpenter received ﬁrst-hand instruction in Eastern thought, which fascinated him all his life. Also, one purpose of From Adam’s Peak was to disseminate Eastern Wisdom to his British readers. Surprisingly, though, some of the gñáni’s views were entirely unaffected by millennia of discoveries; for example, he believed in a geocentric universe. When Carpenter left his teacher, the gñáni “returned to that state of interior meditation and absorption in the contemplation of the world disclosed to the inner sense, which had apparently become his normal condition” (p. 151).

CREATION AND CONSCIOUSNESS

The Art of Creation: Essays on the Self and Its Powers (1904) attempts a synthesis of the Eastern and Western concepts of man’s origins, from the Upanishads, Buddha, Lao-tzû, Plato, Jesus, St. Paul, Plotinus, Spinoza, Kant, George Berkeley, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, and modern philosophers. It does not sufﬁce to study the art of creation externally: “we have to learn and to practise the art in ourselves. So alone will it become vital and really intelligible to us” (p. viii, emphasis in original). What convinces us that there is an intelligent Self in our fellow man? “It is that he has a Will and Purpose, a Character, which, do what you will,

46

EDWARD CARPENTER “universal” or “cosmic” consciousness) that ﬁnds expression in the rites, prophesies, and mysteries of early religions and in the poetry, art, and literature of later civilizations. Harking back to William Blake’s stages of innocence, experience, and higher innocence, Carpenter proposes: “When man arrives at the ﬁnal consciousness in which the idea of such a self, superior or inferior or in any way antagonistic to others, ceases to operate, then he will return to his ﬁrst and primal condition, and will cease to need any special religion or gods, knowing himself and his fellows to be divine and the origin and perfect fruition of all” (p. 99). How did Christianity supersede paganism? Did the pagan gods ﬂee away in dismay before the sign of the cross and at the sound of the name of Jesus? Hardly. In great detail, Carpenter takes into account solar myths and Christian festivals and ﬁnds that most pagan deities were born around Christmas Day (just after the winter solstice), were conceived by a virgin (a belief dating back to matriarchal societies and, perhaps, parthenogenesis), and saw the light of day in a stable or cave (the place of the sun’s winter retirement and vegetation’s annual cycle of death). A star in the East showed three wise men the way; a threatened massacre of the innocents resulted in an escape to faraway lands; the deities were called “light bringer,” “savior,” “deliverer,” and the like; they were nailed to a tree or cross, descended into the underworld, and rose from the dead; they founded communions of saints and disciples; and they were commemorated by Eucharistic meals. The similarities to Christianity are obvious, to the wrath of the early church, which invented “the innocent theory that the Devil—in order to confound the Christians—had, centuries before, caused the pagans to adopt certain beliefs and practices!” (p. 25). The symbolism of the zodiac and of Easter yield the same conclusion: Lent coincided with the festivities at the beginning of spring and return of vegetation; around Easter Day, the people celebrated the sun crossing the equator; the twelve disciples corresponded to the signs of the zodiac (the traitor being the serpent and the scorpion); several days commemorated an assumption,

chance product of his own bodily heredity, but as identiﬁed and continuous with the Eternal Self of which his body is a manifestation” (p. 208). “Transformation” describes how this process works, by retaining the mind in a constant state of emotions. At the end, Carpenter extols sublime consciousness: “It is seen by lovers in each other’s eyes—the One, absolute and changeless, yet inﬁnitely individuate and intelligent—the Supreme life and being; of which all actual existence and Creation is the descent and partial utterance in the realms of emotion and thought” (p. 222). An appendix contains essays on the Mayﬂy, on health, and on a meditation on an evening in spring.

RELIGION AND REFLECTION

At the root of Pagan and Christian Creeds (1920) lies Carpenter’s vision of a “world religion.” How did religion arise? Three approaches have been put forth: ﬁrst, the god cult, tying creed to the movement of the sun and other planets that led to the invention of the Olympian gods dwelling in heaven; second, the magic cult, connecting religion with the changes of the seasons and the ensuing belief in earth spirits; third, the phallic cult, equating worship with the body and the force of sex. However, Carpenter suggests, the historical order of these explanations is probably exactly the reverse. Because of fear and selfconsciousness, accompanied by taboos (based on faith, not reason), which were gradually rigiﬁed into customs and laws, religion evolved “from crass superstition, senseless and accidental, to rudimentary observation, and so to belief in Magic; thence to Animism and personiﬁcation of nature-powers in more or less human form, as earth-divinities or sky-gods or embodiments of the tribe; and to placation of these powers by rites like Sacriﬁce and the Eucharist, which in their turn became the foundation of Morality” (p. 15). Indebted to James Frazer’s The Golden Bough (ﬁrst published in 1890), Carpenter traces the origin of (pagan) religion in terms of psychological development: from animal consciousness to self-consciousness to a hitherto unnamed new form of consciousness (later referred to as

47

EDWARD CARPENTER ascension, and nativity of the virgin. After pondering why tribes named themselves after animals, on what principle they selected them, and the reason they made these animals, Carpenter concludes that the totem sacraments (a totem being an adoption of an animal as an emblem) form the basis of the holy communion of bread/ body and wine/blood, and that the term “sacriﬁce” literally translates as “to render sacred.” Turning to food and vegetation magic, Carpenter points out that the tree and the snake naturally embody male and female sexuality, whose combination proves especially potent. Next, the Christian doctrines of sin and sacriﬁce, guilt and expiation, transﬁguration and redemption, baptism and conﬁrmation are paralleled in pagan rituals. The theory of intra-uterine blessedness draws attention to an ineradicable memory of a prenatal stage of harmony in the maternal womb. This is how Carpenter explains the pagan Virgil’s Fourth Eclogue that celebrates the return of a virgin, the birth of a new child sent down from heaven, and the coming of a messiah—decades before the birth of Christ. (Of course, Hebrew messiah means “the anointed one,” which translates into Greek christos.) It is through “sin,” which Carpenter diffidently derives from “to sunder,” that man became separated from this Eden. Finally, ritual dancing eventually developed into communal drama, thence the congregations of the “church.” What is unique to Christianity, Carpenter continues, is the sex taboo, although it originates with St. Paul, not Jesus. Generally, Christianity, in its genesis, differs in its insistence on a renunciation of the world and cultivation of a purely spiritual love, in its morality with a center shifted from the public duty to one’s neighbor to a private relationship to God, and in a surprisingly democratic tendency that included, for example, women, weaklings, and outcasts. Finally, Carpenter asks whether Christ is a legendary or historically veriﬁable ﬁgure:

the appearance of an actual and heroic man (or woman) who supplied a necessary impetus for the new departure, and gave his name to the resulting movement? or is it sufficient to suppose the automatic formation of such nodes or starting-points without the intervention of any special hero or genius, and to imagine that in each case the mythmaking tendency of mankind created a legendary and inspiring ﬁgure and worshiped the same for a long period afterwards as a god? (pp. 217–218)

That is the big question, and even Carpenter cannot answer it, but he feels that it is more important to acknowledge that such hallowed ﬁgures have evolved over time. Carpenter concludes with the “exodus” of Christianity: “that Christianity can continue to hold the ﬁeld of Religion in the Western World is neither probable nor desirable” (p. 257)—unless it acknowledges and affiliates itself to its parents and changes its name from Holy Roman Church to Holy Human Church. A trend toward ecumenism seems to vindicate Carpenter, while at the same time religious affiliation accounts for most of the major world conﬂicts in our time. An appendix on the teaching of the Upanishads terminates the volume.

LEGACY

Two years after Carpenter’s death, Gilbert Beith edited the volume Edward Carpenter: In Appreciation, which collects twenty-eight essays written by his friends; most of them border on panegyric. Beith also appended a “Farewell Message Left by Edward Carpenter To Be Read over His Grave,” written December 30, 1910: “do not think too much of the dead husk of your friend, or mourn too much over it; but send your thoughts out towards the real soul or self which has escaped—to reach it. For so, surely, you will cast a light of gladness upon his onward journey, and contribute your part towards the building of that kingdom of love which links our earth to heaven” (p. 246). Carpenter’s most crucial inﬂuence was on E. M. Forster. In 1913, while his mother was taking a cure at Harrogate, Forster paid a visit to

Have there been in the course of human evolution certain, so to speak, nodal points or periods at which the psychologic currents ran together and condensed themselves for a new start; and has each such node or point of condensation been marked by

48

EDWARD CARPENTER ally troubled youth” (p. 39), although Lawrence remained reticent about his familiarity with Carpenter’s work—wisely so, in light of homophobic hysteria, literary censorship, and legal prosecution. Still, “the themes of love and sex, ethics and aesthetics, art and society, art and the fulﬁlment of the individual” are linked in their works (p. 190). Another inﬂuence is on Radclyffe Hall’s The Well of Loneliness (1928). Laura Doan suggests that Hall was informed by Carpenter’s vision of the “intermediate sex” rather than Havelock Ellis’ and Richard Krafft-Ebing’s research (the latter’s name is referenced in the book but only to be discounted). Doan asserts that Hall and other lesbians in this period consciously used sexology in their attempts at self-identiﬁcation, as a positive alternative to characterizations of lesbian sexuality in terms of pathology, degeneration, and morbidity. Carpenter saw love as transcendent and redemptive rather than neurotic, while Ellis adhered to homosexuality as congenital. In the end, Doan says, “Carpenter’s radical proposal that the homosexual constitution and sensibility signaled a new evolutionary stage allows Hall to imagine a new role for female intermediates, particularly with regard to Stephen [Stephen Gordon, the heroine of The Well] who is singularly poised to play a special part in the salvation of her people” (p. 166). From a Carpenterian perspective, The Well of Loneliness thus ends on a hopeful note. The Harlem Renaissance writer Claude McKay was exposed to Carpenter’s writing through Walter Jekyll, his mentor and patron in Jamaica. McKay’s autobiography Home to Harlem (1928) critiques capitalism as instrumental in maintaining racial hierarchies and investigates gender roles in terms of their political signiﬁcance: “McKay derived much of his political understanding of masculine identity from Carpenter’s theorization of the relationship between gender identities and socioeconomic structures, and he used this theoretical framework for locating a powerful political interface between black proletarian life and what he saw as a homosexual social vanguard,” asserts Michael Maiwald (p. 826). Moreover, as Adrian Caesar has shown,

Millthorpe in order to see Carpenter: in his “Terminal Note” to his novel Maurice, Forster says of Carpenter: “He was a rebel appropriate to his age. He was sentimental and a little sacramental# . He was a socialist who ignored industrialism and a simple-lifer with an independent income and a Whitmannic poet whose nobility exceeded his strength and, ﬁnally, he was a believer in the Love of Comrades” (p. 217). At one point, Carpenter’s lover touched Forster on his posterior: “It must have been on my second or third visit to the shrine that the spark was kindled and he and his comrade George Merrill combined to make a profound impression on me and to touch a creative spring” (p. 217). As a result, Forster came to recognize his own homosexuality and wrote Maurice, which he revised several times. (The novel, written in 1913–1914, because of its daring subject matter was not published until 1971, one year after Forster’s death.) The original bucolic epilogue depicted a chance meeting in Yorkshire (the home of Carpenter) ﬁve years later between Maurice’s sister Kitty and two itinerant woodsmen: Maurice and his lover Alec. But Carpenter’s legacy is even more profound. The critic Robert Martin assesses that the ﬁrst half of Maurice traces John Addington Symonds’ version of homosexuality, a “superior” homosexuality that neglects the needs of the body; the second half depicts Maurice’s “salvation” through Carpenter’s ideas, for it includes sex and makes Maurice reject class. In addition to the description in Maurice, Forster included a portrait of Carpenter in his 1951 volume Two Cheers for Democracy. Critics also make an argument for Carpenter’s inﬂuence on a controversial British writer of the next generation, D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence mentioned Carpenter’s name only once in a letter, and they never met in person, it seems. However, Lawrence grew up in the vicinity of Sheffield; his birthplace, Eastwood, was a mere thirty miles away from Millthorpe; and he had friends who owned Carpenter’s books. The two writers published in the same journals (New Age, English Review, Occult Review). Emile Delavenay argues that Carpenter’s writings on sex and sexuality hold the key to Lawrence’s “emotion-

49

EDWARD CARPENTER own times. Through their midst steps a white bearded gentleman in a Walt Whitman hat murmuring about the needs of the body and the heart, checking nuclear fall-out leaves and inquiring whether—in the words of his socialist song—it is yet time for England to arise?” (p. 46).

many of the war poets—Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, and Robert Graves—read Carpenter. Carpenter and Merrill (spelled Merril) also featured in two plays written by Noël Greig and Drew Griffiths for the London theater Gay Sweatshop: As Time Goes By (1977) and The Dear Love of Comrades (1979). A special issue of the journal Prose Studies devoted to Carpenter was published as a book under the title Edward Carpenter and Late Victorian Radicalism (1990), edited by Tony Brown includes articles on Carpenter and utopianism and popularity; Carpenter’s position in the British Socialist movement; Carpenter on feminism and Olive Schreiner; Carpenter’s orientalism; and late-nineteenth-century realism. Especially pertinent is Beverly Thiele’s assessment in “Coming-of-Age: Edward Carpenter on Sex and Reproduction,” which explains Carpenter’s uncritical acceptance of society’s view of reproduction: “The dominance of a paradigm of biological evolution, his own life-long project to make sense of, and then justify, the homosexual experience, his close association with ‘childless’ women, and his class- and sex-based distance from working class women who had experienced childbirth, miscarriage and child-rearing, all contributed to the deletion of a culturally and humanly signiﬁcant reproduction” (p. 123). Carpenter’s works, mostly out of print, have been reissued by Gay Men’s Press, thus far in two volumes, Towards Democracy (reissued in 1985) and Edward Carpenter: Selected Writings. Volume 1: Sex (1984, edited by David Fernbach and Noël Grieg). In 2005, the U.S. publisher Kessinger, which digitally preserves rare books, reissued Carpenter’s works in six volumes, adding to its series of numerous other reprints of books by Carpenter. Excerpts from Carpenter’s writings on homosexuality appeared in a number of anthologies in the last decades of the twentieth century. In a 1987 essay titled “Commanding the Heart: Edward Carpenter and Friends,” Sheila Rowbotham provides a ﬁtting coda to any overview of Carpenter’s literary and cultural legacy: “Victorian values continue to ﬁnd echoes in our

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF EDWARD CARPENTER PRIMARY WORKS

Narcissus. London: H. S. King, 1873. Moses. London: E. Moxon, 1875. England’s Ideal, and Other Papers on Social Subjects. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1887; rev. ed., 1895. Civilisation: Its Cause and Cure, and Other Essays. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1889; enlarged ed., New York: Allen & Unwin, 1921. From Adam’s Peak to Elephanta: Sketches in Ceylon and India. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1892. Love’s Coming-of-Age: A Series of Papers on the Relations of the Sexes. Manchester, U.K.: Labour Press, 1896; 12th ed., London: Allen & Unwin, 1923; repr., New York: Vanguard, 1927. Angels’ Wings: A Series of Essays on Art and Its Relation to Life. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1898. Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1902. The Art of Creation: Essays on the Self and Its Powers. London: George Allen, 1904. Towards Democracy. London: Allen & Unwin, 1905; London: Gay Men’s Press, 1985. Days with Walt Whitman, with Some Notes on His Life and Work. London: George Allen, 1906. The Intermediate Sex: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1908; 3rd ed., New York and London: George Allen, 1912. Sketches from Life in Town and Country, and Some Verses. London: George Allen & Sons, 1908. The Promised Land. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1910 (Drama; a revised edition of Moses). The Drama of Love and Death: A Study of Human Evolution and Transﬁguration. London: George Allen, 1912. Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk: A Study in Social Evolution. London: George Allen, 1914.

50

EDWARD CARPENTER CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES

The Healing of Nations, and the Hidden Sources of Their Strife. London: Allen & Unwin, 1915. My Days and Dreams, Being Autobiographical Notes. London and New York: Allen & Unwin, 1916. Pagan and Christian Creeds: Their Origin and Meaning. London and New York: Allen & Unwin, 1920. Some Friends of Walt Whitman: A Study in Sex-Psychology. British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, publication no. 13. London: J. E. Francis, 1924; Folcroft, Pa.: Folcroft Library Editions, 1969. The Psychology of the Poet Shelley. With George Barneﬁeld. London: Allen & Unwin, 1925. Edward Carpenter: Selected Writings. Volume 1: Sex. Edited by David Fernbach and Noël Greig. London: Gay Men’s Press, 1984.

REPRINTS

IN

BIOGRAPHY

Forster, E. M. Maurice. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1971. Neild, Keith. “Edward Carpenter.” In Dictionary of Labour Biography. Edited by Joyce M. Bellamy and John Saville London, 1974. Vol. 2, pp. 85–92. Rowbotham, Sheila, and Jeffrey Weeks. Socialism and the New Life: The Personal and Sexual Politics of Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis. London: Pluto, 1977. Tsuzuki, Chushichi. Edward Carpenter, 1844–1929: Prophet of Human Fellowship. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

CRITICISM

ANTHOLOGIES

“Homogenic Love.” In Sexual Heretics: Male Homosexuality in English Literature from 1850 to 1900. Edited by Brian Reade. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971. The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse. Edited by Stephen Coote. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1983. Excerpts from Towards Democracy The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature: Readings from Western Antiquity to the Present Day. Edited by Byrne R. S. Fone. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Excerpts from “Homogenic Love.” Nineteenth-Century Writings on Homosexuality: A Sourcebook. Edited by Chris White. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. Excerpts from “Homogenic Love” and Some Friends of Walt Whitman and Towards Democracy.

UNPUBLISHED PAPERS

AND

AND

INTERPRETATION

Beith, Gilbert, ed. Edward Carpenter: In Appreciation. London: Allen & Unwin, 1931. Bredbeck, Gregory W. “Queer Superstitions: Forster, Carpenter, and the Illusion of (Sexual) Identity.” In Queer Forster. Edited by Robert K. Martin and George Piggford. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. pp. 29–58. Bridgwater, Patrick. “Edward Carpenter and Nietzsche.” In German Studies at the Millennium. Edited by Neil Thomas. Durham, U.K.: University of Durham, 1999. pp. 196–223. Brown, Tony. “Edward Carpenter, Forster, and the Evolution of A Room with a View.” English Literature in Transition 30, no. 3: 279–300 (1987). Brown, Tony, ed. Edward Carpenter and Late Victorian Radicalism. London: Cass, 1990. Buckton, Oliver S. Secret Selves: Confession and Same-Sex Desire in Victorian Autobiography. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Brown, Tony. “Figuring in History: The Reputation of Edward Carpenter, 1883–1987. Annotated Secondary Bibliography, I & II.” English Literature in Transition 32, nos. 1–2: 35–64, 170–210 (1989).

Caesar, Adrian. Taking It Like a Man: Suffering, Sexuality, and the War Poets: Brooke, Sassoon, Owen, Graves. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1993.

Endres, Nikolai. “Edward Carpenter.” In Reader’s Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies. Edited by Timothy F. Murphy. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2000. pp. 117-119.

Cocks, H. G. Nameless Offences: Homosexual Desire in the Nineteenth Century. London: I. B. Tauris, 2003. Cook, Matt. London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885–1914. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Sheffield City Libraries. Papers of Edward Carpenter, 1844– 1929, from Sheffıeld Archives, Sheffıeld Libraries and Information Services: Part 1, Correspondence and Manuscripts; Part 2, Manuscripts, Cuttings, Pamphlets, and Selected Publications; a Listing and Guide to the Microﬁlm Edition. Marlborough, U.K.: A. Matthew, 1994.

Copley, Antony. A Spiritual Bloomsbury: Hinduism and Homosexuality in the Lives and Writings of Edward Carpenter, E. M. Forster, and Christopher Isherwood. Lanham, Md.: Lexington, 2006.

Sheffield Free Public Libraries. A Bibliography of Edward Carpenter: A Catalogue of Books, Manuscripts, Letters, Etc., By and About Edward Carpenter in the Carpenter Collection in the Department of Local History of the Central Library, Sheffıeld, with Some Entries from Other Sources. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Free Public Libraries, 1949; Folcroft, Pa.: Folcroft Library Editions, 1974.

d’Arch Smith, Timothy. Love in Earnest: Some Notes on the Lives and Writings of English ‘Uranian’ Poets from 1889 to 1930. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. David, Hugh. On Queer Street: A Social History of British Homosexuality 1895–1995. London: HarperCollins, 1997. Delavenay, Emile. D. H. Lawrence and Edward Carpenter:

51

EDWARD CARPENTER McCracken, Scott. “I Am the Lover and the Loved—I Have Lost and Found My Identity: Edward Carpenter and Finde-Siècle Masculinities.” In Signs of Masculinity: Men in Literature, 1700 to the Present. Edited by Antony Rowland, Emma Liggins, and Eriks Uskalis. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998. pp. 139–161. Pannapacker, William A. “ ’The Bricklayer Shall Lay Me’: Edward Carpenter, Walt Whitman, and Working-Class ‘Comradeship.’” In Mapping Male Sexuality: NineteenthCentury England. Edited by Jay Losey and William D. Brewer. Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2000. pp. 277–298. Pierson, Stanley. “Edward Carpenter, Prophet of a Socialist Millennium.” Victorian Studies 13, no. 3: 301–318 (1970). Rahman, Tariq. “The Alienated Prophet: The Relationship Between Edward Carpenter’s Psyche and the Development of His Metaphysic.” Forum for Modern Language Studies 23, no. 3: 193–209 (1987). ———. “Edward Carpenter and E. M. Forster.” Durham University Journal 79, no. 1: 59–69 (1986). ———. “The Literary Treatment of Indian Themes in the Works of Edward Carpenter.” Durham University Journal 80, no. 1: 77–81 (1987). Rowbotham, Sheila. “ ’Commanding the Heart’: Edward Carpenter and Friends.” History Today 37, no. 9: 41–46 (1987). Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985. Simons, John. “Edward Carpenter, Whitman, and the Radical Aesthetic.” In Gender Roles and Sexuality in Victorian Literature. Edited by Christopher Parker. Aldershot, U.K.: Scholar Press, 1995. pp. 115–127. Weeks, Jeffrey. Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present. London: Quartet, 1977.

A Study in Edwardian Transition. London: Heinemann, 1971. Dixon, Joy. “Sexology and the Occult: Sexuality and Subjectivity in Theosophy’s New Age.” Journal of the History of Sexuality 7, no. 3: 409–433 (1997). Doan, Laura. “The Outcast of One Age Is the Hero of Another: Radclyffe Hall, Edward Carpenter, and the Intermediate Sex.” In Palatable Poison: Critical Perspectives on “The Well of Loneliness.” Edited by Laura Doan and Jay Prosser. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. pp. 162–178. Elfenbein, Andrew. “Whitman, Democracy, and the English Clerisy.” Nineteenth-Century Literature 56, no. 1: 76–104 (2001). Fletcher, John. “Forster’s Self-Erasure: Maurice and the Scene of Masculine Love.” In Sexual Sameness: Textual Differences in Lesbian and Gay Writing. Edited by Joseph Bristow. London: Routledge, 1992. pp. 64–90. Fone, Byrne, R. S. A Road to Stonewall: Male Homosexuality and Homophobia in English and American Literature, 1750–1969. New York: Twayne, 1995. Geoghegan, Vincent. “Edward Carpenter’s England Revisited.” History of Political Thought 24, no. 3: 509– 527 (2003). Henderson, Linda Dalrymple. “Mysticism as the ‘Tie That Binds’: The Case of Edward Carpenter and Modernism.” Art Journal 46: 29–37 (spring 1987). Leib, Frank B. Friendly Competitors, Fierce Companions: Men’s Ways of Relating. Cleveland, Ohio: Pilgrim Press, 1997. Livesey, Ruth. “Morris, Carpenter, Wilde, and the Political Aesthetics of Labor.” Victorian Literature and Culture 32, no. 2: 601–616 (2004). Maiwald, Michael. “Race, Capitalism, and the Third-Sex Ideal: Claude McKay’s Home to Harlem and the Legacy of Edward Carpenter.” Modern Fiction Studies 48, no. 4: 825–857 (2002). Martin, Robert K. “Edward Carpenter and the Double Structure of Maurice.” In Literary Visions of Homosexuality. Edited by Stuart Kellogg. New York: Haworth Press, 1983. pp. 35–46.

Weir, Lorna. “Cosmic Consciousness and the Love of Comrades: Contacts between R. M. Bucke and Edward Carpenter.” Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d’études canadiennes30, no. 2: 39–57 (1995).

52

CIARAN CARSON (1948—)

Jonathan Baines the possibility that the medium of literature might render both the welter of the quotidian and the ever-expanding “contents of the memory theatre” (p. 67) with a shocking immediacy. In accordance with its ambition to achieve immediacy, Carson’s writing privileges music, orality, and the art of storytelling. He is a gifted ﬂautist and singer. In a 1989 interview to mark the publication of his third book of poems, Belfast Confetti, he talks about his renunciation of poetry in favor of music:

C IARAN C ARSON IS a writer of astounding versatility. His reputation rests not so much on a single masterpiece—although several of his books, such as The Irish for No, (1987) and The Star Factory, (1997), certainly deserve such high praise—as on the great variety of his oeuvre, both within individual volumes and across generic boundaries. Over the last thirty years, he has produced seven major volumes of poetry, three books of verse in translation, two wonderfully idiosyncratic memoirs, and two highly unorthodox novels. His favorite subject is Belfast, Northern Ireland, the city where he has lived all his life, and of which he is now the undisputed, unofficial laureate. The visions of Belfast that Carson lays before the reader are so extraordinary that his achievement merits comparison with that of Dickens’s London or Joyce’s Dublin. Belfast, however, is by no means his only subject. The subtitle of Last Night’s Fun (1996) gives a good indication of the breadth of his interests: it is declared to be a book “about music, food and time.” Carson’s enthusiasms are eclectic, but even the most unlikely ones become infectious in his handling of them. They include—to give the briefest selection—etymology, hagiography (the biography of the lives of saints), philately (stampcollecting), traditional Irish music, the amber trade, the underground rivers of Belfast, and the perfect breakfast. His home ground is “honeycombed with oxymoron and diversion” and a place where “the tiny ancillary moments of your life assume an almost legendary status” (The Star Factory, p.70). His poems are often distinguished by an unusually long line, the most basic function of which is to keep as many elements in play as possible. Carson’s work is in thrall to the overwhelming abundance of sense—impressions that the city makes available, and the maelstrom of associations they can induce; it is ignited by

I got a job in the Arts Council about 1975#the job was concerned with traditional music, song and dance, so I started to get absorbed into that whole area of experience. After a year or two it struck me that poetry, or poems, were so remote by comparison. Removed, academic. Whereas with the music—you’re right up against the stuff, it’s hitting you from all sides, it’s alive, here in front of your very eyes and ears, right now. That’s a very attractive immediacy. It’s not about withdrawing into your cell to compose these careful utterances about life. (Interview with Rand Brandes, p. 81)

Carson’s remarkable creativity since his return to poetry, and the development of his unique prose style, have been marked by a desire to integrate his feeling for music with the “careful utterances” distinctive of literature. At its most extreme, this can involve an appreciation of language that as nearly as possible divorces words from any of their regular meanings. More generally, he brings the sensibility of a musician to bear on the long lines of his poems: his musical ear helps to keep the cacophony of his subject matter in check. The ﬁgure of Carson’s father represents another possibility for negotiating the chaos of Belfast, and assumes a massive importance in Carson’s more recent work. William Carson—also known

53

CIARAN CARSON (“Escaped From The Massacre?”, p. 183). Carson’s stringent position in this review—his insistence that poetry must not aestheticize violence—is certainly bound up with the fact that he stopped writing his own poetry around this time. With the publication of The Irish for No after this hiatus, he demonstrated that his work is truly sui generis or the only one of its kind, unique.

by his Irish name Liam Mac Carráin—provides two principal sources of inspiration for his son’s writing. Firstly, he worked as a postman for many years, and his son transforms this unromantic profession into a powerful metaphor for successful communication. Secondly, Carson’s father was an author in his own right, who in 1986 published “a slim compendium of anecdote and memoir” (The Star Factory, p. 76), written in Irish. His son offers three possible translations of its title: Here, There, and There Again, or This, That, and The Other, or Miscellanae. Sections of the book, translated into English, are incorporated into Carson’s own prose. Carson develops his father’s practice of digression—and of digressions within digressions—deftly handling narrative developments that threaten to spool away into nonsense; he also inherits the skill of keeping a ﬁrm hold on the audience’s attention. His childhood memories of his father’s storytelling also play a major role in his work. William Carson features as one of the main characters in the novel Fishing for Amber, and the novel is dedicated to his memory. Carson is an important ﬁgure in what is often referred to as the “Ulster Renaissance”: the great burgeoning of literary activity in Northern Ireland that began in the mid-1960s and continues to this day. The difficulty of seeing him as part of a clearly deﬁned literary movement should, however, be recognized. Scholars are increasingly keen to consider him as one of a trio of Northern Irish poets alongside his contemporaries Medbh McGuckian and Paul Muldoon. This trio has been described as the second generation of the Ulster Renaissance, following hard on the heels of three poets who began to make themselves heard in the mid-1960s: Seamus Heaney, Michael Longley, and Derek Mahon. The schema is neat— although “generation” is hardly the right word to describe an age gap of roughly ten years but something of an oversimpliﬁcation. Carson’s independence is evidenced by the notoriously hostile and frequently cited review of Seamus Heaney’s North (1975), accusing Heaney of being “the laureate of violence—a mythmaker, an anthropologist of ritual killing, an apologist for ‘the situation,’ in the last resort, a mystiﬁer”

BIOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE

Like his books, Carson’s biography revolves around Belfast, where he was born on October 9, 1948. He describes himself as “the little piggy who stayed at home” (“Revised Version,” Belfast Confetti, p. 57). The Carson family lived in the Lower Falls in West Belfast, an area that was home to a large number of the city’s Catholic minority; it would become one of the districts to suffer the most severely during the Troubles. Carson attended St Gall’s Public Elementary School, and his route there and back was in part determined by the fact that, as the child of a Catholic family, it was dangerous for him to walk the streets of the neighboring Protestant district of the Shankill, another part of town that became synonymous with violence in the early 1970s: Never go by Cupar Street, my father would warn me, and I knew this was a necessary prohibition without asking why, for Cupar Street was one of those areas where the Falls and Shankill joined together as unhappy Siamese twin, one sporadically and mechanically beating the other round the head (“Revised Version,” Belfast Confetti, p. 59)

Carson has described his childhood sense of being not only part of a religious minority, but also a linguistic one, as a result of his parents’ decision to speak exclusively in Irish to their children. “My father and mother weren’t native speakers,” he explains, “but learned at classes when I suppose they were in their late teens or early twenties” (Brandes, p. 77). The title of his fourth book of poems, First Language, alludes to this formative experience, which also contributes to his considerable skills as a translator.

54

CIARAN CARSON When Carson was “about seven”, his family moved “to a semi-detached housing estate in Andersonstown” (Last Night’s Fun, p. 79) on the western fringes of Belfast. At age nine or ten, he transcribed the lyrics of “The Old Colonial Boy” into a notebook, an event that he subsequently came to see as a possible point of departure for his career as a writer, his interest in traditional music, and in the ﬁgure of the scribe (Last Night’s Fun, pp. 161–2). Carson went to St Mary’s Christian Brothers Grammar School, where the pedagogical methods helped to shape his intense fascination with, and his intense suspicion of, systems of classiﬁcation:

I’d read it and say “Aye,” or, “I think it works” and he might say, “Aye, I think so myself”, or whatever. (Brandes, p. 79)

Carson’s ﬁrst pamphlet of poems, The Insular Celts, was published in 1973. Its best poems were included in his debut volume, The New Estate, published in 1976. In 1978, he issued a second pamphlet, entitled The Lost Explorer. Around this time he became disillusioned with literature: “I was dissatisﬁed with poetry for some time; compared to the urgency of traditional music, which was engaging my attention, poetry seemed a rather anal and furtive pursuit” (interview with Frank Ormsby, p. 7). For almost a decade he dedicated his creative energies exclusively to traditional Irish music, but returned to poetry with a fresh conviction in the mid-1980s. Since the publication of The Irish for No in 1987 he has been very proliﬁc as a poet, novelist, and translator. From his late twenties until the year of his ﬁftieth birthday—between “about 1975” (Brandes, p. 81) and 1998—Carson worked for the Arts Council of Northern Ireland, ﬁrstly as the Traditional Arts Officer, and from 1991 as the Literature / Traditional Arts Officer. He worked to foster young talent and helped to disburse the government purse. He has been a Professor at Queen’s University Belfast, and the Director of the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry. In 1982 he married Deirdre Shannon, a ﬁddle-player, and they have had three children together. “Interestingly,” Carson remarks in a wry aside tucked away in a footnote to Last Night’s Fun, “the nice eccentric priest wrote my name as ‘Casson’, and so it is on our marriage certiﬁcate. So, formally, Deirdre Shannon and I are probably not married at all” (p. 182). This playful sense of the uncertainties attendant upon even the most sacred things is central to Carson’s work.

We learned lists of Latin, French and Irish words, together with their proper conjugations and declensions, their voices, tenses and moods; we sang names, dates, places, populations; we got poems, songs and recitations off by heart. We were expected to enumerate and name the angels’ hierarchies, and know the function of the sacred vessels and accessories. (The Star Factory, p. 212)

In many different ways, lists and “recitations off by heart” would become a feature of Carson’s work, most horrifyingly in the prose—poem “Question Time,” in which the speaker is beaten by strangers who appear to be IRA men, and only released after listing the streets of the Catholic neighborhood where he grew up. Carson’s writing life began in earnest at the age of ﬁfteen or sixteen, partly as a result of reading T. S. Eliot and Gerard Manley Hopkins. The following year, he hitchhiked to Castleblaney for his ﬁrst ﬂeadh (festival of traditional music). Between 1967 and 1971, he was “an ostensible student” of Queen’s University, Belfast, where he studied English Literature and formed an important friendship with Paul Muldoon: Muldoon was writing amazing poems when he was a mere boy. [#] I knew Paul very well, from when he arrived in Belfast at about the age of eighteen. We seemed to hit it off well together. He and I would get together very often, but we wouldn’t necessarily talk about poetry, or why you write. On the odd occasion, he might show me a poem and

EARLY POETRY: THE NEW ESTATE (1976) AND THE LOST EXPLORER (1978)

Of all his books, Carson’s debut volume of poems is the one that most closely resembles the productions of his Northern Irish contemporaries.

55

CIARAN CARSON It consists exclusively of lyric poems, thirty-three in total, the majority of which do not extend to a second page. They are arranged in a loose chronological sequence which runs from the medieval matter of the opening “The Scribe in the Woods” and the poems about Saint Ciaran, through to the contemporary setting of “Fishes in a Chinese Restaurant”, and the “marble [T]oilet ﬁxtures, the silence of water-beds” and the “book of poems you bought yesterday” that make their appearance in the title poem, which itself closes the volume. Although explicit autobiography is absent from The New Estate—the only one of Carson’s books about which such a statement can be made—any reader of The Star Factory cannot help but identify the “new estate” with the Mooreland housing estate in West Belfast, where the Carson family took up residence in the mid-1950s. This estate is, however, as much metaphysical as an actual location, and the book as a whole, despite certain misgivings and ironies, argues for the existence of a fragile continuity between the medieval scribe and the contemporary poet, living amongst “washing [that] ﬂutters like the swaying lines |Of a new verse” (p. 41). The fragility of this tradition is underlined by the prevailing themes of isolation, withdrawal, and silence, which are handled delicately, rather than dramatically. The impersonality of the volume is enhanced by the inclusion of ﬁve translations: three adapted from Early Irish, one from Welsh, and one from the work of the Greek poet, George Seferis. With its debt to the quieter moments of Sylvia Plath’s work, “The Moon Parlour” is a representative poem:

have invited her. The poem deals with “pockmarks” rather than identifying marks; the reader is forced to handle the poem “reverently” partly because there is very little to get to grips with. The New Estate boasts a whole series of “gentle dislocations” like this: its minimalism gravitates towards the “silence in the space between” the double-glazing of the poem “Moving In” (p. 29). This “space” sets off the more solid virtues of the traditional crafts celebrated in “The Casting of the Bell” and “Interior with Weaver.” The situation of the speaking voice of the latter poem is reminiscent of Heaney’s sonnet “The Forge”: it is the ﬁrst, most benign, of Carson’s allusions to the work of the older poet. “Interior with Weaver” and “The Forge” both place their central ﬁgures in the darkness of a rural building, with the speaker outside, looking in. Carson’s “All we can see of him#” recalls Heaney’s phrase “All I know is a door into the dark” (p. 10). That neither the blacksmith nor the weaver can be seen clearly allows for the possibility that their trades are receding into redundancy, and that the poems should be read as elegies, but in both cases there is an insistence on the tenacity of these forms of industry such that the darkness comes to represent the mystery of their preservation and, indeed, the preservation of a “mystery,” in its archaic sense of “profession.” The New Estate also praises a more modern form of artistry in “Engraving from a Child’s Encyclopaedia”:

Still no sign; she has quietly forgone Our invitation. Our host is downcast, he gestures As if dusting glass. We handle his expensive china reverently, Seeking gentle dislocations. My watch ticks Slowly; pock-marks drizzle on the window. Our illumination mists upon the lawn outside. (The New Estate, p. 34)

Admiration for the execution of painstaking detail develops into a considerable theme later in Carson’s career, culminating in the vivid treatment of the Golden Age of Dutch painting in the seventeenth century woven into the fabric of Fishing for Amber. In the context of The New Estate, the “etched lines” of the illustrations in the encyclopedia focus our attention on the six woodcuts that illustrate the volume. These are reproduced from De Re Metallica by Georgius Agricola, a seminal late medieval work examining metallurgy and sixteenth-century develop-

You can clearly see the etched lines on the plate, how many hours of trouble went in making this (p. 15)

Typically, the characters in the poem, though suggestively sketched, remain obscure. Just as there is “no sign” of the expected guest, there is barely a sign by which we might recognize those who

56

CIARAN CARSON ments in mining in central Europe. Originally intended to help explain new building techniques, the illustrations provide a visual echo of the image of the new estate itself, and add an extra dimension to the book’s tentative celebration of tradition. Compared to the careful composition of The New Estate, the pamphlet The Lost Explorer is something of a jumble. With hindsight, the majority of its ten poems seem to include premonitions of Carson’s decade-long poetic silence. They are preoccupied with passivity: if the explorer of the title knew where he or she was, then some decisive action could be taken. As it is, most of the poems remain in limbo. The irresolution in the pamphlet calls to mind great possibilities— anything could happen—but, because nothing yet has, the lyrics tend to run into painful and bathetic dead ends. The negativity is made all the more acute by the exotic settings of some of the poems. The speaker of “East of Cairo,” for example, is a young traveler who reﬂects bitterly on the apparent failure of his trip of selfdiscovery. The poem ends, however, with an unexpectedly ethereal evocation of the Dalai Lama. This swerve away from the brash despondency of the poem’s opening recalls the “gentle dislocations” of The New Estate and makes “East of Cairo” one of the pamphlet’s most successful poems.

THE IRISH FOR NO (1987) AND BELFAST CONFETTI (1989)

The Irish for No is a book of pivotal importance in Carson’s career. It is a maverick performance that displays his use of the long line to full advantage for the ﬁrst time, and its poems still retain their capacity to surprise. The volume’s tremendous verve and inventiveness are a world away from the cautious lyrics of the 1970s. Its publication was not merely a watershed in Carson’s own career, but in the literary culture of Northern Ireland. As the critic John Goodby has aptly put it: “The most radical transformation of the Northern Irish poetry scene of the late 1980s occurred with the reappearance of Ciaran Carson” (Irish Poetry Since 1950, p. 290). Belfast Confetti, appearing two years after The Irish for No, is very much its companion volume. Both books showcase Carson’s arresting powers of observation. They have a documentary quality that unforgettably captures a city which, by the late 1980s, had suffered over twenty years of civil unrest. The poems square up to the cityscape: “Everything unstitched, unravelled— mouldy fabric, [R]usted heaps and bolts, electrical spare parts [#] as the charred beams hissed and ﬂickered, I glimpsed a map of Belfast [I]n the ruins” (The Irish for No, “Smithﬁeld Market,” p. 37). Between them, The Irish for No and Belfast Confetti provide a map of a ruined city, and the very care with which they do so points to ways in which it might be rebuilt. The title The Irish for No refers to the absence of single words for “yes” and “no” in the Irish language: agreement and disagreement are expressed instead by reiteration of the verb, with a negative attached if necessary. This feature of the language guarantees—or at least provides for—garrulity, and is therefore in keeping with the wildly digressive narrative poems that open and close the book. In between these two groups of longer poems we ﬁnd sixteen lyrics that resemble misshapen sonnets, with lines that can stretch to more than twenty syllables, and in place of octet and sestet, a stanza of ﬁve lines followed by a four-line stanza. Each poem resembles a

The pamphlet’s other notable inclusion, “The Patchwork Quilt,” is exceptional in that it contains the seeds of themes and techniques that come to their fruition in The Irish for No, where the poem is reworked and extended as “Patchwork.” Carson reveals for the ﬁrst time his gift for committing spoken language to the page. The speaker describes in detail a quilt that has been twenty years in the making. This heterogeneity looks forward to Carson’s engagement with the city and with memory, and the everyday miracle of the quilt represents his ability to make the most chaotic material hang together.

57

CIARAN CARSON lexicon of military jargon alongside spoken language:

snapshot of the city, or a short ﬁlm, with the emphasis on disintegration and transmogriﬁcation, frequently as a result of the Troubles, but also registering other upheavals distinctive of the 1980s, such as the redevelopment and reappropriation of urban sites. Carson returns again and again to hole-in-the-wall taxi operations—which might or might not be fronts for illegal activity— each of which are ﬁtted up with “a wire grille and a voice-box uttering gobbledygook” (“Night Patrol,” p. 34). This “voice-box” comes to represent the various strains of “gobbledygook” that noisily constitute the life of Belfast. The poems are alert to, and constantly question, the competing discourses that seek to control the way we read a city. Carson exchanges the careful, limpid diction of The New Estate for a colloquial, idiomatic register. The ﬁrst lines of The Irish for No’s magniﬁcent opening poem, “Dresden”, take clichés and make them do the work of convincing us that we are in the presence of a ﬂuid and engaging raconteur: something “is anybody’s guess#But that’s another story#At any rate#to tell you the truth” (p. 11). The speaker is also distinguished by his penchant for self-correction, another feature that enables the text to approach the condition of spoken language. The narrative typically proceeds by presenting us with a piece of information—“I stayed there once”—and then turning back on itself in order to qualify the original statement—“Or rather, I nearly stayed there once.” As well as integrating the practice of storytelling with poetry, the inclusion of these on-the-hoof adjustments manifests an exploration of the workings of memory, another of Carson’s obsessive themes. The Irish for No draws an extended comparison between memory and the city, both riddled with holes, and endeavors to establish, in the face of the violence of the Troubles, a fruitful relationship between the two. False starts and ambiguities characterize Carson’s narrative poems, which savour their “inbetween-ness,” their being “neither [O]ne thing nor the other” (Belfast Confetti, “Loaf,” p. 15); his squashed sonnets favor a much sharper outline. They also deal in disconcerting clashes of register, accommodating, for example, the

A Saracen, Kremlin-2 mesh. Makrolon face-shields. Walkie-talkies. What is My name? Where am I coming from? Where am I going? A fusillade of question-marks. (The Irish for No, “Belfast Confetti”, p. 31)

The juxtaposition of the direct, plaintive questions, which are simultaneously existential, banal, and threatening, alongside the outlandish nomenclature of the soldiers’ hardware, creates a friction that is at the heart of Carson’s poetry. The phrase “Belfast confetti” carries a similar charge, pulled in different directions by its connotations of harmony and festivity, and its colloquial meaning of the “ammunition&hellip:tried and tested by generations of rioters” Belfast Confetti, “Brick,” 72), the handfuls of debris gleaned from the shattered city. belfast confetti expands the blueprint of the irish for no, maintaining its tripartite arrangement—two suites of narrative poems, either side of a series of squashed sonnets—but interleaving prose meditations between the shorter poems, and versions of Japanese haikus between the longer ones. The book’s structure is thus perfectly symmetrical, and invites comparisons between pieces that occupy corresponding positions in each of the book’s halves, and further comparisons between pieces in Belfast Confetti and their opposite numbers in The Irish for No. This elaborate construction reproduces the labyrinthine nature of the city that the books celebrate: it also, appropriately enough, leads very often to apparent dead ends. The echo-chamber effect resembles the accident that occurs in the course of “The Queen’s Gambit”: as someone spills a cup of tea on a discarded irish news a minor item bleeds through from another page, blurring the main story (p. 38)

this enshrines both carson’s narrative method and his sense of the city as composed of multiple layers that all have their claim upon our attention, but are often only revealed by chance.

58

CIARAN CARSON the capacity of spoken language to tip over into a kind of babble, or a kind of Babel. The pun on “babble” and “Babel” is central to the book and is given greater prominence by the cartoonish painting of the Tower of Babel reproduced on its cover. First Language is not, however, solely concerned with the phenomenon—at once disconcerting and exhilarating—of language being gabbled and garbled. It also features several translations, or versions: three based on passages from Ovid’s Metamorphoses, two poems “after” sonnets by Baudelaire, one “after” the Irish poet Seán Ó Ríordáin, and “Drunk Boat”, the book’s centerpiece, Carson’s take on Rimbaud. These acts of translation indicate a faith in language as a bearer of signiﬁcance, and the volume derives much of its power from the tension between this conviction and all the forms of “blah” (“All Souls,” p. 40) that carson recreates with such panache. the prevalence of “blah” is related to Carson’s belief that nothing is ever forgotten absolutely. “On Not Remembering Some Lines Of A Song” dramatizes this axiom:

the inclusion of short prose pieces provides another means of investigating the sediment of memory and what we might term the contemporary archaeology of the city. the reduction of linguistic pressure that prose entails enables carson to take a more leisurely tour of the city: at times it seems that every inch of belfast has been written-on, erased, and written-on again: messages, curses, political imperatives, but mostly names, or nicknames—Robbo, Mackers, Scoot, Fra— sometimes litanized obsessively on every brick of a gable wall, as high as the hand will reach, and sometimes higher, these snakes and ladders cancelling each other out in their bid to be remembered. remember 1690. remember 1916. most of all, remember me. i was here. (schoolboys and idlers of pompeii, p. 52)

belfast is transformed into a palimpsest that both deﬁes the reader and throws open the ﬂoodgates of interpretation. the graffiti “litanized obsessively” provides a counterpart to Carson’s own cataloging—“Ireland’s Entry, Elbow Lane, Weigh-House Lane, Back Lane, Stone-Cutter’s Entry” (“Turn Again,” p. 11)—and the observation that some of it is written “higher” than we could reach conjures up the possibility of some agency other than the human conspiring to create carson’s visions of belfast.

it’s coming back in dribs and drabs, for nothing ever is forgotten: it’s in there somewhere in the memorybank, glimmering in binary notation. (p. 27)

this apparently optimistic attitude is developed in a distressing direction: a direction inherent in the cold, science-ﬁction quality of the metaphor that renders human memory in “binary notation”. In some respects it is comforting to believe that nothing gets completely forgotten: at the same time, however, it is an overwhelming and nightmarish possibility. The “memory-bank” has more sensations and information deposited within it than our waking consciousness can cope with: to remember everything can be a form of madness. ﬁrst language captures the quality of this nightmare precisely. one of carson’s techniques for achieving this end is collage. the poem “Four Sonnets” is the most extended example of this method. With a different title, it would not be immediately obvious that the four sections are relatives of the sonnet: each consists of fourteen very long lines,

FIRST LANGUAGE (1993) AND OPERA ET CETERA (1996)

the focus of ﬁrst language is not trained so unrelentingly on the city. it is a book packed with allusions to the troubles, but—to a borrow a phrase from Carson’s version of Arthur Rimbaud’s “Le Bateau Ivre”—they are “slabbered with a monster’s verbiage” (p. 36). The poems often put language ﬁrst, in the sense that it can be difficult for the reader to get with any degree of conﬁdence beyond the music of their language to a meaning that is capable of being stated simply. On the whole, the narratives of The Irish for No and Belfast Confetti can be readily followed: in fact, they compel the reader’s attention. In contrast, the stories told in First Language often disintegrate altogether. The emphasis is on

59

CIARAN CARSON unrhymed, and each set apart in its own stanza. Connections can be made with Carson’s other work—“Put your ear to the street, and you will hear the underground streams of Belfast” (p. 22)—but they are eclipsed by the way the poem stubbornly disconnects one line from the next. Some motifs recur—clocks and puppets, for example—but there is no means of establishing a narrative; there is much reported speech, but no dialogue to be identiﬁed. Tantalizingly, aspects of the poem almost cohere, and many of the poem’s images self-referentially stand for an idea of order that is just out of reach: “I was trying to tell the time when I swallowed a lemon pip from my sixth or seventh gin-and-tonic” (p. 25). Unable to put all these pieces together, we are thrown back to the possibility of reading the poem for the sound of its language. The poem “Second Language” recounts a dream vision about Carson’s earliest linguistic experiences, which include the apprehension of “Wordy whorls and braids and skeins and spiral helices” (p. 10). In this poem, the consciousness of the child is used to counteract the centripetal energies of language; in others, narrators reminiscent of the storytellers from Carson’s earlier books go some way toward fulﬁlling this role. In Opera Et Cetera, the lyrics take their cue from “Four Sonnets” and become increasingly antagonistic to notions of explanation, legibility, and clarity. Opera Et Cetera is Carson’s most surreal book. Whereas the translations in First Language counterpoint its more mercurial aspects, the versions of lyrics by the Romanian poet Stefan Augustin Doinas are quite in keeping with the other poems of Opera Et Cetera. The book alternates between forms of ecstasy and paranoia. The ﬁrst of its four sections, “Letters From The Alphabet,” is a series of twenty-four poems, each consisting of ﬁve long-lined couplets. Some of the letters are personiﬁed—we can imagine them as writing the “Letters” of the title and sending them to the reader—others are imagined as objects, or given multiple roles to play. The poems have one foot in Belfast, one in a bizarre fantasy, and their head in the clouds:

today and landed you in yesterday Where everything was skew. The rainbow colours were all out of kilter, Like oil had leaked out all over the road from a dropped and broken philtre. There, no one wanted to be recognised, and walked around in wrap-round Polaroids. (K, p. 21)

Opera Et Cetera is enamored with things in disguise—and the odder the better, hence the “wrap-round Polaroids”—and with things that are “out of kilter.” The Latin tags that provide the titles for the sequence “Et Cetera,” for the reader with no Latin, come under both of these categories. “Jacta est alea”—“the die is cast”— dramatizes the volume’s refusal to have any truck with common sense or dialogue: We end up talking about talk. We stagger on the frontier. He is pro. I am con. Siamese-like, drunken, inextricable, we wade into theRubicon. (Jacta est alea p. 44)

The proverbial signiﬁcance of crossing the Rubicon is turned on its head: Carson recasts the decisive moment preserved by the tag as the inﬁnite postponement of decision. It is perhaps just possible to imagine this plunge into the Rubicon as a triumphant moment, but it is easier to see it as a kind of despair. A number of ﬁctional detectives are written into “Opera,” the book’s last section. Their presence is intended to bring home how unlikely it would be, even for a reader with the deductive powers of Sherlock Holmes, to straighten out the poem’s ferociously tangled narrative. In one respect, “Opera” seems a perverse choice of title: the action of an opera, though it might very well be melodramatic or preposterous, is usually easily followed. Carson’s “Opera” constantly hints at the presence of a legible narrative, but delights in throwing the reader off the scent: it deals in red herrings and perverse lexical choices. In another respect, however, the title “Opera” is appropriate: the narrative, or lack of it, often appears to be merely a vehicle for the raucous music of the poem’s language. Formally, it mir-

K is the leader of the empty orchestra of karaoke. K is the conductor on the wrong bus that you took

60

CIARAN CARSON rors “Letters From The Alphabet,” with each of the twenty-four lyrics named after a term in radio operator’s code—“Alpha,” “Bravo,” “Charlie,” and so on. While the code is designed to reduce the possibility of confusion, with the words chosen expressly so that the receiver would be highly unlikely to mistake one for another, Carson’s lyrics actively seek to maximize confusion. When using the code, it is helpful to discount the associations of the words, and to treat them as twenty-four counters, pointing only to their initial letters. “Opera” reintroduces these associations and incorporates further obscure and often seemingly arbitrary connections, sometimes prompted by concerns that are, as nearly as possible, solely textual or musical, entirely discounting the ordinary meanings of the words. “Kilo”, for example, ostensibly concerns a “rendezvous”— one that has yet to occur—“in a Falls Road taxi.” In its ﬁnal line, as if from nowhere, Maigret appears:

hymn to Belfast, a vivid record of dream visions of the city, shuttling between the present moment of writing and the adventures of childhood, and touching on a whole host of other destinations, historical and imaginative, en route. While the chapters of Last Night’s Fun are named after folk tunes, so that the contents-page constitutes a kind of set list upon which the memoir works virtuoso variations, most of the chapters in The Star Factory are named for a location in Belfast, either a street or a building, which makes the book resemble an unusual gazetteer. Carson’s imagination is ﬁred by a copy of the Belfast Street Directory for 1948, the year of his birth, and his own book transforms the notion of a dry and functional catalog, represented by the Directory, into a surreal love letter to the city. It is slightly misleading to think of Last Night’s Fun and The Star Factory simply as memoirs. They both eschew a chronological approach, preferring to surrender themselves to the promptings of memory, and happily skip back and forth across the decades. They also dispense with any ambition to be comprehensive. We might expect a memoir to try and account for everything of personal signiﬁcance during a given period of time, but Carson’s prose extravagantly ﬂouts these expectations. This dovetails beautifully with the conception of traditional music developed in the Pocket Guide and Last Night’s Fun. For Carson, “tradition” is not something monumental, but something always in process and always subject to change. The fun that the book has with personal pronouns helps to bring this observation home: the “I” reminiscing, often in the present tense, about a particular musical evening will at times give way to a “you,” gently unﬁxing the idea that the reader and the narrator occupy ﬁxed, ﬁnal positions. Last Night’s Fun sumptuously recreates the atmosphere of a traditional music session in the corner of a pub, and relishes the banter of the musicians and the ritual of breakfast the following morning. Fondly recreating the fantastical pub talk that underpins the whole volume, Carson draws a comparison between the preparation of breakfast and the previous night’s performance:

Maigret blew a cloud of briar smoke and spoke: LoKi? Kilo? O.K.! K.O.! (p. 77)

The anagram “Lo-Ki” ironically echoes the word “low-key” from earlier in the poem: “low-key” is the last thing Opera Et Cetera aspires to be. The danger is that Maigret’s “briar smoke” might choke the reader to death, or at least knock her out. MEMOIRS: LAST NIGHT’S FUN (1996) AND THE STAR FACTORY (1997)

Both of Carson’s memoirs have their genesis in earlier works. Last Night’s Fun takes off from his irreverent, but informative, Pocket Guide to Traditional Irish Music (1986). It has at its heart Carson’s long-standing love of the traditional music scene. Like the Pocket Guide, but on a larger scale, it features versions of stories, lyrics, poems, jokes, sleeve notes, extracts from essays and interviews with musicians. The Star Factory is similarly compendious—these works frequently have about them the feel of an almanac or a scrapbook—and has its origins in the prose vignettes of Belfast Confetti. It is Carson’s great

61

CIARAN CARSON ingly effective. The reader shares a quiet wonder at the fact that the territory of The Star Factory, the province of memory, will always exceed any map made of it. As Carson writes after one of the book’s many lavishly detailed catalogs: “these are but some of the objects I retrieved just now, perusing one adjacent drawer of the table under the machine on which I’m typing” (p. 68). One of the haul of childhood memories recounted in The Star Factory concerns the family saying the rosary together during Carson’s childhood. Here and elsewhere, he is silent on the subject of his current religious beliefs, but throughout The Star Factory there is a rich seam of religious metaphor, which gives weight to a wide variety of scenes and items. A bend in the river behind the Mooreland housing estate is shaded by a “clerestory of branches,” beneath which it “was easy to imagine dim organ-music in this miniature cathedral” (p. 99); a copy of Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrews is imagined as a “pocket icon” (p. 225); a Singer sewing machine under its cover “looked like a small catafalque or tabernacle on an altar” (p. 139); cornershops are possessed of “chapel-vestibule gloom” (p. 181); and his father’s bedtime story is compared to “Midnight Mass” (p. 142). The book’s other striking recurrent metaphor is writing, or the alphabet: a goods-trains pulls a “hundred and something modules of giant linear script” (p. 89); elsewhere, “Co-ordinated, countless sentences of starlings ﬂit and sway in baroque paragraphs across the darkening sky, as they compose exploded founts of type” (p. 237). The builders of a new estate are recast as authors:

If traditional musicians are engaged with constant repetition and renewal, inﬁnite ﬁne-tunings and shades of rhythms, variations on the basic, cooks are even more so. #The freshness of the egg, the weather, the altitude, the water, whether you add salt or not, and whether you start from cold or boiling: all these are important factors in what seems a simple operation. (p. 15)

The idea of “variations on the basic” takes on a huge importance in Last Night’s Fun. It is in such “variations” that music lives. The melody might be terriﬁcally simple, its ingredients as unremarkable as an egg, but “it does not know the printed conﬁnes of the dotted crotcheted page” (p.160). Last Night’s Fun celebrates performance and spontaneity. It is only in the context of performance that the “variations” can be appreciated: “The song must be. It must be sung right now, contemporaneously” (p. 160). Carson’s advocacy of performance is—at times with a dash of irony—reinforced by his habit of date-stamping his prose with a ﬂourish: “As I write, it is two minutes to midnight on the twelfth of December 1994#” (p. 34). This practice selfconsciously turns the act of writing into a performance and The Star Factory takes it to far greater lengths. Not only is Carson apt to take time out to tell us that, at the moment of writing, it is “7.15 p.m. on 8 April 1997” (p. 223), he also opens his narrative to moment-by-moment reports of its own creation. When uncertain of a detail pertaining to the bonﬁres he remembers from his childhood, he telephones his brother Pat for corroboration. Pat is unable to conﬁrm or deny the veracity of the detail, but remembers some further details, that themselves become part of the narrative. Elsewhere, talking the reader through a calendar illustrated with Belfast photographs, Carson reaches November and “the defunct Brown Horse Bar,” but cannot recall what stands in its place: “Annoyed by this lapse of memory, I jump into the car and drive down to where it was” (p. 94). Because it is as much about the process of remembering as it is about the memories themselves, The Star Factory is both a memoir and a diary. This hybridity is present in all life writing, but the degree of Carson’s emphasis on the present is unusual and charm-

Had their basic modules been alphabet bricks, I could have seen them building lapidary sentences and paragraphs, as the storeyed houses became emboldened by their hyphenated, skyward narrative, and entered the ongoing, fractious epic that is Belfast. (p. 126)

Carson’s extended metaphors ensure that, within this reimagining of the growing city, the alphabet bricks become infused with spilt religion. His meditation on the 1948 Belfast Street Directory leads him to reﬂect on “the cabalistic or magical implications of the alphabet” (p. 7); a few

62

CIARAN CARSON fying rather than unifying his book. An historical account of the Teutonic Knights controlling the amber trade in the ﬁfteenth century and a folktale in which some amber jewelry plays only a cameo role are given equal weight in the book’s freewheeling, inclusive universe. This approach brings out an ambiguity in the title: Fishing for Amber is both a record of Carson’s somewhat haphazard research into amber—his ﬁshing trips in search of references to amber include a sublime evocation of New York Public Library— and a metaphor for the unusual reading experience that the novel provides. Within each chapter we ﬁsh both for amber and for its signiﬁcance: a pursuit that can call for considerable reserves of readerly patience. The short stories that make up the “long story” are drawn from a wide variety of sources. The sheer diversity of the materials powerfully resists summary, but some headway can be made by considering the book’s different narrators. First, we have a narrator called Carson. The book encourages us to make no distinction between this narrator and the author. In the course of the book’s action—that is, in the rare intervals when we are not listening to a story being told—Carson visits The Netherlands with his wife, goes to hear a series of stories performed by his father, and spends time in a pub on the shores of Lough Neagh, in Northern Ireland, with a Dutchman called Jan Both and a Polish sailor called Jarniewicz. These four men—Carson, Carson’s father, Jan Both, and Jarniewicz—narrate most of the novel, but just as the chapters drift away from their titles, it is easy to forget who is telling which particular story. Stories spawn stories, and things that at ﬁrst seem to be incidental repeatedly elbow aside what we had taken to be the dominant narrative. There is no reliable narrator to help to keep the others in check. To further complicate things, the identity of a particular narrator is sometimes only made apparent after the fact. We only learn, for example, at the start of the following chapter that the contents of “Nemesis” have been spoken aloud by Carson for the pleasure and instruction of Jan Both. “Nemesis” opens with a reworking of a story from Ovid’s

chapters later, he announces: “Sometimes I am in religious awe of the power of names” (p. 43). Reading The Star Factory, it is hard not to assent to these supranational convictions. The memoir’s success lies in Carson’s ability to persuade us of the force of the poetic logic that governs memory, and informs our relationships with the city, but without letting these “magical implications” multiply to the extent that they obscure, or undermine, the remarkable feats of self-revelation that make the book unique.

FICTION: FISHING FOR AMBER (2000) AND SHAMROCK TEA (2001)

Fishing for Amber reworks in prose the alphabeticizing of Opera Et Cetera on a grander scale. Its chapters run from “Antipodes” to “Zoetrope.” Many of the titles qualify as exotic (“Helicon,” “Io,” “Jacinth”), but the rareﬁed atmosphere implicit in such choices is complicated by some abstract choices (“Whereabouts,” “Ramiﬁcation”), and deﬂated by some humorously banal ones (“Kipper,” “Xerox”). Like the surreal poems of Opera Et Cetera, the chapters are wont to detach themselves from their titles. They usually include at least two distinct narratives, often only one of which will maintain some connection with the title. Furthermore, the title sometimes corresponds to a small detail in a given chapter, apparently with no broader relevance to the chapter as a whole. The relationship, therefore, between the abecedary on the contents page and the contents of the book is an extremely playful one, even more so than Carson’s two memoirs. In fact, Fishing for Amber is the most playful of his books, and its tricksy titles are only part of the story. Carson’s debut novel announces itself not as a novel, but as “a long story,” thus casually inventing a new genre. The book is actually a miscellany of over ﬁfty short stories: the “long story” is, among other things, the story of how all these other stories found themselves between the covers of a single book. The shortest answer is that every chapter touches upon “amber.” Carson positively revels in the fact that his choice of a single theme seems to have the effect of diversi-

63

CIARAN CARSON of his childhood: shortly after going away to boarding school, he was enlisted by a secret society called the Ancient Order of Hibernians to travel through time with two young companions to ﬁfteenth-century Bruges. Their mission was to gather a sufficient quantity of the hallucinogenic known as shamrock tea to render the water supply of Belfast highly potent. The narcotic effect would be such, according to the Hibernians, that the citizens of Belfast would forget their differences and live in harmony. One of the book’s central conceits is that art provides an experience so intense as to utterly reorder one’s consciousness. Within the frame of the novel, this point is made by the fact that a perfectly executed painting can provide access to another world. The Hibernians can, therefore, use Jan van Eyck’s Arnolﬁni Double Portrait as a time-machine to put their plan into action. Similarly, aided by a little shamrock tea, Carson and his cousin Berenice inadvertently use a copy of van Eyck’s painting as a portal to the Silent Valley dam, the very spot earmarked for the introduction of shamrock tea on a larger scale. Maeterlinck—the third child selected by the Hibernians for the mission—is held to be a particularly suitable choice because he has already paid a visit to ﬁfteenth-century Ghent courtesy of a stained-glass window depicting the Angel Gabriel. Set down baldly like this, Shamrock Tea sounds preposterous, and it is. The plot is intended to have a comic dimension, but a more serious point is being made as well. The novel circles around a cluster of interconnected themes, all of which function as a metaphor for aesthetic experience: illness, convalescence, intoxication, ﬂight, and time-travel. All these states of mind allow for a mode of perception that imbibing shamrock tea guarantees. The narrator’s eccentric Uncle Celestine—who turns out to be a key Hibernian—articulates this condition, imagining a future in which the inhabitants of Belfast have had their tap water spiked:

Metamorphoses that tells of the origin of amber. It is rendered in a stirring present tense, and often in headlines. This gives way to an extract from Pliny the Elder, scornfully providing a survey of explanations as to where amber comes from and ridiculing them one by one. Pliny is followed by a brief digression on some Chinese lore and customs regarding bees, with honey deemed to be a distant cousin of amber. Finally, we are presented with a Lithuanian folktale that identiﬁes the source of amber in tears wept by a mermaid whose ﬁsherman lover has been struck dead with a thunderbolt by her divine husband. This last narrative is by no means told for laughs, but rather delivered in good storybook fashion. A précis of “Nemesis” provides a useful sense of the book’s ardor for the miscellaneous and of the varying tones of voice in which its stories are told. They are held together less by the recurrence of amber than by a belief in the value of a story well told. Jarniewicz reminisces brieﬂy about his father, who resembles Carson’s father and in turn stands for an ideal. The allusion to Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” and “Rime of the Ancient Mariner” pinpoints the book’s ambition: to gather stories that do not give up their meaning as a nut cracked reveals a nut, but rather come into their own in the act of being retold. Shamrock Tea, like Fishing for Amber, is painstakingly divided into sections of equal length. The 101 chapters, each three pages long, call to mind The Thousand and One Nights, ﬂagging once again Carson’s love of narrative deferral. Every chapter is named after a color— with the exception of the last, entitled “Blank”— transforming the novel into a bizarre box of paints featuring everything from the fantastic (“Dragon’s Blood”) to the everyday (“Brick Red”). It is no exaggeration to state that many of the novel’s scenes are truly bizarre. Unlike Fishing for Amber, there is a more-or-less conventional plot—not quite submerged by the energetic divagations into the lives and work of saints, philosophers, and artists—albeit a plot distinguished by its towering absurdity and total irresolution. In brief, the principal narrator is again called Carson, and was born in Belfast in the year of the author’s birth. He tells the story

They will see the world as it really is, a world in which everything connects; where the Many is One, and the One is Many. There will be no division, for everything in the real world refers to something else, which leads to something else again, in a

64

CIARAN CARSON mon with Carson’s experience of Japan: “Tokyo amazed me: ultra-modern on the surface; but go down an alleyway, enter a doorway, and you come across another world.” (Mitsuko Ohno, p. 19). All these ingredients make for a disorienting reading experience, but it is one which we are prepared for: from the off:

never-ending hymn of praise. The world is an eternal story. (p. 236)

Both of Carson’s novels sponsor this mysticism, which once again echoes Coleridge, while ironically undermining it. The dream of “no division” remains a dream: the world is only “an eternal story” within Carson’s ﬁctional parameters.

This is the land of the green rose and the lion lily, Ruled by Zeno’s eternal tortoises and hares, Where everything is metaphor and simile: Somnambulists, we stumble through this paradise From time to time, like words repeated in our prayers, Or storytellers who convince themselves that truths are lies. (Tib’s Eve, p. 13)

RECENT POETRY: THE TWELFTH OF NEVER (1998) AND BREAKING NEWS (2003)

The Twelfth of Never has more in common with Carson’s ﬁction than any other of his volumes of poetry. Like Fishing for Amber and Shamrock Tea, it operates according to a template. While the novels have chapters that are fastidiously kept to the same length, The Twelfth of Never is a sequence of seventy-seven near-sonnets, composed of twelve syllable lines, alexandrines, rather than the standard iambic pentameters. That each line should be augmented by two syllables often produces echoes of ballad meter. This effect is sometimes made more insistent by the placement of a caesura, or by rhetorical repetition:

The Twelfth of Never situates itself in a dream state, a parallel history conjured not least by the book’s title. The epigraph, from Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, explains that Saint Tib’s Eve is celebrated “neither before Christmas Day nor after it” (p. 12). Carson chooses the twelth in order that his “paradise” might offer some sort of imaginative alternative to July 12, the day on which Orangemen take to the streets of Northern Ireland to hold their annual marches; it also suggests Twelfth Night festivities and hence the notion of an epiphany, the moment at which the eternal enters into the mundane. The book is a mosaic of disparate fantasies—some ethereal, some violent—that has as its ﬁnale Carson’s whole cast of characters ascending a “long ladder propped against the gates of Heaven” (“Envoy,” p. 89). The individual scenes are vivid, unlike the intense confusion of Opera Et Cetera, but the net effect is hallucinatory and kaleidoscopic. Carson’s most recent book of poems, Breaking News, marks a startling departure. His long lines are pared back to units so short they resemble newspaper headlines. Some of the poems they form are composed of fewer words than can be found in individual lines in Carson’s previous volumes. On these drastically reduced canvases, many of his preoccupations are reduced to their bare bones:

There’s muskets in the thatch, and pikestaffs in the hay, And shot in butter barrels buried in the bog, Extrapolated powder in the tin for tay; And everything is wrapped in blue-as-gunsmoke fog. (Lord Gregory, p. 47)

These balladic tendencies complement the numerous elements of Irish folk songs and ballads that are worked into the book, and constitute one of the major thematic strands running through the sequence. The interweaving of several incongruous strands offers another point of contact with Carson’s ﬁction. Many of the poems are inspired by a trip Carson took to Japan in 1998; others have their genesis in Carson’s reading about Napoleon’s campaigns. Another major source of material is the 1798 rebellion of the United Irishmen. The book thus has something in com-

65

CIARAN CARSON everyone is watching everybody in the grey light of surveillance

its concentration upon single incidents, there is no possibility of sustained narrative. This difﬁculty is addressed by placing alongside the brief, costive, broken lyrics, a series of poems dedicated to the ﬁrst modern war correspondent, William Howard Russell, known in his own day as Balaclava Russell for his reports for The Times on the Crimean War, and later as Bull Run Russell as a result of his coverage of the American Civil War. Carson’s poems are remakes of Russell’s dispatches: “in many instances I have taken his words verbatim, or have changed them only slightly to accommodate rhyme and rhythm”(“ Notes,” p. 74). In contrast to the poems in the mold of “News,” the poems inspired by Russell are packed to bursting with material detail: “What debris a ruined empire [l]eaves behind it!” (“Sedan,” p. 71). Breaking News attacks the thorny question of the appropriate way to write about conﬂict by approaching it from two utterly different angles. In doing so, the volume seeks to break the hold that the media can have over our imaginations, and provides an alternative insight.

(Blink, p. 24)

The sensation of being watched—the “British Army [h]elicopter [p]oised” (“Home,” p. 12) over the city casts a long shadow over the volume— seems to have determined the very form of the poems. One line gives way to the next with a rapidity that bespeaks paranoia. In the short poems that take up most of the book, Carson dispenses entirely with punctuation. This decision also images anxiety: it is as if the author is reluctant to loiter long enough to arrange the commas and periods. At any rate, the poems’ building blocks are stark enough to determine their own syntax. Lots of them describe a similar trajectory, and it is the trajectory of breaking news. “Horse at Balaklava, 1854” is a good example: it describes the slaughter of a horse in the Crimean War, presenting us “one minute” with the horse in rude health, and “the next” with its ﬂesh being torn by a shell. These temporal indications are all the more forceful because they occupy stanzas of their own, although the fact that the poem’s longest stanza runs to seven words—“ﬂowing mane [t]he picture of life”— means that the lyric is forceful from start to ﬁnish. Another key line that is given its own stanza is the single word “remark,” offered as an imperative. This sequence—“one minute,” “the next”, “remark”—is characteristic of the volume, and the violent death of the warhorse and a bomb detonating in Belfast are described in the same unblinking manner (p. 18). The book’s title is broken into two poems: “Breaking” and “News.” Together they present a car bomb in terms of “one minute” and “the next.” The phrase “breaking news” corresponds to the ambition of the poems, their desire to break “news” open and make available to the reader that which the language of newspaper reports tends to muffle and distort. In “News,” this goal ﬁnds an exact typographical equivalent when the “Belfast Telegraph” sign above a newsstand becomes, after the explosion, “fast rap” (p. 17). The news is, quite literally, broken up. One problem that the book comes up against is that in

CONCLUSION

Carson’s voice is an important one in the context of the “Ulster Renaissance,” and more generally in contemporary Anglophone literature. It is to be hoped that his work will not be eclipsed by the substantial reputations of his compatriots Seamus Heaney and Paul Muldoon. His portrayals of Belfast are indispensable because they are neither disﬁgured by partisan zeal, nor have they been cowed by the monstrosity of the situation into an attitude of fence-sitting, or the repetition of platitudes. His various enterprises as a translator also deserve recognition and attention, not least the extraordinary, and extraordinarily ambitious, rendering of Dante’s Inferno, in terza rima throughout, which was published in 2003. Carson thrives on the exactions of large-scale formal challenges. The linguistic precision with which he undertakes them is matched, paradoxically, by the intense attraction of everything that exceeds formal limitations. His multifaceted celebration of “the ongoing, fractious epic that is Belfast” (SF, p. 126) always gives due emphasis to that

66

CIARAN CARSON adjective “ongoing.” He is a poet of the provisional, the digressive, the oblique—a list that, not insigniﬁcantly, could go on. His poetry teaches us to be suspicious of all overly pat conclusions: not a lesson that is learned in a hurry.

Poems. London: Picador, 1999. Shamrock Tea. London: Granta, 2001. The Inferno of Dante Alighieri: A New Translation. London: Granta, 2002. Breaking News. Oldcastle, Co. Meath: Gallery Press, 2003. The Midnight Court: a new translation of Cúirt an Mhéan Oíche by Brian Merriman. Oldcastle, Co. Meath, Ireland: Gallery Press, 2005.

Selected Bibliography

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Brandes, Rand, “Ciaran Carson,” an interview held in Madden’s Bar, Belfast, 8 August 1989. The Irish Review 8, Spring 1990, pp. 77-90. Clark, Heather, The Ulster Renaissance: Poetry in Belfast 1962–1972. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Corcoran, Neil, Poets of Modern Ireland: Text, Context, Intertext. Cardiff: Univeristy of Wales Press, 1999. Gillis, Alan, and Aaron Kelly, eds., The Cities of Belfast. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2003. Goodby, John, Irish Poetry Since 1950. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. Ohno, Mitsuko, “Hokusai, Basho, Zen and More: Japanese Inﬂuences on Irish Poets.” Jornal of Irish Studies (IASIL– JAPAN), 17: 15–31 (2000). MacDonald, Peter, Mistaken Identities: Poetry and Northern Ireland. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. McCracken, Kathleen, “Ciaran Carson: Unravelling the Conditional, Mapping the Provisional,” in Michael Kenneally, ed., Poetry in Contemporary Irish Literature. Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, pp. 356–72. Murphy, Shane, “Sonnets, Centos and Long Lines: Muldoon, Paulin, McGuckian and Carson,” in Matthew Campbell, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Contemporary Irish Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 189–208. Ormsby, Frank, “Ciaran Carson,” an interview. Linen Hall Review 8:1: 5–8 (April 1991).

WORKS OF CIARAN CARSON The Insular Celts. Belfast: Ulsterman Publications, 1973. “Escaped From The Massacre?” a review of Seamus Heaney’s North. The Honest Ulsterman 50, Winter 1975, pp. 183–186. The New Estate. Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1976. The Lost Explorer. Belfast: Ulsterman Publications, 1978. The Pocket Guide to Irish Traditional Music. Belfast: Appletree Press, 1986. The Irish for No. Dublin: Gallery Press, 1987. Belfast Confetti. Oldcastle: Gallery Press, 1989. First Language. Loughcrew: Gallery Press, 1993. Last Night’s Fun. London: Jonathan Cape, 1996. Opera Et Cetera. Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe Books, 1996. The Star Factory. London: Granta, 1997. The Alexandrine Plan: versions of sonnets by Baudelaire, Mallarmé, and Rimbaud. Oldcastle, County Meath: Gallery Press, 1998. The Twelfth of Never. Oldcastle, County Meath: Gallery Press, 1998. Fishing for Amber. London: Granta, 1999. The Ballad of HMS Belfast: A Compendium of Belfast

67

STEWART CONN (1936—)

Gerry Cambridge STEWART CONN IS one of contemporary Scotland’s most respected poets, a ﬁgure widely admired for the integrity of his vision and the unshowy authenticity of his poetic voice. A modest, unassuming, and socially compassionate man, in a poetic career spanning almost forty years he has fretted at major themes: love, the responsibilities of the individual, mortality, and the temporal transcendence to be found in art, in particular the visual arts, as witness his love for the impressionists and Renaissance classicists. He is a grave and yet unforbidding poet, with an engaging human warmth, wry awareness, and acceptance of human foibles along with an acute awareness of social strata. His work is underpinned by a strong and yet not evangelical humanist stance, which allies it with that of Scottish contemporaries such as Douglas Dunn, yet it is salted and grained by the wholly individual timbre of his own voice. The attentive reader of his poetry will gain a strong impression of numerous aspects of contemporary Scotland, both rural and urban, since the 1960s, yet cast too in a historical perspective. While Conn is fundamentally a lyric poet, the work contains a strong documentary strand that gives a reassuring dependability to the poet’s vision.

that hints tellingly at the Church of Scotland’s ambivalent relationship with Roman Catholicism in Scotland yet is left tantalizingly unexplicated. The poet trusts his—presumably Scottish—audience to implicitly understand these ambivalences. The poet’s parents in some respects were representative of the contrasts and conﬂicts in his own background experience, in particular the famous divide between Scotland’s two major cities, Glasgow and Edinburgh. His father, John Cochrane Murdoch Conn, was from Glasgow. His mother, Jessie Conn (née Stewart) was an Edinburgh woman whom Conn later remembered affectionately as having to some degree, through the marriage to his father, been exiled from her Edinburgh roots. Social mores and expectations of different Scottish regions feature frequently in the poet’s awarenesses. The family, including a sister born in 1939—a second sister would arrive in 1943—moved to Kilmarnock in Ayrshire, then a relatively prosperous industrial town, when Conn was “almost six” (Distances, p. 55). Even today, Ayrshire, the birthplace of one of Conn’s great literary forebears, Robert Burns, retains its bracing and somewhat rebarbative air. In Kilmarnock, Conn’s father was minister of St. Marnock’s, a central charge largely affiliated with a working-class base; the poet’s early background was modest yet comfortable. Conn was, in the Scots expression, a “child of the manse,” a situation to which the poet responded by becoming largely agnostic. To his credit, Conn senior, a scholarly and ecumenically progressive man, never tried to coerce his son into joining his church, though his gifts as an orator and giver of sermons Conn later credited with possibly encouraging in him the seed of an interest in literature. The young Conn attended Kilmarnock Academy, both at primary and secondary levels, amusingly describing

LIFE

Stewart Conn was born on November 5, 1936, in Glasgow’s Hillhead district, in what is now the prosperous West End of the city, in a top ﬂat in Cranworth Street during a period when Conn’s father was minister of a local church of Scotland. The poet would later recount revisiting where he was born and ﬁnding the name on the ﬂat’s doorplate was “R. C. Risk: [my father]’d have enjoyed that” (Distances, p. 56). It is an anecdote

69

STEWART CONN Scottish writers of the times, including eminent Scottish poets such as George Mackay Brown, Douglas Dunn, Edwin Morgan, Alasdair Maclean, and, especially important to him on a personal level, Iain Crichton Smith. He was also in a position to commission plays and other features from such writers and did so with his characteristic scrupulous generosity. In 1960 Conn had met his wife-to-be, Judith Ann Clarke, the “Judy” of his many book dedications, a cheerful and vivacious woman of Protestant Irish background who was working in Glasgow on attachment from the BBC in London. The couple married in 1963 in Bangor Abbey, County Down, Ireland, and have remained happily married since. Judy Conn’s personality often seems to have been a source of great support and comfort to the poet. She is the subject of a number of his more affecting poems and, one suspects, the muse for many of them, giving his poems about mortality, love, and art’s limited but vital capacity to console a notable edge and poignance. Also in 1963, Conn won a Gregory Award—the foremost acknowledgment in Britain for a young poet of promise—via a panel comprising the critics Herbert Reid, Bonamy Dobree, and Howard Sergeant. Conn and his family—two sons, Arthur and Ian, had been born in, respectively, 1973 and 1975—remained in Glasgow until 1977, years in which the poet not only consolidated his career as a playwright and radio producer but also established a considerable reputation as one of the most interesting of contemporary Scottish poets, with three collections from the reputable English publisher Hutchinson to his credit: Stoats in the Sunlight (1968), An Ear to the Ground (1972), and Under the Ice (1978). These volumes conﬁrmed him as a writer of individual lyricism and voice, An Ear to the Ground being the book “choice” of the British Poetry Society for 1972. Meanwhile, the increasing frailty of his father—he died in 1974—resulted in a new group of poems concerned with the quandary of facing up to a parent’s mortality and of Conn’s relationship to him. Conn and his family relocated to Edinburgh in 1977 as part of a BBC Radio resettlement, taking

himself and his fellow pupils as “snobby wee bastards” (Cambridge, p. 30) in red blazers and red caps, at times set upon by the rougher youths from further up the Kilmarnock valley. “Our wee caps started rolling down the Kilmarnock Water like rowan berries” (p. 30). The young Conn had little affection for Kilmarnock itself, but his father came out of farming stock; his relatives owned two farms on nearby Craigie Hill, some three miles from the town’s outskirts. Conn has compared this in a modest way to his equivalent of Edwin Muir’s Edenic childhood on Orkney: visits on Sundays and during holidays to the farms, Harelaw (the “Hill of the Hare” in Scots) and High Landcraig, excited and engaged him, peopled as they were by a host of characters of almost biblical vividness and pervaded by the spirit of Robert Burns. It was a way of life and setting later to be commemorated and celebrated in the poet’s early poems and credited with giving him—in its matter-of-factness regarding the poetry of Burns as something as everyday as grass—a distrust of ivory-tower elitism and an ambivalence about the role of the “poet” in general, a tension often seen in his verse. In the town’s Dick Institute Library and Museum as a teenager Conn discovered to his surprise contemporary Scottish poetry, and he wrote his ﬁrst poems in the institution’s reading room. At age eighteen he became infatuated for a time by the work of Dylan Thomas, as carried away by that poet’s orotund sonorities as he was baffled by their meanings. The poet attended Glasgow University in 1954, where he took English, French, and history, but left voluntarily at the end of his ﬁrst year, concerned that his creative faculties would be swamped by his critical ones. He served two years, to 1957, in National Service, mainly as a personnel clerk at RAF Swinderby, in Lincolnshire, dismayed by the ﬂatness of the surrounding landscape. By 1958, at the age of twentytwo, he had joined the BBC in Glasgow as a studio manager—the beginning of a long and distinguished career with this major organization, which saw Conn latterly, via work as a drama producer, as the head of radio drama. In this position he made the acquaintance of many of the

70

STEWART CONN up residence in a comfortable ﬂat in the city’s new town. In 1983 he was awarded a Thyne scholarship, the most prestigious offered by the English Speaking Union Scotland to enable writers to travel abroad to study and research their own particular vocations. The distinction doubly pleased him for its acknowledgment of his avocation as a writer as opposed to his day job in radio drama. The poet visited South Africa for two months, a trip that produced a new range of South African poems as well as opening his sensibility to the bewildering harshnesses of apartheid. In the Kibble Palace: New and Selected Poems followed in 1987. By 1992, though, dismayed by increasing bureaucracy at the BBC, Conn had opted for early retirement from the organization in order to devote himself to writing, concentrating both on poetry and plays. The ensuing decade saw not only the death of his mother, Jessie, in 1993—she had outlived her husband by nineteen years—but the publication of four volumes of poetry. The year 2002 marked a substantial development in the poet’s career, coinciding usefully with his dwindling output as a playwright: in May, Conn was appointed for three years as Edinburgh’s ﬁrst “Makar,” or poet laureate, a largely titular but prestigious appointment carrying a minor remuneration but which helped, nonetheless, to validate him—a man frequently modest to a fault regarding his poetry—as a poet. Concretely the appointment helped him to raise the public proﬁle of poetry in the Scottish capital and produce work for his 2005 collection Ghosts at Cockcrow, as well as garnering invitations for him to attend poetry conferences in central Europe: in Zagreb, Croatia (2004), Tetovo, Macedonia (2005), and Vilnius, Lithuania (2006), occasions that gave this socially aware poet new insight into recent European history. In 2006 the poet was chosen to receive the Iain Crichton Smith Award for services to literature, administered by the Institute of Contemporary Scotland.

II, in the Dictionary of Literary Biography series. Though Conn’s earliest poetry appeared in two pamphlets, The Chinese Tower, a poem sequence set in France, and Thunder in the Air, published by the Scot Duncan Glen’s culturally vital Akros Press, his ﬁrst full collection was a hardcover, its contents divided into two sections. Section 1 comprises mainly poems about his Scottish experience—farm and landscape—and the second ranges through history, often in the form of dramatic monologues spoken by various personae. Strongly inﬂuenced by poets such as Ted Hughes—in 1968 the presiding eminence in British poetry—whose ﬁrst book had been called The Hawk in the Rain—and by the Scottish poet Norman MacCaig, Stoats is an at times mannered if solid performance. Many of its poems resoundingly rhyme, and the volume opens with the anthology piece “Todd,” about the biblical patriarch of Conn’s childhood experiences who was to form the subject matter of a number of the farming poems. White-haired, horse-devoted, from a fundamentalist religious background unassailed by doubt, Todd is a representative of a vanishing way of life, a pattern that was breaking up in Conn’s childhood—though pockets of it remained in Ayrshire as late as the 1970s—and is now wholly gone. The poem’s popularity as an anthology piece is understandable: it is readily comprehensible, written in quatrains rhyming abba, and neatly and elegantly constructed. The irony is strong. The middle section of the piece recounts anecdotally the man’s devotion to Clydesdale horses, and the closure visualizes him, wryly, transformed into a horse himself; a transformation that in its whimsy distances the narrator from fundamentalist absolutes as well as making an ironic point about the true objects of Todd’s devotion. Seven of the opening section’s sixteen poems appear to deal with Conn’s early farm experience: “Todd,” “The Orchard,” “Harelaw,” “Ayrshire Farm,” “Afternoon,” “Craigie Hill,” and “Ferret.” They are pieces with a strong documentary underpinning, often solidly retrospective: in interview Conn has quoted approvingly the statement by the American poet Dabney Stuart that he began to write poetry when he began to

STOATS IN THE SUNLIGHT

This essay will concern itself with Conn as poet, his dramatic work having been usefully covered in British and Irish Dramatists Since World War

71

STEWART CONN remember. Some, such as “Ferret” or “Craigie Hill,” which is about encountering stoats (an ermine in its sleek brown summer coat), are pure reminiscence; others, such as “Harelaw” and “Ayrshire Farm,” contrast the altering and relatively squalid present with the settled and, it is implied, more vigorous and genuine past. The poet revisits old haunts only to ﬁnd the farm sold, the landscape changed. In general the poems are strongest in technique when Conn uses assonance rather than full rhyme. If Hughes often appeared to be interested in violence as an absolute, Conn’s scrutiny of it has a sort of fascinated horror. The second section of Stoats in the Sunlight has no shortage of brutality, with the poet very aware of precariousness, of facing “up to the particular,” of the nature of “margins,” in a twelve-line poem of that title, which are “the nature / Of the charmed lives we bear.” (p. 51) The poet has a ﬁnely tuned awareness of that good fortune, yet is far from blind to the horror around, as this section makes clear: “Vanities” (pp. 41–45) expounds religious and medieval cruelties, and the section opens and closes respectively with “Flight” (p. 33) and “Ambush,” (p. 60) poems in which the temporal and geographical circumstances remain unexplained but in which the speakers are ﬂeeing some conﬂict. The book’s closing image, referring back intriguingly to the earlier stoat poem, is of “eight men,” “like stoats in the sunlight,” “fastened through the throat to trees (p. 60).” Conn’s ﬁrst book was a signiﬁcant debut, showing its inﬂuences in the way of many ﬁrst books, but elucidating some of his major preoccupations: the attempt for decency in a brutal world, a nervy awareness of vulnerability, and a clear-eyed facing up to physical horror. In later books he would leave the explication of pure violence, inﬂuenced by Hughes, well behind. It was with his second book that he can be said to have found his characteristic voice.

clanging full rhymes that had marred some of the pieces in his ﬁrst volume; in their place he employed assonance, with full rhyme only for particular emphasis, and an individuality of rhythm that supplants the straitjacketing metric of pieces such as “Harelaw.” The book is in three sections, opening with “Kilchrenan,” a poem in unrhymed couplets dealing obliquely with the Highland Clearances—which saw large parts of the land cleared of crofters by Scottish landowners to make way for sheep—and providing a social context for the volume’s uneasy title. Section 1 contains ﬁne poems continuing Conn’s preoccupation with his early farm experience in “On Craigie Hill,” “Forebears,” and “Farm Funeral.” These have a more subdued and elegiac air than related poems in the ﬁrst book and all seem solidly dependable in texture and emotional veracity. They are less celebration than commemoration. “It is hard to look / Back with any sense of belonging” Conn writes in “On Craigie Hill,” as if all that had happened since—he was by this time working with BBC Radio in Glasgow—had distanced him. These pieces are notable for their lack of sentimentality and their concrete details. In the last of them, “Farm Funeral,” which also closes the ﬁrst section, the funeral is that of Todd Cochrane, Conn’s great-uncle. A neat combination of assonance and internal rhyme helps bind the closure in the technical equivalent of the old man’s composure to the end: “he” rhymes with the ﬁrst syllable of “even,” and that, with the second syllable of “Craigie,” helps couple him with the named locality; “laced” and “place” help conﬁrm the sartorial details they describe. Even in death a ceremonious rectitude is observed with an energy opposite and equivalent to that of “the roisterer” with whom he is compared. Among other interesting pieces, in “Journeying North” the poet is on a train, returning from London after viewing a Réne Magritte exhibition at the Tate Gallery. He contrasts his uneasy impressions of some of the paintings on display with his fears—which are of a different order—as he heads heads north on the train. He imagines his wife setting the table for a meal and eating,

AN EAR TO THE GROUND

It is a voice that appears hardly to have changed since. In An Ear to the Ground, from a technical standpoint Conn largely left behind the sometimes

72

STEWART CONN prises a single sequence, “The Predators,” which is a sort of travelogue detailing historical and religious violence, yet with no rooted connection to Conn’s other work. In section 3 a signiﬁcant poem, “Tremors,” from which the volume’s title is taken, evokes the sense of foreboding found from this point on through much of Conn’s poetry. It recounts a childhood memory of laying an ear to the track of a railway line to hear the train approaching, then pressing oneself into the verge while the great machine roars past. The poem is a grave mapping of the inevitability of dissolution, difficulty, and death. While it is entirely unmetaphorical in its particulars, its whole setting and atmosphere is a metaphor, and it convinces primarily because of the plain veracity of the style. Allied to this piece, which is central to the section and to much of Conn’s later work, are a poem about visiting his parents, “Family Visit,” two about his aging father, “To My Father” and “Reiteration,” and a sequence of three marriage poems that close the volume. The family poems contrast difficult immediate realities involving aging parents with a happier and more vivacious past; they detail readily identiﬁable experience in crisply crafted stanzas. The enjambment between “great” and “Rainbarrels” again shows Conn’s adroitness with line ends: the closure is also an elegy for a more illustrious age, an impression conﬁrmed by the now “pocked marble” of the bridge and the slant rhyme of “sludge” with this formerly impressive structure. The poet’s parents too, in their relationship to a grander past, seem emblematic of a faded glory in his mind. The volume closes with three poems about marriage, two of which, “At Coruisk” and the closing poem, “Marriage a Mountain Ridge,” Conn reprinted in his later Selected volumes. Both broadly use mountain imagery as symbolic of the emotional landscapes of a marriage; the closing poem, in its four sections of attenuated couplets emphasizing precariousness, notates “the dark couloirs” (p57) of a shared life. Emotional precariousness, a sense of foreboding, and relationship within marriage would be themes Conn would develop in his next volume, Under the Ice.

with it all implies of the animal need to survive and the potential brutality thereof, is intriguingly coupled and contrasted with the delicate image of a former wedding. Nearing Gretna, traditionally a venue in which young couples get married, the poem’s narrator hears anvils strike. Conn’s is a poem of new marriage which contrasts effectively the relatively theoretical disturbances of art with those of actuality, manifested in the forbidding power of those “heavy anvils.” The poem preﬁgures pieces in the book’s closing section. Additionally section 1 includes two ﬁne related poems, the ﬁrst of which, “Crippled Aunt,” has the baffled narrator examining the aunt’s constancy of fundamentalist faith in the face of her disability and the traffic accident that caused it. Beautifully written in ﬁve-line stanzas, nominally rhyming abbaa, the poem intriguingly approaches and distances itself from this rhyme scheme in a way illustrative of the aunt’s faith and the narrator’s doubt. The opening stanza, a vignette detailing the aunt’s constancy in church, has full “a” rhymes on “glance,” “trance,” and “dance”; the central three stanzas, which notate the narrator’s bafflement at the aunt’s faith, in general move farther from this underpinning rhyme scheme. The closure’s full rhyme returns to the aunt’s faith: the technical closure mimics her faith’s absolutism. The other piece, “Summer Afternoon,” features a great-aunt of the poet, though some details of the poem Conn has said are invented. The poem recounts how the old lady is taken indoors from the garden when rain begins. Conn’s willingness to engage with grievous subject matter has always been one of his poetry’s strong points. Technically, too, here the line break splitting “poor” from “Creature” makes the center line of the closing stanza a complete semantic unit that can be read as commenting on the poverty of the love felt by the narrator as much as of that love borne him by the old lady in earlier and happier times. Conn is a scrupulous exploiter of line ends, a technique perhaps learned from a master, the Scottish poet W. S. Graham. Of the book’s remaining two sections, the strongest is the third—the second section com-

73

STEWART CONN The tensions of an ordinary domestic situation, experienced by thousands of people every day, are powerfully conveyed. The closing image of men ﬁghting through an elemental chaos is resonant and it is part of Conn’s skill that it seems not at all arbitrary. He conveys expertly the powerful choreography of feeling below an everyday domestic surface. One also notes the poet’s increased technical skill: here, full rhyme strengthens meaning rather than directs or falsiﬁes it, and that “tense,” poised as at the edge of a cliff at the middle stanza’s end, helps in its judicious placement to emphasize the narrator’s frame of mind. Another strong feature of the volume is a series of poems charting Conn’s developing relationship within his marriage. These include, as well as “Kitchen Maid,” “Arrivals,” “In the Kibble Palace,” “Aquarium,” “Last Christmas,” “Removal,” and “Along the Terrace,” poems that mingle love, affection, doubt, and fear for the future. The four-part “Arrivals” has him greeting his wife at the airport after her visit to Ulster, then reminiscing about happy times spent together in Europe and driving back through a grimly urban Glasgow together. This gives a sense of some of Conn’s best work: unironic emotion, plain language, and honesty, set down in convincing rhythms with astute slant rhymes. It is a style and voice uniquely identiﬁable as his, and the best of it transcends the personal circumstances of its making to achieve a wider relevance, as in the stanza quoted. Technically Conn seemed by now wholly comfortable with his forms, having achieved a distinctive rhythmical free verse that, in its assonances and regular stanzas, also proﬁted from his work’s earlier formality. His verse has all the strength of the single, suffering individual responding honestly to his contemporary experience and setting it down as authentically as possible. An example is the brief vignette “Along the Terrace,” a poem of marital uncertainty that begins “Drinks, along the terrace,” which echoes the clinking of glasses via the comma after the opening noun. In a series of rapid transitions, each of which brings an observed situation closer to the narrator, it moves deftly from this one-line

UNDER THE ICE

A frequent motif through this volume is ice, and being trapped under ice—a symbol for the despair of the terminally ill (such as Conn’s father), for the condition of mortality, and for repressed states of mind. Conn also here proved himself a poet of the uncertainties and difficulties of marriage as well as its grace. While he deals with distinctly uncheery subject matter, Conn’s making art from despair is profoundly reassuring. The volume opens with the book’s title poem, and the narrator’s “waltzing” on its surface; here ice provides, paradoxically, support as well as separation. It is a poem poised in ambiguity, imagining “Raeburn’s skating parson,” in the famous Scottish painting attributed to Henry Raeburn, ostensibly of his friend the Reverend Robert Walker and known as The Skating Minister, believed to date from the last decade of the eighteenth century. Conn wonders whether the ﬁgure—who is depicted conﬁdently skating with his chest thrust out while gazing blithely ahead of him, into space—was a man of God truly, or simply presenting a decorous front. Immediately following “Kitchen Maid” is “Visiting Hour,” which has the narrator standing by his father’s hospital bedside, helpless in the face of his ﬁnal illness. The ﬁrst stanza of this poem, which has two eight-line stanzas, recounts Conn’s childhood memory of his father smashing the ice on a garden pond to release its ﬁve goldﬁsh to swim freely—in one reading, they could symbolize the ﬁve members of the Conn family. The second stanza switches to the altered circumstances, beginning: “Since then #” and ending with its grievous image of helplessness. Each stanza hermetically seals off its content: the ﬁrst, of action and saving possibility; the second, of despair. Other strong poems about Conn’s aging parents here are “Reawakening,” about his father, and “Afternoon Visit,” one of the rare poems about Conn’s mother. Written in muscular quatrains to a rhyming template abab, the stanzas slip in and out of the certainties of full rhyme. It is a poem that fairly bristles with the tension of an adult’s despair in the face of his parent’s increasing disability.

74

STEWART CONN child, newly ﬁve, with “another murderous / dawn,” in which the world “prises itself apart” (p. 78), and there is a ﬁne poem, “Before Dark,” dedicated to Conn’s contemporary Douglas Dunn. Conn’s poem contrasts the student population of the West End of Glasgow and its conﬁdence with the poet’s middle-age uncertainty and awareness that, all too soon, he and his wife may be no more than a memory to his sons, as his own parents are now to him. Against these erosions he pits, as at the conclusion of a four-part poem, “Recovery,” written after his friend and fellow poet Iain Crichton Smith’s recovery from a mental breakdown, “those massive forces, / endurance and love” (p. 99). While Conn contrasts against mortality the love for his wife in a delicate lyric, “Cherry Tree, In December,” in which the unseasonally blossoming tree acts as a metaphor for the resurgence or conﬁrmation of love within marriage, the section is not the cheeriest of reads. One might well feel that there is more to be said for existence than the catalog of despair that, to some extent, Conn presents in the book’s ﬁnal section, and it may well be that the poet himself came to feel similarly. At any rate, by the time of his next volume, The Luncheon of the Boating Party, the poet had left the BBC and committed himself to a freelancing life and, complementarily, seems to have found in a new series of poems about art the transformation of despair to a hard-won radiance.

description, to three lines about the disintegration of “another marriage,” to a brief doubting question about the relationship of the narrator and his wife, and ends with immediate proximity While there are other ﬂavors and themes in the volume, it is the poems of familial and marital relationships that remain with the reader. Under the Ice marked Conn’s ﬁnal appearance under the Hutchinson imprint. It would be nine years till his next book appeared.

IN THE KIBBLE PALACE: NEW AND SELECTED POEMS

This volume was published by Bloodaxe Books, located in the north of England and Conn’s publisher ever since. The “Kibble Palace” of the book’s title is, perhaps symbolically, a large ornamental glass house set in Glasgow’s Botanic Gardens—a place of emotional importance for Conn both in his early childhood and later, from 1958 when he settled in Glasgow. The new volume is in three sections: broadly speaking, section 1 contains the farm poems and pieces on early childhood; section 2 contains poems of Conn’s marriage and adult life, including the pieces about his parents; and the third and closing section, containing poems written between 1978 and 1986, has a distinctly autumnal feel and ﬁnds the poet pondering the onset of middle age. Section 2 ﬁnishes with “Removal,” originally the penultimate poem in Under the Ice. It is typical Conn in its concerns and has the narrator pondering miscellaneous mementoes of happy experiences stored in an attic and re-encountered before a removal. Conn sees clearly the cost of happiness, which, eventually, is its opposite: “Each memory, as it clariﬁes,” is “happy / Yet packed with pain” (p. 74). In this context, the verb “packed” carries a powerful charge, meaning both packed away with its concomitant pain and crammed with it to bursting. “Removal” sets the stage neatly for the opening poem of section 3, “Moving In,” in which, newly moved to Edinburgh, the couple featured in the poem cling to one another in bed and “prepare for a long winter” (p. 76). A poem about his son’s birthday contrasts the happiness of the

THE LUNCHEON OF THE BOATING PARTY

In a sense this volume is built around its ﬁvesection title poem, based on Renoir’s famous painting of 1880–1881, when the artist had just turned forty. It was painted at Chatou outside Paris on the banks of the Seine, at the Maison Fournaise, one of Renoir’s favorite haunts. Conn had encountered the original painting at an exhibition in London’s Hayward Gallery in the summer of 1988. The effect on the poet had been immediate: “I was utterly bowled over by it,” he said in an interview. “I remember it was as though torrents of light came out of it” (Cambridge, p. 35). While in earlier work Conn had often featured pictorial art, contrasting its

75

STEWART CONN that the essences of the sitters, their pure being, are concentrated in the ﬁnal work of art. In the ﬁnal stanza of section 3—spoken by the “Unknown Man,” whose lack of identity conveys a great sense of mystery and of the curious ﬁnal anonymity of all of us, judged on a cosmic or geological scale—the closure is beautifully resonant. The adjective “magical” here, in a context so adjectivally plain, carries its full weight and serves to evoke not only the whole spirit of a sunlit French afternoon with the shimmer of light under awnings, among wine and food, but the mystery of transience, of art that attempts to transcend transience, and of the sheer astonishment of life as it is shown us by its brevity. The speaker’s description of the Baron Barbier being, possibly, “from another planet” points up the distance between individuals of different backgrounds, for it is plain from his down-to-earth tone that the “Unknown Man” knows little of the rareﬁed world of art. The sequence closes with two sections spoken respectively by Madame Renoir and by Renoir himself, Madame Renoir before her death recalling details of the poem being painted, and Renoir as an old man who has outlived his wife and is waiting for death. He responds to his critics by emphasizing his “dream of harmony, not anarchy” (p. 55), in a moving closure of a powerful sequence. “The Luncheon” is probably Conn’s most complete statement, and it sits as the centerpiece of the volume much as its subject would in a gallery; the book’s other poems, to some extent, read like smaller works that add to the sequence’s central focus. Included in the book’s second section with the “Luncheon” are numerous French travelogue poems, often attractive but appearing generally slighter in comparison with the impressive title poem with which they are juxtaposed. The book’s opening section shows Conn revisiting, not wholly successfully, earlier Ayrshire landscapes in two pieces—“Family Tree,” later slightly rewritten and reformatted for his new Selected Poems, and “Craggy Country.” In this section, too, is a biographical poem, one of a number in his oeuvre, about the Paisley ornitholo-

relative timelessness with mortal life, “The Luncheon of the Boating Party” functions as a wonderful two-way mirror, with the mirror’s glass the equivalent of the poem’s text and, on one side of the mirror, the painting itself and, on the other, the human characters and situations from which the painting came. The poem is about mortality, transience, beauty, art, yet it also has a Chekhovian air and vivacity. Written throughout in ﬁve-line stanzas, its ﬁrst four sections are monologues by characters delineated in the painting. They are, in order of appearance, Alphonse Fournaise Junior, the son of the proprietor of the Maison Fournaise; Baron Raoul Barbier, a former mayor of Saigon and a noted bon vivant; an “Unknown Man,” the fourteenth ﬁgure in the picture, visible only in proﬁle against the darkjacketed Charles Ephrussi, an art historian and editor of the Gazette des beaux-arts; and ﬁnally, Madame Renoir, Aline Charigot at the time of the painting, later Renoir’s wife. The poem ﬁnishes with Renoir himself speaking as a mortally ill old man, reminiscing about the painting and about his life. The painting and Renoir himself seem to have been the perfect objective correlative for Conn’s middle-aged and nonjudgmental awareness of human foibles, his desire for the transcendence of despair and grief through praise, and for his dramatist’s ability to project himself into other voices. The characters speak in voices and attitudes variously puzzled, quirky, humorous, envious, vain, condescending, and aware of condescension; the poet also manages to provide background detail about the painting’s provenance as well as paradoxical asides about art itself. This wittily juxtaposes the paradox of the illusion of art with the speaker’s social awareness. There is cross-referencing too, as in the second section, when Baron Barbier comments on how Alphonse was almost painted out of the ﬁnished piece, then painted in again, wearing his white singlet. The aesthetic distancing of the artist is deftly conveyed. The ghost of ambiguity around “purely,” which can mean in this context either “only” or “in a pure state” comments intriguingly on the mystery of art. Read one way this implies

76

STEWART CONN all of Conn’s habitual astuteness in their assonances; yet for all that, their register is no more than that of plain speech. The Luncheon of the Boating Party marked the beginning of Conn’s attempt to be reconciled to mortality in his art. In the place of the at times bitter and bemused questioning of the earlier work, increasingly there is praise and an awareness of what one elegy calls “unendurable radiance” (p. 42).

gist Alexander Wilson, who moved to America and was a contemporary of John James Audubon; there are two likable sequences of poems set on Skye, full of local color in a context of the narrator’s increasing awareness of his aging; and a slight encomium to the Greenock poet W. S. Graham, marred by the inaccuracy of having barn owls that “ﬂutter / and whoo.” (Owls are silent in ﬂight, and it is the tawny owl that makes the call phonetically described as “whoo”; barn owls’ calls are different.) The strongest poems in the opening section are those that engage Conn’s central concerns, elucidated powerfully in the title poem, of love and transience. Among them is “Burial Mound,” a complex love poem in which the “Mound” of the title is Maeshowe in Orkney, a neolithic chambered cairn dating from around 2750 B.C.E. Access to it is by a low, narrow passage that is so positioned that it admits the light fully into its interior annually only on December 21, the winter solstice, when, just before sunset, it illuminates the far wall of the inner chamber. The inside of the chamber has carved runic inscriptions by Vikings who ransacked the tomb sometime in the twelfth century for the grave goods stored there. The poet recounts being shown the interior by a terse guide with a torch “ﬂitting” across the walls, an acutely chosen verb in which light itself is shown as being as frail, as temporal, and as capable of ﬂying off as a bird. This is a complex closure that bears close reading. While a reader could take the “lie” as decidedly ambiguous, it seems in this context to have its principal meaning. The closure is a frail affirmation against the entrance of that “invader,” a frailty shown in that “At least we are together,” while the alliterations on “lie,” “least,” “love,” and “live” further act as a frail defense against dissolution. Yet the “live” can be read doubly, not only as in “alive” but “live” as in an electric cable, with all that that implies of dangers. (Conn has never been an easy love poet: he understands the difficulties of love as well as its blessings.) The couple is doomed because, although together, the two are mortal, as symbolized by the chilling comparison of their room to the burial mound of the ﬁrst four stanzas. Technically the lines have

IN THE BLOOD

In the Blood, the blurb announced, marked a return to Conn’s “Ayrshire roots,” though privately, much later the poet admitted this was the volume he was least satisﬁed with. There is always a danger of sentimentality when a mature poet revisits earlier material or memories already explored. The reader suspects that the poet is running out of fresh material. Conn’s return to Ayrshire did produce interesting pieces, collected here in the book’s opening section, but his emphasis on blood ties to a particular soil seemed somewhat forced and the poet privately acknowledged an uncharacteristic desire to be poetically “fashionable” behind some pieces in the book. The volume begins lightheartedly, however, with the ironically titled “Kilmarnock Edition”—usually the fabulously rare edition of Burns’s poems printed in Kilmarnock by John Wilson in 1786 but here a childhood volume of Burns’s poems “presented by Kilmarnock Burns Club,” turned up during a house move, and from which the young Conn had recited Burns’s verse for school audiences. The adult poet’s memory of his studied childhood performances is charming in its self-mockery. It is a light poem with a serious point to make, restating Burns’s criterion of goodness. Though this criterion can be read as heartwarmingly sentimental, it can also seem deeply ironic in its irreconcilable aims, for often the happiness of some is directly dependent on the unhappiness of others. Conn’s background in drama is behind this depiction of his histrionic younger self, and a Scots word such as “laldie”—still in common

77

STEWART CONN nates cannily between description and the tramp’s monologue on the passing scene. The closing image is allowed to speak for itself, conjoining both these prehistoric creatures and the immortal desire to stave off death represented by the hospital outbuildings. Extinct, the mastodons live on in all their prehistoric lumbering magniﬁcence in the hospital metaphor. They are “looming,” that is, in this context, “approaching,” not only in the sense of growing larger as he approaches them but in time too for all of us. “Inheritance,” immediately following, is a strong, completely contemporary poem demonstrating the plain-speaking gravitas Conn can achieve with a big subject that transcends the simply personal by linking it to larger concerns. Enjambments from line to line and stanza to stanza set up a processional tone. The poem was written in the aftermath of the infamous Jamie Bulger case, in which a two-year-old toddler, James Bulger, was abducted from a Liverpool shopping mall on February 12, 1993, by two ten—year—old boys and later brutally murdered. For a time anxious parents took to fastening their toddlers to them by the wrist when out in public. Among the other strong poems in the volume were “Losing Touch,” a ﬁve-part sequence depicting the ﬁnal days of Conn’s mother, and a ﬁne elegy, “Presence,” for a former employee of the Scottish Arts Council, Deirdre Keaney, killed in a car accident. Concisely written in three threeline stanzas, the ﬁrst four lines acknowledge sadness, but the poem closes with a recognition of the numinous as sensed in the slow dimming of an evening sky to an afterglow framed against the Border hills in which the dead woman seems “both present, and absent” (p. 48).

speech and meaning, in conjunction with “give it,” to act with vigorous enthusiasm—add vernacular energy and amusement. Interestingly Conn never reprinted the poem in his later Selected, nor another delicate lyric, “Castles,” which in three quatrains sets four Ayrshire castles in their complicated historical context. Here all the vibrant complexity of the past is simpliﬁed and clariﬁed to schoolhouses and, ultimately, colors. Unlike elsewhere, Conn lets the image and the aesthetic strategy speak for itself. It is a plain, luminous closure, acknowledging territoriality and the simpliﬁcation of the past in the present; the rhythmical dance of the proper nouns and their colors give the closure the simpliﬁed ironic air of a nursery rhyme. By contrast, a long piece such as “Terra Firma,” which immediately precedes “Castles,” for all its solid documentary delineation of the poet’s early life in Kilmarnock, like a number of other poems in this selection can seem like rhythmical prose set down in lines. A weakness of the work at times is in Conn’s insistence on drawing out a moral for the reader, thus diminishing the imaginative contract between reader and author; additionally, one can feel suspicious of a poem having too many designs on our response to it. At times, curiously, one wants poetry and its poet not to care what its reader thinks of it, with the same indifference, say, as a big day of elemental weather or a mountain; as with a little poem such as “Castles,” one wants it simply to be fully itself, with a devil-may-care vivacity. The opening section also contains a lively and—in their focus on childhood and ordinary detail—strangely reassuring series of vignettes, “Early Days,” and a successful lyric, “Country Dance,” a rhythmically lively depiction of stook building in the labor-intensive agriculture of the earlier twentieth century. Of the book’s remaining two sections, section 2 seems the strongest. It opens with the adroitly constructed “Jawbone Walk,” deftly written in unrhymed triplets. The poem records and comments wryly upon an encounter with a quirky down-and-out who possesses a prehistoric perspective on the Edinburgh environment of the area known as The Meadows. The poem alter-

AT THE AVIARY

In 1984 Conn had visited South Africa on a Thyne travel scholarship awarded by the English Speaking Union. A second visit followed in 1993 when he was asked to judge the Amstel South African Playwriting Competition. At the Aviary is a thirty-two-page near-pamphlet, with a spine, which gathers twenty-three poems written after

78

STEWART CONN these visits. Travelogue poetry is a strong feature of Conn’s oeuvre. The pieces here are part travelogue, part depictions of landscape and a culture that tie in with some of Conn’s central concerns: his unsettling awareness of class differences and factions that has been part of his sensibility from the beginning. The pieces in the earlier part of the volume seem most successful if one reads them purely as impressions on a sensitive humane man of the jarring discordances in apartheid, though they remain, ﬁnally, impressionistic, perhaps with the exception of a slender poem written in four quatrains, “House Guest,” in which the narrator lets himself into where he is staying and, puzzled by a clicking sound, ﬁnally tracks its source—a caged hamster. The image is left to speak for itself without extrapolation. As an image of the selfimprisonment inherent in white “supremacy,” it is powerful. Of course, plain speaking without resort to images can also be a sure aesthetic strategy, but it requires a greater authority of voice and rhythm to achieve. It also avoids the potential misreading of an imagistic aesthetic and ensures that one’s words cannot be misinterpreted: one thinks in this context of some politicians’ wishful misreadings of Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall” as indicating his approval of metaphorical wall building and, therefore, validating their own. At his best Conn outwits such misreadings, though it may come at the cost of pleasing aesthetic ambiguities. He is a remarkably moral poet in what seems his desire to be read plainly. At the Aviary ﬁnishes with a brief group of poems on African fauna and ﬂora, which to a degree contrast the lively vibrancy of the country’s natural history with its human complexities. The best of the poet’s work, however, remains that which is closest to his known landscapes and preoccupations, and the range of his achievement would be seen fully in his next volume, Stolen Light, a selected poems of distinction.

recent poems and a group of poems uncollected from his early pamphlets, and although it mainly preserves the original chronology of the pieces, the volume does offer a chance to see the poet in the round. A substantial 192-page paperback, in seven sections (Conn has frequently seemed a careful orderer of poems in his collections), it shows him to be a ﬁne lyric poet, yet socially aware and responsible, whose work seems full of many of the colors and tensions and pleasures of contemporary Scotland. The poems have nonetheless a reassuring dependability of tone, and if at times their impression of earnestness seems oversolemn, that is the cost of their seriousness, of Conn’s willingness to face up to grievous circumstance and make order from sorrow. The new Selected also adds interesting new poems such as “Faces,” a four-section piece which, though its two middle sections may be weaker, it opens with a memorable image of faces of young travelers on a train. Conn’s transposition of actual experience into an artistic comparison links back to The Luncheon of the Boating Party; the comparison is fresh, apt, and memorable. At the section’s end he sees the young people reclaiming backpacks and crossing “the leafy platform / to the Rowardennan bus” (p. 178). The elevation of the artistic comparison juxtaposed with the rustling organic leaﬁness of that platform and the saving ordinariness of “the Rowardennan bus”—Rowardennan being the site for a youth hostel on the banks of Loch Lomond—are pleasing. The ﬁnal section of the poem has the narrator buying a somber spirit mask, the view seen through its eye sockets “alarmingly similar to my own” (p. 179). The poet was looking toward age. His next collection, Ghosts at Cockcrow, which appeared when the poet was sixty-eight, would have a new, autumnal note.

GHOSTS AT COCKCROW

Not only is this book overshadowed by transience—an awareness that has been his, after all, since the beginning—but also there appears the beginning of reconciliation to it, as well as a sharper awareness of his own aging. The book

STOLEN LIGHT: SELECTED POEMS

While Stolen Light added little to Conn’s oeuvre with the exception of a small number of more

79

STEWART CONN reader does not feel that material to which the poet has no right as subject matter is being appropriated, though at times he points the moral perhaps too clearly, as at the end of the section “The Inheritors,” two couplets about the contemporary reciprocation for historical violence, a section he feels compelled to close by emphasizing the biblical quotation about an eye for an eye. “Young Huntsman with Falcon,” based upon the volume’s cover image from the Musee du Petit Palais, Avignon, makes explicit the love prevalent in making art that is implicit in “The Luncheon of the Boating Party,” though one of the section’s most affecting pieces, “Ministrations,” achieves a digniﬁed and grave plain speaking. It contrasts the ghosts of childhood or superstition with maturity’s white-vestured apparitions. The poem’s reversal of the trope of ghostliness at the poem’s close is neatly achieved, and the trim, terse three-line stanzas—though one or two could be deleted without losing anything essential—descend down the page like the speaker’s awareness of the process of dissolution. The closure’s single end-stopped line is apt, understated, yet weighty in its import and therefore all the more convincing for its understatement. Section 3 is the title sequence, a travelogue, though Conn’s positioning it centrally indicates the import he places upon it. Travelogues, however, only become more than that in a poetic context when they ally themselves with a writer’s central concerns; while “Ghosts at Cockcrow” is not wholly uninteresting for its details, there is little sense of its writing being essential to the poet, or of its incidentals marrying with his central subject matters. Even a brief piece such as “Ministrations” seems more central. Its incidentalness is a criticism that can be leveled far less at section 4, “Roull of Corstorphin,” a sequence based upon the mention of this obscure Edinburgh poet in William Dunbar’s magniﬁcent 1505 elegy “Lament for the Makars.” Part documentary, part dramatic monologue spoken by the imagined Roull, a ﬁgure who at times seems to bear comparison with Conn himself, the sequence, in thirteen sections, is most interesting both for this intersection between Conn’s voice

takes its title from a quote about the passing generations by G. M. Trevelyan, about how the present and its people become the past, “one generation vanishing after another, gone as utterly as we ourselves shall shortly be gone like ghosts at cockcrow” (p. 51). The book brings together a number of his dominant themes: transience, the attempt at transcendence of mortal pain through art, his early Kilmarnock background, and ideological violence. Added to this, however, is a new focus on Edinburgh, the city his family had lived in since 1977, yet given added weight by Conn’s appointment in May 2002 as the city’s ﬁrst Makar—a mediaeval Scots word for a poet, or “maker”—a largely titular appointment that appears to have given the poet a fresh impetus and a renewed sense of responsibility toward poetry’s civic function in an Edinburgh context. The second of the book’s ﬁve sections mainly comprises a group of poems set in the city, the opening piece, Heirloom, announcing that Conn’s maternal grandfather owned a licensed grocer’s on the High Street: a very Scottish claiming of one’s right to Edinburgh subject matter. The ﬁrst eight of the twelve subsequent poems deal manifestly with Edinburgh subject matter or are set recognizably in the city while embracing other themes, as in Autumn Walk, which amusingly recounts Conn, invested with a cloak of invisibility by his advancing age, overhearing the frank sexual conversation of two young female students discussing young men, or in an attractive poem, Coastlines, in which the narrator rises from bed before his wife and visits Leith Harbour and its anchored ships, part of the famous tall ships race, imagining, at the poem’s close, a breeze ﬁlling the full-rigged sails. It is with a similar optimism that the collection opens, in “Realm of Possibility,” in which the poet’s study, covered with dropcloths for a plasterers’ visit, becomes a place of creative anticipation, leading to the ﬁrst section’s preoccupation at times with art and its transcendences, though placing among this, perhaps ironically, poems such as “Kosovo,” a series of eight vignettes of the Balkan conﬂict that focus on its effect on individuals. It is a mark of Conn’s skill that the

80

STEWART CONN dies. It represents the love implicit in artistic devotion, symbolized by that secret kiss that sustains and grants this angel, centuries later, a voice. Conn is a considerable poet of praise, though he has arrived at this position via a difficult charting of emotion. His work has an affectionate but by no means sentimental integrity. While there are numerous negligible poems among his output, and he can at times seem to overproduce simply for the sake of it—he is a writer in love with the act of making poetry, which may well lead him on occasion into writing when he has little new to say—the best of the work is soundly made and full of a caritas that does not preclude honesty. It is an oeuvre for which it is possible to feel considerable warmth; humane, human-scaled, it never forgets that the suffering or joyous or otherwise experiencing individual is at its heart. It most brings to mind Auden’s observation that in our time writing a poem is a political act, emphasizing as it does the stubborn presence of individuality against those forces that would ﬂatten or otherwise make uniform individual sensibilities. Conn has to date produced a body of work wholly distinctive in tone, and the best of it is of wide relevance: a thoroughly responsible poetry that often improves with renewed acquaintance.

and the imagined Roull’s and for its documentary underpinning. It has something of a ceremonial, dutiful air, appropriate considering Conn’s position at the time as Edinburgh Makar, but which may seem to some readers to derive from that sense of civic responsibility rather than from his own pure impulse. Poetry is fundamentally anarchic, unlikely to come at one’s bidding, and seldom thrives on a sense of duty. Its unbiddability, of course, is a huge part of its force. The poet seems on more secure ground with the volume’s closing section, which brings together a number of familiar Conn subjects: there are pleasing praise poems to his wife, including a light, witty piece, “My Lady,” which subverts the idea of the praise-lavished muse by letting her complain in the ﬁnal line about the narrator’s neglect, in this torrent of praise, of his domestic duties: “Why not add my Lady of the Binbag to the list?” (p. 81). There is a ﬁne revisiting of a Kilmarnock memory of the mystique of a locally famous cricket ball lobbed into the crowd and mysteriously vanishing thereafter. The wonderful sudden acceleration of movement here across the closing lines, the local vernacular name of “Killie” for Kilmarnock, and the full rhymes at closure evoke all of the excitement of childhood in a context intimate and local, enacting via the ﬁnal rhymes that stillness they describe. The collection closes with the comical, anecdotal, and poignant “The Actor’s Farewell,” in which the speaker recounts his playing in Hamlet, most usually as the ghost of Hamlet’s father, and lastly “Angel with Lute,” spoken by an angel on a fresco—a metaphor for the creativity of art— which has outlasted, with some minor deterioration, centuries, owing to the care with which the painter “prepared his pigments.” It is a resonant poem about love, about artistic care, and about the practice of art. This captures some of the best of Conn: plain speech, unmetaphorical, imbued with great warmth that outwits sentimentality and conveys an insight into the processes of the making of art as well as a faith in its ability, however temporarily, to transcend worldly brutality. In that paradox of art the angel survives while its creator

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF STEWART CONN POETRY AND ESSAY/MEMOIR

The Chinese Tower. Edinburgh: MacDonald, 1967. Thunder in the Air. Preston: Akros, 1967. Stoats in the Sunlight. London: Hutchinson, 1968. Ambush and Other Poems. New York: Macmillan, 1970. (U.S. version of Stoats in the Sunlight). An Ear to the Ground. London: Hutchinson, 1972. Under the Ice. London: Hutchinson, 1978. In the Kibble Palace: New and Selected Poems. Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.: Bloodaxe, 1987. The Luncheon of the Boating Party. Newcastle upon Tyne,

81

STEWART CONN 100 Favourite Scottish Poems. Edinburgh: Luath Press, 2006.

U.K.: Bloodaxe, 1992. At the Aviary. Plumstead, South Africa: Snailpress, 1995. In the Blood. Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.: Bloodaxe, 1995. Stolen Light: Selected Poems. Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.: Bloodaxe, 1999. Distances: A Personal Evocation of People and Places. Dalkeith, U.K.: Scottish Cultural Press, 2001. Ghosts at Cockcrow. Tarset, U.K.: Bloodaxe, 2005.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Abse, Dannie. “Stewart Conn.” In Corgi Modern Poets in Focus 3. Edited by Dannie Abse. London: Corgi Books, 1971. pp. 113–120. Aitchison, James. “A Note on ‘Angel with Lute.’” Dark Horse 19:44-45 (winter 2006–2007). Brown, Ian. “Stewart Conn.” In British and Irish Dramatists Since World War II. Dictionary of Literary Biography 233. Third series. Edited by John Bull. Detroit and London: Gale Group, 2001. pp. 77–83. Crichton Smith, Iain. “The Poetry of Stewart Conn.” In Toward the Human. Loanhead, Midlothian, U.K.: Macdonald, 1986. pp. 159–166. Dunn, Douglas. “Stewart Conn in the Seventies.” Dark Horse 19:46–49 (winter 2006–2007). Macrae, Alasdair D. F. “Conn Amore.” Dark Horse 19:50–55 (winter 2006–2007). Scott, Alexander. “Stewart Conn’s ‘Todd.’” Akros, pp. 52–53 (October 1983).

PLAYS

The Burning. London: Calder & Boyars, 1973. The Aquarium, The Man in the Green Muffler, and I Didn’t Always Live Here. London: Calder & Boyars, 1976. Thistlewood. Todmorden, U.K.: Woodhouse, 1979. Hugh Miller. Callender, U.K.: Diehard, 2002.

UNCOLLECTED PROSE

“A Tale of Two Cities.” Scottish Review 18:3–8 (May 1980). “Ways of Losing: The Radio Work of Iain Crichton Smith.” In Iain Crichton Smith: Critical Essays. Edited by Colin Nicholson. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992. pp. 26–36. “A Sense of Belonging.” In Spirits of the Age: Scottish Self Portraits. Edited by Paul Henderson Scott. Edinburgh: Saltire Society, 2005. pp. 165–172.

INTERVIEWS

Brown, Ian. “Cultural Centrality and Dominance: The Creative Writer’s View—Conversations between Scottish Poets/Playwrights and Ian Brown.” Interface 3:17–67 (summer 1984). Cambridge, Gerry. “Proximities and Distances: Stewart Conn in Conversation.” Dark Horse 19:28–42 (winter 2006–2007). Wright, Allen. “A Writer Demands to Work.” Scotsman, p. 13 (July 29, 1992).

EDITED WORKS

New Poems: A PEN Anthology of Contemporary Poetry. London: Hutchinson, 1974. The Ice Horses: The Second Shore Poets Anthology. With Ian McDonough. Edinburgh: Scottish Cultural Press, 1996.

82

JOHN CORNFORD (1915–1936)

Robert Sullivan became close friends. When Brooke died of blood poisoning on his way to the Gallipoli campaign in early 1915, the Cornfords decided to name their second child Rupert John in honor of their dead friend. The name Rupert was not to stick, however, and even if it had outlasted John’s childhood he would not have felt comfortable with it in later years, scorning as he did the kind of romantic pastoral poetry practiced by Brooke and other Georgian poets, including his mother. Indeed, it was only a matter of time before John was “lecturing” his mother on the decadence of the tradition within which she wrote, urging her to adopt a more “realistic” and contemporary aesthetic. His predilection for realism was foreshadowed in his childhood when, according to an anecdote remembered by his father, John’s mother read him The Little Mermaid, one of her favorite childhood books: “Is the bottom of the sea really like that?” John asked. When his mother replied in the negative, he responded: “Then I think it’s rather silly” (Sloan, John Cornford: A Memoir, p. 22). In this memoir, his father describes John as “a large placid baby with very dark eyes and skin and thick black hair” (p. 17), a complexion that was to remain with him for the rest of his life. The few pictures that we have of John in his maturity suggest that he would have made a natural Heathcliff in any production of Wuthering Heights, and the dramatic looks were to become an index of the energetic and volatile will within. His brother, Christopher, writes of his school days that “the most remarkable, the main thing about John, was his terriﬁc rate of development, his burning energy#. ‘Forging ahead’ is a well-worn expression, but it is the best I can think of to describe his life. Trying to know him was like standing on a railway embankment and trying to grab an express train” (p. 29). This boundless energy would go through various

JOHN CORNFORD WAS born in Cambridge, England, on December 27, 1915. His father, F. M. Cornford, was Professor of Classics at Trinity College, Cambridge, and his mother Frances, granddaughter of Charles Darwin, was a minor poet beginning to make a reputation for herself by the time of John’s birth. He joined a sister, Helena, who was born two years before him, and they were joined by a brother, Christopher, two years later. Another brother, Hugh, was born in 1921, and ﬁnally another sister, Clare, in 1924. Rupert John Cornford (to give him his full name) was killed ﬁghting on the Cordoba front in the Spanish Civil War on December 27, 1936 (his twentyﬁrst birthday) or in the early hours of the following morning. His body was never recovered. John Cornford demonstrated a remarkable precociousness in the many endeavors that he undertook as a young man, yet such a prodigious talent was perhaps predictable given the intellectual milieu into which he was born. His father was a graduate of Trinity College (as was his clergyman father before him), where he took a “double-ﬁrst” in the Classical Tripos examinations. Apart from his other publications, F. M. Cornford’s translation of Plato’s The Republic was for decades the standard text for university students. He married Frances Crofts Darwin in 1909. Her father (Charles Darwin’s son) was also called Francis, leading a family friend to suggest a Christmas play entitled “The Importance of Being Frank”! The Darwins were an established family in Cambridge. Frances’s father was a botanist and Fellow of Christ’s College and his daughter, the aspiring poet, grew up in a liberal and culturally advantaged environment, a tradition that she continued when she set up house at Conduit Head with her new husband. She met another ﬂedgling poet, Rupert Brooke, when he came up to Cambridge in 1906 and they

83

JOHN CORNFORD transformations, from John’s childhood enthusiasm for sports (especially cricket), a precocious immersion in the writing and critiquing of poetry, to eventually a total absorption in left-wing politics. That he should turn to poetry early in his life was, of course, not coincidental given his mother’s interests. However, an early intimacy with his mother was not to last as John began to take a more hurtful stance toward her. This stance manifested itself in his sometimes less than just critique of the poems she sent him while he was at Stowe, his public school. He was keen on the “new” poetry, especially that of T. S. Eliot, Robert Graves, and W. H. Auden. It seemed to him that his mother’s poetry belonged to a previous age, a decadent tradition that lacked the impact of felt experience. In 1930, still not ﬁfteen years old, he wrote his mother:

And all are for the Shepherd’s Son Who leans against the trunk. (Frances Cornford, Collected Poems, p. 60)

It seems almost as if Mrs. Cornford wanted to entice her critically acute son into such negative criticism, because she wrote much better poetry than the above example and could have sent him poems of a more modern texture, poems such as “To a Fat Lady Seen From the Train,” or “The Watch.” The gap between the poetic aesthetic of mother and son is illustrated by John’s notebook, which he compiled during 1931, the year his mother was sending him some of her verses. He entered in this a series of ironic poems complete with a title and epigraph from Roy Campbell, a former pupil at Stowe who was to support Franco during the Spanish Civil War. The entry in the notebook is set out as follows:

Here are your two poems. I don’t like either of them as much as the previous short one: though I think that in both of them you are getting much closer than in any of your earlier poems#to a live language#I wonder, how much of your poetry is shaped by tradition: are the poems that you write really your most important experiences? or has your view of poetry been so much moulded by the traditional view that the more important experiences are too repressed to occur in poem-form at all? (Sloan, p. 68)

A Slab of Tripe Poems 1931 John Cornford.

And the epigraph thus: Between the marble and the metal I hear their reedy voices pipe. Where the blue burnished angels settle Like ﬂies upon a slab of tripe. (Cornford Archive, Wren Library, Cambridge)

The ironic gap between the pastoral piping of the “reedy voices” and the utterly arresting modern simile of the last line sets the tone for many of these poems that the ﬁfteen-year-old John Cornford wrote in 1931. As well as a jaundiced look at human progress, one senses in these poems the young Cornford groping his way toward a sociological, if not socialist, critique of modern life:

In another letter, he responds: “I have just ﬁnished reading the ‘Tapestry Song,’ which I did not like in the very least. I did not think it onetenth as good as the ‘Autumn Fantasia,’ which I nearly liked” (Sloan, p. 70). The following few stanzas from “The Tapestry Song” are sufficient to illustrate how the young, modernist-leaning Cornford could not even “nearly” like such an example of perfunctory pastoral from a dying tradition:

The clink of empty glasses in dim bars Hoot of the foghorn bawling out to sea, The klaxoning of twenty million cars, Is this thy chosen music, liberty? (Cornford Archive, Wren Library, Cambridge)

O here is Paradise for me With white Does bounding And here the fair immortal Tree With various fruits abounding. *** O sweeter, sweeter, every one Than mead the Gods have drunk,

In another example titled “Machine” (“Man conquered nature; then I conquered man”), he

84

JOHN CORNFORD writes of man’s enslavement to industrial processes, until eventually he becomes buried by mechanization. “Garret,” the longest of this set of poems, is in quatrain form and is the most insistent portrayal of modern squalor and alienation, relating as it does the sleepless night of a suffering working-class man. The following two stanzas give the ﬂavor and, coincidentally, the inﬂuence of Eliot, who, the young poet was reading at this time:

Auden responded with some avuncular advice, suggesting that the young poet adopt stricter verse forms in his compositions. Throughout 1932, John was anxious to leave Stowe and he wrote to his parents (mainly his mother) on different occasions to allow him to do so. Although only sixteen, he had outgrown his school and felt that there was not much more to be learned there. Part of his dilemma was that John had already won a major scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, but he could not accept it for at least another year. This would mean “wasting” his time at Stowe when he felt that he could be out in the world gaining other valuable experiences. Allied to this was the fact that he had become acutely aware of the current political and economic situation, of the dramatic rise in unemployment and the concomitant hardship endured by the British working class. He began to read Marx: “I have bought myself a Kapital and a good deal of commentary on it#Also The Communist Manifesto, with which I am a little disappointed, though part of it was an extremely remarkable prophesy” (Sloan, pp. 44–45). Poetry was pushed further and further into the margins of John’s life as he threw himself, with all his notable gusto, into the realm of political analysis. To one correspondent he apologized for letters that were like manifestoes, and in another to his liberally—oriented parents he is sorry for “addressing [them] like a public meeting” (Sloan, p. 46). In yet another letter to them he wrote, “I don’t think of communism as inevitable, like measles, or the war, or the present crisis, but as necessary” (Sloan, p. 47). The historical circumstances in which the politically astute John Cornford found himself during his ﬁnal term at Stowe in 1932 became more and more acute. His letters were almost exclusively concerned with the contemporary political situation. In one letter, he lectured his mother on the hunger marchers (she had asked if John felt the marchers were “really” hungry), in another he argued for a more abrupt form of revolution rather than the gradualist Fabianism to which his parents subscribed; and in yet another on the mutual exclusiveness of communism and paciﬁsm. Regardless of whether his mother could

Aroused, at length he staggered from his bed, Tormented by his night of useless pain, Then clapped his cool hands to his burning head To ease the angry drumming in his brain. Then fumbled in a drawer for shirts and braces, In the dim squalor of the city room, While from the street below a sea of faces Tossed ever onwards, upturned through the gloom. (Cornford Archive)

If the example given above bears the marks of his reading of Eliot, the stanza below from another poem written at Stowe suggests how Auden’s inﬂuence is present as well. Indeed, these representative lines betray a peculiar fusion of Eliot’s allegorical land laid waste and the conspiratorial healer-leader of Auden’s early poems, a fusion that hallmarked many of Cornford’s poems at this stage: Turn back. There is no more peace in this landscape. Heap up the stubble as fuel for an angry mind That else will burn what it was lighted to warm. No peace for you here, no more oneness with earth, And that is not to be recovered. Turn back. *** Shall the eye which saw the land in order Be blinded by the light which fails without it? Or will you, at the head of the pass on your alone journey, Looking back over the green land stretched out beneath you, Where farms are lighted at evening and smoke goes up straight, Turn downwards back into that quiet valley? (Sloan, pp. 60–61)

John’s English teacher at Stowe recognized the affinity between his brilliant young pupil’s work and that of the young author of Poems (1930) and he sent Auden a sample of John’s poetry.

85

JOHN CORNFORD had to “break with Elisabeth” and he thinks this will be “for good” (Sloan, p. 88). The “break with the past” that John speaks of in this letter was deepened further when, shortly after making this statement, he was eating at The Nanking Chinese restaurant in Soho—a favorite meeting place for radical students—and was introduced to an attractive young woman. She was Ray (Rachel) Peters, a working-class woman from the depressed area of Wales. Ray was a few years older than John and a member of the Communist Party. She and John bonded almost immediately and soon after Ray moved in with him at his Parton Street lodgings. John Cornford officially joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (he had been a member for some time of the Communist Youth League) on March 17, 1933. By the summer of that year he had broken free from most aspects of his bourgeois background. He engaged himself in various kinds of Party work, carried out multiple tradesunion related tasks for the Labour Research Department, and had established both social and emotional ties to the working class. All the components of his new life during the six months or so he spent in London, he would take with him to Trinity College, Cambridge, in October. He was just seventeen-years-old.

bridge the gap between her well-meaning liberalism and her son’s ever-increasing commitment to revolutionary politics, she did agree to let him leave Stowe at the end of 1932, no doubt hoping that John would return to the family home while waiting to take up his fellowship at Cambridge. Her son had other ideas. In the autumn of 1932, he wrote to his mother that he was looking forward to living alone and he made plans to study at The London School of Economics, an institution founded by the Fabians, which while not as “revolutionary” as John might have wished, was gaining a reputation for student radicalism. Fortuitously, perhaps, the rooms he moved into just off Red Lion Square shared the same street with the well-known Parton Street Bookshop, a center for young left-wing radicals. He had now successfully broken free not only of parental control, but also the loco parentis of Stowe, and he immediately threw himself into student politics with all the boundless energy for which he was known. This ﬂurry of activity in political matters, rather than academic studies, continued to worry his mother, so that John had at times to write and reassure her that his “practical” activities (his work for the Labour Research Department, for example) formed part of his education. However, despite these letters of explanation and reassurance, Mrs. Cornford was still anxious enough about her son’s well-being and the intensity of his commitment to persuade him to take a short family holiday in the south of France. When he returned to London, around Easter, 1933, he wrote to his mother to say that the “South of France was well worth it, though not perfectly successful” (Sloan, p. 87). The trip had certainly been far from “perfectly successful” if it was meant to distract John from the fervency of his activities in London. His commitment only became more resolute. Most signiﬁcantly, his new life dictated that he break off a romantic attachment he had had over the past few years with his cousin Elizabeth. In a letter dated April 24, 1933, a week or so after he had returned from France (it is very possible that Elizabeth was there as well), he wrote to his friend and conﬁdant Tristan Jones that he had

CAMBRIDGE

Shortly after his arrival at Trinity College, John became involved with student politics with all his well-known vigor. He worked tirelessly to establish the communist faction within the socialist student movement. In “Communism in the Universities,” a reﬂective essay he wrote in 1936, John examined the situation of those students he and others were trying to convert. The growth of communism, he argues, could no longer be considered “a phenomenon that can be dismissed as an outburst of transient youthful enthusiasm” (Sloan, p. 157). Most students, he wrote, do not confront hardships of the working class, but “a medical student comes up against the fact, for example, that hundreds of children suffer every year from rickets, which is an unnecessary and preventable disease [brought about by] poverty.”

86

JOHN CORNFORD nants of an individual lyrical impulse that must be suppressed or renounced. One of these poems, “Keep Culture Out of Cambridge,” a sonnet that satirizes the feigned and ultimately superﬁcial positions taken by modernist poets and artists, can also be read as a document that records John Cornford’s own renunciation of his previous poetic proclivities and the adoption of a persona that utilizes the collective “we” that speaks for the Party. Alluding to Eliot’s poem “Whispers of Immortality,” and adopting Eliot’s images of sterility, it begins: “Wind from the dead land, hollow men, /Webster’s skull and Eliot’s pen,” and goes on to catalo some of the modernist “tricks” John Cornford and his contemporaries “once thought smart.” The poem concludes with the following lines:

He goes on to give more concrete examples: “People with Firsts [top class honors degrees] who, a few years ago, turned up their noses at teaching jobs are now glad enough to get a job in a secondary school#I have known one case of a graduate with ﬁrst class honours in Zoology with a job as a rat catcher at 30 s[hillings] a week” (Sloan, pp. 159–160). Near the beginning of this essay, John outlined several of the successes of the student socialist movement, particularly the demonstration on “Remembrance Day,” November 11, 1933, and the welcoming of the Hunger Marchers in 1934. And there were other successes for the “Cornford Socialists.” They “put tremendous energy into a campaign to receive the North-east Coast contingent [of the Hunger Marchers] on its way to London” (Sloan, p. 103), and staged “a very successful” demonstration against Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists, “ending with a speech by John, very excited, on the fountain in the market-place and a ﬁne#drinking and singing party” (Sloan, p. 109). Despite his hectic schedule organizing meetings, demonstrations, and proselytizing on behalf of the Communist group within the university socialist movement—while also studying for a history degree—John found the time to write several articles. In one piece, “The Class Front of Modern Art,” published in The Student Vanguard, December, 1933 (he had published a similar article, “Art and the Class Struggle” in the same periodical in May 1933), John condemned what he diagnosed as the bourgeois artist’s separation of art and life, the reactionary premise of the artist as an impartial observer. Like many young men who moved from an interest in poetry to an active role in socialist causes (Christopher Caudwell is a paradigmatic example), the young Cornford no doubt felt himself forced to examine the “bourgeois art” that he once practiced through the lens of his new perspective. This task of bringing his poetic endeavors into line with his proletarian activity is evidenced by the few poems he wrote during this period at Cambridge. Primarily, they bear the scars of a struggle between a persona that wishes to speak collectively on behalf of a cause, and the rem-

There’s none of these fashions have come to stay, And there’s nobody here got time to play, All we’ve brought are our party cards Which are no bloody good for your bloody charades. (Sloan, p. 171)

These lines mark a collective “we” or “us” that sets itself in an adversarial relation to “them” or “you,” a poetic strategy that is a constant feature in John’s poetry at this time. There is as well in these poems the shared subject matter of a necessary pain, or “hurt” (“hurt” is a ubiquitous term), if the old life is to be shed and the new communist life brought into being. One of the poems begins “Shall spring bring remembrance, a raw wound smarting? /Say rather for us ﬁne weather for hurting, /For there’s no parting curse we fear/ Here we break for good with the old way of living.” The stanzas continue thus: Best cut out all the talk of renewing And the wordy philosophies of destroying— Easiest far to tell them straight We don’t do this for fun, and joking apart, We mean what we say, and don’t care if we hurt, For there’s plenty to do, and no time to wait. (Sloan, p. 169)

The collective “we” of the poem, “Who know the future holds pain and anger,” are willing to forgo popularity to “Throw pepper in the eyes of the policeman’s horses,” and “Seduce from allegiance His Majesties forces,” all to further the

87

JOHN CORNFORD In his contribution to the Sloan memorial volume, Victor Kiernan, John’s close friend at the time, presented the portrait of a dedicated communist, but also of a very young man with anarchoromantic ideas. This manifested itself in various ways, not the least of which was his reaction against the restrictions, particularly the sartorial regimen, required of him at Stowe, his public school, and later at Cambridge. Victor Kiernan remembered him cutting somewhat of a ragged ﬁgure as he strode across Great Court (Trinity’s main quadrangle), or walked along the Cloister by New Court as he made his way to the library. His academic gown, required dress for all undergraduates, had reached such a state of dishevelment that “the Procters declared him academically nude” and Kiernan was obliged to supply him with “an old gown of [his] own” (Sloan, p. 115). John’s college rooms between Bishop’s Hostel and New Court were Spartan, featuring light bulbs as nude as his gown. It was there, in the “long room” that Kiernan would sometimes visit John, once witnessing him “use a bread-knife to clean his ﬁngernails with complete naturalness” (Sloan, p. 115). His reputation and eccentric behavior caused him to be lampooned in Trinity Review, the College magazine. At one point, Kiernan compared his general demeanor to that of Lenin’s: “he followed Lenin in his complete contempt for all useless sentiment and psychological weakness”. Once, Kiernan asked John, “what single thing in the universe gave him most satisfaction, and he answered, after thinking for a minute, ‘the existence of the Communist International’” (Sloan, p. 120). Like a lot of charismatic leaders (it is no coincidence that Kiernan should compare him to Lenin), John’s personality had its “ruthless” edge as well as its caring one. Kiernan remarked on a discernible “mixture of sensitiveness and roughness in him,” (Sloan, p. 118) that ranged from his being genuinely moved by the music of Sibelius, to expressing an admiration for Béla Kun, who was forced to machine-gun “ﬁve thousand prisoners during a forced retreat in the Russian Civil War: [John] told it not in a spirit of sadism, but of appreciation of an act of political necessity ﬁrmly carried out” (Sloan, p. 122).

cause of seeing “The old world in a new light.” The poem culminates in the grand gesture, the rhetorical ﬂourish: Now the crazy structure of the old world’s reeling, They can see with their own eyes its pitprops falling, Whether they like it, or whether they don’t. Though they lie to themselves so as not to discover That their game is up, that their day is over, They can’t be deaf to our shout, “RED FRONT!” (Sloan, pp. 169–171)

John Cornford had written better poetry than this as a schoolboy, and, as we shall see, he would write better poetry again in Spain, a poetry in which the collective and the personal, the “we” and the “I,” are in a heartfelt dialectical tension. Another poem of this Cambridge period, “As Our Might Lessens,” with its epigraph from the Anglo-Saxon epic “The Battle of Maldon,” is in a similar vein. In the struggle to shape history and capture the future, “action” must supplant introspection, even if this means suffering through a “senseless-seeming pain” in order to usher in the new life. The second section of the poem begins: No abstraction of the brain Will counteract the pain. The living thought must put on ﬂesh and blood. Action intervenes, revealing New ways of love, new ways of feeling, Gives nerve and bone and muscle to the word.

It is “action,” the Marxian “praxis,” that will ensure “new ways of living” and, like the AngloSaxon warriors at Maldon, the “soldiers” who ﬁght this ﬁght must be resolute, their “sinews hard as metal” (Sloan, pp. 173–75). It seems evident in these poems that John Cornford was attempting to forge a plain style that would allow him to express his newfound weltanschauung and had he survived Spain we must wonder what kind of poet, if any, he would have become. It is important to remind ourselves that he had barely turned twenty when he was writing these poems in Cambridge and was— apart from his many political activities—negotiating the space between adolescence and adulthood, from schoolboy-student to socialist leader.

88

JOHN CORNFORD This necessary ruthlessness, what Kiernan above terms as a “contempt for all useless sentiment and psychological weakness,” could enter into personal relations as well as political matters, and at times it is ﬁgured in the imagery of some of his poems. In “Sad Poem,” written on the occasion of John’s ending his relationship with Ray Peters, the controlling imagery is one of indispensable pain and hurting. The ﬁrst stanza explores what their love had been, how it is now “gone,” and the fact that they have “loved each other too long to try to be kind.” The second stanza expresses the need for the requisite surgery if the cancer of deceit is not to fester:

trades union demonstration distributing leaﬂets outside a factory and he was arrested. During the Christmas vacation of 1935, he and Margot and other friends were able to spend a peaceful time at a country retreat owned by some friends of John’s parents, but, inevitably, they had to go their separate ways, she to Birmingham and he back to Cambridge. On the way back to Cambridge, John had to travel via Cardiff, Wales, in order to attend a University Labour Federation conference, at which he was elected Vice-President. Among his papers there is a poem dated “Cardiff, 3.1.36,” with the ironic title “A Happy New Year,” in which he expresses his loneliness at having just left Margot. He may have had in mind, consciously or not, his erstwhile hero Auden’s reﬂective poem of the same title. As with other of John’s poems, this three-stanza poem contemplates loss and hurt, as well as the concomitant necessity for a resilient attitude to combat such pain. The last line of the second quatrain turns the poem from a litany of loss toward a recognition of the need for human endurance; the speaker is after all, not a “statue” but a “man.” The poem is short enough to quote in its entirety:

Though parting’s as cruel as the surgeon’s knife, It’s better than the ingrown canker, the rotten leaf. All that I know is I have got to leave. There’s new life ﬁghting in me to get at the air, And I can’t stop its mouth with the rags of old love. Clean wounds are easiest to bear. (Sloan, p. 168)

It was not long before John met a new love, a love that he took with him to Spain and which was to last the rest of his short life. According to a short memoir Margot Heinemann contributed to the archive in the Wren Library, she met John on a picket line outside a bus garage in Cambridge in 1934. Like him, she was upper-middle class, educated at Rodean, one of the most prestigious girls’ public schools in England, and had taken a “double ﬁrst” in English at Newnham College, Cambridge. She had published in the Cambridge Review, and was a member of the Communist Party. Like John, she also worked for the Labour Research Department, her specialty being the coal-mining industry and trades union organization. Once they had met, John and Margot tried to see as much as possible of one another, but this was not easy given John’s studentship and other work in Cambridge, and Margot’s work as a teacher in Birmingham. At one point John applied for a part-time tutorship at the Birmingham branch of the Worker’s Education Association so that he might spend more time with Margot, but despite a strong reference from his history tutor at Trinity, he was turned down. On one visit to Birmingham he participated in a

All last night we lay so close, All completeness of the heart The restless future will efface; Tomorrow night we sleep apart. The eyeless shutter clamping out, Dear, the certainty of your touch, All the warmth and all the light; O don’t think, it hurts too much. Though your nerves are frozen numb, Your sorrow will not make time stop, You’re not a statue but a man; O don’t grieve, it doesn’t help. (Cornford Archive)

Although John would go to Birmingham to visit Margot as often as he could, it would not be until Easter of 1936 that they would have another extended time together, visiting John’s Cambridge friend Michael Straight, whose parents had converted Dartington Hall, Devon, into the wellknown progressive school of that name. When they parted they had hoped to have another extended time together, traveling to France that

89

JOHN CORNFORD summer when John had ﬁnished his degree and Margot was free from teaching. As we shall see, historical events prevented this excursion. The fact that John spent so much of his time on political work did not preclude attention to his studies; indeed, the Communist Party insisted that student members do particularly well. Victor Kiernan saw John “on most mornings sitting concentratedly over a book in the college readingroom,” and when he was able to look at John’s notebooks after his death they showed that “he had worked as thoroughly for his Tripos as at politics” (Sloan, pp. 117–18). When he received his results in June, 1936, he wrote to his mother saying that he “wasn’t surprised by the ﬁrst [class honors], but quite a lot by the distinction.” He goes on to tell her about his winning the Earl of Derby Research Scholarship, which would allow him to pursue research on “the social roots of the Elizabethan poets” (Galassi, Understand the Weapon, p. 170). The holiday in France that he and Margot had planned after his examinations was at ﬁrst postponed, then abandoned, when John heard of the uprising in Spain that had taken place on July 18, 1936. He was very interested in the events taking place in Barcelona, a city that was on the verge of becoming a workers’ state. Margot Heinemann, in a note in the Cornford archive explained that “he went to Spain#with a press card hoping to report what was going on[,] not intending to join up at all# expecting the ﬁghting to last only a few days.” He and a Cambridge associate arrived in Dieppe, France, on August 6 and were in Barcelona two days later. The possibility that he might yet join Margot in France was set aside when John became embroiled in what became known as “the last great cause,” the Spanish Republic’s ﬁght against the Fascist uprising led by Generalissimo Francisco Franco.

summer at the Cambridge Boating Sheds, then a short time later he heard that John had gone to Spain. Like many left-leaning intellectuals, John was aware of the political situation in Spain. In his 1934 essay, “The Coming Struggle for Power,” he remarked on the recent “Anarchist workers’ putsch in Spain” and on how the Spanish Communist Party had “converted it from a senseless terroristic putsch into a serious political struggle of the working class” (Sloan, pp. 141– 42). By the time of his arrival in Barcelona, the workers in the form of militia committees were ﬁrmly in control, if “control” is the proper term. John, well versed in the theory of revolution, would now “understand physically what the dictatorship of the proletariat means” (Sloan, p. 198). After what was no doubt an exhilarating two days imbibing the heady atmosphere of revolutionary Barcelona, John was anxious to see the war ﬁrsthand. He left on August 11 with the Austrian-born journalist Franz Borkenau, whose book, The Spanish Cockpit, records the political background and early months of the war. John noted in his diary many of his impressions on this trip to the front, impressions that he would later try to organize in a long letter to Margot Heinemann, and later still in his essay, “The Situation in Catalonia.” John did not return to Barcelona with Borkenau, but instead enlisted in the P.O.U.M. (Partido Obrero de Uniﬁcación Marxista) militia. The letter that he wrote to Margot Heinemann during those early days at the front (“Diary Letter From Aragon” in the Sloan memorial volume) enables us to get a sense of his movements and feelings during these few weeks. Although the letter is somewhat rambling and chronologically confusing, his thoughts and observations reveal a pattern of oscillation between the objective and the subjective, between his observations on the tactical and political events at the front and the fears and insecurities of John Cornford. In fact, this seemingly random letter concerns itself with the same dialectic of personal reﬂection and historical necessity as that of his well-known poem “Full Moon at Tierz: Before the Storming of Huesca” which was written during this period.

SPAIN

John Cornford arrived in Barcelona on August 8, 1936. His decision to go was made impulsively and his family seemed not to be aware of it. His brother Christopher, with whom he was fairly close, remembered being with him earlier that

90

JOHN CORNFORD where “the fool moon/ Throws shadows clear as daylight’s#” as “the barren hills of Aragon/ Announce [their] testing has begun.” The “testing” of which the poem speaks is both a collective one (the “we” of the poem) and a personal one, that of the nerve of John Cornford:

In the very ﬁrst paragraph of the letter he asks himself: “why am I here?” As if subjecting himself to self-analysis, he goes on to tell Margot that she would know “the political reasons,” the objective historical events that led him to this lonely hillside in Aragon. But, he tells her, there are subjective reasons as well (Sloan, p. 195). Whatever the components of the personal element were, John now had plenty of time to reﬂect on them. The two terms that punctuate the early part of his Aragon letter are “loneliness” and “boredom,” and this state was compounded by the fact that he could not communicate with any of his comrades because he could speak neither French nor Spanish. He remembers his ﬁrst Sunday at the front, August 16, 1936, and how he could hear the “slow and mournful” bells of the church in Perdiguera, a village held by the fascists. He reﬂects: “I don’t know why, but that depressed me as much as anything ever has” (p. 195). Then in a seemingly random juxtaposition, but one that perhaps betrays the logic of the unconscious, he reports that he had a dream: “One of the toughest people when I was small at school was the captain of rugger, an oaf called D–––, I was in the same dormitory and terriﬁed of him. I hadn’t thought of him in years, but last night I dreamt extremely vividly about having a ﬁght with him and holding my own” (Sloan, pp. 196–97). The “mournful bells” of Perdiguera no doubt brought back memories of bells that might have chimed in John’s childhood with all their feelings of loneliness and insecurity, but the dream helped him dispel, or at least assuage, any doubts he might have when he faced combat. After expressing his desire for some English cigarettes and English tea, he explains that he is to go into action soon near Huesca. On the night of September 1, 1936, there was a full moon and it must have been this night, or the next, that he turned the pages of his Cambridge diary to the blank pages devoted to October and penciled in the stanzas of “Full Moon at Tierz: Before the Storming of Huesca.” The poem begins by describing the past as a prehistoric time when “a glacier, gripped the mountain wall,/ And time was inches.” The second section moves through “Time present,” to the here and now of Huesca

Though Communism was my waking time, Always before the lights of home Shone clear and steady and full in view— Here, if you fall, there’s help for you— Now with my Party, I stand quite alone. Then let my private battle with my nerves, The fear of pain whose pain survives, The love that tears me by the roots, The loneliness that claws my guts, Fuse in the welded front out ﬁght preserves. (Sloan, p. 243)

This section of the poem echoes many of the “private” fears and anxieties that John had expressed in the Aragon letter. The fourth and ﬁnal section pans out camera-like from the personal to the collective and political once more, this time focusing on the historical course of socialism and its importance for “the workers of all the world.” Here the moon that shines on the plain around Huesca is the same moon that shines over Germany, England, and Wales, and it serves to symbolize the common ﬁght throughout Europe “For Communism and for liberty”: Now the same night falls over Germany And the impartial beauty of the stars Lights from the unfeeling sky Oranienburg and freedom’s crooked scars. We can do nothing to ease that pain But prove the agony was not in vain. England is silent under the same moon, From Clydeside to the gutted pits of Wales. The innocent mask conceals that soon Here, too, our freedom’s swaying in the scales. O understand before too late Freedom was never held without a ﬁght. (Sloan, p. 244)

Sometime during the attacks in the ﬁrst weeks of September John found the time to write another poem, a short love lyric that appears in his diary immediately below the last stanza of “Full Moon at Tierz.” A kind of last testament, the poem

91

JOHN CORNFORD originally had no title and was published in New Writing IV (autumn 1937) under the generic title “Poem.” Eventually, in the Sloan memorial volume, the lyric was given the title “To Margot Heinemann,” in acknowledgement of its intended recipient. It is one of the most evocative love poems in the English tradition. Its deceptively simple sentiments are rendered in the most fundamental diction, yet the poem evokes a powerful response:

Barcelona. Whether or not he suggested it himself when he visited the offices of the Anti-Fascist Militias, or the proposition was put to him, it was decided that he should return to England on a propaganda mission. His passport shows a “Salida” (exit) stamp at Port Bou on September 14, 1936, and he was back in England by the September 16. It might have been on this trip or shortly after his arrival that John penned the last poem he ever wrote. It was thought for some time (understandably, given the sentimental romanticism of the implications) that “To Margot Heinemann” was John’s last poem, but there is sufficient evidence to suggest that the much more cynical and ironically detached “A Letter From Aragon” was written either in the hospital or shortly after he had left for England. This freeverse poem with its deeply ironic refrain “This is a quiet sector of a quiet front,” expresses in the most understated manner how matter—of—fact human suffering is in war. The description of “ [They] buried Ruiz in a new pine coffin,” in a shroud that “was too small and his washed feet stuck out,” while the “stink of his corpse” comes through the “clean pine boards,” is summarized in the Anglo-Saxon-like simplicity of “Death was not digniﬁed.” The poem then moves into the biographical realm when John recalls his recent time in the hospital:

Heart of the heartless world, Dear heart, the thought of you Is the pain at my side, The shadow that chills my view. The wind rises in the evening, Reminds that autumn is near. I am afraid to lose you, I am afraid of my fear. On the last mile to Huesca, The last fence for our pride, Think so kindly, dear, that I Sense you at my side. And if bad luck should lay my strength Into the shallow grave, Remember all the good you can; Don’t forget my love. (Sloan, p. 246–47)

It is extraordinary that even in this most personal of poems that John Cornford (consciously or not) could not help but incorporate the Marxist doctrine that had by now become part of his sensibility. It is in Marx’s “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” that we will ﬁnd the origin of John’s metaphor: “Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of spiritless conditions” (Kamenka, p. 115). Communism and his love for Margot Heinemann become fused in this poem, a fusion that would afford John Cornford the spiritual sustenance he needed at the time. Around the second week of September, John became ill with a stomach complaint that he had suffered from before, only this time it was much more severe. It became evident that he would have to be hospitalized and he was taken ﬁrst to the makeshift hospital at Lerida, and when he was strong enough to be moved, back to

In the clean hospital bed my eyes were so heavy Sleep easily blotted out one ugly picture, A wounded militiaman moaning on a stretcher, Now out of danger, but still crying for water, Strong against death, but unprepared for such pain. This on a quiet front. (p. 245–246)

The last words of the poem are given over to the exhortation of an “Anarchist worker,” who admonishes the young English volunteer to “Tell the workers of England/ This was a war not of our own making,” and, by implication, to enlist all the aid that can be mustered for this just cause. (Sloan, pp. 245–46). This was exactly the mission John Cornford undertook over the next three weeks while on leave in England. Immediately upon his arrival, John set about the task of recruiting a group of volunteers that would return with him to Spain, and, hopefully,

92

JOHN CORNFORD hand and his left ﬁst slightly raised and clenched. The group was to leave for France on October 6, and on October 4, John took the time to write to his College Tutor at Trinity College: “I am writing this letter to resign my scholarships#. I should like to take this opportunity of thanking you, and through you other Fellows of the College#for the tremendous personal kindness and interest you have always shown me, even though you must have looked with disfavour on many of my activities” (Galassi, p. 182). As John’s passport veriﬁes, the volunteers arrived in Dieppe on October 6 and then made their way to Paris. One of the group, John Sommerﬁeld, was soon to write Volunteer in Spain (1937), which is dedicated to John Cornford, and it is of inestimable value as it documents in some detail John’s demeanor and exploits during his second stint in Spain. Sommerﬁeld records that they had not been in Paris very long when they knew that John’s idea for a small British unit would have to be abandoned. They found themselves in a hotel in the Bellville area of Paris with volunteers from France, Germany, Poland, Italy, and Belgium, all of whom left together by train for Marseilles and eventually boarded a ship for Alicante in Spain. The ship sailed through the night without running lights and the next morning entered the harbor at Alicante under the scrutiny of foreign ships that were enforcing the Non-Intervention agreement. Sommerﬁeld remembers their disembarkation: “And we marched along the quay singing the ‘International’ with a new and joyous feeling. Then we were in the town and the streets were ﬁlling with crowds who sang with us, saluting with raised clenched ﬁsts and shouting” (Sommerﬁeld, p. 17). They were then taken by train to Albacete, where all the new volunteers received their basic training, arriving cold and exhausted at four in the morning. After his experience on the Aragon front, when he had endured long periods of inactivity and boredom, John had told his group to be sure and pack reading matter. He had brought a volume of Marx’s Das Kapital, a volume of Shakespeare’s tragedies (no doubt a remnant of his erstwhile research proposal into the social roots of Elizabethan literature), and a

form the nucleus of a British militia unit. His experiences on the Aragon front had convinced him that a great deal more discipline and tactical expertise was needed, and he hoped his group might provide it. He had little time for personal affairs, although he did see his father in Cambridge, was able to meet with Margot, and visited Michael Straight again at Dartington. His brother Christopher saw him ﬂeetingly: “He was back on leave, and I saw him for one evening in London: he was dressed in old ﬂannels and the rope-soled shoes of the Spanish worker; his face was yellow with the effects of jaundice and a long journey#We walked together, as so often before, down the King’s Road, he talking and I listening. People in the street watched us curiously. Then we parted, John still too excited to sleep; and that was the last time I ever saw him” (Sloan, pp. 58–59). John called upon some of his communist friends from Cambridge and other universities for his recruiting “campaign,” but other volunteers were signed up merely by chance. One of the group, Sam Russell, a University of London postgraduate in archeological studies, met John in the office of Harry Pollitt when he went to the Communist headquarters in King Street, London. Another was Bernard Knox, a contemporary from St. John’s College, Cambridge. Before they set out for Paris, Bernard went with John to visit the latter’s father in Cambridge, on which occasion Professor Cornford gave John the pistol that he bought for himself during the First World I. John’s mother was ill and away from the family home, which meant that she never got to say goodbye to her son. Despite his hurried schedule—he was also writing his essay, “The Situation in Catalonia,” during this period—he had time to visit his old friend Michael Straight at Dartington Hall around the 24 or 25 of September. They had hoped that Margot Heinemann would go as well but she was busy with her teaching in Birmingham. It was on this visit that the last photograph was taken of John Cornford, a portrait that appears as frontispiece for the Sloan memorial volume. It shows him striking a rather belligerent pose in a pair of wellworn trousers and jacket, a cigarette in his right

93

JOHN CORNFORD water was cold. More importantly, they had been issued a number of modern Lewis machine guns and it wasn’t long before they had an opportunity to test them against the enemy. From time to time, the unit was ordered to leave the Philosophy building and take up advanced positions in the surrounding terrain. It was during these brisk days and ﬁercely cold nights that John’s “greatcoat” was the envy of his comrades, and his little pocket chess set got much use. Sommerﬁeld remembers that they played games that were frequently interrupted because of enemy action. Their hardships in the area surrounding the university were bad enough, but to make matters worse, when they got back to University City, some of the buildings had been taken by the fascists and had to be recaptured. Despite the relative comfort of the Philosophy and Letters building, it was, in Bernard Knox’s words, “no rest cure.” They had to contend with snipers who ﬁred constantly through the open windows. They improvised by constructing barricades from the numerous books from the faculty library. Knox recalls particularly a sturdy “encyclopedia of Hindu mythology and religion. We later discovered, after hearing bullets smack into the books, that the average penetration was to about page 350#” (Knox, “Premature AntiFascist”). Not all the books in the library were put to this use. Sommerﬁeld found a set of Everyman Classics and remembers one particularly cold morning when he discovered “De Quincey’s Lake poets and rolled [himself] up in a carpet and read voraciously [but] twice [he] had to leave his book to shoot at the Falangists who popped out like rabbits when the shells burst” (Sommerﬁeld, p. 146). It was in such a situation that John Cornford might have killed his ﬁrst enemy. He wrote to Margot: “The afternoon of the second day I think I killed a Fascist. Fifteen or sixteen of them were running from a bombardment. I and two Frenchmen were ﬁring from our barricades with sights at 900. We got one and both said it was I that hit him, though I couldn’t be sure” (Galassi, p. 188). Daily life in the Philosophy and Letters building was a bizarre mixture of domesticity and extreme danger. Sommerﬁeld recalls how, after

pocket chess set. When their weapons eventually arrived, the riﬂes turned out to be of World War I. vintage and the machine guns were ancient St. Etiennes that may have dated back to the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. It was with this antique weaponry that John and his group set out for Madrid on November 6, 1936. Sommerﬁeld remembers their exhaustion after eleven hours in the lorry and how they thawed out over coffee: “John took off his great overcoat. How we had laughed at him in the hot days as he had trailed about in that monstrous coat#that reached down almost to his heels. With that, an ammunition belt strapped around him, riﬂe slung on one shoulder and blanket across the other, his high cheek-bones, sculptured almost Mongol face, he looked like something in a bad picture of the retreat from Moscow.” (Sommerﬁeld, p. 53). They reached the outskirts of Madrid on November 7 (the anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, as their political commissar reminded them) and next day took part in the historic march of the ﬁrst—officially called the XIth— International Brigade, lugging their fairly useless, but excessively heavy, St. Etienne machine guns. John Sommerﬁeld had the feeling that theirs was less a triumphant entry than a desperate hope. Some locals thought that the city might fall by the weekend. Eventually, John’s group arrived at the not quite completed Ciudad Universitaria (University City) which formed part of the frontline holding back the fascist advance. On this front, the forces fought from building to building, sometimes from academic department to academic department, classroom to classroom. John’s group held the Filosoﬁa y Letras (Philosophy and Letters) faculty, where they took up positions facing the enemy-held buildings dominated by the Hospital Clinico, in which the Moorish snipers held a superior hilltop position. Their section was allocated a lecture room on the top ﬂoor and Sommerﬁeld remembers the delight of the group when they found they had clean toilets and showers with shining white tiled walls. He and John availed themselves of the facilities the very ﬁrst night of their arrival, but their delight was short-lived when they found the

94

JOHN CORNFORD and cover the withdrawal of other crew” (Knox). Miraculously, Bernard Knox did not die and made it back to his machine-gun section, much to the astonishment of his comrades. While Knox was in the Brigade hospital set up in the Palace Hotel in Madrid, John went to see him. He and the few survivors from the original group were on their way to join what was to become the British Battalion being formed at the training ground in Madrigueras near Albacete. Many new recruits, including Christopher Caudwell, who left England on December 11, were being trained here. Ralph Fox, novelist and communist intellectual, was also there at this time, serving as political commissar. It was proposed that John Cornford remain at the base to help train new recruits rather than going to ﬁght at the Cordoba front, but he turned down this proposal, preferring instead to remain with his comrades. With the only four remaining comrades from the original group of twenty-one who were not dead or wounded, John set out on or about Christmas Day, 1936, for the little town of Andujar, where he detrained and prepared for the assault on Lopera, which was held by the fascists. This would be John Cornford’s last battle. This attack was criminally mishandled by the French commander, Major Lasalle; so much so that, shortly after the campaign, he was tried and shot as a fascist sympathizer and possible spy. The support that Lasalle had promised to Number One Company, John’s company, never arrived, and despite many brave attempts to take and hold a ridge that became known as the “English Crest,” they were decimated by Fascist airplanes, artillery, and machine-gun ﬁre. During the ﬁnal retreat, they had to leave the dead and wounded behind. John Cornford’s body was among those never recovered. Given the chaos of the attack and the retreat, it is impossible to be certain exactly how John died. There have been many accounts, many noting his bravery, although his friend Michael Straight had heard rumors that he might have been shot mistakenly by his own side. The most intriguing account comes in the shape of a letter from Maurice Levine to John’s brother Christopher and dated March 16, 1975. This handwritten letter, among the “Cornford Papers”

they had built their barricades with “volumes of Indian metaphysics and early nineteenth-century German philosophy,” they spread carpets on the ﬂoor, “found a clock and a barometer and hung them on the wall; some tourist ‘Come to Sunny Spain’ posters were found, and one put up as a mockery to the climate” (Sommerﬁeld, p. 146). It was in the middle of such camaraderie that suddenly a shell burst into their quarters through the wall where the Sunny Spain poster had been. Sommerﬁeld was on the last chapter of the Lake Poets, having read all afternoon, when he heard an “appalling crash and looked up and the room was thick with dust and smoke” (Sommerﬁeld, p. 146). John Cornford received a head wound that he didn’t treat as seriously as it deserved and Bernard Knox remembers that “for the next week or so, he wore a white bandage round the top of his head that made him look, from a distance, like a Moorish trooper” (Knox). The shell was from one of their own anti-aircraft guns deployed to keep the Fascist planes at bay. Shortly after this incident, John and his group were given a short leave in the city of Madrid proper, where Knox remembers drinking numerous “cafés con leche” and going to the movies to see a Russian ﬁlm. This respite did not last very long, however, and soon they were put on alert again and transported to the northwest front, on the Escorial road, near the village of Boadilla del Monte. With his head still bandaged in “Moorish style,” John was elected to lead the section in this offensive. Bernard Knox would never forget this advance because it nearly cost him his life. Their orders were to cover the infantry attack, to retreat with their machine guns, and to hold the main road into the village. They withdrew by sections, one section covering the other’s retreat. As Knox’s group withdrew dragging the heavy machine guns, he felt “a shocking blow and a burning pain through [his] neck and right shoulder and fell to the ground on [his] back with blood spurting up like a fountain.” He goes on: “John came back, with David, our Oxford man who had been a medical student. I heard him say: ‘I can’t do anything with that’ and John bent down and said, ‘God bless you, Bernard’ and left. They had to go; they had to set up the gun

95

JOHN CORNFORD in the Wren Library, gives the following account: The First British Company was ordered to withdraw from the crest of a hill “after heavy losses.” On regrouping it was discovered that Ralph Fox had been left behind, wounded. Levine states that John Cornford went “back to the crest to help his comrade#It was either the 26 or 27 of December.” If this account is accurate, it would mean that two of the most promising English intellectuals of the epoch may have died together.

Is in no way left the same that I have known. (Lehmann, p. 60)

Perhaps the ﬁnal, more buoyant, words on John’s death should be provided by his old comrade-inarms, John Sommerﬁeld. The epitaph-like conclusion to his memoir of the war suggests that the body may decay, but the spirit that John Cornford epitomized will never die: “I did not see him dead. I can only remember him alive and laughing, strong, resolute, and reliable#. To me he is the type and symbol of the youth of today whose conscious task is to change the world#.” Cornford and others like him who were killed “represent something that cannot be killed, and their deaths will only be in vain if we fail to carry on the struggle in which they fell” (Sommerﬁeld, p. 155).

John had written to Margot Heinemann more than once about the possibility of his being killed and not seeing her again. While still at training camp, he wrote, ominously: “It will be a matter of weeks before I get to the front, [and] then a short life but a merry one” (Galassi, p. 184). After a detailed account of the group’s activities on the Madrid front, he closes another letter on a more positive note: “I felt very depressed when I wrote this. Now I’ve eaten and am for the moment in a building. I feel ﬁne. Warm. I’ll get back to you, love, don’t worry. God bless you” (Galassi, p. 186). In most likely the last letter he had a chance to write, dated “8th December, ’36,” he ended the letter with the following: “Well, one day the war will end—I’d give it till June or July, and then if I’m alive I’m coming back to you. I think about you often, but there’s nothing I can do but say again, be happy, darling. And I’ll see you again one day. Bless you, John” (Galassi, p. 189). Such a reunion was not to be, and Margot expressed her grief in a poem, “Grieve in a New Way for New Losses,” published in the Autumn number of New Writing, 1937. The title and the refrain “All this is not more than we can deal with,” expresses both the regret and deﬁant attitude that informs the elegy. The ﬁrst stanza represents the general tone of the poem:

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF JOHN CORNFORD BIBLIOGRAPHIES

AND

ARCHIVAL MATERIAL

There is no comprehensive bibliography of Cornford’s writings, but much of it is listed in Galassi and Sloan, details of which are given below. John Cornford’s papers, among which there remains some unpublished material, are housed with his father’s (F.M Cornford) in the Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Borkenau, Franz. The Spanish Cockpit. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963 (First published 1937). Carpenter, Humphrey. W. H. Auden: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981. Cornford, Frances. Collected Poems. London: The Cresset Press, 1955.

And after the ﬁrst sense, “He will not come again” Fearing still the images of corruption, To think he lies out there, and changes In the process of the earth from what I knew, Decays and even there in the grave, shut close In the dark, away from me, speechless and cold,

Cortada, James W. Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1982. Galassi, Jonathan. Understand the Weapon: Understand the Wound. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1976. Hobsbaum, Philip. “Frances Cornford.” British Writers Supplement VIII. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Charles

96

JOHN CORNFORD Orwell, George. Homage to Catalonia. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952.

Scribner’s Sons, 2003. Kamenka, Eugene, ed. The Portable Karl Marx. New York: Viking Penguin Books, 1983. Knox, Bernard. “Premature Anti-Fascist.” Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives—Bill Susman Lecture Series. New York University, 1998. Online edition: http://www.alba-valb. org/lectures/1998_knox_bernard.html. Lehmann, John, ed. New Writing IV (Autumn, 1937). London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1937. Mendelson, Edward, ed. The English Auden. London, Boston: Faber and Faber, 1986.

Sloan, Pat, ed. John Cornford: A Memoir. Dunfermline, Fife: Borderline Press, 1978. (ﬁrst pub. 1938.) Sommerﬁeld, John. Volunteer in Spain. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1937. Stansky, Peter, and William Abrahams. Journey to the Frontier. London: Constable, 1966. Sullivan, Robert. Christopher Caudwell. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

97

JACKIE KAY (1961—)

Gail Low JACKIE KAY IS one of the best-loved contemporary poets in Britain today; she is equally at home as a dramatist and as a writer of ﬁction for adults and children. Her work is notable for its use of the personal and autobiographical as a springboard for writing, and it was with her ﬁrst book of poetry, The Adoption Papers, a 1991 collection that explored crucial experiences in her own life, that she came into prominence. An overriding concern in her work has been the subject of identity, whether it be cultural, racial, or sexual identity, and always Kay has sought to underline the ﬂuidity of those identiﬁcations. She is black and openly gay but is also wary of such labeling. Her 1998 novel, Trumpet, and her brilliant 1997 biography of Bessie Smith both reﬂect her keen appreciation and utilization of jazz musical forms. Her work offers a feminized landscape that is preoccupied with and focused on women, from petty domestic details to a world of women loving women. While she is ambivalent about the land of her birth, her writing is nonetheless grounded in Scotland; she has an excellent ear for cadences of speech, regional accents, and dialect, and these qualities come through in character studies brought vividly to life through her use of dramatic monologues.

Kay as a child did not come across another black person. Yet by virtue of her mixed-race parentage, Kay was always singled out as different; despite being brought up in a loving and stable home, she was frequently subject to racial abuse. The uncertainties of identity that arise from being adopted, of being black and hence deemed not Scottish, are addressed again and again in her work. In interviews, Kay has spoken of how writing provided her with an imaginative “sanctuary” at an early age; it offered her a way to cope with anger and tension. Racial abuse, identity, and the terrain of childhood as a fraught emotional and imaginative space are themes in much of her writing for both adults and children; the battleground of the playground or the betrayal of adults and school friends forms the dramatic scenario of her ﬁction for younger readers, such as Strawgirl (2002), and are central to poems such as “Black Bottom,” “Compound Fracture,” and “Names” that appear in The Adoption Papers. Kay’s adoptive parents were communists and activists, and she was brought along to antinuclear and antiapartheid protests and to peace marches. Her engagement with issues of social justice is evident from her early verse, and especially in the poetic sequence “Severe Gale 8,” included in The Adoption Papers, which takes among its subjects the National Health Service, the poll tax, and urban homelessness. Her parents’ inﬂuences have also contributed to a keen appreciation of musical and performative forms; her sensitivity to rhythm, choral repetition, and incantation links her to Scottish ballads, folk songs, and the traditions of publicly recited verse, as well as to African American jazz and blues, which her father, a jazz and blues enthusiast, encouraged. From the age of eleven to sixteen, she attended the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama

LIFE AND WORK

Jackie Kay was born in 1961 in Edinburgh. Her Scottish mother and Nigerian father met at a dance; her father returned to Nigeria during Kay’s mother’s pregnancy and she was placed in an Edinburgh home for adoption. Kay was adopted at ﬁve months and raised in the northern suburbs of Glasgow. Her adoptive parents, whom she considers her “real” parents, are both white. Apart from her brother, who was also adopted,

99

JACKIE KAY Her ﬁrst collection of poetry, The Adoption Papers, was published in 1991. The collection’s long semiautobiographical title poem marked a coming of age in Kay’s career as a poet and the volume garnered much critical acclaim. “The Adoption Papers” explores the nature and experience of maternity: the desire to be a mother and to have a mother, as well as the experience of relinquishing motherhood. It enacts the overwhelming desire for maternity by a mother and daughter, the trauma of separation, loss, regret, and the difficulties of a child coming to terms with rejection. The collection as a whole established her credentials as a poet with a gift for creating drama through poetry. It received many literary prizes, including a Saltire Society Scottish First Book of the Year Award and a commendation from the judges of the prestigious Forward Poetry Prize. The British Broadcasting Corporation’s well-received radio broadcast of an adaptation of the title poem in 1990 further raised her proﬁle as a writer. Kay moved to Manchester with her son to live with the equally well-known Scottish-born poet Carol Ann Duffy. This personal relationship was also the basis of a formidable poetic partnership, which lasted throughout the 1990s. Kay’s poetic documentary Twice Through the Heart was broadcast in 1992 as part of the BBC’s Words on Film television series, which sought to involve a poet in the process of ﬁlmmaking. The series aimed at bringing a heightened awareness of language, rhythm, and metaphor to the subject matter of documentary ﬁlmmaking. Kay’s took as her subject matter the story of Amelia Rossiter, who killed her husband after years of domestic violence. The ﬁlm was a pointed intervention in debates about domestic violence and, in particular, in the official accounts of the telling of Rossiter’s story. Some of these poems were collected in Other Lovers, Kay’s second volume of poetry, published in 1993. Other Lovers also includes a powerful sequence of poems about the blues and about Bessie Smith, a longtime icon for Kay. The volume showcases Kay’s ﬂair for creating dramatic lyric and highlights what would be a long-standing preoccupation with identity and the nature of love. In

with the hope of training as an actress. At sixteen, she met the Scottish writer Alasdair Gray, who had been given some of Kay’s youthful work; he was impressed with her talents and gave her conﬁdence to think of herself as a writer. She was already beginning to identify herself as lesbian. Kay read English at the University of Stirling and graduated in 1983. After university, she moved to London and worked in various jobs, including as a housecleaner and a hospital porter, while still writing. Tired of always having to assert her identity as black and Scottish, the move south from Scotland was motivated by a desire to be part of a multicultural environment. In 1985, she was asked by the Theatre of Black Women to write a short play; The Meeting Place was read that same year at the Gay Sweatshop Times Ten Festival. Redrafted and rewritten as Chiaroscuro, the play premiered at Soho Polytechnic in 1986 and later toured various arts festival circuits and community centers. Chiaroscuro takes on the subject of racial and sexual identities through its exploration of two women’s sexual relationship and the reaction of their friends to their coming out; in the same context, the play addresses racism, homophobia, and the invisibility of lesbianism. Her next play, Twice Over, written for Gay Sweatshop, was the gay theater group’s ﬁrst play by a black writer. After premiering at the Drill Hall in 1988, Twice Over was taken on a successful tour both in Britain and in the United States. The production of the play was undertaken during a time in British politics that saw the enactment in law of a bill, popularly called Clause 28, speciﬁcally prohibiting the promotion of homosexuality or materials with the intention of promoting homosexuality. After Kay gave birth to a son, Matthew, in 1988, she remained in England. The need for a more positive and accepting environment for both herself and her son reinforced her decision not to return to Scotland to live. She remarked in an interview (p. 34), “I love the country, but I don’t know if the country loves me.” From 1989 to 1991 she held the appointed position of writer in residence at the London borough of Hammersmith.

100

JACKIE KAY considerations, reminiscences by friends, or scholarly quotes. Fragments of songs are woven into the story of Smith’s life; with the deliberate use of syntactical repetition, chorus, and rhetorical questions, the oral and performative antiphonal traditions of blues music are also reproduced in the actual narration of Smith’s story. Bessie Smith is a tour de force, mixing fact and ﬁction, biography and creative writing. Poems in the 1998 volume Off Colour, Kay’s third collection of poetry, take for their subject matter sickness and disease, and they extend such concerns from the personal to the social, considering, for instance how an individual society may be physically ill and how society may be said to be “off color” in its prejudicial enactment of color (racism). There are explicit indictments of racism in a sequence of poems including “Crown and Country,” “Teeth,” “Race, Racist, Racism,” and “Hottentot Venus”; poems also address the creation of borderlines marking differences between individuals and communities. Off Colour received a Poetry Book Society commendation and was short-listed for the T. S. Eliot Prize. Kay’s ﬁrst novel, Trumpet, was also published in 1998 and was a critical triumph, winning the Guardian Fiction Prize and the Author’s Club First Novel Award. The plot is loosely based on the story of Billy Tipton, a successful jazz musician who lived as a man, married and divorced a succession of women, and also “fathered” sons, but who after his death was revealed to be a woman. Kay’s story of the transgendered jazz trumpeter, Joss Moody, is woven out of a number of voices: that of his wife, his adopted son, and a host of minor characters such as his elderly mother, a doctor, a cleaner, a journalist, a coroner, and a fellow musician. The novel has often been likened to a piece of jazz music, with a central solo and side improvisations by others who contribute to the story of Moody and his effect on their lives. Kay’s recasting of the Tipton story moves the tale away from its voyeuristic and sensationalist potential toward a moving love story told by a grieving widow, her son, and his friends and acquaintances. Trumpet looks at the gap between the label and the person labeled,

many of the poems in the collection, one’s sense of oneself is shown to be bound up with the important relationships that one has with others, or with the cessation of those relationships. In other poems, such as “Colouring In” and “The Crossing,” Kay reﬂects on the signiﬁcance of place and space to identity, a connection that is severed or sustained through time; poems with such concerns often return to an event prior in time to capture a luminous mood or emotion. A sense of loss pervades a cluster of these poems, creating an elegiac mood in the volume as a whole. Yet love is not simply romance but can turn to hate and violence. In ending the collection with the Rossiter poems on domestic violence, Kay reminds her readers that love is not merely a soft subject but also a complex and contradictory one. Other Lovers won the Somerset Maugham Award offered by the British Society of Authors while Twice Through the Heart was rewritten as an English National Opera libretto by Mark Anthony Turnage. While working on the poems that would go into her third collection of verse, Off Colour (1998), Kay was approached to write a biography of Bessie Smith for the Outlines series of biographies by Absolute Press. The series, launched in 1997, aimed to address the way in which homosexuality informs the work and lives of inﬂuential gay and lesbian artists; the volumes were meant to be written in an entertaining and insightful manner. Bessie Smith, published in 1997, provided an accessible introduction to the blues singer that did not dodge questions about her private life; signiﬁcantly, it also addressed the ways in which Smith .was important to Kay’s own life as an artist. In writing the biography of the legendary blues singer, Kay’s narrator is allowed to reﬂect on her own racial, sexual, and cultural identity. Bessie Smith is narrated in hybrid styles, voices, and modes: a biographer’s knowledgeable but intimate account of her subject, a historian’s rendering of blues tradition, a writer’s heightened enactment of the drama of Smith’s life, and a writer’s personal revelations about her own life. Fantasy or dramatic sequences reenacting events in Smith’s life, and spoken in her own voice, are juxtaposed with more critical

101

JACKIE KAY fourth collection of poetry, Life Mask, published in 2005, focuses on subjects and themes that have inspired much of Kay’s poetic oeuvre: love gained or lost, identity, and transformation. Life Mask mines the rich seam of metaphors that accrue to the various guises of self that one wears to face the outside world. Her second collection of short stories, Wish I Was Here, was published in 2006. Why Don’t You Stop Talking had showcased Kay’s affinity for dramatic monologues and her ear for vernacular speech, expression, and rhythms, and the collection as a whole was also testament to Kay’s poetic gifts in diction and in the painterly creation of tone and mood. Wish I Was Here furthers Kay’s preoccupation with love: lost and unrequited, and as a result, spawning emotions that are obsessive and allconsuming. Falling out of love, the breakup of long-term relationships and the breakdown and exposure of one’s sense of self that is a consequence of such breaks is the focus of attention. In all of these situations, she illuminates the ways in which identity is intimately bound up with others. In many ways, despite the last story of the collection, Wish I Was Here marks a preoccupation with age and aging, and Kay has spoke of this collection as a “mid life” book. In 2006, she was awarded an MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) for her services to literature.

between gender and sexual identity, and explores the nature of love. Kay was appointed North East Literary Fellow at the Universities of Newcastle upon Tyne and Durham in 2001, a creative and academic fellowship offered to established writers, a post she held till 2003. She has always taken an active role in teaching and promoting poetry, and in 2002, she was elected as a fellow to the Royal Society of Literature, the same year that her story collection Why Don’t You Stop Talking appeared. Adroit in the art of dramatic monologues composed in verse, Kay demonstrated in her ﬁrst collection of short stories how successfully she is also able to work a monologue in prose. Half of the stories are composed by ﬁrst-person narrators who pour out the drama of their lives in words. The collection highlights Kay’s affinity for detailing the pattern of women’s lives in ordinary domestic situations such as shopping, preparing dinner, feeding the baby, visiting sick relations, or looking after one’s children. Yet these ordinary stories are also extraordinary in their expression of the hysteria, loneliness, passion, and madness of the lives of characters going about their usual routines. The domestic is rendered a surreal space in stories such as “The Woman with a Knife and Fork Disorder,” “Why Don’t You Stop Talking,” and “Shell.” Many of Kay’s stories are about characters who are lonely, who are desirous of establishing connections with others, or who love too obsessively. Yet if many of the stories are bleak, they are not humorless; the portrayal of a woman’s jealousy at her partner’s love affair with her baby in “Big Milk,” for example, is handled with comic ﬂair. In “Shell,” the teenager’s selfabsorption renders him immune to the shock of his mother’s transformation into a tortoise; the teenager’s own wants are all he is interested in. The transforming power of love, and the affirmation of life and self that comes to couples in these relationships, lift the darkness in the collection. In 2003, Kay received the Cholmondeley Award for Poets from the Society of Authors. In 2004, after the end of her North East arts fellowship, Kay joined the teaching staff at the University of Newcastle in a department that boasts an array of established writers teaching poetry. Her

THE NATURE OF BLOOD: ADOPTION AND IDENTITY PAPERS

“The Adoption Papers” addresses the nature of kinship: kinship as both affiliation and ﬁliation. It explores femininity through the socio biological roles offered to women, as mothers and daughters, and looks speciﬁcally at the emotional and cultural expectations made of women, and their responses, in the occupation of those roles. “The Adoption Papers” is at once a moving personal story with which readers can empathize and also a story of what it is like to be a woman. The poem is narrated by three voices, that of a daughter, of her adoptive mother, and of her birth mother—each kept dramatically and typographically distinct (using different fonts— and all three

102

JACKIE KAY walked a little differently, he would be a “completely different man” (p. 57). Kay’s concern with identity also extends to race and culture, the external labels that condition and shape one’s notion of self, and the gap that often extends between those names and labels and one own sense of who one is. In “Black Bottom,” a poem midway through The Adoption Papers, the adopted child’s visage leads to name-calling by both teachers and fellow students. The narrator of the poem, transported back in time, relives the moment when she is goaded into hitting a boy who calls her “Sambo” and “Dirty Darkie,” and the shame that she feels is brought on by a teacher’s racist presumption that as a black girl she should have rhythm. The question of “what is in my blood?” has wider resonances because, of course, the narrator is a black child brought up by white mother. Her adoptive mother ﬁnds it difficult to soothe her child precisely because she cannot say that she has experienced racism. “Black Bottom” interweaves the experience of racial abuse by the child with the biological mother’s allusion to the feelings brought on by her lover, “the colour of peat,” whom she sees in the face of her newborn infant, “as if he was there/ in that glass cot looking back through her.” “Black Bottom” also holds out other forms of afﬁliation; the child identiﬁes with ﬁgures across the Atlantic, such as the civil rights activist Angela Davis. In Kay’s account of inﬂuential personages from her own childhood, she also includes the African National Congress antiapartheid politician, Nelson Mandela; the boxer Cassius Clay; and the musicians Count Basie, Duke Ellington, and Bessie Smith.

voices are woven together as if they were parts in a choral ensemble. The poem’s three sections are dated chronologically. The poem as a whole covers birth, adoption, childhood, and adulthood, when the adoptive daughter initiates the process of tracing her birth mother. “The Adoption Papers” is a story of origins and of birth, with adoption, the discovery of one’s adoption, and the discovery of one’s biological mother as primal scenes. In a moving section titled “The Telling Part,” the conversation between adoptive mother and child, re-created between the adopted child and friends, over a “mammy” who “bot me oot a shop,” who “says I was a luvly baby,” and who “says she’s no really ma mammy,” leads one to see the struggles that the adoptive mother goes through to do the right thing by telling her daughter that she is not related by blood. Yet the adoptive mother’s insistence that “she’s my child,” in response to the whispering campaign that adoption is “not like having your child though is it,” is also testament to how nurture is not simply about nature. Two vivid dream sequences in the poem express the complexities of the triangular relationship: the haunting of “a baby Lazarus” who suckles nightly at her biological mother’s breast despite being buried in the garden, and the adoptive mother’s dream of the kidnapping of her baby by the biological mother. The fantasy sequence detailing the imaginary meeting of biological mother and child conveys acutely and sensitively their awkward expectance of kinship. The poem ends with an acceptance, not a fear, of kinship, but brooks no easy resolution. A concern with identity has ﬁgured large in most of Kay’s writing. Part of this preoccupation, Kay admits, seems to stem from being adopted, an experience whose legacy is to license the invention of different personas and families that one might claim kinship from. This play with different selves results in a conception of identity that rejects implications of some true, essential, and unchanging “me” that is untouched by parenting, upbringing, environment, or one’s interaction with others; the adopted Colman Moody remarks, in Trumpet, that as William Dunsmore he would not only have smiled or

A BLACK ATLANTIC: BESSIE SMITH, BLUES, AND SEXUALITY

In the introduction to Bessie Smith, Kay records that growing up in a white neighborhood where no one looked like her produced a disjunction between what she looked like and what she saw in the mirror. She remarks, “My own face in the mirror was not the face I had in my head.” Bessie Smith was to produce “the shock of my own

103

JACKIE KAY reﬂection [that] came with the blues” (p. 13). With Bessie Smith came the challenge to think about her own skin color and what it signiﬁed. As Kay remarks in her conclusion to Smith’s biography, she will “always associate the dawning of [her]#own realization of being black with the blues” (p. 138). Kay’s account of her childhood encounter with Smith is framed in terms of mirroring: in her 1998 interview with Maya Jaggi she observes, “I looked at her and saw some reﬂection of myself.” As a child, Kay would sing Smith’s songs in front of a mirror, using her hairbrush as a microphone and mimicking the way Smith sang. She would compare Smith’s looks with her own and think, “Maybe my great great grandmother was a blues singer” (p. 14). Later this reﬂection gained more political and cultural overtones; Smith signiﬁed a connectedness that emerges from a shared cultural history, “a common bond” of the history of racism, a “sharing of blood” through the performance of song. The notion of a black Atlantic culture and heritage has been championed by cultural critics such as Paul Gilroy, who have argued that the music of jazz, ragtime, blues, and gospel records the history of slavery and of racism; its permutations of loss and longing echo the trauma of the breakup of families under slavery. Yet Gilroy, in his 1993 study The Black Atlantic, argues that such a legacy is not one of passive inheritance but rather is an active and contemporary act of invention and recreation; people of color in present times signify on these practices in order to keep alive the identity and history of a black Atlantic expressive culture. Kay’s restaging of the blues falls within this cultural paradigm. “Even the Trees” in Other Lovers is written in the light of the Billie Holiday song “Strange Fruit”; the scene it conjures up is of a laborer who is tied to a tree and whipped. In contrast to the trees, who are mute witnesses, part of “the congregation of silence,” humans with their songs recall the moment of violence and violation, and in doing so bear witness to those atrocities. A woman’s memory, “a blue song in the beat of her heart,”

is why we remember certain things and not others; the sound of the base, the sound of the whip, the strange strangled wind, bruises ﬂoating through light air;[#] Everything that’s happened once could happen again.

In “The Right Season,” blues trails are compared to “travelling on the underground railroad.” Another poem, “In the Pullman,” imagines Bessie and the narrator heading for the South and reﬂecting on the region’s history of slavery, racism, and segregation; together they are driving “without moving” to “this big sadness hanging from the pawpaw tree.” Smith is an iconic ﬁgure for Kay, an imaginary friend, a lover, a “paragon of virtue,” and an alter ego by which Kay can construct her identity as black woman. But Smith also represents the ﬂowering of desire and sexuality; her life story is that of a strong, “libidinous, raunchy, fearless blueswoman” who lived her life as she pleased and did what she wanted despite the difficulties of her love life and the economies forced upon her at the start and end of her life. Kay’s account of Smith focuses on her sexuality—the relationships with men and women that she was drawn to. The account is not salacious but celebratory in its libertarianism. Tongue in cheek, and with one eye on stereotypes and melodramatic fantasies about lesbian excesses, Kay dramatizes Ma Rainey’s alleged entrapment and grooming of a young Smith. Although Smith’s relationship with Ruby Walker was not sexual in real life, writing in the voice of Smith, Kay’s narrator is allowed to revel in the seduction of her longtime companion. In poems such as “The Red Graveyard,” a poem from Other Lovers that appears at the start of Bessie Smith, Smith’s sensuality and sexuality are “stones that open in the night like ﬂowers”; Smith’s music calls for a similar response on the part of her listeners; the young Kay caresses the wallpaper, “bumping ﬂower into ﬂower,” picking up Smith’s album cover her ﬁngers “are all over her face. / Her black face. Her magniﬁcent black face” (pp. 7–8). But the story of Smith’s relationship with women, from Ruby Walker to the women in her show, is a continuum of female friendship, comradeship, and desire. Kay’s

104

JACKIE KAY biography of Smith allows her to narrate a full expression of sexual desire, not only homosexual but also heterosexual, for Smith did have relationships with men. Her songs signal a complexity of response; Smith’s blues songs also inscribe a sexual political battleﬁeld in which men “destroy and ruin women,” a repetitive story of loss and pain in which women should no longer tolerate their mistreatment. In addition to Smith’s songs and the use of quotes from scholarly, critical, and biographical material, Kay’s imaginative and dramatic reenactments add to the diverse quality of voices and genres contained within the text. Most distinctive, however, is the way Bessie Smith acknowledges the folk and the oral in a record of Smith’s life. Kay recounts legendary stories people have told about Smith, and she argues that the variations that arise in the circulation of these stories reﬂect Smith’s status as a folk hero to those storytellers. If it is sometimes difficult to tell fact from ﬁction—for example, in the different accounts of an incident in which Smith knocked down Carl van Vechten’s wife at a party during the Harlem Renaissance, or the stories of Smith’s “violent, drunken bawdiness” (p. 110)—variation is integral to what Smith represents for a people whose culture is based on the passing on of these stories. The oral and spoken dimensions of Bessie Smith are perhaps the most intriguing aspects of Kay’s narration. Kay’s biography deliberately reproduces the pattern of repetition with variation that characterizes jazz and the antiphonal qualities of blues music; for example, in reﬂecting on Smith’s relationship with her husband Jack Gee, she asks a series of rhetorical questions that essentially repeat the central puzzle of his “enormous hold over her.” The narration invites responses, and then concludes with detailing what Smith did to please Gee.

bought him an expensive watch. She bought him expensive cars# (p. 47)

The almost identical syntactic structure of the sentences, the tactical and multiple use of similar phrases, is a rhetorical strategy of song and performances, employed often for emphasis, reminders, and calls for agreement. Thus, for example, when Kay describes Walker’s idolization of Smith, she observes, “She loved the way she looked; the way she sang; the way she drank; the way she partied; the way she cussed; the way she fought; the way she danced; the way she spent money. Ruby loved everything about Bessie.”(p. 85) The decision to incorporate a speciﬁcally oral dimension into the narration of Bessie Smith is an homage to the power of the blues and to the blues singer herself; as Kay remarks, “repetition is the secret of the blues” for it enables one to experience anew the “same truth over and over again.”(p. 139)

TRUMPET: PERFORMING IDENTITY

Trumpet, written alongside Bessie Smith, exempliﬁes Kay’s translation of the spirit of jazz and blues improvisation into ﬁctional form. The reallife inspiration for the story, Billy Tipton, was himself a jazz pianist and saxophonist. Kay has remarked that what touched her about his story was a comment made by his adopted son, who thought of Tipton as a father even after he was revealed to be a woman. Tipton’s extraordinary story of transgendered passing is thus, at once, also ordinary, when played out in the everyday domestic and familiar roles he occupied as friend, father, and husband. The challenge posed to Kay was how to stay true to the spirit of Tipton’s story: the acceptance of his identity—of who Tipton chose to be—by his adopted son. Trumpet begins its story on the occasion of the death of Joss Moody, a transgendered black trumpeter. The shock of Moody’s unveiling as a woman is imparted through the reactions of the doctor, the coroner, the unsuspecting son and fellow musician, and the cynical journalist who attempts to write Moody’s story as sensationalist fodder. In many ways, the journalist and investigative

Did she believed he loved her because he pawned his watch? Did she love him because he pawned his watch? What was it about Jack Gee that made Bessie stick with him for so long? She was not faithful to him, but she was obsessed with him. She did everything to try and make him happy. She

105

JACKIE KAY ence of time, is not linear. In the various narratives of the characters who have known Moody, we are continually taken back in time; for example, in Moody’s wife’s narration of their courtship, her revelation of his secret, their wedding celebrations, and the adoption of their son, Colman, are woven into the narrative time of present grief. As with Colman’s narration, these events are less memories and more a reliving of the past; time does not erode the vividness of the moment; many of these events are narrated in the present tense. Moody’s letter to his son, read at the end of the novel, is a voice from the past, alluding to the arrival of Moody’s father in Scotland at the turn of the century. The letter, an invitation to Colman to take up the reins of the narration, to reconstruct Moody’s story, is an appeal framed for the future. While linearity may be one of the central characteristics of music, there is also a sense in which music, in its use of motifs—or jazz, in its improvisations—disrupts the forward momentum of time. Trumpet’s main narrator is Millie Moody, with her son, Colman, contributing the other voice. Minor roles are played by the officials who oversee the registration of Moody’s death, by his elderly mother, by a fellow musician, and by acquaintances. Each produces a different version of Moody, inﬂected by their contact with the man and what he means to them. In this, the form of the novel echoes jazz. Kay has commented on how the structure of the novel adds to the ﬂuidity of its subject and subject matter; Moody’s life and death are made to play differently though the “improvisations” by others, and in this way readers are made aware of different Moodys and of how Moody’s identity is continually being reinvented through narrative. The various fabrications of Moody’s persona pose the question: how is one to decide on who is the true or real Moody? This is one of the most important questions Trumpet asks: whether identity is “being,” a “real me” behind all the different versions of selves experiencing and experienced by others, or whether identity is, to some extent, a “process,” a performance or a fabrication. Joss Moody’s life story is tale of a man who has invented himself.

reporter, Sophie, could be the reader’s surrogate in the story, insofar as the spectacle and drama of the masquerade, the skill of Moody’s evasion, and the puzzle of his duping are all areas of fascination. What stymies the gratiﬁcation of such voyeuristic pleasures in Trumpet is that Moody’s story is told by his widow. Millicent (Millie) Moody’s tale is one of quotidian family dramas: her acceptance of Moody’s desires; her anguished grieving of and respect for her dead husband; her refusal to be cast as the duped woman normalizes the extraordinary story of Moody’s passing. As Millie explains, “No matter how hard I try, I can’t see him as anything other than him, my Joss, my husband. It has always been that way since the ﬁrst day he told me” (p. 35). Furthermore, Moody’s story as told by his son, Colman, is a study less of Moody’s deception and more of the psychology of a son coming to terms with his own identity and the passing of his father. Despite Colman’s feelings of anger, of betrayal, and of failing to measure up to his father, the father-son relationship is not nulliﬁed in his narrative; the son admits that despite everything, “he’ll always be a daddy to me” (p. 259). Trumpet ends with Colman as custodian of his father’s letters, photographs, records, and documents, a role that suggests Moody’s trust and his belief that his son would honor his tale. In a reversal of roles, Colman as custodian and narrator is given the role of the originator; his father writes to him from the past, “I will be your son now in a strange way. You will be my father telling or not telling my story#. The present is just a loop stitch” (p. 277). In alluding to the present as a “loop stitch,” Kay characterizes the temporal structure of the novel for her readers and makes a case for the transcendence of love. The novel begins with the death of Moody; linear time moves forward through the unfolding of events consequent to the discovery of his secret—including his wife and son’s attempts to come to terms with his death and to turn the corner on their mourning. Linear chronology is also at least implicit in Colman and Sophie’s attempts to reconstruct Moody’s past, through letters and interviews. Yet, time in the novel, and the characters’ experi-

106

JACKIE KAY It is a story of a man who creates his identity through the selves that he staged for others, because that identity was truer to who he was than what he was. Joss Moody’s careful imitation of masculinity, such as his use of bandages to disguise his breasts, his elaborate rituals of dressing and shaving, and his studied walk, all point toward reading masculinity not as a fact but as a construct. The novel seems to suggest that if the fact of his sex is the “pure and simple” answer to who Moody was, then such facts represent a travesty of his life and of all his friends and relations’ experiences of him. Rather, the novel seems to assert that there should be no rigid line drawn between Moody’s sex and his sexual identity; the former should not be able to determine all of the expressions of the latter. Kay ﬁnds a potent metaphor for that border country between reality and appearance— between “being” and “process,” between “essence and performance”—in jazz. At the novel’s literal center, in a chapter titled “Music,” sandwiched between investigative reporter and inquiring son, is a short chapter entirely devoted to Moody’s playing of the trumpet. It depicts the trumpeter’s transformation by his music; when Moody is carried away by his performance on the trumpet, he “loses his sex, his race, his memory” and is stripped of all until he is “barely human” (p. 131). In these moments, Moody is “naked”; the music is “naked jazz,” “never lying,” and “telling it like it is” (p. 132). But these moments are not unlike an epiphany, moments of musical ecstasy in a space beyond time. Moody, performing his music, quite literally experiences his own birth, his childhood as Josephine, his death, and his ﬁnal send-off at the hands of the undertaker. His trumpet takes him beyond even his own birth to the story of his father, to the history of slavery and to Africa, and ﬁnally to a space beyond race and sex. “Nothing weighs him down. Not the past or future” (p. 136). For Kay, the performance describes simply a “space of possibility”; it enables, simultaneously, loss and discovery of self, memory and forgetfulness, traveling back in time and moving forward.

BLACK AND SCOTTISH

As much as Trumpet is about jazz, the book’s characters and landscape are very much grounded in Scotland. The urban landscape of Glasgow, with its dance halls, is the setting for Moody’s courtship of Millie; and Torr, the Scottish coastal village where Millie ﬁnds refuge after her ordeal, provides the novel with some of its most evocative passages. Moody himself is said to have clung to his Scottish identity, chastising his son for losing his Scottish accent, even when the music he plays and the icons of his musical pantheon are resolutely transatlantic. Kay’s poetry and short ﬁction are likewise steeped in the landscape of Scotland, where place is imbued with emotional signiﬁcance; for example, in the poetry collection Life Mask, “Glen Strathfarrar” is an elegaic “stock-still beauty” and suffused with the memory of past love; “High Land” is a wild night of passion when it is “hard to remember#who was who when the wind was coming in.” In “What Ever,” in the story collection Wish I Was Here, the shingle beach with its little tern is both a physical and mental space that Ina McEwans retreats to when she feels emotionally battered; her memories are of “the bright-yellow beak on a white beach, the sky, bruised and darkening as she walked, to a plum colour” (p. 103). At times, Kay’s use of the landscape turns on a poetic metaphor; a restful stillness in “How to get away with Suicide” in Wish I Was Here is described as “the silence that pads across a loch on a wintry, misty morning with its webbed feet” (p. 43), while in the poem “Colouring In, “ “the early evening light skipping across” the Fintry hills is “like a wee girl with a big rope, / the faraway rhyme of a song you used to know, the empty yellow stretch of land.” Kay’s use of song and dialect also grounds her work in a Scottish space. In the poem “Watching People Sing,” from Other Lovers, the narrator describes a social gathering in which her parents and their friends are invited to sing and to “Gie it laldy” (to do it with gusto). The narrator’s relative youthfulness allows her to be part of the occasion, serving food and drinks, but distant

107

JACKIE KAY Kay’s childhood was not all rosy; many of her poems recall the racist nicknames leveled at her, the casual cruelty of the playground mirroring that of the adult world. In an interview with Libby Brooks for the Guardian in 2002, she tells a comic story of an encounter with a Glaswegian woman in a London pub who, when Kay divulges her roots, hoots with derision and calls her a “foreign-looking bugger!” Given Kay’s strong Glaswegian accent, it is difficult to mistake where she is from but, as she remarks ruefully, some Scottish people won’t actually hear her voice because they are too busy “seeing” her face. In the poem “So you think I Am a Mule?” (Feminist Review, p. 80) the speaker’s response to a question about her origins is to say that she is from Glasgow and Fife. This information, however, is dismissed with the retort, “Ah, but you’re not pure” (p. 80). The narrator of “In My Country” (from Other Lovers), circled by another woman as if she were “superstition; / or the worst dregs of her imagination,” is interrogated with words that “spliced into bars / of an old wheel”—with the question, “Where do you come from?” The narrator, however, stands her ground; her vision is more complex than the version of a homogenized tartan Scotland that her interrogator has on offer: “Here,” she replies. “Here. These parts.” Kay’s Scottishness, evident through her work in its preoccupation with language, song, and place, is heightened by her public performances of her poetry; she reads in an unambiguous Glaswegian accent. But her writing identity strives to exceed the conservative bounds of what is signiﬁed by Scottishness; her own literary identity (and heritage) is a complex one involving many border crossings. Kay argues for a border trafficking that allows freedom of movement betwixt and between. As the narrator declares in “Kail and Callaloo” (from Charting the Journey), one can be “Celtic-Afro-Caribbean / in answer to the ‘origin’ question.” Joss Moody’s trumpeter is proud of his Scottish roots and his African American musical traditions, and he is both woman and man. In “Pride” (from Off Colour), the narrator’s exchange with an Ibo man on the train offers the temptation of suggesting an exclusive kinship between the speaker and the

enough to look at the “party social” from the outside. What she does see—and envy—is the community that is created around the songs that are sung. While more popular songs are on offer at the gathering, it is the folk songs that seem to call forth the hidden lives and feelings of singers and their audience. Songs are not only the occasion for poetry; they are sometimes employed in the structure and form of the verse. Kay harnesses the forms of folk songs, ballads, and skipping songs in, for example, Life Mask’s “Old Aberdeen” and “Spoons” and Off Colour’s “The Broon’s Bairn’s Black.” Scottish words such as “pokey hats” (for ice cream cones), “teuchter” (derogatory for highlander or rural Scots), or “glaikit” (stupid or silly) appear alongside standard English in the poems. Kay has a remarkable ear for cadences of speech and regional dialect, and she puts this facility to good use in dramatic monologues written entirely in Scottish dialect, such as “A Guid Scots Death,” or in the invented Broonspeak of the hilarious Broon poems, based on the much-loved characters of the Scottish D. C. Thompson comics of the same name. In the conversation between the child and her friends in “The Adoption Papers,” the use of dialect lends a solidity to the adoptive child’s voice that roots her to a Glaswegian space, and it adds a wryly comic tone to her anxieties about her status. In other poems, language is explicitly linked to cultural identity, where to be Scottish is resolutely not to be English. In “Old Tongue” from Life’s Mask, Kay mines the rich tradition of humor and musicality in Scots accent and dialect in sentences such as “shut yer geggie or I’ll gie you the malkie!” but the poem also achieves a wider point about conformity to the dominant language. The speaker bemoans the loss of her “dour soor Scottish tongue,” her “sing-songy” speech; having been “forced south,” her old words “buried themselves,” making her “mother’s blood boil”; they are the “wrong sound” in her mouth. If Scotland is associated in Kay’s work with fulsome memories of lost childhood innocence, she is also quite vocal about how the country of her birth has excluded her on account of race.

108

JACKIE KAY Nigerian. His ethnic exclusivity is comparable to that of “a MacLachlan, a MacDonnell, a MacLeod,” the “quality of being certain” to the exclusion of other tribes or clans save that of your own; he acknowledges others only when they mirror himself. Such security of kinship may be seductive, but it is also an illusion; the Ibo man disappears at the end of the poem to leave the narrator with her reﬂection in the dark train window.

can help#. We would never have said the things we say to each other were it not for the enormous elephant” (p. 237). In these stories, Kay mines the animalistic and the feral for all their metaphoric value; the vixen is sleek, feminine, and powerful; the tortoise fearful and retiring; the elephant strangely human, while the shark in “Shark! Shark!” allows Kay to convey a man’s fear of his mortality. Many of Kay’s stories occur within feminized spaces and describe domestic routines such as cooking, shopping, child minding, watching television, talking, exercising, or going to bed. These rituals are what anchor her ﬁgures to the familiar everyday world that they, women especially, occupy. Yet these small localized worlds are turned inside out in her stories; Kay’s characters are often neurotic, lonely, suicidal, self-harming, or drifting into insanity. What is normal and homely appears to be a trick of perspective that results from an adherence to routine. In “Timing,” found in Why Don’t You Stop Talking, the narrator’s ritual daily excursion to the park enables a degree of friendliness in her interactions with the people she meets along the way; there is a grandmother and granddaughter, an old man who walks a dog, and a man who feeds the geese. Yet this presumption of familiarity is illusory, because all parties involved avoid any kind of meaningful exchange. If the goose man were to speak to the narrator, she would walk in another direction; if the narrator followed the grandmother and her charge, she would be suspected of stalking. The story’s one real attempt to communicate is met with a stony stare, as if the speaker were “stark, raving mad” (p.63). Kay told Brooks in the Guardian interview of her fascination with the domestic “wee world,” which, she argues, can “reveal its own violence” and its “own war,” and many of her short stories exhibit these qualities. The title story of the collection Why Don’t You Stop Talking, for example, begins with a shopping expedition in which a woman takes exception to another’s disparaging looks at the items the woman has put into her shopping cart. This leads to a verbal confrontation. A further sequence of hostile

HOME AND UNHOMELY

Kay’s short stories in Why Don’t You Stop Talking and Wish I Was Here exhibit a fascination with the gray areas in which one identity shades into another, and one world meets with another. Both volumes contain stories of hybrid worlds where the human and the animal coincide, and where the domestic and familiar are made strange and “extraordinary.” In stories such as “Shell” or “My Daughter the Fox,” characters are both human and feral; in the former, a character’s depression and gradual mental retreat and her growing distance from the everyday world she inhabits is rendered literal in the shell she grows around her. In the latter story, the narrator gives birth to a fox; her daughter’s inhuman form elicits fear and bewilderment from family and friends, leading to both daughter and mother’s exclusion from the human world. There are, however, advantages to living in a hybrid world. Her daughter’s instincts and behavior call forth aspects of the mother that she has herself suppressed, making her more selfaware. In the ﬁnal tale of Why Don’t You Stop Talking, “In Between Talking About the Elephant,” the difficulty of dealing with illness, pain, and death between longtime lovers is overcome through the story that each tells the other. Both the sick woman and her lover are interlocutors in a dialogue about the attributes of elephants and rituals within elephant herds; they use their talk of elephants to communicate deeply held emotions and feelings. The story’s narrator observes in the dying moments of her lover’s life, “There is nothing I can do. Only the elephant

109

JACKIE KAY ing ending, Irene’s mental deterioration culminates in a picnic at the park, where as she watches the Canada geese, she quite properly and daintily carves and eats the turf in front of her. Kay’s landscapes and preoccupations are very female ones, from an interest in women’s lives and loves, to the domestic spaces they inhabit, to the sensuality of loving women. Her poetic imagery is oriented toward women’s bodies, toward exploring the feminized spaces of the confessional, personal, and autobiographical, although some of her dramatic monologues, such as “Making a Movie” and “Married Women,” are laced with irony and unselfconscious selfexposure. Many of her most memorable characters are, in the main, although not without exception, lonely and living on the edge of insanity and despair. Locked into the prison house of their own stories, they sit in a solipsistic narrative cell of their own, sometimes through no fault of their own. What saves them from such entrapment, in stories such as “In Between Talking About the Elephant” and “Physics and Chemistry” in Why Don’t You Stop Talking. and “The Mirrored Twins” in Wish I was Here, is the transforming power of love, of ﬁnding another person who speaks one’s language.

exchanges typiﬁes her journey home: she rebukes a man who “jumps” his turn in line to obtain money from an automatic teller, and she intervenes in an angry exchange between a mother and child. Yet, in all these interactions, the woman comes off the poorer. What starts off as a portrait of a strong woman turns into its opposite. It transpires that the woman is lonely; her attempts to appear friendly, to begin a conversation on the elevator or on the underground train, are rebuffed. A quite ordinary tale then begins to unravel, to terminate in its shock conclusion; the woman’s tongue, treated literally as an object with an autonomous life of its own, is punished by taking a razor to it. “The pain feels deserved,” the woman concludes grimly, as blood gushes from the wound (p. 50). In a companion story of gradual disintegration, Kay looks at how what is regular and “homely” can be rendered as “unhomely.” In “The Woman with a Fork and Knife Disorder,” the story’s protagonist, Irene, is a single mother who seems to take pride in keeping an orderly house and kitchen. She notices an open drawer, a misplaced knife and spoon, and, later still, a cluster of knives, forks, and spoons all out of place. As she increasingly ﬁnds cutlery in places where it is not supposed to be, the disorder threatens to overwhelm her peace of mind, as the pieces are transformed into menacing objects. She begins to imagine cutting her body with her sharp knives; “if she could just mark herself, one creative cleave with the carving knife,” she thinks, then there would be both relief and excitement (p. 101). Irene’s obsession with knives and forks seems to stem from her former husband’s attempts at achieving upward mobility away from his working-class background; Irene feels out of place when she is taken to fancy restaurants— “the sight of all the cutlery made her anxious” (p. 105). She sees her distorted image reﬂected in a spoon, and she feels trapped and claustrophobic. Paradoxically, it is her depression that enables her most clear-sighted vision, her understanding that “her whole street was full of sadness, hidden behind the curtains” of domestic routines and neighborly privacy (p. 99). In the story’s shock-

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF JACKIE KAY POETRY

A Dangerous Knowing: Four Black Women Poets. London: Sheba, 1984. The Adoption Papers. Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.: Bloodaxe, 1991. Twice Through the Heart: A Dramatic Scene for Mezzo Soprano and Sixteen Players to a Text by Jackie Kay. With Mark-Anthony Turnage. English National Opera premiere, 1991. London: Schott, 1997. Other Lovers. Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.: Bloodaxe, 1993. Penguin Modern Poets 8. London: Penguin, 1996. (Contributor, with Merle Collins and Grace Nichols.)

110

JACKIE KAY by Maria Carla Sanchez and Linda Schlossberg. New York: New York University Press, 2001. Pp. 13–37. Rice, Alan. “’Heroes Across the Sea’”: Black and White British Fascination with African Americans in the Contemporary Black British Fiction of Caryl Phillips and Jackie Kay.” In Blackening Europe: The African American Presence. Edited by Heike Raphael-Hernandez. London and New York: Routledge, 2003. Pp. 217–231. Severin, Laura. “Distant Resonances: Contemporary Scottish Women Poets and African-American Music.” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 39, no. 1:45–59 (2006). ———. Poetry off the Page: Twentieth-Century British Women Poets in Performance. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2004. Williams, Patrick. “Signiﬁcant Corporeality: Bodies and Identities in Jackie Kay’s Fiction.” Write Black, Write British: From Post Colonial to Black British Literature. Edited by Kadija Sesay. Hertford, U.K.: Hansib, 2005. Pp. 41–55.

Off Colour. Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.: Bloodaxe, 1998. Life Mask. Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe, 2005.

FICTION

Trumpet. London: Picador, 1998. Why Don’t You Stop Talking. London: Picador, 2002. Wish I Was Here. London: Picador, 2006.

CHILDREN’S WRITING

Two’s Company. London: Blackie Children’s, 1992. Three Has Gone. London: Blackie Children’s, 1994. The Frog Who Dreamed She Was an Opera Singer. London: Bloomsbury Children’s, 1999. Strawgirl. London: Macmillan Children’s, 2002.

OTHER WORK

Many Voices, One Chant: Black Feminist Perspectives. In Feminist Review 17: 80 (autumn 1984 Chiaroscuro. In Lesbian Plays. Edited by Jill Davis. London: Methuen, 1987. Charting the Journey: Writings by Black and Third World Women Writers. Edited with Shabnam Grewal, Liliane Landor, Gail Lewis and Pratibha Parmar. London: Sheba Feminist Press, 1988.

INTERVIEWS

“An Interview with Jackie Kay.” Poetry Archive (http:// www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singleInterview. do?interviewId=6580). Brooks, Libby. “Don’t Tell Me Who I Am.” Guardian, January 12, 2002, p. 34. Dyer, Richard. “Jackie Kay with Richard Dyer.” In Writing Across Worlds: Contemporary Writers Talk. Edited by Susheila Nasta. London and New York: Routledge, 2004. Pp. 235–249. Granelli, Seraphina. “On Matters of the Heart: Jackie Kay on Love.” Libertas.co.uk. (http://www.libertas.co.uk/ interviews.asp). Jaggi, Maya. “The Guardian Fiction Prize: Race and All That Jazz.” Guardian, December 5, 1998, p. 10. Severin, Laura. “Interview with Jackie Kay.” Free Verse (spring 2002). (Also available at http://english.chass.ncsu. edu/freeverse/Archives/Spring_2002/interviews/J_Kay. html.) Sprackland, Jean. “The Poetryclass Interview: Jackie Kay.” Poetryclass (http://www.poetryclass.net/inter2.htm). Stuart, Andrea. “Books: Performing Writers: Jackie Kay.” The Independent, August 8, 1998, p. 7.

Twice Over. In Gay Sweatshop: Four Plays and a Company. Edited by Philip Osment. London: Methuen, 1989. Bessie Smith. Bath: Absolute Press, 1997.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Anderson, Linda. “Autobiographical Travesties: The Nostalgic Self in Queer Writing.” In Territories of Desire in Queer Culture. Edited by David Alderson and Linda Anderson. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2000. Pp. 68–81. Dowson, Jane, and Alice Entwistle. A History of TwentiethCentury British Women’s Poetry. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Halberstam, Judith. “Telling Tales: Brandon Teena, Billy Tipton, and Transgender Biography.” Passing: Identity and Interpretation in Sexuality, Race, and Religion. Edited

111

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN (1803–1849)

Adrian Paterson JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN, poet, translator, and sometime literary hoaxer, was the greatest Irish poet writing in English before W. B. Yeats (1865– 1939). James Joyce, affirming this assessment, called him “one of the most inspired poets of any country ever to make use of the lyric form” (p. 130). He is remembered today, if at all, as the composer of one or two strange original lyrics and a handful of peculiarly powerful versions from the Irish into English. More than this, however, Mangan was a proliﬁc translator of German poetry, an idiosyncratic prose stylist, and an exceptional manipulator of all verse forms, both in terms of metrical ingenuity and through the layers of framing and attribution that make up his texts’ peculiar place in the world. Exhibiting a constant relish for excess, his poetry oscillates between plangent sorrow and whimsical selfconsciousness, frequently departing wildly from its sources and fathering itself upon real or imagined authors from Germany, Persia, and Arabia. Mangan has thus left a collection of “translations” that are creations unique in the language, and at least one poem, “Dark Rosaleen,” that has retained an almost supernatural force. “People have called him a singular man, but he is rather a plural one—a Proteus” (Collected Works of James Clarence Mangan: Prose [hereafter referred to as Prose], vol. 2, p. 224). So Mangan described himself; and while the intensity of his poetry is instantly recognizable, the multiplication of his adopted voices is bewildering. National polemicist, hack writer, literary schizophrenic, comic lyrist, poète maudit, lovelorn melancholic, musician in verse; all these partial truths ﬁnally glance off him. Thus Mangan sits uncomfortably in a late-Romantic tradition. He

sounds essentially eighteenth century in his attachment to the puns, trickery, and self-referential wit of Jonathan Swift and Laurence Sterne; squarely nineteenth century in his cultivation of a maudlin and introspective poetic persona and in the way he couples his muse with a burgeoning national consciousness; seemingly modern in that he was a urban poet, split up into fragmentary selves; and, even, postmodern in his absorbing literary game-playing, labyrinthine misattributions, and his constant mischievous attention to the paratextual surrounds of his periodical contributions. Less predictable than his Dublin-born precursor Thomas Moore, who shared his ability to produce both satire and sentiment, his most pronounced literary debt is to Lord Byron, and Joyce compared him to Edgar Allan Poe in verbal virtuosity: “he might have written a treatise on the poetical art for he is more cunning in his use of the musical echo than is Poe,” (p. 58). Roughly coinciding with the advent of the Union between the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain (1800) and the end of the Irish potato famine, his unsteady life has often been supposed to shadow that period of disillusionment in Irish history. But Mangan’s sorrows were not his nation’s, and he was an inﬁnitely superior versiﬁer to the polemical poetasters of the nationalist “Young Ireland” movement, contributors to the weekly anti-Union newspaper of the 1840s, the Nation; as a translator of Irish he has no rival but the sweeter, more sedate Edward Walsh. Like Joyce, Yeats responded to Mangan with baffled admiration, but came to feel that behind his literary masks Mangan “had not thought out or felt out a way of looking at the world peculiar to himself” (Letters, vol. 4, p. 38). Nevertheless he included more of

113

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN Mangan’s poems in his A Book of Irish Verse (1895) than those of any other poet. It is hard to disagree with his judgment. As Yeats stressed, Mangan was a city poet, the product of attic rooms, public houses, streets, and the offices of copy clerks and antiquarians, evading in the fevered production of words the paralysis Joyce later found endemic in Dublin. So there is less contradiction than might be imagined in saying that in literary terms he was a traveler, a wayfarer, an internationalist in verse. Mangan was an imaginative trader, an importer of stolen literary goods, and an exporter of tapestries of astonishing manufacture. The loom on which he stretched his exotic (and synthetic) yarn was the periodical press; soaked in print, he produced articles rather than books, translations rather than self-seeded creations. Writing prose of surrealist mischief, if sometimes of uneven quality, this worked best when undermining his own poems, which are still best absorbed in this context. His translations follow an Irish tradition recounted by John Millington Synge in The Aran Islands (1907), that “a translation is no translation#unless it will give you the music of a poem along with the words of it” (p. 128), except that Mangan often improvises his own music upon hints from his originals, or abandons them entirely to produce poems that have the name and ﬂavor of translations, but are entirely fabrications. “A translator,” Mangan wrote, “in grappling with his original should be possessed by a feeling akin to that which animates the matador in his contests with the bull” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 161); and few translations left his pen without an increase in emotional temperature, sonic precocity, and a slain original. We expect poets to pay attention to sound: it is their job. But for Mangan words were things with audible weight, and poems asymmetric structures built in sound. At times Mangan was redundantly and rapidly productive; and there is a sense that, catching ﬁre from an idea of oral performance, as well as of translation, the best of his poems are struck at such a temperature that the red-hot iron has not yet hardened into prosodic inﬂexibility and cool textual stability.

LIFE AND WORK

The man we know as James Clarence Mangan was not born with that name. Nor was he born when he claimed. Such elusiveness is characteristic, but these are the least of the problems facing his biographer. Chief among these is Mangan’s fragment of Autobiography (collected in Prose, vol. 2), whose exaggeratedly severe account of his youth reads like a spiritual confession, and an eccentric notice appearing posthumously as part of his own series of “Sketches and Reminiscences of Irish Writers” (collected in Prose, vol. 2) for the Irishman newspaper, in which the poet himself must have had a hand. If we add to that the misleading self-revelation of his poetry, a bewildering array of pseudonyms that complicate the attribution of his work, and otherwise limited and speculative information, we can see why critics have responded by creating a succession of mythologies to ﬁll a hollow vessel. What follows tries not to cast his poems as actors in his biography, and not to create anew the myth of “poor Mangan,” suffering for Ireland or for his art, but to concentrate instead on what we know about his writing life. Baptized plain James Mangan on 2 May 1803, the poet was probably the second of four sons (an elder brother dying young) from the marriage of Catherine Smith, of a prosperous grazier family, to James Mangan of Limerick, of whom little is known but that he was reputedly a “hedgeschool teacher,” one of that class of unofficial traveling scholars of rural Ireland whose arcane language learning was as notable as it was erratic. His son, in a sense, was to perpetuate this tradition. Mangan’s early years were spent at a grocery shop on Fishamble Street, a oncerespectable-enough commercial street in the Liberties of Dublin (that is, beyond the old city walls) near the tolling bells of Christ Church Cathedral. From here the young Mangan could walk to his ﬁrst Jesuit school and, from 1813, to the newly built Catholic church of Saints Michael and John, where Mangan, like Joyce after him at Clongowes, served for a time as an altar boy. In eight years of formal education he attended four

114

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN small schools of a dimly acceptable character, where he attached himself to languages, learning French well enough, and Latin, Italian, and Spanish to varying extents. How he acquired the German of so many of his translations, the only language after English in which he was really at home, retains an air of unheimlich mystery, and one has to assume not only a real ﬂair for the language but the intense affinity of the self-taught linguist. His father, not unlike Joyce’s, seems to have fallen victim to drink and improvident business dealings that precipitated a social descent, the Mangans moving to a house on nearby Chancery Lane that the poet characterized as “one of the dismallest domiciles perhaps to be met with in the most forlorn recesses of any city in Europe” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 231). His description of these “two wretched rooms, or rather holes, at the rear of a tottering old fragment of a house” reﬂects what would be a continuing need for privacy, but perhaps it owed as much to the atmosphere of his early reading, which included the gothic extravagances of Anne Radcliffe and “Monk” Lewis alongside the poetry of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Byron, who remained a favorite. These provided the dominant landscape of much of his later poetry: “in my boyhood,” he wrote, “I was haunted by an indescribable feeling of something terrible” (p. 226). Whatever the truth in his insistence of neglect and unrivaled poverty, his response was in reading: “I sought refuge in books and solitude; and days would pass during which my father seemed neither to know nor care whether I were living or dead” (p. 229). What is certain about the family situation is that Mangan at ﬁfteen was forced to go out to work and was apprenticed to a scriveners, where endless legal transactions fashioned a handwriting elaborately ornate but somehow appropriately secondhand. Certainly spending long days copying other people’s words was bound to fuel a need to write something for himself, but no doubt it also contributed to the ease with which he slipped under the skin of other writers, appropriating their hand or signature even in works of his own.

On the other hand, spending most of the day wedged in a darkened Dickensian office with only a sulphurous ﬁre for ventilation must have done little for his health, and according to his own account, he was only well when he determined to take exercise, which was not often. If not quite broken by this sedentary trade he became prone to illness, was hospitalized for fever, and began that obsessive scrutiny of his own physical wellbeing which became linked in his mind with mental and spiritual dissipation. It is typical that his name for this condition, “hypochondriasis,” is the title of a poem whose comic tone and denouement (in which the complaining hypochondriac suddenly dies) seems to work against a simple biographical identiﬁcation with its author. In his last year at school, Mangan had been introduced to the art of writing puzzle poems for almanacs, and there seems little doubt that he lived for the composition of these rhymed anagrams, rebuses, and “enigmas” that, by demanding answers of the reader, fulﬁlled the function of a highly literary crossword. Despite later characterizing his fellow workers as monstrous, it was at his office that he fell into a community of like-minded contributors, and in a few years he had placed dozens of these pieces under several pseudonyms and become familiar with the games and proddings of a literary coterie that prized wit and ingenuity in rhyme above lyricism and sincerity—and, signiﬁcantly, in which readers were also writers, conducting concocted arguments in print, as well as in local taverns. Mangan always wrote best when indulged by fellow enthusiasts, and he became immersed in print, the cultural pastime of a city unceremoniously deposed, following the Act of Union, from its status as the empire’s second city. The Dublin of Mangan’s youth was unreal: a pre-Union fervor of construction had played itself out, and the city was left contemplating the ghostly Palladian facades of empty institutions squatting amid an ingrained medieval geography. Perhaps accordingly Mangan’s imaginative landscape, even in its rural incursions, tended to dwell upon scenes of ruined or depopulated buildings. As his apprenticeship ended in 1826, so the almanacs went into decline, and Mangan’s

115

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN contributions to magazines for the next few years dried up as, it appears, he concentrated on his German. Accepting a position at a gloomy solicitor’s office in Merrion Square, he was off work for a season, and may at this point have fallen calamitously in love with an unknown woman who, he later hinted, encouraged and then slighted him. Yeats, a devotee of the idea of the Romantic poet doomed in love, made attempts to identify her, but Mangan was no less affected by the death in October 1832 of a young student, Catherine Hayes, whom he had been tutoring in German and French, and to whom he had a strong attachment. In January 1831 Mangan’s name had appeared on a list of law clerks calling for a meeting to petition Parliament for the repeal of the Union, a drive that following Daniel O’Connell’s achievement of Catholic emancipation in 1829 became the preoccupation of nationalist opinion in Ireland. While Mangan convolutedly remarked in an long early letter that “you know, now, well, that I know very well that you know remarkably well that I know nothing whatever about Politics” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 241), this was undermined by his subsequent satiricalphilosophical musings, although he maintained an evident cynical detachment. Mangan became involved with the Comet Club, a hotheaded proRepeal and virulently anti-tithe grouping of young literary ﬁrebrands, and began contributing oddly humorous verse and prose to their magazine the Comet and subsequently to the Dublin Satirist. Before long he was appearing in print for the ﬁrst time as “J. C. M.,” and then as “Clarence,” revealing the assumption of his most persistent pseudonym. The name he most likely plundered from Maria Edgeworth’s 1801 novel Belinda, whose melodramatic protagonist Clarence Hervey, like Mangan, identiﬁed himself with the “false, ﬂeeting, perjured Clarence” of Shakespeare’s Richard III. The following passage from Belinda might give us an idea why this pen name, which became ingrained, so enticed Mangan: Clarence, writes Edgeworth,

claims to genius#. His chameleon character seemed to vary in different lights, and in different situations, in which he happened to be placed. He could be all things to all men—and to all women. (p. 14)

Evidently Mangan divined in “Clarence” a suitably schizophrenic literary persona. Without abandoning other pseudonyms, Mangan also began to appear as “Clarence” in periodicals of a rather different tenor, producing original poems and German translations for the Dublin Penny Journal, a publication of genuine intellectual pretension associated with the energetic scholars John O’Donovan and George Petrie. From 1834 he contributed to that organ of conservative unionism, the Dublin University Magazine, alongside some of the most talented authors and scholars of the day, such as Samuel Ferguson, whose reviews of James Hardiman’s Irish Minstrelsy (1831) Mangan was later to plunder for his own poetry. For the Dublin University Magazine he began his monumental but unsigned series “Anthologia Germanica” (January 1835), and “Literae Orientales” (September 1837), which encouched in a sharp prose commentary those colorful if treacherous verse translations from the German that established his reputation, and saw many of his most important poems in print. For the ﬁrst time perhaps he was properly paid for his contributions, and with his regular income, while still supporting his dependent brothers and sisters, he was able to indulge in the pleasures of a professional writer, socializing in taverns with the novelist William Carleton and purchasing obscure titles from booksellers around the city. His reading was esoteric, delving into music theory, his favorite science of phrenology, and the supernatural visions of Emmanuel Swedenborg, all of which gave him matter for poetry. Some of the most resonant descriptions of the poet observe him propped at the city’s bookstalls and libraries, his physical body symbolically shriveled to the stature of his umbrella and “all his soul#in a book” (Mitchel, p. 13). On publication Mangan had read Thomas De Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1822), and Charles Robert Maturin’s Melmoth the Wanderer (1820),

had early been ﬂattered with the idea that he was a man of genius; and he imagined, that, as such, he was entitled to be imprudent, wild, and eccentric. He affected singularity, in order to establish his

116

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN of the poet spending his life wallowing in the depths of suffering, as his later frenzied destitution casts a shadow over his earlier condition. Still, as he approached his late thirties, those letters extant from the period are peppered at once with optimistic schemes for future projects, jocular but real requests for payment, and, in what he called more “anti-philosophical” or “antipoetic” modes of thought, his declared intentions of abandoning literature. Thus although he was accurately described in 1839 by Charles Gavan Duffy as “one of the most accomplished and popular writers for the University Magazine” (quoted in Shannon-Mangan, p. 188), under new editorship the magazine was accepting from him a noticeably reduced input. Duffy, a thrusting newspaper editor and future chronicler of “Young Ireland,” and to whom Mangan related the story of a failed marriage proposal to a girl of ﬁfteen, provided him with space on the pages of the Belfast Vindicator, and Mangan, in no mood, he said, for political articles, supplied him with damp squibs and meandering sketches featuring “The Man in the Cloak” that ponder tantalizingly in mockery of German metaphysics the question of identity and its masks. In Ireland the political situation was changing. O’Connell’s return from the Westminster Parliament and the inauguration of his widely attended rallies, known as “monster meetings,” provided a political focus for the kind of cultural nationalism that magazines like the Dublin University Magazine, in some respects inadvertently, had fostered. When Duffy, Thomas Davis, and John Dillon in October 1842 inaugurated the Nation, a pro-Repeal weekly newspaper with an aim of producing a literature “racy of the soil,” Mangan appeared prominently on the prospectus and in the ﬁrst issue, but very seldom after this until 1846. Although still in contact with Duffy, he appeared out of sympathy with the “frothy speeches” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 256) in the journal, which nonetheless introduced writers like Edward Walsh and Dennis Florence MacCarthy to a wider public, and to Mangan; if the poetry was not always of this standard, Duffy and, proliﬁcally, Davis toiling to little effect, it had the excuse that much of it was meant to be set to music, and

cultivating an early interest in narratives of literary and spiritual dissolution that were to inﬂuence his own, and indeed he extemporized a translation on Honoré de Balzac’s continuation of Melmoth, “The Man in the Cloak” (1838). More than once encountering the Reverend Maturin near his home, Mangan had followed him through the city; and pursuing an enigmatic literary man in a cloak around the streets of Dublin seems an emblematic occupation for a man who never left the country of his birth but in imagination, and rarely left the claustrophobic embrace of the city. Determining, however, to leave his job as printer’s scrivener, in 1838 Mangan took a position under Petrie’s direction at the Ordnance Survey Office, and he worked there for the next three years as a copyist. The survey sought to encompass such a broad range of material under the heading topographical, from music to manners, that if the project were not so earnestly and doggedly pursued, one would have to characterize it as lunatic ambition. In Petrie’s office the past became a living thing, and centuries lay as lightly upon one another as dust, Latin and Gaelic annals underlying maps and archaeological reports of ﬁeld workers. It was here that Mangan was ﬁrst persuaded to make translations of some Irish poems, although the experiment was shortlived and none were to follow for a number of years. There are signs in the vagaries of Mangan’s attendance and habits that drink was beginning to get the better of him, and the use of opium, something Mangan strenuously denied, was becoming more than a painkiller. He certainly showed a literary awareness of the drug in composing the quixotic prose meditation “Sixty Drops of Laudanum” for the Dublin University Magazine. Moreover, judging from the accounts of his contemporaries, there seems little doubt that Mangan suffered from something close to manic depression, an affliction he described as “moral insanity,” that left him oscillating, as he said, between the poles of enthusiasm and despair. One has to be careful, however, not to give credence to everything that was said about him, and it is all too easy to slip into a depiction

117

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN preciative audience, in 1846 Mangan embarked on an annus mirabilis of poetic production, comparable in intensity if not in subtlety with John Keats’s 1819. This renaissance, which occasioned some of his most pungent poems improvised upon Irish originals, such as “O’Hussey’s Ode to the Maguire” and “Dark Rosaleen,” was also evidently inspired by immediate events. Following the blight of the potato crop in 1845, famine had begun to take a chilling hold upon Ireland, and with genuine feeling Mangan girded himself for poetical expression that could at times be nakedly political, as in “The Sorrows of Innisfail,” where Geoffrey Keating’s original is overwritten with contemporary revolutionary feeling. If Mitchel is to be believed, as people continued their daily lives an air of unreality once more hung about the city, which remained for some time insulated against the famine’s effects: the Nation was one of the few journals to carry a distressing diary of “The State of the Country” on its pages. Mangan’s was the perfect voice to ﬁll this vacuum: the city insider speaking as it were from outside, from the past, conducting ghostly voices at a heightened emotional pitch and articulating the contradictions of Dublin to itself, as indeed he had done all his life. Not that Mangan gave himself entirely over to nationalist polemic; a series conceived as “Echoes of Foreign Song” was intended for another book of translations in the Nation publisher James Duffy’s “Library of Ireland” series; the book never appeared, but its demise left him with copious material for the “Lays of Many Lands” articles that he produced for the Dublin University Magazine until his death. Following the death of his mother in late 1846 Mangan’s last years represented a decline. With his brother he clung to the family home, but they were eventually forced to leave and ﬁnd a series of cheaper lodgings. Dismissed from Trinity Library, and with no other employment, Mangan kept up a punishing workload of new poems and translations, later even writing in public houses (pubs), which gave him pen and paper gratis. First to Duffy, and then to Mitchel, Mangan addressed documents cast in the personal language of his abstinence vows, pledging himself reli-

Davis’s ambition had created the expectation of a literature that would plunder Irish myth, language, music, and above all history in the service of a national ideal. By this time, the scholarly Ordnance Survey had been wound down, and Petrie had found Mangan solitary employment as a cataloging clerk for Trinity College Library, where Mangan at least had the opportunity to bury himself in books. In September 1843 the poet’s father died, and while this could have been a relief, he was left with unresolved feelings of guilt and a renewed sense of responsibility for his family. By the end of the following year he was nursing his sick mother and unable to work, though he later returned to half-time employment at the library. It was probably evident that Mangan was in need of some assistance, and Duffy and Davis agitated, in both London and Dublin, for the publication of his German Anthology: A Series of Translations from the Most Popular of the German Poets, which, sponsored by Duffy, came out in midsummer of 1845, it was well reviewed and then forgotten. It was the only book of poems Mangan ever saw published, and made him perhaps £25. In an acutely self-scrutinizing letter perhaps intended to provide the basis for a biographical notice, he spoke of “the misery of my own mind—my natural tendency to loneliness, poetry, and self-analysis” and “that evil habit [no doubt alcohol] which has since proved so ruinous to me” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 277)—but nonetheless his poetic yield was rising, and in the previous two years he had manufactured some astonishing spurious translations such as “The Caramanian Exile” and “The Wayfaring Tree,” attributed to Turkish and German authors. With the death of Thomas Davis in September 1845, the impetus had sapped from the activities of what was by now known as “Young Ireland.” But Duffy’s recruitment to the paper of John Mitchel, ﬁrebrand solicitor and soon-to-be committed political rebel, reenergized the cause and the contributors to the Nation. Inspired by him, and by the enthusiasm of the young nationalist curate of his boyhood church, Father C. P. Meehan, at whose rooms Mangan became a frequent visitor, reading and reciting his poetry to an ap-

118

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN and Poetry of Munster was sent to the press; the book appeared later the same year. Three years later, in 1852, his eccentric collaboration with O’Daly and John O’Donovan on a translation of Aenghus O’Daly’s The Tribes of Ireland was published, and editions and memoirs followed from Mitchel, Meehan, and Duffy.

giously to the national cause. Duffy declined to publish, but the increasingly radical Mitchel, who had split with Duffy to found his own paper, the United Irishman, felt no such unease, and he quickly made Mangan’s letter public. His timing was unfortunate, as just a few weeks later, in May 1848, the periodical was suppressed and Mitchel convicted and sentenced to exile, from where he was to produce his notorious Jail Journal (1854) and a posthumous edition of Mangan’s verse largely made up of his German poems (1859). This left Mangan exposed politically and personally, and following the abortive insurrection of Young Irelanders in July 1848 many of his associates were in prison, in exile, or in hiding, while his older friends appeared unable to help, hamstrung by Mangan’s unwillingness to accept charity and inability to stop drinking. His letters make for harrowing reading: newly tormented by religious guilt, they are a procession of renewed resolutions and pathetic but proud applications for money. It was around this time that Mangan began to achieve notoriety as a strange ﬁgure about the Dublin streets, complete with dilapidated cloak and umbrella, and it is striking how many of his contemporaries left descriptions of him as wraithlike or ghostlike, as if risen from the dead, images that were to color his later reputation. He was still, however, able to work prodigiously, and working directly from the impromptu oral translations of the publisher John O’Daly was composing songs from the Irish; contributing poems and a series entitled “Sketches of Irish Writers” to a new journal, the Irishman; and to the end writing for the Dublin University Magazine, which seems never to have questioned his political leanings. Lacking funds and permanent housing, in April 1849 he succumbed to one of many cholera epidemics that ﬂooded the city. Apparently recovering, but with years of weakened health behind him, Mangan was taken to the Meath hospital in Camden Street, and he died on 20 June. His doctor, the philologist Whitley Stokes, summoned the painter Frederick William Burton, who made a haunting chalk sketch of the dead poet with hollowed cheek and ﬂowing hair. That same day O’Daly and Mangan’s The Poets

LITERARY APPRENTICESHIP

Little attention has been paid to Mangan’s early poems, which is surprising, as they are not quite as marginal as the periodical culture they memorialize. In them we can glimpse, as in a glass darkly, the beginnings of Mangan’s plural poetic identities. Essentially they disclose two things: ﬁrst, the irresistible attraction sound had for Mangan, together with a characteristic inventiveness with rhyme and meter; and second, a strangely ampliﬁed sense of the demands of his form. These are poems aware of their place in a printed world, referring frequently to their own circumstance and manufacture: to the poet’s writing table—and, as he usually features as a somewhat dissolute character, to the pen, ink, cigars, and brandy that help him write—to the columns of the magazine, to other contributors, and back upon themselves, as in his “Eight Stanzas,” which farcically fulﬁls the expectations of its title—“The stanza halting here, I had best toss off another, // That being a good way to push through a Poem” (Selected Poems [hereafter cited as SP], 2003, p. 5). Even the much-maligned puzzle poems and enigmas placed in the popular almanacs are not exterior to his talent: Mangan, under a series of wild pseudonyms, kept up the ﬁction that all his readers were equally poets and developed a habit of directly addressing them, as “Bards of Hibernia” or “Bards of this Beautiful Isle.” This had the effect of puncturing the inﬂated rhetoric that had built up around Irish poetry in English and turning the expectation of communal sorrow that was such a part of Thomas Moore’s Irish Melodies (1807–1834) into a knowing acknowledgment of exhausted inspiration, as in “Hail to Thee, Bard!” (from The Collected Works of James Clarence Mangan: Poems, hereafter cited as Poems):

119

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN this extravagant vein: he had inherited and exaggerated Byron’s versatility with the bathetic timing of rhymes and with shifting tone. Even in those poems in which the feeling is sustained, traditionally seen as his ﬁnest, the poetic voice retains an insistent self-reﬂexiveness—

Give me your pity, then, ye Bards sublime And let it ﬂow in copious stanzas of rhyme Weep each line, or I shall weep myself (vol. 1, p. 21)

Extravagant melancholy is so often expressed only to be withdrawn: “And tears, say half a dozen, or seven, fell from me” (“Yesterday Afternoon, O’erpowered,” SP, p. 9). While it is customary to detect the insertion of genuine personal feeling in Mangan’s verse (the answers to his enigmas tended to be things like “Despair,” or “Silence”), the poems themselves become waylaid by a fondness for puns or double rhymes. In these early almanacs appeared Mangan’s ﬁrst poems with national subjects, but with riddling solutions like “Emmet” or “Ireland” they too played havoc with sincerity, and an acute ear for poetic ventriloquism nearly tips even his “straighter” verses into self-parody. Mangan’s early work displays such exuberance in plunging headlong into a vocabulary distended by the sublime, or bent underneath the weight of national sentiment, that the line between candor and cliché becomes smudged. This is a young man, as Yeats said of Joyce’s early poems “practising his instrument, taking pleasure in the mere handling of the stops” (Letters, vol. 3, p. 282)—reﬁning a technique that leaves nothing unsayable in sound, and poetry ﬁzzing with energy and a discernible restlessness. Mangan’s ability to write poems for a purpose, whether as a puzzle, an announcement, or, soon, even as a translation, became early on a peculiar forte. This left him with a mastery of the occasional poem, but also a need always to play with the margins of his remit and confound formal expectations. Above all, he demanded of his poems that they conduct a dialogue with their surrounds, a habit that became inseparable from his poetic method. The Mangan poem without some interaction with the printed page of which it is a part, whether through an enigmatic epigraph or prose introduction, the interpolation of notes, or some typographic wizardry—or else by an infusion of whimsical or maudlin selfconsciousness in the poem itself—is a rare bird. Mangan’s contributions to the Comet and the humorous magazines of the 1830s continued in

All is as gorgeous and as grand As the creation wherewith teems The poet’s haunted brain amid his noonday dreams (p. 19)

he muses in “Life Is the Desert and the Solitude” and a continued metrical virtuosity. This can be a distraction, but it can also provide a halting dramatic expressiveness, as in “The One Mystery,” a poem Yeats called “all but the saddest of his songs” (Uncollected Prose, p. 115): The ﬂood of life runs dark—dark clouds Make lampless night around its shore: The dead, where are they? In their shrouds— Man knows no more! (SP, p. 16)

Flood is a common trope in Mangan’s writing, and a redundance of liquid spills over into his verses, mimicking their extremes of emotion and the movement of the lines themselves. We can see this as part of an apocalyptically inclined imagination: as he remembered, for instance, “accounts of earthquakes, inundations and tempests; and narratives of ‘moving accidents by ﬂood and ﬁeld,’ possessed a charm for me which I could neither resist nor explain” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 236), and increasingly ghoulish visions of graves and the dead pile up in his poems. But the power of these particular lines lies, as so often, not in meaning but in cadence, and their anguished repetitions and broken punctuation, and ﬁnal tolling syllables, are hyperbolically affecting. Probably the best example of Mangan’s uncomfortably self-unraveling poetry is “Verses to a Friend: On His Playing a Particular Melody Which Excited the Author to Tears,” which for sixty-three lines maintains an unbroken, if comically severe, melancholy that only begins to disintegrate as the poet considers and rejects his metaphors as inadequate to the expression of such pain: “My drooping heart can no where borrow /

120

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN German poets of the early nineteenth century: not much of the rest, he claimed, was worthy of the translator’s ink. But the inauguration of his unsigned articles of “Anthologia Germanica” in the Dublin University Magazine heralded a new sophistication in his manipulation both of translations and the prose that always accompanied them, from loose adaptations to the creation of entirely new poems. We might ask why Mangan spent so much time in German, and why he felt such an overwhelming identiﬁcation with the language that he felt able to depart so radically from his sources and to forge a new order of “oversettings” (from the German übersetzung), ﬁnally even composing original poems as if they were translations. The most convincing answer to both questions lies in sound. Not so much that Mangan felt an affinity with the distinctive noises of German, although this must have played a part. More that the idea of the sublime, as conceived in both Germany and England, had begun to privilege the terrifying and inassimilable resources of sound above any but the most vast and shrouded vistas—as Mangan mischievously put it “the Misty is#but a loftier species of the Sublime” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 105). This was almost as true of Coleridge and Shelley as it was of Goethe and Schiller; and must have added a philosophical basis to what was evidently an existing predilection for auditory imagery and effects. As an example we can take Mangan’s revised version of Schiller’s lengthy “The Lay of the Bell,” which appeared in the Dublin University Magazine for February 1835. In Mangan’s hands the poem essentially represents an opportunity for the manipulation of different kinds of sound, as the different bells pertaining to the different stages of life—wedding bell, funeral bell, and so on—cast their different tones over the separate sections of the poem, in a manner Poe was to follow in his cacophonous “The Bells.” Mangan took the hint from Schiller’s original, in which “though the metre incessantly varies as the subject ranges the variations are always in accordance with the ﬁnest principles of harmony” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 73), but he drove the conception much further than expected, producing not

Language to paint its awful sorrow!” (SP, p. 14). The poem thereupon disintegrates into pure sound, a peculiar humming which is then “translated” for us in assiduously consonant lines that, as Mangan claimed, “I have a right to pique myself on, for the whole compass of English poetry exhibits nothing like them” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 247): Tal lara, lara lal—tal lara, lara, lara! D’ye want this Englished now? Then, here, you sumph, it is: When men behold old mould rolled cold around my mound, all crowned with grass, alas! Mankind, though blind, will ﬁnd my mind was kind, resigned, reﬁned—but shrined like gas, in glass! (SP, p. 14)

The reader’s ﬁrst feeling on encountering these sonic pyrotechnics must be bewilderment, and indeed the uncertainty of tone is fatally injurious to the effect. Still, the lines contain many qualities typical of Mangan: a direct address to the reader, a preoccupation with translation, a morbid preﬁguring of the poet’s grave, an apparently overwhelming melancholy, but most of all a sheer delight in patterns of sound, all of which constituted the ingredients of his more assured later poetry. There is a sense that Mangan was waiting for a subject to lift his alternately maudlin and quizzical verse into true poetry. Unquestionably in translation he found his métier.

OVERSETTINGS FROM THE GERMAN

The overwhelming majority of Mangan’s writings go under the name of translation, and most of these have a German original behind them. Mangan was a self-taught Germanist, coming to the art of translation late, and at one remove, probably with literal English versions between him and his sources. Versiﬁcation rather than literal rendering would always be his priority. The translations of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich von Schiller he began to supply to the Dublin papers from 1830 were relatively reticent compared with his later extravagances, but they do display an ear for unusual sound. Mangan concentrated his attentions on the recent

121

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN imitation of German sounds and began creating poems much longer or much shorter than his sources, with meters and sound patterning that “improved” on the original and had little reference to the rhythm or meaning of his source. His defense was to posit the inferiority of the whole of the German tongue as compared to English, making it the translator’s duty “to make up#the discrepancies and hollowness of the former language, by the fullness and rotundity of the latter” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 202). Elsewhere in his columns, though, he claimed the equality of all languages and argued instead the worthlessness of his source texts, saying that German poetry was “not merely obscure, but in the positive sense of the phrase unintelligible#it is the perfection of magniﬁcent inanity” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 83). So to paraphrase, travesty, or disguise—all words he used to describe translation—could only improve on near-meaningless originals. Individual authors were translated only to be remorselessly criticized: Ludwig Tieck, he said, produced “maudlin drivel,” Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock “feeble phraseology,” Gottfried August Bürger “platitude”; yet at the same time Mangan was candidly confessing that “we grow every day fonder and fonder of the German Muse” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 105–107). It has taken some time for scholars to realize how integral to Mangan’s poems and translations is the prose that surrounds them. His original articles were relatively inaccessible, and even now the Irish Academic Press edition of Mangan’s Collected Works (published in a total of six volumes between 1996 and 2002) keeps apart prose and poetry. But all his poetical translations were only part of this eccentric inquisition into the origins and nature of languages, and the essence and value of originality, that strikes us as very modern, conducted as it is via clandestine sallies of sometimes antagonistic prose and verse in an august scholarly journal. His pronouncements on translation are temporary, distorting the poems they frame and in turn distorted by them: and read as a whole they are gloriously rich in contradiction. Mangan praises a liberal 1835 translation of Faust by his friend John Anster, for instance, for the incredible reason that

only chimes and clangs but also an orchestral range of overwhelming aural possibilities. We have the evidence of his prose and countless poems that Mangan did ﬁnd the tolling of a bell particularly ominous. “The Marvellous Bell” is just one of many poems in which a constant knelling terriﬁcally reminds us of coming death, and “Pompeii,” typically contemplating a ruined cityscape, wonders whether in the “prodigies of sound” of thunder, ﬂood, and earthquake “is there not a Voice which peals alike / To all from these” in a bell-like intimation of Judgment (SP, p. 268). There is perhaps nothing remarkable in hearing the passing of time and thus the pricking of conscience in the tolling of a bell: the interest is that Mangan fastens upon that part of a poem traditionally supposed least susceptible to translation, its sound, and makes it the dominant note of his poetry. In a long footnote to the poem, admitting that German is often noted for its double rhymes, Mangan denies there are fewer such terminations in English, and he takes it as a personal challenge to prove the resources of the language, inundating his poetry with double and treble rhymes, internal echoes, consonantal assonance, and an instinctive ﬂair for unusual rhythmic patterning. In so often choosing to describe sound, whether sweet or sublime, and it was usually the latter, Mangan was able to overset his relish for sonic variation onto his subject and allow his poems as it were to describe themselves, matter and manner coinciding. What this meant was that ﬁdelity in translation was not a matter of attention to meaning but of sonic transposition. His free version of “The Fisherman” took Goethe’s opening line “Das Wasser rauscht’, das Wasser schwoll” and transposed it as “The waters rush, the waters roll,” an affinity of rhyme more than meaning (SP, p. 56). Nor was he above changing the name of the central ﬁgure in his translation of a ballad by Friedrich Rückert: Mangan’s “The Ride Round the Parapet” features “the Lady Eleanora von Alleyne,” to provide an aural echo of “alone” and increased scope for rhyming. However, his versions ransacking the resources of English to effect the replacement of sonic properties, Mangan soon set himself free from the tethers of direct

122

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN inaugurated his “Anthologia Germanica,” beginning with a consideration of the merits of Goethe and Schiller. Mangan gives Schiller more concerted praise for his transcendent power and individuality but claims he “lacks the playful vein, the versatility, the Protean, Voltairean faculty of metamorphosis and self-multiplication possessed by Goethe” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 67). If from time to time Mangan aspired to be a Schiller, he was much closer to this conception of Goethe, and surely was here describing himself. It is no surprise then that before long Mangan had graduated to oversettings that bore only the merest trace of their original, or poems capriciously dubbed “the antithesis of plagiarism”: “he has been also overmuch addicted to a practice#of fathering upon other writers the offspring of his own brain#I cannot commend it. A man may have a right to offer his property to others, but nothing can justify him in forcing it upon them” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 224). It became quite usual for Mangan to reverse Coleridge and smuggle his own poems into his articles by attributing them to real authors whose canon he could thereby helpfully enlarge, or even to foist them upon spurious German authors such as “Dreschler” or “Selber” (“Himself”). So his “Twenty Golden Years Ago” (1840), spoken as if by a reminiscent German poet:

he has translated that part of the mind of Goethe which was unknown to Goethe#He is a hundred times more Goethian than Goethe himself. He sees through his author, as through glass, but corrects all the distortions produced by the refraction of the substance though which he looks#.—he is, in short, the real author of “Faust.” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 201)

This dizzying logic is in its surface plausibility and trickery almost Borgesian: “El original es inﬁel a la traducción” (the original is unfaithful to the translation), Jorge Luis Borges remarks of William Beckford’s Vathek, after Samuel Henley’s version of 1786 (Obras completas, p. 730). It gestures toward the notion that there is a source-Goethe, an Ur-Goethe, to which all other Goethes are indebted, but outrageously proposes that we might ﬁnd him not by attention to his words but through a kind of translator’s clairvoyance. Such occult reasoning justiﬁes colossal liberties and cloaks Mangan’s practice in another veil, ﬁnally delivering us helpless into the hands of the translator, who within his dominion is all-powerful. His dominion, however, might extend further than we imagine. One explanation for Mangan’s attachment to German was that reﬂections on the nature of translation had played a signiﬁcant part in the revival of that literature from beneath the shadow of French and English. Mangan also had before him the examples of Coleridge, who had steeped himself in German thought, and De Quincey, who had, he said, “traced [Coleridge] through German literature, poetry and philosophy,” according to Grevel Lindop in his 1981 biography of De Quincey, The Opium-Eater. In September 1834, De Quincey provoked a literary scandal by accusing the recently deceased Coleridge at once of genius and “barefaced plagiarism”: Coleridge, De Quincey claimed, had not only denied plucking hints for his poems from German sources but also lifted long passages of his 1817 Biographia Literaria unattributed from the German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. Questions of authenticity were thus swirling around such German borrowings; and to assume Coleridge’s mantle of genius and plagiarist must have been for Mangan a tempting proposition. Only four months later, in January 1835, he

O, the rain, the weary, dreary rain, How it plashes on the window-sill! Night, I guess too, must be on the wane, Strass and Gass around are grown so still. Here I sit, with coffee in my cup— Ah! ’twas rarely I beheld it ﬂow In the taverns where I loved to sup Twenty golden years ago! (SP, p. 123)

This ﬁrst stanza from one of Mangan’s best and strangest poems is, extraordinarily, leavened with German words as if it were only half-translated from a German original. The Teutonic atmosphere thus created is of course entirely contrived, in part to allow room for a dig or two at the excesses of Sturm und Drang Romanticism, as the poet’s tears are said to fall as fast as “HighDutch ﬂoods, that Reason cannot dam,” and his sorrow is compared with the (genuine) poet Justi-

123

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN mostly serialized in the Dublin University Magazine as “Literae Orientales,” Mangan’s poetry takes ﬂight, and he becomes that protean, ghostly ﬁgure he had long threatened to be. Mangan’s fascination for the East had begun early: like many of his generation, he was consumed by the folktales collected as Arabian Nights, and characters from these stories told by the legendary Scheherazade surface without warning in his prose, as he imagines glimpsing the dark magician Maugraby in the pubs of Dublin and streets of Vienna. Following the poetic incursions of Byron’s The Giaour (1813) and Thomas Moore’s Lalla Rookh (1817), Mangan was immersed in the oriental enthusiasms of his day, devouring English and German guidebooks and ﬁnding himself seduced by the sinister appeal of the Orient promulgated in gothic ﬁction from Beckford’s Vathek (subtitled An Arabian Tale in the English edition of 1786) onward. Mangan’s Orient then was not real, but a literary locality; a shadowy place, as he freely admits, existing in the mind and thus susceptible to whatever shaping we, or the author, might choose to put on it: “Alas! wanting that which we have not, cannot have, never shall have, we mould that which we really have into an ill-deﬁned counterfeit of that which we want; and then casting a veil over it, we contemplate the creature of our own fancy” (Prose, vol. 1, pp. 129–130). While not quite anticipating the postcolonial theory of Edward Said, this is a remarkable admission of imaginative appropriation and sounds as if Mangan was allowing his disingenuous instincts free reign. Here his trademark pitch of lachrymose despair could be exercised using different props and different poets. That biographies of obscure authors with interesting names made up a good deal of oriental literary history was a glorious opportunity for mystiﬁcation, and far from clearing up the difficulties Mangan created instead a sea of shape-shifting author-ﬁgures to whom he can attribute both sentiment and authorship. So his translations progress from versiﬁed sayings, sonic ﬁreworks, and casual additions to existing poems, as when he prints the last, rather Ozymandian stanza of the nostalgic “Time of the

nus Kerner: “I have a deal more to wail about than Kerner has!” It is hard to say there is no genuine regret lurking in the poem’s insistent rhythm, but we are left in little doubt this is a literary melancholy: Though you ﬁnd me, as I near my goal, Sentimentalising like Rousseau, O! I had a grand Byronian soul Twenty golden years ago!

(SP, p. 124)

The ﬁnal irony is that the poet, this “tortured torturer of reluctant rhymes,” is regretting the ebbing of his poetic inspiration as compared to “Deutschland’s bardlings,” whereas “in song / I could once beat all of them by chalks”—yet although given to another, the poem’s weird inventiveness surreptitiously announces the ﬂourishing of its author’s muse. Nothing remains stable in these pseudo-German poems: already linguistically unsettled, they are upturned completely by the mischievous suggestions of the framing prose.

“LITERAE ORIENTALES”

The Orient was a place Mangan necessarily approached circuitously; recalling that “Goethe appears to have been skilled in the languages of the East” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 94), he peered through the lens of German scholarship, and those poems still clinging to authentic sources Mangan manufactured from German translations of eastern poetry. Still, he was never at pains to dissuade the reader that he was steeped in the original languages, whether Turkish, Persian, or Arabic, referring to the ellipses in manuscripts and indulging in the transliteration of more or less fraudulent fragments of eastern tongues. “It has been said that he has translated from fourteen languages; but he himself has assured me that he understands only eight,” Mangan says of himself in the dissembling “Sketches of Irish Writers” and adds, for the wary reader, a caution: “he has translated from many besides that he does not understand” (Prose, vol. 2, pp. 223–224). This was quite true: however in his versions, borrowings, and inventions from oriental languages,

124

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN ﬁnd consummation in his Irish poems. Mangan mounts these meaningless reverberant names in giddying combinations, reminding us that following an exaggeratedly euphonic poem called “Ghazel and Song,” Mangan had reprimanded the unwary: “if you have read this, reader, go over it again, we will thank you, and sing it” (Poems, vol. 2, p. 363). Probably the most convincing admission his autobiographical fragment contained was that “in my earlier years I was passionately fond of declaiming—not for my auditory but for myself. I loved to indulge in solitary rhapsodies—and if intruded on upon these occasions I was made very unhappy” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 230). The effect of such lonely rhythmical exertions can be felt in poems like “The Caramanian Exile,” whose repetitions of the name “Karaman” over eight stanzas invoke a kind of orality that lifts the poem off the page into the realm of chant:

Roses” in capitals because “in the MS of Nasmi’s Anthology this stanza is written in large and gorgeous characters” (Poems, vol. 1, p. 418)— needless to say, a whimsical invention His more extravagant creations were ﬂagged by meaningful proprietorial cautions—“our translations shall be our own and our own only” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 142)—and an increasing instinct for typographic trickery, printing “wine” and “raki” upside down in “Song for Coffee-Drinkers,” with an accompanying note admonishing us not to suspect the poems’ authenticity. One or two poems stand out, notably “The Time of Barmecides,” whose ﬁrst line was translated back into spurious syllabic “Arabian.” One stanza only will have to serve as a sample from a poem that works, as so often, by accumulated repetition and variation of the refrain: I see rich Bagdad once agen, With turrets of Moorish mold, And the Khalif’s twice ﬁve hundred men, Whose binishes ﬂamed with gold; I call up many a gorgeous show Which the Pall of Oblivion hides— All passed like snow, long, long ago, With the Time of the Barmecides; All passed like snow, long, long ago, With the Time of the Barmecides!

But Life at worst must end ere long, Karaman! Azreel avengeth every wrong, Karaman! O, Karaman! Of late my thoughts rove more among Thy ﬁelds;— foreshadowing fancies throng My mind, and texts of bodeful song, Karaman! Azreel is terrible and strong, Karaman! His lightning-sword smites all ere long, Karaman! O,Karaman! (SP, pp. 181–182)

(SP, p. 119)

This is a poem in the tradition of Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan,” except from the point of view of an allegedly Eastern poet whose vision is fading. Like “Kubla Khan,” it takes ﬁre from the story of its mysterious creation—although depending on which version we read this fabrication is more or less suspicious, as its “translator” admits; and, from the strangeness of its vocabulary, which Mangan helpfully explains in gnomic notes (“binishes” are cavalry-cloaks, “Barmecides” Arabian nobles, both presumably included for their unnerving sound). Familiar, he said, with his own characteristic form of alternate prose and verse, the Orient was evidently also a source for new and interesting words, and, as here, for evocative proper nouns. Mangan’s time at the Ordnance Survey had concentrated his ear on the unusual sounds and unlikely derivations of names, a predilection ﬂaunted here that would

“One is not often electriﬁed by such bursts of passion and feeling in Ottoman poetry,” comments Mangan, critic of his own poem (Prose, vol. 2, p. 108). All the same his columns claimed that the energy of “compound epithets and sonorous polysyllables make us but indifferent amends” for the absence of the “irradiating light of Imagination” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 2). While this was so if the poems inclined too far toward bathos—as in, arguably, “The Wail and Warning of the Three Khalendars,” where the necessity to ﬁnd rhymes for Bosphorus (“The Bosphorus, the Bosphorus! / For life has lost its gloss for us!”) mocks perhaps too openly the idea that what we

125

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN are reading is a translation—an idea of oral, even musical performance still exerts a powerful tow on the reader or listener that helps compensate for a lack of imaginative complexity. This last ballad, said Mangan, would “thrill through the very soul of the listener” if only it were “sung to the vibratory music of the lute” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 108), and a notion of Eastern ejaculation and ritual chanting was conclusively brought into his poetry. To what degree Mangan uses the Orient as a place where national ambitions could be eloquently but safely discharged has long been in question. In truth, he did not, at ﬁrst, approach the Orient in this way: his opening article wonders at the peculiarity of national feeling (“nationality is not always rationality”) and insists that the mind “repudiates every country on the map,” though tending to incline “rather Eastward than Northward” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 129). But in “The Caramanian Exile” the violence Mangan allows into the poem can no longer help but stir thoughts of a struggle closer to home, particularly when he calls on the folklorist William Wilde to undertake a history of Caramania’s bloody resistance against invasion. Unquestionably by the time he conceived the chilling “Siberia” (1846), an idea of Ireland was in his mind, but, typically, rather than featuring the exile’s displacement from a lost green isle of plenty, Mangan envisioned a displacement to a wasteland of hunger, death, and silence: In Siberia’s wastes The Ice-wind’s breath Woundeth like the toothèd steel. Lost Siberia doth reveal Only blight and death. # Therefore, in those wastes None curse the Czar. Each man’s tongue is cloven by The North Blast, who heweth nigh With sharp scimitar.

emerges as a potent symbol for post-famine Ireland, in a poem that eloquently addresses political silence as well as cultural desolation. Mangan’s oriental impersonations and his eschatological imagination had equipped him with the tools to describe the crisis, and by the time of his “Song of the Albanian” (1847) his Eastern laments were quite evidently treating the worsening conditions of the famine, as “The stricken Dead lie without barrows / By roadsides, black and bare!” (SP, p. 271). Conversely those poems explicitly addressing Ireland often took on an Eastern visionary or prophetic cast, and the late poem “The Famine” unusually attributes the suffering not to British intransigence but to the prophesied coming of an Eastern cloud over the land: “Even as the dread Simoon of Araby / Sweeps o’er the desert through the pathless air” (SP p. 334). As Joyce remarked, “whether the song is of Ireland or Istambol [sic] it has the same refrain” (p. 57). In imagination Ireland and Orient could themselves be overset.

PERVERSIONS FROM THE IRISH

In mapping the Orient onto Ireland, Mangan knowingly joined a long and factitious tradition believing the Milesians, an ancient race of Ireland, were descended from Persians, Phoenicians, or other assorted Easterners: “according to [the Irish antiquarian Charles] Vallancey every Irishman is an Arab” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 7). Content to follow specious scholarship, by now Mangan was happily translating from the languages of East and West with little knowledge of either. But if his sideways attitude to the Irish language never quite faded, what he called his “perversions from the Irish” have since been much admired, and unquestionably they include some of his ﬁnest poems. His ﬁrst ventures were attempted only in 1840 at the urging of George Petrie and were truly an Ordnance Survey production in all respects. Mangan worked, as for many of his later poems, from his colleague Eugene O’Curry’s literal translations and produced versiﬁcations for Petrie’s Irish Penny Journal prefaced by introductions from the polymath scholar. The most distinctive of these, “The

(SP, pp. 234–235)

Though many have seen a personal desolation in these lines, Siberia, far from the grandeur and exclamations of oriental exoticism, leads the poet to adopt a tone of terse northern fatalism, and it

126

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN Woman of Three Cows” and “An Elegy on the Tironian and Tirconnellian Princes Buried at Rome,” make an odd pairing, but Mangan reproduced the satiric voice of the former perfectly and gave to his lengthened lines an added disdainful gait, adding characteristic double rhymes and the odd ejaculation lifted directly from the Irish. It introduced readers to a different caste of Irish poetry, and if he produced it with his usual facility Mangan took it very seriously, quizzing Duffy as to why he omitted three stanzas on its republication in the Belfast Vindicator. What he called his “transmagniﬁcanbandancial elegy” (Prose, vol. 2, p. 275) is, however, an astonishing eighteen-stanza construction of a funeral wail that never was, the poem undertaking to describe the unearthly sound that would have arisen from Ireland had both princes been buried at home. Such a sonic invitation was perfect for Mangan, and drawing on the topographical resources of the survey, he mined Irish place names for every last ore, massing familiar and less-familiar syllables into a cumulative naming force unequaled in Ireland until Yeats. The poet takes a tangible pleasure in resurrecting the longed-for lament in the sonic explosions of Irish words like keen and rann, producing a lament sung not, as Yeats would have it, to sweeten Ireland’s wrong, but to indulge in it, noisily: O, had they fallen on Criffan’s plain, There would not be a town or clan From shore to sea, But would with shrieks bewail the Slain, Or chant aloud the exulting rann Of jubilee!

How we wish the author of “The Barmecides” would lend his help to an Irish ballad history! His power of making his verses racy of the soil cannot be doubted by any one who reads his “Paraphrase of Kathleen ny Houlihan” and “Elegy on the Princes.” (p. 276)

The attempt to recruit Mangan, initially yielding little fruit, ﬁnally spurred him to a series of unashamedly political poems for the Nation. These had far more energy and metrical variation than the average nationalist poem, while their sometimes astonishing violence is leavened, again, by a self-referential attention to their published housing. Yeats, though, had it about right when he opined in A Book of Irish Verse that Mangan “is usually classed with the Young Ireland poets, because he contributed to their periodicals and shared their political views; but his style was formed before their movement began” (p. xvi). Of course, the Young Irelanders had styled themselves after the Young Germanists, and Mangan could place German poems to national freedom without hiccup in the Nation; so between Mangan’s different enthusiasms and styles there was no necessary disjunction. Nonetheless, in the same month (July 1846) as penning the eerie aisling poem “A Vision of Connaught in the Thirteenth Century,” Mangan produced a serene vision of Ireland in “The Lovely Land”; the comical squib of “Ibrahim Pacha and Wellington”; a translation of a German ballad of lost love called “The Miller’s Daughter”; and the idiosyncratic “An Invitation,” which, addressed to “Friends of Freedom,” takes Joycean pleasure in the names of rivers from around the globe, from the “daedal Amazon” to “glorious Ohio!” (Poetry, vol. 3, p. 197). Such heterogeneity did not make his poems any less distinctive, but it did make them unpredictable: sometimes the only constant was the same attention to “prodigies of sound.” Beyond national ambition Mangan had plainly become absorbed in the rhythms of his Irish translations, working always from literal versions in English but often attempting to reproduce “the same irregular metre as the original” or improvise his own (Prose, vol. 2, p. 281). Irish poems, Mangan found, very often had a self-referential ele-

(SP, p. 133)

We should remember that these poems, with a long-lined Yeatsian-sounding “Kathleen ny Houlahan,” popularized by inclusion in Duffy’s bestselling The Ballad Poetry of Ireland (1845), represented only a teaspoonful amid the mounds of translations and original poetry Mangan had produced to this point. In November 1844, notes the biographer Ellen Shannon-Mangan, Duffy felt obliged publicly to call for Mangan’s assistance with the national project:

127

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN ment, and when they did not, he provided one: his “Lament over the Ruins of the Abbey of Teach Molaga,” sketching a moonlit picture of architectural desolation, not only laments the silence caused by the tyranny of “brutal England’s power,” but an additional ﬁnal stanza reverses it. The poet greets the silence of the poem’s end with his own silence, but is overcome by the irrepressible noise of nature:

The course is long over which I brought you from yesterday to this day— Over mountains I went with her, and under sails across the sea: The Erne I passed at a bound, though great the ﬂood, And there was music of strings on each side of me and my Roisin dubh. (p. 114)

Thomas Furlong in Hardiman’s Irish Minstrelsy had unsurprisingly converted the “music of strings” into that ever-present symbol of Irish national identity, the harp, translating the passage thus:

I turned away, as toward my grave, And, all my dark way homeward by the Atlantic’s verge, Resounded in mine ears like to a dirge The roaring of the wave. (SP, p. 250)

Long, long with my dearest, thro’ strange scenes I’ve gone O’er mountains and broad valleys I have still toil’d on; O’er the Erne I have sail’d as the rough gales blew, While the harp pour’d its music for my Roisin Dubh. (p. 255)

Such framing envoys were common to both the oriental and the Irish poems Mangan worked from, and became a distinctive feature of his own style. Probably Mangan’s ﬁnest achievement working from the Irish was the impassioned love song “Dark Rosaleen.” Mangan took from James Hardiman’s Irish Minstrelsy the suggestion that the original poem “Roísín Dubh” (“the Black Rose”) was an allegorical ballad addressed to Ireland, ignoring Samuel Ferguson’s insistence that the song was simply written by a priest in love. He also would have noted Hardiman’s reiteration of Vallancey’s questionable contention that such allegory had an ancient Eastern cast: “No nation,” says Hardiman, quoting Charles Vallancey, “is more fond of allegory than the Irish. Their ancient poets were celebrated for their Meimeadh or allegorical poems. No other language than the Arabic has a word of this signiﬁcation, viz. Mamma, a verse of occult mysterious meaning” (vol. 1, p. 351). One can imagine Mangan leaping upon this suggestion and quite deliberately producing a national Irish poem of ritual Eastern resonance. To see how Mangan transformed his sources, we might brieﬂy examine the English versions of the ballad that he plundered. The second stanza of Samuel Ferguson’s translation (reprinted in Robert Welch, 1988) read like this:

Mangan’s version by contrast preserves some of the nationalist implications of this harp music but removes all trace of its merely conventional symbolism. Substituting instead a musically patterned system of words, his stanza is elaborated and prolonged, quickened into intensity: Over hills, and through dales, Have I roamed for your sake; All yesterday I sailed with sails On river and on lake. The Erne#at its highest ﬂood, I dashed across unseen, For there was lightning in my blood, My Dark Rosaleen! My own Rosaleen! Oh! there was lightning in my blood, Red lightning lightened through my blood, My Dark Rosaleen! (SP, p. 237)

Hidden unseen, the self-sacriﬁce of the poem’s rebel persona is in becoming almost bodily possessed, galvanized by his own rhetoric— subsumed, like Mangan himself, into the fabric of his poem. These anguished repetitions and

128

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN variations of bloods and lightnings have nothing to do with the “music” of the source, which is entirely eliminated, but everything to do with an occult musical imperative, creating a dizzying, mounting incantation improvised upon and completely overwhelming the original’s musical hint. Mangan’s early experiments in pure sound and self-consuming ventriloquism had prepared the skill needed to produce this kind of passage: Yeats almost seemed to be describing its power when he said that for Mangan at his best “the words ﬂowed like electric ﬂashes” (Uncollected Prose, p. 118). Ironically, under the stern gaze of his publisher O’Daly, for his collection The Poets and Poetry of Munster (1849) Mangan’s ﬁdelity to the actual rhythms and cadences of the Irish parallel texts, and more pertinently to the music printed alongside his poems, produced very little of his ﬁnest work. Closer to their Irish source, the two further versions of “Roísín Dubh” have their intensity muted; under pressure to make his verse actually (or very nearly) singable to the music it accompanied, Mangan in rhythmic inﬂexibility lost something of the distinctive note of his own poetry. In all his poems, whether from Irish, German, or other sources, Mangan was consumed by sound, and thus also by poetry’s hidden origins, how it comes into being. Hence his fascination with translation: his poetic facility could not survive being tethered, but before his best work could be generated, he needed an external structure, or merely the sense of a poem already somewhere in existence, from which hint he could create pieces of astounding originality. Originality to the end was his obsession and his burden: “it is,” he wrote, “the error of poets that they consider themselves bound to be at all hazards original. They are ignorant that the value of originality is to be tested by the character of the originality” (Prose, vol. 1, p. 160). Finally, the character of Mangan’s originality was prodigious: in the vagaries and ventriloquism of translation and pseudo-translation he discovered his plural self. As he says in “The Nameless One,” always “his soul was mated with song”

With song which alway, sublime or vapid, Flowed like a rill in the morning-beam, Perchance not deep, but intense and rapid— A mountain stream. (SP, p. 352)

When this autobiographical poem, perhaps his last, was published in October 1849 with the ﬁction that # Old and hoary At thirty-nine, from Despair and Woe, He lives (SP, p. 353)

it was wrong on all counts: he was much older than thirty-nine, and no longer living, a disingenuous but revelatory and contradictory ﬁgure to the end.

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN Mangan’s poetry and prose chieﬂy appeared in numerous periodicals throughout his lifetime: the only books to which he had direct input appear below under “Contemporary Editions,” followed by the modern-day Collected Works and some important selected editions that have shaped his reputation. His poetry and prose is most easily available in the selected editions published by the Irish Academic Press in 2003 and 2004—but to see poetry and prose in interaction, see Sean Ryder’s 2004 edition.

CONTEMPORARY EDITIONS

Anthologia Germanica. German Anthology: A Series of Translation from the Most Popular of the German Poets. 2 vols. Dublin: William Curry, 1845; London: Longmans, Brown, 1845. The Poets and Poetry of Munster: A Selection of Irish Songs by the Poets of the Last Century. As translator, with biographical sketches of the authors by John O’Daly. Dublin: John O’Daly, 1849. The Tribes of Ireland: A Satire. By Aenghus O’Daly, with translations by Mangan, and other text contributed by John O’Donovan. Dublin: John O’Daly, 1852.

COLLECTED WORKS

The Collected Works of James Clarence Mangan: Poems. 4 vols. Edited by Jacques Chuto, Rudolf Patrick Holzapfel,

129

JAMES CLARENCE MANGAN with a few stray papers lodged, ﬁttingly, in other libraries around Dublin, including that of Trinity College.

Ellen Shannon-Mangan, et al. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1996–1999. The Collected Works of James Clarence Mangan: Prose. 2 vols. Edited by Jacques Chuto, Peter Van de Kamp, Augustine Martin, and Ellen Shannon-Mangan. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2002.

CRITICAL, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Chuto, Jacques. James Clarence Mangan: A Bibliography. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1999. Joyce, James. “James Clarence Mangan (1902)” and “James Clarence Mangan (1907).” In Occasional Critical and Political Writings. Edited by Kevin Barry. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2000. Lloyd, David. Nationalism and Minor Literature: James Clarence Mangan and the Emergence of Irish Cultural Nationalism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. MacCarthy, Anne. James Clarence Mangan, Edward Walsh, and Nineteenth-Century Irish Literature in English. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 2000. Shannon-Mangan, Ellen. James Clarence Mangan: A Biography. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1995. Welch, Robert. A History of Verse Translation from the Irish, 1789–1897. Irish Literary Studies 24. Gerrards Cross, U.K.: Colin Smythe, 1988. ———. Irish Poetry from Moore to Yeats. Irish Literary Studies 5. Gerrards Cross, U.K.: Colin Smythe, 1980. Yeats, W. B. “Clarence Mangan” [1887] and “Clarence Mangan’s Love Affair” [1891]. In his Uncollected Prose. Vol. 1. Edited by John P. Frayne. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970. (Articles written about Mangan for United Ireland.) ———. The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats. General editor, John Kelly. Vol. 3, 1901–1904, and vol. 4, 1905– 1907. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1994, 2003. ———. Introduction. A Book of Irish Verse. London: Methuen, 1895.

SELECTIONS

Poems by James Clarence Mangan. Edited by John Mitchel. New York: P. M. Haverty, 1859. The Poets and Poetry of Munster. Edited by C. P. Meehan. 3d ed. Dublin: J. Duffy, 1885; Poole, U.K.: Woodstock, 1997. A Book of Irish Verse. Edited by W. B. Yeats. London: Methuen, 1895 Poems of James Clarence Mangan. Edited by D. J. O’Donoghue. Dublin: O’Donoghue, 1903; London: A. H. Bullen, 1903. Selected Poems of James Clarence Mangan. Edited by Jacques Chuto, Rudolf Patrick Holzapfel, Peter van de Kamp, and Ellen Shannon-Mangan. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2003. Selected Prose of James Clarence Mangan. Edited by Jacques Chuto, Peter van de Kamp, and Ellen ShannonMangan. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2004. James Clarence Mangan: Selected Writings. Edited by Sean Ryder. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2004.

MANUSCRIPT MATERIALS

Signiﬁcant but limited collections of Mangan’s letters and papers are held at the Royal Irish Academy, which holds the music manuscript book of Mangan’s Autobiography, and at the National Library of Ireland. Most manuscripts of interest relating to Mangan’s biography are available in the holdings for John O’Donovan, Charles Gavan Duffy, and John McCall at the National Library of Ireland,

130

RUTH PITTER (1897–1992)

Helena Nelson RICHARD CHURCH BELIEVED that Ruth Pitter’s work would endure. In 1969 he said it was “nonfashionable, like all permanent things such as bread, and water, and a well-made table.” By 1991, a year before Pitter’s death, Jonathan Barker’s entry in Contemporary Poets told another story. Conceding that she had been praised over the years by “an impressive range of readers” he pointed out that “today her work is largely unread” and hoped the 1990 Enitharmon edition of Pitter’s Collected Poems would correct the balance. However, even today the mention of Ruth Pitter’s name may evoke blank faces. It is a puzzling phenomenon. Pitter left a substantial body of individual and interesting verse (most of which is still in print); she was the ﬁrst woman to win the Queen’s Gold Medal for Poetry in the UK; she was praised in America, had highly inﬂuential literary friends; and yet she has never attained the status in “the canon” that might have been expected. The 1985 Oxford Companion to English Literature does not even list her (though most of her literary correspondents and friends are snugly housed between its covers). What went wrong?

household they were paid to learn poems by heart, “a penny to sixpence a poem according to length” (Russell, Ruth Pitter: Homage to a Poet, p. 20). This early practice ensured a stock of remembered verse that Pitter could still recall at will in her nineties. Though the family lived in the city they made regular trips to the nearest wild countryside, Hainault Forest. Long rural walks were a feature of Pitter’s early life and soon the family started to rent a run-down cottage in the forest, which they visited as a kind of home away from home. It was a place that would feature again and again in the poet’s adult poems, a mental territory connected directly with both spiritual faith and poetic inspiration. So much of Pitter’s poetry has rural associations that it is easy to forget she was originally a city child. She later recalled the occasion of the ﬁrst poem she ever wrote (at the age of ﬁve): “suddenly there came into my mind, overwhelmingly, an image of something we had seen on one of our walks—a desolate and abandoned place. It was the ﬁrst thing that ever gave me a poetic sensation. My eyes ﬁlled with tears of a strange new kind. Seizing my stump of blue pencil and a bit of torn paper I began in painful capitals: “The old mill stands with broken shaft—” This early fragment suggests that even then iambic rhythms had gone deep. The child continued to write poems and withstood a certain amount of teasing both at home and at school as a result. However, the young poet also had signiﬁcant encouragement. When she was thirteen years old her father (whom she later described as an “agnostic Fabian”) took her to see A. R. Orage, editor of The New Age, a socialist weekly. The paper had a small circulation but was publishing interesting new writers, many of whom went on to establish considerable reputations: it pioneered

EARLY SUCCESS

Ruth Pitter was born on November 7, 1897 in the London suburb of Ilford, the ﬁrst child of two primary school teachers. A younger sister and brother would follow in due course. The background was not a wealthy one; Pitter’s mother had to return to teaching after the birth of her third child to make ends meet. However, it was a home where poetry was valued and encouraged. While it would have been no surprise for children at that time to receive “pocket money” in exchange for household chores, in the Pitter

131

RUTH PITTER the avant-garde too, from Vorticism to Imagism. And it published young Ruth Pitter, who belonged to neither movement. Her ﬁrmly traditional verse forms started to appear regularly in the pages of the magazine. Meanwhile, the teenage poet was studying at Coborn School in Bow, an old Christian charity school with a strong emphasis on good manners. Although she was something of a prodigy in poetic terms, in other school matters she did not do particularly well. Her younger sister, Olive, won an allowance in the County Scholarship examination, which meant she went to the County High School, and later took a degree in the London School of Economics. Ruth did not do well enough to manage this. Again, this road not taken—in academic terms—was signiﬁcant to her. In later years, recalling a lunch with C. S. Lewis and Hugo Dyson at Magdalen College, Oxford, she made reference to her “chronic Judethe-Obscure syndrome,” a sense that she was “ignorant” compared to others. In fact her secondary education served her remarkably well. After reading her early poems few people would conclude that she received anything less than a full classical upbringing. At Coborn, she learned Latin and from the start associated that “dead” language with poetry. She recalls this in her essay “The Art of Reading in Ignorance,” found in Essays and Poems presented to Lord David Cecil:

ship needed to make this ﬁnancially possible. However, everything changed with the start of World War I. She left school and took a clerical job in the War Office, from which she quickly switched to the more domestic role of making tea for the staff of about ﬁfty.

PITTER AS CRAFTSWOMAN

Before long Pitter was drawn toward a more artistic role in life. She was, after all, the product of a family with arts and literary interests (her sister Olive would go on to become a novelist; her brother Geoffrey an architect and part-time painter). In 1916, she left the War Office and moved to Walberswick in rural Suffolk. Here she became an assistant (and effectively apprentice) to an artist couple who trained her to make simple decorated furniture; they also provided her accommodation. She enjoyed working with her hands but she was also still writing poems and developing intellectually. A. R. Orage, for example, who embraced all the radical ideas of his time in the pages of The New Age, introduced her to Ernest Jones’s book on Freud, which affected her deeply. She met, and continued to correspond with, Eric Blair who (writing as “George Orwell”) would go on to become one of the bestknown novelists of his day. When the war ended Pitter’s employers moved to London and she went with them. She managed to save enough money to rent two rooms over their workshop, bought furniture, and acquired a little more independence. By this time, her poetry had attracted attention from one of Orage’s readers, Hilaire Belloc. Belloc was a poet himself, as well as a proliﬁc writer of many other art forms: novels, essays, reviews, biographies, and travel books. He was depressed by the current state of poetry and saw her as a shining hope for the future. In 1920 he paid for Pitter’s First Poems to be published. The world did not share Belloc’s enthusiasm. As he himself later put it, the publication “fell dead.” Pitter continued to work as an artisan, painting and decorating household goods; she also continued to write poems using traditional forms. But signiﬁcant changes were underway: a few years

How it came about that I found a small selection from Horace’s Odes on my school desk, when as yet I could hardly decline mensa, I do not know. Could it have been that the thoughtful, cultivated little woman who taught us could have decided that it was now or never for me? However, that may have been, there I was with the Ode to Faunus#The Ode is in Sapphics, easy for ignorance to scan; what is more, it can be sung to the tune of “Parlez-moi d’amour,” which it ﬁts to perfection. It was the time and the place and the loved one together. (p. 198)

Metrical patterns—not least sapphics—would remain central in most of her later writing. At the age of seventeen, Pitter was in the Intermediate Arts class, accruing learning but unlikely to go to university without the scholar-

132

RUTH PITTER previously, in 1915, Ezra Pound’s Catholic Anthology had included a poem called “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by an unknown new writer, T. S. Eliot. Eliot, Pound, the Imagists— these were just a few of the radical new inﬂuences that dominated British poetic culture in the third decade of the century. Innovation was the name of the game. By this time, Pitter was in her twenties, the age when most young women form relationships of one kind or another. However, following World War I, women vastly outnumbered men. This may have been one reason why Ruth Pitter did not marry. Instead she maintained her dedication to poetry as a central vocation. In 1927 (the year after her father died) Belloc funded a more ambitious volume of Pitter’s work, First and Second Poems. It was a substantial volume, with a spirited preface by Belloc in which he argued that Pitter’s verse represented “an exceptional reappearance of the classical spirit amongst us.” He also roundly criticized the current state of affairs in British poetry: “Now that all standards have gone and that society is but a dust, every reader must judge for himself." This time the book must have met with a reasonable reception because it was issued in the United States by Doubleday Doran three years later. However, it is not always an advantage to be championed. Belloc’s high praise for Pitter’s “classical spirit” was unlikely to ﬁnd favor with the contemporary movement that later became known as “Modernism.” A battle of modes was going on. Belloc was not on the winning side and perhaps partly as a result, neither was Pitter. There is no published record of her thinking at this time. However, she was now thirty; she had not married; she had not become a highly acclaimed poet; her father (who had encouraged her early writing) was gone.

well. Pitter was nervous about the idea but O’Hara (known as “K”) encouraged her. They pooled their savings, bought the ﬁrm of Deane and Forester, and ﬁnally took over the whole building where the business was housed, giving up their separate ﬂats to share accommodation. After six months, the business began to do quite well. K took care of buying, customer care, and work allocation. Ruth continued craft work and did the ﬁnancial accounts. Soon they were employing a number of workers—women managers in a period when this was unusual. Meanwhile, Pitter’s mother retired from teaching and bought a cottage in Felstead in Essex, providing a country retreat. The cottage had a large vinery where Ruth, who loved gardening, taught herself to grow, train, and prune vines. She was also working on her most ambitious poem to date, Persephone in Hades, a narrative extending over forty pages which was published privately in a limited edition of 100 copies (and never subsequently reprinted). Poetry may have been central in Ruth Pitter’s life but her work had made little impression on contemporary culture. However, in 1933 Alida Monro’s new anthology, Recent Poetry 1923– 1933, included two Pitter poems, which brought her more attention. For the ﬁrst time, she breached traditional form with “Digdog,” a poem which, according to Herbert Palmer in his PostVictorian Poetry (1938), caused her to be grouped “among the more baffling of the modernists,” an idea long lost by 1991, when Jonathan Barker was to remark that “on a ﬁrst reading her poems seem to behave as though modernism never happened." Pitter was undoubtedly inﬂuenced by current poetic trends even though formally metrical writing remained her “norm.” She was mingling with contemporary writers; she attended Poets’ Club dinners and the connection with Alida Monro of the Poetry Bookshop must have brought her into contact with a wide range of poets. In 1934 (the same year her ﬁrst publisher, A. R. Orage, died) she had a collection accepted by Cresset Press (publisher of D.H. Lawrence, Graham Greene, and Sylvia Townsend Warner). A Mad Lady’s Garland received considerable critical acclaim. It was again prefaced by Belloc

SETTING UP IN BUSINESS

In 1930 there was a signiﬁcant change. Pitter had formed a friendship with Kathleen O’Hara, a fellow worker ten years her senior. The two women had an opportunity to buy a small business producing the kind of craft artifact they knew

133

RUTH PITTER the impossibility of a great poet having a sense of humor. Perhaps she was thinking about her forthcoming collection, The Rude Potato, an almost entirely comic volume. In 1940, the war took a bleak turn. France fell to Germany. Ruth and K made the decision to move from the artists’ quarter of Chelsea to the industrial south side of the Thames, giving up their own business to support the war effort. They became office workers in a munitions factory and Pitter also did a weekly evening shift in a machine shop. Both women were living through their second major war. In fact, it seems to have been a black period of Pitter’s life on both public and private fronts, judging by poems from this period. John Arlott was deeply moved when Pitter read him her lyric “But For Lust," which agonizes over a friendship marred by sexual desire. Also written around this time, “Lament for One’s Self” seems to refer to the same affectionate relationship, one that went badly wrong. Pitter was in her early forties: she must have had to face the fact that marriage and children were things that were not going to happen for her.

(with an additional foreword by John Maseﬁeld in the American edition); it was also publicly praised by the Irish poet George Russell (A.E.) and Walter de la Mare. The contents comprised a strange mixture of irrepressible pastiche, inspired satire, and emotive lyrical verse. Had Pitter ceased publishing at this point, her literary “image” would have been very different from what later emerged. She was moving into her late thirties—no longer a young poet.

WAR APPROACHES

Only two years later, a second collection appeared from Cresset Press, A Trophy of Arms: Poems 1926–1935. This book was very different from its predecessor, sober and formal in tone, employing a variety of traditional forms for traditional purposes. This time a preface was provided (somewhat fulsomely) by James Stephens. Again, the introduction may have done more harm than good. Stephens suggested “the Bad poet” was “superabundant in all anthologies of verse.” Ruth Pitter, however, was to be regarded as “a pure poet#perhaps the purest poet of our day.” He regarded her as second only to Yeats. Perhaps he did not take into account the contemporary reaction against archaic forms and inversions. In some poems Pitter used a plain and direct lyric style: in others she wrote in such a way as to be regarded as truly “Georgian” in the pejorative sense. Nonetheless, the volume won the Hawthornden Prize and attracted the attention of Lord David Cecil, literary biographer and academic. He sent a letter of appreciation, the beginning of a lifelong correspondence. Meanwhile, the country was moving toward another war. Pitter’s ﬁfth book of poems, The Spirit Watches, was published in 1939, the same year World War II commenced. By this stage Pitter and Kathleen O’Hara were employing a dozen staff in their craft business but most of these immediately left to take up war work, and the commercial traveler on whom they relied for orders also left them. It became very difficult to continue trading. The poet and broadcaster John Arlott remembered visiting her during a blackout and listening to her in the dark as she talked about

CRISIS OF FAITH

Some time in the early 1940s, Pitter experienced a dark night of the soul. It was a day in March when a man had fallen down the factory liftshaft; the weather was bleak and wild. She paused on her way back across Battersea Bridge (all lights were blacked out because of the war) and leaned “over the parapet” thinking “Like this I cannot go on. I must ﬁnd somebody or something. Like this I cannot go on.” Shortly afterward, she started to listen to the religious broadcasts of C. S. Lewis (whose Screwtape Letters had already impressed her). Lewis’s lively approach to Christianity impressed her deeply and seemed the answer to a prayer. She later described his work in “The God” as “the joy of my life." Faith in God was the “something” she had been looking for, a natural orientation for a poet whose work, from the very start, had celebrated “the god who passeth all” (First Poems, 1990, p. 153).

134

RUTH PITTER Nettie Palmer that she “was driven to it by the pull of C. S. Lewis and the push of misery.” In 1950, a substantial volume of her selected poems appeared. Urania contained most of the contents of A Trophy of Arms, The Spirit Watches, and The Bridge, but none of her light verse.

The year 1945 ﬁnally saw the end of hostilities but Ruth and K did not take up business as before. By this time K was nearing sixty and new tax regulations made everything more complicated. Ruth decided to work from home, creating hand-painted ﬁberglass trays, often patterned with ﬂowers or vegetables. She painted freehand, using cellulose paints and a mercuryvapor lamp, both of which would feature in later poems. And of course she continued to develop as a writer. The poet Roy Fuller saw The Bridge (1945) as the ﬁrst volume in which she spoke “systematically” in “a true voice—observation and thought without the glaze of false “poetry.” It was a bleak collection, though: the last line of the concluding poem, “Sinking,” was “Cease then your striving, sink and go down.” A more cheerful sign was the publication of Pitter on Cats in 1946, another volume of humorous or whimsical poems, in which two of the cat poems from the earlier A Mad Lady’s Garland were re-collected. At about this time, Pitter began corresponding with C. S. Lewis, and then met him in person. After the visit (a successful one) she sent him more of her books, speciﬁcally The Spirit Watches, The Bridge, and A Mad Lady’s Garland. Interestingly, she told him she thought the latter volume “my best & most original," and she was keen for him to see something more recent than A Trophy of Arms. In August 1946, though, she wrote to her friend Nettie Palmer: “he doesn’t like the “Garland,” and I can only hope he will never discover the ‘Rude Potato.’” Lewis was to become one of her main correspondents but it was clear from the start where his preferences lay: he fully understood and praised those poems which focused on faith and affirmation, and he seemed to like an exalted tone. He praised, for example, lines like “Then Alleluia all my gashes cry” from “A Solemn Meditation." He begged her not to be “taken in by the silly idea that by simply mentioning dull or sordid facts in subpoetical rhythms you can make a poem.” This may have made the accommodation between her serious and experimentally comic “sides” more difficult. Within two years Pitter was conﬁrmed as a member of the Church of England, writing to

MOVE TO THE COUNTRY

Pitter had always fervently loved gardening, even while living in London. Her mother’s house in Felstead (the cottage with the vine) had provided a much-loved retreat; but in 1952 the cottage was sold. Ruth and K decided to sell their London property and move into the country, purchasing a house with a very large garden in Long Crendon, Buckinghamshire. Here Pitter was able to indulge her love of gardening to its fullest and also to take part in village life. Some happy years followed, though this was not her most productive time as a poet. In 1953 (the year Belloc died) The Ermine was published: barely sixty-two pages of poems from a ten-year period. The friendship with C. S. Lewis, which had been so important to her, met an immoveable barrier in the person of Joy Gresham, the woman whom the apparently conﬁrmed bachelor would surprise the world by marrying. Further recognition for poetry was on the horizon, though: in 1954 there was a Heinemann Foundation Award and then even more impressively in 1955, the Queen’s Gold Medal for Poetry. At the age of ﬁfty-seven, Ruth Pitter put on her new pink hat and best dark suit, climbed into the village taxi, and was driven nearly ﬁfty miles to Buckingham Palace, where the Queen presented the medal and talked to her for ten minutes. Pitter was extremely proud. Her newfound celebrity brought opportunities in the public eye. She took part in a number of radio and TV broadcasts, forming a warm friendship with poet and radio producer Arthur Wolseley Russell, who was to become one of her main correspondents. Her regular appearances on the BBC television program, The Brains Trust, made her widely admired, albeit more as personality than poet. For a year, she also contributed weekly articles to the popular magazine Woman. How-

135

RUTH PITTER now on she would be regarded (if read at all) as a member of the “old guard.” Nevertheless, she lived for twenty-three years after the festschrift was published, in which time she was awarded the highest award of the Royal Society of Literature, the Companion of Literature, in 1974. In 1975 she published a new volume of poems, End of Drought, a book that mingled both humorous and serious work. But it did not bring her much glory.

ever, she seemed to have stopped writing poems: according to Arthur Russell she “told friends that she was a fulﬁlled artist and her task was complete” (p. 34). In 1960, a letter arrived from the U.S. poet Carolyn Kizer, editor of Poetry Northwest. She had been introduced to Pitter’s poetry through Theodore Roethke, who “worshipped her work.” Now it was Kizer’s hope to devote an issue of the magazine to the British poet—had she any new work she could contribute? Pitter responded with seven poems: unusual pieces, skilled and interesting work representing undoubted new development. They were published in the magazine with tributes from Stanley Kunitz, Thom Gunn, and John Holmes. In 1966, these seven poems would form the backbone of the collection Still by Choice, which only included twentysix poems but received Poetry Book Society commendation. In 1968, now in her early seventies, Pitter published Poems 1926–1966 (appearing in the United States as Collected Poems). This was a substantial volume, including most of the poems published since A Trophy of Arms—both serious and humorous texts appearing between the same covers—the sort of volume expected from a mature poet coming to the end of her career, and perhaps the end of her life. A festschrift volume was organized by Arthur Russell in her honor. Ruth Pitter: Homage to a Poet appeared in 1969 containing tributes from poets such as Kathleen Raine, Elizabeth Jennings, Patrick Kavanagh, John Betjeman, John Wain, Edward Lucie-Smith, Robert Conquest, Roy Fuller, Richard Church, James Kirkup, Thom Gunn, John Arlott, Derek Parker, Robin Skelton, Carolyn Kizer, Stanley Kunitz, and so forth. They were poets who, in the main, represented the reﬂective mainstream of British verse. To set Pitter’s work in context, it is perhaps worth remembering that four years previously a volume called Ariel had been published, the posthumous second collection of a little-known poet named Sylvia Plath. Plath, not Pitter, would be the female writer to wield real inﬂuence over the next generation. Pitter had reached her high point with the 1968 collection of poems. From

DEPRESSION AND DECLINE

In the 1970s, K fell victim to a lingering illness that eventually took her life. The loss had a grievous effect on her life-long friend and companion. Pitter, who had formerly played an active role in village life, withdrew into the house, living as a recluse. Her essential shopping was done by a part-time gardener: she herself was rarely seen, only glimpsed at the window wearing an old dressing gown. Many readers must have assumed she was dead. There were no television appearances now, no interviews in poetry magazines, no critical biographies, no successful imitators. The award of CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in 1979 must have seemed hollow, since the “Commander” herself was actually leading an entirely isolated existence. In 1984, when Pitter was eighty-seven, alive but mainly forgotten, she was sought out and befriended by a newcomer to Long Crendon— Muriel Dickinson. Together with her son, the composer Peter Dickinson, this new friend began the work of reintroducing the world to an apparently forgotten poet. Pitter was interviewed on BBC radio in 1987 at the age of ninety, and in the same year a limited edition of hitherto uncollected poems was printed—A Heaven to Find. The main body of her work was out of print though, and thanks to Muriel Dickinson’s energy and interest, this was remedied by the 1990 Enitharmon volume of Collected Poems, introduced by Elizabeth Jennings. This did rally some attention, reminding a reading public and some fellow poets that Pitter was still very much alive, though she had become completely blind and rarely went out. Poet Anne Ridler (also a former friend and

136

RUTH PITTER tuned to novelty and “movements?” It remains difficult to estimate Pitter’s achievement fairly. The collected volumes printed in the 1990s present a curious mixture to a new reader— some poems work beautifully, with a plain, clear voice which would command attention in any era. Others present ornate diction to a modern ear; even when they are partially successful they can easily alienate. The alternating sets of comic and serious verse (the poems tend to appear in the Collected in order of volume publication) are perplexing. In 1960, Stanley Kunitz remarked very accurately on Ruth Pitter’s “perilous triumphs:" her perfectly achieved lyrics are set beside poems that teeter on the edge of archaic construction or tone. How then to approach the labyrinth of her work? The Collected Poems (though not complete) are extremely substantial—well over 250 poems—some of them certainly ﬂawed. Kunitz’s term “perilous triumphs” is useful. The best thread to guide the reader through is Pitter’s own description of her poetic aim (cited by Naomi Lewis in Ruth Pitter: Homage to a Poet): “I have tended#on the one hand to experiment, and on the other to strive towards an ideal of simplicity.” Such simplicity is best accomplished “when the syllabic metre happens to ﬁt the ordinary speech rhythm without distortion, so that it might be a child speaking, and yet it is poetry.” Pitter’s ﬁnest poems are those which did just that, and this golden thread in her work can be traced from her earliest work onward.

correspondent of C. S. Lewis) visited Pitter in her nineties and was delighted by that “rich and humorous” conversation which had won her such a following on the BBC Brains Trust program decades earlier. Her memory was as good as ever too: she could recite Horace in Latin, as well as “declaim with gusto her cat poem Quorum Porum.” In 1992, at the age of ninety-six, she died.

THE ENDURING LEGACY

There is no doubt that Ruth Pitter was an extraordinary woman, a good and intelligent friend, and a wonderful letter writer. But what of Church’s claim in 1969 that her work was that of “a superb craftsman,” work which would “endure”? Poetic immortality is an uncertain affair. It depends on a continuing appreciative readership; and that readership in turn depends on availability of texts and on attention being drawn authoritatively to them. Despite the fact that two of Pitter’s valued correspondents and admirers (Lord David Cecil and C. S. Lewis) were Professors of Literature in England’s oldest universities, neither made a marked contribution to academic championship of her work. In fact, Pitter has rarely been the subject of sustained academic interest in her own country. Serious examination of her writing has recently been led by Don W. King, editor of the Christian Scholar’s Review and Professor of English at Montreat College, North Carolina. King’s work on C. S. Lewis led him to an interest in Pitter, especially in her development as a Christian poet. He is her ﬁrst critical biographer. It seems a double irony that it took a U.S.-based editor (Carolyn Kizer) to bring Pitter back into public notice as poet in 1960. It is true that her work is, as Richard Church put it, “non-fashionable,” but that is equally true of poets who have won considerably more academic interest. Could it be that Pitter acquired a wide popular readership with her humorous verse, while alienating the more literary reader? Did she commit the cardinal crime of being too accessible? Or was it just that her serious poems, drawing on mainstream English poetic tradition, failed to impinge on an academic readership at-

HIGH PERFECTION IN SIMPLICITY

In later life, Ruth Pitter dissociated herself from her early published work: “I produced little that I now think worth keeping until about the age of thirty.” But First & Second Poems should not have been so easily dismissed from her collected work. Had Pitter published nothing else there would at least have been evidence of a poet exceptionally accomplished (from an early age) in the use of traditional form. Early Pitter demonstrates metrical skill across a wide range of stanzaic patterns. The inﬂuence of the poems she learned in childhood from Palgrave’s Golden

137

RUTH PITTER Treasury (ﬁrst published in 1897, the year of her birth) is clearly evident. Diction, however, is Victorian or earlier. Aphrodite’s hair “stealeth down her alabaster sides." The old second person singular (thou) is used in preference to “you." The verse is spattered with exclamations such as “ﬁe” and “nay” and “yea", not to mention “heigh ho”—terms that would have been considered archaic by many even in 1927. Exclamation marks proliferate, and abstract nouns are often capitalized (“cruel Care and starveling Penury”). There is frequent use of rhetorical questions, plenty of inversion (“Kind is the earth’s breast”) and negative imperative (“Think not upon us, lady”)—a construction that would linger ominously in later work. And of course, there are many references to rural scenes, fays, fairies and elﬁn aspects. Easy, therefore, to dismiss this as so much early rambling, but that would be—to use a welltested English metaphor—throwing the baby out with the bathwater. A closer look reveals much of interest. The ﬁrst poem (“The Swan," 1913) is a strong ﬁrm lyric, a conﬁdently drawn visual scene depicting the swan as symbol of the human spirit. “Harmony,"” written in 1912 and found in First and Second Poems, is also a key poem. It is about the difficult relationship between artless spontaneity and art:

These early poems show a poet for whom solitude was important; a person who felt her own “soul” as a mysterious presence almost separate from herself. Equally, the idea of the “holy thorn” (often a Christian symbol) is important in these early poems, though the concept of “holiness” is mingled with spells and fairy magic. There is a somewhat romanticized attraction to death, yet in some poems the pathos speaks truly. In “The Maid’s Burial,” for example, Pitter uses a simple stanzaic form and mainly simple language to set a scene: No ﬂower hath shed the sheath; The wood is all brown. When you have passed the heath, Then lay her down.

(p. 61)

With the exception of the ﬁrst line of that stanza, here is clear evidence of plain diction combined with simple, ﬂuid movement of line and phrase. It seems likely that this was not the poetic feature for which Pitter was praised—by Belloc or others—but it was certainly at work and it was effective. “A Tree in Heaven” gives the thorn tree a heavenly immanence in a simply expressed and thought-provoking poem which certainly should have been “saved” for a collected works. The poet describes her dream vision of a tree “like to a Thorn:"

I heard a child upon an instrument Make broken melody, And sighed for all the glory that might be Could that clear soul with cunning art be blent: But never man did see So high perfection in simplicity, And my hope went. (p. 21)

She had forgotten how to be A banner of the marching Spring; She had put off her sorcery With winter and with burgeoning. She was no more a Thorn, and yet Her fairness was her fairness still; In a valley she was set And looked up to the quiet Hill.

Use of form is subtle here: “broken melody” features on a short “broken” line. The ﬁrst three lines are expressed simply while the fourth provides unexpected contrast with its marked alliteration and archaic “blent.” The expression itself exempliﬁes that “cunning art” which mars the “clear soul” (simplicity). The poem ends starkly, simply, summing up Pitter’s lifelong aim— “high perfection in simplicity.” Even at this stage she knew how hard this would be to achieve.

(p. 109)

It is clear that Pitter had visionary experience as a child, something which later earned her the epithet “mystical.” Here that visionary quality is in its early manifestation and at its most potent when expressed plainly. Although Pitter was brought up in a family that was only nominally Christian, plainly she thought in spiritual terms from the start, and her spiritual quest and her poetry were connected.

138

RUTH PITTER Whatever the absolute value of First and Second Poems, there are certainly pieces which should not have disappeared into obscurity. “The Burial” is one of the best. The simple phrasing and expression, masking a deeper perplexity, is worthy of Thomas Hardy:

tensely female spiritual vision, something far from the Christian story she later espoused. Surely this poem (which at its simplest level tells a dramatic story with delightful energy) would at least have been of interest to feminist critics. But it does not seem to have been noticed: printed in a limited edition of only 100 copies, it has apparently gone down to the underworld of the library stacks and has not (yet) been allowed to return.

“When we have buried her, made her unseen We will lie down and weep; Our part is done; we have found her a green Quiet place wherein to sleep.” It was the mystery and the dark way That made them weep so sore; They knew not whether she were grave or gay Or peaceful, or no more. (p. 180)

A MAD LADY?

Devotees of Ruth Pitter’s First and Second Poems could not possibly have predicted its successor. No wonder the garland belonged to a “mad” lady (perhaps a reference to Ophelia, or just to her own playful extravagances). Belloc provided another preface to this collection but his turn of phrase suggests he found it more difficult this time, even though he himself was well known for his comic verse. Pitter had, he said, “done the best thing that a poet can do, or indeed any writer—and that is, to challenge variety.” John Maseﬁeld’s introduction, which followed Belloc’s words in the American edition, was warmer. “It would be unjust to call her poems satires,” he observed, “for her judgments are merciful and her methods merry.” He found her original in style and approach: “The work is distinct, its thought has a sharp edge or boundary, and a ﬂavour of its own.” Today, the critical opinions of neither Belloc nor Maseﬁeld carry huge weight. Perhaps Pitter’s name, connected with theirs, has gathered a certain dustiness—because A Mad Lady’s Garland should still be regarded as a signiﬁcant publication. It bursts with energy and merriment. Its drawback for a contemporary reader may be that part of the pleasure requires some knowledge of the poetic forms imitated. “Resurgam,” for example, in twenty-two Spenserian stanzas, tells the sad story of a heretical caterpillar visited by a butterﬂy while feeding on a purple cabbage. The butterﬂy (“Imago”) reveals the truth that “Death lies not in your coffin-chrysalid;” there is a future in the skies (p. 20). The caterpillar, profoundly moved by this visitation, pours his tale “into the tender ears / Of the new hatched” with the result

The challenge, therefore, is one of ﬁltering through the prominently elaborate, mannered texts to ﬁnd the calm, clear voice that would eventually represent essential Pitter. But it is there. First and Second Poems was followed by the ambitious, forty page narrative poem, Persephone in Hades—reserved for private circulation. Not a single fragment found its way into her later collected volumes and she herself seems to have relegated it to obscurity. This is regrettable. Not only is the form (partly Miltonic blank verse, partly a more unusually metered eleven syllable line) interesting, but also the story itself. Pitter uses Persephone as a symbol of immortality—the goddess who died and came back to life. The poem is about the triumph of love over death, the triumph of the spirit. Perhaps most interestingly of all, Persephone is presented as not unlike Christ: “Well mayest thou sing, / That to the lees hast drunk the dreadful cup / Of death, and found the elixir of life.” Hades himself (Aidoneus in this poem) is more beautiful than sun or moon, “For utter wisdom from that forehead shone, / Knowledge of every dark and hidden thing.” Persephone’s union with him is the marriage of death and life, male and female, joy and despair— paradoxical polarities that would continue to haunt Pitter’s poems. When Persephone returns to earth, the mortal inhabitants ﬂock to see her and it is Persephone’s role to teach them. It is a narrative in which Pitter explores death and renewal, using Greek myth to recreate an in-

139

RUTH PITTER that the young caterpillars become so ﬁxated with visions of their immortal future that they forget to eat and simply sit staring at the sky(p. 22). Soon the caterpillar-narrator is denounced as a “windy purple fake” (p. 23). A ﬁght ensues; the narrator is evicted and his acolytes experience a variety of regrettable fates. It is an extremely funny poem, mocking the inﬂuence of both religion and poetry. One caterpillar leaps off the tree, believing he can ﬂy, and breaks his neck. Another displays Shelleyan tendencies:

ter’s work. She was exhilarated by the use of form, rose to the challenge magniﬁcently, and yet was intensely aware of the dangers. “Digdog,” the surreal “modernist” piece, imitates a dog rooting in a packing case, throwing out nonsyntactical phrases like straw—yet even here Pitter (comparing herself with a dog) mocks herself: sit on your tail and weep for there is nothing nothing but dust and darkness but strawdirt chaffdust smellillusion ALAS. (p. 34)

with gesture antic Anon his little claspers to the sky Stretched in despair; then leaping corybantic Cried with a crazy shriek Behold I ﬂy! Then sank to earth, and at each spiracle did sigh. (A Mad Lady’s Garland, p. 25)

It is easy to see the serious comment beneath the comic form, just as it is easy in this collection to see that Pitter was very much aware of contemporary poetic trends. In “Cockroach” for example, the cockroach observes:

The caterpillar-narrator is consumed with guilt at what he has done to “green intellect, which could not reach / So lofty theme.” In a penultimate twist, the narrator fears that “fell Ichneumon” has laid eggs in him and “made a Poet, full of sickly lust; / Too delicate to do as others must.” This is not even the last laugh: Pitter accomplishes an ironic climax when the protagonist ﬁnds peace: he dreams of an elderly man (recognizable as Socrates) who calls him “fellow worm” and reveals that he too was cast out for inﬂuencing the young and died in prison (pp. 26–27). He leaves the caterpillar, however, with a ﬁnal consolation:

Moderns? oh yeah, you call yourself moderns? Well, I’ve been as modern as you Any time these many million years. (A Mad Lady’s Garland, p. 68)

In fact, Pitter’s own views are variously expressed in this collection by minor creatures: a kitten, an earwig, a church mouse, a ﬂea. It was her habit to identify with the humbler parts of creation. A Mad Lady’s Garland was a far cry from her earlier writing—although “Fowls Celestial and Terrestrial” did verge on the edge of the style she had mocked elsewhere. However, this was the poem Maseﬁeld praised; so, later, did her friend, Lord David Cecil. Praise can be dangerous to poets.

But there are heavens beyond heavens; these Be but the ghostly Shadows of the Images. (p. 27)

“Resurgam” is a ﬁne piece of writing, a magniﬁcently comic poem. However, it requires a fairly sophisticated reader—someone who will recognize and enjoy the Spenserian form, pick up the Platonic references, the dangers of poetry, and the mock-rhetoric. And it is interesting to see Pitter mocking the “high style” that she herself certainly practices elsewhere—but this time in order to create a magniﬁcent bathos. The conﬁdently playful voice at the heart of this poem should not be forgotten when reading any of Pit-

A TROPHY OF ARMS: POEMS 1926–1935

A Trophy of Arms, published two years later, clearly included poems written at the same time as (or earlier than) A Mad Lady’s Garland. However, it presented a very different Ruth Pitter, perhaps one easier in many ways to understand—and perhaps one all too easy to overlook. This was the thirties. The dominant UK inﬂuences were very ﬁrmly non-Georgian: names such as W. H. Auden, Louis MacNeice, David

140

RUTH PITTER Gascoyne, William Empson, Rex Warner, Stephen Spender and, T. S. Eliot, and it was easy to see that poetry was regarded as a mainly male preserve. As late as 1964, Robin Skelton’s anthology Poetry of the Thirties included only one woman—Anne Ridler. Though Skelton contributed to Pitter’s festschrift in 1969, he does not seem to have found her worthy of mention only a few years earlier. Why? The sixth poem in A Trophy of Arms, “The Comet,” may help explain. It begins:

Nor show to you the magic thing: Under the dual I divine The one, but cannot make it mine. (A Trophy of Arms, p. 37)

The aural pun in “dual” is brilliant: the shining heart of the poem. The poet is reaching for a complex idea here, a reconciliation of opposites—perhaps good and evil, or perhaps life and death, as in Persephone in Hades. The poem achieves “simplicity” and deﬁes poetic “devices,” in a metaphysical mode worthy of George Herbert. Pitter does not manage this in all her poems. Her recurring weakness is overwrought expression; this asserts itself so strongly in poems like “The Comet,” “Gentle Joy,” and “Help, Good Shepherd,” (and even the much-praised “A Solemn Meditation”) that it can serve to drown out quieter but stronger poems such as “Buried Treasure,” “The Paradox,” “The Bad Girl,” “Thought Against Drought,” and “Sudden Heaven.” The last of these is of particular interest because it recalls that visionary experience associated with Hainault Forest, a vision every bit as strong for Ruth Pitter as the “celestial light” recalled by William Wordsworth in his celebrated 1807 “Ode.” Most of this poem (the ending lets it down slightly) achieves the kind of complex simplicity she was looking for:

O still withhold thyself, be not possessed: Hyperbola, the dread uncharted line, Debase not into orbit; still make shine Portentous rays or arrowy unrest Among the earthy planets. (p. 7)

The style here is archaic; the repeated negative imperatives are mannered. It clearly presents as a throwback—nicely constructed formal verse, belonging to a former era, even though in a companion poem (“Dear Perfection”) Pitter clearly longs for that “dear simplicity” which shames “the sum of my devices.” Fortunately there are poems in this collection which conﬁdently achieve that stated desire. In “Buried Treasure,” for example, Pitter uses rhyming tetrameter couplets to rehearse the puzzle of “the twin-stemmed Paradox,” the source of “truth.” It is a perfect marriage of form and thought, one of Pitter’s ﬁnest poems. The language is not conversational, but neither is it falsely rhetorical, and the poem is visionary, like much of Pitter’s best work:

All was as it had ever been— The worn familiar book, The oak beyond the hawthorn seen, The misty woodland’s look: The starling perched upon the tree With his long tress of straw— When suddenly heaven blazed on me, And suddenly I saw:

Truth I sought, and truth I found, Wandering enchanted ground Where among the dusty rocks Grows the twin-stemmed Paradox, Throwing from the single root Sable ﬂower and golden fruit. There I watched till I could tell Where her midnight shadow fell, And delved a diamond from the sand Too heavy for my human hand. Hold me not false that cannot bring

Saw all as it would ever be, In bliss too great to tell; For ever safe, for ever free, All bright with miracle# (A Trophy of Arms, p. 51)

A further point of interest in A Trophy of Arms is the increased use of unrhymed sapphics (as in the lovely “Of Silence and the Air”). The last

141

RUTH PITTER live as long as poetry itself survives. Again, it draws on Pitter’s woodland memories in a way that combines reality and metaphor, a poem about longing that goes unsatisﬁed. The poet addresses a person in direct terms, though the setting is metaphorical: “If you came to my secret glade,” says the poet, “I would wash your feet.” She would give the last of her bread—even her bed. The words are not overtly sexual, yet the poem has much to say about sexual longing. The more complex “Bloweth Where it Listeth” is another poem that represents Pitter’s unique voice and personality. The imagery is strangely surreal. The poet’s spirit ﬂies over the countryside until it comes to a lonely cottage where a poor soul is ironing. The disembodied spirit expects to ﬁnd sorrow but sorrow is not there. Instead the lonely woman is treasuring the glimpse of a bird nesting near the house. The phrasing is ambiguous—both sparrow and observer love the eggs. The woman is ﬁlled with tenderness. The end of the poem is most curious of all. The poet’s ghost, the spirit that came to bless the lonely woman, instead leaves enriched by her: At this point in her life, Pitter had not formally embraced the Christian faith (though the title of this poem is a Biblical quotation) but there is little doubt that a strong sense of spiritual life continuously informed her work: this can be termed “mystical” or “pantheistic.” Whatever it was, she began with it and it did not leave her.

line of the sapphic stanza, which comprises dactyl plus trochee (“ﬂee to her mountain," “of the eternal”), seems to have particularly pleased her ear at the end of a line: it features in the eleven syllable lines of Persephone in Hades and in later unrhymed experimental verse forms it also recurs. A Trophy of Arms won the Hawthornden Award, one of Britain’s oldest literary prizes. Pitter was ready with her next collection, The Spirit Watches, within three years.

THE SPIRIT WATCHES

There were signiﬁcant changes in style in the new volume: the archaic “thou” was banished at last; mannered inversions were much reduced (though not eradicated); several poems achieved perfection in simplicity. Interestingly, the title poem (not the strongest, but not her weakest piece of writing either) was not included later in the selected volume, Urania, nor in Poems 1926—1966. On the whole, it’s a strong collection. “The Hut” and “Time’s Fool” recall the cottage in Hainault with its “damp bed, with the beetle’s tap in the head-board heard,/ The dim bit of mirror, three inches of comb” (Collected Poems 1990, p. 101). “An Old Woman Speaks of the Moon” shows new conﬁdence in a simple, long, conversational line, bringing the celestial and the ordinary into unforced harmony. There is signiﬁcantly wider use of plain language and simple forms in poems such as “A Natural Sorrow,” “The Spring,” “The BushBaby,” and “The Bird in the Tree.” The last of these is an important poem for Pitter: it records intense desire for the clarity of vision she had as a child. The capitalization is not mere stylistic indulgence this time; it signiﬁes the objects as eternal symbols. It may be argued that Pitter’s habit of “milking” a poignant moment in the last two lines with an apostrophic “O” is a weakness. Perhaps here, where she speaks with such fervency, it may be permitted. The most perfect poem in the volume though is “If You Came,” which in its restrained simplicity cannot be faulted. It is a lyric which should

THE RUDE POTATO

The next Pitter publication was the one she hoped C. S. Lewis would never come across, The Rude Potato. It is mainly light, comic verse, mischievously put together. The title poem celebrates Jimmy who ﬁnds the rudest potato he has ever met. Such “shamelessness” has this potato (no doubt due to its similarity to parts of the male body) that he takes it to the local pub where free drinks are offered on the strength of it. Who but Pitter could celebrate on the one hand the life of the immortal soul and on the other natural lewdness? There is no doubt that she loved the comic spirit as much as anything else in poetry. Unlike A Mad Lady’s Garland, no liter-

142

RUTH PITTER the ends of lines. This works most completely, perhaps, in “The Bridge,” where the combination of rhythm and repetition lends aching pathos. Just under a ﬁfth of the poems in the collection are unrhymed, evidence of ongoing experiment with the “vessel” that would form a poem. Some of the best work, however, still uses that simple rhyming tetrameter which seems to work so effortlessly for Pitter. “The Lost Tribe,” for example, rivals the earlier “If You Came” in its plain and emotive longing:

ary background is needed to savor the jokes in this collection, or to note her expert ear for natural speech rhythms. “The Weed” is a lengthy dramatic monologue, in cockney dialect, from a weed eulogizing its dead mother—a kind of verse obituary and something of a tour de force. The whole volume is illustrated with line drawings, a combination of verbal and visual lightness that must have recommended it to a general, as well as literary, readership. It did not, however, ﬁnd favor with Pitter’s American publisher, who was anecdotally reported as saying: “For ﬁfteen years I’ve been building you up as a dedicated spirit, and now look what you’ve done!" In truth, there is no absolute division between Pitter’s light verse and her more serious mode. In this collection, “The Morals of Pruning,” “For Us All” and “The Bay-Tree” could have found a worthy place in any of her books. Above all, it is worth remembering that much of this inspired comic work was produced at a time of Pitter’s life that was anything but amusing. “The Rude Potato” appeared during the war years. The Bridge, her next collection of poems, also emerged from this difficult period.

How long, how long must I regret? I never found my people yet; I go about, but cannot ﬁnd The blood-relations of the mind. Through my little sphere I range, And though I wither do not change; Must not change a jot, lest they Should not know me on my way. Sometimes I think when I am dead They will come about my bed, For my people well do know When to come and when to go. I know not why I am alone, Nor where my wandering tribe is gone, But be they few, or be they far, Would I were where my people are!

CROSSING THE BRIDGE

When K and Ruth literally crossed Battersea Bridge in London to take up war work it was also a symbolic step, and this is clearly indicated in the title poem of her 1945 collection, The Bridge. Roy Fuller correctly identiﬁed the strength of the writing here, though a couple of weaker poems still employ a “grand” tone. “Wherefore Lament,” for example (written during an attack on London in 1940), returned to dramatic alliteration and archaic phrasing: “Whatever woe thou weepest, it must end#” It was not included in the later Collected Poems. But there are many consistently strong poems— for example, the unrhymed “The Swan Bathing” where the familiar trochaic foot at the end of each line lends a kind of metrical echo, though the main meter is irregular. Similar line endings are used in the lengthy “The Cygnet,” as well as deliberate repetition of key words inside and at

(p. 178)

This is a poet who never belonged to a “school”—in both personal and poetic terms she felt alone. Yet she was determined to hold to her own method: “And though I wither do not change; / Must not change#” That “must” drives home the certainty. This is also the collection which included “But For Lust” (the poem that so impressed John Arlott during the war). This is a remarkable piece of writing, too, especially if we place it in its time context, for although lust today seems more of a deadly virtue than a sin, it was not so in London in 1940, and Pitter had not found a loving relationship in which sexual and spiritual love could combine. Though Pitter would never be a confessional writer, there is clear personal import in many of the poems in this collection. Central to her crav-

143

RUTH PITTER ing is still tenderness for the unlovely, the broken, and the ruined place. Pitter identiﬁes herself most completely with “The Small Plant” in the poem with that title. Her painter’s eye combines with her poet’s ear to celebrate both natural mystery and the imperative of her own art.

O well is me, and happy shall I be! Look! He is there. Look on Him. That is He. (Collected Poems 1990, p. 238)

The best poems, however, are not necessarily the visionary dreams at the end (though these are undoubtedly interesting) but four apparently simpler (and less obviously ambitious) pieces— “The Ermine,” “Hen Under Bay Tree,” “The Tuft of Violets,” and “The Tree at Dawn.” “The Ermine” echoes the rhyming tetrameter couplets of “The Buried Treasure” with equal success. It is a poem which operates as a single metaphor The “sable spot” on the ermine reﬂects sin, the “black” which the poet must also learn to wear. “The Tuft of Violets” and “The Tree at Dawn” again return to Pitter’s sense of the celestial in nature. The latter is a true gardener’s poem, and though not comical, it turns on a highly individual view of the world, a way of seeing things that is entirely peculiar to its author. Her vision, simultaneously earthly and heavenly, includes “pale-blue velvet cabbages” and “pink sweetpeas," and it fades as the sun rises:

AFTER THE WAR

At this time, it is likely that Ruth Pitter was writing both comic and serious verse with equal attention and in almost equal quantity. In 1947 Pitter on Cats was published. Two of the cat poems from A Mad Lady’s Garland appeared here together with eleven newer pieces. There is much of charm here, especially for cat lovers, but it is less individual than The Rude Potato and it certainly does not achieve the varied heights of the Garland. The book did not ﬁnd an American publisher. It was followed in 1950 by Urania, a selected edition reproducing almost all of the three preceding serious volumes. Though the contents are not formally divided by reference to source, they mainly follow the original order, with the odd exception of “The Bridge:” this piece is included in the set of poems drawn from A Trophy of Arms. The same grouping persisted into the 1966 Collected (this again follows the original order without indicating sources), perhaps in error. However, it is mistakenly grouped in the 1991 and 1996 Enitharmon volumes, too, even though it was the title poem of its own collection. Two more slim volumes would appear before the ﬁrst Collected but Pitter’s proliﬁc phase was over. In 1953 The Ermine was the ﬁrst serious new collection for eight years. It does not match its predecessor, The Bridge, in strength although Don W. King sees it as “the only one of her books that, at least in some ways, tells a story.” He traces a movement of faith in The Ermine, from the uncertain “neophyte” who sees and feels something but “must not speak,” through memories of childhood and on to “Five Dreams and a Vision” at the end, which culminates in a statement of Christian faith:

The god leaps up, the day is here, The heat pours from the sky: The tree is commonplace and dear, And I am only I.

(p. 212)

The mystery in the “commonplace” was Ruth Pitter’s native territory. When her expression drew on what she would later describe as “the legal tender and common currency of language” she had come into her own. This is equally well seen in “Hen Under Bay-Tree.” Again, this poem could sit comfortably in either serious or comic mode, though the hen herself is accorded indisputable dignity. She has “stolen from the social pen” to “noblest solitude,” the state Pitter herself rated so highly, but there’s an affectionate tongue—in—cheek tone here. She sits beneath a “magical” tree, “resolved to rear a private brood.” Like the sparrow which “hugged” her eggs, the hen is proud&,dash;“She keeps love’s vigil glorious.” She is a bird of faith and “The plant of honour is her house.” This is not a grand poem, nor apparently a work of great art. And yet it is: the simplicity is deceptive, and the concept of

144

RUTH PITTER the occasion lost. Although Pitter was not writing in quantity, the poems that emerged at this time are of a high caliber. All the old mannerisms are gone: a plain style is used to express even the most complex ideas. Another nine years would occur before End of Drought, a late collection but not a lame one. Its forty—seven pages included both lighthearted verse and a couple of strong descriptive poems— “So Good of Their Kind” for example, which describes slugs mating with a clarity to rival D. H. Lawrence at his best, and “So I Thought She Must Have Been Forgiven,” another compelling dream poem. A Heaven to Find (printed only in a limited edition) was the ﬁnal fragile gathering which afﬁrmed Pitter’s faith in “absolute good” and the “pull of God." It included the delightfully comic “Potting Shed Tutti—Frutti," a couple of interesting fragments, and some previously unpublished poems. Of these, “Cricket Match, 1908” was written when the poet was only eleven years old. She may have dismissed her ﬁrst three poetry publications, but here she restored a gleeful poem which preceded them. Perhaps it was the best proof of all that she had completed a circle which began and ended in playful simplicity:

honor is neither light nor easy to interpret. However, it is central in Ruth Pitter’s poetry.

THE LAST YEARS

Thirteen years elapsed between The Ermine and Still by Choice, the latter an even slighter volume of only thirty—ﬁve pages. However, quantity is not the same as quality. There are many good poems here and every sign that Pitter can mingle the comic and the serious successfully in one volume. “The Heart’s Desire is Full of Sleep” is a beautiful and intensely personal poem, once again expressing poignant regret. It stands with the best of her work. She classes herself with the “true emperors of desire” who continue to seek for the unattainable. Poems such as “Moths and Mercury-Vapor Lamp” and “Exercise in the Pathetic Fallacy” exploit very different imagery, as does “Sweet Other Flesh.” Here the diction is plain enough but the concept is challenging, a reminder that Pitter (though some of her best poems are expressed simply) is a poet of ﬁne intelligence. Again “Sweet Other Flesh” could only have been authored by this poet. It rehearses the idea that the mind can step into “other ﬂesh”—but by “ﬂesh” Pitter means any life—form. It is a provocatively mysterious piece, in which the reader is reminded of Pitter’s painter’s eye, tracing the intimate detail of a small plant. Sexual connotations are delicately evoked: the mind is allowed “to feed” on “Chaste palaces within a seed” before being dismissed. Pitter’s artistry brings the reader into intimate connection with the ﬂowers she herself studied so closely, both as painter and gardener. “Morning Glory” is one of the poems Kathleen Raine wished she had written; she envied the exactness of eye with which Pitter describes this beautiful ﬂower, and once again the verse rehearses that mysterious connection between mind and body In the same volume, “A Dream” was termed by Roy Fuller “one of the poet’s most successful raids on the incommunicable," as indeed it is. There are no weak poems in the set, with the possible exception of “Who Knows?” and even this piece is not so much weak as occasional with

O ye greedy! Now forsake the lime juice and cakes Which may disable with their sudden aches! (Collected Poems 1990, p. 291)

READING THE RIDDLE

What of readers coming to Ruth Pitter’s work for the ﬁrst time today? How can she be placed among the poets of her century? She was certainly no modernist, but neither was she a slave to tradition: she experimented in a wide range of verse forms. In her preface to Poems 1926–1966 she discussed her consistent purpose as a poet, namely “to capture and express some of the secret meanings which haunt life and language: the silent music, the dance in stillness, the hints and echoes and messages of which everything is full." She saw how “life, bursting with its secret, sits hugging itself until we have read the riddle.” Poems, according to Pitter, should begin and end

145

RUTH PITTER in mystery, although their structure should be “clothed in the legal tender and common currency of language; perhaps the simpler the better, so that the crowning wonder, if it comes, may emerge clear of hocus-pocus.” Throughout her poetic development, it is possible to trace a continuous development toward simplicity of expression used to support intensely complex thought. Indeed, that type of deceptive simplicity may in itself lead to the underrating of a poet. But Pitter was also unusual in the way she applied her skill with equal dedication to both serious and comic verse. In the 1926–1966 preface, she refers to three spirits: “beatitude,” “anguish,” and ﬁnally “the spirit of comedy, refusing to be exterminated or left behind.” She conjectures about the possibility of a comic work “as majestic as our loftiest tragedies.” It was regrettable that her two “sides” were not allowed to mingle freely in her books in the uninhibited way they frequented her own consciousness. The collected volumes mainly group the poems in “light” and “serious” sets. In fact, they must have been written side by side—and some fall squarely in the middle, defying classiﬁcation. There is scope for a good selected volume that would allow a new reader to see her extraordinary range with its constant interplay among beatitude, anguish, and comedy. Ruth Pitter saw a vision of the sublime in the everyday, the celestial in the commonplace, the holy in the humorous—and she lived the same vision. A passionately dedicated woman, she celebrated the concept of honor, in an era when that idea was rare; she extolled (and exempliﬁed) the virtues of tenderness, kindness and humility; she achieved some intensely beautiful lyrics as a result of a lifetime’s practice in the art of poetry. She was a very good poet. She deserves to be better known.

First and Second Poems. London: Sheed & Ward, 1927. New York: Doubleday Doran, 1930. Persephone in Hades. France, Gers: A Sauriac, 1931. (A forty-page poem privately printed, an edition of 100 copies, now extremely hard to ﬁnd.) A Mad Lady’s Garland. London: Cresset Press, 1934. New York: Macmillan, 1935. (Preface by Hilaire Belloc; also by John Maseﬁeld in the American edition.) A Trophy of Arms: Poems 1926–1935. London: Cresset Press, 1936. New York, Macmillan, 1936. (Preface by James Stephens.) The Spirit Watches. London: Cresset Press, 1939. New York, Macmillan, 1940. The Rude Potato. London: Cresset Press, 1941. (Illustrated with line drawings by Roger Furse.) The Bridge: Poems 1939–1944. London: Cresset Press, 1945; New York, Macmillan, 1946. Pitter on Cats. London: Cresset Press, 1947. Urania. (A substantial selection from A Trophy of Arms, The Spirit Watches, and The Bridge, with illustrated title page by Joan Hassall.) London: Cresset Press, 1950. The Ermine: Poems 1942–1952. London, Cresset Press, 1953. Poetry Northwest, Vol 1, No. 3 (1960). (Issue partly devoted to Ruth Pitter with ﬁfteen of her poems and appreciations by Carolyn Kizer, Stanley Kunitz, Thom Gunn, and John Holmes). Still by Choice. London: Cresset Press, 1966. Poems 1926–1966. London: Barrie & Rockcliff/The Cresset Press, 1968. Published in New York by Macmillan as Collected Poems in 1969. (Preface by Pitter herself, giving an overview of her purpose and method: particularly interesting for her views on the importance of comedy.) End of Drought. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1975. A Heaven to Find. London: Enitharmon Press, 1987. (Limited edition of 200 copies; a selection of previously unpublished poems and fragments written between 1908 and 1976.) Collected Poems (1990). Petersﬁeld: Enitharmon Press, 1990. (Introduced by Elizabeth Jennings) Collected Poems. London: Enitharmon Press, 1996. (A revised version of Collected Poems (1990)) PROSE

“The Art of Reading in Ignorance” in Essays and Poems presented to Lord David Cecil. Edited by W. W. Robson. London: Constable & Company, 1970.

Selected Bibliography

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES

WORKS OF RUTH PITTER

Barker, Jonathan. Contemporary Poets: Ruth Pitter. Chicago and London: Saint James Press, 1990.

POETRY

Church, Richard. Contemporary Poets: Ruth Pitter. Chicago and London: Saint James Press, 1975.

First Poems. London: Cecil Palmer, 1920. (Private printing funded by Hilaire Belloc.)

146

RUTH PITTER King, Don W. (forthcoming) Hunting the Unicorn: A Critical Biography of Ruth Pitter. Kent, Ohio and London: The Kent State University Press, 2008 (estimated date).

King, Don W. Ruth Pitter Project Web Page including biographical sketch and photos of Pitter at www.montreat. edu/dking/Ruth%20Pitter/RuthPitterProject.htm as well as links to essays dealing with Pitter’s correspondence, her friendship with C. S. Lewis, and her development as a Christian poet. King, Don W. “The Religious Poetry of Ruth Pitter,” Christianity and Literature 54 (Summer 2005): 521–562. King, Don W. C. S.Lewis, Poet. The Legacy of His Poetic Impulse. Kent, Ohio and London: The Kent State University Press, 2001.

Palmer, Herbert. “Post-Victorian Poetry." London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd, 1938. Arthur Russell, ed. Ruth Pitter: Homage to a Poet. London: Rapp and Whiting, 1969. With an introduction by Lord David Cecil. (Includes a biographical essay by Arthur Russell as well as twenty-seven essays/appreciations by authors/poets, etc.)

147

PHILIP PULLMAN (1946—)

Sandie Byrne Pullman has written that, as a young child, he saw his parents as glamorous but somewhat remote ﬁgures: his mother a sophisticated beauty and his father a heroic but frequently absent ﬁghter. As an adult, he discovered aspects of his father’s character and of his parents’ life together that caused him to revisit and rewrite his memories of his early years. Pullman was an avid reader and storyteller from a young age. In Australia he discovered superhero comics, and in Wales he was inspired and encouraged by a teacher, Enid Jones, to whom he still sends copies of his books. After reading English language and literature, which he disliked, at Exeter College, Oxford, Pullman worked in a shop before, at the age of twentyﬁve, becoming a teacher. He taught in a number of middle schools (for pupils between the ages of nine and thirteen) in Oxford, then became a tutor of trainee teachers at Westminster College, also in Oxford, remaining in the post for eight years and combining it with writing before becoming a full-time author. He married Judith Speller in 1970. For a number of years he famously wrote in a cluttered and dusty shed in the garden of the family home on the outskirts of Oxford, but after the success of His Dark Materials, he moved to a seventeenth-century farmhouse in an Oxfordshire village, where he has a study in which he writes and makes things in wood and metal.

PHILIP PULLMAN IS the doyen of the crossover novel—ﬁction published for young adults that also appeals to older readers. Although he has been writing for publication since the early 1970s and has been a well-respected children’s author since the 1980s, he attained international bestseller status only in 1995, with the publication of the ﬁrst volume in the trilogy known as His Dark Materials. The series has brought him adulation, honors, stage and screen adaptation, and accusations of being a corruptive and dangerous inﬂuence.

LIFE

Philip Pullman was born Philip Nicholas Outram in Norwich, in Norfolk, near the eastern coast of England, on 19 October 1946, to Audrey Evelyn (Merriﬁeld) and Alfred Outram. When Philip was six years old, he and his younger brother, Francis, were taken to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where his father, who was a pilot in the Royal Air Force, had been posted. The family returned to England when Alfred Outram’s tour of duty in the RAF ended, but he was later posted to Kenya during the Mau Mau ﬁghting and was killed in a plane crash. Audrey Outram took up a post at the British Broadcasting Corporation in London, and her two sons were sent to live with their grandparents in the rectory of the village of Drayton, in Norfolk, of which Pullman’s grandfather was parish priest. Following their mother’s remarriage to another RAF pilot, John Pullman, Pullman and his brother were taken to Australia, but the family returned when he was ten, ﬁrst to London, then to Llanbedr in North Wales. Here the family was increased by the birth of a halfbrother and half-sister, and later by the arrival of a stepbrother, from his stepfather’s ﬁrst marriage.

WRITING CAREER AND NARRATIVE STYLE

Pullman usually declines to discuss his ﬁrst book, The Haunted Storm (1972), which was written for adults, regarding it as an apprentice piece. His second, Galatea, also for adults, was published in 1978, and his ﬁrst book for children, Count Karlstein, was published in 1982 (reprinted

149

PHILIP PULLMAN and canons of the church. Pullman’s descriptions are usually straightforward; when he describes a character or place he often employs the most simple and obvious adjectives, but the effect is of clarity rather than cliché. The opening sentence of the 1986 volume The Ruby in the Smoke—the ﬁrst in the “Sally Lockhart” trilogy of adventures—employs the pathetic fallacy, “On a cold, fretful afternoon in early October”; but these are rare in the novel, and the heroine is introduced simply as “a young girl” getting out of a hansom cab, who is “a person of sixteen or so—alone, and uncommonly pretty. She was slender and pale, in mourning, with a black bonnet under which she tucked a straying twist of blond hair which the wind had teased loose. She had unusually dark brown eyes for one so fair” (p. 3). The prosopopaeia of “teased,” personiﬁying the wind, almost passes unnoticed, and the rest of the description is entirely prosaic. Simile is also used with restraint, as when a young boy appears “like the solidiﬁcation of all the grime in the city air” (p. 4). Pullman is a master of the cliff-hanger and of the deferred explanation. A strategy in The Butterﬂy Tattoo (originally published in 1992 as The White Mercedes) is to tell the reader what is going to happen from the ﬁrst line, but to defer revealing how and when. In The Subtle Knife (1997), the second book of the trilogy His Dark Materials, scenes cut between the various protagonists, often at moments of danger or high tension. The ﬁrst book in the trilogy ends as the heroine is about to cross from one world to another, and the second ends with the hero’s discovery that she has been abducted. Though not lapidary, Pullman’s language is evocative and vivid, and ﬂexible enough to deliver a fast pace, suspense, tension, harrowing emotion, excoriating satire, and poignant, painful, and joyful occasions. It is also often humorous, irreverent, and even boisterously operatic, particularly in Count Karlstein, which has elements of both gothic and farce. Though Pullman’s supremely imagined worlds contain talking bears, branch-ﬂying witches, shamanic magic, and diamond-skeletoned, seed-podwheel-riding creatures with horns and a trunk,

in 1991 with illustrations by Patrice Aggs; later editions have illustrations by Diana Bryan). He has published approximately twenty books, for which he has been awarded prizes including the Carnegie Medal, the Guardian Children’s Book Award, the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, the Astrid Lindgren Award, the Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year Award, and the Whitbread Book of the Year Award (in 2000, for The Amber Spyglass, the third book in the trilogy His Dark Materials). The latter was the ﬁrst time that prize had gone to a work of young adult ﬁction (although the book was read by many adults). Pullman characteristically writes using an omniscient, anonymous ﬁrst-person narrator, but he gives the perspective of the central protagonist or protagonists of each episode. Although the narrative voice does seem to be a personality, it is never intrusive. When it offers information, this is usually based on the perceptions and interpretations of the central character, although the narration does not become free indirect style. In Northern Lights (1995), for example, the heroine, Lyra, peering from her hiding place behind a chair, watches the Master of Jordan College (an institution based on Exeter College, Oxford) donning his academic gown, and the narrative voice observes: “The Master had been a powerful man, but he was well over seventy now, and his movements were stiff and slow” (pp. 5–6). Similarly, when Lyra sees the college Steward at work, the narrative voice informs us: “he smoothed his hair over his ears with both palms and said something to his dæmon. He was a servant, so she was a dog; but a superior servant, so a superior dog. In fact, she had the form of a red setter” (p. 7). Pullman is sparing with adjectives and even more so with ﬁgurative language, usually reserving symbol and metaphor for objects or entities that have symbolic value in their respective worlds, rather than for description. The ancient and decrepit ﬁgure of the Authority, who dissolves into the air near the end of the third book of His Dark Materials, is described through simile; he is as light as paper. This suggests that the Authority’s weight—the weight of authority—is that of the books, codes, rules, rituals,

150

PHILIP PULLMAN the writing is realist; the narratives are orderly and plausible and obey their own internal logic. Within Pullman’s realist mode, however, there is often metaﬁction; a number of his stories are about storytelling. Clockwork; or, All Wound Up (1997), for example, is a story-within-a-story about a storyteller who may have sold his soul in exchange for an ending to his story and an apprentice clock-maker who may have sold his soul in exchange for a feature of the story. In The Amber Spyglass, the heroine’s storytelling gift entrances the Harpies who rule the afterlife, and it ultimately determines the fate of inhabitants of many worlds. Though best known for his other-worlds series, Pullman also writes ﬁction set in our own world and time. He has been unafraid of controversy or of denying his readers a cozy ﬁx of sentiment in either kind of writing. The ﬁancé of his heroine Sally Lockhart, and a major character in her adventures, is killed in The Shadow in the North (ﬁrst published in 1986 as The Shadow in the Plate). His young-adult novel The Butterﬂy Tattoo is a tragedy that tackles issues of abuse and whose young hero kills the beautiful girl with whom in the opening section he falls in love. The Broken Bridge (1990) is written from the point of view (though in the third person) of a person Pullman can never have been, a young girl of mixed race. The third novel of the trilogy His Dark Materials, The Amber Spyglass, denies its two main protagonists, and therefore its readers, the fully happy ending they have striven for. Pullman learned the craft of drama by writing plays for his middle-school pupils to perform, and in the early 1990s he published two plays based on ﬁction classics. Frankenstein (1990) is a sympathetic portrayal of the monster of Mary Shelley’s novel, and Sherlock Holmes and the Limehouse Horror (1992) is both an affectionate parody of Arthur Conan Doyle’s great and eccentric detective and a convincing entry in the Holmes canon.

woman who is very unlike her Victorian contemporaries’ ideal of femininity. Orphaned Sally has little formal education in the usual subjects, but she can ride like the wind, handle a gun, and plan a campaign, and she is a feminist. The ﬁrst Sally Lockhart story, The Ruby in the Smoke, is set in 1872, when Sally is about sixteen years old and has recently lost her father, who apparently drowned in a shipwreck in the South China Sea. Trying to piece together fragmentary clues, Sally asks her father’s employees if they know the signiﬁcance of “The Seven Blessings.” On hearing the phrase, one of them falls dead at her feet. Sally becomes embroiled in the opium trade and the search for a ruby of fabulous value, and in the process comes to understand the value of her own detecting skills. Her second adventure, The Shadow in the North, is set six years later, in 1878. Sally has set up her own business, and is a well-respected ﬁnancial consultant, but it seems that she has given one client bad advice: to invest her money in the Anglo-Baltic shipping company, whose ships mysteriously disappear, sink, or are impounded with mystifying regularity. With the assistance of her allies Fred and Jim, Sally Lockhart investigates. The third adventure, The Tiger in the Well (1991), opens nearly two years after the death of Sally’s ﬁancé, Frederick Garland— Fred, whom we ﬁrst met in The Ruby in the Smoke—on a settled domestic scene in the Twickenham house where Sally now lives with her daughter, Harriet. Then a stranger arrives to serve “divorce” papers on the unmarried Sally, papers that ostensibly prove the existence of Sally’s living husband and Harriet’s father. Sally’s history has been rewritten, and she must become invisible in order to work out how she can reclaim it. The Tin Princess (1994) also has a young female protagonist and is set in nineteenthcentury England, but here the central heroine is a multilingual young woman named Rebecca Winter, known as Becky. Hired to be a German tutor to the cockney Miss Bevan, Becky discovers that her pupil is in fact the wife of a prince. Becky and her new friend become caught up in the politics of Razkavia, a mountainous country in central Europe, where they face more than political machinations. The opening of The Tin

HISTORICAL FICTION

A series of books featuring a heroine named Sally Lockhart describes the adventures of a young

151

PHILIP PULLMAN Princess nods at two earlier novels, Daphne du Maurier’s Rebecca (1938), in the name of the heroine, and Jane Austen’s Emma (1816) in the syntax of the ﬁrst sentence: “Rebecca Winter, gifted, cheerful and poor, had lived sixteen years without seeing a bomb go off” (p. 1). Though the Sally Lockhart series is set in the nineteenth century, the independent, intelligent, and active Sally is a good role model for any twenty-ﬁrst-century teenager, and the evocation of grimy, foggy, seedy Victorian London slums and the Victorian underworld is excellent. Television adaptations of the ﬁrst two Sally Lockhart stories have been ﬁlmed by the BBC. In the mid-1990s Pullman also wrote two historical novels for younger readers featuring “The New Cut Gang”: Thunderbolt’s Waxwork (1994) and The Gas-ﬁtters’ Ball (1995), like the Sally Lockhart novels, are set in the Victorian period, but in a disreputable part of South London, Lambeth. Where the Sally Lockhart novels resemble the mysteries of Charles Dickens, the New Cut Gang stories resemble Dickens at his most picaresque. The stories follow the adventures of the New Cut Gang: Benny Kaminsky, Thunderbolt Dobney, and their friends Bridie, Sharky Bob, and the Perretti twins, Angela and Zerlina, a group that ranges in age from six to thirteen. In Thunderbolt’s Waxwork, the gang members have made a waxwork of their friend Dippy and are trying to ﬁnd a way of having it exhibited at the Waxworks Museum, but people keep trying to steal it. When Thunderbolt’s dad is arrested, the gang becomes involved in a counterfeit-money caper that requires them to outwit the criminals and the police. In The Gasﬁtters’ Ball, the gang helps to restore ten thousand pounds sterling’s worth of stolen silver to the Worshipful Company of Gas-ﬁtters, and also acts as a matchmaker for a friend.

good or bad, and they ﬁnish with loose ends tied up and just desserts distributed. A number are adaptations and developments of plays he wrote for his pupils during his time as a schoolteacher. Most of his stories for younger children have been published or reprinted with illustrations. Spring-Heeled Jack, ﬁrst published in 1989, was reprinted in 1991 with illustrations by David Mostyn—pen drawings that suggest both Victorian engravings and modern comic books. It is the story of three orphans, two brothers and a sister, who are helped by a hero who dresses up as the devil to terrify criminals. The FireworkMaker’s Daughter (1995), illustrated by Nick Harris (and by S. Saelig Gallagher for the ﬁrst U.S. edition in 1999), has the atmosphere of a Far Eastern fable. It is the story of Lila, a girl who wants to follow her father into the profession of ﬁrework-maker but who ﬁrst has to undertake a perilous journey and face the terrible Fire-Fiend. The Wonderful Story of Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp (1993) was illustrated by David Wyatt, and in later editions by Sophy Williams. Clockwork; or, All Wound Up (1996) was illustrated by Peter Bailey; the ﬁrst U.S. edition appeared in 1996 with illustrations by Leonid Gore. Mossycoat (1998) is a variant of the Cinderella story, illustrated by Peter Bailey. I Was a Rat! or, The Red Slippers (1999), illustrated by Peter Bailey, tells the story of a young boy dressed in a ragged page’s uniform who turns up on the doorstep of an old, childless couple, unable at ﬁrst to say much more than “I was a rat!” Is he telling the truth or acting a part? Sane or mad? The reader has to work it out, from a narrative studded with references to classic fairy tales. I Was a Rat! has been adapted for the stage and performed at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival; the ﬁrst U.S. edition appeared in 2000 with illustrations by Kevin Hawkes. A more straightforward retelling of a familiar story is Puss in Boots: The Adventures of That Most Enterprising Feline (2000), illustrated by Ian Beck, but it has wonderful original touches in the shape of new characters, plot twists, and comedy. The Scarecrow and His Servant (2004), illustrated by Peter Bailey, is the story of a scarecrow

FAIRY TALES AND ILLUSTRATED STORIES

Pullman’s Web site describes his shorter, nonrealist ﬁction for young people as “fairy tales,” possibly because they tend to lack the moral complexity and ambiguity of the longer works, they have characters more clearly delineated as

152

PHILIP PULLMAN brought to life by a bolt of lightning and of his faithful, quick-witted servant, Jack.

characters in a modern setting could encounter love and death in a realistic way.”

CONTEMPORARY FICTION: THE BROKEN BRIDGE (1990)

HIS DARK MATERIALS

The best known of Pullman’s work is the bestselling sequence of novels collectively titled His Dark Materials, a trilogy that comprises Northern Lights (1995; titled The Golden Compass in the United States), The Subtle Knife (1997), and The Amber Spyglass (2000). His Dark Materials has been adapted for the stage (performed at the Royal National Theatre in London in 2003), and in fall 2006, New Line Cinema was in production on a ﬁlm version of the ﬁrst book of the trilogy featuring Daniel Craig (as the character Lord Asriel) and Nicole Kidman (as Mrs. Coulter). Another volume related to the trilogy, Lyra’s Oxford (2003), contains the short story “Lyra and the Birds,” together with additional materials such as a map of the alternative Oxford that the Dark Materials protagonist inhabits. Pullman has suggested that he is working on another installment in the series, provisionally titled “The Book of Dust,” which may not be a conventional sequel to The Amber Spyglass but rather a companion volume that includes short stories about some of the secondary characters of the series. Northern Lights was initially published by Scholastic, a publishing house associated with children’s and young adult ﬁction, but the book became an early example of the phenomenon known as “crossover” ﬁction; ﬁction that is successful with both older and younger readers, and each of the subsequent volumes has been likewise acclaimed by adult readers as well as children. The title of the series is taken from book 2 of John Milton’s Paradise Lost (1667): “his dark materials” are the threatening confusion of untamed elements from which God made the world we know and from which he could make others. This sets the epic character of the series, which explores the nature of matter, the universe, consciousness, understanding, and God, as well as interrogating ideas about religion, sin, authority, loyalty, and love. The series also has an ecological theme. It contrasts worlds in which technology has been developed thoughtlessly,

The Broken Bridge transfers Pullman’s experience of being a well-traveled English boy in North Wales into the experiences of a mixed-race teenaged girl in a small village in the same area. Ginny is the daughter of a white man and a Haitian woman who, she has always known, died soon after she was born. But, like Philip Pullman, she has knowledge thrust on her that forces her to rewrite the history of her life and family. In the summer of her sixteenth birthday, she hears of the existence of a half-brother, who is about to come to make her close-knit duo a threesome. Then she learns some even more startling information, about her mother. The affinity that Ginny believed she had with her mother, through the creativity and the French language they shared, seems broken, but—again, like Pullman—she ﬁnds that her love of art and of the countryside changes her life in other ways. Gradually, she mends the broken bridges and reconnects her past and her present. The White Mercedes, which appeared in 1992, since 1998 has been published under the title Butterﬂy Tattoo. Partly set, like His Dark Materials, in Oxford, The Butterﬂy Tattoo follows a character from the dirtier, rougher side of the city into the side inhabited by the gilded youth of the university. From the novel’s opening sentence we learn that the protagonist, the likeable-seeming Chris, is about to meet a girl whom he will kill. Chris Marshall is seventeen years old and avoiding home, and his mother’s new lover, as much as possible. He takes a casual job helping to set up the entertainment for an Oxford college summer ball, where he meets and falls for a girl, Jenny, whose seeming cheerfulness covers a dark past. Jenny proves as elusive as she is beautiful. In his subsequent anguished search for her, Chris learns the consequences of choosing the wrong person to trust. On his website, Pullman says of this novel, “The Butterﬂy Tattoo is a tragedy. I wanted to write a love story in which believable

153

PHILIP PULLMAN known as “the Authority,” is an ancient, bearded old man, inaccessible and darkly inscrutable, who has become a ﬁgurehead for the exercise of earthly powers. The opponent of the Authority (and of his regent, Metatron) and thus a “Satan” ﬁgure (though for much of the trilogy he doesn’t fully understand the nature of the God and religion of his world) is Lyra’s father, Lord Asriel, whose biblical name echoes one of Blake’s symbolic rebel angel-type ﬁgures. Lord Asriel seeks to destroy this God and the earthly powers that wield power in his name. One message of the series is that humankind must grow up and, in an Oedipal revolt against the father ﬁgure it has set above itself, become independent and selfgoverning, not blindly following religious laws but establishing a true code of morality. Humanity must no longer allow belief in a life hereafter to prevent humankind from truly living this life. Another inﬂuence cited by Pullman is an 1810 essay by the German Romantic Heinrich von Kleist, titled “On the Marionette Theatre, which appeared in translation in the Times Literary Supplement in 1978. Kleist dramatizes a debate that Pullman explores throughout His Dark Materials: the loss of innocence and the acquisition of self-consciousness. (Readers interested in this source can ﬁnd the essay, in English translation by Idris Parry, at the Southern Cross Review website, www.southerncrossreview.org.) His Dark Materials is set in a number of different worlds, including our own. (Pullman produced illustrations for the chapter headings of the ﬁrst two volumes of the trilogy, as well as small pictures as running heads for the second volume, to indicate which world the main characters are in at the time.) Lyra’s home world is like our own but with signiﬁcant differences. The Reformation has happened, and the dominant religion is broadly Calvinist but there is still an Inquisition and still a Pope, and his rule is worldwide. The Enlightenment has not taken hold, and the church maintains control over the progress of knowledge. What we know as science and technology are branches of “experimental theology,” and any theories that contradict authorized knowledge are deemed heretical and suppressed. The West has not yet explored the

and to the detriment of the environment, with worlds in which natural or low-tech rather than wasteful and damaging high-tech methods are used. In Paradise Lost, Milton represents the “fruit” of man’s ﬁrst disobedience to God’s will, and Pullman similarly depicts a revolt against a religious authority, a choice made by a young woman, and the acquisition of forbidden knowledge. The church of Lyra’s world, like Christian churches of our own, depicts Eve as culpable, as the agent through which innocence was lost and sin entered the world. In Pullman’s work, however, the young woman who is to be a second Eve, Lyra, is a heroine, and her act of disobedience against the church is the beginning of her world’s emancipation. In the course of the series, we learn that other worlds have had an Eve, and that in each case the “Fall” she brings about is the development of self-awareness and the thirst for knowledge. This Fall is not a fall from grace and into sin, but something natural and normal, the development of a human being from child to adolescent to adult and from innocence and ignorance to experience. Perhaps as inﬂuential as Milton for the series is the visionary poet William Blake. Blake produced two sets of illustrations for Paradise Lost and wrote a long poem, “Milton” (1804), which he planned to comprise twelve books, like Paradise Lost, but which was actually published in two. The poem criticizes Milton’s view of Christianity and his privileging of reason over imagination, and spirit over body, but also depicts him as a savior who returns to the world a hundred years after the death of his body in order to slay Urizen, Blake’s symbol of repressive reason and authority. Like Blake’s written and pictorial art, Pullman’s ﬁction expresses a profound mistrust of authority, particularly authority that is self-proclaimed and maintained through tyranny. In Lyra’s world, a powerful church has used the carrot-and-stick of Heaven and Hell to impose obedience and has kept a stranglehold on scientiﬁc and technological knowledge, suppressing potentially subversive ideas in order to maintain ignorance rather than innocence. The God of that world (and others),

154

PHILIP PULLMAN tells lies; but she is also intuitive, dauntless, a brave leader, and a loyal friend. The autocratic Lord Asriel arrives at Jordan one evening to report on the ﬁndings of recent expeditions to the far north. Lyra and Pan, hiding after some unsanctioned exploration of their own, witness an attempt to poison Asriel, warn him, and are allowed to stay on to do a little more spying. Lyra hears that Asriel is about to go north again, ostensibly to continue the exploration but in fact, she suspects, for another, mysterious purpose. She also hears of the existence of something called Dust, a kind of matter that accumulates around sentient, self-aware beings and is ﬁrst seen on human skulls from thirty thousand to forty thousand years ago. She learns that the church is extremely interested in Dust, but Asriel leaves without telling her any more. After Asriel is gone, Lyra returns to her usual pursuits. Stories are circulating the city about children vanishing, and it is rumored that they are being abducted by so-called Gobblers. When Roger disappears, Lyra determines that she will rescue him. Meanwhile, she is introduced to the glamorous Mrs. Coulter—a highly respected lay associate of the church, who is the widow of an eminent politician—and told that she is to live with her in the future. Before Lyra leaves Jordan College, the Master gives her a gift, an alethiometer (the “golden compass” of the U.S. title), a truth-telling instrument that at this stage Lyra cannot read. Her new life is luxurious, but when she learns that Mrs. Coulter works for the General Oblation Board (an oblation is an offering)—the “Gobblers” who have been stealing children—Lyra runs away. She is rescued by an old friend from Oxford, a “gyptian” (water gypsy). While aboard one of the gyptians’ boats, Lyra learns her real history. She is the child of Lord Asriel and Mrs. Coulter, hidden since babyhood on Asriel’s orders. Lyra has been learning that she instinctively knows how to use the alethiometer, and when the gyptians decide to go north to search for the missing children, they allow her to go with them. At this point, Lyra’s adventures really begin. Among other fabulous creatures, Lyra meets and befriends Iorek Byrnison, the king of the great

rest of the world; in addition to ordinary humans, the population of the world includes witches and talking bears; and, most signiﬁcant of all, every human has a dæmon. Although they have separate bodies, one animal and one human, the dæmon and its human partner have a bond that, until the church’s experiments prove successful, seems indissoluble. They are two halves of one being that share feelings and sometimes thoughts, and the dæmon’s actions may be outward signs of the inner state of its human. Until the human reaches adolescence, the dæmon’s form is not ﬁxed. It can change at will, or in response to, for example, alarm. Lyra’s dæmon, Pantalaimon, or Pan, often takes the form of an ermine when he is relaxed or asleep; but he also becomes a mouse, when he needs to hide; a bird, when he and Lyra need to ﬁnd something; a moth, when they need to spy on a conversation; and a wildcat, when he needs to ﬁght. As the human partner reaches puberty, his or her dæmon begins to favor one form more and more often, and when the human reaches full adulthood, the dæmon ceases to change at all. Most human males have a female dæmon and most females a male. When the human dies, the dæmon vanishes. And, as the church discovers, severance of the bond between human and dæmon usually results in death from shock or a living death for both partners. The ﬁrst book of the trilogy, Northern Lights (published in the United States as The Golden Compass), introduces us to the young protagonist Lyra Belacqua. At twelve years old, Lyra remembers nothing of her life before she was brought to live in Jordan College, a men-only college of an alternative Oxford, by the man she knows only as her uncle Lord Asriel. Though she has a few lessons from the fellows of Jordan, Lyra’s upbringing has largely been in the hands of the college servants, and she is more interested in playing with her best friend, Roger, a kitchen boy, on the roofs and in the crypts and cellars, and in other forbidden places, than she is in acquiring the social graces and intellectual attainments the college has to offer. Outside the college, she leads a gang of vagabonds about the streets and waterways of the city. She is uncouth, unkempt, and ignorant; she ﬁghts, boasts, and

155

PHILIP PULLMAN ently on a family whose problems are on a more ordinary and domestic scale than those of Lyra and Lord Asriel. Twelve-year-old Will Parry has been looking after his mother ever since the disappearance of his father during an expedition, which has left her nervous and insecure. But as she becomes increasingly paranoid and deluded, Will discovers that her persecution complex is not delusion after all. Someone is out to get them, or at least to get hold of something in their possession: John Parry’s letters from his last expedition. When men break into the house, Will ﬁnds a safe haven for his mother and sets out to carry the letters as far away as he can. This turns out to be farther than he expected. In the suburb of North Oxford, an encounter with a cat leads him to something like a hole cut into the air, and the hole leads to another world. At ﬁrst, Will seems to be the only inhabitant of the new world, although it clearly has been inhabited, and recently. The streets, shops, cafés, and houses show signs of recent occupancy, but they are deserted. Then he meets a grubby, disheveled girl with an animal that changes shape from a big cat to a stoat to butterﬂy. The girl is Lyra. Will and Lyra are in Cittàgazze, a world infested by Specters, misty creatures that emanate from the Abyss and that ﬂock to adults and suck the spirit out of them. Lyra has lost her father and the world to which he crossed in the fog of the world-bridge Asriel created. Now she is looking for scholars who can tell her about Dust. Will offers to take her into his world, where she can ﬁnd scholars she would think of as theologians and he as scientists, and he can make inquiries about the disappearance of his father. Together, they go through the window to Will’s world, where Lyra meets a scholar, Dr. Mary Malone, a former nun and a physicist who has been studying dark matter—Lyra’s Dust. Dr. Malone tells Lyra that Dust is actually shadow particles— particles of consciousness. Shadow particles cluster around any products of human workmanship or thought, and they ﬁrst appear on ancient skulls from some thirty thousand to forty thousand years ago. With Lyra’s help, Dr. Malone ﬁnds a way to communicate with the shadow matter/Dust, or with what call themselves struc-

armored bears who live in polar regions, and she is granted help by Seraﬁna Pekkala, the queen of a powerful witch clan. She is captured by Samoyed hunters, who sell her to a place called the Experimental Station, where she ﬁnds a lot of other children who have been kidnapped or sold, including Roger. At the station, the church is investigating Dust; the church associates Dust with the loss of childhood and innocence, and therefore with sin, and is looking for a way to sever the Dustless children from their dæmons in a process called intercision. The process has a side effect, however; the resulting ﬁssion releases an enormous amount of energy. Mrs. Coulter arrives just as Lyra and Pan, plotting escape, are caught spying and are about to be intercised, and she saves them. Lyra organizes a breakout just as Iorek and the witches arrive in advance of the gyptians. Eventually Lyra and Roger ﬁnd Lyra’s father, guarded by armored bears under orders from Mrs. Coulter. Asriel believes that their world is just one among many and that if he can go to the other world he has glimpsed, he will be able to learn the secret of Dust. The climax of the story takes place as Asriel proves his theory and another world appears in the northern lights at the North Pole. But to effect the crossing, Asriel has had to generate energy, and he does so by intercising, and killing, Roger. Asriel crosses into the new world, and Lyra follows him. Northern Lights, like Pullman’s earlier ﬁction, is threaded with intertextual references. Michael Chabon points out details that reﬂect the novels of Vladimir Nabokov, for instance in the way a zeppelin features in the story (see “Dust and Dæmons,” in Glen Yeffeth, ed., Navigating the Golden Compass, p. 5). In a webchat on BBC Radio 4, Pullman explained that the inspiration for the alethiometer “was partly the emblem books of the Renaissance and partly the memory theatre as described in a wonderful book by Frances Yates called The Art of Memory.” Another possible source, however, could be the geomantic compass on display at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, a place in our “real” Oxford, which Lyra visits in Northern Lights. The Subtle Knife, the second volume of His Dark Materials, opens in our own world, appar-

156

PHILIP PULLMAN tures and complexiﬁcations of shadow-matter— angels. Malone learns that they have played a part in human evolution, and that she herself has a part to play in Lyra’s adventure, the part of “the serpent." While the protagonists are in Will’s world, Lyra’s alethiometer is stolen by the evil Sir Charles Latrum, who promises to return it if Will and Lyra will bring him something from Cittàgazze: a special knife. Back in Cittàgazze, Will is attacked and badly wounded—the knife severs two ﬁngers of his hand. But he wins the ﬁght, and thus becomes the unwilling bearer of the subtle knife, a blade that can cut through anything, even the fabric of worlds. Using the knife, Lyra and Will cut through to Sir Charles’ house, where Lyra remembers that she has seen Sir Charles before, at Mrs. Coulter’s house. He is Lord Boreal from her own world, and he is being visited by Mrs. Coulter. They steal back the alethiometer and barely make it back to Cittàgazze, where they are ambushed by the remaining children and only escape with the arrival of the witches, who have ﬁnally caught up with them. As they make their way out of Cittàgazze, Dr. Malone steps through the window, out of the Oxford of her world, and sets out to ﬁnd Lyra. On their journey the witches learn that Lord Asriel has built a fortress in which he is mustering forces from many worlds ready to wage war on the Authority, and Mrs. Coulter learns that her daughter “will be the mother—she will be life— mother—she will disobey—she will [be] Eve! Mother of All!” (Scholastic, 1998, p. 328) During a desperate ﬁght, Will at last meets his father, only to lose him almost immediately to a witch’s arrow. Before he is killed, John Parry tells Will that he must join Lord Asriel, because he carries the only weapon that can defeat the tyrant, the Authority. Will returns to the camp set up by his traveling companions, where he ﬁnds two entities of the kind who had communicated with Dr. Malone, angels, who now want to lead Will to the fulﬁllment of his task. But the witches who had been guarding Lyra have been attacked by Specters, and Lyra is gone. The novel ends with Will too miserably dazed to move.

In contrast to Lyra, Will is not a ragamuffin but a clean, tidy, well-brought-up, and polite boy. He is not a natural liar or deceiver, nor does he have Lyra’s interest in the limelight of leadership; he has learned to be inconspicuous. As Lyra takes on a weight of responsibility, so Will learns that he cannot always do the best possible thing for all possible parties, and that neither good nor evil is necessarily clear-cut. The Amber Spyglass, the third volume in His Dark Materials, opens on Lyra in a drugged sleep, hidden in a cave in a remote part of her own world, and guarded by her mother, Mrs. Coulter. Lyra dreams of Roger, whom she had inadvertently betrayed to his death, and she vows to ﬁnd him. With the help of one of the angels, Will tracks down Mrs. Coulter, and they free Lyra, while the other angel warns Lord Asriel that the Authority has retired to the Clouded Mountain and resigned daily power to a powerful regent, Metatron. Allies of Asriel go to join forces with Lyra and Will, but Lyra insists that she must ﬁnd Roger before anything else. She takes her companions on a journey no living person has made before, to the world of the dead—and to do so she must leave Pan behind and go on as a half-person. Meanwhile, Dr. Malone has stepped into another world, the world of the mulefa (always spelled with a lowercase m), a peaceful community that lives in harmony with the environment. The trees on which mulefa society depends are dying, however. Having constructed the amber spyglass of the title, which enables her to see Dust, Dr. Malone learns that the trees are dying because Dust is moving out of the mulefa world, and out of other worlds, too. The Consistorial Court of Discipline of the church of Lyra’s world learns that Lyra is to be a second Eve who will be tempted to disobedience. Should she give in to temptation, then (in an echo from George Herbert’s poem “Love (III)”), “Dust and sin will triumph” (Scholastic 2000, p. 71). It sends an assassin, Father Gomez, to ﬁnd and kill Lyra, and he arrives in the mulefa world. Lyra, Will, and their companions ﬁnd the world of the dead nothing like the Heaven promised by the various churches of the different worlds. It is

157

PHILIP PULLMAN to be affected by the Specters; they are moving toward adulthood, and Dust is beginning to be attracted to them. Lyra is reunited with Pan, and Will with his dæmon, Kirjava, who in this world is visible. To protect them all from Specters, Will cuts through to another world, where they stay to rest and recover. It is the mulefa world, and here they ﬁnd Mary and learn of her discovery. The now almost adult children are beginning to realize that their feeling for one another is more than friendship. Dr. Malone fulﬁlls her function as serpent and tempter in that the story she tells Lyra of the love of her life awakens in Lyra knowledge of the nature of her true feelings for Will. The two consummate their love as Father Gomez ﬁnds them, but he has been followed by an angel, who kills him. Mary has learned that the ﬂow of Dust had turned when the subtle knife was made. The windows the knife has opened have allowed Specters into the worlds and have made Dust ﬂow out of them and into the Abyss. Will and Lyra have reversed the ﬂow for the mulefa world, but the knife has been used to make many windows between many worlds. Will must close the windows. Since neither Will nor Lyra can remain for long in each other’s world, they will be parted forever. There is momentary hope in that Dust is renewable; generated by knowledge and understanding; if enough people in each world continued to learn and gain wisdom, it might be enough to compensate for one open window. But that window must be reserved for the dead, or they will be forever trapped below. This is Lyra’s temptation. If she chooses love, she condemns humanity to a grisly everlasting unlife. Will and Lyra make the decision, and part; Will returns to our world, where Dr. Malone will help him and his mother, and Lyra returns to Jordan College, and later school, in her own world. They agree that every year for as long as they live, at noon on Midsummer’s Day, they will go to a place that exists in both worlds, a bench under a tree in the Botanic Gardens, and know that the other is near. The Kingdom of Heaven has been destroyed. Now it is time to build the Republic.

a bleak, cold, gray place guarded by vicious Harpies who prey upon the secret weaknesses and vulnerable points of their charges. The Authority who put the Harpies in charge has given them to power to see the worst in everyone, and for hundreds of thousands of years they have fed on cruelty, meanness, and deceit. When Lyra tries to lie her way out, the Harpies ﬂy at her, and she is badly hurt, but when she tells true stories, the Harpies are entranced. A bargain is struck. The Harpies will have the right to demand that everyone who comes to the land of the dead tells the story of his or her life, and in return, if the story is true, and the person has truly lived their life, the Harpies will escort them out of the world of the dead and through a window to a living world above. If anyone, other than an infant, has not truly lived, or lies, or holds anything back, the Harpies have the right to refuse to guide them. So the Harpies, Lyra, and Will lead the numberless dead through dark caverns and treacherous paths bordering the Abyss, up to the living worlds, where the dead will dissipate into the air, and the living can join the ﬁght against the church and Metatron. In Lyra’s world, the church leaders have modiﬁed the intercision process to harness the latent energy and make it into a bomb that can be detonated remotely from one world to another. They use a lock of Lyra’s hair stolen from Mrs. Coulter to direct the explosion to the world she currently inhabits. Thanks to the knowledge of one of the dead, the explosion misses Lyra, but it destroys a section of the narrow pathway, and she falls. Only the intervention of the leading Harpy saves her from the Abyss. The procession reaches the end, and Will cuts an opening into a living world. The ghosts stream out to become part of the matter of the universe, apart from Lyra’s loyal allies, who join the ﬁght. At the last moment, Mrs. Coulter joins forces with Lord Asriel to save their daughter and together they drag Metatron into the Abyss. Will and Lyra ﬁnd the Authority, a feeble, demented, ancient creature who is dissolved by the breath of air when he is released from the crystal litter in which he has been imprisoned. During the ﬁght, Will and Lyra ﬁnd that they are beginning

158

PHILIP PULLMAN tions are: a wooden bench that could be the place in the Botanic Gardens at which Lyra and Will have agreed to “meet” every Midsummer; the science building in which Dr. Mary Malone had her lab; the front garden of a house in Norham Gardens with a low wall topped by a hedge, where Lyra hid and was picked up by Sir Charles Latrum, who then stole her alethiometer; and the suburban street with a row of hornbeam trees in which Will discovered the window to Citàgazze. The story traced in Lyra’s Oxford, “Lyra and the Birds,” is set two years after the end of The Amber Spyglass, in Oxford, where Lyra is a student at St. Sophia’s. Lyra and Pan rescue a dæmon in the shape of a swallow, or house marten, that is being mobbed by a ﬂock of starlings, and they learn that it has been sent by its witch. The witch’s message is that they must help the dæmon to ﬁnd a man called Sebastian Makepeace, somewhere in Jericho, a suburb of the city. The dæmon explains the behavior of the starlings and other birds they encounter, which all try to attack it, as being due to the sickness it carries, a malady that leads to the death of the human without the death of the dæmon. This raises Lyra and Pan’s sympathy, and they track down Makepeace, whom they discover to be an alchemist. Lyra’s suspicions are roused, however, and she tricks the dæmon into revealing that he already knows where the house is. A mad witch leaps out of the house and at Lyra in a murderous lunge, but another bird, a swan, launches itself at her, and the witch is killed. Sebastian Makepeace explains that he had been the witch’s lover. Their son fought on the side of Asriel and against the side taken by his mother in the war against the Authority, and he was killed by one of his mother’s arrows. The witch blamed both Makepeace and Lyra, and so had devised a plot to kill them both. Safely back in St. Sophia’s, Lyra and Pan realize that the behavior of the birds they had interpreted as aggressive was, in fact, protective of them. They listen to a nightingale and realize that the song has meaning even though they cannot understand it: “‘Things don’t mean things as simply as that,’ Lyra said, uncertainly. ‘Do they? Not like mensa means table. They mean all kinds

Three years after The Amber Spyglass brought a close to the initial trilogy of His Dark Materials, Pullman produced a curious volume, with engravings by John Lawrence, that revisited the world of the story’s heroine. The introduction to Lyra’s Oxford tells the reader that the book contains a story and several other things. These “might be connected with the story, or they might not; they might be connected to other stories that haven’t appeared yet. It’s not easy to tell” (p. ii). The other things are an annotated map of Lyra’s Oxford (inserted between pages 16 and 17), a postcard sent to a friend, Angela Borman, by Dr. Malone soon after she left her religious order to work in Oxford (pages 51–52), a page from a guidebook to Oxford published by the City Museum, which lists a number of the locations of the story (pages 31–32), and a brochure for a cruise to the Levant on the liner SS Zenobia (pages 53–55). The itinerary is marked, the date of the ship’s arrival in Smyrna, Monday, May 11, is ringed, and a line from the ring leads to a note: “Café Antalya, Süleiman Square, 11 a.m." The introduction tells us that such things, cut adrift from the people for whom they once had a use, trace the line of a story in the same way that an ionizing particle in a bubble chamber traces the line of a path taken by something that cannot be seen. “That path is a story, of course” (p. iii). Dr. Malone would have been familiar with the way in which scientists work out the “story” of a particle from the trace it leaves, but, the introduction suggests, she might not have expected when she sent the postcard that it would trace part of a story that had not yet happened. “Perhaps some particles move backwards in time; perhaps the future affects the past in some way we don’t understand; or perhaps the universe is simply more aware than we are. There are many things we haven’t yet learned how to read,” the introduction says. “The story in this book is partly about that very process” (p. iii). The front of the card has four small black-andwhite photographs of rather ordinary places, which seem odd choices to advertise a city as rich in architectural treasures as Oxford. It would make a very prosaic and even dull postcard, to all but readers of His Dark Materials. The loca-

159

PHILIP PULLMAN of things, mixed up.’ ‘But it feels like it,’ Pan said. ‘It feels as if the whole city’s looking after us. So what we feel is part of the meaning, isn’t it?’” (p. 48).

Christian church, it’s a record of terrible infamy and cruelty and persecution and tyranny. How they have the bloody nerve to go on “Thought for the Day” and tell us all to be good when, given the slightest chance, they’d be hanging the rest of us and ﬂogging the homosexuals and persecuting the witches. (Daily Telegraph)

CRITICAL RESPONSE

The Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, surprised many when he praised the adaptation of His Dark Materials that was performed in 2003 at the London Royal National Theatre, and he and Pullman participated in a live conversation at the theater in March 2004, discussing the part of religion in art and education. In that conversation, Pullman elaborated on the creation myth he envisaged for the series. He explained that there was no “creator,” but that there was matter, which gradually became conscious of itself and developed Dust. The ﬁrst ﬁgure to condense from matter was the Authority, and the angels that followed believed that he was the creator. The war in Heaven came when some angels no longer believed that, and from that challenge came the temptation and Fall.

His Dark Materials has been compared to J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955) and C. S. Lewis’ Chronicles of Narnia (1950– 1956) in terms of imaginative range and power, although of course it is far removed from the Anglo-Saxon and Norse mythology and etymology of the former and the muscular Christianity of the latter. In a 2002 interview with the Daily Telegraph, Pullman expressed surprise at the comparison. “I think Lewis was a remarkable man. But when it came to the Narnia books, I think he was actually dangerous because those books celebrate death. As an end-of-term treat the children are killed: that to me is disgusting” (p. 26). The series has been denounced by church groups. After Pullman was awarded the Whitbread Book of the Year prize, the journalist Peter Hitchens, writing for the Mail on Sunday, suggested in a piece titled “This Is the Most Dangerous Author in Britain” that Pullman’s agenda in writing the trilogy was to dethrone C. S. Lewis and provide an alternative and antidote to the Narnia stories, in novels that “proclaim the death of God to the young” (p. 63). In the Daily Telegraph interview, Pullman responded to this kind of accusation by reminding readers that “the story [His Dark Materials] celebrates love, courage, an imaginative engagement with the world, tolerance, open-mindedness, courtesy. And it criticises cold-heartedness, fanaticism, cruelty, intolerance. Who could argue with that? Even The Catholic Herald will ﬁnd something to agree with in there.” Of the suggestion that he is an atheist, he said, furthermore:

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF PHILIP PULLMAN FIRST EDITIONS

The Haunted Storm. London: New English Library, 1972. Galatea. London: Victor Gollancz, 1978. Using “The Oxford Junior Dictionary’: A Book of Exercises and Games. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. Count Karlstein; or, The Ride of the Demon Huntsman. London: Chatto and Windus, 1982. The Ruby in the Smoke. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. The Shadow in the Plate. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Reissued as The Shadow in the North. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, in association with Oxford University Press, 1988. How To Be Cool. London: Heinemann, . Spring-Heeled Jack: A Story of Bravery and Evil. London: Doubleday, 1989.

Atheism suggests a degree of certainty that I’m not quite willing to accede to. I suppose technically you’d have to put me down as an agnostic. But if there is a God and he is as the Christians describe him, then he deserves to be put down and rebelled against. As you look back over the history of the

160

PHILIP PULLMAN Pullman’s “His Dark Materials.” New York: Knopf, 2005. Lenz, Millicent, and Carole Scott, eds. “His Dark Materials” Illuminated: Critical Essays on Philip Pullman’s Trilogy. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2005. Squires, Claire. Philip Pullman’s “His Dark Materials” Trilogy: A Reader’s Guide. Continum Contemporaries. London: Continuum, 2003. Watkins, Tony. Dark Matter: Shedding Light on Philip Pullman’s Trilogy “His Dark Materials.” Downer’s Grove, Ill.: Intervarsity Press, 2006. Yeffeth, Glen, ed. Navigating the Golden Compass: Religion, Science, and Dæmonology in Philip Pullman’s “His Dark Materials.” Dallas, Texas: Benbella, 2005.

Frankenstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. (Dramatic adaptation.) The Broken Bridge. London: Macmillan, 1990. The Tiger in the Well. London: Viking, 1991. Sherlock Holmes and the Limehouse Horror. Walton-onThames, U.K.: Nelson, 1992. (Drama.) The White Mercedes. London: Pan Macmillan, 1992. Reissued as The Butterﬂy Tattoo. London: Macmillan Children’s, 1998. Thunderbolt’s Waxwork. London: Viking, 1994. The Tin Princess. London: Puffin, 1994. The Firework-Maker’s Daughter. London: Doubleday, 1995. The Gas-ﬁtters’ Ball. London: Viking, 1995. Northern Lights. London: Scholastic, . (Published in the United States as The Golden Compass.) The Wonderful Story of Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp. London: Scholastic, 1995.

INTERVIEWS

AND

REVIEWS

BBC Radio 4 Arts and Drama. “His Dark Materials: Philip Pullman Webchat” (http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/arts/ hisdarkmaterials/pullman_webchat.shtml). Butler, Robert, moderator. “The ‘Dark Materials’ Debate: Life, God, the Universe” (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/03/17/bodark17.xml), March 17, 2004. (Transcript of a moderated conversation between Philip Pullman and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams.) Hedblad, Alan, ed. “Philip Pullman.” In Something About the Author. Vol. 71. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 1993. Hitchens, Peter. “This Is the Most Dangerous Author in Britain.” Mail on Sunday, January 27, 2002, p. 23. “I Am of the Devil’s Party.” Daily Telegraph, January 29, 2002; also available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/ main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2002/01/29/bopull27.xml. (Interview.) Pullman, Philip. The author maintains an active website at http://www.philip-pullman.com that provides details of his publications and their background, and also includes a monthly newsletter in which he discusses educational and ecological as well as personal and literary matters. Wagner, Erica. Review of His Dark Materials. Times, 18 October 18, 2000, pp. T2, T12.

Clockwork; or, All Wound Up. London: Corgi Yearling, 1997. The Subtle Knife. London: Scholastic, 1997. Mossycoat. London: Scholastic, 1998. I Was a Rat! or, The Scarlet Slippers. London: Doubleday, 1999. The Amber Spyglass. London: Scholastic, 2000. Puss in Boots: The Adventures of That Most Enterprising Feline. London: Doubleday, 2000. His Dark Materials. London: Scholastic, 2001. (Trilogy collecting Northern Lights, The Subtle Knife, and The Amber Spyglass.) Lyra’s Oxford. Oxford: David Fickling Books, 2003. The Scarecrow and His Servant. London: Doubleday, 2004.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Colbert, David. The Magical Worlds of Philip Pullman. New York: Berkley, 2006. Gribbin, Mary, and John Gribbin. The Science of Philip

161

CRAIG RAINE (1944—)

Patrick Denman Flanery boarding school. Though his mother was Catholic and Raine was raised in the Catholic church, he claims that he wasn’t a religious boy, but was tremendously keen on ceremonial aspect of church. This kind of aesthetic detail occurs in some of his poetry. Raine remembers reading T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets when he was sixteen, and though he acknowledges that he did not entirely understand Eliot’s poetry then, he recognized that it was poetry and difficult to understand. Reading Eliot prompted him to begin writing his own juvenile poems, which he describes as reams of nonsense. Raine submitted two of these poems to Philip Toynbee at the Observer, who rejected them, explaining that they weren’t very good. Raine’s English master at school urged Raine to stop using the ﬁrst person pronoun in his poetry. As a result, Raine says, he continues to ﬁnd it difficult to use ‘I’ and recognizes that in his ﬁrst collection, The Onion, Memory, he does not feature as a character, something he believes to be uncharacteristic of most ﬁrst collections. After leaving Barnard Castle School, Raine was admitted to Exeter College, Oxford, where he earned a B.A. in English and a B.Phil in Nineteenth-Century and Twentieth-Century Studies. During his undergraduate years, Raine says that he hardly wrote any poems, instead working on bad short stories. He began research towards a doctorate on Coleridge’s philosophy but ultimately abandoned the degree, claiming that he was bored by the idea. Raine held various temporary lectureships in English at Exeter College, Lincoln College, and Christ Church, Oxford between the years of 1971 and 1979. He was literary editor of the New Review in 1977 and 1978, and editor of the literary review Quarto in 1979 and 1980. Following a stint as the New Statesman’s poetry editor

IN HIS 1997 essay “A Criticism of Life,” English poet Craig Raine asserts: “In my naïve, untheoretical, writerly way, I believe in language” (In Defence, p. 1). This subtle polemicism, with its oblique criticism of academic literary theory and self-location in a writerly tradition of “naïve” belief in language, informs much of Raine’s poetic and critical output over the past three decades. Craig Anthony Raine was born on December 3, 1944 in Bishop Auckland, Co. Durham, in the north of England, to Norman Edward and Olive Marie Raine. Raine notes that his father worked on the railways, and mastered many additional trades, though he was really a boxer. His father began ﬁghting from the age of seven and turned professional when he was sixteen. Norman lost while ﬁghting for the feather-weight title of Great Britain and returned to amateur status, twice ﬁghting for England: once, in 1937, he beat German Olympic champion Otto Kästner. In 1940, while serving in the Royal Air Force, Norman Raine was injured in an explosion—in what the family thinks was a Glasgow munitions factory— and, as a result, became permanently disabled with epilepsy. After the war, Norman became a spiritualist and began working as a faith-healer after curing Raine’s brother’s polio. Raine notes that his mother, Olive, wanted her children to do well—alluding to the iconic maternal characters in the novels of D. H. Lawrence, also a working-class writer from the north of England, as well as to Lawrence’s own mother, who Raine describes as terriﬁcally ambitious for her children. Raine contends that Olive “could see that education was a way to move socially” (Carey 1991, p. 14). As a result of Olive’s inﬂuence, Raine and his brother did not attend the local state school, but were scholarship boys at Barnard Castle School, an independent

163

CRAIG RAINE (during 1981), he became poetry editor at Faber and Faber for a decade, a post also once held by T.S. Eliot. In 1991, Raine was appointed to a Fellowship at New College, Oxford. Although known as the originator of Britain’s “Martian poetry” movement (of which Christopher Reid was the other chief exponent), much of Raine’s work has taken as its subject, or been informed by, his domestic life, as well as the histories of his own and his wife’s families. Since 1972, Raine has been married to English academic Ann Pasternak Slater (b. 1944), a lecturer at the University of Oxford and fellow of St. Anne’s College. Pasternak Slater is the daughter of Lydia Pasternak Slater (biochemist, poet, and translator) and psychiatrist Eliot Trevor Oakeshott Slater, CBE, as well as the niece of Boris Pasternak. Raine and Pasternak Slater have a daughter, Nina Raine, a stage director and playwright, and three sons, including Moses Raine, who is also a playwright.

creative work. Gavin Ewart, reviewing The Onion, Memory in the Times Literary Supplement, noted that “there are qualities of thought and control” in the ﬁrst collection which would have been beyond a younger writer, and “metaphor and simile” are the chief formal techniques at work (Ewart p. 728). Ewart argues, however, that only an educated audience would ‘appreciate’ Raine’s “cleverness”. His references, allusions, and language are frequently obscure, or at least require a willingness on the part of the reader to investigate the unknown. Raine’s is not “popular” poetry of the John Betjeman variety, and his inﬂuence on British poetry over the past three decades is signiﬁcant. Divided into six sections, “Yellow Pages”, “The Signiﬁcance of Nothing”, “All the Inventory of Flesh”, “Pre-Raphaelite Paintings”, “Rhyming Cufflinks”, and “Anno Domini” (a ten poem cycle paralleling the life of Christ with the life of an English faith healer, modelled on Raine’s father), The Onion, Memory contains some of Raine’s best-known poems. In the ﬁrst section, “The Butcher” alerts the reader to Raine’s radically playful technique, and his dedication to entirely original images. The butcher offers “thin coiled coral necklaces of mince” and “heart lamé-ed from the fridge, a leg of pork/like a nasty bouquet, pound notes printed with blood” (Onion p. 2). Raine explains that in writing the “Yellow Pages” section, he was inﬂuenced by Picasso’s cubist style. Of “The Butcher,” Raine argues that he very carefully describes the man, and by careful he means full of care: it’s a tender, teasing poem— the way you tease someone you like’. His reﬂection of this empirical evidence means that, in Raine’s view, he is being faithful to his own observations. The poem’s origins, however, are clearly rooted in Raine’s interest in Joyce, whose ability to “describe ordinary things and make them terriﬁcally interesting” “completely galvanised” Raine as a student (Carey 1991, p. 18). He has referred many times to the scene in Ulysses in which Leopold Bloom ‘goes into

THE ONION, MEMORY (1978)

Raine’s ﬁrst collection of poetry immediately signaled his intention to force British poetry in a new direction. Though clearly inﬂuenced by his interest in T.S. Eliot (as well as the poets Robert Lowell, Elizabeth Bishop, and Gerard Manley Hopkins), novelists James Joyce, Rudyard Kipling, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow are amongst Raine’s most intriguing inﬂuences. Chief amongst these is Joyce, who, Raine describes as the writer he most admires. He credits the acquisition of eyeglasses when he was a student with transforming “familiar fuzzy objects” into “unfamiliar and very sharp” things. Additionally, he claims that “having children” required that he “develop a microscopic eye and a microscopic ear [#] a sensitivity’; once developed, he says, “this attention to small things [#] never really leaves you” (Carey 1991, p. 16). The combination of these two qualities—the defamiliarization of the ordinary, and a hypersensitive attention to detail—informs the aesthetic impulses underlying the largest part of his

164

CRAIG RAINE Dlugacz’s butcher’s shop and buys a kidney’; Joyce writes ‘nearly a page about the paper being torn, the greaseproof paper wrapping the moist gland, taking the money, the money being read, trickled into the till.’ Raine felt that if Joyce could accomplish so much ‘with something as ordinary as that, then the whole material of life’ would be ‘available to [the poet].’ Raine’s preoccupation with the quotidian is a response to what he sees—or saw in the late 1970s—as the phenomenon of English poetry in particular being ‘shrunk into a corner’ so that only ‘landscape and the weather’ were considered suitable subjects (Carey 1991, p. 18). In “An Enquiry into Two Inches of Ivory”, from the second section of The Onion, Memory, Raine’s preoccupation with defamiliarizing the everyday comes to the fore:

This new brand of “Martian” poetry, a term borrowed from Raine’s second collection, is not without its convinced detractors. Andrew Waterman argues that “[t]he false-naivety inherent in the Martian procedures of defamiliarisation sentimentalises experience at the expense of true emotion’, and is “useless for engagement with the moral life that such poetry mostly renounces anyway”, while the style “reduces poetry to a parlour game, poems to strings of little visual riddles to be cracked and left emptied shells.” Any such formulaic poetry, Waterman argues, can only “aspire to survive as a footnote to literary history” (Waterman, p. 46). Waterman compares Martianism with the early twentiethcentury Georgian movement, which also considered its role “as revitalising English poetry, offering something new and unconventional” but which, in his view, only managed “to coordinate the aspirations of a younger generation anxious to make its distinctive mark” (Waterman, p. 47). It is clear that Waterman regards the achievements of Martianism as similarly self-interested. Waterman contends that Martianism “operates an adaptable formula comprised of two connected tricks”: one, “to discover visual likeness between things disparate in kind and context, with a claim thus to supply fresh perception purged of habitual associations,” and two, “a more extreme variant” of this, “wherein, by affectation of alien’s-eye untutored incomprehension of earthly matters, metaphor enacts inability to make normal sense of commonplace phenomena” (Waterman, p. 43). Dismissively, Waterman suggests that this style is merely “cribbed” from Anglo-Saxon riddles, and accuses Raine and Christopher Reid both of failing “signiﬁcantly [to] illuminate human experience or enact human vision” (Waterman, p. 44). Michael Hulse, however, has suggested that the “mixed reception from the Establishment” which greeted Raine’s work—and Martianism more generally—was, in part, the result of “a good many poets of less vigorous imagination” feeling “threatened by poetry which so obviously fulﬁls Aristotle’s prescription for genius—that it should possess the gift of making easy metaphoric connection’ (Hulse 1983, p. 21). Of “[t]he quick

We live in the great indoors: the vacuum cleaner grazes over the carpet, lowing, its udder a swollen wobble# (Onion, p. 10).

The inventive zoomorphism—a vacuum cleaner as grazing cow—opens the world, and the most banal aspects of modern life, to a potentially limitless ﬁeld of linguistic and allusive play. A lightbulb is an “electric pear” which “ripens” with light, while light switches are “ﬂat-faced/ barn-owls.” These, Raine tells us, are all “Daily things. Objects / in the museum of ordinary art” (Onion, p. 10). The ellipsis at the end of the poem’s ﬁrst stanza signals what Raine describes as aposiopesis, the sudden breaking off of speech, which signiﬁes both the artiﬁciality of the poetic form and Raine’s tendency to allow ambiguity to function as a creatively destabilizing force in his work, or as David G. Williams suggests, this kind of “ending” means “that no neat summarising closure has been made”, and, when such ellipses appear at the end of Raine’s poems, as they often do, “the concerns of the poem will continue to resonate unresolved after the formal ending of the poem” (Williams, p. 456).

165

CRAIG RAINE sharp thrusts of [Raine’s] couplets and the riddlemaker’s precision of his images”, Hulse says these “guarantee an agreeable aftertaste”: “no one has seen quite as Raine has seen, no one has written as he has written, nor has anyone thought of his indelible images: the secret is his uniqueness” (Hulse 1983, pp. 21–2).

Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings and some are treasured for their markings— they cause the eyes to melt or the body to shriek without pain. I have never seen one ﬂy, but sometimes they perch on the hand (Martian, p. 1)

One ﬁrst has to know that, Caxton, refers to William Caxton, who died in 1492, and was the ﬁrst English printer. Thus, in this context, “Caxtons” refers to books, “many wings” are pages, and like exotic birds, some books “are treasured” for their bindings, illustrations, and beauty of design, as well as for their contents, stories or poetry or whatever else, which have the power to make one’s eyes “melt” or body “shriek”—from emotion in response to the book, rather than physical pain. Elsewhere in the poem, with the conceit ﬁrmly established, the Martian explains that “Rain is when the earth is television. / It has the property of making colours darker” and a “Model T”—or a car—“is a room with the lock inside—/ a key is turned to free the world / / for movement” (Martian p. 1). The Martian ﬁnds that “time is tied to the wrist / or kept in a box, ticking with impatience”, while a telephone is “a haunted apparatus” that “sleeps” and, referring to the dial tone, “snores when you pick it up.” A trip to the toilet means going “to a punishment room / / with water but nothing to eat”, where adults “lock the door and suffer the noises / / alone [#] and everyone’s pain has a different smell” (Martian, p. 2). Charles Forceville rather unconvincingly complains of the “degree of arbitrariness” necessary “in selecting the phenomena with which the Martian is acquainted, and those with which he is not,” and is worried by what he regards as “inconsistencies” suggestive of “a lack of internal coherence”: “the poet has not consistently shown the world from the Martian’s point of view” (Forceville, p. 104–5). As Michael Hulse notes, critics “unsympathetic” to the aims of Martian poetry ask “so what?” of this kind of metaphoric playfulness: “The charge against the poets is that their image-making zest and energy constitute

A MARTIAN SENDS A POSTCARD HOME (1979)

Raine has described his second collection as sombre and witty, two qualities which, to him, do not seem to be in conﬂict with each other, although his assessment of conﬂicting views of, and conﬂicting linguistic approaches to, describing the world is perhaps more illuminating. In an interview with John Carey, he asserts: there’s a sort of standard way of looking at things – Oxford and Cambridge, BBC, Foreign Office, MPs—there’s clearly an official version of life, which expresses itself in official language, and what interests me is the anonymous. Partly because I come out of the anonymous myself, and I know what vivid humus it is. [#] It’s not good enough to say, look, this is an interesting geranium. You actually want the gravel at the bottom and the shards and then the Irish peat or whatever—everything. And there’s something about the official record which is edited, abbreviated, censored—and I’m absolutely against censorship. [#] You have to admit what’s going on in your head (Carey 1991, p. 15)

The collection as a whole is informed by an epigraph from James Joyce that describes, in illuminating terms, the very ordinary business of taking a train journey, signaling to the reader that what follows—Raine’s poems—will similarly look upon the ordinary from a fresh perspective. “A Martian Sends a Postcard Home,” the title poem in the collection, radically destabilizes the reader’s expectations. Assuming that the speaking persona is a Martian—either literally or ﬁguratively—the reader’s job is to decode the elaborate defamiliarizing metaphors:

166

CRAIG RAINE months later,” she ﬁnds herself pregnant, and takes an overdose of aspirin: “God danced on his cross / at the foot her bed / / like Nijinsky having a heart attack#”. Michael Hulse describes this as “the ﬁnest poem” of the second collection, and while he acknowledges that there is nothing “original” in the story itself, he credits Raine with an exceptionally rendered “felicity that conjures forth every essential element in the narrative in a handful of precisely-chosen words,” as well as with realizing that “such images speak for themselves”, requiring no “overt moralizing”—something Raine’s poetry conspicuously resists (Hulse 1983, p. 26). The title poem in A Martian Sends a Postcard Home won the Prudence Farmer Award in 1978 for the best poem appearing in The New Statesman, and “Laying a Lawn” was joint winner of the same prize in 1980. “Flying to Belfast, 1977” and “Mother Dressmaking” won ﬁrst prizes in the Cheltenham Festival of Literature, 1977 and 1978 respectively, while the collection as a whole won the Southern Arts Literature Prize in 1979. Reviewing the collection in the Times Literary Supplement in 1980, John Bayley argues that, like Donne, Raine creates “popular and highly individualized versions of poetry’s most ancient device for turning the unforgiving facts of existence to favour and to prettiness—the riddle”, and credits him with having “far too tight a grip of things to need to display feeling,” praising the “exoticism” of his “[m]anipulation of comparisons and verbal echoes” (Bayley 1980, p. 5).

shallowness and lack of human feeling.” Hulse insists, however, that such charges fail to acknowledge Raine’s appropriate “aesthetic context,” one in which his images ‘recreate (not describe) the object-subject, in which case they give us [#] a Rilkean sense of penetration; or they serve as illustrative ampliﬁcation in the delineation of situation, scene, or even narrative’ (Hulse 1983, p. 26). ’Laying a Lawn’, dedicated to British novelist Ian McEwan, a friend and contemporary of Raine’s, returns to the rich imagery of books as material objects, describing rolls of sod as “crumbling tomes” which the speaker carries “two at a time from the stack”, to “lay them open on the ground,” like the wordless books my daughter lugs about unread or tramples underfoot. I stamp the simple text of grass with woodwormed brogues

(Martian, p. 26)

The poem ends with an unﬂinching description of his young daughter, “the thin charcoal cruciﬁx / her legs and buttocks make [#] her little cunt’s neat button-hole, / and the navel’s wrinkled pip” (pp. 26–27). Andrew Waterman dismisses this as a “procedure [which] trails jarring conceptual incongruities” (Waterman, p. 45), while Charles Forceville argues that the speaker is “suppress[ing] thoughts of his daughter’s future suffering,” as signiﬁed by the cruciﬁx imagery (Forceville, p. 113). The speaker asserts that his and his daughter’s “bodies are immortal in their ignorance” and concludes ambiguously that “neither one of us can read / this Domesday Book” (Martian, p. 27). Forceville notes that “Domesday Book” refers both to William I’s 1086 census in England, as well as “an Old English poem” called “Doomsday” (Forceville, p. 114), mingling the teleological with the ordinary intimacy of gardening. “In the Dark’ recounts a story about a teenage girl who lies “about her age” and has an encounter with a “young Coldstream guard”: “Laid out on the grass, / her shrivelled tights, the wings / / of her nylon bra. Virgins” (Martian, p. 29). “Six

RICH (1984)

Raine’s third full-length collection, Rich, includes an extended prose narrative, “A Silver Plate,” which recounts some of the experiences of his childhood and the history of his parents. An epigraph from Saul Bellow’s The Adventures of Augie March both suggests the extent of the American novelist’s inﬂuence on Raine’s work, as well as rationalizes, as Bellow says, why a writer tells you more about the people who formed him than of the writer himself. During his childhood, Raine says that his father made no money out of faith-healing and the family was

167

CRAIG RAINE Raine’s work. (See The Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union and History: The Home Movie below). When he was nine, he joined the library and began reading two adventure stories a day for two years. Raine confesses that the most important book in his possession was not a book at all, but a serial comic-book version of Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel Kidnapped, the pages of which he had torn from the back of a comic book he read at the time called the Topper. Once he had all the pages for Kidnapped, his mother sewed them together and he spent most of his childhood with the resulting book. David Bromwich contends that there was some indication as early as The Onion, Memory that Raine was, in part, a confessional poet—“in certain respects his work was modelled on Lowell’s and Plath’s,” though he “affected to be affectless” (Bromwich, p. 1193). Bromwich traces the inﬂuence of Robert Lowell’s Life Studies on “A Silver Plate,” although he credits Raine with a “much less mannered” prose style, “calm, disciplined and free of cliché.” “A Silver Plate” is book-ended by the sections “Rich” and “Poor,” the poems of which tend largely to conform to Raine’s established aesthetic, though there is some evidence of a growing preoccupation with the larger sweep of European history in the twentieth century, while in the ﬁrst section the poems “An Attempt at Jealousy”, “Pornography”, “Arsehole”, and “Gauguin” begin to indicate the extent to which Raine’s work is intent on disturbing any anachronistic illusions that poetry need conform to a demure or polite idiom. As Raine himself has argued, ‘It’s all the inadmissable [sic] stuff that [#] it’s important to get into poetry, all the inadmissable [sic] evidence, all the evidence against yourself” (Carey 1991, p. 16).

poor, living off Norman’s pension from the war. Nonetheless, since his father was unemployed, Raine’s he was always present, and one might trace the narrative impulse in Raine’s verse to his father’s talents as a story teller, with a large list of boxing stories. Olive’s sewing supplemented the family’s income, while his father and uncle performed a double act in concert parties— though these were curtailed by the constant threat of Norman’s epileptic ﬁts. Because of the familiarity of these ﬁts Raine does not remember being frightened by them as a child, although his father would sometimes scream, while trying to smash his head on the ﬂoor. Olive, meanwhile, suffered from anaemia and depression sewing into the early hours of the morning. Raine describes his home town as “a typical, ugly small town in the north of England”; Olive ‘had social pretensions, looking down on their neighbors—as a result, the Raines weren’t popular’, and their middle-class neighbors disliked them. Raine admits that he and his brother behaved poorly thanks to their father’s unﬂinching support of his sons against any claims levelled against them as children. Once, Raine attempted to have a birthday party like other children, but in the end only one boy came, without a present, and did nothing but eat. Raine’s was not a literary childhood: there were no books in the home where he lived; his father read popular cowboy stories but stopped when Olive ridiculed him for wasting time. Radio, instead, was the chief form of entertainment, and his mother made the family listen to the Christmas broadcast to the Commonwealth give by the Queen every year—an affectation which Raine links to her sense that her family had fallen from the middle class. His father, however, was not afraid to stand up for the family and as a disabled ex-serviceman, demanded a house. He got one a week later— the prefab Raine lived in until he was eleven. Apart from the radio, the other chief entertainment of Raine’s childhood was the cinema, and he recalls seeing Mario Lanza in The Great Caruso, and Jack Palance in Attila the Hun and Apache. After Rich, the inﬂuence of cinema, and cinematic techniques, becomes more apparent in

THE ELECTRIFICATION OF THE SOVIET UNION (1986)

In 1986, Raine’s libretto for an opera composed by Nigel Osborne was published by Faber and Faber. Based on The Last Summer, Boris Pasternak’s semi-autobiographical novella, and Pasternak’s poem “Spectorsky”, the opera is organized

168

CRAIG RAINE and despises the Frestlns because they treat her like a chambermaid. Serezha comes to the Frestlns defense, but Anna is implacable. Serezha encourages Anna to conﬁde in him, and during a trip to a lake in the countryside, she tells him about her dead husband; Serezha tries to kiss her, but she slaps him and leaves. Act Two, remaining in Serezha’s ﬂashback to 1914, begins with him visiting a prostitute, Sashka, with whom he is in love. Shortly after Serezha leaves Sashka’s ﬂat, police arrive to arrest her in the middle of the night. Meanwhile, Anna threatens to leave the Frestlns when their son, Harry, falls ill, and Mrs. Frestln begs her to stay. When Serezha returns to their house, he ﬁnds the Frestlns gone, and Anna sick in bed, hot with fever. He asks her to marry him, but while he is busy writing, she sneaks out of the house with her suitcase. Act Two ends with a return to 1916 and Natasha introducing Lemokh to Serezha, who refuses to shake his hand. In the Epilogue, Serezha returns, after the Revolution, to the Frestlns’ house where he ﬁnds Anna, now a fearsome party official, overseeing the dismantling of the property; she explains that the Frestlns were traitors to the state and, as such, their property must be conﬁscated. Serezha protests that they were his friends and Anna says, menacingly, that evidence is incriminating. She tells him to leave, promising to destroy the album containing the pictures. Serezha departs, but Lemokh, who is making an inventory of the Frestlns’ belongings, takes the album from Anna before she has the opportunity to destroy it. In a review of the Glyndebourne Touring Opera production in October 1987, Christopher Wintle describes it as “curiously underachieved” and he notes Raine’s rebuttal, in his preface to the published libretto, of W. H. Auden’s view that a good libretto places its characters in situations which are too tragic or fantastic for words, and his attempt to “redeem poetic drama for our time.” Wintle identiﬁes Raine’s effort as “ﬁrmly in a Russian operatic tradition stemming from [Aleksandr Sergeyevich] Dargomizhsky,” the nineteenth-century Russian nationalist composer, among whose works was an adaptation of Pushkin’s play The Stone Guest. Wintle notes that

into two Acts and an Epilogue. In his “Production Note” for the libretto, Raine asserts that the adaptation was “conceived not as drama, but as poetic ﬁlm,” and each scene, if staged, calls for the projection of ﬁlmed sequences as a scenic backdrop. John Bayley, assessing Raine’s libretto in Poetry Review, explains that “Lenin is said to have remarked that Electriﬁcation + Soviets = Communism” (Bayley 1986, p. 11). Set in the winter of 1916 in Ousolie, Russia, with ﬂashbacks to May and June 1914 and an epilogue in the early 1920s, the action of Raine’s libretto centers around Serezha Spectorsky, a poet (and Pasternak alter ego), his sister, Natasha, and his relationship with a wealthy bourgeois family, the Frestlns. Bayley notes the “echoes of ‘spectre’ and ‘spectator"’” in Spectorsky’s name, which “gives its own meaning to the piece” (Bayley 1986, p. 11). Throughout the opera, the ﬁgure of Pasternak sits at a table on stage, writing the action that is taking place in front of the audience. The result, Ian Gregson argues, is that “three authors are in conversation with each other—one implied (Raine) one dramatised (Pasternak) and one prospective (Serezha),” so that the opera’s “central theme” is Serezha’s “prospectiveness” as an author, showing “how authors assimilate the voices of others” (Gregson, p. 141). Serezha, who has failed the medical examination for military service, arrives in Ousolie after a three-day train journey. He tells Natasha that he is haunted by the wounded soldiers he has seen, but recognizes that he is only ﬁtted for the trade of the useless intellectual. At Natasha’s dacha, or country house, she receives a phone call (a sign of electriﬁcation which surprises Serezha) from Lemokh, a menacing student and symbol of the imminent revolution. Natasha tells her brother that Lemokh is coming for dinner and warns Serezha that Lemokh is practical and not a dreamer like Serezha. This seems to spur Serezha’s memory of 1914, when he worked as private tutor to the Frestln family, who are assumed by other characters to be Jewish. During the ﬂashback, Serezha is infatuated with the family’s governess, Anna Arild, who is in mourning for her dead husband

169

CRAIG RAINE row [Raine’s] style” with the addition of “turbulence and an adolescent eloquence” suitable for the character’s age—qualities which Raine regards as “slightly comical”, and intended to “undercut” Serezha (Forbes, p. 10).

Pasternak’s The Last Summer was “itself a loose conglomeration of episodes (though its title still seems more appropriate than Raine’s Lenininspired replacement)” and charges Raine with clinging “too faithfully to the profusion of character and incident” of Pasternak’s story “without ﬂeshing out the main action sufﬁciently”, with the result that, as performed, “the narrative is incomprehensible without reference, not merely to the libretto, but to the novella as well.” Wintle suggests that Raine’s libretto is “so terse that it might ﬂourish better without music,” but that it remains notable for “the very delightful and poignant quality of the lyrics” (Wintle, p. 1141). John Bayley has expressed more fulsome praise for Raine’s text, asserting that his “poetry here is so good, so superbly forceful and complete” that he ﬁnds it difficult “to imagine any music which would not diminish it” Bayley thought it the best poetry Raine then had written, “as good as the best of [W.H.] Auden in the same vein’ though “completely itself, wholly original” (Bayley 1986, p. 11). Bayley sees in Raine’s formal and stylistic technique a concern with “the poetic temperament of the young Pasternak”, and intriguingly notes that Raine’s octosyllabic line “comes most naturally to Russian, and is used by Pasternak himself” as well as by Pushkin “whose marvellous little dramatic compositions [#] like Rusalka, have a decided affinity with some of Raine’s best effects” (Bayley 1986, p. 12). Bayley contends that The Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union “hangs together with absolute precision” and as a “poetic drama [#] is complete and perfect” (Bayley 1986, p. 12). In an interview conducted at the time of the libretto’s publication, Raine argued that the formal constraints of opera negate the possibility of using “difficult metaphors that people would have to puzzle over”—the very kinds of metaphors which characterized his work up to this point. Moreover, he thought it necessary “to write songs in character”, and since “most of [the] songs” in the opera were “written for people who would naturally express themselves simply” he chose “a rhetoric of plainness.” The exception is Serezha Spectorsky, who, as “a poet [#] can bor-

‘1953’, A VERSION OF RACINE’S ANDROMAQUE (1990)

In 1987, British theater and opera director Jonathan Miller commissioned Raine to translate seventeenth-century French playwright Jean Racine’s version of the Greek tragedy (itself adapted from a version of the story by Euripides), intended for production at London’s Old Vic theatre in 1988. Raine reports that “Miller wanted a clean, modern translation,” one that eliminated the “thees” and “thous"” of other translations. He attempted “about one act of straight translation into rhyming octosyllabics,” the same form he had used for The Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union, but found himself “bored”; he also “wanted to use [his] own language, [his] own contemporary speech” (Carey 1991, p. 18), and “realized that Miller’s simple request was impossible” because Racine’s idiom and imagery was so ﬁrmly rooted in the seventeenth century. Any attempt to render it in English would result in “an idiom which is neither contemporary nor anything approaching Racine’s poetic diction, either in its genuine reach or in its artiﬁciality.” “The solution,” Raine decided, “was to update the entire piece in order to use contemporary English fearlessly.” As a translator, he says he felt the “need to create space for [himself] as a writer” because “there is a sort of egotism of the imagination,” and, with translation, the translator has to “shove the other writer to one side”. “Miller disagreed”, however, and used a “more literal translation” by Eric Korn. Raine’s “free version” is set “in a ﬁctitious 1953,” hence the quotation marks around the date in the title, signifying a 1953 in which Britain has surrendered to the Axis powers, and World War II continues on the Russian front (In Defence pp. 24–5). Ultimately, Raine’s adaptation was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in 1990, and staged by Glasgow Citizens’ Theatre in 1991, and by

170

CRAIG RAINE War II and the post-war period, with the result that “the premise” of Raine’s version “can only be fully understood in the perspectives of the past and of other possible versions of the present” (Gregson, p. 130). Snaith notes that Raine’s version follows the structure of Racine’s, with ﬁve acts, and scenes which “follow the order” of the original, although Raine does not adhere to “principles of French scenic division” (Snaith 1991, p. 144). Snaith, however, is unconvinced by Raine’s directorial intrusions in the stage directions, including details of “cigarettes, evening gowns and shagreen compacts”, which he feels suggest “Hollywood melodrama,” a kind of “tinselly vulgarity” which infuses the drama with “a spurious glamour” (Snaith 1991, p. 145). Nevertheless, the Racinian theme of unrequited love is still intact in Raine’s version and “[c]ruelty and suffering” remain the chief elements of characterisation, while Raine’s formal technique foregrounds the characters’ “sexuality, viciousness and desperation” (Snaith 1991, p. 146-48).

London’s Almeida Theatre in 1996, in a production directed by British playwright Patrick Marber. As Guy Snaith suggests, in Raine’s version London stands for Racine’s Troy, Rome for Epirus, Nazi Germany for Greece (Snaith 1996, p. 15). Winston Churchill has died by inhaling his own vomit while passed out drunk, and Benito Mussolini has been succeeded by his son, Vittorio (Pyrrhus), who is in love with Annette LeSkye (Andromaque), the Jewish widow of English aristocrat Hector LeSkye (who Vittorio killed). In Rome, Annette and her son, Angus, claimant to the English throne, are both being held prisoner by Vittorio, who has promised to marry his mistress, German Princess Ira (Hermione), as a means of reinforcing the weakening Italo-German alliance. The play’s action is triggered by the arrival of Princess Ira’s cousin, Count Klaus Maria von Orestes, who is unrequitedly in love with her. Von Orestes demands that Vittorio turn over Angus LeSkye to Germany so that he can be exterminated because he is half-Jewish. Vittorio resists von Orestes, but gives Annette an ultimatum: unless she agrees to marry Vittorio, he will give Angus to the Germans. At ﬁrst, Annette refuses, but eventually sees that she must consent, although she plans to kill herself after the marriage when Angus’s safety is assured. Princess Ira, however, learning of Vittorio’s plan to marry Annette, orders von Orestes to kill Vittorio, determined that no one should have him if she cannot. Thus, von Orestes kills Vittorio after his wedding to Annette LeSkye, and Princess Ira subsequently commits suicide. Ian Gregson argues that “1953”, along with Raine’s libretto for The Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union, is a natural outgrowth of the poet’s interest in “the juxtaposition of viewpoints,” as “the clashing of points of view can be given theatrical form” and the dramatic form “averts” the “dangers” of a “claustropobic and distortive” “lyric selfhood” (Gregson, p. 130). Gregson argues that “the dramatic world” of Raine’s version of Racine’s play “is in dialogue with several other dramatic worlds—with Racine’s Andromaque’, as well as with the real history of World

HISTORY: THE HOME MOVIE (1994)

A novel in verse, blending and ﬁctionalizing the histories of Raine’s own family with that of his wife, History: The Home Movie takes Europe in the twentieth century as its canvas and tracks the lives of the Pasternaks in their migrations from Russia to Germany to England, and the Raines from the north of England to Oxford. As Raine explains in his essay “Aristotle,” the book “is partly about the Pasternaks, my wife’s famous relations, and partly about my own much more ordinary family,” although Raine does not consider the Raines in the least ordinary (In Defence, p. 514). Dense with personal signiﬁcation, which often slips into opacity, the poem is effectively a sequence of images or moments whose narrative purpose is not always clear. The book is less a linear narrative with a discernible plot than an imagistic series of snapshots, or, indeed, home movies (with the fractured, collage-like quality suggested by the term) of various moments in the lives of the Raines and Pasternaks.

171

CRAIG RAINE Beginning with “1905: A Dacha by the Black Sea,” Raine imagines his wife’s grandparents, Rosalia and Leonid Pasternak, at home with their children. The intimacies of domestic life are immediately juxtaposed against the century’s threat of impending conﬂict. The speaking persona of this ﬁrst poem appears to shift between Raine’s own objective narration and that of Leonid, an accomplished painter. This immediately establishes the larger concerns of the book—the personal versus the “historical”—and suggests that Raine occupies a position analogous to Leonid’s: a poet-as-painter of the story which will unfold, brooding and forensic in its detail, concerned with beauty but also with the banal speciﬁcities of everyday life, the inevitable “turds” of living which can be transformed into a work of art, and the ﬁlth of the twentieth century. Amongst the more memorable and affecting sections of the novel is “1934: Answer the Telephone,” in which Boris Pasternak, Leonid’s son, receives a phone call from Stalin, to ask him if the poet Osip Mandelstam, who wrote a satirical attack on the Soviet leader, is a genius. Nonetheless, despite his jealousy Boris conﬁrms that Mandelstam is a genius, and only then does he realize that Stalin is asking not because he wishes to honor Mandelstam, but because he wants to know if he can safely eliminate the poet. In crediting him with genius, Boris saves the other poet’s life, although not his liberty. As John Bayley argues of Raine’s treatment of this wellknown conversation, “it pungently makes the point that all poets cannot help being more interested in their own reputations than in those of their fellows,’ while simultaneously being ‘fascinated and seduced in the presence of power” (Bayley 1995, p. 54). Elsewhere, in “1935: Who was Bismarck?”, Raine imagines his wife’s father, Eliot, a psychiatrist with eugenicist sympathies, on the verge of marrying Boris’s sister, Lydia Pasternak. Eliot reﬂects on Germany’s then recently established anti-Semitic laws stating that full Jews and half Jews must marry full Jews only and acknowledges Lydia’s Jewishness.

Later we learn of Eliot’s inﬁdelities, and ultimately see, in “1971: Constance”, the family journey—and history itself—coming full circle, with Lydia’s daughter’s visit to Russia in 1971, and her meeting with Osip Mandelstam’s widow, Nadezhda. Once again, the intimate personal detail reverberates against the reader’s knowledge of the historical events which precede and inform it. While the book clearly has considerable personal signiﬁcance for Raine himself, and is remarkably ambitious in its scope, there is little narrative coherence, and it is often difficult to know with any certainty what is happening, or even which of the many “characters” outlined in the family tree at the front of the book features in a given section. Rather than struggling to follow the impressionist narrative line, readers should see the book as an evocative sequence of images which demonstrate Raine’s astute eye for the illuminating detail. Critical reception of the work has been decidedly mixed. Michael Hofman, reviewing Raine’s Collected Poems in The Observer, ungenerously dismisses History (included in full in the volume) as “a litany of insigniﬁcant and overspeciﬁed detail, sexual activity and laboured italics in between the now routine similes,” characterized by “reductive and soulless commentary” (Hofman, online). John Bayley is less dismissive in his 1995 review, although his earlier enthusiasm for Raine is clearly dampened. He argues, correctly, that History belongs not to “poetic modernism”, but to “postmodernism, where everything goes, provided it makes an impact on cue, and in the surprised moment.” Of Raine’s “home movie” trope, Bayley claims that the poet’s “projector reels on erratically, careless of whether the picture makes sense or not”; what matters is that readers “register” the work’s “vividness in their gasps or laughs or sniggers.” He worries, however, that the result is “very repetitive and physical,” and that the “novelty [#] soon begins to wear off,” in spite of the obvious “authority” of the work—which he locates in its originality of form and intent. What most worries Bayley is what he perceives as the limitations of Martianism as a style, arguing that “when there

172

CRAIG RAINE woman in a Nazi concentration camp, with a newborn baby. In his notes at the back of the volume, Raine explains that the content of Sheol is mostly taken from the testimony of Ruth Elias, a survivor of Dr. Josef Mengele’s Birkenau who participated in the mock-trial at Jerusalemin 1985. Raine was unable to forget the testimony he heard on the BBC’s “International Assignment.” The third section, Limbo, places itself in Oxford, and, through a meditation on aging, laments the death of a friend. The fourth section, Shaman, is informed by Raine’s wide reading on shamanism, but appears to be rooted in his own boyhood experience of Roman Catholicism. The speaker has a shamanlike vision, in which he could see his dead sister, who died at the age of three, before he was ever born. He then moves on to more elaborately imagine being his parents. The ﬁfth section, Paradise, is more abstract, apparently addressed to a lover, or perhaps his wife. The sixth section, A Chest of Drawers, is a further meditation on death, prompted by the death of a friend’s mother. Coda, the four-line ﬁnal section sounds a hopeful, if, suitably for Raine, understated note of death and forgiveness. Collectively, the seven sections of ‘The Prophetic Book’ seem to suggest, as Raine’s own blurb does, a growing preoccupation with mortality, but also with the life cycle more generally, and human cruelty, isolation, and the great mysteriousness of family constellations, as well as a continued emphasis on the juxtaposition of intimate domestic moments against the sweep of history, though in this instance, history, as represented by Sheol, is kept discrete from the more personal intimacies of the other six sections—an unsettling reminder, perhaps, of humanity’s remarkable talent for atrocity.

is no point” underlying the trick of defamiliarizing the familiar, then “this verbal nose-picking can become as wearisome for the reader as the mechanical rhythm of the home movie itself”, so that it becomes little more than “a clever machine” (Bayley 1995, p. 54).

CLAY. WHEREABOUTS UNKNOWN (1996)

Raine explains on the cover copy of the Penguin edition of his most recent full collection that the poems in Clay. Whereabouts Unknown “were written in the decade” he spent working on History: The Home Movie, a period in which “two sons were born, one of whom sparked off” the seven-part poem “The Prophetic Book” ﬁrst published in Poland in 1986. Raine describes “The Prophetic Book” as an expression “of sustained wonder at the world—its limitless, offhand beatitudes, its mysteries and its bleak brevities”. Alongside the birth of two sons, the decade also saw the deaths of “many loved friends,” including his wife’s parents, and an “old love,” Kitty Mrosovsky, who later became the subject of his 1999 poem A la recherche du temps perdu.. The British Penguin edition is illustrated with a photograph of the artwork Etude d’Expression, 1900—a work made of clay, its whereabouts unknown. “The Prophetic Book,” ﬁrst published in 1988 in Lódz, Poland, in a large-format limited edition with linocut illustrations by Krzysztof Wawrzyniak, with a parallel translation by Polish poet Jerzy Jarniewicz, moves through seven discrete narrative territories. The poem begins with a section titled The Prophetic Book, in which the speaker promises the world to his audience— implicitly, perhaps, the son Raine mentions in the blurb. After the vast canvas of History, it initially appears that Raine has returned to the more intimate territory of his earlier work—the turban suggesting segmented fruit, suspensory bandages for ball baskets, “the lemon squeezer” representing the plastic shields which cover urinal drains in Britain. Sheol, the second section, however, returns to the kinds of historical concerns that featured in Raine’s epic; its speaking persona is a

A LA RECHERCHE DU TEMPS PERDU (1999)

Raine’s most recent volume of verse borrows its title from Marcel Proust’s epic multi-volume semi-autobiographical novel of remembrance, though Raine’s poem is deﬁantly seven-hundred lines in length—forty-one pages in its slim Picador edition. First published in the inaugural

173

CRAIG RAINE edition of Raine’s own tri-quarterly literary journal, Areté (and, under the title “The Way it Was”, in the short-lived American periodical Talk Magazine), the poem was received with both admiration and outrage. Its off-rhymed couplets are addressed to a dead lover widely recognized as the former academic, novelist, and translator Catherine “Kitty” Mrosovsky. Raine met Mrosovsky in 1967, and they dated for several years. Although unnamed in the poem at the request of her family—Mrosovsky died from an AIDSrelated illness in 1995—there is no mystery about the identity of the poem’s subject. Raine does not ﬂinch from describing the intimacies of his relationship with Mrosovsky and the poem functions both as confession and elegy. The jacket blurb on the Picador edition insists that “[b]ecause it takes commemoration seriously,” the poem “extends the boundaries of the elegy” by attempting “to restore the lost person—in all her beauty, her difficulty, her charm, her formidable complexity, her sexuality, in all her reality.” Sexuality and reality are chief amongst the poem’s narrative and aesthetic concerns and, as such, have been the focus of hostile criticism. Beginning with Mrosovsky’s cremation in London, the speaker laments the dead lover’s absence. Appropriately, the intimate details of the relationship, which unfold over the length of the poem, sustain the promise of irritation and insolubility, even when recalling the occasion when Mrosovsky revealed that she had AIDS. The colloquial language of the piece works both to situate the poem in a speciﬁcally British geographic and social context (Mrosovsky is presented as a kind of upper-middle class bohemian) and to ground her sexual affairs in the quotidian, even the routine. Answering charges of racism for his use of the term “black boys” in the poem, Raine insists that, for him, the term “black” is neutral and, far from functioning satirically, he argues that the phrase was the most economical way of conveying the information (Billen p. 7). Rather than wallowing in any lurid imagining of the nature of his past lover’s affairs with other

men, the speaker is haunted by the very fact of Mrosovsky’s promiscuity, so that at the funeral he was unable to cry. The juxtaposition of his understandable worries about his own health, with references to twentieth-century Czech poet Miroslav Holub and nineteenth-century English critic and artist John Ruskin, suggests a collision of aesthetic with more mortal concerns. Recalling Mrosovksy writing on an occasion, Raines writes of the density of signiﬁcation that reinforces Mrosovsky’s cosmopolitan social position (via the Sheaffer pen), but also sexualizes the whole of her person in the same moment that it fuses a memory of her alive with the unshakeable reality of her death. Sex, in this case, is conﬂated with death. With direct references to several living writers, the social and literary context of the poem’s narrative space is determinedly speciﬁc. The speaker accuses Mrosovsky of being “a literary snob” and speciﬁc references to Martin Amis, Julian Barnes, and Ian McEwan are set in contrast with the dead Mrosovky’s translation of Gustave Flaubert’s “foie gras text” La Tentation de Saint Antoine (The Temptation of Saint Anthony)—her drafts of which he had “gagged at”—and publication in 1985 of a novel, Hydra, “which was ‘ambitious’ and unreadable” even to the speaker, who suspected he “might have a walk-on part.” Nonetheless, the speaker realizes that his exlover’s literary efforts were comparatively ‘trivial,” because, by then, Mrosovsky knew that she had AIDS, her “ex-, the black bisexual” having “died in the States.” As if to explain (or perhaps defend) the title of the poem, the speaker records that Proust’s novel was Mrosovsky’s “favourite book”, the fourth volume, Sodome et Gomorrhe, kept in the bathroom, “beside the loo.” This might be read as a wry anticipation of critical hostility to the poem, as if Raine’s own borrowing of the title of Proust’s masterpiece for a work so spare and unapologetically naked in its physical descriptions had also sullied great art. Writing in The Guardian, novelist Lucretia Stewart vaguely describes A la recherche du

174

CRAIG RAINE temps perdu as “pretty yucky,” identifying this aesthetic undesirability as the reason why writers like Amis, McEwan, and Barnes have championed Raine (Stewart, online). Stewart compares the physical detail of Raine’s poem with the work of English painter Lucian Freud, arguing that it provides “the kind of physical detail” that one would prefer not to have, and that the work belongs to the “[s]chool of ultra-realism,” exploring not only AIDS but “genital herpes, eczema, athlete’s foot and a cold.” (Equally, one might trace the inﬂuence of hyper-realist Australian sculptor Ron Mueck, whom Raine admires.) Although acknowledging that some “will praise” the “frankness and honesty” of the poem, Stewart criticises Raine for “laddish arrogance,” which she spuriously locates not only in the poem itself, “but in the fact of the writing” of the poem, the very act of choosing to write about a dead lover, the result of which, she charges, is the objectiﬁcation of Mrosovsky. Several months after Stewart’s article appeared, Andrew Billen interviewed Raine for Glasgow’s Sunday Herald. Seeking to clarify the circumstances of the poem’s composition—as well as the nature of his relationship with Mrosovsky— Raine explains that he felt “a sort of responsibility” to remember the individual, who, “apart from [his] wife’ was “the single most important person in [his] life” and “a great educational force”. Raine describes himself when he ﬁrst met Mrosovsky as being “a benighted provincial” while she was a “wonderful, cosmopolitan person who’d lived all over the world and was full of style and beauty and panache.” The poem was an attempt “to be true to the relationship” and, he asserts, was not “written for moral simpletons” who

under your knee. It seems to me this is what great literature is. I’m not saying I write great literature, but the aim is also to include the piece of straw under the knee (Billen p. 7).

Raine once argued that a limited array of “certain emotions” such as “sadness” and “love” tend to be what the average readers of poetry are expected “to feel,” or indeed to expect from the poetry they read. These, however, Raine regards as “a miserable choice of all the emotions one feels.” In his later poetry, he clearly works to acknowledge and incorporate a wider range of human feeling, from the extreme to the banal— emotions like “anger, boredom, chilliness” which are so often excluded from poetry, and which necessarily feature in his project to accommodate and demand from poetry as a form “an absolute pursuit of the truth” (Carey 1991, p. 16).

THE POET AS CRITIC

Alongside his creative output, Raine has produced a considerable body of criticism, collected in two large volumes, Haydn and the Valve Trumpet (1986), and In Defence of T.S. Eliot (2000), as well as the critical monograph T.S. Eliot (2006). In 1999, Raine founded the literary journal Areté: The Arts Tri-Quarterly, establishing a unique arena for sharp and often unforgiving attacks on academic, critical, or artistic laxity, shoddiness, or outright failure, as well as a venue for the publication of new poetry, drama, ﬁction, and reportage. Areté has published work from an impressively eclectic group of writers including Ian McEwan, Martin Amis, Patrick Marber, Harold Pinter, William Boyd, Frederic Raphael, Wendy Cope, Peter Ho Davies, Timothy Garton Ash, Julian Barnes, Christopher Logue, David Lodge, Simon Armitage, David Hare, Ronald Harwood, and Tom Stoppard. In a 1995 afterword to Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita, Raine wrote that Nabokov “is often described as a master of English,” although Raine considers this “an accolade too bland to mean very much.” Rather, he argues, with typical

want me to say that what I felt at the funeral was grief. What I felt at the funeral was grief and worry. My favourite bit of literature— the bit I would stand by—is John Donne on prayer. He says how difficult it is to pray because there are so many things on your mind. You are trying to speak to God but you are thinking about what happened yesterday, what’s going to happen tomorrow and the piece of straw

175

CRAIG RAINE metaphoric panache, Nabokov was “a valet of English—constantly attentive to the nap of his high quality material, tweaking here, arranging there, burnishing every button, leaving nothing to chance, devoted to every detail. Conscious” (Lolita p. 330). It is a commonplace that a writer’s criticism often illuminates his or her own work as much as the other writer’s, and with Raine that is frequently the case. In both his poetry and criticism, he devotes himself to the minute detail, leaving nothing to chance, conscious both of the weight of English literary history and achievement that informs his own now sizeable achievement, as well as his place within it.

5 February 1982, 136. “Introduction,” in Kipling, Rudyard, A Choice of Kipling’s Prose, selected by Craig Raine (London: Faber and Faber, 1987), 1-33. William Golding (London: Book Trust in conjunction with the British Council, 1988). “Introduction,” in Chekhov, Anton, My Life and Other Stories, trans. Constance Garnett (London: Everyman’s Library, 1992), vii-xx. “Introduction,” James Joyce, Ulysses (1922), (London: Everyman’s Library, 1992), vii-xxv. “Introduction,” Lawrence, D.H., Collected Stories (London: Everyman’s Library, 1994). “Afterword,” in Nabokov, Vladimir, Laughter in the Dark, (1938), (London: Penguin, 1998), 189-99. Haydn & The Valve Trumpet (London: Faber and Faber, 1990). “Afterword,” in Nabokov, Vladimir, Lolita, (1959) (1995; London: Penguin Books, (2000), 319-31. In Defence of T.S. Eliot (London: Picador, 2000). T. S. Eliot (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

Selected Bibliography

MISCELLANEOUS

1985 Anthology: The Observer & Ronald Duncan Foundation International Poetry Competition, selected by Amy Clampitt, Anne Stevenson, Craig Raine (London: Arvon Foundation, 1987). Kipling, Rudyard, Selected Poetry, ed. Craig Raine (London: Penguin, 1992). Pasternak, Evgeny, Boris Pasternak, The Tragic Years 19301960, trans. Michael Duncan, poetry trans. by Craig Raine and Ann Pasternak Slater (London: Collins Harvill, 1990). Raine, Craig, A Reader’s Companion to “History: The Home Movie” (New York: Doubleday, 1994). —— “Lunching for literature - Craig Raine on the Magazine Diet that has him losing pounds”, New Statesman, 17 January 2000, 43–4 [on Areté].

WORKS OF CRAIG RAINE POETRY

The Onion, Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978) A Martian Sends a Postcard Home (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979). A Free Translation (Edinburgh: The Salamander Press, 1981). Rich (London: Faber and Faber, 1984). The Prophetic Book, trans. Jerzy Jarniewicz, illus. Krzysztof Wawrzyniak (Lódz, Poland: Correspondance des Arts II, 1989). History: The Home Movie (London: Penguin Books, 1994). Clay. Whereabouts Unknown (London: Penguin Books, 1996). Collected Poems 1978–1999 (London: Picador, 2000). A la recherche du temps perdu (London, Basingstoke & Oxford: Picador, 2000).

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Bayley, John, “Making it Strange”, Times Literary Supplement, 4 January 1980, 5 [Review of A Martian Sends a Postcard Home]. —— “;Zhivaya Zhizn”, Poetry Review 76/4, December 1986, 11-12 [Review of The Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union]. —— “A Moment’s Truth”, New York Review of Books 42/5, 23 March 1995, 54 [Review of History: The Home Movie]. Benfey, Christopher, “Family Values”, The New Republic 211/15, 10 October 1994, 47. Billen, Andrew, “Poetry, Emotion”, The Sunday Herald, 16 July 2000, 7.

WORKS FOR THE STAGE

The Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union (London: Faber and Faber, 1986). “1953” A Version of Racine’s Andromaque (London: Faber and Faber, 1990). CRITICISM

“An Old Fashioned Radical: Richard Ellmann and Craig Raine on James Joyce”, Times Literary Supplement 4114,

176

CRAIG RAINE hulse, michael, “Alms for Every Beggared Sense: Craig Raine’s Aesthetic in Context”, Critical Quarterly 23/4, 1981 Winter, 13ndash;21. —— The Dialectic of the Image: Notes on the Poetry of Craig Raine and Christopher Reid’, Malahat Review 64, February 1983, 20ndash;27. —— “Craig Raine & Co.: Martians and Story-tellers”, The Antigonish Review 59, Autumn 1984, 21ndash;30. —— “Craig Raine”, in Sherry, Vincent B., Jr. (ed.), Poets of Great Britain and Ireland since 1960, Vol. II (Ann Arbor, MI: Gale, 1985), 454–59. —— “Sitting on Craig Raine”s Ars Poetica’, European English Messenger 1/2, Spring 1992, 9–11. Jarniewicz, Jerzy, The uses of the commonplace in contemporary British poetry: Larkin, Dunn and Raine (Lódz : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lódzkiego, 1994). Karr, Mary, “An Interview with Craig Raine’, Ploughshares 13/4, 1987, 138–48. Kermode, Frank, “History: The Home Movie” [Review], The London Review of Books 16/18, 22 September 1994, 3. Kerrigan, John, “Notes from the Home Front: Contemporary British Poetry”, Essays in Criticism LIV/2, April 2004, 103–27. Levi, Peter, “History: The Home Movie” [Review], The Spectator 273/8670, 10 September 1994, 32. Lux, Thomas, “On Craig Raine”, Ploughshares 13/4, 1987, 149–53. Mangan, Gerald, “A la recherche du temps perdu” [Review], Times Literary Supplement 5085, 2000, 3. Moody, A.D., “Telling It Like It’s Not: Ted Hughes and Craig Raine”, Yearbook of English Studies 17, 1987, 166– 78. O’Brien, Sean, “Clay. Whereabouts Unknown” [Review], Times Literary Supplement 4866, 1996, 3. Osborne, John, “The Incredulous Eye: Craig Raine and PostModernist Aesthetics”, Stone Ferry Review 2, 1978, 51– 65. Porter, Andrew, “Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union” [Review], Times Literary Supplement 5181, 2002, 18.

Binyon, T.J., “Kipling, the blush-making prophet”, Times Literary Supplement, 5 June 1987, 608 [Review of A Choice of Kipling’s Prose]. Birkerts, Sven, “Craig Raine’s “In the Kalahari Desert"”, Ploughshares 13/4, 1987, 154ndash;61. Bromwich, David, “Tricks and treats”, Times Literary Supplement, 19 October 1984, 1193 [Review of Rich]. Carey, John, Craig Raine (London: Book Trust in conjunction with the British Council, 1988). —— “Face to Face. A conversation between Craig Raine and John Carey”, The English Review 1/4, April 1991, 18. Cunningham, Valentine, “Martian Poetry”, European English Messenger 1/2, Spring 1992, 4ndash;8. Delgado, Violeta, ‘Anonymous Deaths: A Reading of Derek Mahon’s ‘A Refusal to Mourn’ and Craig Raine’s ‘In the Mortuary,’” Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 18, 1997, 55ndash;67. Eckle, Elfriede, Die poetische Darstellung veränderter visueller Wahrnehmung im Zeitalter der Technik: eine komparatistische Analyse von Bildern aus Gedichten des englischen Lyrikers Craig Raine (Berlin: Logos, 1999). Ewart, Gavin, “References Back”, Times Literary Supplement, 30 June 1978, 728 [review of The Onion, Memory]. Forbes, Peter, “A Martian at Glyndebourne”, Poetry Review 76/4, December 1986, 7ndash;11 [Interview with Craig Raine]. Forceville, Charles, “Craig Raine’s Poetry of Perception: Imagery in A Martian Sends a Postcard Home”, Dutch Quarterly Review of Anglo-American Letters 15/2, 1985, 102ndash;15. Gregson, Ian, “But Who Is Speaking?: ‘Novelisation’ in the Poetry of Craig Raine, English 41/170, Summer 1992, 127ndash;47. Gunn, Thom, Thom Gunn & Craig Raine [sound recording] (London: Faber and Faber, 1983). Haffenden, John, Viewpoints. Poets in Conversation with John Haffenden (London: Faber and Faber, 1981). Haya, Kenichi, “Craig Raine”, Oberon: Magazine for the Study of English and American Literature 46, 1983, 73ndash;89. Hayes, Max Hunter, “At a slight angle to the universe:” Martianism and cultural deracination in the works of Martin Amis, Craig Raine and Christopher Reid, 19771984, Thesis (Ph. D.), University of Southern Mississippi, 2003.

Hermans, Theo, “Craig Raine: Het oog van de marsbewoner,” Nieuw Vlaams Tijdschrift 36/1, January-February 1983, 1–20.

Rawson, Claude, “Punch Lines”, Times Literary Supplement, 15-21 June 1990, 627 [review of Haydn and the Valve Trumpet]. Robinson, Alan, “Theatre of Trope: Craig Raine and Christopher Reid” in Instabilities in Contemporary British Poetry (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1988), 16–48. Sauerberg, Lars Ole, “Repositioning Narrative: The LateTwentieth-Century Verse Novels of Vikram Seth, Derek Walcott, Craig Raine, Anthony Burgess, and Bernadine Evaristo” Orbis Litterarum 59/6, 2004, 439–64.

Hofman, Michael, “Raine, Raine, go away&,” the observer, 3 december 2002, online: http://books.guardian.co.uk/ reviews/poetry/0,,405948,00.html.

Snaith, Guy, “Andromache, Annette and Andromaque: A Look at two recent translations”, Seventeenth-Century French Studies 13, 1991, 139–52.

Heaney, Seamus, “The Glamour of Craig Raine,” Ploughshares 13/4, 1987, 162ndash;66.

177

CRAIG RAINE Waterman, Andrew, “Martian Invasion”, Helix 17, 1984, 42–8. Williams, David G., “Elizabeth Bishop and the ‘Martian’ Poetry of Craig Raine and Christopher Reid”, English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature 78/5, September 1997, 451–58. Wintle, Christopher, “Pre-revolutionary problems”, Times Literary Supplement, 16–22 October 1987, 1141 [Review of The Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union].

—— “1953: An Andromaque for Our Times”, French Studies Bulletin. A Quarterly Supplement 59, Summer 1996, 15–16. Stewart, Lucretia, “Verse Confessions”, The Guardian, 25 November 1999, online: http://books.guardian.co.uk/ departments/poetry/story/0,6000,107687,00.html. Tanner, Michael, “Arts – Opera: The Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union; Xerxes”, The Spectator, 16 November 2002, 69.

178

DOROTHY RICHARDSON (1873–1957)

Patricia B. Heaman ally deﬁned ﬁction and autobiography as distinctly separate genres. Although she began her literary career relatively late, Richardson depended on her writing to provide a bare livelihood most of her life. Her periodical publications include reviews, essays, articles, columns, sketches, and short stories. In addition, she earned money as a proofreader, copy editor, and translator. She hoped that such work would allow her to devote whatever time was left to Pilgrimage, composed in thirteen of what Richardson called “chapter-volumes” over a period of more than thirty years, comprising two thousand pages covering twenty years from 1893 to 1912 and including more than six hundred characters. Pilgrimage begins with the journey of Richardson’s surrogate, seventeen-year-old Miriam Henderson, to a German girls’ school where she has secured a position as a pupilteacher and stops just short of the point at which Miriam begins writing the story of her life. Like better-known novels of the early twentieth century, such as D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers (1913), James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1915), and Marcel Proust’s à la recherche du temps perdu (1913–1927), Pilgrimage uses the conventions of the bildungsroman and the Künstlerroman to connect the development of the liberated individual life with innovative artistic creation.

DOROTHY RICHARDSON WAS in the vanguard of a generation of British women whose lives, by choice or necessity, differed sharply from those of their Victorian predecessors. She discovered that breaking with the traditions she was expected to inherit launched her on an exciting and liberating venture that marked an extraordinary change in women’s lives and consciousness. Like Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) and Katherine Mansﬁeld (1888–1923), who followed in directions Richardson had mapped, she learned that these newly created female lives required new literary forms and methods to express the experiences she and other women felt compelled to record in ﬁction, autobiography, essays, and criticism. Richardson thus paved the way for the development of a new aesthetic, a new narrative, and a new critical perspective that helped to shape the emergence of modernism in the early twentieth century. In 1912 Richardson began her lifelong undertaking: writing the multivolume sequence novel Pilgrimage, in which she gave aesthetic form to the life she had created. The ﬁrst volume, Pointed Roofs, was quickly recognized as a work of modernist innovation that broke with conventional realism to pursue a new direction in ﬁction by deﬁning reality as the subjective apprehension of the world from a highly individualized perspective, rather than as detailed objective observation and reproduction of the external world. As the psychological novel and techniques that came to be labeled “stream of consciousness” became staples of modernism, Richardson’s work was revisited and reassessed by feminist critics who found in her life and work an early critique of gender assumptions. Further, since the late twentieth century Pilgrimage has been studied as a work challenging boundaries that have tradition-

EARLY LIFE, 1873–1891

Dorothy Miller Richardson, born on May 17, 1873, in the town of Abingdon, in Berkshire, was the third of four daughters of Charles and Mary Miller Taylor Richardson. Charles, who hoped his third child would be a long-awaited son, worked as a grocer in the prosperous wine and provision business built by his father, but he

179

DOROTHY RICHARDSON recalled several times in the course of Pilgrimage. “Journey to Paradise,” another autobiographical sketch, records the trip to Dawlish, where “I tasted the deepest of my joy” (Journey, p. 124). Recovery of this primeval joy of childhood, manifested in intense awareness of her existence through connection with the natural world and usually represented in images of garden, sea, or sky, becomes the goal of Richardson’s personal pilgrimage and of Pilgrimage itself. Throughout the work, Wordsworthian “spots of time”—in which her protagonist achieves an ecstatic awareness of the enduring “reality” of the present moment that redeems the mundane existence of ordinary life—have their source in the childhood experiences Richardson describes in her autobiographical sketches. The paradise of childhood came to an end when Richardson was eight years old and her father moved the family to a “hired house with alien furniture” (Fromm, 1977, p. 12) in Worthing on the Sussex coast, a move probably undertaken for the sake of economy as well as for Mary Richardson’s health. They remained there for two years before ﬁnancial recovery made possible a move in 1883 to a luxurious brick home in the southwest London suburb of Putney, where once again Dorothy and her sisters lived a life of privilege, enjoying dances, tennis, croquet, and boating. “Beginnings” tells of this move to “a spacious suburban house whose garden restored a lost eternity” as a recovery of joy after the “heartbreak” (pp. 111–112) of two years in Worthing. Following a year of what Richardson dismissed as “female education” (Fromm, 1977, p. 14) provided by a governess, Dorothy and her youngest sister, Jessie, were sent to Miss Sandell’s School, later the Southwest London College for Girls, for the only formal education she received. There she studied French, German, literature, science, mathematics, Scripture, history, logic, and psychology. Her study of languages provided the basis for skills she later developed as a translator. Between 1888 and 1890 the daughters became aware of deepening family problems: their mother’s depression was worsening and their father’s ﬁnances were strained. In 1890 Richard-

aspired to leading a gentleman’s life of cultured leisure. When his father died in 1874 Charles sold the family’s thriving business, invested the proceeds, and set about living his dream. He had prepared for his rise in social status by rejecting his Dissenting roots and joining the Church of England, represented by the elegantly beautiful St. Helen’s Church in Abingdon, recalled by Richardson in “What’s in a Name,” a reminiscent sketch she published in 1924, and by moving his family to a large house with a walled garden in Albert Park, a fashionable new area of the town. While Charles pursued his gentleman’s life by attending lectures at Oxford and in London, entertaining lavishly as a patron of the arts, and joining the British Association for the Advancement of Science, he expected his wife Mary, who had been brought up simply in a large Somerset family, to organize and manage the household according to precise rules he established as beﬁtting the family’s social standing. Her respect for her husband’s authority and her desire to please meant remolding her carefree nature and assuming a role she had little relish for. Over time her sense of inadequacy and unworthiness led to serious mental health problems. Charles, a strict and domineering Victorian paterfamilias, retained Dorothy’s respect and love through his intelligence and conﬁdent selfassurance. He indulged his family by providing luxuries in keeping with its status, including a nurse, a governess, private schools, and an annual railway excursion to the seashore at Dawlish in Devon, which stood out in Richardson’s memory as a high point in the idyllic life of her early years. The exalted joy of a happy childhood is directly recorded in sketches written relatively late in Richardson’s career. In “Beginnings,” an autobiographical sketch written in 1933, she describes Berkshire as “a vast garden, ﬂowers, bees and sunlight, a three-in-one, at once enchantment and a benevolent conspiracy of awareness turned towards a small being to whom they ﬁrst, and they alone, brought the sense of existing” (Journey to Paradise, pp. 110–111). This memory of garden, ﬂowers, bees, and summer sunlight becomes a touchstone moment of perfect bliss

180

DOROTHY RICHARDSON son described leaving her school as “heartbreak#. From this pain, only the relief of the writing of words, preferably rhymed, could bring relief” (Journey, p. 112). When it became apparent that the Richardson sisters would not be able to rely on their father’s ﬁnancial support, Dorothy responded to an advertisement in the Times for a pupil-teacher and accepted a position before informing her family. In 1891, at age seventeen, she left home for Hanover, a Prussian province now a part of northern Germany, marking the beginning of her independence and the time she would later choose as the starting point of Pilgrimage.

purposeful, imaginative exploration of consciousness. The pattern emerges in March Moonlight, the incomplete, posthumously published chapter-volume with which Pilgrimage ends, when Miriam contemplates writing her story in the autumn of 1912—the year in which Richardson began Pointed Roofs. Thus Pilgrimage traces the development of the protagonist from the point of establishing independent selfhood to the discovery of her vocation as a writer. Richardson’s break with narrative conventions is implicit in her break with the authority of the past. The parallels between assuming responsibility for her own life and ﬁnding a new way of expressing her experience indicate the extent to which she came to see her life, her protagonist, and her art as an integrated, experimental work in progress. As Gillian E. Hanscombe has noted, “For the woman writer of this period, and especially for Richardson, the pressure to modify gender-typical attitudes and the need to integrate the role of the artist and the role of woman are speciﬁc problems to be resolved, both in the practice of art and the conduct of living” (The Art of Life, p. 25). Published in 1915, when Richardson was fortytwo years old, Pointed Roofs is, as George Thompson has demonstrated (Reader’s Guide, p. 17), set in a time frame from early March to late July 1893 (corresponding to Richardson’s life in 1891) at Fräulein Lily Pabst’s school, where Miriam Henderson is a pupil-teacher. The method of subjective narration Richardson discovered allows Miriam to contemplate issues central to a young woman’s life as a new century approaches. Miriam considers how both her background and European cultural attitudes have shaped gender roles, tries to sort out her feelings about men and marriage, and recognizes and accepts her own difference from other girls her age. She compares the education of German girls at Fräulein Pabst’s, which is aimed at preparing young women for marriage, with her own English education. Miriam’s path toward her vocation is suggested when she remembers the day the vice-principal at her school asked what the girls would most like to do in life and she expressed her desire to

BREAKING AWAY, 1891–1895: POINTED ROOFS (1915), BACKWATER (1916), AND HONEYCOMB (1917)

Gloria Glikin Fromm ﬁrst noted in her 1963 article “Dorothy M. Richardson: The Personal “Pilgrimage’” the extent to which Pilgrimage reprises Richardson’s own life story. Because Richardson had been reluctant to reveal biographical information during her lifetime, Pilgrimage was initially received as a work of pure ﬁction, and its autobiographical dimension was not widely recognized until after her death in 1957. Fromm’s article, her biography of Richardson, and subsequent scholarship have demonstrated that the life and work yield mutual illumination; it is therefore useful to discuss the two in tandem rather than to separate a chronology of events in Richardson’s life from a discussion of similar events recorded in Pilgrimage. Richardson began Pointed Roofs, the ﬁrst chapter-volume of Pilgrimage, with the ﬁrst steps her protagonist, Miriam Henderson, took in the early 1890s toward personal and economic independence and the exploration of selfhood. The pattern of Pilgrimage as a quest narrative that moves its protagonist toward the annihilation of time and internal conﬂict to recover joy and unity through the power of the imagination becomes apparent to readers only as the author/ protagonist realizes that the disruptions and fragmentation of life are transformed by a

181

DOROTHY RICHARDSON write a book. Pointed Roofs shows Miriam’s suspicion of men who invoke traditional gender roles and expect her to accept the prevailing view of male superiority. Although she is ﬂattered and attracted when Pastor Lahmann, the French master, singles her out for special notice, she recoils from his assumptions about male-female relationships. Her instinctive response is to visualize the stereotypical scene his words evoke and to reject him and his ambitions. Miriam’s reaction to Pastor Lahmann anticipates her later wariness in relationships with men who cast her in female roles that suit their assumptions. Pointed Roofs also introduces Miriam’s susceptibility to a type of fragile, radiant, seemingly vulnerable feminine beauty in her response to a student at the school. This fascination forecasts Miriam’s attraction in later volumes to women whose emotional appeal threatens her independence. Pointed Roofs thus introduces themes woven throughout Pilgrimage while it accustoms the reader to the free indirect style that will unfold Miriam Henderson’s journey of self-discovery. The chapter-volume ends with many loose threads. It is not clear whether Miriam regards her venture as a success or a failure. Perhaps more important than resolution is the impression created by Richardson’s use of the cinematic technique of a ﬁxed camera and a moving scene to represent this stage of Miriam’s development. The ﬁnal scene suggests that Miriam has achieved stable ground as the world of Germany and Fräulein Pabst seem to move away from her.

Wiltshire family. Within a few months Dorothy took a teaching position at Edgeworth House, a girls’ boarding school in Finsbury Park in north London, where she stayed for about a year and a half. When Charles Richardson was declared bankrupt in 1893, a public auction disposed of what remained of the family’s household possessions. Kate’s ﬁancé turned over a small house he owned to the family rent-free in the hope of providing a fresh start, but by then there was little chance for recovery of either the family’s solvency or its spirits. In 1895 Kate and Jessie married and Dorothy left Edgeworth House to become a governess for a wealthy suburban family. Mrs. Richardson’s depression now required close attention, and in November, hopeful that a change would improve her condition, the family arranged for her to spend time at the seaside in Hastings and for Dorothy, who had left her position as a governess, to accompany her. Dorothy attended Mary Richardson constantly and suffered with her as she struggled with anguished sleeplessness, feelings of worthlessness, and belief in her imminent damnation. One morning, when her mother appeared to be resting, Dorothy left their lodgings for a walk to seek some relief from her own torment. When she returned, she found that her mother had killed herself by cutting her throat with a kitchen knife. Backwater, covering a period from August 1893 to December 1894, and Honeycomb, set in 1895 (Thompson, Reader’s Guide, p. 17), correspond to events in Richardson’s life during approximately the same time. In these chaptervolumes Miriam attempts to ﬁnd a place in traditional occupations for young women of her class and education, ﬁrst as a teacher and then as a governess. They explore Miriam’s conﬂict between her attachment to the comfort and security of her middle-class roots and her desire for freedom. Backwater continues the pilgrimage motif with a journey by tram Miriam takes with her mother for an interview at Wordsworth House, a North London girls’ school. She accepts a position but

When Richardson returned from Hanover in 1891 she found conditions at home little changed: her father, despite his ongoing ﬁnancial woes, remained self-assured and domineering; her mother’s mental suffering and religious despair deepened; and her sisters were doing what they could to assure their own futures. Her eldest sister, Kate, and her youngest sister, Jessie, were both planning to marry, and Richie, the second sister, had taken a position as governess with a

182

DOROTHY RICHARDSON returns home for a few months before her duties commence. The time at home contrasts the life she must leave, with its round of friends and social activities culminating in a dance given by Mr. Henderson, with the life of limited freedom and resources she ﬁnds at Wordsworth House. There Miriam feels her family’s ﬁnancial stress sharply, regretting that she can accept only token treats provided by other teachers for their common table. Despite her success with her pupils, Miriam is repulsed by the harsh accent and the materialist values of the North London class whose children she teaches, and she ﬁnds her work tiring and ﬁnally stultifying. Her privileged past fades, and her uncertain future, which will require further training if she is to continue teaching, stretches before her. Honeycomb continues the pilgrimage as Miriam travels by train and private brougham to Newlands, the country estate of the Corries, where she is on trial as governess to the children of a wealthy family with a busy social life. Miriam is hopeful as she embarks on her new venture. She is cheered by Mrs. Corrie’s welcome to the luxurious home, revels in the beautifully appointed room provided for her, savors the abundant ﬁne food, and wonders at the light responsibilities for teaching the tractable children. In this protected atmosphere of leisure and comfort, she feels detached from the life she has left. Miriam’s impressions of this easeful world fade as she discovers the emptiness and superﬁciality of the women in the Corries’ circle, as well as the insincerity and ultimately the callousness of the men. When she realizes that her views as a woman and an employee are not taken seriously, she feels breiﬂy that she has left Newlands for ever. The last section of Honeycomb, after Miriam’s return home for her sisters’ weddings, reﬂects the fragmented style of modernist ﬁction as scenes shift in time and place without transitions. At one point, as Miriam is playing the piano for her mother, she becomes aware of Mrs. Henderson’s desperation. In the ﬁnal chapter Richardson

describes the downward spiral of events that lead to Mrs. Henderson’s suicide at the seaside but omits the scene of Miriam’s horrifying discovery. Only her response is recorded in a ﬁnal scene that reveals the hell she has entered. LONDON, 1896–1904: THE TUNNEL (1919), INTERIM (1919), DEADLOCK (1921), REVOLVING LIGHTS (1923), AND THE TRAP (1925)

After her mother’s death, Richardson’s grief and guilt immobilized her, and the family conferred on what could be done for her. It turned out that J. H. Badcock, a family connection, needed a secretary/receptionist/assistant for the dental practice he and two associates had in Harley Street in London’s West End. Thus in 1896, at the age of twenty-three, Dorothy Richardson joined the growing population of London’s “new women,” many from middle-class backgrounds, who could not or would not remain dependent on their families nor accept the limited freedom of teachers or governesses. She became part of a new female labor force, many in clerical positions supporting male professionals, single women who lived frugally on their one-pound-a-week salaries but had rooms of their own—albeit in cramped and stuffy attic spaces—that ensured the freedom at last to answer to no one. Richardson fell in love with London, with its diversity and cosmopolitanism, and with the opportunities it afforded her to explore her intellectual and emotional life. It was a love affair that lasted for the rest of her life, to be rivaled only by her later attachment to Cornwall. When Richardson began her work in Harley Street, Badcock befriended her, chatting with her during the workday about theater and art and taking her with him sometimes to lectures and meetings of the Japan Society. His friendship opened a new intellectual world to her, and Richardson soon began to explore London on her own, establishing relationships with new and old friends and investigating the range of social and political movements that characterized the turn of the new century. She discovered anarchists,

183

DOROTHY RICHARDSON son’s early years in London. Miriam moves into Mrs. Bailey’s rooming house on Tansley Street. One of her ﬁrst acts on moving in is to remove the bars from the window of her room, letting in the view of the sky, the sound of the bells of St. Pancras, and the smell of London air freshened by trees in the Bloomsbury squares. Richardson pays homage to the realist tradition in her detailed description of Miriam’s typical workday in chapter 3 of The Tunnel. She is responsible for correspondence, appointments, ushering patients to and from the treatment rooms, cleaning up after each patient, sterilizing and polishing instruments, bookkeeping, and keeping drawers supplied. Despite her realization that modern professionalism creates a need for untrained support—usually by women—Miriam gladly spends her weekdays at the Wimpole Street offices and her evenings at Mrs. Bailey’s. As she becomes accustomed to her routine, Miriam befriends Mag and Jan, young women in clerical positions, and often spends evenings and Sundays with them. To Miriam, Mag and Jan epitomize new women: they wear knickers, smoke, ride bicycles, have no particular respect for their employers, and enjoy their freedom. They make her realize that she is straddling two worlds. The characters described in The Tunnel and Interim—Mrs. Bailey with her family and lodgers; Mr. Hancock and his associates; Mag and Jan; the Wilsons; Eleanor Dear, the tubercular nurse who manipulates people through her helplessness; Dr. Densley, the hardworking and dedicated physician—all represent the many worlds of a later Dickensian London that Miriam embraces. Her openness to experience—her delight in attending theater performances managed on her salary; her joy in the freedom of riding a bicycle; her reﬂective concentration as she attends a lecture on Dante; her sense of adventure in entering a nightclub for the ﬁrst time—makes these volumes the most absorbing in the loosely woven narrative of Pilgrimage. The next three London chapter-volumes, Deadlock, Revolving Lights, and The Trap, covering the period from 1900 to 1904, describe a maturing, reﬂective Miriam searching for her place in

unionists, suffragists, vegetarians, antivivisectionists, socialists, simple-lifers, and free-love advocates. Having established herself in an attic room at number 7, Endsleigh Street, on the edge of Bloomsbury, she walked several miles to Harley Street and back each day. The social poles of Bloomsbury and Harley Street deepened her conﬂicting needs for both freedom and security: as she explored the fringes of bohemian life in Bloomsbury and the East End, she kept in touch with conventional bourgeois life in Harley Street and the West End. Richardson soon reconnected with Amy Catherine Robbins, a former school friend who had recently married her science teacher at London University, a young writer named H. G. Wells. She invited Richardson to meet her husband at their home in Heatherlea in Surrey. The visit began a relationship that started as fascination with a man as conﬁdent and self-assured as her father. Wells introduced her to the literary world during weekends she spent at Heatherlea and later at Spade House, the residence he built in Kent. She enjoyed the challenge of intellectual debate with him about ideas and books. Eventually their relationship developed into an affair that resulted in Richardson’s pregnancy and a miscarriage. Although Wells is not always favorably portrayed as Hypo Wilson in Pilgrimage, he never objected to Richardson’s representation. Their friendship survived the tumult of the complicated relationship and lasted until Wells’s death in 1946. Richardson’s intellectual curiosity led her to pursue self-education as well as new experiences. She spent hours in the Reading Room of the British Museum, attended lectures, and cultivated friendships with immigrants like Benjamin Grad, a well-educated Russian Jew who lived in her rooming house and to whom she agreed to give English lessons. They explored London together, and while she helped him with language and social customs, he introduced her to a world of politics, philosophy, and literature she had not previously known. Her relationship with Grad hovered in an unresolved area between friendship and romance for years. The Tunnel, arguably the best of the London chapter-volumes, and Interim parallel Richard-

184

DOROTHY RICHARDSON an ever-widening social sphere. Her work becomes routine, and some of the glow of freedom fades. Notably Richardson’s free indirect style drifts into ﬁrst person as Miriam becomes increasingly self-absorbed. Miriam’s changed mood is reﬂected on her return to London after a holiday knowing that the holiday has had changed nothing. As her youthful enthusiasm falters, Miriam’s essential loneliness in the bustling city becomes apparent. Her need for connection competes with her need for privacy in her developing relationships with Michael Shatov, Hypo Wilson, and the socialist movement. In Deadlock, Michael Shatov, a Russian Jewish immigrant, revives Miriam’s interest in life and offers an escape from isolation through love. As a language tutor to Shatov, Miriam quickly learns that he is much better educated than she is, and after their ﬁrst lesson she realizes that they had been students together. Their conversations develop into intellectual companionship indispensable to both of them. As their friendship blossoms into love, Miriam feels the key to recovering unity and joy had been love all along. She believes that if she were to lose her connection to Michael, she would be left “scattered and unhoused”. But there are barriers that prevent Miriam, now twenty-ﬁve years old, from committing herself to Shatov. When she tries to tell him about her childhood garden memories, she ﬁnds that she cannot fully share her most private moments of transcendent joy. Moreover, Miriam’s suspicion of marriage has been conﬁrmed since she learned that her sister Harriet and her husband, whose marriage she had respected, remain together only because of their love for their daughter. Miriam concludes that they found marriage a failure, it was a failure and that perhaps the freedom of London was a life in itself. More important, though, is the barrier of Michael’s “otherness” which, to her mind, means that he is not English, he is Jewish, and he is male. Although Michael protests to Miriam that he is a “feminist”, she cannot be convinced that he regards her as a fully equal partner in their relationship.

Both Shatov and Hypo Wilson, who have encouraged Miriam to write, create the rival that will ultimately win her commitment. Miriam discovers the pleasures of writing when she edits a lecture for an acquaintance and undertakes translations suggested by Shatov. She learns that time spent near the window in her room or stolen from her workdays at Wimpole Street creates a private world of intense life for her. After this discovery, personal relationships compete with Miriam’s growing commitment to the writer’s life. Unable to accept Michael as a lover or to let him go, Miriam reaches a deadlock. She speculates that the pursuit of her vision of joy must be undertaken alone. Revolving Lights, continuing the exploration of Miriam’s conﬂicts, is especially rich in interior monologue. Miriam attributes her current interest in socialist and revolutionary causes to her “masculine mind”. Analyzing the poles of her divided self—female and male; bohemian and bourgeois; radical and conservative; the worldly, adventuresome—she sees her life as “the battleﬁeld of her two natures,” which stuggle to keep her adrift. She recalls telling Hypo Wilson when he recruited her for the Lycurgans [i.e., Fabians]. Miriam spends the four weeks of her summer holiday with the Wilsons, during which she discusses her growing body of published work with Hypo, who in fact intensiﬁes Miriam’s sense of her dual nature. He compliments the analytic ability, which she attributes to her “masculine mind,”, while at the same time, he coyly coaxes her toward a love affair. The Trap, in contrast to the interiority of Revolving Lights, is full of restless activity as Miriam tries to avoid dwelling on the conﬂicts troubling her life. She moves from Tansley Street to rooms in nearby Flaxman Court, shared with Miss Holland, a night-school teacher she has recently met at her club. She delights in catching glimpses of William Butler Yeats, who lives across the court. She is excited by reading Henry James’s The Ambassadors. She pursues an active social life, inviting friends to her new rooms and hosting a dinner at her club for Michael Shatov, her new suitor Dr. Densley, and Dora and George Taylor, for whose journal she has been writing

185

DOROTHY RICHARDSON tionally, insisting that she wanted to share her life completely with Richardson. As she became involved with Veronica, Richardson’s liaison with Wells showed signs of breakage. She was increasingly critical of his scientiﬁc materialism and wary of his assertive personality. In the spring of 1907, when Richardson informed him she was pregnant, his need to dominate and control disturbed her when he assumed planning for her conﬁnement and delivery. All of this tension came to a head when she suffered a miscarriage. She took a leave from her work and left London to recover from the physical and psychological breakdown that had been building for years. Before leaving London for an extended stay in Sussex, Richardson disentangled herself from Benjamin Grad and Veronica Leslie-Jones by bringing about their marriage; she also ended her affair with Wells. The years 1904–1907 in Richardson’s life are reﬂected in Oberland, Dawn’s Left Hand, and Clear Horizon. Oberland, the most lyrically descriptive of the chapter-volumes, takes Miriam for a holiday in Switzerland, where distance from the conﬂicts in her London life leaves her open to the healing effects of nature. The golden rosy glow of sunlight, which usually accompanies images of transcendence for Miriam, draws her out of herself. Oberland marks a turning point in Miriam’s pilgrimage because the memory of such scenes sustains her faith in ﬁnding harmony and peace. Dawn’s Left Hand brings a return to the complexities of London life left behind during Miriam’s holiday. Hypo continues his seductive advances, and Miriam sidesteps Dr. Densley’s intended marriage proposal. She has decided to leave the dismal atmosphere of Flaxman’s Court and Miss Holland and return to Tansley Street. As she tries to achieve equilibrium, she is approached by an unknown young woman at her club whose charm prevents her from hearing a voice of warning within. Assuming the role of an adoring suppliant, Amabel pursues Miriam, who is soon involved in a relationship she ﬁnds more intimate than she has ever had with a man because there is no difference, no sexual barrier, to complete sharing of thought and emotion.

articles on socialism. She cultivates her socialist acquaintances by attending a Lycurgan lecture and a formal Lycurgan evening party. Miriam is seen in a ﬂurry of dramatized scenes, but in the end she is disillusioned with the social world, dissatisﬁed with her living arrangements, and oppressed by a sense of her youth passing. As she walks home from a party with Densley, Miriam realizes that they have no future. She sees her incompatibility with Densley as a ﬁnal break with her past. As her future narrows, she feels trapped indeed.

TRANSITION, 1904–1907: OBERLAND (1927), DAWN’S LEFT HAND (1931), AND CLEAR HORIZON (1935)

By 1904 Richardson had fallen into a mood of listlessness that threatened to immobilize her. She was tired of her work and depressed with her living arrangements. When Mr. Badcock offered to ﬁnance a two-week holiday in Switzerland, she gladly accepted. She returned from her journey to the Swiss mountains temporarily refreshed. She was now able to make decisions and act on them. In summer 1905, as if determined to change her life by changing her scene, she moved from Endsleigh Street to Woburn Walk, a short distance away. In 1906 she began her year long affair with Wells. With his encouragement she began thinking of earning a livelihood by writing. She started writing reviews regularly for Charles Daniel’s unconventional socialist magazines. In 1907 Richardson’s life was in transition. Although she was still working in Harley Street, she had established her credentials as a professional writer. Her personal life was complicated by three difficult relationships. Benjamin Grad still wanted to marry her, but Richardson’s dependence on his intellectual companionship prevented her from giving him a deﬁnite refusal. Veronica Leslie-Jones, a twenty-one-year-old drama student involved in the suffragist movement, whom Richardson met in 1906, had attached herself possessively to Richardson. Distraught over the death of her married lover, Veronica became increasingly demanding emo-

186

DOROTHY RICHARDSON Miriam can describe her childhood joy in the ﬂower- and bee-ﬁlled garden and feel Amabel’s empathy and understanding. As Hypo tries to engage Miriam in the affair she has apparently agreed to, Miriam is distracted by thoughts of Amabel. Finally, perhaps the most oblique and least erotic seduction scene in literature takes place in Miriam’s room during a visit to the Wilsons’. Miriam returns to London without the sense of romance she had felt with Michael Shatov but also without regret. Clear Horizon begins with Miriam’s recollection of an out-of-body experience she had had while writing to tell Hypo she is pregnant. If this experience, as Amabel interprets it, expresses the creative joy of carrying life, it is difficult to understand the coolness with which Miriam later represents her miscarriage. Perhaps Miriam’s ecstatic experience is a symptom of the breakdown Dr. Densley diagnosed when he advised her to take a long rest. Unlike her earlier moments of transcendence, which evoked feelings of intense existence and harmony, this one implies dissociation that leaves her “hanging, suspended and motionless.” In fact, in this chapter-volume Miriam disassociates herself from the relationships that connect her to London. She arranges a meeting between Amabel and Shatov in the hope of bringing about their marriage. She also arranges a meeting to introduce Amabel to Hypo, which ends with Amabel being sent home and Miriam walking away from Hypo, knowing that her life with him had ended. Miriam clears her horizon of all impediments, arranges an extended leave from the dental office, and plans her retreat from London.

for the September issue of Crank. She wrote reviews for the November and December issues, but when she traveled to Vaud, Switzerland, to continue her recovery, she wrote a descriptive piece, “A Sussex Auction,” based on memories of her experience at the farm, which she sent to the Saturday Review. It was published in June 1908. On her return to England in the spring of 1908 Richardson formally resigned her position at the dental practice and went back to Penrose Farm. Thereafter she supported herself by writing. She contributed descriptive pieces to the Saturday Review until the middle of 1912; she also did proofreading for Wells and some translating. Beginning in 1911 she wrote articles and a monthly column for a dental magazine. After Richardson left the farm in 1911 she stayed with friends, especially Jack and Beatrice Beresford. Jack, an aspiring novelist, encouraged her to write a novel. He introduced her to the north coast of Cornwall where artists and writers could live cheaply with a minimum of distractions. Richardson made several false starts on a novel, unhappy with the social realism in vogue. In fall 1912 the Beresfords gave her the use of a house they had rented in Cornwall. Alone there through the winter, she ﬁnished Pointed Roofs early in 1913. Richardson returned to London, took a room in St. John’s Wood, revised her manuscript, and sent it off to a publisher. When it was rejected, she put it away and resumed her journalism and translation. She also began two books inspired by her experience with the Quakers. In 1914 she published The Quakers Past and Present and an anthology from the writings of the founder of the Quakers, Gleanings from the Work of George Fox. When World War I broke out in August, Richardson was alarmed but optimistic that England would successfully resist “the desire for regimentation and domination” (Fromm, 1977, p. 77). When she returned to Cornwall to stay with the Beresfords in January 1915 Jack suggested that she send Pointed Roofs to Gerald Duckworth, the publisher for whom Edward Garnett, a friend of Beresfords, was the chief reader-editor. The

MIDDLE YEARS, 1907–1915: DIMPLE HILL (1938)AND MARCH MOONLIGHT (1967)

Leaving London in 1907 Richardson sought peace ﬁrst in the lovely coastal views among the downs and marshes of Sussex. Later she moved inland to stay on a fruit farm with a Quaker family, the Penroses, where she was drawn to the inner stillness of the Quaker way of life. Her writing took a new direction when, instead of a review, she sent Charles Daniel a personal essay

187

DOROTHY RICHARDSON manuscript was accepted and publication set for September. Richardson’s recovery of health and her commitment to writing are reﬂected in the last two chapter-volumes of Pilgrimage, Dimple Hill, published in 1938, and March Moonlight, published posthumously in 1967. In Dimple Hill, Miriam Henderson boards with the Rascorlas, a Quaker family living in Sussex. She ﬁnds contentment and security in the family setting and peace and spiritual renewal in the natural scenes that surround her. Richard, the oldest of the Rascorla brothers, is attracted to her, despite his mother’s disapproval, and Alfred, the younger brother, often takes her along to the seaside town where he delivers fruit from the farm. She thrives in the affectionate company of Rachael Mary, the sister who wishes her part of the family and the Quaker community. Miriam’s memories of her childhood are revived by a bed of delphiniums. Gazing at the deep-blue ﬂowers, Miriam feels as if she had been on a journey. She understands her pilgrimage as both process and end, as ongoing and complete. When she settles a writing table into the little-used summerhouse at the farm, she reﬂects and ﬁnds happiness. March Moonlight, the unﬁnished thirteenth chapter-volume found among Richardson’s papers after her death, is perhaps the most modernist in its diary-like fragmentariness, its multiply embedded time frames, its selection and condensation of events and memories, and its merging of author and character, autobiography and ﬁction. Written for the most part in the ﬁrst person and present tense, it projects through Miriam’s consciousness a kaleidoscope of recollected scenes, beginning with the ﬁnal stages of Miriam’s recovery at her sister’s suburban home following another trip to Switzerland. She recalls visiting Michael, Amabel, and their new son at their home outside London and unexpectedly encountering Hypo Wilson at a socialist meeting where both bade their farewell to political activism. Miriam accepts her past serenely and faces her future without apprehension. . At her writing table in her attic room she begins the story of the life she has created. Past and present,

author and character, memory and imagination collapse in the present moment that contains all.

YEARS OF FAME AND ECLIPSE, 1915–1938

When Pointed Roofs was published in 1915 Richardson was already at work on Backwater, to be published in 1916, and she would continue the chapter-volumes for the rest of her life. Although she had hoped to negotiate an agreement with Duckworth that would enable her to work on succeeding volumes without having to earn a living through journalism, she was unsuccessful. She therefore arranged to write a monthly column for the Dental Record, which she continued until 1919. In 1915 Richardson moved to number 32, Queen’s Terrace, in St. John’s Wood, a semicircle of Regency houses occupied mostly by artists and sculptors. There she met Alan Odle, a tall, thin, otherworldly-looking artist, who dressed in an ancient black velvet coat and wore his long hair swathed around his head to reveal faunlike ears. His long, elegant ﬁngers ended in tapered ink-stained nails. A little-known but professionally respected graphic artist whose grotesque, satiric pen-and-ink drawings were in the tradition of William Hogarth, William Blake, and Honoré Daumier, he spent his days drawing and his nights sipping absinthe at the Café Royal with a group of artists and writers. He was art editor of the Gypsy, a magazine edited by the poet Henry Savage that lasted for only two issues, and he depended on his father for a small allowance spent mostly on art supplies and absinthe. Richardson soon discovered his formal courtesy and his extensive reading, including the recently published Pointed Roofs. Although impressed by his complete dedication to art, Richardson was alarmed by Odle’s indifference to nutrition and his health in general, particularly when a cough he ignored persisted. She was concerned enough to give him a stove for his unheated studio bedroom during the winter of 1916–1917. He was grateful for her concern, grew to depend on it, and asked her to marry him.

188

DOROTHY RICHARDSON am’s limited point of view drew inevitable comparisons with similarly autobiographical novels by James Joyce and Marcel Proust, whose groundbreaking works were written at about the same time as Pointed Roofs. Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man was published serially in 1914–1915 and Proust’s Swann’s Way appeared in 1913. Clearly a new direction in ﬁction was taking shape, and critics were trying to ﬁnd a name for it. In the April 1918 issue of the Little Review the novelist May Sinclair published a piece on Richardson’s novels in which she adopted the term “stream of consciousness” from William James to describe Richardson’s work. It was the ﬁrst time the term had been used in a literary context, and Richardson later took issue with the description. But the term stuck and continued to be used to describe a distinctive quality of early modern ﬁction. The work of Joyce and Richardson, moreover, continued to appear before the public simultaneously. In June 1919 an installment of Interim, the ﬁrst of Richardson’s work to be serialized, appeared in the Little Review, in which excerpts from Ulysses had been running since April 1918. The January 1920 issue that was seized by the post office included an installment of Interim as well as part of Joyce’s ‘Cyclops’ chapter. Richardson caught the critical attention not only of May Sinclair but also of writers like Babette Deutsch, who compared the poetic rhythms of Richardson’s prose with those of T. S. Eliot’s poetry; H. G. Wells, who said that Richardson had “probably carried impressionism in ﬁction to its furthest limit”; and Randolphe Bourne, who called Honeycomb an “imagist novel” (Fromm, 1977, pp. 105–107). Other early reviewers of Richardson’s work include Katherine Mansﬁeld for the Athenaeum and Virginia Woolf for the Times Literary Supplement. Mansﬁeld’s review of The Tunnel conveys her reserved admiration for Richardson’s ability to summon Miriam’s mental life so completely “with nothing taken away from it—and nothing added” (p. 3). A later review of Interim notes that if all of Miriam’s impressions are of “equal importance” to her, they are also of “equal unimportance” (p. 140). Richardson

Richardson apparently reached a decision while she was in Cornwall working on the difficult ﬁnal chapter of Honeycomb, dealing with the suicide of Miriam’s mother. Odle had written her that when he reported to his regiment after his conscription in July 1917 he was declared tubercular and warned that he could expect to live no more than six months if he remained in London. A specialist found X-rays inconclusive but advised him to follow a regimen of rest and a nutritional diet. Richardson returned to London in late July with the ﬁnal chapter of Honeycomb. She and Alan Odle were married on August 29 at the registry office of St. Marylebone. Benjamin Grad provided Richardson’s wedding band (Fromm, 1977, p. 108). Odle was twenty-nine and she was forty-four, although she gave her age as thirty-seven and apparently never revealed her real age to her husband. As she began The Tunnel, concern for the effects of damp London winters on Alan’s health, as well as her past experience in Cornwall, led to the establishment of a pattern that with a few exceptions the Odles followed until World War II made even limited residence in London impossible. They spent summers in Odle’s Queen’s Terrace rooms, rented a primitive bungalow or cottage in Cornwall where they worked from October through spring, and then took a brief holiday before returning to London. Odle, like Richardson, fell in love with the unspoiled beauty of the Cornish landscape; the sharp outlines of cliffs and trees appealed to his draftsman’s eye. He soon exchanged his working days in Queen’s Terrace and nights at the Café Royal for a new routine: drawing by the Cornish light at a cottage window while Richardson wrote at her table; taking long walks with her along the jagged coastline; and eating the regular meals she insisted upon. Richardson’s reputation among writers and critics grew, and other artists recognized Odle as an outstanding draftsman and illustrator, but the couple never realized a living income from their highly regarded talent. By 1919 Richardson had become “one of the most talked-about novelists of the day” (Fromm, 1977, p. 106). Her method of presenting her protagonist’s experience exclusively from Miri-

189

DOROTHY RICHARDSON son’s continuing focus on the consciousness of Miriam Henderson, although showing development in both the protagonist’s maturity and the author’s technique, did not keep pace with the ongoing experimentalism of her contemporaries. New chapter-volumes required readers to remember details about the previous experience of Miriam Henderson as Pilgrimage grew in length over more than two decades. Furthermore, the increasing gaps between the times represented in Pilgrimage and the publication of individual chapter-volumes made the novel and its heroine seem less than contemporary, especially to new readers. Many of the cultural changes that came in the aftermath of World War I were taken for granted by a new generation of women, and although Pilgrimage continued to offer a detailed historical record of the period from 1890 to World War I, the political, social, and economic issues that Miriam Henderson confronted seemed less urgent in the second quarter of the twentieth century. Moreover, Richardson felt the pressure of managing her domestic life while reserving time for the project she had undertaken when she conceived of Pilgrimage as a sequence novel. Although marriage brought happiness and stability to her life, it made the isolation in which she wrote Pointed Roofs impossible. She assumed responsibility for her husband’s health, for virtually all of the practical arrangements of their domestic life, and for providing income as Odle’s prospects for sales and commissions dwindled. Odle had exhibited his drawings in 1920 at a one-man show in London, and in 1925, along with three other artists, he exhibited there again. Although his work attracted attention from the public and praise from critics, little of it sold. After anticipated contracts to illustrate Candide and works by Edgar Allan Poe failed to materialize, Odle dedicated himself to a lifelong project: the illustration of the works of François Rabelais, which, like Pilgrimage, was never completed. Among his few patrons was H. G. Wells, who purchased two drawings to hang above his writing desk. While Dawn’s Left Hand, the tenth chaptervolume of Pilgrimage, was in progress, Richard-

acknowledged her appreciation of Mansﬁeld’s wit, if not her sentiments: “[She is] as clever as old Nick. But a woman has a right to be, & I like her” (Windows on Modernism, p. 41n). Virginia Woolf, reviewing The Tunnel, appreciated that Richardson’s method resulted from “a genuine discrepancy between what she has to say and the form provided by tradition for her to say it in” (p. 188). In her review of Revolving Lights, Woolf credited Richardson with developing “a sentence which we might call the psychological sentence of the feminine gender” (p. 191). Although never a best-selling author, Richardson attracted enthusiastic and loyal readers, many of whom became her friends. Among them was Bryher, an aspiring writer and longtime partner of the poet H. D. The rebellious daughter of a millionaire shipping magnate and ﬁnancier, Bryher, whose belief in Pilgrimage never faltered, became as close to a patron as Richardson ever had, offering loans and gifts when the Odles suffered their frequent periods of ﬁnancial strain. Bryher generously provided the means for Richardson to relish the high point of her fame when, at her urging, the Odles spent the winter of 1923– 1924 in Switzerland, capped by ten days in Paris, where writers and artists celebrated Richardson and her work. She was especially pleased when Ernest Hemingway, who had been invited to edit an issue of the Transatlantic Review, asked her for a contribution. After her return to London she sent him “In the Garden,” a sketch based on her earliest memories of the garden at Abingdon. But by the late 1920s Richardson’s fame began to decline, although her energy and industry continued for many years. Writers who started with her on the “lonely track” of modernism that had become “a populous highway” had outpaced her, and her reputation suffered as a result of comparison with Joyce, Proust, and Virginia Woolf. Joyce had moved from autobiographical narrative to the epic and mythological themes of Ulysses. Much of Proust’s work was now available in translation. Virginia Woolf, whose The Voyage Out had been published in the same year as Pointed Roofs, had achieved stunning effects in presenting the interior life in Mrs. Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927). Richard-

190

DOROTHY RICHARDSON eyestrain and age. The increasing gaps between new chaptervolumes and Richardson’s advancing age suggested to both the public and publishers that Pilgrimage had run its course. At the urging of S. S. Koteliansky, the Russian émigré translator who was a friend of D. H. Lawrence and Katherine Mansﬁeld, Richardson began negotiations for the reissue of Pilgrimage. Koteliansky, then a reader/ adviser for the Cresset Press, thought it should be reissued in a uniform, compact edition of four volumes. After years of difficult negotiations with Duckworth and Knopf, Richardson’s U.S. publisher, and a great deal of misunderstanding among the parties involved, the reissue was advertised—before the separate publication of Clear Horizon—as the “complete” novel in twelve parts. Richardson was prepared to give up the project because she did not foresee Clear Horizon as a conclusion of Pilgrimage. Finally Clear Horizon was published separately in 1935 by J. M. Dent and the Cresset Press as a ﬁrst step toward the prospective collected edition, which a senior editor at Dent had suggested to Richardson might very well be her “ﬁnal bid for fame” (Windows on Modernism, p. 187). The fourvolume edition from Dent and Cresset, with one thousand sets to be distributed by Knopf, appeared in 1938. Initial sales were disappointing, and Richardson reconciled herself to the uncertain fate of any subsequent volumes she might write.

son was distracted by other projects to earn money. She had agreed to read proofs for a collected edition that Wells was preparing, expected to comprise more than twenty volumes. Editors were eager to have her work. In addition to the sketch for Hemingway, she wrote essays and reviews for Vanity Fair and for John Middleton Murray’s Adelphi, including a review of Clive Bell’s Proust. She published an excerpt from Oberland, which had been nominated for the French Femina Vie Heureuse Prize, in Outlook. “Journey to Paradise” was published in the Fortnightly Review in 1928. That year she wrote a series of essays for a monthly published by Charles Daniel, with whom she had begun her writing career. She was asked by the Evening News to respond to the novelist Storm Jameson’s article “Bored Wives.” Bryher solicited an article when she and her second husband, Kenneth Macpherson, began publishing a ﬁlm magazine, Close Up. An avid cinema fan, Richardson wrote a series of twenty-one essays for Close Up between 1927 and 1933. She wrote “Ordeal,” a short story, for Window, a new quarterly. And in 1930 she wrote John Austen and the Inseparables, a critical study on the art of the illustrator. During the early 1930s Richardson, still in need of money, interrupted work on Clear Horizon and contracted to do several translations. She translated a biography of Madame du Barry and a German novel by Robert Neumann, Die Macht, which was eventually scrapped. To compensate for this loss of anticipated income, Bryher arranged for an annuity to guarantee Richardson an income for the next seven years. Richardson went on to translate Léon Pierre-Quint’s critical biography André Gide: His Life and Work and Joseph Kastein’s Jews in Germany. She resumed work on Clear Horizon but interrupted it when Wells asked her to do editorial work on the manuscript of his Experiment in Autobiography. She took on yet another translation, Les Heures de silence, about a sanatorium for tuberculars. The pressure of meeting deadlines and the stress of shifting from German to French and back again was draining Richardson’s energy and creativity. She was on the point of exhaustion but dismissed her physical symptoms as the result of

YEARS OF REFLECTION AND SILENCE, 1939–1957

In addition to failing health and the prospect that her life’s work might not endure, the threat of nazism shadowed Richardson as World War II loomed. When the Odles made their annual trip to Cornwall in 1938 they had unknowingly left their rooms at Queen’s Terrace for the last time, for the buildings were soon to be dismantled. They moved their belongings to storage and returned to London for the summer of 1939, but war broke out in September as they were again making their way west. When the evacuation and bombing of London made return impossible, they were happy to learn that Richardson had been granted a Civil List pension that would enable

191

DOROTHY RICHARDSON them to rent a small villa where they would remain until 1944. London, the city Richardson had known since she began her life there in 1895, would never be the same. In 1948 she wrote that she was glad Endsleigh Street had been spared destruction although number 7, her ﬁrst London address, had suffered a direct hit by the bombing (Windows on Modernism, p. 587). As Cornwall became a haven for evacuees, war wives, and children sent out of harm’s way as well as a temporary station for servicemen, the Odles, who had long distanced themselves from public affairs but were appalled by the persecution of the Jews and the aggression of Hitler, listened avidly to radio reports on the progress of the war. Alan volunteered for community war efforts, and U.S. servicemen on leave were invited to visit the Odles for coffee and conversation. What began as a stay in Cornwall for the duration of the war became permanent as Richardson found travel more difficult. In 1944 Richardson resumed work on a thirteenth chapter-volume of Pilgrimage, abandoned during the war years. Never completed, it was published posthumously in 1967 as March Moonlight in the reissued Omnibus edition of Pilgrimage. Three short stories, “Excursion,” “Visitor,” and “Visit,” based on early childhood memories, were published in 1945. Richardson was deeply affected to hear of the death of H. G. Wells in 1946. Following the sudden death of Alan Odle during one of his routine walks to the village library in 1948, Richardson lived alone in Cornwall in increasing obscurity. Although she published a few pieces, kept up a lively correspondence, and continued work on Pilgrimage, she had become remote personally and professionally. After suffering a painful bout of shingles in 1954, she withdrew even more from social contacts. Her correspondence ceased, and her sister-in-law, Rose Odle, realized that she could no longer live on her own. She was removed, over her protests, to a nursing home outside London. As she resisted the invasion of her privacy and the thwarting of her will, her caregivers attributed her claim to be a writer to senile delusion. She

died at a nursing home in Beckenham in Kent on June 17, 1957.

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF DOROTHY RICHARDSON Pilgrimage. 4 vols. New York: Knopf, 1967. (The text of all complete editions is identical except for introductory material.) Journey to Paradise: Short Stories and Autobiographical Sketches. Selected and introduced by Trudi Tate. London: Virago, 1989. Windows on Modernism: Selected Letters of Dorothy Richardson. Edited by Gloria G. Fromm. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1995.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Blake, Caesar R. Dorothy Richardson. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960. DuPlessis, Rachel Blau. Writing Beyond the Ending. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985. Edel, Leon. The Modern Psychological Novel. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964. Fleishman, Avrom. Figures of Autobiography: The Language of Self-Writing in Victorian and Modern England. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. [Fromm], Gloria Glikin. “Dorothy M. Richardson: The Personal “Pilgrimage.’ ” PMLA 78:586–600 (December 1963). Fromm, Gloria G. Dorothy Richardson: A Biography. Urbana, Chicago, and London: University of Illinois Press, 1977. Gillespie, Diane F. “Dorothy Richardson (1873–1957).” In The Gender of Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Edited by Bonnie Kime Scott. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990. Pp. 393–435. Hanscombe, Gillian E. The Art of Life: Dorothy Richardson and the Development of Feminist Consciousness. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1982. Levy, Anita. “Gendered Labor, the Woman Writer and Dorothy Richardson.” NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 25, no. 1:50–70 (autumn 1991). Mansﬁeld, Katherine. Novels and Novelists. 1930. Edited by John Middleton Murray. Boston: Beacon, 1959. Staley, Thomas F. Dorothy Richardson. Boston: Twayne, 1976. Thomson, George H. “Dorothy Richardson’s Foreword to

192

DOROTHY RICHARDSON ———. Notes on Pilgrimage: Dorothy Richardson Annotated. Number Thirteen: 1880–1920 British Authors Series. Greensboro, N.C.: ELT Press, 1999. Woolf, Virginia. Women and Writing. Edited by Michèle Barrett. New York: Harcourt, 1979.

Pilgrimage.” Twentieth Century Literature 42, no. 3:344– 359 (autumn 1996). ———. A Reader’s Guide to Dorothy Richardson’s Pilgrimage. Number Eleven: 1880–1920 British Authors Series. Greensboro, N.C.: ELT Press, 1996.

193

MARY DARBY ROBINSON (1758?–1800)

Ashley Cross about 1980, literary history conﬁrmed her fears: Robinson was remembered mainly for her sexual history—her affair with the Prince of Wales— and not her literary history. But it is her literary history that is now beginning to ensure her an “equal portion of fame” with her contemporaries, both male and female. Robinson was a major player in late-eighteenthcentury culture and literary circles. If the sheer extent of her participation in all the major literary trends of her day is not enough to garner this fame, her metrical skill, her exploration of a poetics grounded in sensibility, and her performative subjectivity should mark her as an important ﬁgure in the development of romanticism. In the early part of her life, before she became paralyzed, she gained celebrity status for her acting career and her affair with the prince, who was then seventeen years old. Her beauty, her wit, and her sense of style made her the oft-emulated object of fashionable society gossip. Her popularity enhanced her publicity as a writer when she began to forge her new career as an author. Initially taken up with the Della Cruscan craze for erotic, ephemeral poetry, Robinson shaped herself into a poet of melancholy, meditative verse. She was “the chameleon poet” before John Keats entered the scene, and, like William Wordsworth, she saw poetry as “the spontaneous overﬂow of powerful feelings.” She was, however, highly aware of the difference it made being female, and her writing continually draws attention to the constraints placed on women writers because of society’s attitudes about women’s intellect and sexuality. Like Mary Wollstonecraft, she argued for women’s mental equality and equal education, but, unlike Wollstonecraft, she saw sensibility as a source, though a dangerous one, of women’s strength and as the origin of poetic authority. She participated in

IN A LETTER TO THE WOMEN OF ENGLAND, published under the pseudonym Anne Frances Randall in 1799, just a year before her death, Mary Robinson writes: The embargo on words, the enforcement of tacit submission, has been productive of consequences highly honourable to the woman of the present age. Since the sex have been condemned for exercising the powers of speech, they have successfully taken up the pen: and their writings exemplify both energy of mind, and capability of acquiring the most extensive knowledge. The press will be the monuments from which the genius of British women will rise to immortal celebrity: their works will, in proportion as their educations are liberal, from year to year, challenge an equal portion of fame, with the labours of their classical male contemporaries. (p. 91)

Letter reveals the blending of personal and literary concerns that was the hallmark of Robinson’s writing. Emphasizing women’s extensive textual production, Robinson’s Letter set out to extol women’s genius and to create a history of literary women that makes women writers the equals of men, but it is also an attempt to write herself into literary history. She speaks for women in general here, but her career clearly provides the exemplary case. As poetry editor of the Morning Post, Robinson was highly aware that popularity did not guarantee recognition as a writer of genius; even as she published more than seventyfour poems in the paper’s pages in the last year of her life, engaged in a poetic exchange with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and published her last volume of poems, Lyrical Tales, she was conscious that women writers, especially ones like herself and Mary Wollstonecraft whose lives did not ﬁt proper models of femininity, were not being given the recognition they deserved. Up until

195

MARY DARBY ROBINSON continual exploration of loss. Robinson’s writing reveals her lifelong concern for the suffering of others, women’s rights and education, the dangers and strengths of sensibility, and the problem of social inequality. If Letter reveals an anxiety about reputation, it also reveals Robinson’s literary authority. As Coleridge writes through the voice of Mount Skiddaw, in his poem “A Stranger Minstrel, written to Mrs. Robinson a few weeks before her Death,” “many a stranger in my height / Hath sung to me her magic song, / Sending forth his extacy in her divinest melody” (Selected Poems, p. 379). At the end of the eighteenth century Robinson’s “magic song” made her a writer worthy of emulation; in the twenty-ﬁrst century her writing “should claim an equal portion of power in the TRIBUNAL of BRITISH LITERATURE” (Letter, p. 97).

several different literary circles of the day: her Lyrical Tales and her poetic exchange with Coleridge link her to the Lake Poets, Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Robert Southey; her friendship with William Godwin brought her into radical circles that included Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Hays, Eliza Fenwick, and Samuel Jackson Pratt; her interest in the sonnet revival reveals a dialogue with Charlotte Smith and Anna Seward; her gothic novels suggest she should be read with Matthew Lewis and Ann Radcliffe. Charlotte Dacre, a poet and gothic novelist, was one of the few women writers to portray Robinson as her predecessor, though Robinson inﬂuenced many others. Little work has been done yet on Robinson’s relation to the Shelleys and John Keats, but their writing reveals the inﬂuence of her imagery and form. In a little more than ten years—the last years—of her life, Robinson published four collections of poems, a sonnet sequence, seven novels, two plays, a translation, at least six individually published long poems, three political essays, and innumerable poems for various newspapers. She also drafted her memoirs and arranged her collected works. Robinson wrote in all the dominant forms of her day—elegies and odes, Della Cruscan verse and Romantic lyrics, sonnets and occasional verse, gothic and epistolary novels. Many of her poems were written under a range of pseudonyms that allowed her to create what Judith Pascoe has called a “multiplyconstituted female” self in contrast to the selfauthorizing male Wordsworthian ego (Pascoe, 1995, p. 260). No less self-authorizing, Robinson’s changing persona reveals a writer keenly attuned to the literary marketplace and her reading public, to whom she dedicated several of her volumes. She used the press to showcase her genius and exploited the public’s hunger for the salacious details of her private life. Often accused of imitating other poets, Robinson saw herself as shaping current literary trends through a revisionary poetics that derived its strength from an intense identiﬁcation with the other, be that another writer or an outcast. Such a poetics, grounded in the empathy of sensibility, opened the door for incisive social critique and for a

MARY DARBY

Mary Robinson, née Darby, was born to Nicholas Darby and Hester Vanacott on November 27, in a cottage whose back wall pressed up to St. Augustine’s monastery next to Bristol Minster. Whether she was born in 1758, as her gravestone and published memoirs specify; or in 1757 as Paula Byrne, one of her biographers, argues; or in 1756 as the marginal note in the baptismal register of St. Augustine implies, has not been deﬁnitively decided. The date hardly seems important to those interested in her short but intense literary career, but it would probably have been important to Robinson, who so carefully managed her image. Robinson describes the setting of her birth in her Memoirs, which she began in the last years of her life, “as a spot more calculated to inspire the soul with mournful meditation [than] can scarcely be found amidst the monuments of antiquity” (vol. 1, p. 3). Emphasizing the stormy night, she creates a gothic setting for her birth and a sorrowful and “Romantic” image for her authorial identity: “through life the tempest has followed my footsteps; and I have in vain looked for a short interval of repose from the perseverance of sorrow” (vol. 1, p. 4). Her Memoirs portray a young Robinson who was thoughtful, melancholy, and

196

MARY DARBY ROBINSON unattractive, even “swarthy,” with eyes large in proportion to her face. Her ﬁrst reading material was epitaphs inscribed on tombstones, and by the age of seven she was reciting the elegiac poetry of Alexander Pope, William Mason, John Gay, and George, Lord Lyttelton from memory. Though she later became renowned for her great beauty, her “too acute sensibility” (vol. 1, p. 12) became the source of her best poetry. She may have had good reason to be so melancholy; prior to her stage debut at around age nineteen, her life was full of vicissitude. Born in America, Robinson’s father was a merchant ﬁsherman who spent most of his time traveling around Newfoundland. His marriage to her mother, a granddaughter of Catherine Seys with aristocratic bloodlines going back to John Locke, was a love match. As the middle of three surviving children, Robinson’s childhood with her eldest brother, John, and her younger brother, George (there were two other children: a daughter, Elizabeth, died before she turned three and a son died at the age of six), was a happy, comfortable one under the care of an indulgent mother. Her father’s decision, when she was nine years old, to leave his family to establish a whaling ﬁshery on the coast of Labrador seemed precipitous. If the failure of his scheme was not enough to disrupt their home life, the fact of his taking a mistress with him was devastating. The family was forced to leave their home, and her parents’ relationship never recovered. Robinson, perhaps, looking back from her own experience of love, saw her father as “held by a fatal fascination; he was a slave of a young and artful woman” (Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 31). Such “fatal” passion was to become one of her recurrent themes. Despite the fact that her family, absent a father, moved from place to place, Robinson’s mother managed to secure her daughter a good education. Before her father’s departure Robinson attended Hannah More’s boarding school, where she saw her ﬁrst theatrical production, King Lear. In London, Robinson was placed at Meribah Lorrington’s school for more than a year, where she received what Mary Wollstonecraft would call a

“masculine education.” As her writing shows, Robinson was classically educated; she learned Latin, German, and French in addition to the usual feminine accomplishments, and it was here that she learned to love books and began writing verse. After ﬁnances required removal from a third boarding school, Robinson’s mother opened her own school and placed Robinson, at about age fourteen, in charge of English language, selecting readings for her students, and of the students’ clothing—the combination clearly presaging her future. Again, circumstances worked against them: Robinson’s father was horriﬁed at being publicly exposed and closed the school after eight months. Almost ﬁfteen years old, Robinson’s “early love for lyric harmony” had turned into “a fondness for the more sublime scenes of dramatic poetry” (vol. 1, p. 46). She had matured into a beauty and looked well beyond her age. An initial opportunity through an actor at Covent Garden dead-ended, but a friend of her mother’s introduced Robinson to the magniﬁcent David Garrick, then manager of the other major theater at the time, Drury Lane. As Byrne describes in her biography, Perdita: The Literary, Theatrical, Scandalous Life of Mary Robinson (2004), Garrick was a great supporter of theatrical women, and he was taken with Robinson’s beauty, especially her “long, shapely legs ideal for the highly popular “breeches roles‘” (p. 19) and her tone of voice, like that of Susannah Cibber. Garrick chose Robinson to play Cordelia to his Lear as her debut role; the choice itself shows his faith in Robinson. While Robinson’s mother worried over “the perils, the temptations to which an unprotected girl would be exposed in so public a situation” (Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 50), Robinson, excited by the opportunity, worked extremely hard with Garrick, who “appeared to [her] as one who possessed more power, both to awe and to attract, than any man I ever met with” (vol. 1, p. 55). Garrick turned Robinson into an object of publicity; Robinson loved that “it was buzzed about that I was the juvenile pupil of Garrick,— the promised Cordelia” (vol. 1, p. 54).

197

MARY DARBY ROBINSON the marriage public but seemed to secure a future estate, thanks to Mary’s beauty. She could now make her debut in London society as a married woman. Though she represents herself as “the victim of events” (vol. 1, p. 122), Robinson’s entrance into the ton (London’s high society) made a splash and reveals already her consciousness of the power of her beauty and a desire to set fashion trends. Throughout this early part of her marriage, Robinson documents her clothing and her ability to turn heads. Her ﬁrst visit to the pleasure gardens of Ranelagh may be seen as representative. She comments on the plainness of her dress “a gown of light brown lustring with close round cuffs” when the fashion was to wear long ruffles) and dares to wear her hair without powder and only a “plain round cap and a white chip hat” when the fashion was to wear huge, towering headdresses (vol. 1, p. 95). Robinson was pregnant, but she dressed with care and attracted the gazes of many of the notorious rakes of the day, in particular Lord Lyttelton, who became her “cavalier servante” (vol. 1, p. 103). Lyttelton attached himself to the Robinsons, leading Thomas into nights of gambling, alcohol, and women and wooing Mary with gifts of poems. Even though Robinson blames Lyttelton for Thomas’ decline, the gift of the poems of Anna Barbauld (then Miss Aikin) was to prove signiﬁcant, as she “considered the woman who could invent such poetry, as the most to be envied of human creatures” (vol. 1, p. 102). Increasingly neglected, Robinson wrote verses. As Thomas became progressively involved in riotous living, Lyttelton, his supposed friend and partner-incrime, revealed to Robinson that her husband had a mistress (Harriet Wilmot), hoping to force Robinson into an affair of revenge with him. Instead of giving in to his desires, however, Robinson jumped into a coach and rushed to confront Thomas’ mistress, who, seeing the beautiful Robinson, promised never to receive Thomas again. But his inﬁdelities did not decrease and his debt expanded, and Robinson was increasingly set upon by rakes, including one instance when the attentive George Fitzgerald tried to abduct her

MRS. ROBINSON, VIRTUOUS WIFE

The “buzz” around the beautiful Robinson drew suitors, ﬁrst a captain who turned out to be married, and then a rich man, “old enough to be my grandfather” (Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 54). “The drama, the delightful drama” (vol. 1, p. 54) ﬁlled her head, but a young clerk working across the street named Thomas Robinson, who was to become her delinquent husband, began to court her. She had little interest in giving up her theatrical profession, but she came down with smallpox. Representing himself as a nephew and heir of a wealthy Welshman, Thomas besieged Robinson’s mother with attention, attending ﬁrst her ill son and then Robinson herself. In the Memoirs, Robinson emphasizes only her feelings of “gratitude” for Thomas, who “attended with the zeal of a brother” (vol. 1, p. 61). Pressed by her mother, Thomas, and her father’s words, the almost sixteen-year-old Robinson allowed the banns to be published. Once done, however, Thomas’ demand that they keep the relationship a secret revealed that he was less than he appeared: he still had three months to go to ﬁnish his clerkship and also had an obligation to another lady. Robinson was caught: the banns were published, but she did not want a clandestine marriage and did not want to give up her stage career. Nevertheless, under much pressure, instead of making her appearance as Cordelia, Mary Darby married Thomas Robinson on April 12, 1773, a marriage that was to create ﬁnancial and social difficulties for the rest of her life. Still dreaming of her stage career, Robinson represents herself as an innocent who “only three months before#had dressed a doll” (vol. 1, p. 68) and only decided to marry to be able to live with her mother. “Dressed in the habit of a quaker,” she emphasizes her “melancholy,” “wretched,” and precarious state as a justmarried woman who must keep her marriage secret (vol. 1, pp. 70, 71, 72). On their return to London after a ten-day honeymoon, Robinson and her mother discovered that Mr. Robinson was not even a legitimate heir but an illegitimate son who had already come of age. Finally, however, a visit to Wales to see Thomas’ “uncle,” actually his father, Thomas Harris, not only made

198

MARY DARBY ROBINSON after an evening at Vauxhall. Though Robinson highlights her neglect and naïveté in the Memoirs, she also claims, “I was now known, by name, at every public place in and near the metropolis” (vol. 1, p. 128). The money situation became so dire that another trip to Wales was needed. This time news of their situation preceded them and the Robinsons were mocked and ridiculed for their expensive lifestyle. The only saving grace for Robinson was the birth of her daughter Maria Elizabeth on October 18, 1774. Against custom and without much domestic training, Robinson nursed her daughter. When she was not available to care for her, her mother did. Maria would go on to be Robinson’s main support throughout her life, but especially at the end. It was Maria who cared for Robinson as she was dying and who most likely ﬁnished her Memoirs. Maria published a single novel, The Shrine of Bertha, in 1794 to mixed reviews and much maternal pride and was instrumental in assuring the publication of Robinson’s Poetical Works (1806). Several of Robinson’s most moving poems are written to her daughter, whom she calls in an ode written on Maria’s birthday in 1794 “sweet comfort of my days” (Brown Women Writers Project, Poetical Works, 1824, p. 93). Poems, like the two for Maria’s birthdays, “Inscribed to Maria, My Beloved Daughter” (1793) and “Sonnet to my Beloved Daughter” (1791) reveal Robinson’s talent for occasional verse and her protective affection for her daughter. Maria seems to have been the one constant in Robinson’s life; her verse not only marks important occasions in Maria’s life, like birthdays, inoculations, and the publication of Maria’s novel, but it also presents Maria as an intelligent, centering force. In the 1794 ode Robinson writes: Thou art more dear to me Than sight, or sense, or vital air! For every day I see Presents thee with a mind more fair. Rich pearl, in life’s rude sea!

in Fleet prison on May 3, 1775. Still loyal, Robinson and her daughter went with him for the ﬁfteen months. Just before her husband’s imprisonment, Robinson had been preparing her ﬁrst book of poems for publication; she juggled her writing with caring for her daughter in “the mixed confusion of a study and a nursery” (Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 162), but she still managed to attend parties. In prison Robinson worked hard to care for and support their family, only venturing forth to obtain the patronage of Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire, while Thomas continued his proﬂigate ways. Her ﬁrst book of Poems appeared in summer 1775; in the Memoirs she describes them as “triﬂes” (vol. 1, p. 159) about which she is embarrassed in later life. They “sold but indifferently” (vol. 1, p. 168). Recalling the eighteenthcentury graveyard poets Edward Young and Thomas Gray, these poems show Robinson’s initial attempts to imitate dominant literary modes; the poems are well written but conventional. Robinson claims to have followed the “strict propriety of wedded life” (vol. 1, p. 181), and these poems fulﬁll that sense of propriety. Ironically these elegies, odes, ballads, and pastorals present a discontentment with fashionable life, as best seen in a “Letter to a Friend on Leaving Town.” Here the speaker, in perfect iambic pentameter couplets, claims happily to ﬂee the “giddy circle” that “no more, can please my sicken’d eye” (Selected Poems, p. 72) to lead a pure life in retirement. As she compares the “blithe maid,” the pastoral shepherdess, with the “gay courtly dame,” one sees already the social critic Robinson was to become as well as her Romantic leanings toward solitude. “The Linnet’s Petition,” a poem modeled after Anna Barbauld’s “The Mouse’s Petition” (Byrne, p. 59) reveals already Robinson’s concern for those less fortunate than she and underscores her own captive state: the bird calls to Stella, “Ah! pity my unhappy fate, / And set a captive free, / So you may never feel the loss, / Of peace, or liberty” and Stella’s response, to let the bird free, produces in her “strange extasy” (p. 71). “Pastoral Stanzas. Written at Fifteen Years of Age” demonstrates her ability to write wellmeasured verse and reveals already her interest

(p. 93)

On the Robinsons’ return to London, Thomas was arrested for debt and eventually imprisoned

199

MARY DARBY ROBINSON Robinson went on to perform to great commendation for three additional seasons (1777– 1778, 1778–1779, 1779–1780). Her roles were varied and numerous (she lists twenty-three different roles for the 1777–1778 season). To name just a few, she played Statira in Nathaniel Lee’s Alexander the Great and Araminta in William Congreve’s The Old Bachelor, two Restoration comedies; Amanda in Sheridan’s A Trip to Scarborough and roles in several other Sheridan plays, including a comedy by his mother; Jacintha in Benjamin Hoadley’s The Suspicious Husband, her ﬁrst cross-dressed role; the lead role as Emily in Hannah Cowley’s ﬁrst play, “The Runaway,” as well as the leading female roles in almost every Shakespeare play (Ophelia, Viola, Rosalind, Cordelia, Lady Anne, Lady Macbeth, Juliet, Imogen, Perdita). In her ﬁrst season she performed the role of Fanny in George Colman’s The Clandestine Marriage while she was pregnant. However, her second child, Sophia, baptized on May 24, 1777, died at the age of six weeks. During this second season Robinson also performed her beneﬁt, a singular performance for which an actor was allowed to choose the play and keep the earnings, in the role of Lady Macbeth, but as usual the evening included a second play, this time called The Lucky Escape, a comical opera, by Mrs. Robinson. Her most celebrated, and most compromising, roles were the breeches roles: Jacintha, Rosalind, Viola, Imogen; two weeks after her performance as Jacintha, Robinson created a stir when she appeared offstage in public wearing breeches (Byrne, p. 79). Though Robinson was well paid for an actress of her day, she also had to face, as all actresses did, the connection between acting and sexual availability. She had managed until this point to maintain her reputation, but she was beset by offers of money and affection from many sides. As her popularity grew so did the gossip. It was rumored that she and Sheridan were more than friends. Then it was John Lade. But it was not until George, the Prince of Wales, came to see her performance of Perdita that Robinson yielded. In her ﬁnal season she played ﬁfty-ﬁve nights (Byrne, p. 89). Her most famous and lifechanging role came when she played Perdita in

in challenging conventions and hierarchies. These lines use the pastoral’s social critique to present a cutting indictment of society’s inequities. Robinson claimed in her Memoirs, “were I to describe one half of what I suffered, during ﬁfteen months captivity, the world would consider it as the invention of the novel” (vol. 1, p. 181); when she later turned to novel writing, readers were sure that the novels reﬂected her life. At this early point in her career, however, she chose to compose another poem, more pertinent to her current fate: Captivity, published with “Celadon and Lydia,” a tale of marital betrayal, appeared in fall 1777, after the Robinsons’ release, and was dedicated to the duchess of Devonshire. Written in heroic couplets, Captivity catalogs the misery caused by rank and inequity and expresses Robinson’s compassion for the unfortunate, a prominent theme throughout her work. The poem begins with a concern that became another driving force of Robinson’s later work: “Say, shall a Female’s soaring breast aspire, / To boast what Genius only can acquire?” (p. 7). The poem’s emphasis on the mind’s freedom becomes a call to liberty that closes with her recognition that “Whate’er the Critics say,—the Tale is just” (p. 33).

PERDITA: FROM ACTRESS TO ROYAL CONSORT

Despite these forays into “literary labour” (Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 184), Robinson turned back to the stage in order to earn money. The actor William Brereton introduced her to Richard Brinsley Sheridan, now manager of Drury Lane and a playwright, best known for the scandalous The Rivals (1775), based on his elopement with Elizabeth Linley. The three decided on Juliet, and Robinson made her stage debut on December 10, 1776. The 1801 Memoirs abruptly end with Robinson, beautifully dressed (she describes her clothes in detail), facing her audience “with trembling limbs and fearful apprehension” (vol. 1, p. 192). Her debut was successful; she received “thundering applause [that] nearly over-powered all my faculties” (vol. 2, p. 1). The Morning Post wrote that “at present she discovers a theatrical genius in the rough” (cited in Byrne, p. 72).

200

MARY DARBY ROBINSON pearance, anecdotes, letters, puffs, smears, and speculations appeared almost daily in the papers. The textual production before and after Robinson’s affair was immense. Poems like The Poetic Epistle from Florizel to Perdita (July 1781), caricatures like “Florizel and Perdita” (October 1783) and James Gillray’s “The Thunderer” (August 1782), and ﬁctional letters like The Budget of Love; or, Letters Between Florizel and Perdita (1781) and John “Jew” King’s Letters from Perdita to a Certain Israelite, and His Answers to Them (1781) mocked Robinson for her ambition and her sexual proclivities. The public’s seemingly insatiable desire for the juicy details of Robinson’s life came to a head in the pornographic Memoirs of Perdita (1784), in which Robinson is portrayed again and again in compromising positions. According to her recent biographers, Robinson often fought back by puffing herself in the press. But she also fueled the demand by her later affairs with Lord Malden, Charles James Fox, Banastre Tarleton, and possibly Richard Brinsley Sheridan.

Garrick’s revision of The Winter’s Tale at the royal command performance December 3, 1779. The prince was taken with her beauty; his ﬂattering words “overwhelmed [her] with confusion” (Memoirs, vol. 2, p. 38); “just as the curtain was falling, [her] eyes met those of the Prince of Wales, and with a look that I shall never forget, he gently inclined his head a second time” (vol. 2, p. 39). The prince pursued Robinson by writing her love epistles addressed to Perdita and signed by Florizel. Eventually, after several clandestine meetings at Kew and the gift of a bejeweled miniature betokening his immutable love, the prince persuaded Robinson to leave her acting career; Robinson’s portion of her Memoirs breaks off right before she succumbs. Robinson’s affair with the Prince of Wales was a turning point in her life. Ever after known as “the Perdita,” she had given up her career to be the prince’s consort. Signiﬁcantly, her last stage performance was the breeches part in Lady Craven’s The Miniature Picture. The affair made Robinson a celebrity, and while it lasted she reveled in it. Her new carriage even sported a design by John Keyes Sherwin that looked like the royal insignia (Byrne, p. 121). It was, unfortunately, a short-lived affair (it ended abruptly in December 1780 with a note from the prince saying, “we must meet no more,” vol. 2, p. 72), as the prince took up with Elizabeth Armistead in under a year. Robinson was savvy enough to hold onto the £20,000 promissory note he had written her as well as his letters and the miniature. Shortly thereafter, she was able to negotiate, with the help of Lord Malden, for £5000 in exchange for the prince’s love letters. These negotiations reveal a woman intent on saving her reputation; as Pascoe writes, “she was reluctant to have their relationship cast in mercenary rather than romantic terms” (Pascoe, 2000, p. 29). Later, in 1783, Charles James Fox, another of Robinson’s lovers, was able to get her an annuity of £500 because of the promissory note. In the early 1780s the press had a heyday with Robinson’s reputation. The Morning Post, at the time pro-royalty, competed with the newly formed Morning Herald, a pro-theater paper, over representations of Robinson. Notices of her ap-

PORTRAIT OF A LADY: “LA BELLE ANGLOISE”

In 1781 Robinson made her ﬁrst trip to the Continent to escape the frenzy. In Paris she was feted by the duke of Chartres and the duke of Lauzun, whom she later described for the Monthly Magazine (1800) and in her Memoirs. She depicts one party in particular where “every tree displayed the initials of la belle Angloise” (Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 91–92), as she was nicknamed. But the highlight of her trip was her meeting with Marie Antoinette. Dressing herself carefully in an outﬁt from the queen’s designer, Robinson attended the grand couvert at Versailles to see the queen. Separated by just a crimson cord, the two women gazed at one another’s beauty. The queen borrowed Robinson’s miniature of the Prince of Wales and returned “a purse, netted by [her own] hand” (vol. 2, p. 95). Robinson remembered this exchange and, despite her affinity for revolutionary ideals, sympathized with the queen. As Adriana Craciun writes in Fatal Women of Romanticism (2003), Robinson’s portrayal of the queen “values both republican politics and ancien ré-

201

MARY DARBY ROBINSON inson’s style and visible body “blurr[ed] the distinction between ladies of virtue and the “impures’” (Byrne, pp. 190–192). Robinson’s friendship with Reynolds was close enough to inspire a 248-line poem on his death, “Monody to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds” (1792), in which she portrays him as “Britain’s Rafaelle” and herself as a painter of words, attempting to do in words (“Each feature mark’d the tenor of the mind!,” p. 357) what he accomplished in visual art (“Where shall the Muse untrodden paths explore? / Where ﬁnd a theme untry’d by thee before?,” p. 360). Perhaps she was returning a favor. In an earlier poem, Ainsi va la monde (1791), a long revolutionary poem Robinson wrote in response to Robert Merry’s Laurel of Liberty (350 lines in twelve hours! [Gristwood 2005, 247]), she digresses from praising Merry’s poetic skill to compare Reynolds’ artistic genius as he paints a beauty curiously like her in appearance. These two poems underscore Robinson’s consciousness of the connection between artist and subject and the power of the portrait in late-eighteenth-century culture to shape public opinion. In fact, Reynolds’ two portraits, in 1781 and 1783, hint at the transition in Robinson’s life from object of beauty to artist, from visual object to writing subject. In the earlier one, titled Portrait of a Lady, Robinson, perhaps still mourning her affair with the prince, dressed in black with a large plumed hat, hands neatly folded, and head tilted, looks seductively and yet challengingly at her audience. In the later one, which was used as the preface to her 1791 Poems, the Lyrical Tales, and her posthumous poems (1806), Robinson, hatless and more casually dressed, gazes pensively, with eyes half closed, out to sea; she does not seem to care whether the audience responds to her beauty. Byrne links this image to Werther’s “dejected Charlotte” and suggests it paves Robinson’s way for her writing career (p. 218).

gime femininity” (p. 87). In Impartial Reﬂections on the Present Situation of the Queen of France (1791), Robinson went so far as to appeal to the National Assembly for the queen’s release. In her “Monody to the Memory of the Late Queen of France” (December 1793), written shortly after the queen’s execution, Robinson expresses her compassion for the “beauteous martyr” (Poetical Works, p. 36), whom she represents as a ﬁgure of maternal care, wedded virtue, and democratic generosity. Now destitute, “On a straw pallet, in a dungeon laid— / By all suspected, and by all betray’d!” (p. 34), the queen is the embodiment of kindness and gentle authority: “To rule she sought not; for obedience hung / On the soft accents of her tuneful tongue” (p. 37) and “by partaking, [she would] lessen every pain” (p. 36). Robinson’s monody to the queen critiques the brutal, violent, and selﬁsh direction the Revolution had taken, but she does so to uphold a greater liberty and genius that she felt crossed class boundaries and was embodied in Marie Antoinette. The queen was especially important for Robinson in 1793, the year of her mother’s death. Her 1793 Poems included two more poems on the subject, a dramatic monologue that expresses “Marie Antoinette’s Lamentation, in her Prison of the Temple” (March 8, 1793) and a “Fragment” that was published in the Oracle, supposedly written before the royals were executed. Known for her wit, her beauty, and her large blue eyes, Robinson was highly aware of her public image, and between 1780 and 1782, while the press was gobbling up every gossipy detail about her life, Robinson sat for portraits with each of the most important painters of the age: George Romney, Thomas Gainsborough, and Joshua Reynolds. In addition, Robinson became a fashion icon, creating controversial trends that allowed women more freedom of movement and broke class boundaries. Fashionable hats, hoods, dresses, and handkerchiefs were named after her. Her most famous contribution to London society was the “Perdita chemise,” a version of the nightgown-like muslin dress that Marie Antoinette had been wearing. If in France this dress had challenged court tradition, in London, Rob-

FATAL PASSION: BANASTRE TARLETON

It was at Reynolds’ studio in January 1782, shortly after her return from Paris, that Robinson met Banastre Tarleton, who was to be a part of

202

MARY DARBY ROBINSON her life on and off for the next ﬁfteen years. Tarleton was also a celebrity, having returned from the American Revolution as one of the few British heroes. Known as “Bloody Tarleton” or “Butcher Tarleton” for his ruthlessness in killing Americans and his surprise tactics, Tarleton had rapidly risen through the military ranks to become commander of the British Legion dragoons. As Reynolds’ portrait makes clear, he was strikingly good-looking, shared Robinson’s fashion sense, and carried a sign of his valor in his two missing ﬁngers. His biographer, Robert Bass, writes of Tarleton and Robinson at this time: “At ﬁrst Mary had been just another conquest. But as the months passed he found in her the fulﬁllment of his needs and fell passionately in love with her. He had the ﬁgure, the gallantry, and the elegant manners of the perfect soldier. She had the beauty, the wit, and the charm of the perfect actress. They were the handsomest couple in London” (p. 205). Robinson implicitly conveys her fascination with his military authority in her “Ode to Valour” (1791). Reynolds exhibited both their paintings in spring 1782 at the Royal Academy exhibition. By the summer, Robinson and Tarleton were seen together everywhere, and Robinson’s relationship with Malden had come to an end (he settled an annuity on her that she always had trouble getting). In 1783, however, Tarleton, facing large debts and increasingly badgered by his family to give up Robinson, departed for the Continent. With money in hand, Robinson chased him, unsuccessfully, to Dover; Tarleton had actually gone to Southampton, writing to his mother that he was ﬁnished with Robinson. Though it is unclear exactly what happened, the ride was to change her life forever. As Maria Elizabeth explains in the Memoirs, “an imprudent exposure to the night air in travelling, when, exhausted by fatigue and mental anxiety, she slept in a chaise with the windows open, brought on a fever, which conﬁned her to her bed during six months” (vol. 2, pp. 95–96). Whether she suffered a “violent rheumatism” or a miscarriage, the end result was a progressive paralysis of her legs. “Thus, at four-and-twenty years of age, in the

pride of youth and the bloom of beauty, was this lovely and unfortunate woman reduced to a state of more than infantine helplessness” (vol. 2, p. 96). In France, Tarleton only found out about her illness several months after; when he returned to London in March, the pair was reunited. However, Robinson spent the rest of her life having to be carried from place to place; her ailing health required her often to seek respite at various resorts (Bath, Brighton, Spa, Aix la Chapelle, St. Amand). Her state and her relationship with Tarleton provoked an especially nasty cartoon, “Perdita on her last legs” (August 1784), which pictures Robinson prostituting herself on the street. However, perhaps more than anything, her disability shaped her compassion for those on the margins of society. It also heightened her sense of dependence on the vagaries of men. Robinson’s relationship with Tarleton was tumultuous, emotionally and ﬁnancially. Their long affair was a public event, and Robinson’s poetry, published as it was in the press, made sure that it remained public. She fed the public’s desire to see her writing as a reﬂection of her life, even as she became a writer in her own right. Revealing the vicissitudes of her tenuous position, many of Robinson’s poems and novels reﬂect on this “fatal passion” (Selected Poems, p. 133), as she describes it in “Stanzas, Written Between Dover and Calais, July 20, 1792,” written as she left England because of her health but also to escape debt and Tarleton, whom she had discovered at the end of 1791 was having an affair, which she called a “Low Caprice” (Bass 312). In a letter to Richard Sheridan, 23 July 1792 (quoted in Byrne p. 282), Robinson claims she and Tarleton had “an irreproachable connection of more than ten years,” but now declared she would not accept another favor from him. In “Stanzas, Written Between Dover and Calais,” fearing the end of their relationship, Robinson extols her loyalty, acclaims her compassionate love, and stresses the depth of her loss: I have lov’d thee! Dearly lov’d thee, Through an age of worldly woe!

203

MARY DARBY ROBINSON How ungrateful I have prov’d thee, Let my mournful exile show!

Tarleton was and continued to be a major ﬁgure of Robinson’s poetry, even after he married Susan Priscilla Bertie, a much younger woman and the illegitimate daughter of Robert Bertie, duke of Ancaster, on December 17, 1798, just a year and a half after his ﬁnal separation from Robinson. In the summer of 1793, Tarleton’s presence dominated Robinson’s poetry, despite the death of her mother, who had been her constant companion. If in “Stanzas, written on the 14th of February to my once dear Valentine” (1793) she reproaches him for “seek[ing] some gaudier bower than mine” (Poetical Works, p. 322), in “Adieu to Fancy” (1793) she dismisses Fancy for the “tranquil scene, / The constant thought, the smile serene, /And know myself supremely blest!” (p. 327). If in “Stanzas Inscribed to a Once Dear Friend, When Conﬁned by Severe Indisposition, in March 1793” the landscape reﬂects her concern and distance, in her response to his recovery the landscape glows with the possibility of “sweet discourses in our time to come” (p. 326). The vacillations of these poems, written as they were in such a brief span of time, reﬂect the volatility of Robinson’s and Tarleton’s relationship and highlight the precariousness of Robinson’s position as a married woman living with a man who was not her husband. Though she increasingly differentiates herself from Tarleton’s political views, writing poems explicitly against the slave trade at the end of her career (“The Negro Girl,” The Progress of Liberty), Robinson also helped Tarleton write his parliamentary speeches for pro-slavery Liverpool and his History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781. Tarleton seems to have become entangled with her public’s understanding of her as a writer. Sappho and Phaon (1796) asserted the moral authority of Sappho’s responsiveness to Phaon as a source for poetry, but readers still read Sappho’s obsession with Phaon as a reﬂection of Robinson and Tarleton’s relationship. Reviews of The False Friend (1799) saw the novel as a tale of her own troubles, interpreting the libertine Treville as a ﬁgure for Tarleton, though the novel focuses primarily on Gertrude’s mistaken obsession with her father. In addition to poems like “The Sorrows of Memory” (January 1798) and “To a False

(p. 134)

She claims “Nor could threats or fears alarm me, / Save the fear of losing thee!” (p. 134). Much of her poetry to Tarleton melodramatically expresses an ambivalent passion. Vacillating between joy and pain, Robinson reveals the danger of playing the role of wife but without the beneﬁts. An early poem, “Lines to Him Who Will Understand Them” (October 1788), which fanned the Della Cruscan ﬂames, similarly presents the end of their friendship as a “sweet delusion” and the beginning of an exile: “Where’er my lonely course I bend / Thy image shall my steps attend” (Selected Poems, p. 89). Poetry became for her a release from such debilitating passion, a way of sublimating her pain of rejection and defending her behavior. From Calais, Robinson and her mother and daughter planned to travel to Spa, Flanders, for Robinson’s health, but they never got there. While in Calais, Thomas Robinson appeared with the idea of presenting Maria Elizabeth to his wealthy Uncle William. Robinson did not want to part from her daughter, so she returned with them to London, on 2 September 1792, just before British subjects were placed under arrest in France. It turned out that the only grounds on which William would help Maria was her relinquishing her parents, which she refused. This incident is one of the last times that Robinson mentions Thomas in her Memoirs, though she stayed married to him, but separated, for the rest of her life (divorce was not a real option for women at the time). Little is known about Thomas Robinson’s later life; Hester Davenport, one of Robinson’s biographers, uncovered a Thomas Robinson, approximately the same age as Robinson’s husband would have been, living in Datchet across the Thames from Old Windsor, where Robinson was buried, who died 30 July 1814 (p. 224). It was not, however, Thomas who mattered to Robinson. According to Byrne, Tarleton was in Paris at the time of Robinson’s trip to Calais and may have traveled through Calais (Byrne, p. 285). By the end of September of that year, Robinson and Tarleton were again together.

204

MARY DARBY ROBINSON Miscellany (1785) created a new fashion for poetry of improvisation and ornament. Writing under pseudonyms, the Della Cruscans created a stir with their public amours. Robinson—as “Laura Maria”—triangulated the poetic romance between Robert Merry—as “Della Crusca”—and Hannah Cowley—as “Anna Matilda”—when Merry mistook Robinson’s “Lines to Him Who Will Understand Them” as an address to him. This not only began Robinson’s Della Cruscan phase, which culminated in two positively reviewed volumes of poems, in 1791 and 1793, but also commenced her career writing poetry under multiple pseudonyms (Laura Maria, Julia, Oberon, Daphne, Echo, Louisa, and later, Tabitha Bramble). Starting at the World, she soon became the Oracle’s resident poet; from there she went to the Monthly Magazine, and at the end of her life, she served as poetry editor of the Morning Post. In 1791 she published her quarto, prorevolutionary poem Ainsi va la monde. Impartial Reﬂections on the Present Situation of the Queen of France followed shortly thereafter. Her ﬁrst novel, Vancenza; or, The Dangers of Credulity, a gothic romance in the style of Ann Radcliffe, appeared at the beginning of 1792. Compared by reviewers to her well-recognized poetry and read through the lens of her affair with the prince, Vancenza was simultaneously praised for its elegant language and critiqued for being “too ﬂorid and too ornamental for prose” (English Review 20, 1792, p. 111). Set in ﬁfteenth-century Spain, the novel’s layered and convoluted romance plot explores the sexual dangers young, credulous women face; when the heroine, Elvira, a ﬁfteen-year-old orphan, ﬁnally has cleared all the obstacles (mistaken identity, seduction, murder) to marrying the man she loves, Prince Almanza, he turns out to be her half-brother, the child of her mother’s indiscretion. Robinson had been pleased with the six hundred subscribers to her poems, but she was elated with the fact that the ﬁrst edition of her novel sold out within a day, with ﬁve more editions following shortly. A review of Robinson’s 1791 Poems found in English Review articulates through its critique several aspects of Robinson’s verse at this time and more generally of Della Cruscan verse:

Friend. In Imitation of Sappho” (September 1800), which address Tarleton directly, even poems not explicitly to Tarleton are haunted by his presence at the end of her life; poems like the “The Gamester” (January 1800) or “The Way to Keep Him” (May 1800) recall Tarleton’s behavior in their social critique.

LAURA MARIA AND THE DELLA CRUSCANS

Tarleton’s presence in Robinson’s poetry, even as an absence, is not, however, deﬁning of her oeuvre. Robinson spent the last ten to twelve years of her life reshaping herself into a woman of letters worthy of remembrance. In July 1786 while she was in Paris, much to Robinson’s surprise, an obituary falsely announced her death. And though literally it was untrue, it perhaps marks the death of Perdita Robinson and the birth of Mary Robinson, author. The Memoirs mark the beginning of 1787, when she returned to London from the baths at St. Amand, Flanders, as “the commencement of her literary career” (vol. 2, p. 112). Because of the change in her body and thus in her status as a beautiful public object, Robinson turned increasingly to writing as a means of establishing her reputation. The Memoirs note that “the silence of a sick chamber prov[ed] favorable to the muse” (vol. 2, p. 116). Indeed, the last ten years of her life form the bulk of her oeuvre; as she was declining in health her pen ranged freely over a broad literary terrain. Not only did she take on different personas writing her newspaper poems, but she also changed poetic and novelistic styles over the course of these ten years. As Pascoe suggests, Robinson’s “poetry serves as a kind of cultural barometer of aesthetic changes#. [Her] poems initiate or engage in her society’s every literary preoccupation” (Pascoe, 2000, p. 20). The earlier part of Robinson’s life had set the stage for her career as an author, and she played part after new part in her writing. Moreover, she often refers to her poems and novels as performances, and her novels are littered with references to the Shakespearean plays in which she performed. At the end of the 1780s the re-publication of Robert Merry’s sonnet to love from The Florence

205

MARY DARBY ROBINSON daughter, Tarleton, and her recently deceased father. Given the number of poems that focus on the “doom’d victim of woe” (“To Cesario”), the ﬁgure of Goethe’s Werther, to whom she addresses an elegy, perhaps best embodies the dominant mood. Though both Coleridge and Wordsworth sought to differentiate themselves from the Della Cruscan style in different ways, Robinson’s Poems are important precursors to their work and reveal Robinson’s ﬁrst attempts to deﬁne herself as an original poet. Robinson’s interest in Chatterton, an interest she shared with many Romantic poets—in particular Coleridge, who may have had her poem in mind when he revised his own “Monody on the Death of Chatterton” for his 1796 poems—reveals her concern with creating a history of neglected poets and hints at her investment in a poetic practice like Chatterton’s that involved imitating the styles of others. Her numerous occasional poems (“Lines Written#” “Stanzas on#”), which often evoke a sense of loss, usually in the frame of love, need to be read as precursors to Wordsworth’s poems entitled, “Lines written#” in a particular spot (like Tintern Abbey), which seek to make “abundant recompense” for loss. Moreover, Robinson’s “Ode to the Nightingale” (1791), one of two nightingale poems here, calls up Keats’s later ode not only because of the title; while her bird does not provide even a momentary escape from bodiliness, like Keats’s speaker hers returns “forlorn.” In one of her best Della Cruscan poems, “Ode to Della Crusca” (1791), addressed to Robert Merry, Robinson represents her heart as an aeolian harp (though she doesn’t call it that), as it “revibrates” to Robert Merry’s “ever-witching song,” “Till ev’ry nerve, with quiv’ring throb divine” (Selected Poems, p. 85). Claiming to praise Merry, she asserts her own sensibility as source of poetic authority. Both her odes to the muse in the 1791 Poems affirm this inspirational source; in both, she imagines her body as the medium of poetry, “extatic transport’s wild excess” (p. 78), and the muse in her own image “whose soul like mine / Beams with poetic rays divine” (Poetical Works, p. 88). Combining reason and passion in these tributes, Robinson dedicates her mind and

We cannot help regretting that the fair writer has too often imitated the new school of Poets, #which sacriﬁces nature, simplicity, and passion, to luxuriant and ill-placed description, and to a load of imagery, and ornament of every kind. We are suffocated by the sweets of these poets, and dazzled by the glare of their tinsel. With them the rage of passion, the moanings of love, the scream of despair, all must be pretty. (Pascoe, 2000, pp. 50–51)

Though the reviewer here denigrates the poetry as “tinsel,” maligning its artiﬁciality, he accurately highlights the highly ornamental and theatrical nature of the verse. The poetry’s sweetness comes from its emphasis on adjectival phrases, its sensual imagery, and its emotional intensity. The Della Cruscans created a highly self-conscious, erotically charged poetic exchange in which each poet’s responsiveness to the other revealed the writer’s skill and sensibility. The poems are full of images that would become central to Romantic verse; lyres, nightingales, breezes all take center stage but in highly manicured landscapes, whose sensual surfaces appeal to emotion and not thought. In Romantic Theatricality: Gender, Poetry and Spectatorship (1997), Pascoe suggests such verse especially appealed to the reading public at this time, confronted as they were by daily accounts of the madness of King George III. Robinson’s 1791 and 1793 Poems are remarkable for their emotional extremes—from the sexual ecstasy of “Ode to Rapture” (1793) to the frenzied despair of “The Maniac”—and for their metrical and formal diversity—from the sonnet to the irregular ode, from the elegy to her own stanzaic experiments. The poems exhibit the Della Cruscan theatricality, ornate language, and emotional intensity, but her subject matter has a broader range. These include the sensual, microcosmic bowers of her “Fairy Poems,” the solemn laments for lost genius in “Ode to the Harp of#Louisa” (1793) and “Monody to the Memory of Chatterton” (1791), her historically grounded and empathetic poems to Marie Antoinette, her concerns with social inequity in Ainsi va la monde, her tributes to public ﬁgures like the duchess of Devonshire, David Garrick, and John Taylor, and her more personal poems to her

206

MARY DARBY ROBINSON dungsroman, was published, again offending the ton, especially the upper-class gambling ladies, whose dissipation she contrasts with the sentimental heroine, Julia St. Lawrence, a daughter of an American merchant and poet, like Robinson, and clearly an allusion to Rousseau’s Julie, La Nouvelle Heloise. A “new species of woman” (The Widow, vol. 1, p.107), Julia’s innocence, virtue, and unaffected nature contrast sharply with the other women, especially the nasty Mrs. Vernon. While they use their linguistic ability to manipulate and hurt others, Julia, disguised as a widow to protect herself, employs hers in writing melancholy poetry that shows her genius. Julia’s compassion and situation provide the impetus for Lady Seymour’s eventual transformation. Taking her critique of fashionable women a step farther, Robinson next wrote a play entitled Nobody, a comedy satirizing female gambling and aristocratic hypocrisy, starring the famous actress Dora Jordan. It played only for three nights and was withdrawn. Both the lead actress and author received hate mail, and the play was hissed, even, as noted in the Memoirs, “by women of distinguished rank” (vol. 2, p. 141). The attack on her play was only one of several that Robinson had to deal with in these years. Conservatives, like William Gifford in The Baviad (1791) and The Maeviad (1795) and Richard Polwhele in The Unsex’d Females (1798), were threatened by the Wollstonecraftian, outspoken woman and represented her and other women writers as “unsexed” and “unnatural” because of their profession of French values of equality and liberty. The Memoirs gloss over the next four years, suggesting little of importance occurred except “indisposition and mental anxiety” (vol. 2, p. 143), but Robinson’s immense textual production continued, despite the fact that she was still struggling ﬁnancially. Her carriages were now a “necessary expense” (Byrne, p. 306) and her publications had not given her the returns she had hoped for, but she continued to write. By early 1795 Robinson was regularly contributing poems to the Morning Post, now under Daniel Stuart. A poem often cited to show Robinson’s difference from the male Romantic poets because of its lack of a central subjective consciousness,

body to poetry. Robinson later dismissed the Della Cruscan part of her career in her Memoirs: “dazzled by the false metaphors and rhapsodical extravagance of some contemporary writers, she suffered her judgment to be misled and her taste to be perverted” (vol. 2, p. 125). Her Della Cruscan “extravagance” haunted her reputation. Even with the publication of Sappho and Phaon, which she saw as a new direction, reviewers critiqued her connection to the Della Cruscan “imitators” (Selected Poems, p. 385). And the posthumous publication of The Poetical Works of the Late Mrs. Mary Robinson in 1806 elicited a similar rebuff. Until the 1980s it had been the tendency of twentieth-century critics to repeat the negative dismissals of Robinson’s contemporaries. Della Cruscan verse, however, is part of a poetry of sensibility that was erased from the literary canon partly because of its feminine associations, a poetry that, as Jerome McGann argues in The Poetics of Sensibility (1996), was both the legacy of Enlightenment values and a shaping force of romanticism and modernism. Though Robinson may have wanted to downplay these affective associations, her position as a central ﬁgure in the Della Cruscan movement furthers her importance.

NOBODY’S BUSINESS: ROBINSON THE SOCIAL CRITIC

In 1793, as England began a war with France that was to last until 1815 when Napoleon was defeated, Robinson published, in addition to her Poems, Sight, The Cavern of Woe, and Solitude, her monody to the queen of France, and a satire of the ton on the model of Horace Juvenal, titled Modern Manners. “Sight” asserted an “aristocracy of genius” and was dedicated to John Taylor, who had become the Morning Post editor. As Byrne suggests, Robinson was “consciously positioning herself as an author of the marketplace, a meritocrat rather than a coterie writer relying on the patronage of the fashionable world” (p. 292), and her Modern Manners conﬁrmed that, enraging the ton. In spring 1794 her second novel, The Widow; or, A Picture of Modern Times, an epistolary bil-

207

MARY DARBY ROBINSON superiority, an implicit act of self-canonization” (p. 99). Mary Robinson’s sonnet sequence of forty-four “legitimate” Petrarchan sonnets was indeed a bold intervention into this debate, as she critiqued the contemporary interest in the English sonnet as a place for meditations on nature and reverted to the Renaissance conventions of Petrarch and Milton. Though she had earlier written a tributary “Sonnet to Mrs. Charlotte Smith, on Hearing that Her Son Was Wounded at the Siege of Dunkirk” (September 15, 1793), identifying with her as a mother and poet, Robinson’s sequence—the ﬁrst sonnet sequence since its initial heyday (Lady Mary Wroth’s Pamphilia to Amphilanthus seems especially relevant)—not only shifted the formal discourse; it also revised the Petrarchan love exchange from the female poet/lover’s perspective. In the Poetics of Sensibility, Jerome McGann interprets the volume as a defense of and manifesto for a poetry of sensibility grounded in feminine experience, a manifesto that put Robinson “at odds with the two dominant (and masculinist) theories of poetry articulated in the volatile 1790s,” represented by Gifford’s Baviad and Wordsworth’s preface to Lyrical Ballads of 1800 (p. 98). Sappho and Phaon was praised for its melodious language, metrical accomplishment, and, ironically, the sonnets’ chasteness. The sonnet was an ideal form for Robinson, combining the lyrical emphasis on mood and demanding formal conventions, and a sequence in the voice of Sappho was an ideal, classical subject matter on which to stake her claims to poetic legitimacy. The poem combines two of her pseudonyms, Laura and Sappho, transforming the Petrarchan object of desire into a passionately feeling, sexually desiring individual and transforming autobiography into poetic philosophy. If later Robinson was to identify with Wollstonecraft, in Sappho and Phaon her emphasis on sensibility as a source of female authority differentiates her. In addition to the sonnets, the volume includes a preface that makes her case for the legitimate sonnet, argues for poetry’s civilizing power, and critiques society’s neglect of poetical genius, especially women; an address “To the Reader,” which claims Sappho as the

“January 1795” (Selected Poems, pp. 356–358) subtly registers her situation (“Genius, in a garret, starving,” “Authors, who can’t earn a dinner,” and “Fools, the work of Genius scorning”) and explicitly records her consciousness of social hierarchy (“Lords in ermine, beggars freezing; / Nobles, scarce the Wretched heeding”). Its listlike structure creates an impressionistic and satirical collage of late-eighteenth-century urban life in which “Poets, Painters, and Musicians; / Lawyers, Doctors, and Politicians; / Pamphlets, Newspapers, and Odes, / [all are] seeking Fame, by diff’rent roads” (pp. 356–357). In January 1796 her third novel appeared in print and its 750 copies sold out immediately. Angelina, a radical feminist novel about a father who tries to sell his daughter into marriage to a man who has deserted his older mistress (the eponymous character), articulates Robinson’s concern with women’s social position and might be read as a precursor to her Letter. Wollstonecraft, praising Robinson’s “well-earned reputation” as a poet and novelist in her review in the Analytical Review, saw it as “breath[ing] a spirit of independence, and a digniﬁed superiority to whatever is unessential to the true respectability and genuine excellence of human beings” (vol. 23, 1796, pp. 293–294).

THE ENGLISH SAPPHO: SAPPHO AND PHAON

In 1796 Robinson, who had been dubbed “The English Sappho” by the press, indicated her desire to take part in the sonnet revival that was taking place with her publication of Sappho and Phaon, a Series of Legitimate Sonnets, with Thoughts on Poetical Subjects & Anecdotes of the Grecian Poetess. For the second time in literary history, the sonnet became one of the dominant genres, and, as Daniel Robinson claims, it provided a common ground on which male and female poets could meet (p. 99). Mary Robinson here takes a seat with Charlotte Smith, Anna Seward, William Wordsworth, William Lisle Bowles, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, but it was primarily women writers who revived the form. According to Daniel Robinson, “The sonnet claim is a bold statement of intellectual and poetic

208

MARY DARBY ROBINSON embodiment of “the human mind enlightened by the most exquisite talents, yet yielding to the destructive controul of ungovernable passions (Selected Poems, p. 149); and a biographical “Account of Sappho,” which represents Sappho as a woman of genius. Clearly identifying with Sappho as a woman, a poet with a gift for formal innovation, and a lover, Robinson’s sonnets trace Sappho’s desire for Phaon, from its initial awakening, through its ﬂuctuations as she pursues the neglectful Phaon, up to the point of her ﬁnal decision to kill herself. In the opening sonnet Robinson, speaking through Sappho, foregrounds the fact that these poems are as much about poetry as about love: “blest Poesy! with godlike pow’rs wert given / To calm the miseries of man” (p. 157). By sonnet 4, however, “Mute, on the ground [her] Lyre neglected lies, / The Muse forgot” (p. 159) because Phaon’s presence distracts and disorders Sappho’s senses. The sonnets pursue the contradictory extremes of Sappho’s emotions in lines for and against reason, pursuing and reproaching Phaon. By the penultimate sonnet, Sappho gazes over the “dizzy precipice” hoping for

style, also about a father who sells his daughter into marriage; it was never staged but was put into print in early 1796 to prevent a forgery. Her fourth novel, Hubert de Sevrac: A Romance of the Eighteenth Century, noted as an imitation of Radcliffe’s gothic romances by several reviewers and set during the French Revolution, came out at the end of that year. In the Critical Review, Coleridge suggested that the new vogue in literature was “real life and manners” and not this type of romance (vol. 23, 1798, p. 472), and Wollstonecraft criticized it for being too rapidly written; but the novel was well received. Its focus on a dispossessed French aristocrat who learns to believe in the values of liberty provides another example of Robinson’s radical politics; its rushed quality, however, makes it a less pleasurable read than her other novels. The year 1796 was also important because it marked the beginning of Robinson’s friendship with William Godwin and her brief connection with Mary Wollstonecraft. Mary Shelley suggests that Robinson was, in Godwin’s eyes, “the most beautiful woman he had ever seen, but though he admired her so greatly, their acquaintance scarcely attained an intimate friendship” (Cameron and Reiman, eds., vol. 1, p. 180). Though during his brief marriage with Wollstonecraft, Godwin withdrew from the friendship with Robinson, he became again an important friend and intellectual stimulant in the last year of her life and was one of two people to attend her funeral (the other was John Wolcot). Their friendship seems close enough, though, that their letters record a serious disagreement, and Godwin also describes her in his novel Fleetwood (Byrne, p. 298). Godwin introduced Robinson to Wollstonecraft, who introduced her to Mary Hays, another outspoken woman writer of the time. And it was in part through their connections and their shared radical sympathies that Robinson’s literary circle was expanding. As the 1790s were coming to a close, Robinson was working hard to change her reputation and to present herself as an author of substance. She had good reason to believe in herself as a writer, given her productivity and popularity. Despite the ending of her relationship with Tarle-

returning Reason’s placid beam, [#] To calm rebellious Fancy’s fev’rish dream; Then shall my Lyre disdain love’s dread control, And loftier passions, prompt the loftier theme! (p. 179)

In the ﬁnal sonnet, however, the Muse “droops,” and “Reﬂection” takes over to contemplate “human destiny, / where gaudy buds and wounding thorns are twin’d” (p. 180); the reader is left with an apostrophe to the power of Virtue, here aligned with Sappho’s poetic power and acute sensibility. If Robinson’s sonnets reﬂect on the dangers of that sensibility, she also reveals it to be the source of poetic power, legitimizing herself as a poet and woman but also paying tribute to the genius of women poets.

FEMINIST NOVELIST, ROMANTIC POET

In the fall of 1795 Robinson wrote The Sicilian Lover, a blank-verse tragedy in Shakespearean

209

MARY DARBY ROBINSON abuses of power, equality among the classes, and her belief in the authority of genius. Robinson’s novels, with their sensationalism and gothic trappings, their outlandish plots and overwrought protagonists (with the exception of Martha Morley) are everything that Jane Austen hated in the contemporary novel. They were often criticized for being mere imitations. And yet despite all this, they are wonderfully in tune with contemporary literary taste; they provide a powerful and pointed social critique, in particular of the dominant attitudes about women’s sexuality; and their self-referentiality and their penchant for boundary crossing make them engaging to read. As she had written in Captivity, there is a sense of truth behind these outlandish events. Moreover, the novels reveal Robinson’s masculine education; they are rife with literary allusions and philosophical references—the epigraphs alone mark an incredible reading knowledge—that reveal a writer well versed in the literary tradition and aware of her relationship to it. Their imitative nature demonstrates Robinson’s brilliance in reinventing her career as an actor in these novel performances; in fact, this kind of revisionary method was a productive creative strategy. Perhaps the ﬁgure that best embodies this is that of the “polygraph” who appears in her most fascinating novel, Walsingham; or, The Pupil of Nature (1797). Seemingly a marginal ﬁgure in the novel, the polygraph, a “fellow that ape[s] one’s dress and manners as close as one’s shadow” (Walsingham, 2003, p. 374), an impersonator, is a central ﬁgure for understanding the novel and Robinson’s writing career because it draws attention to the performative nature of subjectivity. Walsingham is the story of a man, who, like Robinson, suffers from his sensibility. When he is disinherited because a son is born to his uncle and aunt, he becomes tormented by his jealousy for this son, who is the consummate gentleman. What Walsingham doesn’t know is that Sidney’s mother, Lady Aubrey and her servant, Mrs. Blagden, have transformed Sidney, born a girl, into a boy, a performance s/he sustains through the whole novel, unknown to all (including the readers) but the most intimate of

ton in spring 1797, she was publishing up to three poems a week, under various pseudonyms, for the Morning Post. German, French, and Irish editions of the majority of Robinson’s novels were being published. During this time she developed a friendship and poetic correspondence with Coleridge that inspired her to write some of her ﬁnest poetry. Always receptive to others, Robinson responded to Coleridge with an eagerness that was both nurturing and competitive, praising and self-interested. In addition to their mutual professional interests, they shared an interest in opiuminduced reverie (her “The Maniac”), parenting, metrical experimentation, and William Wordsworth. They wrote several poems explicitly addressed to one another, but many other poems suggest their shared concerns with poetic reputation and agency. Coleridge’s “The Apotheosis; or, The Snow-drop” (3 January 1798) revises Robinson’s “Ode to the Snow-drop” (December 26, 1797) by mingling her Della Cruscan language with imagery from his “Effusion XXXV” (1796), an early version of “The Eolian Harp.” Her “To the Poet Coleridge” responds to Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan,” which Robinson read in manuscript, revising both its content and complex meter. The speaker of Robinson’s poem traces with him his “NEW PARADISE extended” (Selected Poems, pp. 330–332) and hears, where Coleridge’s speaker failed, his damsel with a dulcimer. Robinson also wrote an ode on the birth of Coleridge’s son, Derwent. Coleridge’s poems to Robinson include “Alcaeus to Sappho,” a poem of Wordsworth’s that he co-opted, and “A Stranger Minstrel,” a tribute he wrote just before her death. Coleridge praised Robinson’s metrical talent in particular, as he wrote on February 28, 1800, to Southey about “The Haunted Beach,” a revision of Coleridge’s The Ancient Mariner: “but the Metre—ay! that Woman has an Ear” (Collected Letters, vol. 1, p. 576). It was Coleridge who convinced Southey to include Robinson’s poem “Jasper” in the Annual Anthology. Between 1797 and 1799 Robinson published three more novels, her best three, in quick succession. As with her earlier novels, these express Robinson’s interest in women’s social position, the dangers of romance and sensibility,

210

MARY DARBY ROBINSON lenges the social deﬁnition of what it means to be a respectable woman. As Sharon Setzer writes of this novel in the introduction to her 2003 edition, “Robinson complicates the easy equation between ‘natural’ and ‘illegitimate’ as well as the identiﬁcation of her title character” (p. 29). A wonderful moment in the novel marks a change in Robinson’s thinking about herself: When Martha is addressed as “one of the Julias or Sapphos of the present day” and then asked “Are you Anna Matilda, or Della Crusca, or Laura Maria?” she answers “I never wrote under either of those signatures” (pp. 234–235). Half jesting, half in earnest, Robinson here mocks her own literary pretensions, drawing attention to the many pseudonyms she used as well as her Della Cruscan history. Martha’s rejection of these identities opens the door for Robinson’s identity to come, that of Romantic poet. In addition to her feminist novels, Robinson’s Letter appeared in the spring of 1799, upholding Wollstonecraft’s arguments for the masculine education of women but extending her philosophy farther into the literary realm to create a history of literary women founded on an aristocracy of genius. She also began working on a long poem entitled The Progress of Liberty and wrote a series of essays, called The Sylphid, for the Morning Post. These essays take Pope’s character of the Sylph from The Rape of the Lock and use that ﬁgure to critique the various types of fashionable society, from the ﬁgure of the demi-ton lady to the man of fashion. At the end of 1799 Robinson replaced Robert Southey as poetry editor of the Morning Post. Given all this, it is no wonder that she was intermittently writing her memoirs during these years in an attempt to shape her earlier history. Published in 1801, this text shapes Robinson’s intellectual and sexual history to cleanse her reputation and assert her original genius. She also began to collect her poems for publication.

her/his friends. Of course, Walsingham and Sidney plan to marry at the end. Sidney is the perfect mate because s/he is a masculinely educated woman; s/he bridges gender: Sir Sidney was exactly the being whom Isabella had described—he was handsome, polite, accomplished, engaging, and unaffected. He sung, he danced, he played on the mandolin, and spoke the Italian and French languages with the ﬂuency of a native. Yet these were not his only acquirements; he fenced like a professor of the science; painted with the correctness of an artist; was expert at all manly exercises; a delightful poet; and a fascinating companion. (p. 129)

And Walsingham is his/her perfect mate because he is actually Robinson in drag, a Werther-like man of sensibility, a writer of poetry, and a victim of misjudgment. Rewriting Godwin’s Caleb Williams from a feminist slant, Robinson thus creates what Julie Shaffer calls a “radical resistance to the ways in which societally-approved roles in the late eighteenth century proved limiting, especially for women” (p. 7). Robinson returned to these limitations again in The False Friend (February 1799), another epistolary novel, which traces the heroine’s fatal obsession with a man who turns out to be her father. Another exploration of the dangers of sensibility, The False Friend relentlessly traces the destructiveness of Gertrude’s obsession, condensing its dangers into a symbolic moment when she touches the bust of Sappho, who represents both the literal and literary mothers from whom she is severed. Perhaps needing to distance herself from such despair, Robinson next produced The Natural Daughter (August 1799), her ﬁnal and probably best novel (though the reviewers despised it), which offers an independent, rational Wollstonecraftian heroine. Set in 1792, this novel follows the perils of Martha Morley, clearly modeled on Robinson (she pursues an acting and then a writing career), who, at the risk of her reputation, protects an illegitimate child. Martha’s intelligence is contrasted with her seemingly more proper but selfish sister, Julia, who eventually kills herself in Robespierre’s bed. Here again Robinson chal-

LYRICAL TALES

If Robinson’s novels remain unpolished gems, her ﬁnal volume of poems is a ﬁnely cut diamond that showcases her real talent, poetry, and should

211

MARY DARBY ROBINSON but even these acts backﬁre upon them. Robinson, disabled and isolated at the end of her life, clearly identiﬁed her social and authorial position with these marginalized ﬁgures. As she writes in “The Lascar,” “And who but such a wretch can tell, / The transports of the Indian boy?” (Selected Poems, p. 205). More particularly, the two types of poems in Robinson’s Lyrical Tales, though very different in nature, emphasize the dispossession of the female speaker and the dangers of romance, a theme throughout all of Robinson’s writing. “Poor Marguerite,” the story of a woman who, like Sappho and Robinson, has lost her lover and connection to the world, ends up a “lifeless form” (p. 255), dead on the beach. Though Marguerite is not a poet, she has the sensibility of one, and she sings “her Song” “with loud fantastic tone / #her wild strain, sad—alone” (p. 253). Marguerite’s fate—the dissociation of mind and body, form and content that the poem traces—reveals the results of thwarted creativity. The tales make even more explicit the dangerous entrapment of romance’s conventions. Reminiscent of The Canterbury Tales, the moralistic endings of the tales conﬂict with the severe punishments that women receive in these poems for expressing their desires and asserting themselves. No one escapes: neither older women, like Granny Grey in her “Love Tale” and Deborah in “Deborah’s Parrot, a Village Tale,” who monitor the love lives of others because of their own unfulﬁlling realities, nor younger women, like Mistress Homespun in “The Mistletoe, a Christmas Tale” or Kate in “The Fortune-Teller, a Gypsy Tale,” whose extramarital desires transgress social codes. Their attempts to control their own reputations and write their own stories incriminate them. Like Deborah, who is betrayed by her parrot, or Mistress Twyford in “The Confessor, a Sanctiﬁed Tale,” who is betrayed by her parroting son, these women are continually forced, often physically, to see the dangers of speaking. As Lisa Vargo writes in “Tabitha Bramble and The Lyrical Tales” (2002), in these poems, “Robinson questions the transformative powers of nature and the imagination; she insists that desire and intolerance cannot so easily be extricated from social and material

have consolidated her reputation as a Romantic poet. The culmination of Robinson’s poetic career, Lyrical Tales is a volume written in “the manner of Wordsworth’s [and Coleridge’s anonymously published] Lyrical Ballads,” as she described it in her inquiry letter to Longman and Rees, also the publishers of Lyrical Ballads (quoted in Byrne, p. 360). Dorothy Wordsworth notes that her brother was horriﬁed enough by her imitative gesture to consider changing the title of the second edition of Lyrical Ballads. Here again Robinson uses imitation to her advantage, just as an actress makes new by her performance the Shakespeare scene that everyone knows. These poems are of course not imitations but repetitions and echoes of subject and form with a difference marked by Robinson’s own concerns and poetic ﬂair. In a review in the Monthly Mirror, October 1798, Della Cruscan poetry and the sonnet had been explicitly opposed to the poetry of Lyrical Ballads. Publishing these poems under her own name, Mrs. Mary Robinson, she was signaling her entrance into a new, more authentic realm of poetry and attempting to authorize both herself and the young poets of Lyrical Ballads. Like Lyrical Ballads, Robinson’s Lyrical Tales explores ﬁgures of social otherness and the effects of dispossession. Astoundingly metrically diverse, the volume includes two kinds of poems, a group of moralistic and ironically satirical tales written in the voice of Tabitha Bramble, an old spinster from Tobias Smollett’s The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker (1771), and a group of poems each of which focuses on a single estranged ﬁgure. The overlaps between the two texts are numerous, from Robinson’s revision of Wordsworth’s “We Are Seven” in “All Alone” to her racializing of Wordsworth’s “The Female Vagrant” and “Forsaken Indian Woman” in her “The Negro Girl” and “The Lascar.” In each case, however, Robinson heightens the individual’s sense of isolation and trauma. Again and again, individuals like the Negro Girl, the Lascar, Marguerite, Edmund, the Alien Boy, the poor singing Dame, and the Fugitive are made to feel their own otherness and their inability to control their surroundings. They turn to speech in self-defense,

212

MARY DARBY ROBINSON image. In these beautiful lines, Robinson, now in “the slow decline of Autumn,” perhaps reﬂects metaphorically on the harvest of her poetic career:

conditions” (p. 48). At the end of her life Robinson was especially aware of how these social and material conditions impinged on one’s reputation. In the last two years of her life Robinson’s decline and ﬁnancial struggles conﬁned her to her house and to the solace of her intellectual abilities. In an oft-quoted letter to Jane Porter in September 1800, Robinson opined, “Oh! Heavens! If a select society could be formed,—a little colony of mental powers, a world of talents, drawn into a small but brilliant circle,—what a splendid sunshine would it display” (Selected Poems, pp. 43–44). But only a month before, she had written to Samuel Jackson Pratt commenting on the number of visitors—“charming literary characters—authoresses” (Cameron and Reiman, eds., vol. 1, p. 231)—she was receiving at her cottage at Engleﬁeld Green. This circle included the Porter sisters, John Flaxman, Godwin, Pratt, Eliza Fenwick, Elizabeth Gunning, John Wolcot, James Marshall, and Coleridge. By midSeptember, however, Robinson was very ill, isolated, and impoverished, but she was still writing. In the ﬁnal six months, in addition to ﬁnishing Lyrical Tales, she continued her editorial work for the Morning Post; she was working on a new novel entitled Jasper; she translated Joseph Hager’s Picture of Palermo from the German in ten days; she published, in the Morning Post, “The Present State of the Manners, Society, Etc., Etc, of the Metropolis of England,” a series of brilliant essays that capture both the limits and the wonders (in particular, women authors) of late-eighteenth-century urban culture; and she completed her arrangement of The Poetical Works. An incredibly driven and charismatic woman, Robinson died of heart failure on December 26, 1800, at Engleﬁeld Green, near Old Windsor, attended only by her daughter and Elizabeth Weale, who remained Maria’s companion for the rest of her life. Perhaps coming full circle, she was buried in Old Windsor Churchyard, near Windsor Castle, one of the prince’s abodes; she was still in her early forties. One of her last poems, “Harvest Home,” written for her epic work in progress The Progress of Liberty and a precursor to Keats’s “To Autumn,” provides a ﬁtting ﬁnal

Who has not seen the chearful HARVEST HOME! Enliv’ning the scorch’d ﬁeld, and greeting gay The slow decline of Autumn? All around The yellow sheaves, catching the burning beam, Glow, golden-lustred; and the trembling stem Of the slim oat, or azure corn-ﬂow’r, Waves on the hedge-rows shady #. Glowing scene! Nature’s long holiday! Luxuriant, rich, In her proud progeny, she smiling marks Their graces, now mature, and wonder-fraught! (Selected Poems, p. 319)

EPILOGUE

Though Robinson hoped to “SNATCH A WREATH FROM BEYOND THE GRAVE” (Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 166) it has taken nearly two hundred years for her writing to be given the serious attention it deserves and for her to be seen as the gifted and important writer she is. The publication of three biographies in 2004 and 2005 as well as several monographs in which she is the central ﬁgure have begun to recover her critical role in the literary history of romanticism and women’s writing. In fact, however, it might be argued that this recovery began even before Robinson’s death with her commencement of her Memoirs. Ever attuned to the literary marketplace, Robinson was savvy enough to know that her place in literary history was not guaranteed and, given her history, would have to be fought for. Maria Elizabeth continued this recuperation with the publication of the Memoirs in 1801, the Wild Wreath, a miscellany of poems by Robinson and others in her circle, in 1804, and the Poetical Works in 1806. Maria was intent on focusing attention on Robinson’s debilitated state at the end of her life in order to downplay Robinson’s corps and to highlight instead her corpus. Of course, corps and corpus are inseparable in Robinson’s oeuvre. But Robinson’s sexual reputation continued to overshadow her literary one. Jane Porter, one of Robinson’s closest friends at the end of her life, never dared to publish the memoirs she

213

MARY DARBY ROBINSON

Selected Bibliography

wrote about Robinson for fear of the taint they might cast on her character. Until the end of the twentieth century Robinson’s life overshadowed her remarkable literary achievements. During the Regency years, satires of the prince continued to recall Perdita as the prince’s ﬁrst mistress. While she clearly inﬂuenced the second-generation Romantic poets (the Shelleys, Keats, Felicia Hemans, Charlotte Dacre), male and female alike, the Victorian period all but forgot her in its concern with middle-class respectability. Though her metrical innovations haunt the writings of Laetitia Landon, Elizabeth Barrett, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, as Stuart Curran has suggested, Robinson’s poems and novels went out of print as literary tastes moved to the psychological complexities of the dramatic monologue and the realist novel. In the earlier part of the twentieth century a renewed interest in Robinson’s story led to several romanticized and ﬁctionalized biographies, including Stanley Makower’s Perdita: A Romance in Biography (1908), E. Barrington’s The Exquisite Perdita (1926), Marguerite Steen’s The Lost One: A Biography of Mary (Perdita) Robinson (1937), Robert Bass’s The Green Dragoon: The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson (1957), and Jean Plaidy’s Perdita’s Prince (1969). It has been the job of late-twentieth- and early-twenty-ﬁrst-century literary scholars and biographers to put her sensational life into perspective and to emphasize her central role in the shaping of British Romantic writing and eighteenth-century culture. Robinson’s belief in the truth of her vision, her commitment to a literature grounded in sensibility and compassion for the other, her ability to change form and play new roles as literary and cultural fashions shifted, her political commitment to equality based on merit, and her pursuit of metrical innovation make her a central ﬁgure for any understanding of the late eighteenth century. As a woman writer, aware of literary history and her own reputation, Robinson challenges the very conventions of gender and genre that we have come to take for granted.

WORKS OF MARY ROBINSON POETRY Poems by Mrs. Robinson. London: C. Parker, 1775. Captivity, a Poem; and Celadon and Lydia, a Tale. London: T. Beckett, 1775. Ainsi va la monde, a Poem Inscribed to Robert Merry. London: John Bell, 1790. The Beauties of Mrs. Robinson. Selected and Arranged from Her Poetical Works. London: H. D. Symonds, 1791. Poems by Mrs. Robinson. London: J. Bell, 1791. Monody to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds. London: J. Bell, 1792. Poems by Mrs. Robinson. London: J. Evans and T. Becket, 1793. Modern Manners; a Poem in Two Cantos. London: J. Evans, 1793. Ode to the Harp of the Late Accomplished and Amiable Louisa Hanway. London: J. Bell, 1793. Sight, The Cavern of Woe, and Solitude. London: Evans and Becket, 1793. Monody to the Memory of the Late Queen of France. London: J. Evans, 1793. Sappho and Phaon, in a Series of Legitimate Sonnets. London: Hookham and Carpenter, 1796. Lyrical Tales. London: Longman and Rees, 1800. The Mistletoe. A Christmas Tale. By Laura Maria. London: Laurie and Whittle, 1800. The Progress of Liberty. Published in Memoirs (1801) and Poetical Works (1806).

FICTION Vancenza; or, The Dangers of Credulity, a Moral Tale. 2 vols. London: J. Bell, 1972. The Widow; or, A Picture of Modern Times. 2 vols. London: Hookham and Carpenter, 1794. Angelina; a Novel. 3 vols. London: Hookham and Carpenter, 1796. Hubert de Sevrac: A Romance of the Eighteenth Century. 3 vols. London: Hookham and Carpenter, 1796. Walsingham; or, The Pupil of Nature. 4 vols. London: T. N. Longman, 1797. The False Friend, a Domestic Story. 4 vols. London: Longman and Rees, 1799.

214

MARY DARBY ROBINSON Franklin, London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1996. A Letter to the Women of England. Facsimile edition. Introduction by Jonathan Wordsworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998; and an Internet edition (http:// www.rc.umd.edu/editions/robinson/). Sappho and Phaon. Facsimile edition. Introduction by Jonathan Wordsworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; a facsimile edition, introduction by Terence Hoagwood and Rebecca Jackson, Delmar, N.Y.: Scholar’s Facsimiles and Reprints, 1995; and an Internet edition (http://etext.virginia.edu/britpo/sappho/sappho.html). Selected Poems. Edited by Judith Pascoe. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2000. A Letter to the Women of England and The Natural Daughter. Edited by Sharon Setzer. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2003. Walsingham; or, The Pupil of Nature. Edited by Julie Shaffer. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2003; and a facsimile edition, introduction by Peter Garside, London: Routledge/Thoemmes, 1992. The Wild Wreath. Internet edition (http://digital.lib.ucdavis. edu/projects/bwrp/Works/RobiMWildW.htm).

The Natural Daughter, with Portraits of the Leadenhead Family. 2 vols. London: Longman and Rees, 1799.

DRAMA

The Songs, Chorusses, etc. in The Lucky Escape, a Comic Opera. London, 1778. Nobody. Unpublished. Staged at Drury Lane, 1794. The Sicilian Lover: A Tragedy in Five Acts. London: Hookham and Carpenter, 1796.

NONFICTION PROSE

AND

TRANSLATION

Impartial Reﬂections on the Present Situation of the Queen of France, by a Friend to Humanity. London: John Bell, 1791. A Letter to the Women of England, on the Injustice of Mental Subordination. By Anne Frances Randall. London: Longman and Rees, 1799. Reissued under Robinson’s name as Thoughts on the Condition of Women, and on the Injustice of Mental Subordination. Joseph Hager’s Picture of Palermo. Translated from the German. London: R. Phillips, 1800. “Present State of the Manners, Society, etc. etc. of the Metropolis of England.” Morning Post (August– November 1800). Anecdotes of the Duke of Lauzun, the Duke of Chartres, and Marie Antoinette. Monthly Magazine (February– November 1800).

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES

Bass, Robert D. The Green Dragoon: The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson. New York: Holt, 1957. Bolton, Betsy. “Romancing the Stone: ‘Perdita’ Robinson in Wordsworth’s London.” ELH 64, no. 3:727–759 (fall 1997). Byrne, Paula. Perdita: The Literary, Theatrical, Scandalous Life of Mary Robinson. New York: Random House, 2004. Cameron, Kenneth Neill, and Donald Reiman, eds. Shelley and His Circle. Vol. 1. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961. Coleridge, Samuel T. The Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Edited by Earl Leslie Griggs. 6 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956. Craciun, Adriana. Fatal Women of Romanticism. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Craciun, Adriana, ed. “Present State of the Manners, Society, Etc. Etc. of the Metropolis of England.” PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 119, no. 1:103–107 (January 2004). Cross, Ashley. “From Lyrical Ballads to Lyrical Tales: Mary Robinson’s Reputation and the Problem of Literary Debt.” Studies in Romanticism 40:571–605 (2001). Curran, Stuart. “Mary Robinson’s Lyrical Tales in Context.” In Re-visioning Romanticism: British Women Writers, 1776–1837. Edited by Carol Shiner Wilson and Joel Haefner. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. Pp. 17–35. Davenport, Hester. The Prince’s Mistress: A Life of Mary Robinson. Gloucestershire, U.K.: Sutton, 2004. Fergus, J., and J. Thaddeus. “Women, Publishers, and

POSTHUMOUS COLLECTIONS

Memoirs of the Late Mrs. Robinson, Written by Herself. Edited by Maria E. Robinson. 4 vols. London: R. Phillips, 1801. The Wild Wreath. Edited by Maria E. Robinson. London: R. Phillips, 1804. The Poetical Works of the Late Mrs. Mary Robinson. Edited by Maria E. Robinson. 3 vols. London: R. Phillips, 1806. (Reprinted in one volume in 1824.)

MODERN EDITIONS

Lyrical Tales. Facsimile edition. Introduction by Jonathan Wordsworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989; and an internet edition (http://digital.lib.ucdavis.edu/projects/ bwrp/Works/RobiMLyric.htm). Perdita: The Memoirs of Mary Robinson. Edited by M. J. Levy. London: Peter Owen, 1994; and an Internet edition (http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/robinson/ memoirs/memoirs.html). Poems, 1791. Facsimile edition. Introduction by Jonathan Wordsworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994; and an Internet edition (http://digital.library.upenn.edu/ women/robinson/1791/1791.html). Poetical Works of the Late Mrs. Robinson. 1824. Brown University Women Writers Project. Providence, R.I., 1994; and a facsimile edition, introduction by Caroline

215

MARY DARBY ROBINSON England, 1995. Pp. 252–268. ———. Romantic Theatricality: Gender, Poetry and Spectatorship. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997. ———. Introduction to Mary Robinson: Selected Poems. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2000. Peterson, Linda H. “Becoming an Author: Mary Robinson’s Memoirs and the Origins of the Woman Artist’s Autobiography.” In Re-visioning Romanticism: British Women Writers, 1776–1837. Edited by Carol Shiner Wilson and Joel Haefner. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. Pp. 36–50. Robinson, Daniel. “Reviving the Sonnet: Women Romantic Poets and the Sonnet Claim.” European Romantic Review 6, no. 1:98–127 (summer 1995). Setzer, Sharon. Introduction to A Letter to the Women of England and The Natural Daughter. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2003. Shaffer, Julie. Introduction to Walsingham; or, The Pupil of Nature. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2003. Ty, Eleanor. Empowering the Feminine: The Narratives of Mary Robinson, Jane West, and Amelia Opie, 1796–1812. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Vargo, Lisa. “Tabitha Bramble and the Lyrical Tales.” Women’s Writing 9, no. 1:37–52 (2002). Women’s Writing 9, no. 1 (2002). Special issue on Mary Robinson edited by Jacqueline Labbe.

Money, 1790–1820.” Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 17:191–207 (1987). Fulford, Tim. “Mary Robinson and the Abyssinian Maid: Coleridge’s Muses and Feminist Criticism.” Romanticism on the Net: An Electronic Journal Devoted to Romantic Studies 13 (February 1999). Gristwood, Sarah. Perdita: Royal Mistress, Writer, Romantic. London: Bantam, 2005. Labbe, Jacqueline M. “Selling One’s Sorrows: Charlotte Smith, Mary Robinson and the Marketing of Poetry.” Wordsworth Circle 25, no. 2:68–71 (spring 1994). Lee, Debbie. “The Wild Wreath: Cultivating a Poetic Circle for Mary Robinson.” Studies in the Literary Imagination 30, no. 1:23–33 (1997). Luther, Susan. “A Stranger Minstrel: Coleridge’s Mrs. Robinson.” Studies in Romanticism 33, no. 3: 391–409 (fall 1994). McGann, Jerome. The Poetics of Sensibility: A Revolution in Literary Style. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Mellor, Ann. “Making an Exhibition of Her Self: Mary ‘Perdita’ Robinson and Nineteenth-Century Scripts of Female Sexuality.” Nineteenth-Century Contexts 22, no. 3:271–304 (2000). Pascoe, Judith. “Mary Robinson and the Literary Marketplace.” In Romantic Women Writers: Voices and Countervoices. Edited by Paula R. Feldman and Theresa M. Kelley. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New

216

PETER SCUPHAM (1933—)

Neil Powell ONE OF PETER Scupham’s many collections of poems is called, with characteristically wry humor, Out Late (1986): the title, though apt in itself, glances back to the fact that he was a late starter in his literary career, whose ﬁrst book did not appear until 1972, when he was thirty-nine. This is something more than an interesting oddity. It means that there is no “early Scupham,” no cringe-making juvenilia or brash youthful stuff which might prompt an Audenesque or Gravesian cull: his Collected Poems (2002; in citations hereafter referred to as CP), published to mark his seventieth birthday, contains—with only a few minor adjustments—every poem from all his previous collections. It also means that anything Scupham cares to tell us about his younger self, which is a good deal, is told from the perspective of recollected memory rather than fresh experience. John Peter Scupham was born in Liverpool on February 24, 1933, the son of John Scupham and Dorothy Lacey, née Clark. He was educated at a variety of schools including the Perse, in Cambridge, and St. George’s, in Harpenden; after National Service in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, he went up to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, initially to read history but immediately switching to English; he graduated in 1957. That year, he married Carola Braunholtz: they had one daughter (Kate) and three sons (Toby, Giles, and Roger). He became a schoolteacher, ﬁrst at Skegness Grammar School in Lincolnshire, and then, from 1961, at St. Christopher School, Letchworth, Hertfordshire, where he stayed until his retirement. On the surface this perhaps looks like a conventional enough life; but St. Christopher— international, vegetarian, “progressive,” and with a then unconventional emphasis on the creative

arts—was in fact an exceptional environment that suited Scupham’s talents. There, with Margaret Steward, he established a highly successful drama department that eventually included a professionally equipped theater and, indeed, launched several professional theatrical careers. Meanwhile, not directly connected with the school but in much the same spirit of creativity, Scupham founded the Mandeville Press with John Mole, producing hand-set, illustrated limited editions of poetry from the cellar of his home in Hitchin. These activities resemble two panels of a triptych, in which writing and publishing his own poems formed the inescapable third. As a teacher, he achieved a perfect balance of playfulness and scholarship which both entranced younger pupils and inspired those in their ﬁnal years of secondary schooling, many of whom went on to study literature at university. When advised, on medical grounds, to reduce his teaching load and relinquish his post as head of English (which he did, in 1978), he devoted even more energy to directing plays and printing pamphlets, while taking on yet another role as a secondhand and antiquarian bookseller. In 1988, he retired from full-time teaching and moved with Margaret Steward to Old Hall, a sixteenthcentury manor house in rural Norfolk, which they have gradually rescued from its semiderelict state (discovering some remarkable Tudor wallpaintings in the process) and where each summer they codirect an open-air Shakespeare production in the grounds. Scupham continues to run a catalogue book business—now named Mermaid Books, after the painted mermaids on the ﬁrstﬂoor pediment at Old Hall—and, of course, to write.

217

PETER SCUPHAM if to prove the connection between making things and making poems, the original dust jacket of The Snowing Globe has a photograph of a “spare parts” sculpture by Scupham, titled Soldier, put together out of odd bits and pieces. Scupham’s method is always that of the poet as maker, and if that sounds an unfashionable formulation we might remind ourselves that T. S. Eliot called Ezra Pound “il miglior fabbro”—“the better craftsman.” The stuff of which the poems in the ﬁrst two collections is made is often domestic, though not cozily so. Scupham charts the lives of small pets, from the moment they arrive in carrier bags until the moment when “Our serious children make gay funeral, / Huddled upon the decorated earth” (CP, p. 5); he watches his daughter draw “heraldic” ﬁsh on a blackboard (CP, p. 6); he visits the eye clinic and asks, “Is Purgatory like this?” (CP, p. 12). “Early Summer” is a time when “Small things get lost” and

THE SMALL CONTAINERS AND THE SNOWING GLOBE

Scupham’s ﬁrst two collections, a substantial pamphlet titled The Small Containers and a hardback book titled The Snowing Globe, both appeared in 1972 under the auspices of Harry Chambers, the editor of the Manchester-based magazine Phoenix and of Peterloo Poets. These ﬁrst collections strike a slightly different note from Scupham’s subsequent work—they are seemingly light hearted and airily debonair, while the content is more straightforwardly drawn from material immediately to hand—yet the voice is an unmistakable one from the start. He opens, riskily, with a jaunty self-portrait in rhymed triplets called “Man on the Edge,” placing himself strategically off center: if the poem evokes a distant recollection of E. M. Forster’s famous description of C. P. Cavafy standing “at a slight angle to to the universe,” it also offers more than a hint of Edward Lear in the tumbling procession of details. In the middle of the poem, these two elements fuse into something almost like a manifesto:

The rambling bee, obtuse and hairy, Unzips with his dull purr The studious air

He laughs much, with what could nearly be innocence, Tickling himself with feathers of nonsense; His words all lean sideways, blown by his eloquence. (CP, p. 3)

(CP, p. 23)

Even breakfast, in “Good Morning,” is an assault course through the “inordinate chatter and pother of the world” (CP, p. 35). Comical, exasperating, and absurd, this contingent clutter is there to be wryly observed and then lightly batted away, like an insistent yet harmless insect. In “Arena,” the poet’s son watches puppets dancing and he asks his father how they work: “‘By magic.’ Then, corrective, the quick codicil: / ‘By string.’” (p. 14). Scupham’s poems, too, may be worked by string, but he can make it look like magic. Love poems such as “Hungry” (CP, p. 40) and “Limbs” (CP, p. 41) have a physical urgency that later shades into something more carefully nuanced; while “A Wartime Childhood” (CP, pp. 25–28) is the prototype for Scupham’s later retrospective sequences, here still buoyed up by fragments of chirpiness, as in “Oh, Mickey Mouse, you ruined man, / Your wrecked face bobs in the garden grass.” We shall meet Peter Scupham in both these modes again.

This sense of strategic lightness, of gravity made manageable, quickly becomes a trademark: “Be a pink bus-ticket used as a bookmark, / A maidenhair fern, pressed but eloquent,” he advises in “Lessons in Survival” (CP, p. 36), as if part of the trick might be to encompass as much seriousness and eloquence as possible without getting above oneself. “If poetry is concerned with knowledge,” he writes in the introduction to The Small Containers, “[W. H.] Auden is surely right when he calls it a game as well” (p. 6), and in a more recent prose self-portrait he recalls his childhood obsession with the nuts-and-bolts creative craftsmanship of Meccano model construction kits: “what better injunction can there be to a poet,” he wonders, “than to make sure that his nuts are not tightened too much as he goes along, but are all tightened together at the last moment?” (“On Peter Scupham,” p. 17). As

218

PETER SCUPHAM The deepening process in Prehistories is partly archaeological—the sequence called “Excavations” digs into a number of speciﬁc sites, including that of the poet’s own home in Hitchin, and he describes the book’s central theme as “our bond, strong though half-understood, with the stones and silences of periods before recorded history” (“Spring 1977: The Hinterland,” p. 60)—and partly to do with less tangible, more ghostly aspects of the past. “Ghosts are a poet’s working capital. / They hold their hands out from the further shore,” he writes in a wonderfully memorable couplet from the book’s title poem (CP, p. 83). But are they and do they? In fact, it takes a very particular sort of poet to attend so assiduously to the departed over the Styx: one who feels at least as at home in the past as in the present and who indeed makes no great distinction between the two; for Scupham has, he says, “always found ghosts, both real and imaginary, more substantial than human beings” (“On Peter Scupham,” p. 17). Thus, a poem such as “Effacements” may seem at ﬁrst reading to be a compacted example of the churchyard-visitation genre, like Philip Larkin’s “Church Going” or “An Arundel Tomb’; but where Larkin seems excluded and baffled by the past, Scupham is perfectly at home, drawing obliquely on a nineteenth-century commonplace book and a passage from John Ruskin to people the unidentiﬁed Hertfordshire church of the poem. Finally, in a brilliant syntactical twist, the ghosts jump from noun to verb and the poem concludes with an appropriately grand Yeatsian cadence:

PREHISTORIES AND THE HINTERLAND

Although Scupham’s poetic voice has not altered radically over the years—a consequence, arguably, of his relatively late start as a published writer—it is nevertheless possible to distinguish successive phases in his earlier books. In phase two, represented by Prehistories (1975) and The Hinterland (1977), the most notable tendency is for his area of interest to move outward and, as much to the point, downward. Prehistories opens magniﬁcently, with a cluster of poems grounded in landscape: “West Country,” “Public Footpath To,” “Ploughland,” and the sequence “Excavations.” The gain is immediately evident, as his delight in verbal making locks onto imagery that is at once more solid and more expansive than previously. “Public Footpath To” is a perfect fusion of these apparent opposites: Beyond the dented churns, the huddled farmyard, Look, a green and lackadaisical ﬁnger Reveals a hair-line fracture in the earth. (CP, p. 49)

This opening exactly follows the eye’s track, from the milk churns at the farmyard’s edge through to the green ﬁngerpost and the path it signals, which appears at this distance to be a fracture through the ﬁelds: the risky “lackadaisical” could appear fey in another writer’s hands but here seems fully earned, consonant both with the skewed unsteadiness of the signpost (perhaps broken off, as in the title) and with the delight in language we have already come to expect from this poet. The whole poem is full of such felicities (for instance, “a church tower makes her slight invitation”) and the ending—“one selfsufficient tractor / Dragging the sullen landscape down to earth”—exempliﬁes another trait of Scupham’s, the telescoping of a literal and a ﬁgurative meaning into a single phrase. “Ploughland,” too, is rich in linguistic twists which are both surprising and right—“knotted ploughland,” “pawky hedgerows,” “A shower of bells”—as well as passages such as this densely suggestive couplet, in which “rash,” “rubricates,” and “foundered” all resonate with powerful ambiguities: “A rash of brickwork rubricates their claim: / A foundered house, and a forgotten name” (CP, p. 50).

The last of day ghosts out a window; stains The scarred porch wall, whose rough and honeyed weight Glows from the shade: stones so intangible A child might slip between them, bones and all. (CP, p. 120)

In the ambitiously interlocking sequence of ﬁfteen sonnets that gives its title to The Hinterland (CP, pp. 103–110), the ghosts are the dead of the Great War, viewed across the years from a heat wave at “The rim of summer, when great wars begin”: some readers ﬁnd these poems difﬁcult, while others are rather oddly put off by the

219

PETER SCUPHAM formal structure (each sonnet’s last line becomes the opening line of the next, and the fourteen ﬁrst/last lines stack up to make the ﬁfteenth sonnet). But as long as one grasps the two ﬁxed points within which the sequence oscillates— essentially, the summers of 1914 and 1975— much of the difficulty disappears; one needs also to see that the richness and density of language here belongs in the tradition of Wallace Stevens’ “Sunday Morning” (“through a gauze-green skin / Cut sun lies lapidary on a book,” for instance). Occasionally a line may seem too tightly packed, too loaded, such as “But there’s a no-man’s land where skull-talk goes,” the awkwardness underlined by its structural recurrence in the sequence. Yet then one notices how deft it is in another way, as a Wordsworthian hinge, recalling “But there’s a tree, of many, one” from the Immortality Ode (this is among the many poems that seem to glance over Scupham’s shoulder here). The sequence and the summer heat wave both eventually end with “Diminished thunders, breaking in new rain,” a poised image of rebirth subtly qualiﬁed by foreboding. “The Hinterland” is an engrossing sequence, of which a properly attentive close reading might easily occupy an essay of its own. Of course, there are other sides to Scupham in Prehistories and The Hinterland. The former includes a series of love poems, ﬁrst published in pamphlet form as The Gift in 1973. There are ghosts here, too—“We are the small ghosts of summer” (CP, p. 69)—as well as writing of a courtliness that is perfectly consonant with his distinctive voice: “I am most taken by this demure mood, lady: / The gentle voice with which you ease the air” (CP, p. 64). Elsewhere, he adopts a sturdy rhythmic vigor: in the opening lines of “Atlantic”—“There’s loss in the Atlantic sky / Smoking her course from sea to sea” (CP, p. 100)—he could be John Maseﬁeld. And there is wry humor in the delightful “Answers to Correspondents: Girls’ Own, 1881” (CP, pp. 97–99), which reworks a Victorian agony aunt’s replies to her schoolgirl readers. They, too, are ghosts in their way.

SUMMER PALACES AND WINTER QUARTERS

Scupham is a poet who likes each individual collection to have its distinctive character and sense of cohesion—and one who hopes that these small ediﬁces may, with luck, in turn form parts of a larger architectural whole: “It could be a Tower of Babel; it’s not as tidy as a Palladian Villa. Let’s say it’s more like the rambling, halftumbledown four-centuries-old house in which I live. Each book makes a kind of room” (“Writing the Poem,” p. 22). Summer Palaces (1980) opens with poems in which half-neglected objects—a children’s cart, a garden lantern—are transmogriﬁed by their abandonment into more complex and interesting things; he is not much concerned with the new and the pristine. “The Cart” (CP, p. 123), in becoming “only a collection of leaves,” has lost one identity and gained another; its somewhere has become a nowhere—“Is this, then, no-place?”—but that in turn is another somewhere. “Garden Lantern” (CP, pp. 125–126) teases a similar paradox: this source of light is now “A dull pavilion, mossed with verdigris, / Storing dark nonsense in its cavities.” It is no accident that these poems are followed by a substantial group about theater, with its comparable transformations, its continual shifting between somewhere and nowhere, light and dark. Indeed, the very next poem, “Lighting Rehearsal” (CP, pp. 126–127), touches on both these ideas, “Until the darkness gathered in the wings / Lowers all colours”: for even in Scupham’s most brilliantly lit poems, there is always dark nonsense in the garden lantern and darkness in the wings. Here, of course, the lanterns are of an altogether brighter sort; and here, as elsewhere, Scupham’s compacted language takes for granted some quite specialized information. A reader may stumble over “Fresnels and ﬂoods cool their bright hutches down,” baffled both by sense and by cadence, unless he knows that a Fresnel is a hutch-shaped theater light, that its “s” is unsounded and that its stress falls on the second “e.” Theater is an art of transformation; Scupham re-transforms it into poetry. In “The Tragedy Of” and “The Comedy Of” (CP, pp. 130–133), two

220

PETER SCUPHAM little sequences of three poems each, he deftly reinvents half a dozen Shakespeare plays; no characters are named, however, and the effect is of a distillation into something at once familiar and unparticularized, rich and strange. Then, in “Twelfth Night,” which we will now naturally assume to be about Shakespeare’s comedy, he once more stands expectation on its head by reﬂecting instead on an actual twelfth night, the bittersweet end of Christmas:

furies / Thicken at night”; even “Our lives become a part / Of that insistent voice, those wavering grasses.” Meanwhile, of course, it is wartime: Low overhead the puddering doodlebugs Comb the cold air, each weight of random pain Clenched tight [#] (CP, p. 140)

The notable intensity of this writing is paradoxically increased by that absurdly childish yet also ominous-sounding “puddering.” Ultimately it is the poet’s mother’s “love” for her neighbor which “Betrays her to the ambulance, and asylum,” another shrewd perception: the betrayal comes inevitably with the love. Summer Palaces is a rich book, containing among much else the very different sequences “Megaliths and Water” (CP, pp. 145–148) and “Natura” (CP, pp. 154–161), but one other poem particularly needs comment as a kind of detached pendant to “A Cambridgeshire Childhood.” This is “The Gatehouse” (CP, pp. 148–149). On one level it describes a childhood memory: of the railway-crossing gatehouse in Lincolnshire, near his grandparents’ home. But this is layered with the exact time of the poem’s composition, which happened late one evening while Scupham’s son was playing Chopin,

Our candles, lit, re-lit, have gone down now: Only the tears, the veils, the hanging tree Whose burning gauze thins out across the sky, Whose brightness dies to image. And the snow. (CP, p. 134)

Any lingering misapprehension, derived perhaps from a casual reading of his ﬁrst two collections, that Scupham is a frivolous or a ﬂippant poet will by now have been thoroughly dispelled. He chooses this moment to introduce another characteristic and progressively darkening mode (brieﬂy preﬁgured in The Snowing Globe), in a retrospective sequence dealing with childhood, parents, the World War II—or some combination of these, for him, overlapping themes. In fact, the poems in “A Cambridgeshire Childhood” (CP, pp. 136– 141) are strangely uninformative about the child himself: Scupham’s method is to accumulate images and meditations on images, sometimes suppressing the links between them, rather than to dwell on the self which records them. It is hard to think of another writer in whose autobiographical poems the ﬁrst person singular ﬁgures so seldom. The most direct piece in the sequence, and the darkest, is the sixth, about a mad neighbor who inhabits

And a grandfather whom he never knew Plays Brahms and Schumann at the same keyboard— Schiedmayer and Soehne, Stuttgart— The old, stronger hands ghosting a ground-bass Out of a life whose texture still eludes me, Yet both hold up their candles to the night. (CP, p. 149)

This grandfather is the “H. J. B.” of the eponymous poem (CP, pp. 141–142) and of “Notes from a War Diary” (CP, pp. 198–203), from Winter Quarters (1983), where, German-born but Anglicized, he sardonically records the experience of ﬁghting for England in the Great War. So “The Gatehouse” spreads out from the poet’s own memory to embrace three other generations: his son, his son’s grandparents, and his own grandparents. It is a rapt, mysterious piece of fewer than thirty lines; and it was completed in

A slattern house, reeking with dirt and music, A compound of long grass, drawn round with wire, A summer sky, aching with Cambridge blue— These are the substances of her misery Which forces through our bonded bricks and mortar. (CP, p. 140)

Scupham recognizes the way in which “misery” turns to something concrete, a compound substance which can absorb almost anything into itself: thus, when her son visits, “the sobbing

221

PETER SCUPHAM second-from-last poems in the “Conscriptions” sequence. The ﬁrst describes the archetypal army misﬁt: “Nothing about you that will take a shine.” Yet Scupham subtly realizes how such a person, like the hopeless last-to-be-picked member of a games team at school, is a sort of communal necessity:

precisely the time his son continued to play the piano. The counterpart to “A Cambridgeshire Childhood” in Scupham’s next volume, Winter Quarters, is “Conscriptions: National Service 1952– 1954” (CP, pp. 170–179): the point, one might too simply suggest, at which the boy becomes a man. National Service, Scupham told PN Review in 1984, “is a curious sort of time: it’s time out of time, it’s quite unlike anything else that happens in your life#a kind of comedy of pretended violence with, in my observation of other people in it, tragic elements” (“Lessons in Survival,” p. 44). Although there are ﬂeeting echoes of Henry Reed’s Second World War sequence of poems “Lessons of the War” (1946)—especially in the opening of “Range”: “Your weapons are given you to kill the enemy”—the most striking aspect of these poems is the way in which Scupham molds such intractable material to his own style. Anyone looking for the rough-and-ready treatment of National Service in 1950s ﬁction or drama (as in Arnold Wesker’s 1962 play, Chips with Everything) will be disappointed; so will seekers after the autobiographical-confessional “I.” That simply is not Scupham’s method, and, in any case, one intended effect of army service is to subsume “I” into “we.” So, in a vivid contraction from “Sunday,” “We yawn our backs upon the iron bedsteads” while time seems to stand still:

You are our crying need, The dregs and lees of our incompetence, A dark difference, a blur on the sharp air

(CP, p. 171)

In “The Tents,” he remembers sharing a tent with a soldier “who was giving every appearance of going quietly mad” and whose brother, it eventually emerged, had recently been hanged: “Night after night he picks a sentence over / Until we riddle out the half-told secret.” Both these poems are unusual in Scupham’s work of this period in their portrayal of strangers to whom he is connected only by brieﬂy shared experience; and both are notable for their scrupulous balance of sympathy and detachment. The theater poems in Summer Palaces also ﬁnd their altered counterparts in Winter Quarters: a short sequence of ﬁve poems called “Transformation Scenes” (CP, pp. 182–186). These are about places which, while drama may produce an illusion of reality out of unreality (or magic out of string), produce unreality out of reality: the Quaker poet John Scott’s eighteenth-century grotto at Ware, for example, or the fantastic Welsh village of “Portmeirion”: “Such sprezzatura!” They are jaunty, high-spirited pieces, welcome diversions in a collection which often edges close to the troubled present: for instance, in “The Candles” (CP, pp. 207–208), which meditates on Ronald Reagan’s instruction to light a candle for Poland, or in “Incident Room” (CP, pp. 204–205), where the discovery of a body in the soil beyond a garden turns an area of innocent childhood play into a crime scene. Darkness, as ever, lurks in the wings.

A choleric sun, nailed to its meridian, Bothers the lazy hours from slipping westward, Idle on their afternoon parade. (CP, p. 172)

This short stanza perfectly illustrates Scupham’s skill: it is lucid and evocative, yet everything about it is subtly askew (the sun is neither choleric nor nailed; the hours neither lazy nor idle nor on parade; and nor do hours slip westward). It is, however, a technique which John Donne, with his own highly individual treatment of the sun, would surely have recognized and understood. The tragic dimension of National Service emerges in two symmetrically placed poems, “Scapegoat” and “The Tents,” the second and

OUT LATE

Up to this point, Scupham’s books seem to move forward in pairs: the overlapping domesticities of

222

PETER SCUPHAM his ﬁrst, nearly simultaneous collections; the wider, deeper views of landscape and history in Prehistories and The Hinterland; the explicitly matched titles of Summer Palaces and Winter Quarters. From here on, however, each collection has its own distinct ﬂavor: in some cases, the books are so uniﬁed that they can be read almost as single sequences; in others, they are much more amorphous than their predecessors. Out Late (1986) “throws the windows open onto darkness, visible and invisible, the mystery of things,” says Scupham in his PN Review essay “Writing the Poem (p. 22). It begins with “Looking and Finding” (CP, p. 211), a compact, shortlined poem dedicated to Geoffrey Grigson, a writer much admired by Scupham; in fact, this poem is another of his sly manifestos. It is also another churchyard poem, and none the worse for that, even though Scupham wryly recalls Anthony Thwaite advising him: “Lay off the churchyards for a bit.” Churchyards are, after all, places to ﬁnd “cloudy ghosts and rain,” “pocky stones, bare sky,” “Green graves, cool meadowsweet.” Although, in these opening stanzas, Grigson is addressed as “you,” this soon modulates to a “we” which spreads out to embrace all those who seriously embrace the vocation of poetry:

remaining lines fully rhyming with each other. Scupham knew better than to dedicate a shoddy piece of work to Grigson (who died in 1985, shortly before the publication of Out Late). “Looking and Finding” is followed by a group of poems about gardens, although Scupham is less interested in the garden as carefully tended artifact than in processes of change, decay, and renewal. Thus, for example, “The Gardens” (pp. 211–212) explores the cycle which begins when a garden is dug up and divided; while “A Borderland” (pp. 215–216) is concerned with the hinterland at the margin of cultivation, where “childhood and the trees make their last stand / About the half-bricks and the foundered sheds” and beyond which is the wood “run by dogs— there it might start to snow.” If the dichotomy between safe open space and wild wood reminds us partly of Kenneth Grahame’s The Wind in the Willows (1908), it should still more powerfully suggest A Midsummer Night’s Dream; and this is the starting point for the major sequence in Out Late. During the 1970s and 1980s, drama at St. Christopher School ﬂourished—largely thanks to the creative partnership of Margaret Steward and Peter Scupham—to such an extent that a touring company, made up of past and present students and called (with a properly Shakespearean neglect of the apostrophe) Phoebus Car, traveled to various venues with a new production after the end of each summer term. Many of Scupham’s theater poems and sequences, including “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” (CP, pp. 220–228), are rooted in these intense, rewarding experiences. Yet, as with the earlier and much more modest “The Tragedy Of” and “The Comedy Of,” the texts are visited only ﬂeetingly, as starting points for improvisation. His concern, as so often, is with transformation; or, more exactly, with the blurry transitions between one state and another. “I watched their waking from and waking to,” he writes on the lovers (CP, p. 225); and, echoing this, in his epilogue: “I pray for amity and restoration, / Who have dreamed wakingthoughts, woken to dreams” (CP, p. 228). The ghosts are never far away. None of Scupham’s later collections is without poems of personal or ancestral memory. The

This is where we belong, Who have inherited The parish of the dead— That dark substantial thing Which hugs itself alone In rubbled, brick, ﬂint, bone, And speaks with riddling tongue Of what we were, and are: Memorial, avatar.

(CP, p. 211)

One should note how “we belong” in “The parish of the dead,” as if our (that is, the poet’s) primary responsibility must be to keep open the channels of communication with the past; with “That dark substantial thing” we are back to darkness once again. There is an ambitious claim in the ﬁnal lines, and a huge responsibility. And it is worth noting, too, that this quite modest-looking poem is tightly constructed: the ﬁrst lines of each stanza are locked together by half-rhymes, the two

223

PETER SCUPHAM memories may be transmitted through photographs, as in “A House of Geraniums” (CP, p. 237); or through recorded sound, as in “A Box of Ghosts” (CP, p. 232); or they may recall the child’s archetypal fear of darkness, as in “Leave the Door Open” (CP, p. 231). In “The Plantations” (CP, p. 229) we revisit, not for the last time, the gatehouse at the railway crossing in Lincolnshire, but this time memory is blitzed by a strident intervention of the present: “A blue diesel shaking line and outline / On its mild swerve from nowhere to nowhere.” The disruption unsettles not only the author but the reader, who will notice both the ambiguity of “line” (poem as well as railway) and the characteristic way in which the carefully realized location has—indeed, like a set in a play—nothing on either side of it, being between “nowhere” and “nowhere”; the poet who is so inclusive when threading together remembered details and their associations can be ruthless at exclusion, too. Sensing perhaps that a contrastingly lighter note is needed, Scupham provides near the end of Out Late a series of brilliant literary parodies, “The Poets Call on the Goddess Echo” (CP, pp. 244–248). All of them are effective, and some are wickedly funny. Few readers would need convincing that “Deeply she slept, and far beyond my waking, / Upon a couch of snow, with more snow falling” is a lost couplet by John Crowe Ransom or that “i sing diminutives of i / (which is the wee of smallest small)” is the opening of a hitherto undiscovered poem by e. e. cummings. The plainest poets are the hardest to parody, but Scupham’s Robert Frost has just the right tone of rumbling introspection: It might have been right to go, It could have been wrong to come, Though no one had let me know That the place was deaf, or dumb.

When He speaks among your tumult, Grant my name may ﬁnd Him there.

(p. 61)

THE AIR SHOW

The Air Show (1988) is the most completely uniﬁed of all Scupham’s collections and, partly for this reason, his own favorite among them. The linking theme is one that constantly preoccupies him: a childhood during the years surrounding and including the World War II. As with “The Hinterland,” the self-referential difficulty of these poems will be eased if the reader can manage to hang on to a few navigational hints: in this case, three poems titled by addresses. These are: “1 Crich Circle, Littleover, Derby” (CP, pp. 259– 260); “Woodlands, 7 Kilnwell Road, Market Rasen” (CP, p. 278); and “7 Newton Road, Harston, Cambridge” (CP, pp. 292–293). The ﬁrst and last are houses where Scupham lived with his parents and sister (the book is dedicated “for Ann, who was there too”); the second is his grandparents’ home in Lincolnshire. All the poems in the book are set in, nearby, or between these locations. The air show itself is a multifaceted image: it is the airy space of childhood, where Scupham sees himself “Doing a hop-dance over a patch in my head / Which is called summer and grass” (CP, p. 257); an actual air show, where “A triplane bellies its fabric into the sunshine” (CP, p. 257); and the greater aerial adventure of the World War II itself. These three scales—childish, local, national—coexist and reinforce each other throughout the poems: thus, while “Good Flying Days” (CP, p. 280) turns out to be about nothing more warlike than kite ﬂying, “Going Out: Lancasters, 1944” is about actual bombers, viewed against the elegiac backdrop of a Cambridgeshire garden: “They’re going out,” she said. Together we watch them go, The dark crossed on the dusk, The slow slide overhead

(p. 58)

And his John Betjeman catches precisely that writer’s rather alarming chumminess with the Almighty:

And the garden growing cold, Flowers bent into grey, The ﬁelds of earth and sky Losing their strength to hold

Blessed bells of Great St Mary’s, Hunting through the April air,

224

PETER SCUPHAM in his den, / All chubby-chopped, rooting for Victory.” The child drapes the pig’s backside with a Union Jack, which the pig subsequently devours, with disastrous consequences: “The pig died, surfeited by patriotism.” Scupham knows how closely related the tragic and the ludicrous, the serious and the playful, usually are. His most compact and ingenious juxtaposition of war and game comes in the sestina “War Games” (CP, p. 289–290), where, through an additional twist of gamesmanship, each of the six phrases ending in “toys” is also a literary quotation: this may seem an intricate way to handle a poem about a child playing with lead soldiers on the carpet, yet the formal complexity deftly mirrors the formal complexity and even the high seriousness of the game.

The common lights of day Which warm our faces still. (The Air Show, p. 36)

But there is also, inevitably, the overlapping of scales imposed by time and memory. In “Back,” Scupham returns to “the land of was”—this is his earlier home in Derby—to ﬁnd “The house was smaller, shrunken on the bone” and its present owner wondering whether it had always been haunted: “There’s a ghost,” the owner says, I laughed: “Unless it’s me#” and stared past him To where some prying ﬁction of my past Inked out the shadows in that upstairs room. (CP, p. 256)

The irony, of course, is that Scupham is haunted by ghosts; but not that sort and not this one. A further sense of superimposed perspectives comes from the contrast between the remembered things which were integral to his own childhood world—toys such as “The Spanish Train” (pp. 258–259), which he discusses in detail in “Writing the Poem,” or the books recalled in “Children of Odin,” “Jungle Book,” and “Glory” (pp. 264– 266)—and the adult objects of his grandparents’ house, where “Grandad trims the gas lamp under his breath” while “Granny, bobbed with pearls / Loops her Waterman over the deckled paper” (CP, p. 268). Meanwhile, representing a world still further recessed into the past, “The papers are going their special kind of yellow / Up in the boxroom, which is made of dust” (CP, p. 271). This is a world in which, even to the child’s perception, forms of words and habits of speech already seem dated and quaint, in a sometimes puzzling way: “Bother old Hitler,” says his grandmother (CP, p. 273), using an unmistakably authentic grandmotherly idiom; while a garish postcard of Blackpool by night carries the printed statement, “This is a real photograph” (CP, p. 274), as indeed postcards once commonly did. The family portraits spread out in “Bigness on the Side of Good” (CP, pp. 275–276) to embrace, with wonderfully broad comic effect, Scupham’s Uncle Tommy, who owned, among much else, “a monstrous pig,” “As pink as Churchill wooffling

Toward the end of The Air Show—and toward the end of the war itself—Scupham is twelve years old: “I am learning nothing at incredible speed, / Weltering in ink,” (CP, p. 296) he writes, catching a sense of frustration familiar to many an intelligent adolescent. Soon the war itself will be the subject of memory—he is already collecting souvenirs, such as “a bit of shell, / A whorl of light I picked out of the gutter” (CP, p. 300)— although, in “V.E. Day” (CP, pp. 302–303), it is a far more ambiguous image that catches his attention. He notices how the celebratory ﬂags have been “rubbed thin, / Bleaching in shut drawers, now unrolled / In blues, reds [#],” “threadbare cotton to windy air.” He sees precisely how the beginning of a new period, with “fresh light at the front door,” is also necessarily the end of an old one: “a table-land of toys to be put away, / To wither and shrivel back to Homeric names.” This is the moment at which the present melts into the past and becomes, as the ﬁnal lines of “V.E. Day” so eloquently suggest, the stuff of future poetry: Night, and the huge bombers lying cold to touch, The bomb-bays empty under the perspex skull. The pyres chill, that ate so ﬁercely, and so much, The ﬂags out heavily: the stripes charcoal, dull. Ashes, ghosts, fables.

225

PETER SCUPHAM work of a more habitually intimate, confessional writer. Even here, he is alert to paradox: “I am becoming a ghost,” (CP, p. 321) he unexpectedly writes, seeing himself blur and fade from his mother’s point of view (rather than the other way around); while, in “The days are another way of spelling the night,” “spelling” takes on the resonance of “magicking,” hinting at the melting away of the known, physical world. Always adept at contrasting textures, Scupham adds poems that recall younger images of his mother, of which one—“Dancing Shoes”—is a deliciously playful villanelle, ending:

WATCHING THE PERSEIDS

“Ashes, ghosts, fables,” indeed: for in Watching the Perseids (1990), a group of poems about friends and relatives—they include Scupham’s Aunt Marjorie and his Uncle Tommy (of the famous pig), as well as his father as a twelveyear-old lepidopterist—prefaces two major sequences in memory of his mother, who died at the end of 1987, and his father, who died early in 1990. A dispassionate though naive observer might think that these were occasions for which Scupham’s poetic past had uniquely prepared him; except that no one is ever really prepared for them. As it happens, the two sequences are startlingly unalike and, in their different ways, profoundly surprising. The ﬁrst, “Young Ghost” (CP, pp. 318–329), seems at ﬁrst glance the more characteristic: a cluster of memory poems moving in toward, and then away from, the deathbed at their center. It is typical of Scupham to begin with a journey, followed by arrival at a house; typical of him, also, to employ a wryly reversed perspective: “I see things out of the corner of their eyes / Glancing away from the huddle of the bed” (“Moving Round the House,” CP, p. 319). The “things” may be evasive, but he is not: there is nothing sentimentally blurred about his vision, and the reader who expects soft-focused half-truths is in for a shock. Thus, “Old Hands” begins: “Old hands, burnt out, the sap fallen: tallons, / And a gold ring cutting closer to the bone” (CP, p. 320); to say less, or more, or other, would be an affront to honesty and accuracy. This is followed by “Christmas 1987,” the most moving and uncompromisingly direct poem of the sequence, in which he tends his dying mother:

The Charleston and the Foxtrot and the Blues— The records end in blur and monotone. At Time’s Excuse-me—how could you refuse? How long since you wore out your dancing shoes? (CP, p. 325)

Nor does he spare himself some reﬂected irony. At the funeral, his casual clothes draw comment: “I hear my father drily say: ‘Your mother / Would not have thought you out of character.’” (p. 324) Yet “out of character” is what Scupham brieﬂy seems to be in the opening poem, dated “November 24th, 1989,” of the second sequence, “Dying” (CP, pp. 340–348): My sister and brother-in-law think I should come To see my father, who lies on his marriage-bed Considering the seven ages of man.

This is a tone more conversational than any we have become accustomed to in his poetry (except, of course, in conversation), and it introduces, as only lightness can, material of great seriousness. “Time slips its moorings” while his father “eats little, / Sleeps to dream, and is pleased to see me”: this is the moment when the son must “mother and father his childhood, / Fetch and carry, ease him out of tangles.” “I would like to do justice to this mild, distinguished man,” writes Scupham, and his unexpectedly appropriate method of doing so is to construct much of the sequence from his father’s own words: learned, witty, and often aphoristic utterances, fragmented by age and illness. In the second poem, John Scupham remembers his “reﬁned and educated” mother and his father “who was neither”; it was

Once more I cover this nakedness which is my own, Beyond shame, wasting, wanting; soon to be ash, Pulling her nightdress down over the sharp bone Which bites through the shocked absences of ﬂesh. (CP, p. 321)

Scupham has never written quite like this before; yet, precisely because he has been so often preoccupied as a poet by the complex transactions between past and present, this intimacy gains a peculiar force which it would have lacked in the

226

PETER SCUPHAM his mother’s intellectual ambition, her “kind of heroism,” which would push her children “as far up the educational ladder as they can go.” John Scupham eventually became controller of educational broadcasting at the British Broadcasting Corporation, where his ﬁne ambition—in his own words, from the third poem—

his son reads to him from Wordsworth’s “Prelude” and celebrates a midnight mass. He dies at three o’clock in the afternoon: “I glance to where he is quizzing his Times obituary. / Quietly, we continue our conversation.” “Young Ghost” and “Dying” dominate Watching the Perseids, and their concerns understandably spill over into many of the other poems. Between them comes “The Christmas Midnight,” a sonnet sequence less elaborate than “The Hinterland,” meditating on time, death, and mutability. A little later, there is “Watching the Perseids: Remembering the Dead,” in which the meteors, “riding softly down,” supply another image for “Life, set in its ways and constellations, / Which knows its magnitude, its name and status” (CP, p. 350). And immediately after “Dying” comes a more modest-looking poem, “Clearing,” in which the poet visits his late parents’ empty house. It is a kind of poem he has often written—about objects and their associations, in their spaces—but which here acquires a special resonance. These are its opening lines:

was to be able to talk To the producer of each specialism In his own language and on his own wavelength

and where, consequently, he met some of the greatest intellectuals of the age. In the fourth poem, he sends his son off to fetch books, with the pleasingly elliptical codicil: “And if you see a book that’s not worth reading, / Pass it to me, and I won’t read it.” “26th December,” in the ﬁfth poem, is—for time has indeed slipped its moorings—an approximate Christmas: He has put an occasion together in his head, And, at some far, unguessable cost, watches A candle in a lantern, swinging softly

They sing carols, eat and drink (although he merely “nibbles the air in a front of a petit-four”), do part of the Spectator quiz; by the end, “He is very tired now. He has managed it quite beautifully.’ This is the pivotal point in the sequence. In the sixth poem, John Scupham is genially disputing his son’s identity (“Who do you say you are?”), and by the seventh he is, rather magniﬁcently, beginning to recite the “History of the Scuphams” in epic verse. Yet, although he may be conﬁdent enough about where the Scuphams stood on the matter of Magna Carta in 1215, his sense of nearer chronology is crumbling away. Having asked, and been told, the time in the eighth poem, he replies: “Twenty to ﬁve? It can’t be. / Do you mean twenty to ﬁve yesterday?” He is suffering from the kind of conceptual synaesthesia most of us know only ﬂeetingly in dreams:

Four years ago, the house was waiting for them, As cool and as convenient as light, And each had eighty years to pack, unpack there, To get things right, As right as trivets, blackbirds, briar-roses, Millennial stones and letters from old friends, The winnowed books in which the past had printed Beginnings, ends. (CP, p. 349)

This is what Scupham once described as his “transparent” voice, a clear and eloquent counterpoise to the preceding sequence. In Watching the Perseids he successfully faces his greatest challenges: it is in many ways the most moving and impressive of all his books.

THE ARK

The Ark (1994) is the ﬁrst of Scupham’s collections to have been entirely written after his retirement from teaching and his move from Hitchin in Hertfordshire to South Burlingham in Norfolk. This makes a difference to the poems, although it isn’t quite the one that usually comes with “retire-

You say it’s ten, But by the amount of experience that’s gone into it It must be at least half-past four.

In the last poem, “January 10th, 1990,” he can no longer speak and his eyes are constantly open;

227

PETER SCUPHAM ment”: in any case, he had never been the kind of teacher-poet who writes interminably about school life, except in the rather special ﬁeld of dramatic productions—and these were to continue at Old Hall. No, the difference is deeper and less obvious than that: it lies in the fact that this writer whose poems had often colonized ancient places now had one of his own. For a deceptively straightforward moment, the book’s title seems to refer simply to the toy in the opening poem—“The boy on the ﬂoor is putting his ark to bed” (CP, p. 359)—though even this soon modulates into an image of the child’s life, which must be steered to “its safe and certain loss”; death is seldom very far from birth in these poems, and in one (“First Things, Last Things”) the two events are separated by a “long brocade of lies, / Truths, half-truths” (CP, p. 384), an image that seems to glance, bleakly and obliquely, toward Larkin’s description of religion as a “vast moth-eaten musical brocade / Created to pretend we never die” in “Aubade” (Larkin, CP, p. 208). Yet the recurrent, ruminative gravity of theme implies that this ark is also, like the ark of the covenant, a storehouse of immutable truths. And it is thirdly—in “A Habitat” (CP, pp. 390–400), the longest of the four sequences in the collection—an image for the haunted, erratic sanctuary of his Norfolk manor house. Here, at least, in “All Roads Lead to It,” we are in familiar if not altogether reassuring territory, as with baffled admiration he contemplates the building and its unknowable secrets:

When the house was born, did it cry in the ﬁrst wind For its delivery from stone and clay, Shaken, unhinged, gathering its baubles To be the playthings of its own dark future?

In other hands, such speculations might turn to fey sentimentality; in Scupham’s, such lightness is always tempered by his knowledge that the future is “dark” and that “Living here will be enough and more / To turn the hair white with grief.” He likes it that way, which is just as well, since that’s the way it is; and it is no great surprise to ﬁnd the house invaded in the ﬁnal poem, “Faces Come Thicker at Night,” by ghosts, stars, and a dead white cat called Quince. Other developments of Scupham’s earlier modes in The Ark are both more quirky and more disturbing. For example, “Accident” (CP, pp. 360–365) is a set of deliberately ﬂoppy, gangling sonnets that begins and ends with a car crash; but its narrative terms are continually being questioned and renegotiated, rather in the manner of John Fowles’s ﬁction, so that a glance at the driver’s mirror discloses not the predictably retrospective view of the road but rather a view back over the poem itself to “A clumsy line break, / A repeated ‘white’ in the ﬁrst section,” while in the third sonnet the reader ﬁnds himself being abruptly interrogated about his acquisition of the book. Scupham’s earlier language games were never quite as ferocious as this. “Nacht und Nebel” (CP, pp. 380–384) returns, more darkly than ever, to his preoccupation with hinterlands, borderlines: between seeing and unseeing (one section is set in Moorﬁelds Eye Hospital) or between living and dying. Linking the themes, and running through the entire collection, is the metronomic presence of time: “Clocks are the unblinking eyes of time,” he writes, while the ﬁnal poem in the sequence focuses on the grim coincidence of “A child’s case packed in an Auschwitz warehouse: “Jungkind, geboren 1933.’ My year.” After the two strongly uniﬁed collections, The Air Show and Watching the Perseids, which immediately preceded it, The Ark is a strikingly various book. Despite a summery Italian production of his favorite play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream—“the performance, / As always, wrong

Who bewildered those ﬂoors to sand, Tumbled the tumbled brickwork? Who attended To the long marriage of queen strut, king post, Set swimming in the porch’s pediment A merman and a mermaid of white stucco Who swing their lovely, rough-cut tails apart And stare with chapped eyes at the east?

It is, he tells us, “A cock-eyed house, beset by open ﬁelds / And too much wind”: a perfect symbol of his imaginative world, in its vulnerable antiquity, its combination of the elegant and the askew. This is a place where even mermaids have chapped eyes. The house is “full of awkward questions”:

228

PETER SCUPHAM Graves:

in its open-air production” (CP, p. 368), he remarks, a bit grudgingly, though this wouldn’t stop him putting one on at Old Hall—a wintry light predominates: in the beautifully titled “Light Frozen on the Oaks,” he observes that “The sky, in all its graduals and ordinaries, / Promises no more than a midwinter pallor” (p. 389). In this context, consolations seem all the richer, more fully earned. “Cat on a Turkey Plate” has a huge ginger cat, “the Christmas Cat in his scallops of old china” (p. 370), presiding magniﬁcently over the seasonal festivities. And “The Web” celebrates something Scupham has always treasured: the accidental pleasures of the imperfect. The web is broken, “hung about with rain,” in a backyard

When you read these verses, guess by words and spaces what their wish might be, thinking hard of postmen, daisies, mice and milkmen— packed tight with wishes and saying just like me each is special, singular, together in their dancing, in out, up down, sun, moon, star. In a packet or a pocket keep your wish a secret and tell it just by being exactly who you are.

Where nothing seems to ﬁt; just lies about— That mountain-bike with rusty handlebars— And nobody much in, and no one out [#] (CP, p. 373)

(CP, p. 440)

Yet some family occasions are a good deal odder than this. “Family Reunion” (CP, pp. 414–416), a sort of pendant to the memorializing sequences in Watching the Perseids, is simultaneously among the funniest and the most touching of all Scupham’s poems. In it, he ﬁnds himself in the half-dream world of a “puzzling room” which is also the familiar space of his own study: here he is visited by his dead parents, who “look as if they’ve chosen how to look, / deep in the prime of a late middle age.” He worries about how they’ll get home, advising them not to be “too late [#] the late departed.” His father, as amiably cantankerous as when we last met him, retorts that this is “the sort of remark you’d expect from a minor poet”; and when his mother kindly observes, “Peter’s books are so much neater than yours were, John,” her husband replies, “That’s because he never reads them.” The poem is cast in the form of six free-ﬂowing sonnets, and at this point Scupham comments, draping his outrageous joke over not just a line break but a sonnet break, “Chit-chat goes on // as if I’d written it myself.” The real trouble, where dream logic cracks and falters, comes when Scupham asks if they’ve planned other excursions and his mother tells him: “We’re on our way to visit Mother.” But of course, to do this, “They’ll have to change between the acts”: they can hardly appear to her in their grumblesome middle age and Scupham wonders whether they’ll be “Decked in sailor suits” instead. Eventually, smilingly, they depart:

The verse seems utterly relaxed, yet is perfectly held in place by syntactical balance, metrical stress, and rhyme. As for the web itself: Clouds come, clouds go. They never look much wrong. The ﬂy gets framed, gets trussed. If there’s a soul The web is hung how something wants it hung And would not be more perfect were it whole. (CP, p. 373)

NIGHT WATCH

Scupham’s last slim volume before the Collected Poems of 2002 was Night Watch (1999)— something of a ragbag of a book, as he might self-disparagingly say, rather than a themed or uniﬁed collection. But the increased diversity of a poet’s later work is to be expected—the occasions of poetry change as a writer grows older— and several of the poems in Night Watch are, precisely, occasional: there is, for instance, an elegant “Epithalamion” to celebrate the marriage of his youngest son—“New foliage grows to a head on familial trees” (CP, p. 438)—as well as a “Song for Sophie: A Granddaughter, born 1998,” a delightful reversion to the very lightest of his earlier styles as well as a perfect parody of Robert

229

PETER SCUPHAM to Scupham’s National Service days, it does so in a highly complex way, offering a ghost-train ride through the decade: thus, a compartment containing “the usual suspects of the time” is ﬁlled to more than its bursting point with “sixteen moustached poilus, eight horses / cut loose from Mark Gertler’s roundabout”; in there too are Eccles, Bluebottle, and Moriarty (characters from BBC Radio’s popular Goon Show), a gigantic doll, the actress Anna Neagle, and a Cameron Highlander. This is part nightmare, part Alice in Wonderland. The sequence is the most densely allusive in all Scupham’s work, a patchwork of fragments evoking “the crossroads of a century”; it is also, though he might smile wryly at the thought, the most uncompromisingly modernist of his poems:

“No handshake, kiss for mother; it’s much too late now for seeing through each other.” “Family Reunion” is an excellent example of the poet reinventing and extending his territory: it is both utterly characteristic and quite unlike anything he has done before. Night Watch is rich in such poems. One direction takes Scupham into a new reﬁnement of his “transparent” style, a poised laconic lyricism, in poems such as “A Slice of Cake” (CP, p. 413) or “Crossing the Peak” (CP, p. 417). Another produces a stunningly effective version of an old trick—the unexpectedly skewed perspective—in “Night Kitchen”: the ﬁve stanzas comprise a snapshot of the kitchen, seen in immense and evocative detail, as lit by the headlamps of a car belonging to a burglar. Whether a crime actually takes place is unclear—we leave the intruder “bent on away, white gloves calming the wheel”—and unimportant, for what interests Scupham is the sense of a secret night scene surprised by an intruder:

Hang on to that anthology, that Baudelaire I’ve lent you, I’ll expect to see them back on my shelves when I get home. Goodbye. “You, that way; we, this way.” (CP, p. 424)

Everything which happens happens in passing. The kitchen drowses in light, that nervous stranger coasting lost into a place of secrets. Things here have made love to each other so often, undressing each other’s colours nightly, that his embarrassment is hardly noticed as the chair sleeps in the clock’s arms, what has been left out ﬁnds itself really in bed, the cats and spoons grow desolate and cosy. (CP, p. 427)

The language could almost be Eliot’s from The Waste Land, “mon semblable,—mon frère!” A single poem in Scupham’s Collected Poems was written after Night Watch: it comes at the start, as a dedication, and its stands in memory of his son Giles, who died in 2001. It is, as Robert Wells says in his long and thoughtful review of the Collected Poems, a poem “of extreme beauty”:

As so often with this writer, one wants to linger over small, astonishing details: the way in which the idea of the kitchen things “undressing each other’s colours” so aptly invokes the actual process of darkness, perhaps glancing back to the Elizabethan poet Fulke Greville’s equally magical “In night, when colours all to black are cast [# .],” the seemingly nonsensical yet precisely right image of the chair asleep “in the clock’s arms”; the double surprise of the last line quoted, with its juxtaposed “cats and spoons” (both to be found in the kitchen at Old Hall), and, still more tellingly, “desolate and cosy.” The major sequence in Night Watch is “The Northern Line,” subtitled (not, perhaps, quite straightforwardly) “End of Leave, 1950s” (CP, pp. 418–426). Though this clearly takes us back

Our love is a dark lantern; your secrets keep Under this driftwood tree, dark brick, stiff clay, And all the foreground speaks of distances. Caught in your indirection, we lose our way To ﬁnd you again, alone and undispersed, Brieﬂy at home in colour, line, the light Echoed by patched water. Then cloud and leaf Turn in the loose wind, follow you out of sight.

CONCLUSION

The two commonest reservations some readers have about Peter Scupham’s poetry can be briskly summarized and, perhaps, as briskly dismissed. One is that his fondness for odd and attractive

230

PETER SCUPHAM words and expressions leads to a voice that is somehow unnatural or affected; yet reading him with any care will swiftly dispel this misapprehension and reveal a poetic voice which is both distinctive and utterly authentic. The other is that his concerns are in some way remote from the “real” contemporary world; but nothing could be more solidly real than the world in which he lives and which so ﬁrmly underpins his work—a world made of bricks and books, gardens and cats, enhanced by a dauntingly intense perception of the ways in which the present interacts with the past. The claims one can make for Scupham are far from modest ones. There may be no other poet who has so ﬁnely evoked the experience of growing up in England in the 1930s and 1940s; who has so movingly and humorously memorialized his parents; or who has so fruitfully explored his cultural and intellectual landscape. He is a matchless conjuror of ghosts and memories, a beautifully eloquent love poet, and a wickedly funny parodist. He is a superb technician, not in any fussily sterile way, but in the proper sense of a master craftsman who knows that all art needs skillful making. In this essay we have been able only to examine a tiny sample of Scupham’s Collected Poems, an inexhaustible book, sensibly arranged on a collection-by-collection basis, so that the individual rooms envisaged by the poet do indeed seem to be component parts of a greater building: this comprehensive volume is full of poems which repay rereading and provide a dizzyingly cumulative pleasure, and it belongs alongside the collected poems of Auden, say, or Graves. All the same, Scupham is at present—so far as one can ever judge these things—undervalued and unfashionable. One might recall of F. R. Leavis’s famous remark about a very different undervalued and unfashionable poet, George Crabbe. Crabbe, said Leavis, rather pompously, “was hardly at the ﬁne point of consciousness in his time,” to which C. H. Sisson justly replied: “What an excellent thing not to have been!” Scupham likewise may not be at the ﬁne point of

consciousness in his time. He is much better than that.

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF PETER SCUPHAM EDITIONS

The Small Containers. Manchester, U.K.: Phoenix Pamphlet Poets, 1972. The Snowing Globe. Manchester, U.K.: E. J. Morten, 1972. The Gift. Richmond, U.K.: Keepsake Press, 1973. Prehistories. London: Oxford University Press, 1975. The Hinterland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. Summer Palaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. Winter Quarters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983. Out Late. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. The Air Show. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Selected Poems, 1972–1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. Watching the Perseids. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. The Ark. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Night Watch. London: Anvil Press, 1999. Collected Poems. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet Press/Oxford Poets, 2002. (Page references in the text are to this edition.)

ESSAYS

AND

ARTICLES

“Spring 1977: The Hinterland.” In Poetry Book Society: The First Twenty-ﬁve Years. Edited by Eric W. White. London: Poetry Book Society, 1979. Pp. 60–61. “On Peter Scupham.” Rialto 46: 17–19 (2000). “Writing the Poem.” PN Review, no. 148: 21–27 (2002). Peter Scupham’s early manuscripts and papers are in the British Library; later manuscripts and papers are in the author’s possession.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES “Lessons in Survival: A Conversation with Peter Scupham.” PN Review, no. 37:42–45 (1984). Powell, Neil. “Magic and String: The Poetry of Peter Scupham.” PN Review, no. 1: 31–32 (1976). ———. “Mature Students: Peter Scupham and Andrew Waterman.” In British Poetry Since 1970: A Critical

231

PETER SCUPHAM 1985. Pp. 509–516. Stevenson, Anne. “Magic and String.” London Magazine, April–May 2003, pp. 120–125. Wells, Robert. “The Precise and the Mysterious.” PN Review, no. 160: 32–37 (2004).

Survey. Edited by Peter Jones and Michael Schmidt. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet Press, 1980. Pp. 131–137. ———. “Peter Scupham.” In Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 40, Poets of Great Britain and Ireland Since 1960. Edited by Vincent B. Sherry. Detroit: Gale,

232

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD (1849–1912)

Michele Gemelos ern Echo, the Pall Mall Gazette and the Review of Reviews, he preached for social and political reform, including the need for legislation against prostitution, the necessity of humanitarian intervention in overseas conﬂicts, women’s suffrage, and paciﬁsm. He did so imaginatively, emotionally, and with passionate but “virtuous” disregard for nineteenth-century conventions and mores. He disseminated stories of vice and corruption in the name of strengthening social virtue. Stead’s allies—like his critics—were powerful, high-proﬁle politicians, literary elites, radical reformers, and captains of industry. His reputation was sullied by rumors but also defended by devoted reformist friends such as Josephine Butler, Henry Edward Cardinal Manning, and Lord Ashley, earl of Shaftesbury. Stead is often cited as the founder of English “New Journalism,” a term describing the midnineteenth-century advent of sensational reportage and a stylistic precursor to modern-day tabloid journalism. “Founder” is a misnomer, though Stead was responsible for many innovations. The coinage of the term “New Journalism” and its association with Stead’s work was courtesy of one of his staunchest critics, the English poet, essayist, and critic Matthew Arnold, with whom Stead clashed often but whose ideas about culture Stead freely adopted. Through the newspapers presses, Stead published many of his own editorials, reviews, booklength nonﬁction works, and historical ﬁction, as well as notable contributions by George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, among other writers Stead championed. Proliﬁc and polemical, Stead participated in many debates that arose from the expression of his radical beliefs and interests and from the revelation of his then-unconventional journalistic methods. His most signiﬁcant contributions to British literary history, however, were

IF DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN journalism and literature were, at one time, easy to draw, one general difference was that journalism concerned itself with the timely reporting of useful facts while most literature was considered to be work of the imagination designed to evoke emotional responses. Such distinctions did not rule out similarities: fundamentally, both journalism and literature both harness language and organize ideas in order to convey meaning, to have an “impact,” and to increase awareness of diverse human experiences. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, however, journalism and literature intersected and mingled, producing various hybrid writing styles and forms. Today these types of writing have paradoxical-sounding labels such as “literary journalism” and “creative nonﬁction.” For almost two centuries, journalism—in broadsheet or tabloid forms, whether objective or subjective, or for “highbrow” or “lowbrow” audiences—has challenged readers’ expectations and literary conventions. In Victorian Britain, however, depending on one’s political and aesthetic position, the similarities between literature and journalism were thought to have been either exploited or reﬁned to develop these hybrid forms. If there is greater acceptance and enthusiasm today for experimental and unconventional types of journalism, however, this can be seen as an outgrowth of the strenuous and often volatile debates that took place in nineteenth-century Britain. An important instigator of these debates was William Thomas Stead. One of the most inﬂuential and eccentric public ﬁgures of the Victorian and Edwardian period, Stead was a trailblazing journalist and author, a Liberal reform-minded editor, and experimental spiritualist. Journalism was Stead’s “pulpit”; from the pages of noted publications such as the North-

233

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD leadership. Carlyle added commentary to the words of Cromwell presented in the work, thus producing a work of hagiography but also of social criticism. Accessing the life of Cromwell via Carlyle and others, Stead developed an appetite for imaginative historiography, hero worship, and prophetic “sage-writing”—all of which was in keeping with a Victorian sense of individual and social responsibility and models of Christian reform through the resuscitation of past ideals. Indeed, his Cromwell essay won him a copy of The Poetical Works of James Russell Lowell, and the nineteenth-century American poet joined Stead’s pantheon of writers and leaders from whom he gained inspiration from his journalistic career. Stead later revealed, in James Russell Lowell: His Message and How It Helped Me (1891) that the poetry volume was “the most precious of all my books” (p. 12). Lowell became a central ﬁgure in Stead’s development as a writer with strong moral conviction. In the same book, Stead also commented that the “The Pious Editor’s Creed” from Lowell’s ﬁrst series of The Biglow Papers (1848) presented the “great ideal of the editor as ‘the Captain of our Exodus into the Canaan of a truer social order’ [which] still glows like a pillar of ﬁre amid the midnight gloom before the journalists of the world”(p. 11). Thus, in Cromwell, Lowell, and also in the Scottish essayist Thomas Carlyle, Stead had found apposite heroic models of leadership, whether political, moral, or literary. The leaders and mentors to whom Stead was drawn were, to him, modern models of biblical prophets who proposed solutions—however radical, subjective, and sometimes unpopular—for social disunity and moral degeneration. Many of the ideas he accessed through his literary investigations were, however, at odds with each other, and many of his heroes were paradoxes themselves. For example, Carlyle became a “Tory” radical, while the “Brahmin” poet Lowell had led a privileged life that was hardly similar to that of a Northumbrian minister’s son. But Stead’s adoption of their ideas and ideals highlights the ways in which both he and his age were philosophically and politically paradoxical.

the revolutions he led via the press, rather than any single work he penned. Though his successes were often punctuated by scandal and failure, his life, body of work, and even his extraordinary death exemplify his indefatigable idealism and literary experimentation in a period of great social and political upheaval.

EARLY LIFE AND EARLY CAREER

Stead’s humble beginnings instilled in him the work ethic and sense of duty that steered his career. He was born in the village of Embleton, Northumbria, in England on July 5, 1849. His father, William, was a Congregational minister, and his mother, Isabella Jobson, was the daughter of a Yorkshire farmer. They had two daughters and four sons, including William Thomas, who would later be known as W. T. The family moved to Howden-on-Tyne, a village ﬁve miles from Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in 1850. Stead was educated at home until 1861, at which point he went to Silcoates School near Wakeﬁeld; at the time the school served as a boarding and day school for the sons of Congregational ministers. Stead’s education—both informal and formal— emphasized religious devotion, moral rectitude, and social duty. As an independent-minded Christian Nonconformist, Stead immersed himself in the Bible as well as Boys’ Own Magazine. After only two years of formal schooling, Stead became a merchant’s apprentice at a countinghouse in Newcastle. By this time, he had, however, developed a passion for reading beyond scripture, penny papers, and periodicals. In the “countinghouse” years following his departure from Silcoates, Stead wrote essays for prize competitions in Boys’ Own Magazine, and he wrote a winning biographical essay on the legendary Puritan solider and parliamentarian Oliver Cromwell. In the mid-nineteenth century, the reputation of Cromwell had been enhanced by the publication of the writer and historian Thomas Carlyle’s On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841) and Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches (1845), a biographical work that unconventionally and imaginatively “elucidates” its subject as a model of individual heroic

234

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD Northern Echo became the organ of William Ewart Gladstone’s radical Liberalism. The paper opposed the Contagious Diseases Acts (of 1864, 1866, and 1869), spoke out against prostitution, advocated female suffrage and the improvement of working conditions, and also supported compulsory public education. Stead also used the Northern Echo to promote humanitarian interventionist British foreign policy, Irish home rule, and Anglo-American fraternity. During his time at the Northern Echo he became acquainted with his hero Carlyle, with whom he corresponded, and with the feminist advocate Josephine Butler. Stead also corresponded frequently with Gladstone on a variety of social issues. Stead’s social progressivism shaped his journalism, and a progressive approach to journalism affected its format. Throughout his career he professed a commitment to factual journalism and to improving literacy in Britain, reﬂected also in the goals of the Education Acts of the 1870s. Under Stead’s leadership, the “provincial” paper was disseminated nationally by railroad, and it prospered. A 1952 volume by J. W. Robertson Scott—The Life and Death of a Newspaper: An Account of the Temperaments, Perturbations, and Achievements of John Morley, W. T. Stead, E. T. Cook, Harry Cust, J. L. Garvin, and Three Other Editors of the “Pall Mall Gazette”— quotes Stead’s journal of July 4, 1875, in which he explains that the Northern Echo

In Stead’s time, the meaning of terms such as “radical,” “conservative,” and “liberal” were in ﬂux; aspects of his ideas of progress were seen as both radical and conservative, and his proposals for social change often involved seemingly secular, sometimes immoral, and always surprising suggestions, especially in view of Stead’s religiosity. In short, Stead was an idiosyncratic political thinker and a deeply religious but rebellious ﬁgure—not dissimilar to his Victorian contemporaries such as Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Charles Dickens. Rather than subscribing to a single mode of thought, area of interest, or style of expression, Stead reached across professed Victorian “oppositions” and divisions, preferring instead to fuse morals and aesthetic styles and vantage points in his writing and to apply his distinctive approaches to many political and literary subjects. This stylistic desire to unify and blend forms and styles can be read as part of a wider program of uniﬁcation—of the Englishspeaking world, of liberal-minded republicans, or of democratic, peaceful nations. In Stead’s view, these greater goals could be achieved through radical journalism. However idiosyncratic he was, Stead was very much in touch with his times. Victorian modes of expression, and especially journalism, were challenged and revamped during the mid- to late nineteenth century, in centers as far apart as New York and London, St. Louis and Newcastle. The increased commodiﬁcation of news is often thought to have begun with the abolition of taxes on newspapers in the nineteenth century: advertisement tax was abolished in 1853, the Stamp Act was repealed in 1855, and paper duty was abolished in 1861. This resulted in the proliferation of cheap, mass-circulation newspapers as well as innovative designs and layout. It was not long before Stead found the right outlet for his ideals and ideas. In 1870 the liberal daily newspaper the Northern Echo was founded in Darlington by John Copleston, who was also its ﬁrst editor. Copleston’s reactions to Stead’s regular contributions were positive, and in April 1871, despite his lack of experience, Stead succeeded Copleston as editor, and thus became the youngest editor in England. Under Stead, the

has the ﬁrst position in the district. We now reach 13,000; we may reach 20,000. To address 20,000 people as the sole preacher is better than to be a tenth part of the preaching power on a journal with 200,000 circulation. There is no paper now in existence which can be to me what the Echo is. I have given it its character, its existence, its circulation. It is myself. Other papers could not bear my image and superscription so distinctly. I have more power and more inﬂuence here than on almost any other paper, for I work according to my inclinations and bias. (p. 103)

If his professional life represented dissent, radicalism, and progress, his private life appeared to be a portrait of constancy if not complete bliss. Stead married a childhood friend, Emma Lucy

235

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD Wilson (1849–1932) in 1873 and they had four sons—William Junior, Henry, Alfred, and Jack— and two daughters—Estelle and Pearl. Scott quotes Estelle’s description of William and Emma’s didactic parenting style:

man atrocities against the Bulgarians (1876– 1878), which Stead presented as an attack on fellow Christians. Stead gained support from Gladstone (1809–1898), who had at that time resigned from public office and from the Liberal party following the massive defeat in 1874. Stead was at the helm of public protests in the north of the country. Estelle W. Stead, in her 1913 memoir, My Father: Personal and Spiritual Reminiscences, quotes his description of himself, as he reﬂected in 1893: “When I was editing the Northern Echo I was a thorough-going Gladstonian of a very stalwart ﬁghting kind, with a wholesome conviction that Tories were children of the Devil, and that the supreme duty of a Liberal journalist was to win as many seats as possible for the Liberal Party” (p. 92). Gladstone was a natural ally for Stead, as the former (as chancellor of the exchequer between 1859 and 1865) succeeded in abolishing the paper duty, which was one of the reforms that enabled the production of cheap newspapers. It was, however, the Bulgarian episode that cemented their alliance. The impact of the Bulgarian atrocities on British foreign policy is often ampliﬁed by historians and biographers sympathetic to Stead. Nevertheless, Stead’s public proﬁle was greatly enhanced by the episode, which illustrated the power of media sources and public opinion. Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli was outspoken in his refusal to change the British policy of support for Turkey, citing national interests. Gladstone, then former prime minister, came out of retirement to oppose Disraeli and placed the Bulgarian atrocities at the center of his campaign, calling for military action on the basis of moral responsibility. His 1876 pamphlet on the subject, titled Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, sold more than 200,000 copies. Gladstone’s eventual charismatic political resurrection came via the Midlothian county seat campaigns of 1879–1880 in southeast Scotland, which resulted in a massive victory for Gladstone and victory for the Liberals in the general election thanks in part to Stead’s use of the Northern Echo as an organ for new Gladstonian “evangelical mass politics.” However, Gladstone’s speeches during the Midlothian cam-

He read the Spectator to us on Sunday afternoons, ending up with the Bank Rate! My mother followed with stories. To ensure that we had been listening, each of us in turn had to ﬁx on some name or episode mentioned; also after chapel at our meal we had to do the same, taking the sermon as our subject. It was a game very much in the manner of “Twenty Questions.” Every morning each child had to bring to the breakfast table an interesting fact chosen out of the morning newspapers. (p. 220)

As in his own childhood, education of the Stead children began at home, though Estelle noted that her father had also been very athletic and sympathetic to society’s less fortunate. She commented, however, on the strain that her father’s work placed on family life: Though in many things my father and mother were not sympathetic, there was a strong bond between them, and I remember him saying that he would not have married anyone else#. My father was a demon for work. In the early morning, before going to the office, and after dinner at night, he would be writing. (p. 220)

Stead sensed that his ambition and “prophethood” had stalled in the years following his marriage. Yet his commitment to his profession did not diminish. He channeled his energies into the Northern Echo and hoped to attract the attention of leaders and men of inﬂuence outside his district.

THE NORTHERN ECHO AND STEAD’S ALLIANCE WITH GLADSTONE

In the late 1870s, Stead’s newspaper devoted considerable column space to the advocacy of increased humanitarianism domestically and internationally. He published articles that supported English intervention in response to Otto-

236

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD paigns were criticized by many Conservatives and by Queen Victoria directly. Gladstone’s platform was undoubtedly inﬂuenced by correspondence with Stead and Stead’s leading articles in the Echo. Both men wanted to improve England’s social and political outlook (due to the 1878 economic depression) as well as resuscitate their public image and careers. Fundamental to Stead’s new vision of liberal politics was Gladstone’s critique of “imperial overstretch,” and he consequently called for increased national moral responsibility for the existing empire. Stead’s association with Gladstone gave the northern journalist political gravitas and social status, while Stead raised Gladstone’s public proﬁle, thereby fostering mass appeal for a former prime minister whose public image and alliances in the Commons had been tarnished. Stead’s accounts of this phase of his career—outlined in his notebooks—reveal his pride in having played a role and in establishing political ties. He even saw Gladstone’s 1876 bestselling pamphlet as a direct response to a letter he had sent; Raymond Schults, in his 1972 study Crusader in Babylon: W. T. Stead and the “Pall Mall Gazette,” quotes a notebook entry dated January 14, 1877, in which Stead explained his involvement with the campaign in religious, albeit melodramatic, terms: “For the Bulgarian agitation was due to a Divine voice. I felt the clear call of God’s voice, ‘Arouse the nation or be damned.’ If I did not do all I could, I would deserve damnation” (p. 12).

from that of an imaginary newspaper invented by William Makepeace Thackeray and described in his 1850 novel The History of Pendennis. Morley edited the Pall Mall Gazette—and cemented its status as a Liberal party newspaper—from 1880 to 1883. Morley and Stead’s professional relationship was later characterized in Stead’s London Times obituary as “a union of classical severity with the rude vigor of a Goth” (cited in Schultz, p. 21). In his seminal work On Compromise (1874), Morley asserts the duty of the welleducated English speakers in curing societal ills through social prevention; the principles outlined in the essay were often cited in national debates concerning proper political conduct. Morley advocated moving slowly to realize social change and to convert theories into practice. Although Stead respected Morley’s positions on duty and propriety, he was impatient and less controlled than his mentor—in short, a ﬁrebrand. His clash with Morley’s noninterventionist attitude, for example, compelled Stead to support liberal humanitarian imperialism. Stead also asserted that Morley had less of an understanding of the general reader than he possessed himself, and he continued to produce his frenzied, impassioned hymns of social gospel from his position as assistant editor. In Stead’s words, Morley was “a great stickler for severity of style and restraint and sobriety of expression,” and would return Stead’s articles, remarking “No dithyrambs, s’il vous plaît” (Cited in Scott, p.67). Nevertheless, as a disciple of Morley, Stead did adopt Morley’s fondness for literary allusion, for unifying literature and politics, and for leadership traits such as those displayed by the Puritan chiefs of England, whom Morley saw as true heroes for their sense of political and intellectual responsibility. Indeed, Morley’s fusion of intellectualism and practical politics played an important role in Stead’s formation of his literary and political program for journalism and is clearly observable in his later writings. Proximity to power and inﬂuence and the possibility of promotion had ultimately convinced Stead to take the assistant editor post at the Pall Mall Gazette back in 1880. When Morley was

THE PALL MALL GAZETTE

Following Gladstone’s victory in the general election, the new prime minister recommended Stead to the proliﬁc Liberal writer and editor John Morley (1838–1923), later to be known as Viscount Morley of Blackburn, who invited Stead to work at the Pall Mall Gazette as an assistant editor. Despite Stead’s dislike of London as a city, together with a dislike of the city’s newspapers, he nevertheless accepted the post. Named by its proprietor George Murray Smith, who founded it in 1865, the Pall Mall Gazette was initially a conservative paper and took its name

237

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD over those of America” (cited in Schultz, pp. 64– 65). Increased competition for readers from the middle and upper classes inspired many of these developments. From the late 1880s onward, Stead argued in favor of signed articles as a way of encouraging journalists to take responsibility for their work and a way of promoting Stead’s concept of the journalist (or editor) as a heroic ﬁgure. It has been suggested that this can be seen as a deﬁant move; the expansion of the newspaper industry and periodical presses had depersonalized writers, so Stead’s insistence on names was a way of combating this. Stead’s career and his brand of journalism evolved during his time at the Pall Mall Gazette. He criticized and chronicled transformations in politics and in the press in an era of increased competition for readers. Through its publication of letters and leading articles, for example, the Pall Mall Gazette reﬂected debates about government intervention to combat crime and hostility toward foreigners and the poor in London. The publication of the Reverend Andrew Mearns’s The Bitter Cry of Outcast London (1883) was the ﬁrst instance of the success of Stead’s plan to campaign for social change through the evening paper. Based on a Nonconformist pamphlet, Mearns’s work exposed conditions of life in the slums and resulted in an investigation by a royal commission that called for construction of lowincome housing. After this victory for his brand of journalism, Stead turned his missionary zeal to the crisis over Anglo-Egyptian rule in the Sudan. On January 9, 1884, Stead published an exclusive interview with General Charles George Gordon in the Pall Mall Gazette, in an article titled “Chinese Gordon on the Soudan,” which featured the popular hero’s position on the crisis. Gordon represented many of Stead’s Christian and social ideals, and thus he was added to Stead’s Victorian pantheon. Gordon had served in the Crimean War and in China in 1864, earning the nickname “Chinese Gordon” for having ended the Taiping Rebellion. He returned to Gravesend in southeast England and became involved in local housing and education reform and other benevolent work that allied him to ﬁgures such as “General” William Booth

elected member of Parliament for Newcastle-onTyne in February 1883 and subsequently appointed secretary of state for Ireland, Stead was promoted to acting editor of the Pall Mall Gazette—a post he gladly accepted. Not only had Morley’s position in government and society widened Stead’s political and journalistic access, but it also fed Stead’s aspiration to shape political and literary practices in Britain. From his position at the Pall Mall Gazette, Stead was relentless in his pursuit of readers and social reform, but he continued refashioning himself as a man of letters and as a defender of English-language culture. Under Stead’s leadership, the Pall Mall Gazette continued to shed its Conservative reputation as a genteel digest or tame register of events. Stead furthered Morley’s liberal program but made it an agent of direct action, compelling those in power to act with conscience and compassion where Britain’s domestic and international interests were concerned. It also allowed Stead to experiment with the content of a daily newspaper, expanding the content to include candid social exposés, interviews, and gossip columns alongside cultural criticism and foreign policy editorials announcing Stead’s recommendations on military operations and ﬁnance. Although Morley supported Stead’s mission, he found the maverick editor’s interest in vice and urban decay, fondness for interviews, and vision of Anglo-American fraternity troubling: on that ﬁnal topic, Morley once wrote to Stead, “Your article tonight turned my hair grey” (quoted in Scott, p. 70). Stead’s subsequent projects unsettled his alliances with Morley and Gladstone but increased the impact of the Pall Mall Gazette and ultimately asserted Stead’s independence and idiosyncrasy in letters and politics. Stead made substantial changes to the format of the newspaper, adding banner headlines and condensing features and interspersing them with illustrations and diagrams. Stead was criticized for the “Americanization” of the Pall Mall Gazette because of his interest in sensational stories and the dominance of the interview format. Nevertheless, members of the old guard saw that British standards in interviewing were high and “a vast improvement

238

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD Truth About the Navy” played upon the notion that naval superiority was important both emotionally and politically to the country. Although Stead’s campaign was not based entirely on facts, it resulted in excessive and adverse naval spending on the part of the government.

of the Salvation Army, who would play a role in Stead’s progressivism. From 1874 Gordon commanded troops in the Sudan and oversaw the opening of Egypt under orders of the khedive (the viceroy of the sultan of Turkey). From 1877 to 1880 Gordon was the British governor of the Sudan. In 1880 he was appointed as the private secretary to the viceroy of India. In the decade preceding his death, Gordon supported “native rule” for many African and Asian nations as well as for Ireland—a position that made him unpopular among politicians in Britain. After featuring Gordon in the Pall Mall Gazette, Stead called for Gordon’s dispatch to rescue the English garrisons in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan that were under attack by the charismatic Muslim leader Muhammad Ahmad, who claimed to be the messianic redeemer prophesied in Islam and was thus known as “the Mahdi.” The revolt’s religious dimension increased Stead’s vociferousness about the need for intervention. Despite the government’s reluctance to intercede in Sudan, Gordon was nonetheless dispatched to Khartoum in 1884; there he was subsequently besieged, captured, and killed two days before a relief expedition arrived in January 1885. The presentation of Gordon as Victorian martyr in the popular press ampliﬁed public grief and indignation, and the Sudan crisis led to the defeat of the Gladstone administration. Following these events, the paper under Stead’s direction was characterized, ﬁttingly, in letters to the Northern Echo as “wild, hysterical, bloodthirsty” and the “worst of Jingo prints, the reckless and blustering Pall Mall Gazette (cited in Schults, p. 78). In 1885 Gladstone resigned after the government’s budget was defeated. However, in February 1886, aged seventy-six, Gladstone became prime minister for the third time. His Irish home rule bill was defeated, and he lost the July 1886 general election held in July 1886. Stead’s ability to use the Pall Mall Gazette for the furthering of his political agenda resulted in subsequent inﬂuential social and political campaigns—two of which resulted in questionable victories for his moral rectitude. For instance, Stead’s 1884 series in the Gazette titled “The

THE “MAIDEN TRIBUTE” CAMPAIGN

The full extent of Stead’s inﬂuence over governmental policy, however, was illustrated dramatically in his campaign against prostitution— “white slavery”—in London. Supported by his fellow activists Josephine Butler and William and Catherine Booth of the Salvation Army, Stead set out to expose the inner workings of white slavery networks in the nation’s capital as well as the institutional blindness to it. Stead posed as a trader and purchased a young girl named Eliza Armstrong, who underwent procedures that prepared her for export. Using an allusion to the Greek mythological tale of the maiden sacriﬁce in tribute to King Minos of Crete, Stead’s “The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon” featured in the Pall Mall Gazette as a four-part series on July 6, 7, 8, and 10 of 1885 presenting a “report of a secret commission.” It chronicled Stead’s ﬁndings and the “preface” to his ﬁndings makes clear his call for reform: If Chivalry is extinct and Christianity is effete, there is still another great enthusiasm to which we may with conﬁdence appeal. The future belongs to the combined forces of Democracy and Socialism, which when united are irresistible. Divided on many points they will combine in protesting against the continued immolation of the daughters of the people as a sacriﬁce to the vices of the rich. (p. 1)

Crowds clamored for copies of the articles and were shocked by the details and methods used to obtain them. The London daily press called the investigation indecent and Stead’s punishment inevitable. His allies spoke out: Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Cardinal Manning, Lord Shaftesbury, and the Bishop of London all supported his crusade. Stead was nevertheless put on trial,

239

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD found guilty of reckless endangerment, and sent to Holloway prison for three months, mainly on the grounds of not receiving permission to purchase the child from both of her parents. Following Stead’s earlier controversial campaigns, the “Maiden Tribute” campaign and the revelation of his journalistic methods cemented Stead’s reputation as the unscrupulous representative of New Journalism. Stead’s action also undoubtedly furthered the passage of the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885, which raised the age of consent to sixteen, and helped bring about the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act in 1886. Despite the “Maiden Tribute” scandal and prison sentence, Stead returned to journalism after his imprisonment with a renewed sense of determination. His new brand of journalism had engaged with the public mood. A type of reactive moral panic had been exacerbated by public perception that the Liberal government’s legislations and policies concerning crime and disorder at home and rebellion throughout the empire were weak in contrast with its dynamic rhetoric. In terms of international relations, Stead used the Pall Mall Gazette and subsequent publications to air controversial views about the British involvement in Southern Africa. The Pall Mall Gazette featured opinions that reﬂected what Stead believed to be the loss of trust between the public and its elected officials, whether on the issue of home rule for Ireland, women’s suffrage, free trade, or arbitration for peaceful resolution of conﬂicts. For Stead, the social contract between newspapers and their readers was far more important than citizens’ contract with their government and laws. Stead’s journalism was not only reactionary; Frederic Whyte, in his 1925 Life of W. T. Stead, quotes one admirer of Stead’s work who wrote: “This ‘New Journalism’ is very English and the fact explains its popularity. The proudest boast of the Englishman is that he says what he means and is prepared to accept the consequences of his saying” (vol. 1, p. 237). This reaction portrays Stead’s project as a bold, brave, and populist alternative to impotent political rhetoric. Stead’s new brand of journalism sought to identify with

its readership, and in turn, Stead also hoped to shape how the readership deﬁned itself. THE “NEW JOURNALISM”: ARNOLD’S CRITICISM

Stead’s unconventional and sensational editorial style coupled with his belief in the effectiveness of newspapers as agents for reform were hallmarks of what Matthew Arnold termed the “New Journalism” in 1887. Although the style had been a feature of daily journalism for a number of years, and was thus hardly “new,” Arnold obliquely named Stead as the “clever and energetic” inventor of “New Journalism” in an article titled “Up to Easter” that appeared in the May 1887 edition of The Nineteenth Century. While Arnold praised “New Journalism” as being “full of ability, novelty, variety, sensation, sympathy, generous instincts” he also points out that its one great fault is that it is feather-brained. It throws out assertions at a venture because it wishes them true; does not correct either them or itself, if they are false; and to get at the state of things as they truly are seems to feel no concern whatever. Well, the democracy, with abundance of life, movement, sympathy, good instincts, is disposed to be, like this journalism, feather-brained; just as the upper class is disposed to be selﬁsh in its politics, and the middle class narrow#. The democracy is by its nature feather-brained; the English nation is not; and the democracy will in England work itself, probably, at last clear. But at present, even here, in England, and above all in those industrial centres where it is most left to itself, and least in contact with other classes, it is disposed to be featherbrained.

Arnold’s essay takes issue with the revolutionary undertones of liberal rhetoric espoused by Gladstone and his supporters, distinguishing it from “lawful political agitation.” He also expressed concern about new voters’ ability to make reasonable decisions in a climate of press-induced passion for change. In Arnold’s view, Stead’s journalism encouraged oversimpliﬁed and kneejerk reactionary opinions, and a deterioration of objectivity is the dangerous result that Arnold

240

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD predicts will come from Stead’s championing of sensation. Arnold hoped that journalism could be protected from the corrosive effects of public taste and preserved as a realm for true “criticism.” Stead’s production of “culture” differed from Arnold’s concept of culture as seriousness and perfection. Although both men saw culture in moral terms, Stead’s belief that culture should act as a social adhesive gave his cultural product—journalism—a edge that Arnold interpreted as imperfect, immoral, and lacking sobriety. Stead provoked Arnold with the sensationalism of his work and his celebrity, regardless of his intentions.

laughs easily, and tells a story as well as he writes it. (vol. 2, pp. 54–55)

In the shadow of publications such as the daily Pall Mall Gazette and the weekly Tit-Bits (launched in 1881), the Review distinguished itself as an encyclopedic monthly with a democratic sweep yet devoted to cultural commentary. In nineteenth-century Britain “monthlies” positioned themselves as less ephemeral than the dailies, and in the Review, Stead paraphrased Matthew Arnold’s deﬁnition of “culture” as “knowing the best thoughts of the best men upon the subjects that come before us.” It placed political pamphlets, reportage, and ﬁction side by side; the ﬁction was historical, however, and featured veiled contemporary ﬁgures battling for social and political justice. For the Review’s core material Stead looked to the working and lower classes of Britain and America for consumable stories of hardship, misfortune, and vice as well as including the works of established writers. The “programme” Stead set out for the Review on page 14 of the magazine’s ﬁrst issue in January 1890 also established it as a synoptic guide to contemporary English-language periodicals in both Britain and America. Fashioned as a digest of the monthlies, Review had four standard features. Each number included a survey of domestic and foreign current affairs; a catalog of recently published titles of books and parliamentary “bluebooks”; a condensed “best foreign novel of the month”; and a character sketch of a person who had recently “ﬁgured conspicuously#written with sympathy and with a sincere desire to present the individual as he seems to himself in his best moments.” Although the Review’s included stories of hardship and vice, its main editorial aims were “to enable the busiest and poorest in the community to know the best thoughts of the wisest; to follow with intelligent interest the movement of contemporary history; and to understand something of the real character of the men and women who rank among the living forces of our time.” Yet the content and style of the Review emphasizes Stead’s competing interest in entertainment,

AFTER THE FALL FROM PALL MALL: THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS

Ultimately Stead’s maverick approach to investigative journalism made his position at the Pall Mall Gazette impossible to maintain. His ﬁnal years at the paper were spent writing about his idea of “government by journalism,” but the newspaper’s proprietor was unwilling to support Stead’s continuous campaigning. Stead resigned in 1890 and founded the monthly international journal Review of Reviews. An American Review of Reviews and an Australasian Review of Reviews were founded in 1891 and 1892 respectively. The Review of Reviews came to represent what Stead wanted to achieve in letters, politics, and civic culture. As the Review of Reviews editor, Stead wanted to distinguish himself and his publication. In The Life of W. T. Stead, Frederic Whyte reprints the impressions of an American journalist upon meeting Stead in London in late 1892, which paint a larger-than-life portrait: He is more like an electric dynamo in clothes than any man I know. He talks like lightning, and a blaze of intellectual sparks follow his words. He looks more like a practical American Methodist preacher than a London littérateur. He is plain in his dress and habits. His soft brown hat is crushed in at top, and his snuff-coloured suit of business clothes looked as though their owner had been on a roughing tour and had just got home. He talks more like an American than an Englishman. He has no cockneyisms or anglicisms in his conversation#. He

241

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD impatient and critical views based on his outsider status rather than his revelations. As Stead wrote in the preface to the British edition:

particularly in storytelling. In many of his pieces, Stead’s attention often moves away from the scaffold of facts and ﬁgures to concentrate on revealing aspects of characters and their motivations. In his agenda for the Review, he stated that “if a strange true story of real life or a really good original tale should offer it will not be refused,” and it would replace the monthly condensed foreign novel. The Review Christmas Annuals promised its readers a volume of historical ﬁction, but they tended to vary in topic and style, as the following selection of titles illustrates: Real Ghost Stories (1891); Two and Two Make Four: A Story Based on the Liberator Building Society Frauds (1893); The Splendid Paupers: A Tale of Coming Plutocracy (1894); and Mr. Carnegie’s Conundrum: £40,000,000, What Shall I Do With It? (1900). Stead produced another annual in 1903 titled “In Our Midst”: The Letters of Callicrates to Dione, Queen of the Xanthians, Concerning England and the English. This work was more explicit in its combination of ﬁction and history and is an example of Stead’s literary shift from reporting and exposé writing to more imaginative forms. It is a “state of England” report that uses the device of the Christian reformer in Africa to investigate and scrutinize English life. Stead had already produced two volumes scrutinizing the state of city life in the United States. Like his mentor Morley, whose visit to the United States in 1867 transformed his own views on immigration and British rule in Ireland, Stead too found that travel generated ideas about governance and identity. He embarked on his ﬁrst two trips to the country in order to investigate the municipal politics of Chicago and then New York City. Each trip resulted in a book published through the Review: If Christ Came to Chicago! A Plea for the Union of All Who Love in the Service of All Who Suffer (1894) and Satan’s Invisible World Displayed; or, Despairing Democracy: A Study of Greater New York (1897), which appeared as the 1898 Review Christmas annual. Stead did not intend to wholeheartedly assail Chicago—and the book includes sympathetic passages about Chicagoans—but the reception of the text by locals was mixed, often expressing

It is perhaps hardly necessary for me to say more than a word in presenting this book to the readers in the Old World. Nothing can be further from the mark than to represent it as an attack upon Chicago#. That my picture of Chicago as it is fairly represents the city of the World’s Fair is not denied by any of the Chicago newspapers#. What they say is not that I have overcoloured the facts or exaggerated the evil. Their criticism is just the reverse. They say that everything I have written is so familiar to everybody in Chicago as not to be worth printing. If by “everybody” they mean everybody who has paid any attention to politics in Chicago, I would admit the justice of that objection. But as comparatively few persons outside the party wirepullers concern themselves much with politics, I venture to believe that I have not wasted my time in putting on record what I saw and heard in the future capital of the United States#. I published a British Edition, not so much to satisfy the natural curiosity of Englishmen, Scotchmen and Irishmen about the city of the World’s Fair, as to suggest to readers on this side of the Atlantic the inquiry which proved so profoundly inspiring in Chicago. “If Christ came to London,” to Edinburgh, to Liverpool, or to any of our great cities, the last thing His visit would encourage would be a Pharisaic exultation over the shortcomings of any other city. The problems dealt with in this book confront citizens everywhere, and I venture to believe that the solution is everywhere to be sought in the same lines# . The suggestion “If Christ came” seems to me destined to be the watchword of a revival of Civic Religion, the signs of which are not lacking either in the American Republic or in the British Empire. (pp. v-vii)

Stead’s involvement with local reform deepened his involvement with his subject—he became more than just a British observer of American life. After observing “the rapidly unfolding drama of civic life in the great city which has already secured an all but unquestioned primacy among capitals of the New World” (p. viii), Stead chose to elaborate on the facts by collecting upstanding citizens’ opinions and less respectable residents’ views of Chicago, and the resulting condensation

242

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD by his belief that vibrant and diverse literary culture would combat ignorance and inspire readers to counteract negative social forces.

of these impressions is this volume. The two ﬁgures that embodied the struggles Stead witnessed were the “tramp” (or unemployed drifter persecuted by the police) and the child prostitutes, forced into ignominy by poverty. As a counterpoint to the proﬁles of the underclass, Stead presents the ﬁgure of Jesus Christ as “the most majestic and the most pathetic of all the conceptions which Man has formed of God,” explaining that “the fascination of the popular conception of the Christ is His intense humanness” (p. x). His narrative of vice is tempered by his assertion that compassion through the eyes of a “Citizen Christ” is necessary. For his study of New York, Stead avoided creating a “If Christ came to” narrative, but Stead does revisit aspects of Chicago in Satan’s Invisible World Displayed. He was still concerned with the city’s leadership, and he draws heavily from models of leadership in literature, including reference to Carlyle and Lowell. Ultimately Stead’s recommendation for New York is for the city’s journalists and editors to promote “government by newspaper”—and he reasserts the importance of the bond between the reading public and journalism. In control of his own publication and with newfound stability, Stead launched other publishing projects supported by the Review. In 1895 he began publishing monthly editions of children’s books in a series called “Books for the Bairns”; his daughter Estelle called it “the genuine result of his affection for children” (quoted in Scott, p. 220). The series included versions of fairy tales, Greek mythology, and English classics. He also published “penny” editions of poetry and classic novels in series that ran from 1895–1898. Among the seventy-one poets featured in “penny” series were John Milton, Lord Byron, William Wordsworth, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Walt Whitman and Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The series published a total of 127 novels, ranging from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (from 1850) and Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables (1862) to the bizarre archaeological mystery The Incubated Girl (1896) by Fred Thomas Jane. Stead’s dissemination of a wider variety of texts—written by him and written by others—was motivated

MISCELLANEA: SPIRITUALISM AND ODD COUPLES

Over the years Stead developed friendships and associations that often raised eyebrows but that always underscored his open-mindedness and desire to unite disparate ideas, feelings, and people. Stead’s interest in psychic communication was as strong as his interest in print communications. He became involved in “automatic writing”—the unconscious or subconscious recording of messages—and other spiritualist activities such as séances in the 1890s. He edited a psychic journal called Borderland from 1893 to 1897. In 1898 he published Letters from Julia; or, Light from the Borderland, a selection of messages he claimed to have received by automatic writing from the spirit of an American woman he had met named Julia Ames and who died in 1891. Estelle Stead, in her 1913 reminiscence, recalled her father’s words, reﬂecting on the journal’s four-year run and on his commitment to spiritualism: The four volumes of Borderland are interesting and useful contributions to psychic study. No doubt faults can be found with their contents, no matter what stand-point we take#. One thing only am I more absolutely convinced of than ever, and that is that the ordinary limited materialism of man, and of the world on which he lives, is absolutely inadequate to account for what we know to be happening all the time. (pp. 214–215)

In 1909 he established “Julia’s Bureau,” where inquirers could obtain information about the spirit world from a group of resident mediums. Unfortunately, his involvement with these activities alienated many of his allies and called his authority into question. Among his other surprising involvements were friendships with the captain of industry Andrew Carnegie and the imperial entrepreneur and statesman Cecil John Rhodes. The radical spiritu-

243

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD alist Stead befriended Carnegie, the agnostic American industrialist and multimillionaire known as the “Steel King of America,” through his connections at the Pall Mall Gazette. Carnegie and Stead were united in their desire for Anglo-American unity, and both were extremely devoted to transatlantic journalism as a way of disseminating these ideas, though Carnegie’s writings on the subjects were oddly, ferociously, patriotic, pro-American, and hypercritical of British society. Stead also saw Carnegie as a potential investor for ﬂedgling publications, but Carnegie refused to get involved. Carnegie took particular exception to Stead’s critiques of Chicago and New York; Joseph Wall, in a summer 1993 article for the journal NewsStead, quotes a letter from Carnegie to Stead dated January 7, 1898: “Well, these titles, ‘Christ in Chicago’—’Invisible Satan in New York’ render it impossible that what you write under them can ever have weight. I wish you would consult me about the title of your next work” (p. 4). Cecil Rhodes and Stead had also built a friendship around the idea of political and cultural fraternity; they, too, shared a dream of an AngloSaxon, English-speaking imperial fraternity that would strengthen imperial power and concentrate on its ability to improve life in the colonies. Stead had been inﬂuential in helping Rhodes manage his philanthropy and reputation in Britain, and he had been named an executor of Rhodes’s will. However, Rhodes’s business ambitions and political practices were viewed by Stead with great concern. Their versions of imperialism had diverged by the end of the 1890s: Stead had become devoted to international peace movements and had formed a “Stop the War” committee in response to British involvement in the Second Boer War (1899–1902). Stead’s pro-Boer views led to the disintegration of his friendship with Rhodes. The unpopularity of Stead’s paciﬁst views also affected the circulation of the Review of Reviews in this period.

public for opposing the British position in the Boer War. He remained a highly regarded peace activist, however, and he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901 for his work in international arbitration, his attendance at peace conferences in 1899, and for the publication of his journal War Against War. He was subsequently nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1902, 1908, 1909, and posthumously in 1912. Stead’s last trip to the United States was at the invitation of President William Howard Taft in 1912; he was to speak at the “Great Men and Religion Forward Movement” at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Stead was one of hundreds who died, however, aboard the Titanic after it struck an iceberg and sank during its maiden voyage to New York in April 1912. The historian Steven Biel notes that immediately after the disaster, newspapers on both sides of the Atlantic presented the deceased ﬁrst-class male passengers as “Anglo-Saxon” heroes who sacriﬁced themselves so that the few lifeboats available could be used to save women and children. Colonel John Jacob Astor, the businessman Benjamin Guggenheim, and Stead were presented in such light. Biel also cites an excerpt from a contemporaneous folk song that presents the men as Giving life to rescue others Lab’ring hard ’mid frenzied throngs. Saving children, wives and mothers.

(p. 46)

Stead’s role during the disaster has never been veriﬁed, but his reputation as the champion of the downtrodden and as a beacon of moral rectitude was cemented by the hero worship and mythology surrounding his tragic and mysterious death. The moral and social dilemmas highlighted by his journalism also remained. Stead occupied a sometimes awkward position as both an activist and man of letters, and he negotiated the line between rectitude and immorality with great difﬁculty at times. The impulse behind his campaigns and writings often led Stead to create works that also crossed the accepted boundaries between conventional ﬁction and nonﬁction. Despite his devotion to realism and facts, he often

A MAIDEN BUT FINAL VOYAGE

At the turn of the century, the internationalist and paciﬁst Stead had lost favor with the British

244

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD created imaginative versions of crimes, conﬂicts, and crises that used sensational language and shocking detail to entice readers. His beliefs, rather than impartial investigations, often determined his recommendations for social reform. Nevertheless, Stead remains a fascinating ﬁgure thanks to his passionate convictions, his radical suggestions, and his innovations in journalism. He was a maverick who redeﬁned the role of newspapers and journalism in modern society; for him, social justice had to be served by the press. Stead’s career caught the attention of several contemporary writers. George Meredith reportedly intended to portray Stead as a character in a novel to be titled “The Journalist.” James Joyce’s socialist-feminist character McCann in Stephen Hero (1944)—a novel that Joyce ﬁrst worked on in 1904–1906, before completely revising it into A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)—is described in a loaded pun as a “steadfast reader of the Review of Reviews.” The novelist and critic Rose Macaulay’s satire on the modern press, Potterism (1920), mentions a journalist-author who penned “that gushing and hysterical book In Darkest Christendom and a Way Out”—a satirical barb at the 1890 collaboration between Stead and General Booth of the Salvation Army titled In Darkest England and the Way Out. Stead’s friendships with industrialists and imperialists, his popularization of literature, and his philanthropic agenda also irritated Joseph Conrad, who found journalism in general “fatuous” and Stead’s worldview dangerous. Stead’s inﬂuence stretched to continental Europe as well; the French impressionist writer Jean Giraudoux’s Eglantine (1927) built on Stead’s idea of historical ﬁgures (for example, Moses, Socrates, Jesus Christ) visiting and reforming American cities. More recently, Stead featured as a character in act 2 of Tom Stoppard’s play The Invention of Love (1997), in which Stead discusses his impact on Victorian morality circa 1885. For better or for worse, Stead’s legacy can be evidenced most clearly in the passionate investigative journalism on display today in a wide

variety of American and British periodicals and daily newspapers.

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD SOCIAL AND POLITICAL JOURNALISM

The Truth About the Navy. Pall Mall Gazette Extra 12. London: 1884. The Armstrong Case: Mr. Stead’s Defence in Full. London: H. Vickers, 1885. The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon: The Complete Exposé by the “Pall Mall Gazette” of the Illicit Traffıc in Children. Philadelphia: International Publishing, 1885. The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon: The Report of the “Pall Mall Gazette” Secret Commission. London: Pall Mall Gazette, 1885. (Articles from July 6, 7, 8, and 10, 1885, collected and reprinted.) “We bid you be of Hope,” Preface to The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon Pall Mall Gazette, July 6 1885, No. 6336 Vol XLII, p. 1. “Government by Journalism.” Contemporary Review 49: 654–674 (1886). The Truth About Russia. London: Cassell, 1888. In Darkest England and the Way Out. With William Booth. London: International Headquarters of the Salvation Army, 1890. If Christ Came to Chicago! A Plea for the Union of All Who Love in the Service of All Who Suffer. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1894. Her Majesty the Queen: Studies of the Sovereign and the Reign: A Memorial Volume of the Great Jubilee. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1897. Satan’s Invisible World Displayed; or, Despairing Democracy: A Study of Greater New York. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1898. Shall I Slay My Brother Boer? London: Review of Reviews Office, 1899; reprint, 1900. The United States of Europe on the Eve of the Parliament of Peace. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1899. Mr. Carnegie’s Conundrum: £40,000,000, What Shall I Do With It? London: Review of Reviews Office, 1900. Coming Men on Coming Questions. Edited by Stead. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1905. The M.P. for Russia: Reminiscences and Correspondence of Madam Olga Novikov. Edited by Stead. 2 vols. London: Andrew Melrose, 1909; New York: Putnam’s, 1909.

SELECTED FICTION

Two and Two Make Four: A Story Based on the Liberator Building Society Frauds. London: Review of Reviews

245

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD

The Bairn’s Bible: An Introduction to the Study of the Old Book. Books for the Bairns, no. 59. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1900.

Eckley, Grace, ed. NewsStead, nos. 1–25 (1992–2004); the journal of the W. T. Stead Memorial Society. “Journalism That Made History: A Stead Bibliography,” NewsStead, no 19:19–36 (fall 2001), is a comprehensive bibliography that includes work for the Pall Mall Gazette. (The journal was discontinued with no. 25; information on how to obtain back copies is available at http://www.newsstead. itgo.com/newssteadpage.html.) Jones, Victor Pierce. Saint or Sensationalist? The Story of W. T. Stead, 1849–1912. Chicester, U.K.: Gooday, 1988. Plowden, Alison. The Case of Eliza Armstrong: A Child of Thirteen Bought for £5. London: BBC Books, 1974. Schults, Raymond L. Crusader in Babylon: W. T. Stead and the “Pall Mall Gazette.” Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972. Stead, Estelle Wilson. My Father: Personal and Spiritual Reminiscences. London: Thomas Nelson, 1913. Terrot, Charles. The Maiden Tribute: A Study of the White Slave Traffıc of the Nineteenth Century. London: Frederick Muller, 1954. Wall, Joseph. “The Odd Couple: Andrew Carnegie and W. T. Stead.” NewsStead, no. 2:4 (summer 1993). Whyte, Frederic. The Life of W. T. Stead. 2 vols. London: Cape, 1925.

The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes, with Elucidatory Notes to Which Are Added Some Chapters Describing the Political and Religious Ideas of the Testator. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1902.

For a concise history of the British newspapers since 1620, see http://www.bl.uk/collections/britnews.html.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES

Arnold, Matthew. “Up to Easter.” Nineteenth Century, May 1887, pp. 629–643. (Available at http://www. attackingthedevil.co.uk/related/easter.php.)

Office, 1893. (Christmas stories.) “I Wish I Were King”; or, Harry’s Dream: A Fairy Tale of the Coronation. Books for the Bairns, no. 76. London: Office for the Books for the Bairns, 1902. “In Our Midst”: The Letters of Callicrates to Dione, Queen of the Xanthians, Concerning England and the English, Anno Domini 1902. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1903. (Historical ﬁction.) Here Am I, Send Me. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1905. (Religious ﬁction.)

OTHER WORKS James Russell Lowell: His Message and How It Helped Me. London: John Haddon, 1891. Real Ghost Stories. London: Review of Reviews Office, 1891. (Spiritualist writings.) Borderland. Vols. 1–4. London: Horace Marshall, 1893– 1897. (Quarterly periodical.) Letters from Julia; or, Light from the Borderland. London: Grant Richards, 1898.

ON “NEW JOURNALISM”

Baylen, Joseph O. “W. T. Stead and the Boer Wars.” Canadian Historical Review 40:304–314 (1959).

AND THE

BRITISH PRESS

Brake, Laurel, B. Bell, and David Finkelstein, eds. Nineteenth-Century Media and the Construction of Identities. New York: Palgrave, 2000.

———. “A Victorian’s ‘Crusade’ in Chicago, 1893–94.” Journal of American History 51, no. 3;418–434 (December 1964).

Codell, Julie F., ed. Imperial Co-Histories: National Identities and the British Colonial Press. Cranbury, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003.

———. “The ‘New Journalism’ in Late Victorian Britain.” Australian Journal of Politics and History 18:367–385 (December 1972).

Griffiths, Dennis, ed. The Encyclopedia of the British Press, 1492–1992. London: Macmillan, 1992.

———. “W. T. Stead as Publisher and Editor of the Review of Reviews.” Victorian Periodicals Newsletter 12:70–83 (1979).

Jackson, Kate. George Newnes and the New Journalism in Britain, 1880–19l0. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2001. Jones, Aled. Powers of the Press: Newspapers, Power, and the Public in Nineteenth-Century England. Aldershot, U.K.: Scolar Press, 1996.

———. “Politics and the ‘New Journalism.’” Victorian Periodicals Review 20, no. 4:126-141 (winter 1987). ———. “Stead’s Publishing House.” In British Literary Publishing Houses, 1881–1965. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 112. Edited by J. Ross and P. J. Anderson. Detroit: Thomson Gale Research, 1991. Pp. 266–271.

———, and Lionel Madden. Investigating Victorian Journalism. New York: St. Martin’s, 1990. Linton, David, and Ray Boston, eds. The Newspaper Press in Britain: An Annotated Bibliography. London and New York: Mansell, 1987.

———. “W. T. Stead: A Christ in Chicago.” British Journalism Review 3:57–61 (1992).

Scott, J. W. Robertson. The Life and Death of a Newspaper: An Account of the Temperaments, Perturbations, and Achievements of John Morley, W. T. Stead, E. T. Cook,

Biel, Steven. Down with the Old Canoe: A Cultural History of the “Titanic” Disaster. New York: Norton, 1997.

246

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD Greenwood Press, 1985.

Harry Cust, J. L. Garvin, and Three Other Editors of the “Pall Mall Gazette.” London: Methuen, 1952. Wiener, Joel H., ed. Innovators and Preachers: The Role of the Editor in Victorian England. Westport, Conn.:

———. Papers for the Millions: The New Journalism in Britain, 1850s to 19l4. New York and Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1988.

247

EDWARD UPWARD (1903—)

Robert Sullivan until Isherwood’s death in 1986. More than likely, the two boys came together in friendship because they were both rebels and both strongly disapproved of their mothers. While at school, they invented the ﬁctional village of Mortmere and it is no coincidence that such nomenclature echoes the French for “dead mother.” Throughout his writing career, Isherwood would send all his manuscripts to Upward for ﬁnal approval; moreover, having been to preparatory school with Auden, Isherwood introduced Upward to the poet and to other well-known ﬁgures of the nineteenthirties such as the poet Stephen Spender and John Lehmann, who was an editor of the Hogarth Press run by Virginia and Leonard Woolf. It was this press that was to publish Upward’s ﬁrst major work, Journey to the Border (1938). Both Isherwood and Upward went to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, within a year of one another where they continued their friendship and literary collaboration. They wrote more episodes of the scatological and macabre stories set in Mortmere, peopling the village with all sorts of caricatured types. While at Cambridge, Upward also won the Chancellor’s Medal for Poetry. Unlike Isherwood, who had private funds and was able to pursue his literary career without working, as soon as Upward left Cambridge in 1926 he took positions teaching at preparatory schools in Cornwall and Scotland. During this time, he wrote The Railway Accident, the last, longest, and most famous Mortmere tale. He ﬁnished the story in 1928 but withheld publication until 1948, and only then released it in an expurgated version under Isherwood’s (he wrote the Introduction) chosen pseudonym, “Alan Chalmers.” Between its composition and publication, the story was circulated widely among Upward’s and Isherwood’s acquaintances. Auden is reported to have been able to quote large tracts

EDWARD UPWARD WAS, for a time, one of the most inﬂuential literary ﬁgures in England. At times referred to as “the English Kafka,” he was a major inﬂuence on those writers collectively known as the “Auden Generation,” members of which included Auden himself, Stephen Spender, and Christopher Isherwood. These writers eagerly awaited any new Upward composition that circulated in manuscript, just as they sought Upward’s criticism of their own writing. However, unlike these contemporaries who ﬂirted with communism for a short time, Upward fully immersed himself in the Communist cause and for decades this led to an irreparable breach between his political work and his creative writing. Indeed, it stopped him from writing altogether and he published nothing for approximately twenty-ﬁve years. Extraordinarily, Upward has made a phoenix-like reappearance. The reissuing of some of his earlier writings and several new story collections, by the Enitharmon Press, makes a reassessment of Upward’s contribution to twentieth-century English literature all the more urgent. Edward Upward was born on September 3rd, 1903 in Romford, Essex, England. His grandfather was of Dissenter stock and his father, a professed atheist, was a doctor. He had two brothers, one of whom spent most of his lifetime in a mental institution suffering from bouts of insanity, a fate that threatens more than a few of Upward’s ﬁctional characters. His father, who knew W. H. Auden’s father at university, was an easy going man, but Upward’s mother, as he remembered her, was “very socially conscious”; so much so that she insisted Edward attend a public school, Repton, rather than the local school that the father and son preferred. At Repton, Edward formed a strong friendship with Christopher Isherwood, a bond that would last

249

EDWARD UPWARD After his retirement in 1961, Upward lived at the family home on the Isle of Wight and produced all his late work from this base. This includes the short-story collections The Night Walk and Other Stories (1987), An Unmentionable Man (1994), The Scenic Railway (1997), The Coming Day and Other Stories (2000), as well as two memoirs of Isherwood and Auden. There remains unpublished multiple manuscripts of poems, plays, essays, and ﬁction, as well as scores of private diaries, all housed at the archive in the British Library and which Upward prefers kept from publicity until after his death. He has reached the ripe old age of one-hundred-and-two and, apparently, still tries to write something everyday. While there is as yet no biography, a fairly full picture of Upward’s life can be constructed by reading his trilogy along with the two “auto-biographical ﬁctions,” Lions and Shadows and Christopher and his Kind, by his friend Christopher Isherwood in which Upward appears as the “character” Allen Chalmers.

of it, including a sanitized incident in which a male character is raped by three choir boys. By 1932, Upward had found a permanent position at Alleyn’s School, a minor public school in Dulwich, London. He would remain in this post, eventually becoming Head of English, until his retirement thirty years later in 1961. Many of his experiences teaching found their way into his ﬁction, most especially his long trilogy The Spiral Ascent, which is a thinly disguised autobiography. Upward is on record as to how he conducted his political work in the evenings much as the schoolmaster, Alan Sebrill, does in the trilogy. It was certainly very unusual to have someone as left-wing as Upward teach at an English public school. In 1932, he took a tour of the Soviet Union and shortly thereafter joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (C.P.G.B.). It was at the local branch of the C.P.G.B that he met his wife Hilda Percival, also a teacher, and they were married in 1936. Both of them were very active in the Party while holding down teaching jobs. Hilda died in 1995 The couple had two children, Christopher and Kathy, both linguists. Christopher suffered from multiple sclerosis and died in 2002. During the World War II, Upward was a volunteer in the auxiliary ﬁre service. Shortly after the war, in 1948, he and his wife Hilda resigned from the C.P.G.B. because they believed that the Party had become un-Leninist and antirevolutionary. During these years, from just before the war until the nineteen-ﬁfties, when he began work on his trilogy, Upward fell silent. He was undergoing severe anxiety and depression as he tried to reconcile his political work, his job as a schoolmaster and his faltering creative work. As described in the semi-autobiographical The Spiral Ascent, even taking a year’s sabbatical from teaching did not solve his problems and they resulted in what can only be described as a nervous breakdown. Extraordinary as it seems, especially given his output in his retirement years, Upward published nothing of substance between Journey to the Border (1938) and the ﬁrst volume of the trilogy In the Thirties (1962). The second volume, The Rotten Elements, appeared in 1969, and the third, No Home But the Struggle, in 1977.

THE EARLY WRITINGS

Although Edward Upward had won the Chancellor’s Medal for Poetry at Cambridge and in his youth considered himself primarily a poet, little or none of his poetry survives in print. In their bibliography, Munton and Young list poems that were published in Upward’s public-school journal The Reptonian and others (many under pseudonyms) in various ephemeral periodicals, but none of these have been collected. Around 1922, while at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Upward turned to prose and seemingly wrote no more poetry (he certainly did not publish any) for the rest of his long life. The reasons for this are uncertain, but the collaboration with Isherwood on the Mortmere stories may have deﬂected his interests away from “serious” poetry, though he did contribute a few satiric verse pieces to the Mortmere collection. Two other factors are relevant in assessing the reasons for his turning toward prose. First, as Upward ﬁctionalizes in the trilogy and as Isherwood corroborates in Lions and Shadows (see especially page 94), Upward’s attending the lectures of I.

250

EDWARD UPWARD A. Richards while at Cambridge had a devastating inﬂuence on his commitment to poetry. Richards, who appears under the ﬁctional name “B.K. Wilshaw” in The Spiral Ascent, maintained that poetry is essentially non-referential, is purely emotional, and thus can have no bearing on “reality.” Upward is on record as saying that such a position was a major factor in “putting a stop” to his writing poetry. Second, another factor might have been the negative comments apparently made about his poetry by W.H. Auden when Isherwood brought the two together in a Soho restaurant in 1927. Whatever the reasons, for the next sixty years, Upward would publish nothing but prose.

[Laily] loathed pure history worse than cleanliness, But loved competitive exams and prizes And all rewards the History Board devises— High marks and hinted praise, promises muttered To those who know which side their bread is buttered. Honours he relished, yet found joy no less In others’ failure than in his success, And gave God thanks that in exams at least One does not lose by stinking like a beast, And that the kind examiners subtract No marks for sweating like a sexual act; (Mortmere, p. 36, 37)

Among other pieces, Upward contributed a story, that is now lost, about a brothel for necrophiliacs. Isherwood’s “The Horror in the Tower,” reprinted in the Enitharmon Press edition, is a Poe-like tale about a decadent aristocratic family with an unusual penchant for their unsuspecting visitor’s excrement. Starn, the narrator, relates the “secret” to his friend Hynd: “The secret of the tower was, as I suspected, a small chamber, situated just below the water-closet and entered by a secret door# It was here that Kester and his ancestor Barsac had come night after night, obeying the promptings of that terrible mania. It was here that they had enjoyed their loathsome and solitary feasts” (Mortmere, p. 63). The Railway Accident, the longest of these stories and the last that Upward was to write, has survived in an expurgated version and has been reprinted many times. It was written in 1928 while Upward was working as a private tutor in Lockerbie, Scotland, an experience that he would draw on for Journey to the Border, arguably his best work of ﬁction. A kind of farewell to Mortmere, the ﬁrst half of The Railway Accident is a surreal telling of a train journey through the English countryside: a terrain at once easily recognizable—“the ﬁrst gasometers, restful, solemn like stumps of semi-amputated breasts, curved past the window in frost-bright air” (p. 130)—yet somehow estranged due to the ﬁrstperson narrator Hearn’s peculiar vision, as if Kafka had set one of his allegories in an English pastoral landscape. Hearn shares a compartment with Gustave Shreeve, Headmaster of Frisbald College, a Mortmere landmark, and both are traveling to Mortmere to attend the Rector’s Treasure Hunt. We learn from their conversation

MORTMERE

In Lions and Shadows, Isherwood describes in some detail his and Upward’s friendship while at Cambridge and how they formed what amounted to a secret society of two, as well as how they set themselves against what they called the “poshocracy,” or establishment, and how they set about lampooning it in their Mortmere stories. The two principal narrators are Hynd and Starn (sometimes amalgamated to “Hearn”), while the “Laily Worm” is the personage who represents all that the two friends abhor, the “symbol of the Public school social-team-spirit” (The Mortmere Stories, p. 35). One of Upward’s poetic contributions that still survives, “Tale of a Scholar,” sets out not only to “lampoon the Worm, but to give vent to [their] opinion of the whole academic tradition” (p. 36). It also captures Upward’s jaundiced opinion of the university and Cambridge in general. Written in the style of Pope, the following lines give the ﬂavor: Morning, a garish half-light ﬁltering down Through interminable fog, wakens the town With draymen’s brawls and muted echo of hoofs And aqueous ﬂares that star the salesmen’s booths Where draper bows or butcher ﬂings his slops Or, stooping stiff and decorous and drab, The aproned poulterer sluices his blood-streaked slab. Always in Cambridge town it seems to me Morning’s like midnight in a cemetery. ***

251

EDWARD UPWARD that there are two trains, an express and a local, both going to Mortmere and that timing is critical if both trains are not to end up on the same track. There is much foreshadowing of a catastrophe, including talk of a previous accident under mysterious circumstances on the same line. Inevitably, as if by fate, the two trains collide, the express running into the back of the slower train from which Hearn and Shreeve have narrowly escaped:

STORIES OF CONVERSION

After his tour of the Soviet Union in 1932, Upward began to turn more and more toward Marxism, as evidenced by some of his stories during these years. He published two stories in the anthology New Country (1933) that document his new interest in bringing his writing into line with his new outlook. The very short “Sunday” concerns an unnamed narrator (the point of view shifts from ﬁrst person, through third, and closes with the second person) who comes to consciousness of the dying culture that is unconsciously lived during the week, a week of “drudgery and servility.” He begins to realize on his way to lunch that he has a choice of either a crippling neurosis that will come with accepting the status quo or the sanity that will come with trying to change it. Essentially a story of conversion, it closes with the narrator deciding to join the Communist Party: “He will go to the small club behind the Geisha Café. He will ask whether there is a meeting tonight# He will have to prove himself, to prove that he isn’t a mere neurotic, an untrustworthy freak. It will take time. But it is the only hope. He will at least have made a start” (The Railway Accident and Other Stories, p. 84). “The Colleagues,” also published in New Country, introduces a setting and theme that Upward would return to in his lengthier ﬁctions, the English Public School and the hypocrisy of the schoolmaster-protagonist who is obliged to uphold a system he inherently abhors. The colleagues in question are Lloyd, a priggish master and disciplinarian who is absolutely comfortable with his position, and the “new man,” Mitchell, who becomes conscious of his hypocrisy and false consciousness. His choice he believes is a “romantic” opposition or an acceptance of the school apparatus as it stands. As the narrative draws to a close, Mitchell watches Lloyd playing rugby, a perfectly ordinary sight, but not as Mitchell sees it: “There are no other witnesses. If there were they would have nothing to report except that a young preparatory schoolmaster has kicked a football. I have seen a horror which no one else here would have been privileged to see. For an instant I must have been authentically

The express had taken the points. Booster-ﬁtted, excessively rolling, the racing Mogul engine rounded the curve, bounded into the rear of the carriage we had left. Coaches mounted like viciously copulating bulls, telescoped like ventilator hatches. Nostril gaps in a tunnel clogged with wreckage instantly ﬂamed. A faint jet of blood sprayed from a vacant window# Tall rag-feathered birds with corrugated red wattles limped from holes among the rocks. (Mortmere, p. 150–151)

The scene shifts abruptly after the accident, if indeed it was an accident rather than one of Hearn’s hallucinations, to the village of Mortmere itself, a very strange “English” village indeed, at least as Hearn sees it: “Snakes hung from the elm branches; pigeons rose from black curtains of leaves, startled by the engine of the car. The river coiled through the woods, avoiding boles of pine and willow. Across the waters of the sun-white marshes alligator ﬁshermen punted their craft” (p. 152). The Treasure Hunt turns nasty and there is much violent behavior. No doubt the rape scene from the uncensored version was from one of the scenes where Anthony Belmare is roughed-up by Ernie Travers, Boy Radnor, and Tod Erswell. Recrimination follows recrimination between Gustave Shreeve and Mr. Wheery until one of the party suggests a duel. Toy pistols are produced by Miss Belmare, but one of them turns out to be real and Wheery is shot in the groin and permanently maimed. The story closes a few sentences later with the news that “Harold Wrygrave has been arrested on a charge of train wrecking” (p. 159).

252

EDWARD UPWARD novel, he experiments with the idea that since “reality” is constructed by human beings he could therefore change his reality and his “serfdom”:

insane” (p, 78). This vision of an ordinary world, of what Isherwood and Upward had derisively called the “symbol of the Public school socialteam-spirit,” transmogriﬁed by the peculiar insight of a protagonist looks back to Mortmere, but also forward to Upward’s most sustained treatment of insanity and conversion.

The tutor must kill thinking and he must really kill feeling, which still lingered on in spite of his ﬁrst attempt to kill it. Because if he killed thinking and feeling he would automatically destroy the world of his serfdom, the only knowable world, which after all was nothing more than an evil decoration created by thinking and feeling#

JOURNEY TO THE BORDER

***

Written under the working title of “The Border Line,” Journey to the Border is perhaps Upward’s best ﬁction. Somewhere between novel and novella (135 pages in the recent Enitharmon edition), it allows for the kind of concentrated prose normally associated with the short story. The fact that the action takes place in less than twenty-four hours magniﬁes this intensity. It resembles his previous longest ﬁction, The Railway Accident, in its use of a traditional English setting, only to defamiliarize the setting through the vision of a deranged consciousness. The “journey” of the title describes the narrator’s passage from the edge of insanity to the potential haven of political commitment, and it could be said to describe Upward’s own journey during these years from neurotic indecision to committed Marxist. The novel opens with an unnamed private tutor who is employed in a large country house debating with himself as to why he should accompany his employer Mr. Parkin to a local race-meeting, since this is really not part of his duties. The tutor sees himself as a willing participant in his own servitude, a “lackey” to the landed gentry who realizes his weakness and today resolves to make some gesture of rebellion, if only he can summon up the courage. From the very beginning, the narrative is constructed upon a division, a split, between the chronic intensity of the tutor’s inner turmoil and what seems like everyday action and conversation. Indeed, the novel could be said to dramatize the ﬁght for integrity in at least two senses of that term: the tutor struggles to overcome a disintegrating sense of self and achieve a sense of self-worth and at the same time, he ﬁghts to come to terms with “reality” and his aberrant vision of it. Early in the

Thinking and feeling had been poisoned and had in turn poisoned sight and touch and hearing. And thinking and feeling could not be killed# But couldn’t they be changed, couldn’t they be healed, drained of their poison? If they could then the whole world would be changed. Because the whole world was a world created by human thinking and feeling and seeing and touching and hearing. (Journey to the Border, p. 30, 31)

The notion that the world, or “reality,” might be changed by an individual consciousness only leads the tutor to the border of insanity. Eventually he realizes, in true Marxist fashion, that the consciousness of human beings is formed by social relations, and it is only by changing these relations that the “world” can be changed and thus the tutor’s plight of serfdom. Later in the novel, we learn that the tutor has a political conscience but seems to have repressed it in order to be subservient to his employer, and this is a contributing factor in his instability. A young lady at the races puts it like this: “The strange thing about you is that you see quite clearly what is wrong with the system under which you are living. More clearly than I do. But you take no action. You are content to hate and despise your life” (p. 62). A little earlier, the tutor had projected such self-loathing onto a clowning tipster at the racetrack who he imagines has singled him out for ridicule: “I’m telling you for your own good. Wake up and be a man. Be human. You’re British aren’t you? Then learn to take reasonable risks and don’t always be worrying about the safety of your own skin” (p. 57). As the tutor descends into a kind of hallucinatory hell he “witnesses” a proto-fascist cell led by the Master of Fox Hounds, one of whose henchmen

253

EDWARD UPWARD is Tod Ewan, a brutish and racist colonist home on leave from Nigeria. In his solipsistic hell, the tutor sees Tod grow menacingly in stature: “Not only Tod’s face but his body grew bigger. He was taller and his shoulders were broader, than before” (p. 73). At what the tutor perceives as a fascist rally, it is the same Tod who, Mussolinilike, gives a provocative speech against international Jewry and the International Workers’ Movement: “Broad-backed and stiff, ﬁsts on hips, elbows jutting sideways like the heavy handles of a fat earthenware jug” (p. 90). As he descends into the nadir of his despair, the tutor imagines an Orwellian future without hope: “Horror of the future alone supported him, kept his consciousness alive. He would be gassed, bayoneted in the groin, slowly burned, his eyeballs punctured by wire barbs. Yet it was not the thought of these physical agonies that really horriﬁed him#[but] the other slower horrors which he was able to imagine#The death of all poetry, of all love, of all happiness” (p. 105,). Escaping from the race-meeting’s marquee, he at ﬁrst contemplates suicide, then enters a state of temporary paralysis, unable to move. He imagines that a voice speaks to him out of the trees, but comes to realize that this is his alter-ego urging him toward a “rational” solution to his problems. There is only one way to preserve his sanity and regain his integrity: by getting in touch as soon as possible with the “Internationalist Movement for Working-Class Power” (p. 116). The tutor has always known this but could not bring such knowledge to consciousness. Now he could: “He would get in touch. Then he would walk back to the house, and the next morning he would begin tutoring again, but with a difference# His decision to join [the movement] would not make life easier for him. But at least he would have come down to earth, out of the cloud of his irresponsible fantasies; would have begun to live” (p. 135). As his most extensive work of ﬁction clearly shows, Edward Upward’s decision to join the Communist Party of Great Britain during the time he was writing this novel would not “make life easier” for him either.

THE SPIRAL ASCENT

Upward’s trilogy stands as a vast textual monument to his long struggle both as a writer and a politically committed human being. Indeed, it this very struggle that the three semiautobiographical novels dramatize: how can Alan Sebrill, Upward’s alter-ego, continue to write poetry, or as he rather abstractly puts it, live the “poetic life,” while at the same time engaging in left-wing political action? More to the point, how can he write the kind of poetry that would serve the cause yet at the same time preserve his integrity as a poet? This was a common dilemma for young writers in the nineteen-thirties as social conditions worsened and the rise of fascism threatened another world war. Like other writers during the decade, Alan Sebrill realizes very early in the trilogy that he could not superimpose a Marxist stance on his poetry, but rather he must ﬁrst become a Marxist in his life. Upward had predicted Alan Sebrill’s dilemma as early as 1937 in his essay “A Marxist Interpretation of Literature”: A writer today who wishes to produce his best work that he is capable of producing, must ﬁrst of all become a socialist in his practical life, must go over to the progressive side of the class conﬂict# He is aware that it will involve him in extra work other than imaginative writing#He is aware also that this work may in certain circumstances stop him writing altogether, that he may be required to sacriﬁce life itself in the cause of the workers. (Day Lewis, The Mind in Chains, p. 52–53)

Just as the journey motif was crucial to his earlier ﬁction, it is most relevant to the trilogy as wellA much more extensive ﬁction, the trilogy traces both the spiritual journey of Alan Sebrill (Bunyan was a favorite of Upward’s from an early age), as well as being a historical journey through a great deal of the twentieth-century. The three novels chronicle more than thirty years of political history, and if one includes the pre-World War memories of Alan’s schooldays as recounted in the third volume, the trilogy spans some sixty years from around 1910 to 1970. In many senses an Everyman, Alan either witnesses or remembers

254

EDWARD UPWARD the First World War, the General Strike, the rise of Fascism, the Spanish Civil War, the World War II, Vietnam and the anti-war movement, the Cold War, and the emergence of the C.N.D. (Campaign Against Nuclear Disarmament), in which, during his retirement, Alan plays a part. The ﬁrst two volumes, In the Thirties and The Rotten Elements, are predominantly chronological, expressing as they do, one man’s life as it coincides with twentieth century history. The third volume, No Home But the Struggle, mainly concerned with memory and the recovery of the past, suitably oscillates between the “now” of the narrative and past events. The peculiar blending of massive historical fact narrated in an ultrarealist manner, interfused with continuous subjective self-analysis (Alan Sebrill is a chronic selfanalyzer), is unique in twentieth century British ﬁction. There are few other ﬁctions in the British tradition that attempt such an historical sweep while fusing such with a poetic consciousness. Thus, it is no coincidence that, given Upward’s renunciation of the modernist experiment (he has Alan Sebrill denounce the ways of modernism in the trilogy), that one has to look back to the nineteenth century for anything like The Spiral Ascent. Whatever its status may be in any future estimation of twentieth century British literature, The Spiral Ascent remains the spinal cord, as it were, of Edward Upward’s oeuvre. Upward has described its grand scheme in an “Author’s Note”:

mon anxieties of that decade. Alan Sebrill is at once an individual with poetic aspirations and an Everyman who witnesses and endures much of the political turmoil and ideological warfare of those years. Above all, Alan suffers the pangs of a conscience that seeks an equilibrium between political and social responsibility and his desire to lead the “poetic life.” The novel begins with Alan’s arrival on “the island” (the actual Isle of Wight) at the invitation of his erstwhile university friend Richard Marple (Upward’s ﬁctional name for Christopher Isherwood). Alan arrives feeling buoyant about the long poem he hopes to write as he and Richard live on the island and devote their time to writing. Early in the novel, the two friends walk together and, much like Stephen Dedalus in Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, they indulge themselves in the “magic of words”: “They spoke geological words—more for the sound and poetic suggestiveness than for scientiﬁc meaning—such as sandrock, the Perna Bed, mud-ﬂows, blue slipper, the Gault, the crackers.” (The Spiral Ascent, p. 10–11, henceforth abbreviated SA). They go to dances together and watch the young people dancing what they poetically associate with the dance of a doomed class, a dance of death. After Richard abruptly announces that he wants to leave for London (eventually we learn this was so that he could meet “a boy”), Alan takes up with one of the local girls, Peg, but after a brief sexual encounter she decides to return to her ﬁancé in London. Now alone, unable to write, Alan contemplates taking up a full-time teaching position if “some headmaster or board of governors could be gulled by his academic qualiﬁcations or, more likely, by his classy public-school education into offering him a teaching post” (SA, p. 33). But he considers such a move beneath him, a kind of slavery; so now, his poetry failed, abandoned by his friend Richard, turned down by his lover Peg, Alan contemplates suicide and walks to one of the cliffs on the island reciting to himself some verses from “Othello.” He then turns his mind to religion, but rejects this possible solution as “anti-progressive.” Then, in a signiﬁcant association of ideas—given the numerous testaments from the 1930s about the “quasireligious” motives of joining the workers’ move-

The trilogy as a whole has the form of two interlinked dialectical triads. In volumes 1 & 2 the “political life” supersedes the “poetic life” and is in its turn superseded by the “new poetic life”, that is to say Alan Sebrill comes back to the “poetic life” on a higher level; and in volumes 2 & 3 the “new poetic life” supersedes the “political life” and is in its turn superseded by the “new political life”, that is to say he comes back at last to the “political life” on a higher level. There is a spiral ascent in his development.

The title of the ﬁrst volume, In the Thirties, is descriptive in that it recounts a decade in the life of its protagonist but also serves as a typological marker, alluding as it does to many of the com-

255

EDWARD UPWARD achieving it) and what Elsie represents—workingclass mediocrity. To marry Elsie would be tantamount to marrying the Party and the working class, and this was a desirable outcome for many upper-middle-class individuals in the 1930s, as many ﬁctions, biographies, and autobiographies of the period testify. For Alan, this would mean becoming accustomed to a prosaic life in a petite-bourgeois maisonette that he detests, to a woman he does not, and thinks he could not, love. Indeed, he more than once thinks to himself how physically repulsive Elsie is, and it is in the maisonette that they are thinking of renting that all of Alan’s misgivings about the prospective misery of his future overwhelms him:

ment and/or the Communist Party—Alan decides to put his “faith” in Marxism. Before he could approach the Party, he would need time to study the Marxist classics: “Above all he needed plenty of time to build up his courage again, to purge off the sick demoralization which had come over him during the last two months” (SA, p. 43). Thus the ﬁrst chapter of the novel ends with a determined Alan Sebrill vowing to leave the island, ﬁnd a job as a schoolmaster and, in due course, approach the Communist Party to become a member. Eventually, when he feels the time is right, he is voted unanimously into the Party by members of his local branch. The second chapter of In the Thirties closes on a proleptically ironic note:

A misery rose in him at the thought of how he had betrayed her [Alan has just told her that he cannot marry her], of how he was injuring her. But at the same time a fear was in him that he might weaken, might retract what he had said, might betray the poetic life. He was impelled to add something outrageous, something that he would not be able to go back on and that she could never forgive. He said, “Oh Elsie, you are so ugly.” (SA, p. 214).

“A day of bliss,” he thought as he stood waiting for the tram that would take him back to the hotel. At last he had emerged from the quag of selfquestioning. He knew how he must live and die. He saw now what it meant to be a Communist. A mere change of heart, a mere revolution in the soul, would not make a Communist. Only constant political action could do that. If he lived his external life rightly, kept unfailingly in touch with the Party and worked for it, there would be no need to worry about his soul or his poetry. (SA, p. 69).

However, Alan tells himself that a marriage with Elsie would be politically and physically suitable, and eventually he confesses to himself “he was lucky to have married her,” and how he “must put a stop to his endless bourgeois whining, to his miserable fussing about his own happiness” (p. 251). By the novel’s end (it is historically marked as “two months after Munich”), Alan and Elsie are not only married but also have a child and Alan’s admiration for his wife has grown into love. The novel closes with Alan and Elsie on a ramble in the country with fellow Party members. Alan has a kind of epiphany that brings him back to the novel’s beginning and his hopes of living the poetic life on the island with Richard, but he soon realizes that he would have to cure himself of such “illusions.” It was not the proper time: “The poetic life was the ﬁnest life. No other, not even the Party life, could compare with it. But it could not be lived now# There was only one way towards it, and that was the way of constant political effort, of Communist struggle for a struggleless world in which poetic living

As the remaining seven-hundred-plus pages of the trilogy testify, this is hardly the end of Alan Sebrill’s “self-questioning” and only the beginning of the internecine struggle between his political work and his poetry. Much of the rest of In the Thirties is taken up with Alan’s quotidian duties as a schoolmaster, interspersed with his participation in various Party activities and, chronically, his continuing desire to live the “poetic life,” a mode of existence that is constantly invoked as a binary opposite to his prosaic everyday life. Alan meets Elsie Hutchinson, a schoolteacher, while attending meetings of his local branch of the Communist Party, and he is attracted to her in what he terms a “purely animal” way. Alan’s upper-middle-class intentions toward Elsie are ambiguous to say the least and are connected to his residual bourgeois desire to lead the “poetic life” (the very vagueness of this term might help explain the impossibility of ever

256

EDWARD UPWARD kitchen making the family meal and discussing the pros and cons of bourgeois versus communist morality (pp. 414–416). Even in the most intimate of places, Alan and Elsie ﬁnd themselves inclined to discuss Party business and its deviation from Leninist revolutionary socialism. At the beginning of Chapter 3, they lie in bed unable to sleep because of the controversy at their local Branch over the publication of the book Britain’s Way Forward by the leader of the British Communist Party that they see as reactionary. Eventually, they escape their political duties through coitus and move into a realm that transcends all the pressing worries of the moment. It is one of the very few instances of genuine intimacy and contentment in this volume: “He moved away with her away from themselves and far away from any thought of tomorrow’s meeting, away from his identity as a Party member, as a schoolmaster, as a father and a husband# Away from his class origin, his nationality, his epoch, away from Elsie as an individual person. This act linked him with men and women of every race all over the world, in the past as well as in the present” (p. 331). Alan Sebrill’s estrangement from the Party he had joined in order to preserve his mental stability leads to a kind of relapse. To make matters worse, even after taking a year’s leave of absence from his school, he has still not managed to complete the long poem he had been working on for years. Bereft now of both of his political commitment to the Party and the concomitant inability to write, Alan is faced with a total mental breakdown. He turns to Wordsworth (a ﬁgure who is to become more inspirational in the third volume), particularly that poet’s disillusionment with the French Revolution as expressed in his long poem The Excursion. By the novel’s end, Alan has regained his mental equilibrium and believes that he has worked out a methodology for sustaining both his political and poetic life outside the Party. The Rotten Elements closes on a hopeful and resilient note, but the “home” (both literal and metaphysical) that Alan has found for himself would not be as free from adversity as the title of the ﬁnal volume indicates.

would at last become actual” (p. 282) Thus the ﬁrst volume of the “dialectical triad” closes with a recognition of the necessity for the eclipse of poetry in the interest of politics. Despite the extensive tracts of political debate and ideological wrangling, the ﬁrst volume of The Spiral Ascent is counterbalanced by a lyricism that all but disappears in The Rotten Elements. This is no doubt part of Upward’s grand dialectical design, in which the poetic succumbs to the political only for the two antithetical components to become a synthesized unity in No Home But the Struggle, the ﬁnal volume. In 1969, when it appeared as a single volume, The Rotten Elements, was subtitled “A Novel of Fact,” not only hinting at its autobiographical strain (Upward, like his alter-ego, Alan Sebrill, left the Communist Party in 1948 because of what he understood as its un-Leninist revisionism), but also giving an historically accurate picture of left-wing politics in Britain just after the World War II. In an “Author’s Note,” Upward explains: “The phrase ‘rotten elements’ was sometimes used in the party to refer to members who deviated seriously from the correct party line” (p. 284). When we meet Alan and Elsie at the beginning of this novel, they have just embarked on a campaign to educate their local branch members in Leninist revolutionary communism, especially the tenets of his State and Revolution, as a countermeasure to the Party’s executive branch’s deviation from this line. Their personal “deviation” from the “correct party line” eventually results in Elsie tearing up her Party card and both of them leaving the branch before their inevitable expulsion. Despite the recurrence of the motif of yearning for the “poetic life” that runs through all three volumes, The Rotten Elements, (as its original subtitle implied) is much more concerned with a factual account of communist politics. Much of the novel reads less like a dramatic ﬁction than a series of summaries of political positions and/or conversations that rehearse Marxist philosophy. It seems as if every conversation turns into a Hegelian account of thesis and antithesis, even in the most domestic of settings, as when, for example, Alan and Elsie are in the

257

EDWARD UPWARD and Christine, his ﬁrst love and begetter of the young Sebrill’s ﬁrst poem. Many of these chapters are reminiscences of a time pre-World War I when Sebrill was at “Marchﬁeld,” his preparatory school (563ff.) and later when he attended “Rugonstead,” his public school. These latter sections of the novel dealing with Alan’s public schooldays (606ff.) are, over and above their ﬁctional function, extremely interesting social texts, shedding light on the mores of the English public school system just before and after the Great War. Contained in these pages are an intriguing account of the “fagging” system, as well as latent and full-blown homosexuality—the young Sebrill has a “poetic love” for a fellow pupil, but is “saved” by his heterosexual love for Christine Dunbar. There is in these pages a peculiar fusion of Wordsworthian emotion recollected in tranquility and a Proustian search for the essence of childhood, all in the service of inducing poetic labor. Unfortunately, much of the writing reads too much like many self-help books that are meant to aid aspiring writers, rather dramatic renderings of consciousness: time and time again the narrator Alan Sebrill admonishes himself to remember this, or “let me think” of that as he negotiates between past and present. The following is one of many, many instances:

No Home but the Struggle, the third volume of the trilogy, is dedicated to Upward’s son Christopher (no doubt named after Isherwood) and his daughter Kathy, and to “both their families.” This personal dedication is, in many ways, a reﬂection of the change in register Upward adopts for this novel. If the major inﬂuences of the ﬁrst two volumes are Marx and Lenin, respectively, the presences that hover over the ﬁnal volume are those of Wordsworth and Bunyan, alongside a certain amount of Proustian reﬂection. The very ﬁrst word of this volume is the personal pronoun and it opens up a narrative bent on recovering the past, from Alan Sebrill’s childhood during the World War I to the 1970s. This reﬂection is meant to help capture a poetic sensibility that Alan feels he lost due to his political engagement. The narrative opens with Alan remarking on how “now,” after his retirement from teaching, he could devote himself to writing poetry in his inherited house on the Isle of Wight: “I have arrived home for good at last. There will never again be a morning now when I have to say to myself here: ‘Tomorrow I must return to London and to my job as a teacher.’ Until I die or until I am kept in bed by a serious illness I shall be able every day after breakfast to come into this pleasant white and yellow room# and every day I shall be free to write poetry” (p. 503). These words of Alan Sebrill’s could easily be attributed to Edward Upward, living on the Isle of Wight, and writing all his late work there. Political animal that he is, Alan is unable to relinquish political and/or socialist activity altogether, so he decides to join the island branch of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). He is able to assuage his political conscience in this way while at the same time holding the belief that, unlike the utter impasse between his writing and his Party work dramatized in the previous volumes, such action would not hinder his creativity. Most of the early chapters consist of a willed reﬂection on his childhood now that he is living in his parents’ and grandparents’ house, in which most of the events have taken place: he remembers his brother Hugh’s games; the mostly negative aspects of his preparatory and public schools;

I broke out of that mood [neurotic despondency] by remembering how at my Prep. School my imagination developed in spite of all the constrictions and distortions which might have stunted its growth there# Let me think how it survived and developed during my time as a boy at my “Public” school# I have walked past the newsagents and now I am walking past the Gas showrooms too. The bills can be paid tomorrow# But if I were to turn back immediately and go into the Gas showrooms I might risk losing my hold on a remembrance which began to come to me a moment before I passed the newsagents.” (p. 603).

There is something unsettling about the banality of this kind of discourse in what is supposed to be a dramatic ﬁction. Eventually, Alan bids his memory to revisit his Cambridge University days and his friendship with Richard Marple (Isherwood). There is much

258

EDWARD UPWARD in these pages (672ff.) that sheds light on their friendship and Upward and Isherwood’s invention of the ﬁctional Mortmere, including discussion of some of the macabre tales. Many of these “ﬁctional” details are in fact biographical, as Isherwood’s various autobiographical writings attest, and much of this section of the trilogy is as valuable for the thoughts and compositions of Edward Upward as for Alan Sebrill. For example, when Alan recounts his tutoring job at a country house in the North of England, secured for him by “Rabbitarse and String” (Isherwood’s sobriquet for an academic employment agency), his description of the household (pp. 754–59) replicates much of the detail of Upward’s novel Journey to the Border, which, in turn, is based on Upward’s own experience of such a position. As if to conﬁrm this, Alan Sebrill describes in these pages his new penchant for surrealist narrative and a revival at this time (c. 1928) of his interest in socialism, the very ingredients of Upward’s novel, and of Upward’s experience at this time. The ﬁnal pages of No Home But the Struggle approach a kind of summary of Alan Sebrill’s life long struggle to reconcile his art with his political conscience. The narrative returns to the beginning, to the early pages of the trilogy when Alan arrived on the island to meet Richard with the hope of living the poetic life. As this novel closes, bringing the long trilogy to an end, Alan believes he has reached a compromise, or, in terms of the trilogy’s scheme, a synthesis between politics and creative writing. On the one hand he recognizes the need to engage in politics, but on the other hand he recognizes the need not to let this engagement prevent him from writing: “I shall make my main contribution to the struggle in the way I am best ﬁtted to make it, though poetic creation, unless political circumstances arise in which the interests of the struggle absolutely require me to do otherwise. I shall live the new political life” (p. 787). And so the lengthy narrative closes, with Alan Sebrill sitting on his veranda on the Isle of Wight with a “completed poem in [his] notebook on the small table beside [his] chair.” That Edward Upward continued his struggle well into his old age is

evidenced by the large number of stories he wrote from this very same island.

THE STORY COLLECTIONS

The identiﬁable themes that cut across the shortstory volumes could be described collectively as a concern with politics with a small “p,” the politics of everyday life, rather than the grand sweep of politics and history as in the trilogy. Most of these stories are concerned with the quotidian vicissitudes of older people as they try to cope with illness, the grief of losing a lifelong partner, and with loneliness in old age. However, woven within the fabric of these domestic tales there is usually a social text as well, whether it be hospital closures due to economic pressures, the effects of capitalist industrialism on the eco-system, or the threat of a resurgence of fascism in Europe due to unemployment. As he wrote in old age—Upward was approaching one-hundred-years old when some of these stories were published—many of these concerns are Edward Upward’s own, as is the relationship of art to politics, the recurrent rehearsal of Upward’s position as a Marxist and how this has affected his writing. “The Procession” is a crucial story in this vein. The narrative tells of an old artist who imagines he sees his own funeral procession. This leads him to reﬂect on his career and to project his concerns and criticisms onto two friends who have been conjured up for the occasion. In response to one of them as to why he has abandoned the kind of “realistic fantasy” he had became famous for in his earlier years, the old painter replies: “I couldn’t have gone on in my earlier style however much I’d wanted to. I couldn’t have ignored how shallow and false it was as a response to the real horrors of the contemporary external world” (The Night Walk and Other Stories, p. 16). The other ﬁgure, whom the old artist greatly admires, offers a stylistic compromise suggesting that the artist might have achieved a more successful aesthetic had he been able to “meld” the earlier mode of realistic fantasy with the later naturalistic approach. The story ends with a self-reﬂexive comment on the narrative itself and suggests what is to be

259

EDWARD UPWARD her cat Abigail. She rehearses her past, notably her missed opportunity to marry after the person she loves dies in the Great War, and also her present fears about her failing health. When she tells the cat that her recently modiﬁed will makes the provision to have Abigail “put down” when she dies, the cat disappears. As the story closes, Esther realizes that “there was nothing ahead for her now except aging and aloneness and illness and death” (p. 122). “At the Ferry Inn” is worth noting in that it records what seems to have been an imaginary attempt on Upward’s part to heal a rift between him and W. H. Auden. It tells of a meeting between two old poet friends who have been estranged since the ’thirties, much as Upward and Auden had been due to the latter’s adoption of what Upward had thought was “reactionary politics.” They discuss writing at the Ferry Inn by the boat dock on the island where Arnold Olney is now living. Arnold (the Upward ﬁgure) defends his politics and recent writing against Walter’s (the Auden ﬁgure) accusations that he has renounced his radical political stance as evidenced by his latest book, remarking that it is not a move away from Marxist-Leninism even if he now admits to his disillusionment with Stalinist communism. Eventually, Walter excuses himself to go to the toilet and he disappears. His old friend sees him on the ferry going back to the mainland, taking him “still further from Arnold,” symbolizing perhaps their irreconcilable differences. The title of Upward’s next published volume, An Unmentionable Man, says much about its contents. In a series of sequentially interlinked stories, Upward’s alter-ego the “elderly writer Stephen Highwood,” has a series of dreams as he lies in his hospital bed. In these dreams, Highwood meets in episodic fashion some of his old friends as he seeks to understand both his neglect as a writer and, again, to defend his political position. In the title story, one of Stephen’s “formerly close friends” refers to his “naïve and now completely out of date left-wing views that have always been so evident in [his] writings” (An Unmentionable Man, p. 15). In another episode in this dream like picaresque journey, a young man admires his work, but this only

Upward’s chosen method in these later writings: “This was not a dream. I have invented it, with help from an actual nightmare I had in bed at home several years ago. It is a fantasy, and not even a realistic one. Yet it may convince me I can after all tell the truth about reality in a style that comes more readily to me than naturalism” (p. 18). This aesthetic, proclaiming to be able to access “the truth about reality” through fantasy and/or dream (essentially an allegorical aesthetic) rather than a purely naturalistic approach, marks a distinction in Upward’s oeuvre between a narrative such as The Railway Accident, for example, and that of The Spiral Ascent, which is written almost entirely in a naturalistic mode. It also marks a division in the later stories, some of them employing dream like narratives while others are of a solely naturalistic bent. Moreover, regardless of Upward’s intention, there are few of these stories (The Scenic Railway may be one of the exceptions) that are able to get at “the truth about reality” through fantasy as successfully as did Journey to the Border. In that ﬁction, there is a kind of organic, even if deranged, “vision” that inhabits the narrative and creates a whole, if bizarre, world. In many of the later stories, the dream serves for the most part as a frame for the usually episodic narrative that follows, seemingly only there to allow for the illogicality of time and place associated with dream. The collection The Night Walk and Other Stories (1987) sets the tone and style for the other volumes that were to follow, in that it includes a mixture of dream like verisimilitude (the title story for example) and other stories of a naturalistic kind. Of the latter, two are of particular interest. “Her Day” is a narrative about the burial of a wife and mother whose “belief in the rightness of upper-class attitudes” and her “constant criticisms of the weaknesses of her husband and her sons” (Night Walk, p. 6) recall similar attitudes Upward has ascribed to his own mother. “The White-Pinafored Black Cat” is a beautifully rendered naturalistic tale of old age and loneliness and is perhaps the most successful story in the volume. A woman left alone after her brother dies ﬁnds solace in imaginary conversations with

260

EDWARD UPWARD he is ﬁnally awakened by his wife, who says, “You are going to be very late for the Fair” (p. 102). It had been a dream after all! The title story in The Scenic Railway collection tells the story of a day in the life, or indeed a life in a day, of the aging Leslie Brellis (an anagram of Sebrill) who has volunteered to drive a group of disabled people to an amusement park. The highlight of the trip is an excursion on a small train that is shaped in the form of a dragon that passes on its route artiﬁcial scenery consisting of cardboard constructions. Shortly after the train starts on its short journey, the magical mystery tour becomes a magical memory tour as Leslie’s imagination transforms the passing scenery into various historical landscapes. He witnesses the famous Christmas Day truce between the lines of the German and British armies during the Great War, a day the opposing sides came together to play football. He “sees” the vast vista of the Ukraine, remembered from a visit to the Soviet Union in 1932 (about the same time that Edward Upward had made such a visit). He also witnesses a commemoration marking the Battle of Jarama, fought during the Spanish Civil War, during which the British section of the International Brigade was cut to ribbons defending the road to Madrid. When the little train arrives at its destination, Leslie sees a tree that functions somewhat like a Proustian madeleine, taking him back to his youth and childhood. The world-historical events witnessed on the train are now transformed into a more personal and nostalgic desire to revisit his past: “His imagination became even more strongly alive than when he had watched the artiﬁcial scenery from the dragon train, and the scene he began to imagine now [ the landscape of his past] was so vivid that it completely replaced in his consciousness the real sycamore and the real valley” (The Scenic Railway, p. 22). The narrative now makes a great imaginative leap and Leslie ﬁnds himself back in his home town “half a century afterwards.” He lingers a while outside his ﬁrst love Isabelle’s house and ﬁnally reaches his own home where his parents (in reality long dead) are pleased to see him. The story closes with Leslie settling down in his old armchair, “more and more

reminds Stephen that “all his books were out of print, and nearly all of them unobtainable in the majority of public libraries#” (p. 17). The young man, Paul Irlam, takes Stephen on a strange tour of the dreamscape in which the story is set that includes a visit to the gallery and workshop of The Excrementalists, a group of painters whose medium needs no further explanation. As with all these sequential stories, the narrative closes with Stephen Highwood back in his hospital bed attended by his wife and the doctor who is treating him. The next story has Stephen lunching with a prospective publisher who wonders why Highwood has not been able to publish his recent writings. This is because, Stephen explains, he writes about “unmentionable things,” such as the “root cause of the horriﬁc suffering of so many millions of our fellow human beings in the present day world [because of] the imperialist capitalist system” (p. 34). Here, as elsewhere in this volume, the didactic purpose eclipses much of the ﬁctional art. The ﬁnal story, “With Alan to the Fair,” is paradigmatic in its use of dream as an appendage to account for unlikely events rather than as a medium that the narrative inhabits. In this sense, this story and others like it resemble Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown” rather than, say, Upward’s own The Railway Accident or Journey to the Border. Alan Sebrill gets up before his wife (we are led to believe) so that he might go to the Seaside Summer Fair. During his day, he encounters many bizarre happenings: Lara, an old love, not only propositions him but forces herself on him in one of the fair’s tents. He then enters the “Oxbridge” tent and runs into a bookish person who it turns out had reviewed very negatively one of Alan’s books, remarking that Alan’s poems would never have been heard of but for “the boosting they got from [his] Public School Pals” (p. 95). This is an allusion to accusations concerning Upward’s own work. As if to conﬁrm the autobiographical strain, Upward has Alan agree that “politics weakened [his] poetry and ﬁnally stopped [him] writing it for some years. But this was because the Party line [he] loyally followed went rotten” (p. 100). After believing himself the victim of a fascist bomb,

261

EDWARD UPWARD one Cedric Durcombe, “a schoolmaster who was known to have visited the Soviet Union,” and who has escaped (or is dreaming that he has escaped) a nursing home for old people. His many adventures, including an erotic one with the exotically named Zaniah, a revolutionary who happens to be a “gerontophile,” are only tenuously related and at times totter on the edge of farce. The random incidents are connected by some very ﬂimsy connective tissue such as, “Well, where are we going now?” with a typical response being, “Is it to be a random ramble again?” (p. 51). The unbelievable narrative— unbelievable as a dream is “unbelievable,” yet here presented as verisimilitude—ends with Zaniah joining a band of “professional revolutionaries” and arranging for Cedric to go to a “safe house.” The narrative ends thus: “She bent forward to kiss him, and tears streamed over both their faces” (p. 72). Another story in this volume, “The Serial Dreamer,” concerns a man who dreams he meets his dead wife acting as a voluntary nurse in a twenty-ﬁrst century revolutionary war only to wake up and remember that he is still in the “dreadful reality of the twentiethcentury” and that his wife is indeed dead: “His friends would continue to invite him out to evening meals, and while he was with them he would show his gratitude by being as cheerful as he could be. Then he would return to his own lonely house” (p. 109). The title of this late story could very well serve as a general description of Edward Upward’s long career, his “serial” commitment to narrative experiment and his recurrent “dreaming” of a more just and equable world.

deeply, downwards into its safety” (p. 29). The ﬁnal word of this story, “safety,” may very well suggest how Leslie Brellis has found refuge from all his personal worries, as well as those woes that have afflicted twentieth-century history, by regressing to a time of innocence and parental protection. Two other stories in this volume return to the recurrent theme of the concerns of growing old and dependent, and, most fearful of all, the necessity of having to live in “a home for old people.” In “Investigation After Midnight,” the insomniac Alan Sebrill awakens from a disturbing dream and begins to rehearse its manifest content in order that he might discover its etiology. In the dream, a group of fascist-like bullies burst into his house and proceed to evict him and his wife Elsie, presumably, Alan believes, so that they may turn their home into yet another residence for old and inﬁrm people. It might well have been that Alan’s unconscious had been working over in dream-form some remarks he had made to his wife during the day: “‘The big danger for us in this town,’ I said, ‘is the spreading of these proﬁt-making homes at such a rate that we may wake up one morning to discover that our house with ourselves inside it has been swallowed up into one of them’” (p. 36). In “Emily and Oswin,” a wealthy widow reads in the local newspaper that the neglected and aging poet, Oswin Walden, is now living in a home for old people and she decides to rescue him from such a fate. After a brief affair and a trip to France, Emily arranges to ﬁnance a house for Oswin, thus making him independent. Unaware of the irony of the reversed gender-roles in his situation, the leftwing Oswin is cognizant of the fact that “if it hadn’t been for the help of a member of the upper-middle class he might have remained in Sundown House and have become slowly insane” (p. 93). Finally, something must be said of Upward’s latest volume of stories, The Coming Day and Other Stories (2000), the title story of which (described as a novella in the table of contents) accentuates many of the weaknesses of some of these later writings. At some seventy pages, this episodic tale relates the picaresque adventures of

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF EDWARD UPWARD “Sketch for a Marxist Interpretation of Literature.” In Cecil Day Lewis, (ed.) The Mind in Chains: Socialism and the Cultural Revolution. London: Frederick Muller Ltd., 1938, pp. 40-55. Journey to the Border. With an Introduction by Stephen

262

EDWARD UPWARD Houghton Mifflin, 1981. –––. Christopher and His Kind. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976. Isherwood, Christopher. Lions and Shadows. New York: New Directions Publishing Co., 1977. Johnstone, Richard. The Will to Believe: Novelists of the Thirties. Oxford University Press, 1982. Kamenka, Eugene. Ed. The Portable Karl Marx. New York: Penguin Books, 1984. Kermode, Frank. History and Value. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Lehmann, John. In My Own Time. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1969. –––. Thrown to the Woolfs. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979. –––. Christopher Isherwood: A Personal Memoir. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1987. Roberts, Michael, Ed. New Country: Prose and Poetry by the authors of New Signatures. London: The Hogarth Press, 1933. Spender, S. The Destructive Element. –––. World Within World. London: Faber and Faber, 1997. (ﬁrst published 1951.)

Spender. London: Enitharmon Press, 1994. (First published by The Hogarth Press, 1938.) The Spiral Ascent London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1977. Published serially as: In the Thirties 1962, The Rotten Elements, 1969, No Home but the Struggle, 1977.) The Railway Accident and Other Stories. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972. (Heinemann 1969). The Night Walk and Other Stories. London: Heinemann, 1987. An Unmentionable Man. Introduced by Frank Kermode. London: Enitharmon Press, 1994 Isherwood, Christopher, and Edward Upward. The Mortmere Stories. Introduction by Katherine Bucknell. London: Enitharmon Press, 1994. Christopher Isherwood: Notes in Remembrance of a Friendship. London: Enitharmon Press, 1996. The Scenic Railway. London: Enitharmon Press, 1997. Remembering the Earlier Auden. London: Enitharmon Press, 1998. The Coming Day and Other Stories. London: Enitharmon Press, 2000. A Renegade in Springtime. London: Enitharmon Press, 2003. #I heard with the tremor of excitement that an entomologist feels at the news of an unknown butterﬂy sighted in the depths of the forest, that behind Auden and Spender and Isherwood stood the even more legendary ﬁgure of an unknown writer, Edward Upward.—John Lehmann

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Alan Walker’s bibliography supplements the Munton/Young compilation: Munton, Alan and Alan Young. (Compilers) Seven Writers of the English Left: A Bibliography of Literature and Politics, 1916–1980. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1981. Walker, Alan. Edward Upward: A Bibliography 1920–2000. London: Enitharmon Press, 2000.

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Barley, Tony. “‘A Narrow Strictness’: Political Constraints in Edward Upward’s The Rotten Elements.” In Literature and History, vol. 6, no. 1: (Spring, 1997), pp. 63–79. Bergonzi, B. Reading the Thirties. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978.

ARCHIVAL MATERIAL

Upward’s papers are housed in The British Library and are being catalogued by Ms. Sally Brown, Curator of Modern Literary Manuscripts. The archive includes numerous unpublished plays, essays, ﬁction, and over seventy volumes of private diaries.

Bucknell, Katherine, and Nicholas Jenkins, eds. W. H. Auden: “The Language of Learning and the Language of Love. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. Carpenter, Humphrey. W. H. Auden: A Biography. Boston:

263

KEITH WATERHOUSE (1929—)

Fred Bilson II, he left school at age ﬁfteen because the family needed the money he could earn. He had always worked hard, “I had at least ﬁve paper rounds, I sold ﬁrewood and I had a window-cleaning round, ground ﬂoor only because I didn’t have a ladder. As a schoolboy, I was in fact earning at my height more than I earned in my ﬁrst job” (“A Legend in his Lunchtime,” The Guardian, Saturday April 14, 2001). It was also at age ﬁfteen that he made his ﬁrst sale to a London magazine as a writer. He had a number of jobs around Leeds that included working for a shoe-mender and for a ﬁrm of undertakers. At age eighteen, in 1947, he was conscripted into the Royal Air Force; after his two-year service ended he became a journalist in Leeds, then moved to London in 1951 at the age of twenty-two. From that time forward he was a proliﬁc and popular journalist on Fleet Street with a regular column ﬁrst in the Daily Mirror and, beginning in 1986, in the Daily Mail. Both were populist newspapers that required a light and easy style. In addition, he was a novelist, dramatist and script writer for ﬁlm and television, producing both original work and adaptations.

KEITH WATERHOUSE HAS been a successful and proliﬁc novelist, playwright, and columnist since the sixties, with a reputation for good sense. He was born in conditions of desperate poverty in industrial South Yorkshire and had very little formal education. Despite his beginnings and owing entirely to his facility as a writer, he became a Fleet Street reporter in his twenties and wrote two deﬁnitive novels describing life in his native Leeds. He appears to occupy the sort of position once held by another writer from the same region, J. B.Priestley.

LIFE

Keith Waterhouse, the youngest of ﬁve children, was born in the working-class district of Hunslet, Leeds, Yorkshire, in the industrial North of England on February 6, 1929. His father, Ernest Waterhouse, was a costermonger; he sold fruit and vegetables from a handcart in the street. A heavy drinker, Ernest Waterhouse died in 1932. In an interview with Nicholas Wroe, Waterhouse recalled that his father’s total estate was a brown suit and a halfpenny left in the pocket. Despite having her property seized for debt, his mother gave the family stability. Her encouragement of Keith (she bought him exercise books when she found he wanted to write) was not really based upon understanding. “She knew I was different, and she encouraged this difference without quite knowing what it was. For instance, she got me into school a year early, aged four, because I wouldn’t stop reading” (“A Legend in his Lunchtime” The Guardian, Saturday April 14, 2001). Waterhouse did not pass the examination to go to a grammar school, (which would have prepared him to go to University) and instead attended a commercial school. In 1944, during World War

CHARACTERISTICS AS A WRITER

When he ﬁrst began writing, Waterhouse’s model was P. G. Wodehouse and the form he generally uses in his ﬁction is derived from Wodehouse. There is a ﬁrst-person narrator, who allows the reader to eavesdrop if he wishes, but the intention of the narration is closer to a diary or a memoir; it is basically self-addressed to the narrator. This allows for the possibility of dramatic irony; often in Waterhouse’s writing the

265

KEITH WATERHOUSE ter than Christmas, the way we rolled off down the road, shouting and bawling and pretending to limp as though we had cork legs like Mr Bailey” (There is a Happy Land, p. 5). The surroundings are described through the acute and prurient eye of the preadolescent boy. A woman reproves them: “She was sitting in an armchair near their gate with all her big fat legs showing. There was a big furniture van#and all carpets in the road and that” (p. 5). The phrase “and that” neatly catches the loss of interest as the end of their? attention span is reached. The boys go off singing parodies of Christmas carols even though “It was in the middle of July and right hot” (p. 6). Christmas is at the top of the boys’ minds because Ted’s mother is to take them to a pantomime. Pantomimes are shows for children based on fairy tales that usually open just after Christmas, but at the time There is a Happy Land was written the runs were often extended well into the spring or summer as audiences grew smaller. Ted proposes a game. “Have we to talk in Arjy Barjy?” he says in Yorkshire dialect, meaning “Shall we talk in Arjy Barjy?” Arjy Barjy is a form of Pig Latin—“You had to put ‘arj’ in the middle of each word and if you could speak it fast you were right good” (p. 6). They practice it for a while but it is noticeable that all they talk about is using Arjy Barjy itself. They discuss using Arjy Barjy, not because they have any secrets to hide, but because they want to have something secret. The Yorkshire phrase suggests that the games they play are imposed upon children— they are compulsory. They continue on toward home. Passing the library suggests a game of silly book titles (Smashed Windows, by Eva Brick). Another game demonstrates the workings of child logic. “Ted was frightened to go in because he’d got mud all over his stockings so we squatted down at the edge of the road and started ﬂattening tar bubbles.” Of course the game has rules: “You couldn’t get up, but you could lean out as far as you wanted” (p. 7). The sticks they are using lead to a sequence of rapidly changing games (fencing, Robin Hood) and the boy is just about to knock Ted’s stick away when a bike comes

narrator ﬁnds himself the victim of some scheming which has been implied in the narrative, but not fully recognized. As in Wodehouse’s writing, the ﬁctions are distinguished by careful variation in and placing of individual language forms. Characters are distinguished by language use; this effect, seen in Wodehouse’s Wooster and Jeeves, is mirrored particularly in Billy Liar. Often the language is aphoristic and the work of both authors is characterized by memorable one-liners.

THERE IS A HAPPY LAND (1957) , BILLY LIAR (1959)

Waterhouse’s ﬁrst novel There is a Happy Land is about childhood, and centers on a schoolboy growing up in West Yorkshire. He followed it up with Billy Liar, that describes a day in the life of Billy Fisher, a young man in the ﬁctitious Yorkshire town of Stradhoughton,The two novels deal with the difficulty of coming to terms with a world where adult values dominate and the power of the child’s imagination, an imagination that persists in Billy as a young man.

THERE IS A HAPPY LAND (1957)

There is a Happy Land was written during a newspaper strike, when Waterhouse was able to give it his full attention, and the care shows in the polishing of the text and its attention to detail. For example, the time in which it is set is never actually stated, but we can deduce it from two apparently incidental details, typical of the accuracy of Waterhouse’s recall. People can buy as much candy as they want (p. 24) and the children’s comic, The Dandy, comes out every week, not once every two weeks (p. 19). Both these facts place the action before 1940. The setting is the area where Waterhouse grew up in Leeds. The central narrator is a boy of about nine or ten, not named. The ﬁrst chapter suggests that this will be a conventional boyhood friendship tale. In a welter of noise and game playing, the boy is walking home with his friend, Ted Patterson: “It was bet-

266

KEITH WATERHOUSE woman said# ‘He’s not simple, he’s blinking crackers,’ I said” (p. 17). This utterance simply attracts the women’s attention, and he is once more accused of shouting at Mrs. Longbottom. “I started crying. I went ‘I wasn’t shouting at all, and I’m off to run away!’ “He hides in a big hole he has been digging and imagines “my Aunty Betty ﬁnding my dead body in the morning” (p. 18). The opening “It was better than Christmas” suggests that Waterhouse is inviting direct comparison with a slightly earlier work about boyhood, Dylan Thomas’s A Child’s Christmas in Wales, which appeared in 1955. It was a reading of Dylan Thomas that convinced Waterhouse of the possibility of writing about childhood (Wroe, “A Legend in his Lunchtime”). However, Thomas employs a totally different technique than Waterhouse, by looking back on childhood from later life, being ironic and even arch about it. Furthermore, Thomas describes a rosier, less confrontational child-adult relationship in a safer, more middle-class, world than Waterhouse’s Yorkshire. He inclines to the sentimental, where Waterhouse is clear-sighted and astringent. Life in working-class Northern England in the 1930s and 1940s was limited in a number of ways and, other than fantasy, there was no escape for a boy. In Waterhouse’s world, boys do not, in fact, have friends in the adult sense—people they choose to be with because of some shared interest. Friends are the children who live near you of whom your parents approve; the unsuitable are doomed with some phrase as “I don’t want you playing with that one.” As a result of the arbitrary nature of the relationship, the temperature of encounter varies; as the boy puts it, “Next day I thought I might as well go down past Ted’s so that if he was in their garden, well, I could walk straight past him without speaking. Wanted to have a squint at him anyway, just in case he’d got blood poisoning in his leg where I’d bitten him” (p. 19). Adult power is absolute and arbitrary. Adults report to each other and constitute a monolith of authority. Aunty Betty immediately accepts Mrs. Longbottom’s story of being shouted at in the street. She responds, “I’m going to get him sent away if he doesn’t stop

“pelting down the street swerving so that it wouldn’t run into us” (p. 8). Ted’s stick goes through the spokes of the bike’s wheel and the bloke on it is nearly unseated. This is the character the boys will later call him—Uncle Mad. “We stood there, waiting for him to play pop with us. He didn’t say anything, though#He just looked at us, winked and made this noise out of the side of his mouth. ‘Grr-quack.’ I can’t do it, because it’s not a noise that anything makes” (pp. 8–9). They go off home, making this noise. “Ted never knew when to stop and he started going “Grr-quack” at all the blinking rotten neighbours. He was all right, because he lived further down the street from us, and they didn’t know him. Anyway, Mrs. Theaker saw us and said we were cheeky, and she knew his mother so he stopped after that” (pp. 9–10). Ted gets tar on his trousers from the boy’s stick. “Just as we were going in their gate he said: ‘If my mother wants to know how I got all this tar on, it was your stick that did it, not mine.’ Just like him, blames it all on to me. Pinches my stick off me then says it was all my fault. He was my nest friend, was Ted, but I hated him sometimes. He was all right but he was awkward in lots of ways” (p. 10). They part on a quarrelsome note—they ﬁght and bite each other. After they part, the boy plans revenge on Ted: “imagining me getting drowned saving Theaker’s dog in Park Lake and him being sorry. No, this is it—saving him from being drowned and walking away without speaking after I had got him out” (p. 16). As the games change rapidly, so does the script that the children write for the dramas they imagine could enter their lives and readjust the unfairness that exists. Coming to his home the boy ﬁnds a furniture van unloading at the house next door. “I imagined me getting run over with this van and having my legs off, and Ted mocking me and spitting at me, and me just watching him with tears in my eyes because I couldn’t move” (p. 16). The woman moving in is Mrs. Longbottom, the woman he and Ted had shouted at earlier in the day. She and the boy’s Aunty Betty are talking about the man on the bike that the boys had seen earlier. “‘I think he’s a bit simple#’ the

267

KEITH WATERHOUSE calling after people” (p. 16). It is the fact that there is no gradation of response that, for example, led Ted to play in the tar rather than go home covered in mud; all bad behavior is equally bad. The adult world gives inappropriate clues to behavior. Mrs. Patterson takes the two boys to the pantomime and they become excited at the clowning on stage. When one of the clowns enters on a bicycle, the boys begin imitating Uncle Mad, and eventually become so noisy that they are asked to leave the theater. It is a curious fact that the action on stage can become hysterical, but the audience must, by social convention, restrict themselves to polite laughter. “We followed after [Mrs. Patterson] going: ‘What’s up? What have we done?’ to each other” (p. 94).

The boy is humiliated when he becomes involved in a ﬁght with Raymond, who has the reputation of being soft, but who wins hands down. By one of the great laws of children, he is left to face this humiliation on his own (pp. 116– 121). Prohibitions apply to relationships with girls too. Boys are not to take girls into the local rhubarb ﬁelds (West Yorkshire grows more rhubarb than anywhere else on earth) but such relationships are fraught anyway. The boy forms a friendship with Marion Longbottom, the daughter of the woman who had moved in next door, that continues off and on until Marion ﬁnally humiliates him. The boy was in the habit of making magazines out of pieces of paper he stole from his Aunt Betty, and offered to show one to Marion. When he catches up with her, she is with her friends and scorns his offer to lend it to her.

Mrs. Patterson had intended to take the two boys to the feast, which is a carnival, but as Ted is in disgrace, the boy goes on his own. Waterhouse’s description of this carnival and the boy’s feelings is graphic. The boy is hurt by the suggestion he has been cheating on a roll-the-penny game when he is actually skilled at it. He uses up too much of the money he has (and there is a lot of penny-counting) on a single ride, then bitterly regrets it when the ride is over. While at the Feast he sees Uncle Mad paying for rides for Raymond Garnett, one of the boys at his school, and later sees them walking hand-in-hand (pp. 89–93). At school a few days later, there is a great fuss: “Don’t ask me why, but there was blue murder at school#over Raymond Garnett letting Uncle Mad pay for him at the Feast” (p. 113). All the boys who have been at the Feast are interrogated. Had they let anyone pay for them? Had anyone given them money? The boy confesses he was given a dinner plate by a lady who had won it as a prize. The incident is baffling; Uncle Mad is a child-molester, but the adult world responds to this by imposing prohibitions on the children without explanation. They are not to go with strangers or take money from them, and that is another rule like not playing in the tar or making a noise in the theater. It does not stop the boy going to Uncle Mad’s house, though.

I said, “Don’t you want it?” She said: “Want what, don’t know what you’re on about.” I said: “That ﬁlm book, thought you wanted it.” None of the other three lasses said anything. They were all too busy trying to keep their faces straight. “Not mine,” said Marion and I knew she didn’t want my ﬁlm book any more#I called out “Have I to call for you tonight?”#one of the other lasses #said: “Says you needn’t bother.” (pp. 159–160)

Waterhouse narrates this incident in the style of a ﬁlm or theater script that concentrates on external behavior and does not directly show interior feeling. All we have is dialogue and stage directions, and it is to a script that the boy turns next. He looks at his ﬁlm book with the stuck-on photograph of a cowboy peeling off and sees how untidy it is (p. 140). It is a dramatic symbol of the disintegration of the relationship with Marion, and suggests strongly that future success will depend on producing an offering with more quality. Chapter 18 begins “The next night Marion Longbottom got lost.” “I didn’t know where Marion was, and I didn’t blinking well care,” the boy says (p. 166). He describes the search for the girl and then describes how he found her, where

268

KEITH WATERHOUSE he expected her to be, on a ledge in the local quarry.

us without speaking, without even looking at us, and limped off# (pp. 37–8)

Marion was lying there, lying up against the side of the bushes. She lay with her head back over a stone. Her mouth and eyes were open, and there was dried blood on her face. She wore the velvet dress that I liked so much#I shouted “Mister! Mister! She’s down here” #and then the policeman came# I felt proud and happy and sad and sick, all at the same time. (p. 174)

The lyricism of this moment depends on a complex reading of the song. Originally it had been a children’s hymn: “There is a happy land, far, far away, / Where saints in glory stand, bright, bright as day.” Parodied in the form given here, it had been sung by soldiers in World War I and its appearance here reminds us (as does the strange boy’s leg iron) of the suffering of that war, and the nearness of World War II that lies just ahead of the children. But it is also a paean to the loss of childhood, and the feeling of sadness that this summer must end. Childhood will soon be the happy land far, far away. In view of the heartache, Waterhouse narrates we may wonder why this land should be happy. The answer lies in the book’s ending:

The remainder of the narrative fails to conﬁrm the boy’s belief that he had found Marion. In the school yard “I found a quiet group of kids all standing round Raymond Garnett. He had fainted during assembly that morning—he was always blinking fainting# I didn’t like the way Raymond was getting all the kids round him when it was me who found Marion#” (p. 177). But the other children refuse to accept the claim. It was the policeman who found Marion, and one of them jeers, “Bet you knew just where to look, didn’t you?” (p. 155). Furthermore, when the boy later goes to look for Marion’s grave, he cannot ﬁnd it. What is left is an insoluble problem, because there is nothing in the narrative to resolve it. Is the boy making up the story of his ﬁnding Marion? Is he making up the whole narrative of Marion’s death, as he had earlier made up fantasies of his own death? Is there, in child thinking, that clear cut between truth and fantasy that we pretend exists in adult thinking? Early in the novel, the boy ﬁnds himself in the street that is for once quiet. Marion is busy in the background. “It made me feel sad like you get back from church on Sunday nights and the house is all quiet with reading.” He notices a kid with one of his legs in irons walking towards him:

It began to get cold, and I started thinking of a ﬁre at home and the comics and new cake and that# I reached our house and the lights were on. Through the window I could see Aunty Betty peering out at the rain. She saw me and beckoned for me to come in. She was smiling, in a way. It began to rain faster. I rubbed a hand over my eyes and ran indoors. (p. 189–190)

However qualiﬁed the welcome, this is a warm, safe place. In a way.

BILLY LIAR (1959)

Like There is a Happy Land, Billy Liar was written in another period of leisure at a time when Waterhouse was enjoying a respite from day-today newspaper work. It is the story of a young man living in Stradhoughton, a ﬁctitious Yorkshire town, bound to it by upbringing and family ties and desperate to escape to London. Characteristically, Billy Fisher is a creative liar whose ﬁctions mire him in ever greater complications. For example, he is engaged to one girl and proposes to another, who demands a ring. To solve this problem, he recovers the ring he

We didn’t know him but he was singing to himself. “There is a happy land, far far away / Where they have bread and jam three times a day. / Just one big fam-i-lee, / Eggs and bacon they don’t see.” I had never heard these words before# They sounded ghostly and mournful, and even though it was hot I shivered as he sang the last lines “Get no sugar in their tea,/ Three times a day.” The kid walked past

269

KEITH WATERHOUSE has given to the ﬁrst girl on the (quite untrue) grounds that it requires mending and gives it to the second girl. He thus builds a situation which will involve him in the wrath of both girls and he worries intensely about this. When the crisis comes and the two girls meet, Billy will increase the complication of the lies. It is in part the managing of this increasing mound of lies that gives the book its comic tone. This technique, of course, derives from P. G. Wodehouse; compare Wooster’s involving himself in similar farragoes. The origin of this trait lies in the imaginative life of the boy narrator in There is a Happy Land. It coexists with a great deal of creativity and wit in the thinking of Billy Fisher. The book opens with Billy still in bed: “Lying in bed, I abandoned the facts again and was back in Ambrosia.” (Billy Liar, p. 5). This becomes the ﬁrst of the Ambrosia monologues that are a feature of the book. They are set in an alternate world in which Billy is a hero (military or political or both) and are powerfully satiric, especially of the British tradition of understatement in dealing with war. At one point Billy looks sideways at the tradition in the British army where a regiment is awarded some trivial honor (a badge, a nickname, or the right to ride a horse into a church, for example) because of some act of heroism. “It is often wondered how the lefthanded salute, peculiar to Ambrosia originated. Accounts differ, but the most widely-accepted explanation is that of the seven men who survived the battle of Wakeﬁeld all, by an amazing coincidence, had lost their right arms” (p. 36). The phrase “Accounts differ” is particularly telling here, thumbprinting the narrative style adopted by this school of military historians. The Ambrosia monologues are carefully scripted, and absorb a great deal of Billy’s creative imagination. Their day-to-day function is explained thus:

tion to desperate problems, such as what one would do# [if one had] a ﬁrework jammed in one’s ear by mischievous boys. (p. 15)

So No. 2 thinking has its origins in the fears of childhood (like the fear of the ﬁrework in the ear) and goes on to include all the misdemeanors of the adult (of which we will learn more); No. 1 thinking is the escape from and the transformation of these fears. The name “Ambrosia” has been misleading. It happens to be (both now and at the time Waterhouse wrote the book) the brand name is sold in the United Kingdom. This leads readers to suppose that Billy intends Ambrosia to be soft, childlike, like a comfort food. In fact ambrosia is the food of the gods in Homer and confers immortality. One of the deep, unmentioned fears of Billy’s generation is that of compulsory service in the army—and those who go into the army sometimes die or get wounded. Billy’s own father suggests military service will be a cure for Billy’s problems: “‘He wants to get into t’ bloody army, that’s what he wants to do,’ he said” (p. 83). He is using “wants” here in the Yorkshire sense of “needs” rather than “wishes to,” but in a sense the latter meaning is present as well. Billy may wish to get into the army to prove he can survive, since a major component in Ambrosia is surviving war, the archetype for all survivals. Functionally, Billy sets off for “the fast excursion to Ambrosia” (p. 15) when No. 2 thinking becomes repellent; but he also sometimes does so when he feels he has achieved something, passed some boundary, as at the end of the novel. The boy that narrates There is a Happy Land had difficulty internalizing a coherent moral stance because of the contradictory input and lack of coherence in the behavior of adults. It was much the same with Billy, who has a family, whose behavior, as expressed in their talk, is utterly predictable but who claim absolute moral authority over him. His mother spends the morning nagging at Billy to get up, in stock and regularly repeated phrases “that graduated from ‘Are you awake, Billy?’ to ‘It’s a quarter past nine, and you can

I had two kinds of thinking and I had names for them, applied ﬁrst jocularly and then mechanically# No. 1 thinking was voluntary, but No. 2 thinking was not; it concerned itself with obsessional speculations about the scope# of disease#, the probable consequences of misdemeanours, and the solu-

270

KEITH WATERHOUSE stay in bed all day for all I care,’ meaning twenty to nine and time to get up” (p. 6). His grandmother always refers to everyone in the third person. Objecting to the raincoat Billy wears in place of a dressing gown, she says (or rather “chip[s] in”):

Dear Mr Fisher Many thanks for script and gags, I can use some of the gags and pay accordingly. As for staff job, well I regret to tell you, I do not have “staff” beside my manager, but several of the boys do work for me, you might be interested in this. Why not call in for a chat next time you are in London? Best of luck and keep writing, Danny Boon (p. 86)

“He wants to burn that raincoat, then he’ll have to get dressed of a morning.” #Doing the usual decoding, I gathered #that he who should do the burning was the old man, and that he who would have to get dressed of a morning was me. “I gather,” I began, “that he who should burn the raincoat—” but the old man interrupted: “And what bloody time did you get in last night? If you can call it last night. This bloody morning, more like.” (pp. 9–10)

Although this letter (interestingly rather illiterate) says “I do not have staff” and therefore constitutes a refusal of a regular job, it also points out that Boon employs writers on a freelance basis. So Billy’s claim that he has been “offered a job” is actually substantially true; he has been offered the sort of employment customary in freelance work. He knows that in the England of the time, he will easily ﬁnd regular employment in London to support himself while he builds his writing skills. Later, when people in the town jeer at his claim to have an offer of a job, it may be that they are riding the No. 14 tram. Billy carries around (or hides at home in his Guilt Box) a weight of guilt. First, there is a pile of calendars advertising the funeral parlor where he works. He should have posted them just before Christmas (it is now September) but he kept the postage money and didn’t post them. He makes feeble efforts to dispose of these calendars in a way that only increases the chance of detection. Secondly, he carries a letter that his mother had written to a radio record request program, Housewives’ Choice (which actually existed). She had given it to him to post (one wonders why, given her picture of him—absence of mind? a vestigial belief in him?) He has been too ashamed to post it, because it is “full of mistakes”:

Later, his mother “took over# “What were you doing down Foley Bottoms at nine o’clock last night?” For a moment, we are back in the rhubarb ﬁelds. The answer is Billy had been with Rita, the second ﬁancée, rather than Barbara, the ﬁrst. “I wondered how she had managed to get her hands on so many facts without actually hiring detectives” (p. 10). He tries to tell them the signiﬁcant fact that he has been offered a job in London as a scriptwriter for Danny Boon, a well-known comedian: Old Man: “What bloody job?” Mother: “How do you mean, you’ve been offered it?” Gran: “What’s he talking about#” I had often likened the conversation at Hillcrest to the route of the old No. 14 tram [street car]. Even when completely new subjects were being discussed, the talk rattled on along the familiar track # culminating at the terminus of the old man’s wrath (p. 12)

Dear Sir, just a few lines to let you know how much I enjoy Housewife’s “Choice” every day, #could you play (Just a Song at Twilight) for me though I don’t suppose you get time to play everyone that writes to you, but this is my “favourite song” #Yours respectfully (Mrs) N. Fisher (p. 19)

At this point in the narration there is a signiﬁcant aside: “I had taken him some material-including my ‘thick as lead’ catchline which Boon now uses all the time” (p. 13). In narrative terms, we have here a gap between the time of narrating and the earlier time of narrated events (all the rest of the book, in fact), with a suggestion that at the time of narrating, Billy is making it as a scriptwriter. The letter from Danny Boon reads:

The other items in the box include postcards from a girl called Liz. “They were matter-of –fact little notes full of tediously interesting details about the things she had seen in#places where whatever urge possessing her had taken her; but at least

271

KEITH WATERHOUSE publication) is a mock-newspaper full of gags and comic routines- the sort of thing that Billy aspires to write. He agrees to escort Rita and Barbara to the Roxy, a dance hall, where everyone ﬁnally meets up. Liz, Barbara and Rita are there; Arthur and Stamp; even Shadrack. Billy is paged on the public phone. All the complications caused by his lying to Barbara and Rita and to his employers suddenly come together to face Billy, but he simply escapes them and walks out with Liz. They make love, and he asks her to marry him. She agrees, but refuses to come to London with him. He returns home to ﬁnd his father has been paging him at the Roxy; his grandmother is seriously ill in the hospital. He takes a taxi there, but she dies just after midnight. Billy has his suitcase, determined to go to London that night. His mother makes a direct appeal to him “We need you at home lad” (p. 174). Billy goes to the station and buys a ticket to London but he does not get on the train. Instead, he sets off toward home, acting an Ambrosia encounter, rather than giving it in speech. At the War Memorial he gives the left-hand salute “head erect, shoulders back#” then “I dropped into a normal step and began the slow walk home” (p. 191). The novel ends on the same note as There is a Happy Land. Many readers see Billy’s return as a failure of nerve. For example, the blurb on the Penguin cover tells the reader exactly what to think using the phrase, “His bang of revolt peters out in an adolescent whimper.” Certainly his longing to go to London runs deep; even his Yorkshire dialect is breaking down. At the pub his stand-up routine got the bird because he let slip the London expression, “Nark it,” for the local “Give over” into the routine. He is, for a second, a Londoner asking his audience to hold off their persecution of his performance. Other interpretations of his staying at home are possible. He may well be responding to his mother’s appeal; he may wish to face down Shadrack before leaving, to demonstrate to Liz that he can stop lying. Again, as in the story of

they were literate. I felt mildly peculiar to be treasuring love-letters for their grammar, but there was nothing else I could treasure them for” (p. 20). This is the ﬁrst reference to Liz, and there is something grown-up and honest in Billy’s feelings here. A man can only have one reputation in a small town, as he can only have one reputation in a family, and Billy, as the spiritual descendent of the boy who claimed to have found Marion’s body, has the reputation of a liar, even among his friends. Or rather, his allies. So, when he leaves home and moves about Stradhoughton, he is careful to keep those he is deceiving apart. His ﬁrst call is to Shadrack and Duxbury, the funeral parlor where he works. Here he spends time with his ally, Arthur, devising comic routines and mocking the accent and backward-looking nostalgia of Councillor Duxbury. They share the office with another clerk they dislike, Stamp. The use of Arthur’s given name and Stamp’s surname is indicative. They go to coffee at a cafe where Rita, the second ﬁancée, works. In the churchyard, Billy meets Barbara, the ﬁrst ﬁancée. Each ﬁancée in her own way is a grotesque. A second visit to Shadrack and Duxbury leads to a pivotal meeting with Shadrack. He refuses to accept Billy’s letter of resignation, which would enable him to go to London, until the matter of the calendars and the postage book is cleared up. After lunch at home, Billy goes for a walk in which he meets Duxbury and listens to his reminiscences; Duxbury however is concerned as a councilor to further the destruction of the buildings in the town that he claims to love. A visit to the local cemetery with Barbara results in the failure of an attempted seduction. It is followed by a return visit to the café to meet Rita, and then by a call at the XL Disc bar, where Billy ﬁnally encounters Liz. Liz is a free spirit; she is the girl whose postcards he kept because they were literate. His evening begins with a visit to a pub where Billy does a stand-up comic routine that is a ﬂop, as usual. He has a need to court humiliation in this way. It is here that he is ﬁnally dubbed Billy Liar, after a publication that is sold around the pubs. Billy’s Weekly Liar, (which was an actual

272

KEITH WATERHOUSE advice, “‘#talk as thi mother and father brought thee up to talk, then. Ah’ve had no education# but that’s no reason for thee to copy the way I talk.’ He spoke sharply but kindly in a voice of authority with some kind of inﬁnite wisdom behind it, and at that moment I felt genuinely ashamed” (p. 93). There is a similar epiphany in Billy’s encounter with his mother at the hospital, when she tells him “we need you at home, lad” (p. 177). In terms of language, Waterhouse opens up for the reader’s inspection the interior monologues that Billy indulges in, and introduces other texts (letters, advertisements, pieces of scripts, songs, and stand-up comic routines) to vary and defocus the underlying narrative line. At one point Billy experiments with using words not as tokens with meaning but as tranches of sound; “the words degenerating into ape-like sounds# increasing in absurdity until I was completely incoherent# ‘A man can lose himself in London#Loo-hoo-hoose himself. Looooooose himself. Himself. Him, himmmmnnn, himnnn, himself’ # and going through all the Joycean variations” (pp. 67–68).

Marion Longbottom, no resolution of these open possibilities is present in the text.

BILLY LIAR AND JAMES JOYCE

The action of Billy Liar falls into three parts. In Chapter 1, Billy hangs around at home making a slow breakfast, in no rush to go into town. Chapters 2 to 11 narrate a series of encounters in Stradhoughton during a morning, afternoon, and evening. Chapters 12 to 14 narrate the events that lead to his returning home well after midnight. If this outline suggests the structure of an earlier, greater comic novel, it is probably intended. The structure derives from James Joyce’s Ulysses and represents a Telemachiad. Telemachus in Homer was the son of Ulysses who wanted to leave home in search of his father; in Joyce Telemachus is represented by Stephen Daedalus, Joyce’s depiction of himself; he ﬁnds his father in Leopold Bloom. As Telemachus, Billy wants to leave home and seek a substitute father (“Boon” is close enough to “Bloom,” after all) and is prevented from leaving by loyalty to his mother, Penelope. There is not, of course, a slavish following of Joyce. This is not pastiche. Rather, both the writing and the reader’s enjoyment of it are enriched by the Joycean touches. In terms of the narrative, Homeric ﬁgures often lie behind the people Billy meets; Billy himself describes his ﬁrst ﬁancée, Barbara, as the Witch, reminding us of Joyce’s (and Homer’s) Circe, who has the power of turning men into hogs. There are also direct quotations. Liz suggests Nausicaa; Homer’s Nausicaa is introduced playing with a ball, Liz is seen working with records, “discs,” similar round objects to the ball. When Billy tells Liz he loves her, “I knelt down on the grass and reached my arm up to her,” (p. 149) in the gesture Ulysses made to Nausicaa. Additionally, Waterhouse has Joycean “epiphanies.” Sometimes, in Homer, a god will take on the shape of one of the people in the action to address another character, and it is only afterwards that the person visited will realize he has spoken to a god. So Councilor Duxbury (Nestor) offers Billy a sudden clear piece of

LATER NOVELS

Much of Waterhouse’s later work is farcical, reminiscent of the work of Tom Sharpe. Interesting adulteries with no commitment to either wife or mistress, office intrigues, and saloon bar jokes at the expense of political correctness characterize such works as Billy Liar on the Moon and Unsweet Charity. They usually climax with some carnival of chaos, such as an opening ceremony for a charity week that ends with a stand-up ﬁght. Of greater achievement are novels like Our Song which relates the obsession of a man for a younger woman, who is subtly drawn. Good Grief is the story of a woman left widowed by a Fleet Street editor who has suggested before he died that she keep a diary to help cope with her grief. Gradually, she uncovers the lies he told her; she was a second wife and he had told her that his ﬁrst wife and daughter did not miss him when he left them. She ﬁnds a letter written by the stepdaughter at the time which pleads with him to return. In the end, she refuses the offer of a

273

KEITH WATERHOUSE down the wind” comes from falconry and means “ﬂy free”). Perhaps its greatest achievement is to take the children’s belief that the hobo is Jesus totally on its own terms, without any irony. The children’s game is the structure of Whistle Down the Wind, which makes it one of the great documents of childhood in ﬁlm, on a par with Rene Clement’s Les Jeux Interdits (Secret Games) (1952) or Victor Erice’s later El Espiritu de la Colmena (The Spirit of the Beehive) (1973). All these ﬁlms share a totally nonironic commitment to the imaginative world of the children they depict, in a manner reminiscent of Waterhouse’s novel There is a Happy Land. Waterhouse and Hall followed up the success of this ﬁrst adaptation by writing a script for Billy Liar; they would later adapt it as a play and later again another pair of writers would turn it into a musical.

séance with him and cries “Get a death!” to him. There are several subtle and varied new relationships formed in her widowhood, with the stepdaughter, with old colleagues of her husband, and with new acquaintances.

ADAPTATION

Willis Hall (born April 6, 1929—died March 7, 2005) was born in the same district of Leeds as Waterhouse and they attended the same schools and youth club, where they began writing together. Hall’s ﬁrst great success was a play, The Long and the Short and the Tall, produced at Edinburgh in 1958. In the professional career of Waterhouse and Hall they made a number of adaptations of works from novel to stage or ﬁlm. Their ﬁrst considerable success was a ﬁlm-script based on Mary Hayley Bell’s novel Whistle Down the Wind. A family of three children growing up in Surrey discover a hobo sleeping in the barn and ask him who he is. Bewildered and shocked, the hobo says “Jesus Christ.” The children take this literally and decide the hobo is in fact Jesus, so they protect him and bring him food. Gradually, the other children in the village are allowed to visit Jesus. But, in truth, Jesus is an escaped murderer. When the police catch up with him, he gives himself up without any fuss rather than endanger the children. He has in fact been redeemed by their adoration, making the novel an interesting essay on the nature of religious faith. Bryan Forbes, the director, was an established movie actor, but had not previously directed. He decided to move the locale of the ﬁlm to the North of England and commissioned a script from Waterhouse and Hall. and bid them to “make it more Northern.” They set it in rural North Lancashire, one of the most remote areas of England; unlike West Yorkshire it has no industries and unlike Surrey it has no middleclass suburbs so the naivety of the children is thus more explicable. The ﬁlm catches the contrast between the restrictive, regulated life of rural society and the freedom offered to the children outside the home within their own group. (The phrase “whistle

BILLY LIAR, THE FILM (1963)

The problems in the adaptation began almost at once. The ﬁlm opens with opening, credit scenes showing streets in various parts of Britain (both working class and suburban) during the broadcast of Housewives, Choice. We see women running from their own houses to bang on the front doors of neighbors whose names have just been read out to make sure they are listening. This contextualizes the Fishers as typical, by placing Mrs. Fisher as one of millions who send in requests to the program. The breakfast scene that opens the ﬁlm proper loses the edge it has in the novel. Billy is played as a broadly clownish ﬁgure by Tom Courtenay with more than a touch of the persona of Norman Wisdom, a contemporary ﬁlm clown who specialized in sad-sack roles, with ill-ﬁtting clothes and gauche mannerisms. The novel uses the inner monologue of Billy to point out the monotony of life in the family, the fact that there could be no new experience in the face of the inability to vary their language shown by his parents and grandmother. All this is lost. Deciding against voice-over, Waterhouse and Hall use instead an intercut fantasy shot of Billy using a spray machine gun to blast away those who an-

274

KEITH WATERHOUSE the lack of speech, we know exactly what is being said. It is a classic example of ﬁlm at its best, and demonstrates that those who wish to communicate always will. In the ﬁlm, rather than insisting that she is going to Doncaster, Liz invites Billy to go to London with her. He buys a ticket and joins her on the train, then. becomes increasingly uncomfortable and insists he should buy some drinks for the journey. Billy goes to buy two cartons of milk and deliberately delays until the train departs then runs onto the platform and throws the cartons after the train in pretended rage. We see Liz looking out wistfully from the train window, still hoping he will join her, but she has put his suitcase on the platform. Billy has ﬁnally become what everyone calls him, a liar who deceives himself about his own wishes and motivations. If this suggests that the ﬁlm is coarser in tone and narratively more restricted than the book, it must also be said that the script does not disappoint. The ﬁlm was a success and where Whistle down the Wind made reputations for Bryan Forbes and Alan Bates, Billy Liar made reputations for John Schlesinger and Julie Christie. Waterhouse and Hall were established as lucky writers, whose work was welcomed by professionals and the public alike.

noy him; the No. 14 tram now stops at Billy’s anger. The Ambrosia scenes represent a succession of military parades and open-air rallies; their only function is to place Billy at the center of attention of crowds of people. It has been suggested above that the novel leaves two interesting points open. The ﬁrst is the question of whether Billy’s belief that he could make a living script writing in London was practical or not. The second is the question of whether Billy’s decision not to take the London train represents running away from a chance to make good, or accepting the responsibilities of clearing up the mess at Shadrack and Duxbury and supporting his mother following his grandmother’s death. The ﬁlm closes both of these open questions. Danny Boon is introduced in person; he is in Stradhoughton to open a supermarket. Billy exposes himself to humiliation to introduce himself to Boon in his hotel. Boon makes it clear that there is not much hope of Billy’s working for him; only as a sop does he suggest Billy might send in some more material. His claim not to employ anyone is made while he is surrounded by minders and personal assistants. The scene has the effect of diminishing our faith in Billy. It is reminiscent of the sort of situation that Norman Wisdom regularly encounters in his ﬁlms and comes near to sharing Wisdom’s failure as a comic actor, which derives from the fact that he tries to make the audience feel sorry for him. Without the constraint of the interior monologues, the narrative line breaks down and Billy becomes merely an eccentric, whom nobody understands, the archetype of the teenager. Much of the interest shifts to Liz, played by Julie Christie. In the interval between the writing of the book and the making of the ﬁlm, life had become much freer and relaxed. Liz represents the spirit of the late sixties. Content within her own style, warm and friendly, she moves through the ﬁlm like the future. In a splendid scene, she knocks on a shop window to attract someone she knows. The camera ﬁlms from the inside and the outside of the window alternately in such a way that we can never hear what the two characters are saying, but we can see them talking. Despite

LATER PLAYS

Two of Waterhouse’s later plays Mr. and Mrs. Nobody and Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell were West End successes. They are both adaptations; the ﬁrst is a two-hander, the second a one-man show, each with a small supporting cast. The plays consider the limits of the comic approach to life.

MR. AND MRS. NOBODY (FIRST PRODUCTION 1986)

The minor classic, The Diary of a Nobody, written by George and Weedon Grossmith and illustrated by Weedon Grossmith, ﬁrst appeared in 1892. The book has always been enormously popular with English readers and has never been

275

KEITH WATERHOUSE out of print. It was the product of collaboration between the two brothers. George (1847–1912) was one of the most celebrated performers in the Savoy productions of the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan; his brother Weedon (1854–1919) was trained as an artist, but had no success painting and switched to the theater, where he was an actor, a manager and a playwright. They collaborated on a series of sketches in Punch which formed the basis of the book. The humor is quiet and understated in a totally English way. The “nobody” is a clerk in the city of London, Charles Pooter, who lives in the suburb of Holloway (about ﬁve miles from the City) with his wife Carrie. The action is episodic. Friends, especially Gowing and Cummings, call; there are teas and encounters with tradesmen and servants; there is a ball given by the Lord Mayor of London, where the local paper misspells the Pooters’ name on the guest list. Charles improves the home by buying tins of red varnish and painting everything—furniture, the backs of books, the bath. Finally, the paint comes off while he is in the bath and he ends up “looking like a second Marat, as I remember him at Madame Tussaud’s” (Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell and Other Plays, p. 84).

CARRIE: ‘Doesn’t it seem odd that one of you is always arriving while the other is always leaving?’

(p. 84)

There is a serious point being made here. Carrie is driven to silent fury by Charles’s entire approach. He fails to mend the window sashes or the bells in the house, but spends time painting ﬂowerpots and bricks. The climax comes over the question of the house itself. Carrie loathes the house in Holloway. It is right on the railway line and smoke and noise (brilliantly represented onstage in the West End production) ﬁll the sitting room. Carrie negotiates to move to Peckham, but at the last moment a telegram arrives from Charles at work saying that his employer has bought the house and presented it to them. Carrie weeps; she is trapped in this house she hates. Charles takes her tears for tears of joy. “Dear, good Charlie. I shall make the best of this misfortune and make The Laurels as pretty a little home as it can be” she writes in her last diary entry (p. 121). There is a point where amiability and good humor fail. Perceptiveness counts, too. Charles never sees what he has done. (They embrace each other, CARRIE weeping again as the curtain falls.) (p.122)

Waterhouse wrote “[an] impertinent but affectionate pastiche” called Mrs. Pooter’s Diary (p. 7) which represented a diary kept by Carrie. When he decided to to write the play, Waterhouse intercut the Grossmith original with his own work. In the resultant scenes, Carrie is aware of Charles’s diary while he is unaware of hers. While they carry on their writing ignoring each other, Carrie sometimes reacts to deﬂate Charles. Charles is notoriously partial to his own jokes. At one point, Cummings drops in and leaves almost at once; Gowing then arrives. Charlie says:

JEFFREY BERNARD IS UNWELL (FIRST PRODUCTION 1989)

Jeffrey Bernard (1932–1997) was a supreme raconteur who wrote a column called “Low Life” for the Spectator magazine from 1978 on, and the play is based on this column, which didn’t always appear. Sometimes he was too drunk to produce anything and the paper printed the explanation “Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell.” At least once there was a variant. “Jeffrey Bernard’s column does not appear his week, as it is remarkably similar to that which he wrote last week.” ( p. 41). The column was dubbed by a friend “a suicide note in weekly instalments.” Bernard was well known around Soho for his refusal to live conventionally. Waterhouse

‘Doesn’t it seem odd that Gowing’s always coming and Cummings always going?” (While CHARLES is convulsed in silent laughter, CARRIE notes the joke as she remembers it.)

276

KEITH WATERHOUSE the cause that wit is in other men.” (Henry IV Part 2, Act 1 scene 2) this gives Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell lasting value. The play opens with the reading of a poem to Jeff by Elizabeth Smart, originally published in the Spectator: “My dear Jeff / I can’t say enough / how much I admire / the way you have / conducted your entire / life, and the way you have / used your marvellous Muse#”

describes him as “in his mid-ﬁfties still moving#in the same raffish circles that most of us make a strategic withdrawal from in our late twenties or early thirties as marriages and mortgages close in. Jeff I saw as the eternal truant.” (p. 8). He was celebrated as a hard drinker, but that in itself would not make him of interest. Summing it up, Waterhouse writes “It is a play about friendship, about failure, about coming to terms with life. Rambling it is— deliberately, following the haphazard pattern of Jeff’s ramshackle career” (p. 13). The success of the play does not depend on knowing the people who are the subjects of Bernard’s anecdotes. Anecdotes survive as miniature treatments of human behaviour if they have any value in themselves, and Bernard is a symbolic type. He ﬁrst arrives in Soho at the age of fourteen, when it is the haunt of “Dylan Thomas, Francis Bacon, Lucien Freud#French Vera, No Knickers Joyce” (p. 37) and he decides that this is where he will spend his life. It is an existential choice and he takes the consequences of his choice. Waterhouse found the structure of the play by remembering an anecdote about another friend who once got locked in a club after it closed. He has Bernard locked in The Coach and Horses, his favourite Soho pub, overnight. He desperately tries to phone the landlord, the notoriously surly Norman Balon, who also found fame partly as a result of the play. While Jeff tries to reach Balon he reminisces. A group of four actors play the roles of those he meets, providing a series of varied vignettes. The play was ﬁrst produced in 1989 with Peter O’Toole in the title role, and there is an available ﬁlmed record of his performance on stage. When it was revived with Tom Conti in 2006, Michael Billington in a Guardian review expressed surprise: “#something in the climate has changed. In a world that oscillates uneasily between moral puritanism and sanctioned hedonism, Jeffrey Bernard now seems less a deﬁant nonconformist than a dated anachronism” (The Guardian, 2006) Billington wonders why it was revived at all. The answer that made the boldest claim would be that Jeff is like Falstaff: “not only witty in myself, but

(Her voice fades as we lose the spot. Darkness. Pause. Then a groan, a stirring, and the sound of a head hitting a piece of furniture.) JEFF: Shit! (#blundering about#he switches on a single wall light. He is in his shirtsleeves and has been using his jacket for a pillow#he looks at the pub clock.) Five in the morning. Mark you, that’s pub time. It’s only ten to really.

(pp. 1–2)

This is a strong introduction. There is the contrast between idealism of the poem and the reality of the Coach and Horses, and the optimistic grasping for the best of the habitual drunk (“It’s only ten to really.”) (He is about to pour himself a large vodka when he pauses and cries feebly.) Help! (Pouring the vodka) #So nobody can say I didn’t try to get out.

(p. 2)

But now that the situation is established, it is up to Jeff to prove he has a “marvellous Muse.” A series of anecdotes follow linked to the theme of waking up in the wrong place. There was a bloke who woke up at dawn in the back stalls of a cinema in Dover. “All he could remember was a poster for High Noon in the foyer and the fact that he’d got married#the previous day#He’s divorced now. He can’t even bring his ex-wife’s name to mind, but he does remain a very great fan of Gary Cooper” (p. 2). This takes him to waking up in a ﬁeld while working on the Sporting Life and being ﬁred from the Sporting Life.

277

KEITH WATERHOUSE One of the supporting cast now reads the letter of dismissal while Jeff intercuts the story of the occasion which brought on the editor’s wrath— being too drunk to make a speech at a formal dinner on behalf of the paper, since he had been drinking all day because of nerves. He concludes after the reading: “Some people are in the habit of writing angry letters to the press#. The Press is in the habit of writing angry letters to me” (p. 3). He follows up with an angry letter from Miles Kington of Punch and one from Michael Molly of the Daily Mirror:

ably happy, sane stage hand. She’s dead now#God forgive you and rest in peace, Elizabeth. And if anyone writes to tell me you only get out of life what you put into it, I might just kill them.”

(p. 21)

He falls asleep remembering a less complimentary poem by one of his mistresses and smoking a cigarette. Act Two is darker. We ﬁnd Jeff has set the sofa on ﬁre as he slept and is putting it out with an old pair of cricket ﬂannels and a soda siphon. “This—is going to do—my reputation—no good—whatsoever. Such as it is. How absurd“ (p. 23). His reﬂections on the absurd remind him of an old drinking companion, Eva Johansen, who had died after setting ﬁre to her bed and who wrote to Jeff a few months before her death, “So I have no ﬂat, no job, no lover, no income and#no prospects. Even my cat has left me. I keep#expecting fear and all I’m getting is exhilaration#there’s nothing more they can do to me.” (p. 24) Finding a biscuit tin, he tries a trick with an egg, a glass of water, and the biscuit tin “that Keith Waterhouse used to do#You need a good unsteady hand# (He does the egg trick which, it is to be hoped, works) I wish I hadn’t done that.” [If it doesn’t work, and the egg should be hard-boiled just in case: Sorry about that Norman.] (pp. 24–25) But the anecdotes in Act Two begin to center on those friends who have already died, and the shaking caused by drink is more evident. Norman’s arrival at the end of the play comes as a relief. It is almost intolerable for Jeff to be locked in the pub, spinning his life into anecdotes for the audience. He stirs as he sees a shadow ﬂit past the window# “Come on Godot!# (To himself softly )And life does go on, whatever proof there may be to the contrary# Come on Norman!” (p. 37) Creative writing always comes at a cost. Bernard paid in terms of debt, ill health and failed relationships. Like Eva Johansen, he often found himself with nothing. For all his talent, he never had a staff appointment for a paper; he always faced the insecurity of the freelance.

JEFF: One day I was asked to write my autobiography and I put a letter in the Spectator asking if anyone could tell me what I was doing between 1960 and 1974. MOLLY: #On a certain evening in September 1969 you rang my mother to inform her that you were going to murder her only son. If you would like further information I can put you in touch with many people who have enjoyed similar bizarre experiences in your company#

(p. 3)

This is the other side; many people have suffered from Jeff’s actions, from those who have had their furniture set on ﬁre by Jeff’s careless smoking habits to women who have tried to love him. Trying to call Norman again, he says: Come on Norman, some of us have got homes to go to#Though now I come to think about it, some of us haven’t. (He #brings out a suitcase and a couple of carrier bags stuffed with possessions) Women again. Why haven’t they got labels on their heads saying “Danger. Government health warning: women can seriously damage your brains#current account, conﬁdence, razor blades and good standing among your friends”? #This was a throwing out job. At least I was allowed access to my worldly goods.

(pp. 9–10)

The ﬁrst act ends with another reading by Elizabeth Smart: “It’s terrible to think that dear Elizabeth got me my ﬁrst job in journalism#Until then I was a reason-

278

KEITH WATERHOUSE REPUTATION

The Collected Letters of a Nobody: including Mr Pooter’s Advice to his Son. London: Michael Joseph, 1986. Our song. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1988. Bimbo. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990. Unsweet Charity. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1992. Good Grief. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1997. Soho, or, Alex in Wonderland. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001. Palace Pier. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2003.

In 2003, Waterhouse produced a novel, Palace Pier, whose central character, Murray Gibbs, looks back to the sixties when he wrote a ﬁrst novel that had no success and a second that was rejected as being too much like Kingsley Amis’ Lucky Jim. After that Gibbs, unlike Waterhouse, stopped writing. Waterhouse’s ﬁrst two novels are certainly among his best work. They do not attract the readership they deserve, perhaps, because they are strongly regional in character and uncompromisingly working-class. It is this that distinguishes Billy Liar from Lucky Jim, as well as the fact that its humor is more subtle and varied Waterhouse remains a writer of limpid clarity, with a genuine vision of modern English life.

PLAYS

Billy Liar. London: Michael Joseph, 1960. Celebration. London: Michael Joseph, 1961. All Things Bright and Beautiful. London: Michael Joseph, 1963. England, Our England. A revue. Book and lyrics by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall. Music by Dudley Moore. London, Evans Plays, 1963. Say Who You Are: A comedy. London: Evans Plays, 1966. Who’s Who? A comedy. London: Waterhall Productions, 1972. Saturday, Sunday, Monday, a play by Eduardo de Filippo, adapted by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall. New York, London : Samuel French, 1974; London Heinemann 1974. Children’s Day: a play. New York, London, Samuel French, 1975. The Card. Musical in two acts. Music and lyrics by Tony Hatch and Jackie Trent. Book by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall. Adapted from the novel by Arnold Bennett. London : Josef Weinberger, 1976. Filumena: a play by Eduardo de Filippo, adapted by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall. London : French, 1978. Whoops-a-daisy. London: French, 1978. Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell: a play. New York, London: Samuel French, 1991.

Selected Bibliography WORKS OF KEITH WATERHOUSE NOVELS

There is a Happy Land. London: Michael Joseph, 1957. Billy Liar. London: Michael Joseph, 1959. Jubb. London: Michael Joseph, 1963. The Bucket Shop. London: Michael Joseph, 1968. Billy Liar on the Moon. London: Michael Joseph, 1975. Offıce Life. London: Michael Joseph, 1978. In the Mood. London: Michael Joseph, 1983. Mrs Pooter’s Diary. London: Michael Joseph, 1983. Thinks. London: Michael Joseph, 1984.

ARTICLES

Wroe, Nicholas “A Legend in his Lunchtime”, The Guardian, Saturday April 14 2001. www.guardian.co.uk/ Archive/Article/0,4273,4170219,00.html

279

JOHN WYNDHAM (1903–1969)

Fred Bilson During the war he worked censoring mail, but in 1944 he took part in the invasion of Normandy as a corporal cipher operator in the Royal Corps of Signals. After the war, his brother, Vivian, who had studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and become an actor, turned to writing and between 1948 and 1951 produced four moderately successful thrillers. It was possibly this that inspired Wyndham to change his approach to writing, abandoning the harder science of the earlier ﬁction in favor of a more approachable narrative style, which made his work more accessible to a readership that did not generally take in science ﬁction. He described his approach as “logical fantasy”; in this, ordinary people are forced to cope with the logical consequences of some change in the environment, generally cataclysmic. In 1951 Collier’s magazine in the United States serialized The Revolt of the Triffıds, which appeared as a novel under Wyndham’s preferred title The Day of the Triffıds. It was the ﬁrst of a succession of signiﬁcant novels. He lived quietly in Petersﬁeld, Hampshire, shunning publicity, and died on March 11, 1969.

IN 1951 JOHN Wyndham was one of a hundred competent, undistinguished science ﬁction hacks. He was forty-eight years old, had volunteered for active service in World War II despite his age, and had no settled occupation. What he did then was to reinvent himself as a writer, change the tone of his writing completely, and produce in The Day of the Triffıds one of the most successful books of the postwar period. From then on he was to enjoy a career as one of the most widely read authors of his day.

LIFE

John Wyndham was born John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris on July 10, 1903, in Knowle, Warwickshire, England. His father, George Beynon Harris, was a barrister from South Wales. Gertrude Parkes, Wyndham’s mother, was the daughter of an ironmaster. Wyndham and his younger brother, Vivian Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris (1906–1987), were very close all their lives. Until 1911 the family lived in Edgbaston, one of the most prosperous areas of Birmingham. At this point the parents separated and Mrs. Harris and the children moved from place to place. However, the boys’ childhood was not unhappy. Wyndham left Bedales School in Petersﬁeld, Hampshire, at age eighteen and then studied farming. He also started to train as a lawyer and tried advertising before turning to writing in 1925, and from 1930 until World War II in 1939 he wrote science ﬁction stories, mostly for the U.S. market; he also published in England. He wrote under a variety of pen names, generally selecting two of his given names. A number of novels, including one detective novel, were published before World War II.

EARLY FICTION: “WORLDS TO BARTER” (1931)

Even at school Wyndham had been able to write with facility, and it is evident from this early published story (under the name John Beynon Harris in Wonder Stories, May 1931) that he had mastered the techniques necessary for success in science ﬁction: he shows lightness of touch, manages the use of double-narrator structures to control the strangeness of incidents, and suggests the world in which scientists live rather than expounding scientiﬁc theory. Appearance rather than motivation marks the characters; the author

281

JOHN WYNDHAM writes as though scripting for the illustrator. The story begins:

Professor Lestrange was an act of real bravery. Since both these references are to events still in their future, they baffle the Professor and Harry. The mystery is increased by the fact that the visitor does not reveal his identity at this point. The story now moves to an internal narrative told by Jon about the world of 2145. Invaders have arrived in this world, but they are not aliens; they are our own descendants from half a million years in the future, transformed by evolution. They communicate by pure thought. Because the world of their time is dying, they propose that they should take over the earth of 2145 and ship the current population into their time. Meeting with a refusal, they arrange a demonstration of their power. They turn off the power in the Lestrange batteries. Jon’s account is graphic.

Outside the tall laboratory windows, the Sun shone brightly on the gardens #that kind of June morning when everything seems for the best#. Professor Lestrange and myself#had already been working for three and a half severely practical hours. Lestrange, in that year 1945, was not unlike the photographs, taken ten years later, that now adorn the text-books. (Sleepers of Mars, p. 61)

The function of the ﬁrst narrator, Harry Wright, assistant to Lestrange, is to present as normal what is outside the experience of the reader—the world of fourteen years in the future. This normality is about to be disrupted. There is a terriﬁc crash, then half way up the room#lay a piece of machinery. A few feet from it sprawled the ﬁgure of a man#. For a few seconds he gazed about#then alarm seized him. “Quick!” he said. “Some string. Quick!” (p. 62)

I was in the city; the roar of the city’s life rose through my open windows. One moment, busy hubbub and bright lights; the next, silence and darkness. It was a quiet#during which men died; during which cages dropped down mines#surgeons cut too deep.

The stranger loops the string over a lever on the machine, and gives “a jerky pull#. There was no machine” (p. 62). Science ﬁction is strongly intertextual; writers regularly borrow from other writers. The machine on which the man has arrived, a rickety framework with a few simple dials and levers and a habit of simply disappearing from sight, echoes H. G. Wells’s description of the time machine in the story of the same name. The reader recognizes it at once for what it is and understands that the only explanation for the man’s presence is that he has come from the future. However, by a conventional irony of the genre, Lestrange and Wright ﬁnd it difficult to believe Jon Lestrange, their visitor. Wyndham handles the encounter with a lightness of touch, exempliﬁed by the fact that the ﬁrst thing Jon asks for after a journey of two hundred years is some string. He happens to have arrived a few years earlier than he had calculated and baffles Lestrange by hailing him as the inventor of the Lestrange battery, the only source of power in his world, and telling Harry that his rescue of

From below there came a scream, and, as if at that signal, a murmuring rose; the voice of the crowd growing louder and louder, wilder and wilder. (p. 80–81)

Jon and his lover Mary escape on two time machines, but she alters the setting by accident and is lost. The story ends with another arrival in the laboratory. It is Mary. Some patron saint has guided her, Jon says; she has only altered the setting by six hours. He turns to the professor. “If you please, greatgreat-great-grandfather#I should like another piece of string” (p. 88). The dichotomy in this story between the light, easy outer narrative and the dark inner narrative is at the heart of much of Wyndham. One the one hand, science ﬁction was optimistic—it looked at a future of Lestrange batteries providing cheap power for everyone. On the other hand, there was the profoundly pessimistic acceptance of the possibility of sudden disaster, of immediate, total, and irreversible catastrophe.

282

JOHN WYNDHAM WYNDHAM AND H. G. WELLS

THE DAY OF THE TRIFFIDS (1951)

Criticism of Wyndham tends to tackle the change of direction that led to the success of The Day of the Triffıds in terms of decisions by the writer himself, but another question that arises is why there should suddenly be a large market for science ﬁction for the ﬁrst time since H. G. Wells’s classic “scientiﬁc romances” ﬁfty years before. Wells was both a scientist and a socialist; he believed science would bring immense beneﬁts to a society that was socialist and therefore paciﬁst. His science ﬁction is an allegory of living with these two beliefs—science and socialism—in a society blinded by religion and militarism. Though Wyndham is no socialist, he stands shoulder to shoulder with Wells in the belief that we live within a social world; the characters of both writers respond to the challenges posed by external situation rather than existing in the world of the inner life. Wells offered ideas to a late-Victorian, early-Edwardian public faced with scientiﬁc challenges, the threat of war, labor unrest at home, and possible civil war in Ireland. His message was that history could be understood and changed. He offered characters formed by their schooling, their work experience, their disappointments and dreams— for example, the title characters of Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul (1905) and The History of Mr. Polly (1910). When Wyndham wrote The Day of the Triffıds in 1951, World War II was just over; World War III might be only weeks away. In Britain middle-class values seemed under threat from the welfare state. Consciously or unconsciously, Wyndham responded to the anxiety created by these external conditions. The irony is that Wyndham, for all his devotion to Wells, shares almost none of his values. He is a libertarian rather than a socialist, pessimistic about progress, pessimistic about society as a collective. His work constantly subverts Wells, as we shall see, by deliberately reversing the drive of Wells’s work. Wyndham is a more controlled stylist than Wells; above all, he has no time for Wells’s comic touches, which he generally avoids imitating.

The novel represents Wyndham’s reinvention of himself and his writing. What is striking about The Day of the Triffıds is the way in which the scientiﬁc element in the book is backgrounded in favor of the human interest of the story of Bill Masen and Josella Payton and the development of their relationship. Wyndham handles the disaster and its consequences by looking at it through the eyes of two middle-class English lovers and a small group of their acquaintances, none of whom is presented as a comic character. Furthermore, they are all intelligent and introspective and capable of self-expression; they analyze the situation they ﬁnd and respond to it by changes in their behavior. They disagree about what survival requires and how to attain it; they change their views as the situation develops. Chapter 1 (“The End Begins”) opens with Bill Masen waking up in a hospital with a feeling of unease. “When a day that you happen to know is Wednesday starts off by sounding like Sunday, there is something seriously wrong somewhere” (p. 1). It is eight o’clock, and no one comes to take off the bandage that covers his whole head, including his eyes. It is part of the treatment for an accident that might have blinded him. “The way I came to miss the end of the world—well, the end of the world as I had known it for nearly thirty years—was sheer accident, like a lot of survival when you come to think of it” (p. 1), and it was due entirely to the bandages. This is the morning they are due to come off. The previous night (Tuesday, May 7) there had been a sensational display in the sky caused by comet debris that produced intense green ﬂashes. It had stirred great excitement, and everybody who could had watched. Masen, of course, had missed it. He had regretted this: “it helped to impress on me what it is to be sightless. I got round to feeling that if the treatment had not been successful, I’d rather end the whole thing than go on that way” (p. 5). When no one comes to take the bandages off, he removes them himself and explores the hospital. He is aware of a vague sound of voices,

283

JOHN WYNDHAM pear to communicate with each other. Masen becomes fascinated by triffids and goes to work with them. He is stung several times—the last occasion is the one that hospitalizes him. The world’s habituation to risk taking is also seen in the use of orbital satellites to carry weapon systems, including nuclear and biological weapons; Masen will suggest that the green ﬂashes were not comet dust but a malfunctioning weapon system. The narrative now resumes on May 8. Masen wanders about London with no deﬁnite plan, hungry but unwilling to take food from a shop. “I was not yet ready to admit, after nearly thirty years of a reasonably right-respecting existence#that things had changed in any fundamental way. There was too a feeling that as long as I remained my normal self, things might#return to their normal” (p. 41). He ﬁnds a delicatessen whose window has been smashed by a taxi, takes food, and leaves money. Blinded people are ﬁnding unblinded helpers (sometimes small children) to help them select items from the shops. But this process has an ugly side. Masen rescues an unblinded girl from a blinded man who has secured her with a cord. The girl, Josella Playton, has avoided being blinded because she was asleep, heavily sedated, at the time of the comet display; she has left her blinded father at home, and she and Masen commandeer an automobile to get her back to her house. Here Masen is stung by a triffid, but the injury is comparatively minor. He destroys the triffid and ﬁnds the poison sac empty. At the house they ﬁnd that all the members of the household have been killed by triffids that have escaped from a nearby park; normally they have been kept shackled, but they have managed to free themselves. Masen and Josella return to central London, take clothes and triffid guns from shops, and spend the night in a luxury ﬂat (except that it has no hot water). In the night they see a light shining in the sky like a beacon. They become lovers. The light is shining from the tower at the Senate House of London University. The next day Masen and Josella drive to the entrance to ﬁnd a

of the noise of shuffling movement, and of screams from the street outside. The ﬁrst person he meets is a doctor, “but it was curious he should be crouching against a wall and feeling his way along” (p. 10). There is nothing to show he is blind. “His eyes were wide open and apparently looking straight at me.” Masen takes Dr. Soames to his room, where the phone turns out to be dead. “Slowly his expression changed. The irritability and the harassed lines faded away. He looked simply tired.” He asks Masen where the window is. “Before I had realized what he was doing he had launched himself full at it and crashed through#. I didn’t look to see. After all, it was the ﬁfth ﬂoor” (p. 11). Needing a drink, Masen leaves the hospital and stops in at a pub called the Alamein Arms. The blind landlord is desperately drunk on gin instead of the whisky he has been searching for; Masen ﬁnds the whisky bottle and hands it to him. The landlord puts together the pieces of the puzzle; it is the comet debris that has blinded everyone. The landlord says that when his wife discovered that both she and the children were blind, she had gassed herself and them; he will do the same when he has worked up a little courage. Masen drinks up a couple of brandies and goes “out into the silent street” (p. 16). Chapter 2 (“The Coming of the Triffids”) takes the narrative back in time to relate the ﬁrst appearance of the triffid, the plant whose sting had landed Masen in the hospital. Its origins (both geographic and biological) are unknown, but it ﬁrst comes to attention when an adventurer called Palanguez shows a sample of its oil to a representative of a company producing edible oils. Heavily bribed, he smuggles a box of triffid seed out of the Soviet Union, but the plane in which he is escaping with the seed is shot down and the seed is accidentally broadcast all over the world. Triffids begin to grow everywhere. Masen places the triffid in a technology pushed to the extreme to feed the world’s growing population, a world habituated to risk taking. For example, although the triffid has a devastatingly dangerous sting, the practice of docking the stingers is abandoned in order to increase productivity. Triffids (which eat carrion) also develop the ability to walk and ap-

284

JOHN WYNDHAM Masen ﬁnds that Josella has disappeared. He checks at the university, ﬁnds an address chalked on a wall (TEYNSHAM MANOR, TEYNSHAM, nr DEVIZES, WILTS). He sets off for this address and on the way picks up Coker. They arrive at the manor, each with a truckload of supplies, to ﬁnd it is being run by Miss Durrant, one of the original party from the university, as a Christian community, supporting many blinded people. She has only ﬁve sighted helpers. Michael Beadley and his party have left to set up a community elsewhere, unable to accept Miss Durrant’s regime. Masen and Coker set off to ﬁnd Beadley but are deliberately misdirected by Miss Durrant, who wants to put them into a position where they must return to Teynsham. After a wild-goose chase, during which they join up with another group of survivors, Croker suggests they return to Teynsham and try to help there. He has already restored the electricity supply during his previous visit. Masen decides, however, to look for Josella, following her to a place she had mentioned in north Surrey. On his way (alone for the ﬁrst time), he becomes prey to despair. He ﬁnds in one village a young sighted girl, Susan, whose brother Tommy has just been killed by a triffid. “Will we bury him—like the puppies?” she asks. “In all that overwhelming disaster that was the only grave I dug—and it was a very small one” (p. 180). Finally reunited with Josella at a farm called Shirning, Masen ﬁnds he cannot set off for Teynsham at once. One of the group at the farm is recovering from a triffid sting and one is expecting a baby, which arrives safely. Three weeks later Masen drives to Teynsham but ﬁnds the plague has hit it, and those who have not died have evacuated it. A notice pinned to the door has been torn away. Masen and Josella live for several years on the farm, and their son David is born safely, but it becomes clear that they are losing the battle against the triffids. They are saved by the appearance of a helicopter. The pilot comes from the community led by Beadley, of which Croker and other survivors from Teynsham are members. They now number some three hundred and have taken over the Isle of Wight, which they have

crowd of several hundred blinded people there led by an unblinded man (his name is Coker, we later discover, and he had been hiding from the police in a cellar at the time of the blinding; he is a labor agitator). Coker is quarreling with those on duty at the gate. They should be helping the blinded to ﬁnd food until someone arrives to clear up the mess, he says. Those on duty refuse and disperse the crowd by ﬁring a gun over their heads. Josella says, “He was right.” Masen replies, “He was right#. And yet he was quite wrong too#there is no ‘they’ to come to clear up this mess#. Either we can set out to save what can be saved from the wreck # or we can devote ourselves to stretching the lives of these people a little longer. That is the most objective view I can take” (p. 85). They are welcomed at the university and join a group of about thirty-ﬁve people (of whom twenty-eight are unblinded). The organizer of the group, Michael Beadley, sends them off to scrounge for supplies. The plan is to leave London the following day. A conference is held that evening to lay down the rules for survival: isolation in a large house in the country for at least a year, till it is safe to forage again. Any woman who comes must be prepared to have children. Each man must have three wives—two unsighted. Coker sets off a ﬁre alarm during the night and captures both Masen and Josella, who are separated and forced to be the eyes for a group of blinded people, tied to two of them who act as guards. They scour a given area of London for food and live in one of the hotels. After a few days the blinded begin to fall ill and to die of a plague. Others fall victim to the triffids. Coker’s plan has clearly failed. A blinded girl of about eighteen offers herself to Masen if he will stay with her and her family. He refuses, and they die of the plague—when the girl falls ill, Masen ﬁnds her a poison to end her suffering. “So futile and it might all have been so different,” she says as she dies. He reﬂects, “There was a thing that made it still more futile—I wondered how many would have said ‘Take me with you,’ where she had said, ‘Stay with us.’ And I never even knew her name” (p. 126).

285

JOHN WYNDHAM and then to the outside world, following the chance discovery of a longboat from the ship on which he had been wrecked. Gulliver’s Travels is an important book for two reasons. Both in the story of Lilliput in Book I and in later adventures in the other three Books, there are two features that make the reading enjoyable and proﬁtable. The ﬁrst is that Swift is always intellectually engaged with the model he has created; he delights in working out what Gulliver must observe in a world of people only six inches tall (a seamstress sewing with a needle and thread invisible to Gulliver, for example). The reader participates in this as an intellectual game, and writers can develop it; T. H. White wrote a children’s novel, Mistress Masham’s Repose (1946), that carried on the Lilliput game by considering the life led by a group of Lilliputians brought to England. The second factor that gives Swift’s work consequence is its satiric purpose. Gulliver in part represents Swift himself as he had been ten years before he wrote the book: a frequenter of the court of the stubborn and stupid Queen Anne, who appears as a Lilliputian. Swift had felt himself frustrated in his pursuit of promotion in the Church by the actions of small men. What better revenge than to shrink them to six-inch size and expose their triviality? Wyndham, like Swift, has created an engaging model. What would a sighted man see or do in a world of the unsighted? That model is clear in the London scenes, in vignettes such as when Masen meets a man who has been blind since long before the comet. When Masen explains the situation, the man gives “a short, bitter laugh,” says “They’ll be needing all their damned patronage for them selves now,” and goes off “with an exaggerated air of independence” (p. 43). On a more general level, Wyndham represents well the way in which Masen brings himself to start looting. The scenes outside London are less achieved. Wyndham seems concerned with telling a tale of migration and settlement and does not always follow through the logic of the situation he has created. For example, he has Masen go off to London after four years at Shirning. Masen is

cleared of triffids. Before Masen and Josella can join him, they are visited by Torrence, who is building a militaristic mini-state, with the unsighted as slaves; he insists at gunpoint that they join his scheme. They pretend to agree and get Torrence and his men drunk at dinner. At night they sneak out of the house, get into a vehicle, and then crash through the gates of the farm. Torrence and his men try to follow, but Masen has put honey in their gas tanks. The engines stall and Torrence is at the mercy of the triffids, who come in through the gates Masen has broken down in his escape. So Masen, Josella, and their son come to the Isle of Wight, from which one day they expect to embark on the “great crusade to drive the triffids back and back and [wipe] them from the land they have usurped” (p. 233).

STRUCTURE OF THE DAY OF THE TRIFFIDS

The novel opens with Bill Masen lying helpless on a hospital bed, with a bandage bound around his eyes, listening to vague and incomprehensible sounds. Yesterday he had been the only unsighted man in a hospital full of sighted people; today he is the only sighted man in a hospital full of the unsighted. It is a powerful and emblematic image that most readers never forget; it brings home how sudden, complete, and irreversible the effect of the comet has been. The image is reminiscent of the beginning of Book 1 of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726). Gulliver lies helpless on the shore of Lilliput, bound hand and foot and similarly hearing vague and incomprehensible human voices. The problem for the writer in both these cases is that, with an initial image that so strongly encapsulates the entire situation, it is difficult to drive a narrative line forward from that point. In Swift’s case he must answer the obvious questions. Who has done this? Why? In effect, the answers constitute the entire narrative of Book 1. Swift’s narrative consists of a series of Gulliver’s encounters with the Lilliputians, but it is progressive because the hatred and fear the Lilliputians feel for Gulliver grow until he must escape, ﬁrst to the neighboring island of Blefuscu

286

JOHN WYNDHAM indispensable to Shirning, but he sets off alone—in a truck that has not been professionally serviced in four years through an England occupied by crazed humans and starving trifﬁds—to pick up some “scarce necessity” (p. 198). Sometimes, though, Wyndham remembers the essentials, such as when Mason offers a cigarette to Josella six years after their arrival at Shirning: “I opened a vacuum-packed tin of cigarettes and lit one for each of us” (p. 211). But in the country scenes this is a rare moment of engagement with the model. It is possible that the London episodes are stronger because they represent the sort of scenes Wyndham had witnessed during the war; the death of Dr. Soames reads very like descriptions of the way that badly wounded men die. Further, the management of the narrative is often disrupted by an intrusive sentimentality, as in the account of the unnamed girl who dies of plague because she will not leave her parents (p. 126) or the burial of Tommy (p. 180). The triffids, too, are puzzling. Before the comet they are kept tethered and fed; afterward they free themselves and kill humans and animals for food. Yet in the country scenes they mill around the settlements, sometimes for years, trying to get at the humans, expending energy but not having any obvious source of food, in deﬁance of the laws of metabolism. Predators that wipe out all their prey die of hunger. There is a paradox here; Wyndham seems to believe that nature favors the ruthless (the triffids). It doesn’t: it favors those species that ﬁnd a suitable niche to occupy. And the triffids have not done that. These objections are small in scale but cumulatively signiﬁcant. Unfortunately, in many ways The Day of the Triffıds is not good science ﬁction. Despite this, it has inspired a sequel. Simon Clark’s The Night of the Triffıds (2001) is set thirty years after the blinding and centers on David Masen, who has become a pilot and visits a New York City of some thirty thousand people. If The Day of the Triffıds is nothing more than a “cosy catastrophe,” then it is of course simply a catharsis for the nuclear dread experienced universally between 1945 and the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962, after which it seemed

unlikely that a nuclear war would ever happen. Deeper interpretations have been attempted.

WYNDHAM AND ORWELL

Coincidentally, Wyndham and George Orwell were born in the same year, 1903, and their bestknown works appeared very close to each other, Nineteen Eighty-four in 1949 and The Day of the Triffıds in 1951. L. J. Hurst, in two provocative and stimulating articles, has discussed similarities in structure and theme in the two works. His view in “‘We Are the Dead’: The Day of the Trifﬁds and Nineteen Eighty-four” (1986) is bleak: “The main theme that is never discussed by critics of either book is, quite simply, permanent horror#both Nineteen Eighty-four and [The] Day of the Triffıds are about an eternity of irrecoverable pain#. Furthermore, the two authors are not religious. Their eternity of pain is on this physical earth#. The novels are about immediate suffering but they premise this going on forever.” Given this approach, Hurst will have nothing to do with the notion of the “cosy catastrophe,” and his analysis of The Day of the Triffıds is consequently sharper. Each of the works underwent a change of title (from the working Last Man in Europe to Nineteen Eighty-four and from The Revolt of the Trifﬁds in Collier’s to The Day of the Triffıds); in each case what is emphasized in the change is a sense of historic time. (Additionally, the titles are disorienting. Why not “1984”? Is this number more than a date? What is a triffid and why should it have a day?) Hurst notes that the action of The Day of the Triffıds is set some years forward of 1951 (Masen is thirty years old and cannot remember World War II), and the world that is being lost is the one created by victory in that war. The references to the war are that “Montgomery’s likeness is on the signboard of the Alamein Arms, and the title of chapter 1, “The End Begins,” follows Churchill’s speech of November 10th, 1942— “This is not the end. It is not the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.” Ironically, Masen’s experiences mark the end of the normality that the end of that beginning brought. (There is one additional irony. May 8,

287

JOHN WYNDHAM by Wyndham’s triffids was not their own but that of the Welfare State and collectivised social democracy#.” Unlike the order of Wells’s England, it was not long established but very recent. Hubble does not see these “cosy catastrophes,” of which Wyndham’s was the ﬁrst to appear, as “simply reﬂecting cold-war anxieties.” On the contrary, the collapse of civilization is “overdetermined.” Wyndham has the blinding, the triffids, and the plague, and this overdetermination enables the genre, by facing the destruction of all society, to critique both the British complacency summed up in the myth of “the spirit of the Blitz” and concepts of civilization as a whole. Following Hubble, then, we can see what lies behind Masen’s impatience with Coker’s attempts to sustain the unsighted. Coker represents to the middle-class readership what they would have seen as the waste of effort and taxpayers’ money on such enterprises as socialized medicine and universally available university education. The myth of the Blitz demonstrates itself in the belief that Britain “stood alone” during the war and that there was an overriding social solidarity. Coker expresses this when he believes someone will be along to help, as someone always turned up after a bombing raid. Solidarity meant you both gave and got help. The helpers who turned up in World War II were of course the Americans, and throughout The Day of the Triffıds a constant hope is expressed that they will do so again. Britishness is both independent and dependent (especially on the United States). Through Masen, Wyndham rejects all this. Coker might have succeeded in feeding his unsighted dependents until some reordering of society occurred had the blinding been only a single disaster, but he fails because he is beaten by the plague and the triffids. But Hubble points out that the experience of sustaining Coker’s blinded “[goes] a long way to cure the prejudicial attitudes Bill [Masen] had directed against women and the working class earlier” and that Coker is “a hybrid#of lower class origins and progressive education—identical to [the experience] of Wells.”

the day the blinding is discovered, was the date on which the war in Europe came to an end in 1945). In “Remembrance of Things to Come: Nineteen Eighty-four and The Day of the Triffıdsx Again,” (1998), Hurst, reporting research by David Ketterer, refers to the opening paragraphs of the two novels. Orwell originally wrote, “It was a cold, blowy day in early April, and a million radios were striking thirteen.” Later revision gave the famous “It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.” “Thirteen,” with its suggestion of bad luck, is retained. Wyndham originally wrote, “On the day when the Great Calamity put an end to the world I had known for almost 30 years, I happened to be in bed with a bandage all around my head and over my eyes. Just a matter of luck, like most survival.” He moves in his revision much closer to Orwell. “When a day that you happen to know is Wednesday starts off by sounding like Sunday, there is something seriously wrong somewhere.” As Hurst says, “just as Wyndham later removed the big adjectives—‘Great Calamity’#so Orwell removed the large scale—‘a million radios,’ leaving both authors with a much more speciﬁc text. And the speciﬁcs of the text are time in its different formulations—’day,’ ‘April,’ ‘thirteen,’ ‘day,’ ‘Wednesday,’ ‘Sunday,’ ‘moment.’”

THE DAY OF THE TRIFFIDSAS A STATE-OFENGLAND NOVEL

When an author describes the overthrow of a social order, we may ask how far he welcomes that overthrow. How far does it appear from the ﬁction that Wyndham would have welcomed the end of the postwar consensus that dominated Britain in 1951? In “Five English Disaster Novels, 1951–1972” (2005) Nick Hubble suggests that “The frequent repetition of the formula over the #twenty years [following 1951] suggests that the production of such cosy catastrophes#came to constitute a#rite of passage for any#science ﬁction writer#.” He suggests “The reason why [the collapse of an ordered middle class] was so attractive to a middle-class readership is because the order being overthrown

288

JOHN WYNDHAM For Wyndham the situation demonstrates the validity of what Hubble accurately characterizes as his “social Darwinism.” This combines with a libertarianism that rejoices in the collapse of bureaucracy. In South Wales there are larger communities of sighted people because so many miners were down in the pits at the time of the comet dust, but they resist Beadley’s invitations to join his group. They have made “sorts of tribal communities, and resent the idea of any organisation except the minimum they’ve set up for themselves” (The Day of the Triffıds, p. 218). From the point of view of anyone from South Wales, this is an odd passage. The miners had been passionate supporters of the Labour government of 1945–1951 and were totally collectivist in their approach. Wyndham is comforting the middle classes here; the Welsh may be a bit stubborn and awkward, but at heart they are quite sound, and the devotion of the working class to the Left will turn out to be a passing fancy. There was a great deal of this sort of thinking at the time. Hubble analyzes in detail the gap between Masen and Josella, who seek survival on an individual basis and are libertarian in approach, with that of Beadley, who has notions of preserving the race. “We aren’t out to reconstruct, we want something new and better,” says the pilot who invites them to join the community on the Isle of Wight. If people cannot take to that, they must move on, to one of the Channel Islands (p. 220). The end of the novel, with its Churchillian call to a crusade against the triffids is to Hubble the promise to the middle-class readership that one day they will ﬁnally “establish a new society.”

technology that enables them to live (e.g., patterns in the brick edgings to the pathways and specially constructed ovens that the blind can light, but which are shielded and will not burn them as they cook. They also have a series of explanations of life (it is good to work in the cold and sleep in the hot of the day). At ﬁrst the visitor thinks he will be at an advantage there; “In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king,” he tells himself in the words of an old proverb. But he has nothing the people need. When he tells them of seeing, they think he is mad. He falls in love with a local girl; he will be allowed to stay if a surgeon cuts out the things he calls eyes. In the end he sets off back up the mountain and dies on the climb. The story ends with a poetic description of the beauty of the universe, of crystals and lichens. Wyndham’s novel is a subversion of Wells’s short story. Because Wyndham’s blinding is a sudden catastrophe rather than Wells’s slow one, society has no time to adjust. In fact, there is no longer any society to contain this adjustment. In London, Masen and Josella discuss safety. He says, “Make it a rule not to talk to anyone and nobody’s going to guess that you can see# “In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.’” “Oh, yes, Wells said that, didn’t he? Only in the story it turned out not to be true.” “The crux of the difference lies in what you mean by the word ‘country’—patria in the original# ‘Caecorum in patria luscus rex imperat omnis’ #But there’s no organized patria, no state, here—only chaos. Wells imagined a people who had adapted themselves to blindness. I don’t think that is going to happen here—I don’t see how it can.” (p. 66)

The subversion is encapsulated in the fact that in Wyndham’s world, the one-eyed man really is king. That is only common sense, a great middleclass virtue. Note that Wyndham ﬂatters his audience by giving the Latin without translating it or pointing out that it is verse. “A classical gentleman called Fullonius said it ﬁrst; it’s all anyone seems to know about him,” Masen explains. Wells’s novel In the Days of the Comet describes how the world passes within the tail of a

SUBVERTING H. G. WELLS: “THE COUNTRY OF THE BLIND” (1911) AND IN THE DAYS OF THE COMET (1906)

The famous Wells short story “The Country of the Blind” describes how a man climbing in the Andes comes to a valley that has been cut off centuries ago by a geological upheaval. Gradually, over generations, the people cut off there become blind, but they have time to build a

289

JOHN WYNDHAM reading too. The experience of surviving has made Alice nonhuman, and this in turn means that she cannot recognize her rescuers as human. Sometimes survival is bought at too high a price.

comet, as a result of which everyone is rendered unconscious. When they wake they are changed: they are generous in spirit, embrace socialism, and reject the values of late Victorian life, holding fests called Beltanes at which they burn unwanted books and ugly furniture. In part the story is satirical, mocking the easy socialism of William Morris in News from Nowhere (1891), which came without real struggle, but Wells did believe that socialism might come suddenly. For Wyndham, if anything comes suddenly it won’t be welcome.

TROUBLE WITH CHILDREN: THE CHRYSALIDS (1955) AND THE MIDWICH CUCKOOS (1957)

In Wyndham, relationships between husbands and wives are often warm and understanding, but relationships with children are problematical. There is a strand in Wyndham criticism that attempts to locate this disjunction in Wyndham’s own childhood, but science ﬁction is among the least autobiographical of genres and Wyndham never directly handles his own personal experience of family life. Some authors (Charles Dickens or Dennis Potter, for example) deliberately foreground the unhappiness of their childhood, but there is no textual evidence that Wyndham’s experience lies behind his treatment of the monster children of these two novels, and it is probably unproductive to see them as allegorical of the dysfunctional family. Our children menace us, thinks Wyndham. They contain the potential for new growth and new ideas that we cannot understand. The ghost of those super-evolved monsters from that early story “Worlds to Barter” returned to haunt him in the 1950s. The Chrysalids begins with a young boy’s dream. “When I was quite small I would often dream of a city—which was strange because it began before I even knew what a city was” (p. 5). In the dream he sees the curve of a bay with boats and at night lights in the air and on the water. He asks his sister where the city might be. “[She] told me there was no such place, not now.” It might be a dream of long ago, “the wonderful world that the Old People had lived in; as it had been before God sent Tribulation.” On his sister’s advice David conceals his dreams from other people. “People in our district had a very sharp eye for the odd#so that even my left-handedness caused slight disapproval.” He also does not mention “the curious understanding I had with my cousin Rosalind, and that would certainly have led us into very grave trouble—if

WYNDHAM AND “SURVIVAL” (1952)

This Wyndham story, collected in The Seeds of Time (1956), looks rather like a tongue-in-cheek reﬂection by the author on the debate within The Day of the Triffıds. Alice is the only woman on a shuttle to Mars, whose propellant system fails. The ship goes into orbit around Mars and awaits rescue. After many months food runs out and cannibalism begins. The survivors draw lots to see who will die ﬁrst. Alice refuses to take part in the draw, since she is pregnant and represents two lives. Besides, the world press is aware of her situation; she is the story, and she hints that she had better be found on the ship when rescue arrives. The action resumes some time later when the rescue vessel arrives. Members of the boarding party are baffled to see, ﬂoating in the air, a human bone cracked open. They hear the sound of singing (as Masen had several times in London). It is Alice, singing “Rock a Bye Baby” to her child. “Her eyes brightened#. She slid her right hand under the pillow and drew it out holding a pistol#. ‘Look, baby,’ she said. “Look there! Food! Lovely food#’”(The Seeds of Time, p. 95). Wyndham describes himself here as “us[ing] the pattern of the English short story in its heyday” (The Seeds of Time, p. 8). Such a pattern creates a narrative that culminates in an ending that provides closure by either conﬁrming or subverting the narrative line. Some very short stories of this kind are jokes, which classically achieve such closure. It is possible to read this ending as comic, but the ending has a non-comic

290

JOHN WYNDHAM share his distaste for the texts. David is a mutant, of course; he has a trait that has developed as a result of genetic mutation, but that does not mean he is more evolved. Wyndham is referring here to what in evolutionary theory is called “pre-adaptation.” It is not necessary for a mutation to confer an advantage as long as it does not confer a disadvantage. In that case it may stay in a species for generations until eventually it becomes useful and confers an advantage— webbed ﬁngers become wings, for example. Had this been all, David and Rosalind might have lived out their lives quietly as prosperous farmers, shielded by Uncle Axel. But David’s sister is born with an even greater power. She can transmit agony very loudly, so that the telepaths can hear her clearly. She is distressed by the fact that her pony is attacked by a lion, and she transmits pain. All the telepaths come to help her. A man nearby asks how they knew she was in trouble. They claim to have heard her, but he has heard nothing. In this way their secret is discovered, and they are forced to ﬂee into the Fringes. A battle takes place between the deviants who live in the Fringes and a posse from Waknuk. The children become aware of messages from other telepaths, the Sealanders who live in New Zealand and who can hear Petra. They need Petra’s telepathic ability and send a ﬂying machine to help them. The Sealanders arrive in time to interrupt the battle and spray all present with a sort of plastic web. The children are released and taken to New Zealand, to the city of David’s dream. All the telepaths, the young adults and the child Petra, are released from the web, but everyone else is left to die. The Sealander woman who leads the expedition makes a long apologia for this, but in the end, she says, higher species must replace earlier ones. The death has been mercifully quick. In The Midwich Cuckoos (1957) an alien force impregnates all the women in an English village. The children that are born are superintelligent yet insistent on their own way, and in the end they have to be destroyed. Other clutches of cuckoos have been born elsewhere in the world. Whatever the purpose of the alien intelligence behind them,

anyone had happened to believe me” (p. 6). But he remains a normal boy until the day he meets Sophie. She is not from his community, but he meets her regularly. One day she falls and twists her ankle. David removes her shoe and sees that she has six toes. He escorts her back to her home and agrees to keep her secret. David’s understanding with Rosalind is that he can talk to her through “thought shapes” when she is some distance away. His Uncle Axel discovers this and urges David to keep it secret. As they grow up to young adulthood, David and Rosalind come to know other telepaths. Uncle Axel acts as a protective force for David and the other telepaths, who eventually number eight, even going so far as to kill a man who marries one of their number and beats the secret out of her. Gradually we learn that we are in the distant future, many years after a nuclear holocaust, when the society of Waknuk in Labrador, Canada, is dominated by a religion that compounds evangelical Christianity with a crusade against all deviations from the norm that arise by genetic mutation, destroying crops and livestock that have not bred true and driving those like Sophie out into the Fringes; in time she and her family will have to escape to the Fringes when her secret becomes known. This is the way Wyndham tells his story. A publisher’s summary, however, reverses the ﬂow, opening with “a community where the chances of breeding true are less than 50 percent and deviations are rooted out and destroyed. The narrator#is David who can communicate#by means of “thought shapes.’” If Wyndham had told the story that way, the reader’s sympathies might be differently distributed. As it is, David is our standard of judgment, and his views seem closer to our views, despite the fact that he is an oddity. For example, when he visits Sophie’s house, “the room seemed the better, too, for not having groups of words hanging on the wall for people to point to in disapproval. Instead it had several drawings of horses” (p. 11). So when in David’s home we see the texts “BLESSED IS THE NORM,” and “WATCH THOU FOR THE MUTANT,” we feel closer to David because we

291

JOHN WYNDHAM suffragettes. Trouble with Lichen opens with a prologue set at the funeral of Diana Brackley, which is attended by numbers of sorrowing women. Not since the funeral of Emily Wilding Davison in 1913 has London witnessed such a tribute to a woman by women, a newspaper reports. (Emily Wilding Davison was the suffragette who died when she threw herself under the king’s horse at the Epsom Derby.) The narrative proper begins with Diana as a brilliant high school student, who is clever enough to have won a scholarship to Cambridge and also has impeccable taste in dress. Wyndham has her encounter some of the models for female behavior available ﬁfty years after Emily Wilding Davison’s death. These include her teachers, clever women responsible for her success but living through their pupils. Diana asks one of them, “Why is it that mothers will think it so much more respectable to be bedworthy rather than brainy?” Miss Benbow says “judicially,” “I would substitute ‘comprehensible’ for “respectable.’” Diana can see that, despite her mother’s attempt to be proud of Diana’s success, she would almost wish her to fail and prove to be no better than herself (p. 13). In fact her mother’s comment to her father is the middle-class regretful “I simply don’t know where she gets it from.” “Well, it isn’t from me,” he responds, and she suggests it may be down to her aunt, who had been a suffragette in 1912 or 1913. He also reveals that Diana’s grandfather had left her forty thousand pounds, which she cannot touch until she is twenty-ﬁve. In this narrative, the family functions as a device for restricting the choices available to its children and for ﬁltering out such dangerous trends to female freedom as those represented by the suffragette aunt (pp. 14–18). At Cambridge, Diana switches from chemistry to biochemistry, under the inﬂuence of a lecture from Francis Saxover, director of a research center called Darr House. After her degree she goes to work at Darr House, despite Saxover’s reluctance to employ a woman so attractive and likely to prove disruptive to his male workers.

it takes no account of our needs. Of all Wyndham’s work, it is the closest to approaching paranoia. Apart from The Day of the Triffıds, this was the only one of Wyndham’s works to be ﬁlmed; the 1960 ﬁlm’s title Village of the Damned invites us to ask whether it is the children or the parents who are damned. The children in the ﬁlm are alike; all are blond and beautiful, paradoxically both typically English and reminiscent of the Hitler Youth. In each of these novels, one seen through the eyes of the children, one through the eyes of the troubled parents, we see the children as somehow in touch with a next stage of existence that will displace us. The children are a Trojan horse that introduces danger to the citadel. In fact, of course, generation by generation that is what children do. They have new knowledge and experience that we cannot understand; they share a secret conversation we cannot overhear. Yet for Wyndham there remains a puzzle, almost as if he were asking, why does life brush us aside, tie us up in the Sealanders’ web, and leave us for dead? Why too do we respond by becoming dogmatic and creating a world like Waknuk, full of restriction and prohibition?

TROUBLE WITH LICHEN (1960)

Aldiss describes this novel as “rich in ideas” (p. 294), and the ideas are among those that interested H. G. Wells. Like Wells’s The World of William Clissold (1926), it considers what it is to be a scientist and how a scientist might exercise power; like his Ann Veronica (1909) it centers upon a young woman who looks for freedom and feminine power in a world dominated by men and women who submit themselves to male power; above all, like his The Food of the Gods (1904) it depicts the ability of scientiﬁc discovery to change society irrevocably. Interestingly, on this occasion there is little subversion of Wells’s values. Rather, Trouble with Lichen brings forward to today’s society the interests Wyndham and Wells share, so that, for example, the novel regrets the loss of impetus in the development of women’s emancipation since the period of the

292

JOHN WYNDHAM can expect to live for two hundred years. His dilemma is that he can no longer keep this fact secret; they will soon notice. But the ﬁrst result is that Paul feels he must tell his wife, a truly awful woman who uses the word “darling” “edge uppermost” (p. 75). She of course demands an implant, but rather than retaining it she sells it; the secret is ceasing to be a secret. Diana has chosen another path and is working at the macro level. Through a company she owns called Nefertiti, which provides beauty advice and treatment, she has aimed both to increase the power and conﬁdence of individual women and to provide them with anti-gerone injections (which of course constitute an effective beauty treatment). Her plan is twofold. First, she intends to advantage women over men by extending their lives, and secondly, she aims to create in the population a group of people who will eventually discover that they have an extended life span and that the problems arising from overpopulation will not occur some years in the future after their deaths but will occur within their own lifetime. This will increase the motivation to solve these problems. Eventually the secret becomes public knowledge. Diana has manipulated the process knowing that when public demand for anti-gerone becomes intense, an effort to ﬁnd alternative antigerones, parallel to the creation of alternative antibiotics, will be inevitable. Even the announcement that the Chinese have plowed up the whole area where the original lichen was found cannot stop the process. Wyndham considers in detail the way in which Diana manipulates public opinion through the press and the ruthless measures taken by other companies to secure the secret. In the end they destroy Darr House and compel Diana for her own safety to fake her own murder. She ends the book living quietly as Mrs. Ingles, using her name from a brief marriage, and preparing to marry Francis Saxover. In many ways this is Wyndham’s most achieved novel, having more of the features of general ﬁction rather than of genre ﬁction, with characters who take on a life of their own rather than representing an editorial voice and with

Here he reproves her one day for leaving a saucer of milk out for the cat overnight. They notice something odd about the curdled milk, and it is this that leads to their interest in the lichen that had contaminated the milk. Perhaps there might be an antibiotic there. Saxover’s wife falls ill and dies, and Diana befriends his daughter, Zephanie. It is some time before Diana asks him if there was any thing interesting about the lichen-tainted sample. No, he replies, it is not an antibiotic. This reply strikes her as indirect and evasive, so she continues work on the lichen independently. Eventually she discovers what it is that Saxover has suppressed, and this leads to a moral crisis. One the one hand, knowledge must not be suppressed; on the other hand, she is obliged to communicate her results to Saxover. But she realizes he must know the truth about the lichen, and she cannot see what to do if he continues to refuse to make the truth public. Her crisis is resolved by a conversation with Zephanie, who had reported to her teacher Diana’s disappointment with the fact that women had achieved so little after the gaining of the vote by the suffragettes. Her teacher had agreed but said there was so much to ﬁght against, and life was so short. Instantly Diana sees what she must do and leaves Darr House, taking her results and samples with her. If this ﬁrst part deals skillfully with the question of what it is to be a scientist and with the question of the degree of freedom available to a woman in current society, the remainder of the book deals with the question of what use a scientist can make of new knowledge. Part 2 opens fourteen years later. The lichen turns out to have yielded not an antibiotic but what Saxover calls an anti-gerone, which slows down human metabolism and delays aging. This is what Saxover and Diana have independently discovered. One further complication is that supplies are limited—the lichen grows only in one part of northern China. Saxover’s approach is at the micro level. He tells his children, Paul and Zephanie, that he has for some time been implanting both himself and them with the anti-gerone and consequently they

293

JOHN WYNDHAM double plotlines centering on Diana and Saxover that meet up at the end.

Michael Joseph, 1960; London: Penguin, 1963, reprinted 1965. Chocky. New York: Ballantine, 1968; London: Michael Joseph, 1968; London: Penguin, 1970. Web. London: Michael Joseph, 1979.

REPUTATION

Wyndham used to tell the tale of how in a pub he heard “two gardeners discussing their weeds over a pint of beer; one said “There’s one by my tool shed—a great monster. I reckon it’s a triffid’” (Aldiss, p. 293). He had introduced a new word into the language, and for a few years he gave expression to the fears and determination of his readers. His kind of science ﬁction is not much read or written nowadays. Other models have taken its place and explore the inner world of sensation rather than social preoccupations. But he retains his attraction for many, who ﬁnd themselves, like Aldiss, for all his cavils, using words like “magic” and “beautifully realised” (p. 294) to describe Wyndham’s best ﬁction.

SHORT STORY COLLECTIONS

The Seeds of Time. London: Michael Joseph, 1956; London: Penguin, 1959, reprinted 1971. Consider Her Ways. London: Michael Joseph, 1961; London, Penguin, 1965. Sleepers of Mars (as John Beynon Harris). London: Hodder/ Coronet, 1973.

ARCHIVE

Liverpool University Library, England, holds the archives of both John Wyndham and his brother Vivian Harris. For details visit the archive’s website (www.liv.ac.uk/ ~asawyer/wyndham.html).

CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Aldiss, Brian. Billion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1973. Hubble, Nick. “Five English Disaster Novels, 1951–1972.” Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction 95: 89–103 (autumn 2005).

Selected Bibliography

Hurst, L. J. “ “We Are the Dead’: The Day of the Triffıds and Nineteen Eighty-four.” Vector: The Critical Journal of the British Science Fiction Association 133 (August– September 1986). (http://www.rbd26.dial.pipex.com/).

WORKS OF JOHN WYNDHAM

———. “Remembrance of Things to Come: Nineteen Eighty-four and The Day of the Triffids Again.” Vector: The Critical Journal of the British Science Fiction Association 201 (September–October 1998). (dialspace.dial. pipex.com/l.j.hurst/ﬁrstpar.htm).

NOVELS

The Day of the Triffıds. New York: Doubleday, 1951; London: Michael Joseph, 1951; London: Penguin, 1954; Penguin Classics, 2000. The Kraken Wakes. New York: Ballantine, 1953; London: Michael Joseph, 1953. The Chrysalids. New York: Ballantine, 1955; London: Michael Joseph, 1955; London: Penguin, 1958. The Midwich Cuckoos. London: Michael Joseph, 1957. Trouble with Lichen. New York: Ballantine, 1960; London:

Ketterer, David. “John Wyndham: The Facts of Life Sextet.” In A Companion to Science Fiction. Edited by David Seed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. Parrinder, Patrick. “The Ruined Futures of British Science Fiction.” In On Modern British Fiction. Edited by Zachary Leader. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 209–223.

294

MASTER INDEX The following index covers the entire British Writers series through Supplement XIII. All references include volume numbers in boldface roman numerals followed by page numbers within that volume. Subjects of articles are indicated by boldface type.

A.

Couleii Plantarum Libri Duo (Cowley), II: 202 A. D. Hope (Hart), Supp. XII: 123 “A. G. A. V.” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 45 A la recherche du temps perdu (Proust), Supp. IV: 126, 136 A la recherche du temps perdu (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173–175 A Laodicean (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 112, 114 “A Propos of Lady Chatterley’s Lover” (Lawrence), IV: 106; VII: 91 “Aaron” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 179 Aaron’s Rod (Lawrence), VII: 90, 94, 106–107; Retro. Supp. II: 230 Abaft the Funnel (Kipling), VI: 204 “Abasement of the Northmores, The” (James), VI: 69 “Abbé Delille and Walter Landor, The” (Landor), IV: 88n, 92–93 Abbess of Crewe, The (Spark), Supp. I: 200, 201, 210 “Abbey Mason, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 119 Abbey Theatre, VI: 212, 218, 307, 309, 316; VII: 3, 6, 11 Abbey Walk, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 147 Abbot, The (Scott), IV: 39 Abbott, C. C., V: 379, 381 ABC Murders, The (Christie), Supp. II: 128, 130, 135 “ABC of a Naval Trainee” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 69 “Abomination, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 273 Abyssophone (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 Abdelazer; or, The Moor’s Revenge (Behn), Supp. III: 27, 36 Abercrombie, Lascelles, II: 247 “Abercuawg,” Supp. XII: 284, 287 Aberdeen Free Press, Supp. XII: 203 “Abernethy” (Dunn), Supp. X: 77 “Abiding Vision, The” (West), Supp. III: 442 Abinger Harvest (Forster), VI: 411, 412; Supp. II: 199, 223 “Abject Misery” (Kelman), Supp. V: 244 Ableman, Paul, Supp. IV: 354 Abolition of Man, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 255, 257 Abortive (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 About the House (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 “About Two Colmars” (Berger), Supp. IV: 85

“Above the Dock” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 134, 136 “Abraham Men” (Powys), VIII: 250 Abridgement of the History of England, An (Goldsmith), III: 191 Abridgement of the Light of Nature Pursued, An (Hazlitt), IV: 139 Abroad; British Literary Traveling Between the Wars (Fussell), Supp. IV: 22 Absalom and Achitophel (Dryden), II: 292, 298–299, 304 “Absalom, My Son” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “Absence” (Jennings), Supp. V: 218 “Absence” (Thompson), V: 444 “Absence, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 287–288 “Absence, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 373 Absence of War, The (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 294, 297–298 “Absences” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277 Absent Friends (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2–3, 10, 13, 14 Absent in the Spring (Christie), Supp. II: 133 Absentee, The (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 154, 160–161, 165 “Absent–Minded Beggar, The” (Kipling), VI: 203 “Absent–Mindedness in a Parish Choir” (Hardy), VI: 22 Abstract of a Book Lately Published, A: A Treatise of Human Nature . . . (Hume), Supp. III: 230–231 Absurd Person Singular (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 5–6, 9 “Abt Vogler” (Browning), IV: 365, 366, 370 Abuses of Conscience, The (Sterne), III: 135 Academy (periodical), VI: 249 “Academy, The” (Reid), Supp. VII: 331 Academy Notes (Ruskin), V: 178 Acceptable Sacriﬁce, The (Bunyan), II: 253 Acceptance World, The (Powell), VII: 347, 348, 350 “Access to the Children” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504 Accident (Bennett), VI: 250 Accident (Pinter), Supp. I: 374, 375; Retro. Supp. I: 226 “Accident” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 228

295

Accidental Man, An (Murdoch), Supp. I: 227 “Accidents” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 “Accompanist, The” (Desai), Supp. V: 65 “According to His Lights” (Galsworthy), VI: 276–277 “Account, The” (Cowley), II: 197 Account of Corsica, An (Boswell), III: 236, 239, 243, 247 Account of the European Settlements in America, An (Burke), III: 205 Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government, An (Marvell), I: 207–208, 219; Retro. Supp. II: 266–268 Account of the Life of Dr. Samuel Johnson . . . by Himself, An (Johnson), III: 122 Account of the Life of Mr. Richard Savage, An (Johnson), Retro. Supp. I: 142 Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson, Supp. IV: 348 Account Rendered (Brittain), Supp. X: 45 Ace of Clubs (Coward), Supp. II: 155 Achilles (Gay), III: 55, 66, 67 Achilles in Scyros (Bridges), VI: 83 “Achronos” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 45 Ackroyd, Peter, Supp. VI: 1–15 “Acid” (Kelman), Supp. V: 245 Acis and Galatea (Gay), III: 55, 67 Acre of Land, The (Thomas), Supp. XII: 283 “Across the Estuary” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 “Across the Moor” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8 Across the Plains (Stevenson), V: 389, 396 “Act, The” (Harrison), Supp. V: 161–162 Act of Creation, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 37, 38 Act of Grace (Keneally), Supp. IV: 347 “Act of Reparation, An” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Act of Terror, An (Brink), Supp. VI: 55– 56, 57 Act Without Words I (Beckett), Supp. I: 46, 55, 57 Act Without Words II (Beckett), Supp. I: 46, 55, 57 Actaeon and Diana (Johnson), I: 286 Acte (Durrell), Supp. I: 126, 127 Actions and Reactions (Kipling), VI: 204 Acton, John, IV: 289, 290; VI: 385

ACTO−AFFE “Actor’s Farewell, The” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 81 “Acts of Restoration” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 107 “Ad Amicam”sonnets (Thompson), V: 441 Ad Patrem (Milton), Retro. Supp. II: 272 Adam and Eve and Pinch Me (Coppard), VIII: 85, 88, 89, 91–93 “Adam and Eve and Pinch Me” (Coppard), VIII: 90 Adam and Eve and Pinch Me (Rendell), Supp. IX: 189, 195 Adam and the Sacred Nine (Hughes), Supp. I: 357, 363 Adam Bede (Eliot), V: xxii, 2, 191–192, 194, 200; Retro. Supp. II: 104–106 “Adam Pos’d” (Finch), Supp. IX: 68 “Adam Tempted” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Adams, Henry, VI: 65 Adam’s Breed (Hall), Supp. VI: 120, 122, 128 “Adam’s Curse” (Yeats), III: 184; VI: 213 “Adam’s Dream” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207– 208 “Adapting Nice Work for Television” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 373, 381 Adcock, Fleur, Supp. XII: 1–16 “Adders’ Brood” (Powys), VIII: 248, 249 Addison, Joseph, II: 195, 200; III: 1, 18, 19, 38–53, 74, 198; IV: 278, 281, 282 “Additional Poems” (Housman), VI: 161 Address to the Deil (Burns), III: 315, 317 Address to the Irish People, An (Shelley), IV: 208; Retro. Supp. I: 245 “Address to the Unco Guid” (Burns), III: 319 “Addy” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 12 Adéle: Jane Eyre’s Hidden Story (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 Adelphi, Supp. XIII: 191 Adepts of Africa, The (Williams, C. W. S.), see Black Bastard, The “Adieu to Fancy” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204 “Adina” (James), VI: 69 Administrator, The (MacNeice), VII: 401 Admirable Bashville, The (Barker), VI: 113 Admiral Crichton, The (Barrie), Supp. III: 6, 9, 14–15 Admiral Guinea (Stevenson), V: 396 “Admonition on a Rainy Afternoon” (Nye), Supp. X: 203 Adolphe (Constant), Supp. IV: 125, 126, 136 Adonais (Shelley), I: 160; VI: 73; IV: xviii, 179, 196, 205–206, 207, 208; Retro. Supp. I: 255 Adonis and the Alphabet (Huxley), VII: 206–207 Adonis, Attis, Osiris: Studies in the History of Oriental Religion (Frazer), Supp. III: 175, 180 Adoption Papers, The (Kay), Supp. XIII: 99, 100, 102–103, 108

“Adoption Papers, The” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 102–103 Adored One, The (Barrie), Supp. III: 5, 9 Adorno, Theodor, Supp. IV: 29, 82 “Adrian and Bardus” (Gower), I: 54 “Advanced Lady, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 172 Advancement of Learning, An (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 122 Advancement of Learning, The (Bacon), I: 261–265; II: 149; IV: 279 Advantages Proposed by Repealing the Sacramental Test, The (Swift), III: 36 “Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 173 “Adventure of Charles Wentworth” (Brontë), V: 118–119 “Adventure of the Abbey Grange, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 168, 173, 176 “Adventure of the Blanched Soldier, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 168 “Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 173 “Adventure of the Bruce–Partington Plans, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 170, 175 “Adventure of the Copper Beeches, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 168 “Adventure of the Creeping Man, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 165 “Adventure of the Devil’s Foot, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 167, 176 “Adventure of the Empty House, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 160 “Adventure of the Engineer’s Thumb, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 170 “Adventure of the Golden Pince–Nez, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 175 “Adventure of the Illustrious Client, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 169 “Adventure of the Lion’s Mane, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 168–169 “Adventure of the Missing Three–Quarter, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 165, 171 “Adventure of the Norwood Builder, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 169, 170, 173 “Adventure of the Retired Colourman, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 172 “Adventure of the Second Stain, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 175, 176 “Adventure of the Six Napoleons, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 170–171, 174–175 “Adventure of the Speckled Band, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 165–166 “Adventure of the Sussex Vampire, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 169 “Adventure of the Three Garridebs, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 165 “Adventure of Wisteria Lodge, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 168 Adventure Story (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 316–317 Adventures Aboard the Maria Celeste (Carey), Supp. XII: 52 Adventures in the Skin Trade (Thomas), Supp. I: 182 Adventures of Caleb Williams, The (Godwin), III: 332, 345; IV: 173

296

Adventures of Covent Garden, The (Farquhar), II: 352, 354, 364 Adventures of Eovaai, Princess of Ijaveo, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135, 141– 142, 146 Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom, The (Smollett), see Ferdinand Count Fathom Adventures of Harry Richmond, The (Meredith), V: xxiii, 228, 234 Adventures of Johnny Walker, Tramp, The (Davies), Supp. XI: 93 Adventures of Peregrine Pickle, The (Smollett), see Peregrine Pickle Adventures of Philip on His Way Through the World, The (Thackeray), V: 19, 29, 35, 38 Adventures of Robina, The (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 Adventures of Roderick Random, The (Smollett), see Roderick Random Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, The (Smollett), see Sir Launcelot Greaves Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God, The (Shaw), VI: 124, 127, 129 Adventures of Ulysses, The (Lamb), IV: 85 “Adventurous Exploit of the Cave of Ali Baba, The” (Sayers), Supp. III: 340 Advice: A Satire (Smollett), III: 152n, 158 Advice to a Daughter (Halifax), III: 40 “Advice to a Discarded Lover” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 5 Advice to a Son (Osborne), II: 145 Advocateship of Jesus Christ, The (Bunyan), II: 253 A. E. Housman (Gow), VI: 164 A. E. Housman: A Divided Life (Watson), VI: 164 A. E. Housman: An Annotated Handlist (Sparrow), VI: 164 AE. See Russell, George William “Aeaea” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 17 Ælfric of Eynsham, Abbot, Retro. Supp. II: 297–298 Aeneid (tr. Douglas), III: 311 Aeneid (tr. Surrey), I: 116–119 Aeneid of Virgil, The (tr. Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118 Aeneids of Virgil, Done into English Verse, The (Morris), V: 306 Aeneis (Dryden), II: 290, 293, 297, 301 “Aerial Views” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 221 Aeschylus, IV: 199 “Aesculapian Notes” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Aesop (Vanbrugh), II: 324, 332, 336 “Aesop and Rhodopè” (Landor), IV: 94 Aesop’s Fables (Behn), Supp. III: 37 “Aesthetic Apologia, An” (Betjeman), VII: 357–358 “Aesthetic Poetry” (Pater), V: 356, 357 Aethiopian History (Heliodorus), I: 164 Affair, The (Snow), VII: xxi, 324, 329– 330 “Affection in Education” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 43–44

AFFL−ALCE “Affliction” (Herbert), II: 125, 127; Retro. Supp. II: 179 “Affliction” (Vaughan), II: 187–188 Affliction (Weldon), Supp. IV: 531, 532– 533 “Affliction of Childhood, The” (De Quincey), IV: 152–153, 154 “Afon Rhiw” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 African Elegy, An (Okri), Supp. V: 359 “African Socialism: Utopian or Scientiﬁc?” (Armah), Supp. X: 2 African Stories (Lessing), Supp. I: 240, 243 African Witch, The (Cary), VII: 186 “After a Childhood away from Ireland” (Boland), Supp. V: 36 “After a Death” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 254 “After a Journey” (Hardy), VI: 18; Retro. Supp. I: 118 “After an Operation” (Jennings), Supp. V: 214 “After a Romantic Day” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 118 After Bakhtin (The Art of Fiction: Illustrated from Classic and Modern Texts) (Lodge), Supp. IV: 366–367 “After Civilization” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 38 “After Closing Time” (Dunn), Supp. X: 69 “After Dunkirk” (Lewis), VII: 445 “After Eden” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187 After Hannibal (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 357, 365–366 “After Her Death” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 254 After Julius (Howard), Supp. XI: 138, 139, 142–144, 145, 147, 148 After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie (Rhys), Supp. II: 388, 392–394, 400 “After Long Ages” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 38 “After Long Silence” (Yeats), VI: 212inline“After Lucretius” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 26 After Magritte (Stoppard), Supp. I: 443, 444–445, 447, 451; Retro. Supp. II: 346–347 After Many a Summer (Huxley), VII: xviii, 205 “After Rain” (Thomas), Supp. III: 406 After Rain (Trevor), Supp. IV: 505 After Strange Gods (Eliot), VI: 207; VII: 153 After the Ark (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 After the Ball (Coward), Supp. II: 155 After the Dance (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 310–311, 312, 318 After the Death of Don Juan (Warner), Supp. VII: 376, 377 “After the funeral” (Thomas), Supp. I: 176, 177 “After the Irish of Aodghan O’Rathaille” (Boland), Supp. V: 36 “After the Swim” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 93 “After the Vision” (Warner), Supp. XI: 298 “After the War” (Dunn), Supp. X: 70–71

“After Viking” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 14 After–Dinner Joke, The (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 “Afterﬂu Afterlife, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 42–43 Aftermath, The (Churchill), VI: 359 “Afternoon” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71 “Afternoon Dancing” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 503–504 “Afternoon in Florence” (Jennings), Supp. V: 210 Afternoon Men (Powell), VII: 343–345 Afternoon Off (Bennett), VIII: 27 “Afternoon Visit” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74 “Afternoons” (Larkin), Supp. I: 281 “Afterthought, An” (Rossetti), V: 258 “Afterwards” (Hardy), VI: 13, 19; Retro. Supp. I: 119 Against a Dark Background (Banks), Supp. XI: 1, 12–13 “Against Absence” (Suckling), II: 227 “Against Coupling” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 5 “Against Dryness” (Murdoch), Supp. I: 216, 218, 219, 221 Against Entropy (Frayn), see Towards the End of Morning “Against Fruition” (Cowley), II: 197 “Against Fruition” (Suckling), II: 227 Against Hasty Credence (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 147 Against Religion (Wilson), Supp. VI: 297, 305–306, 309 “Against Romanticism” (Amis), Supp. II: 3 “Against the Sun” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 88, 94 Against Venomous Tongues (Skelton), I: 90 Agamemnon (Seneca), II: 71 Agamemnon (Thomson), Supp. III: 411, 424 Agamemnon, a Tragedy Taken from Aeschylus (FitzGerald), IV: 349, 353 Agamemnon of Aeschylus, The (tr. Browning), IV: 358–359, 374 Agamemnon of Aeschylus, The (tr. MacNeice), VII: 408–409 Agate, James, Supp. II: 143, 147 Age of Anxiety, The (Auden), VII: 379, 388, 389–390; Supp. IV: 100; Retro. Supp. I: 11 Age of Bronze, The (Byron), IV: xviii, 193 Age of Indiscretion, The (Davis), V: 394 Age of Iron (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 76, 85 Age of Longing, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 25, 27, 28, 31–32, 35 Age of Reason, The (Hope), Supp. VII: 164 Age of Shakespeare, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Age of the Rainmakers, The (Harris), Supp. V: 132 Agents and Patients (Powell), VII: 345– 346 Aglaura (Suckling), II: 226, 238

297

Agnes Grey (Brontë), V: xx, 129–130, 132, 134–135, 140–141, 153; Supp. IV: 239; Retro. Supp. I: 52, 54–55 “Agnes Lahens” (Moore), VI: 98 Agnostic’s Apology, An (Stephen), VI: 289 “Agonies of Writing a Musical Comedy” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 451 “Agnus Dei” (Nye), Supp. X: 202 Ah, But Your Land Is Beautiful (Paton), Supp. II: 353–355 “Ah, what avails the sceptred race” (Landor), IV: 88 “Ahoy, Sailor Boy!” (Coppard), VIII: 97 Aids to Reﬂection (Coleridge), IV: 53, 56 Aiken, Conrad, VII: 149, 179; Supp. III: 270 Aimed at Nobody (Graham), Supp. VII: 106 Ainger, Alfred, IV: 254, 267 Ainsi va la monde (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 202, 205 “Air and Angels” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 185 Ainsworth, Harrison, IV: 311; V: 47 “Air” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 267 “Air Disaster, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 Air Show, The (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224–225 “Aire and Angels” (Donne), II: 197 Airship, The (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 35 “Aisling” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 418–419 “Aisling Hat, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 286, 288, 289 Aissa Saved (Cary), VII: 185 “Akbar’s Bridge” (Kipling), VI: 201 Akerman, Rudolph, V: 111 Akhenaten Adventure, The (Kerr), Supp. XII: 198 Akhmatova, Anna, Supp. IV: 480, 494 “Al Som de l’Escalina” (Eliot), VII: 152 Alaham (Greville), Supp. XI: 110, 120 Alamanni, Luigi, I: 110–111 Alamein to Zem–Zem (Douglas), VII: xxii, 441 Alarcos (Disraeli), IV: 306, 308 Alaric at Rome (Arnold), V: 216 “Alas, Poor Bollington!” (Coppard), VIII: 94–95 “Alaska” (Armitage), VIII: 5 Alastair Reid Reader, An: Selected Poetry and Prose (Reid), Supp. VII: 333, 336 Alastor (Shelley), III: 330, 338; IV: xvii, 195, 198, 208, 217; Retro. Supp. I: 247 “Albergo Empedocle” (Forster), VI: 399, 412 Albert’s Bridge (Stoppard), Supp. I: 439, 445 Albigenses, The (Maturin), VIII: 201, 207, 208 “Albinus and Rosemund” (Gower), I: 53–54 Albion! Albion! (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 111 “Albion & Marina” (Brontë), V: 110 Albion and Albanius (Dryden), II: 305 Album Verses (Lamb), IV: 83, 85 Alcazar (Peele), see Battle of Alcazar, The Alcestis (Euripides), IV: 358

ALCH−AMEN Alchemist, The (Jonson), I: 304–341, 342; II: 4, 48; Retro. Supp. I: 163 “Alchemist in the City, The” (Hopkins), V: 362 “Alchemy of Happiness, The” (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 163 Alcott, Louisa May, Supp. IV: 255 Aldington, Richard, VI: 416; VII: xvi, 36, 121 Aldiss, Brian, III: 341, 345; Supp. V: 22 Aldous Huxley (Brander), VII: 208 Alentejo Blue (Ali), Supp. XIII: 6–10, 11 Alexander, Peter, I: 300n, 326 Alexander, William (earl of Stirling), I: 218; II: 80 “Alexander and Zenobia” (Brontë), V: 115 Alexander Pope (Sitwell), VII: 138–139 Alexander Pope (Stephen), V: 289 Alexander Pope as Critic and Humanist (Warren), II: 332n Alexander’s Feast; or, The Power of Musique (Dryden), II: 200, 300, 304 Alexanders saga, VIII: 237, 242 Alexandria: A History and Guide (Forster), VI: 408, 412 Alexandria Quartet (Durrell), Supp. I: 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104–110, 113, 122 “Alﬁeri and Salomon the Florentine Jew” (Landor), IV: 91 “Alford” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 78–79 Alfred (Thomson and Mallet), Supp. III: 412, 424–425 Alfred Lord Tennyson: A Memoir (Tennyson), IV: 324, 338 Alfred the Great of Wessex, King, Retro. Supp. II: 293, 295–297 Algernon Charles Swinburne (Thomas), VI: 424 Ali, Monica, Supp. XIII: 1–12 Ali the Lion: Ali of Tebeleni, Pasha of Jannina, 1741–1822 (Plomer), Supp. XI: 225 Alice (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 228, 230– 233 Alice Fell (Tennant), Supp. IX: 235, 236 Alice in Wonderland (Carroll), see Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland Alice Sit–by–the–Fire (Barrie), Supp. III: 8, 9 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll), V: xxiii, 261–265, 266–269, 270–273 Alice’s Adventures Under Ground (Carroll), V: 266, 273; see Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland “Alicia’s Diary” (Hardy), VI: 22 Alien (Foster), III: 345 “Alien Corn, The” (Maugham), VI: 370, 374 Alien Sky, The (Scott), Supp. I: 261–263 “Alien Soil” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 221, 229 All About Mr. Hatterr (Desani), Supp. IV: 445 “All Alone” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 212 “All blue and bright, in glorious light” (Brontë), V: 115

“All Day It Has Rained” (Lewis), VII: 445 All Day on the Sands (Bennett), VIII: 27 “All Flesh” (Thompson), V: 442 All Fools (Chapman), I: 235, 238, 244 All for Love (Dryden), II: 295–296, 305 All for Love (Southey), IV: 71 All Hallow’s Eve (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 281, 282, 284, 285 All My Eyes See: The Visual World of G. M. Hopkins (ed. Thornton), V: 377n, 379n, 382 All My Little Ones (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 All Ovid’s Elegies (Marlowe), I: 280, 291, 293 “All philosophers, who ﬁnd” (Swift), IV: 160 All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque), VII: xvi All Religions Are One (Blake), III: 292, 307; Retro. Supp. I: 35 “All Roads Lead to It” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 228 “All Saints: Martyrs” (Rossetti), V: 255 “All Souls Night” (Cornford), VIII: 112 All That Fall (Beckett), Supp. I: 58, 62; Retro. Supp. I: 25 All the Conspirators (Isherwood), VII: 310 “All the hills and vales along” (Sorley), VI: 421–422 “All the Inventory of Flesh” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 164 All the Usual Hours of Sleeping (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 230 All the Year Round (periodical), V: 42 “All Things Ill Done” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 23–24 All Trivia (Connolly), Supp. III: 98 All What Jazz: A Record Diary, 1961– 1968 (Larkin), Supp. I: 286, 287–288 Allan Quatermain (Haggard), Supp. III: 213, 218 “Allegiance, An” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 315 Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 249–250, 265 Allen, John, IV: 341, 349–350, 352 Allen, Walter Ernest, V: 219; VI: 257; VII: xvii, xxxvii, 71, 343 Allestree, Richard, III: 82 Allott, Kenneth, IV: 236; VI: xi, xxvii, 218 Allott, Miriam, IV: x, xxiv, 223n, 224, 234, 236; V: x, 218 All’s Well That Ends Well (Shakespeare), I: 313, 318 All You Who Sleep Tonight (Seth), Supp. X: 283–284, 288 “Allusion to the Tenth Satire of the Second Book of Horace” (Rochester), II: 259 Almayer’s Folly (Conrad), VI: 135–136, 148; Retro. Supp. II: 70–71 Almeria (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 158 Almond Tree, The (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 293–294

298

“Almond Tree, The” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 293–294, 302 “Almswoman” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 42 “Aloe, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 173–174 Alone (Douglas), VI: 293, 294, 297, 304, 305 “Along the Terrace” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74–75 Alpers, Antony, VII: 176 “Alphabetical Catalogue of Names . . . and Other Material Things Mentioned in These Pastorals, An” (Gay), III: 56 Alphabetical Order (Frayn), Supp. VII: 60 “Alphabets” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 131 Alphonsus, King of Aragon (Greene), VIII: 139–140 Alps and Sanctuaries (Butler), Supp. II: 114 “Alps in Winter, The” (Stephen), V: 282 Alroy (Disraeli), IV: 296, 297, 308 “Altar, The” (Herbert), II: 128 “Altar of the Dead, The” (James), VI: 69 “Altarwise by owl–light” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174–176 Alteration, The (Amis), Supp. II: 12–13 “Alternative to Despair, An” (Koestler), Supp. I: 39 Althusser, Louis, Supp. IV: 90 Alton, R. E., I: 285 Alton Locke (Kingsley), V: vii, xxi, 2, 4; VI: 240 “Altruistic Tenderness of LenWing the Poet, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 19 Altus Prosator (tr. Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 169 Alvarez, A., II: 125n Alvíssmál, VIII: 231 Amadeus (Shaffer), Supp. I: 326–327 Amadis of Gaul (tr. Southey), IV: 71 Amado, Jorge, Supp. IV: 440 Amalgamemnon (Brooke–Rose), Supp. IV: 99, 110–111, 112 Amateur Emigrant, The (Stevenson), V: 389, 396 “Amateur Film–Making” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 Amazing Marriage, The (Meredith), V: 227, 232, 233, 234 Ambarvalia: Poems by T. Burbidge and A. H. Clough, V: 159–160, 161, 170 Ambassadors, The (James), VI: 55, 57– 59; Supp. IV: 371 “Amber Bead, The” (Herrick), II: 106 Amber Spyglass, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 150, 151, 153, 157–158 Amberley, Lady, V: 129 “Ambiguities” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 Ambition and Other Poems (Davies), Supp. XI: 102 Ambler, Eric, Supp. IV: 1–24 Amboyna (Dryden), II: 305 “Ambush” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 72 Amelia (Fielding), III: 102–103, 105; Retro. Supp. I: 81, 89–90 “Amen” (Rossetti), V: 256 Amendments of Mr. Collier’s False and Imperfect Citations (Congreve), II: 339, 340, 350

AMER−ANNA America. A Prophecy (Blake), III: 300, 302, 307; Retro. Supp. I: 39, 40–41 America I Presume (Lewis), VII: 77 American, The (James), VI: 24, 28–29, 39, 67 “American Dreams” (Carey), Supp. XII: 54, 55, 56 American Ghosts and Other World Wonders (Carter), Supp. III: 91 American Journal of Religious Psychology, Supp. XIII: 44 American Notes (Dickens), V: 42, 54, 55, 71 American Scene, The (James), VI: 54, 62–64, 67 American Senator, The (Trollope), V: 100, 102 American Visitor, An (Cary), VII: 186 “Americans in My Mind, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 316 “Ametas and Thestylis Making Hay– Ropes” (Marvell), II: 211 Aminta (Tasso), II: 49 “Amir’s Homily, The” (Kipling), VI: 201 Amis, Kingsley, Supp. II: 1–19; Supp. IV: 25, 26, 27, 29, 377; Supp. V: 206 Amis, Martin, Supp. IV: 25–44, 65, 75, 437, 445 “Among All Lovely Things My Love Had Been” (Wordsworth), IV: 21 “Among School Children” (Yeats), VI: 211, 217 Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (Naipaul), Supp. I: 399, 400–401, 402 Among the Cities (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 183 “Among the Ruins” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Among the Walls (Fallon), Supp. XII: 102 Amores (tr. Marlowe), I: 276, 290 Amoretti and Epithalamion (Spenser), I: 124, 128–131 Amorous Cannibal, The (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 319, 320–321 “Amorous Cannibal, The” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 319 Amorous Prince, The; or, The Curious Husband (Behn), Supp. III: 26 “Amos Barton” (Eliot), V: 190 Amours de Voyage (Clough), V: xxii, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161–163, 165, 166– 168, 170 Amphytrion; or, The Two Sosias (Dryden), II: 296, 305 “Ample Garden, The” (Graves), VII: 269 Amrita (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 224–226 “Amsterdam” (Murphy), Supp. V: 326 Amusements Serious and Comical (Brown), III: 41 “Amy Foster” (Conrad), VI: 134, 148 An Duanaire: An Irish Anthology, Poems of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900 (Kinsella), Supp. V: 266 An Giall (Behan), Supp. II: 71–73 Anacreontiques (Johnson), II: 198 “Anactoria” (Swinburne), V: 319–320, 321 “Anahorish” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 125, 128

Anand, Mulk Raj, Supp. IV: 440 “Anarchist, An” (Conrad), VI: 148 Anathemata, The (Jones), Supp. VII: 167, 168, 169, 170, 175–178 Anatomy of Exchange–Alley, The (Defoe), III: 13 Anatomy of Frustration, The (Wells), VI: 228 Anatomy of Melancholy (Burton), II: 88, 106, 108; IV: 219 Anatomy of Oxford (eds. Day Lewis and Fenby), Supp. III: 118 Anatomy of Restlessness: Selected Writings, 1969–1989 (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 157, 160; Supp. IX: 52, 53, 61 “Ancestor” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 274 “Ancestor to Devotee” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 12–13 Ancestors (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 33, 41–42, 45, 46 “Ancestors” (Cornford), VIII: 106 Ancestral Truths (Maitland), Supp. XI: 170–172 Anchises: Poems (Sisson), Supp. XI: 257 “Anchored Yachts on a Stormy Day” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211 Ancient Allan, The (Haggard), Supp. III: 222 Ancient and English Versions of the Bible (Isaacs), I: 385 “Ancient Ballet, An” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Ancient Historian” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 311 Ancient Lights (Ford), VI: 319, 320 “Ancient Mariner, The” (Coleridge), III: 330, 338; IV: viii, ix, 42, 44–48, 54, 55; Retro. Supp. II: 53–56 “Ancient Sage, The” (Tennyson), IV: 329 “Ancient to Ancients, An” (Hardy), VI: 13 “And country life I praise” (Bridges), VI: 75 “And death shall have no dominion” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174 And Our Faces, My Heart, Brief as Photos (Berger), Supp. IV: 94, 95 And Then There Were None (Christie), see Ten Little Niggers And What if the Pretender Should Come? (Defoe), III: 13 Anderson, Lindsay, Supp. IV: 78 Anderson, Sherwood, VII: 75 Anderton, Basil, II: 154, 157 André Gide: His Life and Work (tr. Richardson), Supp. XIII: 191 “Andrea del Sarto” (Browning), IV: 357, 361, 366; Retro. Supp. II: 27–28 Andrea of Hungary, and Giovanna of Naples (Landor), IV: 100 Andreas, Retro. Supp. II: 301 “Andrey Satchel and the Parson and Clerk” (Hardy), VI: 22 Androcles and the Lion (Shaw), VI: 116, 124, 129; Retro. Supp. II: 322 “Andromeda” (Hopkins), V: 370, 376 Andromeda Liberata (Chapman), I: 235, 254 Ane Prayer for the Pest (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 148

299

Anecdotes (Spence), II: 261 “Anecdotes, The” (Durrell), Supp. I: 124 Anecdotes of Johnson (Piozzi), III: 246 Anecdotes . . . of Mr. Pope . . . by the Rev. Joseph Spence (ed. Singer), III: 69, 78 Anecdotes of Sir W. Scott (Hogg), Supp. X: 111 Angel and Me: Short Stories for Holy Week (Maitland), Supp. XI: 177 “Angel and the Sweep, The” (Coppard), VIII: 92 Angel at the Gate, The (Harris), Supp. V: 137, 139 Angel Maker: The Short Stories of Sara Maitland (Maitland), Supp. XI: 165, 176 Angel Pavement (Priestley), VII: xviii, 211, 216–217 “Angel with Lute” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 81 “Angelica” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 12 Angelina (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 208 Angels and Insects (Byatt), Supp. IV: 139, 151, 153–154 Angels and Insects (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 153 “Angels at the Ritz” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 503 Angels at the Ritz (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504 “Angle” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 90 “Angle–Land” (Jones), Supp. VII: 176 Anglican Essays (Sisson), Supp. XI: 255 Anglo–Italian Review (periodical) VI: 294 “Anglo–Saxon, The” (Golding), Supp. I: 78 Anglo–Saxon Attitudes (Wilson), Supp. I: 154, 155, 156, 159–160, 161, 162, 163 Anglo–Saxon Chronicle, Retro. Supp. II: 296, 297, 298, 307 Angrian chronicles (Brontë), V: 110–111, 120–121, 122, 124–125, 126, 135 “Anima and Animus” (Jung), Supp. IV: 10–11 Anima Poetae: From the Unpublished Notebooks (Coleridge), IV: 56 Animadversions upon the Remonstrants Defense Against Smectymnuus (Milton), II: 175 Animal Farm (Orwell), VII: xx, 273, 278, 283–284; Supp. I: 28n, 29; Supp. IV: 31 Animal Lover’s Book of Beastly Murder, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 179 “Animals” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25 Animal’s Arrival, The (Jennings), Supp. V: 208 Animated Nature (Goldsmith), see History of the Earth .. . . Ann Lee’s (Bowen), Supp. II: 81 Ann Veronica: A Modern Love Story (Wells), VI: 227, 238 “Anna, Lady Braxby” (Hardy), VI: 22 Anna of the Five Towns (Bennett), VI: xiii, 248, 249, 252, 253, 266 Annals of a Publishing House (Oliphant), Supp. X: 221

ANNA−APPE Annals of Chile, The (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 428–432 Annals of the Five Senses (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 202 Annan, Gabriele, Supp. IV: 302 Annan, Noel, V: 284, 290 Anne Brontë (Gérin), V: 153 “Anne Killigrew” (Dryden), II: 303 Anne of Geierstein (Scott), IV: 39 Annie, Gwen, Lily, Pam, and Tulip (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 222 Annie John (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 217, 223–225, 229, 230 Anniversaries (Donne), I: 361–362, 364, 367; Retro. Supp. II: 88 “Anniversary” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 “Anno Domini” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 164 Annotations of Scottish Songs by Burns (Cook), III: 322 Annual Register (periodical), III: 194, 205 Annunciation, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 148 “Annunciation, The” (Jennings), Supp. V: 212 “Annunciation, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 Annunciation in a Welsh Hill Setting (Jones), Supp. VII: 180 “Annunciations” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 15 Annus Domini (Rossetti), V: 260 “Annus Mirabilis” (Larkin), Supp. I: 284 Annus Mirabilis: The Year of Wonder (Dryden), II: 292, 304 “Anorexic” (Boland), Supp. V: 49 Another Death in Venice (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 111–112, 117 “Another Grace for a Child” (Herrick), II: 114 Another Mexico (Greene), see Lawless Roads, The Another Part of the Wood (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 17–19 Another September (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 “Another September” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 “Ansell” (Forster), VI: 398 Anstey, Christopher, III: 155 “Answer, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 287 “Answer, The” (Wycherley), II: 322 Answer from Limbo, An (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 141, 142, 148, 150 “Answer to a Paper Called ’A Memorial of true Poor Inhabitants’” (Swift), III: 35 Answer to a Poisoned Book (More), Supp. VII: 245 Answer to a Question That No Body Thinks of, An (Defoe), III: 13 “Answer to Davenant” (Hobbes), II: 256n “Answers” (Jennings), Supp. V: 206 “Answers to Correspondents: Girls Own, 1881” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220 “Ant, The” (Lovelace), II: 231

Ant and the Nightingale or Father Hubburd’s Tales, The (Middleton), II: 3 “Ant–Lion, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 105–106 Antal, Frederick, Supp. IV: 80 “Antecedents of History, The” (Russell), VIII: 277 Antechinus: Poems 1975–1980 (Hope), Supp. VII: 159 “Antheap, The” (Lessing), Supp. I: 242 “Anthem for Doomed Youth” (Owen), VI: 443, 447, 448, 452; Supp. IV: 58 “Anthem of Earth, An” (Thompson), V: 448 “Anthologia Germanica” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 116, 121, 123 Anthology of War Poetry, An (ed. Nichols), VI: 419 Anthony Trollope: A Critical Study (Cockshut), V: 98, 103 Antic Hay (Huxley), VII: 198, 201–202 “Anti–Christ; or, The Reunion of Christendom” (Chesterton), VI: 340–341 Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientiﬁc Progress upon Human Life and Thought (Wells), VI: 227, 240 Anti–Coningsby (Disraeli), IV: 308 Anti–Death League, The (Amis), Supp. II: 14–15 Antidotes (Sisson), Supp. XI: 262 Antigua, Penny, Puce (Graves), VII: 259 “Antigua Crossings” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 220, 221 “Anti–Marriage League, The” (Oliphant), Supp. X: 221–222 Anti–Pamela; or, Feign’d Innocence Detected (Haywood), Supp. XII: 136 “Antipodes” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63 Antipodes (Malouf), Supp. XII: 217–218 Antipodes, The (Brome), Supp. X: 49, 56, 58–61, 63 Antiquarian Prejudice (Betjeman), VII: 358, 359 Antiquary, The (Scott), IV: xvii 28, 32– 33, 37, 39 Anti–Thelyphthora (Cowper), III: 220 Antonina; or, The Fall of Rome (Collins), Supp. VI: 92, 95 Antonio and Mellida (Marston), II: 27– 28, 40 Antonioni, Michelangelo, Supp. IV: 434 Antonio’s Revenge (Marston), II: 27–29, 36, 40 Antony and Cleopatra (Sedley), II: 263, 271 Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare), I: 318, 319–320; II: 70; III: 22; Supp. IV: 263 Antony and Octavus. Scenes for the Study (Landor), IV: 100 Ants, The (Churchill), Supp. IV: 180– 181 “Antwerp” (Ford), VI: 323, 416 “Anxious in Dreamland” (Menand), Supp. IV: 305 “Any Other Enemy” (Nye), Supp. X: 204–205 “Any Saint” (Thompson), V: 444

300

“Anybody’s Alphabet” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 291 Anything for a Quiet Life (Middleton and Webster), II: 21, 69, 83, 85 Anzac Sonata, The (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 294, 298, 302 Apartheid and the Archbishop: The Life and Times of Geoffrey Clayton, Archbishop of Cape Town (Paton), Supp. II: 343, 356, 357–358 “Apartheid in Its Death Throes” (Paton), Supp. II: 342 “Ape, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 325 Apes of God, The (Lewis), VII: xv, 35, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79 “Aphasia in Childhood” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 16–17 Aphorisms on Man (Lavater), III: 298 Aphrodite in Aulis (Moore), VI: 88, 95, 99 Apocalypse (Lawrence), VII: 91; Retro. Supp. II: 234 “Apollo and the Fates” (Browning), IV: 366 “Apollo in Picardy” (Pater), V: 355, 356 “Apollonius of Tyre” (Gower), I: 53 “Apologia pro Poemate Meo” (Owen), VI: 452 Apologia pro Vita Sua (Newman), Supp. VII: 289, 290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299–300 Apologie for Poetry (Sidney), see Defence of Poesie, The Apologie for the Royal Party, An . . . By a Lover of Peace and of His Country (Evelyn), II: 287 Apology Against a Pamphlet Call’d A Modest Confutation of the Animadversions upon the Remonstrant Against Smectymnuus, An (Milton), II: 175 “Apology for Plainspeaking, An” (Stephen), V: 284 Apology for Poetry, An (Sidney), Retro. Supp. I: 157 “Apology for Smectymnuus” (Milton), Retro. Supp. II: 269 Apology for the Bible (Watson), III: 301 Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews, An (Fielding), see Shamela “Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture in England, A” (Hill), Supp. V: 189, 191–192 Apology for the Voyage to Guiana (Ralegh), I: 153 Apophthegms (Bacon), I: 264, 273 “Apostasy, The” (Traherne), II: 191 Apostles, The (Moore), VI: 88, 96, 99 Apostes, The (Cambridge Society), IV: 331; V: 278; VI: 399 “Apotheosis of Tins, The” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 172 “Apparition of His Mistresse Calling Him to Elizium, The” (Herrick), II: 113 Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, An (Burke), III: 205 Appeal to England, An (Swinburne), V: 332 Appeal to Honour and Justice, An (Defoe), III: 4, 13; Retro. Supp. I: 66, 67

APPE−ART A Appeal to the Clergy of the Church of Scotland, An (Stevenson), V: 395 “Appius and Virginia” (Gower), I: 55 Appius and Virginia (R. B.), I: 216 Appius and Virginia (Webster), II: 68, 83, 85 Apple Broadcast, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 Apple Cart, The: A Political Extravaganza (Shaw), VI: 118, 120, 125–126, 127, 129 “Apple Picking” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 177 “Apple Tragedy” (Hughes), Supp. I: 351, 353 “Apple Tree, The” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 138 “Apple Tree, The” (Galsworthy), VI: 276 “Apple Tree, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 173 Applebee, John, III: 7 Appley Dapply’s Nursery Rhymes (Potter), Supp. III: 291 Apollonius of Tyre, Retro. Supp. II: 298 Apology for Poetry, An (Sidney), Retro. Supp. II: 332–334, 339 “Appraisal, An” (Compton–Burnett), VII: 59 Appreciations (Pater), V: 338, 339, 341, 351–352, 353–356 “Apprehension, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 270 “Apprentice” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “April” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 188 “April Epithalamium, An” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 263 April Love (Hughes), V: 294 April Shroud, An (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 113–114 “Apron of Flowers, The” (Herrick), II: 110 Apropos of Dolores (Wells), VI: 240 “Aquae Sulis” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 121 “Aquarium” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74 “Aquarius” (Armitage), VIII: 12 “Arab Love Song” (Thompson), V: 442, 445, 449 “Arabella” (Thackeray), V: 24 “Arabesque—The Mouse” (Coppard), VIII: 88 “Arabian” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 125 Arabian Nights, The, III: 327, 335, 336; Supp. IV: 434 “Araby” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 172 Aragon, Louis, Supp. IV: 466 “Aramantha” (Lovelace), II: 230, 231 Aran Islands, The (Synge), VI: 308–309; Retro. Supp. I: 291–294 Aran Trilogy (McDonagh), Supp. XII: 240, 242–243, 245 Ararat (Thomas), Supp. IV: 484 Aratra Pentelici (Ruskin), V: 184 Arbuthnot, John, III: 19, 34, 60 “Arcades” (Milton), II: 159 Arcadia (Sidney), I: 161, 163–169, 173, 317; II: 48, 53–54; III: 95; Retro. Supp. II: 330–332, 340 Arcadia (Stoppard), Retro. Supp. II: 355–356 Arcadian Rhetorike (Fraunce), I: 164

“Archdeacon Truggin” (Powys), VIII: 256 Archeology of Love, The (Murphy), Supp. V: 317 Archer, William, II: 79, 358, 363, 364; V: 103, 104, 113 Architectural Review (periodical), VII: 356, 358 Architecture in Britain: 1530–1830 (Reynolds), II: 336 Architecture, Industry and Wealth (Morris), V: 306 “Arctic Summer” (Forster), VI: 406 Arden of Feversham (Kyd), I: 212, 213, 218–219 Arden, John, Supp. II: 21–42 “Ardour and Memory” (Rossetti), V: 243 Ardours and Endurances (Nichols), VI: 423 “Are You Lonely in the Restaurant” (O’Nolan), Supp. II: 323 Area of Darkness, An (Naipaul), Supp.I, 383, 384, 387, 389, 390, 391–392, 394, 395, 399, 402 “Arena” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218 Arendt, Hannah, Supp. IV: 306 Areopagitica (Milton), II: 163, 164, 169, 174, 175; IV: 279; Retro. Supp. II: 277–279 Areté: The Arts Tri–Quarterly, Supp. XIII: 174, 175 Aretina (Mackenzie), III: 95 “Argonauts of the Air, The” (Wells), VI: 244 Argonauts of the Paciﬁc (Malinowski), Supp. III: 186 Argufying (Empson), Supp. II: 180, 181 Argument . . . that the Abolishing of Christianity .. . . May . . . be Attended with some Inconveniences, An (Swift), III: 26, 35 “Argument of His Book, The” (Herrick), II: 110 Argument Shewing that a Standing Army . . . Is Not Inconsistent with a Free Government, An (Defoe), III, 12 Ariadne Florentina (Ruskin), V: 184 Ariel Poems (Eliot), VII: 152 Arians of the Fourth Century, The (Newman), Supp. VII: 291 Arion and the Dolphin (Seth), Supp. X: 288 Aristocrats (Friel), Supp. V: 122 Aristomenes: or, The Royal Shepherd (Finch), Supp. IX: 74–76 Aristophanes, V: 227 Aristophanes’ Apology (Browning), IV: 358, 367, 370, 374; Retro. Supp. II: 30 Aristos, The: A Self–Portrait in Ideas (Fowles), Supp. I: 293–294, 295, 296 Ark, The (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 227– 229 Arky Types (Maitland and Wandor), Supp. XI: 165, 170 “Armada, The” (Macaulay), IV: 283, 291 Armadale (Collins), Supp. VI: 91, 93– 94, 98–100, 101, 103 Armah, Ayi Kwei, Supp. X: 1–16 Armitage, Simon, VIII: 1–17

301

Arms and the Covenant (Churchill), VI: 356 Arms and the Man (Shaw), VI: 104, 110, 120; Retro. Supp. II: 313 Arms and the Women: An Elliad (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 122 Armstrong, Isobel Mair, V: xi, xxvii, 339, 375 Armstrong, William, V: xviii, xxxvii Armstrong’s Last Goodnight (Arden), Supp. II: 29, 30 Arnold, Matthew, IV: 359; V: viii–xi, 14, 156–158, 160, 203–218, 283, 285, 289, 342, 352–353; works, III: 23, 174, 277; V: 206–215; literary criticism, I: 423; III: 68, 277; IV: 220, 234, 323, 371; V: 160, 165–169, 352, 408; Supp. II: 44, 57; Retro. Supp. I: 59 Arnold, Thomas, V: 155–156, 157, 165, 207, 208, 277, 284, 349 Arnold Bennett (Lafourcade), VI: 268 Arnold Bennett (Pound), VI: 247, 268 Arnold Bennett (Swinnerton), VI: 268 Arnold Bennett: A Biography (Drabble), VI: 247, 253, 268; Supp. IV: 203 Arnold Bennett: A Last Word (Swinnerton), VI: 268 Arnold Bennett and H. G. Wells: A Record of a Personal and Literary Friendship (ed. Wilson), VI: 246, 267 Arnold Bennett in Love (ed. and tr. Beardmore and Beardmore), VI: 251, 268 Arnold Bennett: The AEvening Standard”Years (ed. Mylett), VI: 265n, 266 Arouet, Françoise Marie, see Voltaire Around Theatres (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 54, 55 “Aromatherapy” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 Arragonian Queen, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Arraignment of London, The (Daborne and Tourneur), II: 37 Arraignment of Paris (Peele), I: 197–200 “Arrangements” (Dunn), Supp. X: 76 “Arrest of Oscar Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel, The” (Betjeman), VII: 356, 365–366 Arrival and Departure (Koestler), Supp. I: 27, 28, 30–31 “Arrivals” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74 Arrivants, The: A New World Trilogy (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 33, 34, 36– 40, 41, 42, 44, 45 Arrow in the Blue (Koestler), Supp. I: 22, 25, 31, 34, 36 Arrow of Gold, A (Conrad), VI: 134, 144, 147 Ars Longa, Vita Brevis (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 29 Ars Poetica (Horace), Retro. Supp. I: 166 “Arsehole” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 168 “Arsonist” (Murphy), Supp. V: 326 Art and Action (Sisson), Supp. XI: 253 “Art and Criticism” (Harris), Supp. V: 140 “Art and Extinction” (Harrison), Supp. V: 156

ART A−AT GR Art & Lies: A Piece for Three Voices and a Bawd (Winterson), Supp. IV: 542, 547, 552–553, 554–555, 556, 557 “Art and Morality” (Stephen), V: 286 Art and Reality (Cary), VII: 186 Art and Revolution: Ernst Neizvestny and the Role of the Artist in the U.S.S.R. (Berger), Supp. IV: 79, 88 “Art and Science” (Richards), Supp. II: 408–409 “Art and the Class Struggle” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 87 Art History and Class Consciousness (Hadjinicolaou), Supp. IV: 90 “Art McCooey” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 190 Art Objects: Essays on Ecstasy and Effrontery (Winterson), Supp. IV: 541, 542, 544, 557 Art of Angling, The (Barker), II: 131 Art of Being Ruled, The (Lewis), VII: 72, 75, 76 Art of Creation: Essays on the Self and Its Powers, The (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46–47 “Art of Dying, The” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 35–38 Art of English Poetry, The (Puttenham), I: 94, 146, 214 Art of Fiction, The (James), VI: 46, 67 Art of Fiction, The (Kipling), VI: 204 Art of Fiction, The (Lodge), Supp. IV: 381 “Art of Fiction, The” (Woolf), VII: 21, 22 Art of Love, The (Ovid), I: 237–238 “Art of Malingering, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 18 “Art of Reading in Ignorance, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 132 Art of Sinking in Poetry, The (Pope), IV: 187 Art of the Big Bass Drum, The (Kelman), Supp. V: 256 Art of the Novel, The (James), VI: 67 “Art Work” (Byatt), Supp. IV: 155 “Arthur Snatchfold” (Forster), VI: 411 Article of Charge Against Hastings (Burke), III: 205 “Articles of Inquiry Concerning Heavy and Light” (Bacon), I: 261 Articulate Energy (Davie), Supp. VI: 114 “Artiﬁce of Versiﬁcation, An” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 77 Artiﬁcial Princess, The (Firbank), Supp. II: 199, 205, 207–208 Artist Descending a Staircase (Stoppard), Retro. Supp. II: 349 Artist of the Floating World, An (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 301, 304, 306, 309–311 “Artist to His Blind Love, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 “Artistic Career of Corky, The” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 459 “Artistic Temperament of Stephen Carey, The” (Maugham), VI: 373 “Artists, The” (Thackeray), V: 22, 37 “Artists and Value” (Kelman), Supp. V: 257

Arts and Crafts Movement, The (Naylor), VI: 168 “Arundel Tomb, An” (Larkin), Supp. I: 280 “As a Woman of a Man” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 38 As I Saw the USA (Morris), see Coast to Coast As If By Magic (Wilson), Supp. I: 163– 165, 166 “As It Should Be” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 170 “As kingﬁshers catch ﬁre” (Hopkins), V: 371 “As Our Might Lessens” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 88 “As So Often in Scotland” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 97 “As the Greeks Dreamed” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 39 “As the Team’s Head–Brass” (Thomas), VI: 425; Supp. III: 405 As You Like It (Shakespeare), I: 278, 312; III: 117; Supp. IV: 179 “Ascent into Hell” (Hope), Supp. VII: 153 Ascent of F6, The (Auden and Isherwood), VII: 312, 380, 383, 385; Retro. Supp. I: 7 Ascent to Omai (Harris), Supp. V: 135, 136, 138 “Ash Grove, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 402 Ashenden (Maugham), VI: 371; Supp. IV: 9–10 Ashford, Daisy, V: 111, 262 Ashley, Lord, see Shaftesbury, seventh earl of Ash–Wednesday (Eliot), VII: 144, 150, 151–152 Ashworth, Elizabeth, Supp. IV: 480 Asiatic Romance, An (Sisson), Supp. XI: 251 “Aside” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Asimov, Isaac, III: 341 “Ask Me No More” (Tennyson), IV: 334 “Askam Unvisited” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 “Askam Visited” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 Asking Around (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 298 Asking for the Moon (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 118 “Asleep” (Owen), VI: 455 Asolando (Browning), IV: 359, 365, 374; Retro. Supp. II: 31 “Aspects” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 188 Aspects of E. M. Forster (Stallybrass), VI: 413 Aspects of Religion in the United States of America (Bird), Supp. X: 23 Aspects of the Novel (Forster), V: 229; VI: 397, 411, 412; VII: 21, 22; Retro. Supp. II: 149 “Aspens” (Thomas), Supp. III: 406 Aspern Papers, The (James), VI: 38, 46–48 “Asphodel” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 219– 220

302

Asquith, Herbert, VI: 417 Asquith, Raymond, VI: 417, 428 “Ass, The” (Vaughan), II: 186 “Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Considered as a Downhill Motor Race” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 Assassins, The (Shelley), Retro. Supp. I: 247 Assignation, The; or, Love in a Nunnery (Dryden), II: 305 “Assisi” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 189–190, 194–195 “Assunta 2” (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 173 “Astarte Syriaca“(Rossetti), V: 238, 240 Astonished Heart, The (Coward), Supp. II: 152 Astonishing the Gods (Okri), Supp. V: 347, 349, 353, 359, 360–361 “Assault, The” (Nichols), VI: 419 Assembling a Ghost (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Assumption” (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 17 Astraea Redux. A Poem on the Happy Restoration . . . of . . . Charles the Second (Dryden), II: 292, 304 Astride the Two Cultures (Koestler), Supp. I: 36 “Astronomy” (Housman), VI: 161 Astronomy of Love, The (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292, 298, 302 Astrophel (collection), I: 160 Astrophel. A Pastoral Elegy (Spenser), I: 126; IV: 205 Astrophel and Other Poems (Swinburne), V: 333 Astrophel and Stella (Sidney), I: 161, 169–173; Retro. Supp. II: 334–339, 340–341 Astrophil and Stella (Greville), Supp. XI: 111 Asylum Dance, The (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 24–25 “Asylum Dance, The” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 24 Asylum Piece and Other Stories (Kavan), Supp. VII: 210–211, 212, 214 “At a Calvary near the Ancre” (Owen), VI: 450, 451 “At a Potato Digging” (Heaney), Supp. II: 270 “At a Warwickshire Mansion” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 “At Bedtime” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 294 “At Castle Boterel” (Hardy), VI: 18 “At Christ Church, Greyfriars” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 44 “At Coruisk” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 73 “At East Coker” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 “At Falkland Place” (Dunn), Supp. X: 77 “At First Sight” (Reid), Supp. VII: 328 At Freddie’s (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 96, 98, 101, 103–104 “At Grass” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277 “At Great Hampden” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 13

AT HO−AUTO At Home: Memoirs (Plomer), Supp. XI: 223, 226 “At Isella” (James), VI: 69 “At Laban’s Well” (Coppard), VIII: 95 At Lady Molly’s (Powell), VII: 348 “At Last” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 220–221 “At Last” (Nye), Supp. X: 204 “At Lehmann’s” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 172, 173 “At Rugmer” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 44 “At Senlis Once” (Blunden), VI: 428 At Swim–Two–Birds (O’Nolan), Supp. II: 323–326, 332, 336, 338 At the Aviary (Conn), Supp. XIII: 78–79 “At the Ball” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 “At the Bay” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 175, 177, 179, 180 At the Bottom of the River (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 217, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 “At the British War Cemetery, Bayeux” (Causley), VII: 448 “At the Centre” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 267 “At the Crossroads” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 “At the Edge of a Birchwood” (Dunn), Supp. X: 76–77 “At the Edge of the Wood” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228 “At the End” (Cornford), VIII: 106 “At the End” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 292 “At the End of the Passage” (Kipling), VI: 173–175, 183, 184, 193 “At the Funeral of Robert Garioch” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 218–219 “At the Grave of Henry James” (Auden), VII: 380; Retro. Supp. I: 2 “At the Great Durbar” (Steel), Supp. XII: 268 “At the Great Wall of China” (Blunden), VI: 429 “At the ’Mermaid’” (Browning), IV: 35 “At the Head Table” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 273 “At the Musical Festival” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 219 “At the Sale” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 220 “At the White Monument” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228–229, 237 Atalanta in Calydon (Swinburne), IV: 90; V: xxiii, 309, 313, 318, 321–324, 331, 332; VII: 134 “Atheism” (Bacon), III: 39 “Atheist, The” (Powys), VIII: 249 Atheist’s Tragedy, The (Tourneur), II: 29, 33, 36, 37, 38–40, 41, 70 Athenaeum (periodical), IV: 252, 254, 262, 310, 315; V: 32, 134; VI: 167, 234, 374; VII: 32 “Athene’s Song” (Boland), Supp. V: 39 Athenian Mercury (newspaper), III: 41 “Atlantic” (Russell), VIII: 291 “Atlantic” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220 Atlantic Monthly (periodical), VI: 29, 33 “Atlantis” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 10 Atlas (periodical), V: 144 Atrocity Exhibition, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 19, 21, 25 “Attack” (Sassoon), VI: 431

“Attempt at Jealousy, An” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 168 Attempt to Describe Hafod, An (Cumberland), IV: 47 Attenborough, Richard, Supp. IV: 455 Atterbury, Francis, III: 23 “Attic, The” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 175 Attlee, Clement, VI: 358 “Attracta” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 502 “Atumpan” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 38, 39 Atwood, Margaret, Supp. IV: 233 “Aubade” (Empson), Supp. II: 191 “Aubade” (Larkin), Supp. I: 284 “Aubade” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 228 “Aubade” (Sitwell), VII: 131 Aubreiad (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 253, 258, 259, 261–262 Aubrey, John, I: 260; II: 45, 46, 205– 206, 226, 233 “Auction” (Murphy), Supp. V: 317 “Auction of the Ruby Slippers, The” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 443 Auden, W. H., I: 92, IV: 106, 208; V: 46; VI: 160, 208; VII: xii, xviii, xix– xx, 153, 379–399, 403, 407; Supp. II: 143–144, 190, 200, 213, 267, 481– 482, 485, 486, 493, 494; Supp. III: 60, 100, 117, 119, 123, 131; Supp. IV: 100, 256, 411, 422, 423; Retro. Supp. I: 1–15 “Audenesque for an Initiation” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 37 “Auditors In” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 195–196 “Audley Court” (Tennyson), IV: 326n “Auguries of Innocence” (Blake), III: 300 “August for the People” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 7 August Is a Wicked Month (O’Brien), Supp. V: 339 “August Midnight, An” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 119 “August 1914” (Rosenberg), VI: 434 Augusta Triumphans; or, The Way to Make London the Most Flourishing City . . . (Defoe), III: 14 Augustan Ages, The (Elton), III: 51n Augustan Lyric (Davie), Supp. VI: 115 Augustans and Romantics (Butt and Dyson), III: 51n Augustus Does His Bit (Shaw), VI: 120 “Auld Enemy, The” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 81 “Auld Lang Syne” (Burns), III: 321 Auld Licht Idylls, When a Man’s Single (Barrie), Supp. III: 2, 3 Ault, Norman, III: 69, 78 “Aunt and the Sluggard, The” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 447–448, 455, 457 Aunt Judy’s (periodical), V: 271 Aunts Aren’t Gentlemen (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 455 Aunt’s Story, The (White), Supp. I: 131, 134–136, 148 Aureng–Zebe (Dryden), II: 295, 305 Aurora Floyd (Braddon), VIII: 35, 38, 42–44, 48

303

Aurora Leigh (Browning), IV: xxi, 311, 312, 314–315, 316–318, 321 Aus dem Zweiten Reich [From the Second Reich] (Bunting), Supp. VII: 4 Ausonius, II: 108, 185 “Auspicious Occasion” (Mistry), Supp. X: 138 Austen, Alfred, V: 439 Austen, Cassandra, Retro. Supp. II: 13–14 Austen, Jane, III: 90, 283, 335–336, 345; IV: xi, xiv, xvii, 30, 101–124; V: 51; Supp. II: 384; Supp. IV: 154, 230, 233, 236, 237, 319; Retro. Supp. II: 1–16, 135 Austen–Leigh, J. E., III: 90 Austerlitz (Sebald), VIII: 295, 305–307 Austin, J. L., Supp. IV: 115 “Australia” (Hope), Supp. VII: 153 Australia and New Zealand (Trollope), V: 102 Australian Nationalists, The: Modern Critical Essays (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 3 VIII: 21, 320 Austri’s effort (þórðarson), VIII: 235 “Auteur Theory” (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 118 “Author of ’Beltraffio,’ The,” (James), VI: 69 “Author to the Critical Peruser, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 274 “Author Upon Himself, The” (Swift), III: 19, 32 Authoress of the Odyssey, The (Butler), Supp. II: 114–116 Authorized Version of the Bible, see King James Version Author’s Apology, The (Bunyan), II: 246n Author’s Farce, The (Fielding), III: 105 “Autobiographical Essay” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 284 “Autobiographical Reﬂections on Politics” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 247 Autobiographical Writings (Newman), Supp. VII: 289, 290 Autobiographies (Thomas), Supp. XII: 281, 286 Autobiographies (Yeats), V: 301, 304, 306, 404; VI: 317 “Autobiographies, The” (James), VI: 65 “Autobiography” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 270 “Autobiography” (MacNeice), VII: 401 Autobiography (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 114 “Autobiography” (Reid), Supp. VII: 325 Autobiography (Russell), VII: 90 “Autobiography” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 280–281 Autobiography, An (Muir), Supp. VI: 197, 198–200, 201, 205 Autobiography, An (Trollope), V: 89, 90– 93, 96, 101, 102 Autobiography and Letters of Mrs. M. O. W. Oliphant (Oliphant), Supp. X: 212–213, 223 Autobiography and Other Essays, An (Trevelyan), VI: 383, 386, 388 Autobiography of a Supertramp (Davies), Supp. III: 398; Supp. XI: 88, 90–91, 92

AUTO−BALL Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, The (Stein), Supp. IV: 557 Autobiography of Edward Gibbon, The (ed. Smeaton), III: 229n Autobiography of My Mother, The (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 217, 229–230 “Autumn” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 134, 136, 142 Autumn (Thomson), Supp. III: 414–415, 416, 417, 420 “Autumn Evening” (Cornford), VIII: 102, 103, 112 Autumn Journal (MacNeice), VII: 412 Autumn Midnight (Cornford), VIII: 104, 105, 109 “Autumn Morning at Cambridge” (Cornford), VIII: 102, 103, 107 “Autumn 1939” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 69 “Autumn 1942” (Fuller), VII: 430–431 “Autumn on Nan–Yueh” (Empson), Supp. II: 191–192 Autumn Sequel (MacNeice), VII: 407, 412, 415 “Autumn Sunshine” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504 “Autumn Walk” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 80 “Autumnall, The” (Donne), II: 118 Available for Dreams (Fuller), Supp. VII: 68, 79, 80, 81 Avatars, The (Russell), VIII: 277, 285, 290–291, 292 Ave (Moore), VI: 99 “Ave Atque Vale” (Swinburne), V: 314, 327 “Ave Imperatrix” (Kipling), VI: 201 Aveling, Edward, VI: 102 Avignon Quintet (Durrell), Supp. I: 100, 101, 118–121 “Avising the bright beams of those fair eyes” (Wyatt), I: 110 Avoidance of Literature, The: Collected Essays (Sisson), Supp. XI: 247, “Avoirdupois” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 19 Avowals (Moore), VI: 97–98, 99 “Awake, my heart, to be loved” (Bridges), VI: 74, 77 Awakened Conscience, The (Dixon Hunt), VI: 167 “Awakening, The” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 39 Awakening Conscience, The (Holman Hunt), V: 45, 51, 240 “Away with the Birds” (Healy), Supp. IX: 107 Awesome God: Creation, Commitment and Joy (Maitland), Supp. XI: 164, 165 Awfully Big Adventure, An (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 18, 23–24 Awkward Age, The (James), VI: 45, 56, 67 “Axeing Darkness / Here Below” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 94 “Axel’s Castle” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 177 Ayala’s Angel (Trollope), V: 100, 102 Ayckbourn, Alan, Supp. V: 1–17 Ayesha: The Return of She (Haggard), Supp. III: 214, 222 Aylott & Jones (publishers), V: 131

“Ayrshire Farm” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71, 72

“Baa, Baa Black Sheep” (Kipling), VI:

166 “Babby” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 76 Babees Book, The (Early English Poems and Treatises on Manners and Meals in Olden Time) (ed. Furnival), I: 22, 26 Babel Tower (Byatt), Supp. IV: 139, 141, 149–151 “Babes” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 102 Babes in the Darkling Wood (Wells), VI: 228 “Baby Nurse, The” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 5, 9 “Baby’s cradle with no baby in it, A” (Rossetti), V: 255 Babylon Hotel (Bennett), see Grand Babylon Hotel, The “Babysitting” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 126 Bachelors, The (Spark), Supp. I: 203, 204 Back (Green), Supp. II: 254, 258–260 “Back of Affluence” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 “Back to Cambo” (Hartley), Supp. VII: 124 Back to Methuselah (Shaw), VI: 121– 122, 124; Retro. Supp. II: 323 “Background Material” (Harrison), Supp. V: 155 Background to Danger (Ambler), Supp. IV: 7–8 Backward Place, A (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 229 Backward Son, The (Spender), Supp. II: 484, 489 Backwater (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 182–183 Bacon, Francis, I: 257–274; II: 149, 196; III: 39; IV: 138, 278, 279; annotated list of works, I: 271–273; Supp. III: 361 Bad Boy (McEwan), Supp. IV: 400 “Bad Dreams in Vienna” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 “Bad Five Minutes in the Alps, A” (Stephen), V: 283 “Bad Girl, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 141 Bad Land: An American Romance (Raban), Supp. XI: 236, 239, 241 “Bad Night, A” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 14 Bad Sister, The (Tennant), Supp. IX: 229, 230, 231–234, 235–236, 238, 239, 240 “Back” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 225 Bagehot, Walter, IV: 289, 291; V: xxiii, 156, 165, 170, 205, 212 “Baggot Street Deserta” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 259–260 Bagman, The; or, The Impromptu of Muswell Hill (Arden), Supp. II: 31, 32, 35 “Bagpipe Music” (MacNeice), VII: 413 Bailey, Benjamin, IV: 224, 229, 230, 232–233 Bailey, Paul, Supp. IV: 304

304

Baillie, Alexander, V: 368, 374, 375, 379 Bainbridge, Beryl, Supp. VI: 17–27 Baines, Jocelyn, VI: 133–134 Baird, Julian, V: 316, 317, 318, 335 “Baite, The” (Donne), IV: 327 Bajazet (tr. Hollinghurst), Supp. X: 132– 134 Bakerman, Jane S., Supp. IV: 336 “Baker’s Dozen, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 243 Bakhtin, Mikhail, Supp. IV: 114 “Balakhana” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 284 “Balance, The” (Waugh), Supp. VI: 271 Balance of Terror (Shaffer), Supp. I: 314 Balaustion’s Adventure (Browning), IV: 358, 374; Retro. Supp. II: 30 “Balder Dead” (Arnold), V: 209, 216 Baldrs draumar, VIII: 231 Baldwin, Stanley, VI: 353, 355 Bale, John, I: 1, 3 Balfour, Arthur, VI: 226, 241, 353 Balfour, Graham, V: 393, 397 Balin; or, The Knight with Two Swords (Malory), I: 79 Ball and the Cross, The (Chesterton), VI: 338 Ballad at Dead Men’s Bay, The (Swinburne), V: 332 “Ballad of Bouillabaisse” (Thackeray), V: 19 “Ballad of Death, A” (Swinburne), V: 316, 317–318 Ballad of Jan Van Hunks, The (Rossetti), V: 238, 244, 245 “Ballad of Kynd Kittok, The” (Dunbar), VIII: 126 “Ballad of Life, A” (Swinburne), V: 317, 318 Ballad of Peckham Rye, The (Spark), Supp. I: 201, 203–204 Ballad of Reading Gaol, The (Wilde), V: xxvi, 417–418, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 372–373 Ballad of Sylvia and Ted, The (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239, 240 “Ballad of the Investiture 1969, A” (Betjeman), VII: 372 “Ballad of the Long–legged Bait” (Thomas), Supp. I: 177 “Ballad of the Three Spectres” (Gurney), VI: 426 “Ballad of the Two Left Hands” (Dunn), Supp. X: 73 “Ballad of the White Horse, The” (Chesterton), VI: 338–339, 341 “Ballad of Villon and Fat Madge, The” (tr. Swinburne), V: 327 Ballad Poetry of Ireland, The (ed. Duffy), Supp. XIII: 127 “Ballad upon a Wedding, A” (Suckling), II: 228–229 Ballade du temps jadis (Villon), VI: 254 “Ballade of Barnard Stewart, The” (Dunbar), VIII: 118 Ballade of Truthful Charles, The, and Other Poems (Swinburne), V: 333 Ballade on an Ale–Seller (Lydgate), I: 92 Ballads (Stevenson), V: 396 Ballads (Thackeray), V: 38

BALL−BEAC Ballads and Lyrical Pieces (Scott), IV: 38 Ballads and Other Poems (Tennyson), IV: 338 Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life (Meredith), V: 224, 234 Ballads and Sonnets (Rossetti), V: xxiv, 238, 244, 245 Ballads of the English Border (Swinburne), V: 333 Ballard, J. G., III: 341; Supp. V: 19–34 Ballast to the White Sea (Lowry), Supp. III: 273, 279 “Ane Ballat of Our Lady” (Dunbar). See “Hale, sterne superne” Balliols, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 273 Ballot (Smith), Supp. VII: 351 “Ballroom of Romance, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 503 “Bally Power Play” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 272 Ballygombeen Bequest, The (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 32, 35 Balthazar (Durrell), Supp. I: 104–105, 106, 107 Balzac, Honoré de, III: 334, 339, 345; IV: 153n; V: xvi, xviii, xix–xxi, 17, 429; Supp. IV: 123, 136, 238, 459 “Bamboo: A Ballad for Two Voices” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 226 Bamborough, J. B., Retro. Supp. I: 152 Bananas (ed. Tennant), Supp. IX: 228– 229 Banco: The Further Adventures of Papillon (tr. O’Brian), Supp. XII: 252 Bancroft, John, II: 305 Bandamanna saga, VIII: 238, 241 “Bangor Requium” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 177 “Banim Creek” (Harris), Supp. V: 132 Banished Misfortune (Healy), Supp. IX: 96, 103–106 Banks, Iain, Supp. XI: 1–15 Banks, John, II: 305 “Bann Valley Eclogue” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 134 Banshees of Inisheer, The (McDonagh), Supp. XII: 243 “Barbara of the House of Grebe” (Hardy), VI: 22; Retro. Supp. I: 117 Barbara, pseud. of Arnold Bennett “Barbarian Catechism, A” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 324 “Barbarian Pastorals” (Dunn), Supp. X: 72 Barbarians (Dunn), Supp. X: 71–73, 77 “Barbarians” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 90 Barbauld, Anna Laetitia, III: 88, 93 “Barber Cox and the Cutting of His Comb” (Thackeray), V: 21, 37 Barcellona; or, The Spanish Expedition under . . . Charles, Earl of Peterborough (Farquhar), II: 353, 355, 364 Barchester Towers (Trollope), V: xxii, 93, 101 “Bard, The” (Gray), III: 140–141 Bardic Tales (O’Grady), Supp. V: 36 “Bards of Passion . . .” (Keats), IV: 221 “Bare Abundance, The” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 89

Bare Abundance, The: Selected Poems, 1975–2001 (Dutton), Supp. XII: 83, 86, 88, 89–99 Barker, Granville, see Granville Barker, Harley Barker, Sir Ernest, III: 196 Barker, Pat, Supp. IV: 45–63 Barker, Thomas, II: 131 Barker’s Delight (Barker), see Art of Angling, The Barksted, William, II: 31 “Barley” (Hughes), Supp. I: 358–359 “Barn, The” (Welch), Supp. IX: 268 Barnaby Rudge (Dickens), V: 42, 54, 55, 66, 71 Barnes, William, VI: 2 Barnes, Julian, Supp. IV: 65–76, 445, 542 “Barney Game, The” (Friel), Supp. V: 113 “Barnﬂoor and Winepress” (Hopkins), V: 381 “Barnsley Cricket Club” (Davie), Supp. VI: 109 Barrack–Room Ballads (Kipling), VI: 203, 204 Barrel of a Pen: Resistance to Repression in Neo–Colonial Kenya (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 225 Barreca, Regina, Supp. IV: 531 Barren Fig Tree, The; or, The Doom . . . of the Fruitless Professor (Bunyan), II: 253 Barrett, Eaton Stannard, III: 335 Barrie, James M., V: 388, 392; VI: 265, 273, 280; Supp. III: 1–17, 138, 142 Barry Lyndon (Thackeray), V: 24, 28, 32, 38 Barrytown Trilogy, The (Doyle), Supp. V: 78, 80–87, 88, 89 Barsetshire novels (Trollope), V: 92–96, 98, 101 Bartas, Guillaume du, II: 138 Bartered Bride, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 150 Barth, John, Supp. IV: 116 Barthes, Roland, Supp. IV: 45, 115 Bartholomew Fair (Jonson), I: 228, 243, 324, 340, 342–343; II: 3; Retro. Supp. I: 164 Bartlett, Phyllis, V: x, xxvii Barton, Bernard, IV: 341, 342, 343, 350 Barton, Eustace, Supp. III: 342 “Base Details” (Sassoon), VI: 430 Basement, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 371, 373, 374; Retro. Supp. I: 216 “Basement Room, The” (Greene), Supp. I: 2 Bashful Lover, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 185 Basic Rules of Reason (Richards), Supp. II: 422 Basil: A Story of Modern Life (Collins), Supp. VI: 92, 95 Basil Seal Rides Again (Waugh), VII: 290 “Basking Shark” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Bate, Walter Jackson, Retro. Supp. I: 185

305

Bateman, Colin, Supp. V: 88 Bateson, F. W., IV: 217, 323n, 339 Bath (Sitwell), VII: 127 Bath Chronicle (periodical), III: 262 “Bath House, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 268–269 Bath–Intrigues: In Four Letters to a Friend in London (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Bathurst, Lord, III: 33 “Bats’ Ultrasound” (Murray), Supp. VII: 281 Batsford Book of Light Verse for Children (Ewart), Supp. VII: 47 Batsford Book of Verse for Children (Ewart), Supp. VII: 47 “Battalion History, A” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 35 Battenhouse, Roy, I: 282 “Batter my heart, three person’d God“ (Donne), I: 367–368; II: 122 “Batterer” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 4 Battiscombe, Georgina, V: xii, xxvii, 260 “Battle Hill Revisited” (Murphy), Supp. V: 323 Battle of Alcazar, The (Peele), I: 205, 206 Battle of Aughrim, The (Murphy), Supp. V: 321–324 “Battle of Aughrim, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 317, 321–322 “Battle of Blenheim, The” (Southey), IV: 58, 67–68 Battle of Brunanburh, The, Retro. Supp. II: 307 Battle of Life, The (Dickens), V: 71 Battle of Maldon, The, Retro. Supp. II: 307 Battle of Marathon, The (Browning), IV: 310, 321 Battle of Shrivings, The (Shaffer), Supp. I: 323–324 Battle of the Books, The (Swift), III: 17, 23, 35; Retro. Supp. I: 276, 277 “Battle of the Goths and the Huns, The”, See Hlöðskviða Baucis and Philemon (Swift), III: 35 Baudelaire, Charles III: 337, 338; IV: 153; V: xiii, xviii, xxii–xxiii, 310–318, 327, 329, 404, 405, 409, 411; Supp. IV: 163 Baum, L. Frank, Supp. IV: 450 Baumann, Paul, Supp. IV: 360 Baumgartner’s Bombay (Desai), Supp. V: 53, 55, 66, 71–72 Bay (Lawrence), VII: 118 Bay at Nice, The (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 293 Bayley, John, Supp. I: 222 Bayly, Lewis, II: 241 “Baymount” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 “Bay–Tree, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 143 “Be It Cosiness” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 46 Be my Guest! (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 “Be still, my soul” (Housman), VI: 162 Beach, J. W., V: 221n, 234 “Beach of Fales, The” (Stevenson), V: 396; Retro. Supp. I: 270 Beachcroft, T. O., VII: xxii

BEAC−BENN Beaconsﬁeld, Lord, see Disraeli, Benjamin “Bear in Mind” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 29 Beardsley, Aubrey, V: 318n, 412, 413 “Beast in the Jungle, The” (James), VI: 55, 64, 69 Beastly tales from Here and There (Seth), Supp. X: 287–288 Beasts and Super–Beasts (Saki), Supp. VI: 245, 251 Beasts’ Confession to the Priest, The (Swift), III: 36 Beasts Royal (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 249 Beatrice (Haggard), Supp. III: 213 Beattie, James, IV: 198 Beatty, David, VI: 351 Beau Austin (Stevenson), V: 396 Beauchamp’s Career (Meredith), V: xxiv, 225, 228–230, 231, 234 Beaumont, Francis, II: 42–67, 79, 82, 87 Beaumont, Joseph, II: 180 Beaumont, Sir George, IV: 3, 12, 21, 22 Beauties and Furies, The (Stead), Supp. IV: 463–464 Beauties of English Poesy, The (ed. Goldsmith), III: 191 “Beautiful Lofty Things” (Yeats), VI: 216; Retro. Supp. I: 337 “Beautiful Sea, The” (Powys), VIII: 251 Beautiful Visit, The (Howard), Supp. XI: 137–138, 140–141, 148–149 “Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed, A” (Swift), III: 32, 36; VI: 256 “Beauty” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401–402 “Beauty and Duty” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46 Beauty and the Beast (Hughes), Supp. I: 347 Beauty in a Trance, II: 100 Beauty Queen of Leenane, The (McDonagh), Supp. XII: 233, 234, 235–236, 238, 239, 241 Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, The (Armah), Supp. X: 1–6, 12–13 Beauvoir, Simone de, Supp. IV: 232 Beaux’ Stratagem, The (Farquhar), II: 334, 353, 359–360, 362, 364 “Beaver Ridge” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 113–114 “Because of the Dollars” (Conrad), VI: 148 “Because the pleasure–bird whistles” (Thomas), Supp. I: 176 Becket (Tennyson), IV: 328, 338 Beckett, Samuel, Supp. I: 43–64; Supp. IV: 99, 106, 116, 180, 281, 284, 412, 429; Retro. Supp. I: 17–32 Beckford, William, III: 327–329, 345; IV: xv, 230 Bed Among the Lentils (Bennett), VIII: 27–28 “Bedbug, The” (Harrison), Supp. V: 151 Beddoes, Thomas, V: 330 Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, Supp. XI: 17–32 Bedford–Row Conspiracy, The (Thackeray), V: 21, 37 “Bedroom Eyes of Mrs. Vansittart, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 500

Bedroom Farce (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 12, 13, 14 Beds in the East (Burgess), Supp. I: 187 Bedtime Story (O’Casey), VII: 12 “Bedtime Story for my Son” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 227–228, 236 Bee (periodical), III: 40, 179 Bee Hunter: Adventures of Beowulf (Nye), Supp. X: 193, 195 “Bee Orchd at Hodbarrow” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 218 “Beechen Vigil” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 121 Beechen Vigil and Other Poems (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 117, 120–121 “Beehive Cell” (Murphy), Supp. V: 329 Beekeepers, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 “Beeny Cliff” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 118 Beerbohm, Max, V: 252, 390; VI: 365, 366; Supp. II: 43–59, 156 “Before Action” (Hodgson), VI: 422 “Before Dark” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 75 Before Dawn (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 315 “Before Her Portrait in Youth” (Thompson), V: 442 “Before I knocked” (Thomas), Supp. I: 175 Before She Met Me (Barnes), Supp. IV: 65, 67–68 “Before Sleep” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Before the Knowledge of Evil (Braddon), VIII: 36 “Before the Mirror” (Swinburne), V: 320 “Before the Party” (Maugham), VI: 370 Beggars (Davies), Supp. XI: 87, 88 Beggars Banquet (Rankin), Supp. X: 245–246, 253, 257 Beggar’s Bush (Beaumont, Fletcher, Massinger), II: 66 Beggar’s Opera, The (Gay), III: 54, 55, 61–64, 65–67; Supp. III: 195; Retro. Supp. I: 80 “Beggar’s Soliloquy, The” (Meredith), V: 220 Begin Here: A War–Time Essay (Sayers), Supp. III: 336 “Beginning, The” (Brooke), Supp. III: 52 Beginning of Spring, The (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 98, 106 “Beginnings of Love, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 42 Behan, Brendan, Supp. II: 61–76 Behind the Green Curtains (O’Casey), VII: 11 Behn, Aphra, Supp. III: 19–33 “Behold, Love, thy power how she despiseth” (Wyatt), I: 109 “Being Boring” (Cope), VIII: 80 “Being Stolen From” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504 “Being Treated, to Ellinda” (Lovelace), II: 231–232 “Beldonald Holbein, The” (James), VI: 69 “Beleaguered City, A“ (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220

306

Belfast Confetti (Carson), Supp. XIII: 53, 54, 57–59 “Belfast vs. Dublin” (Boland), Supp. V: 36 “Belief” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 96 Belief and Creativity (Golding), Supp. I: 88 Belief in Immortality and Worship of the Dead, The (Frazer), Supp. III: 176 Believe As You List (Massinger), Supp. XI: 185 Belin, Mrs., II: 305 Belinda (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 157– 158, 162 Belinda, An April Folly (Milne), Supp. V: 298–299 Bell, Acton, pseud. of Anne Brontë Bell, Clive, V: 345 Bell, Currer, pseud. of Charlotte Brontë Bell, Ellis, pseud. of Emily Brontë Bell, Julian, Supp. III: 120 Bell, Quentin, VII: 35; Retro. Supp. I: 305 Bell, Robert, I: 98 Bell, Vanessa, VI: 118 Bell, The (Murdoch), Supp. I: 222, 223– 224, 226, 228–229 “Bell of Aragon, The” (Collins), III: 163 “Bell Ringer, The” (Jennings), Supp. V: 218 “Belladonna” (Nye), Supp. X: 198 Bellamira; or, The Mistress (Sedley), II: 263 Belle Assemblée, La (tr. Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 “Belle Heaulmière” (tr. Swinburne), V: 327 “Belle of the Ball–Room” (Praed), V: 14 Belloc, Hilaire, VI: 246, 320, 335, 337, 340, 447; VII: xiii; Supp. IV: 201 Belloc, Mrs. Lowndes, Supp. II: 135 Bellow, Saul, Supp. IV: 26, 27, 42, 234 Bells and Pomegranates (Browning), IV: 356, 373–374 Belmonte, Thomas, Supp. IV: 15 Below Loughrigg (Adcock), Supp. XII: 6 Belsey, Catherine, Supp. IV: 164 Belton Estate, The (Trollope), V: 100, 101 “Bench of Desolation, The” (James), VI: 69 Bend for Home, The (Healy), Supp. IX: 95, 96, 98–100, 101, 103, 106 Bend in the River, A (Naipaul), Supp. I: 393, 397–399, 401 Bender, T. K., V: 364–365, 382 Bending of the Bough, The (Moore), VI: 87, 95–96, 98 Benedict, Ruth, Supp. III: 186 Benjamin, Walter, Supp. IV: 82, 87, 88, 91 Benlowes, Edward, II: 123 Benn, Gotfried, Supp. IV: 411 “Bennelong” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 319–320 Bennett, Alan, VIII: 19–34 Bennett, Arnold, VI: xi, xii, xiii, 226, 233n, 247–268, 275; VII: xiv, xxi; Supp. III: 324, 325; Supp. IV: 229, 230–231, 233, 239, 241, 249, 252;

BENN−BIRD Retro. Supp. I: 318 Bennett, Joan, II: 181, 187, 201, 202; V: 199, 201 Benson, A. C., V: 133, 151; Supp. II: 406, 418 Benstock, Bernard, Supp. IV: 320 Bentham, Jeremy, IV: xii, xv, 50, 130– 133, 278, 295; V: viii Bentley, Clerihew, IV: 101 Bentley, E. C., VI: 335 Bentley, G. E., Jr., III: 289n, 307 Bentley, Richard, III: 23 Bentley’s Miscellany (periodical), V: 42 Benveniste, Émile, Supp. IV: 115 “Benvolio” (James), VI: 69 Beowulf, I: 69; Supp. VI: 29–44; Retro. Supp. II: 298, 299, 305–306, 307 Beowulf (tr. Morgan), Supp. IX: 160–162 “Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics” (Tolkien), Supp. II: 521 Beppo (Byron), IV: xvii, 172, 177, 182– 184, 186, 188, 192 Bequest to the Nation, A (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 320 Berdoe, Edward, IV: 371 Bérénice (Racine), II: 98 Bergerac, Cyrano de, see Cyrano de Bergerac Bergonzi, Bernard, VII: xxi, xxxvii; Supp. IV: 233, 364 “Berkeley and ’Philosophic Words’” (Davie), Supp. VI: 107 Berkeley, George, III: 50 Berlin Noir (Kerr), Supp. XII: 186, 187– 191, 192, 193, 194, 199 Berlin stories (Isherwood), VII: 309, 311–312 “Bermudas” (Marvell), II: 208, 210, 211, 217 Bernard, Charles de, V: 21 Bernard, Richard, II: 246 Bernard Shaw and Mrs. Patrick Campbell: Their Correspondence (ed. Dent), VI: 130 Bernard Shaw’s Letters to Granville Barker (ed. Purdom), VI: 115n, 129 Bernard Shaw’s Rhyming Picture Guide . . . (Shaw), VI: 130 “Bertie Changes His Mind” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 458 Bertram; or, The Castle of St. Aldobrand; A Tragedy in Five Acts (Maturin), VIII: 201, 205–207 Bertrams, The (Trollope), V: 101 Besant, Annie, VI: 103, 249 Beside the Ocean of Time (Brown), Supp. VI: 64, 67–68 Bessie Smith (Kay), Supp. XIII: 101, 103–105 “Best Friend, The” (Davies), Supp. XI: 99 Best of Defoe’s Review, The (ed. Payne), III: 41 Best of Enemies, The (Fry), Supp. III: 195 Best of Roald Dahl, The (Dahl), Supp. IV: 209 “Best of the Young British Novelists, The“ (Granta special issue), Supp. IV: 304

Best Wine Last: An Autobiography through the Years 1932–1969, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 268, 271–272, 273, 275–276 “Bestre” (Lewis), VII: 77 Bethell, Augusta, V: 84 Betjeman, John, VII: xxi–xxii, 355–377 Betrayal (Pinter), Supp. I: 377 Betrayal, The (Hartley), Supp. VII: 121, 131, 132 Betrayal of the Left, The (Orwell), VII: 284 “Betrayer, The” (Cornford), VIII: 112 Betrothed, The (Scott), IV: 39 Better Class of Person, A (Osborne), Supp. I: 329 Better Dead (Barrie), Supp. III: 2 “Better Resurrection, A” (Rossetti), V: 254 Between (Brooke–Rose), Supp. IV: 98, 99, 104, 105, 108–109, 112 Between Here and Now (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288–289 “Between Mouthfuls” (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 11 Between the Acts (Woolf), VII: 18, 19, 22, 24, 26; Retro. Supp. I: 308, 321 “Between the Conceits” (Self), Supp. V: 402–403 Between the Iceberg and the Ship (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 257, 259, 264 Between the Lines: Yeats’s Poetry in the Making (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 291 “Between the Lotus and the Robot” (Koestler), Supp. I: 34n Between These Four Walls (Lodge and Bradbury), Supp. IV: 365 “Between Two Nowheres” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Between Us Girls (Orton), Supp. V: 363, 366–367, 372 “Bevel, The” (Kelman), Supp. V: 245 “Beware of Doubleness” (Lydgate), I: 64 “Beware of the Dog” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 209 Beyle, Marie Henri, see Stendhal Beyond (Richards), Supp. II: 421, 426, 428–429 Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), IV: 121; V: xxv; Supp. IV: 50 “Beyond Howth Head” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 170, 175 Beyond Personality (Lewis), Supp. III: 248 Beyond Reductionism: New Perspectives in the Life Sciences (Koestler), Supp. I: 37, 38 Beyond the Bone (Hill), see Urn Burial Beyond the Fringe (Bennett et al.), VIII: 19, 21, 22 Beyond the Mexique Bay (Huxley), VII: 201 “Beyond the Pale” (Kipling), VI: 178– 180 “Beyond the Pale” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 502 “Beyond Words” (Okri), Supp. V: 360 BFG, The (Dahl), Supp. IV: 204, 207, 225

307

“Bhut–Baby, The” (Steel), Supp. XII: 269 Bhutto, Benazir, Supp. IV: 444, 455 Bhutto, Zulﬁkar Ali, Supp. IV: 444 Biala, Janice, VI: 324 “Bianca Among the Nightingales” (Browning), IV: 315 Biathanatos (Donne), I: 370; Retro. Supp. II: 96–97 Bible, see English Bible Bible in Spain, The; or, The Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman in an Attempt to Circulate the Scriptures on the Peninsula (Borrow), Supp. XII: 17–18, 18–20, 31 Bibliography of Henry James, A (Edel and Laurence), VI: 66 Bickerstaff, Isaac, pseud. of Sir Richard Steele and Joseph Addison Bicycle and Other Poems (Malouf), Supp. XII: 219 Big Bazoohley, The (Carey), Supp. XII: 54 Big Day, The (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 354, 357 “Big Deaths, Little Deaths” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 492 Big H, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 150, 164 Big House, The (Behan), Supp. II: 70–71 “Big House in Ireland, A” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 6 “Big Milk” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 102 Big Toys (White), Supp. I: 131, 151 “Bigness on the Side of Good” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 225 Bill for the Better Promotion of Oppression on the Sabbath Day, A (Peacock), IV: 170 Billy Liar (Waterhouse), Supp. XIII: 266, 269–273, 274–275, 279 Billy Liar on the Moon (Waterhouse), Supp. XIII: 273 Bim, Supp. XII: 35, 43 Bingo (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 433–434 “Binsey Poplars” (Hopkins), V: 370, 371 Binyon, Laurence, VI: 416, 439 Biographia Literaria (Coleridge), IV: xvii, 4, 6, 18, 25, 41, 44–45, 50, 51, 52–53, 56; Retro. Supp. II: 62–64 “Biographical Notice of Ellis and Acton Bell” (Brontë), V: 131, 134, 152, 153 “Biography” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 279 Bird, Isabella, Supp. X: 17–32 “Bird and Beast” (Rossetti), V: 258 “Bird Auction, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 284 “Bird in the House” (Jennings), Supp. V: (Jennings), Supp. V: 218 “Bird in the Tree, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 142 Bird of Paradise, The (Davies), Supp. XI: 99 Bird of Paradise (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230 “Bird Poised to Fly, The” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 “Bird Study” (Jennings), Supp. V: 218 “Birds” (Davies), Supp. XI: 100

BIRD−BLAT “Birds, The” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 143, 147, 148 Birds, The (ﬁlm), III: 343; Supp. III: 143 “Birds at Winter Nightfall” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 119 Birds, Beasts and Flowers (Lawrence), VII: 90, 118, 119; Retro. Supp. II: 233–234 Birds Fall Down, The (West), Supp. III: 440, 444 Birds in Tiny Cages (Comyns), VIII: 56, 59–60 Birds of Heaven (Okri), Supp. V: 359, 360 “Birds of Paradise” (Rossetti), V: 255 Birds of Paradise, The (Scott), Supp. I: 259, 263–266, 268 Birds of Passage (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 156, 157 Birds of Prey (Braddon), VIII: 47 Birds Without Wings (De Bernières), Supp. XII: 65–66, 68, 69, 77–78 Birthday Letters (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 202, 216–218 Birkenhead, Lord (F. E. Smith), VI: 340– 341 Birmingham Colony, VI: 167 Birney, Earle, Supp. III: 282 Birrell, A., II: 216 Birth by Drowning (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 222–223 Birth of Manly Virtue, The (Swift), III: 35 “Birth of the Squire, The” (Gay), III: 58 Birth of Tragedy, The (Nietsche), Supp. IV: 3, 9 “Birth Place” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 “Birth–Bond, The” (Rossetti), V: 242 Birthday (Frayn), Supp. VII: 57 “Birthday, A” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 172, 173 “Birthday, A” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 “Birthday, A” (Rossetti), V: 252 Birthday Boys, The (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 24–25, 26 Birthday Party (Milne), Supp. V: 309 Birthday Party, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 367, 369–370, 373, 380; Retro. Supp. I: 216–217, 224 “Birthdays” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 “Birthplace, The” (James), VI: 69 “Birthright” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 Birthstone (Thomas), Supp. IV: 479, 480–481, 492 “Bishop Blougram’s Apology” (Browning), IV: 357, 361, 363 “Bishop Burnet and Humphrey Hardcastle” (Landor), IV: 91 “Bishop Orders His Tomb at St. Praxed’s Church, The” (Browning), IV: 356, 370, 372 Bishop’s Bonﬁre, The (O’Casey), VII: xvii 10 “Bishop’s Fool, The” (Lewis), VII: 80 Bishton, John, Supp. IV: 445 Bit o’ Love, A (Galsworthy), VI: 280 “Bit of Honesty, A” (Nye), Supp. X: 202 “Bit of Young Life, A” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 232 Bit Off the Map, A (Wilson), Supp. I: 155

“Bit Off the Map, A” (Wilson), Supp. I: 155, 157, 161 “Bitch” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 220 Bitter Fame (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 263 Bitter Lemons (Durrell), Supp. I: 104, 111–113 “Bitter Salvage” (Warner), Supp. XI: 298 Bitter Sweet (Coward), Supp. II: 142, 146, 147 Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa, VIII: 239 Black Album, The (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 153–155, 158–159 Black and Blue (Rankin), Supp. X: 243– 245, 253–254 Black and Silver (Frayn), Supp. VII: 57 “Black and Tans,”VII: 2 Black and the Red, The (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 210 Black and White (Collins), Supp. VI: 102 Black Arrow, The (Stevenson), V: 396 Black Bastard, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 279 Black Book, The (Durrell), Supp. I: 93, 94, 96, 97–100, 118, 122, 123 Black Book, The (Middleton), II: 3 Black Book, The (Rankin), Supp. X: 244, 251–252 “Black Bottom” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 99, 103 Black Bryony (Powys), VIII: 250 Black Comedy (Shaffer), Supp. I: 317, 318, 321–322, 324 Black Daisies for the Bride (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 Black Dog, The (Coppard), VIII: 94–95, 97 “Black Dog, The” (Coppard), VIII: 90, 94 Black Dogs (McEwan), Supp. IV: 389, 390, 398, 404–406 Black Dwarf, The (Scott), IV: 39 “Black Goddess, The” (Graves), VII: 261, 270 “Black Guillemot, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 218 Black Hermit, The (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 214, 222–223 Black Hill, On the (Chatwin, B.), Supp. IX: 56&ndash57, 59 Black House, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 Black Knight, The (Lydgate), see Complaint of the Black Knight, The Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (West), Supp. III: 434, 438–439, 445 “Black Lace Fan My Mother Gave Me, The” (Boland), Supp. V: 46–47 “Black Madonna, The” (Lessing), Supp. I: 242–243 “Black March” (Smith), Supp. II: 469 Black Marina (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 Black Marsden (Harris), Supp. V: 138– 139 Black Mass (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 429 “Black Mass, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45 “Black Mate, The” (Conrad), VI: 135, 148 Black Mischief (Waugh), VII: 290, 294– 295

308

“Black Mountain Poets: Charles Olson and Edward Dorn, The” (Davie), Supp. VI: 116 “Black Peril” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 218 Black Prince, The (Murdoch), Supp. I: 226, 228, 229–230 Black Robe (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 144, 145, 151, 152–153 Black Robe, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 102–103 Black Goddess and the Sixth Sense, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234–235 “Black Takes White” (Cameron), VII: 426 Black Tower, The (James), Supp. IV: 319, 320, 325, 327–328 “Black Virgin” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 288 “Blackberry–Picking” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 123 “Blackbird in a Sunset Bush” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Blackeyes (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 229 Black–out in Gretley (Priestley), VII: 212, 217 “Blackness” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 221, 223, 229 Blackstone, Bernard, VII: xiv, xxxvii Blackstone, Sir William, III: 199 “Blackthorn Spray, The” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 296–297 Blackwood, Caroline, Supp. IX: 1–16 Blackwood’s (periodical), IV: xvii, 129, 145, 269–270, 274; V: 108–109, 111, 137, 142, 190, 191 Blair, Robert, III: 336 Blair, Tony, Supp. IV: 74 Blake (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 10, 11 Blake, Nicholas (pseud.), see Day Lewis, Cecil Blake, Robert, IV: 296, 304, 306–308 Blake, William, II: 102, 115, 258; III: 174, 288–309, 336; IV: 178; V: xiv– xvi, xviii, 244, 316–317, 325, 329– 330, 403; V: viii, 163; VI: viii; VII: 23–24; Supp. II: 523, 531; Supp. IV: 188, 410, 448; Retro. Supp. I: 33–47 Blake, William (neé Blech), Supp. IV: 459, 461 Blake’s Chaucer: The Canterbury Pilgrims (Blake), III: 307 “Blake’s Column” (Healy), Supp. IX: 105 “Blakesmoor in H––shire” (Lamb), IV: 76–77 Blandings Castle (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 453 “Blank” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 64 “Blank, A” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 278 Blank Cheque, The (Carroll), V: 274 Blank Verse (Lloyd and Lamb), IV: 78, 85 Blasphemers’ Banquet, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 Blast (periodical), VII: xiii, 72 Blasted (Kane), VIII: 147, 148, 149, 151–155, 156, 157, 158, 159 Blasting and Bombardiering (Lewis), VII: 72, 76, 77 Blather (periodical), Supp. II: 323, 338

BLAT−BOOK Blatty, William Peter, III: 343, 345 Bleak House (Dickens), IV: 88; V: 4, 42, 47, 53, 54, 55, 59, 62–66, 68, 69, 70, 71; Supp. IV: 513 “Bleak Liturgies” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290, 291 Bleeding Hearts (Rankin), Supp. X: 245 “Bleik” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 26 Blenheim (Trevelyan), VI: 392–393 “Blessed Among Women” (Swinburne), V: 325 “Blessed Are Ye That Sow Beside All Waters: A Lay Sermon“ (Coleridge), IV: 56 Blessed Body (More), Supp. VII: 245 “Blessed Damozel, The” (Rossetti), V: 236, 239, 315 Blessing, The (Mitford), Supp. X: 151, 158, 161, 163–165 “Blighters” (Sassoon), VI: 430 “Blind, The” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23 Blind Beggar of Alexandria, The (Chapman), I: 234, 243 Blind Date (ﬁlm; Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Blind Fireworks (MacNeice), VII: 411 Blind Love (Collins), Supp. VI: 103 “Blind Love” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 325– 327 Blind Love and Other Stories (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313, 325 Blind Mice, The (Friel), Supp. V: 115 “Blinded Bird, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 119 Blindness (Green), Supp. II: 249–251 Bliss (Carey), Supp. XII: 52–53, 55–56, 57, 58, 62 “Bliss” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 174 “Blisse” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 270 Blithe Spirit (Coward), Supp. II: 154– 155, 156 “Blizzard Song” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 494 Bloch, Robert, III: 342 Blomberg, Sven, Supp. IV: 88 “Blood” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 27 Blood (Galloway), Supp. XII: 117, 120– 123, 124 “Blood” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 122 “Blood” (Murray), Supp. VII: 273, 281, 282 Blood and Family (Kinsella), Supp. V: 270, 271 Blood Doctor, The (Rendell), Supp. IX: 200–201, 203 “Blood–feud of Toad–Water, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 246 Blood Hunt (Rankin), Supp. X: 245 “Blood Is the Water” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 316–317 Blood of the Bambergs, The (Osborne), Supp. I: 335 Blood Red, Sister Rose (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 Blood, Sweat and Tears (Churchill), VI: 349, 361 Blood Sympathy (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 123 Blood Will Tell (Christie), see Mrs. McGinty’s Dead “Bloodlines” (Motion), Supp. VII: 263

“Bloody Chamber, The” (Carter), Supp. III: 88 Bloody Chamber and Other Stories, The (Carter), Supp. III: 79, 87, 88–89 “Bloody Cranesbill, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 219 “Bloody Men” (Cope), VIII: 76 “Bloody Son, The” (Swinburne), V: 321 Bloom, Harold, III: 289n, 307; V: 309, 316, 329, 402 Bloomﬁeld, Paul, IV: xii, xxiv, 306 Bloomsbury: A House of Lions (Edel), VII: 39 Bloomsbury Group, The (Johnstone), VI: 413 Blot in the Scutcheon, A (Browning), IV: 374 “Blow, The” (Hardy), VI: 17 Blow Your House Down (retitled Liza’s England; Barker), Supp. IV: 45, 46, 50–53, 57 “Bloweth Where it Listeth” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 142 “Blucher and Sandt” (Landor), IV: 92 Bludy Serk, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 148 “Blue Apron, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Blue at the Mizzen (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 257, 259 “Blue bell is the sweetest Flower, The” (Brontë), V: 134 “Blue Closet, The” (Morris), IV: 313 Blue Djinn of Babylon, The (Kerr), Supp. XII: 198 “Blue Dress, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501 “Blue Eyes” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 Blue Flower, The (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 107–108 “Blue Lenses, The” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 147 Blue Remembered Hills and Other Plays (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 229, 231–237 “Bluebeard’s Ghost” (Thackeray), V: 24, 38 Blunden, Edmund, IV: xi, xxiv, 86, 210, 254, 267, 316; VI: 416, 427–429, 439, 454; VII: xvi; Supp. XI: 33–48 Blunderer, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 170 Blyton, Enid, Supp. IV: 434 Boarding House, The (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501, 506–507, 511 Boas, F. S., I: 218, 275 Boat, The (Hartley), Supp. VII: 123, 127, 128 “Boat House, Bank Ground, Coniston, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 Boat of Fate, The (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 272–273 Boat That Mooed, The (Fry), Supp. III: 195 Boating for Beginners (Winterson), Supp. IV: 541, 542, 545–547, 555 “Bob Hope Classic Show (ITV) and ’Shelley Among the Ruins,’ Lecture by Professor Timothy Webb—both Saturday evening, 26.9.81” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45

309

“Bob Robinson’s First Love” (Thackeray), V: 24, 38 “Bob’s Lane” (Thomas), Supp. III: 394, 405 Boccaccio, Giovanni, II: 292, 304; Supp. IV: 461 Body, The (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 163 Body Below (ﬁlm; Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Body in the Library (Christie), Supp. II: 131, 132 Body Language (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 10, 11 Body Snatcher, The (Stevenson), V: 396 “Body’s Beauty” (Rossetti), V: 237 Boehme, Jacob, IV: 45 “Boeotian Count, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 275 Boethius, I: 31, 32; II: 185 Bog of Allen, The (Hall), Supp. II: 322 Bog People, The (Glob), Retro. Supp. I: 128 “Bogland” (Heaney), Supp. II: 271–272 “Bogy Man, The” (Coppard), VIII: 96 “Bohemians, The” (Gurney), VI: 427 Boiardo, Matteo, IV: 231 Boileau, Nicolas, IV: 92, 93 Boke of Eneydos, The (Skelton), I: 82 Boklund, Gunnar, II: 73 Boland, Eavan, Supp. V: 35–52 Bold, Alan, Supp. IV: 256 Böll, Heinrich, Supp. IV: 440 “Bombers” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 127 “Bombing Practice” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 Bonadventure, The: A Random Journal of an Atlantic Holiday (Blunden), Supp. XI: 36 Bond, Edward, Supp. I: 421–436; Supp. IV: 182 “Bond” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 92 Bond Honoured, A (Osborne), Supp. I: 335–336, 337–338 Bondman, The: And Antient Storie (Massinger), Supp. XI: 184, 185 Bonduca (Fletcher), II: 45, 58, 60, 65 “Bone Elephant, The” (Motion), Supp. VII: 262 “Bonfire Under a Black Sun” (O’Casey), VII: 13 Bonnefon, Jean de, II: 108 “Bonny Broukit Bairn, The” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 205–206 Boodle, Adelaide, V: 391, 393, 397 “Book, The” (Vaughan), II: 187 “Book Ends” (Harrison), Supp. V: 153– 154 Book for Boys and Girls, A; or, Country Rhimes for Children (Bunyan), II: 253 Book of Ahania, The (Blake), III: 307; Retro. Supp. I: 44 Book of Answers, A (Hope), Supp. VII: 164 Book of Balaam’s Ass, The (Jones), Supp. VII: 170 Book of Common Praise, The (Newman), Supp. VII: 291 Book of Irish Verse (ed. Yeats), Supp. XIII: 114–115 Book of Los, The (Blake), III: 307

BOOK−BRAD Book of Margery Kempe, The (Kempe), Supp. XII: 167–168, 169–171, 172, 173, 174, 175–181, 182 Book of Matches (Armitage), VIII: 1, 6–8 “Book of Matches” (Armitage), VIII: 8 Book of Mortals, A: Being a Record of the Good Deeds and Good Qualities of What Humanity Is Pleased to Call the Lower Animals (Steel), Supp. XII: 274 “Book of Nature” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 262 Book of Nonsense, A (Lear), V: xx, 76, 82–83, 87 Book of Prefaces, The (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 92 “Book of Settlements, The”, See Landnámabók Book of Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere, The (Malory), I: 70–71, 77; Retro. Supp. II: 249–250 Book of Snobs, The (Thackeray), V: 24– 25, 28, 38 Book of Spells, A (Maitland), Supp. XI: 170, 176, 177 Book of the Church, The (Southey), IV: 71 Book of the Duchess, The (Chaucer), I: 29, 31, 43, 54; Retro. Supp. II: 36–38 “Book of the Icelanders, The” (Ari), See Íslendingabók Book of Thel, The (Blake), III: 302, 307; Retro. Supp. I: 35–36 Book of Tristram de Lyonesse (Malory), Retro. Supp. II: 248 Book of Urizen, The (Blake), see First Book of Urizen, The Book of Victorian Narrative Verse, A (ed. Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 276 Book of Voyages, A (ed. O’Brian), Supp. XII: 249 Booke of Balettes, A (Wyatt), I: 97 Books and Persons: Being Comments on a Past Epoch (Bennett), VI: 265, 267 Books Do Furnish a Room (Powell), VII: 352 “Books for the Bairns” (Stead), Supp. XIII: 243 Books of Bale (Arden), Supp. II: 41 “Books of the Ocean’s Love to Cynthia, The” (Ralegh), I: 147, 148, 149 Bookshop, The (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 95, 97, 100, 101–102 Boon (Wells), VI: 227, 239–240, 333 Border Antiquities (Scott), IV: 38 Border Ballads (Swinburne), V: 333 “Border Campaign, The” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 134 Borderers, The (Wordsworth), III: 338; IV: 3, 5–6, 25 “Borderland, A” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 223 Borderline (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 156– 157 Borderline Ballads (Plomer), Supp. XI: 226 Borges, Jorge Luis, Supp. IV: 558 Borges: A Reader (tr. Reid), Supp. VII: 332

“Borgia, thou once wert almost too august” (Landor), IV: 98 “Boris Is Buying Horses” (Berger), Supp. IV: 93 Born Guilty (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 123 Born in Exile (Gissing), V: 425, 428, 429–430, 437 “Born 1912” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 Born 1925: A Novel of Youth (Brittain), Supp. X: 46 “Born Yesterday” (Larkin), Supp. I: 278 Borough, The (Crabbe), III: 273–274, 275, 280, 281, 283–285, 286 Borrow, George, Supp. XII: 17–32 Borstal Boy (Behan), Supp. II: 61–63, 64, 69, 70, 72, 73 Bosch, Hieronymus, Supp. IV: 199, 249 “Boscombe Valley Mystery, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 171 Bostock, Anya, Supp. IV: 87 Bostonians, The (James), VI: 39–41, 67 Boswell, James, III: 54, 107, 110–115, 117, 119–122, 234–251; IV: xv, xvi, 27, 88n, 280; Retro. Supp. I: 145– 149 “Boswell and Rousseau” (Leigh), III: 246n Boswell for the Defence 1769–1774 (ed. Pottle and Wimsatt), III: 249 Boswell in Extremis 1776–1778 (ed. Pottle and Weis), III: 249 Boswell in Holland 1763–1764 (ed. Pottle), III: 249 Boswell in Search of a Wife 1766–1769 (ed. Brady and Pottle), III: 249 Boswell: Lord of Auchinleck 1778–1782 (ed. Pottle and Reed), III: 249 Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland 1764 (ed. Pottle), III: 249 Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy . . . 1765–1766 (ed. Brady and Pottle), III: 249 Boswell: The Ominous Years 1774–1776 (ed. Pottle and Ryskamp), III: 249 Boswelliana . . . Memoir and Annotations by the Rev. Charles Rogers (Rogers), III: 249 Boswell’s Book of Bad Verse (ed. Werner), III: 249 Boswell’s London Journal 1762–1763 (ed. Pottle), III: 249 Boswell’s Notebook, 1776–1777 (Boswell), III: 244, 249 “Botany Bay Eclogues” (Southey), IV: 60 Bothie of Tober–na–Vuolich, The (Clough), V: 155, 156, 158, 159, 161– 164, 166, 167, 169, 170 Bothie of Toper–na–Fuosich, The (Clough), V: 170 Bothwell (Swinburne), V: 314, 330, 331, 332 Botticelli, Sandro, V: 345 Bottle Factory Outing, The (Bainbridge), Supp. VI:18–20, 24, 27 “Bottle Imp, The” (Stevenson), V: 396 Bottle in the Smoke, A (Wilson), Supp. VI: 304, 307 “Bottle of Ink, A” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 296

310

Bottle’s Path and Other Stories (Powys), VIII: 249, 255 Boucicault, Dion, V: 415; VII: 2 Bouge of Court, The (Skelton), I: 83, 84–85 Boughner, D. C., I: 186 “Bourgeois Psychology” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 45 Boursault, Edme, II: 324, 332 Bow Down (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 “Bow in the Cloud, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 215 Bowen, Elizabeth, Supp. II: 77–95; Supp. IV: 151, 500, 514 Bowen, Stella, VI: 324 Bowen’s Court (Bowen), Supp. II: 78, 84, 91 Bowers, Fredson, II: 44 Bowles, Caroline, IV: 62, 63 “Bowling Alley and the Sun, or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love America, The” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 373 Bowra, C. M., VI: 153 Bowra, Maurice, V: 252–256, 260 “Box of Ghosts, A” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224 Boy and the Magic, The (tr. Fry), Supp. III: 195 Boy book see (Galloway), Supp. XII: 117 Boy Comes Home, The (Milne), Supp. V: 299 “Boy from Birnam, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 68 Boy Hairdresser, The (Orton), Supp. V: 363, 364, 367 Boy in the Bush, The (Lawrence), VII: 114; Retro. Supp. II: 230–231 Boy: Tales of Childhood (Dahl), Supp. IV: 204, 205, 206, 208, 225 Boy Who Followed Ripley, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 171 “Boy Who Talked with Animals, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 223, 224 Boy with a Cart, The; Cuthman, Saint of Sussex (Fry), Supp. III: 191, 194, 195, 196 Boyd, H. S., IV: 312 Boyer, Abel, II: 352 Boyfriends and Girlfriends (Dunn), Supp. X: 67–69 “Boyhood” (Nye), Supp. X: 204 Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 77–78 Boyle, Robert, III: 23, 95 “Boys, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 Boys’ Own Magazine, Supp. XIII: 234 “Boys’ Weeklies” (Orwell), Supp. III: 107 Boys Who Stole the Funeral, The: A Novel Sequence (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 284–286 “Boys with Coats” (Dunn), Supp. X: 71 Bradbrook, M. C., I: xi, 292, 329; II: 42, 78; VII: xiii–xiv, xxxvii, 234 Bradbury, Ray, III: 341 Bradbury, Malcolm, Supp. IV: 303, 365 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, V: 327; VIII: 35–52

BRAD−BRON Bradley, A. C., IV: 106, 123, 216, 235, 236 Bradley, F. H., V: xxi, 212, 217 Bradley, Henry, VI: 76 Brady, F., III: 249 Braine, John, Supp. IV: 238 Brand (Hill), Supp. V: 199, 200–201 Brander, Laurence, IV: xxiv; VII: xxii Brantley, Ben, Supp. IV: 197–198 Branwell Brontë (Gerin), V: 153 Branwell’s Blackwood’s (periodical), V: 109, 123 Branwell’s Young Men’s (periodical), see Branwell’s Blackwood’s Brass Butterﬂy, The (Golding), Supp. I: 65, 75 “Brassneck” (Armitage), VIII: 5 Brassneck (Hare and Brenton), Supp. IV: 281, 282, 283, 284–285, 289 Brathwaite, Kamau (Edward), Supp. XII: 33–48 Brave and Cruel (Welch), Supp. IX: 267–269 “Brave and Cruel” (Welch), Supp. IX: 267, 269 Brave New World (Huxley), III: 341; VII: xviii, 200, 204 Brave New World Revisited (Huxley), VII: 207 “Bravest Boat, The” (Lowry), Supp. III: 281 Brawne, Fanny, IV: 211, 216–220, 222, 226, 234 Bray, Charles, V: 188 Bray, William, II: 275, 276, 286 Brazil (Gilliam), Supp. IV: 442, 455 “Breach, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 276 Bread of Truth, The (Thomas), Supp. XII: 284, 285 “Bréagh San Réilg, La” (Behan), Supp. II: 73 “Break My Heart” (Golding), Supp. I: 79 “Break of Day in the Trenches” (Rosenberg), VI: 433, 434 “Breake of day” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 88 Breakfast on Pluto (McCabe), Supp. IX: 127, 135–136, 138 “Breaking” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 66 “Breaking Ground” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 271 Breaking News (Carson), Supp. XIII: 65–66 “Breaking the Blue” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 287 Breath (Beckett), Supp. I: 60; Retro. Supp. I: 26 Brecht, Bertolt, II: 359; IV: 183; VI: 109, 123; Supp. II: 23, 25, 28; Supp. IV: 82, 87, 180, 194, 198, 281, 298 “Bredon Hill” (Housman), VI: 158 Brendan (O’Connor), Supp. II: 63, 76 Brendan Behan’s Island (Behan), Supp. II: 64, 66, 71, 73, 75 Brendan Behan’s New York (Behan), Supp. II: 75 Brennoralt (Suckling), see Discontented Colonel, The

Brenton, Howard, Supp. IV: 281, 283, 284, 285 Brethren, The (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 “Breton Walks” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 168, 172 Brett, Raymond Laurence, IV: x, xi, xxiv, 57 “Brick” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 58 Brick Lane (Ali), Supp. XIII: 2–6, 7, 10, 11–12 “Brick Red” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 64 Brickﬁeld, The (Hartley), Supp. VII: 131–132 Bricks to Babel (Koestler), Supp. I: 37 Bridal of Triermain, The (Scott), IV: 38 “Bride and Groom” (Hughes), Supp. I: 356 “Bride in the 30’s, A” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 8 Bride of Abydos, The (Byron), IV: xvii, 172, 174–175, 192 Bride of Frankenstein (ﬁlm), III: 342 Bride of Lammermoor, The (Scott), IV: xviii, 30, 36, 39 Brides of Reason (Davie), Supp. VI: 106–107 “Brides, The” (Hope), Supp. VII: 154 “Bride’s Prelude, The” (Rossetti), V: 239, 240 Brides’ Tragedy, The (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 17, 20–22, 29 Brideshead Revisited (Waugh), VII: xx– xxi, 290, 299–300; Supp. IV: 285 Bridge, The (Banks), Supp. XI: 6–7 “Bridge, The” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 126–127 Bridge, The (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 135, 143 “Bridge, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 143, 144 “Bridge, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 “Bridge for the Living” (Larkin), Supp. I: 284 “Bridge of Sighs, The” (Hood), IV: 252, 261, 264–265 Bridges, Robert, II: 160; V: xx, 205, 362–368, 370–372, 374, 376–381; VI: xv, 71–83, 203 Brief History of Moscovia . . . , A (Milton), II: 176 Brief Lives (Aubrey), I: 260 Brief Lives (Brookner), Supp. IV: 131– 133 Brief Notes upon a Late Sermon . . . (Milton), II: 176 Brieﬁng for a Descent into Hell (Lessing), Supp. I: 248–249 Briggﬂatts (Bunting), Supp. VII: 1, 2, 5, 7, 9–13 Bright, A. H., I: 3 “Bright Building, The” (Graham), Supp. VII: 109, 110–111 “Bright–Cut Irish Silver” (Boland), Supp. V: 49–50 Bright Day (Priestley), VII: 209, 218– 219 “Bright Star!” (Keats), IV: 221 Brighton Rock (Greene), Supp. I: 2, 3, 7–9, 11, 19; Retro. Supp. II: 153– 155

311

“Brigid’s Girdle, A” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 132 “Brilliance” (Davie), Supp. VI: 113 “Brilliant Career, A” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 170 Brimstone and Treacle (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 232, 234 “Bring Back the Cat!” (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 118 Bring Larks and Heroes (Keneally), Supp. IV: 345, 347, 348–350 “Bringing to Light” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 269–270 Brink, Andre, Supp. VI: 45–59 Brinkmanship of Galahad Threepwood, The (Wodehouse), see Galahad at Blandings Brissenden, R. F., III: 86n Bristow Merchant, The (Dekker and Ford), II: 89, 100 Britain and West Africa (Cary), VII: 186 Britannia (periodical), V: 144 Britannia (Thomson), Supp. III: 409, 411, 420 Britannia Rediviva: A Poem on the Birth of the Prince (Dryden), II: 304 “Britannia Victrix” (Bridges), VI: 81 “British Church, The” (Herbert), I: 189 British Dramatists (Greene), Supp. I: 6, 11 “British Guiana” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 38 British History in the Nineteenth Century (Trevelyan), VI: 390 British Magazine (periodical), III: 149, 179, 188 British Museum Is Falling Down, The (Lodge), Supp. IV: 363, 365, 367, 369–370, 371 British Women Go to War (Priestley), VII: 212 Briton (Smollett), III: 149 Brittain, Vera, II: 246; Supp. X: 33–48 Britten, Benjamin, Supp. IV: 424 Brittle Joys (Maitland), Supp. XI: 165, 174–175 “Broad Bean Sermon, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 275 “Broad Church, The” (Stephen), V: 283 Broadbent, J. B., II: 102, 116 Broadcast Talks (Lewis), Supp. III: 248 “Broagh” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 128 “Brodgar Poems” (Brown), Supp. VI: 71 Broken Bridge, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 151, 153 Broken Chariot, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411, 421 Broken Cistern, The (Dobrée), V: 221, 234 “Broken heart, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 90 Broken Heart, The (Ford), II: 89, 92, 93– 98, 99, 100 “Broken Wings, The” (James), VI: 69 Brome, Richard, II: 87; Supp. X: 49–64 Brontë, Anne, IV: 30; V: xviii, xx, xxi, 105, 106, 108, 110, 112–119, 122, 126, 128–130, 131, 132, 134–135, 140– 141, 145, 150, 153; Supp. III: 195; Supp. IV: 239; Retro. Supp. I: 55–56

BRON−BURN Brontë, Branwell, V: xvii, 13, 105, 106, 108–112, 117–119, 121–124, 126, 130, 131, 135, 141, 145, 150, 153 Brontë, Charlotte, III: 338, 344, 345; IV: 30, 106, 120; V: xvii, xx–xxii, 3, 13– 14, 20, 68, 105–107, 108–112, 113– 118, 119–126, 127, 129, 130–140, 144, 145–150, 152, 286; Supp. III: 144, 146; Supp. IV: 146, 471; Retro. Supp. I: 58–61 Brontë, Emily, III: 333, 338, 344, 345; IV: ix, xvii, xx–xxi, 13, 14, 105, 106, 108, 110, 112–117, 118, 122, 130, 131, 132–135, 141–145, 147, 150, 152– 153, 254; Supp. III: 144; Supp. IV: 462, 513; Retro. Supp. I: 56–58 Brontë, Patrick, V: 105–108, 109, 122, 146, 151 Brontë Poems (ed. Benson), V: 133, 151 Brontë Sisters, Retro. Supp. I: 49–62 Brontë Story, The: A Reconsideration of Mrs. Gaskell’s “Life of Charlotte Brontë“ (Lane), V: 13n, 16 Brontës, The, Their Lives, Friendships and Correspondence (ed. Wise and Symington), V: 117, 118, 151 Brontës of Haworth, The (Fry), Supp. III: 195 Brontës’ Web of Childhood, The (Ratchford), V: 151 “Bronze Head, The” (Yeats), VI: 217 Bronze Horseman: Selected Poems of Alexander Pushkin (tr. Thomas), Supp. IV: 495 Brooke, Arthur, I: 305 Brooke, Jocelyn, VII: xviii, xxxvii; Supp. II: 202, 203 Brooke, Rupert, VI: xvi, 416, 419–420, 439; VII: 35; Supp. II: 310; Supp. III: 45–61 Brooke Kerith, The. A Syrian Story (Moore), VI: xii, 88, 89, 93–94, 99 Brooke–Rose, Christine, Supp. IV: 97– 118 Brookner, Anita, Supp. IV: 119–137 Brooks, C., IV: 323n, 339 “Brooksmith” (James), VI: 48, 69 “Broon’s Bairn’s Black, The” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108 Brophy, Brigid, IV: 101 “Brother Fire” (MacNeice), VII: 414 Brotherly Love: A Sermon (Swift), III: 36 “Brothers” (Hopkins), V: 368–369 Brothers and Sisters (Compton–Burnett), VII: 61, 66, 67, 69 Brother’s Keeper (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 118 Brown, Charles, IV: 211, 221, 231–233 Brown, E. K., V: 211–212, 217 Brown, Ford Madox, V: 248 Brown, George Mackay, Supp. VI: 61–73 Brown, John, II: 245, 253, 254 Brown, Tom, III: 41 Brown Owl, The (Ford), VI: 320 Brownbread (Doyle), Supp. V: 77, 87–88 Browne, Moses, II: 142 Browne, Sir Thomas, II: 145–157, 185, 345n; III: 40 “Brownie” (Gissing), V: 437

“Brownie of Black Haggs, The” (Hogg), Supp. X: 110 Brownie of Bodsbeck and Other Tales, The (Hogg), Supp. X: 111–113, 117 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, IV: xvi, xix–xxii, 310–322, 356, 357; Retro. Supp. II: 23–24 Browning, Robert, IV: viii, xii, xiii, xix– xxiii, 240, 248, 252, 254, 311–312, 314, 318–319, 352, 354–375; V: xxv, 209, 287, 315, 330; VI: 336; Supp. IV: 139; Retro. Supp. II: 17–32 Browning Box, The; or, The Life and Works of Thomas Lovell Beddoes as Reﬂected in Letters by His Friends and Admirers (Beddoes) Browning: “Men and Women”and Other Poems: A Casebook (ed. Watson), IV: 375 Browning Version, The (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 307, 315–316 Browning’s Essay on Chatterton (ed. Smalley), IV: 374 Browning’s Major Poetry (Jack), IV: 375 “Bruno” (Warner), Supp. VII: 381 “Bruno’s Revenge” (Carroll), V: 270 “Brutal Sentimentalist, A” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 220 “Brute, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 Brutus (Pope), III: 71–72 Brutus’s Orchard (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73–74 Bryan, Michael, see Moore, Brian Bryce, James, IV: 289 Brydon, Diana, Supp. IV: 459, 462 Bryskett, Lodowick, I: 124 Bubble, The (Swift), III: 35 Bucer, Martin, I: 177 Buchan, John, Supp. II: 299, 306; Supp. IV: 7 Buchanan, Robert, V: 238, 245 “Bucket and the Rope, The” (Powys), VIII: 254–255 Buckhurst, Lord, see Dorset, earl of (Charles Sackville) Buckingham, duke of (George Villiers), II: 206, 255, 294 Buckle, G. E., IV: 306–308 “Buckles of Superior Dosset, The” (Galsworthy), VI: 270 Bucolic Comedies (Sitwell), VII: 131, 132 “Bucolics” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 Buddha of Suburbia, The (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 157, 159 Budgell, Eustace, III: 48 Buffon, Georges–Louis, Supp. II: 106, 107, 108; III: 189 Buff (Fuller), Supp. VII: 74 “Bugle Call” (Thomas), Supp. III: 404 “Bugler ’s First Communion, The” (Hopkins), V: 368–369 Builder, The (Steel), Supp. XII: 275, 276 “Building, The” (Larkin), Supp. I: 280, 282, 283 “Build–Up” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 “Bujak and the Strong Force” (Amis), Supp. IV: 40 “Buladelah–Taree Song Cycle, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 276–277

312

Bulgakov, Mikhail, Supp. IV: 445 “Bull” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 188 “Bull: A Farce” (Self), Supp. V: 405–406 Bull from the Sea, The (Renault), Supp. IX: 180–181 “Bull Ring, The” (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 118 “Bull That Thought, The” (Kipling), VI: 189, 190 “Bulldog”Drummond series (Sapper), Supp. IV: 500 “Bulletin” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 98 Bullett, Gerald, V: 196, 199, 200 Bulwer–Lytton, Edward, III: 340, 345; IV: 256, 295, 311; V: 22, 47 Bundle, The (Bond), Supp. I: 423 Bundle of Letters, A (James), VI: 67, 69 “Bungalows, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 226 Bunting, Basil, Supp. VII: 1–15 Bunyan, John, I: 16; II: 240–254; III: 82; V: 27 Buoyant Billions: A Comedy of No Manners in Prose (Shaw), VI: 127, 129 Burbidge, Thomas, V: 159 Burckhardt, Jakob, V: 342 “Burden of Itys, The” (Wilde), V: 401 “Burden of Ninevah, The” (Rossetti), V: 240, 241 Bürger, Gottfried August, IV: 44, 48 Burger’s Daughter (Gordimer), Supp. II: 225, 228, 230, 231, 232, 234–237, 241, 242, 243 Burgess, Anthony, Supp. I: 185–198; Supp. IV: 4, 13, 234, 449 “Burghers, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 “Burial Mound” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 77 “Burial of the Dead, The” (Eliot), Retro. Supp. II: 126 “Burial of the Rats, The” (Stoker), Supp. III: 382 Buried Alive (Bennett), VI: 250, 252, 257, 266 Buried Day, The (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 116, 128 Buried Harbour, The: Selected Poems of Giuseppe Ungaretti (ed. Hart), Supp. XI: 130 “Buried Life, The” (Arnold), V: 210 “Buried Treasure” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 141 Burke, Edmund, III: 185, 193–206, 274; IV: xii–xvi, 54, 127, 130, 133, 136– 138, 271, 275; VI: 356; Supp. III: 371, 467, 468, 470 Burke, Kenneth, Supp. IV: 114 Burke and Bristol, 1774–1780 (Barker), III: 196 “Burleigh” (Macaulay), IV: 279 Burlington Magazine, Supp. IV: 121 “Burma Casualty” (Lewis), VII: 447 Burmann, Peter, III: 96 Burmese Days (Orwell), VII: 276, 278 Burn, The (Kelman), Supp. V: 243, 249, 250–251 Burne–Jones, Edward, IV: 346; V: 236, 293–296, 302, 318n, 355; VI: 166; Supp. V: 98, 99 Burney, Charles, Supp. III: 65–67

BURN−CAMB Burney, Frances, Supp. III: 63–78 Burning Cactus, The (Spender), Supp. II: 488 Burning Elvis (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25, 28–29, 30 “Burning Elvis” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 28 Burning of the Brothel, The (Hughes), Supp. I: 348 “Burning Times, The” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 176 “Burning Want” (Murray), Supp. VII: 283–284 Burning World, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 24 “Burns Ayont Auld Reekie/Burns Beyond Edinburgh” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 69 Burnshaw, Stanley, Supp. IV: 460, 473 Burnside, John, Supp. XIII: 13–33 Burnt Diaries (Tennant), Supp. IX: 228, 229, 239 Burnt Ones, The (White), Supp. I: 131, 136, 143 Burnt–Out Case, A (Greene), Supp. I: 7, 13, 15, 16, 18; Retro. Supp. II: 162 “Burrington Combe” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 261 Burroughs, William S., Supp. V: 26 Busconductor Hines, The (Kelman), Supp. V: 242, 246–247 “Bush–Baby, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 142 Business, The (Banks), Supp. XI: 13 Business of Good Government, The (Arden), Supp. II: 29 Busker, The (Kelman), Supp. V: 256 Busman’s Honeymoon (Sayers), Supp. III: 335, 336, 347–348 “Busted Scotch” (Kelman), Supp. V: 249 “Busy” (Milne), Supp. V: 302 “But at the Stroke of Midnight” (Warner), Supp. VII: 381 “But For Lust” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 134 ...but the Clouds (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 29 “Butcher, The” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 164–165 Butcher Boy, The (McCabe), Supp. IX: 127, 128, 129–133, 135, 137, 138 Butcher’s Dozen (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 Butler, Samuel, Supp. II: 97–119 Butor, Michel, Supp. IV: 115 “Butterﬂies” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 391 Butterﬂy Tattoo, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 150, 151, 153 “Buzzard and Alder” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 261 “By Achmelrich Bridge” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 182 By and Large (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 324 “By Ferry to the Island” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 212 “By the burn” (Kelman), Supp. V: 250– 251 By Jeeves (Ayckbourn and Webber), Supp. V: 3 “By Leave of Luck” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 24

By Night Unstarred (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 189 By Still Waters (Russell), VIII: 286 “By the Fire–Side” (Browning), Retro. Supp. II: 23–24 By the Line (Keneally), Supp. IV: 345 “By the Sea” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216 By Way of Introduction (Milne), Supp. V: 300 Byatt, A. S.(neé Antonia Drabble), Supp. IV: 139–156, 229 Bye–Bye, Blackbird (Desai), Supp. V: 55, 60–62 “Bylot Island” (Armitage), VIII: 4 “Byre” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 188, 190, 194 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, III: 329; IV: x, xi, 46, 61, 91, 129, 132, 168, 171–194, 198–199, 202, 206, 215, 281, 299; V: 111–112, 247, 324; Supp. III: 356, 365; and Coleridge, IV: 46, 48; and Hazlitt, IV: 129; and Shelley, IV: 159, 172, 176–177, 179, 181, 182, 198–199, 202, 206; Retro. Supp. I: 250–251; and Southey, IV: 61, 184– 187; literary style, III: 336, 337–338; IV: viii, ix, xi, 129, 281; V: 17, 116; VII: xix “Byron” (Durrell), Supp. I: 126 “Byron” (Macaulay), IV: 281 Byron, Robert, Supp. IV: 157 Byron and the Ruins of Paradise (Gleckner), IV: 173, 194 Byron in Italy (Quennell), IV: 194 Byron: The Years of Fame (Quennell), IV: 194 Byronic Hero, The Types and Prototypes (Thorslev), IV: 173, 194 Byron’s Conspiracy (Chapman), I: 249– 251 Byron’s Tragedy (Chapman), see Tragedy of Byron, The “Byzantium” (Yeats), VI: 215; Retro. Supp. I: 336–337 C (Reading), VIII: 265, 266–268, 269, 271, 273

“C. G. Jung’s First Years” (Kinsella),

Supp. V: 269 C. H. Sisson (Sisson), Supp. XI: 252 Cab at the Door, A (Pritchett), Supp. III: 311, 312 Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, The (ﬁlm), III: 342 Cadenus and Vanessa (Swift), III: 18, 31, 35; Retro. Supp. I: 283–284 “Caedmon” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 Caesar and Cleopatra (Shaw), VI: 112; Retro. Supp. II: 316–317 Caesar and Pompey (Chapman), I: 252– 253 Caesar Borgia (Lee), II: 305 Caesar: The Life Story of a Panda Leopard (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 249, 252 “Caesarean” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 109– 110 Caesar’s Fall (Drayton, Middleton, Munday, Webster, et al.), II: 68, 85 Caesar’s Wife (Maugham), VI: 369

313

“Cage of Sand” (Ballard), Supp. V: 24 Cage Without Grievance (Graham), Supp. VII: 105, 107–109, 112 “Caged Skylark, The” (Hopkins), Retro. Supp. II: 190 Cagliostro, Alessandro di, III: 332 Cahier d’un retour au pays natal (Césaire), Supp. IV: 77 Cain (Byron), IV: xviii, 173, 177, 178– 182, 193 Caitaani mu˜tharaba–in (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 212, 215, 216, 221–222, 224 Cakes and Ale (Maugham), VI: 367, 371, 374, 377 Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, II: 312n, 313n; IV: 206, 342, 349 Caleb Field: A Tale of the Puritans (Oliphant), Supp. X: 219 Caleb Williams (Godwin), see Adventures of Caleb Williams, The Caledonia (Defoe), III: 13 The” “Caledonian Antisyzygy, (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 214 “Calendar–Flush, A” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 24 Calendar of Love, A (Brown), Supp. VI: 64 Calendar of Modern Letters (periodical), VII: 233 “Calenture” (Reid), Supp. VII: 328 “Caliban upon Setebos” (Browning), IV: 358, 364, 370, 372; Retro. Supp. II: 26 “Calidore” (Keats), IV: 214 Caliph’s Design, The (Lewis), VII: 72, 75n Call for the Dead (le Carré), Supp. II: 299, 305–307, 308, 311 Called to Be Saints (Rossetti), V: 260 Call–Girls, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 28n, 32 “Calling of Arthur, The” (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 282 Callista: A Tale of the Third Century (Newman), Supp. VII: 299 “Calm, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 86 “Calmative, The” (Beckett), Supp. I: 50, 59; Retro. Supp. I: 21 Calvin, John, I: 241 Calvino, Italo, Supp. IV: 558 “Calypso” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 41 “Camberwell Beauty, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 312, 327–328, 329 Camberwell Beauty and Other Stories, The (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313, 327 Cambises (Preston), I: 122, 213–214 “Cambridge” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 Cambridge (Phillips), Supp. V: 380, 386, 388–390 “Cambridge Autumn” (Cornford), VIII: 107 Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, III: 51, 52 “Cambridgeshire” (Cornford), VIII: 106 “Cambridgeshire Childhood, A” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 221

CAMB−CARY Cambyses (Preston), see Cambises Camden, William, Retro. Supp. I: 152– 153 Cameron, Norman, VII: 421, 422, 426; Supp. IX: 17&endash32 “Cameronian Preacher’s Tale, The” (Hogg), Supp. X: 110 Camilla; or, A Picture of Youth (Burney), Supp. III: 64, 65, 68, 72, 73–75, 76 Cammaerts, Emile, V: 262, 274 “Camouﬂage” (Longley), VIII: 168 Camp, The (Sheridan), III: 253, 264 Camp One (Dutton), Supp. XII: 87–88, 95 Campaign, The (Addison), III: 46 Campaspe (Lyly), I: 198, 199–200 Campbell, Ian, IV: xii, xxiv, 250 Campbell, Joseph, VII: 53 Campbell, Roy, IV: 320; VII: 422, 428; Supp. III: 119 Campbell, Sue Ellen, Supp. IV: 336 Campbell’s Kingdom (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Campensis, Joannes, I: 119 Camus, Albert, Supp. IV: 259 Can You Find Me: A Family History (Fry), Supp. III: 192, 193 Can You Forgive Her? (Trollope), V: 96, 101 “Can You Remember?” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 45 Canaan (Hill), Supp. V: 192–194 “Canacee” (Gower), I: 53–54, 55 “Canal Bank Walk” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 197 Canal Dreams (Banks), Supp. XI: 8, 9 Canavans, The (Gregory), VI: 315 “Canberra Remnant” (Murray), Supp. VII: 273 “Cancer Hospital, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 Candida (Shaw), III: 263; VI: 108, 110– 111, 113; Retro. Supp. II: 313–314 Candidate, The (Crabbe), III: 286 “Candidate, The” (Gray), III: 142 Candide (tr. Cameron, N.), Supp. IX: 28 Candide (Voltaire), IV: 295; Supp. IV: 221 “Candle Indoors, The” (Hopkins), V: 370 Candle of Vision, The (Russell), VIII: 277, 278–280, 288, 292 “Candles, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 222 Candy Floss Tree, The (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 218–219Canoes, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 67 Canning, George, IV: 132, 164 Canon of Thomas Middleton’s Plays, The (Lake), II: 1, 21 Canopus in Argos, Archives (Lessing), Supp. I: 250–253 “Canterbury Cathedral” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer), I: 1, 2, 20–47; Retro. Supp. I: 45; Retro. Supp. II: 45–49, 125 Canticle of the Rose, The (Sitwell), VII: xvii, 130, 137 “Canto 45” (Pound), Supp. IV: 114, 115

Cantos (Pound), V: 317n; Supp. IV: 100, 115 Cantos of Mutability (Spenser), I: 140 Cap, The, and, The Falcon (Tennyson), IV: 338 “Cap and Bells, The” (Keats), IV: 217 Cape of Storms: The First Life of Adamastor (Brink), Supp. VI: 54–55, 57 Capell, Edward, I: 326 Caprice (Firbank), Supp. II: 201, 204, 205, 211–213 Captain, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), II: 65 Captain Brassbound’s Conversion (Shaw), VI: 110; Retro. Supp. II: 317 Captain Corelli’s Mandolin (De Bernières), Supp. XII: 65, 68–69, 74– 76, 78 Captain Fantom (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 117 “Captain Henry Hastings” (Brontë), V: 122, 123–124, 135, 138, 151 Captain Lavender (McGuckian), Supp. V: 280, 287–289 “Captain Lavender” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 289 “Captain Nemo” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 86 “Captain Parry” (Hood), IV: 267 Captain Patch (Powys), VIII: 258 “Captain Rook and Mr. Pigeon” (Thackeray), V: 21, 37 Captain Singleton (Defoe), III: 8, 13; Retro. Supp. I: 72 Captains Courageous (Kipling), VI: 204 “Captain’s Doll, The” (Lawrence), VII: 90 Captive Lion and Other Poems, The (Davies), Supp. XI: 98 Captives, The (Gay), III: 60–61, 67 Captivity (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 200, 210 Car, Thomas, II: 181 Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da, Supp. IV: 95, 262 “Carboniferous” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 167 Carceri d’invenzione (Piranesi), III: 325 Card, The (Bennett), VI: 250, 258–259, 266; Supp. III: 324, 325 Card, The (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Card Castle (Waugh), Supp. VI: 270 Cardenio (Fletcher and Shakespeare), II: 43, 66, 87 “Cards” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 105 Cards on the Table (Christie), Supp. II: 131, 135 “Care” (Murphy), Supp. V: 327 “Careless Lover, The” (Suckling), II: 227 “Careless Talk” (Bowen), Supp. II: 93 Careless Widow and Other Stories, A (Pritchett), Supp. III: 328, 329 Caretaker, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 367, 368, 369, 372–374, 379, 380, 381; Retro. Supp. I: 224–225 Carew, Thomas, I: 354; II: 222–225, 237 Carey, John, V: ix, xxvii, 39, 62, 73 Carey, Peter, Supp. XII: 49–64 Carlingford, Lord, see Fortescue, Chichester

314

“Carlow Village Schoolhouse” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Carlyle, A. J., III: 272n Carlyle, Jane, IV: 239, 240 Carlyle, R. M., III: 272n Carlyle, Thomas, IV: xii, 38, 41–42, 70, 231, 238–250, 266n, 273, 289, 295, 301–302, 311, 324, 341–342; V: vii, ix, xii, 3, 5, 165, 182, 213n, 285, 319 “Carlyon Bay Hotel” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 “Caramanian Exile, The” (tr. Mangan), Supp. XIII: 118, 125, 126 “Carmen Becceriense, Cum Prolegomenis et Commentario Critico, Edidit H. M. B.“(Beerbohm), Supp. II: 44 Carmen Deo Nostro, Te Decet Hymnus, Sacred Poems, Collected (Crashaw), II: 180, 181, 184, 201 “Carmen Mortis” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 89 Carmen Triumphale, for the Commencement of the Year 1814 (Southey), IV: 71 “Carmilla” (Le Fanu), III: 340, 345; Supp. III: 385–836 Carmina V (Herrick), II: 108 Carn (McCabe), Supp. IX: 127, 128– 129, 137, 138 Carnal Island, The (Fuller), Supp. VII: 77–78, 81 “Carnal Knowledge” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 258 Carnall, Geoffrey Douglas, IV: xxiv, 72, 156 Carnival Trilogy, The (Harris), Supp. V: 135, 136, 138, 140–141 “Carol” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214–215 “Carol on Corfu” (Durrell), Supp. I: 123–124, 126 Caroline (Maugham), VI: 369 “Caroline Vernon” (Brontë), V: 112, 122, 123, 124, 125, 138, 151 Carpenter, Edward, VI: 407, 408; Supp. XIII: 35–52 “Carpenter, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 130, 131 “Carpenter’s Shed” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Carr, John Dickson, Supp. IV: 285 “Carrickfergus” (MacNeice), VI: 401 Carrington, Charles, VI: 166 “Carrion Comfort” (Hopkins), V: 374 Carroll, Lewis, V: xi, xix, xxii, xxvi, 86, 87, 261–275; Supp. IV: 199, 201 Carry On, Jeeves (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 455, 461, 462 Carson, Ciaran, Supp. XIII: 53–67 “Cart, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220 Carter, Angela, III: 341, 345; Supp. III: 79–93; Supp. IV: 46, 303, 459, 549, 558 Carter, Frederick, VII: 114 Cartoons: The Second Childhood of John Bull (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 51 Cartwright, John, IV: 103 Cartwright, William, II: 134, 185, 222, 237, 238 Cary, Joyce, VII: xvii, 185–196

CARY−CERT Caryl Churchill, A Casebook (King), Supp. IV: 194–195 “Casa d’Amunt” (Reid), Supp. VII: 329 Casa Guidi Windows (Browning), IV: 311, 314, 318, 321 “Casadh Súgaín Eile” (Behan), Supp. II: 68 Casanova’s Chinese Restaurant (Powell), VII: 348–349 Cascando (play, Beckett), Supp. I: 60 “Cascando” (poem, Beckett), Supp. I: 44 Case, A. E., III: 25, 36 Case for African Freedom, The (Cary), VII: 186 “Case for Equality, The” (Drabble), Supp. IV: 31, 233 Case is Alter’d, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 156–157 Case is Altered, The (Plomer), Supp. XI: 217–219 “Case of Bill Williams, The” (Kavan), Supp. VII: 210 Case of Conscience Resolved, A (Bunyan), II: 253 Case of Elijah, The (Sterne), III: 135 Case of General Ople and Lady Camper, The (Meredith), V: 230–231, 234 “Case of Identity, A” (Doyle), Supp. II: 171 Case of Ireland . . . Stated, The (Molyneux), III: 27 Case of the Abominable Snowman, The (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 Case of the Midwife Toad, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 38 Case of Walter Bagehot, The (Sisson), Supp. XI: 250 Cashel Byron’s Profession (Shaw), VI: 102, 103, 105–106, 109–110, 113, 129 “Cask of Amontillado, The” (Poe), III: 339 “Cassandra” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 174 Cassinus and Peter (Swift), Retro. Supp. I: 284 “Castalian Spring” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 134 “Castaway, The” (Cowper), III: 218–219 “Casting of the Bell, The” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 56 Casting Off (Howard), Supp. XI: 145, 147, 148 Castle, The (Kafka), III: 340, 345; Supp. IV: 439 Castle Corner (Cary), VII: 186 Castle Dangerous (Scott), IV: 39 Castle of Indolence, The (Thomson), III: 162, 163, 171, 172; Supp. III: 412, 425–428 Castle of Otranto, The (Walpole), III: 324, 325–327, 336, 345; IV: 30; Supp. III: 383–384 Castle of the Demon, The (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 116 Castle Rackrent (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 154–155; Supp. IV: 502 Castle Richmond (Trollope), V: 101 Castle–Croquet (Carroll), V: 274 “Castles” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 78 Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne, The (Radcliffe), IV: 35

Casualties of Peace (O’Brien), Supp. V: 339 “Casualty” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 130 Casuarina Tree, The (Maugham), VI: 370, 371 “Cat on a Turkey Plate” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 229 “Cat–Faith” (Reid), Supp. VII: 328 Cat Nappers, The (Wodehouse), see Aunts Aren’t Gentlemen Cat on a Houseboat (Desai), Supp. V: 55, 62 Catalans, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 251 “Catarina to Camoens” (Browning), IV: 314 Catcher in the Rye, The (Salinger), Supp. IV: 28 Catepillar Stew (Ewart), Supp. VII: 47 Catharine and Petruchio, I: 327; see also Taming of the Shrew, The Cather, Willa, Supp. IV: 151 Catherine (Thackeray), V: 22, 24, 28, 37 Cathleen ni Houlihan (Yeats and Gregory), VI: 218, 222, 309; VII: 4 Catholic Church, The (Newman), Supp. VII: 292 “Catholic Church and Cultural Life, The” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 376 “Catholic Homilies” (Ælfric of Eynsham), Retro. Supp. II: 297–298 “Catholic Novel in England from the Oxford Movement to the Present Day, The” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 364 Catholics (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 143, 151, 152 Cathures (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 160, 164, 170 Catiline (Jonson), I: 345–346; Retro. Supp. I: 161, 164 Cato (Addison), III: 46 Catriona (Stevenson), V: 387, 396; Retro. Supp. I: 267 Cat’s Cradle Book, The (Warner), Supp. VII: 369, 381–382 Catullus, II: 108; IV: 327; Supp. IV: 491 Caudwell, Christopher, Supp. III: 120; Supp. IX: 33&endash48 Caught (Green), Supp. II: 254–256 Cause Célèbre (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 318, 321 Cause For Alarm (Ambler), Supp. IV: 8–9 Causeries du lundi (Sainte–Beuve), III: 226 Causley, Charles, VII: 422, 434–435 “Caught in a Hurry” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 Causeway (Longley ed.), VIII: 165–166 Caution to Stir up to Watch Against Sin (Bunyan), II: 253 Cavafy, C. P., VI: 408 Cavalcade (Coward), VI: 264; Supp. II: 147, 149, 150–151 Cave, Edward, III: 107 Cave and the Spring, The: Essays in Poetry (Hope), Supp. VII: 155, 163 Cave Birds (Hughes), Supp. I: 351, 356– 357, 363 Cavendish, George, I: 114

315

“Caverns of the Grave I’ve Seen, The” (Blake), III: 305 Cawelti, John, Supp. IV: 7 Caxton, William, I: 67, 82; Retro. Supp. II: 242–2 Cayley, Charles Bagot, V: 250–251, 253, 259 Ceausescu, Nicolae, Supp. IV: 195, 196 Cecil Rhodes (Plomer), Supp. XI: 221 Cecilia; or, Memoirs of an Heiress (Burney), Supp. III: 63, 64, 67, 70, 71, 72 Cefalû (Durrell), Supp. I: 100, 101 “Ceix and Alceone” (Gower), I: 53–54 “Celadon and Lydia” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 200 Celan, Paul, Supp. V: 189–190, 199–200 Celebrations (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 Celebrations and Elegies (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 “Celestial Omnibus” (Forster), Supp. I 153 Celestial Omnibus, The (Forster), VI: 399 Celestials, Supp. IV: 344–345 Celibate Lives (Moore), VI: 95 Celibates (Moore), VI: 87, 91, 95 Cellular Pathologie (Virchow), V: 348 Celt and Saxon (Meredith), V: 234 “Celtic Twilight” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187 Celtic Twilight, The, Men and Women, Ghouls and Faeries (Yeats), VI: 221 Cement Garden, The (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390, 392–393, 400, 407 Cenci, The (Shelley), III: 338; IV: xviii, 202, 208; Supp. IV: 468; Retro. Supp. I: 254 “Censored, Banned, Gagged” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 237 “Censors and Unconfessed History” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 237 “Centaur Within, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 315 “Centaurs, The” (Longley), VIII: 168, 169, 171 “Centenary of Charles Dickens, The” (Joyce), V: 41 Centlivres, Susanna, Supp. III: 70 Centuries of Meditations (Traherne), II: 189n, 190, 192–193, 202; Supp. XI: 263, 264, 265–266, 269–273 Century of Roundels, A (Swinburne), V: 332 Century Was Young, The (Aragon), Supp. IV: 466 Century’s Daughter, The (retitled Liza’s England, Barker), Supp. IV: 45, 46, 53–56 “Ceremony after a ﬁre raid” (Thomas), Supp. I: 178 “Certain Mercies” (Graves), VII: 265 Certain Noble Plays of Japan (Yeats), VI: 218 Certain Satires (Marston), II: 25 Certaine Learned and Elegant Workes of the Right Honourable Fulke, Lord Brooke, Written in His Youth and Familiar Exercise with Sir Philip Sidney (Greville), Supp. XI: 106, 107– 117

CERV−CHER Cervantes, Miguel de, IV: 190 Césaire, Aimé, Supp. IV: 77 Cestus of Aglaia, The (Ruskin), V: 180– 181, 184 Cetywayo and His White Neighbours (Haggard), Supp. III: 213, 214, 216– 217 “Ceud Mile Failte” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 81 Chabot, Admiral of France (Chapman), I: 252–253 Chadourne, Marc, III: 329 “Chafﬁnch Map of Scotland, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 166 “Chair that Will sat in, I sat in the best, The” (FitzGerald), IV: 341 Chain of Voices, A (Brink), Supp. VI: 51–52, 57 “Chalet” (Murphy), Supp. V: 329 Chalk Giants, The (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 272–273 Chalkhill, John, II: 133 Chalmers, Alan, see Upward, Edward Chamber Music (Joyce), VII: 41, 42; Retro. Supp. I: 171 Chamberlain, Neville, VI: 353, 355–356 “Chambermaid’s Second Song, The” (Yeats), VI: 215 Chambers, E. K., I: 299; II: 187; IV: 41, 57 Chambers, R. W., I: 3; Retro. Supp. I: 143 “Chamois, The” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 143, 147 Champion (periodical), III: 97–98, 105 “Champion of the World, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 214, 223 Chance (Conrad), VI: 144, 146; Supp. IV: 250; Retro. Supp. II: 82 “Chance, The” (Carey), Supp. XII: 54, 55 Chance Encounters (Hope), Supp. VII: 152 Chancer, A (Kelman), Supp. V: 242, 247–249 Chances, The (Fletcher), II: 65 Chandler, Edmund, V: 354, 359 Chandler, Raymond, Supp. II: 130, 135 “Chanel” (Durrell), Supp. I: 125 “Change” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 89 “Change of Policy, A” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 329 Change the Name (Kavan), Supp. VII: 212 “Changed Man, A” (Hardy), VI: 22 Changed Man, A, The Waiting Supper, and Other Tales (Hardy), VI: 20, 22 “Changeling, The” (Byatt), Supp. IV: 140 Changeling, The (Middleton and Rowley), II: 1, 3, 8, 14–18, 21, 93 “Changing Face of Fiction, The” (Weldon), Supp. IV: 522, 533 Changing Places: A Tale of Two Campuses (Lodge), Supp. IV: 363, 365, 371, 372–375, 376, 377, 385 Changing Room, The (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 416–417 “Channel Passage, A” (Brooke), Supp. III: 53

Channel Passage, A, and Other Poems (Swinburne), V: 333 Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, The (Keneally), Supp. IV: 345, 347–348, 350–352, 360 Chant of the Celestial Sailors, The (Pater), V: 357 “Chant–Pagan” (Kipling), VI: 203 Chants for Socialists (Morris), V: 306 Chaos and Night (Montherlant), II: 99n “Chapel Organist, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 “Chaperon, The” (James), VI: 69 Chapman, George, I: 232–256, 278, 288; II: 30, 37, 47, 55, 70, 71, 85; IV: 215, 255–256 Chapman, John, V: 189 Chapman, R. W., III: 249 Chappell, E., II: 288 “Chaps” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 74 Character and Opinions of Dr. Johnson, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Character of a Trimmer (Halifax), III: 40 “Character of a Virtuous Widow” (Webster), II: 77 Character of England, A, as It Was Lately Presented . . . (Evelyn), II: 287 “Character of Holland, The” (Marvell), II: 211, 219 “Character of Mr. Burke” (Hazlitt), IV: 136 Character of Robert Earl of Salisbury, The (Tourneur), II: 37, 41 Characterismes of Vertues and Vice (Hall), II: 81 Characteristicks (Shaftesbury), III: 44 “Characteristics” (Carlyle), IV: 241 Characteristics: In the Manner of Rochefoucault’s Maxims (Hazlitt), IV: 132, 139 “Characters” (Dickens), V: 46 Characters (Theophrastus), III: 50 Characters (Webster), II: 68, 81 “Characters of Dramatic Writers Contemporary with Shakespeare” (Lamb), IV: 79, 80 Characters of Love, The: A Study in the Literature of Personality (Bayley), Supp. I: 222, 224 Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays (Hazlitt), I: 329; IV: xvii, 129, 139 “Characters of the First Fifteen” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 Charge Delivered to the Grand Jury, A (Fielding), III: 105 “Charge of the Light Brigade, The” (Tennyson), IV: xxi, 325 Charioteer, The (Renault), Supp. IX: 172, 176–178, 187 “Charity” (Cowper), III: 212 Charles, Amy, Retro. Supp. II: 174 “Charles Augustus Milverton” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 42 Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: A Centennial Commemoration (ed. Chapman), Supp. XI: 195 Charles Dickens (Swinburne), V: 333 Charles Dickens: A Critical Study (Gissing), V: 424, 435, 437

316

Charles I (Shelley), IV: 206 “Charles Lamb” (De Quincey), IV: 148 Charles Lamb and His Contemporaries (Blunden), IV: 86 “Charles Lamb, to those who know thee justly dear” (Southey), IV: 85 “Charles Maurras and the Idea of the Patriot King” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 246 Charley Is My Darling (Cary), VII: 186, 188, 189, 190–191 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (Dahl), Supp. IV: 202–203, 207, 222– 223 Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (Dahl), Supp. IV: 207 “Charlotte Brontë as a Critic of Wuthering Heights” (Drew), V: 153 Charlotte Brontë, 1816–1916: A Centenary Memorial (ed. Wood), V: 152 “Charlotte Brontë in Brussels” (Spielman), V: 137n Charlotte Brontë: The Evolution of Genius (Gérin), V: 111, 152 Charlotte Mew and Her Friends (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 98–99 “Charm Against Amnesia, A” (Nye), Supp. X: 202 Charmed Circle, A (Kavan), Supp. VII: 203, 205, 206–207 Charting the Journey (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108 Chartism (Carlyle), IV: xix, 240, 244– 245, 249, 250; V: viii Chase, The, and William and Helen (Scott), IV: 29, 38 Chaste Maid in Cheapside, A (Middleton), II: 1, 3, 6–8, 10, 21 Chaste Wanton, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 276–277 Chastelard (Swinburne), V: 313, 330, 331, 332 Chatterton (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 7–8 Chatterton, Thomas, IV: iv, 228; V: 405; Supp. IV: 344 Chatwin, Bruce, Supp. IV: 157–177, Supp. IX: 49–63 Chaucer, Geoffrey, I: 2, 15, 16, 19–47, 49, 60, 67, 126; II: 70, 292, 302, 304; IV: 189; V: 298, 303; Supp. IV: 190; Retro. Supp. II: 33–50, 125 Châtiments, Les (Hugo), V: 324 “Cheap in August” (Greene), Supp. I: 16 “Chearfulness” (Vaughan), II: 186 “Cheek, The” (Hope), Supp. VII: 157– 158 Cheery Soul, A (White), Supp. I: 131, 150 “Cheery Soul, A” (White), Supp. I: 143 Chekhov, Anton, VI: 372 “Chekhov and Zulu” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 445 Cherry Orchard, The (tr. Frayn), Supp. VII: 61 “Cherry–ripe” (Herrick), II: 115 “Cherry Stones” (Milne), Supp. V: 302– 303 “Cherry Tree, The” (Coppard), VIII: 94 “Cherry Tree, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 271

CHER−CHRI “Cherry Tree, In December” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 75 “Chest” (Self), Supp. V: 403 Chest of Drawers, A (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173 Chester Nimmo trilogy (Cary), VII: 186, 191, 194–195; see also Prisoner of Grace, Except the Lord, Not Honour More Chester, Robert, I: 313 Chesterton, G. K., IV: 107; V: xxiv, 60, 262, 296, 383, 391, 393, 397; VI: 200, 241, 248, 335–345; VII: xiii Chettle, Henry, I: 276, 296; II: 47, 68 “Chevalier” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 73 Chiaroscuro (Kay), Supp. XIII: 100 Chief of Staff (Keneally), Supp. IV: 347 “Chief Petty Officer” (Causley), VII: 434 “Chiffonier, The” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 “Child, The” (Friel), Supp. V: 113 “Child and the Shadow, The” (Jennings), Supp. V: 210 Child Christopher and Goldilind the Fair (Morris), V: 306 “Child Dying, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 “Child in the House, The” (Pater), V: 337, 357 Child in Time, The (McEwan), Supp. IV: 389, 390, 400–402, 404, 406, 407 “Child Lovers” (Davies), Supp. XI: 100 “Child of God” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 105 Child of Misfortune (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 130–131 Child of Queen Victoria and Other Stories, The (Plomer), Supp. XI: 214– 215 Child of Storm (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Child of the Jago, The (Morrison), VI: 365–366 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Byron), III: 337, 338; IV: x, xvii, 172, 175–178, 180, 181, 188, 192; V: 329 “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came” (Browning), IV: 357; VI: 16 “Childe–hood” (Vaughan), II: 188, 189, 190 Childermass (Lewis), VII: 71, 79, 80–81 “Childhood” (Clare), Supp. XI: 52–53 “Childhood” (Cornford), VIII: 112 “Childhood” (Muir), Supp. VI: 204–205 “Childhood Incident” (Nye), Supp. X: 203 Childhood of Edward Thomas, The (Thomas), Supp. III: 393 “Childish Prank, A” (Hughes), Supp. I: 353 “Children, Follow the Dwarfs” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 214 Children of Dynmouth, The (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501, 510–511 “Children of Freedom” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 38 Children of Men, The (James), Supp. IV: 320, 338–339, 340 “Children of Odin” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 225 Children of the Chapel (Gordon), V: 313

“Children of the Zodiac, The” (Kipling), VI: 169, 189, 191–193 Children of Violence (Lessing), Supp. I: 238, 243–246 Children’s Encyclopedia (Mee), Supp. IV: 256 “Child’s Christmas in Wales, A” (Thomas), Supp. I: 183 “Child’s Calendar, A” (Brown), Supp. VI: 71 Child’s Garden of Verses, A (Stevenson), V: 385, 387, 395; Retro. Supp. I: 264 Child’s History of England, A (Dickens), V: 71 Child’s Play: A Tragi–comedy in Three Acts of Violence With a Prologue and an Epilogue (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 115– 116 Chimeras, The (Mahon), Supp. VI: 173 Chimes, The (Dickens), V: 42, 64, 71 “Chimney Sweeper” (Blake), III: 297; Retro. Supp. I: 36, 42 China. A Revised Reprint of Articles from Titan . . . (DeQuincey), IV: 155 China Diary (Spender), Supp. II: 493 Chinamen (Frayn), Supp. VII: 57–58 “Chinese Button, The” (Brooke–Rose), Supp. IV: 103 “Chinese Gordon on the Soudan” (Stead), Supp. XIII: 238–239 “Chinese Letters” (Goldsmith), see Citizen of the World, The “Chinese Lobster, The” (Byatt), Supp. IV: 155 Chinese Love Pavilion, The (Scott), Supp. I: 259, 263 Chinese Pictures (Bird), Supp. X: 31 Chinese Tower, The (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71 “Chinoiserie” (Reading), VIII: 273 “Chip of Glass Ruby, A” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 232 “Chippenham” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 Chit–chat (periodical), III: 50 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (ﬁlm, Dahl), Supp. IV: 213 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (Fleming), Supp. IV: 212–213 Chivers, Thomas Holley, V: 313 Chloe (Meredith), V: 231n, 234 Chloe Marr (Milne), Supp. V: 310 Choice of Ballads, A (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 Choice of George Herbert’s Verse, A (ed. Thomas), Supp. XII: 282 Choice of Kipling’s Prose, A (Maugham), VI: 200, 204 Choice of Wordsworth’s Verse, A (ed. Thomas), Supp. XII: 282 “Choir School” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Chomei at Toyama (Bunting), Supp. VII: 4, 6–7 Chomsky, Noam, Supp. IV: 113–114 “Chorale” (Hope), Supp. VII: 158 Chorus of Disapproval, A (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 9–10, 14 “Chorus Sacerdotum” (Greville), Supp. XI: 108, 117–118 “Chorus Tartaorum” (Greville), Supp. XI: 117–118

317

Christ a Compleat Saviour in His Intercession (Bunyan), II: 253 Christ and Satan, Retro. Supp. II: 301 Christ in the Cupboard (Powys), VIII: 255 Christ Stopped at Eboli (Levi), VI: 299 “Christ Surprised” (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 “Christ upon the Waters” (Newman), Supp. VII: 298 Christabel (Coleridge), II: 179; III: 338; IV: ix, xvii, 29, 44, 48–49, 56, 218, 313; Retro. Supp. II: 58–59 Christe’s Bloody Sweat (Ford), II: 88, 100 “Christening” (Murphy), Supp. V: 322 Christian Behaviour (Lewis), Supp. III: 248 Christian Behaviour . . . (Bunyan), II: 253 Christian Captives, The (Bridges), VI: 83 Christian Dialogue, A (Bunyan), II: 253 Christian Ethicks (Traherne), II: 190, 191, 201; Supp. XI: 263, 264, 265, 267, 277–279 Christian Hero, The (Steele), III: 43, 44, 53 Christian Morals (Browne), II: 149, 153, 154, 156; III: 40 Christie, Agatha, III: 341; Supp. II: 123– 135; Supp. III: 334; Supp. IV: 500 Christina Alberta’s Father (Wells), VI: 227 Christina Rossetti (Packer), V: 251, 252– 253, 260 Christina Rossetti: A Divided Life (Battiscombe), V: 260 Christina Stead (Brydon), Supp. IV: 463 Christina Stead: A Biography (Rowley), Supp. IV: 459 “Christine’s Letter” (Coppard), VIII: 96 “Christmas” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 221 “Christmas Antiphones” (Swinburne), V: 325 “Christmas at Sea” (Stevenson), V: 396 Christmas at Thompson Hall (Trollope), V: 102 Christmas Books (Dickens), V: 71 Christmas Carol, A (Dickens), V: xx, 42, 56–57, 71 “Christmas Carol, A” (Swinburne), V: 315 “Christmas Childhood, A” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 194 Christmas Comes But Once a Year (Chettle, Dekker, Heywood, Webster), II: 68, 85 “Christmas Day At Home” (Hollinghurst), Supp. X: 121 “Christmas Day in the Workhouse” (Wilson), Supp. I: 153, 157 “Christmas Eve” (Nye), Supp. X: 202, 205 Christmas Eve and Easter Day (Browning), Retro. Supp. II: 25–26 “Christmas Garland Woven by Max Beerbohm, A” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 45 Christmas Garland, A (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 45, 49

CHRI−CLAU Christmas His Masque (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 Christmas Holiday (Maugham), VI: 377 “Christmas Life, The” (Cope), VIII: 80 “Christmas Midnight, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 227 “Christmas 1987” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 226 “Christmas Oratorio, A” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 10–11 Christmas Pudding (Mitford), Supp. X: 154–155 “Christmas Storms and Sunshine” (Gaskell), V: 15 Christmas–Eve and Easter–Day (Browning), IV: 357, 363, 370, 372, 374 Christopher, John, Supp. V: 22 Christopher and His Kind (Isherwood), VII: 318 “Christopher At Birth” (Longley), VIII: 167 Christopher Columbus (MacNeice), VII: 406 “Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella of Spain Consummate Their Relationship” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 452 Christopher Homm (Sisson), Supp. XI: 247–248, 249 “Christopher Marlowe” (Swinburne), V: 332 Christopher Marlowe in Relation to Greene, Peele and Lodge (Swinburne), V: 333 Christ’s Hospital, A Retrospect (Blunden), IV: 86 “Christ’s Hospital Five–and–Thirty Years Ago“(Lamb), IV: 42, 76 “Chronicle, The” (Cowley), II: 198 Chronicle Historie of Perkin Warbeck, The (Ford), see Perkin Warbeck chronicle history, I: 73 Chronicle of Carlingford series (ed. Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 98 Chronicle of Friendships, A, 1873–1900 (Low), V: 393, 397 Chronicle of Queen Fredegond, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Chronicle of the Cid (tr. Southey), IV: 71 “Chronicle of the Drum, The” (Thackeray), V: 17, 38 Chronicle of Youth: War Diary, 1913– 1917 (Brittain), Supp. X: 47 Chronicles (Hall), II: 43 Chronicles of Barset (Trollope), Supp. IV: 231 Chronicles of Carlingford (Oliphant), Supp. X: 214, 219 Chronicles of Clovis, The (Saki), Supp. VI: 240–243, 245, 249 Chronicles of Narnia, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 247, 248, 259–261 Chronicles of the Canongate (Scott), IV: 39 Chroniques (Froissart), I: 21 “Chronopolis” (Ballard), Supp. V: 22 “Chrysalides” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 262 Chrysalids, The (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 290–291, 292

Chrysaor (Landor), IV: 96 Church, Dean R. W., I: 186 Church and Queen. Five Speeches, 1860– 1864 (Disraeli), IV: 308 “Church–ﬂoore, The” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 178–179 “Church Going” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277, 279, 280, 285 “Church Service” (Vaughan), II: 187 “Church Windows, The” (Herbert), II: 127 “Churche–Floore, The” (Herbert), II: 126 Church in Crisis, The (Wilson), Supp. VI: 305 “Churches of Northern France, The” (Morris), V: 293, 306 “Church’s Year Book” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 264, 274 Churchill, Caryl, Supp. IV: 179–200 Churchill, Lady Randolph, VI: 349 Churchill, Winston, III: 27; VI: xv, 261, 274, 347–362, 369, 385, 392; Supp. III: 58–59; speeches, VI: 361 Churchill by His Contemporaries (ed. Eade), VI: 351n, 361 “Church–monuments” (Herbert), II: 127 “Church–warden and the Curate, The” (Tennyson), IV: 327 “Churl and the Bird, The” (Lydgate), I: 57 Chymist’s Key, The (tr. Vaughan), II: 185, 201 Cibber, Colley, I: 327; II: 314, 324–326, 331, 334, 337 Cicadas, The (Huxley), VII: 199 “Cicero and His Brother” (Landor), IV: 90, 91 Ciceronianus (Harvey), I: 122 Ciceronis Amor: Tullies Love (Greene), VIII: 135, 143 “Cinders” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 133, 135– 136, 140, 141, 146 Cinkante balades (Gower), I: 56 Cinque Ports, The (Ford), VI: 238, 332 Cinthio, Giraldi, I: 316; II: 71 Circe (Davenant), II: 305 “Circe” (Longley), VIII: 167 “Circe Truggin” (Powys), VIII: 249 Circle, The (Maugham), VI: 369 “Circle of Deception” (Waugh), Supp. VI: 275 “Circled by Circe” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 86 “Circuit of the World, The”, See Heimskringla Circular Billiards for Two Players (Carroll), V: 273 “Circulation, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 267 “Circus Animals’ Desertion, The” (Yeats), V: 349; VI: 215; Supp. III: 102; Retro. Supp. I: 338 “Circus Wheel” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 Citation and Examination of William Shakespeare . . . (Landor), IV: 100 Cities (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 172 “Cities, The” (Russell), VIII: 291 Cities, Plains and People (Durrell), Supp. I: 126

318

“Citizen” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 311 Citizen of the World, The; or, Letters from a Chinese Philosopher . . . (Goldsmith), III: 177, 179, 185, 188– 189, 191 City Madam, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 183, 184, 185, 186, 190–192 “City of Brass, The” (Kipling), VI: 203 “City Sunset, A” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 136 “City Ways” (Amis), Supp. II: 2 City Witt: or, The Woman Wears the Breeches, The (Brome), Supp. X: 62 City Wives’ Confederacy, The (Vanbrugh), see Confederacy, The Civilisation: Its Cause and Cure (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40–41 “Civilised, The,” (Galsworthy), VI: 273, 274, 276 Civilization in the United States (Arnold), V: 216 Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, The (Burckhardt), V: 342 Civitatis Amor (Middleton), II: 3 Cixous, Hélène, Supp. IV: 99, 117, 232, 547, 558 “Clachtoll” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 186 Clancy, Laurie, Supp. IV: 348 Clapp, Susannah, Supp. IV: 164 Clara (Galloway), Supp. XII: 117, 127– 130 Clara Florise (Moore), VI: 96 Clare, John, IV: 260; Supp. XI: 49–65 Clare Drummer (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313 Clarel (Melville), V: 211 “Clarence Mangan” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 “Clare’s Ghost” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 44 “Clarice of the Autumn Concerts” (Bennett), VI: 266 Clarissa (Richardson), III: 80–81, 85– 89, 91, 92, 95; VI: 266; Supp. III: 30–31; Supp. IV: 150; Retro. Supp. I: 81 “Clarissa“: Preface, Hints of Prefaces and Postscripts (ed. Brissenden), III: 86n “Clarissa Harlowe Poem, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 Clarissa Oakes (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 258–259 Clark, Kenneth, III: 325, 346 Clark, Sir George, IV: 290 Clarke, Charles Cowden, IV: 214, 215 Clarke, Herbert E., V: 318n Clarke, Samuel, II: 251 Clarkson, Catherine, IV: 49 “Class Front of Modern Art, The” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 87 Classic Irish Drama (Armstrong), VII: 14 Classical Tradition, The: Greek and Roman Inﬂuence on Western Literature (Highet), II: 199n Classics and Commercials (Wilson), Supp. II: 57 Claude Lorrain’s House on the Tiber (Lear), V: 77 Claudius novels (Graves), VII: xviii, 259

CLAU−COLE Claudius the God and His Wife Messalina (Graves), VII: 259 “Claud’s Dog” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 214 Claverings, The (Trollope), V: 99–100, 101 Clay. Whereabouts Unknown (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173 Clayhanger (Bennett), VI: 248, 250, 251, 257–258 Clayhanger series(Bennett), VI: xiii, 247, 248, 250, 251, 257–258 Clea (Durrell), Supp. I: 103, 104, 106, 107 “Clean Bill, A” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 “Cleaned Out” (Motion), Supp. VII: 263 “Cleaning Out the Workhouse” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 291 Cleanness (Gawain–Poet), Supp. VII: 83, 84, 98–99 Cleansed (Kane), VIII: 148, 151, 152, 156, 158–159, 160 Clear Horizon (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 186, 187, 191 Clear Light of Day (Desai), Supp. V: 53, 55, 62, 65–67, 68, 73 Clear State of the Case of Elizabeth Canning, A (Fielding), III: 105 “Clearances” (Heaney), Supp. II: 279– 280; Retro. Supp. I: 131 “Clearing” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 227 “Cleator Moor” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 “Cleggan Disaster, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 313, 319–320 Cleomenes, The Spartan Hero (Dryden), II: 296, 305 “Cleon” (Browning), IV: 357, 360, 363 Cleopatra (Daniel), I: 162 Cleopatra (Haggard), Supp. III: 213, 222 “Cleopatra” (Swinburne), V: 332 “Clergy, The” (Wilson), Supp. VI: 305 Clergyman’s Daughter, A (Orwell), VII: 274, 278 “Clergyman’s Doubts, A” (Butler), Supp. II: 117 Clergymen of the Church of England (Trollope), V: 101 “Cleric, The” (Heaney), Supp. II: 279 Clerk, N. W., see Lewis, C. S. Clerk’s Prologue, The (Chaucer), I: 29 Clerk’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 34; Supp. IV: 190 Cleveland, John, II: 123 “Clicking of Cuthbert, The” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 462 Clifford, J. L., III: 244n Clifford, W. K., V: 409n “Clinical World of P. D. James, The” (Benstock), Supp. IV: 320 Clio: A Muse (Trevelyan), VI: 383–384 Clishbotham, Jedidiah, pseud. of Sir Walter Scott “Clive” (Browning), IV: 367 “Clock (for Albert Ayler)” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 44 “Clock Ticks at Christmas, A” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 “Clocks, The” (Christie), Supp. II: 135

Clockwork; or, All Wound Up (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 151, 152 Clockwork Orange, A (Burgess), Supp. I: 190–191 Clockwork Testament, The; or, Enderby’s End (Burgess), Supp. I: 189 Clodd, Edward, V: 429 Cloning of Joanna May, The (Weldon), Supp. IV: 535, 536 “Clopton Hall” (Gaskell), V: 3 “Clorinda and Damon” (Marvell), II: 210, 211 Clorinda Walks in Heaven (Coppard), VIII: 89, 93–94 “Clorinda Walks in Heaven” (Coppard), VIII: 88, 97 “Close of Play” (Dunn), Supp. X: 70 Close Quarters (Golding), Retro. Supp. I: 104 Close Up, Supp. XIII: 191 Closed Eye, A (Brookner), Supp. IV: 120, 133 Closing the Ring (Churchill), VI: 361 “Clothes Pit, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 69 “Cloud, The” (Fowles), Supp. I: 304 “Cloud, The” (Shelley), IV: 196, 204 Cloud Nine (Churchill), Supp. IV: 179, 180, 188–189, 198 CloudCuckooLand (Armitage), VIII: 1, 11–14 “Clouds” (Brooke), VI: 420 Clouds (Frayn), Supp. VII: 61 “Cloud–Sculptors of Coral–D, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 26 Clouds of Witness (Sayers), Supp. III: 338, 339 “Cloud’s Swan Song, The” (Thompson), V: 443 Clough, Arthur Hugh, IV: 371; V: ix, xi, xviii, xxii, 7, 155–171, 207, 208n, 209, 211, 212 “Club in an Uproar, A” (Thackeray), V: 25 Clubbable Woman, A (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 110, 112–113 Clune, Frank, Supp. IV: 350 Cnut, King, Retro. Supp. II: 293 Co–operation and Nationality (Russell), VIII: 286, 287 Coakley, Thomas P., Supp. IV: 350 “Coal, The” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 38 Coal Face (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 7 “Coast, The” (Fuller), VII: 431 Coast to Coast: An Account of a Visit to the United States (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 175, 181–182, 184 Coasting (Raban), Supp. XI: 227, 228– 232 “Coat, A” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 330 “Coat of Many Colors, A” (Desai), Supp. V: 53 Cobbett, William, VI: 337 Cobra Verde (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 168 Coburn, Kathleen, IV: 52, 55–57 Cocaine Nights (Ballard), Supp. V: 31– 32, 34 “Cock: A Novelette” (Self), Supp. V: 404–405 Cock and Bull (Self), Supp. V: 404–406

319

Cock and the Fox, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 137–138, 147 Cock and the Jasp, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 137 “Cock Crows” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 211 “Cock o’ the North” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 68 Cock–a–Doodle Dandy (O’Casey), VII: xviii, 9–10 Cockatoos, The (White), Supp. I: 132, 147 Cockburn, Alexander, Supp. IV: 449 “Cockcrow” (Herrick), II: 114 “Cock–crowing” (Vaughan), II: 185 Cockrill, Maurice, Supp. IV: 231 “Cockroach” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 140 Cockshut, A. O. J., V: 98, 100–101, 103 Cocktail Party, The (Eliot), VII: 158, 159, 160–161; Retro. Supp. II: 132 “Coda” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 Coda (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173 Code of the Woosters, The (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 459–460 “Codham, Cockridden, and Childerditch” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 Coelum Britannicum . . . (Carew), II: 222 Coetzee, J(ohn) M(ichael), Supp. VI: 75–90 Coffin for Dimitrios, A (Ambler), Supp. IV: 9–11, 12 “Coffin on the Hill, The” (Welch), Supp. IX: 267–268 Coggan, Donald, archbishop of Canterbury, I: vi Cohen, Francis, IV: 190 Cohn, Ruby, Retro. Supp. I: 215 Co–Incidence of Flesh (Fallon), Supp. XII: 102 Colasterion: A Reply to a Nameless Answer Against the Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (Milton), II: 175 Colburn, Henry, IV: 254, 293; V: 135 “Cold, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “Cold, clear, and blue, The morning heaven” (Brontë), V: 115 Cold Coming, A (Harrison), Supp. V: 150 “Cold Coming, A” (Harrison), Supp. V: 161–163 Cold Heaven (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 143, 144, 151–152 “Cold in the earth” (Brontë), V: 114, 133, 134 Cold Lazarus (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 228, 240–241 Colenso, Bishop John William, V: 283 Coleridge, Derwent, IV: 48–49, 52 Coleridge, Hartley, IV: 44; V: 105, 125 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, III: 338; IV: viii–xii, 41–57, 59, 75–78, 82, 84, 115, 204, 253, 257, 281; V: 244; Retro. Supp. II: 51–67; and De Quincey, IV: 143, 144, 150; and Hazlitt, IV: 125– 130, 133–134, 137, 138; and Peacock, IV: 161–162, 167; and Wordsworth, IV: 3–4, 6, 15, 128; at Christ’s Hospital, IV: 75–78, 82; critical works, II: 42, 119n, 155, 179, 249–250, 298; III: 174, 281, 286; IV: 4, 6, 18, 96, 253, 257; Retro. Supp. II: 172; literary

COLE−COLO style, II: 154; III: 336, 338; IV: viii, xi, 18, 180; V: 62, 361, 447; Pater’s essay in “ppreciations, V: 244, 340– 341; Supp. IV: 425, 426–427 “Coleridge” (Mill), IV: 50, 56 “Coleridge” (Pater), V: 338, 340–341, 403 Coleridge on Imagination (Richards), Supp. II: 422–423, 429 Coleridge’s Miscellaneous Criticism (ed. Raysor), IV: 46 Coleridge’s Shakespearean Criticism (ed. Raysor), IV: 51, 52, 56 Colette, Supp. III: 86; Supp. IV: 136 “Coleum; or, The Origin of Things” (Bacon), I: 267 Colin Clout (Skelton), I: 84, 86, 87, 91–92 Colin Clout’s Come Home Again (Spenser), I: 124, 127–128, 146–147 “Collaboration” (James), VI: 48, 69 Collaborators, The (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 118 “Collar, The” (Herbert), II: 120–121, 216; Retro. Supp. II: 180 “Colleagues, The” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 252–253 Collected Essays (Greene), Supp. I: 9 Collected Essays, Papers, etc. (Bridges), VI: 83 Collected Ewart 1933–1980, The (Ewart), VII: 423, Supp. VII: 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 43 Collected Impressions (Bowen), Supp. II: 78, 82 Collected Later Poems, 1988–2000 (Thomas), Supp. XII: 282 Collected Letters (Cowen), VI: 448 Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology (Jung), Supp. IV: 3, 4 Collected Plays (Maugham), VI: 367 Collected Plays (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 311, 312, 318 Collected Poems (Amis), Supp. II: 15 Collected Poems (Brooke), Supp. III: 55–56 Collected Poems (Bunting), Supp. VII: 6, 13–14 Collected Poems (Cameron), Supp. IX: 18, 24, 31 Collected Poems (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 33, 37 Collected Poems (Cornford), VIII: 104, 112, 114 Collected Poems (Davies), Supp. XI: 89, 96 Collected Poems (Durrell), Supp. I: 124– 126 Collected Poems (Empson), Supp. II: 179, 181, 192 Collected Poems (Ford), VI: 323, 332 Collected Poems (Jennings), Supp. V: 216 Collected Poems (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 185, 187, 192 Collected Poems (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 203 Collected Poems (Mahon), Supp. VI: 165–167, 169–170, 172–177

Collected Poems (Morgan Supp. IX: 157, 158, 160–161, 163 Collected Poems (Muir), Supp. VI: 201, 204–205, 208 Collected Poems (Murray), Supp. VII: 271, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284 Collected Poems(Nicholson), Supp. VI: 213–214, 217–219 Collected Poems (Nye), Supp. X: 200, 202–205 Collected Poems (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 131, 136, 137, 142, 144, 145 Collected Poems (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213, 214, 216, 222 Collected Poems (Raine), Supp. XIII: 172 Collected Poems (Russell), VIII: 277, 2887 Collected Poems (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 217–231 Collected Poems, The (Seth), Supp. X: 279, 281, 284 Collected Poems (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 424 Collected Poems (Sisson), Supp. XI: 243, 245, 246, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259 Collected Poems (Smith), Supp. II: 464 Collected Poems (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 209, 211, 214, 217, 219, 221 Collected Poems (Thomas), Supp. I: 169, 170, 171, 175, 179, 184; Supp. III: 393 Collected Poems (Warner), Supp. VII: 371, 372, 373 Collected Poems (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 330 Collected Poems 1909–1962 (Muir), Supp. VI: 205 Collected Poems 1928–1985 (Spender), Supp. II: 486, 493 Collected Poems 1930–1965 (Hope), Supp. VII: 153, 155, 156, 157, 159, 162, 164, 165 Collected Poems, 1945–1990 (Thomas), Supp. XII: 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288–289, 290, 292 Collected Poems 1950–1970 (Davie), Supp. VI: 105–106, 108, 110, 114 Collected Poems, 1953–1985 (Jennings), Supp. V: 211, 216, 218 Collected Poems 1955–1995 (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 254, 256–257, 260–262, 264–265 Collected Poems, 1956–1994 (Kinsella), Supp. V: 273, 274 Collected Poems 1980–1990 (Ewart), Supp. VII: 35, 43, 44, 46 Collected Poems of A. E. Coppard (Coppard), VIII: 91, 98 Collected Poems of Robert Louis Stevenson (ed. Smith), V: 393 Collected Poetry of Malcolm Lowry, The (ed. Scherf), Supp. III: 283 Collected Stories (Carey), Supp. XII: 54 Collected Stories (Maugham), VI: 370 Collected Stories (Thomas), Supp. I: 180, 181–182, 183 Collected Tales of A. E. Coppard, The (Coppard), VIII: 85, 89, 97

320

Collected Translations (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 169 Collected Translations (Sisson), Supp. XI: 252 Collected Verse, The (Carroll), V: 270, 273 Collected Works (Smith), Supp. VII: 340 Collected Works of Izaak Walton (Keynes), II: 134 Collected Works of James Clarence Mangan: Poems (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 119–120, 122, 125 Collected Works of James Clarence Mangan: Prose (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 113–118, 120–127, 129 Collected Writings of T. E. Hulme (Hulme), Supp. VI: 134–136, 139– 146 Collection, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 373, 374, 375 “Collection, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 315 Collection of Meditations and Devotions in Three Parts, A (Traherne), II: 191, 201 Collection of Original Poems, A (Boswell), III: 247 Collection of Poems 1955–1988, A (Nye), Supp. X: 193–194, 197, 202–205 “Collective Invention, The” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 317 Collector, The (Fowles), Supp. I: 291, 292, 293, 294–295, 297, 307, 310 Collector, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 227–228 “Collector Cleans His Picture, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 “Collectors, The” (Mistry), Supp. X: 139 “College Garden, The” (Bridges), VI: 82 “College in the Reservoir, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235–236 “College Magazine, A” (Stevenson), Retro. Supp. I: 261 Collier, Jeremy, II: 303, 325, 331–332, 338, 340, 356; III: 44 Collier, John Payne, I: 285; IV: 52, 56 Collier’s Friday Night, A (Lawrence), VII: 89, 121 Collingwood, R. G., VI: 203 Collingwood, S. D., V: 270, 273, 274 Collins, Michael, VI: 353 Collins, Phillip, V: 46, 73 Collins, Wilkie, III: 334, 338, 340, 345; V: xxii–xxiii, 42, 62; Supp. III: 341; Supp. VI: 91–104 Collins, William, II: 68, 323n; III: 160– 176, 336; IV: 227 Collinson, James, V: 249 Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society (Southey), see Sir Thomas More; or, Colloquies on the Progress . .. . Colman, George, IV: 271 Colombe’s Birthday (Browning), IV: 374 “Colonel Fantock” (Sitwell), VII: 133 Colonel Jack (Defoe), III: 5, 6, 7, 8, 13 Colonel Quaritch, V. C. (Haggard), Supp. III: 213 Colonel Sun (Markham), Supp. II: 12

COLO−COMP “Colonel’s Lady, The” (Maugham), VI: 370 Color of Blood, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 142, 144–145, 151, 152–153 “Color of Herring, The” (Reid), Supp. VII: 331 “Colour Machine, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 267 Colour of Rain, The (Tennant), Supp. IX: 228, 229, 239 Coloured Countries, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 272 “Colouring In” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 101, 107 “Colours of Good and Evil” (Bacon), see “Examples of the Colours of Good and Evil“ “Colubriad, The” (Cowper), III: 217–218 “Columban” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 76 “Columba’s Song” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 170 “Columbus in Chains” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 223, 224 Colvin, Sidney, V: 386, 389–396 “Coma Berenices” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 491 “Comála” (Macpherson), VIII: 188 “Combat, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 200, 207 “Combat, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 292 Come and Go (Beckett), Supp. I: 60 Come and Welcome, to Jesus Christ (Bunyan), II: 253 Come Dance with Kitty Stobling and Other Poems (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 193 “Come, Fool” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 221 Comedians, The (Greene), Supp. I: 10, 13, 15–16; Retro. Supp. II: 162–164 “Comedy” (Fry), Supp. III: 201 “Comedy Of, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220–221, 223 Comedy of Dante Alighieri, The (tr. Sayers), Supp. III: 333, 336, 350 Comedy of Errors, The (Shakespeare), I: 302, 303, 312, 321 “Come–on, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 72 Comet, Supp. XIII: 116, 120 “Comet, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 141 Comfort of Strangers, The (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390, 396–398, 400, 402 Comfortable Words to Christ’s Lovers (Julian of Norwich), Supp. XII: 155 “Comforters, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 219 Comforters, The (Spark), Supp. I: 199, 200, 201–202, 213 Comic Annual, The (Hood), IV: 251, 252, 253–254, 258, 259, 266 “Comic Cuts” (Kelman), Supp. V: 256 Comic Romance of Monsieur Scarron, The (tr. Goldsmith), III: 191 Comical Revenge, The (Etherege), II: 266, 267–268, 271 Comicall Satyre of Every Man Out of His Humour, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 158, 159–160 “Coming” (Larkin), Supp. I: 285

“Coming, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288 “Coming Day, The” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 262 Coming Day and Other Stories, The (Upward), Supp. XIII: 250, 262 “Coming Down Through Somerset” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 211–212 “Coming Home” (Bowen), Supp. II: 81, 82 Coming of Gabrielle, The (Moore), VI: 96, 99 “Coming of the Anglo–Saxons, The” (Trevelyan), VI: 393 Coming of the Kings, The (Hughes), Supp. I: 347 “Coming Struggle for Power, The” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 90 “Coming to Visit” (Motion), Supp. VII: 256 Coming Up for Air (Orwell), VII: 281– 282 “Commemoration of King Charles the I, martyr’d on that day (King), Supp. VI:162 Commendatory Verses Preﬁxed to Heywood’s Apology for Actors (Webster), II: 85 Commendatory Verses Preﬁxed to . . . Munday’s Translation of Palmerin . . . (Webster), II: 85 “Comment on Christmas, A” (Arnold), V: 216 Commentaries of Caesar, The (Trollope), V: 102 Commentarius solutus (Bacon), I: 263, 272 “Commentary” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 9 “Commentary on Galatians, A” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Commentary on Macaulay’s History of England, A (Firth), IV: 290, 291 Commentary on the “Memoirs of Mr. Fox“ (Landor), IV: 100 Commentary on the Collected Plays of W. B. Yeats (Jeffares and Knowland), VI: 224; VI: 224 Commentary on the Complete Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins, A (Mariani), V: 373n, 378n 382 Comming of Good Luck, The (Herrick), II: 107 Commitments, The (Doyle), Supp. V: 77, 80–82, 93 “Committee Man of ’The Terror,’ The” (Hardy), VI: 22 Commodore, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 259, 260–261 Common Asphodel, The (Graves), VII: 261 “Common Breath, The” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292 Common Chorus, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 “Common Entry” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 Common Grace, A (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187, 194

321

Common Knowledge (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 13, 14–16 Common Pursuit (Leavis), VII: 234, 246 Common Reader, The (Woolf), VII: 22, 28, 32–33 Common Sense of War and Peace, The: World Revolution or War Unending (Wells), VI: 245 Commonplace and Other Short Stories (Rossetti), V: 260 Commonplace Book of Robert Herrick, II: 103 “Commonsense About the War” (Shaw), VI: 119, 129 Commonweal (periodical), V: 302 Commonweal, The: A Song for Unionists (Swinburne), V: 332 “Commonwealth Literature Does Not Exist” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 454–455 Communication Cord, The (Friel), Supp. V: 124–125 Communicating Doors (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 9, 11, 12 Communication to My Friends, A (Moore), VI: 89, 99 “Communion” (Coppard), VIII: 88, 93 “Communism in the Universities” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 86–87 “Communist to Others, A” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 8 “Communitie” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 89 Companion to the Theatre, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Companions of the Day (Harris), Supp. V: 136, 138 Company (Beckett), Supp. I: 62; Retro. Supp. I: 29 “Company of Laughing Faces, A” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 232 “Company of Wolves, The” (Carter), Supp. III: 88 Compassion: An Ode (Hardy), VI: 20 “Compassionate Fool, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 24–25 Compendium of Authentic and Entertaining Voyages, A (Smollett), IV: 158 “Competition, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 71 Complaint of Chaucer to His Purse (Chaucer), I: 31 Complaint of the Black Knight, The (Lydgate), I: 57, 60, 61, 65 Complaint of Venus, The (Chaucer), I: 31 Complaints (Spenser), I: 124 Compleat Angler, The (Walton), II: 131– 136, 137–139, 141–143 Compleat English Gentleman, The (Defoe), III: 5, 14 Compleat Gard’ner, The; or, Directions for . . . Fruit–Gardens and Kitchen– Gardens . . . (tr. Evelyn), II: 287 Compleat Tradesman, The (Defoe), Retro. Supp. I: 63 Compleat Vindication of the Licensers of the Stage, A (Johnson), III: 121; Retro. Supp. I: 141–142 “Complement, The” (Carew), II: 223– 224 Complete Clerihews of Edward Clerihew Bentley (Ewart), Supp. VII: 43, 46

COMP−CONR Complete Collected Essays (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313, 315 Complete Collected Stories (Pritchett), Supp. III: 312 Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation, A (Swift), III: 29, 36 Complete Doctor Stories, The (Dutton), Supp. XII: 82, 85 Complete English Tradesman, The (Defoe), III: 5, 14 Complete History of England . . . (Smollett), III: 148, 149, 158 Complete Indian Housekeeper & Cook, The: Giving the Duties of Mistress and Servants, the General Management of the House, and Practical Recipes for Cooking in All Its Branches (Steel), Supp. XII: 265, 267 Complete Little Ones (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45 Complete Plays, The (Behan), Supp. II: 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74 Complete Plays (Kane), VIII: 149 Complete Plays of Frances Burney, The (ed. Sabor), Supp. III: 64 Complete Poems (Muir), Supp. VI: 204 Complete Poems (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 Complete Poems and Fragments of Wilfred Owen, The (Stallworthy), VI: 458, 459; Supp. X: 292 Complete Poems of Emily Brontë, The (ed. Hatﬁeld), V: 133, 152 Complete Poems of Hugh MacDiarmid, 1920–1976, The (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 201 Complete Poems of W. H. Davies, The (Davies), Supp. XI: 93, 95 “Complete Poetical Works of T.E. Hulme” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 136 Complete Saki, The (Saki), Supp. VI: 240 Complete Short Stories (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313 “Complete Stranger” (Dunn), Supp. X: 82 Complete Works of John Webster, The (ed. Lucas), II: 70n “Complicated Nature, A” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 500 Complicity (Banks), Supp. XI: 3–4, 5, 7, 12 “Compound Fracture” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 99 Compton–Burnett, Ivy, VII: xvii, 59–70; Supp. IV: 506 Comte, Auguste, V: 428–429 Comus (Milton), II: 50, 159–160, 166, 175; Retro. Supp. II: 273–275 Comyns, Barbara, VIII: 53–66 “Con Men, The” (Reading), VIII: 267 “Concealment, The” (Cowley), II: 196 “Conceit Begotten by the Eyes” (Ralegh), I: 148, 149 Concept of Nature in Nineteenth–Century Poetry, The (Beach), V: 221n “Concentration City, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 “Concerned Adolescent, The” (Cope), VIII: 77

“Concerning Geffray Teste Noir” (Morris), V: 293 Concerning Humour in Comedy (Congreve), II: 338, 341, 346, 350 “Concerning the Beautiful” (tr. Taylor), III: 291 Concerning the Eccentricities of Cardinal Pirelli (Firbank), Supp. II: 202, 220– 222 “Concerning the regal power” (King), Supp. VI: 158 Concerning the Relations of Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal . . . (Wordsworth), IV: 24 Concerning the Rule of Princes (tr. Trevisa), see De Regimine Principum “Concert Party: Busseboom” (Blunden), VI: 428 Conciones ad Populum (Coleridge), IV: 56 Concluding (Green), Supp. II: 260–263 Concordance to the Poems of Robert Browning, A (Broughton and Stelter), IV: 373 Concrete Garden, The (Dutton), Supp. XII: 83, 89, 97 Concrete Island (Ballard), Supp. V: 27, 28 Condemned Playground, The: Essays 1927–1944 (Connolly), Supp. III: 107–108 “Condition of England, The” (Masterman), VI: viii, 273 Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, The (Engels), IV: 249 “Condition of Women, The” (Oliphant), Supp. X: 222 “Condolence Visit” (Mistry), Supp. X: 140 Conduct of the Allies, The (Swift), III: 19, 26–27, 35; Retro. Supp. I: 274, 275 “Coney, The” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 422 Confederacy, The (Vanbrugh), II: 325, 336 Confederates, The (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346, 348 Conference of Pleasure, A (Bacon), I: 265, 271 Confessio amantis (Gower), I: 48, 49, 50–56, 58, 321 Confession of My Faith, A, . . . (Bunyan), II: 253 “Confessional Poetry” (Harrison), Supp. V: 153 Confessions (St. Augustine), Supp. III: 433 Confessions of a Justiﬁed Sinner (Tennant), Supp. IX: 231–232 “Confessions of a Kept Ape” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 394 Confessions of a Young Man (Moore), VI: 85–86, 87, 89, 91, 96 Confessions of an English Opium–Eater (De Quincey), III: 338; IV: xviii, 141, 143, 148–149, 150–153, 154, 155 Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit (Coleridge), IV: 53, 56 Confessions of an Irish Rebel (Behan), Supp. II: 63, 64–65, 71, 75, 76

322

“Confessions of an Only Child” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 “Confessor, a Sanctiﬁed Tale, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 212 Confidence (James), VI: 67 Confidence Man, The (Melville), Supp. IV: 444 Confidential Agent, The (Greene), Supp. I: 3, 4, 7, 10; Retro. Supp. II: 155– 156 Confidential Chats with Boys (Hollinghurst), Supp. X: 119, 121– 122 Confidential Clerk, The (Eliot), VII: 161– 162; Retro. Supp. II: 132 “Confined Love” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 89 Confines of Criticism, The (Housman), VI: 164 “Confirmation, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 “Confirmation Suit, The” (Behan), Supp. II: 66–67 “Conflict, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 120, 126 Confusion (Howard), Supp. XI: 145, 146, 147, 148 Confusions (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 11 Confutation of Tyndale’s Answer (More), Supp. VII: 245 Congreve, William, II: 269, 289, 302, 304, 325, 336, 338–350, 352; III: 45, 62 Coningsby (Disraeli), IV: xii, xx, 294, 300–303, 305, 307, 308; V: 4, 22 Conjugal Lewdness; or, Matrimonial Whoredom (Defoe), III: 14 “Conjugation” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 79–80 “Conjugial Angel, The” (Byatt), Supp. IV: 153 Conn, Stewart, Supp. XIII: 69–82 Connell, John, VI: xv, xxxiii “Connoisseur” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192–193 Connolly, Cyril, VI: 363, 371; VII: xvi, 37, 138, 310; Supp. II: 156, 199, 489, 493; Supp. III: 95–113 Connolly, T. L., V: 442n, 445, 447, 450, 451 “Connor Girls, The” (O’Brien), Supp. V: 339–340 Conny–Catching (Greene), VIII: 144 Conquest, Robert, Supp. IV: 256 Conquest of Granada by the Spaniards, The (Dryden), II: 294, 305 “Conquest of Syria, The: If Complete” (Lawrence), Supp. II: 287 Conrad, Joseph, VI: xi, 133–150, 170, 193, 242, 270, 279–280, 321; VII: 122; Retro. Supp. II: 69–83; list of short stories, VI: 149–150; Supp. I: 397–398; Supp. II: 290; Supp. IV: 5, 163, 233, 250, 251, 302, 403 Conrad in the Nineteenth Century (Watt), VI: 149 “Conrad’s Darkness” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 397, 402, 403 Conrad’s Prefaces to His Works (Garnett), VI: 149

CONQ−CORR “Conquistador” (Hope), Supp. VII: 158 Conscience of the Rich, The (Snow), VII: 324, 326–327 “Conscious” (Owen), VI: 451 Conscious and Verbal (Murray), Supp. VII: 271, 286–287 “Conscious Mind’s Intelligible Structure, The: A Debate” (Hill), Supp. V: 183 “Conscript” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277 Conscription for Ireland: A Warning to England (Russell), VIII: 288 “Conscriptions: National Service 1952– 1954” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 222 Consequently I Rejoice (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 Conservationist, The (Gordimer), Supp. II: 230–231, 232, 239 “Consider” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 5 Consider (Rossetti), V: 260 Consider Phlebas (Banks), Supp. XI: 1, 10, 11–12 Consider the Lilies (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 209–210 Considerations Touching the Likeliest Means to Remove Hirelings out of the Church (Milton), II: 176 “Considering the Snail” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 262–263 “Consolation” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292 Consolation of Philosophy (Boethius), I: 31; Retro. Supp. II: 36, 296–297 Consolations (Fuller), Supp. VII: 79, 80, 81 Consolidator, The (Defoe), III: 4, 13 Constance (Durrell), Supp. I: 119, 120 “Constant” (Cornford), VIII: 107 Constant, Benjamin, Supp. IV: 125, 126, 136 Constant Couple, The; or, A Trip to the Jubilee (Farquhar), II: 352, 356–357, 364 Constant Wife, The (Maugham), VI: 369 “Constantine and Silvester” (Gower), I: 53–54 Constantine the Great (Lee), II: 305 “Constellation” (Kelman), Supp. V: 255 “Constellation, The” (Vaughan), II: 186, 189 Constitutional (periodical), V: 19 Constitutional History of England, The (Hallam), IV: 283 Constructing Postmodernism (McHale), Supp. IV: 112 “Construction for I. K. Brunel” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 158 Constructions (Frayn), Supp. VII: 51, 53, 58, 64 Contacts (Carey), Supp. XII: 51 “Contemplation” (Thompson), V: 442, 443 “Contemporaries” (Cornford), VIII: 105 Contemporaries of Shakespeare (Swinburne), V: 333 Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series (ed. Sarkissian), Supp. XI: 243, 244, 245, 249, 250, 251, 252 “Contemporary Film of Lancasters in Action, A” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 44

Sagas”, “Contemporary See Samtíðarsögur Continual Dew (Betjeman), VII: 365 Continuation of the Complete History, A (Smollett), III: 148, 149, 158 Continuous: 50 Sonnets from “The School of Elegance“ (Harrison), Supp. V: 150 Contractor, The (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 416–417, 418 Contrarini Fleming (Disraeli), IV: xix, 292–293, 294, 296–297, 299, 308 Contrary Experience, The (Read), VI: 416 “Contrasts” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216 Contre–Machiavel (Gentillet), I: 283 “Controversial Tree of Time, The” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 43 Conundrum (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 171– 174, 179, 184 “Convenience” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 “Convergence of the Twain, The” (Hardy), II: 69; VI: 16; Retro. Supp. I: 119–120 “Conversation of prayer, The” (Thomas), Supp. I: 178 “Conversation, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 272; Supp. IV: 273 “Conversation with a Cupboard Man” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 392 “Conversation with Calliope” (Hope), Supp. VII: 162–163 Conversation with My Younger Self (Plomer), Supp. XI: 223 Conversations at Curlow Creek, The (Malouf), Supp. XII: 229–230 Conversations in Ebury Street (Moore), V: 129, 153; VI: 89, 98, 99 Conversations of James Northcote, Esq., R. A. (Hazlitt), IV: 134, 140 “Conversations with Goethe” (Lowry), Supp. III: 286 ConVERSations with Nathaniel Mackey (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 46inline“Conversion” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 136 “Conversion” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 221 “Conversions” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 21 “Convert, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123, 124 “Convict and the Fiddler, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 121 Convivio (Dante), I: 27 Cook, D., III: 322 Cook, Eliza, IV: 259, 320 Cook, J. D., V: 279 Cooke, W., III: 184n “Cool Web, The” (Graves), VII: 266 “Coole Park” (Yeats), VI: 212; Retro. Supp. I: 336 “Coole Park and Ballylee” (Yeats), VI: 215; Retro. Supp. I: 336 Cooper, Lettice Ulpha, V: x, xxvii, 397, 398 Cooper, William, VII: xxi, xxxvii “Co–ordination” (Forster), VI: 399 Coover, Robert, Supp. IV: 116 Cope, Wendy, VIII: 67–84 Copeland, T. W., III: 245n, 250

323

Copenhagen (Frayn), Supp. VII: 63–64 Coppard, A. E., VIII: 85–99 “Coppersmith” (Murphy), Supp. V: 325 Coppy of a Letter Written to . . . Parliament, A (Suckling), II: 238 Coral Island, The (Ballantyne), Supp. I: 68; Retro. Supp. I: 96 Corbett, Sir Julian, I: 146 Cordelia Gray novels (James) Supp. IV: 335–337 “Corinna’s Going a–Maying” (Herrick), II: 109–110 “Coriolan” (Eliot), VII: 152–153, 158 Coriolanus (Shakespeare), I: 318; II: 70 Coriolanus (Thomson), Supp. III: 411, 423 Corke, Helen, VII: 93 Corker’s Freedom (Berger), Supp. IV: 79, 84, 85 Corkery, Daniel, Supp. V: 37, 41 “Cornac and His Wife, The” (Lewis), VII: 77, 78 Corneille, Pierre, II: 261, 270, 271 Cornelia (Kyd), I: 162, 220 Cornélie (Garaier), I: 220 Cornelius: A Business Affair in Three Transactions (Priestley), VII: 224 Corner That Held Them, The (Warner), Supp. VII: 376, 377–378 “Corner of the Eye, The” (Longley), VIII: 169 “Cornet Love” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 291 Cornford, Frances, VIII: 101–115 Cornford, John, Supp. XIII: 83–97 Cornhill (periodical), V: xxii, 1, 20, 279; VI: 31 “Cornish April” (Cornford), VIII: 106 “Cornish Heroic Song for Valda Trevlyn” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 214 Corno di Bassetto, pseud. of George Bernard Shaw Cornwall, Barry, IV: 311 Cornwall, David John Moore, see le Carré, John Cornwallis, Sir William, III: 39–40 Coronation Everest (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 175, 179 “Coronet, The” (Marvell), II: 113, 211, 216 Coronet for His Mistress Philosophy, A (Chapman), I: 234 “Corposant” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228 “Corpse and the Flea, The” (Powys), VIII: 255 “Corregidor” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 Correspondence (Flaubert), V: 353 Correspondence (Swift), III: 24 Correspondence of James Boswell and John Johnston . . . (ed. Walker), III: 249 Correspondence . . . of James Boswell Relating to the “Life of Johnson,”The (ed. Waingrow), III: 249 Correspondence of James Boswell with . . . the Club, The (ed. Fifer), III: 249 Correspondences (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 254, 256, 257–260, 261 Corrida at San Feliu, The (Scott), Supp. I: 259, 263, 266

CORR−CREA “Corridor, The” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 258 Corridors of Power (Snow), VII: xxvi, 324, 330–331 Corrigan (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 7–8, 13–14, 16 “Corruption” (Vaughan), II: 185, 186, 189 Corsair, The (Byron), IV: xvii, 172, 173, 175, 192; see also Turkish tales Corson, James C., IV: 27, 38–40 “Corymbus for Autumn” (Thompson), V: 442 “Cosmologist” (Dunn), Supp. X: 70 Cosmopolitans (Maugham), VI: 370 “Cost of Life” (Motion), Supp. VII: 265, 266 “Costa Pool Bums” (Warner), Supp. XI: 294 “Cottage at Chigasaki, The” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 47 “Cottage Hospital, The” (Betjeman), VII: 375 Cotter’s England (Stead), Supp. IV: 473– 476 “Cotter’s Saturday Night, The” (Burns), III: 311, 313, 315, 318 Cottle, Joseph, IV: 44, 45, 52, 56, 59 Cotton, Charles, II: 131 134, 137 Coué, Emile, VI: 264 “Could Be” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 “Council of the Seven Deadly Sins, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214–215 Count Belisarius (Graves), VII: xviii, 258 Count Julian (Landor), IV: 89, 96, 100 Count Karlstein (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 149–150 Count Robert of Paris (Scott), IV: 39 “Countdown” (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 4, 11 Counter–Attack (Sassoon), VI: 430, 431 “Counter Attack” (Stallworthy), Supp. X 298 Counterblast (McLuhan), VII: 71n Counterclock World (Dick), Supp. IV: 41 Counterparts (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72, 74 Counterpoint (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290, 291 “Counterpoint in Herbert” (Hayes), Retro. Supp. II: 181 Countess Cathleen, The (Yeats), VI: 87; Retro. Supp. I: 326 Countess Cathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics, The (Yeats), VI: 211, 309 Countess of Pembroke, I: 161, 163–169, 218 Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia, The (Sidney), see Arcadia “Countess of Pembroke’s Dream” (Hope), Supp. VII: 158 “Country Bedroom, The” (Cornford), VIII: 105 “Country Bedroom” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187 Country Comets (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 117, 120–121 “Country Dance” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 78 “Country Dance” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 “Country for Old Men, A” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 224

Country Girls, The (O’Brien), Supp. V: 333–336 Country Girls Trilogy and Epilogue, The (O’Brien), Supp. V: 338 “Country House” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 185–186, 194 Country House, The (Galsworthy), VI: 271, 272, 273, 275, 278, 282 Country House, The (Vanbrugh), II: 325, 333, 336 “Country Kitchen” (Dunn), Supp. X: 78 Country Life, (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 3 “Country Measures” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 “Country Music” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 110 “Country of the Blind, The” (Wells), VI: 234 Country of the Blind, The, and Other Stories (Wells), VI: 228, 244 “Country Sunday” (Coppard), VIII: 88 “Country Walk, A” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 262 Country–Wife, The (Wycherley), I: 243; II: 307, 308, 314–318, 321, 360 “Coup: A Story, A” (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 167 “Coup de Poing” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 68–69 “Courage Means Running” (Empson), Supp. II: 191 Courier (periodical), IV: 50 Course of Lectures on the English Law,A: Delivered at the University of Oxford 1767–1773 (Johnson), Retro. Supp. I: 143 Court and the Castle, The (West), Supp. III: 438 “Court of Cupid, The” (Spenser), I: 123 “Court Revolt, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 257 Courte of Venus, The (Wyatt), I: 97 “Courter, The” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 438 “Courtesies of the Interregnum” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 277 “Courtship of Ossian, The” (Macpherson), VIII: 186 Courtyards in Delft (Mahon), Supp. VI: 173 “Courtyards in Delft” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 174 Cousin Henry (Trollope), V: 102 “Cousin Maria” (James), VI: 69 Cousin Phillis (Gaskell), V: 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 15 Cousin Rosamund: A Saga of the Century (West), Supp. III: 443 Cousine Bette (Balzac), V: xx, 17 “Cousins, The” (Burne–Jones), VI: 167, 169 Covent Garden Drolery, The (Behn), Supp. III: 36 Covent Garden Journal, The (periodical), III: 103–104; Retro. Supp. I: 81 Covent Garden Tragedy, The (Fielding), III: 97, 105 Cover Her Face (James), Supp. II: 127; Supp. IV: 321–323 Coverdale, Myles, I: 377 “Covering End” (James), VI: 52, 69

324

Coward, Noël, Supp. II: 139–158 Cowasjee, S., VII: 4 Cowell, Edward, IV: 342–346 Cowley, Abraham, II: 123, 179, 194–200, 202, 236, 256, 259, 275, 347; III: 40, 118; Retro. Supp. I: 144 Cowper, William, II: 119n, 196, 240; III: 173, 207–220, 282; IV: xiv–xvi, 93, 184, 281 “Cowper’s Grave” (Browning), IV: 312, 313 “Cows on Killing Day, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 282 “Cowyard Gates” (Murray), Supp. VII: 276 Cox, Charles Brian, VI: xi, xxxiii “Cox’s Diary” (Thackeray), see “Barber Cox and the Cutting of His Comb“ Coxcomb, The (Beaumont, Fletcher, Massinger), II: 66 Coxhead, Elizabeth, VI: xiv, xxxiii “Coxon Fund, The” (James), VI: 69 Coyle, William, pseud. of Thomas Keneally C. P. Snow (Karl), VII: 341 “Crab Feast, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Crabbe, George, III: 272–287, 338; IV: xv, xvii, 103, 326; V: 6; VI: 378 Crack, The (Tennant), see Time of the Crack, The Cracking India (Sidhwa), Supp. V: 62 “Craggy Country” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 76–77 Craig, Hardin, I: 187, 326 Craig, W. J., I: 326 Craigie, Mrs., VI: 87 “Craigie Hill” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71, 72 “Craigvara House” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 174 Crampton Hodnet (Pym), Supp. II: 364– 366, 370 Crane, Stephen, VI: 320; Supp. IV: 116 Cranford (Gaskell), V: xxi, 1–4, 8–10, 11, 14, 15 Crank, Supp. XIII: 187 “Crankshaft” (Murray), Supp. VII: 283 “Crapy Cornelia” (James), VI: 69 Crash (Ballard), Supp. V: 19, 27, 28, 33–34 Crashaw, Richard, II: 90–91, 113, 122, 123, 126, 179–184, 200–201; V: 325 Crave (Kane), VIII: 148, 150–151, 159– 160 “Craven Arms” (Coppard), VIII: 90 “Craving for Spring” (Lawrence), VII: 118 Crawford, Robert, Supp. XI: 67–84 “Crawford’s Consistency” (James), VI: 69 “Creation” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46–47 Creative Element, The (Spender), Supp. II: 491 Creative Uses of Homosexuality in E. M. Forster, Ronald Firbank, and L. P. Hartley, The (Mistry), Supp. X: 120– 121

CREA−CURA “Creative Writer ’s Suicide, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285 “Creative Writing: Can It/Should It Be Taught?” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 381 “Creator in Vienna” (Jennings), Supp. V: 218 Creators of Wonderland (Mespoulet), V: 266 Crediting Poetry (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 125 “Credits” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 298 Creed or Chaos? and Other Essays in Popular Theology (Sayers), Supp. III: 336 Creighton, Joan, Supp. IV: 244 “Creosote” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 12 “Cricket Match, 1908” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 Cripple of Inishmaan, The (McDonagh), Supp. XII: 233, 240–241, 242–243, 245 Cricket Country (Blunden), Supp. XI: 37 Cricket on the Hearth, The (Dickens), V: 71 Crime in Kensington (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 35 Crime of the Century, The (Amis), Supp. II: 12 Crime Omnibus (Fuller), Supp. VII: 70 Crime Times Three (James), Supp. IV: 323, 324, 325 Crimes (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 “Criminal Ballad“(Hughes), Supp. I: 354 Criminal Case, A (Swinburne), V: 333 Criminal Minded (Rankin), Supp. X: 257 Crimson in the Tricolour, The (O’Casey), VII: 12 “Crinoline” (Thackeray), V: 22 “Crippled Aunt” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 73 “Crippled Bloom” (Coppard), VIII: 90 Crisis, The, a Sermon (Fielding), III: 105 Crisis Examined, The (Disraeli), IV: 308 Crisis in Physics, The (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 33, 43, 45–46 Crist, Retro. Supp. II: 303 Criterion (periodical), VI: 248; VII: xv 143, 165 Critic (periodical), V: 134 Critic, The (Sheridan), III: 253, 263–266, 270 “Critic, The” (Wilde), Retro. Supp. II: 367 “Critic as Artist, The” (Wilde), V: 407, 408, 409 Critical and Historical Essays (Macaulay), IV: xx, 272, 277, 278– 282, 291 Critical Bibliography of Katherine Mansﬁeld, The (Mantz), VII: 182 Critical Essays (Orwell), VII: 282 Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century (Spingarn), II: 256n Critical Essays on George Eliot (Hardy), V: 201 Critical Essays on the Poetry of Tennyson (ed. Killham), IV: 323n, 338, 339 Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the Aeneid (Gibbon), III: 233 Critical Review (periodical), III: 147– 148, 149, 179, 188

Critical Strictures on the New Tragedy of Elvira . . . (Boswell, Dempster, Erskine), III: 246 Critical Studies of the Works of Charles Dickens (Gissing), V: 437 “Criticism of Life, A” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 163 Criticism on Art: And Sketches of the Picture Galleries of England (Hazlitt), IV: 140 Crito (Plato), Supp. IV: 13 Croker, J. W., IV: 280 Crome Yellow (Huxley), VII: 197, 200 Cromwell (Carlyle), see Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches Cromwell (Storey), Supp. I: 418 Cromwell’s Army (Firth), II: 241 Cronica tripertita (Gower), I: 50 Crook, Arthur, Supp. IV: 25 Crooked House (Christie), Supp. II: 125 Croquet Castles (Carroll), V: 274 Cross, John Walter, V: 13, 198, 200 Cross, Wilbur L, III: 125, 126, 135 Cross Channel (Barnes), Supp. IV: 65, 67, 75–76 “Crossing, The” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 101 “Crossing alone the nighted ferry” (Housman), VI: 161 Crossing the Border: Essays on Scottish Literature (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 162 “Crossing the Peak” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 230 Crossing the River (Phillips), Supp. V: 380, 386, 390–391 Crotchet Castle (Peacock), IV: xix, 165– 166, 169, 170 Crow (Hughes), Supp. I: 350–354, 363; Retro. Supp. II: 206–208 “Crow Alights” (Hughes), Supp. I: 352 “Crow Blacker than Ever” (Hughes), Supp. I: 353 “Crow Hears Fate Knock on the Door” (Hughes), Supp. I: 350 “Crow on the Beach” (Hughes), Supp. I: 352; Retro. Supp. II: 207 Crow Road, The (Banks), Supp. XI: 5 “Crow Tyrannosaurus” (Hughes), Supp. I: 352 “Crowdieknowe” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 205 “Crown and Country” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 101 “Crow’s Account of the Battle” (Hughes), Supp. I: 353 “Crow’s Last Stand” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 207–208 “Crow’s Song of Himself” (Hughes), Supp. I: 353 “Crowd of Birds and Children, The” (Graham), Supp. VII: 110 Crowley, Aleister, VI: 374; Supp. II: 204 Crowley, Robert, I: 1, 3 Crown of All Homer’s Works, The (Chapman), I: 236 Crown of Life, The (Gissing), V: 437 Crown of the Year (Fry), Supp. III: 195 Crown of Wild Olive, The (Ruskin), V: 184

325

“Crowning of Offa, The” (Hill), Supp. V: 195 Crowning Privilege, The (Graves), VII: 260, 268 “Crowson” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 “Croy. Ee. Gaw. Lonker. Pit.” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 81 Cruel Sea, The (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 “Cruelty and Love” (Lawrence), VII: 118 Cruelty of a Stepmother, The, I: 218 “Cruiskeen Lawn” (O’Nolan), Supp. II: 323, 329–333, 336 Crusader Castles (Lawrence), Supp. II: 283, 284 Crux Ansata: An Indictment of the Roman Catholic Church (Wells), VI: 242, 244 “Cry Hope, Cry Fury!” (Ballard), Supp. V: 26 “Cry of the Children, The” (Browning), IV: xx 313 “Cry of the Human, The” (Browning), IV: 313 Cry of the Owl, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 173 Cry, The Beloved Country (Paton), Supp. II: 341, 342, 343, 344, 345–350, 351, 354 Cry, the Peacock (Desai), Supp. V: 54, 58–59, 75 “Cryptics, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 Crystal and Fox (Friel), Supp. V: 118– 119 Crystal World, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 24, 25–26, 34 “Crystals Like Blood” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 215 C. S. Lewis (Wilson), Supp. VI: 304, 305 Cuala Press, VI: 221 “Cub” (Reading), VIII: 268 Cub, at Newmarket, The (Boswell), III: 247 Cuckold in Conceit, The (Vanbrugh), II: 337 “Cuckoo, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 399–400 Cuckoo in the Nest, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220 Cuirassiers of the Frontier, The (Graves), VII: 267 “Culture” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 94 Culture and Anarchy (Arnold), III: 23; V: 203, 206, 213, 215, 216 Culture and Society (Williams), Supp. IV: 380 Cumberland, George, IV: 47 Cumberland, Richard, II: 363; III: 257 Cumberland and Westmoreland (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 223 Cunningham, William, VI: 385 “Cup Too Low, A” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39–40 “Cupid and Psyche” (tr. Pater), V: 351 “Cupid; or, The Atom” (Bacon), I: 267 Cupid’s Revenge (Beaumont and Fletcher), II: 46, 65 Curate in Charge, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 219–220 “Curate’s Friend, The” (Forster), VI: 399

CURA−DARK “Curate’s Walk; The,” (Thackeray), V: 25 Cure at Troy, The (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 131 Cure for a Cuckold, A (Rowley and Webster), II: 69, 83, 85 Curiosissima Curatoria (Carroll), V: 274 Curious Fragments (Lamb), IV: 79 “Curious if True” (Gaskell), V: 15 Curious Relations (ed. Plomer), Supp. XI: 221 “Curiosity” (Reid), Supp. VII: 330 Curlew River: A Parable for Church Performance (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 “Curse, The” (Healy), Supp. IX: 103– 104 Curse of Eve, The (Steel), Supp. XII: 276 Curse of Kehama, The (Southey), IV: 65, 66, 71, 217 Curse of Minerva, The (Byron), IV: 192 Curtain (Christie), Supp. II: 124, 125, 134 Curtis, Anthony, VI: xiii, xxxiii, 372 Curtis, L. P., III: 124n, 127n Curtmantle (Fry), Supp. III: 195, 206– 207, 208 “Custom” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41 Custom of the Country, The (Fletcher [and Massinger]), II: 66, 340 “Custom–House, The” (Hawthorne), Supp. IV: 116 “Customs” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 74 Cut by the County (Braddon), VIII: 49 “Cut Grass” (Larkin), Supp. I: 285 Cut–Rate Kingdom, The (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 “Cutting Trail” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 93–94 Cyclopean Mistress, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 “Cygnet, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 143 “Cygnus A.” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490, 491 Cymbeline (Shakespeare), I: 322 Cymbeline Reﬁnished (Shaw), VI: 129 “Cynddylan on a Tractor” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 283 “Cynic at Kilmainham Jail, A” (Boland), Supp. V: 36 Cynthia’s Revels (Jonson), I: 346; Retro. Supp. I: 158, 160 “Cypress and Cedar” (Harrison), Supp. V: 161 Cyrano de Bergerac, III: 24 Cyrano de Bergerac (tr.. Fry), Supp. III: 195 Cyril Connolly: Journal and Memoirs (ed. Pryce–Jones), Supp. III: 96, 97, 112 “Cyril Tourneur” (Swinburne), V: 332

D. G. Rossetti: A Critical Essay (Ford), VI: 332 “D. G. Rossetti as a Translator” (Doughty), V: 246 D. H. Lawrence: A Calendar of His Works (Sugar), VII: 104, 115, 123

D. H. Lawrence: Novelist (Leavis), VII: 101, 234–235, 252–253 Da Silva da Silva’s Cultivated Wilderness (Harris), Supp. V: 139, 140 Daborne, Robert, II: 37, 45 Dad’s Tale (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2 “Daedalus” (Reid), Supp. VII: 331 “Daedalus; or, The Mechanic” (Bacon), I: 267 Daemon of the World, The (Shelley), IV: 209 Daffodil Murderer, The (Sassoon), VI: 429 “Daffodil Time” (Brown), Supp. VI: 72 Dahl, Roald, Supp. IV: 201–227, 449 Daiches, David, V: ix Daily Graphic (periodical), VI: 350 Daily Life of the Aztecs (tr. O’Brian), Supp. XII: 252 Daily Mail, Supp. XIII: 265 Daily Mirror, Supp. XIII: 265 Daily News (periodical), VI: 335 Daily Worker (periodical), VI: 242 Daisy Miller (James), VI: 31–32, 69 Dale, Colin (pseud., Lawrence), Supp. II: 295 Dali, Salvador, Supp. IV: 424 Dalinda; or, The Double Marriage (Haywood), Supp. XII: 144 Dalkey Archive, The (O’Nolan), Supp. II: 322, 337–338 Dallas, Eneas Sweetland, V: 207 “Dalziel’s Ghost” (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 114 Damage (ﬁlm, Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 292 Damage (play, Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 292 “Damnation of Byron, The” (Hope), Supp. VII: 159 Dampier, William, III: 7, 24 “Danac” (Galsworthy), see Country House, The Danae (Rembrandt), Supp. IV: 89 Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 10–13 Danby, J. F., II: 46, 53, 64 “Dance, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 Dance of Death, The, I: 15 Dance of Death, The (Strindberg), Supp. I: 57 “Dance the Putrefact” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Dance to the Music of Time, A (Powell), VII: xxi, 343, 347–353; Supp. II: 4 Dancing Hippo, The” (Motion), Supp. VII: 257 Dancing Mad (Davies), Supp. XI: 92 “Dancing Shoes” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 226 Dancourt, Carton, II: 325, 336 “Dandies and Dandies” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 46 Dangerous Corner (Priestley), VII: 223 Dangerous Love (Okri), Supp. V: 349, 359, 360 Dangerous Play: Poems 1974–1984 (Motion), Supp. VII: 251, 254, 255, 256–257, 264 Daniel, Retro. Supp. II: 301 Daniel, Samuel, I: 162

326

Daniel Deronda (Eliot), V: xxiv, 190, 197–198, 200; Retro. Supp. II: 115– 116 Daniel Martin (Fowles), Supp. I: 291, 292, 293, 304–308, 310 D’Annunzio, Gabriele, V: 310 “Danny Deever” (Kipling), VI: 203 Danny, the Champion of the World (Dahl), Supp. IV: 214, 223 “Dans un Omnibus de Londre” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 Dante Alighieri, II: 75, 148; III: 306; IV: 93, 187; Supp. IV: 439, 493; Retro. Supp. I: 123–124 Dante and His Circle (Rossetti), V: 245 “Dante and the Lobster” (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 19 “Dante at Verona” (Rossetti), V: 239, 240 “Dante ... Bruno. Vico ... Joyce” (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 17 Dante’s Drum Kit (Dunn), Supp. X: 78–80 “Dantis Tenebrae” (Rossetti), V: 243 Danvers, Charles, IV: 60 Daphnaida (Spenser), I: 124 “Daphne” (Sitwell), VII: 133 “’Daphne with Her Thighs in Bark’ [Ezra Pound]” (Boland), Supp. V: 39 “Daphnis, an Elegiac Eclogue” (Vaughan), II: 185 “Daphnis and Chloe” (Marvell), II: 209, 211, 212 “Daphnis and Chloe” (tr. Moore), VI: 89 D’Arcy, Margaretta, Supp. II: 21, 29, 30, 31, 32–38, 39, 40–41 Darcy’s Utopia (Weldon), Supp. IV: 528– 529, 531 Dark–Adapted Eye, A (Rendell), Supp. IX: 201–203 “Dark Angel, The,” (Johnson), VI: 211 Dark As the Grave Wherein My Friend Is Laid (Lowry), Supp. III: 274–275, 279, 280, 283–284 “Dark Crossroads, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 77 “Dark Dialogues, The” (Graham), Supp. VII: 114 Dark Flower, The (Galsworthy), VI: 274 Dark Frontier, The (Ambler), Supp. IV: 1, 3, 5–7 Dark Is Light Enough, The (Fry), Supp. III: 195, 203–204, 207 Dark Labyrinth (Durrell), see Cefalû “Dark Lady, The” (Russell), VIII: 290 Dark Lady of the Sonnets, The (Shaw), VI: 115, 129 Dark Matter (Kerr), Supp. XII: 197–198 Dark Night’s Work, A (Gaskell), V: 15 Dark Places of the Heart (Stead), see Cotter’s England “Dark Rapture” (Russell), VIII: 290 “Dark Rosaleen” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 118, 128 Dark Side of the Moon, The (anon.), Supp. IV: 100 Dark Sisters, The (Kavan), Supp. VII: 205, 207 Dark Tide, The (Brittain), Supp. X: 37, 41

DARK−DEAN “Dark Times” (Harrison), Supp. V: 156– 157 Dark Tower, The (MacNeice), VII: 407, 408 Darker Ends (Nye), Supp. X: 193, 200– 202, 204 “Darkling Thrush, The” (Hardy), VI: 16; Retro. Supp. I: 119 Dark–Eyed Lady (Coppard), VIII: 89 Darkness at Noon (Koestler), V: 49; Supp. I: 22, 24, 27, 28, 29–30, 32, 33; Supp IV: 74 Darkness Visible (Golding), Supp. I: 83– 86; Retro. Supp. I: 101–102 Darling, You Shouldn’t Have Gone to So Much Trouble (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 15 Darwin, Charles, Supp. II: 98, 100, 105– 107, 119; Supp. IV: 6, 11, 460; Supp. VII: 17–31 Darwin, Erasmus, Supp. II: 106, 107; Supp. III: 360 “Darwin Among the Machines” (Butler), Supp. II: 98, 99 Darwin and Butler: Two Versions of Evolution (Willey), Supp. II: 103 “Darwin and Divinity” (Stephen), V: 284 Das Leben Jesu (tr. Eliot), V: 189, 200 Daughter of Jerusalem (Maitland), Supp. XI: 163, 165–166 Daughter of the East (Bhutto), Supp. IV: 455 “Daughter of the House” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 87 Daughter–in–Law, The (Lawrence), VII: 119, 121 Daughters and Sons (Compton–Burnett), VII: 60, 63, 64–65 “Daughters of the Late Colonel, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 175, 177, 178 “Daughters of the Vicar” (Lawrence), VII: 114 “Daughters of War” (Rosenberg), VI: 434 Davenant, Charles, II: 305 Davenant, Sir William, I: 327; II: 87, 185, 196, 259 Davenport, Arnold, IV: 227 David, Jacques–Louis, Supp. IV: 122 David and Bethsabe (Peele), I: 198, 206– 207 “David Balfour” (Stevenson), see Catriona David Copperﬁeld (Dickens), V: xxi, 7, 41, 42, 44, 59–62, 63, 67, 71 David Lodge (Bergonzi), Supp. IV: 364 Davideis (Cowley), II: 195, 198, 202 Davidson, John, V: 318n Davie, Donald, VI: 220; Supp. IV: 256; Supp. VI: 105–118 Davies, W. H., Supp. III: 398 Davies, William H., Supp. XI: 85–103 Davis, Clyde Brion, V: 394 Davis, H., III: 15n, 35 Davy, Sir Humphry, IV: 200; Supp. III: 359–360 Dawkins, R. M., VI: 295, 303–304 “Dawn” (Brooke), Supp. III: 53 “Dawn” Cornford), VIII: 102, 103 Dawn (Haggard), Supp. III: 213, 222

“Dawn at St. Patrick” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 174 “Dawn on the Somme” (Nichols), VI: 419 “Dawnings of Genius” (Clare), Supp. XI: 49 Dawn’s Left Hand (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 186–187, 190–191 Dawson, Christopher, III: 227 Dawson, W. J., IV: 289, 291 “Day Dream, A” (Brontë), V: 142 Day Lewis, Cecil, V: 220, 234; VI: x, xxxiii, 454, VII: 382, 410; Supp. III: 115–132 Day of Creation, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 29 “Day of Days, At” (James), VI: 69 “Day of Forever, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 26 “Day of the Ox” (Brown), Supp. VI: 69 “Day of the Rabblement, The” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 170 Day of the Scorpion, The (Scott), Supp. I: 260, 267 Day of the Triffıds, The (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 281, 283–290, 292 Day Out, A (Bennett), VIII: 26–27 “Day They Burned the Books, The” (Rhys), Supp. II: 401 “Day We Got Drunk on Cake, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 500 Day Will Come, The (Braddon), VIII: 49 Day Will Dawn, The (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 311 Daydreamer, The (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390, 406–407 Daylight Moon and Other Poems, The (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 271, 279– 280, 281 Daylight on Saturday (Priestley), VII: 212, 217–218 Days with Walt Whitman, with Some Notes on His Life and Work (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 36 Day’s Work, The (Kipling), VI: 204 De arte graphica (tr. Dryden), II: 305 De augmentis scientiarium (Bacon), I: 260–261, 264; see also Advancement of Learning, The de Beer, E. S., II: 276n, 287 De Bello Germanico: A Fragment of Trench History (Blunden), Supp. XI: 35, 38–39 De Bernières, Louis, Supp. XII: 65–80 De casibus virorum illustrium (Boccaccio), I: 57, 214 De doctrina christiana (Milton), II: 176 De genealogia deorum (Boccaccio), I: 266 “De Grey: A Romance” (James), VI: 25– 26, 69 De Guiana Carmen Epicum (Chapman), I: 234 “’De Gustibus—’” (Browning), IV: 356– 357 De inventione (Cicero), I: 38–39 “De Jure Belli ac Pacis” (Hill), Supp. V: 192 de la Mare, Walter, III: 340, 345; V: 268, 274; VII: xiii; Supp. III: 398, 406

327

de Man, Paul, Supp. IV: 114, 115 De Profundis (Wilde), V: 416–417, 418, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 371–372 De Proprietatibus Rerum (tr. Trevisa), Supp. IX: 243, 247, 251–252 De Quincey, Thomas, III: 338; IV: ix, xi–xii, xv, xviii, xxii, 49, 51, 137, 141–156, 260, 261, 278; V: 353 De Quincey Memorials (ed. Japp), IV: 144, 155 “De Quincey on ’The Knocking at the Gate’” (Carnall), IV: 156 De re publica (Cicero), Retro. Supp. II: 36 De Regimine Principum (tr. Trevisa), Supp. IX 252, 255 De rerum natura (tr. Evelyn), II: 275, 287 De sapientia veterum (Bacon), I: 235, 266–267, 272 de Selincourt, E., IV: 25 De tranquillitate animi (tr. Wyatt), I: 99 De tristitia Christi (More), Supp. VII: 245, 248 “De Wets Come to Kloof Grange, The” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240–241 Deacon Brodie (Stevenson), V: 396; Retro. Supp. I: 260 “Dead Cat, On a” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 38 “Dead, The” (Brooke), VI: 420; Supp. III: 57–58, 59; Retro. Supp. I: 19, 172 “Dead, The” (Joyce), VII: xiv, 44–45; Supp. II: 88; Supp. IV: 395, 396 Dead Air (Banks), Supp. XI: 4–5, 13 “Dead and Alive” (Gissing), V: 437 Dead Babies (Amis), Supp. IV: 26, 29–31 “Dead Bride, The” (Hill), Supp. V: 189 “Dead Love” (Swinburne), V: 325, 331, 332 Dead Man Leading (Pritchett), Supp. III: 311, 312, 313, 314 “Dead Man’s Dump” (Rosenberg), VI: 432, 434 Dead Meat (Kerr), Supp. XII: 187, 193– 194, 196 “Dead on Arrival” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Dead One, The” (Cornford), VIII: 106 “Dead Painter, The” (Cornford), VIII: 106 Dead School, The (McCabe), Supp. IX: 133–135, 137, 138–139 Dead Sea Poems, The (Armitage), VIII: 1, 8–11, 15 Dead Secret, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 92, 95 Dead Souls (Rankin), Supp. X: 245, 255 “Dead–Beat, The” (Owen), VI: 451, 452 Deadlock (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 184–185 “Deadlock in Darwinism, The” (Butler), Supp. II: 108 Deadheads (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 115 Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son . . . (Dickens), see Dombey and Son Dean, L. F., I: 269

DEAN−DEIR “Dean Swift Watches Some Cows” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 40 Deane, Seamus, Supp. IV: 424 Dear Brutus (Barrie), Supp. III: 5, 6, 8, 9, 11–14, 138 “Dear Bryan Wynter” (Graham), Supp. VII: 115 Dear Deceit, The (Brooke–Rose), Supp. IV: 98, 99, 102–103 Dearest Emmie (Hardy), VI: 20 “Death” (Macpherson), VIII: 181 “Death and Doctor Hornbook” (Burns), III: 319 “Death and Dying Words of Poor Mailie, The” (Burns), IV: 314, 315 Death and the Princess (Cornford), VIII: 103–104 “Death and the Professor” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 “Death Bed” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 “Death by Water” (Eliot), VII: 144–145; Retro. Supp. II: 128 “Death Clock, The” (Gissing), V: 437 Death Comes as the End (Christie), Supp. II: 132–133 “Death in Bangor” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 177 “Death in Ilium” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Death in the Clouds (Christie; U.S. title, Death in the Air), Supp. II: 131 “Death in the Desert, A” (Browning), IV: 358, 364, 367, 372; Retro. Supp. II: 26 Death in Venice (Mann), Supp. IV: 397 Death of a Dormouse (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 119 Death of a Naturalist (Heaney), Supp. II: 268, 269–270, 271; Supp. IV: 412; Retro. Supp. I:123, 124, 126–127 Death of a Salesman (Miller), VI: 286 “Death of a Scientiﬁc Humanist, The” (Friel), Supp. V: 114 “Death of a Tsotsi” (Paton), Supp. II: 345 “Death of a Tyrant” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Death of an Expert Witness (James), Supp. IV: 319, 328–330 “Death of an Old Lady” (MacNeice), VII: 401 “Death of an Old Old Man” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 210 “Death of Bernard Barton” (FitzGerald), IV: 353 Death of Christopher Marlowe, The (Hotson), I: 275 Death of Cuchulain, The (Yeats), VI: 215, 222 “Death of King George, The” (Betjeman), VII: 367 Death of Oenone, The, Akbar’s Dream, and Other Poems (Tennyson), IV: 338 “Death of Oscur, The” (Macpherson), VIII: 183 “Death of Simon Fuge, The” (Bennett), VI: 254 Death of Sir John Franklin, The (Swinburne), V: 333 “Death of the Duchess, The” (Eliot), VII: 150

Death of the Heart, The (Bowen), Supp. II: 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 90–91 “Death of the Lion, The” (James), VI: 69 “Death of Marilyn Monroe, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 164–165 “Death of the Rev. George Crabbe” (FitzGerald), IV: 353 Death of Wallenstein, The (Coleridge), IV: 56 Death of William Posters, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 409, 410, 414, 421–422, 423 “Death stands above me, whispering low” (Landor), IV: 98 Death Takes the Low Road (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 116–117 “Death, the Cat” (Healy), Supp. IX: 106 “Death the Drummer” (Lewis), VII: 79 Death–Trap, The (Saki), Supp. VI: 250 Death Under Sail (Snow), VII: 323 “Deathbeds” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45 “Death–Mask of John Clare, The” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 44 Deaths and Entrances (Thomas), Supp. I: 177–178 “Death’s Chill Between” (Rossetti), V: 252 Death’s Duel (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 98 Death’s Jest–Book (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 122 Death’s Jest–Book; or, The Fool’s Tragedy (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 17, 18, 22, 24, 25–28, 29, 30–31 “Deathshead” (Hare), Supp. IV: 283 Debates in Parliament (Johnson), III: 108, 122 Debits and Credits (Kipling), VI: 173, 204 “Deborah’s Parrot, a Village Tale” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 212 “Debt, The” (Kipling), VI: 201 Debut, The (Brookner; ﬁrst published as A Start in Life), Supp. IV: 122, 123– 124, 131 Decameron (Boccaccio), I: 313; Supp. IV: 461; Retro. Supp. II: 45–46 “Decapitation of Is” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 19 “Decay of Lying, The” (Wilde), V: 407– 408; Retro. Supp. II: 366–367 “Deceased, The” (Douglas), VII: 440 “December” (Clare), Supp. XI: 59 “December’s Door” (Dunn), Supp. X: 77 “Decency” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 29 “Deception Bay” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 “Deceptions” (Larkin), Supp. I: 278 Deceptive Grin of the Gravel Porters, The (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39–40 Declaration (Maschler), Supp. I: 237, 238 Declaration of Rights (Shelley), IV: 208 Decline and Fall (Waugh), VII: 289–290, 291; Supp. II: 218 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), III: 109, 221, 225–233 “Decline of the Novel, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 202 Decline of the West, The (Spengler), Supp. IV: 12

328

Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (Ngu˜gı˜), Supp. V: 56; VIII: 215, 223, 225 “Décor” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 185 Decorative Art in America: A Lecture (Wilde), V: 419 “Dedicated Spirits, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211 “Dedication” (Motion), Supp. VII: 260 “Dedicatory Letter” (Ford), VI: 331 Deep Blue Sea, The (Rattigan), Supp. VII:309, 315, 317–318 Deep Water (Highsmith), Supp. V: 171– 172 “Deepe Groane, fetch’d at the Funerall of that incomparable and Glorious Monarch, Charles the First, King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland,&c., A” (King), Supp. VI: 159–161 “Deer” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25 Deer on the High Hills (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 212 Deerﬁeld Series, The: Strength of Heart (Fallon), Supp. XII: 113–114 Defeat of Youth, The (Huxley), VII: 199 “Defence of an Essay of ’Dramatick Poesie’” (Dryden), II: 297, 305 “Defence of Criminals: A Criticism of Morality” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41 Defence of English Commodities, A (Swift), III: 35 Defence of Guenevere, The (Morris), V: xxii, 293, 305–306, 312 Defence of Poesie, The (Sidney), I: 161– 163, 169, 170, 173; Retro. Supp. II: 332–334, 339 “Defence of Poetry, A” (Shelley), IV: 168–169, 204, 208, 209; Retro. Supp. I: 250 Defence of the Doctrine of Justiﬁcation, A, . . . (Bunyan), II: 253 “Defense of Cosmetics, A” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 45, 53 Defense of Curates (tr. Trevisa), see Defensio Curatorum Defensio Curatorum (tr. Trevisa), Supp. IX: 252, 253–254 “Deﬁnition of Love, The” (Marvell), II: 208, 211, 215 Defoe, Daniel, II: 325; III: 1–14, 24, 39, 41–42, 50–53, 62, 82; V: 288; Supp. III: 22, 31; Retro. Supp. I: 63–77 “Deformed Mistress, The” (Suckling), II: 227 Deformed Transformed, The (Byron), IV: 193 “Degas’s Laundresses” (Boland), Supp. V: 39–40 Degeneration (Nordau), VI: 107 Degrees of Freedom: The Novels of Iris Murdoch (Byatt), Supp. IV: 145 Deighton, Len, Supp. IV: 5, 13 “Deincarnation” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 78 Deirdre (Russell), VIII: 284, 287 Deirdre (Yeats), VI: 218 Deirdre of the Sorrows (Synge), Retro. Supp. I: 301–302

DEJE−DIAL “Dejection” (Coleridge), IV: 41, 49, 50; Retro. Supp. II: 61 Déjuner sur l’herbe (Manet), Supp. IV: 480 Dekker, Thomas, I: 68, 69; II: 3, 21, 47, 71, 89, 100; Retro. Supp. I: 160 “Delay” (Jennings), Supp. V: 208 “Delay Has Danger” (Crabbe), III: 285 Delight (Priestley), VII: 212 “Delight in Disorder” (Herrick), II: 104 Delillo, Don, Supp. IV: 487 “Deluding of Gylﬁ, The”, See Gylfaginning “Demephon and Phillis” (Gower), I: 53–54 Demeter, and Other Poems (Tennyson), IV: 338 “Demeter and Persephone” (Tennyson), IV: 328 “Demo” (Murray), Supp. VII: 284 “Democracy” (Lawrence), VII: 87–88 “Demolishers, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 165 “Demon at the Walls of Time, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 170 Demon in My View, A (Rendell), Supp. IX: 195 Demon Lover, The (Bowen; U.S. title, Ivy Gripped the Steps), Supp. II: 77, 92, 93 Demon of Progress in the Arts, The (Lewis), VII: 74 “Demonstration” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 “Demonstration, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 270 Demos (Gissing), V: 432–433, 437 Denham, Sir John, II: 236, 238 “Deniall” (Herbert), II: 127, 128; Retro. Supp. II: 180–181 Denis Duval (Thackeray), V: 27, 34, 36, 38 Dennis, John, II: 69, 310, 338, 340 Dennis, Nigel, III: 23, 37 “Dennis Haggarty’s Wife” (Thackeray), V: 23–24 “Dennis Shand” (Rossetti), V: 239 Denry the Audacious (Bennett), see Card, The Dent, Arthur, II: 241, 246 Dental Record, Supp. XIII: 188 Denzil Quarrier (Gissing), V: 437 Deor, Retro. Supp. II: 304 “Departing Ship” (Hart), Supp. XI: 122– 123 Departmental Ditties (Kipling), VI: 168, 204 Departure, The (Hart), Supp. XI: 122– 124 “Depression, A” (Jennings), Supp. V: 214 Der Rosenkavalier (Strauss), Supp. IV: 556 Derham, William, III: 49 Derrida, Jacques, Supp. IV: 115 Derry Down Derry, pseud. of Edward Lear Dervorgilla (Gregory), VI: 315 Des Imagistes: An Anthology (ed. Pound), Supp. III: 397 Desai, Anita, Supp. IV: 440; Supp. V: 53–76

Desani, G. V., Supp. IV: 443, 445 Descartes, René, Supp. I: 43–44 Descent into Hell (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 281–282 “Descent into the Maelstrom, The” (Poe), III: 339 Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, On the (Darwin), Supp. VII: 17, 19, 25–28 “Descent of Odin, The” (Gray), III: 141 Descent of the Dove, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 284 Descent of the Gods, The (Russell), VIII: 278–279, 288, 289 “Description of a City Shower, A” (Swift), III: 30 “Description of an Author’s Bedchamber” (Goldsmith), III: 184 Description of Antichrist and His Ruin, A (Bunyan), II: 253 “Description of the Morning, A” (Swift), III: 30; Retro. Supp. I: 282–283 Description of the Scenery of the Lakes in the North of England, A (Wordsworth), IV: 25 Description of the Western Islands (Martin), III: 117 Descriptive Catalogue of Pictures . . . , A (Blake), III: 305, 307 Descriptive Sketches (Wordsworth), IV: xv, 1, 2, 4–5, 24 “Desecration” (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 236 “Desert, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 167 Desert Highway (Priestley), VII: 227– 228 “Deserted Garden, The” (Browning), IV: 312 Deserted Parks, The (Carroll), V: 274 Deserted Village, The (Goldsmith), III: 177, 180, 185, 186–187, 191, 277 Design for Living (Coward), Supp. II: 151–152, 156 “Desirable Mansions” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 “Desire” (Hart), Supp. XI: 125 Desolation Island (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 256–257 Desperate Remedies (Hardy), VI: 2, 19– 20; Retro. Supp. I: 111–112 “Despite and Still” (Graves), VII: 268 “Despondency, an Ode” (Burns), III: 315 Destinations (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 172, 183 “Destinie” (Cowley), II: 194, 195, 198 “Destiny and a Blue Cloak” (Hardy), VI: 20 “Destroyers in the Arctic” (Ross), VII: 433 Destructive Element, The (Spender), Supp. II: 487–488, 489, 491 Detained: A Writer’s Prison Diary (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 216, 221, 223, 224 “Developing Worlds” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 80 “Development” (Browning), IV: 365 Development of Christian Doctrine, The (Newman), V: 340 Development of Creole Society in Jamaica, 1770–1820, The (Brathwaite),

329

Supp. XII: 35 “Development of Genius, The” (Browning), IV: 310 Devices and Desires (James), Supp. IV: 320, 331–333 “Devil, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 284 “Devil and the Good Deed, The” (Powys), VIII: 251 Devil and the Lady, The (Tennyson), IV: 338 Devil Is an Ass, The: A Comedie (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 Devil of a State (Burgess), Supp. I: 187 Devil of Dowgate, The (Fletcher), II: 67 Devil on the Cross (Ngu˜g). See Caitaani mu˜tharaba–in Devil, The World and the Flesh, The (Lodge), Supp. IV: 364 Devil to Pay, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 336, 349 “Devil–Dancers, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 214 “Devil’s Advice to Story–tellers, The” (Graves), VII: 259, 263 “Devils and the Idols, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46 Devil’s Disciple, The (Shaw), VI: 104, 105, 110, 112; Retro. Supp. II: 316 “Devil’s Due, The” (Swinburne), V: 332 Devil’s Elixir, The (Hoffmann), III: 334, 345 Devil’s Footprints, The (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 27 “Devil’s Jig, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 204– 205 Devil’s Law–Case, The (Webster), II: 68, 82–83, 85 Devils of Loudon, The (Huxley), VII: 205–206 Devil’s Walk, The (Coleridge and Southey), IV: 56, 208 Devil’s Walk, The (Shelley), IV: 208 Devlin, Christopher, V: 372, 373, 381 Devolving English Literature (Crawford), Supp. XI: 71, 82, 83 “Devoted Friend, The” (Wilde), Retro. Supp. II: 365 Devotions upon Emergent Occasions and severall steps in my Sicknes (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 97–98 Devout Trental for Old John Clarke (Skelton), I: 86 Dhomhnaill, Nuala Ní, Supp. V: 40–41 Diabolical Principle and the Dithyrambic Spectator (Lewis), VII: 72, 76, 83 “Dialect” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 20–21 Dialectic of the Enlightenment (Adorno), Supp. IV: 29 Dialogue between a Lord and a Clerk on Translation (Trevisa), Supp. IX: 246, 248–249 Dialogue between a Soldier and a Clerk (tr. Trevisa), see Dialogus inter Militem et Clericum Dialogue Between the Devil, The Pope, and the Pretender, The (Fielding), III: 105 “Dialogue Between the Resolved Soul and Created Pleasure, A” (Marvell), II: 208, 211, 216

DIAL−DISC “Dialogue Between the Soul and Body, A” (Marvell), II: 208, 211, 216 “Dialogue Between the Two Horses, The” (Marvell), II: 218 “Dialogue Between Thyrsis and Dorinda, A” (Marvell), II: 211 Dialogue Concerning Heresies, The (More), Supp. VII: 244 Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, A (More), Supp. VII: 245, 247–248 “Dialogue of Self and Soul” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 191 “Dialogue of Self and Soul, A” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 336 “Dialogue on Dramatic Poetry” (Eliot), VII: 157; Retro. Supp. II: 131–132 Dialogue with Death (Koestler), Supp. I: 23–24 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Hume), Supp. III: 240, 242–243 Dialogues of the Dead (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 122 Dialogus inter Militem et Clericum (tr. Trevisa), Supp. IX: 252–253, 254 Diamond of Jannina, The (Plomer), Supp. XI: 221 Diana (Montemayor), I: 164, 302 Diana of the Crossways (Meredith), V: xxv, 227, 232–233, 234 Diana Trelawny (Oliphant), Supp. X: 217 “Diaphanéité” (Pater), V: 345, 348, 356 Diaries (Warner), Supp. VII: 382 Diaries of Jane Somers, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 253–255 Diaries of Lewis Carroll, The (ed. Green), V: 264, 274 Diaries, Prayers, and Annals (Johnson), Retro. Supp. I: 143 Diarmuid and Grania (Moore and Yeats), VI: 87, 96, 99 Diary (Evelyn), II: 274–280, 286–287 Diary (Pepys), II: 274, 280–286, 288, 310 Diary and Letters of Madame D’Arblay (ed. Barrett), Supp. III: 63 “Diary from the Trenches” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 139–141 “Diary Letter From Aragon” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 90–91, 92 Diary of a Dead Offıcer (West), VI: 423 Diary of a Good Neighbour, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 253 [am.2]Diary of a Journey into North Wales . . . , A (Johnson), III: 122 Diary of a Madman, The (Gogol), III: 345 Diary of a Man of Fifty, The (James), VI: 67, 69 Diary of Fanny Burney (Burney), III: 243 Diary, Reminiscences and Correspondence of H. Crabb Robinson, The, IV: 52, 56, 81 Dibb, Michael, Supp. IV: 88 Dick, Philip K., Supp. IV: 41 “Dick King” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Dick Willoughby (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 117 Dickens, Charles, II: 42; III: 151, 157, 340; IV: 27, 34, 38, 88, 240, 241, 247,

251, 252, 259, 295, 306; V: viii, ix, 3, 5, 6, 9, 14, 20, 22, 41–74, 148, 182, 191, 424, 435; VI: viii; Supp. I: 166– 167; Supp. IV: 120, 202–203, 229, 379, 460, 505, 513, 514 Dickens (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 8–9 Dickens and Daughter (Storey), V: 72 Dickens and the Twentieth Century (ed. Cross and Pearson), V: 63, 73 Dickens from Pickwick to Dombey (Marcus), V: 46 “Dickens in Memory” (Gissing), V: 437 Dickens: Interviews and Recollections (ed. Collins), V: 46 Dickens the Novelist (Leavis), VII: 250– 251 Dickens Theatre, The (Garis), V: 70, 73 Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes, VI: 398, 399 Dickinson, Emily, Supp. IV: 139, 480 Dickson, Lovat, VI: 239 Dictionary of Madame de Sévigné (FitzGerald and Kerrich), IV: 349, 353 Dictionary of National Biography (ed. Stephen and Lee), V: xxv, 280–281, 290 Dictionary of the English Language, A (Johnson), III: 113–114, 115, 121; Retro. Supp. I: 137, 141, 142 Dictionary of the Khazars: A Lexicon Novel in 100,000 Words (Pavic), Supp. IV: 116 “Did any Punishment attend” (Sedley), II: 265 Did He Steal It? (Trollope), V: 102 Diderot, Denis, Supp. IV: 122, 136 Didion, Joan, Supp. IV: 163 “Didn’t He Ramble” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 37, 44 Dido, Queen of Carthage (Marlowe), I: 278–279, 280–281, 292; Retro. Supp. I: 211 Die Ambassador (Brink), Supp. VI: 46–47 Die Eerste lewe van Adamastor (Brink), Supp. VI: 54 Die muur van die pes (Brink), Supp. VI: 52 Die Räuber (Schiller), IV: xiv, 173 Die Spanier in Peru (Kotzebue), III: 254, 268 Dierdre of the Sorrows (Synge), VI: 310, 313 “Dies Irae” (Morgan, E.), Supp IX: 160– 162 “Dietary” (Lydgate), I: 58 Differences in Judgement about Water Baptism . . . (Bunyan), II: 253 Different Days (Cornford), VIII: 105– 106 “Difficulties of a Bridegroom” (Hughes), Supp. I: 346 “Difficulties of a Statesman” (Eliot), VII: 152–153 Difficulties with Girls (Amis), Supp. II: 18 “Diffugere Nives” (Housman), VI: 155 “Digdog” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 133, 140 “Digging” (Heaney), Supp. II: 270; Retro. Supp. I: 124, 126–127

330

“Digging for Pictures” (Golding), Supp. I: 65 “Digging Up Scotland” (Reid), Supp. VII: 336 Dilecta (Ruskin), V: 184 Dilke, Charles, IV: 254, 262, 306 “Dill Pickle, A” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 174 Dimple Hill (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 188 “Dining” (Dunn), Supp. X: 76 “Dining Room Tea” (Brooke), Supp. III: 49, 52 Dinner at Noon (documentary, Bennett), VIII: 25 “Dinner at Poplar, A” (Dickens), V: 41, 47n “Dinner in the City, A” (Thackeray), V: 25 “Dinner with Dr. Azad” (Ali), Supp. XIII: 11 “Dinosaur, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 102 Diodorus Siculus (tr. Skelton), I: 82 “Diogenes and Plato” (Landor), IV: 91 “Dip in the Pool” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 217 Diplopic (Reading), VIII: 265, 266, 267, 271 Dipsychus (Clough), V: 156, 159, 161, 163–165, 167, 211 “Diptych” (Reading), VIII: 264 “Dirce” (Landor), IV: 96–97 “Directions” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288 Directions to Servants (Swift), III: 36 “Dirge” (Eliot), VII: 150 “Dirge for the New Sunrise” (Sitwell), VII: 137 “Dirge of Jephthah’s Daughter, The: Sung by the Virgins” (Herrick), II: 113 Dirty Beasts (Dahl), Supp. IV: 226 Dirty Story (Ambler), Supp. IV: 16 “Dis aliter visum; or, Le Byron de nos jours” (Browning), IV: 366, 369 “Disabled” (Owen), VI: 447, 451, 452 “Disabused, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 “Disappointmnt, The” (Behn), Supp. III: 39 Disappointment, The (Southern), II: 305 “Disc’s Defects, A” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 Discarded Image, The: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 264 Discarnation, The (Sisson), Supp. XI: 249, 256 “Discharge, The” (Herbert), II: 127 Discontented Colonel, The (Suckling), II: 238 Discourse, Introductory to a Course of Lectures on Chemistry, A (Davy), Supp. III: 359–360 “Discourse from the Deck” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 269 “Discourse of a Lady Standing a Dinner to a Down–and–Out Friend” (Rhys), Supp. II: 390 Discourse of Civil Life (Bryskett), I: 124 Discourse of the Building of the House of God, A (Bunyan), II: 253 Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the Nobles and the

DISC−DOLO Commons in Athens and Rome (Swift), III: 17, 35 Discourse on Pastoral Poetry, A (Pope), III: 56 Discourse on Satire (Dryden), II: 297 Discourse on the Love of Our Country (Price), IV: 126 Discourse on the Pindarique Ode, A (Congreve), II: 346–347 Discourse on 2 Corinthians, i, 9 . . . , A (Crabbe), III: 286 Discourse upon Comedy, A (Farquhar), II: 332, 355 Discourse upon the Pharisee and the Publicane, A (Bunyan), II: 253 Discourses Addressed to Mixed Congregations (Newman), Supp. VII: 297 Discourses by Way of Essays (Cowley), III: 40 Discourses in America (Arnold), V: 216 Discoveries (Jonson), I: 270; Retro. Supp. I: 166 Discovery of Guiana, The (Ralegh), I: 145, 146, 149, 151–153 Discovery of the Future, The (Wells), VI: 244 “Discretioun in Taking” (Dunbar), VIII: 122 “Disdaine Returned” (Carew), II: 225 “Disease of the Mind” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 18 Disenchantment (Montague), VII: 421 “Disenchantments” (Dunn), Supp. X: 78–79 Disgrace (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 76, 86–88 “Disguises” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 391– 392 “Disinheritance” (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 223–224, 228, 230, 232 “Disinherited, The” (Bowen), Supp. II: 77, 87–88 Disney, Walt, Supp. IV: 202, 211 “Disobedience” (Milne), Supp. V: 301 “Disorderly, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 287 “Displaced Person” (Murphy), Supp. V: 326 “Dispute at Sunrise” (Hart), Supp. XI: 129 Disraeli, Benjamin, IV: xii, xvi, xviii, xix, xx, xxiii, 271, 288, 292–309; V: viii, x, xxiv, 2, 22; VII: xxi; Supp. IV: 379 Disraeli (Blake), IV: 307, 308 “Dissatisfaction” (Traherne), II: 192 “Dissolution, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 92 Distances (Conn), Supp. XIII: 69 “Distant Fury of Battle, The” (Hill), Supp. V: 186 Disaffection, A (Kelman), Supp. V: 243, 249, 251–252 “Dissertation” (Macpherson), VIII: 188, 190 “Distant Past, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504 “Distracted Preacher, The” (Hardy), VI: 22; Retro. Supp. I: 116 “Distraction” (Vaughan), II: 188 “Distress of Plenty” (Connolly), Supp. III: 108

Distress’d Wife, The (Gay), III: 67 “Disturber of the Traffic, The” (Kipling), VI: 169, 170–172 “Disused Shed in County Wexford, A” (Mahon) Supp. VI: 169–170, 173 “Divali” (Seth), Supp. X: 279–280 “Dive” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 93 Diversions of Purley and Other Poems, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 3Diversions of Purley and Other Poems, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 3 “Diversity and Depth” (Wilson), Supp. I: 167 “Divided Life Re–Lived, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72 Divine and Moral Songs for Children (Watts), III: 299 Divine Comedy, The (Dante), II: 148; III: 306; IV: 93, 187, 229; Supp. I: 76; Supp. IV: 439 “Divine Judgments” (Blake), III: 300 “Divine Meditations” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 98 Divine Poems (Waller), II: 238 Divine Vision and Other Poems, The (Russell), VIII: 284–285 “Divine Wrath and Mercy” (Blake), III: 300 Diviner, The (Friel), Supp. V: 113 “Diviner, The” (Friel), Supp. V: 115 “Diviner, The” (Heaney), Supp. II: 269– 270 “Division, The” (Hardy), VI: 17 Division of the Spoils, A (Scott), Supp. I: 268, 271 Divisions on a Ground (Nye), Supp. X: 193, 200–202 Divorce (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 272, 274 Dixon, Richard Watson, V: 362–365, 371, 372, 377, 379; VI: 76, 83, 167 Dixon Hunt, John, VI: 167 “Dizzy” (Strachey), IV: 292 “Do not go gentle into that good night” (Thomas), Supp. I: 178 “Do Take Muriel Out” (Smith), Supp. II: 471, 472 Do What You Will (Huxley), VII: 201 “Do You Love Me?” (Carey), Supp. XII: 54, 55, 56, 57 “Do you remember me? or are you proud?” (Landor), IV: 99 Dobell, Sydney, IV: 310; V: 144–145 Dobrée, Bonamy, II: 362, 364; III: 33, 51, 53; V: 221, 234; VI: xi, 200–203; V: xxii “Dockery and Son” (Larkin), Supp. I: 281, 285 Doctor, The (Southey), IV: 67n, 71 Doctor Birch and His Young Friends (Thackeray), V: 38 Dr. Faust’s Sea–Spiral Spirit (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231, 233–234 Doctor Faustus (ﬁlm), III: 344 Doctor Faustus (Marlowe), I: 212, 279– 280, 287–290; Supp. IV: 197 Doctor Fischer of Geneva; or, The Bomb Party (Greene), Supp. I: 1, 17–18 Doctor Is Sick, The (Burgess), Supp. I: 186, 189, 195

331

Doctor Therne (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Doctor Thorne (Trollope), V: xxii, 93, 101 Doctors’ Delusions, Crude Criminology, and Sham Education (Shaw), VI: 129 Doctor’s Dilemma, The (Shaw), VI: xv 116, 129; Retro. Supp. II: 321–322 “Doctor’s Family, The” (Oliphant), Supp. X: 214 “Doctor’s Journal Entry for August 6, 1945, A” (Seth), Supp. X: 284 “Doctor’s Legend, The” (Hardy), VI: 20 Doctors of Philosophy (Spark), Supp. I: 206 Doctor’s Wife, The (Braddon), VIII: 44–46 Doctor’s Wife, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 144, 146, 147–148 Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce . . . , The (Milton), II: 175; Retro. Supp. II: 271 “Doctrine of Scattered Occasions, The” (Bacon), I: 261 Doctrine of the Law and Grace Unfolded, The (Bunyan), II: 253 Documents in the Case, The (Sayers and Eustace), Supp. III: 335, 342–343 Documents Relating to the Sentimental Agents in the Volyen Empire (Lessing), Supp. I: 252–253 Dodge, Mabel, VII: 109 Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge, see Carroll, Lewis “Does It Matter?” (Sassoon), VI: 430 “Does It Pay?” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 “Does That Hurt?” (Motion), Supp. VII: 263–264 “Dog and the Lantern, The” (Powys), VIII: 255 “Dog and the Waterlily, The” (Cowper), III: 220 Dog Beneath the Skin, The (Auden and Isherwood), VII: 312, 380, 385; Retro. Supp. I: 7 Dog Fox Field (Murray), Supp. VII: 280–281, 282 “Dogged” (Saki), Supp. VI: 239 Dog’s Ransom, A (Highsmith), Supp. V: 176–177 “Dogs” (Hughes), Supp. I: 346 “Doing Research for Historical Novels” (Keneally), Supp. IV: 344 Doktor Faustus (Mann), III: 344 Dolben, Digby Mackworth, VI: 72, 75 “Doldrums, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Doll, The” (O’Brien), Supp. V: 340 Doll’s House, A (Ibsen), IV: xxiii, 118– 119; V: xxiv; VI: ix, 111 “Doll’s House, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 175 “Doll’s House on the Dal Lake, A” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 399 “Dollfuss Day, 1935” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 Dolly (Brookner), Supp. IV: 134–135, 136–137 Dolores (Compton–Burnett), VII: 59, 68 “Dolores” (Swinburne), V: 313, 320–321

DOLO−DREA “Dolorida” (Swinburne), V: 332 Dolphin, The (Lowell), Supp. IV: 423 Dombey and Son (Dickens), IV: 34; V: xxi, 42, 44, 47, 53, 57–59, 70, 71 “Domestic Interior” (Boland), Supp. V: 50 “Domicilium” (Hardy), VI: 14 Don Fernando (Maugham), VI: 371 Don Juan (Byron), I: 291; II: 102n; IV: xvii, 171, 172, 173, 178, 183, 184, 185, 187–191, 192 Don Quixote (Cervantes), II: 49; IV: 190; V: 46; Retro. Supp. I: 84 Don Quixote in England (Fielding), III: 105 Don Sebastian, King of Portugal (Dryden), II: 305 “Donald MacDonald” (Hogg), Supp. X: 106 “Dong with a Luminous Nose, The” (Lear), V: 85 “Donkey, The” (Smith), Supp. II: 468 “Donkey’s Ears: Politovsky’s Letters Home, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 80–82 Donkeys’ Years (Frayn), Supp. VII: 60–61 Donne, John, I: 352–369; II: 102, 113, 114, 118, 121–124, 126–128, 132, 134–138, 140–143, 147, 185, 196, 197, 209, 215, 221, 222, 226; IV: 327; Supp. II: 181, 182; Supp. III: 51, 57; Retro. Supp. II: 85–99, 173, 175, 259, 260 Donne, William Bodham, IV: 340, 344, 351 Donnelly, M. C., V: 427, 438 Donohue, J. W., III: 268 Don’t Look Now (du Maurier), Supp. III: 148 Don’t Tell Alfred (Mitford), Supp. X: 152, 158, 164–167 “Doodle Bugs” (Harrison), Supp. V: 151 “Doom of the Griffiths, The” (Gaskell), V: 15 Doom of Youth, The (Lewis), VII: 72 “Door in the Wall, The” (Wells), VI: 235, 244 Door Into the Dark (Heaney), Supp. II: 268, 271–272; Retro. Supp. I: 127 Dorando, A Spanish Tale (Boswell), III: 247 Dorian Gray (Wilde), see Picture of Dorian Gray, The “Dorinda’s sparkling Wit, and Eyes” (Dorset), II: 262 Dorking Thigh and Other Satires, The (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 Dorothy Wordsworth (Selincourt), IV: 143 Dorset, earl of (Charles Sackville), II: 255, 261–263, 266, 268, 270–271 Dorset Farm Laborer Past and Present, The, (Hardy), VI: 20 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, Supp. IV: 1, 139 Dostoevsky: The Making of a Novelist (Simmons), V: 46 Doting (Green), Supp. II: 263, 264 Double Falsehood, The (Theobald), II: 66, 87 “Double Life” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 186

Double Lives: An Autobiography (Plomer), Supp. XI: 210, 214, 215, 223 “Double Looking Glass, The” (Hope), Supp. VII: 159 Double Man, The (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 10 Double Marriage, The (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 66 “Double Rock, The” (King), Supp. VI: 151 Double Tongue, The (Golding), Retro. Supp. I: 106–107 “Double Vision of Michael Robartes, The” (Yeats), VI: 217 Double–Dealer, The (Congreve), II: 338, 341–342, 350 Doublets: A Word–Puzzle (Carroll), V: 273 Doubtﬁre (Nye), Supp. X: 193–196, 203, 206 Doubtful Paradise (Friel), Supp. V: 115 Doughty, Charles, Supp. II: 294–295 Doughty, Oswald, V: xi, xxvii, 246, 297n, 307 Douglas, Gavin, I: 116–118; III: 311 Douglas, Keith, VII: xxii, 422, 440–444 Douglas, Lord Alfred, V: 411, 416–417, 420 Douglas, Norman, VI: 293–305 Douglas Cause, The (Boswell), III: 247 Douglas Jerrold’s Weekly (periodical), V: 144 “Dovecote” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 280 “Dover” (Auden), VII: 379 Dover Road, The (Milne), Supp. V: 299 “Down” (Graves), VII: 264 Down Among the Women (Weldon), Supp. IV: 524–525 Down and Out in Paris and London (Orwell), VII: xx, 275, 277; Supp. IV: 17 “Down at the Dump” (White), Supp. I: 143 Down by the River (O’Brien), Supp. V: 344–345 “Down by the Sally–Garden” (Yeats), VII: 368 “Down Darkening” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 Down from the Hill (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 “Down Kaunda Street” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 “Down on the Farm” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 214 Down There on a Visit (Isherwood), VII: 315–316 Downfall and Death of King Oedipus, The (FitzGerald), IV: 353 Downs, Brian, III: 84, 93 “Downs, The” (Bridges), VI: 78 Downstairs (Churchill), Supp. IV: 180 Downstream (Kinsella), Supp. V: 259, 260, 261–262 “Downstream” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 262 “Downward Pulse, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 27 Dowson, Ernest, V: 441; VI: 210 Doyle, Arthur Conan, III: 341, 345; Supp. II: 126, 127, 159–176

332

Doyle, Roddy, Supp. V: 77–93 Dr. Goldsmith’s Roman History Abridged by Himself . . . (Goldsmith), III: 191 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (Stevenson), see Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The “Dr. Woolacott” (Forster), VI: 406 Dr. Wortle’s School (Trollope), V: 100, 102 Drabble, Antonia, see Byatt, A. S. Drabble, Margaret, VI: 247, 253, 268; Supp. IV: 141, 229–254 Dracula (Stoker), III: 334, 342, 345; Supp. III: 375–377, 381, 382, 383, 386–390 Dracula (ﬁlms), III: 342; Supp. III: 375–377 “Dracula’s Guest” (Stoker), Supp. III: 383, 385 “Draff” (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 19 Drafts and Fragments of Verse (Collins), II: 323n “Dragon Class” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 88–89 “Dragon Dreams” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 170 Dragon of the Apocalypse (Carter), VII: 114 “Dragonﬂy” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 103 “Dragon’s Blood” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 64 Drake, Nathan, III: 51 “Drama and Life” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 170 Drama in Muslin, A (Moore), VI: 86, 89, 90–91, 98 “Drama of Exile, A” (Browning), IV: 313 Drama of Love and Death, The (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 42 Dramatic Character in the English Romantic Age (Donohue), III: 268n Dramatic Historiographer, The; or, The British Theatre Delineated (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Dramatic Idyls (Browning), IV: xxiii, 358, 374; V: xxiv Dramatic Lyrics (Browning), IV: xx, 374 Dramatic Romances and Lyrics (Browning), IV: 374 Dramatic Works of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, The (ed. Price), III: 258 Dramatis Personae (Browning), IV: xxii, 358, 364, 374; Retro. Supp. II: 26–27 Dramatis Personae (Yeats), VI: 317 Drapier’s Letters, The (Swift), III: 20n 28, 31, 35; Retro. Supp. I: 274 “Drawing Room, Annerley, 1996” (Hart), Supp. XI: 131 “Drawing you, heavy with sleep” (Warner), Supp. VII: 373 Drayton, Michael, I: 196, 278; II: 68 134, 138 “Dread of Height, The” (Thompson), V: 444 Dreadful Pleasures (Twitchell), Supp. III: 383 “Dream” (Heaney), Supp. II: 271 “Dream” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 273 “Dream, A” (Healy), Supp. IX: 106 “Dream, A” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145

DREA−DUNC “Dream, The” (Galsworthy), VI: 280 “Dream, The” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 185 “Dream, The. A Song“ (Behn), Supp. III: 37–38 Dream and Thing (Muir), Supp. VI: 208 Dream Children (Wilson), Supp. VI: 308–309 “Dream in Three Colours, A” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 285 Dream of Darkness (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 119 Dream of Destiny, A (Bennett), VI: 262 “Dream of Eugene Aram, The Murderer, The” (Hood), IV: 256, 261–262, 264, 267; Supp. III: 378 Dream of Fair to Middling Women, A (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 17 “Dream of France, A” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 Dream of Gerontius, The (Newman), Supp. VII: 293, 300, 301 “Dream of Heaven, A” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 105 Dream of John Ball, A (Morris), V: 301, 302–303, 305, 306 “Dream of Nourishment” (Smith), Supp. II: 466 “Dream of Private Clitus, The” (Jones), Supp. VII: 175 Dream of Scipio, The (Cicero), IV: 189 Dream of the Rood, The, I: 11; Retro. Supp. II: 302, 307 “Dream Play” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 178 Dream State: The New Scottish Poets (Crawford), Supp. XI: 67 Dream Stuff (Malouf), Supp. XII: 218 “Dream Work” (Hope), Supp. VII: 155 Dreamchild (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 236 “Dream–Fugue” (De Quincey), IV: 153– 154 “Dream–Language of Fergus, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 285–286 “Dream–Pedlary” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 30 Dreaming in Bronze (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490 “Dreaming Spires” (Campbell), VII: 430 “Dreams” (Spenser), I: 123 Dreams of Leaving (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 289 “Dreams Old and Nascent” (Lawrence), VII: 118 “Dream–Tryst” (Thompson), V: 444 Drebbel, Cornelius, I: 268 “Dresden” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 58 Dressed as for a Tarot Pack (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Dressing” (Vaughan), II: 186 Dressing Up—Transvestism and Drag: The History of an Obsession (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 3–4, 12 Dressmaker, The (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 19–20, 24 “Dressmaker, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 130–131 Drew, Philip, IV: xiii, xxiv, 375 “Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes” (Jonson), I: 346; VI: 16

Drinkers of Inﬁnity (Koestler), Supp. I: 34, 34n “Drinking” (Cowley), II: 198 Driver’s Seat, The (Spark), Supp. I: 200, 209–210, 218n “Driving Through Sawmill Towns” (Murray), Supp. VII: 271 Droe wit seisoen, ’n (Brink), Supp. VI: 50–51 “Droit de Seigneur: 1820” (Murphy), Supp. V: 321 Drought, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 24–25, 34 “Drowned Field, The” (Hollinghurst), Supp. X: 121 “Drowned Giant, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 23 Drowned World, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 22–23, 24, 34 “Drowning” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 Drumlin (ed. Healy), Supp. IX: 95 “Drummer Hodge” (Housman), VI: 161; Retro. Supp. I: 120 Drummond of Hawthornden, William, I: 328, 349 Drums of Father Ned, The (O’Casey), VII: 10–11 Drums under the Windows (O’Casey), VII: 9, 12 Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, A (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 202, 203, 207–210, 211, 213, 215 Drunken Sailor, The (Cary), VII: 186, 191 “Dry Point” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277 Dry Salvages, The (Eliot), V: 241; VII: 143, 144, 152, 154, 155 Dry, White Season, A (Brink), Supp. VI: 50–51 Dryden, John, I: 176, 327, 328, 341, 349; II: 166–167, 195, 198, 200, 289–306, 325, 338, 340, 348, 350, 352, 354– 355; III: 40, 47, 68, 73–74, 118; IV: 93, 196, 287; V: 376; Supp. III: 19, 24, 27, 36, 37, 40; Supp. V: 201–202 Dryden, John, The younger, II: 305 “Dryden’s Prize–Song” (Hill), Supp. V: 201–202 Du Bellay, Joachim, I: 126; V: 345 Du Bois, W. E. B., Supp. IV: 86 du Maurier, Daphne, III: 343; Supp. III: 133–149 du Maurier, George, V: 403; Supp. III: 133–137, 141 du Maurier, Guy, Supp. III: 147, 148 Du Mauriers, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 135–136, 137, 139 Dual Tradition: An Essay on Poetry and Politics in Ireland (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272, 273–274 Dublin Penny Journal, Supp. XIII: 116 Dublin Satirist, Supp. XIII: 116 Dublin University Magazine, Supp. XIII: 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 124 Dubliners (Joyce), VII: xiv, 41, 43–45, 47–52; critical studies, VII: 57; Supp. I: 45; Supp. IV: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 171–173

333

“Dubious” (Seth), Supp. X: 279 “Duchess of Hamptonshire, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 Duchess of Malﬁ, The (Webster), II: 68, 70–73, 76–78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85 Duchess of Padua, The (Wilde), V: 419; Retro. Supp. II: 362–363 “Duddon Estuary, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 Due Preparations for the Plague (Defoe), III: 13 “Duel, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 Duel of Angels (Fry), Supp. III: 195 “Duel of the Crabs, The” (Dorset), II: 271 Duenna, The (Sheridan), III: 253, 257, 259–261, 270 “Duffy’s Circus” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 415 Dufy, Raoul, Supp. IV: 81 Dugdale, Florence Emily, VI: 17n Dugdale, Sir William, II: 274 Dugmore, C. W., I: 177n Dujardin, Edouard, VI: 87 Duke of Gandia, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Duke of Guise, The (Dryden), II: 305 Duke of Millaine, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 183 Duke’s Children, The (Trollope), V: 96, 99, 101, 102 “Duke’s Reappearance, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Dulce et Decorum Est” (Owen), VI: 448, 451 “Dull London” (Lawrence), VII: 94, 116, 121 “Dulwich Gallery, The” (Hazlitt), IV: 135–136 Dumas père, Alexandre, III: 332, 334, 339 Dumb House, The (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 16–17, 19, 27–28, 30 Dumb Instrument (Welch), Supp. IX: 269–270 Dumb Virgin, The; or, The Force of Imagination (Behn), Supp. III: 31 Dumb Waiter, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 369, 370–371, 381; Retro. Supp. I: 222 “Dumnesse” (Traherne), II: 189; Supp. XI: 270 Dun Cow, The (Landor), IV: 100 Dun Emer Press, VI: 221 “Dunbar and the Language of Poetry” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 160 Dunbar, William, I: 23; VIII: 117–130 “Dunbar at Oxinfurde” (Dunbar), VIII: 122–123 Duncan, Robert, Supp. IV: 269 Dunciad, The (Pope), II: 259, 311; III: 73, 77, 95; IV: 187; Supp. III: 421– 422; Retro. Supp. I: 76, 231, 235, 238–240 “Dunciad Minimus” (Hope), Supp. VII: 161 Dunciad Minor: A Heroick Poem (Hope), Supp. VII: 161–163 Dunciad of Today, The; and, The Modern Aesop (Disraeli), IV: 308

DUNC−ECHO Dunciad Variorum, The (Pope), Retro. Supp. I: 238 Dunn, Douglas Supp. X: 65–84 Dunn, Nell, VI: 271 Dunne, John William, VII: 209, 210 Duns Scotus, John, V: 363, 370, 371; Retro. Supp. II: 187–188 “Duns Scotus’s Oxford” (Hopkins), V: 363, 367, 370 Dunsany, Lord Edward, III: 340 Dunton, John, III: 41 Dupee, F. W., VI: 31, 45 “Dura Mater” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272 Dürer, Albrecht, Supp. IV: 125 “Duriesdyke” (Swinburne), V: 333 “During Wind and Rain” (Cornford), VIII: 114 “During Wind and Rain” (Hardy), VI: 17 Durrell, Lawrence, Supp. I: 93–128 Dusklands (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 78–80, 81 “Dusky Ruth” (Coppard), VIII: 88, 90, 93 Dusky Ruth and Other Stories (Coppard), VIII: 90 “Dust” (Brooke), Supp. III: 52 “Dust, The” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 37–38, 40, 45 “Dust, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228 “Dust As We Are” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 214 Dutch Courtesan, The (Marston), II: 30, 40 Dutch Love, The (Behn), Supp. III: 26– 27, 40 Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland, The (Stoker), Supp. III: 379 Dutiful Daughter, A (Keneally), Supp. IV: 345 Dutton, G. F., Supp. XII: 81–99 “Duty—that’s to say complying” (Clough), V: 160 Dwarfs, The (play, Pinter), Supp. I: 373 “Dwarfs, The” (unpublished novel, Pinter), Supp. I: 367 Dyer, John, IV: 199 Dyer, Sir Edward, I: 123 Dyer’s Hand, The, and Other Essays (Auden), V: 46; VII: 394, 395 Dyet of Poland, The (Defoe), III: 13 “Dying” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 226, 227 Dying Gaul and Other Writings, The (Jones), Supp. VII: 171, 180 “Dying Is Not Setting Out” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211 Dying Paralytic (Greuze), Supp. IV: 122 “Dying Race, A” (Motion), Supp. VII: 254 “Dying Swan, The” (Tennyson), IV: 329 “Dykes, The” (Kipling), VI: 203 Dymer (Lewis), Supp. III: 250 Dynamics of a Particle, The (Carroll), V: 274 Dynasts, The: A Drama of the Napoleonic Wars (Hardy), VI: 6–7, 10–12; Retro. Supp. I: 121 Dyson, A. E., III: 51

“Dyvers thy death doo dyverslye bemone” (Surrey), I: 115

E. M. Forster: A Study (Trilling), VI:

413 E. M. Forster: A Tribute, with Selections from His Writings on India (Natwar– Singh), VI: 413 E. M. Forster: The Critical Heritage (ed. Gardner), VI: 413 “Eagle Pair” (Murray), Supp. VII: 283 Eagles’ Nest (Kavan), Supp. VII: 213– 214 Eagle’s Nest, The (Ruskin), V: 184 Eagleton, Terry, Supp. IV: 164, 365, 380 Eames, Hugh, Supp. IV: 3 Ear to the Ground, An (Conn), Supp. XIII: 70, 72–73 “Earl Robert” (Swinburne), V: 333 Earle, John, IV: 286 “Earlswood” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 “Early Days” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 78 Early Days (Storey), Supp. I: 419 Early Diary of Frances Burney, The (eds. Troide et al.), Supp. III: 64 Early Essays (Eliot), V: 200 Early Italian Poets, The (Rossetti), V: 245 Early Kings of Norway, The (Carlyle), IV: 250 Early Lessons (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 152 “Early Life of Ben Jonson, The” (Bamborough), Retro. Supp. I: 152 Early Morning (Bond), Supp. I: 422, 423, 426–428, 430 “Early One Morning” (Warner), Supp. VII: 379 Early Plays, The (Hare), Supp. IV: 283 Early Poems of John Clare, The (Clare), Supp. XI: 51 “Early Spring” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 221 “Early Stuff” (Reading), VIII: 263 “Early Summer” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218 Early Years of Alec Waugh, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 267–270, 272, 274 Earnest Atheist, The (Muggeridge), Supp. II: 118, 119 “Ears in the turrets hear” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174 Earth Breath and Other Poems, The (Russell), VIII: 282 Earth Owl, The (Hughes), Supp. I: 348 Earthly Paradise, The (Morris), V: xxiii, 296–299, 302, 304, 306 Earthly Paradise (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 291, 301–302 Earthly Powers (Burgess), Supp. I: 193 Solar System Our Earths in (Swedenborg), III: 297 Earthworks (Harrison), Supp. V: 149, 150 “East Anglian Church–yard” (Cornford), VIII: 113 “East Coker” (Eliot), II: 173; VII: 154, 155

334

East into Upper East: Plain Tales from New York and Delhi (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 235 “East London” (Arnold), V: 209 “East of Cairo” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 57 East of Suez (Maugham), VI: 369 “East Riding” (Dunn), Supp. X: 81–82 East, West: Stories (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 438, 443, 452 “East Window” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 90–91 Eastaway, Edward (pseud.), see Thomas, Edward “Easter 1916” (Yeats), VI: 219, 220; Retro. Supp. I: 332 “Easter Day” (Crashaw), II: 183 “Easter Day, Naples, 1849” (Clough), V: 165 “Easter Day II” (Clough), V: 159 Easter Greeting for Every Child Who Loves AAlice,”An (Carroll), V: 273 “Easter Hymn” (Housman), VI: 161 “Easter 1916” (Yeats), VI: 219, 220 “Easter Prayer” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 114 Easter Rebellion of 1916, VI: 212; VII: 3 “Easter Wings” (Herbert), II: 128; Retro. Supp. II: 178 Eastern Front, The (Churchill), VI: 359 Eastern Tales (Voltaire), III: 327 Eastlake, Lady Elizabeth, Retro. Supp. I: 59 Eastward Ho! (Chapman, Jonson, Marston), I: 234, 254 II: 30, 40; Retro. Supp. I: 162 Easy Death (Churchill), Supp. IV: 180 Easy Virtue (Coward), Supp. II: 145, 146, 148 Eating Pavlova (Thomas), Supp. IV: 488–489 Eaton, H. A., IV: 142n, 155, 156 “Eaves, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 200 Ebb–Tide, The (Stevenson), V: 384, 387, 390, 396 Ebony Tower, The (Fowles), Supp. I: 303–304 “Ebony Tower, The” (Fowles), Supp. I: 303 Ecce Ancilla Domini! (Rossetti), V: 236, 248 “Ecchoing Green, The” (Blake), Retro. Supp. I: 37, 42 Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Bede), Retro. Supp. II: 296 Ecclesiastical Polity (Hooker), II: 147 Ecclesiastical Sonnets (Wordsworth), IV: 22, 25 “Echo from Willowwood, An” (Rossetti), V: 259 Echo Gate, The (Longley), VIII: 166, 172, 173–174 “Echo Pit Road” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23 “Echoes of Foreign Song” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 118 Echoes Return Slow, The (Thomas), Supp. XII: 280, 281, 283, 284, 288, 289, 290

ECHO−ELEG Echo’s Bones (Beckett), Supp. I: 44, 60–61 “Eclipse” (Armitage), VIII: 11, 12–14 “Eclogue for Christmas, An” (MacNeice), VII: 416 Eclogues (Vergil), III: 222n Eclogues of Virgil, The (tr. Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118 Eco, Umberto, Supp. IV: 116 Economics of Ireland, and the Policy of the British Government, The (Russell), VIII: 289 “Economies or Dispensations of the Eternal” (Newman), Supp. VII: 291 Ecstasy, The (Donne), I: 238, 355, 358 Edel, Leon, VI: 49, 55 “Eden” (Traherne), II: 189; Supp. XI: 266 Eden End (Priestley), VII: 224 Edge of Being, The (Spender), Supp. II: 486, 491 Edge of the Unknown (Doyle), Supp. II: 163–164 Edgeworth, Maria, Supp. III: 151–168; Supp. IV: 502 Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, Supp. III: 151–153, 163 “Edinburgh Court” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 194 Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes (Stevenson), V: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 261 Edinburgh Review (periodical), III: 276, 285; IV: xvi, 129, 145, 269–270, 272, 278; Supp. XII: 119 “Edinburgh Spring” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 194 Edith Sitwell (Bowra), VII: 141 Edith’s Diary (Highsmith), Supp. V: 177– 178, 180 Editor’s Tales, An (Trollope), V: 102 Edmonds, Helen, see Kavan, Anna Edmund Blunden: Poems of Many Years (Blunden), Supp. XI: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Education and the University (Leavis), VII: 238, 241 “Education of Otis Yeere, The” (Kipling), VI: 183, 184 Edward I (Peele), I: 205–206, 208 Edward II (Marlowe), I: 278, 286–287; Retro. Supp. I: 201–202, 209–211 Edward III (anon.), V: 328 Edward and Eleonora (Thomson), Supp. III: 411, 424 Edward Burne–Jones (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 98 Edward Carpenter: In Appreciation (ed. Beith), Supp. XIII: 48–50 “Edward Dorn and the Treasures of Comedy” (Davie), Supp. VI: 116 Edward Lear in Greece (Lear), V: 87 Edward Lear’s Indian Journal (ed. Murphy), V: 78, 79, 87 “Edward the Conqueror” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 215 Edwards, H. L. R., I: 87 “Edwin and Angelina: A Ballad” (Goldsmith), III: 185, 191

Edwin Drood (Dickens), V: xxiii, 42, 69, 72 “Edwin Morris” (Tennyson), IV: 326n Edwy and Elgiva (Burney), Supp. III: 67, 71 “Eemis Stane, The” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 206 “Eftir Geving I Speik of Taking” (Dunbar), VIII: 122 Egan, Pierce, IV: 260n “Egg–Head” (Hughes), Supp. I: 348–349 Egils saga Skalla–Grímssonar, VIII: 238, 239 Egoist, The (Meredith), V: x, xxiv, 227, 230–232, 234 “Egremont” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 “Egypt” (Fraser), VII: 425 “Egypt from My Inside” (Golding), Supp. I: 65, 83, 84, 89 “Egypt from My Outside” (Golding), Supp. I: 84, 89 Egyptian Journal, An (Golding), Supp. I: 89–90; Retro. Supp. I: 103 “Egyptian Nights” (Pushkin), Supp. IV: 484 Eh Joe (Beckett), Supp. I: 59–60 Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), Supp. IV: 306 “Eight Arms to Hold You” (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 161 “Eight Arms to Hold You” (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 161 “Eight Awful Animals” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 Eight Dramas of Calderón (tr. FitzGerald), IV: 353 “Eight o’clock” (Housman), VI: 160 Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter– Writing (Carroll), V: 273 Eight Short Stories (Waugh), Supp. VI: 273 “Eight Stanzas” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 119 “Eight Suits, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 Eighteen Poems (Thomas), Supp. I: 170, 171, 172 Eighteen–Eighties, The (ed. de la Mare), V: 268, 274 “Eighth Planet, The” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 174 85 Poems (Ewart), Supp. VII: 34–35, 46 EIKONOK"A#TH#: . . . (Milton), II: 175 Einstein’s Monsters (Amis), Supp. IV: 40, 42 Eiríks saga rauða, VIII: 240 Ekblad, Inga Stina, II: 77, 86 “El Dorado” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 105 El maestro de danzar (Calderón), II: 313n Elder Brother, The (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 66 Elder Statesman, The (Eliot), VII: 161, 162; Retro. Supp. II: 132 Elders and Betters (Compton–Burnett), VII: 63, 66 Eldest Son, The (Galsworthy), VI: 269, 287 “Eldorado” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240

335

Eleanor’s Victory (Braddon), VIII: 36, 44 Election, An (Swinburne), V: 332 “Election in Ajmer, The” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 395 Elections to the Hebdomadal Council, The (Carroll), V: 274 Electric Light (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I:133–135 “Electric Orchard, The” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 413 Electriﬁcation of the Soviet Union, The (Raine), Supp. XIII: 168–170, 171 “Elegiac Stanzas, Suggested by a Picture of Peele Castle . .. . A (Wordsworth), IV: 21–22 “Elegie. Princesse Katherine, An” (Lovelace), II: 230 “Elegie upon the Death of . . . Dr. John Donne” (Carew), II: 223 Elegies (Donne), I: 360–361; Retro. Supp. II: 89–90 Elegies (Dunn), Supp. X: 75–77 Elegies (Johannes Secundus), II: 108 Elegies for the Dead in Cyrenaica (Henderson), VII: 425 “Elegy” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 271–272, 274 “Elegy, An” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 322 “Elegy: The Absences” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Elegy and Other Poems, An (Blunden), Supp. XI: 45 “Elegy Before Death” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 129 “Elegy for an Irish Speaker” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 285, 290 “Elegy for Margaret” (Spender), Supp. II: 490 “Elegy for W. H. Auden” (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 “Elegy in April and September” (Owen), VI: 453 “Elegy on Dead Fashion” (Sitwell), VII: 133 Elegy on Dicky and Dolly, An (Swift), III: 36 Elegy on Dr. Donne, An (Walton), II: 136 “Elegy on Marlowe’s Untimely Death” (Nashe), I: 278 “Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog” (Goldsmith), III: 184 Elegy on the Death of an Amiable Young Lady . . ., An (Boswell), III: 247 “Elegy on the Dust” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 264 “Elegy on the Tironian and Tirconellian Princes Buried at Rome, An” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 127 Elegy on the Usurper O. C., An (Dryden), II: 304 “Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady” (Pope), III: 70, 288 Elegy upon the Death of My Lord Francis Villiers, An (Marvell), II: 219 “Elegy upon the most Incomparable King Charls the First, An” (King), Supp. VI: 159 “Elegy Written in a Country Church– yard” (Gray), III: 119, 137, 138–139, 144–145; Retro. Supp. I: 144

ELEM−END O “Elementary Sketches of Moral Philosophy” (Smith), Supp. VII: 342 Elementary, The (Mulcaster), I: 122 Elements of Drawing, The (Ruskin), V: 184 “Elements of Geometry, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Elements of Perspective, The (Ruskin), V: 184 Elene, Retro. Supp. II: 302–303 Eleonora: A Panegyrical Poem (Dryden), II: 304 “Elephant and Colosseum” (Lowry), Supp. III: 281 “Elephant and the Tragopan, The” (Seth), Supp. X: 287 Elephants Can Remember (Christie), Supp. II: 135 Eleutheria (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 23 “Elgin Marbles, The” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 75 Elia, pseud. of Charles Lamb “Eliduc” (Fowles), Supp. I: 303 Elinor and Marianne: A Sequel to Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility (Tennant), Supp. IX: 237–238, 239– 240 “Elinor Barley” (Warner), Supp. VII: 379 “Elinor and Marianne” (Austen), see Sense and Sensibility Eliot, George, III: 157; IV: 238, 323; V: ix–x, xviii, xxii–xxiv, 2, 6, 7, 14, 45, 52, 56, 57, 63, 66, 67, 187–201, 212, VI: 23; Supp. IV: 146, 169, 230, 233, 239–240, 243, 379, 471, 513; Retro. Supp. II: 101–117 Eliot T. S., II: 148; IV: 271; V: xxv, 241 309 402; VII: xii–xiii, xv, 34, 143– 170; Retro. Supp. II: 119–133; and Matthew Arnold, V: 204, 205–206, 210, 215; and Yeats, VI: 207, 208; inﬂuence on modern literature, I: 98; VII: xii–xiii, xv, 34 143–144, 153– 154, 165–166; Retro. Supp. I: 3; list of collected essays, VII: 169–170; literary criticism, I: 232, 275, 280; II: 16, 42, 83, 179, 196, 204, 208, 219; III: 51, 305; IV: 195, 234; V: 204– 206, 210, 215, 310, 367; VI: 207, 226; VII: 162–165; Retro. Supp. I: 166; Retro. Supp. II: 173–174; style, II: 173; IV: 323, 329; in drama, VII: 157–162; in poetry, VII: 144–157; Supp. I: 122–123; Supp. II: 151, 181, 420, 428, 487; Supp. III: 122; Supp. IV: 58, 100, 139, 142, 180, 249, 260, 330, 377, 558 “Elixir” (Murphy), Supp. V: 326 “Ella Wheeler Wilcox Woo, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 “Elvers, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 “Ely Place” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 Elizabeth Alone (Trevor), Supp. IV: 509– 510 Elizabeth and Essex (Strachey), Supp. II: 514–517 Elizabeth and Her German Garden (Forster), VI: 406 Elizabeth Cooper (Moore), VI: 96, 99

Elizabeth I, Queen of England, Supp. IV: 146 Elizabethan Drama and Shakespeare’s Early Plays (Talbert), I: 224 “Elizas, The” (Gurney), VI: 425 “Ellen Orford” (Crabbe), III: 281 Ellen Terry and Bernard Shaw, a Correspondence (ed. St. John), VI: 130 Ellis, Annie Raine, Supp. III: 63, 65 Ellis, Havelock, I: 281 Ellis–Fermor, U. M., I: 284, 292 “Elm Tree, The” (Hood), IV: 261–262, 264 “Eloisa to Abelard” (Pope), III: 70, 75– 76, 77; V: 319, 321 Elopement into Exile (Pritchett), see Shirley Sanz Eloquence of the British Senate, The (Hazlitt), IV: 130, 139 Elton, Oliver, III: 51 Emancipated, The (Gissing), V: 437 “Embankment, The” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 134, 136 Embarrassments (James), VI: 49, 67 Embers (Beckett), Supp. I: 58 Emblem Hurlstone (Hall), Supp. VI: 129–130 “Emerald Dove, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 281 Emerald Germs of Ireland (McCabe), Supp. IX: 135, 137–138 “Emerging” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 286– 287 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, IV: xx, 54, 81, 240; V: xxv Emigrant Ship, The (Stevenson), Retro. Supp. I: 262 Emigrant Train, The (Stevenson), Retro. Supp. I: 262 Emigrants, The (Lamming), Supp. IV: 445 Emigrants, The (Sebald), VIII: 295, 300– 303, 308 Emilia in England (Meredith), see Sandra Belloni Emilie de Coulanges (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 158 “Emily and Oswin” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 262 Emily Brontë: A Biography (Gérin), V: 153 “Emily Dickinson” (Cope), VIII: 73 “Emily Dickinson” (Longley), VIII: 167 Eminent Victorians (Wilson), Supp. VI: 305 Eminent Victorians (Strachey), V: 13, 157, 170; Supp. II: 498, 499, 503– 511 Emma (Austen), IV: xvii, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119, 120, 122; VI: 106; Supp. IV: 154, 236; Retro. Supp. II: 11–12 Emma in Love: Jane Austen’s Emma Continued (Tennant), Supp. IX: 238, 239– 240 Emotions Are Not Skilled Workers, The (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 318 Empedocles on Etna (Arnold), IV: 231; V: xxi, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 216

336

“Emperor Alexander and Capo d’Istria” (Landor), IV: 92 “Emperor and the Little Girl, The” (Shaw), VI: 120 Emperor Constantine, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 336, 350 “Emperor’s Tomb Found in China” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 Emperor of Ice–Cream (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 141, 142–143, 144, 146, 147 Emperour of the East, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 184 “Empire” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 39 Empire of the Sun (Ballard), Supp. V: 19, 29–30, 31, 35 Empire State (Bateman), Supp. V: 88 “Empires” (Dunn), Supp. X: 72–73 “Employment (I)” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 180 Empson, William, I: 282; II: 124, 130; V: 367, 381; Supp. II: 179–197 “Empty Birdhouse, The” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 “Empty Church, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 284, 287 “Empty Heart, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 204 Empty Purse, The (Meredith), V: 223, 234 “Empty Vessel” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 206–207 “Enallos and Cymodameia” (Landor), IV: 96 Enchafèd Flood, The (Auden), VII: 380, 394 Enchanted Isle, The (Dryden), I: 327 “Enchanted Thicket, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 Enchantment and Other Poems (Russell), VIII: 290 “Enchantment of Islands” (Brown), Supp. VI: 61 Enchantress, The, and Other Poems (Browning), IV: 321 Encounter, Supp. II: 491 Encounters (Bowen), Supp. II: 79, 81 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Supp. III: 171 “End, An” (Nye), Supp. X: 204 “End, The” (Beckett), Supp. I: 50; Retro. Supp. I: 21 “End, The” (Cornford), VIII: 107 “End, The” (Milne), Supp. V: 303 “End, The” (Owen), VI: 449 “End of a Journey” (Hope), Supp. VII: 156–157 End of a War, The (Read), VI: 436, 437 End of Drought (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 136, 145 End of the Affair, The (Greene), Supp. I: 2, 8, 12–13, 14; Retro. Supp. II: 159– 160 End of the Beginning, The (O’Casey), VII: 12 End of the Chapter (Galsworthy), VI: 275, 282 “End of the City” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 69 “End of the Relationship, The” (Self), Supp. V: 403 “End of the Tether, The” (Conrad), VI: 148

ENDE−ENOU Enderby Outside (Burgess), Supp. I: 189, 194–195 Enderby’s Dark Lady; or, No End to Enderby (Burgess), Supp. I: 189 Endgame (Beckett), Supp. I: 49, 51, 52, 53, 56–57, 62; Retro. Supp. I: 24–25 “Ending, An” (Cope), VIII: 81 Ending in Earnest (West), Supp. III: 438 Ending Up (Amis), Supp. II: 18 Endiomion (Lyly), I: 202 Endless Night (Christie), Supp. II: 125, 130, 132, 135 Ends and Beginnings (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 221–222 Ends and Means (Huxley), VII: xvii 205 Endymion (Disraeli), IV: xxiii, 294, 295, 296, 306, 307, 308; V: xxiv “Endymion” (Keats), III: 174, 338; IV: x, xvii, 205, 211, 214, 216–217, 218, 222–224, 227, 229, 230, 233, 235; Retro. Supp. I: 184, 189–192 “Enemies, The” (Jennings), Supp. V: 211 Enemies of Promise (Connolly), VI: 363; Supp. III: 95, 96, 97, 98, 100–102 “Enemy, The” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 386n “Enemy Dead, The” (Gutteridge), VII: 433 Enemy in the Blanket, The (Burgess), Supp. I: 187–188 “Enemy Interlude” (Lewis), VII: 71 Enemy of the People, An (Ibsen), VI: ix Enemy of the Stars, The (Lewis), VII: 72, 73, 74–75 Enemy Within, The (Friel), Supp. V: 115– 116 Enemy’s Country, The: Word, Contexture, and Other Circumstances of Language (Hill), Supp. V: 196, 201 “Engineer’s Corner” (Cope), VIII: 71 England (Davie), Supp. VI: 111–112 “England” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 255– 256, 264 “England” (Thomas), Supp. III: 404 England and the Italian Question (Arnold), V: 216 England in the Age of Wycliffe (Trevelyan), VI: 385–386 England Made Me (Greene; U.S. title, The Shipwrecked), Supp. I: 6, 7 “England, My England” (Lawrence) VII: xv, 114; Retro. Supp. II: 153 England, My England, and Other Stories (Lawrence), VII: 114 England Under Queen Anne (Trevelyan), VI: 391–393 England Under the Stuarts (Trevelyan), VI: 386 England Your England (Orwell), VII: 282 “England’s Answer” (Kipling), VI: 192 England’s Helicon, I: 291 England’s Hour (Brittain), Supp. X: 45 “England’s Ideal” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 England’s Ideal, and Other Papers on Social Subjects (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 “England’s Ireland” (Hare), Supp. IV: 281 England’s Pleasant Land (Forster), VI: 411

“English and the Afrikaans Writer” (Brink), Supp. VI: 48–49 English, David, Supp. IV: 348 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (Byron), IV: x, xvi, 129, 171, 192 English Bible, I: 370–388; list of versions, I: 387 “English Climate” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 English Comic Characters, The (Priestley), VII: 211 English Eccentrics, The (Sitwell), VII: 127 English Folk–Songs (ed. Barrett), V: 263n English Grammar (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 166 English Historical Review, VI: 387 English Hours (James), VI: 46, 67 English Humour (Priestley), VII: 213 English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century, The (Thackeray), III: 124, 146n; V: 20, 31, 38 English Journey (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 22–23 English Journey (Priestley), VII: 212, 213–214 English Literature: A Survey for Students (Burgess), Supp. I: 189 English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century (Stephen), III: 41; V: 290 “English Literature and the Small Coterie” (Kelman), Supp. V: 257 English Literature, 1815–1832 (ed. Jack), IV: 40, 140 English Literature in Our Time and the University (Leavis), VII: 169, 235, 236–237, 253 English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Excluding Drama (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 264 “English Mail–Coach, The” (De Quincey), IV: 149, 153, 155 English Mirror, The (Whetstone), I: 282 English Moor, The (Brome), Supp. X: 62 English Music (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 9–10, 11, 12 English Novel, The (Ford), VI: 322, 332 English Novel, The: A Short Critical History (Allen), V: 219 English Novelists (Bowen), Supp. II: 91–92 English Pastoral Poetry (Empson), see Some Versions of Pastoral English People, The (Orwell), VII: 282 English Poems (Blunden), VI: 429 “English Poet, An” (Pater), V: 356, 357 English Poetry (Bateson), IV: 217, 323n, 339 English Poetry and the English Language (Leavis), VII: 234 English Poetry 1900–1950: An Assessment (Sisson), Supp. XI: 249–250, 257 English Poetry of the First World War (Owen), VI: 453 English Poets (Browning), IV: 321 English Prisons under Local Government (Webb), VI: 129

337

English Protestant’s Plea, The (King), Supp. VI: 152 “English Renaissance of Art, The” (Wilde), V: 403–404 English Renaissance Poetry (ed. Williams), Supp. XI: 116, 117 English Review (periodical), VI: xi–xii, 294, 323–324; VII: 89 English Revolution, 1688–1689 (Trevelyan), VI: 391 “English School, An” (Kipling), VI: 201 English Seamen (Southey and Bell), IV: 71 English Sermon, 1750–1850, The (ed. Nye), Supp. X: 205 English Social History: A Survey of Six Centuries (Trevelyan), VI: xv, 393– 394 English Songs of Italian Freedom (Trevelyan), V: 227 English South African’s View of the Situation, An (Schreiner), Supp. II: 453 English Through Pictures (Richards), Supp. II: 425, 430 English Town in the Last Hundred Years (Betjeman), VII: 360 English Traits (Emerson), IV: 54 English Utilitarians, The (Stephen), V: 279, 288–289 “English Wife, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 English Without Tears (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 311 English Works of George Herbert (Palmer), Retro. Supp. II: 173 Englishman (periodical), III: 7, 50, 53 Englishman Abroad, An (Bennett), VIII: 30, 31 “Englishman in Italy, The” (Browning), IV: 368 Englishman in Patagonia, An (Pilkington), Supp. IV: 164 Englishman Looks at the World, An (Wells), VI: 244 Englishman’s Home, An (du Maurier), Supp. III: 147, 148 “Englishmen and Italians” (Trevelyan), V: 227; VI: 388n Englishness of English Literature, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 12 Englishwoman in America, The (Bird) Supp. X: 19–22, 24, 29 “Engraving from a Child’s Encyclopaedia” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 56 “Enigma, The” (Fowles), Supp. I: 303– 304 Enjoy (Bennett), VIII: 28–29 Ennui (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 154, 156, 158–160 Enoch Arden (Tennyson), IV: xxii, 388; V: 6n “Enoch Soames” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 56 Enormous Crocodile, The (Dahl), Supp. IV: 207 “Enormous Space, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 “Enough” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 Enough Is as Good as a Feast (Wager), I: 213

ENOU−ESSA Enough of Green, (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 260 “Enquirie, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 268 Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, An (Hume), Supp. III: 231, 238, 243–244 Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, An (Godwin), IV: xv, 181; Supp. III: 370; Retro. Supp. I: 245 Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, An (Hume), Supp. III: 231, 238, 244 Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers (Fielding), III: 104; Retro. Supp. I: 81 Enquiry into the Occasional Conformity of Dissenters . . . . An (Defoe), III: 12 Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe, An (Goldsmith), III: 179, 191 “Enquiry into Two Inches of Ivory, An” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 165 Enright, D. J., Supp. IV: 256, 354 “Enter a Cloud” (Graham), Supp. VII: 103 “Enter a Dragoon” (Hardy), VI: 22 Enter a Free Man (Stoppard), Supp. I: 437, 439–440, 445 “Enter One in Sumptuous Armour” (Lowry), Supp. III: 285 Entertainer, The (Osborne), Supp. I: 332–333, 336–337, 339 Entertaining Mr. Sloane (Orton), Supp. V: 364, 367, 370–371, 372, 373–374 Entertainment (Middleton), II: 3 “Entertainment for David Wright on His Being Sixty, An” (Graham), Supp. VII: 116 “Entertainment of the Queen and Prince at Althorpe (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 161 “Entire Fabric, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 268 “Entrance” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 “Entreating of Sorrow” (Ralegh), I: 147– 148 “Envoi” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 297 “Envoy” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 65 Envoy Extraordinary: A Study of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit and Her Contribution to Modern India (Brittain), Supp. X: 47 “Envoy Extraordinary” (Golding), Supp. I: 75, 82, 83 “Eolian Harp, The” (Coleridge), IV: 46; Retro. Supp. II: 52 Epicoene (Johnson), I: 339, 341; Retro. Supp. I: 163 “Epicure, The” (Cowley), II: 198 “Epicurus, Leontion and Ternissa” (Landor), IV: 94, 96–97 Epigram CXX (Jonson), I: 347 “Epigram to My Muse, the Lady Digby, on Her Husband, Sir Kenelm Digby” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 151 Epigrammata (More), Supp. VII: 234, 236–237 Epigrammatum sacrorum liber (Crashaw), II: 179, 201

Epigrams (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 164 Epilogue (Graves), VII: 261 “Epilogue: Seven Decades” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 164 “Epilogue to an Empire” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 295 Epilogue to the Satires (Pope), III: 74, 78 “Epipsychidion” (Shelley), IV: xviii, 204, 208; VI: 401; Retro. Supp. I: 254– 255 Epistle (Trevisa), Supp. IX: 248, 249 “Epistle, An: Edward Sackville to Venetia Digby” (Hope), Supp. VII: 159 “Epistle from Holofernes, An” (Hope), Supp. VII: 157 Epistle to a Canary (Browning), IV: 321 Epistle to a Lady . . . , An (Swift), III: 36 Epistle to Augustus (Pope), II: 196 Epistle to Cobham, An (Pope), see Moral Essays “Epistle to Davie” (Burns), III: 316 Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (Pope), III: 71, 74–75, 78; Retro. Supp. I: 229 “Epistle to Henry Reynolds” (Drayton), I: 196 Epistle to Her Grace Henrietta . . . , An (Gay), III: 67 “Epistle to John Hamilton Reynolds” (Keats), IV: 221 Epistle to . . . Lord Carteret, An (Swift), III: 35 “Epistle to Mr. Dryden, An, . . .” (Wycherley), II: 322 Epistle to the . . . Earl of Burlington, An (Pope), see Moral Essays Epistle upon an Epistle, An (Swift), III: 35 Epistles to the King and Duke (Wycherley), II: 321 Epistola adversus Jovinianum (St. Jerome), I: 35 “Epitaph” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 243 “Epitaph for a Reviewer” (Cornford), VIII: 113 Epitaph For A Spy (Ambler), Supp. IV: 8 “Epitaph for Anton Schmidt” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 264 Epitaph for George Dillon (Osborne), Supp. I: 329–330, 333 “Epitaph on a Fir–Tree” (Murphy), Supp. V: 317–318 “Epitaph on a Jacobite” (Macaulay), IV: 283 “Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries” (Housman), VI: 161, 415–416 Epitaph on George Moore (Morgan), VI: 86 “Epitaph on the Admirable Dramaticke Poet, W. Shakespeare, An” (Milton), II: 175 “Epitaph on the Lady Mary Villers” (Carew), II: 224 “Epitaphs” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 Epitaphs and Occasions (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72 “Epitaphs for Soldiers” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72

338

Epitaphium Damonis (Milton), II: 175 “Epithalamion” (Hopkins), V: 376, 377 “Epithalamion” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 229 Epithalamion (Spenser), I: 130–131; see also Amoretti and Epithalamion “Epithalamion for Gloucester” (Lydgate), I: 58 “Epithalamion Thamesis” (Spenser), I: 123 “Epithalamium” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23 “Epithalamium” (Motion), Supp. VII: 266 Epoch and Artist (Jones), Supp. VII: 168, 170, 171 Epping Hunt, The (Hood), IV: 256, 257, 267 Equal Music, An (Seth), Supp. X: 277, 288–290 Equal Skies, The (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 193 Equus (Shaffer), Supp. I: 318, 323, 324– 326, 327 Erdman, D. V., III: 289n, 307 Erechtheus (Swinburne), V: 314, 331, 332 Erewhon (Butler), Supp. II: 99–101 Erewhon Revisited (Butler), Supp. II: 99, 111, 116–117 Eric Ambler (Lewis), Supp. IV: 13 Eric Brighteyes (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Eridanus (Lowry), Supp. III: 280 Ermine, The (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 135, 144 “Ermine, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 144 Ernie’s Incredible Illucinations (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2 Eros and Psyche (Bridges), VI: 83 “Erotion” (Swinburne), V: 320 Erpingham Camp, The (Orton), Supp. V: 367, 371, 375–376 “Errata” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 442 Erskine, Andrew, III: 247 “Erstwhile” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 323 Esau (Kerr), Supp. XII: 186–187, 194, 195 Escape (Galsworthy), VI: 275, 287 “Escaped Cock, The” (Lawrence), VII: 91, 115 “Escaped From The Massacre?” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 54 “Escapement” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 “Escapist, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 127–128 “Eschatology” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 “Escorial, The” (Hopkins), V: 361 Esio Trot (Dahl), Supp. IV: 225 Esmond in India (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 226–227 Espalier, The (Warner), Supp. VII: 370, 371 “Especially when the October Wind” (Thomas), Supp. I: 173 Espedair Street (Banks), Supp. XI: 5–6 Esprit de Corps (Durrell), Supp. I: 113 Essai sur l’étude de la littérature (Gibbon), III: 222, 223 Essais (Montaigne), III: 39

ESSA−EVE O Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), III: 22; Supp. III: 233 “Essay Concerning Humour in Comedy, An” (Congreve), see Concerning Humour in Comedy Essay of Dramatick Poesy (Dryden), I: 328, 349; II: 301, 302, 305; III: 40 “Essay on Burmese Days” (Orwell), VII: 276 “Essay on Christianity, An” (Shelley), IV: 199, 209 Essay on Comedy and the Uses of the Comic Spirit, An (Meredith), V: 224– 225, 234 Essay on Criticism, An (Pope), II: 197; III: 68, 72, 77; Retro. Supp. I: 230, 231, 233 Essay on Irish Bulls (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 155–156 Essay on Man, An (Pope), III: 72, 76, 77–78, 280; Retro. Supp. I: 229–231, 235 Essay on Mind, An (Browning), IV: 310, 316, 321 “Essay on Percy Bysshe Shelley, An” (Browning), IV: 357, 366, 374 Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, An (Newman), Supp. VII: 296–297, 301 Essay on the Dramatic Poetry of the Last Age (Dryden), I: 328 Essay on the External use of Water . . ., An (Smollett), III: 158 Essay on the First Book of T. Lucretius Carus de Rerum Natura, An (Evelyn), see De rerum natura “Essay on Freewill” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 38 Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope (Warton), III: 170n Essay on the Genius of George Cruikshank, An (Thackeray), V: 37 Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions, An (Defoe), III: 14 Essay on the Idea of Comedy (Meredith), I: 201–202 Essay on the Lives and Works of Our Uneducated Poets (Southey), IV: 71 Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus), IV: xvi, 127 Essay on the Principles of Human Action, An (Hazlitt), IV: 128, 139 Essay on the Theatre; Or, A Comparison Between the Laughing and Sentimental Comedy (Goldsmith), III: 187, 256 Essay on the Theory of the Earth (Cuvier), IV: 181 Essay to Revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomen, An (Makin), Supp. III: 21 Essay Towards an Abridgement of the English History, An (Burke), III: 205 Essay upon Projects, An (Defoe), III: 12; Retro. Supp. I: 64, 75 Essayes (Cornwallis), III: 39 Essays (Bacon), I: 258, 259, 260, 271; III: 39 Essays (Goldsmith), III: 180 Essays and Leaves from a Note–book (Eliot), V: 200

Essays and Reviews (Newman), V: 340 Essays and Studies (Swinburne), V: 298, 332 Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects (Hume), Supp. III: 238 Essays from “The Guardian“ (Pater), V: 357 Essays Illustrative of the Tatler (Drake), III: 51 Essays in Criticism (Arnold), III: 277; V: xxiii, 203, 204–205, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216 Essays in Divinity (Donne), I: 353, 360, 363; Retro. Supp. II: 95 Essays in London and Elsewhere (James), VI: 49, 67 Essays in Verse and Prose (Cowley), II: 195 Essays, Moral and Political (Hume), Supp. III: 231, 237 Essays, Moral and Political (Southey), IV: 71 Essays of Elia (Lamb), IV: xviii, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82–83, 85 Essays of Five Decades (Priestley), VII: 212 Essays on Freethinking and Plainspeaking (Stephen), V: 283, 289 Essays on His Own Times (Coleridge), IV: 56 Essays on Literature and Society (Muir), Supp. VI: 202 Essays on Shakespeare (Empson), Supp. II: 180, 193 Essays, Theological and Literary (Hutton), V: 157, 170 Essence of Christianity, The (tr. Eliot), V: 200 Essence of the Douglas Cause, The (Boswell), III: 247 “Essential Beauty” (Larkin), Supp. I: 279 Essential Gesture (Gordimer), Supp. II: 226, 237, 239, 242, 243 “Essential Gesture, The” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 225 Essential Reading (Reading), VIII: 270– 271 Essex Poems (Davie), Supp. VI: 109– 111 Esslin, Martin, Supp. IV: 181; Retro. Supp. I: 218–219 Estate of Poetry, The (Muir), Supp. VI: 197–198, 202, 203, 209 Esther Waters (Moore), VI: ix, xii, 87, 89, 91–92, 96, 98 “Et Cetera” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 60 “Et Dona Ferentes” (Wilson), Supp. I: 157 Et Nobis Puer Natus Est (Dunbar), VIII: 128 “Et Tu, Healy” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 169 “Eternal City” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 “Eternal Contemporaries” (Durrell), Supp. I: 124 Eternal Moment, The (Forster), VI: 399, 400 Eternity to Season: Poems of Separation and Reunion (Harris), Supp. V: 132, 136

339

“Ether” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25 Etherege, Sir George, II: 255, 256, 266– 269, 271, 305 Etherege and the Seventeenth–Century Comedy of Manners (Underwood), II: 256n Ethical Characters (Theophrastus), II: 68 Ethics of the Dust, The (Ruskin), V: 180, 184 Ethnic Radio (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 276–277 Etruscan Places (Lawrence), VII: 116, 117 Euclid and His Modern Rivals (Carroll), V: 264, 274 Eugene Aram (Bulwer–Lytton), IV: 256; V: 22, 46 “Eugene Aram” (Hood), see “Dream of Eugene Aram, The Murderer, The“ Eugene Onegin (Pushkin), Supp. IV: 485 “Eugene Pickering” (James), VI: 69 Eugenia (Chapman), I: 236, 240 Eugénie Grandet (Balzac), Supp. IV: 124 Eugenius Philalethes, pseud. of Thomas Vaughan Euphranor: A Dialogue on Youth (FitzGerald), IV: 344, 353 Euphues and His England (Lyly), I: 194, 195–196 Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (Lyly), I: 165, 193–196 Euripides, IV: 358; V: 321–324 Europa’s Lover (Dunn), Supp. X: 75 “Europe” (James), VI: 69 Europe. A Prophecy (Blake), III: 302, 307; Retro. Supp. I: 39, 41–42 European Tribe, The (Phillips), Supp. V: 380, 384–385 European Witness (Spender), Supp. II: 489–490 Europeans, The (James), VI: 29–31 “Eurydice” (Sitwell), VII: 136–137 Eurydice, a Farce (Fielding), III: 105 “Eurydice to Orpheus” (Browning), Retro. Supp. II: 28 “Eurynome” (Nye), Supp. X: 203 Eustace and Hilda: A Trilogy (Hartley), Supp. VII: 119, 120, 122, 123–124, 127, 131, 132 Eustace Diamonds, The (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72 Eustace Diamonds, The (Trollope), V: xxiv, 96, 98, 101, 102 Eustace, Robert, see Barton, Eustace Eva Trout (Bowen), Supp. II: 82, 94 “Evacuees, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 Evagatory (Reading), VIII: 272–273 Evan Harrington (Meredith), V: xxii, 227, 234 Evangelium Nicodemi (tr. Trevisa), Supp. IX: 252, 254–255 Evans, Abel, II: 335 Evans, G. Blakemore, I: 326 Evans, Marian, see Eliot, George “Eve”(Rossetti), V: 258 “Eve of St. Agnes, The” (Keats), III: 338; IV: viii, xviii, 212, 216–219, 231, 235; V: 352; Retro. Supp. I: 193 Eve of Saint John, The (Scott), IV: 38

EVE O−EXPU “Eve of St. Mark, The” (Hill), Supp. V: 191 “Eve of St. Mark, The” (Keats), IV: 212, 216, 218, 220, 226 “Eveline” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 172 “Even the Trees” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 104 “Evening Alone at Bunyah” (Murray), Supp. VII: 272 Eve’s Ransom (Gissing), V: 437 Evelina (Burney), III: 90, 91; IV: 279; Supp. III: 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71–72, 75–76 “Eveline” (Joyce), VII: 44 Evelyn, John, II: 194, 196, 273–280, 286–287 Evelyn Innes (Moore), VI: 87, 92 Evelyn Waugh (Lodge), Supp. IV: 365 “Even So” (Rossetti), V: 242 “Even Such Is Time” (Ralegh), I: 148– 149 Evening (Macaulay), IV: 290 Evening Colonnade, The (Connolly), Supp. III: 98, 110, 111 Evening Standard (periodical), VI: 247, 252, 265 Evening Walk, An (Wordsworth), IV: xv 2, 4–5, 24 Evening’s Love, An; or, The Mock Astrologer (Dryden), II: 305 Events and Wisdom (Davie), Supp. VI: 109 “Events at Drimaghleen” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 505 “Events in your life” (Kelman), Supp. V: 251 Ever After (Swift), Supp. V: 438–440 “Ever drifting down the stream” (Carroll), V: 270 “Ever Fixed Mark, An” (Amis), Supp. II: 3 “Ever mine hap is slack and slow in coming” (Wyatt), I: 110 “Everlasting Gospel” (Blake), III: 304 Everlasting Man, The (Chesterton), VI: 341–342 Everlasting Spell, The: A Study of Keats and His Friends (Richardson), IV: 236 “Evermore” (Barnes), Supp. IV: 75–76 Every Changing Shape (Jennings), Supp. V: 207, 213, 215 Every Day of the Week (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 423 Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (Stoppard), Supp. I: 450, 451, 453; Retro. Supp. II: 351 Every Man for Himself (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 25–26, 27 Every Man out of His Humor (Jonson), I: 336–337, 338–340; II: 24, 27 Every–Body’s Business, Is No–Body’s Business (Defoe), III: 13–14 Everybody’s Political What’s What? (Shaw), VI: 125, 129 Everyman, II: 70 Everyman in His Humor (Jonson), I: 336–337; Retro. Supp. I: 154, 157– 159, 166 “Everything that is born must die” (Rossetti), V: 254

Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ as Given by the Four Evangelists, Critically Examined (Butler), Supp. II: 99, 102 Evidences of Christianity (Paley), IV: 144 Evil Genius: A Domestic Story, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 103 Evolution and Poetic Belief (Roppen), V: 221n “Evolution of Tears, The” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 322–323 Evolution Old and New (Butler), Supp. II: 106, 107 Ewart, Gavin, VII: 422, 423–424, Supp. VII: 33–49 Ewart Quarto, The (Ewart), Supp. VII: 44 “Ewes” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 108 “Ex Lab” (Reading), VIII: 265 Ex Voto (Butler), Supp. II: 114 “Exact Fare Please” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 91 Examen Poeticum (ed. Dryden), II: 290, 291, 301, 305 Examination, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 371 “Examination at the Womb Door” (Hughes), Supp. I: 352; Retro. Supp. II: 207 Examination of Certain Abuses, An (Swift), III: 36 Examiner (periodical), III: 19, 26, 35, 39; IV: 129 “Example of a Treatise on Universal Justice; or, The Fountains of Equity” (Bacon), I: 261 “Examples of Antitheses” (Bacon), I: 261 “Examples of the Colours of Good and Evil” (Bacon), I: 261, 264 Examples of the Interposition of Providence in . . . Murder (Fielding), III: 105 “Excavations” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 219 “Excellent New Ballad, An” (Montrose), II: 236–237 Excellent Women (Pym), Supp. II: 367– 370 Except the Lord (Cary), VII: 186, 194– 195 “Exercise in the Pathetic Fallacy” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 Excession (Banks), Supp. XI: 12 “Exchange of Letters” (Cope), VIII: 78–79 “Excursion” (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 192 Excursion, The (Wordsworth), IV: xvii, 5, 22–24, 95, 129, 214, 230, 233 Excursions in the Real World (Trevor), Supp. IV: 499 “Excuse, The” (Davies), Supp. XI: 98 “Execration Upon Vulcan, An” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 “Execution of Cornelius Vane, The” (Read), VI: 436 “Exequy To his Matchlesse never to be forgotten Friend, An” (King), Supp. VI: 153 “Exequy, The” (King), Supp. VI: 153– 155, 159, 161

340

“Exercisers” (Mistry), Supp. X: 139–140 Exeter Book, The, Retro. Supp. II: 303– 305 “Exeunt Omnes” (Cornford), VIII: 114 “Exfoliation” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41 “Exhortation” (Shelley), IV: 196 Exiles (Joyce), VII: 42–43; Supp. II: 74; Retro. Supp. I: 175–176 Exiles, The (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 218–219 “Existentialists and Mystics” (Murdoch), Supp. I: 216–217, 219, 220 “Exit” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 Exit Lines (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 115 Exorcist, The (ﬁlm), III: 343, 345 Exodus, Retro. Supp. II: 301 “Exotic Pleasures” (Carey), Supp. XII: 55 “Expanding Universe, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 217 Expedition of Humphrey Clinker, The (Smollett), see Humphrey Clinker Expedition of Orsua and the Crimes of Aquirre, The (Southey), IV: 71 “Expelled, The” (Beckett), Supp. I: 49– 50; Retro. Supp. I: 21 Experience of India, An (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 235 “Experience with Images” (MacNeice), VII: 401, 414, 419 Experiment, The (Defoe), III: 13 Experiment in Autobiography (Wells), V: 426–427, 429, 438; VI: xi, 225, 320, 333 Experiment in Criticism, An (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 264 Experimental Drama (Armstrong), VII: 14 Experimenting with an Amen (Thomas), Supp. XII: 289 Experiments (Douglas), VI: 296, 305 “Expiation” (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 236 “Explained” (Milne), Supp. V: 303 “Explaining France” (Motion), Supp. VII: 256 Exploded View, An (Longley), VIII: 166, 169–172 Explorations (Knights), II: 123 “Explorer, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213 “Explorers, The” (Hope), Supp. VII: 154 “Explosion, The” (Larkin), Supp. I: 285– 286 Exposition of the First Ten Chapters of Genesis, An (Bunyan), II: 253 Expostulation (Jonson), I: 243 “Expostulation and Inadequate Reply” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 “Expostulation and Reply” (Wordsworth), IV: 7 “Exposure” (Heaney), Supp. II: 275 “Exposure” (Owen), VI: 446, 450, 452, 455, 457 Exposure of Luxury, The: Radical Themes in Thackeray (Hardy), V: 39 Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), Supp. VII: 26–28 “Expurgations” (Nye), Supp. X: 200

EX−FAMI “Ex–Queen Among the Astronomers, The” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 7 “Exstasie, The” (Donne), II: 197; Retro. Supp. II: 88 “Extempore Effusion on the Death of the Ettrick Shepherd” (Wordsworth), IV: 73 Extending the Territory (Jennings), Supp. V: 216 Extravagant Strangers: A Literature of Belonging (ed. Phillips), Supp. V: 380 Extravagaria (tr. Reid), Supp. VII: 332 Exultations (Pound), Supp. III: 398 Eye for an Eye, An (Trollope), V: 102 Eye in the Door, The (Barker), Supp. IV: 45, 46, 57, 59–61 “Eye of Allah, The” (Kipling), VI: 169, 190–191 Eye of the Hurricane, The (Adcock), Supp. XII: 1, 4 Eye of the Scarecrow, The (Harris), Supp. V: 136–137, 139, 140 Eye of the Storm, The (White), Supp. I: 132, 146–147 Eye to Eye (Fallon), Supp. XII: 105, 110–112, 114 Eyeless in Gaza (Huxley), II: 173; VII: 204–205 “Eyes and Tears” (Marvell), II: 209, 211 Eyes of Asia, The (Kipling), VI: 204 “Eyewitness” (Armitage), VIII: 4 Eyrbyggja saga, VIII: 235, 239, 240 Ezra Pound and His Work (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 4 “Ezra Pound in Pisa” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110, 113 Ezra Pound: Poet as Sculptor (Davie), Supp. VI: 115

F aber

Book of Contemporary Irish Poetry, The (ed. Muldoon), Supp. IV: 409, 410–411, 422, 424 Faber Book of Pop, The (ed. Kureishi and Savage), Supp. XI: 159 Faber Book of Sonnets (ed. Nye), Supp. X: 193 Faber Book of Twentieth–Century Women’s Poetry, The (ed. Adcock), Supp. XII: 2 “Faber Melancholy, A” (Dunn), Supp. X: 70 Fabian Essays in Socialism (Shaw), VI: 129 Fabian Freeway (Martin), VI: 242 Fabian Society, Supp. IV: 233 “Fable” (Golding), Supp. I: 67, 83 “Fable of the Widow and Her Cat, A” (Swift), III: 27, 31 Fables (Dryden), II: 293, 301, 304; III: 40; IV: 287 Fables (Gay), III: 59, 67 Fables (Powys). See No Painted Plumage Fables (Stevenson), V: 396 “Fables, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Façade (Sitwell and Walton), VII: xv, xvii, 128, 130, 131n, 132 “Face of an Old Highland Woman” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 213

Face of the Deep, The (Rossetti), V: 260 Face to Face: Short Stories (Gordimer), Supp. II: 226 “Faces” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 79 “Faces, The” (James), VI: 69 “Faces Come Thicker at Night” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 228 Facial Justice (Hartley), Supp. VII: 131 Facilitators, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 “Facing the Paciﬁc at Night” (Hart), Supp. XI: 129 “Factory–Owner, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213 Fadiman, Clifton, Supp. IV: 460 Faerie Queene, The (Spenser), I: 121, 123, 124, 131–141, 266; II: 50; IV: 59, 198, 213; V: 142 “Faery Song, A” (Yeats), VI: 211 “Faeth Fiadha: The Breastplate of Saint Patrick” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 264 “Fafaia” (Brooke), Supp. III: 55–56 “Fag Hags” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 174 Fagrskinna, VIII: 242 “Failed Mystic” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 188, 194 “Failure, A” (Thackeray), V: 18 Fair Haven, The (Butler), Supp. II: 99, 101–103, 104, 117 “Fair Ines” (Hood), IV: 255 Fair Jilt, The; or, The Amours of Prince Tarquin and Miranda (Behn), Supp. III: 29, 31–32 Fair Maid of the Inn, The (Ford, Massinger, Webster), II: 66, 69, 83, 85 Fair Margaret (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Fair Quarrel, A (Middleton and Rowley), II: 1, 3, 21 “Fair Singer, The” (Marvell), II: 211 Fairﬁeld, Cicely, see West, Rebecca Fairly Dangerous Thing, A (Hill, R.), Supp. IX:111, 114 Fairly Honourable Defeat, A (Murdoch), Supp. I: 226, 227, 228, 232–233 Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (ed. Yeats), VI: 222 Fairy Caravan, The (Potter), Supp. III: 291, 303–304, 305, 306, 307 Fairy Knight, The (Dekker and Ford), II: 89, 100 “Fairy Poems” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 206 “Faith” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 21 “Faith” (Herbert), II: 127 Faith Healer (Friel), Supp. V: 123 “Faith Healing” (Larkin), Supp. I: 280– 281, 282, 285 “Faith on Trial, A” (Meredith), V: 222 Faithful Fictions: The Catholic Novel in British Literature (Woodman), Supp. IV: 364 Faithful Friends, The, II: 67 Faithful Narrative of . . . Habbakkuk Hilding, A (Smollett), III: 158 Faithful Shepherdess, The (Fletcher), II: 45, 46, 49–52, 53, 62, 65, 82 “Faithfulness of GOD in the Promises, The” (Blake), III: 300

341

“Faithless Nelly Gray” (Hood), IV: 257 “Faithless Sally Brown” (Hood), IV: 257 Faiz, Faiz Ahmad, Supp. IV: 434 “Falk” (Conrad), VI: 148 Falkner (Shelley), Supp. III: 371 “Fall in Ghosts” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 45 “Fall of a Sparrow” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 294 Fall of Hyperion, The (Keats), IV: xi, 211–213, 220, 227–231, 234, 235 Fall of Kelvin Walker, The (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 80, 85, 89 Fall of Princes, The (Lydgate), I: 57, 58, 59, 64 Fall of Robespierre, The (Coleridge and Southey), IV: 55 “Fall of Rome, The” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 11 “Fall of the House of Usher, The” (Poe), III: 339 “Fall of the West, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 321 Fallen Angels (Coward), Supp. II: 141, 145 Fallen Leaves, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 93, 102 “Fallen Majesty” (Yeats), VI: 216 “Fallen Yew, A” (Thompson), V: 442 Falling (Howard), Supp. XI: 142, 144– 145 Falling into Language (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 323 Falling Out of Love and Other Poems, A (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 424 Fallon, Peter, Supp. XII: 101–116 “Fallow Deer at the Lonely House, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 119 Fallowell, Duncan, Supp. IV: 173 “Falls” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 Falls, The (Rankin), Supp. X: 245 False Alarm, The (Johnson), III: 121 False Friend, The (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204, 211 False Friend, The (Vanbrugh), II: 325, 333, 336 “False Morality of the Lady Novelists, The” (Greg), V: 7 False One, The (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 43, 66 “False though she be to me and love” (Congreve), II: 269 Falstaff (Nye), Supp. X: 193, 195 Fame’s Memoriall; or, The Earle of Devonshire Deceased (Ford), II: 100 Familiar and Courtly Letters Written by Monsieur Voiture (ed. Boyer), II: 352, 364 “Familiar Endeavours” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 317 Familiar Letters (Richardson), III: 81, 83, 92 Familiar Letters (Rochester), II: 270 Familiar Studies of Men and Books (Stevenson), V: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 262–263 Familiar Tree, A (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 294, 297–298, 302

FAMI−FEAS Family (Doyle), Supp. V: 78, 91 Family Album (Coward), Supp. II: 153 Family and a Fortune, A (Compton– Burnett), VII: 60, 61, 62, 63, 66 Family and Friends (Brookner), Supp. IV: 127–129 Family Instructor, The (Defoe), III: 13, 82; Retro. Supp. I: 68 Family Madness, A (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 Family Matters (Mistry), Supp. X: 144, 147–148 Family Memories (West), Supp. III: 431, 432, 433, 434 Family of Love, The (Dekker and Middleton), II: 3, 21 Family of Swift, The (Swift), Retro. Supp. I: 274 Family Prayers (Butler), Supp. II: 103 “Family Reunion” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 229–230 Family Reunion, The (Eliot), VII: 146, 151, 154, 158, 160; Retro. Supp. II: 132 Family Romance, A (Brookner), see Dolly “Family Sagas”, See Íslendinga sögur “Family Seat” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Family Sins (Trevor), Supp. IV: 505 “Family Supper, A” (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 304 “Family Tree” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 76 Family Tree, The (Plomer), Supp. XI: 216 “Family Visit” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 73 Family Voices (Pinter), Supp. I: 378 “Famine, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 126 Famished Road, The (Okri), Supp. V: 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352–353, 357–359 Famous for the Creatures (Motion), Supp. VII: 252 “Famous Ghost of St. Ives, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235–237 Famous History of Sir Thomas Wyat, The (Webster), II: 85 Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall . . . , The (Hardy), VI: 20 Famous Victoria of Henry V, The, I: 308– 309 Fan, The: A Poem (Gay), III: 67 Fanatic Heart, A (O’Brien), Supp. V: 339 Fancies, Chaste and Noble, The (Ford), II: 89, 91–92, 99, 100 “Fancy” (Keats), IV: 221 “Fancy, A” (Greville), Supp. XI: 109 Fancy and Imagination (Brett), IV: 57 Fanfare for Elizabeth (Sitwell), VII: 127 “Fanny and Annie” (Lawrence), VII: 90, 114, 115 Fanny Brawne: A Biography (Richardson), IV: 236 Fanny’s First Play (Shaw), VI: 115, 116, 117, 129 Fanon, Frantz, Supp. IV: 105 “Fanon the Awakener“ (Armah), Supp. X: 2 Fanshawe, Sir Richard, II: 49, 222, 237 Fanshen (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 284 Fanshen (Hinton), Supp. IV: 284

“Fantasia” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 Fantasia of the Unconscious (Lawrence), VII: 122; Retro. Supp. II: 234 “Fantasia on ’Horbury“’ (Hill), Supp. V: 187 Fantastic Mr. Fox (Dahl), Supp. IV: 203, 223 fantasy ﬁction, VI: 228–235, 338, 399 Fantasy and Fugue (Fuller), Supp. VII: 71–72 Fantomina (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Far Cry (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 184–185 “Far—Far—Away” (Tennyson), IV: 330 Far from the Madding Crowd (Hardy), VI: 1, 5–6; Retro. Supp. I: 113–114 Far Journey of Oudin, The (Harris), Supp. V: 132, 134, 135 Far Journeys (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 157 Far Side of the World, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 256 “Fare Thee Well” (Byron), IV: 192 Fares Please! An Omnibus (Coppard), VIII: 89 “Farewell, A” (Arnold), V: 216 Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 179, 181 “Farewell to Angria” (Brontë), V: 125 “Farewell to Essay–Writing, A” (Hazlitt), IV: 135 Farewell to Military Profession (Rich), I: 312 Farewell to Poesy (Davies), Supp. XI: 96 “Farewell to Tobacco” (Lamb), IV: 81 Farfetched Fables (Shaw), VI: 125, 126 Farina (Meredith), V: 225, 234 Farm, The (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 411, 412, 414 “Farm Funeral” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 72 Farmer Giles of Ham (Tolkien), Supp. II: 521 “Farmer’s Ingle, The” (Fergusson), III: 318 Farmer’s Year, A (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Farnham, William, I: 214 Farquhar, George, II: 334–335, 351–365 Farrell, Barry, Supp. IV: 223 Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, The (Defoe), III: 13; Retro. Supp. I: 71 Farthing Hall (Walpole and Priestley), VII: 211 Fascinating Foundling, The (Shaw), VI: 129 “Fashionable Authoress, The” (Thackeray), V: 22, 37 Fashionable Lover, The (Cumberland), III: 257 “Fasternis Eve in Hell” (Dunbar), VIII: 126 Fasti (Ovid), II: 110n “Fat Contributor Papers, The” (Thackeray), V: 25, 38 “Fat Man in History, The” (Carey), Supp. XII: 54 Fat Man in History, The: Short Stories (Carey), Supp. XII: 52, 54 Fat Man in History and Other Stories, The (Carey), Supp. XII: 52, 55

342

Fat Woman’s Joke, The (Weldon), Supp. IV: 521, 522–524, 525 “Fatal Boots, The” (Thackeray), V: 21, 37 Fatal Dowry, The (Massinger and Field), Supp. XI: 182, 184 Fatal Gift, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 276 Fatal Inversion, A (Rendell), Supp. IX: 201 Fatal Revenge, The; or, The Family of Montorio (Maturin), VIII: 200, 207 Fatal Secret, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 “Fatal Sisters, The” (Gray), III: 141 Fatality in Fleet Street (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 35 Fate of Homo Sapiens, The (Wells), VI: 228 Fate of Mary Rose, The (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 11–12 “Fate Playing” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 217 “Fates, The” (Owen), VI: 449 Fates of the Apostles, Retro. Supp. II: 301 Father and His Fate, A (Compton– Burnett), VII: 61, 63 “Father and Lover” (Rossetti), V: 260 “Father and Son” (Butler), Supp. II: 97 Father Brown stories (Chesterton), VI: 338 Father Damien (Stevenson), V: 383, 390, 396 “Father Mat” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 194 Fathers and Sons (tr. Friel), Supp. V: 124 Father’s Comedy, The (Fuller), Supp. VII: 74, 75–76, 77, 81 “Fathers, Sons and Lovers” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 493 Fathers, The; or, The Good–Natur’d Man (Fielding), III: 98, 105 “Fatigue, The” (Jones), Supp. VII: 175 Faulkner, Charles, VI: 167 “Fault” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 95–96 “Faunal” (Reading), VIII: 273 Faust (Goethe), III: 344; IV: xvi, xix, 179 Faust (Nye), Supp. X: 195 “Faustine” (Swinburne), V: 320 Faustine (Tennant), Supp. IX: 231, 238 Faustus and the Censor (Empson), Supp. II: 180, 196–197 Faustus Kelly (O’Nolan), Supp. II: 323, 335–337 Fawkes, F., III: 170n Fawn, The (Marston), II: 30, 40 Fay Weldon’s Wicked Fictions (Weldon), Supp. IV: 522, 531 “Fear” (Collins), III: 166, 171, 336 “Fear, A” (Jennings), Supp. V: 214 Fear, The (Keneally), Supp. IV: 345 Fearful Pleasures (Coppard), VIII: 91, 97 “Fearless” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 121– 122 Fears in Solitude . . . (Coleridge), IV: 55 Feast Days (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 13, 16–18 Feast of Bacchus, The (Bridges), VI: 83

FEAS−FIRS “Feast of Famine, The” (Stevenson), V: 396 Feast of Lupercal, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 142, 143, 146–147 “Feastday of Peace, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 291 “February” (Hughes), Supp. I: 342 Feed My Swine (Powys), VIII: 249, 255 “Feeding Ducks” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187 Feeding the Mind (Carroll), V: 274 “Feeling into Words” (Heaney), Supp. II: 272, 273 Feersum Endjinn (Banks), Supp. XI: 12, 13 Felicia’s Journey (Trevor), Supp. IV: 505, 517 “Félise” (Swinburne), V: 321 Felix Holt, The Radical (Eliot), V: xxiii, 195–196, 199, 200; Retro. Supp. II: 111–112 “Felix Randal” (Hopkins), V: 368–369, 371; Retro. Supp. II: 196 Fell of Dark (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 110– 111 “Fellow–Townsmen” (Hardy), VI: 22 Fellowship of the Ring (Tolkien), Supp. II: 519 Felony: The Private History of the Aspern Papers (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 Female Friends (Weldon), Supp. IV: 534–535 “Female God, The” (Rosenberg), VI: 432 Female Spectator (Haywood), Supp. XII: 136, 142–144 “Female Vagrant, The” (Wordsworth), IV: 5 “Feminine Christs, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 290 Feminine Mystique, The (Freidan), Supp. IV: 232 “Feminist Writer ’s Progress, A” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 163, 164, 168 Fen (Churchill), Supp. IV: 179, 188, 191–192, 198 Fénelon, François, III: 95, 99 Fenton, James, Supp. IV: 450 Fenwick, Isabella, IV: 2 Ferdinand Count Fathom (Smollett), III: 153, 158 Fergus (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 143, 148, 150, 154 Ferguson, Helen, see Kavan, Anna Fergusson, Robert, III: 312–313, 316, 317, 318 Ferishtah’s Fancies (Browning), IV: 359, 374 Fermor, Patrick Leigh, Supp. IV: 160 “Fern Hill” (Thomas), Supp. I: 177, 178, 179 Fernandez, Ramon, V: 225–226 “Ferret” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71 Ferrex and Porrex (Norton and Sackville), see Gorboduc Festival at Farbridge (Priestley), VII: 219–210 “Festubert: The Old German Line” (Blunden), VI: 428 “Fetching Cows” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 188

“Fetish” (Harris), Supp. V: 138 Feuerbach, Ludwig, IV: 364 “Feuille d’Album” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 364 “Few Crusted Characters, A” (Hardy), VI: 20, 22 Few Green Leaves, A (Pym), Supp. II: 370, 382–384 Few Late Chrysanthemums, A (Betjeman), VII: 369–371 Few Sighs from Hell, A (Bunyan), II: 253 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, V: 348 Ficino (philosopher), I: 237 “Ficino Notebook” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 264 Fiction (Reading), VIII: 264, 273 “Fiction” (Reading), VIII: 264 Fiction and the Reading Public (Leavis), VII: 233, 234 Fiction–Makers, The (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 262–263 “Fiction: The House Party” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 42 “Fictions” (Reid), Supp. VII: 334 “Fiddler of the Reels, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 Field, Isobel, V: 393, 397 Field, Nathaniel, II: 45, 66, 67 Field of Mustard, The (Coppard), VIII: 95–96 “Field of Mustard, The” (Coppard), VIII: 90, 96 “Field of Vision” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 132 Field of Waterloo, The (Scott), IV: 38 Field Work (Heaney), Supp. II: 268, 275– 277; Retro. Supp. I: 124, 130 Fielding, Henry, II: 273; III: 62, 84, 94– 106, 148, 150; IV: 106, 189; V: 52, 287; Supp. II: 57, 194, 195; Supp. IV: 244; Retro. Supp. I: 79–92 Fielding, K. J., V: 43, 72 “Fields” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 24 Fifer, C. N., III: 249 Fiﬁne at the Fair (Browning), IV: 358, 367, 374; Retro. Supp. II:25 Fifteen Dead (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 “Fifth Philosopher’s Song” (Huxley), VII: 199 Fifth, Queen, The (Ford), VI: 324 Fifth Queen Crowned, The (Ford), VI: 325, 326 “Fifties, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 “Fifty Faggots” (Thomas), Supp. III: 403 “Fifty Pounds” (Coppard), VIII: 96 Fifty Years of English Literature, 1900– 1950 (Scott–James), VI: 21 Fifty Years of Europe: An Album (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 185–186 “Fig Tree, The” (Ngu˜gı˜). See “Mugumo” “Fight, The” (Thomas), Supp. I: 181 Fight for Barbara, The (Lawrence), VII: 120 “Fight to a Finish” (Sassoon), VI: 430 “Fight with a Water Spirit” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 19, 20, 22 Fighting Terms (Gunn), Supp. IV: 256, 257–259 “Figure in the Carpet, The” (James), VI: 69

343

Figure of Beatrice: A Study of Dante, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 279, 284–285 “Figures on the Freize” (Reid), Supp. VII: 330 File on a Diplomat (Brink), Supp. VI: 46 Filibusters in Barbary (Lewis), VII: 83 Fille du Policeman (Swinburne), V: 325, 333 Film (Beckett), Supp. I: 51, 59, 60 Filostrato (Boccaccio), I: 30 Filthy Lucre (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 23 Final Demands (Reading), VIII: 271, 273 Final Passage, The (Phillips), Supp. V: 380–383 “Final Problem, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 160, 172–173 Final Unﬁnished Voyage of Jack Aubrey, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 259 “Finale” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 99 Finch, Anne, Supp. IX: 65–78 Finden’s Byron Beauties (Finden), V: 111 Finding the Dead (Fallon), Supp. XII: 104 Findlater, Richard, VII: 8 Fine Balance, A (Mistry), Supp. X: 142, 145–149 Finer Grain, The (James), VI: 67 Fingal (Macpherson), VIII: 181–182, 186–189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 “Fingal’s Visit to Norway” (Macpherson), VIII: 186 Finished (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 “Finistére” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 268 Finnegans Wake (Joyce), VII: 42, 46, 52– 54; critical studies, VII: 58; Supp. III: 108; Retro. Supp. I: 169, 179–181 Firbank, Ronald, VII: 132, 200; Supp. II: 199–223 “Fire and Ice” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Fire and the Sun, The: Why Plato Banished the Artists (Murdoch), Supp. I: 230, 232 “Fire and the Tide” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 260 Fire Down Below (Golding), Retro. Supp. I: 104–105 “Fire, Famine and Slaughter” (Coleridge), Retro. Supp. II: 53 Fire from Heaven (Renault), Supp. IX: 184–185 “Fire in the Wood, The” (Welch), Supp. IX: 267 Fire of the Lord, The (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 219 Fire on the Mountain (Desai), Supp. V: 53, 55, 64–65, 73 “Fire Sermon, The” (Eliot), Retro. Supp. II: 127–128 Firework–Maker ’s Daughter, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 152 “Fireworks Poems” (Cope), VIII: 81 “Firing Practice” (Motion), Supp. VII: 251, 254, 257, 260 “Firm of Happiness, Ltd., The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 25–26 “Firm Views” (Hart), Supp. XI: 129 First Affair, The (Fallon), Supp. XII: 101, 102–103

FIRS−FLIT First and Last Loves (Betjeman), VII: 357, 358, 359 First & Last Things (Wells), VI: 244 First and Second Poems (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 133, 137–139 First Anniversary, The (Donne), I: 188, 356; Retro. Supp. II: 94 “First Anniversary of the Government under O. C., The” (Marvell), II: 210, 211; Retro. Supp. II: 262–263 First Book of Odes (Bunting), Supp. VII: 5, 13 First Book of Urizen, The (Blake), III: 299, 300, 306, 307; Retro. Supp. I: 43–44 “First Countess of Wessex, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 First Earthquake, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 First Eleven, The (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 First Episode (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 308 First Flight, The (Heaney), Supp. II: 278 First Folio (Shakespeare), I: 299, 324, 325 First Grammatical Treatise, VIII: 236 First Hundred Years of Thomas Hardy, The (Weber), VI: 19 “First Hymn to Lenin” (MacDiarmid), Supp. III: 119; Supp. XII: 211 “‘First Impression’ (Tokyo), A” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 35 “First Impressions” (Austen), see Pride and Prejudice “First Journey, The” (Graham), Supp. VII: 109 First Lady Chatterley, The (Lawrence), VII: 111–112 First Language (Carson), Supp. XIII: 54, 59–60 First Light (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 1, 8 “First Light” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 First Life of Adamastor, The (Brink), Supp. VI: 54–55, 57 “First Love” (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 21 First Love, Last Rites (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390–392 “First Man, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 264– 265 First Men in the Moon, The, (Wells), VI: 229, 234, 244 “First Men on Mercury, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 169 First Ode of the Second Book of Horace Paraphras’d, The (Swift), III: 35 “First Place, A: The Mapping of a World” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 218 First Poems (Muir), Supp. VI: 198, 204– 205 First Poems (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 132, 134 First Satire (Wyatt), I: 111 First Satire of the Second Book of Horace, Imitated, The (Pope), III: 234 First Steps in Reading English (Richards), Supp. II: 425 First Things Last (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 “First Things Last” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220

“First Things, Last Things” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 228 “First Winter of War” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 69 First World War, see World War I First Year in Canterbury Settlement, A (Butler), Supp. II: 98, 112 Firstborn, The (Fry), Supp. III: 195, 196, 198–199, 207 Firth, Sir Charles Harding, II: 241; III: 25, 36; IV: 289, 290, 291 Fischer, Ernst, Supp. II: 228 “Fish” (Lawrence), VII: 119 “Fish, The” (Brooke), Supp. III: 53, 56, 60 Fish Preferred (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 460 “Fishermen, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 122 “Fisherman, The” (Yeats), VI: 214; Retro. Supp. I: 331 “Fishermen with Ploughs: A Poem Cycle (Brown), Supp. VI: 63 “Fishes in a Chinese Restaurant” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 56 “Fishing” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 287 Fishing for Amber (Carson), Supp. XIII: 54, 56, 63–65 Fishmonger’s Fiddle (Coppard), VIII: 89, 95 “Fishmonger’s Fiddle” (Coppard), VIII: 95 “Fishy Waters” (Rhys), Supp. II: 401 Fit for the Future: The Guide for Women Who Want to Live Well (Winterson), Supp. IV: 542 “Fitz–Boodle Papers, The” (Thackeray), V: 38 FitzGerald, Edward, IV: xvii, xxii, xxiii, 310, 340–353; V: xxv Fitzgerald, Penelope, Supp. V: 95–109 Fitzgerald, Percy, III: 125, 135 Five (Lessing), Supp. I: 239, 240, 241, 242 Five Autumn Songs for Children’s Voices (Hughes), Supp. I: 357 “Five Dreams” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 “Five Dreams and a Vision” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 144 “Five Eleven Ninety Nine” (Armitage), VIII: 9–11, 15 Five Finger Exercise (Shaffer), Supp. I: 313, 314–317, 319, 322, 323, 327 Five Looks at Elizabeth Bishop (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 264–265 “Five Minutes” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 Five Metaphysical Poets (Bennett), II: 181, 202 Five Nations, The (Kipling), VI: 204 Five Novelettes by Charlotte Brontë (ed. Gérin), V: 151 “Five Orange Pips, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 174 “Five Poems on Film Directors” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 163 Five Red Herrings, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 334, 343–344 Five Rivers (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 213– 215, 216

344

Five Sermons on the Errors of the Roman Catholic Church (Maturin), VIII: 197, 208 “Five Songs” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 11–12 “Five Students, The” (Hardy), VI: 17 Five Tales (Galsworthy), VI: 276 Five Uncollected Essays of Matthew Arnold (ed. Allott), V: 216 Fivefold Screen, The (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213 Five–Year Plan, A (Kerr), Supp. XII: 194, 195 Fixed Period, The (Trollope), V: 102 Flag on the Island, A (Naipaul), Supp. I: 394 Flame of Life, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 410, 421, 424 Flame Tree (Hart), Supp. XI: 126–127 “Flaming Heart Upon the Book and Picture of the Seraphicall Saint Teresa, The” (Crashaw), II: 182 “Flaming sighs that boil within my breast, The” (Wyatt), I: 109–110 Flare Path (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 311– 312, 313, 314 Flatman, Thomas, II: 133 Flaubert, Gustave, V: xviii–xxiv, 340, 353, 429; Supp. IV: 68, 69, 136, 157, 163, 167 Flaubert’s Parrot (Barnes), Supp. IV: 65, 67, 68–70, 72, 73 Flaws in the Glass: A Self–Portrait (White), Supp. I: 129, 130, 132, 149 Flea, The (Donne), I: 355; Retro. Supp. II: 88 “Fleckno, an English Priest at Rome” (Marvell), II: 211 “Fleet” (Coppard), VIII: 88 Fleming, Ian, Supp. IV: 212 Fleshly School of Poetry, The (Buchanan), V: 238, 245 Fletcher, Ian, V: xii, xiii, xxvii, 359 Fletcher, Ifan Kyrle, Supp. II: 201, 202, 203 Fletcher, John, II: 42–67, 79, 82, 87–88, 90, 91, 93, 185, 305, 340, 357, 359 Fletcher, Phineas, II: 138 Fletcher, Thomas, II: 21 Fleurs du Mal (Baudelaire), V: xxii, 316, 329, 411 Fleurs du Mal (Swinburne), V: 329, 331, 333 “Flickerbridge” (James), VI: 69 “Flight” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 72 Flight from the Enchanter, The (Murdoch), Supp. I: 220–222 Flight into Camden (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 410–411, 414, 415, 419 “Flight of the Duchess, The” (Browning), IV: 356, 361, 368; Retro. Supp. II: 24 “Flight of the Earls, The” (Boland), Supp. V: 36 Flight of the Falcon, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 139, 141 Flint Anchor, The (Warner), Supp. VII: 376, 378–379 “Flitting, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 281

FLOO−FORE Flood, A (Moore), VI: 99 Flood, The (Rankin), Supp. X: 244, 246– 247, 250 “Flooded Meadows” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 267 Floor Games (Wells), VI: 227 “Flora” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 88 Flora Selbornesis (White), Supp. VI: 282–283 “Florent” (Gower), I: 55 Florentine Painting and Its Social Background (Antal), Supp. IV: 80 Flores Solitudinis (Vaughan), II: 185, 201 Floud, Peter, V: 296, 307 “Flower, The” (Herbert), II: 119n 125; Retro. Supp. II: 177–178 Flower Beneath the Foot, The (Firbank), Supp. II: 202, 205, 216–218 Flower Master, The (McGuckian), Supp. V: 277, 278, 281–282 “Flower Master, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 281 Flower Master and Other Poems, The (McGuckian), Supp. V: 281 “Flower Poem” (Hope), Supp. VII: 154 Flowers and Shadows (Okri), Supp. V: 347–348, 350, 352, 354–355 Flower of Courtesy (Lydgate), I: 57, 60, 62 Flowering Death of a Salesman (Stoppard), Supp. I: 439 Flowers and Insects (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 214 “Flowers of Empire, The” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 229 “Flowers of Evil” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 219 Flowering Riﬂe (Campbell), VII: 428 Flowering Wilderness (Galsworthy), VI: 275, 282 Flowers of Passion (Moore), VI: 85, 98 Flurried Years, The (Hunt), VI: 333 Flush: A Biography (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 308, 320–321 Flute–Player, The (Thomas), Supp. IV: 479–480, 481 “Fly, The” (Blake), III: 295–296 “Fly, The” (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 158 “Fly, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 176 Fly Away Peter (Malouf), Supp. XII: 217, 224–225 “Flying Above California” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 263 “Flying Ace, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Flying Bum, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 Flying Hero Class (Keneally), Supp. IV: 347 Flying in to Love (Thomas), Supp. IV: 486–487 Flying Inn, The (Chesterton), VI: 340 “Flying to Belfast, 1977” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 167 “Flyting of Crawford and Herbert, The” (Crawford and Herbert), Supp. XI: 68 “Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie, The” (Dunbar), VIII: 117, 118, 126–127 “Focherty” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 205

Foe (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 75–76, 83–84 Foe–Farrell (Quiller–Couch), V: 384 Folding Star, The (Hollinghurst), Supp. X: 120–122, 128–134 “Folie à Deux” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 29 “Folk Wisdom” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 “Folklore” (Murray), Supp. VII: 276 Folk–Lore in the Old Testament (Frazer), Supp. III: 176 Follow My Leader (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 310 “Follower” (Heaney), Supp. IV: 410 “Followers, The” (Thomas), Supp. I: 183 Following a Lark (Brown), Supp. VI: 72 “Folly” (Murphy), Supp. V: 327 Folly of Industry, The (Wycherley), II: 322 “Fond Memory” (Boland), Supp. V: 35 Fontaine amoureuse, I: 33 “Food of the Dead” (Graves), VII: 269 Fool, The (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 434, 435 “Fool’s Song” (Cornford), VIII: 107 Fools of Fortune (Trevor), Supp. IV: 502, 503, 512–514, 517 Foot of Clive, The (Berger), Supp. IV: 79, 84–85 “Football at Slack” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 210–211 Foote, Samuel, III: 253; V: 261 Footfalls (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 28 Footnote to History, A: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa (Stevenson), V: 396 “Footsteps of Death, The” (Steel), Supp. XII: 269 “For a Five–Year–Old” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 5 “For a Greeting” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 185 “For a Young Matron” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 284–285 For All That I Found There (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 3–6, 8–9, 11 “For All We Have and Are” (Kipling), VI: 415 “For Andrew” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 5 “For Ann Scott–Moncrieff” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 For Children: The Gates of Paradise (Blake), III: 307 “For Conscience’ Sake” (Hardy), VI: 22 For Crying Out Loud (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 322–323 “For Heidi with Blue Hair” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 “For John Heath–Stubbs” (Graham), Supp. VII: 116 For Love Alone (Stead), Supp. IV: 470– 473 For Love and Life (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220 For Love & Money: Writing, Reading, Traveling, 1967–1987 (Raban), Supp. XI: 228 “For M. S. Singing Frühlingsglaube in 1945” (Cornford), VIII: 111 For Queen and Country: Britain in the Victorian Age (ed. Drabble), Supp. IV: 230

345

“For Ring–Givers” (Reid), Supp. VII: 329 For Services Rendered (Maugham), VI: 368 “For St. James” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 “For the Fallen” (Binyon), VI: 416; VII: 448 For the Islands I sing (Brown), Supp. VI: 61–66, 68–69 For the Municipality’s Elderly (Reading), VIII: 262–263 “For the Previous Owner” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 283 For the Sexes: The Gates of Paradise (Blake), III: 307 For the Time Being (Auden), VII: 379; Retro. Supp. I: 10–11 For the Unfallen: Poems (Hill), Supp. V: 184–186 “For to Admire” (Kipling), VI: 203 “For Us All” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 143 “Forbidden Love of Noreen Tiernan, The” (McCabe), Supp. IX: 136–137 “Force, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 Force, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 Force of Nature, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 “Force that through the green fuse drives the ﬂower, The” (Thomas), II: 156; Supp. I: 171–173, 177 Forc’d Marriage, The; or, The Jealous Bridegroom (Behn), Supp. III: 22, 24, 25–26 Ford, Charles, III: 33, 34 Ford, Ford Madox, VI: 145–146, 238, 319–333, 416, 439; VII: xi, xv, xxi, 89 Ford, John, II: 57, 69, 83, 85, 87–101 Ford Madox Ford (Rhys), Supp. II: 388, 390, 391 Ford Madox Ford: Letters (ed. Ludwig), VI: 332 “Fordham Castle” (James), VI: 69 “Forebears” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 72 “Forefathers” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 42– 43, 45 Foreign Parts (Galloway), Supp. XII: 117, 123–126, 129, 130 Foreigners, The (Tutchin), III: 3 “Foregone Conclusion, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “Foreplay” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 175 “Forerunners, The” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 180 Forest, The (Galsworthy), VI: 276, 287 Forest, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 164 Forest Minstrel, The (Hogg), Supp. X: 106 “Forest of Beguilement, The” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 16 “Forest Path to the Spring, The” (Lowry), Supp. III: 270, 282 Forester, C. S., Supp. IV: 207, 208 “Foresterhill” (Brown), Supp. VI: 59 Foresters, The (Tennyson), IV: 328, 338 Forests of Lithuania, The (Davie), Supp. VI: 108, 115 Forewords and Afterwords (Auden), VII: 394; Retro. Supp. I: 1, 6

FORG−FRAN “Forge, The” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 56 Forge, The (Hall), Supp. VI: 120–121, 124–125 “Forge, The” (Heaney), Supp. II: 271; Retro. Supp. I: 128 “Forge, The” (Russell), VIII: 291 “Forget about me” (tr. Reid), Supp. VII: 332 “Forget not yet” (Wyatt), I: 106 Forging of Fantom, The (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 117 Forgive Me, Sire (Cameron), Supp. IX: 17, 29 “Forgive Me, Sire” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 25–27 “Forgiveness” (Jennings), Supp. V: 217– 218 “Forgiveness, A” (Browning), IV: 360 Forgiveness of Sins, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 284 “Forgotten” (Milne), Supp. V: 303 “Forgotten of the Foot” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 262 “Form and Realism in the West Indian Artist” (Harris), Supp. V: 145 “Former House, A” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 “Former Paths” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 281 Fornaldarsögur, VIII: 236 Forrest, James F., II: 245n Fors Clavigera (Ruskin), V: 174, 181, 184 “Forsaken Garden, A” (Swinburne), V: 314, 327 Forster, E. M., IV: 302, 306; V: xxiv, 208, 229, 230; VI: xii, 365, 397–413; VII: xi, xv, 18, 21, 34, 35, 122, 144; Supp. I: 260; Supp. II: 199, 205, 210, 223, 227, 289, 293; Supp. III: 49; Supp. IV: 440, 489; Retro. Supp. II: 135– 150 Forster, John, IV: 87, 89, 95, 99, 100, 240; V: 47, 72 Forsyte Saga, The (Galsworthy), VI: xiii, 269, 272, 274; see also Man of Property, The; “Indian Summer of a Forsyte“; In Chancery; To Let Fortescue, Chichester, V: 76–83, 85 Fortnightly Review (periodical), V: 279, 338; Supp. XIII: 191 Fortunate Isles, and Their Union, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 Fortunate Mistress, The: or, A History of . . . Mademoiselle de Beleau . . . (Defoe), III: 13 “Fortune, A” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 112– 113 Fortune of War, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 256 Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders, The (Defoe), see Moll Flanders Fortunes of Falstaff, The (Wilson), III: 116n Fortunes of Nigel, The (Scott), IV: 30, 35, 37, 39 “Fortune–Teller, a Gypsy Tale, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 212 Forty New Poems (Davies), Supp. XI: 97

Forty Years On (Bennett), VIII: 20–21, 22–23 “Forty–seventh Saturday, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501 Forward from Liberalism (Spender), Supp. II: 488 Fóstbrœðra saga, VIII: 239, 241 Foster, A. D., III: 345 “Fostering” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 107– 108, 109 Foucault, Michel, Supp. IV: 442 Foucault’s Pendulum (Eco), Supp. IV: 116 “Found” (Rossetti), V: 240 Found in the Street (Highsmith), Supp. V: 171, 178–179 “Foundation of the Kingdom of Angria” (Brontë), V: 110–111 Foundations of Aesthetics, The (Richards and Ogden), Supp. II: 408, 409–410 Foundations of Joy, The (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 318 “Fountain” (Jennings), Supp. V: 210, 212 Fountain of Self–love, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 158, 160 Fountain Overﬂows, The (West), Supp. III: 431–432, 443 Fountains in the Sand (Douglas), VI: 294, 297, 299, 300, 305 Four Ages of Poetry, The (Peacock), IV: 168–169, 170 Four and a Half Dancing Men (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 264 Four Banks of the River of Space, The (Harris), Supp. V: 137, 140, 142–144 Four Countries (Plomer), Supp. XI: 216, 222 Four Day’s Wonder (Milne), Supp. V: 310 Four–Dimensional Nightmare, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 23 Four Dissertations (Hume), Supp. III: 231, 238 4.50 from Paddington (Christie; U.S. title, What Mrs. McGillicuddy Saw), Supp. II: 132 Four Georges, The (Thackeray), V: 20, 34–35, 38 Four Hymns (Spenser), I: 124 Four Last Things (More), Supp. VII: 234, 246–247 Four Lectures (Trollope), V: 102 “Four Letter Word, A” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 253 Four Loves, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 264–265 “Four Meetings” (James), VI: 69 Four Plays (Stevenson and Henley), V: 396 Four Plays (White), Supp. I: 131 Four Plays for Dancers (Yeats), VI: 218 4.48 Psychosis (Kane), VIII: 148, 149, 150–151, 155, 159–160 Four Prentices of London with the Conquest of Jerusalem (Heywood), II: 48 Four Quartets (Eliot), VII: 143, 148, 153–157; Retro. Supp. II: 121, 130– 131; see also “The Dry Salvages,”“East Coker,”“Little Gidding“ “Four Sonnets” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 59

346

“Four Walks in the Country near Saint Brieuc” (Mahon) Supp. VI: 168 Four Zoas, The (Blake), III: 300, 302– 303, 307; Retro. Supp. I: 44 Four–Gated City, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 245, 248, 250, 251, 255 Foure–footed Beastes (Topsel), II: 137 “14 November 1973” (Betjeman), VII: 372 Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose (Sisam), I: 20, 21 “Fourth of May, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 Fowler, Alastair, I: 237 Fowler, H. W., VI: 76 Fowles, John, Supp. I: 291–311 “Fowls Celestial and Terrestrial” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 140 Foxe, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 163, 164 Fox and the Wolf, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 138, 140 Fox, Caroline, IV: 54 Fox, Chris, Supp. IV: 88 Fox, George, IV: 45 Fox, Ralph, Supp. IV: 464, 466 “Fox, The” (Lawrence), VII: 90, 91 Fox, the Wolf, and the Cadger, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 140 Fox, the Wolf, and the Husbandman, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 140 “Fox Trot” (Sitwell), VII: 131 Foxe, that begylit the Wolf, in the Schadow of the Mone, The (Henryson), see Fox, the Wolf, and the Husbandman, The “Fra Lippo Lippi” (Browning), IV: 357, 361, 369; Retro. Supp. II: 27 Fra Rupert: The Last Part of a Trilogy (Landor), IV: 100 “Fracture” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 97–98 “Fragment” (Brooke), VI: 421 “Fragment” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 202 “Fragment of a Greek Tragedy” (Housman), VI: 156 Fragmenta Aurea (Suckling), II: 238 Fragments (Armah), Supp. X: 1–6, 12 “Fragments” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 137– 138 Fragments of Ancient Poetry (Macpherson), VIII: 183–185, 187, 189, 194 “Fragoletta” (Swinburne), V: 320 “Frail as thy love, The ﬂowers were dead” (Peacock), IV: 157 “Frame for Poetry, A” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 279 Framley Parsonage (Trollope), V: xxii, 93, 101 “France” (Dunn), Supp. X: 76 “France, an Ode” (Coleridge), IV: 55 “France, December 1870” (Meredith), V: 223 “Frances” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 13 “Frances” (Brontë), V: 132 Francophile, The (Friel), Supp. V: 115 Francillon, R. E., V: 83 Francis, Dick, Supp. IV: 285 Francis, G. H., IV: 270 Francis, P., III: 249

FRAN−FROS “Francis Beaumont” (Swinburne), V: 332 Franck, Richard, II: 131–132 “Frank Fane: A Ballad” (Swinburne), V: 332 Frankenstein (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 151 Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (Shelley), III: 329–331, 341, 342, 345; Supp. III: 355, 356– 363, 369, 372, 385; Retro. Supp. I: 247 Frankenstein Un–bound (Aldiss), III: 341, 345 Franklin’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 23 Fraser, Antonia, Supp. V: 20 Fraser, G. S., VI: xiv, xxxiii; VII: xviii, 422, 425, 443 Fraser’s (periodical), IV: 259; V: 19, 22, 111, 142 “Frater Ave atque Vale” (Tennyson), IV: 327, 336 Fraternity (Galsworthy), VI: 274, 278, 279–280, 285 “Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 172 “Frau Fischer” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 172 Fraud (Brookner), Supp. IV: 134 Fraunce, Abraham, I: 122, 164 Frayn, Michael, Supp. VII: 51–65 Frazer, Sir James George, V: 204; Supp. III: 169–190; Supp. IV: 11, 19 Fred and Madge (Orton), Supp. V: 363, 366–367, 372 Frederick the Great (Mitford), Supp. X: 167 Fredy Neptune (Murray), Supp. VII: 271, 284–286 “Freddy” (Smith), Supp. II: 462 Fredolfo (Maturin), VIII: 207, 208, 209 Free and Offenceless Justiﬁcation of a Lately Published and Most Maliciously Misinterpreted Poem Entitled “Andromeda Liberata, A“ (Chapman), I: 254 Free Fall (Golding), Supp. I: 75–78, 81, 83, 85; Retro. Supp. I: 98 Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (Jenyns), Retro. Supp. I: 148 “Free Radio, The” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 438 Free Thoughts on Public Affairs (Hazlitt), IV: 139 “Free Verse: A Post Mortem” (Hope), Supp. VII: 155 “Free Women” (Lessing), Supp. I: 246– 247 Freedom of the City, The (Friel), Supp. V: 111, 112, 120–121 Free–Holder (periodical), III: 51, 53 Free–Holders Plea against . . . Elections of Parliament–Men, The (Defoe), III: 12 Freelands, The (Galsworthy), VI: 279 Freeman, Rosemary, Retro. Supp. II: 178 Freidan, Betty, Supp. IV: 232 French, Sean, Supp. IV: 173 French Eton, A (Arnold), V: 206, 216 “French Flu, The” (Koestler), Supp. I: 35

French Gardiner, The: Instructing How to Cultivate All Sorts of Fruit–Trees . . . (tr. Evelyn), II: 287 French Lieutenant’s Woman, The (Fowles), Supp. I: 291, 300–303 French Lyrics (Swinburne), V: 333 French Poets and Novelists (James), VI: 67 French Revolution, The (Blake), III: 307; Retro. Supp. I: 37 French Revolution, The (Carlyle), IV: xii, xix, 240, 243, 245, 249, 250 French Without Tears (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 308–310, 311 Frenchman’s Creek (du Maurier), Supp. III: 144 Frequencies (Thomas), Supp. XII: 286, 287–288 Frere, John Hookham, IV: 182–183 “Fresh Water” (Motion), Supp. VII: 259, 262, 263, 264 Freud, Sigmund, Supp. IV: 6, 87, 331, 481, 482, 488, 489, 493 “Freya of the Seven Isles” (Conrad), VI: 148 Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay (Greene), II: 3; VIII: 139, 140–&142 Friar’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 30 “Friary” (Murphy), Supp. V: 329 “Friday; or, The Dirge” (Gay), III: 56 Friedman, A., III: 178, 190 Friel, Brian, Supp. V: 111–129 Friend (periodical), IV: 50, 55, 56 “Friend, The” (Milne), Supp. V: 303 Friend from England, A (Brookner), Supp. IV: 129–130 “Friendly Epistle to Mrs. Fry, A” (Hood), IV: 257, 267 Friendly Tree, The (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 130–131 Friendly Young Ladies, The (Renault), Supp. IX: 174–175 Friends and Relations (Bowen), Supp. II: 84, 86–87 “Friends of the Friends, The” (James), VI: 69 “Friendship–Customs in the Pagan and Early World” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 44 “Friendship in Early Christian and Mediaeval Times” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 44 Friendship’s Garland (Arnold), V: 206, 213n, 215, 216 Fringe of Leaves, A (White), Supp. I: 132, 147–148 “Frog” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 18 “Frog and the Nightingale, The” (Seth), Supp. X: 287 Frog He Would A–Fishing Go, A (Potter), Supp. III: 298 Frog Prince and Other Poems (Smith), Supp. II: 463 “Frogs, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 203 Froissart, Jean, I: 21 Frolic and the Gentle, The (Ward), IV: 86 “From a Brother ’s Standpoint” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 53–54

347

From a View to a Death (Powell), VII: 345, 353 From Adam’s Peak to Elephanta: Sketches in Ceylon and India (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 45–46 “From an Unﬁnished Poem” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 262–263 From Bourgeois Land (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 213–214, 216, 220–221 From Centre City (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272 From Doon with Death (Rendell), Supp. IX: 190–191, 197 From Every Chink of the Ark (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234, 236 From Feathers to Iron (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 122, 123–124 From Glasgow to Saturn (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 157–159, 162, 163, 167– 170 From Heaven Lake: Travels Through Sinkiang and Tibet (Seth), Supp. X: 277, 280–281, 290 From Man to Man (Schreiner), Supp. II: 439, 440, 441, 442, 450–452 “From My Diary. July 1914” (Owen), VI: 446 From My Guy to Sci–Fi: Genre and Women’s Writing in the Postmodern World (ed. Carr), Supp. XI: 164 “From my sad Retirement” (King), Supp. VI: 159 “From My Study” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 264 “From Sorrow Sorrow Yet Is Born” (Tennyson), IV: 329 “From the Answers to Job” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 From the Five Rivers (Steel), Supp. XII: 269 From the Four Winds (Galsworthy), VI: 276 “From the Frontier of Writing” (Heaney), Supp. II: 280 “From the Greek” (Landor), IV: 98 From the Joke Shop (Fuller), Supp. VII: 79 “From the Life of a Dowser” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235, 237 “From the Middle Distance” (Armitage), VIII: 9 “From the New World” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 “From the Night of Forebeing” (Thompson), V: 443, 448 “From the Painting Back from Market by Chardin” (Boland), Supp. V: 40 From “The School of Eloquence“ (Harrison), Supp. V: 150 “From the Top” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 80 “From the Wave” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 267 “From Tuscan cam my ladies worthi race” (Surrey), I: 114 “Frontliners” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 87 Frost, Robert, VI: 424; Supp. III: 394– 395; Supp. IV: 413, 420, 423, 480, 487 “Frost at Midnight” (Coleridge), IV: 41, 44, 55; Retro. Supp. II: 60

FROS−GARD Frost in the Flower, The (O’Casey), VII: 12 Froude, James Anthony, IV: 238, 240, 250, 324; V: 278, 287 Frozen Deep, The (Collins), V: 42; Supp. VI: 92, 95 Frozen Flame, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 251 “Fruit” (Betjeman), VII: 373 Fry, Christopher, IV: 318; Supp. III: 191–210 Fry, Roger, VII: xii, 34 Fuel for the Flame (Waugh), Supp. VI: 276 Fuentes, Carlos, Supp. IV: 116, 440 Fugitive, The (Galsworthy), VI: 283 “Fugitive” (Russell), VIII: 291 Fugitive Pieces (Byron), IV: 192 Fulbecke, William, I: 218 “Fulbright Scholars” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 217 Fulford, William, VI: 167 “Full Measures” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 Full Moon (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 459 “Full Moon and Little Frieda” (Hughes), Supp. I: 349–350 “Full Moon at Tierz: Before the Storming of Huesca” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 90–91 Full Moon in March, A (Yeats), VI: 222 Fuller, Roy, VII: 422, 428–431, Supp. VII: 67–82 Fuller, Thomas, I: 178; II: 45; Retro. Supp. I: 152 Fully Empowered (tr. Reid), Supp. VII: 332 Fumed Oak (Coward), Supp. II: 153 Fumifugium; or, The Inconvenience of Aer and Smoak . . . (Evelyn), II: 287 “Function of Criticism at the Present Time, The” (Arnold), V: 204–205, 212, 213 “Funeral, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 Funeral, The (Steele), II: 359 “Funeral Blues” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 6 Funeral Games (Orton), Supp. V: 367, 372, 376–377 Funeral Games (Renault), Supp. IX: 186–187 “Funeral Music” (Hill), Supp. V: 187– 188 “Funeral of Youth, The: Threnody” (Brooke), Supp. III: 55 “Funeral Poem Upon the Death of . . . Sir Francis Vere, A,”II: 37, 41 “Funerall, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 89–90 “Fungi” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256 “Funnel, The” (Coppard), VIII: 96 Furbank, P. N., VI: 397; Supp. II: 109, 119 Furetière, Antoine, II: 354 “Furies, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 200 Furies, The (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 261, 263–264 “Furnace, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 Furness, H. H., I: 326

Furnivall, F. J., VI: 102 Further Studies in a Dying Culture (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 33, 43–47 Fussell, Paul, Supp. IV: 22, 57 “Fust and His Friends” (Browning), IV: 366 “Futility” (Owen), VI: 453, 455 Futility Machine, The (Carey), Supp. XII: 51–52 “Future, The” (Arnold), V: 210 “Future, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 277 Future in America, The: A Search After Reality (Wells), VI: 244 Future of Ireland and the Awakening of the Fires, The (Russell), VIII: 282 “Future Work” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 6 “Futures in Feminist Fiction” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 164 “Futurity” (Browning), IV: 313 Fyvel, T. R., VII: 284

G. (Berger), Supp. IV: 79, 85–88, 94

G. B. Shaw (Chesterton), VI: 130 G. M. Trevelyan (Moorman), VI: 396 “Gabor” (Swift), Supp. V: 432 “Gabriel–Ernest” (Saki), Supp. VI: 244 Gabriel’s Gift (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 158– 159 “Gabrielle de Bergerac” (James), VI: 67, 69 Gadfly, The (Voynich), VI: 107 “Gaelic Proverb, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 222 “Gaelic Songs” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 215–216 “Gaels in Glasgow/Bangladeshis in Bradford” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 73 Gager, William, I: 193 “Gala Programme: An Unrecorded Episode in Roman History, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 242 Galahad at Blandings (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 460 Galatea (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 149 Galile (Brecht), IV: 182 Galland, Antoine, III: 327 Gallathea (Lyly), I: 200–202 “Gallery, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 “Gallery, The” (Marvell), II: 211 Galloway, Janice, Supp. XII: 117–132 Galsworthy, Ada, VI: 271, 272, 273, 274, 282 Galsworthy, John, V: xxii, 270n; VI: ix, xiii, 133, 260, 269–291; VII: xii, xiv; Supp. I: 163; Supp. IV: 229 Galsworthy the Man (Sauter), VI: 284 Galt, John, IV: 35 “Game, The” (Boland), Supp. V: 35 Game, The (Byatt), Supp. IV: 139, 141, 143–145, 154 “Game, The” (Motion), Supp. VII: 265 Game at Chess, A (Middleton), II: 1, 2, 3, 18–21 Game for the Living, A (Highsmith), Supp. V: 172 “Game of Chess, A” (Eliot), Retro. Supp. II: 127 Game of Cricket, A (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3

348

“Game of Glass, A” (Reid), Supp. VII: 327 Game of Logic, The (Carroll), V: 273 “Games at Twilight” (Desai), Supp. V: 65 Games at Twilight and Other Stories (Desai), Supp. V: 55, 65 “Gamester, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 205 Gandhi (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 455 Gandhi, Indira, Supp. IV: 165, 231 “Ganymede” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 135, 148 Gaol Gate, The (Gregory), VI: 315 “Gap, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 287 “Garbh mac Stairn” (Macpherson), VIII: 186 García Márquez, Gabriel, Supp. IV: 93, 116, 440, 441, 454, 558 Garden Kalendar (White), Supp. VI: 279, 282 “Garden, The” (Cowley), II: 194 “Garden, The” (Marvell), II: 208, 210, 211, 212, 213–214; Supp. IV: 271; Retro. Supp. II:261, 263 “Garden in September, The” (Bridges), VI: 78 “Garden Lantern” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220 Garden of Cyrus, The (Browne), II: 148, 150–153, 154, 155, 156 “Garden of Eros, The” (Wilde), V: 401, 402 Garden of Fidelity, The: Being the Autobiography of Flora Annie Steel, 1847– 1929 (Steel), Supp. XII: 265, 266, 267, 273, 275, 276, 277 “Garden of Love, The” (Blake), Retro. Supp. I: 42 “Garden of Proserpine, The” (Swinburne), V: 320, 321 “Garden of Remembrance” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Garden of the Innocent” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 215 “Garden of Time, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 22 “Garden on the Point, A” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Garden Party, A (Behan), Supp. II: 67, 68 “Garden Party, The” (Davie), Supp. VI: 106 Garden Party, The (Mansﬁeld), VII: xv, 171, 177 “Gardener, The” (Kipling), VI: 197 “Gardeners” (Dunn), Supp. X: 72 Gardeners and Astronomers (Sitwell), VII: 138 “Gardener’s Daughter, The” (Tennyson), IV: 326 Gardener’s Year, A (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 “Gardens, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 223 “Gardens go on forever” (Kelman), Supp. V: 256 Gardiner, S. R., I: 146

GARD−GERM Gardiner, Judith Kegan, Supp. IV: 459 Gardner, Helen, II: 121, 129 Gardner, Philip, VI: xii, xxxiii Gareth and Lynette (Tennyson), IV: 338 Gargantua and Pantagruel (Rabelais), Supp. IV: 464 Garibaldi and the Making of Italy (Trevelyan), VI: 388–389 Garibaldi and the Thousand (Trevelyan), VI: 388–389 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, Supp. IV: 86 Garibaldi’s Defence of the Roman Republic (Trevelyan), VI: xv, 387–389, 394 Garis, Robert, V: 49–50, 70, 73 Garland of Laurel, The (Skelton), I: 81, 82, 90, 93–94 Garmont of Gud Ladeis, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 148 Garner, Ross, II: 186 Garnered Sheaves: Essays, Addresses, and Reviews (Frazer), Supp. III: 172 Garnett, Edward, VI: 135, 149, 273, 277, 278, 283, 366, 373; VII: xiv, 89 Garnier, Robert, I: 218 “Garret” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 85 Garrett, John, Supp. IV: 256 Garrick, David, I: 327 Garrick Year, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 236–237 “Garrison, The” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 Garrod, H. W., III: 170n, 176 Gascoigne, George, I: 215–216, 298 Gas–ﬁtters’ Ball, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 152 Gaskell, Elizabeth, IV: 241, 248; V: viii, x, xvi, xxi–xxiii, 1–16, 108, 116, 122, 137, 147–150; VI: viii; Supp. IV; 119, 379 Gaskill, William, II: 6 “Gaspar Ruiz” (Conrad), VI: 148 Gaston de Latour (Pater), V: 318n, 357 “Gate” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 114–115 Gate, The (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 129–130 Gate of Angels, The (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 96, 98, 106–107 “Gatehouse, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 221–222 Gates of Ivory, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 231, 250–252 Gates of Paradise, The (Blake), see For Children: The Gates of Paradise; For the Sexes: The Gates of Paradise Gates of Pearl, The (Steel), Supp. XII: 277 Gates of Wrath, The (Bennett), VI: 249 “Gathered Church, A” (Davie), Supp. VI: 107 Gathered Church, The (Davie), Supp. VI: 105, 115 “Gathering Mushrooms” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 420 “Gathering Sticks on Sunday” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 217 Gathering Storm, The (Churchill), VI: 361 Gathering Storm, The (Empson), Supp. II: 179, 184, 190 Gatty, Margaret, V: 270

Gaudete (Hughes), Supp. I: 359–363; Retro. Supp. II:209–210 Gaudy Night (Sayers), Supp. III: 334, 341, 343, 346–347 “Gauguin” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 168 Gaunt, William, VI: 169 Gautier, Théophile, IV: 153n; V: 320n, 346, 404, 410–411; Supp. IV: 490 Gavin Ewart Show, The (Ewart), Supp. VII: 40 Gawain–Poet, The, Supp. VII: 83–101 Gay, John, II: 348; III: 19, 24, 44, 54– 67, 74 Gayton, Edward, I: 279 Gaze of the Gorgon, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 160, 164 Gebir (Landor), IV: xvi, 88, 95, 99, 100, 217 Gebirus, poema (Landor), IV: 99–100 “Geese, The” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 258 Gem (periodical), IV: 252 “Gemini” (Kipling), VI: 184 “General, The” (Sassoon), VI: 430 General, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 410, 415 “General Election, A” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 456 General Grant: An Estimate (Arnold), V: 216 General History of Discoveries . . . in Useful Arts, A (Defoe), III: 14 General History of Music (Burney), Supp. III: 66 General History of the Robberies and Murders of . . . Pyrates, A (Defoe), III: 13 General History of the Turkes (Knolles), III: 108 General Inventorie of the History of France (Brimeston), I: 249 General Prologue, The (Chaucer), I: 23, 26, 27–28, 38–40 “General Satyre, A” (Dunbar), VIII: 122, 126 “Generations” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 257 Generous Days, The (Spender), Supp. II: 493 Genesis, Retro. Supp. II: 301 “Genesis” (Hill), Supp. V: 184–185 “Genesis” (Swinburne), V: 325 “Genesis and Catastrophe” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 221 Genesis B, Retro. Supp. II: 301 Geneva (Shaw), VI: 125, 127–128, 129; Retro. Supp. II: 324 Genius of the Future: Studies in French Art Criticism, The (Brookner), Supp. IV: 122–123 Genius of the Thames, The (Peacock), IV: 169 Genius of Thomas Hardy, The (ed. Drabble), Supp. IV: 230 “Gentians” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 281 Gentle Island, The (Friel), Supp. V: 119– 120 “Gentle Joy” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 141 “Gentle Sex, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 42

349

Gentleman Dancing–Master, The (Wycherley), II: 308, 309, 313–314, 321 Gentleman in the Parlour, The (Maugham), VI: 371 Gentleman Usher, The (Chapman), I: 244–245 Gentleman’s Magazine (periodical), III: 107 Gentlemen in England (Wilson), Supp. VI: 302–303, 305 Gentler Birth, A (Fallon), Supp. XII: 104 Gentlewomen’s Companion, The (Woolley), Supp. III: 21 Geoffrey de Vinsauf, I: 23 39–40, 59 Geography and History of England, The (Goldsmith), III: 191 George, Henry, VI: 102 “George and the Seraph” (Brooke–Rose), Supp. IV: 103 George Bernard Shaw (Chesterton), VI: 344 George Crabbe and His Times (Huchon), III: 273n George Eliot (Stephen), V: 289 George Eliot: Her Life and Books (Bullet), V: 196, 200–201 George Eliot, Selected Essays, Poems and Other Writings (Byatt), Supp. IV: 151 George Eliot’s Life as Related in Her Letters and Journals (ed. Cross), V: 13, 200 George Gissing: Grave Comedian (Donnelly), V: 427n, 438 “George Herbert: The Art of Plainness” (Stein), Retro. Supp. II: 181 George Moore: L’homme et l’oeuvre (Noel), VI: 98, 99 George Orwell (Fyvel), VII: 287 George Passant (Snow), VII: 324, 325– 326 George Silverman’s Explanation (Dickens), V: 72 George’s Ghosts (Maddox), Retro. Supp. I: 327, 328 George’s Marvellous Medicine (Dahl), Supp. IV: 204–205 “Georgian Boyhood, A” (Connolly), Supp. III: 1–2 Georgian Poetry 1911–1912 (ed. Marsh), VI: 416, 419, 420, 453; VII: xvi; Supp. III: 45, 53–54, 397 Georgics of Virgil, The (tr. Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118 “Georgina’s Reasons” (James), VI: 69 Gerard; or, The World, the Flesh, and the Devil (Braddon), VIII: 49 Gerald: A Portrait (du Maurier), Supp. III: 134–135, 138–139 Gerard Manley Hopkins: A Critical Symposium (Kenyon Critics), V: 382 Gerard Manley Hopkins: The Classical Background . . . (Bender), V: 364–365, 382 “Geriatric” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 291 Géricault, Théodore, Supp. IV: 71–72, 73 Gérin, Winifred, V: x, xxvii, 111, 151, 152, 153 Germ (periodical), V: xxi, 235–236, 249

GERM−GO, PI German Anthology: A Series of Translations from the Most Popular of the German Poets (tr. Mangan), Supp. XIII: 118 “German Chronicle” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 139 German Requiem, A (Kerr), Supp. XII: 187, 188, 191 “Germinal” (Russell), VIII: 290 “Gerontion” (Eliot), VII: 144, 146, 147, 152; Retro. Supp. II: 123–124 Gerugte van Reen (Brink), Supp. VI: 49 Gesta Romanorum, I: 52 53 “Gethsemane” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 Get Ready for Battle (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 228–229 “Getting at Stars” (Armitage), VIII: 4 Getting It Right (Howard), Supp. XI: 135, 141, 143–144, 148 Getting Married (Shaw), VI: 115, 117– 118 “Getting Off the Altitude” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240 Getting On (Bennett), VIII: 20, 21, 25–26 “Getting Poisoned” (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 303 “Getting there” (Kelman), Supp. V: 249 Getting to Know the General (Greene), Supp. I: 1, 13, 14, 17 Geulincx, Arnold, Supp. I: 44 “Geve place ye lovers” (Surrey), I: 120 “Geysers, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 268, 269, 276 Ghastly Good Taste (Betjeman), VII: 357, 361 “Ghazel and Song” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 125 “Ghetto–Blastir” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 68 Ghost Child, The (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 Ghost in the Machine, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 37, 38 “Ghost of Ferozsha Baag, The” (Mistry), Supp. X: 138–139 Ghost of Lucrece, The (Middleton), II: 3 Ghost Orchid, The (Longley), VIII: 175– 177 “Ghost Orchid, The” (Longley), VIII: 175–176 Ghost Road, The (Barker), Supp. IV: 45, 46, 57, 61–63 Ghost Trio (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 29 “Ghost–Crabs” (Hughes), Supp. I: 349, 350; Retro. Supp. II: 206 “Ghostkeeper” (Lowry), Supp. III: 285 “Ghostly Father, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228 “Ghosts” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228, 236 “Ghosts” (Reid), Supp. VII: 327 Ghosts at Cockcrow (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71, 79–81 “Ghosts at Cockcrow” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 80 “Ghost’s Moonshine, The” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 29 Giants’ Bread (Christie), Supp. II: 133

Giaour, The (Byron), III: 338; IV: xvii, 172, 173–174, 180, 192 Gibbon, Edward, III: 109, 221–233; IV: xiv, xvi, 93, 284; V: 425; VI: 347, 353, 383, 390n Gibbons, Brian, I: 281 Gibson, W. W., VI: 416 Gide, André, V: xxiii, 402 Gidez, Richard B., Supp. IV: 326, 339– 340 Gifford, William, II: 96; IV: 133 Gift, The (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220 “Gift of Boxes, A” (Longley), VIII: 176 Gift Songs (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 27 “Gifts” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285 “Giggling” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 13 “Gigolo and Gigolette” (Maugham), VI: 370 Gil Blas (tr. Smollett), III: 150 Gil Perez, The Gallician (tr. FitzGerald), IV: 344 Gilbert, Elliott, VI: 194 “Gilbert” (Brontë), V: 131–132 Gilbert, Peter, Supp. IV: 354 Gilbert, Sandra, Retro. Supp. I: 59–60 “Gilbert’s Mother” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 505 Gilchrist, Andrew, Retro. Supp. I: 46 Gilfillan, George, I: 98 “Gilles de Retz” (Keyes), VII: 437 Gilliam, Terry, Supp. IV: 455 Gillman, James, IV: 48–49, 50, 56 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, Supp. III: 147 Gilpin, William, IV: 36, 37 Gilson, Étienne, VI: 341 “Gin and Goldenrod” (Lowry), Supp. III: 282 “Ginger Hero” (Friel), Supp. V: 113 Ginger, You’re Barmy (Lodge), Supp. IV: 364–365, 368–369, 371 Giorgione da Castelfranco, V: 345, 348 “Giorgione” (Pater), V: 345, 348, 353 “Gipsy Vans” (Kipling), VI: 193, 196 “Giraffes, The” (Fuller), VII: 430, Supp. VII: 70 “Girl” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 220, 221, 223 “Girl at the Seaside” (Murphy), Supp. V: 313, 318 “Girl From Zlot, The” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 299–300 Girl in Winter, A (Larkin), Supp. I: 286, 287 Girl, 20 (Amis), Supp. II: 15–16; Supp. IV: 29 Girl Weeping for the Death of Her Canary (Greuze), Supp. IV: 122 “Girl Who Loved Graveyards, The” (James), Supp. IV: 340 Girlhood of Mary Virgin, The (Rossetti), V: 236, 248, 249 Girlitude: A Memoir of the 50s and 60s (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 Girls in Their Married Bliss (O’Brien), Supp. V: 334, 337–338 “Girls in Their Season” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 167 Girls of Slender Means, The (Spark), Supp. I: 200, 204, 206

350

“Girls on a Bridge” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 174 Gisborne, John, IV: 206 Gísla saga Súrssonar, VIII: 241 Gismond of Salerne (Wilmot), I: 216 Gissing, George, V: xiii, xxii, xxv–xxvi, 69, 423–438; VI: 365; Supp. IV: 7–8 Gittings, Robert, Supp. III: 194 “Give Her A Pattern” (Lawrence), II: 330n Give Me Your Answer, Do! (Friel), Supp. V: 127–128 “Given Heart, The” (Cowley), II: 197 Giving Alms No Charity . . . (Defoe), III: 13 Gladiators, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 27, 28, 29n “Glanmore Revisited” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 132 “Glanmore Sonnets” (Heaney), Supp. II: 276 Glanvill, Joseph, II: 275 “Glasgow 5 March 1971” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 162 “Glasgow Green” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 158 Glasgow Herald, Supp. XII: 207 “Glasgow October 1971” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 162 Glass–Blowers, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 136, 138 Glass Cell, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 174 Glass Cottage, A Nautical Romance, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 230–231 Glass of Blessings, A (Pym), Supp. II: 377–378 Glass Town chronicles (Brontës), V: 110– 111 Gleanings from the Menagerie and Aviary at Knowsley Hall (Lear), V: 76, 87 Gleanings from the Work of George Fox (ed. Richardson), Supp. XIII: 187 Gleckner, R. F., IV: 173, 194 Glen, Heather, III: 297 “Glen Strathfarrar” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 107 Glendinning, Victoria, Supp. II: 78, 80, 90, 95 “Glimpse, The” (Cornford), VIII: 106 Glimpse of America, A (Stoker), Supp. III: 380 Glimpse of Reality, The (Shaw), VI: 129 Gloag, Julian, Supp. IV: 390 “Globe in North Carolina, The” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 174 “Gloire de Dijon” (Lawrence), Retro. Supp. II: 233 Gloriana: Opera in Three Acts (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 Glorious First of June, The, III: 266 “Glory” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 225 “Glory, A” (Armitage), VIII: 11 “Glory of Women” (Sassoon), VI: 430 “Gnomes” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 gnomic moralizing poem, I: 57 “Go for” (Thomas), Supp. III: 399 “Go, Lovely Rose!” (Waller), II: 234 Go, Piteous Heart (Skelton), I: 83

GO WH−GOOD Go When You See the Green Man Walking (Brooke–Rose), Supp. IV: 103– 104 “Goal” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 96–97 “Goal of Valerius” (Bacon), I: 263 Go–Between, The (Hartley), Supp. VII: 119, 120, 121, 127–129, 131, 132; Retro. Supp. I: 227 Goat Green; or, The Better Gift (Powys), VIII: 255 Goat’s Song, A (Healy), Supp. IX: 96– 98, 101–103 “Goblin Market” (Rossetti), V: 250, 256– 258 Goblin Market and Other Poems (Rossetti), V: xxii, 250, 260 Goblins, The (Suckling), II: 226 “God” (Powys), VIII: 248 “God, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 134 God and His Gifts, A (Compton–Burnett), VII: 60, 64, 65 God and the Bible (Arnold), V: 216 “God and the Jolly Bored Bog–Mouse” (Cope), VIII: 74 God Bless Karl Marx! (Sisson), Supp. XI: 251 “God! How I Hate You, You Young Cheerful Men” (West), VI: 423 “God Moves in a Mysterious Way” (Cowper), III: 210 God of Glass, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 God of Small Things (Roy), Supp. V: 67, 75 God that Failed, The (Crossman), Supp. I: 25 “God the Eater” (Smith), Supp. II: 468 God the Invisible King (Wells), VI: 227 “God Who Eats Corn, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 313, 323–324 “Godfather Dottery” (Powys), VIII: 258 “Gods as Dwelling in the Physiological Centres, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46 “God’s Eternity” (Blake), III: 300 “God’s Funeral” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 121 God’s Funeral (Wilson), Supp. VI: 298, 306, 308, 309 “God’s Grandeur” (Hopkins), V: 366; Retro. Supp. II: 195 “God’s Judgement on a Wicked Bishop” (Southey), IV: 67 “Gods of the Copybook Heading, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 Gods of War, with Other Poems (Russell), VIII: 287 God’s Revenge Against Murder (Reynolds), II: 14 Godber, Joyce, II: 243, 254 “Goddess, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 266, 271 Godman, Stanley, V: 271, 274 Godolphin, Sidney, II: 237, 238, 271 Godwin, E. W., V: 404 Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, see Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, William, III: 329, 330, 332, 340, 345; IV: xv, 3, 43, 127, 173, 181, 195–197; Supp. III: 355, 363, 370,

474, 476, 480 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, III: 344; IV: xiv–xix, 179, 240, 245, 249; V: 214, 343, 344, 402; Supp. IV: 28, 479 Goethe’s Faust (MacNeice), VII: 408– 410 Gogh, Vincent van, Supp. IV: 148, 154 Gogol, Nikolai, III: 340, 345; Supp. III: 17 “Going, The” (Hardy), VI: 18; Retro. Supp. I: 118 “Going Back” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8 “Going Back” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 265 “Going, Going” (Larkin), Supp. I: 283 Going Home (Lessing), Supp. I: 237 “Going Home” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 172 “Going Home (A Letter to Colombo)” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 86 Going On (Reading), VIII: 207, 268, 269 “Going Out: Lancasters, 1944” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224–225 Going Solo (Dahl), Supp. IV: 206, 208, 210, 211, 222, 225 Going Their Own Ways (Waugh), Supp. VI: 273 “Going to Italy” (Davie), Supp. VI: 107 “Going to See a Man Hanged” (Thackeray), V: 23, 37 Gold, Mike, Supp. IV: 464 Gold: A Poem (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 99, 100 Gold Coast Customs (Sitwell), VII: xvii, 132, 133–134 Gold in the Sea, The (Friel), Supp. V: 113 “Gold in the Sea, The” (Friel), Supp. V: 114 “Golden Age, The” (Behn), Supp. III: 39–40 Golden Ass (Apulius), Supp. IV: 414 Golden Bird, The (Brown), Supp. VI: 64 Golden Book of St. John Chrysostom, The, Concerning the Education of Children (tr. Evelyn), II: 275, 287 Golden Bough, The (Frazer), V: 204; Supp. III: 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176–182, 184, 185, 186, 187; Supp. IV: 12 Golden Bowl, The (James), VI: 53, 55, 60–62, 67; Supp. IV: 243 Golden Calf, The (Braddon), VIII: 49 “Golden Calf” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 186 Golden Chersonese, The (Bird), Supp. X: 19, 30–31 Golden Child, The (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 98, 100–101 Golden Compass, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 153, 155–156 Golden Echo, The (Garnett), VI: 333 Golden Gate: A Novel in Verse, The (Seth), Supp. X: 277–279, 281–283, 285–290 “Golden Hair” (Owen), VI: 449 Golden Labyrinth, The (Knight), IV: 328n, 339 Golden Lads: Sir Francis Bacon, Anthony Bacon, and Their Friends (du Maurier), Supp. III: 139

351

Golden Lion of Granpère, The (Trollope), V: 102 “Golden Lyric, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 222 Golden Mean, The (Ford), II: 88, 100 Golden Notebook, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 238, 246–248, 254, 256; Supp. IV: 473 Golden Ocean, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 248, 251, 252 “Golden Stool, The” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 39 Golden Targe, The (Dunbar), I: 23 Golden Treasury, The (Palgrave), II: 208; IV: xxii, 196, 337 “Goldﬁsh Nation” (Cope), VIII: 77 Golding, Arthur, I: 161 Golding, William, Supp. I: 65–91; Supp. IV: 392–393; Retro. Supp. I: 93–107 Goldring, Douglas, VI: 324, 419 Goldsmith, Oliver, II: 362, 363; III: 40, 110, 149, 165, 173, 177–192, 256, 277, 278; Retro. Supp. I: 149 Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (Forster), VI: 411 Goldyn Targe, The (Dunbar), VIII: 120, 123–124 “Goldyn Targe, The” (Dunbar), VIII: 118 Gollancz, Victor, VII: xix, 279, 381 Gondal literature (Brontë), V: 113–117, 133, 142 Gondal Poems (Brontë), V: 152 Gondal’s Queen (Ratchford), V: 133, 152 Gondibert (Davenant), II: 196, 259 Gonne, Maud, VI: 207, 210, 211, 212 Good and Faithful Servant, The (Orton), Supp. V: 364, 367, 370, 371, 372, 374–375 Good Apprentice, The (Murdoch), Supp. I: 231, 232, 233 “Good Aunt, The” (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 162 “Good Climate, Friendly Inhabitants” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 232 Good Companions, The (Priestley), VII: xviii, 209, 211, 215–216 “Good Counsel to a Young Maid” (Carew), II: 224 “Good Fences” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 27 Good Fight, The (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 “Good Flying Days” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224 Good Hanging and Other Stories, A (Rankin), Supp. X: 244, 246, 250 “Good Friday” (Herbert), II: 128 “Good Friday: Rex Tragicus; or, Christ Going to His Crosse” (Herrick), II: 114 “Good Friday, 1613” (Donne), I: 368 Good Grief (Waterhouse), Supp. XIII: 273–274 Good Kipling, The (Gilbert), VI: 194 “Good ladies ye that have” (Sumy), I: 120 “Good Morning” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218 Good Morning. Midnight (Rhys), Supp. II: 388, 396–398

GOOD−GREA “Good Morrow, The” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 185 Good Natur’d Man, The (Goldsmith), III: 111, 180, 187, 191 Good Neighbor, The (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 26–27 “Good Neighbors” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 26–27 Good News for the Vilest of Men; or, A Help for Despairing Souls (Bunyan), II: 253 “Good Night” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 Good Night Sweet Ladies (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 8, 12–13 Good Soldier, The (Ford), VI: 49; VI: 319, 323, 327–328, 329 Good Son, The (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 390, 400 Good Terrorist, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 255–256 Good Time Was Had by All, A (Smith), Supp. II: 462 Good Times, The (Kelman), Supp. V: 243, 254–256 “Good Town, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 Goodbye (Adcock), Supp. XII: 14–15 Goodbye Earth and Other Poems (Richards), Supp. II: 427, 428 “Good–bye in fear, good–bye in sorrow” (Rossetti), V: 255 “Goodbye Marcus, Goodbye Rose” (Rhys), Supp. II: 401 Goodbye to All That (Graves), VI: xvi; VII: xviii, 257, 258 Goodbye to Berlin (Isherwood), VII: xx Goodbye to Berlin (Wilson), Supp. I: 156 “Good–Bye to the Mezzogiorno” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 “Goodbye to the USA” (Davie), Supp. VI: 113 “Good–Morrow, The” (Donne), II: 197 “Goodness—the American Neurosis” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 455–456 “Good–night” (Thomas), Supp. III: 400 Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 450 “Goose, The” (Longley), VIII: 172–173 Goose Cross (Kavan), Supp. VII: 208 “Goose Fair” (Lawrence), VII: 114 “Goose to Donkey” (Murray), Supp. VII: 282 “Gooseberry Season” (Armitage), VIII: 5 Gorboduc (Norton and Sackville), I: 161–162, 214–216 Gordimer, Nadine, Supp. II: 225–243 Gordon, D. J., I: 237, 239 Gordon, Ian Alistair, VII: xvii, xxxvii Gorgon’s Head and Other Literary Pieces, The (Frazer), Supp. III: 176 Gorse Fires (Longley), VIII: 166, 169, 174–175 Gorton, Mary, V: 312, 313, 315–316, 330 Gospel of Nicodemus (tr. Trevisa), see Evangelium Nicodemi Gosse, Edmund, II: 354, 361, 363, 364; V: 311, 313, 334, 392, 395 Gossip from the Forest (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 Gosson, Stephen, I: 161 Gothic Architecture (Morris), V: 306

Gothic ﬁction, III: 324–346; IV: 110, 111; V: 142–143 Gothic Revival, The (Clark), III: 325, 346 “Gourmet, The” (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 304, 306 Government of the Tongue: The 1986 T. S. Eliot Memorial Lectures and Other Critical Writings (Heaney), Supp. II: 268, 269; Retro. Supp. I: 131 Gower, John, I: 20, 41, 48–56, 57, 321 Goya, Francisco de, Supp. IV: 125 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (Bunyan), II: 240, 241, 243–245, 250, 253; Supp. IV: 242 Grace Darling (Swinburne), V: 333 “Grace of the Way” (Thompson), V: 442 “Graceland” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 28 Grafﬁgny, Mme de, Supp. III: 75 Graham Greene (Lodge), Supp. IV: 365 Graham, James, see Montrose, marquess of Graham, W. S., Supp. VII: 103–117 Grain Kings, The (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 270–271 “Grain Kings, The” (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 271 Grain of Wheat, A (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 212, 219–220 “Gra´inne” (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 273– 274 Grammar of Assent, An Essay in Aid of a (Newman), V: 340, Supp. VII: 301– 302 Grammar of Metaphor, A (Brooke– Rose)), Supp. IV: 98, 113 “Grammarian’s Funeral, A” (Browning), IV: 357, 361, 366 Grand Alliance, The (Churchill), VI: 361 Grand Babylon Hotel, The (Bennett), VI: 249, 253, 262, 266 “Grand Ballet” (Cornford), VIII: 113 Grand Meaulnes, Le (Alain–Fournier), Supp. I: 299 “Grandfather” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 19 “Grandmother’s Story, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 280 “Grandparent’s” (Spender), Supp. II: 494 Grania (Gregory), VI: 316 Granny Scarecrow (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 265 Grant, Duncan, VI: 118 Granta (periodical), Supp. IV: 304; Supp. XII: 66; Supp. XIII: 11 “Grantchester” (Brooke), Supp. III: 52, 60 Granville Barker, Harley, I: 329; VI: ix, 104, 113, 273 Grass, Günter, Supp. IV: 440 Grass Is Singing, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 237, 239, 243, 248 “Grass Widows, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 503 Grasshopper (Rendell), Supp. IX: 189, 203 “Gratiana Dancing and Singing” (Lovelace), II: 230 Grave, The (Blair), Retro. Supp. I: 45 “Grave, The” (tr. Morgan), Supp. IX: 161

352

“Grave by the Handpost, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Gravel Walks, The” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 133 Graves, Robert, II: 94; VI: xvi, 207, 211, 219, 419; VII: xvi, xviii–xx, 257–272; Supp. II: 185; Supp. III: 60; Supp. IV: 558; Retro. Supp. I: 144 “Gravities: West” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 111 Gravity’s Rainbow (Pynchon), Supp. IV: 116 Gray, Alasdair, Supp. IX: 79–93 Gray, Thomas, II: 200; III: 118, 119, 136–145, 173, 294, 325 “Gray’s Anatomy” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Great Adventure, The (Bennett), VI: 250, 266; see also Buried Alive Great Apes (Self), Supp. V: 398–400 “Great Automatic Grammatisator, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 216–217 Great Boer War, The (Doyle), Supp. II: 160 Great Broxopp, The (Milne), Supp. V: 299 Great Catherine (Shaw), VI: 119 Great Contemporaries (Churchill), VI: 354, 356 Great Depression, VII: xix Great Divorce, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 56 Great Duke of Florence, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 184 Great Exhibition, The (Hare), Supp. IV: 281 Great Expectations (Dickens), V: xxii, 42, 60, 63, 66–68, 72 Great Favourite, The; or, The Duke of Lerma (Howard), II: 100 Great Fire of London, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 4–5, 10 “Great Good Place, The” (James), VI: 69 Great Granny Webster (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 2, 6, 10–11, 16 Great Hoggarty Diamond, The (Thackeray), V: 21, 38 Great Hunger, The (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 187, 190–192, 193, 194, 199 Great Instauration, The (Bacon), I: 259, 272 Great Law of Subordination Consider’d, The (Defoe), III: 13 “Great Lover, The” (Brooke), Supp. III: 556 “Great Man, The” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 35, 37 “Great Man, The” (Motion), Supp. VII: 256 “Great McEwen, Scottish Hypnotist, The” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 71 “Great men have been among us” (Wordsworth), II: 208 Great Moments in Aviation (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 542 Great Port: A Passage through New York, The (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 182 Great Short Stories of Detection, Mystery and Horror (ed. Sayers), III: 341; Supp. III: 340, 341

GREA−GUNS “Great Spirits Now on Earth Are Sojourning . . . A (Keats), IV: 214 Great Trade Route (Ford), VI: 324 Great Tradition, The (Leavis), VI: 68, 149; VII: 234, 248–251; Retro. Supp. I: 90 “Great Unknown, The” (Hood), IV: 267 Great Victorian Collection, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 143–144, 154 Great War and Modern Memory, The (Fussell), Supp. IV: 57 Great World, The (Malouf), Supp. XII: 218, 226–227 Greater Lakeland (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 223 “Greater Love” (Owen), VI: 450 Greater Trumps, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 281 “Greatest TV Show on Earth, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 28 Greatness of the Soul, A, . . . (Bunyan), II: 253 Greber, Giacomo, II: 325 Grecian History, The (Goldsmith), III: 181, 191 Greek Christian Poets, The, and the English Poets (Browning), IV: 321 “Greek Interpreter, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: l67 Greek Islands, The (Durrell), Supp. I: 102 Greek Studies (Pater), V: 355, 357 Greeks have a word for it, The (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 354, 355–356, 357, 359 Green Fool, The (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 183, 186, 187, 188, 194, 199 Green, Henry, Supp. II: 247–264 “Green Hills of Africa, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 69 “Greenhouse Effect, The” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 12 Green, Joseph Henry, IV: 57 Green, Roger Lancelyn, V: 265n, 273, 274 Green Crow, The (O’Casey), VII: 13 “Green Geese” (Sitwell), VII: 131 “Green, Green Is Aghir” (Cameron), VII: 426; Supp. IX: 27 Green Helmet, The (Yeats), VI: 222 “Green Hills of Africa” (Fuller), VII: 429, 432 “Green Leaf, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 223 Green Man, The (Amis), Supp. II: 13–14 “Green Mountain, Black Mountain” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256–257, 261– 262, 266 Green Shore, The (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 219–220 Green Song (Sitwell), VII: 132, 135, 136 “Green Tea” (Le Fanu), III: 340, 345 Greene, Graham, VI: 329, 370; VII: xii; Supp. I: 1–20; Supp. II: 311, 324; Supp. IV: 4, 10, 13, 17, 21, 157, 365, 369, 373–374, 505; Supp. V: 26; Retro. Supp. II: 151–167 Greene, Robert, I: 165, 220, 275, 286, 296, 322; II: 3; VIII: 131–146

Greene’s Arcadia (Greene). See Menaphon Greenlees, Ian Gordon, VI: xxxiii “Greenshank” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Greenvoe (Brown), Supp. VI: 64, 65–66 “Greenwich—Whitebait” (Thackeray), V: 38 Greenwood, Edward Baker, VII: xix, xxxvii Greenwood, Frederick, V: 1 Greer, Germaine, Supp. IV: 436 Greg, W. R., V: 5, 7, 15 Greg, W. W., I: 279 Gregory, Lady Augusta, VI: 210, 218, 307–312, 314–316, 317–318; VII: 1, 3, 42 Gregory, Sir Richard, VI: 233 Greiffenhagen, Maurice, VI: 91 Gremlins, The (Dahl), Supp. IV: 202, 211–212 “Grenadier” (Housman), VI: 160 Grenfell, Julian, VI: xvi, 417–418, 420 “Gretchen” (Gissing), V: 437 “Gretna Green” (Behan), Supp. II: 64 Grettis saga, VIII: 234–235, 238, 241 Greuze, Jean–Baptiste, Supp. IV: 122 Greuze: The Rise and Fall of an Eighteenth Century Phenomenon (Brookner), Supp. IV: 122 Greville, Fulke, I: 160, 164; Supp. IV: 256; Supp. XI: 105–119 Grey Area (Self), Supp. V: 402–404 Grey Eminence (Huxley), VII: 205 Grey of Fallodon (Trevelyan), VI: 383, 391 “Grey Woman, The” (Gaskell), V: 15 Greybeards at Play (Chesterton), VI: 336 Greyhound for Breakfast (Kelman), Supp. V: 242, 249–250 “Greyhound for Breakfast” (Kelman), Supp. V: 250 Grid, The (Kerr), Supp. XII: 194, 195 Gridiron, The (Kerr), Supp. XII: 194, 195 “Grief” (Browning), IV: 313, 318 Grief Observed, A (Lewis), Supp. III: 249 “Grief on the Death of Prince Henry, A” (Tourneur), II: 37, 41 Grierson, Herbert J. C., II: 121, 130, 196, 200, 202, 258; Retro. Supp. II: 173 Grigson, Geoffrey, IV: 47; VII: xvi Grim Smile of the Five Towns, The (Bennett), VI: 250, 253–254 Grímnismál, VIII: 230 Grimus (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 435, 438– 439, 443, 450 Gris, Juan, Supp. IV: 81 “Grisly Folk, The” (Wells), Retro. Supp. I: 96 Groatsworth of Wit, A (Greene), I: 275, 276; VIII: 131, 132 Grœnlendinga saga, VIII: 240 Grosskurth, Phyllis, V: xxvii Grote, George, IV: 289 Group of Noble Dames, A (Hardy), VI: 20, 22 “Grove, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 “Growing, Flying, Happening” (Reid), Supp. VII: 328

353

“Growing Old” (Arnold), V: 203 Growing Pains: The Shaping of a Writer (du Maurier), Supp. III: 135, 142, 144 Growing Points (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 Growing Rich (Weldon), Supp. IV: 531, 533 Growth of Love, The (Bridges), VI: 81, 83 Growth of Plato’s Ideal Theory, The (Frazer), Supp. III: 170–171 “Grub First, Then Ethics” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 7, 13 Grünewald, Mathias, Supp. IV: 85 Gryffydh, Jane, IV: 159 Gryll Grange (Peacock), IV: xxii, 166– 167, 170 Grylls, R. Glynn, V: 247, 260; VII: xvii, xxxviii Guardian (periodical), III: 46, 49, 50; Supp. XIII: 1 Guardian, The (Cowley), II: 194, 202 Guardian, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 184 Guarini, Guarino, II: 49–50 Gubar, Susan, Retro. Supp. I: 59–60 “Gude Grey Katt, The” (Hogg), Supp. X: 110 “Guerrillas” (Dunn), Supp. X: 70–71 Guerrillas (Naipaul), Supp. I: 396–397 Guest from the Future, The (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 298–302 “Guest from the Future, The” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 298 Guest of Honour, A (Gordimer), Supp. II: 229–230, 231 “Guid Scots Death, A” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108 Guide Through the District of the Lakes in the North of England, A (Wordsworth), IV: 25 Guide to Kulchur (Pound), VI: 333 “Guide to the Perplexed” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Guido della Colonna, I: 57 Guild of St. George, The, V: 182 Guillaume de Deguilleville, I: 57 Guillaume de Lorris, I: 71 “Guilt and Sorrow” (Wordsworth), IV: 5, 45 “Guinevere” (Tennyson), IV: 336–337, 338 Guise, The (Marlowe), see Massacre at Paris, The Guise, The (Webster), II: 68, 85 “Guitarist Tunes Up, The” (Cornford), VIII: 114 Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), II: 261; III: 11, 20, 23–26, 28, 35; VI: 121–122; Supp. IV: 502; Retro. Supp. I: 274, 275, 276–277, 279–282 Gun for Sale, A (Greene; U.S. title, This Gun for Hire), Supp. I: 3, 6–7, 10; Retro. Supp. II: 153 Gunesekera, Romesh, Supp. X: 85–102 “Gunesh Chund” (Steel), Supp. XII: 269 Gunn, Ander, Supp. IV: 265 Gunn, Thom, Supp. IV: 255–279 Gunnlaugs saga ormstunga, VIII: 239 Guns of Navarone, The (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3

GURD−HARE Gurdjieff, Georges I., Supp. IV: 1, 5 Gurney, Ivor, VI: 416, 425–427 Gussow, Mel, Retro. Supp. I: 217–218 Gutch, J. M., IV: 78, 81 Guthlac, Retro. Supp. II: 303 Gutteridge, Bernard, VII: 422, 432–433 Guy Domville (James), VI: 39 Guy Mannering (Scott), IV: xvii, 31–32, 38 Guy of Warwick (Lydgate), I: 58 Guy Renton (Waugh), Supp. VI: 274– 275 Guyana Quartet (Harris), Supp. V: 132, 133, 135 Guzman Go Home and Other Stories (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 410 Gyðinga saga, VIII: 237 Gylfaginning, VIII: 243 “Gym”(Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Gypsies Metamorphos’d (Jonson), II: 111n “Gypsonhilia” (Hart), Supp. XI: 128– 129 “Gyrtt in my giltetesse gowne” (Surrey), I: 115 “Healthy Landscape with Dormouse” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “Hee–Haw” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “House Grown Silent, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371

H. G. Wells and His Critics (Raknem),

VI: 228, 245, 246 H. G. Wells: His Turbulent Life and Times (Dickson), VI: 246 H. G. Wells: The Critical Heritage (ed. Parrinder), VI: 246 “H. J. B.” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 221 Ha! Ha! Among the Trumpets (Lewis), VII: 447, 448 Habeas Corpus (Bennett), VIII: 25 Habermas, Jürgen, Supp. IV: 112 Habington, William, II: 222, 237, 238 Habit of Loving, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 244 “Habit of Perfection, The” (Hopkins), V: 362, 381 “Habitat” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25 “Habitat, A” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 228 Hadjinicolaou, Nicos, Supp. IV: 90 “Hag, The” (Herrick), II: 111 Haggard, H. Rider, Supp. III: 211–228; Supp. IV: 201, 484 Haight, Gordon, V: 199, 200, 201 Hail and Farewell (Moore), VI: xii, 85, 88, 97, 99 “Hail to Thee, Bard!” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 119–120 “Hailstones” (Heaney), Supp. II: 280 “Hair, The” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 37 Hakluyt, Richard, I: 150, 267; III: 7 Halcyon; or, The Future of Monogamy (Brittain), Supp. X: 39 Hale, Kathleen, Supp. IV: 231 “Hale, sterne superne” (Dunbar), VIII: 128–129 “Half–a–Crown’s Worth of Cheap Knowledge” (Thackeray), V: 22, 37

Half–Mother, The (Tennant), see Woman Beware Woman Halfway House (Blunden), Supp. XI: 46 Halidon Hill (Scott), IV: 39 Halifax, marquess of, III: 38, 39, 40, 46 Hall, Donald, Supp. IV: 256 Hall, Edward, II: 43 Hall, Joseph, II: 25–26, 81; IV: 286 Hall, Radclyffe, VI: 411; Supp. VI: 119– 132 Hall, Samuel (pseud., O’Nolan), Supp. II: 322 “Hall, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 124 Hall of Healing (O’Casey), VII: 11–12 Hall of the Saurians (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 Hallam, Arthur, IV: 234, 235, 328–336, 338 Hallam, Henry, IV: 283 Haller, Albrecht von, III: 88 Hallfreðar saga vandræðaskálds, VIII: 239 Halloran’s Little Boat (Keneally), Supp. IV: 348 “Hallowe’en” (Burns), III: 315 “Halloween” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 18 Hallowe’en Party (Christie), Supp. II: 125, 134 “Hallway, The” (Healy), Supp. IX: 107 Ham Funeral, The (White), Supp. I: 131, 134, 149, 150 “Hamadryad, The” (Landor), IV: 96 Hamburger, Michael, Supp. V: 199 Hamilton, Sir George Rostrevor, IV: xxiv Hamlet (early version), I: 212, 221, 315 Hamlet (Shakespeare), I: 188, 280, 313, 315–316; II: 29, 36, 71, 75, 84; III: 170, 234; V: 328; Supp. IV: 63, 149, 283, 295 Hamlet in Autumn (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 215 “Hamlet, Princess of Denmark” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 55 “Hammer, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 127 Hammerton, Sir John, V: 393, 397 Hammett, Dashiell, Supp. II: 130, 132 Hampden, John, V: 393, 395 “Hampstead: the Horse Chestnut Trees” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 270–271 Hampton, Christopher, Supp. IV: 281 “Hand, The” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 179– 180 “Hand and Soul” (Rossetti), V: 236, 320 Hand in Hand (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 294, 296 Hand of Ethelberta, The: A Comedy in Chapters (Hardy), VI: 4, 6, 20; Retro. Supp. I: 114 “Hand of Solo, A” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267, 274 “Hand that signed the paper, The” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174 “Handful of Air, A” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 111 Handful of Dust, A (Waugh), VII: xx, 294, 295–297 “Handful of People, A” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 “Hands” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 “Hands” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 212

354

Hands Across the Sea (Coward), Supp. II: 153 “Handsome Heart, The” (Hopkins), V: 368–369 Handsworth Songs (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 445 Hanged by the Neck (Koestler), Supp. I: 36 “Hanging, A” (Powell), VII: 276 Hanging Garden, The (Rankin), Supp. X: Hanging Judge, The (Stevenson), V: 396 “Hangover Square” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 177 “Hangzhou Garden, A” (Seth), Supp. X: 281 Hapgood (Stoppard), Retro. Supp. II: 354–355 Happier Life, The (Dunn), Supp. X: 70–71 “Happily Ever After” (Huxley), VII: 199–200 “Happiness” (Owen), VI: 449, 458 “Happinesse to Hospitalitie; or, A Hearty Wish to Good House–keeping” (Herrick), II: 111 Happy Days (Beckett), Supp. I: 46, 52, 54, 56, 57, 60; Retro. Supp. I: 26–27 “Happy Family, A” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 503 Happy Haven, The (Arden), Supp. II: 29 Happy Hypocrite: A Fairy Tale for Tired Men, The (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 45, 46 “Happy Man, The” (Thomson), Supp. III: 417 “Happy New Year, A” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 89 “Happy old man, whose worth all mankind knows” (Flatman), II: 133 Happy Pair, The (Sedley), II: 266, 271 “Happy Prince, The” (Wilde), V: 406, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 365; Retro. Supp. II: 365 Happy Valley (White), Supp. I: 130, 132–133, 136 Haq, Zia ul–, Supp. IV: 444 Hárbarðsljóð, VIII: 230 Hard Life, The (O’Nolan), Supp. II: 336– 337 Hard Times (Dickens), IV: 247; V: viii, xxi, 4, 42, 47, 59, 63–64, 68, 70, 71 Hardie and Baird: The Last Days (Kelman), Supp. V: 256–257 Hardie and Baird and Other Plays (Kelman), Supp. V: 256–257 “Hardness of Light, The” (Davie), Supp. VI: 109 Hardy, Barbara, V: ix, xxviii, 39, 73, 201 Hardy, G. H., VII: 239–240 Hardy, Thomas, II: 69; III: 278; V: xx– xxvi, 144, 279, 429; VI: x, 1–22, 253, 377; VII: xvi; list of short stories, VI: 22; Supp. IV: 94, 116, 146, 471, 493; Retro. Supp. I: 109–122 “Hardy and the Hag” (Fowles), Supp. I: 302, 305 Hardy of Wessex (Weber), VI: 21 Hare, J. C., IV: 54 Hare, David, Supp. IV: 182, 281–300 “Harelaw” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71, 72

HARE−HEAR “Harem Trousers” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 286 Harington, Sir John, I: 131 “Hark, My Soul! It Is the Lord” (Cowper), III: 210 “Hark! the Dog’s Howl” (Tennyson), IV: 332 Harland’s Half Acre (Malouf), Supp. XII: 225–226 Harlequinade (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 315–316 Harlot’s House, The (Wilde), V: 410, 418, 419 Harm Done (Rendell), Supp. IX: 189, 196, 198, 199, 201 “Harmonies” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 “Harmony” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 138 “Harmony, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Harmony of the Spheres, The” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 445 Harness Room, The (Hartley), Supp. VII: 132 Harold (Tennyson), IV: 328, 338 Harold Muggins Is a Martyr (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 31 Harold the Dauntless (Scott), IV: 39 Harold’s Leap (Smith), Supp. II: 462 Haroun and the Sea of Stories (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 433, 438, 450–451 Harriet Hume: A London Fantasy (West), Supp. III: 441–442 Harrington (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 161– 163 Harriet Said? (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 17, 19 Harriot, Thomas, I: 277, 278 Harris, Frank, VI: 102 Harris, John Beynon, see Wyndham, John Harris, Joseph, II: 305 Harris, Wilson, Supp. V: 131–147 “Harris East End” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 182 Harrison, Frederic, V: 428–429 Harrison, Tony, Supp. V: 149–165 Harry Heathcote of Gangoil (Trollope), V: 102 “Harry Ploughman” (Hopkins), V: 376– 377 Harsh Voice, The (West), Supp. III: 442 Hart, Kevin, Supp. XI: 121–133 Hartley, David, IV: 43, 45, 50, 165 Hartley, L. P., Supp. VII: 119–133 Hartmann, Edward von, Supp. II: 108 “Harunobu: ’Catching Fireﬂies’” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25 “Harvest Bow, The” (Heaney), Supp. II: 276–277 Harvest Festival, The (O’Casey), VII: 12 “Harvest Home” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 213 “Harvesting, The” (Hughes), Supp. II: 348 Harvesting the Edge: Some Personal Explorations from a Marginal Garden (Dutton), Supp. XII: 84–85 Harvey, Christopher, II: 138; Retro. Supp. II: 172 Harvey, Gabriel, I: 122–123, 125; II: 25 Harvey, T. W. J., V: 63, 199, 201

Harvey, William, I: 264 “Has Your Soul Slipped” (Owen), VI: 446 Hashemite Kings, The (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 175 “Hassock and the Psalter, The” (Powys), VIII: 255 Hastings, Warren, IV: xv–xvi, 271, 278 Hatfield, C. W., V: 133, 151, 152, 153 Háttatal, VIII: 243 Haunch of Venison, The (Goldsmith), III: 191 Haunted and the Haunters, The (Bulwer– Lytton), III: 340, 345 “Haunted House, The” (Graves), VII: 263 “Haunted House, The” (Hood), IV: 261, 262 Haunted Man and the Ghost’s Bargain, The (Dickens), V: 71 Haunted Storm, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 149 “Haunter, The” (Hardy), VI: 18; Retro. Supp. I: 117 Haunter of the Dark, The . . . (Lovecraft), III: 345 Hávamál, VIII: 230, 232 Have His Carcase (Sayers), Supp. III: 345–346 Having a Wonderful Time (Churchill), Supp. IV: 180, 181 Haw Lantern, The (Heaney), Supp. II: 268, 279–281; Retro. Supp. I: 131– 132 Hawaiian Archipelago, The (Bird), Supp. X: 19, 24–26, 28 Hawes, Stephen, I: 49, 81 “Hawk, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 71 Hawk in the Rain, The (Hughes), Supp. I: 343, 345, 363 “Hawk in the Rain, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 345; Retro. Supp. II: 200, 202– 204 “Hawk Roosting” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 204 Hawkfall (Brown), Supp. VI: 69 Hawkins, Lewis Weldon, VI: 85 Hawkins, Sir John, II: 143 Hawksmoor (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 6–7, 10–11 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, III: 339, 345; VI: 27, 33–34; Supp. IV: 116 Hawthorne (James), VI: 33–34, 67 Haxton, Gerald, VI: 369 “Hay Devil, The” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 24–25 Hay Fever (Coward), Supp. II: 139, 141, 143–145, 148, 156 Haydn and the Valve Trumpet (Raine), Supp. XIII: 175 Haydon, Benjamin, IV: 214, 227, 312 Hayes, Albert McHarg, Retro. Supp. II: 181 “Haymaking” (Thomas), Supp. III: 399, 405 “Haystack in the Floods, The” (Morris), V: 293 Hayter, Alethea, III: 338, 346; IV: xxiv– xxv, 57, 322 Haywood, Eliza, Supp. XII: 133–148

355

Hazard, Paul, III: 72 “Hazards of the House” (Dunn), Supp. X: 68 Hazlitt, William, I: 121, 164; II: 153, 332, 333, 337, 343, 346, 349, 354, 361, 363, 364; III: 68, 70, 76, 78, 165, 276–277; IV: ix, xi, xiv, xvii–xix, 38, 39, 41, 50, 125–140, 217; Retro. Supp. I: 147; Retro. Supp. II: 51, 52 “He” (Lessing), Supp. I: 244 He Came Down from Heaven (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 284 He Knew He Was Right (Trollope), V: 98, 99, 102 “He Revisits His First School” (Hardy), VI: 17 “He saw my heart’s woe” (Brontë), V: 132 “He Says Goodbye in November” (Cornford), VIII: 114 He That Will Not When He May (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220 “He Thinks of His Past Greatness . . . When a Part of the Constellations of Heaven” (Yeats), VI: 211 “He thought he saw a Banker’s Clerk” (Carroll), V: 270 “He Wonders Whether to Praise or to Blame Her” (Brooke), Supp. III: 55 Head to Toe (Orton), Supp. V: 363, 365– 366 “Head Spider, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 283, 284 Heading Home (Hare), Supp. IV: 288, 290–291 Headlong (Frayn), Supp. VII: 64, 65 Headlong Hall (Peacock), IV: xvii, 160– 163, 164, 165, 168, 169 Healers, The (Armah), Supp. X: 1–3, 6–11, 13 Healing Art, The (Wilson), Supp. VI: 299–300, 301, 303, 308 Health and Holiness (Thompson), V: 450, 451 “Healthy Landscape with Dormouse” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Healy, Dermot, Supp. IX: 95–108 Heaney, Seamus, Supp. II: 267–281; Supp. IV: 410, 412, 416, 420–421, 427, 428; Retro. Supp. I: 123–135 Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place (Lowry), Supp. III: 281– 282 Hearing Secret Harmonies (Powell), VII: 352, 353 “Hears not my Phillis, how the Birds” (Sedley), II: 264 Heart and Science (Collins), Supp. VI: 102–103 “Heart, II, The” (Thompson), V: 443 Heart Clock (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 111 “Heart Knoweth Its Own Bitterness, The” (Rossetti), V: 253–254 “Heart of a King, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 Heart of Darkness (Conrad), VI: 135, 136–139, 172; Supp. IV: 189, 250, 403; Retro. Supp. II: 73–75 “Heart of John Middleton, The” (Gaskell), V: 15

HEAR−HERO Heart of Mid–Lothian, The (Scott), IV: xvii, 30, 31, 33–34, 35, 36, 39; V: 5 Heart of the Country, The (Weldon), Supp. IV: 526–528 Heart of the Matter, The (Greene), Supp. I: 2, 8, 11–12, 13; Retro. Supp. II: 157–159 Heart to Heart (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 320 Heartbreak (Maitland), Supp. XI: 163 “Heartbreak Hotel” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 42 Heartbreak House (Shaw), V: 423; VI: viii, xv, 118, 120–121, 127, 129; Retro. Supp. II: 322–323 Heartland (Harris), Supp. V: 135, 136 “Heartland, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 109 Hearts and Lives of Men, The (Weldon), Supp. IV: 536 “Heart’s Chill Between” (Rossetti), V: 249, 252 “Heart’s Desire is Full of Sleep, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 “Heat” (Hart), Supp. XI: 131 Heat and Dust (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 224, 230, 231–232, 238 Heat of the Day, The (Bowen), Supp. II: 77, 78, 79, 93, 95 “Heather Ale” (Stevenson), V: 396 Heather Field, The (Martyn), IV: 87, 95 “Heaven” (Brooke), Supp. III: 56, 60 Heaven and Earth (Byron), IV: 178, 193 Heaven and Its Wonders, and Hell (Swedenborg), Retro. Supp. I: 38 Heaven to Find, A (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 136, 145 Heavenly Foot–man, The (Bunyan), II: 246, 253 Heaven’s Command: An Imperial Progress (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 173, 179–180 Heaven’s Edge (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 85–86, 96–100 “Heber” (Smith), Supp. II: 466 Hebert, Ann Marie, Supp. IV: 523 Hebrew Melodies, Ancient and Modern . . . (Byron), IV: 192 “Hebrides, The” (Longley), VIII: 168– 169 Hecatommitthi (Cinthio), I: 316 Hedda Gabler (Ibsen), Supp. IV: 163, 286 “Hedgehog” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 414 “Hee–Haw” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Heel of Achilles, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 36 “Heepocondry” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 75 “Heera Nund” (Steel), Supp. XII: 268– 269 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, Supp. II: 22 Heiðreks saga, VIII: 231 “Height–ho on a Winter Afternoon” (Davie), Supp. VI: 107–108 “Heil Baldwin” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 38 Heilbrun, Carolyn G., Supp. IV: 336 Heimskringla, VIII: 235, 242

Heine, Heinrich, IV: xviii, 296 Heinemann, William, VII: 91 “Heiress, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 282 “Heirloom” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 80 Heit, S. Mark, Supp. IV: 339 “Hélas” (Wilde), V: 401 Helen (Scott), Supp. III: 151, 165–166 Helena (Waugh), VII: 292, 293–294, 301 Hélène Fourment in a Fur Coat (Rubens), Supp. IV: 89 “Helicon” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63 Hellas (Shelley), IV: xviii, 206, 208; Retro. Supp. I: 255 Hellenics, The (Landor), IV: 96, 100 “Helmet, The” (Longley), VIII: 176 Héloise and Abélard (Moore), VI: xii, 88, 89, 94–95, 99 “Helplessly” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 217 Hemans, Felicia, IV: 311 Hemingway, Ernest, Supp. III: 105; Supp. IV: 163, 209, 500 Hemlock and After (Wilson), Supp. I: 155–156, 157, 158–159, 160, 161, 164 Hello, America (Ballard), Supp. V: 29 “Help, Good Shepherd” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 141 “Hen Under Bay Tree” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 144 “Hen Woman” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 266– 267 Henceforward (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 10, 11, 13 “Hendecasyllabics” (Swinburne), V: 321 “Hendecasyllabics” (Tennyson), IV: 327– 328 Henderson, Hamish, VII: 422, 425–426 Henderson, Hubert, VII: 35 Henderson, Philip, V: xii, xviii, 335 Henderson, T. F., IV: 290n Hengist, King of Kent; or, The Mayor of Quinborough (Middleton), II: 3, 21 Henley, William Ernest, V: 386, 389, 391–392; VI: 159; Retro. Supp. I: 260, 264 Henn, T. R., VI: 220 “Henrietta Marr” (Moore), VI: 87 Henrietta Temple (Disraeli), IV: xix, 293, 298–299, 307, 308 “Henrik Ibsen” (James), VI: 49 Henry Esmond (Thackeray), see History of Henry Esmond, Esq. . . ., The Henry for Hugh (Ford), VI: 331 “Henry James” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 Henry James (ed. Tanner), VI: 68 Henry James (West), Supp. III: 437 “Henry James: The Religious Aspect” (Greene), Supp. I: 8 “Henry Petroski, The Pencil. A History. Faber and Faber, £14.95” (Dunn), Supp. X: 79 “Henry Purcell” (Hopkins), V: 370–371; Retro. Supp. II: 196 Henry Reed: Collected Poems (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292 Henry II (Bancroft), II: 305 Henry IV (Shakespeare), I: 308–309, 320 Henry V (Shakespeare), I: 309; V: 383; Supp. IV: 258

356

Henry VI trilogy (Shakespeare), I: 286, 299–300, 309 Henry VI’s Triumphal Entry into London (Lydgate), I: 58 Henry VIII (Shakespeare), I: 324; II: 43, 66, 87; V: 328 “Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn” (Landor), IV: 92 Henry Vaughan: Experience and the Tradition (Garner), II: 186n Henry’s Past (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 Henryson, Robert, Supp. VII: 135–149 Henslowe, Philip, I: 228, 235, 284; II: 3 25, 68 Henty, G. A., Supp. IV: 201 “Her Day” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 260 “Her Second Husband Hears Her Story” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 Her Triumph (Johnson), I: 347 Her Vertical Smile (Kinsella), Supp. V: 270–271 Her Victory (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411, 415, 422, 425 Herakles (Euripides), IV: 358 Herbert, Edward, pseud. of John Hamilton Reynolds Herbert, Edward, see Herbert of Cherbury, Lord Herbert, George, II: 113, 117–130, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140–142, 184, 187, 216, 221; Retro. Supp. II: 169–184 Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, II: 117–118, 222, 237, 238 Herbert’s Remains (Oley), Retro. Supp. II: 170–171 Hercule Poirot’s Last Case (Christie), Supp. II: 125 “Hercules” (Armitage), VIII: 12 “Hercules and Antaeus” (Heaney), Supp. II: 274–275 Hercules Oetaeus (Seneca), I: 248 “Here” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 26 “Here” (Larkin), Supp. I: 279, 285 “Here and There” (Dunn), Supp. X: 77–78 “Here Be Dragons&rquo; (Dunn), Supp. X: 72 Here Comes Everybody: An Introduction to James Joyce for the Ordinary Reader (Burgess), Supp. I: 194, 196– 197 Here Lies: An Autobiography (Ambler), Supp. IV: 1, 2, 3, 4 “Heredity” (Harrison), Supp. V: 152 Heretics (Chesterton), VI: 204, 336–337 Hering, Carl Ewald, Supp. II: 107–108 Heritage and Its History, A (Compton– Burnett), VII: 60, 61, 65 Hermaphrodite Album, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 230 “Hermaphroditus” (Swinburne), V: 320 Hermetical Physick . . . Englished (tr. Vaughan), II: 185, 201 Hermit of Marlow, The, pseud. of Percy Bysshe Shelley “Hero” (Rossetti), V: 260 “Hero and Leander” (Hood), IV: 255– 256, 267 Hero and Leander (Marlowe), I: 234, 237–240, 276, 278, 280, 288, 290–

HERO−HIST 291, 292; Retro. Supp. I: 211 Hero and Leander, in Burlesque (Wycherley), II: 321 “Hero as King, The” (Carlyle), IV: 245, 246 Hero Rises Up, The (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 31 “Heroine, The” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 Herodotus, Supp. IV: 110 Heroes and Hero–Worship (Carlyle), IV: xx, 240, 244–246, 249, 250, 341 Heroes and Villains (Carter), Supp. III: 81, 84 Heroic Idylls, with Additional Poems (Landor), IV: 100 “Heroic Stanzas” (Dryden), II: 292 Heroine, The; or, The Adventures of Cherubina (Barrett), III: 335 “Heron, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 Heron Caught in Weeds, A (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 273–275 Herrick, Robert, II: 102–116, 121 Herself Surprised (Cary), VII: 186, 188, 191–192 “Hertha” (Swinburne), V: 325 Hervarar saga, See Heiðreks saga “Hervé Riel” (Browning), IV: 367 Herzog, Werner, IV: 180 “Hesperia” (Swinburne), V: 320, 321 Hesperides, The (Herrick), II: 102, 103, 104, 106, 110, 112, 115, 116 Hester (Oliphant), Supp. X: 217–218 “Hester Dominy” (Powys), VIII: 250 Hexameron; or, Meditations on the Six Days of Creation, and Meditations and Devotions on the Life of Christ (Traherne), Supp. XI: 264, 265, 273– 274 Heyday of Sir Walter Scott, The (Davie), Supp. VI: 114–115 Heylyn, Peter, I: 169 Heywood, Jasper, I: 215 Heywood, Thomas, II: 19, 47, 48, 68, 83 “Hexagon” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Hibberd, Dominic, VI: xvi, xxxiii Hide, The (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 354, 356 “Hide and Seek” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 272 Hide and Seek (Collins), Supp. VI: 92, 95 Hide and Seek (Rankin), Supp. X: 244, 246, 248–250 Hide and Seek (Swinburne), V: 334 “Hidden History, A” (Okri), Supp. V: 352 Hidden Ireland, The (Corkery), Supp. V: 41 “Hidden Law” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 186 Higden, Ranulf, I: 22 Higgins, F. R., Supp. IV: 411, 413 “Higgler, The” (Coppard), VIII: 85, 90, 95 Higgler and Other Tales, The (Coppard), VIII: 90 “High Flats at Craigston, The” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 91 High Island: New and Selected Poems (Murphy), Supp. V: 313, 315, 316, 324–325 “High Land” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 107

“High Life in Verdopolis” (Brontë), V: 135 High Tide in the Garden (Adcock), Supp. XII: 5 “High wavering heather . . . ” (Brontë), V: 113 High Windows (Larkin), Supp. I: 277, 280, 281–284, 285, 286 Higher Ground (Phillips), Supp. V: 380, 386–388 Higher Schools and Universities in Germany (Arnold), V: 216 “Higher Standards” (Wilson), Supp. I: 155 Highet, Gilbert, II: 199 Highland Fling (Mitford), Supp. X: 152– 154 “Highland Funeral” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 193 Highland Widow, The (Scott), IV: 39 Highlander, The (Macpherson), VIII: 181–182, 190 Highly Dangerous (Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 High–Rise (Ballard), Supp. V: 27 High Summer (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 315 Highsmith, Patricia, Supp. IV: 285; Supp. V: 167–182 “Highwayman and the Saint, The” (Friel), Supp. V: 118 Hilaire Belloc (Wilson), Supp. VI: 301– 302 Hilda Lessways (Bennett), VI: 258; Supp. IV: 238 Hill, G. B., III: 233, 234n Hill, Geoffrey, Supp. V: 183–203 “Hill, The” (Brooke), Supp. III: 51 Hill of Devi, The (Forster), VI: 397, 408, 411 “Hill of Venus, The” (Morris), V: 298 Hill, Reginald, Supp. IX: 109–126 Hilton, Walter, Supp. I: 74 Hind, The, and the Panther (Dryden), II: 291, 292, 299–300, 304 Hinge of Faith, The (Churchill), VI: 361 Hinman, Charlton, I: 326–327 Hinterland, The (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 219–220, 223 “Hinterland, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224, 227 Hinton, William, Supp. IV: 284 “Hints” (Reading), VIII: 265–266 Hints Towards the Formation of a More Comprehensive Theory of Life (Coleridge), IV: 56 Hippolytus (Euripides), V: 322, 324 Hips and Haws (Coppard), VIII: 89, 98 Hireling, The (Hartley), Supp. VII: 129– 131 “His Age, Dedicated to his Peculiar Friend, M. John Wickes” (Herrick), II: 112 His Arraignment (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 158 “His Chosen Calling” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 385 “His Country” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120–121 His Dark Materials (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 149, 150, 151, 153–160 His Darling Sin (Braddon), VIII: 49

357

“His Fare–well to Sack” (Herrick), II: 111 “His Father’s Hands” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 268 “His Last Bow” (Doyle), Supp. II: 175 “His Letanie, to the Holy Spirit” (Herrick), II: 114 His Majesties Declaration Defended (Dryden), II: 305 His Majesty Preserved . . . Dictated to Samuel Pepys by the King . . . (ed. Rees–Mogg), II: 288 His Noble Numbers (Herrick), II: 102, 103, 112, 114, 115, 116 “His Returne to London” (Herrick), II: 103 His Second War (Waugh), Supp. VI: 274 Historia naturalis et experimentalis (Bacon), I: 259, 273 Historia regis Henrici Septimi (André), I: 270 Historiae adversum paganos (Orosius), Retro. Supp. II: 296 “Historian, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 74 “Historian of Silence, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 130 Historical Account of the Theatre in Europe, An (Riccoboni), II: 348 Historical Register, The (Fielding), III: 97, 98, 105; Retro. Supp. I: 82 Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon, An (Knox), III: 7 “Historical Sketches of the Reign of George Second” (Oliphant), Supp. X: 222 “Historical Society” (Murphy), Supp. V: 322 “History” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 26 “History” (Macaulay), IV: 284 History: The Home Movie (Raine), Supp. XIII: 171–173 History and Adventures of an Atom, The (Smollett), III: 149–150, 158 History and Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams (Fielding), Retro. Supp. I: 80, 83–86 History and Management of the East India Company (Macpherson), VIII: 193 History and Remarkable Life of . . . Col. Jack (Defoe), see Colonel Jack History Maker, A (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 80, 87–88 History of a Good Warm Watch–Coat, The (Sterne), see Political Romance, A “History of a Piece of Paper” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 244 History of a Six Weeks’ Tour Through a Part of France . . . (Shelley and Shelley), IV: 208; Supp. III: 355 “History of Angria” (Brontë), V: 110– 111, 118 History of Antonio and Mellida, The (Marston), see Antonio and Mellida History of Brazil (Southey), IV: 68, 71 History of Britain . . . , The (Milton), II: 176

HIST−HOMA History of British India, The, (Mill), V: 288 History of Dorastus and Fawni, The (Greene). See Pandosto: or, The Triumph of Time History of England (Hume), II: 148; IV: 273; Supp. III: 229, 238–239 History of England, An (Goldsmith), III: 180, 181, 189, 191 History of England, The (Trevelyan), VI: xv, 390–391, 393 History of England from the Accession of James II, The (Macaulay), II: 255; IV: xx, 272, 273, 280, 282, 283–290, 291 History of England in the Eighteenth Century (Lecky), Supp. V: 41 History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (Stephen), V: 280, 288, 289 History of Frederick the Great, The (Carlyle), IV: xxi, 240, 246, 249, 250 History of Friar Francis, The, I: 218 History of Great Britain from the Restoration to the Accession of the House of Hanover (Macpherson), VIII: 192, 193 History of Henry Esmond, Esq. . . , The (Thackeray), V: xxi, 20, 31–33, 38 History of Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 144 History of King Richard III, The (More), Supp. VII: 234, 237–238, 246 History of Leonora Meadowson, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 144 History of Madan, The (Beaumont), II: 67 History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135, 136, 144–146 History of Mr. Polly, The (Wells), VI: xii, 225, 238–239 History of My Own Times (Burnet), III: 39 History of Orlando Furioso, The (Greene), VIII: 140 History of Pendennis, The (Thackeray), V: xxi, 28–31, 33, 35, 38; VI: 354 History of Rasselas Prince of Abyssina, The (Johnson), III: 112–113, 121; IV: 47; Retro. Supp. I: 139–140, 148 History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond, The (Thackeray), see Great Hoggarty Diamond, The History of Shikasta (Lessing), Supp. I: 251 History of Sir Charles Grandison, The (Richardson), see Sir Charles Grandison History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews . . . , The (Fielding), see Joseph Andrews “History of the Boswell Papers” (Pottle), III: 240n History of the Church of Scotland (Spottiswoode), II: 142 History of the Earth, and Animated Nature, An (Goldsmith), III: 180, 181, 189–190, 191 History of the English–Speaking Peoples, A (Churchill), VI: 356

History of the Four Last Years of Queen Anne, The (Swift), III: 27, 36 “History of the Hardcomes, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 History of the Italian Renaissance (Symonds), V: 83 History of the Kentish Petition, The (Defoe), III: 12 History of the League, The (tr. Dryden), II: 305 “History of the Next French Revolution, The” (Thackeray), V: 38 History of the Nun, The; or, The Fair Vow–Breaker (Behn), Supp. III: 32 History of the Peninsular War (Southey), IV: 58, 63, 71; V: 109 History of the Plague Year, A (Defoe), Retro. Supp. I: 68 History of the Pyrates, The (Defoe), III: 13 History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh, The (Bacon), I: 259, 269, 270, 272 History of the Royal Society of London (Sprat), II: 196; III: 29 “History of the Scuphams” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 227 History of the Union of Great Britain, The (Defoe), III: 4, 13; Retro. Supp. I: 65 “History of the Voice” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 44–45 History of the Wars of . . . Charles XII . . ., The (Defoe), III: 13 “History of the Winds” (Bacon), I: 263 History of the World in 10 Chapters, A (Barnes), Supp. IV: 65, 67, 71–72, 73 History of the World, The (Ralegh), I: 145, 146, 149, 153–157 History of Titus Andronicus, The, I: 305 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, The (Fielding), see Tom Jones History of Van’s House, The, II: 335 History Plays, The (Hare), Supp. IV: 283 Histriomastix (Prynne), II: 339; Supp. III: 23 Histriomastix; or, The Player Whipt (Marston), II: 27, 28, 40 Hitchcock, Alfred, III: 342–343; Supp. III: 147, 148, 149 “Hitcher” (Armitage), VIII: 8 “Hitchhiker, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 201 Hitherto unpublished Poems and Stories . . . (Browning), IV: 321 Hjálmarr’s Death–Song, VIII: 232 Hlöðskviða, VIII: 231 H’m (Thomas), Supp. XII: 286 “H’m” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288 H.M.S. Surprise (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 255, 256 Hoare, D.M., V: 299, 306 Hobbes, John Oliver, pseud. of Mrs. Craigie Hobbes, Thomas, II: 190, 196, 256, 294; III: 22; IV: 121, 138 Hobbit, The (Tolkien), Supp. II: 520, 521, 525, 527–528, 529, 530, 531–532 Hobsbaum, Philip, Retro. Supp. I: 126; Retro. Supp. II: 200 Hoccleve, Thomas, I: 49

358

“Hock–Cart; or, Harvest Home, The” (Herrick), II: 110–111 Hockney’s Alphabet (McEwan), Supp. IV: 389 Hodder, E., IV: 62n Hodgkins, Howard, Supp. IV: 170 Hodgson, W. N., VI: 422, 423 Hoff, Benjamin, Supp. V: 311 Hoffman, Calvin, I: 277 Hoffman, Heinrich, I: 25; Supp. III: 296 Hoffmann, E. T. A., III: 333, 334, 345 “Hoffmeier’s Antelope” (Swift), Supp. V: 432 Hofmeyr (Paton; U.S. title, South African Tragedy: The Life and Times of Jan Hofmeyr), Supp. II: 356–357, 358 Hogarth Press, VII: xv, 17, 34 Hogg, James, IV: xvii, 73; Supp. X: 103– 118 Hogg, Thomas Jefferson, IV: 196, 198, 209 Hoggart, Richard, VII: xx, xxxviii; Supp. IV: 473 Hold Your Hour and Have Another (Behan), Supp. II: 65–66, 70 Holiday, The (Smith), Supp. II: 462, 474, 476–478 Holiday Romance (Dickens), V: 72 Holiday Round, The (Milne), Supp. V: 298 “Holidays” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 220 Hollinghurst, Alan, Supp. X: 119–135 Hollington, Michael, Supp. IV: 357 Hollis, Maurice Christopher, VI: xxxiii Hollis, Richard, Supp. IV: 88 “Hollow Men, The” (Eliot), VII: 150– 151, 158; Retro. Supp. II: 129–130 Hollow’s Mill (Brontë), see Shirley Holloway, John, VII: 82 Holroyd, Michael, Supp. IV: 231 “Holy Baptisme I” (Herbert), II: 128 Holy City, The; or, The New Jerusalem (Bunyan), II: 253 “Holy Fair, The” (Burns), III: 311, 315, 317 Holy Grail, The, and Other Poems (Tennyson), IV: 338 “Holy Experiment, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 203 Holy Life, The Beauty of Christianity, A (Bunyan), II: 253 “Holy Mountain, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 215 “Holy Scriptures” (Vaughan), II: 187 “Holy Scriptures II, The” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 174 Holy Sinner, The (Mann), II: 97n Holy Sonnets (Donne), I: 362, 366, 367; Retro. Supp. II: 96 Holy War, The: Made by Shaddai . . . (Bunyan), II: 246, 250, 251–252, 253 “Holy Willie’s Prayer” (Burns), III: 311, 313, 319 “Holy–Cross Day” (Browning), IV: 367 “Holyhead, September 25, 1717” (Swift), III: 32 “Homage to a Government” (Larkin), Supp. I: 284 Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), VII: 275, 280–281

HOMA−HOUN Homage to Clio (Auden), VII: 392 “Homage to Burns” (Brown), Supp. VI: 72 “Homage to George Orwell” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 215 “Homage to the British Museum” (Empson), Supp. II: 182 “Homage to William Cowper” (Davie), Supp. VI: 106 “Homages” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 Homans, Margaret, Retro. Supp. I: 189 “Home” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 14–15 “Home” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 66 “Home” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 37 “Home” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 106 Home (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 413, 417 Home and Beauty (Maugham), VI: 368– 369 Home and Dry (Fuller), Supp. VII: 70, 81 “Home at Grasmere” (Wordsworth), IV: 3, 23–24 Home Chat (Coward), Supp. II: 146 “Home Conveyancing Kit, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 320 “Home for a couple of days” (Kelman), Supp. V: 250 “Home for the Highland Cattle, A” (Lessing), Supp. I: 241–242 Home Front (Bishton and Reardon), Supp. IV: 445 Home Letters (Disraeli) IV: 296, 308 Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and His Brothers, The (Lawrence), Supp. II: 286 “Home Thoughts from Abroad” (Browning), IV: 356 “Home Thoughts Abroad” (Newman), Supp. VII: 293 Home Truths (Maitland), Supp. XI: 163, 170–172, 175 “Home [2]” (Thomas), Supp. III: 405 “Home [3]” (Thomas), Supp. III: 404 Home University Library, VI: 337, 391 Homebush Boy (Keneally), Supp. IV: 344, 347 Homecoming, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 375, 380, 381; Retro. Supp. I: 225–226 Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture, and Politics (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 214, 224 Homecomings (Snow), VII: xxi, 324, 329, 335 “Homemade” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 389, 391, 395 “Homemaking” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 229 Homer, I: 236; II: 304, 347; III: 217, 220; IV: 204, 215 Homeric Hymns (tr. Chapman), I: 236 “Homesick in Old Age” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 “Homeward Prospect, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 129 Homeward: Songs by the Way (Russell), VIII: 280, 282 Homiletic Fragment I, Retro. Supp. II: 301–302 “Homogenic Attachment, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 43

“Homogenic Love: And Its Place in a Free Society” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41, 42–43 Hone, Joseph, VI: 88 Hone, William, IV: 255 Honest Man’s Fortune, The (Field, Fletcher, Massinger), II: 66 Honest Whore, The (Dekker and Middleton), II: 3, 21, 89 Honey for the Bears (Burgess), Supp. I: 191 Honeybuzzard (Carter), see Shadow Dance Honeycomb (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 182, 183, 189 Honeymoon Voyage, The (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490 Hong Kong House, A: Poems 1951–1961 (Blunden), Supp. XI: 34, 38 “Hong Kong Story” (Nye), Supp. X: 201–202 Honorary Consul, The (Greene), Supp. I: 7, 10, 13, 16; Retro. Supp. II: 164– 165 Honour of the Garter, The (Peele), I: 205 Honour Triumphant; or, The Peeres Challenge (Ford), II: 88, 100 “Honourable Estate, An” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 86 Honourable Estate: A Novel of Transition (Brittain), Supp. X: 41–43, 46–47 “Honourable Laura, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 Honourable Schoolboy, The (le Carré), Supp. II: 301, 313–314, 315 Hood, Thomas, IV: xvi, xx, 251–267, 311 Hood’s (periodical), IV: 252, 261, 263, 264 “Hood’s Literary Reminiscences” (Blunden), IV: 267 Hood’s Own (Hood), IV: 251–252, 253, 254, 266 Hook, Theodore, IV: 254 Hooker, Richard, I: 176–190, 362; II: 133, 137, 140–142, 147 Hoop, The (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 13, 14 “Hope” (Cornford), VIII: 105, 112 “Hope” (Cowper), III: 212 Hope, A. D., Supp. VII: 151–166 “Hope Abandoned” (Davies), Supp. XI: 97 Hope for Poetry, A (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 117, 119 Hopes and Fears for Art (Morris), V: 301, 306 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, II: 123, 181; IV: xx; V: ix, xi, xxv, 53, 205, 210, 261, 309–310, 338, 361–382; VI: 75, 83; Supp. II: 269; Supp. IV: 344, 345; Retro. Supp. II: 173, 185–198 Hopkins (MacKenzie), V: 375n 382 Hopkinson, Sir Tom, V: xx, xxxviii Horace, II: 108, 112, 199, 200, 265, 292, 300, 309, 347; IV: 327 “Horae Canonicae” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 12–13 Horae Solitariae (Thomas), Supp. III: 394

359

“Horatian Ode . . . , An” (Marvell), II: 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 216–217; Retro. Supp. II: 263–264 “Horatius” (Macaulay), IV: 282 Horestes (Pickering), I: 213, 216–218 Horizon (periodical), Supp. II: 489; Supp. III: 102–103, 105, 106–107, 108–109 Horne, Richard Hengist, IV: 312, 321, 322 Hornet (periodical), VI: 102 Horniman, Annie, VI: 309; VII: 1 “Horns Away” (Lydgate), I: 64 Horse and His Boy, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 260 “Horse at Balaklava, 1854” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 66 “Horse Dealer ’s Daughter, The” (Lawrence), VII: 114 “Horse–Drawn Caravan” (Murphy), Supp. V: 329 “Horse, Goose and Sheep, The” (Lydgate), I: 57 Horseman’s Word, The (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 166 “Horses” (Muir), Supp. VI: 204–205 Horse’s Mouth, The (Cary), VII: 186, 188, 191, 192, 193–194 Hoskins, John, I: 165–166, 167 “Hospital Barge” (Owen), VI: 454 Hostage, The (Behan), Supp. II: 70, 72– 73, 74 Hostages to Fortune (Braddon), VIII: 49 Hosts of the Lord, The (Steel), Supp. XII: 274 Hot Anger Soon Cold (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 157 Hot Countries, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 272, 274 Hot Gates, The (Golding), Supp. I: 81; Retro. Supp. I: 93 Hotel, The (Bowen), Supp. II: 82–83 Hotel de Dream (Tennant), Supp. IX: 230 Hotel du Lac (Brookner), Supp. IV: 120, 121, 126–127, 136 Hotel in Amsterdam, The (Osborne), Supp. I: 338–339 “Hotel of the Idle Moon, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501 “Hotel Room in Chartres” (Lowry), Supp. III: 272 Hothouse, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 377– 378 Hothouse by the East River, The (Spark), Supp. I: 210 Hotson, Leslie, I: 275, 276 Hotspur: A Ballad for Music (Adcock and Whitehead), Supp. XII: 9 “Hottentot Venus” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 101 Houd–den–bek (Brink), Supp. VI: 51 Hough, Graham, IV: 323n, 339; V: 355, 359 Houghton, Lord, see Monckton Milnes, Richard Hound of Death, The (Christie), III: 341

HOUN−HUGO “Hound of Heaven, The” (Thompson), V: 445–447, 449, 450 Hound of the Baskervilles, The (Doyle), III: 341, 342, 345; Supp. II: 161, 163, 164, 170, 171, 172 “Hour and the Ghost, The” (Rossetti), V: 256 Hour of Magic and Other Poems, The (Davies), Supp. XI: 99 Hours in a Library (Stephen), V: 279, 285, 286, 287, 289 Hours of Idleness (Byron), IV: xvi 192 House, Humphry, IV: 167 “House” (Browning), IV: 359; Retro. Supp. II: 29 House and Its Head, A (Compton– Burnett), VII: 61 “House and Man” (Thomas), Supp. III: 403, 404 House at Pooh Corner, The (Milne), Supp. V: 295, 305, 306, 307, 308–309 “House Building” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 86 House by the Churchyard, The (Le Fanu), III: 340, 345 House for Mr Biswas, A (Naipaul), Supp. I: 383, 386, 387–389 “House Grown Silent, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 “House Guest” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 79 House in Corfu: A Family’s Sojourn in Greece, A (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 House in Paris, The (Bowen), Supp. II: 77, 82, 84, 89–90 “House in the Acorn, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 House of All Nations (Stead), Supp. IV: 464–467 “House of Aries, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 346 “House of Beauty, The” (Christie), Supp. II: 124 House of Children, A (Cary), VII: 186, 187, 189 “House of Christmas, The” (Chesterton), VI: 344 House of Cobwebs, The (Gissing), V: 437 House of Doctor Dee (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 4, 10 House of Dolls, The (Comyns), VIII: 53, 65 “House of Dreams, The” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 493 House of Fame, The (Chaucer), I: 23, 30; Retro. Supp. II: 38–39 “House of Geraniums, A” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224 House of Hospitalities, The (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 House of Life, The (Rossetti), V: 237, 238, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245 House of Pomegranates, A (Wilde), V: 419; Retro. Supp. II: 365 House of Seven Gables, The (Hawthorne), III: 339, 345 House of Sleep, The (Kavan), Supp. VII: 212–213 House of Splendid Isolation (O’Brien), Supp. V: 341–344

House on the Beach, The (Meredith), V: 230–231, 234 House on the Strand, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 138, 139, 140, 141, 147 House of Titans and Other Poems, The (Russell), VIII: 277, 290, 292 “House of Titans, The” (Russell), VIII: 290 “House We Lived In, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 214 House with the Echo, The (Powys), VIII: 248, 249, 254 “Household Spirits” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272 Household Words (periodical), V: xxi, 3, 42 Householder, The (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 227–228, 237 Housman, A. E., III: 68, 70; V: xxii, xxvi, 311; VI: ix, xv–xvi, 151–164, 415 Housman, Laurence, V: 402, 420 Housman: 1897–1936 (Richards), VI: 164 “House–martins” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 12 How About Europe? (Douglas), VI: 295, 305 “How Are the Children Robin” (Graham), Supp. VII: 115 How Brophy Made Good (Hare), Supp. IV: 281 How Can We Know? (Wilson), Supp. VI: 305 “How Distant” (Larkin), Supp. I: 284 “How Do You See“(Smith), Supp. II: 467 How Far Can You Go? (Lodge; U.S. title, Souls and Bodies), Supp. IV: 366, 368, 371, 372, 375–376, 381, 408 How He Lied to Her Husband (Shaw), VI: 129 How I Became a Holy Mother and Other Stories (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 235 “How I Became a Socialist” (Orwell), VII: 276–277 How It Is (Beckett), Supp. I: 43, 50, 52, 54–55, 58 “How It Strikes a Contemporary” (Browning), IV: 354, 367, 373 How Late It Was, How Late (Kelman), Supp. V: 243, 252–254 How Lisa Loved the King (Eliot), V: 200 “How Many Bards” (Keats), IV: 215 “How Pillingshot Scored” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 449–450 How Right You Are, Jeeves (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 460, 461, 462 “How Sleep the Brave” (Collins), III: 166 “How soon the servant sun” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174 “How Sweet the Name of Jesus Sounds” (Newton), III: 210 How the “Mastiffs”Went to Iceland (Trollope), V: 102 How the Other Half Lives (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 4, 9, 11, 12 How the Whale Became (Hughes), Supp. I: 346

360

“How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix (16—)” (Browning), IV: 356, 361 How this foirsaid Tod maid his Confession to Freir Wolf Waitskaith (Henryson), see Fox and the Wolf, The “How to Accomplish It” (Newman), Supp. VII: 293 How to Become an Author (Bennett), VI: 264 “How to get away with Suicide” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 107 “How to Kill” (Douglas), VII: 443 How to Live on 24 Hours a Day (Bennett), VI: 264 How to Read (Pound), VII: 235 How to Read a Page (Richards), Supp. II: 426 How to Settle the Irish Question (Shaw), VI: 119, 129 “How to Teach Reading” (Leavis), VII: 235, 248 “How would the ogling sparks despise” (Etherege), II: 268 “How You Love Our Lady” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 9 Howard, Elizabeth Jane, Supp. XI: 135– 149 Howard, Henry, earl of Surrey, see Surrey, Henry Howard, earl of Howard, R., V: 418 Howard, Sir Robert, II: 100 Howards End (Forster), VI: viii, xii, 397, 398, 401, 404–406, 407; Supp. I: 161; Retro. Supp. II: 143–145 Howarth, R. G., II: 69 Howe, Irving, VI: 41 Howells, William Dean, VI: 23, 29, 33 Howitt, William, IV: 212 Hrafnkels saga, VIII: 242 Hubert de Sevrac: A Romance of the Eighteenth Century (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 209 Hubert De Vere (Burney), Supp. III: 71 Huchon, René, III: 273n Hudibras (Butler), II: 145 Hudson, Derek, V: xi, xxviii, 263, 274 Hudson, W. H., V: 429 Hudson Letter, The (Mahon), Supp. VI: 175–176 Hueffer, Ford Madox, see Ford, Ford Madox “Hug, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 274–275, 276, 277 Huggan, Graham, Supp. IV: 170 Hugh Primas and the Archpoet (tr. Adcock), Supp. XII: 10 Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (Pound), VI: 417; VII: xvi Hughes, Arthur, V: 294 Hughes, John, I: 121, 122; III: 40 Hughes, Ted, Supp. I: 341–366; Supp. IV: 257; Supp. V: xxx; Retro. Supp. I: 126; Retro. Supp. II: 199–219 Hughes, Thomas, I: 218; V: xxii, 170; Supp. IV: 506 Hughes, Willie, V: 405 Hugo, Victor, III: 334; V: xxii, xxv, 22, 320; Supp. IV: 86 Hugo (Bennett), VI: 249

HUIS−I HAV Huis clos (Sartre), Supp. IV: 39 Hulme, T. E., VI: 416; Supp. VI: 133– 147 Hulse, Michael, Supp. IV: 354 “Human Abstract, The” (Blake), III: 296 Human Age, The (Lewis), VII: 80 Human Face, The (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 221–223 Human Factor, The (Greene), Supp. I: 2, 11, 16–17; Retro. Supp. II: 165–166 “Human Harvest, A” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 112–113 “Human Life, on the Denial of Immortality” (Coleridge), Retro. Supp. II: 65 Human Machine, The (Bennett), VI: 250 Human Odds and Ends (Gissing), V: 437 “Human Seasons, The” (Keats), IV: 232 Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Triﬂes (Hardy), VI: 20 Human Voices (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 95, 100, 103 “Humanism and the Religious Attitude” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 135, 140 “Humanitad” (Wilde), V: 401–402 Humble Administrator’s Garden, The (Seth), Supp. X: 281 “Humble Petition of Frances Harris” (Swift), III: 30–31 Humboldt’s Gift (Bellow), Supp. IV: 27, 33, 42 Hume, David, III: 148; IV: xiv, 138, 145, 273, 288; V: 288, 343; Supp. III: 220–245 Humiliation with Honour (Brittain), Supp. X: 45 “Humility” (Brome), Supp. X: 55 Humorous Day’s Mirth, A (Chapman), I: 243, 244 Humorous Lieutenant, The (Fletcher), II: 45, 60–61, 65, 359 Humours of the Court (Bridges), VI: 83 Humphrey Clinker (Smollett), III: 147, 150, 155–157, 158 “Hunchback in the Park, The” (Thomas), Supp. I: 177, 178 Hundred Days, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 259 “Hundred Years, A” (Motion), Supp. VII: 266 Hundredth Story, The (Coppard), VIII: 89 Hungarian Lift–Jet, The (Banks), Supp. XI: 1 “Hunger” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240 “Hungry” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218 “Hungry Eye, A” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 103 Hungry Hill (du Maurier), Supp. III: 144 Hunt, John, IV: 129, 132 Hunt, Leigh, II: 332, 355, 357, 359, 363; IV: ix, 80, 104, 129, 132, 163, 172, 198, 202, 205–206, 209, 212–217, 230, 306; Retro. Supp. I: 183, 248 Hunt, Violet, VI: 324 Hunt, William Holman, V: 45, 77–78, 235, 236, 240 Hunt by Night, The (Mahon), Supp. VI: 173–174, 177 “Hunt by Night, The” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 174

“Hunt of Eildon, The” (Hogg), Supp. X: 111 “Hunted Beast, The” (Powys), VIII: 247– 248 Hunted Down (Dickens), VI: 66, 72 “Hunter, The” (Macpherson), VIII: 181 Hunter, G. K., I: 165; II: 29, 41 Hunting of Cupid, The (Peele), I: 205 Hunting of the Snark, The (Carroll), V: 270, 272, 273 Hunting Sketches (Trollope), V: 101 Huntley, F. L, II: 152, 157 “Huntsman, The” (Lowbury), VII: 431– 432 “Huntsmen” (Nye), Supp. X: 198 Hurd, Michael, VI: 427 Hurd, Richard, I: 122 “Hurly Burly” (Coppard), VIII: 93–94 “Hurrahing in Harvest” (Hopkins), V: 366, 367, 368 “Husband and Wife” (Rossetti), V: 259 Husband His Own Cuckold, The (Dryden the younger), II: 305 Husband’s Message, The, Retro. Supp. II: 305 Hussein: An Entertainment (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 249 Hussey, Maurice, II: 250, 254 “Hut, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 142 Hutcheon, Linda, Supp. IV: 162 Hutchinson, F. E., II: 121, 123, 126, 129 Hutchinson, Sara, IV: 15, 49, 50, 54 Hutton, James, IV: 200 Hutton, R. H., V: 157–158, 168, 170 Huxley, Aldous, II: 105, 173; III: 341; IV: 303; V: xxii, 53; VII: xii, xvii– xviii, 79, 197–208; Retro. Supp. II: 182 Huxley, Thomas, V: xxii, 182, 284 Hyacinth Halvey (Gregory), VI: 315, 316 Hyde, Douglas, VI: 307; VII: 1 Hyde–Lees, George, VI: 213 Hydriotaphia (Browne), II: 150–153, 154, 155, 156 Hygiasticon (Lessius), II: 181n Hymenaei (Jonson), I: 239 Hymiskviða, VIII: 230 “Hymn before Sun–rise, in the Vale of Chamouni” (Coleridge), Retro. Supp. II: 59–60 “Hymn of Apollo” (Shelley), II: 200; IV: 203 Hymn of Nature, A (Bridges), VI: 81 “Hymn to Adversity” (Gray), III: 137 Hymn to Christ on the Cross (Chapman), I: 241–242 “Hymn to Colour” (Meredith), V: 222 Hymn to Diana (Jonson), I: 346; Retro. Supp. I: 162 “Hymn to God, my God, in my sickness” (Donne), I: 368; II: 114 Hymn to Harmony, A (Congreve), II: 350 “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty” (Shelley), IV: 198 “Hymn. To Light” (Cowley), II: 198, 200, 259 “Hymn to Mercury” (Shelley), IV: 196, 204 “Hymn to Pan” (Keats), IV: 216, 217, 222

361

“Hymn to Proust” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 38 “Hymn to the Name and Honor of the Admirable Sainte Teresa, A” (Crashaw), II: 179, 182 Hymn to the Pillory, A (Defoe), III: 13; Retro. Supp. I: 65, 67–68 “Hymn to the Sun” (Hood), IV: 255 “Hymn to the Virgin” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 21 “Hymn to the Winds” (du Bellay), V: 345 “Hymn to Venus” (Shelley), IV: 209 “Hymne of the Nativity, A” (Crashaw), II: 180, 183 “Hymne to God the Father, A” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 98 Hymns (Spenser), I: 131 Hymns Ancient and Modern (Betjeman), VII: 363–364 “Hymns to Lenin” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 211 Hymnus in Cynthiam (Chapman), I: 240 Hyperion (Keats), IV: 95, 204, 211, 212, 213, 227–231, 235; VI: 455; Retro. Supp. I: 194 Hypnerstomachia (Colonna), I: 134 Hypochondriack, The (Boswell), III: 237, 240, 243, 248 “Hypogram and Inscription” (de Man), Supp. IV: 115 Hysterical Disorders of Warfare (Yealland), Supp. IV: 58

“I”

(Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 I abide and abide and better abide” (Wyatt), I: 108, 109 “I Am”: The Selected Poetry of John Clare (Clare), Supp. XI: 51, 62 I Am a Camera (Isherwood), VII: 311 I Am Lazarus: Short Stories (Kavan), Supp. VII: 210–211 I Am Mary Dunne (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 143, 148, 149–150, 153 “I am Raftery” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 170 “I Bring Her a Flower” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 I Can Remember Robert Louis Stevenson (ed. Masson), V: 393, 397 “I care not if I live” (Bridges), VI: 81 I, Claudius (Graves), VII: 259 I Crossed the Minch (MacNeice), VII: 403, 411 “I dined with a Jew” (Macaulay), IV: 283 “I Do, You Do” (Motion), Supp. VII: 260 “I Dreamt Gallipoli Beach” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 “I ﬁnd no peace and all my war is done” (Wyatt), I: 110 “I go night–shopping like Frank O’Hara I go bopping” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 175 “I Have Been Taught” (Muir), Supp. VI: 208 “I have longed to move away” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174 “I have loved and so doth she” (Wyatt), I: 102

I HEA−ILLU “I Hear Thy Call” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 38 “I heard an Angel singing” (Blake), III: 296 “I, in my intricate image” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174 I Knock at the Door (O’Casey), VII: 12 “I know a Bank Whereon the Wild Thyme Grows” (Shakespeare), IV: 222 “I lead a life unpleasant“(Wyatt), I: 104 I Like It Here (Amis), Supp. II: 8–10, 12 I Live under a Black Sun (Sitwell), VII: 127, 135, 139 “I Look into My Glass” (Hardy), VI: 16 I Lost My Memory, The Case As the Patient Saw It (Anon.), Supp. IV: 5 “I love all beauteous things” (Bridges), VI: 72 “I.M. G.MacB.” (Reading), VIII: 273 “I never shall love the snow again” (Bridges), VI: 77 “I Ordained the Devil” (McCabe), Supp. IX: 136 I promessi sposi (Manzoni), III: 334 “I Remember” (Hood), IV: 255 “I Remember, I Remember” (Larkin), Supp. I: 275, 277 “I Say I Say I Say” (Armitage), VIII: 9 “I Say No“ (Collins), Supp. VI: 93, 103 “I see the boys of summer” (Thomas), Supp. I: 173 I Speak of Africa (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213, 214, 216 “I Stood Tip–toe” (Keats), IV: 214, 216 “I strove with none” (Landor), IV: 98 “I that in heill wes” (Dunbar), VIII: 121 “I took my heart in my hand” (Rossetti), V: 252 “I wake and feel the fell of dark” (Hopkins), V: 374n, 375 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (Wordsworth), IV: 22 I Want It Now (Amis), Supp. II: 15 I Was a Rat! or, The Scarlet Slippers (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 152 “I Will Lend You Malcolm” (Graham), Supp. VII: 116 I Will Marry When I Want (Ngu˜gı˜). See Ngaahika ndeenda “I will not let thee go” (Bridges), VI: 74, 77 I Will Pray with the Spirit (Bunyan), II: 253 “I will write” (Graves), VII: 269 “I would be a bird” (Bridges), VI: 81–82 Ian Hamilton’s March (Churchill), VI: 351 “Ianthe”poems (Landor), IV: 88, 89, 92, 99 Ibrahim (Scudéry), III: 95 “Ibrahim Pacha and Wellington” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 127 Ibsen, Henrik, IV: 118; V: xxiii–xxvi, 414; VI: viii–ix, 104, 110, 269; Supp. III: 4, 12; Supp. IV: 1, 286; Retro. Supp. I: 170; Retro. Supp. II: 309 Ibsen’s Ghost; or, Toole Up to Date (Barrie), Supp. III: 4, 9 Ice (Kavan), Supp. VII: 201, 208, 214– 215

Ice Age, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 245–246, 247 Ice in the Bedroom (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 460 Icelandic journals (Morris), V: 299, 300– 301, 307 “Icy Road” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 188– 189 Idea of a University, The (Newman), Supp. VII: 294, 296, 298–299 Idea of Christian Society, The (Eliot), VII: 153 Idea of Comedy, The, and the Uses of the Comic Spirit (Meredith), see Essay on Comedy and the Uses of the Comic Spirit “Idea of Entropy at Maenporth Beach, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 233–234, 237 “Idea of Perfection, The” (Murdoch), Supp. I: 217, 220 Idea of the Perfection of Painting, An (tr. Evelyn), II: 287 Ideal Husband, An (Wilde), V: 414–415, 419 Ideals in Ireland (ed. Lady Gregory), VI: 98 Ideals in Ireland: Priest or Hero? (Russell), VIII: 282, 284 Ideas and Places (Connolly), Supp. III: 110 Ideas of Good and Evil (Yeats), V: 301, 306 “Idenborough” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Identical Twins (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 Identifying Poets: Self and Territory in Twentieth–Century Poetry (Crawford), Supp. XI: 71 “Identities” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 414, 424 “Ides of March, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 Idiocy of Idealism, The (Levy), VI: 303 “Idiot Boy, The” (Wordsworth), IV: 7, 11 “Idiots, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 “Idle Reverie, An” (Russell), VIII: 290 Idleness of Business, The, A Satyr . . . (Wycherley), see Folly of Industry, The Idler (periodical), III: 111–112, 121; Retro. Supp. I: 145 Idol Hunter, The (Unsworth) see Pascali’s Island “Idyll” (Cope), VIII: 80 Idyllia heroica decem (Landor), IV: 100 “Idylls of the King” (Hill), Supp. V: 191 Idylls of the King (Tennyson), IV: xxii, 328, 336–337, 338 “If by Dull Rhymes Our English Must be Chained . . ..” (Keats), IV: 221 If Christ Came to Chicago! A Plea for the Union of All Who Love in the Service of All Who Suffer (Stead), Supp. XIII: 242–243 “If I Could Tell You” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 10 If I Don’t Know (Cope), VIII: 67, 70, 79–84 If I Were Four and Twenty: Swedenborg, Mediums and Desolate Places (Yeats),

362

VI: 222 “If I were tickled by the rub of lover” (Thomas), Supp. I: 172 “If in the world there be more woes“(Wyatt), I: 104 “If, My Darling” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277, 285 “If my head hurt a hair’s foot” (Thomas), Supp. I: 176–177 “If Only” (Dunn), Supp. X: 82 “If She’s Your Lover Now” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 103 If the Old Could . . . (Lessing), Supp. I: 253, 254 “If This Were Faith” (Stevenson), V: 385 “If You Came” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 142, 143 If You’re Glad I’ll Be Frank (Stoppard), Supp. I: 439, 445 Ignatius His Conclave (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 95 “Ikey” (Brown), Supp. VI: 68 Ikons, The (Durrell), Supp. I: 121 “Il Conde” (Conrad), VI: 148 Il cortegiano (Castiglione), I: 265 Il Filostrato (Boccaccio), Retro. Supp. II: 40–42 Il pastor ﬁdo (Guarini), II: 49–50 Il pecorone (Fiorentino), I: 310 “Il Penseroso” (Milton), II: 158–159; III: 211n; IV: 14–15 Ilex Tree, The (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 271–272 Iliad, The (tr. Cowper), III: 220 Iliad, The (tr. Macpherson), VIII: 192 Iliad, The (tr. Pope), III: 77 Ill Beginning Has a Good End, An, and a Bad Beginning May Have a Good End (Ford), II: 89, 100 “I’ll come when thou art saddest” (Brontë), V: 127 I’ll Leave It To You (Coward), Supp. II: 141 I’ll Never Be Young Again (du Maurier), Supp. III: 139–140, 144 Ill Seen Ill Said (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 29 I’ll Stand by You (Warner), Supp. VII: 370, 382 “Illiterations” (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 97 “Illuminated Man, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 24 Illusion (Carey and Mullins), Supp. XII: 53 Illusion and Reality: A Study of the Sources of Poetry (Caudwell), Supp. III: 120, Supp. IX: 33–36, 40–44, 46 “Illusions” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 45 “Illusions of Anti–Realism” (Brooke– Rose)), Supp. IV: 116 Illustrated Excursions in Italy (Lear), V: 77, 79, 87 Illustrated London News (periodical), VI: 337 Illustrations of Latin Lyrical Metres (Clough), V: 170 Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots (Lear), V: 76, 79, 87

ILLY−IN MO Illywhacker (Carey), Supp. XII: 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56–57, 57–58, 62 I’m Deadly Serious (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 321–322 I’m Dying Laughing (Stead), Supp. IV: 473, 476 “I’m happiest when most away” (Brontë), V: 116 “Image, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 115–116 “Image, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 “Image, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 “Image from Beckett, An” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 169, 172 Image Men, The (Priestley), VII: 209, 210, 218, 221–223 Image of a Society (Fuller), Supp. VII: 68, 74–75 “Images” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 Imaginary Conversations (Landor), IV: xviii, 87, 88, 89, 90–94, 96–97, 99, 100 Imaginary Conversations of Greeks and Romans (Landor), IV: 100 Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 171, 434 Imaginary Life, An (Malouf), Supp. XII: 217, 222–224, 228 Imaginary Love Affair, An (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 Imaginary Portraits (Pater), V: 339, 340, 348–349, 355, 356 Imagination Dead Imagine (Beckett), Supp. I: 53, 61; Retro. Supp. I: 29 Imagination in the Modern World, The (Spender), Supp. II: 492 Imaginations and Reveries (Russell), VIII: 277, 281, 284, 287, 292 “Imaginative Woman, An” (Hardy), VI: 22 Imaginings of Sand (Brink), Supp. VI: 57 Imitation Game, The (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390, 398–399 “Imitation of Spenser” (Keats), IV: 213; Retro. Supp. I: 187 Imitations of English Poets (Pope), Retro. Supp. I: 231–232 Imitation of the Sixth Satire of the Second Book of Horace, An (Swift), III: 36 Imitations of Horace (Pope), II: 298; III: 77; Retro. Supp. I: 230, 235–238 Immaturity (Shaw), VI: 105 “Immigrant” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8 Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, A (Collier), see Short View of the Immorality . . . , A Immorality, Debauchery and Prophaneness (Meriton), II: 340 Immortal Dickens, The (Gissing), V: 437 “Immortals, The” (Amis), Supp. IV: 40 “Immram” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 415– 418, 420, 421, 425 Impartial Reﬂections on the Present Situation of the Queen of France (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 202 “Impercipient, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 121 “Imperial Adam” (Hope), Supp. VII: 158 “Imperial Elegy, An” (Owen), VI: 448

Imperial Palace (Bennett), VI: xiii, 247, 250, 251, 262–263 Implements in Their Places (Graham), Supp. VII: 103, 115–116 Importance of Being Earnest, The (Wilde), V: xxvi, 415, 416, 419; Supp. II: 50, 143, 148; Retro. Supp. II: 350, 370, 314–315 “Importance of Glasgow in My Work, The” (Kelman), Supp. V: 257 Importance of the Guardian Considered, The (Swift), III: 35 “Impossibility” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 77 Impossible Thing, An: A Tale (Congreve), II: 350 Impressions and Opinions (Moore), VI: 87 Impressions of America (Wilde), V: 419 Impressions of Theophrastus Such (Eliot), V: 198, 200 Imprisonment (Shaw), VI: 129 “Improvement, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 267 “Improvisation” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 276 Improvisatore, in Three Fyttes, with Other Poems by Thomas Lovell Beddoes, The (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 17, 19–20, 21, 28 “In a Blue Time” (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 158 In a Bombed House, 1941: An Elegy in Memory of Anthony Butts (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 “In a Country Church” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 283–284, 286, 287 “In a Dark Wood” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 248 In a Free State (Naipaul), VII: xx; Supp. I: 383, 390, 393, 394–396, 397 “In a Free State“(Naipaul), Supp. I: 395, 396 In a German Pension (Mansﬁeld), VII: 171, 172–173 In a Glass Darkly (Le Fanu), III: 345 “In a Shaken House” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “In a Strange City” (Russell), VIII: 291 In a Time of Violence (Boland), Supp. V: 43 “In an Artist’s Studio” (Rossetti), V: 249 “In Another Country” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45 “In Between Talking About the Elephant” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 109, 110 In Between the Sheets (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390, 394–396 “In Broken Images“(Graves), VII: 267 “In California” (Davie), Supp. VI: 109 “In Carrowdore Churchyard” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 167–168 In Celebration (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 411, 412, 413–414 In Chancery (Galsworthy), VI: 274 “In Church” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285– 286, 287 In Custody (Desai), Supp. V: 53, 55, 65, 68, 69–71 Solemn and Deep “In Dreams“(Tennyson), IV: 329

363

“In Defence of Milton” (Leavis), VII: 246 In Defence of T.S. Eliot (Raine), Supp. XIII: 163, 170–171, 175 “In Defense of Astigmatism” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 454 “In Defense of the Novel, Yet Again” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 455 “In dungeons dark I cannot sing“(Brontë), V: 115–116 In Excited Reverie: A Centenary Tribute to William Butler Yeats, 1865–1939 (ed. Jeffares and Cross), VI: 224 “In Flanders Fields” (McCrae), VI: 434 “In from Spain” (Powys), VIII: 251 “In God We Trust” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 434, 456 “In Good Faith” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 437, 450 In Good King Charles’s Golden Days (Shaw), VI: 125, 127, 129 In Her Own Image (Boland), Supp. V: 48 “In Her Own Image” (Boland), Supp. V: 48, 49 “In His Own Image” (Boland), Supp. V: 48–49 “In Insula Avalonia” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 258 “In Lambeth Palace Road” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 76 In Light and Darkness (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 311 “In Love for Long” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206–207 “In Me Two Worlds” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 126 “In Memoriam” (Longley), VIII: 169 In Memoriam (Tennyson), IV: xxi, 234, 248, 292, 310, 313, 323, 325–328, 330, 333–338, 371; V: 285, 455 “In Memoriam, Amada” (Reid), Supp. VII: 333 “In Memoriam (Easter, 1915)” (Thomas), VI: 424–425; Supp. III: 403, 404 “In Memoriam George Forrest” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 98–99 James Joyce Memoriam In (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 203 “In Memoriam James Joyce” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 214 “In Memoriam W. H. Auden” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 “In Memory of Ernst Toller” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 9 “In Memory of Eva Gore–Booth and Con Markiewicz” (Yeats), VI: 217 “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 331 “In Memory of my Cat, Domino” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 77 “In Memory of My Mother” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 198 “In Memory of Sigmund Freud” (Auden), VII: 379; Retro. Supp. I: 1 “In Memory of W. B. Yeats” (Auden), VI: 208; Retro. Supp. I: 1, 9 “In Memory of Zoe Yalland” (Motion), Supp. VII: 264 “In More’s Hotel” (Nye), Supp. X: 202

IN MY−INDI “In My Country” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108 “In my craft or sullen art“(Thomas), Supp. I: 178 “In My Dreams” (Smith), Supp. II: 466 In My Good Books (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313 “In My Own Album” (Lamb), IV: 83 In Our Infancy (Corke), VII: 93 “In Our Midst”: The Letters of Callicrates to Dione, Queen of the Xanthians, Concerning England and the English (Stead), Supp. XIII: 242 In Our Time (Hemingway), Supp. IV: 163 In Parenthesis (Jones), VI: xvi, 437–438, Supp. VII: 167, 168, 169, 170, 171– 175, 177 In Patagonia (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 157, 159, 161, 163–165, 173; Supp. IX: 53–55, 56, 59 “In Praise of Lessius His Rule of Health” (Crashaw), II: 181n “In Praise of Limestone“(Auden), VII: 390, 391; Retro. Supp. I: 12 In Praise of Love (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 320–321 “In Procession” (Graves), VII: 264 In Pursuit of the English (Lessing), Supp. I: 237–238 “In Santa Maria del Popolo” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 262 In Search of Love and Beauty (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 223, 233 “In Sickness and in Health” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 10 In Single Strictness (Moore), VI: 87, 95, 99 “In Sobieski’s Shield” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 158, 164 “In Such a Poise Is Love” (Reid), Supp. VII: 328–329 “In Summer” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 311 “In Tenebris II” (Hardy), VI: 14 In the Blood (Conn), Supp. XIII: 77–78 “In the Dark” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 167 In the Middle (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 217–218 In the Middle of the Wood (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 209 In the Beginning (Douglas), VI: 303, 304, 305 In the Cage (James), VI: 67, 69 “In the City of Red Dust” (Okri), Supp. V: 352 “In the Classics Room” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 214–215 In the Country of the Skin (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 230 In the Days of the Comet (Wells), VI: 227, 237, 244 “In the Garden” (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 190 “In the Garden at Swainston” (Tennyson), IV: 336 “In the Great Metropolis” (Clough), V: 164 In the Green Tree (Lewis), VII: 447 In the Heart of the Country (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 76, 80–81

“In the House of Suddhoo” (Kipling), VI: 170 “In the Kibble Palace” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74, 75 In the Kibble Palace: New and Selected Poems (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71, 75 In the Labyrinth (Robbe–Grillet), Supp. IV: 116 In the Meantime (Jennings), Supp. V: 219 In the Night (Kelman), Supp. V: 256 “In the Night” (Jennings), Supp. V: 211– 212 “In the Night” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 220 “In the Nursery” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 264 In the Permanent Way (Steel), Supp. XII: 269 In the Pink (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 14–15 “In the Pullman” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 104 “In the Ringwood” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 “In the rude age when science was not so rife” (Surrey), I: 115–116 “In the Same Boat” (Kipling), VI: 193 In the Scales of Fate (Pietrkiewicz), Supp. IV: 98 In the Seven Woods (Yeats), VI: 213, 222 In the Shadow of the Glen (Synge), Retro. Supp. I: 295–296 “In the Snack–bar” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX:158 In the South Seas (Stevenson), V: 396 In the Stopping Train (Davie), Supp. VI: 112 “In the Stopping Train” (Davie), Supp. VI: 112 In the Thirties (Upward), Supp. XIII: 250, 255–257 In the Trojan Ditch: Collected Poems and Selected Translations (Sisson), Supp. XI: 243, 248, 250, 252, 253, 256–257 In the Twilight (Swinburne), V: 333 “In the Vermilion Cathedral” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 In the Year of Jubilee (Gissing), V: 437 “In This Time” (Jennings), Supp. V: 214 “In Time of Absence” (Graves), VII: 270 “In Time of ’The Breaking of Nations’” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 “In Time of War” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 9 “In to thir dirk and drublie days” (Dunbar), VIII: 121 In Touch with the Inﬁnite (Betjeman), VII: 365 In Trouble Again: A Journey Between the Orinoco and the Amazon (O’Hanlon), Supp. XI: 196, 199–202, 207 In Which We Serve (Coward), Supp. II: 154 In Wicklow, West Kerry, and Connemara (Synge), VI: 309, 317 “In Youth” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 214 In Youth is Pleasure (Welch), Supp. IX: 261, 263, 264–266 Inadmissible Evidence (Osborne), Supp. I: 330, 333, 336–337 “Inarticulates” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 191 Inca of Perusalem, The (Shaw), VI: 120

364

“Incarnate One, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 208 “Incantata” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 428– 429, 430, 431–432 “Incendiary Method, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 273 “Inchcape Rock, The” (Southey), IV: 58 “Incident” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 217 Incident Book, The (Adcock), Supp. XII: 3, 8–9 “Incident in Hyde Park, 1803” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 46 “Incident in the Life of Mr. George Crookhill” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Incident on a Journey” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 256, 258–259 “Incident Room” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 222 Incidents at the Shrine (Okri), Supp. V: 347, 348, 352, 355–356 “Incidents at the Shrine” (Okri), Supp. V: 356–357 Incidents in the Rue Laugier (Brookner), Supp. IV: 135–136 Inclinations (Firbank), Supp. II: 201, 202, 209–211 Inclinations (Sackville–West), VII: 70 Incline Our Hearts (Wilson), Supp. VI: 307 Incognita; or, Love and Duty Reconcil’d (Congreve), II: 338, 346 Inconstant, The; or, The Way to Win Him (Farquhar), II: 352–353, 357, 362, 364 Incredulity of Father Brown, The (Chesterton), VI: 338 “Incubus, or the Impossibility of Self– Determination as to Desire (Self), Supp. V: 402 “Indaba Without Fear” (Paton), Supp. II: 360 “Indeﬁnite Exposure” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 86 “Independence” (Motion), Supp. VII: 255 Independent Labour Party, VII: 280 Independent Review (periodical), VI: 399 Independent Theatre Society, VI: 104 Index to AIn Memoriam,”An (ed. Carroll), V: 274 Index to the Private Papers of James Boswell . . . (ed. Pottle et al.), III: 249 India (Steel), Supp. XII: 274 India: A Wounded Civilization (Naipaul), Supp. I: 385, 399, 401 “India, the Wisdom–Land” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 39 India Through the Ages: A Popular and Picturesque History of Hindustan (Steel), Supp. XII: 274 Indian Education Minutes . . . , The (Macaulay), IV: 291 Indian Emperour, The; or, The Conquest of Mexico . . . , Being the Sequel to the Indian Queen (Dryden), II: 290, 294, 305 “Indian Fiction Today” (Desai), Supp. V: 67 Indian Ink (Stoppard), Retro. Supp. II: 356–357

INDI−INTI Indian Journal (Lear), see Edward Lear’s Indian Journal Indian Queen, The (Dryden), II: 305 “Indian Serenade, The” (Shelley), IV: 195, 203 “Indian Summer of a Forsyte” (Galsworthy), VI: 274, 276, 283 “Indian Summer, Vermont” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 255 “Indian Tree” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 87 “Indifferent, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 89 Indiscretion in the Life of an Heiress, An (Hardy), VI: 20 “Induction” (Sackville), I: 169 Induction, The (Field), II: 66 Inebriety (Crabbe), III: 274, 278–279, 286 “Infancy” (Crabbe), III: 273, 281 “Infant–Ey, An” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 266, 267 “Inferior Religions” (Lewis), VII: 77 Infernal Desire Machine of Dr. Hoffman, The (Carter), III: 345; Supp. III: 84– 85, 89 Infernal Marriage, The (Disraeli), IV: 297, 299, 308 Infernal World of Branwell Brontë, The (Carter), Supp. III: 139 Inferno (Dante), Retro. Supp. II: 36 Inferno (tr. Carson), Supp. XIII: 66 Inﬁdel, The (Braddon), VIII: 49 Inﬁnite Rehearsal, The (Harris), Supp. V: 140, 141–142, 144 Information, The (Amis), Supp. IV: 26, 37–39, 42 “Informer, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 Infuence of the Roman Censorship on the Morals of the People, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Ingannati: The Deceived . . . and Aelia Laelia Crispis (Peacock), IV: 170 Inge, William Ralph, VI: 344 Ingelow, Jean, Supp. IV: 256 “Ingram Lake, or, Five Acts on the House” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 161, 163 Ingrowing Thoughts (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288 “Inheritance” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 78 “Inheritance” (Murphy), Supp. V: 322 “Inheritors, The” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 80 Inheritors, The (Golding), Supp. I: 67, 70–72, 75, 84; Retro. Supp. I: 96–97 Inheritors, The: An Extravagant Story (Conrad and Ford), VI: 146, 148, 321, 332 Inishfallen, Fare Thee Well (O’Casey), VII: 4, 12 Injur’d Husband, The; or, The Mistaken Resentment, Supp. XII: 140 Injur’d Husband, The; or, The Mistaken Resentment, and Lasselia; or, The Self–Abandoned (Haywood), Supp. XII: 137 Injury Time (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 21 “Inland” (Motion), Supp. VII: 254, 255 Inland Voyage, An (Stevenson), V: 386, 395; Retro. Supp. I: 261

Inn Album, The (Browning), IV: 358, 367, 369–370, 374; Retro. Supp. II: 30 “Inn of the Two Witches, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 Inner and Outer Ireland, The (Russell), VIII: 289 Inner Harbour, The (Adcock), Supp. XII: 6–8 “Inniskeen Road: July Evening” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 188 Innocence (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 100, 104–106 “Innocence” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 262 “Innocence” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 266 Innocence of Father Brown, The (Chesterton), VI: 338 Innocent, The (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390, 399, 402–404, 405, 406 Innocent and the Guilty, The (Warner), Supp. VII: 381 Innocent Birds (Powys), VIII: 251, 256, 258 Innocent Blood (James), Supp. IV: 337– 338, 340 “Innumerable Christ, The” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 205 Inquiry into the Nature & Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Smith), IV: xiv, 145 Insatiate Countess, The (Barsted and Marston), II: 31, 40 “Inscribed to Maria, My Beloved Daughter” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 199 “Insect World, The” (Rhys), Supp. II: 402 “Insensibility” (Owen), VI: 453, 455 “Inside” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 14 Inside a Pyramid (Golding), Supp. I: 82 Inside Mr Enderby (Burgess), Supp. I: 185, 186, 189, 194 Inside the Whale (Orwell), VII: 282 “Inside the Whale” (Orwell), Supp. IV: 110, 455 Insight and Outlook: An Enquiry into the Common Foundations of Science, Art and Social Ethics (Koestler), Supp. I: 37 “Insight at Flame Lake” (Amis), Supp. IV: 40 “Insomnia” (Hart), Supp. XI: 125 “Installation Ode” (Gray), III: 142 Instamatic Poems (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 162–163 “Instance, An” (Reid), Supp. VII: 328 “Instant, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 Instant in the Wind, An (Brink), Supp. VI: 49 “Instead of an Interview” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8 Instead of Trees (Priestley), VII: 209– 210 “Instruction, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 268 Instructions Concerning Erecting of a Liberty (tr. Evelyn), II: 287 Instructions for the Ignorant (Bunyan), II: 253 “Instructions to a Painter . . . A (Waller), II: 233

365

“Instructions to an Actor” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 164 Instrument of Thy Peace (Paton), Supp. II: 358–359 Insular Celts, The (Carson), Supp. XIII: 55 Inteendeel (Brink), Supp. VI: 56 “Intellectual Felicity” (Boswell), III: 237 Intelligence (journal), III: 35 Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism, The (Shaw), VI: 116, 125 “Intensive Care Unit, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 28 Intentions (Wilde), V: 407, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 367–368 Intercom Conspiracy, The (Ambler), Supp. IV: 4, 16, 18, 20–21 “Intercom Quartet, The” (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 110–113 “Interference” (Barnes), Supp. IV: 75 Interim (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 184, 189–190 “Interior Mountaineer” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Interior with Weaver” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 56 “Interloper, The” (Hardy), VI: 17 “Interlopers at the Knapp” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Interlude, An” (Swinburne), V: 321 “Intermediate as Warrior, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 44 “Intermediate in the Service of Religion, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 44 Intermediate Sex, The (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41, 43–44 “Intermediate Sex, The” (Carpenter), VI: 407; Supp. XIII: 41, 43 Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41, 44 “Intermezzo” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 “International Episode, An” (James), VI: 69 International Guerrillas (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 438 internationalism, VI: 241n; VII: 229 Interpretation in Teaching (Richards), Supp. II: 423, 430 Interpretation of Genesis, An (Powys), VIII: 246–247 Interpreters, The (Russell), VIII: 289, 290, 292 “Interrogator, The” (Jennings), Supp. V: 215 “Interruption” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 273, 274 “Interview” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 87, 95 “Interview, The” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 9 “Interview” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 Interview, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 Intimacy (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 157, 158 Intimate Exchanges (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 6, 12, 14 “Intimate Supper” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 “Intimate World of Ivy Compton–Burnett, The” (Karl), VII: 70

INTI−ITAL “Intimations of Immortality . . . A (Wordsworth), see AOde. Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood“ “Into Arcadia” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 134 Into Battle (Churchill), VI: 356 “Into Battle” (Grenfell), VI: 418 “Into her Lying Down Head” (Thomas), Supp. I: 178 Into the Heart of Borneo: An Account of a Journey Made in 1983 to the Mountains of Batu Tiban with James Fenton (O’Hanlon), Supp. XI: 196–199, 202, 206, 207–208 Into Their Labours (Berger), Supp. IV: 80, 90–95 Intriguing Chambermaid, The (Fielding), III: 105 “Introduction” (Blake), Retro. Supp. I: 37 Introduction 7: Stories by New Writers (Faber & Faber), Supp. IV: 303 Introduction to the History of Great Britain and Ireland, An (Macpherson), VIII: 192 Introductory Lecture (Housman), VI: 164 “Introductory Rhymes” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 330 Intruder, The (Hardy), VI: 20 “Invader, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 26, 27 Invaders, The (Plomer), Supp. XI: 219– 221 Invasion of the Space Invaders (Amis), Supp. IV: 42 Invective against Jonson, The (Chapman), I: 243 Invention of Love, The (Stoppard), Retro. Supp. II: 357–358 “Inversion Layer: Oxfordshire” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 323 Inversions (Banks), Supp. XI: 5, 10, 13 “Inversnaid” (Hopkins), V: 368, 372 “Investigation After Midnight” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 262 Invisible Friends (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 12, 14–15 Invisible Man, The: A Grotesque Romance (Wells), VI: 226, 232–233, 244 Invisible Writing, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 22, 23, 24, 32, 37 “Invitation, An” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 127 “Invitation, The” (Shelley), IV: 196 “Invocation” (Hope), Supp. VII: 154 “Invocation” (Sitwell), VII: 136 “Inward Bound” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Inward Eye, The (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 184–185 “Io” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63 “Iolaire” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 219 Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 37, 44–45 Ion (Plato), IV: 48 Ionian Mission, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 256, 259–260 “Iowa” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 Iphigenia (Peele), I: 198

“Iphis and Araxarathen” (Gower), I: 53–54 Iqbal, Muhammad, Supp. IV: 448 “Ireland” (Swift), III: 31 Ireland and the Empire at the Court of Conscience (Russell), VIII: 289, 292 Ireland, Past and Future (Russell), VIII: 289 Ireland Since the Rising (Coogan), VII: 9 Ireland, Your Only Place (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 177 Ireland’s Abbey Theatre (Robinson), VI: 317 Ireland’s Literary Renaissance (Boyd), VI: 316 Irene: A Tragedy (Fielding), III: 109, 121 Irene: A Tragedy (Johnson), Retro. Supp. I: 138–139 Irigaray, Luce, Supp. IV: 232 “Irish Airman Foresees His Death, An” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 331 “Irish Child in England” (Boland), Supp. V: 35 Irish Drama, The (Malone), VI: 316 Irish Dramatic Movement, The (Ellis– Ferrnor), VI: 317 Irish dramatic revival, VI: xiv, 207, 218, 307–310; VII: 3 Irish Essays and Others (Arnold), V: 216 Irish Faust, An (Durrell), Supp. I: 126, 127 Irish for No, The (Carson), Supp. XIII: 53, 54, 55, 57–59 Irish Impressions (Chesterton), VI: 345 Irish Penny Journal, Supp. XIII: 126 “Irish Revel” (O’Brien), Supp. V: 340 Irish Sketch Book, The (Thackeray), V: 25, 38 Irishman, Supp. XIII: 114, 119 Iron, Ralph (pseud., Schreiner), Supp. II: 448–449 Iron Man, The (Hughes), Supp. I: 346 Ironhand (Arden), Supp. II: 29 Irrational Knot, The (Shaw), VI: 102, 103, 105, 129 Irving, Washington, III: 54 Is He Popenjoy? (Trollope), V: 100, 102 “Is Nothing Sacred?” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 437, 442–443 Is There a Church of England? (Sisson), Supp. XI: 251 Isabel Clarendon (Gissing), V: 437 “Isabella” (Keats), IV: xviii, 216, 217– 218, 235; Retro. Supp. I: 193–194 “Isba Song” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 283 “Ischia” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 12 Isenheim Altar (Grünewald), Supp. IV: 85 Isherwood, Christopher, VII: xx, 309– 320; Supp. II: 408, 485, 486; Retro. Supp. I: 3, 7, 9 Ishiguro, Kazuo, Supp. IV: 75, 301–317 Ishmael (Braddon), VIII: 49 Island (Huxley), VII: xviii, 206 Island, The (Byron), IV: xviii 173, 193 “Island, The” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 37 “Island, The” (Jennings), Supp. V: 209 “Island, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288

366

Island in the Moon, An (Blake), III: 290, 292; Retro. Supp. I: 34 Island in the Sun (Waugh), Supp. VI: 267, 274, 275 Island Nights’ Entertainments (Stevenson), V: 387, 396 Island of Dr. Moreau, The (Wells), VI: 230–231 Island of Statues, The (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 325 Island of Terrible Friends (Strutton), Supp. IV: 346 Island of the Mighty, The (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 30, 32–35, 39 Island Pharisees, The (Galsworthy), VI: 271, 273, 274, 277, 281 Island Princess, The (Fletcher), II: 45, 60, 65 “Islanders, The” (Kipling), VI: 169, 203 Islands (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 33, 38, 39–40, 45 Isle of Dogs, The (Jonson/Nashe), Retro. Supp. I: 156 Isle of Man, The (Bernard), II: 246 “Isle of Voices, The” (Stevenson), V: 396 Íslendinga sögur (Ari), VIII: 235, 236 “Isobel” (Golding), Supp. I: 66 “Isobel’s Child” (Browning), IV: 313 “Isopes Fabules” (Lydgate), I: 57 Israel: Poems on a Hebrew Theme (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 Israel’s Hope Encouraged (Bunyan), II: 253 “It Happened in 1936” (Waugh), Supp. VI: 273 “It is a beauteous evening, calm and free” (Wordsworth), IV: 22 “It May Never Happen” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 315 It May Never Happen and Other Stories (Pritchett), Supp. III: 318–319 It Was a Lover and His Lass (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220 “It Was Upon a Lammas Night” (Burns), III: 315 It’s a Battleﬁeld (Greene), Supp. I: 2, 5–6; Retro. Supp. II: 152–153 “It’s a Long, Long Way” (Thomas), Supp. III: 404 “It’s a Woman’s World” (Boland), Supp. V: 41 It’s an Old Country (Priestley), VII: 211 “It’s Hopeless” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 191 It’s Me O Lord! (Coppard), VIII: 85, 86, 88, 90 “It’s No Pain” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Italian, The (Radcliffe), III: 331–332, 335, 337, 345; IV: 173; Supp. III: 384 Italian Hours (James), VI: 43, 67 Italian Mother, The, and Other Poems (Swinburne), V: 333 Italian Visit, An (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 122, 129 “Italian Whirligig” (Coppard), VIII: 95 Italics of Walter Savage Landor, The (Landor), IV: 100 “Italio, Io Ti Saluto” (Rossetti), V: 250 “Italy and the World” (Browning), IV: 318

IT−JITT “It’s Done This!” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 13 “Itylus” (Swinburne), V: 319 Ivanhoe (Scott), IV: xviii, 31, 34, 39 “I’ve Thirty Months” (Synge), VI: 314 Ivory Door, The (Milne), Supp. V: 300– 301 Ivory Gate, The (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 29 Ivory Tower, The (James), VI: 64, 65 “Ivry: A Song of the Huguenots” (Macaulay), IV: 283, 291 Ivy Compton–Burnett (Iprigg), VII: 70 “Ivy Day in the Committee Room” (Joyce), VII: 44, 45 Ivy Gripped the Steps (Bowen), see Demon Lover, The Ixion in Heaven (Disraeli), IV: 297, 299, 308

J. B. Priestley, The Dramatist (Lloyd–

Evans), VII: 223, 231 J. M. Synge and the Irish Dramatic Movement (Bickley), VI: 317 “J. W. 51B A Convoy” (Ross), VII: 434 “Jabberwocky” (Carroll), V: 265 “Jacinth” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63 Jack, Ian Robert James, II: 298; III: 125n; IV: xi, xxv, 40, 140, 236, 373, 375 Jack Drum’s Entertainment (Marston), II: 27, 40 Jack Flea’s Birthday Celebration (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390, 398 Jack Maggs (Carey), Supp. XII: 49, 54, 60–61 Jack Straw (Maugham), VI: 368 Jack Straw’s Castle (Gunn), Supp. IV: 257, 268–271 “Jack Straw’s Castle” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 270 Jackdaw, The (Gregory), VI: 315 Jacko: The Great Intruder (Keneally), Supp. IV: 347 Jackson, T. A., V: 51 Jacob, Giles, II: 348 Jacob’s Room (Woolf), VII: 18, 20, 26– 27, 38; Retro. Supp. I: 307, 316 Jacobite’s Journal, The (Fielding), III: 105; Retro. Supp. I: 81 Jacques–Louis David: A Personal Interpretation (Brookner), Supp. IV: 122 Jacta Alea Est (Wilde), V: 400 “Jacta est alea” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 60 Jaggard, William, I: 307 “Jaguar, The” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 203 Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey, The (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 436, 454 Jake’s Thing (Amis), Supp. II: 16–17; Supp. IV: 29 Jakobson, Roman, Supp. IV: 115 “Jam Tart” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 6 Jamaica Inn (du Maurier), Supp. III: 139, 144, 145, 147 James, Henry, II: 42; III: 334, 340, 345; IV: 35, 107, 319, 323, 369, 371, 372; V: x, xx, xiv–xxvi, 2, 48, 51, 70, 95, 97, 98, 102, 191, 199, 205, 210, 295, 384, 390–392; VI: x–xi, 5, 23–69, 227, 236, 239, 266, 320, 322; list of

short stories and novellas, VI: 69; Supp. II: 80–81, 89, 487–488, 492; Supp. III: 47–48, 60, 217, 437; Supp. IV: 97, 116, 133, 153, 233, 243, 371, 503, 511 James, M. R., III: 340 James, P. D., Supp. II: 127; Supp. IV: 319–341 James, Richard, II: 102 James, William, V: xxv, 272; VI: 24 James IV (Greene), VIII: 142 James and the Giant Peach (Dahl), Supp. IV: 202, 213, 222 James and the Giant Peach (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 203 James Hogg: Selected Poems (ed. Mack), Supp. X: 108–109 James Hogg: Selected Poems and Songs (ed. Groves), Supp. X: 110 James Hogg: Selected Stories and Sketches (ed. Mack), Supp. X: 110– 111 “James Honeyman” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 8 James Joyce and the Making of AUlysses“ (Budgen) VII: 56 “James Lee’s Wife” (Browning), IV: 367, 369 James Rigg, Still Further Extract from The Recluse, A Poem (Hogg), Supp. X: 109–110 James Russell Lowell: His Message and How It Helped Me (Stead), Supp. XIII: 234 Jamie on a Flying Visit (Frayn), Supp. VII: 56–57 Jane and Prudence (Pym), Supp. II: 370–372 Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage (ed. Southam), IV: 122, 124 Jane Austen’s Literary Manuscripts (ed. Southam), IV: 124 Jane Eyre (Brontë), III: 338, 344, 345; V: xx, 106, 108, 112, 124, 135, 137– 140, 145, 147, 148, 152; VII: 101; Supp. III: 146; Supp. IV: 236, 452, 471; Retro. Supp. I: 50, 52, 53–55, 56, 58–60 “Janeites, The” (Kipling), IV: 106 “Jane’s Marriage” (Kipling), IV: 106, 109 Janet (Oliphant), Supp. X: 219 “Janet’s Repentance” (Eliot), V: 190–191; Retro. Supp. II: 104 Janowitz, Haas, III: 342 “January 1795” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 208 “January 10th, 1990” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 227 “January 12, 1996” (Longley), VIII: 177 Janus: A Summing Up (Koestler), Supp. I: 35, 37, 38–39 Japp, A. H., IV: 144n, 155 Jarrell, Randall, VI: 165, 194, 200; Supp. IV: 460 “Jars, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 71–72 “Jasmine” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 383 “Jason and Medea” (Gower), I: 54, 56 Jasper (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 213 “Jasper” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 210 “Jawbone Walk” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 78

367

“Jazz and the West Indian Novel” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 43–44 “Je est un autre” (Durrell), Supp. I: 126 “Je ne parle pas Français” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 174, 177 “Je ne regretted rien” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 165 “Je t’adore” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 “Jealousy” (Brooke), Supp. III: 52 Jeames’s Diary; or, Sudden Wealth (Thackeray), V: 38 Jean de Meung, I: 49 Jeeves (Ayckbourn and Webber), Supp. V: 3 “Jeeves and the Hard–Boiled Egg” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 455, 458 Jeeves and the Tie That Binds (Wodehouse), see Much Obliged “Jeeves Takes Charge” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 456, 457–458 Jeffares, Alexander Norman, VI: xxxiii– xxxiv, 98, 221 Jefferson, D. W., III: 182, 183 Jeffrey, Francis, III: 276, 285; IV: 31, 39, 60, 72, 129, 269 Jeffrey, Sara, IV: 225 Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell (Waterhouse), Supp. XIII: 275, 276–278 Jenkin, Fleeming, V: 386 Jenkyn, D., Supp. IV: 346 Jennings, Elizabeth, Supp. IV: 256; Supp. V: 205–221 “Jenny” (Rossetti), V: 240 Jenyns, Soame, Retro. Supp. I: 148 Jerrold, Douglas, V: 19 Jerrold, W. C., IV: 252, 254, 267 “Jersey Villas” (James), III: 69 Jerusalem (Blake), III: 303, 304–305, 307; V: xvi, 330; Retro. Supp. I: 45–46 Jerusalem: Its History and Hope (Oliphant), Supp. X: 222 Jerusalem Sinner Saved (Bunyan), see Good News for the Vilest of Men Jerusalem the Golden (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 231, 238–239, 241, 243, 248, 251 Jesus (Wilson), Supp. VI: 306 Jess (Haggard), Supp. III: 213 Jesting Pilate (Huxley), VII: 201 Jew of Malta, The (Marlowe), I: 212, 280, 282–285, 310; Retro. Supp. I: 208–209 Jew Süss (Feuchtwanger), VI: 265 Jewel in the Crown, The (Scott), Supp. I: 266–267, 269–270 Jeweller of Amsterdam, The (Field, Fletcher, Massinger), II: 67 Jewels of Song (Davies), Supp. XI: 93 “Jews, The” (Vaughan), II: 189 Jews in Germany (tr. Richardson), Supp. XIII: 191 Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, Supp. V: 223– 239 Jill (Larkin), Supp. I: 276, 286–287 Jill Somerset (Waugh), Supp. VI: 273 Jimmy Governor (Clune), Supp. IV: 350 Jitta’s Atonement (Shaw), VI: 129

JOAC−JOUR “Joachim du Bellay” (Pater), V: 344 Joan and Peter (Wells), VI: 240 Joan of Arc (Southey), IV: 59, 60, 63– 64, 71 Joannis Miltonii Pro se defensio . . . (Milton), II: 176 Job (biblical book), III: 307 Jocasta (Gascoigne), I: 215–216 Jocelyn (Galsworthy), VI: 277 “Jochanan Hakkadosh” (Browning), IV: 365 Jocoseria (Browning), IV: 359, 374 “Joe Soap” (Motion), Supp. VII: 260– 261, 262 Joe’s Ark (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 229, 237–240 “Johann Joachim Quantz’s Five Lessons” (Graham), Supp. VII: 116 “Johannes Agricola in Meditation” (Browning), IV: 360 Johannes Secundus, II: 108 John Austen and the Inseparables (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 191 “John Betjeman’s Brighton” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 37 John Bull’s Other Island (Shaw), VI: 112, 113–115; Retro. Supp. II: 320–321 John Caldigate (Trollope), V: 102 “John Clare” (Cope), VIII: 82 John Clare: Poems, Chieﬂy from Manuscript (Clare), Supp. XI: 36, 63 John Clare by Himself (Clare), Supp. XI: 51 “John Fletcher” (Swinburne), V: 332 John Gabriel Borkman (Ibsen), VI: 110 “John Galsworthy” (Lawrence), VI: 275– 276, 290 John Galsworthy (Mottram), VI: 271, 275, 290 “John Galsworthy, An Appreciation” (Conrad), VI: 290 “John Gilpin” (Cowper), III: 212, 220 John Keats: A Reassessment (ed. Muir), IV: 219, 227, 236 John Keats: His Like and Writings (Bush), IV: 224, 236 John Knox (Muir), Supp. VI: 198 “John Knox” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211–212 “John Logie Baird” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 71 John M. Synge (Maseﬁeld), VI: 317 John Marchmont’s Legacy (Braddon), VIII: 44, 46 “John Norton” (Moore), VI: 98 “John of the Cross” (Jennings), Supp. V: 207 “John Ruskin” (Proust), V: 183 John Ruskin: The Portrait of a Prophet (Quennell), V: 185 John Sherman and Dhoya (Yeats), VI: 221 John Thomas and Lady Jane (Lawrence), VII: 111–112 John Woodvil (Lamb), IV: 78–79, 85 Johnnie Sahib (Scott), Supp. I: 259, 261 Johnno (Malouf), Supp. XII: 221–222 Johnny I Hardly Knew You (O’Brien), Supp. V: 338, 339

Johnny in the Clouds (Rattigan), seeWay to the Stars, The Johnson, Edgar, IV: 27, 40; V: 60, 72 Johnson, James, III: 320, 322 Johnson, Joseph, Retro. Supp. I: 37 Johnson, Lionel, VI: 3, 210, 211 Johnson, Samuel, III: 54, 96, 107–123, 127, 151, 275; IV: xiv, xv, 27, 31, 34, 88n, 101, 138, 268, 299; V: 9, 281, 287; VI: 363; Retro. Supp. I: 137– 150; and Boswell, III: 234, 235, 238, 239, 243–249; and Collins, III: 160, 163, 164, 171, 173; and Crabbe, III: 280–282; and Goldsmith, III: 177, 180, 181, 189; dictionary, III: 113– 116; V: 281, 434; literary criticism, I: 326; II: 123, 173, 197, 200, 259, 263, 293, 301, 347; III: 11, 88, 94, 139, 257, 275; IV: 101; on Addison and Steele, III: 39, 42, 44, 49, 51; Supp. IV: 271 Johnson, W. E., Supp. II: 406 Johnson over Jordan (Priestley), VII: 226–227 “Joker, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 315–316 “Joker as Told” (Murray), Supp. VII: 279 Joking Apart (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 9, 13, 14 Jolly Beggars, The (Burns), III: 319–320 “Jolly Corner, The” (James), Retro. Supp. I: 2 Jonah Who Will Be 25 in the Year 2000 (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 79 Jonathan Swift (Stephen), V: 289 Jonathan Wild (Fielding), III: 99, 103, 105, 150; Retro. Supp. I: 80–81, 90 Jones, David, VI: xvi, 436, 437–439, Supp. VII: 167–182 Jones, Henry Arthur, VI: 367, 376 Jones, Henry Festing, Supp. II: 103–104, 112, 114, 117, 118 Jonestown (Harris), Supp. V: 144–145 Jonson, Ben, I: 228, 234–235, 270, 335– 351; II: 3, 4, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 45, 47, 48, 55, 65, 79, 87, 104, 108, 110, 111n, 115, 118, 141, 199, 221–223; IV: 35, 327; V: 46, 56; Supp. IV: 256; Retro. Supp. I: 151–167 Jonsonus Virbius (Digby), Retro. Supp. I: 166 Jonsonus Virbius (King), Supp. VI: 157 Joseph Andrews (Fielding), III: 94, 95, 96, 99–100, 101, 105; Retro. Supp. I: 80, 83–86 Joseph Banks: A Life (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 257–258 Joseph Conrad (Baines), VI: 133–134 Joseph Conrad (Ford), VI: 321, 322 Joseph Conrad (Walpole), VI: 149 Joseph Conrad: A Personal Reminiscence (Ford), VI: 149 Joseph Conrad: The Modern Imagination (Cox), VI: 149 Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin: The Inﬂuence of Scientiﬁc Thought on Conrad’s Fiction (O’Hanlon), Supp. XI: 195 “Joseph Grimaldi” (Hood), IV: 267

368

“Joseph Yates’ Temptation” (Gissing), V: 437 Journal (Mansﬁeld), VII: 181, 182 Journal, 1825–32 (Scott), IV: 39 Journal and Letters of Fanny Burney, The (eds. Hemlow et al.), Supp. III: 63 Journal of Bridget Hitler, The (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 22 Journal of a Dublin Lady, The (Swift), III: 35 Journal of a Landscape Painter in Corsica (Lear), V: 87 Journal of a Tour in Scotland in 1819 (Southey), IV: 71 Journal of a Tour in the Netherlands in the Autumn of 1815 (Southey), IV: 71 Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, The (Boswell), III: 117, 234n, 235, 243, 245, 248, 249 Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon, The (Fielding), III: 104, 105 Journal of Beatrix Potter from 1881 to 1897, The (ed. Linder), Supp. III: 292–295 “Journal of My Jaunt, Harvest 1762” (Boswell), III: 241–242 Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the various countries visited by HMS Beagle (Darwin), Supp. VII: 18–19 Journal of the Plague Year, A (Defoe), III: 5–6, 8, 13; Retro. Supp. I: 63, 73–74 Journal to Eliza, The (Sterne), III: 125, 126, 132, 135 Journal to Stella (Swift), II: 335; III: 32–33, 34; Retro. Supp. I: 274 Journalism (Mahon), Supp. VI: 166 Journalism for Women: A Practical Guide (Bennett), VI: 264, 266 Journals and Papers of Gerard Manley Hopkins, The (ed. House and Storey), V: 362, 363, 371, 378–379, 381 Journals 1939–1983 (Spender), Supp. II: 481, 487, 490, 493 Journals of a Landscape Painter in Albania etc. (Lear), V: 77, 79–80, 87 Journals of a Landscape Painter in Southern Calabria . . . (Lear), V: 77, 79, 87 Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800–1801, and a Visit to France, 1838 (Southey), IV: 71 Journals of Arnold Bennett (Bennett), VI: 265, 267 “Journals of Progress” (Durrell), Supp. I: 124 “Journey, The” (Boland), Supp. V: 41 “Journey Back, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 Journey Continued (Paton), Supp. II: 356, 359 Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo, A (Thackeray), see Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo Journey from This World to the Next (Fielding), Retro. Supp. I: 80 Journey into Fear (Ambler), Supp. IV: 11–12

JOUR−KEAT “Journey of John Gilpin, The” (Cowper), see AJohn Gilpin“ “Journey of the Magi, The” (Eliot), VII: 152 Journey Through France (Piozzi), III: 134 Journey to a War (Auden and Isherwood), VII: 312; Retro. Supp. I: 9 Journey to Armenia (Mandelstam), Supp. IV: 163, 170 “Journey to Bruges, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 172 Journey to Ithaca (Desai), Supp. V: 56, 66, 73–74 Journey to London, A (Vanbrugh), II: 326, 333–334, 336 Journey to Oxiana (Byron), Supp. IV: 157, 170 Journey to Paradise (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 180, 181 “Journey to Paradise” (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 180, 191 Journey to the Border (Upward), Supp. XIII: 250, 251, 253–254, 259, 260 Journey to the Hebrides (Johnson), IV: 281 Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland, A (Johnson), III: 117, 121; Retro. Supp. I: 143 Journey Without Maps (Greene), Supp. I: 9; Retro. Supp. II: 153 “Journeying North” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 72–73 Journeys (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 172, 183 Journeys and Places (Muir), Supp. VI: 204, 205–206 Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan (Bird), Supp. X: 31 Jovial Crew, A (Brome Supp. X: 49, 55– 59, 62–63 Jowett, Benjamin, V: 278, 284, 285, 312, 338, 400 “Joy” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 94 Joy (Galsworthy), VI: 269, 285 “Joy Gordon” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 Joyce (Oliphant), Supp. X: 218 Joyce, James, IV: 189; V: xxv, 41; VII: xii, xiv, 18, 41–58; VII: 54–58; Supp. I: 43, 196–197; Supp. II: 74, 88, 327, 332, 338, 420, 525; Supp. III: 108; Supp. IV: 27, 233, 234, 363, 364, 365, 371, 390, 395, 396, 407, 411, 424, 426, 427, 500, 514; Retro. Supp. I: 18, 19, 169–182 Joyce, Jeremiah, V: 174n “Jubilate Matteo” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 44 “Judas Tree, The” (Welch), Supp. IX: 269 Jude the Obscure (Hardy), VI: 4, 5, 7, 8, 9; Supp. IV: 116; Retro. Supp. I: 110, 116 “Judge, The” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 75–76 Judge, The (West), Supp. III: 441, 442 “Judge’s House, The” (Stoker), Supp. III: 382 “Judge Chutney’s Final Summary” (Armitage), VIII: 6 Judgement of Martin Bucer . . . , The (Milton), II: 175

Judgement of Paris, The (Congreve), II: 347, 350 Judgement in Stone, A (Rendell), Supp. IX: 192, 194–195 Judge’s Wife, The (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 “Judging Distances” (Reed), VII: 422 Judgment on Deltchev (Ambler), Supp. IV: 4, 12–13, 21 Judith, Supp. VI: 29; Retro. Supp. II: 305, 306 Judith (Bennett), VI: 267 “Judith” (Coppard), VIII: 96 Judith (Giraudoux), Supp. III: 195 “Judkin of the Parcels” (Saki), Supp. VI: 245 Jugement du roi de Behaingne, I: 32 “Juggling Jerry” (Meredith), V: 220 “Julia” (Brontë), V: 122, 151 Julia and the Bazooka and Other Stories (Kavan), Supp. VII: 202, 205, 214 “Julia Bride” (James), VI: 67, 69 “Julia’s Churching; or, Puriﬁcation” (Herrick), II: 112 “Julian and Maddalo” (Shelley), IV: 182, 201–202; Retro. Supp. I: 251 “Julian M. & A. G. Rochelle” (Brontë), V: 133 Julian of Norwich, I: 20; Retro. Supp. II: 303; Supp. XII: 149–166 Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), I: 313, 314– 315 “July Evening” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187, 194 “July Storm” (Healy), Supp. IX: 106 July’s People (Gordimer), Supp. II: 231, 238–239, 241 Jumpers (Stoppard), Supp. I: 438, 444, 445–447, 451; Retro. Supp. II: 347– 349 Jump–to–Glory Jane (Meredith), V: 234 “June Bracken and Heather” (Tennyson), IV: 336 “June the 30th, 1934” (Lowry), Supp. III: 285 “June to December” (Cope), VIII: 72 Jung, Carl, Supp. IV: 1, 4–5, 6, 10–11, 12, 19, 493 “Jungle, The” (Lewis), VII: 447 “Jungle Book” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 225 Jungle Books, The (Kipling), VI: 188, 199 Juniper Tree, The (Comyns), VIII: 53, 63–64, 65 Junius Manuscript, Retro. Supp. II: 298– 299, 301 Junk Mail (Self), Supp. V: 406–407 “Junkie” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 164 Juno and the Paycock (O’Casey), VII: xviii, 4–5, 6, 11 Juno in Arcadia (Brome), Supp. X: 52 Jure Divino (Defoe), III: 4, 13 “Jury, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 125 Jusserand, Jean, I: 98 Just Between Ourselves (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 13 Just So Stories for Little Children (Kipling), VI: 188, 204

369

Just Vengeance, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 336, 350 Justice (Galsworthy), VI: xiii, 269, 273– 274, 286–287 Justine (Durrell), Supp. I: 104, 105, 106 Juvenal, II: 30, 292, 347, 348; III: 42; IV: 188 Juvenilia 1 (Nye), Supp. X: 192, 194, 196–200, 202–203, 205 Juvenilia 2 (Nye), Supp. X: 192–194, 197–200, 204–205

“K

abla–Khun” (Dunn), Supp. X: 79 Kaeti and Company (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 273 Kaeti on Tour (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 273 Kafka, Franz, III: 340, 345; Supp. IV: 1, 199, 407, 439 Kafka’s Dick (Bennett), VIII: 29–30 “Kail and Callaloo” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108 Kain, Saul, pseud. of Siegfried Sassoon Kaisers of Carnuntum, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 Kakutani, Michiko, Supp. IV: 304 Kalendarium Hortense (Evelyn), II: 287 Kallman, Chester, Supp. IV: 422, 424; Retro. Supp. I: 9–10, 13 Kama Sutra, Supp. IV: 493 Kane, Sarah, VIII: 147–161 Kangaroo (Lawrence), VII: 90, 107–109, 119 Kant, Immanuel, IV: xiv, 50, 52, 145 Kanthapura (Rao), Supp. V: 56 “Karain: A Memory” (Conrad), VI: 148 Karaoke (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 228, 240– 241 Karl, Frederick R., VI: 135, 149 Karl–Ludwig’s Window, (Saki), Supp. VI: 250 “Karshish” (Browning), IV: 357, 360, 363 Katchen’s Caprices (Trollope), V: 101 “Kate’s Garden” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 29 “Kathe Kollwitz” (Rukeyser), Supp. V: 261 Katherine Mansﬁeld (Alpers), VII: 183 Kathleen and Frank (Isherwood), VII: 316–317 Kathleen Listens In (O’Casey), VII: 12 “Kathleen ny Houlahan” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 127 “Katina” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 210 Kavan, Anna, Supp. VII: 201–215 Kavanagh, Julia, IV: 108, 122 Kavanagh, Dan, pseud. of Julian Barnes Kavanagh, Patrick, Supp. IV: 409, 410, 412, 428, 542; Supp. VII: 183–199; Retro. Supp. I: 126 Kay, Jackie, Supp. XIII: 99–111 Kazin, Alfred, Supp. IV: 460 Keats, John, II: 102, 122, 192, 200; III: 174, 337, 338; IV: viii–xii, 81, 95, 129, 178, 196, 198, 204–205, 211– 237, 255, 284, 316, 323, 332, 349, 355; V: 173, 361, 401, 403; Supp. I:

KEAT−KIRK 218; Supp. V: 38; Retro. Supp. I: 183–197 Keats and the Mirror of Art (Jack), IV: 236 Keats Circle, The: Letters and Papers . . . (Rollins), IV: 231, 232, 235 Keats: The Critical Heritage (ed. Matthews), IV: 237 Keats’s Publisher: A Memoir of John Taylor (Blunden), IV: 236; Supp. XI: 37 Keble, John, V: xix, 252 “Keel, Ram, Stauros” (Jones), Supp. VII: 177 “Keen, Fitful Gusts” (Keats), IV: 215 “Keep Culture Out of Cambridge” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 87–88 Keep the Aspidistra Flying (Orwell), VII: 275, 278–279 “Keep the Home Fires Burning” (Novello), VI: 435 “Keepsake, The” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 Keeton, G. W., IV: 286 Kell, Joseph, see Burgess, Anthony Kellys and the O’Kellys, The (Trollope), V: 101 Kelman, James, Supp. V: 241–258 Kelmscott Press, publishers, V: xxv, 302 Kelsall, Malcolm Miles, IV: x, xxv Kelvin, Norman, V: 221, 234 Kemble, Fanny, IV: 340, 350–351 Kemp, Harry, Supp. III: 120 Kempe, Margery, Supp. XII: 167–183 Keneally, Thomas, Supp. IV: 343–362 Kenilworth (Scott), IV: xviii, 39 Kennedy, John F., Supp. IV: 486 Kenner, Hugh, VI: 323 Kennis van die aand (Brink), Supp. VI: 47–48, 49 “Kensington Gardens” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 13, 14–15 Kenyon, Frederic, IV: 312, 321 Kenyon, John, IV: 311, 356 Kept (Waugh), Supp. VI: 270 Kept in the Dark (Trollope), V: 102 Kermode, Frank, I: 237; V: 344, 355, 359, 412, 420; VI: 147, 208 Kerr, Philip, Supp. XII: 185–200 Kettle, Thomas, VI: 336 Key of the Field, The (Powys), VIII: 255 Key to Modern Poetry, A (Durrell), Supp. I: 100, 121–123, 125, 126, 127 Key to My Heart, The (Pritchett), Supp. III: 324–325 “Key to My Heart, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 324 Key to the Door (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 410, 415 Keyes, Sidney, VII: xxii, 422, 433–440 Keynes, G. L., II: 134; III: 289n, 307, 308, 309 Kickleburys on the Rhine, The (Thackeray), V: 38 Kid (Armitage), VIII: 1, 4–6 “Kid” (Armitage), VIII: 5 Kidnapped (Stevenson), V: 383, 384, 387, 395; Retro. Supp. I: 266–267 Kierkegaard, Sören, Supp. I: 79 “Kierkegaard” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285 “Kilchrenan” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 72 “Kill, A” (Hughes), Supp. I: 352

“Killary Hostel” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Killham, John, IV: 323n, 338, 339; VII: 248–249 Killing Bottle, The (Hartley), Supp. VII: 123 Killing Kindness, A (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 114–115, 117, 122 Killing the Lawyers (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 123 Killing Time (Armitage), VIII: 1, 15–16 “Killing Time” (Harrison), Supp. V: 156 “Kilmarnock Edition” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 77–78 “Kilmeny&rdqo; (Hogg), Supp. X: 107– 110 Kiltartan History Book, The (Gregory), VI: 318 Kiltartan Molière, The (Gregory), VI: 316, 318 Kiltartan Poetry Book, The (Gregory), VI: 318 Kilvert, Francis, V: 269; Supp. IV: 169 Kim (Kipling), VI: 166, 168, 169, 185– 189; Supp. IV: 443 Kincaid, Jamaica, Supp. VII: 217–232 Kind Are Her Answers (Renault), Supp. IX: 173–174 “Kind Ghosts, The” (Owen), VI: 447, 455, 457 Kind Keeper, The; or, Mr Limberham (Dryden), II: 294305 Kind of Alaska, A (Pinter), Supp. I: 378 Kind of Anger, A (Ambler), Supp. IV: 16, 18–20 “Kind of Business: The Academic Critic in America, A” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 374 Kind of Poetry I Want, The (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 203 Kind of Scar, A (Boland), Supp. V: 35 “Kindertotenlieder” (Longley), VIII: 169–170 Kindness in a Corner (Powys), VIII: 248, 249, 256 Kindness of Women, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 24, 28, 31, 33 Kindly Light (Wilson), Supp. VI: 299, 308 Kindly Ones, The (Powell), VII: 344, 347, 348, 349, 350 King, Francis Henry, VII: xx, xxxviii; Supp. IV: 302 King, Bishop Henry, II: 121, 221; Supp. VI: 149–163 King, Kimball, Supp. IV: 194–195 King, S., III: 345 King, T., II: 336 King and Me, The (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 153–154 King and No King, A (Beaumont and Fletcher), II: 43, 45, 52, 54, 57–58, 65 King Arthur; or, The British Worthy (Dryden), II: 294, 296, 305 “King Arthur’s Tomb” (Morris), V: 293 “King Billy” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 158 “King Duffus” (Warner), Supp. VII: 373 “King James I and Isaac Casaubon” (Landor), IV: 92

370

King James Version of the Bible, I: 370, 377–380 King John (Shakespeare), I: 286, 301 “King John’s Castle” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 King Lear (Shakespeare), I: 316–317; II: 69; III: 116, 295; IV: 232; Supp. II: 194; Supp. IV: 149, 171, 282, 283, 294, 335; Retro. Supp. I: 34–35 King Log (Hill), Supp. V: 186–189 King Must Die, The (Renault), Supp. IX: 178–180, 187 “King of Beasts” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 189 King of Hearts, The (Golding), Supp. I: 82 King of Pirates, The . . . (Defoe), III: 13 King of the Golden River, The; or, The Black Brothers (Ruskin), V: 184 “King of the World, The” (Coppard), VIII: 92 “King Pim” (Powys), VIII: 248, 249 King Solomon’s Mines (Haggard), Supp. III: 211, 213, 215–217, 218–219, 227; Supp. IV: 484 King Stephen (Keats), IV: 231 King Victor and King Charles (Browning), IV: 373 “Kingdom of God, The” (Thompson), V: 449–450 “Kingdom of Heaven, The” (Powys), VIII: 256 Kingdom of the Wicked, The (Burgess), Supp. I: 186, 193 Kingdoms of Elﬁn (Warner), Supp. VII: 369, 371, 381 King–Errant (Steel), Supp. XII: 275 “Kingﬁsher” (Nye), Supp. X: 192, 205 “Kingﬁsher, The” (Davies), Supp. XI: 96–97 “Kingﬁsher, The” (Powys), VIII: 251 King’s General, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 146 “King’s Tragedy, The” (Rossetti), V: 238, 244 “Kings” (Jennings), Supp. V: 211, 218 “Kings’ Sagas”, See Konunga sögur Kingsland, W. G., IV: 371 Kingsley, Charles, IV: 195; V: viii, xxi, 2, 4, 283; VI: 266; Supp. IV: 256 Kinsayder, W., pseud. of John Marston Kinsella, Thomas, VI: 220; Supp. V: 259–275 Kinsley, James, III: 310n 322 Kipling, Rudyard, IV: 106, 109; V: xxiii– xxvi; VI: ix, xi, xv, 165–206, 415; VII: 33; poetry, VI: 200–203; list of short stories, VI: 205–206; Supp. I: 167, 261; Supp. IV: 17, 201, 394, 440, 506 Kipling and the Critics (Gilbert), VI: 195n Kipling: Realist and Fabulist (Dobrée), VI: xi, 200–203, 205 “Kipper” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63 Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul (Wells), VI: xii, 225, 236–237 Kirk, Russell, IV: 276 Kirkpatrick, T. P. C. III: 180n

KIRS−LADY Kirsteen: The Story of a Scotch Family Seventy Years Ago (Oliphant), Supp. X: 217–219 “Kiss, The” (Sassoon), VI: 429 Kiss for Cinderalla, A (Barrie), Supp. III: 8, 9 Kiss Kiss (Dahl), Supp. IV: 214, 215, 218 “Kiss Me Again, Stranger” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 134 Kissing the Gunner’s Daughter (Rendell), Supp. IX: 195, 196, 198 Kitaj, R. B., Supp. IV: 119 Kitay, Mike, Supp. IV: 256, 257 “Kitchen Maid” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74 “Kitchen Sonnets” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 “Kitchen Window” (Nye), Supp. X: 198 Kitchener, Field Marshall Lord, VI: 351 Kiteworld (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 261, 264, 271–273 Kittredge, G. L., I: 326 Klee, Paul, Supp. IV: 80 Klosterheim (De Quincey), IV: 149, 155 KMT: In the House of Life (Armah), Supp. X: 14 “Kneeling” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 286 “Kneeshaw Goes to War” (Read), VI: 437 Knife, The (Hare), Supp. IV: 282 “Knife–Play” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 4–5 Knight, G. W., IV: 328n, 339 “Knight, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 356 Knight of the Burning Pestle, The (Beaumont), II: 45, 46, 48–49, 62, 65 “Knight of the Cart, The” (Malory), I: 70 Knight with the Two Swords, The (Malory), I: 73 Knights, L. C., II: 123, 126, 130 Knights of Malta, The (Field, Fletcher, Massinger), II: 66 Knight’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 21, 23, 30, 31, 40 Knoblock, Edward, VI: 263, 267; VII: 223 “Knockbrack” (Murphy), Supp. V: 327 “Knole” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72 Knolles, Richard, III: 108 Knots and Crosses (Rankin), Supp. X: 244–249 “Knowledge” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 76 Knowles, Sheridan, IV: 311 Knox, Robert, III: 7 Knox, Ronald, Supp. II: 124, 126 Knox Brothers, The (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 95, 96, 98 Knuckle (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 285–286 Koestler, Arthur, V: 49; Supp. I: 21–41; Supp. III: 107; Supp. IV: 68 “Koi” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25 Kokoschka, Oskar, Supp. IV: 81 Kontakian for You Departed (Paton), Supp. II: 343, 359 Konunga sögur, VIII: 236 Korea and Her Neighbors (Bird), Supp. X: 31 Kormaks saga “Kosciusko and Poniatowski” (Landor), IV: 92 “Kosovo” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 80

Kostakis, George, Supp. IV: 174 Kotzebue, August von, III: 254, 268 “Kraken, The” (Tennyson), IV: 329; VI: 16 Krapp’s Last Tape (Beckett), Supp. I: 46, 55, 58, 61; Retro. Supp. I: 25–26 Krause, Ernest, Supp. II: 107 “Kristbjorg’s Story: In the Black Hills” (Lowry), Supp. III: 285 Kristeva, Julia, Supp. IV: 115, 232 Krutch, J. W., III: 246 “Kubla Khan” (Coleridge), IV: ix, xvii, 44, 46–48, 56; V: 272, 447; Supp. IV: 425; Retro. Supp. II: 56–58 Kullus (Pinter), Supp. I: 368, 371 Kumar, Gobind, Supp. IV: 449 “Kumquat for John Keats, A” (Harrison), Supp. V: 160 Kundera, Milan, Supp. IV: 440 Kureishi, Hanif, Supp. XI: 151–162 Kurosawa, Akira, Supp. IV: 434 Kyd, Thomas, I: 162, 212–231, 277, 278, 291; II: 25, 28, 74 “Kyogle Line, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 218

“La Belle Dame Sans Merci” (Keats),

IV: 216, 219, 235, 313 La Bete Humaine (Zola), Supp. IV: 249 La Chapelle, Jean de, II: 358 La Die de Fénelon (Ramsay), III: 99 La Fayette, Madame de, Supp. IV: 136 “La Fontaine and La Rochefoucault” (Landor), IV: 91 “La Grosse Fiﬁ” (Rhys), Supp. II: 390 La maison de campagne (Dancourt), II: 325 La Mordida (Lowry), Supp. III: 280 “La Nuit Blanche” (Kipling), VI: 193 La parisienne (Becque), VI: 369 La Princesse de Clèves (La Fayette), Supp. IV: 136 “La Rochefoucauld” (Durrell), Supp. I: 126 La Saisiaz (Browning), IV: 359, 364–365, 374 La Soeur de la Reine (Swinburne), V: 325, 333 La strage degli innocenti (Marino), II: 183 La traicion busca el castigo (Roias Zorilla), II: 325 La Vendée: An Historical Romance (Trollope), V: 101 La vida de la Santa Madre Teresa de Jesus, II: 182 La vida es sueño (Calderón), IV: 349 La vie de Fénelon (Ramsay), III: 99 Labels (De Bernières), Supp. XII: 66 Labels (Waugh), VII: 292–293 Laboratories of the Spirit (Thomas), Supp. XII: 286 Laborators, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 Labours of Hercules, The (Christie), Supp. II: 135 Laburnum Grove (Priestley), VII: 224 Labyrinth, The (Muir), Supp. VI: 204, 207

371

Labyrinthine Ways, The (Greene), see Power and the Glory, The Lacan, Jacques, Supp. IV: 99, 115 “Lachrimae, or Seven Tears Figured in Seven Passionate Pavanas” (Hill), Supp. V: 189, 190 “Lachrimae Amantis” (Hill), Supp. V: 191 “Lachrimae Verae” (Hill), Supp. V: 190 “Laconics: The Forty Acres” (Murray), Supp. VII: 276 “Ladder and the Tree, The” (Golding), Supp. I: 65 “Ladders, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Ladies of Alderley, The (ed. Mitford), Supp. X: 156 Ladder of Perfection (Hilton), Supp. I: 74 Ladies from the Sea (Hope), Supp. VII: 160 Ladies Triall, The (Ford), see Lady’s Trial, The Ladies Whose Bright Eyes (Ford), VI: 327 “Ladle” (Berger), Supp. IV: 93 Lady Anna (Trollope), V: 102 “Lady Appledore’s Mesalliance” (Firbank), Supp. II: 207 “Lady Artemis, The” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 175 Lady Athlyne (Stoker), Supp. III: 381 Lady Audley’s Secret (Braddon), VIII: 35, 41–42, 43, 48, 50 “Lady Barbarina” (James), VI: 69 Lady Chatterley’s Lover (Lawrence), VII: 87, 88, 91, 110–113; Supp. IV: 149, 234, 369; Retro. Supp. II: 226, 231– 232 “Lady Delavoy” (James), VI: 69 Lady Frederick (Maugham), VI: 367–368 “Lady Geraldine’s Courtship” (Browning), IV: 311 Lady Gregory, VI: xiv Lady Gregory: A Literary Portrait (Coxhead), VI: 318 “Lady Icenway, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 Lady in the Van, The (Bennett), VIII: 33 Lady into Woman: A History of Women from Victoria to Elizabeth II (Brittain), Supp. X: 46 Lady Jane (Chettle, Dekker, Heywood, Webster), II: 68 Lady Lisa Lyon (Mapplethorpe photography collection), Supp. IV: 170 “Lady Louisa and the Wallﬂowers” (Powys), VIII: 249 Lady Maisie’s Bairn and Other Poems (Swinburne), V: 333 “Lady Mottisfont” (Hardy), VI: 22 Lady of Launay, The (Trollope), V: 102 Lady of May, The (Sidney), I: 161; Retro. Supp. II: 330 “Lady of Quality, A” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 “Lady of Shalott, The” (Tennyson), IV: xix, 231, 313, 329, 331–332 Lady of the Lake, The (Scott), IV: xvii, 29, 38

LADY−LAST “Lady of the Pool, The” (Jones), Supp. VII: 176, 177, 178 Lady of the Shroud, The (Stoker), Supp. III: 381 “Lady Penelope, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Lady Rogue Singleton” (Smith), Supp. II: 466–467, 470 Lady Susan (Austen), IV: 108, 109, 122; Supp. IV: 230 Lady Windermere’s Fan (Wilde), V: xxvi, 412, 413–414, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 369 Lady with a Laptop (Thomas), Supp. IV: 489–490 “Lady with the Dog, The” (Chekhov), V: 241 “Lady with Unicorn” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 170 “Ladybird, The” (Lawrence), VII: 115 “Lady’s Dream, The” (Hood), IV: 261, 264 “Lady’s Dressing Room, The” (Swift), III: 32 Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains, A (Bird), Supp. X: 17, 19, 22, 24, 26– 28, 30 Lady’s Magazine (periodical), III: 179 “Lady’s Maid, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 174–175 Lady’s Not for Burning (Fry), Supp. III: 195, 202 Lady’s Pictorial (periodical), VI: 87, 91 Lady’s Trial, The (Ford), II: 89, 91, 99, 100 Lady’s World, The (periodical), Retro. Supp. II: 364 Lafourcade, Georges, VI: 247, 256, 259, 260, 262, 263, 268 “Lagoon, The” (Conrad), VI: 136, 148 Lair of the White Worm, The (Stoker), Supp. III: 381–382 Laird of Abbotsford: A View of Sirt Walter Scott, The (Wilson), Supp. VI: 301 Lake, David J., II: 1, 2, 21 Lake, The (Moore), VI: xii, 88, 89, 92– 93, 98 “Lake Isle of Innisfree, The” (Yeats), VI: 207, 211; Retro. Supp. I: 329 Lake of Darkness, The (Rendell), Supp. IX: 196 “Lake of Tuonela, The” (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 270–271 Lakers, The (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 223 “Lal” (Steel), Supp. XII: 266, 268 “L’Allegro” (Milton), II: 158–159; IV: 199 Lamarck, Jean–Baptiste, Supp. II: 105– 106, 107, 118, 119 Lamb, Charles, II: 80, 86, 119n, 143, 153, 256, 340, 361, 363, 364; IV: xi, xiv, xvi xviii, xix, 41, 42, 73–86, 128, 135, 137, 148, 252–253, 255, 257, 259, 260, 320, 341, 349; V: 328 Lamb, John, IV: 74, 77, 84 Lamb, Mary, IV: xvi, 77–78, 80, 83–84, 128, 135 “Lamb to the Slaughter” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 215, 219 Lambert, Gavin, Supp. IV: 3, 8 “Lament” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 277–278

Lament for a Lover (Highsmith), Supp. V: 170 “Lament for One’s Self” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 134 “Lament for the Great Music” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 203 “Lament for the Makaris, The” (Dunbar), VIII: 118, 121, 127–128 Lament of Tasso, The (Byron), IV: 192 “Lament of the Images” (Okri), Supp. V: 359 “Lament over the Ruins of the Abbey of Teach Molaga” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 128 Lamia (Keats), III: 338; IV: xviii, 216, 217, 219–220, 231, 235; Retro. Supp. I: 192–193 Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (Keats), IV: xviii, 211, 235; Retro. Supp. I: 184, 192– 196 Lamming, George, Supp. IV: 445 “Lamp and the Jar, The” (Hope), Supp. VII: 158 Lamp and the Lute, The (Dobrée), VI: 204 Lampitt Papers, The (Wilson), Supp. VI: 297, 304, 306–307 Lanark: A Life in Four Books (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 79–83, 84–86, 88–89 Lancelot and Guinevere (Malory), I: 70– 71, 77 Lancelot du Laik, I: 73 Lancelot, The Death of Rudel, and Other Poems (Swinburne), V: 333 “Lancer” (Housman), VI: 160 “Land of Counterpane, The” (Stevenson), Retro. Supp. I: 260 Land of Heart’s Desire, The (Yeats), VI: 221; Retro. Supp. I: 326 “Land of Loss, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 Land of Promise, The (Maugham), VI: 369 “Land under the Ice, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 Landfall, Supp. XII: 3 Landing on the Sun, A (Frayn), Supp. VII: 62–63 “Landlady, The” (Behan), Supp. II: 63–64 “Landlady, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 215– 216, 217 Landleaguers, The (Trollope), V: 102 Landlocked (Lessing), Supp. I: 245, 248 Landmarks in French Literature (Strachey), Supp. II: 502–503 Landnámabók, VIII: 235, 238 Landon, Letitia, IV: 311 Landor, Walter Savage, II: 293; III: 139; IV: xiv, xvi, xviii, xix, xxii, 87–100, 252, 254, 356; V: 320 Landscape (Pinter), Supp. I: 375–376 “Landscape Painter, A” (James), VI: 69 “Landscape with One Figure” (Dunn), Supp. X: 70 Landscapes Within, The (Okri), Supp. V: 347, 348, 350, 352, 353–354, 360 Landseer, Edwin, V: 175 Lane, Margaret, V: 13n, 16

372

Lang, Andrew, V: 392–393, 395; VI: 158; Supp. II: 115 Lang, C. Y., V: 334, 335 Langland, William, I: vii, 1–18 “Language Ah Now You Have Me” (Graham), Supp. VII: 115 Language Made Plain (Burgess), Supp. I: 197 Language of Fiction: Essays in Criticism and Verbal Analysis of the English Novel (Lodge), Supp. II: 9; Supp. IV: 365, 366 Language, Truth and Logic (Ayer), VII: 240 Languages of Love, The (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 99, 100–101 Lannering, Jan, III: 52 “Lantern Bearers, The” (Stevenson), V: 385 “Lantern out of Doors, The,” (Hopkins), V: 380 Lantern Slides (O’Brien), Supp. V: 341 Laodicean, A; or, The Castle of the De Stancys (Hardy), VI: 4–5, 20 Laon and Cynthia (Shelley), IV: 195, 196, 198, 208; Retro. Supp. I: 249– 250; see also Revolt of Islam, The “Lapis Lazuli” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 337 Lara (Byron), IV: xvii, l72, 173, 175, 192; see also Turkish tales “Large Cool Store, The” (Larkin), Supp. I: 279 Lark, The (Fry), Supp. III: 195 “Lark Ascending, The” (Meredith), V: 221, 223 “Larkin Automatic Car Wash, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 Larkin, Philip, Supp. I: 275–290; Supp. II: 2, 3, 375; Supp. IV: 256, 431 “Lars Porsena of Clusium” (Macaulay), IV: 282 Lars Porsena; or, The Future of Swearing and Improper Language (Graves), VII: 259–260 “Lascar, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 212 Lasselia; or, The Self–Abandoned (Haywood), Supp. XII: 137, 140 “Last Address, The” (Lowry), Supp. III: 272 Last and the First, The (Compton– Burnett), VII: 59, 61, 67 “Last Ark, The” (Tolkien), Supp. II: 522 Last Battle, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 261 “Last Christmas” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74 Last Chronicle of Barset, The (Trollope), II: 173; V: xxiii, 93–95, 101 “Last Confession, A” (Rossetti), V: 240– 241 “Last Day of Summer, The” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390 Last Days of Lord Byron, The (Parry), IV: 191, 193 Last Days of Sodom, The (Orton), Supp. V: 364 “Last Duchess” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 Last Essay (Conrad), VI: 148

LAST−LE GA Last Essays of Elia, The (Lamb), IV: xix, 76–77, 82–83, 85 Last Essays on Church and Religion (Arnold), V: 212, 216 Last Fight of the Revenge at Sea, The (Ralegh), I: 145, 149–150 Last Fruit off the Old Tree, The (Landor), IV: 100 “Last Galway Hooker, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 313, 316, 319 “Last Hellos, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 283 “Last Instructions to a Painter, The” (Marvell), II: 217–218 Last Letters from Hav (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 171, 185–186 Last Loves (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411, 414, 415–416, 425 “Last Man, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 264 Last Man, The (Shelley), Supp. III: 364– 371 “Last Moa, The” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 12 Last Night’s Fun (Carson), Supp. XIII: 53, 55, 61–63 “Last of March (Written at Lolham Brigs), The” (Clare), Supp. XI: 57 Last of the Country House Murders, The (Tennant), Supp. IX: 230 Last of the Duchess, The (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 8, 13–14 “Last of the Fire Kings” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 172 Last of the Wine, The (Renault), Supp. IX: 182–183, 187 Last Orders (Swift), Supp. V: 440–441 Last Poems (Browning), IV: 312, 315, 357 Last Poems (Fuller), Supp. VII: 79 Last Poems (Housman), VI: 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164 Last Poems (Meredith), V: 234 Last Poems (Reading), VIII: 273 Last Poems (Yeats), VI: 214 Last Poems and Two Plays (Yeats), VI: 213 Last Pool and Other Stories, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 251 Last Post (Ford), VI: 319, 330–331 Last Pre–Raphaelite, The: A Record of the Life and Writings of Ford Madox Ford (Goldring), VI: 333 “Last Requests” (Longley), VIII: 173 Last September, The (Bowen), Supp. II: 77, 78, 79, 83–86, 89 Last Sheaf, A (Welch), Supp. IX: 267 Last Summer, The (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 209 Last Testament of Oscar Wilde, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 5 Last Thing (Snow), VII: xxi, 324, 332– 333 “Last Things, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 40 “Last to Go” (Pinter), Retro. Supp. I: 217 “Last Tournament, The” (Tennyson), V: 327 “Last Will and Testament” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 7

Last Words of Thomas Carlyle, The (Carlyle), IV: 250 Late Augustans, The (Davie), Supp. VI: 115 Late Bourgeois World, The (Gordimer), Supp. II: 228, 229, 231, 233, 234, 236, 238 Late Call (Wilson), Supp. I: 156, 161– 162, 163 Late Harvest (Douglas), VI: 300, 302– 303, 305, 333 Late Mr. Shakespeare, The (Nye), Supp. X: 194, 196, 200, 202–203, 206 Late Murder in Whitechapel, The; or, Keep the Widow Waking, see Late Murder of the Son . . . Late Murder of the Son Upon the Mother, A; or, Keep the Widow Waking (Dekker, Ford, Rowley, Webster), II: 85–86, 89, 100 “Late Period” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 78 Late Picking, A: Poems 1965–1974 (Hope), Supp. VII: 157, 158 Late Pickings (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45 Latecomers (Brookner), Supp. IV: 130– 131, 136 Later and Italian Poems of Milton (tr. Cowper), III: 220 Later Days (Davies), Supp. XI: 91, 92 “Later Decalogue, The,” (Clough), V: 155 “Later Poems” (Bridges), VI: 78, 83 Later Poems, 1972–1982 (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288 Latter–Day Pamphlets (Carlyle), IV: xxi, 240, 247–248, 249, 250 “Laud and Praise made for our Sovereign Lord The King” (Skelton), I: 88–89 Laugh and Lie Down (Swinburne), V: 312, 332 Laugh and Lie Down; or, The World’s Folly (Tourneur), II: 37 Laughable Lyrics (Lear), V: 78, 85, 87 Laughing Anne (Conrad), VI: 148 “Laughter” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 47–48 “Laughter Beneath the Bridge” (Okri), Supp. V: 355 Laughter in the Next Room (Sitwell), VII: 130, 135 Launch–Site for English Studies: Three Centuries of Literary Studies at the University of St. Andrews (ed. Crawford), Supp. XI: 76, 82 “Laundon, City of the Moon” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 “Laundress, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Laus Veneris” (Swinburne), IV: 346; V: 316, 318, 320, 327, 346 L’Autre monde ou les états et empires de la lune (Cyrano de Bergerac), III: 24 Lavater, J. C., III: 298 “Lavatory Attendant, The” (Cope), VIII: 74 Lavengro: The Scholar, the Gipsy, the Priest (Borrow), Supp. XII: 17, 20– 27, 31 Law, William, IV: 45 Law and the Grace, The (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 212–213

373

Law and the Lady, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 102 Law Against Lovers, The (Davenant), I: 327 Law Hill poems (Brontë), V: 126–128 Law of the Threshold, The (Steel), Supp. XII: 275–276 Lawless Roads, The (Greene; U.S. title, “nother Mexico), Supp. I: 9, 10 Lawrence, D. H., II: 330; IV: 106, 119, 120, 195; V: xxv, 6, 47; VI: 235, 243, 248, 259, 275–276, 283, 363, 409, 416; VI: xii, xiv–xvi, 18, 75, 87–126, 201, 203–204, 215; Supp. II: 492; Supp. III: 86, 91, 397–398; Supp. IV: 5, 94, 139, 233, 241, 369; Retro. Supp. II: 221–235 Lawrence, Frieda, VII: 90, 111 Lawrence, T. E., VI: 207, 408; Supp. II: 147, 283–297; Supp. IV: 160 “Lawrence, of virtuous father virtuous son” (Milton), II: 163 Laws of Candy, The, II: 67 Lawson, Henry, Supp. IV: 460 Laxdœla saga, VIII: 238, 239, 240 “Lay By” (Hare), Supp. IV: 281, 283 Lay Down Your Arms (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 231 “Lay for New Lovers” (Reid), Supp. VII: 325 Lay Morals and Other Papers (Stevenson), V: 396 Lay of Lilies, A, and Other Poems (Swinburne), V: 333 “Lay of the Bell, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 121–122 “Lay of the Brown Rosary, The” (Browning), IV: 313 “Lay of the Labourer, The” (Hood), IV: 252, 261, 265–266 Lay of The Last Minstrel, The (Scott), IV: xvi, 29, 38, 48, 218 “Lay of the Laureate” (Southey), IV: 61, 71 Layamon, I: 72 “Laying a Lawn” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 167 Laying on of Hands, The: Stories (Bennett), VIII: 20 Lays of Ancient Rome (Macaulay), IV: xx, 272, 282–283, 290–291 “Lays of Many Lands” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 118 “Lazarus and the Sea” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 225–227, 231 “Lazarus Not Raised” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 259 Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 92 Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices, The (Dickens), V: 72 Le Carré, John, Supp. II: 299–319; Supp. IV: 4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22, 445, 449 “Le christianisme” (Owen), VI: 445, 450 Le dépit amoureux (Molière), II: 325, 336 Le Fanu, Sheridan, III: 333, 340, 342, 343, 345; Supp. II: 78–79, 81; Supp. III: 385–386 Le Gallienne, Richard, V: 412, 413

LE JU−LES M Le Jugement du Roy de Behaingne (Machaut), Retro. Supp. II: 37 Le misanthrope (Molière), II: 318 Le roman bourgeois (Furetière), II: 354 Le Roman de la Rose (Guillaurne), Retro. Supp. II: 36 Le Sage, Alain René, II: 325; III: 150 “Lead” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 “Lead, Kindly Light” (Newman), Supp. VII: 291 “Leaden Echo and the Golden Echo, The” (Hopkins), V: 371 Leader (periodical), V: 189 Leaf and the Marble, The (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 209, 223 ”Leaf Blown Upstream, A” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 “Leaf by Niggle” (Tolkien), Supp. II: 521 &ldqup;Leaf Used as a Bookmark, A” (Nye), Supp. X: 203 Leak in the Universe, A (Richards), Supp. II: 426–427 Lean Tales (Kelman, Owens, and Gray), Supp. V: 249; Supp. IX: 80, 82, 90 “Leaning Tower, The” (Woolf), VII: 26; Retro. Supp. I: 310 Lear (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 427, 430– 432, 433, 435 Lear, Edward, V: xi, xvii, xv, xxv, 75–87, 262; Supp. IV: 201 Lear Coloured Bird Book for Children, The (Lear), V: 86, 87 Lear in Sicily (ed. Proby), V: 87 Lear in the Original (ed. Liebert), V: 87 Learned Comment upon Dr. Hare’s Excellent Sermon, A (Swift), III, 35 Learned Hippopotamus, The (Ewart), Supp. VII: 47 “Learning Gaelic” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 20 Learning Human: Selected Prose (Murray), Supp. VII: 271 Learning Laughter (Spender), Supp. II: 491 “Learning to Swim” (Swift), Supp. V: 431–432 Learning to Swim and Other Stories (Swift), Supp. V: 431–434 “Learning’s Little Tribute” (Wilson), Supp. I: 157 Lease of Life (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 “Leather Goods” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Leave the Door Open” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224 “Leaves from a Young Person’s Notebook” (Welch), Supp. IX: 267, 268 “Leave–Taking, A” (Swinburne), V: 319 “Leaving Barra” (MacNeice), VI: 411– 412 “Leaving Belfast” (Motion), Supp. VII: 254, 262 “Leaving Dundee” (Dunn), Supp. X: 77 Leavis, F. R., II: 254, 258, 271; III: 68, 78; IV: 227, 323, 338, 339; V: 195, 199, 201, 237, 309, 355, 375, 381, 382; VI: 13; V: xvi, xix, 72–73, 88, 101, 102, 233–256; Supp. II: 2, 179, 429; Supp. III: 60; Supp. IV: 142,

229–230, 233, 256; Retro. Supp. I: 90 Leavis, Q. D., II: 250; V: 286, 290; VI: 377; VII: 233, 238, 250 Leben des Galilei (Brecht), Supp. IV: 298 “Lecknavarna” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Lecky, William, IV: 289 Lecky, William E. H., Supp. V: 41 L’école des femmes (Molière), II: 314 L’école des maris (Molière), II: 314 “Lecture on Modern Poetry, A” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 135–136, 138, 142–144 Lectures Chieﬂy on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth (Hazlitt), IV: xviii, 125, 129–130, 139 Lectures on Architecture and Paintings (Ruskin), V: 184 Lectures on Art (Ruskin), V: 184 Lectures on Certain Diffıculties Felt by Anglicans in Submitting to the Catholic Church (Newman), Supp. VII: 297–298 Lectures on Justiﬁation (Newman), II: 243n; Supp. VII: 294, 301 Lectures on Shakespeare (Coleridge), IV: xvii, 52, 56 Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship (Frazer), Supp. III: 175 Lectures on the English Comic Writers (Hazlitt), IV: xviii, 129–130, 131, 136, 139 Lectures on the English Poets (Hazlitt), IV: xvii, 41, 129–130, 139; Retro. Supp. II: 51 Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England (Newman), Supp. VII: 298 Lectures on the Prophetical Offıce of the Church Viewed Relatively to Romanism and Popular Protestantism (Newman), Supp. VII: 293–294, 301, 302 “Leda and the Swan” (Yeats), V: 345 Lee, George John Vandeleur, VI: 101 Lee, Gypsy Rose, Supp. IV: 422, 423, 424 Lee, Hermione, Retro. Supp. I: 305 Lee, J., II: 336 Lee, Nathaniel, II: 305 Lee, Sidney, V: 280 Leech, Clifford, II: 44, 49, 52, 60, 62, 64, 70, 86, 90n, 100 Leech, John, IV: 258 Leenane Trilogy, The (McDonagh), Supp. XII: 233, 234–237, 238, 239, 240, 241 Left Bank and Other Stories, The (Rhys), Supp. II: 388, 389–390 Left–Handed Liberty (Arden), Supp. II: 29, 30 Left Heresy in Literature and Art, The (Kemp and Riding), Supp. III: 120 Left Leg, The (Powys), VIII: 249, 250 “Left, Right, Left, Right: The Arrival of Tony Blair” (Barnes), Supp. IV: 74 “Legacie, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 88, 91–92 “Legacy, The” (King), Supp. VI: 152– 153 “Legacy, The” (Motion), Supp. VII: 261

374

Legacy of Cain, The(Collins), Supp. VI: 103 “Legend” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 103 Legend of Good Women, The (Chaucer), I: 24–31, 38; Retro. Supp. II:40 Legend of Juba;, The, and Other Poems (Eliot), V: 200 Legend of Montrose, A (Scott), IV: xviii, 35, 39 Legend of the Rhine, A (Thackeray), V: 38 “Legacy on My Fiftieth Birthday, A” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 262 Legendre’s Elements of Geometry (Carlyle), IV: 250 “Legends of Ancient Eire, The” (Russell), VIII: 282 Legends of Angria (ed. Ratchford), V: 112 Léger, Fernand, Supp. IV: 81 “Legion Club, The” (Swift), III: 21, 31 Legion Hall Bombing, The (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 Legion’s Memorial to the House of Commons (Defoe), III: 12; Retro. Supp. I: 67 Legislation (Ruskin), V: 178 Legouis, Pierre, II: 207, 209, 218, 219, 220 Lehmann, John Frederick, VII: xvii, xxxviii Leigh, R. A., III: 246n Leigh Hunt’s Examiner Examined (Blunden), IV: 236 Leila, A Tale (Browning), IV: 321 “Leisure” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 42 “Leisure” (Lamb), IV: 83 “Leith Races” (Fergusson), III: 317 Leland, John, I: 113 Lemady (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 261 Lemon, Mark, IV: 263 “Lend Me Your Light” (Mistry), Supp. X: 141–142 “Lenin” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 212– 213, 216 “Lenten Offering, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 Leonard’s War: A Love Story (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 “Leonardo Da Vinci” (Pater), V: 345– 347, 348 Leonora (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 158 “’Leopard’ George” (Lessing), Supp. I: 242 “Lepanto” (Chesterton), VI: 340 “Leper, The” (Swinburne), V: 315 LeQueux, William, Supp. II: 299 “Lerici” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 259 Les aventures de Télémaque (Fénelon), III: 95, 99 Les bourgeoises à la mode (Dancourt), II: 325, 336 Les carrosses d’Orleans (La Chapelle), II: 358 “Les Chats” (Baudelaire), Supp. IV: 115 Les Damnés de la terre (Fanon), Supp. IV: 105 Les fables d’Ésope (Boursault), II: 324 Les Heures de silence (tr. Richardson), Supp. XIII: 191 Les Misérables (Hugo), Supp. IV: 86

LES N−LETT “Les Noyades” (Swinburne), V: 319, 320 “Les Vaches” (Clough), V: 168 Lesbia Brandon (Swinburne), V: 313, 325, 326–327, 332 Leslie Stephen (MacCarthy), V: 284, 290 Leslie Stephen and Matthew Arnold as Critics of Wordsworth (Wilson), V: 287, 290 Leslie Stephen: Cambridge Critic (Leavis), VII: 238 Leslie Stephen: His Thought and Character in Relation to His Time (Annan), V: 284–285, 290 Less Deceived, The (Larkin), Supp. I: 275, 277, 278, 279, 285 Less Than Angels (Pym), Supp. II: 372– 374 “Lesser Arts, The” (Morris), V: 291, 301 Lessing, Doris, Supp. I: 237–257; Supp. IV: 78, 233, 234, 473 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, IV: 53 Lessius, II: 181n Lessness (Beckett), Supp. I: 52, 61 “Lesson in Music, A” (Reid), Supp. VII: 324–325 “Lesson of the Master, The” (James), VI: 48, 67, 69 “Lessons in Survival” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218, 219 “Lessons of the Summer” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 Lessons of the War (Reed), VII: 422 L’Estrange, Sir Robert, III: 41 “Let Him Loose” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 24 Let It Bleed (Rankin), Supp. X: 244, 251, 253 “Let It Go” (Empson), Supp. II: 180, 194 Let Me Alone (Kavan), Supp. VII: 202– 204, 205, 206, 207, 214 “Let that be a Lesson” (Kelman), Supp. V: 249 “Let the Brothels of Paris be opened” (Blake), III: 299 Let the People Sing (Priestley), VII: 217 “Let Them Call It Jazz” (Rhys), Supp. II: 402 “Let Us Now Praise Unknown Women and Our Mothers Who Begat Us” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 175 Let’s Have Some Poetry! (Jennings), Supp. V: 206, 214 Lethaby, W. R., V: 291, 296, 306 “Letter, The” (Brontë), V: 132 “Letter, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 130 Letter, The (Maugham), VI: 369 “Letter, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 215 “Letter, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Letter Addressed to His Grace the Duke of Norfolk (Newman), Supp. VII: 302 Letter and Spirit: Notes on the Commandments (Rossetti), V: 260 Letter . . . oncerning the Sacramental Test, A (Swift), III: 35 Letter from a Member . . . in Ireland to a Member in England, A (Defoe), III: 18 Letter from Amsterdam to a Friend in England, A, II: 206

“Letter from Armenia, A” (Hill), Supp. V: 189 “Letter from Artemiza . . . to Chloë, A” (Rochester), II; 260, 270; Supp. III: 70 “Letter from Hamnovoe” (Brown), Supp. VI: 64 “Letter from Home, The” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 221 Letter . . . in Vindication of His Conduct with Regard to the Affairs of Ireland, A (Burke), III: 205 Letter of Advice to a Young Poet, A (Swift), III: 35 Letter of Marque (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 257 Letter of Thanks . . . to the . . . Bishop of S. Asaph, A (Swift), III: 35 Letter of Travell, A (Greville), Supp. XI: 108 Letter . . . on the Conduct of the Minority in Parliament, A (Burke), III: 205 “Letter to —, April 4, 1802, A” (Coleridge), Retro. Supp. II: 61 “Letter to a Brother of the Pen in Tribulation, A” (Behn), Supp. III: 40 Letter . . . to a Country Gentleman . . . , A (Swift), III: 35 Letter to a Friend, A (Browne), II: 153, 156 “Letter to a Friend” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 295 “Letter to a Friend on Leaving Town” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 199 Letter . . . to a Gentleman Designing for Holy Orders, A (Swift), III: 35 Letter to a Member of the National Assembly, A (Burke), III: 205 Letter to a Monk (More), Supp. VII: 240, 241–242 Letter to a Noble Lord (Burke), IV: 127 Letter to a Peer of Ireland on the Penal Laws (Burke), III: 205 “Letter to an Exile” (Motion), Supp. VII: 254, 257 Letter to an Honourable Lady, A (Greville), Supp. XI: 108 Letter to Brixius (More), Supp. VII: 241 “Letter to Curtis Bradford, A” (Davie), Supp. VI: 109 Letter to Dorp (More), Supp. VII: 240– 241 Letter to Edward Lee (More), Supp. VII: 240 “Letter to John Donne, A” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 256 Letter to John Murray, Esq., “Touching”Lord Nugent (Southey), IV: 71 “Letter to Lord Byron” (Auden), IV: 106; Supp. II: 200; Retro. Supp. I: 7 Letter to Lord Ellenborough, A (Shelley), IV: 208 “Letter to Maria Gisborne” (Shelley), IV: 204 “Letter to Mr. Creech at Oxford, A” (Behn), Supp. III: 41 Letter to Mr. Harding the Printer, A (Swift), III: 35 Letter to Oxford (More), Supp. VII: 240– 241

375

Letter to Peace–Lovers (Brittain), Supp. X: 45 Letter to Robert MacQueen Lord Braxﬁeld . . . , A (Boswell), III: 248 Letter to Samuel Whitbread (Malthus), IV: 127 “Letter to Sara Hutchinson” (Coleridge), IV: 15 Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on . . . the Roman Catholics .. . . , A (Burke), III: 205 “Letter to Sylvia Plath” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 263–264 “Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff” (Wordsworth), IV: 2 Letter to the Noble Lord on the Attacks Made upon Him . . . in the House of Lords, A (Burke), III: 205 Letter to the People of Scotland, on . . . the Articles of the Union, A (Boswell), III: 248 Letter to the People of Scotland, on the Present State of the Nation, A (Boswell), III: 248 Letter to the Shop–Keepers . . . of Ireland, A (Swift), III: 28, 35 Letter to the Whole People of Ireland, A (Swift), III: 35 Letter to the Women of England, A (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 195, 196, 211 Letter to Viscount Cobham, A (Congreve), II: 350 Letter to . . . Viscount Molesworth, A (Swift), III: 35 “Letter to William Coldstream” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 7 Letter to William Gifford, Esq., A (Hazlitt), IV: 139 Letter to William Smith, Esq., MP, A (Southey), IV: 71 Letter Writers, The (Fielding), III: 97, 105 Letter Written to a Gentleman in the Country, A . . . (Milton), II: 176 Letterbook of Sir George Etherege, The (ed. Rosenfeld), II: 271 “Letterfrack Industrial School” (Murphy), Supp. V: 316 Letters (Coleridge), II: 119n Letters (Warner), Supp. VII: 377, 382 Letters Addressed to Lord Liverpool, and the Parliament . . . (Landor), IV: 100 Letters and Diaries (Newman), Supp. VII: 293, 297 Letters and Journals (Byron), IV: 185, 193 Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, with Notices of His Life, by T. Moore (Moore), IV: 193, 281; V: 116 Letters and Passages from . . . Clarissa (Richardson), III: 92 Letters and Private Papers of W. M. Thackeray (ed. Ray), V: 37, 140 Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, II: 326n Letters for Literary Ladies (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 153 Letters from a Citizen of the World (Goldsmith), see Citizen of the World, The

LETT−LIFE Letters from a Lost Generation: The First World War Letters of Vera Brittain and Four Friends, Roland Leighton, Edward Brittain, Victor Richardson, Geoffrey Thurlow (Brittain), Supp. X: 47 Letters from America (Brooke), Supp. III: 47, 50, 54–55, 59–60 Letters from Darkness (tr. Adcock), Supp. XII: 11 Letters from England: By Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella (Southey), IV: 60, 68–69, 71 Letters from Iceland (Auden and MacNeice), VII: 403; Retro. Supp. I: 7 Letters from John Galsworthy (ed. Garnett), VI: 290 Letters from Julia; or, Light from the Borderland (Stead), Supp. XIII: 243 Letters from London (Barnes), Supp. IV: 65, 74–75 “Letters From The Alphabet” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 60–61 Letters from the Lake Poets to D. Stuart (ed. Coleridge), IV: 144 “Letters from the Rocky Mountains” (Bird), Supp. X: 28 Letters from W. S. Landor to R. W. Emerson (Landor), IV: 100 Letters of a Conservative, The (Landor), IV: 100 “Letters of an Englishman” (Brontë), V: lll Letters of an Old Playgoer (Arnold), V: 216 Letters of Charles Lamb . . . , The (ed. Lucas), II: 119n, IV: 84, 86 Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (ed. Kenyon), IV: 312, 321 Letters of G. M. Hopkins to Robert Bridges (ed. Abbott), VI: 83 Letters of Hugh MacDiarmid, The (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 209 Letters of James Boswell . . . (ed. Francis), III: 249 Letters of James Boswell (ed. Tinker), III: 234n, 249 Letters of John Clare, The (Clare), Supp. XI: 55, 56, 57, 62 Letters of John Keats to Fanny Browne, Retro. Supp. I: 185 Letters of Laurence Sterne (ed. Curtis), III: 124n Letters of Matthew Arnold, 1848–1888 (ed. Russell), V: 205, 206, 208, 211, 216 Letters of Mrs. Gaskell, The (ed. Chapell and Pollard), V: 108, 137, 151 Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett, 1845–46, IV: 318–319, 320, 321 Letters of Runnymede (Disraeli), IV: 298, 308 Letters of State, Written by Mr. John Milton . . . (Milton), II: 176 Letters of T. E. Lawrence, The (Lawrence), Supp. II: 287, 290 Letters of W. B. Yeats (ed. Wade), VII: 134

Letters of Walter Savage Landor, Private and Public (ed. Wheeler), IV: 89, 98, 100 Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth (ed. Selincourt), IV: 11, 25 Letters of Wit, Politicks and Morality, II: 352, 364 Letters on Several Occasions (Dennis), II: 338 Letters on the Subject of the Catholics, to my brother Abraham, who lives in the Country (Smith), Supp. VII: 343 Letters to a Young Gentleman . . . (Swift), III: 29 “Letters to a Young Man” (De Quincey), IV: 146 Letters to Alice on First Reading Jane Austen (Weldon), Supp. IV: 521–522, 536 Letters to Archdeacon Singleton (Smith), Supp. VII: 349–350 Letters to Henrietta (Bird), Supp. X: 23– 27, Letters to Malcolm: Chieﬂy on Prayer (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 264, 265 Letters to T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence), Supp. II: 293 Letters to the Sheriffs of Bristol . . . (Burke), III: 205 “Letters to the Winner” (Murray), Supp. VII: 279 Letters with a Chapter of Biography, The (Sorley), VI: 421 Letters Written During a Short Residence in Spain and Portugal (Southey), IV: 71 Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (Wollstonecraft), Supp. III: 473–475, 479 Letters Written to and for Particular Friends (Richardson), see Familiar Letters Lettres d’une péruvienne (Graffigny), Supp. III: 75 Letty Fox: Her Luck (Stead), Supp. IV: 473 Levanter, The (Ambler), Supp. IV: 16 “Level–Crossing, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Levi, Peter, Supp. IV: 159 Leviathan (Hobbes), II: 190; III: 22; IV: 138 Levin, Harry, I: 288, 292 Levin, Ira, III: 343 Levin, Richard, II: 4, 23 Lévi–Strauss, Claude, Supp. IV: 115 Levitt, Morton, Supp. IV: 233 Levy, Paul, Supp. IV: 145 Lewes, George Henry, IV: 10l, 122; V: 137, 189–190, 192, 198; Retro. Supp. II: 102–103 Lewis, Alun, VII: xxii, 422, 444–448 Lewis, C. Day, see Day Lewis, Cecil Lewis, C. S., I: 81, 95, 117; III: 51; V: 301, 306; VII: 356; Supp. I: 71, 72; Supp. III: 247–268 Lewis, Matthew, III: 331, 332–333, 336, 340, 343, 345; Supp. III: 384 Lewis, Peter, Supp. IV: 13

376

Lewis, Wyndham, VI: 118, 216, 247, 322; VII: xii, xv, 35, 41, 45, 49, 50, 71–85; Supp. IV: 5 “Lewis Carroll” (de la Mare), V: 268, 274 Lewis Carroll (Hudson), V: 262–263, 274 Lewis Eliot stories (Snow), VII: 322; see Strangers and Brothers cycle Lewis Seymour and Some Women (Moore), VI: 86, 89–90, 98, 99 “Lexicography” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45 “Liar, The” (James), VI: 69 “Libbie Marsh’s Three Eras” (Gaskell), V: 15 Libel on D[octor] Delany, A (Swift), III: 35 Liber Amoris (Hazlitt), IV: 128, 131–132, 133, 139 Liber niger (Edward IV), I: 25, 44 Liberal (periodical), IV: 132, 172 “Liberty” (Collins), III: 166, 172 Liberty (Thomson), Supp. III: 411–412, 419–422 Libra (Delillo), Supp. IV: 487 “Libraries. A Celebration” (Dunn), Supp. X: 79 Library, The (Crabbe), III: 274, 280, 286 “Library Window, The” (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220 Licking Hitler (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 287–288 “Licorice Fields at Pontefract, The” (Betjeman), VII: 368 Lidoff, Joan, Supp. IV: 459 “Lie, The” (Ralegh), I: 148 Lie About My Father, A (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 28, 30–31 Lies of Silence (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 146, 148–149 “Lieutenant Bligh and Two Midshipmen” (Brown), Supp. VI: 70 Lieutenant of Inishmore, The (McDonagh), Supp. XII: 233, 238, 241–243, 245 Life, A (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 219–220 “Life, A” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 280 “Life, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 Life, Adventures, and Pyracies of . . . Captain Singleton, The (Defoe), see Captain Singleton Life After Death (Toynbee), Supp. I: 40 Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, The (Dickens), see Martin Chuzzlewit Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, The (Dickens), see Nicholas Nickleby Life and Art (Hardy), VI: 20 “Life and Character of Dean Swift, The” (Swift), III: 23, 32, 36 Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey, The (Southey), IV: 62, 72 Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, The (Stanley), V: 13 “Life and Death of God, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 28 Life and Death of Jason, The (Morris), V: 296, 297, 298, 304, 306 Life and Death of Mr. Badman, The (Bunyan), II: 242, 248, 250–251, 253

LIFE−LIGH Life and Death of My Lord Gilles de Rais, The (Nye), Supp. X: 195, 199 Life and Death of Robert Greene (Greene), VIII: 133 Life and Death of Tom Thumb, the Great, The (Fielding), Retro. Supp. I: 82 “Life and Fame” (Cowley), II: 196 Life and Habit (Butler), Supp. II, 102, 104–105, 106, 107, 111 Life and Labours of Blessed John Baptist De La Salle, The (Thompson), V: 450, 451 Life and Letters of John Galsworthy, The (Marrot), V: 270; VI: 287 Life and Letters of Leslie Stephen, The (Maitland), V: 277, 290 Life and Letters, The (Macaulay), IV: 270–271, 284, 291 Life and Loves of a She–Devil, The (Weldon), Supp. IV: 537–538 Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, The (Sterne), see Tristram Shandy “Life and Poetry of Keats, The” (Masson), IV: 212, 235 Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe . . .. , The (Defoe), see Robinson Crusoe Life and the Poet (Spender), Supp. II: 489 Life and Times of Laurence Sterne, The (Cross), III: 125 Life and Times of Michael K (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 76, 82–83 Life and Work of Harold Pinter, The (Billington), Retro. Supp. I: 216 Life as We Have Known It (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 314 “Life and Writings of Addison” (Macaulay), IV: 282 Life Goes On (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 “Life in a Love” (Browning), IV: 365 Life in Greece from Homer to Menander (Mahafty), V: 400 “Life in London” (Egan), IV: 260 Life in Manchester (Gaskell), V: 15 “Life Is the Desert and the Solitude” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 120 Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats (Milnes), IV: 211, 235, 351; Retro. Supp. I: 185–186 Life Mask (Kay), Supp. XIII: 102, 107, 108 Life of Addison (Johnson), III: 42 Life of Alexander Pope (Ruffhead), III: 69n, 71 Life of Algernon Charles Swinburne, The (Gosse), V: 311, 334 Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsﬁeld, The (Monypenny and Buckle), IV: 292, 295, 300, 307, 308 Life of . . . Bolingbroke, The (Goldsmith), III: 189, 191 Life of Charlotte Brontë, The (Gaskell), V: xii, 1–2, 3, 13–14, 15, 108, 122 Life of Christina Rossetti, The (Sanders), V: 250, 260 Life of Cicero, The (Trollope), V: 102 Life of Collins (Johnson), III: 164, 171 Life of Crabbe (Crabbe), III: 272

Life of Dr. Donne, The (Walton), II: 132, 136, 140, 141, 142 Life of Dr. Robert Sanderson, The (Walton), II: 133, 135, 136–137, 140, 142 Life of Dryden, The (Scott), IV: 38 Life of George Moore, The (Horne), VI: 87, 96, 99 Life of Henry Fawcett, The (Stephen), V: 289 Life of John Bright, The (Trevelyan), VI: 389 Life of John Hales, The (Walton), II: 136 Life of John Milton, The (Wilson), Supp. VI: 301–302 Life of John Sterling (Carlyle), IV: 41– 42, 240, 249, 250 Life of Johnson, The (Boswell), I: 30; III: 58, 114n, 115, 120, 234, 238, 239, 243–248; IV: xv, 280; Retro. Supp. I: 145–148 Life of Katherine Mansﬁeld, The (Mantz and Murry), VII: 183 “Life of Ma Parker“(Mansﬁeld), VII: 175, 177 Life of Man, The (Arden), Supp. II: 28 Life of Mr. George Herbert, The (Walton), II: 119–120, 133, 140, 142, 143; Retro. Supp. II: 171–172 Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great, The (Fielding), see Jonathan Wild Life of Mr. Richard Hooker, The (Walton), II: 133, 134, 135, 140–143 Life of Mr. Richard Savage (Johnson), III: 108, 121 Life of Mrs. Godolphin, The (Evelyn), II: 275, 287 “Life of Mrs. Radcliffe” (Scott), IV: 35 Life of Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson, The (Sanchez), V: 393, 397 Life of Napoleon, The (Scott), IV: 38 Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, The (Hazlitt), IV: 135, 140 Life of Nelson, The (Southey), IV: xvii, 58, 69, 71, 280 Life of Our Lady, The (Lydgate), I: 22, 57, 65–66 Life of Pico (More), Supp. VII: 233, 234, 238 Life of Pope (Johnson), Retro. Supp. I: 144–145 Life of Richard Nash, The (Goldsmith), III: 189, 191 Life of Robert Louis Stevenson, The (Balfour), V: 393, 397 Life of Robert Louis Stevenson, The (Masson), V: 393, 397 Life of Rudyard Kipling, The (Carrington), VI: 166 Life of Saint Albion, The (Lydgate), I: 57 Life of Saint Cecilia, The (Chaucer), I: 31 Life of Saint Edmund, The (Lydgate), I: 57 Life of Saint Francis Xavier, The (tr. Dryden), II: 305 Life of Samuel Johnson, The (Boswell), see Life of Johnson, The Life of Schiller (Carlyle), IV: 241, 249, 250

377

Life of Sir Henry Wotton, The (Walton), II: 133, 141, 142, 143 Life of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, The (Stephen), V: 289 Life of Sterling (Carlyle), see Life of John Sterling “Life of the Emperor Julius” (Brontë), V: 113 “Life of the Imagination, The” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 233–234 Life of the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney, The (Greville), Supp. XI: 106, 107– 108, 117, 118 Life of the Rev. Andrew Bell, The (Southey and Southey), IV: 71 Life of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury (Hodder), IV: 62 Life of Thomas Hardy (Hardy), VI: 14–15 Life of Thomas More, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 12, 13 “Life of Thomas Parnell” (Goldsmith), III: 189 Life of Wesley, The (Southey), IV: 68, 71 Life of William Blake (Gilchrist), Retro. Supp. I: 46 Life of William Morris, The (Mackail), V: 294, 297, 306 “Life Sentence” (West), Supp. III: 442 “Life to Come, The” (Forster), VI: 411 “Life with a Hole in It, The” (Larkin), Supp. I: 284 “Life–Exam, A” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 76 Life’s Handicap (Kipling), VI: 204 Life’s Little Ironies (Hardy), VI: 20, 22 Life’s Morning, A (Gissing), V: 437 “Liffey Hill, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 “Lifted Veil, The” (Eliot), V: 198 Light and the Dark, The (Snow), VII: 324, 327 “Light breaks where no sun shines” (Thomas), Supp. I: 172 Light for Them That Sit in Darkness . . . (Bunyan), II: 253 “Light Frozen on the Oaks” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 229 Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan, The (Levi), Supp. IV: 159 Light Heart, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 “Light Man, A” (James), VI: 25, 69 Light Music, (Mahon), Supp. VI: 173 Light of Day, The (Ambler), Supp. IV: 4, 16–17 Light Shining in Buckinghamshire (Churchill), Supp. IV: 180, 186–188 “Light Shining Out of Darkness” (Cowper), III: 211 Light That Failed, The (Kipling), VI: 166, 169, 189–190, 204 Light Trap, The (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25–26 “Light Trap, The” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25–26 “Light Woman, A” (Browning), IV: 369 Light Years, The (Howard), Supp. XI: 135, 145, 147, 148, 149

LIGH−LIVE “Lightening Hours, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 103 Lighthouse, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 95 “Lighthouse Invites the Storm, The” (Lowry), Supp. III: 282 Lighthouse Invites the Storm, The (Lowry), Supp. III: 282 “Lighting Rehearsal” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220 “Lights Among Redwood” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 263 “Lights Out” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 “Liglag” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 78 “Like a Vocation” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 9 Like Birds, Like Fishes and Other Stories (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 235 Like It Or Not (Ewart), Supp. VII: 47 Lilac and Flag: An Old Wives’ Tale of a City (Berger), Supp. IV: 93–95 Lilian (Bennett), VI: 250, 259–260 Lilliesleaf (Oliphant), Supp. X: 214 “Lilly in a Christal, The” (Herrick), II: 104 “Lily Adair” (Chivers), V: 313 Limbo (Huxley), VII: 199, 200 Limbo (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173 “Limbs” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218 Lincoln: A Foreigner’s Quest (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 173, 182–183 Lincolnshire poems (Tennyson), IV: 327, 336 Linda Tressel (Trollope), V: 102 Linden Tree, The (Priestley), VII: 209, 228–229 Line of Life, A (Ford), II: 88, 100 “Lines: I Am” (Clare), Supp. XI: 49, 62 “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (Wordsworth), IV: ix, 3, 7, 8, 9–10, 11, 44, 198, 215, 233 “Lines Composed in a Wood on a Windy Day” (Brontë), V: 132 “Lines Composed While Climbing the Left Ascent of Brockley Combe” (Coleridge), IV: 43–44 “Lines for a Book” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 260, 261 “Lines for Cuscuscaraway . . . ” (Elliot), VII: 163 “Lines for Thanksgiving” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 289 “Lines of Desire” (Motion), Supp. VII: 254, 260–261 Lines of the Hand, The (Hart), Supp. XI: 122, 123–125 “Lines on a Young Lady’s Photograph Album” (Larkin), Supp. I: 285 “Lines on the Loss of the Titanic” (Hardy), VI: 16 “Lines to Him Who Will Understand Them” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204, 205 “Lines Written Among the Euganean Hills” (Shelley), IV: 199; Retro. Supp. I: 250–251 “Lines Written in the Bay of Lerici” (Shelley), IV: 206 “Lines Written on a Seat” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 198

“Lingam and the Yoni, The” (Hope), Supp. VII: 154 “Linnet in the rocky dells, The” (Brontë), V: 115 “Linnet’s Petition, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 199 Lion and the Fox, The (Lewis), VII: 72, 74, 82 Lion and the Mouse, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 139 Lion and the Ostrich, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 35 Lion and the Unicorn, The (Orwell), VII: 282 Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 260 Lions and Shadows (Isherwood), VII: 310, 312 Lions and Shadows (Upward), Supp. XIII: 251 Lipstick on Your Collar (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 231 Lipton Story: A Centennial Biography, A (Waugh), Supp. VI: 275 Listen to the Voice: Selected Stories (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 210 “Listeners, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 192, 198, 202 “Litanie, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 96 Litanies de Satan (Baudelaire), V: 310 “Litany, A” (Swinburne), V: 320 “Literae Orientales” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 116, 124–126 “Literary Criticism and Philosophy: A Reply” (Leavis), VII: 241–242 Literary Criticisms by Francis Thompson (ed. Connolly), V: 450, 451 Literary History of England in the End of the Eighteenth and Beginning of the Nineteenth Century (Oliphant), Supp. X: 222 Literary Reminiscenses (Hood), IV: 252, 253, 254, 259–260, 266 Literary Studies (Bagehot), V: 156, 170 Literary Taste: How to Form It (Bennett), VI: 266 Literature and Dogma (Arnold), V: xxiv, 203, 212, 216 “Literature and Offence” (Brink), Supp. VI: 47 “Literature and the Irish Language” (Moore), VI: 98 Literature and Western Man (Priestley), VII: 209, 214–215 Literature at Nurse; or, Circulating Morals (Moore), VI: 90, 98 Lithuania (Brooke), Supp. III: 47, 54 “Little Aeneid, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 “Little and a lone green lane” (Brontë), V: 112–113 “Little Black Boy, The” (Blake), Supp. IV: 188; Retro. Supp. I: 36 “Little Boy Lost, The” (Blake), III: 292 Little Dinner at Timmins’s, A (Thackeray), V: 24, 38 Little Dorrit (Dickens), V: xxii, 41, 42, 47, 55, 63, 64–66, 68, 69, 70, 72 Little Dream, The (Galsworthy), VI: 274

378

Little Drummer Girl, The (le Carré), Supp. II: 305, 306, 307, 311, 313, 315–318 Little French Lawyer, The (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 66 “Little Ghost Who Died for Love, The” (Sitwell), VII: 133 “Little Gidding” (Eliot), VII: 154, 155, 156 Little Girl, The (Mansﬁeld), VII: 171 Little Girls, The (Bowen), Supp. II: 77, 82, 84, 94 Little Gray Home in the West (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 32, 35 Little Green Man (Armitage), VIII: 1 Little Hotel, The (Stead), Supp. IV: 473, 476 Little Learning, A (Waugh), Supp. VI: 271 Little Men (Alcott), Supp. IV: 255 Little Minister, The (Barrie), Supp. III: 1, 3, 8 “Little Paul and the Sea” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 264 “Little Photographer, The” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 135 “Little Puppy That Could, The” (Amis), Supp. IV: 40 “Little Red Twin” (Hughes), Supp. I: 359 Little Review, Supp. XIII: 189 Little Tales of Misogyny (Highsmith), Supp. V: 177, 180 Little Tea, a Little Chat, A (Stead), Supp. IV: 462, 473 “Little Tembi” (Lessing), Supp. I: 241 Little Tour in France, A (James), VI: 45– 46, 67 “Little Travels and Roadside Sketches” (Thackeray), V: 38 Little Wars: A Game for Boys (Wells), VI: 227, 244 “Little While, A” (Rossetti), V: 242 “Little while, a little while, A,” (Brontë), V: 127–128 Littlewood, Joan, Supp. II: 68, 70, 73, 74 Live Like Pigs (Arden), Supp. II: 24–25, 29 Lively, Penelope, Supp. IV: 304 “Lively sparks that issue from those eyes, The” (Wyatt), I: 109 “Liverpool Address, A” (Arnold), V: 213, 216 Lives, (Mahon), Supp. VI: 168–171, 172 “Lives” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 169 Lives, The (Walton), II: 131, 134–137, 139, 140–143; see also individual works: Life of Dr. Donne; Life of Dr. Robert Sanderson; Life of Mr. George Herbert; Life of Mr. Richard Hooker; Life of Sir Henry Wotton Lives of the British Admirals (Southey and Bell), IV: 71 Lives of the English Poets, The (Johnson), II: 259; III: 118–119, 122, 160, 173, 189; Retro. Supp. I: 143–145, 274 Lives of the Hunted (Seton), Supp. IV: 158 Lives of the ’Lustrious: A Dictionary of Irrational Biography (Stephen and

LIVE−LOOK Lee), V: 290 Lives of the Novelists (Scott), III: 146n; IV: 38, 39 Lives of the Poets, The (Johnson), see Lives of the English Poets, The Lives of the English Saints (Newman), Supp. VII: 296 Livia (Durrell), Supp. I: 118, 119 Living (Green), Supp. II: 251–253 Living and the Dead, The (White), Supp. I: 129, 130, 134 Living in America (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 254–256 “Living in Time” (Reid), Supp. VII: 329 Living Novel, The (Pritchett), IV: 306 Living Nowhere (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23, 25, 30 Living Principle, The (Leaves), VII: 237 Living Quarters (Friel), Supp. V: 122 Living Room, The (Greene), Supp. I: 13; Retro. Supp. II: 161–162 Living Together (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 5 Living Torch, The (Russell), VIII: 277, 286, 290, 292 “Livings” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277, 282 Livingstone’s Companions (Gordimer), Supp. II: 229, 233 Liza of Lambeth (Maugham), VI: 364– 365 Liza’s England (Barker), see Century’s Daughter, The “Lizbie Brown” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 110 “Lizzie Leigh” (Gaskell), V: 3, 15 Ljósvetninga saga, VIII: 242 “Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285 Lloyd, Charles, IV: 78 Lloyd George, David, VI: 264, 340, 352, 353; VII: 2 Loaves and Fishes (Brown), Supp. VI: 65, 71 “Lob”(Thomas), Supp. III: 394, 405 Lobo, Jeronimo, III: 107, 112 Local Habitation (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 213, 217–218 Locations (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 172, 183 “Loch Ness Monster’s Song, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 162–163, 169 “Loch Roe” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 182 “Loch Sionascaig” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 195 “Lock, The” (Coppard), VIII: 88 “Lock the Door, Lariston” (Hogg), Supp. X: 110 “Lock up, fair lids, The treasure of my heart” (Sidney), I: 169 Locke, John, III: 22; IV: 169; Supp. III: 33, 233 Lockhart, J. G., IV: 27, 30, 34, 36, 38, 39, 294; V: 140 “Locksley Hall” (Tennyson), IV: 325, 333, 334–335 “Locksley Hall Sixty Years After” (Tennyson), IV: 328, 338 Locust Room, The (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23, 29–30 “Locust Songs” (Hill), Supp. V: 187

Lodge, David, Supp. II: 9, 10; Supp. IV: 102, 139, 363–387, 546; Retro. Supp. I: 217 Lodge, Thomas, I: 306, 312 “Lodging for the Night, A” (Stevenson), V: 384, 395 “Lodging House Fire, The” (Davies), Supp. XI: 94–95 “Lodgings for the Night” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 35, 37 Lodore (Shelley), Supp. III: 371, 372 Loftis, John, III: 255, 271 “Lofty in the Palais de Danse” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 258 “Lofty Sky, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 Logan, Annie R. M., VI: 23 Logan Stone (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490 “Logan Stone” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 491, 492 “Loganair” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 75 “Logic of Dreams” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 74 Logic of Political Economy, The (De Quincey), IV: 155 “Logical Ballad of Home Rule, A” (Swinburne), V: 332 “Logos” (Hughes), Supp. I: 350 Loiners, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 149, 150–151 “Lois the Witch” (Gaskell), V: 15 Loitering with Intent (Spark), Supp. I: 204, 212, 213 Lokasenna, VIII: 230, 241 Lolita (Nabokov), Supp. IV: 26, 30 Lolly Willowes (Warner), Supp. VII: 370, 373–374, 375, 381 Lombroso, Cesare, V: 272 Londinium Redivivum (Evelyn), II: 287 “London” (Blake), III: 294, 295 “London” (Johnson), III: 57, 108, 114, 121; Retro. Supp. I: 137 London (Russell), Supp. IV: 126 London Assurance (Boucicault), V: 415 “London by Lamplight” (Meredith), V: 219 London Fields (Amis), Supp. IV: 26, 27, 35–37 “London hast thou accusèd me” (Surrey), I: 113, 116 London Journal 1762–1763 (Boswell), III: 239, 240, 242 London Kills Me: Three Screenplays and Four Essays (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 156–157, 159, 161 London Lickpenny (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 3 London Life, A (James), VI: 67, 69 London Magazine (periodical), III: 263; IV: xviii, 252, 253, 257, 260; V: 386 London Mercury (periodical), VII: 211 London Pride (Braddon), VIII: 49 London Review of Books, Supp. IV: 121 “London Revisited” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 52 “London Snow” (Bridges), VI: 78 London Spy (periodical), III: 41 London Street Games (Douglas), VI: 304, 305

379

London: The Biography (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 13 London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (Churchill), VI: 351 London Tradesmen (Trollope), V: 102 London Zoo (Sisson), Supp. XI: 249 “Londoner” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8 Londoners (Ewart), Supp. VII: 38 “Lone Voices” (Amis), Supp. II: 11 “Loneliest Mountain, The” (Davies), Supp. XI: 100 “Loneliness” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 “Loneliness” (Behan), Supp. II: 64 “Loneliness of the Long–Distance Runner, The” (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 409, 410, 413, 419–421 Lonely Girl, The (O’Brien), Supp. V: 334, 336–337 “Lonely Lady, The” (Powys), VIII: 254, 258 Lonely Londoners, The (Selvon), Supp. IV: 445 “Lonely Love” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 46–47 Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 141, 142, 143, 144, 146 Lonely Unicorn, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 270 Lonesome West, The (McDonagh), Supp. XII: 233, 235, 236–237, 238, 239, 245 “Long ages past” (Owen), VI: 448 “Long Ago” (Dunn), Supp. X: 80 Long Day Wanes, The (Burgess), see Malayan trilogy Long Kill, The (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 119 Long River, The (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211 “Long Story, A” (Gray), III: 140 Long View, The (Howard), Supp. XI: 135, 138–139 “Longes MACnUSNIG: The Exile of the Sons of Usnech and The Exile of Fergus and The Death of the Sons of Usnech and of Deidre” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 264 Longest Day, The (Clough), V: 170 Longest Journey, The (Forster), VI: 398, 401–403, 407; Retro. Supp. II: 136, 139–141 “Long–Legged Fly” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 337 Longley, Michael, VIII: 163–178; Supp. IV: 412 “Longstaff’s Marriage” (James), VI: 69 Lonsdale, R., III: 142n, 144 “Look” (Motion), Supp. VII: 259 Look After Lulu (Coward), Supp. II: 155 Look at All Those Roses (Bowen), Supp. II: 92–93 Look at Me (Brookner), Supp. IV: 125– 126 “Look at the Children” (Graham), Supp. VII: 116 “Look at the Cloud His Evening Playing Cards” (Graham), Supp. VII: 116 Look Back in Anger (Osborne), Supp. I: 329, 330–332, 338; Supp. II: 4, 70,

LOOK−LOVE 155; Supp. III: 191; Supp. IV: 282, 283 Look Look (Frayn), Supp. VII: 61 Look, Stranger! (Auden), VII: xix, 384 Look to Windward (Banks), Supp. XI: 9–10, 12 Look! We Have Come Through! (Lawrence), VII: 127; Retro. Supp. II: 233 “Looking and Finding” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 223 Looking Back (Adcock), Supp. XII: 11, 12–13 Looking Back (Douglas), VI: 304, 305 Looking Back (Maugham), VI: 365 “Looking Back” (Vaughan), II: 185, 188 Looking for a Language (Fry), Supp. III: 191 “Looking for Weldon Kees” (Armitage), VIII: 6 “Looking Glass, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 Looking Glass War, The (le Carré), Supp. II: 308, 309–310; Supp. IV: 22 Looking on Darkness (Brink), Supp. VI: 48 Loom of Youth, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 267, 268–269 “Loose Saraband, A” (Lovelace), II: 232 Loot (Orton), Supp. V: 363, 367, 371, 375 Lopez, Bernard, VI: 85 Loquituri (Bunting), Supp. VII: 5 “Lorca” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 493 “Lord Arthur Savile’s Crime” (Wilde), V: 405, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 365 “Lord Beaupre” (James), VI: 69 “Lord Carlisle on Pope” (De Quincey), IV: 146 Lord Chancellor Jeffreys and the Stuart Cause (Keeton), IV: 286 Lord Cucumber (Orton), Supp. V: 363 Lord George Bentinck (Disraeli), IV: 303, 308 Lord Gregory (Carson), Supp. XIII: 65 Lord Grey of the Reform Bill (Trevelyan), VI: 389–390 Lord Jim (Conrad), VII: 34, 139–140, 148; Supp. II: 290; Retro. Supp. II: 69, 75–77 Lord Malquist and Mr Moon (Stoppard), Supp. I: 438 “Lord of Ennerdale, The” (Scott), IV: 31 Lords of Limit, The: Essays on Literature and Ideas (Hill), Supp. V: 201 “Lord of the Dynamos” (Wells), VI: 235 Lord of the Flies (Golding), Supp. I: 67, 68–70, 71, 72, 75, 83; Supp. IV: 393; Retro. Supp. I: 94–97 Lord of the Isles, The (Scott), IV: 39 Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien), Supp. II: 519, 520, 521, 524, 525, 527, 528, 529–530, 531, 532–534; Supp. IV: 116 Lord Ormont and His Aminta (Meredith), V: 226, 232, 233, 234 Lord Palmerston (Trollope), V: 102 Lord Peter Views the Body (Sayers), Supp. III: 340

Lord Raingo (Bennett), VI: 250, 252, 261–262 Lord Randolph Churchill (Churchill), VI: 352 Lord Soulis (Swinburne), V: 333 “Lords of Hell and the Word, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 72 Lorenz, Konrad, Supp. IV: 162 Losing Nelson (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 365, 366–367 “Losing Touch” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 78 Loss and Gain (Newman), Supp. VII: 293, 297, 299 Loss of El Dorado, The (Naipaul), Supp. I: 390, 392–393 “Loss of the Eurydice, The” (Hopkins), V: 369–370, 379 Lost Childhood, and Other Essays, The (Greene), VI: 333; Supp. I: 2 “Lost Days” (Rossetti), V: 243 Lost Eden, A (Braddon), VIII: 37 Lost Empires (Priestley), VII: 220–221 Lost Explorer, The (Carson), Supp. XIII: 55, 57 “Lost Field, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 106–107, 114, 115 Lost Flying Boat, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 Lost Girl, The (Lawrence), VII: 90, 104– 106; Retro. Supp. II: 229 “Lost Leader, The” (Browning), IV: 356 “Lost Legion, The” (Kipling), VI: 193 “Lost Mistress, The” (Browning), IV: 369 Lost Ones, The (Beckett), Supp. I: 47, 55, 61–62 “Lost Proofs, The” (Powys), VIII: 248, 249 Lost Season, A (Fuller), Supp. VII: 69–70 “Lost Selves” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 46 “Lost Tribe, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 143 Lost World, The (Doyle), Supp. II: 159 “Lot and His Daughters” (Hope), Supp. VII: 158 Lothair (Disraeli), IV: xxiii, 294, 296, 304, 306, 307, 308 Loti, Pierre, Retro. Supp. I: 291 Lotta Schmidt (Trollope), V: 101 Lottery, The (Fielding), III: 105 “Lotus, The” (Rhys), Supp. II: 402 Lotus and the Robot, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 34n “Lotus–Eaters, The” (Tennyson), IV: xix; V: ix “Loud without the wind was roaring” (Brontë), V: 127 “Loudest Lay, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371–372 Lough Derg (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 192–193, 199 “Loughcrew” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 106, 107 Louis Percy (Brookner), Supp. IV: 131 “Louisa in the Lane” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 110 “Louisa Pallant” (James), VI: 69 “Lourd on my Hert” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 210–211 “Love” (Brooke), Supp. III: 55

380

“Love” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46 Love (Carter), Supp. III: 79, 81, 82, 83 Love After All (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2 Love All (Sayers), Supp. III: 348 Love Among the Artists (Shaw), VI: 103, 105, 106, 129 Love Among the Chickens (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 450 “Love Among the Haystacks” (Lawrence), VII: 115 “Love Among the Ruins” (Browning), IV: 357, 369 Love Among the Ruins (Waugh), VII: 302 Love and a Bottle (Farquhar), II: 352, 356, 364 Love and Business (Farquhar), II: 352, 355, 364 “Love and Debt Alike Troublesome” (Suckling), II: 227 Love and Fashion (Burney), Supp. III: 64 Love and Freindship [sic] and Other Early Works (Austen), IV: 122 “Love and Life” (Cowley), II: 197, 198 “Love and Life” (Rochester), II: 258 Love and Mr. Lewisham (Wells), VI: 235–236, 244 Love and Napalm: Export U.S.A (Ballard), Supp. V: 26 Love and other Deaths (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490 Love and Truth (Walton), II: 134, 143 “Love Arm’d” (Behn), Supp. III: 36, 37 “Love Axe/l, The: Developing a Caribbean Aesthetic 1962–1974” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 35 “Love Declared” (Thompson), V: 442 Love Department, The (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501, 507–508 Love for Love (Congreve), II: 324, 338, 342–343, 350 Love for Love: An Anthology of Love Poems (ed. Burnside and Finlay), Supp. XIII: 31 “Love from the North” (Rossetti), V: 259 Love in a Blue Time (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 157–158 Love in a Cold Climate (Mitford), Supp. X: 151–152, 161–163 “Love in a Colder Climate” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 Love in a Life (Motion), Supp. VII: 253, 254, 257, 258–260, 261, 263 “Love in a Valley” (Betjeman), VII: 366 Love in a Wood; or, St. James’s Park (Wycherley), II: 308, 309, 311–313, 321 “Love in Dian’s Lap” (Thompson), V: 441 Love in Excess; or, The Fatal Enquiry (Haywood), Supp. XII: 133, 137–140, 144, 145 Love in Idleness (Nicholls), IV: 98n Love in Idleness (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 313 Love in Several Masques (Fielding), III: 96, 105; Retro. Supp. I: 79–80, 81–82 “Love in the Environs of Voronezh” (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 424

LOVE−LURI Love in the Environs of Voronezh and Other Poems (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 424 “Love in the Valley” (Meredith), V: 219– 220 “Love Is Dead” (Betjeman), VII: 359– 360 Love Is Enough (Morris), V: 299n, 306 “Love Is Like a Dizziness” (Hogg), Supp. X: 106 Love–Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister (Behn), Supp. III: 30–31, 37, 39 “Love Making by Candlelight” (Dunn), Supp. X: 77 “Love Match, A” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Love Object, The (O’Brien), Supp. V: 339 Love or Nothing (Dunn), Supp. X: 71 “Love Poem” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 20 “Love Poem” (Dunn), Supp. X: 70 “Love Poem” (Longley), VIII: 170–171 Love Poems (Davies), Supp. XI: 100 “Love Song of Har Dyal, The” (Swift), VI: 202 “Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The” (Eliot), V: 163; VII: 144; Supp. IV: 260; Retro. Supp. II: 121, 122–123 “Love Songs in Age” (Larkin), Supp. I: 281 “Love still has something of the Sea” (Sedley); II: 264 “Love Tale” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 212 “Love that doth raine and live within my thought” (Surrey), I: 115 “Love, thou art best of Human Joys” (Finch), Supp. IX: 76 “Love III” (Herbert), II: 129; Retro. Supp. II: 183 Love Triumphant; or, Nature Will Prevail (Dryden), II: 305 Love Unknown (Wilson) Supp. VI: 302, 303–304 Lovecraft, H. P., II: 340, 343, 345 Loved One, The (Waugh), VII: 301 Love–Hate Relations (Spender), Supp. II: 492 Lovel the Widower (Thackeray), V: 35, 37, 38 Lovelace, Richard, II: 222, 229–232 “Lovely Land, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 127 Lover (periodical), III: 50, 53 Lover, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 373, 374, 375; Retro. Supp. I: 223–224 “Lover of Things, The” (Hall), Supp. VI: 121 Lover’s Assistant, The (Fielding), see Ovid’s Art of Love Paraphrased “Lover’s Complaint, A, ”I: 307 Lovers (Friel), Supp. V: 118 “Lovers How They Come and Part” (Herrick), II: 107 “Lovers in Pairs” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 46 “Lover’s Journey, The” (Crabbe), III: 282–283 Lover’s Melancholy, The (Ford), II: 88– 91, 100 Lovers in London (Milne), Supp. V: 297, 298

“Lovers of Orelay, The” (Moore), VI: 96 “Lovers of Their Time” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504 Lover’s Progress, The (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 66 “Lover’s Quarrel, A” (Browning), Retro. Supp. II:25 Lovers’ Quarrels . . . (King), II: 336 “Lovers’ Rock, The” (Southey), IV: 66 Lover’s Tale, The (Tennyson), IV: 338 Love’s Catechism Compiled by the Author of The Recruiting Offıcer (Farquhar), II: 364 Love’s Coming–of–Age (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41–43 Love’s Cross Currents (Swinburne), V: 313, 323, 325–326, 330, 333 Love’s Cure (Beaumont, Fletcher, Massinger), II: 66 “Loves Deitie” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 93 “Love’s Journeys” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Love’s Labour’s Lost (Shakespeare), I: 303–304; Retro. Supp. II: 330 Love’s Last Shift (Cibber), II: 324, 326 Love’s Martyr (Chester), I: 313 Love’s Metamorphosis (Lyly), I: 202 “Love’s Nocturn” (Rossetti), V: 241 Loves of Amos and Laura, The (S.P.), II: 132 Loves of Cass McGuire, The (Friel), Supp. V: 118 Loves of Ergasto, The (Greber), II: 325 “Love’s Payment” (Davies), Supp. XI: 100 “Love’s Philosophy” (Shelley), IV: 203 Love’s Pilgrimage (Beaumont and Fletcher), II: 65 Love Poems and Elegies (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216 Love’s Riddle (Cowley), II: 194, 202 Love’s Sacriﬁce (Ford), II: 88, 89, 92, 96, 97, 99, 100 “Love’s Siege” (Suckling), II: 226–227 “Love’s Ultimate Meaning” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 42 “Loves Usury” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 89 Lovesick (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 Lovesick Maid, The (Brome), Supp. X: 52 “Love–silly and Jubilant” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 102–103 Loving (Green), Supp. II: 247, 254, 256– 258 “Loving Hitler” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 3, 9 Loving Memory (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 Loving Spirit, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 133, 141, 144–145 Low Road, The (Hill), see Death Takes the Low Road Low, Will, V: 393, 397 “Low Barometer” (Bridges), VI: 80 Lowbury, Edward, VII: 422, 431–432 Lowell, Amy, Supp. III: 397 Lowell, James Russell, I: 121 Lowell, Robert, Supp. II: 276; Supp. IV: 423; Retro. Supp. I: 129, 130

381

Lowes, J. L., IV: 47, 57 Lowry, Malcolm, Supp. III: 269–286 Loyal Brother, The (Southern), II: 305 Loyal General, The (Tate), II: 305 “Loyal Mother, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 356 Loyal Subject, The (Fletcher), II: 45, 65 Loyalties (Galsworthy), VI: xiii, 275, 287 Lucas, E. V., IV: 74, 76n, 84, 85, 86 Lucas, F. L., II: 69, 70n, 80, 83, 85 Lucasta (Lovelace), II: 238 Lucian, III: 24 Lucie–Smith, Edward, IV: 372, 373 “Lucifer” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 29 Luck of Barry Lyndon, The (Thackeray), see Barry Lyndon Luck of Ginger Coffey, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 142, 148–149, 153 Luck, or Cunning (Butler), Supp. II: 106, 107, 108, 113 “Lucky Break—How I Became a Writer” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 209, 211 Lucky Chance, The; or, An Alderman’s Bargain (Behn), Supp. III: 26, 29 Lucky Jim (Amis), Supp. II: 2, 3, 4, 5–6, 7; Supp. IV: 25, 27, 28, 377 “Lucky Jim’s Politics” (Amis), Supp. II: 11–12 Lucky Poet: A Self–Study in Literature and Political Ideas (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 203, 204–205 “Lucrece” (Gower), I: 54 Lucretia Borgia: The Chronicle of Tebaldeo Tebaldei (Swinburne), V: 325, 333 Lucretius, II: 275, 292, 300, 301; IV: 316 “Lucubratio Ebria” (Butler), Supp. II: 98, 99 Lucubrationes (More), Supp. VII: 240 Lucy (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 217, 219, 227–229 “Lucy Grange” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240 Lucy In Her Pink Jacket (Coppard), VIII: 90, 97 “Lucy”poems (Wordsworth), IV: 3, 18; V: 11 “Lui et Elles” (Moore), VI: 87 Lukács, György, Supp. IV: 81, 82, 87 “Lullaby” (Auden), VII: 383, 398; Retro. Supp. I: 6 “Lullaby” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 “Lullaby” (Sitwell), VII: 135 “Lullaby for Jumbo” (Sitwell), VII: 132 “Lumber Room, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 245 Lunar Caustic (Lowry), Supp. III: 269, 270, 271–273, 280, 283 Lunch and Counter Lunch (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 275–276 “Lunch with Pancho Villa” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 414–415 Luncheon of the Boating Party, The (Conn), Supp. XIII: 75–77, 79 “Luncheon of the Boating Party, The” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 75–76, 80 Lupercal (Hughes), Supp. I: 343, 345, 363; Retro. Supp. I: 126; Retro. Supp. II: 204–205 Luria: and a Soul’s Tragedy (Browning), IV: 374

LUST−MAGN “Lust” (Brooke), Supp. III: 53 Luther (Osborne), Supp. I: 334–335, 338 “Lux Perpetua” (Brown), Supp. VI: 72 “Luxury” (Coppard), VIII: 94 “Lycidas” (Milton), II: 160–161, 164, 165, 168, 169, 175; III: 118–119, 120; IV: 205; VI: 73; Retro. Supp. II: 275–277 Lycidus; or, The Lover in Fashion (Behn), Supp. III: 37 “Lycus, The Centaur” (Hood), IV: 256, 267 Lydgate, John, I: 22, 49, 57–66 Lydia Livingstone (Chatwin, B.), Supp. IX: 61 Lyell, Sir Charles, IV: 325 Lyfe of Johan Picus Erle of Myrandula (More), Supp. VII: 246 Lying Days, The (Gordimer), Supp. II: 226–227 Lying in the Sun (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 251 Lying Together (Thomas), Supp. IV: 485–486 Lyly, John, I: 191–211, 303 Lynch & Boyle (Seth), Supp. X: 283, 290 Lyra and the Birds (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 153, 159–160 Lyra’s Oxford (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 153, 159–160 Lyric Impulse, The (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 131 “Lyrical Ballad, A” (Motion), Supp. VII: 256–257 Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth and Coleridge), III: 174, 336; IV: ix, viii, x, xvi, 3, 4, 5, 6–11, 18, 24, 44–45, 55, 77, 111, 138–139, 142; Retro. Supp. II: 53–54 Lyrical Tales (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 195, 196, 211–213 Lyttelton, George, III: 118 Lyttleton, Dame Edith, VII: 32

Mabinogion, I: 73

“Mabinog’s Liturgy” (Jones), Supp. VII: 177 Mac (Pinter), Supp. I: 367 Mac Flecknoe; or, A Satyre Upon the . . . Poet, T. S. (Dryden), II: 299, 304 “McAndrew’s Hymn” (Kipling), VI: 202 Macaulay, Rose, VII: 37 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, II: 240, 241, 254, 255, 307; III: 51, 53, 72; IV: xii, xvi, xx, xxii, 101, 122, 268– 291, 295; V: viii; VI: 347, 353, 383, 392 Macbeth (Shakespeare), I: 317–318, 327; II: 97, 281; IV: 79–80, 188; V: 375; Supp. IV: 283 MacCaig, Norman, Supp. VI: 181–195 MacCarthy, Desmond, V: 284, 286, 290; VI: 363, 385; VII: 32; Supp. III: 98 McCabe, Patrick, Supp. IX: 127–139 McCarthy, Mary, Supp. IV: 234 McCartney, Colum, Retro. Supp. I: 131 McClintock, Anne, Supp. IV: 167 McClure, John, Supp. IV: 163 McCullers, Carson, Supp. IV: 422, 424

McCullough, Colleen, Supp. IV: 343 MacDermots of Ballycloran, The (Trollope), V: 101 MacDiarmid, Hugh, III: 310; Supp. III: 119; Supp. XII: 201–216 McDonagh, Martin, Supp. XII: 233–246 Macdonald, George, V: 266; Supp. IV: 201 Macdonald, Mary, V: 266, 272 McElroy, Joseph, Supp. IV: 116 McEwan, Ian, Supp. IV: 65, 75, 389– 408; Supp. V: xxx McGann, Jerome J., V: 314, 335 McGrotty and Ludmilla (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 80, 89 McGuckian, Medbh, Supp. V: 277–293 McHale, Brian, Supp. IV: 112 Machiavelli, Niccolò, II: 71, 72; IV: 279; Retro. Supp. I: 204 “Machine” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 84–85 “Machine Stops, The” (Forster), VI: 399 Machynlleth Triad, A (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 185–186 McInherny, Frances, Supp. IV: 347, 353 Mack, Maynard, Retro. Supp. I: 229 Mackail, J. W., V: 294, 296, 297, 306 McKane, Richard, Supp. IV: 494–495 Mackay, M. E., V: 223, 234 Mackenzie, Compton, VII: 278 Mackenzie, Henry, III: 87; IV: 79 MacKenzie, Jean, VI: 227, 243 MacKenzie, Norman, V: 374n, 375n, 381, 382; VI: 227, 243 McKenney, Ruth, Supp. IV: 476 Mackenzie, Sir George, III: 95 “Mackery End, in Hertfordshire” (Lamb), IV: 83 MacLaren, Moray, V: 393, 398 McLeehan, Marshall, IV: 323n, 338, 339 Maclure, Millar, I: 291 Macmillan’s (periodical), VI: 351; Supp. XII: 266, 268, 269, 270 MacNeice, Louis, VII: 153, 382, 385, 401–418; Supp. III: 119; Supp. IV: 423, 424 Macpherson, James, III: 336; VIII: 179– 195; Supp. II: 523 Macready, William Charles, I: 327 McTaggart, J. M. E., Supp. II: 406 Mad British Pervert Has a Sexual Fantasy About the 10th Street Bridge in Calgary, A (De Bernières), Supp. XII: 66 Mad Forest: A Play from Romania (Churchill), Supp. IV: 179, 188, 195– 196, 198, 199 Mad Islands, The (MacNeice), VII: 405, 407 Mad Lady’s Garland, A (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 133–134, 135, 139–140 Mad Lover, The (Fletcher), II: 45, 55, 65 “Mad Maids Song, The” (Herrick), II: 112 “Mad Mullinix and Timothy” (Swift), III: 31 Mad Soldier’s Song (Hardy), VI: 11 Mad World, My Masters, A (Middleton), II: 3, 4, 21

382

Madagascar; or, Robert Drury’s Journal (Defoe), III: 14 Madame Bovary (Flaubert), V: xxii, 429; Supp. IV: 68, 69 “Madame de Mauves” (James), VI: 69; Supp. IV: 133 Madame de Pompadour (Mitford), Supp. X: 163 “Madame Rosette” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 209–210 Madan, Falconer, V: 264, 274 Maddox, Brenda, Retro. Supp. I: 327, 328 “Mademoiselle” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 255 Mademoiselle de Maupin (Gautier), V: 320n Madge, Charles, VII: xix “Madman and the Child, The” (Cornford), VIII: 107 Madness of George III, The (Bennett), VIII: 31–33 Madoc (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 420, 424– 427, 428 “Madoc” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 422, 425–427, 430 Madoc (Southey), IV: 63, 64–65, 71 “Madoc” (Southey), Supp. IV: 425 “Madonna” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 273 Madonna and Other Poems (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272–273 Madonna of the Future and Other Tales, The (James), VI: 67, 69 “Madonna of the Trenches, A” (Kipling), VI: 193, 194–196 Madras House, The (Shaw), VI: 118 Madwoman in the Attic, The (Gilbert/ Gubar), Retro. Supp. I: 59–60 Maggot, A (Fowles), Supp. I: 309–310 “Magi” (Brown), Supp. VI: 71 Magic (Chesterton), VI: 340 Magic Box, The (Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Magic Drum, The (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 Magic Finger, The (Dahl), Supp. IV: 201 “Magic Finger, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 223–224 Magic Toyshop, The (Carter), III: 345; Supp. III: 80, 81, 82 Magic Wheel, The (eds. Swift and Profumo), Supp. V: 427 Magician, The (Maugham), VI: 374 Magician’s Nephew, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 248 Magician’s Wife, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 141, 145–146 Maginn, William, V: 19 “Magna Est Veritas” (Smith), Supp. II: 471, 472 “Magnanimity” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Magnetic Mountain, The (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 117, 122, 124–126 Magnetick Lady, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 Magniﬁcence (Skelton), I: 90 “Magnolia” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 78 Magnus (Brown), Supp. VI: 66–67 “Magnus” (Macpherson), VIII: 186 Magnusson, Erika, V: 299, 300, 306

MAGU−MAN W Magus, The (Fowles), Supp. I: 291, 292, 293, 295–299, 310 Mahafty, John Pentland, V: 400, 401 Mahon, Derek, Supp. IV: 412; Supp. VI: 165–180 “Mahratta Ghats, The” (Lewis), VII: 446–447 Maid in the Mill, The (Fletcher and Rowley), II: 66 Maid in Waiting (Galsworthy), VI: 275 Maid Marian (Peacock), IV: xviii, 167– 168, 170 Maid of Bath, The (Foote), III: 253 “Maid of Craca, The” (Macpherson), VIII: 186, 187 Maid of Honour, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 184 “Maiden Name” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277 “Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon, The” (Stead), Supp. XIII: 239–240 Maiden Voyage (Welch), Supp. IX: 261, 263–264 Maiden’s Dream, A (Greene), VIII: 142 “Maid’s Burial, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 138, 139 Maid’s Tragedy, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), II: 44, 45, 54–57, 58, 60, 65 Maid’s Tragedy, Alter’d, The (Waller), II: 238 Mailer, Norman, Supp. IV: 17–18 “Maim’d Debauchee, The” (Rochester), II: 259–260 “Main Road” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 316– 317 Mainly on the Air (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 52 Maitland, F. W., V: 277, 290; VI: 385 Maitland, Sara, Supp. XI: 163–178 Maitland, Thomas, pseud. of Algernon Charles Swinburne Maitu˜ njugı˜r (Ngu˜gı˜ wa Thiong’o/Ngu˜gı˜ wa Mı˜riı˜), VIII: 216, 224, 225 Maiwa’s Revenge (Haggard), Supp. III: 213 Majeske, Penelope, Supp. IV: 330 Major, John, Supp. IV: 437–438 Major Barbara (Shaw), VII: xv, 102, 108, 113–115, 124; Retro. Supp. II: 321 Major Political Essays (Shaw), VI: 129 Major Victorian Poets, The: Reconsiderations (Armstrong), IV: 339 Make Death Love Me (Rendell), Supp. IX: 192–194 Make Thyself Many (Powys), VIII: 255 “Maker on High, The” (tr. Morgan, E.), see Altus Prosator Makers of Florence, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 222 Makers of Modern Rome, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 222 Makers of Venice, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 222 Makin, Bathsua, Supp. III: 21 “Making a Movie” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 110 “Making a Rat” (Hart), Supp. XI: 130 Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis (Cope), VIII: 67, 69, 70–74, 81

Making History (Friel), Supp. V: 125 Making of a Poem, The (Spender), Supp. II: 481, 492 Making of an Immortal, The (Moore), VI: 96, 99 “Making of an Irish Goddess, The” (Boland), Supp. V: 44–45 “Making of the Drum” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 38 Making of the English Working Class, The (Thompson), Supp. IV: 473 Making of the Representative for Planet 8, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 252, 254 “Making Poetry” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 262 Mal vu, mal dit (Beckett), Supp. I: 62 Malayan trilogy (Burgess), Supp. I: 187 Malcolm Lowry: Psalms and Songs (Lowry), Supp. III: 285 Malcolm Mooney’s Land (Graham), Supp. VII: 104, 106, 109, 113–115, 116 Malcontent, The (Marston), II: 27, 30, 31–33, 36, 40, 68 Malcontents, The (Snow), VII: 336–337 Male Child, A (Scott), Supp. I: 263 Malign Fiesta (Lewis), VII: 72, 80 Malinowski, Bronislaw, Supp. III: 186 Mallet, David, Supp. III: 412, 424–425 Malone, Edmond, I: 326 Malone Dies (Beckett), Supp. I: 50, 51, 52–53, 63; Supp. IV: 106; Retro. Supp. I: 18, 22–23 Malory, Sir Thomas, I: 67–80; IV: 336, 337; Retro. Supp. II: 237–252 Malouf, David, Supp. XII: 217–232 Malraux, André, VI: 240 “Maltese Cat, The” (Kipling), VI: 200 Malthus, Thomas, IV: xvi, 127, 133 Mamillia: A Mirror, or Looking–Glasse for the Ladies of England (Greene), VIII: 135, 140 “Man”(Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 176– 177 “Man”(Vaughan), II: 186, 188 Man, The (Stoker), Supp. III: 381 Man Above Men (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 289 “Man and Bird” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 168 “Man and Boy” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 132 Man and Boy (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 318, 320 “Man and Dog” (Thomas), Supp. III: 394, 403, 405 Man and Literature (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 213, 223 Man and Superman: A Comedy and a Philosophy (Shaw), IV: 161; VI: 112– 113, 114, 127, 129; Retro. Supp. II: 309, 317–320 Man and Time (Priestley), VII: 213 Man and Two Women, A (Lessing), Supp. I: 244, 248 Man and Wife (Collins), Supp. VI: 102 Man Born to Be King, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 336, 349–350 “Man Called East, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236

383

Man Could Stand Up, A (Ford), VI: 319, 329 Man Does, Woman Is (Graves), VII: 268 “Man Friday” (Hope), Supp. VII: 164– 165 “Man From the Caravan, The” (Coppard), VIII: 96 Man from the North, A (Bennett), VI: 248, 253 “Man from the South” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 215, 217–218 “Man I Killed, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 “Man in Assynt, A” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 191 Man in My Position, A (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 191–192 “Man in the Cloak, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 117 Man Lying On A Wall (Longley), VIII: 166, 172–173 “Man Lying On A Wall” (Longley), VIII: 172 Man Named East, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235–236 Man of Destiny, The (Shaw), VI: 112 Man of Devon, A (Galsworthy), VI: 277 Man of Honour, A (Maugham), VI: 367, 368 Man of Law’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 24, 34, 43, 51, 57 Man of Mode, The; or, Sir Fopling Flutter (Etherege), II: 256, 266, 271, 305 Man of Nazareth, The (Burgess), Supp. I: 193 Man of Property, A (Galsworthy), VI: 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 282–283 Man of Quality, A (Lee), II: 336 Man of the Moment (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 7–8, 10 “Man of Vision” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 71 “Man on the Edge” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218 “Man Was Made to Mourn, a Dirge” (Burns), III: 315 “Man Who Changes His Mind, The” (Ambler), Supp. IV: 5 “Man Who Could Work Miracles, The” (Wells), VI: 235 “Man Who Died, The” (Lawrence), VII: 115; Retro. Supp. II: 233 Man Who Loved Children, The (Stead), Supp. IV: 460, 467–470, 473 “Man Who Loved Islands, The” (Lawrence), VII: 115 “Man Who Walked on the Moon, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 Man Who Walks, The (Warner), Supp. XI: 282, 287, 290–293 “Man Who Was Answered by His Own Self, The” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23 Man Who Was Thursday, The (Chesterton), VI: 338 Man Who Wasn’t There, The (Barker), Supp. IV: 45, 46, 56–57 “Man with a Past, The” (Hardy), VI: 17

MAN W−MARR “Man with Night Sweats, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 276–277 Man with Night Sweats, The (Gunn), Supp. IV: 255, 257, 274–278 “Man with the Dog, The” (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 236 “Man with the Twisted Lip, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 171 Man Within, The (Greene), Supp. I: 2; Retro. Supp. II: 152 “Man Without a Temperament, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 174, 177 “Mana Aboda” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 136 Manalive (Chesterton), VI: 340 Mañanas de abril y mayo (Calderón), II: 312n Manchester Enthusiasts, The (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 39 “Manchester Marriage, The” (Gaskell), V: 6n, 14, 15 Manciple’s Prologue, The (Chaucer), I: 24 Manciple’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 55 “Mandela” (Motion), Supp. VII: 266 Mandelbaum Gate, The (Spark), Supp. I: 206–208, 213 Mandelstam, Osip, Supp. IV: 163, 493 “Mandrake” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23 Manet, Edouard, Supp. IV: 480 Manfred (Byron), III: 338; IV: xvii, 172, 173, 177, 178–182, 192 Mangan, James Clarence, Supp. XIII: 113–130 Mangan Inheritance, The (Moore), Supp. IX 144, 148, 150–151, 153 Manhatten ’45 (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 182 “Manhole 69” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 “Maniac, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 206, 210 “Manifesto” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 163 Manifold, John, VII: 422, 426–427 Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848 (Trevelyan), VI: 389 Mankind in the Making (Wells), VI: 227, 236 Manly, J. M., I: 1 “Man–Man” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 385 Mann, Thomas, II: 97; III: 344; Supp. IV: 397 Manner of the World Nowadays, The (Skelton), I: 89 Mannerly Margery Milk and Ale (Skelton), I: 83 Manners, Mrs. Horace, pseud. of Algernon Charles Swinburne “Manners, The” (Collins), III: 161, 162, 166, 171 Manning, Cardinal, V: 181 Manoeuvring (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 158 “Manor Farm, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 399, 405 “Mans medley” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 181–182 Manservant and Maidservant (Compton– Burnett), VII: 62, 63, 67 Mansﬁeld, Katherine, IV: 106; VI: 375; VII: xv, xvii, 171–184, 314; list of short stories, VII: 183–184

Mansﬁeld Park (Austen), IV: xvii, 102– 103, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115–119, 122; Retro. Supp. II: 9–11 Mantissa (Fowles), Supp. I: 308–309, 310 Manto, Saadat Hasan, Supp. IV: 440 Mantz, Ruth, VII: 176 Manuel (Maturin), VIII: 207, 208 “Manus Animam Pinxit” (Thompson), V: 442 Many Dimensions (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 281 Manzoni, Alessandro, III: 334 “Map, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 130 Map, Walter, I: 35 Map of Love, The (Thomas), Supp. I: 176–177, 180 “Map of the City, A” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 262, 274 Map of the World, A (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 288–289, 293 Map of Verona, A (Reed), VII: 423 Mapp Showing . . . Salvation and Damnation, A (Bunyan), II: 253 Mappings (Seth), Supp. X: 279–280 Mapplethorpe, Robert, Supp. IV: 170, 273 Mara, Bernard, see Moore, Brian Marble Faun, The (Hawthorne), VI: 27 March of Literature, The (Ford), VI: 321, 322, 324 March Violets (Kerr), Supp. XII: 187, 188–189 “Marchese Pallavicini and Walter Landor” (Landor), IV: 90 March Moonlight (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 181, 188, 192 Marching Soldier (Cary), VII: 186 “Marching to Zion” (Coppard), VIII: 91–92 “Marchioness of Stonehenge, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 Marconi’s Cottage (McGuckian), Supp. V: 284, 286–287 Marcus, Jane, Retro. Supp. I: 306 Marcus, S., V: 46, 73 Marfan (Reading), VIII: 262, 274–275 Margaret Drabble: Puritanism and Permissiveness (Myer), Supp. IV: 233 Margaret Ogilvy (Barrie), Supp. III: 3 Margin Released (Priestley), VII: 209, 210, 211 “Margins” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 72 Margoliouth, H. M., II: 214n, 219 Mari Magno (Clough), V: 159, 168 Maria; or, The Wrongs of Woman (Wollstonecraft), Supp. III: 466, 476– 480 “Mariana” (Tennyson), IV: 329, 331 “Mariana in the South” (Tennyson), IV: 329, 331 Mariani, Paul L., V: 373n, 378, 382 Marianne Thornton (Forster), VI: 397, 411 Marie (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 “Marie Antoinette’s Lamentation, in her Prison of the Temple” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 202 Marinetti, Filippo T., Supp. III: 396 “Marina” (Eliot), Retro. Supp. II: 130

384

“Marine Lament” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 19 “Mariner’s Compass, The” (Armitage), VIII: 11 Marino, Giambattista, II: 180, 183 Marino Faliero (Swinburne), V: 332 Marino Faliero, Doge of Venice (Byron), IV: xviii, 178–179, 193 Marion Fay (Trollope), V: 102 Marionette, The (Muir), Supp. VI: 198, 203–204 Marius the Epicurean (Pater), V: xxv, 339, 348, 349–351, 354, 355, 356, 411 Marjorie, VI: 249; pseud. of Arnold Bennett “Mark of the Beast, The” (Kipling), VI: 183, 193 Mark of the Warrior, The (Scott), Supp. I: 263 Mark Only (Powys), VIII: 250–251 Markandaya, Kamala, Supp. IV: 440 “Markers” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 “Market at Turk” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 260– 261 Market Bell, The (Powys), VIII: 251, 258 Market of Seleukia, The (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 175 “Market Square” (Milne), Supp. V: 302 Markey, Constance, Supp. IV: 347, 360 Markham, Robert, Supp. II: 12; pseud. of Kingsley Amis “Markheim” (Stevenson), V: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 267 Marking Time (Howard), Supp. XI: 145, 146, 147, 148 “Mark–2 Wife, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 503 Marlborough: His Life and Times (Churchill), VI: 354–355 Marlowe, Christopher, I: 212, 228–229, 275–294, 336; II: 69, 138; III: 344; IV: 255, 327; Supp. IV: 197; Retro. Supp. I: 199–213 Marlowe and His Circle (Boas), I: 275, 293 Marlowe and the Early Shakespeare (Wilson), I: 286 Marmion (Scott), IV: xvi, 29, 30, 38, 129 Marmor Norfolciense (Johnson), III: 121; Retro. Supp. I: 141 Marquise, The (Coward), Supp. II: 146 “Marriage, A” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Marriage A–la–Mode (Dryden), II: 293, 296, 305 “Marriage in a Free Society” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41, 42 Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The (Blake), III: 289, 297–298, 304, 307; V: xv, 329–330, 331; Supp. IV: 448; Retro. Supp. I: 38–39 Marriage of Mona Lisa, The (Swinburne), V: 333 “Marriage of Tirzah and Ahirad, The” (Macaulay), IV: 283 Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 251 Married Life (Bennett), see Plain Man and His Wife, The Married Man, The (Lawrence), VII: 120

MARR−MAUP “Married Man’s Story, A” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 174 Married to a Spy (Waugh), Supp. VI: 276 “Married Woman” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 110 Marryat, Captain Frederick, Supp. IV: 201 Marsh, Charles, Supp. IV: 214, 218 Marsh, Edward, VI: 416, 419, 420, 425, 430, 432, 452; VII: xvi; Supp. III: 47, 48, 53, 54, 60, 397 “Marsh of Ages, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 19 Marshall, William, II: 141 Marston, John, I: 234, 238, 340; II: 4, 24–33, 34–37, 40–41, 47, 68, 72; Retro. Supp. I: 160 Marston, Philip, V: 245 Marston, R. B., II: 131 Martha Quest (Lessing), Supp. I: 237, 239, 243–244; Supp. IV: 238 Martial, II: 104, 265 Martian, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 134, 151 “Martian Sends a Postcard Home, A” (Cope), VIII: 74 Martian Sends a Postcard Home, A (Raine), Supp. XIII: 166–167 “Martian Sends a Postcard Home, A” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 166–167 Martin, John, V: 110 Martin, L. C., II: 183, 184n, 200 Martin, Martin, III: 117 Martin Chuzzlewit (Dickens), V: xx, 42, 47, 54–56, 58, 59, 68, 71; Supp. IV: 366, 381 Martin Chuzzlewit (teleplay, Lodge), Supp. IV: 366, 381 Martin Luther (Lopez and Moore), VI: 85, 95, 98 Martineau, Harriet, IV: 311; V: 125–126, 146 Martyn, Edward, VI: 309 Martyrdom of Man (Reade), Supp. IV: 2 “Martyrs’ Song” (Rossetti), V: 256 Martz, Louis, V: 366, 382 Marvell, Andrew, II: 113, 121, 123, 166, 195–199, 204–220, 255, 261; Supp. III: 51, 56; Supp. IV: 271; Retro. Supp. II: 253–268 Marvell and the Civic Crown (Patterson), Retro. Supp. II: 265 “Marvellous Bell, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 122 Marwick, A., IV: 290, 291 Marwood, Arthur, VI: 323, 331 Marxism, Supp. I: 24–25, 26, 30, 31, 238 “Marxist Interpretation of Literature, A” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 254 Mary, A Fiction (Wollstonecraft), Supp. III: 466, 476 “Mary and Gabriel” (Brooke), Supp. III: 55 Mary Anne (du Maurier), Supp. III: 137 Mary Barton (Gaskell), V: viii, x, xxi, 1, 2, 4–5, 6, 15 “Mary Burnet” (Hogg), Supp. X: 110 “’Mary Gloster’, The,” (Kipling), VI: 202 Mary Gresley (Trollope), V: 101

“Mary Postgate” (Kipling), VI: 197, 206 “Mary Queen of Scots” (Swinburne), V: 332 Mary Rose (Barrie), Supp. III: 8, 9 “Mary Shelley on Broughty Ferry Beach” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 74 Mary Stuart (Swinburne), V: 330, 332 “Mary the Cook–Maid’s Letter . . . ” (Swift), III: 31 “Mary’s Magniﬁcat” (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 mas v. Mastermind (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2 “Masculine Birth of Time, The” (Bacon), I: 263 Masculinity (Crawford), Supp. XI: 67, 74–76 Maseﬁeld, John, VI: 429; VII: xii, xiii Mask of Apollo (Renault), Supp. IX: 183–184, 187 Mask of Apollo and Other Stories, The (Russell), VIII: 285 Mask of Dimitrios, The (Ambler), Supp. IV: 21 “Mask of Love” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 262 Masks (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 33, 38–39 Mason, William, III: 141, 142, 145 “Masque, The” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 11 “Masque of Anarchy, The” (Shelley), IV: xviii, 202–203, 206, 208; Retro. Supp. I: 253–254 Masque of Blackness, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 161–162 Masque of Queenes (Jonson), II: 111n; Retro. Supp. I: 162 Masque of the Manuscript, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 276 Masqueraders, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Mass and the English Reformers, The (Dugmore), I: 177n Mass for Hard Times (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285, 290–291 “Mass for Hard Times” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290, 291 Massacre at Paris, The (Marlowe), I: 249, 276, 279–280, 285–286; Retro. Supp. I: 211 Massinger, Philip, II: 44, 45, 50, 66–67, 69, 83, 87; Supp. XI: 179–194 Masson, David, IV: 212, 235 Masson, Rosaline, V: 393, 397 “Mastectomy” (Boland), Supp. V: (Boland), Supp. V: 49 Master, The (Brontë), see Professor, The “Master, The” (Wilde), Retro. Supp. II: 371 Master and Commander (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 252–254, 256, 257 Master and Margarita, The (Bulgakov), Supp. IV: 448 Master Georgie (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 26–27 Master Humphrey’s Clock (Dickens), V: 42, 53–54, 71 “Master John Horseleigh, Knight” (Hardy), VI: 22

385

Master of Ballantrae, The (Stevenson), V: 383–384, 387, 396; Retro. Supp. I: 268–269 Master of Petersburg, The (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 75–76, 85–86, 88 Master of the House, The (Hall), Supp. VI: 120, 122, 128 Masterman, C. F. G., VI: viii, 320 Masters, John, Supp. IV: 440 Masters, The (Snow), VII: xxi, 327–328, 330 “Match, The” (Marvell), II: 211 Match for the Devil, A (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 222 “Match–Maker, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 240 “Mater Dolorosa” (Swinburne), V: 325 “Mater Triumphalis” (Swinburne), V: 325 Materials for a Description of Capri (Douglas), VI: 305 Mathilda (Shelley), Supp. III: 363–364 “Mathilda’s England” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504 Matigari (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 215, 216, 221– 222 Matilda (Dahl), Supp. IV: 203, 207, 226 Matilda (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 203 Matisse, Henri, Supp. IV: 81, 154 Matisse Stories, The (Byatt), Supp. IV: 151, 154–155 Matlock’s System (Hill), see Heart Clock “Matres Dolorosae” (Bridges), VI: 81 “Matron” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 12 “Mattens” (Herbert), II: 127; Retro. Supp. II: 179 “Matter and Consciousness” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46 “Matter of Fact, A” (Kipling), VI: 193 Matter of Wales: Epic Views of a Small Country, The (Morris), see Wales: Epic Views of a Small Country Matthew Arnold: A Study in Conﬂict (Brown), V: 211–212, 217 Matthew Arnold: A Symposium (ed. Allott), V: 218 Matthews, Geoffrey Maurice, IV: x, xxv, 207, 208, 209, 237 Matthews, William, I: 68 Matthiessen, F. O., V: 204 Matthieu de Vendôme, I: 23, 39–40 “Mature Art” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 214 Maturin, Charles, III: 327, 331, 333–334, 336, 345; VIII: 197–210; Supp. III: 384 Maud (Tennyson), IV: xxi, 325, 328, 330–331, 333–336, 337, 338; VI: 420 Maude: A Story for Girls (Rossetti), V: 260 “Maud–Evelyn” (James), VI: 69 Maugham, Syrie, VI: 369 Maugham, W. Somerset, VI: xi, xiii, 200, 363–381; VII: 318–319; list of short stories and sketches, VI: 379–381; Supp. II: 7, 141, 156–157; Supp. IV: 9–10, 21, 500 Maumbury Ring (Hardy), VI: 20 Maupassant, Guy de, III: 340, Supp. IV: 500

MAUR−MEMO Maurice (Forster), VI: xii, 397, 407–408, 412; Retro. Supp. II: 145–146 Maurice, Frederick D., IV: 54; V: xxi, 284, 285 Mauritius Command, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 256, 258 Mavis Belfrage (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 80, 91 Max in Verse (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 44 Maxfield, James F., Supp. IV: 336 May Day (Chapman), I: 244 “May Day, 1937” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 “May Day Song for North Oxford” (Betjeman), VII: 356 “May 23” (Thomas), Supp. III: 405 Maybe Day in Kazakhstan, A (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 “Mayday in Holderness” (Hughes), Supp. I: 344 Mayer, Carl, III: 342 “Mayfly” (MacNeice), VII: 411 Mayo, Robert, IV: ix “Mayo Monologues” (Longley), VIII: 174 Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character, The (Hardy), VI: 3, 5, 7, 8, 9–10, 20 Maze Plays (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 12 Mazeppa (Byron), IV: xvii, 173, 192 Mazzini, Giuseppi, V: 313, 314, 324, 325 Me, I’m Afraid of Virginia Woolf (Bennett), VIII: 27 Me, Myself, and I (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 13 Meaning of Meaning, The (Richards and Ogden), Supp. II: 405, 408, 410–411, 414 “Meaning of the Wild Body, The” (Lewis), VII: 77 Meaning of Treason, The (West), Supp. III: 440, 445 Measure for Measure (Shakespeare), I: 313–314, 327; II: 30, 70, 168; V: 341, 351 Measures, (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 188– 189, 194 “Meat, The” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 121 “Mechanical Genius, The” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 385 Mechanical Womb, The (Orton), Supp. V: 364 Medal: A Satyre Against Sedition, The (Dryden), II: 299, 304 Medea (Seneca), II: 71 Medea: A Sex–War Opera (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 “Medico’s Song” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 324 Medieval Heritage of Elizabethan Tragedy (Farnham), I: 214 “Meditation of Mordred, The” (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 283 Meditation upon a Broom–Stick, A (Swift), III: 35 “Meditation with Mountains” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 317–318 Meditations Collected from the Sacred Books . . . (Richardson), III: 92

“Meditations in Time of Civil War” (Yeats), V: 317; VII: 24; Retro. Supp. I: 334–335 Meditations of Daniel Defoe, The (Defoe), III: 12 “Meditations with Memories” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 317 “Mediterranean” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 Mediterranean Scenes (Bennett), VI: 264, 267 “Medussa’s Ankles” (Byatt), Supp. IV: 154–155 Medwin, Thomas, IV: 196, 209 Mee, Arthur, Supp. IV: 256 Meet My Father (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2 “Meet Nurse!” (Hope), Supp. VII: 151 Meeting by the River, A (Isherwood), VII: 317 “Meeting My Former Self” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 24 Meeting Place (Kay), Supp. XIII: 100 Meeting the British (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 421–424 Meeting the Comet (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8 “Megaliths and Water” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 221 “Melancholia” (Bridges), VI: 80 “Melancholy” (Bridges), VI: 80 “Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion, The” (Hardy), VI: 20, 22; Retro. Supp. I: 116 “Melbourne” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 313 “Melbourne in 1963” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 313–314 Melbourne or the Bush (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 313–314, 319, 320 Melchiori, Giorgio, VI: 208 Meleager (Euripides), V: 322, 323 Melincourt (Peacock), IV: xvii, 162, 163– 164, 165, 168, 170 Melly, Diana, Supp. IV: 168 Melmoth Reconciled (Balzac), III: 334, 339 Melmoth the Wanderer (Maturin), III: 327, 333–334, 335, 345; VIII: 197– 200, 201–205, 208–209; Supp. III: 384–385 Melnikov, Konstantin, Supp. IV: 174 “Melon” (Barnes), Supp. IV: 75 Melville, Herman, IV: 97; V: xvii, xx– xxi, xxv, 211; VI: 363; Supp. IV: 160 Memento Mori (Spark), Supp. I: 203 “Memoir” (Scott), IV: 28, 30, 35–36, 39 “Memoir of Bernard Barton” (FitzGerald), IV: 353 “Memoir of Cowper: An Autobiography” (ed. Quinlan), III: 220 “Memoir”of Fleeming Jenkin (Stevenson), V: 386, 395 Memoir of Jane Austen (Austen–Leigh), III: 90 “Memoir of My Father, A“ (Amis), Supp. II: 1 Memoir of the Author’s Life and Familiar Anecdotes of Sir Walter Scott (Hogg), Supp. X: 105

386

Memoir of the Bobotes (Cary), VII: 185 Mémoire justiﬁcatif etc. (Gibbon), III: 233 Mémoires littéraires de la Grande Bretagne (periodical), III: 233 Memoirs (Amis), Supp. IV: 27 Memoirs (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 196– 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 207, 213 Memoirs (Temple), III: 19 Memoirs of a Cavalier, The (Defoe), III: 6, 13; VI: 353, 359; Retro. Supp. I: 66, 68, 71–72 Memoirs of a Certain Island Adjacent to the Kingdom of Utopia (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135, 141 Memoirs of a Midget (de la Mare), III: 340, 345 Memoirs of a Physician, The (Dumas père), III: 332 Memoirs of a Protestant, The (tr. Goldsmith), III: 191 Memoirs of a Survivor, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 249–250, 254 Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq., The (Thackeray), see Barry Lyndon Memoirs of Doctor Burney (Burney), Supp. III: 68 Memoirs of Himself (Stevenson), V: 396 “Memoirs of James Boswell, Esq.” (Boswell), III: 248 Memoirs of Jonathan Swift (Scott), IV: 38 Memoirs of Lord Byron, The (Nye), Supp. X: 195–196 Memoirs of Martin Scriblerus, (Pope), III: 24, 77; Retro. Supp. I: 234 “Memoirs of M. de Voltaire” (Goldsmith), III: 189 Memoirs of My Dead Life (Moore), VI: 87, 88, 95, 96, 97, 98–99 “Memoirs of Percy Bysshe Shelley” (Peacock), IV: 158, 169, 170 Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Godwin), Supp. III: 465 Memoirs of the Baron de Brosse (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Memoirs of the Late Thomas Holcroft . . . (Hazlitt), IV: 128, 139 Memoirs of the Life of Edward Gibbon, The (ed. Hill), III: 221n, 233 Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart. (Lockhart), IV: 27, 30, 34, 35– 36, 39 Memoirs of the Life of William Collins, Esp., R.A. (1848) (Collins), Supp. VI: 92, 95 Memoirs of the Navy (Pepys), II: 281, 288 “Memoirs of the World” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 264 Memoirs Relating to . . . Queen Anne’s Ministry (Swift), III: 27 “Memorabilia” (Browning), IV: 354–355 Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln’s Inn, The (Chapman), I: 235 Memorial, The (Isherwood), VII: 205, 310–311

MEMO−MIDD “Memorial for the City” (Auden), VII: 388, 393; Retro. Supp. I: 8 Memorials of a Tour on the Continent (Wordsworth), IV: 24–25 Memorials of Edward Burne–Jones (Burne–Jones), V: 295–296, 306 “Memorials of Gormandising” (Thackeray), V: 23, 24, 38 Memorials of Thomas Hood (Hood and Broderip), IV: 251, 261, 267 Memorials of Two Sisters, Susanna and Catherine Winkworth (ed. Shaen), V: 149 Memories and Adventures (Doyle), Supp. II: 159 Memories and Hallucinations (Thomas), Supp. IV: 479, 480, 482, 483, 484, 486 Memories and Portraits (Stevenson), V: 390, 395 “Memories of a Catholic Childhood” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 363–364 “Memories of a Working Women’s Guild” (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 311 Memories of the Space Age (Ballard), Supp. V: 24 “Memories of the Space Age” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 Memories of Vailiona (Osborne and Strong), V: 393, 397 “Memories of Youghal” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501 “Memory, A” (Brooke), Supp. III: 55 “Memory and Imagination&rdqo; (Dunn), Supp. X: 77 “Memory Man” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 Memory of Ben Jonson Revived by the Friends of the Muses, The (Digby), Retro. Supp. I: 166 “Memory Unsettled” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 277 “Men and Their Boring Arguments” (Cope), VIII: 78 Men and Wives (Compton–Burnett), VII: 64, 65, 66–67 Men and Women (Browning), IV: xiii, xxi, 357, 363, 374; Retro. Supp. II: 26, 27–28 Men at Arms (Waugh), VII: 304; see also Sword of Honour trilogy Men Like Gods (Wells), VI: 226 240 244; VII: 204 Men on Women on Men (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3 “Men Sign the Sea” (Graham), Supp. VII: 110 “Men Who March Away” (Hardy), VI: 415, 421; Retro. Supp. I: 120 “Men With Coats Thrashing” (Lowry), Supp. III: 283 Men Without Art (Lewis), VII: 72, 76 “Menace, The” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 139 “Menace, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 261 Menand, Louis, Supp. IV: 305 Mendelson, Edward, Retro. Supp. I: 12 “Menelaus and Helen” (Brooke), Supp. III: 52 Menaphon (Greene), I: 165; VIII: 135, 138–139, 143

Mencius on the Mind (Richards), Supp. II: 421 Men–of–War: Life in Nelson’s Navy (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 255 Men’s Wives (Thackeray), V: 23, 35, 38 “Mental Cases” (Owen), VI: 456, 457 Mental Effıciency (Bennett), VI: 250, 266 Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), I: 310 Merchant’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 36, 41–42 Mercian Hymns (Hill), Supp. V: 187, 189, 194–196 Mercier and Camier (Beckett), Supp. I: 50–51; Retro. Supp. I: 21 “Mercury and the Elephant” (Finch), Supp. IX: 71–72 “Mercy” (Collins), III: 166 Mercy Boys, The (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 28 Mer de Glace (Meale and Malouf), Supp. XII: 218 Mere Accident, A (Moore), VI: 86, 91 Mere Christianity (Lewis), Supp. III: 248 “Mere Interlude, A” (Hardy), VI: 22 Meredith (Sassoon), V: 219, 234 Meredith, George, II: 104, 342, 345; IV: 160; V: x, xviii, xxii–xxvi, 219–234, 244, 432; VI: 2 Meredith, H. O., VI: 399 Meredith et la France (Mackay), V: 223, 234 “Meredithian Sonnets” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 74 Meres, Francis, I: 212, 234, 296, 307 Merie Tales, The, I: 83, 93 Meriton, George, II: 340 Merkin, Daphne, Supp. IV: 145–146 Merleau–Ponty, Maurice, Supp. IV: 79, 88 Merlin (Nye), Supp. X: 195 “Merlin and the Gleam” (Tennyson), IV: 329 Mermaid, Dragon, Fiend (Graves), VII: 264 Merope (Arnold), V: 209, 216 “Merry Beggars, The” (Brome), Supp. X: 55 Merry England (periodical), V: 440 Merry Jests of George Peele, The, I: 194 Merry Men, and Other Tales and Fables, The (Stevenson), V: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 267 Merry Wives of Windsor, The (Shakespeare), I: 295, 311; III: 117 Merry–Go–Round, The (Lawrence), VII: 120 Merry–Go–Round, The (Maugham), VI: 372 Mescellanies (Fielding), Retro. Supp. I: 80 Meschonnic, Henri, Supp. IV: 115 Mespoulet, M., V: 266 “Message, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 90 “Message, The” (Russell), VIII: 280–281 “Message Clear” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 165

387

“Message from Mars, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 Messages (Fernandez), V: 225–226 “Messdick” (Ross), VII: 433 Messenger, The (Kinsella), Supp. V: 269– 270 “M. E. T.” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 “Metamorphoses” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Metamorphoses (Ovid), III: 54; V: 321; Retro. Supp. II: 36, 215 Metamorphoses (Sisson), Supp. XI: 249 Metamorphosis (Kafka), III: 340, 345 Metamorphosis of Pygmalion’s Image (Marston), I: 238; II: 25, 40 “Metaphor Now Standing at Platform 8, The” (Armitage), VIII: 5–6 “Metaphorical Gymnasia” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 97 Metaphysical Lyrics and Poems of the Seventeenth Century (Grierson), Retro. Supp. II: 173 Metempsycosis: Poêma Satyricon (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 94 “Methinks the poor Town has been troubled too long” (Dorset), II: 262 “Method. For Rongald Gaskell” (Davie), Supp. VI: 106 Metrical Tales and Other Poems (Southey), IV: 71 Metroland (Barnes), Supp. IV: 65, 66– 67, 71, 76 Mew, Charlotte, Supp. V: 97, 98–99 Meynell, Wilfred, V: 440, 451 MF (Burgess), Supp. I: 197 “Mianserin Sonnets” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 79 Micah Clark (Doyle), Supp. II: 159, 163 “Michael” (Wordsworth), IV: 8, 18–19 Michael and Mary (Milne), Supp. V: 299 Michael Robartes and the Dancer (Yeats), VI: 217; Retro. Supp. I: 331–333 “Michael X and the Black Power Killings in Trinidad” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 396 Michaelmas Term (Middleton), II: 3, 4, 21 Michelet, Jules, V: 346 Microcosmography (Earle), IV: 286 Micro–Cynicon, Six Snarling Satires (Middleton), II: 2–3 Midas (Lyly), I: 198, 202, 203 “Middle Age” (Dunn), Supp. X: 80 Middle Age of Mrs Eliot, The (Wilson), Supp. I: 160–161 Middle Ground, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 231, 234, 246–247, 248 Middle Mist, The (Renault), see Friendly Young Ladies, The “Middle of a War” (Fuller), VII: 429; Supp. VII: 69 Middle Passage, The (Naipaul), Supp. I: 386, 390–391, 393, 403 “Middle–Sea and Lear–Sea” (Jones), Supp. VII: 176 Middle Years, The (James), VI: 65, 69 “Middle Years, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 “Middle Years, The” (James), VI: 69

MIDD−MISC Middlemarch (Eliot), III: 157; V: ix–x, xxiv, 196–197, 200; Supp. IV: 243; Retro. Supp. II:113–114 Middlemen: A Satire, The (Brooke– Rose)), Supp. IV: 99, 103 Middleton, D., V: 253 Middleton, Thomas, II: 1–23, 30, 33, 68– 70, 72, 83, 85, 93, 100; IV: 79 Midnight All Day (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 158 “Midnight Hour, The” (Powys), VIII: 256 Midnight Oil (Pritchett), Supp. III: 312, 313 Midnight on the Desert (Priestley), VII: 209, 212 “Midnight Skaters, The” (Blunden), VI: 429; Supp. XI: 45 Midnight’s Children (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 162, 433, 435, 436, 438, 439–444, 445, 448, 449, 456; Supp. V: 67, 68 “Midsummer Cushion, The” (Clare), Supp. XI: 60 “Midsummer Holiday, A, and Other Poems” (Swinburne), V: 332 “Midsummer Ice” (Murray), Supp. VII: 278 “Midsummer Night’s Dream, A” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 223 Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare), I: 304–305, 311–312; II: 51, 281; Supp. IV: 198 “Mid–Term Break” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 125 Mid–Victorian Memories (Francillon), V: 83 “Midwich Cuckoos, The” (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 291–292 “Mightier than Mammon, A” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 39 Mightier Than the Sword (Ford), VI: 320–321 Mighty and Their Full, The (Compton– Burnett), VII: 61, 62 Mighty Magician, The (FitzGerald), IV: 353 “Migrants” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Miguel Street (Naipaul), Supp. I: 383, 385–386 “Mike: A Public School Story” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 449 Mike Fletcher (Moore), VI: 87, 91 “Mildred Lawson” (Moore), VI: 98 Milesian Chief, The (Maturin), VIII: 201, 207 Milestones (Bennett), VI: 250, 263, 264 Milford, H., III: 208n “Milford: East Wing” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Military Memoirs of Capt. George Carleton, The (Defoe), III: 14 Military Philosophers, The (Powell), VII: 349 “Milk–cart, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 168 “Milk–Wort and Bog–Cotton” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 212 Mill, James, IV: 159; V: 288 Mill, John Stuart, IV: 50, 56, 246, 355; V: xxi–xxii, xxiv, 182, 279, 288, 343

Mill on the Floss, The (Eliot), V: xxii, 14, 192–194, 200; Supp. IV: 240, 471; Retro. Supp. II: 106–108 Millais, John Everett, V: 235, 236, 379 Miller, Arthur, VI: 286 Miller, Henry, Supp. IV: 110–111 Miller, J. Hillis, VI: 147 Miller, Karl, Supp. IV: 169 “Miller’s Daughter, The” (tr. Mangan), Supp. XIII: 127 “Miller’s Daughter, The” (Tennyson), IV: 326 Miller’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 37 Millet, Jean François, Supp. IV: 90 Millett, Kate, Supp. IV: 188 Millionairess, The (Shaw), VI: 102, 127 “Millom Cricket Field” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 “Millom Old Quarry” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 Mills, C. M., pseud. of Elizabeth Gaskell Millstone, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 237–238 Milne, A. A., Supp. V: 295–312 “Milnes, Richard Monckton” (Lord Houghton), see Monckton Milnes, Richard Milton (Blake), III: 303–304, 307; V: xvi 330; Retro. Supp. I: 45 Milton (Meredith), V: 234 “Milton” (Macaulay), IV: 278, 279 Milton, Edith, Supp. IV: 305–306 Milton in America (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 11–12, 13 Milton, John, II: 50–52, 113, 158–178, 195, 196, 198, 199, 205, 206, 236, 302; III: 43, 118–119, 167n, 211n, 220, 302; IV: 9, 11–12, 14, 22, 23, 93, 95, 185, 186, 200, 205, 229, 269, 278, 279, 352; V: 365–366; Supp. III: 169; Retro. Supp. II: 269–289 Milton’s God (Empson), Supp. II: 180, 195–196 Milton’s Prosody (Bridges), VI: 83 Mimic Men, The (Naipaul), Supp. I: 383, 386, 390, 392, 393–394, 395, 399 “Mina Laury” (Brontë), V: 122, 123, 149, 151 Mind at the End of Its Tether (Wells), VI: xiii; VI: 228, 242 Mind Has Mountains, The (Jennings), Supp. V: 213, 215–216 Mind in Chains, The (ed. Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118 “Mind Is Its Own Place, The” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 316 Mind of the Maker, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 345, 347 Mind to Murder, A (James), Supp. IV: 319, 321, 323–324 Mind’s Eye, The (Blunden), Supp. XI: 35 “Mine old dear enemy, my froward master” (Wyatt), I: 105 “Miner’s Hut” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 “Miners” (Owen), VI: 452, 454 “Minerva’s Bird, Athene Noctua” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 289 “Minimal” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 90, 91 Minister, The (Thomas), Supp. XII: 283, 284

388

“Ministrations” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 80 Ministry of Fear, The (Greene), Supp. I: 10–11, 12; Retro. Supp. II: 157 Minor Poems of Robert Southey, The (Southey), IV: 71 Minpins, The (Dahl), Supp. IV: 204, 224 Minstrel, The (Beattie), IV: 198 Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (ed. Scott), IV: 29, 39 “Mint” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 133 Mint, The (Lawrence), Supp. II: 283, 291–294 Minute by Glass Minute (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 261 Minute for Murder (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 “Minutes of Glory” (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 220 Minutes of the Negotiations of Monsr. Mesnager, . . . (Defoe), III: 13 “Mirabeau” (Macaulay), IV: 278 “Miracle Cure” (Lowbury), VII: 432 Miracles (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 255, 258–259 “Miraculous Issue, The” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 89 Mirèio (Mistral), V: 219 Mirour de l’omme (Gower), I: 48, 49 Mirror for Magistrates, The, I: 162, 214 “Mirror in February” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 262 Mirror of the Sea: Memories and Impressions, The (Conrad), VI: 138, 148 Mirror Wall, The (Murphy), Supp. V: 313, 329–330 Mirrour; or, Looking–Glasse Both for Saints and Sinners, A (Clarke), II: 251 Misadventures of John Nicholson, The (Stevenson), V: 396 Misalliance (Shaw), VI: xv, 115, 117, 118, 120, 129; Retro. Supp. II: 321 Misalliance, The (Brookner), Supp. IV: 129 Misanthrope, The (tr. Harrison), Supp. V: 149–150, 163 “Misanthropos” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 264– 265, 268, 270 “Misapprehension” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 266 Miscellanea (Temple), III: 40 Miscellaneous Essays (St. Évremond), III: 47 Miscellaneous Observations on the Tragedy of Macbeth (Johnson), III: 108, 116, 121 Miscellaneous Poems (Marvell), II: 207 Miscellaneous Studies (Pater), V: 348, 357 Miscellaneous Works of the Duke of Buckingham, II: 268 Miscellaneous Works . . . with Memoirs of His Life (Gibbon), III: 233 Miscellanies (Cowley), II: 198 Miscellanies (Pope and Swift), II: 335 Miscellanies (Swinburne), V: 332 Miscellanies; A Serious Address to the People of Great Britain (Fielding), III: 105 Miscellanies, Aesthetic and Literary . . . (Coleridge), IV: 56 Miscellany (Tonson), III: 69

MISC−MITF Miscellany of New Poems, A (Behn), Supp. III: 36 Miscellany Poems (Wycherley), II: 321 Miscellany Poems, on Several Occasions (Finch), Supp. IX: 65, 67, 74, 77 Miscellany Tracts (Browne), II: 156 Mischmasch (Carroll), V: 274 “Mise Eire” (Boland), Supp. V: 45–46 Miser, The (Fielding), III: 105 “Miser and the Poet, The” (Finch), Supp. IX: 72–74 “Miserie” (Herbert), II: 128–129 Miseries of War, The (Ralegh), I: 158 Misfortunes of Arthur, The (Hughes), I: 218 Misfortunes of Elphin, The (Peacock), IV: xviii, 163, 167–168, 170 Mishan, E. J., VI: 240 “Misplaced Attachment of Mr. John Dounce, The” (Dickens), V: 46 “Miss Brill” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 175 Miss Gomez and the Brethren (Trevor), Supp. IV: 507, 508–509 “Miss Gunton of Poughkeepsie” (James), VI: 69 Miss Herbert (The Suburban Wife) (Stead), Supp. IV: 473, 476 “Miss Kilmansegg and Her Precious Leg” (Hood), IV: 258–259 Miss Lucy in Town (Fielding), III: 105 Miss Mackenzie (Trollope), V: 101 Miss Marjoribanks (Oliphant), Supp. X: 214, 216–217, 219–220 Miss Marple’s Last Case (Christie), Supp. II: 125 Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself (Hall), Supp. VI: 120–121, 128 “Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself” (Hall), Supp. VI: 121 “Miss Pulkinhorn” (Golding), Supp. I: 78–79, 80 “Miss Smith” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 502, 510 Miss Stuart’s Legacy (Steel), Supp. XII: 269–270, 271 “Miss Tickletoby’s Lectures on English History” (Thackeray), V: 38 “Miss Twye” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 “Missing” (Cornford), VIII: 1141 “Missing, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 276 “Missing Dates” (Empson), Supp. II: 184, 190 Mistake, The (Vanbrugh), II: 325, 333, 336 Mistakes, The (Harris), II: 305 Mistakes of a Night, The (Hogg), Supp. X: 105&ndash106 Mr. A’s Amazing Mr. Pim Passes By (Milne), Supp. V: 299 “Mr. and Mrs. Dove” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 180 “Mr. and Mrs. Frank Berry” (Thackeray), V: 23 Mr. and Mrs. Nobody (Waterhouse), Supp. XIII: 275–276 “Mr. Apollinax” (Eliot), VII: 144 Mr. Beluncle (Pritchett), Supp. III: 311, 313, 314–315 Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown (Woolf), VI: 247, 267, 275, 290; VII: xiv, xv

“Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown” (Woolf), Supp. II: 341; Retro. Supp. I: 309 “Mr. Bleaney” (Larkin), Supp. I: 281 “Mr. Bodkin” (Hood), IV: 267 Mr. Britling Sees It Through (Wells), VI: 227, 240 “Mr. Brown’s Letters to a Young Man About Town” (Thackeray), V: 38 Mr. Bunyan’s Last Sermon (Bunyan), II: 253 Mr. C[olli]n’s Discourse of Free–Thinking (Swift), III: 35 “Mr. Crabbe—Mr. Campbell” (Hazlitt), III: 276 “Mr. Dottery’s Trousers” (Powys), VIII: 248, 249 “Mr. Eliot’s Sunday Morning Service” (Eliot), VII: 145 “Mr. Feasey” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 214 Mr. Foot (Frayn), Supp. VII: 57 Mr. Fortune’s Maggot (Warner), Supp. VII: 370, 374–375, 379 Mr Fox (Comyns), VIII: 53, 56, 64–65 “Mr. Gilﬁl’s Love Story” (Eliot), V: 190; Retro. Supp. II: 103–104 “Mr. Gladstone Goes to Heaven” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 51 “Mr. Graham” (Hood), IV: 267 Mr. H (Lamb), IV: 80–81, 85 “Mr. Harrison’s Confessions” (Gaskell), V: 14, 15 Mister Heracles (Armitage), VIII: 1 Mr. John Milton’s Character of the Long Parliament and Assembly of Divines . . . (Milton), II: 176 Mister Johnson (Cary), VII: 186, 187, 189, 190–191 “Mr. Know–All” (Maugham), VI: 370 Mr. Macaulay’s Character of the Clergy in the Latter Part of the Seventeenth Century Considered (Babington), IV: 291 “Mr. McNamara” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501 Mr. Meeson’s Will (Haggard), Supp. III: 213 Mr. Noon (Lawrence), Retro. Supp. II: 229–230 “Mr. Norris and I” (Isherwood), VII: 311–312 Mr. Norris Changes Trains (Isherwood), VII: xx, 311–312 “Mr. Pim and the Holy Crumb” (Powys), VIII: 255, 257 Mr. Polly (Wells), see History of Mr. Polly, The Mr. Pope’s Welcome from Greece (Gay), II: 348 Mr. Prohack (Bennett), VI: 260, 267 “Mr. Reginald Peacock’s Day” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 174 “Mr. Robert Herricke His Farewell unto Poetrie” (Herrick), II: 112 “Mr. Robert Montgomery’s Poems” (Macaulay), IV: 280 Mr Sampath (Naipaul), Supp. I: 400 Mr. Scarborough’s Family (Trollope), V: 98, 102 “Mr. Sludge ‘the Medium’ ” (Browning), IV: 358, 368; Retro. Supp. II:26–27

389

Mr. Smirke; or, The Divine in Mode (Marvell), II: 219 Mr. Stone and the Knights Companion (Naipaul), Supp. I: 383, 389 “Mr. Strugnell” (Cope), VIII: 73 Mr. Tasker’s Gods (Powys), VIII: 2 VIII: 51, 249–250 “Mr. Tennyson” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 502 Mr. Waller’s Speech in the Painted Chamber (Waller), II: 238 “Mr. Waterman” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228–229, 231, 235, 237 Mr. Weston’s Good Wine (Powys), VII: 21; VIII: 245, 248, 252–254, 255, 256 Mr. Whatnot (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 13 “Mr. Whistler’s Ten O’Clock” (Wilde), V: 407 Mr. Wrong (Howard), Supp. XI: 141, 142 “Mistletoe, a Christmas Tale, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 212 Mistral, Frederic, V: 219 Mistras, The (Cowley), II: 194, 198, 202, 236 “Mrs. Acland’s Ghosts” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 503 “Mrs. Bathurst” (Kipling), VI: 193–194 Mrs. Browning: A Poet’s Work and Its Setting (Hayter), IV: 322 “Mrs. Cibber” (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 273 Mrs. Craddock (Maugham), VI: 367 Mrs. Dalloway (Woolf), VI: 275, 279; VII: xv, 18, 21, 24, 28–29; Supp. IV: 234, 246; Retro. Supp. I: 316–317 Mrs. Dot (Maugham), VI: 368 Mrs. Eckdorf in O’Neill’s Hotel (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501, 508 Mrs. Fisher; or, The Future of Humour (Graves), VII: 259–260 Mrs. Harris’s Petition (Swift), Retro. Supp. I: 283 “Mrs. Jaypher found a wafer” (Lear), V: 86 Mrs. Leicester’s School (Lamb and Lamb), IV: 80, 85 Mrs. McGinty’s Dead (Christie; U.S. title, Blood Will Tell), Supp. II: 135 “Mrs. Medwin” (James), VI: 69 “Mrs. Nelly’s Complaint,”II: 268 Mistress of Men (Steel), Supp. XII: 275 “Mistress of Vision, The” (Thompson), V: 447–448 “Mrs. Packletide’s Tiger” (Saki), Supp. VI: 242 Mrs. Perkins’s Ball (Thackeray), V: 24, 38 Mrs. Shakespeare: The Complete Works (Nye), Supp. X: 196 “Mrs. Silly” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 502 “Mrs. Simpkins” (Smith), Supp. II: 470 “Mrs. Temperley” (James), VI: 69 Mrs. Warren’s Profession (Shaw), V: 413; VI: 108, 109; Retro. Supp. II: 312– 313 Mistry, Rohinton, Supp. X: 137–149 “Mists” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228 Mist’s Weekly Journal (newspaper), III: 4 Mitford, Mary Russell, IV: 311, 312

MITF−MOOR Mitford, Nancy, VII: 290; Supp. X: 151– 163 Mithridates (Lee), II: 305 Mixed Essays (Arnold), V: 213n, 216 “Mixed Marriage” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 415 Mo, Timothy, Supp. IV: 390 “Moa Point” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 6 Mob, The (Galsworthy), VI: 280, 288 Moby–Dick (Melville), VI: 363 Mock Doctor, The (Fielding), III 105 Mock Speech from the Throne (Marvell), II: 207 Mock–Mourners, The: . . . Elegy on King William (Defoe), III: 12 Mockery Gap (Powys), VIII: 251, 256 “Model Prisons” (Carlyle), IV: 247 Mock’s Curse: Nineteen Stories (Powys), VIII: 251, 252, 256 Modern Comedy, A (Galsworthy), VI: 270, 275 Modern Fiction (Woolf), VII: xiv; Retro. Supp. I: 308–309 Modern Husband, The (Fielding), III: 105 “Modern Love” (Meredith), V: 220, 234, 244 Modern Love, and Poems of the English Roadside . . . (Meredith), V: xxii, 220, 234 Modern Lover, A (Moore), VI: 86, 89, 98 Modern Manners (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 207 “Modern Money–Lending, and the Meaning of Dividends: A Tract for the Wealthy” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 Modern Movement: 100 Key Books from England, France, and America, 1880– 1950, The (Connolly), VI: 371 Modern Painters (Ruskin), V: xx, 175– 176, 180, 184, 282 Modern Painting (Moore), VI: 87 Modern Poet, The: Poetry, Academia, and Knowledge Since the 1750s (Crawford), Supp. XI: 82–83 Modern Poetry: A Personal Essay (MacNeice), VII: 403, 404, 410 “Modern Science: A Criticism” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41 “Modern Times” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 324 Modern Utopia, A (Wells), VI: 227, 234, 241, 244 “Modern Warning, The” (James), VI: 48, 69 Modernism and Romance (Scott–James), VI: 21 Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Modern Literature, The (Lodge), Supp. IV: 365, 377 “Modest Proposal” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 46 Modest Proposal, A (Swift), III: 21, 28, 29, 35; Supp. IV: 482 “Moestitiae Encomium” (Thompson), V: 450 Moffatt, James, I: 382–383 Mohocks, The (Gay), III: 60, 67 Mohr, Jean, Supp. IV: 79

Moi, Toril, Retro. Supp. I: 312 “Moisture–Number, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), II: 314, 318, 325, 336, 337, 350; V: 224 Moll Flanders (Defoe), III: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 95; Retro. Supp. I: 72–73 Molloy (Beckett), Supp. I: 51–52; Supp. IV: 106; Retro. Supp. I: 18, 21–22 Molly Sweeney (Friel), Supp. V: 127 “Molly Gone” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 118 Moly (Gunn), Supp. IV: 257, 266–268 “Moly” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 267 Molyneux, William, III: 27 “Moment, The: Summer ’s Night” (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 309 “Moment in Eternity, A” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 204 “Moment of Cubism, The” (Berger), Supp. IV: 79 Moment of Love, A (Moore), see Feast of Lupercal, The Moments of Being (Woolf), VII: 33; Retro. Supp. I: 305, 315 Moments of Grace (Jennings), Supp. V: 217–218 Moments of Vision, and Miscellaneous Verses (Hardy), VI: 20 Monastery, The (Scott), IV: xviii, 39 Monckton Milnes, Richard (Lord Houghton), IV: 211, 234, 235, 251, 252, 254, 302, 351; V: 312, 313, 334; Retro. Supp. I: 185–186 “Monday; or, The Squabble” (Gay), III: 56 Monday or Tuesday (Woolf), VII: 20, 21, 38; Retro. Supp. I: 307 Mondo Desperado (McCabe), Supp. IX: 127, 136–137 Money: A Suicide Note (Amis), Supp. IV: 26, 32–35, 37, 40 Money in the Bank (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 459 “Money–Man Only” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 213–214 “Money Singing” (Motion), Supp. VII: 261 Monk, The (Lewis), III: 332–333, 335, 345; Supp. III: 384 Monkﬁsh Moon (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 85–88, 95, 100 Monks and the Giants, The (Frere), see Whistlecraft Monks of St. Mark, The (Peacock), IV: 158, 169 Monk’s Prologue, The (Chaucer), II: 70 Monk’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 31 Monk’s Tale, The (Lydgate), I: 57 “Monna Innominata” (Rossetti), V: 251 “Mono–Cellular” (Self), Supp. V: 402 Monody on the Death of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan . . . (Byron), IV: 192 “Monody to the Memory of Chatterton” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 206 “Monody to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 202 “Monody to the Memory of the Late Queen of France” (Robinson), Supp.

390

XIII: 202 Monro, Harold, VI: 448 “Mons Meg” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 81–82 Monsieur (Durrell), Supp. I: 118, 119 Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (Molière), II: 325, 337, 339, 347, 350 Monsieur d’Olive (Chapman), I: 244–245 “M. Prudhomme at the International Exhibition” (Swinburne). V: 333 Monsieur Thomas (Fletcher), II: 45, 61, 65 Monsignor Quixote (Greene), Supp. I: 18–19; Retro. Supp. II: 166 Monster (Beamish and Galloway), Supp. XII: 117 Monstre Gai (Lewis), VII: 72, 80 “Mont Blanc” (Shelley), IV: 198; Retro. Supp. I: 248 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, II: 326 Montague, John, VI: 220 Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, II: 25, 30, 80, 104, 108, 146; III: 39 Monte Verité (du Maurier), Supp. III: 143–144, 147, 148 Montemayor, Jorge de, I: 164, 302 Montezuma’s Daughter (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Montgomery, Robert, IV: 280 Month (periodical), V: 365, 379 Month in the Country, A (tr. Friel), Supp. V: 124 Montherlant, Henry de, II: 99n Monthly Review (periodical), III: 147, 188 Montrose, marquess of, II: 222, 236–237, 238 “Monument Maker, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 117 Monumental Column, A. Erected to . . . Prince of Wales (Webster), II: 68, 85 “Monuments of Honour” (Webster), II: 68, 85 Monye, A. A., Supp. II: 350 Monypenny, W. F., IV: 292, 295, 300, 307, 308 “Moon and a Cloud, The” (Davies), Supp. XI: 91 Moon and Sixpence, The (Maugham), VI: xiii, 365, 374, 375–376 Moon Country: Further Reports from Iceland (Armitage), VIII: 2 “Moon Fever” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 Mooncranker’s Gift (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 354, 356–357 Moonlight (Pinter), Retro. Supp. I: 226 “Moonlight Night on the Port” (Keyes), VII: 439 Moonlight on the Highway (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 231 “Moonshine” (Murphy), Supp. V: 326 Moonstone, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 91, 93, 100–102 “Moor, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285 Moorcock, Michael, Supp. V: 24, 25, 32 Moonstone, The (Collins), III: 340, 345 Moore, Brian, Supp. IX: 141–155 Moore, G. E., Supp. I: 217; Supp. II: 406–407; Supp. III: 46, 49

MOOR−MOUN Moore, George, IV: 102; V: xxi, xxvi, 129, 153; VI: xii 85–99, 207, 239, 270, 365 Moore, John Robert, III: 1, 12 Moore, Marianne, IV: 6; Supp. IV: 262– 263 Moore, Thomas, IV: xvi, 193, 205; V: 116 “Moore’s Life of Lord Byron” (Macaulay), IV: 281–282 “Moorings” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187 Moorland Cottage, The (Gaskell), V: 14, 15 Moorman, Mary, IV: 4, 25 Moor’s Last Sigh, The (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 433, 438, 444, 446, 448, 451–454, 456 Moortown (Hughes), Supp. I: 354, 357; Retro. Supp. II: 211–212 “Mora Montravers” (James), VI: 69 Moral and Political Lecture, A (Coleridge), IV: 56 Moral Epistle, Respectfully Dedicated to Earl Stanhope (Landor), IV: 99 Moral Ending and Other Stories, A (Warner), Supp. VII: 379 Moral Essays (Pope), III: 74–75, 77, 78; Retro. Supp. I: 145; Retro. Supp. I: 235 Moralities (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260, 261 “Morality and the Novel” (Lawrence), VII: 87 Morality Play (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 362, 364–365 Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136–142, 145 “Morals of Pruning, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 143 Morando, the Tritameron of Love (Greene), VIII: 142–143 “Mordecai and Cocking” (Coppard), VIII: 95 More, Hannah, IV: 269 More, Paul Elmer, II: 152 More, Sir Thomas, I: 325; II: 24; IV: 69, Supp. VII: 233–250 “More a Man Has the More a Man Wants, The” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 420–421, 425 More Dissemblers Besides Women (Middleton), II: 3, 21 “More Essex Poems” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110–111 More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter (Stevenson), V: 395 More Nonsense, Pictures, Rhymes, Botany (Lear), V: 78, 87 More Poems (Housman), VI: 152, 157, 161–162 More Pricks than Kicks (Beckett), Supp. I: 45–46; Retro. Supp. I: 19 More Reformation: A Satyr upon Himself . . . (Defoe), III: 13 More Short–Ways with the Dissenters (Defoe), III: 13 More Tales I Tell My Mother (ed. Fairbairns et al.), Supp. XI: 163 More Trivia (Connolly), Supp. III: 98

More Women than Men (Compton– Burnett), VII: 61–62 Morgan, Edwin, Supp. IX: 157–170 Morgan, Margery M., VI: xiii, xiv–xv, xxxiv Morgann, Maurice, IV: xiv, 168 Morgante Maggiore (Pulci), IV: 182 Morison, James Augustus Cotter, IV: 289, 291 Morkinskinna, VIII: 242 Morland, Dick see Hill, Reginald Morley, Frank, IV: 79, 86 Morley, John, VI: 2, 157, 336 Morley, Lord John, III: 201, 205; IV: 289, 291; V: 279, 280, 284, 290, 313, 334 “Morning” (Davie), Supp. VI: 112 “Morning Call” (Murphy), Supp. V: 326 Morning Chronicle, The (periodical), IV: 43, 128, 129; V: 41 “Morning Coffee” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 273 “Morning Glory” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 “Morning, Midday, and Evening Sacriﬁce” (Hopkins), V: 370 Morning Post (periodical), III: 269; VI: 351; Supp. XIII: 207, 210, 211, 213 Morning Star (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 “Morning Sun” (MacNeice), III: 411 Mornings in Mexico (Lawrence), VII: 116, 117 “Morning–watch, The” (Vaughan), II: 187 Moronic Inferno, The (AAnd Other Visits to America“) (Amis), Supp. IV: 42, 43 “Morpho Eugenia” (Byatt), Supp. IV: 140, 153–154 Morrell, Ottoline, VII: 103 Morrell, Sir Charles, V: 111 Morris, Jan, Supp. X: 171–189 Morris, Margaret, VI: 274 Morris, May, V: 298, 301, 305 Morris, William, IV: 218; V: ix, xi, xii, xix, xxii–xxvi, 236–238, 291–307, 312, 365, 401, 409; VI: 103, 167–168, 283 Morris & Co., V: 295, 296, 302 “Morris’s Life and Death of Jason” (Swinburne), V: 298 Morrison, Arthur, VI: 365–366 Mortal Causes (Rankin), Supp. X: 244, 251–252 Mortal Coils (Huxley), VII: 200 Mortal Consequences (Symons), Supp. IV: 3 Morte Arthur, Le, I: 72, 73 Morte Darthur, Le (Malory), I: 67, 68– 79; V: 294; Retro. Supp. II: 237–239, 240–251 “Morte d’Arthur” (Tennyson), IV: xx, 332–334, 336 “Mortier Water–Organ Called Oscar, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Mortiﬁcation” (Herbert), II: 127 Mortimer His Fall (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 166 Mortmere Stories, The (Upward), Supp. XIII: 251–252

391

Morvern Callar (Warner), Supp. XI: 281, 282–286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293 Mosada, a Dramatic Poem (Yeats), VI: 221 Moseley, Humphrey, II: 89 Moses (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 36 Moses (Rosenberg), VI: 433 Moses the Lawgiver (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 “Mosquito” (Lawrence), VII: 119 Mossycoat (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 152 “Most Extraordinary Case, A” (James), VI: 69 Most Piteous Tale of the Morte Arthur Saunz Guerdon, The (Malory), I: 72, 77 “Moth” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 “Mother, The” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256 Mother and Son (Compton–Burnett), VII: 64, 65, 68–69 “Mother and Son” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 297 Mother Bombie (Lyly), I: 203–204 “Mother Country” (Rossetti), V: 255 Mother Country, The (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 154 Mother Courage (Brecht), VI: 123 “Mother Dressmaking” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 167 Mother Hubberd’s Tale (Spenser), I: 124, 131 Mother Ireland (O’Brien), Supp. V: 338 “Mother Kamchatka; or, Mr. Mainchance in Search of the Truth” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 216 “Mother of the Muses, The” (Harrison), Supp. V: 161 “Mother of the World, The” (Powys), VIII: 251, 252 Mother Poem (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 33, 41, 42, 46 Mother, Sing for Me (Ngu˜gı˜). See Maitu˜ njugı˜ “Mother Speaks, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 125 “Mother to Child Asleep” (Cornford), VIII: 107 “Mother Tongue” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 298 Mother, What Is Man? (Smith), Supp. II: 462 Mother’s Day (Storey), Supp. I: 420 “Mother’s Sense of Fun” (Wilson), Supp. I: 153, 157–158 “Moths and Mercury–Vapor Lamp” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 Motion, Andrew, Supp. VII: 251–267 “Motions of the Earth, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 217 Motteux, Pierre, II: 352, 353 “Mount Badon” (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 282–283 Mount of Olives, The; or, Solitary Devotions . . . (Vaughan), II: 185, 201 Mount Zion (Betjeman), VII: 364 “Mount Zion” (Hughes), Supp. I: 341 Mountain Bard, The (Hogg), Supp. X: 106 “Mountain Path” (Cornford), VIII: 107

MOUN−MY DI “Mountain Shadow” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 87 Mountain Town in France, A (Stevenson), V: 396 “Mountaineering Poetry: The Metaphorical Imperative” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 86 Mountains and Molehills (Cornford), VIII: 106, 107–108, 109 Mountolive (Durrell), Supp. I: 104, 106, 108, 109 “Mourning” (Marvell), II: 209, 212 Mourning Bride, The (Congreve), II: 338, 347, 350 Mourning Muse of Alexis, The: A Pastoral (Congreve), II: 350 Mousetrap, The (Christie), Supp. II: 125, 134 “Move, The” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 74–75 Movevent, The, Supp. IV: 256 Moving Finger, The (Christie), Supp. II: 132 “Moving In” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 56 “Moving In” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 75 Moving Out (Behan), Supp. II: 67, 68, 70 “Moving Round the House” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 226 Moving Target, A (Golding), Supp. I: 88 Moving the Center: The Struggle for Cultural Freedoms (Ngu˜ gı˜), VIII: 217, 225 “Mower to the Glo–Worms, The” (Marvell), II: 209 “Mowgli’s Brothers” (Kipling), VI: 199 Moxon, Edward, IV: 83, 86, 252 Much Ado About Nothing (Shakespeare), I: 310–311, 327 Much Obliged (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 460 “Muchelney Abbey” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 258 “Mud Vision, The” (Heaney), Supp. II: 281 Mudlark Poems & Grand Buveur, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Mudtower, The” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 253 Muggeridge, Malcolm, VI: 356; VII: 276; Supp. II: 118, 119 “Mugumo” (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 220 Muiopotmos (Spenser), I: 124 Muir, Edwin, I: 247; IV: 27, 40; Supp. V: 208; Supp. VI: 197–209 Muir, K., IV: 219, 236 Mulberry Bush, The (Wilson), Supp. I: 154–155 Mulberry Garden, The (Sedley), II: 263– 264, 271 “Mulberry Tree, The” (Bowen), Supp. II: 78, 92 Mulberry Tree, The (Bowen), Supp. II: 80 Mulcaster, Richard, I: 122 Muldoon, Paul, Supp. IV: 409–432 Mule on the Minaret, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 274 Mules (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 414–415 Mullan, John, Retro. Supp. I: 69–70

Müller, Max, V: 203 “Mulwhevin” (Dunn), Supp. X: 68 “Mum” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 70–71 Mum and Mr. Armitage (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 23 Mummer’s Wife, A (Moore), VI: xii, 86, 90, 98 “Mummia” (Brooke), Supp. III: 52, 60 “Mummy, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 163 “Mummy to the Rescue” (Wilson), Supp. I: 153 “Mundus and Paulina” (Gower), I: 53–54 Mundus Muliebris; or, The Ladies–Dressing Room Unlock’d (Evelyn), II: 287 Mundy Scheme, The (Friel), Supp. V: 119 Munera Pulveris (Ruskin), V: 184 “Municipal Gallery Revisited, The” (Yeats), VI: 216; Retro. Supp. I: 337–338 Munnings, Sir Alfred, VI: 210 “Murad the Unlucky” (Brooke), Supp. III: 55 “Murder” (Nye), Supp. X: 198 Murder at the Vicarage (Christie), Supp. II: 130, 131 “Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts” (De Quincey), IV: 149–150 Murder in the Calais Coach (Christie), see Murder on the Orient Express Murder in the Cathedral (Eliot), VII: 153, 157, 159; Retro. Supp. II: 132 Murder in Triplicate (James), Supp. IV: 320, 327 “Murder, 1986” (James), Supp. IV: 340 Murder of John Brewer, The (Kyd), I: 218 Murder of Quality, A (le Carré), Supp. II: 300, 302–303 Murder of Roger Ackroyd, The (Christie), Supp. II: 124, 128, 135 “Murder of Santa Claus, The” (James), Supp. IV: 340 Murder of the Man Who Was Shakespeare, The (Hoffman), I: 277 Murder on the Orient Express (Christie; U.S. title, Murder in the Calais Coach), Supp. II: 128, 130, 134, 135 Murderous Michael, I: 218 “Murdered Drinker, The” (Graham), Supp. VII: 115 “Murders in the Rue Morgue, The” (Poe), III: 339 Murdoch, Iris, III: 341, 345; VI: 372; Supp. I: 215–235; Supp. IV: 100, 139, 145, 234 Murmuring Judges (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 294, 296–297, 298 Murnau, F. W., III: 342 Murphy (Beckett), Supp. I: 46–47, 48, 51, 62, 220; Retro. Supp. I: 19–20 Murphy, Richard, VI: 220; Supp. V: 313– 331 Murray, Gilbert, VI: 153, 273, 274 Murray, John, IV: 182, 188, 190, 193, 294 Murray, Les, Supp. VII: 269–288 Murray, Nicholas, Supp. IV: 171 Murray, Sir James, III: 113

392

Murry, John Middleton, III: 68; VI: 207, 375, 446; VII: 37, 106, 173–174, 181– 182 “Muse, The” (Cowley), II: 195, 200 “Muse Among the Motors, A” (Kipling), VI: 202 “Musée des Beaux Arts” (Auden), VII: 379, 385–386; Retro. Supp. I: 8 “Muses Dirge, The” (James), II: 102 “Museum” (MacNeice), VII: 412 Museum of Cheats, The (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Museum Pieces (Plomer), Supp. XI: 221 “Music” (Owen), VI: 449 Music: An Ode (Swinburne), V: 333 Music at Night (Priestley), VII: 225–226 Music Cure, The (Shaw), VI: 129 “Music for Octopi” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Music of Division, The (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 311 Music of Time novel cycle (Powell), see Dance to the Music of Time, A Music on Clinton Street (McCabe), Supp. IX: 127 “Music on the Hill, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 243–244 “Musical Instrument, A” (Browning), IV: 315 “Musician, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 73 Musicks Duell (Crashaw), II: 90–91 Musil, Robert, Supp. IV: 70 Muslin (Moore), VI: 98; see Drama in Muslin, A Mustapha (Greville), Supp. XI: 108, 117 “Mute Phenomena, The” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 173 “Mutual Life” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 188 “My Aged Uncle Arly” (Lear), V: 85–86 My Beautiful Laundrette (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 155–156 My Birds (Davies), Supp. XI: 92 My Brother (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 217, 230–231 My Brother Evelyn and Other Proﬁles (Waugh), Supp. VI: 269, 276 “My Canadian Uncle” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 224 “My Care” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 108, 109 My Child, My Sister (Fuller), Supp. VII: 74, 76, 77, 81 “My Christ Is No Statue” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 102 “My Company” (Read), VI: 437 My Cousin Rachel (du Maurier), Supp. III: 134, 139, 140, 141, 147 My Darling Dear, My Daisy Flower (Skelton), I: 83 “My Daughter the Fox” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 109 My Days and Dreams (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 35–36, 40, 45 My Dear Dorothea: A Practical System of Moral Education for Females (Shaw), VI: 109, 130 “My Death” (Hart), Supp. XI: 125 “My delight and thy delight” (Bridges), VI: 77 “My Diary“: The Early Years of My Daughter Marianne (Gaskell), V: 15

MY DO−NARR “My Doves” (Browning), IV: 313 “My Dream” (Rossetti), V: 256 “My Dyet” (Cowley), II: 197, 198 My Early Life (Churchill), VI: 354 “My Father” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 12 My Father’s Trapdoors (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “My First Acquaintance with Poets” (Hazlitt), IV: 126, 132 “My First Book” (Stevenson), Retro. Supp. I: 260 “My First Marriage” (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 236 “My Friend Bingham” (James), VI: 69 My Fellow Devils (Hartley), Supp. VII: 127–128, 132 “My Friend Bruce Lee” (McCabe), Supp. IX: 136 “My galley charged with forgetfulness” (Wyatt), I: 110 My Garden (Davies), Supp. XI: 92 My Garden Book (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 217, 229, 230, 231 “My Ghost” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 324 “My Grandparents” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 19 My Guru and His Disciple (Isherwood), VII: 318 My House in Umbria (Trevor), Supp. IV: 516–517 “My House Is Tiny” (Healy), Supp. IX: 106–107 “My Hundredth Tale” (Coppard), VIII: 97 My Idea of Fun: A Cautionary Tale (Self), Supp. V: 396–398 “My Joyce” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 364 “My Lady” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 81 “My Lady Love, My Dove” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 217 My Lady Ludlow (Gaskell), V: 15 “My Last Duchess” (Browning), IV: 356, 360, 372; Retro. Supp. II: 22–23 “My Last Mistress” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 300–301 My Life as a Fake (Carey), Supp. XII: 54, 60, 61, 62 “My Life up to Now” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 255, 265, 266, 268, 269, 273 “My love whose heart is tender said to me” (Rossetti), V: 251 “My Lover” (Cope), VIII: 72–73 “My Luncheon Hour” (Coppard), VIII: 87 “My lute awake!” (Wyatt), I: 105–106 My Man Jeeves (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 455 “My Man of Flesh and Straw” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292 “My Mother” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 221 “My own heart let me more have pity on” (Hopkins), V: 375–376 “My Own Life” (Hume), Supp. III: 229 “My pen take pain a little space” (Wyatt), I: 106 “My Picture Left in Scotland” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 152 My Sad Captains (Gunn), Supp. IV: 257, 262–264

“My Sad Captains” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 263–264 “My Sailor Father” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216 My Sister Eileen (McKenney), Supp. IV: 476 “My Sister’s Sleep” (Rossetti), V: 239, 240, 242 “My Sister’s War” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 492 “My Son the Fanatic” (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 157–158 My Son’s Story (Gordimer), Supp. II: 233, 240–242 “My Spectre” (Blake), V: 244 “My spirit kisseth thine” (Bridges), VI: 77 “My true love hath my heart, and I have his” (Sidney), I: 169 “My Uncle” (Nye), Supp. X: 202 My Uncle Oswald (Dahl), Supp. IV: 213, 219, 220 My Very Own Story (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 11, 13 My World as in My Time (Newbolt), VI: 75 My Year (Dahl), Supp. IV: 225 Myer, Valerie Grosvenor, Supp. IV: 230 Myers, William Francis, VII: xx, xxxviii Myles Before Myles, A Selection of the Earlier Writings of Brian O’Nolan (O’Nolan), Supp. II: 322, 323, 324 Myrick, K. O., I: 160, 167 “Myself in India” (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 227, 229–230 Myself When Young: Confessions (Waugh), Supp. VI: 270 Mysteries, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 150, 163 Mysteries of Udolpho, The (Radcliffe), III: 331–332, 335, 345; IV: xvi, 111; Supp. III: 384 Mysterious Affair at Styles, The (Christie), Supp. II: 124, 129–130 “Mysterious Kôr” (Bowen), Supp. II: 77, 82, 93 Mystery of Charles Dickens, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 13 Mystery of Edwin Drood, The (Dickens), see Edwin Drood “Mystery of Sasaesa Valley” (Doyle), Supp. II: 159 Mystery of the Blue Train (Christie), Supp. II: 125 Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy, The (Hill), Supp. V: 189, 196–198 Mystery of the Fall (Clough), V: 159, 161 Mystery of the Sea, The (Stoker), Supp. III: 381 Mystery Revealed: . . . Containing . . . Testimonials Respecting the . . . Cock Lane Ghost, The (Goldsmith), III: 191 Mystic Masseur, The (Naipaul), Supp. I: 383, 386, 387, 393 “Mystique of Ingmar Bergman, The” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 6 “Mysticism and Democracy” (Hill), Supp. V: 192–193 Myth of Modernism (Bergonzi), Supp. IV: 364

393

Myth of Shakespeare, A (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 276 Myth of the Twin, The (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 19–21 “Myth of the Twin, The” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 19 “Mythical Journey, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 Mythologiae sive explicationis fabularum (Conti), I: 266 “Mythological Sonnets” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 “Mythology” (Motion), Supp. VII: 266

N. ’n Droë wit seisoen (Brink), Supp.

VI: 50 ’n Oomblik in die wind (Brink), Supp. VI: 49 “Naaman” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 “Nabara, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 127 Nabokov, Vladimir, Supp. IV: 26–27, 43, 153, 302 Nacht and Traüme (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 29 Nada the Lily (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Nadel, G. H., I: 269 Naipaul, V. S., VII: xx; Supp. I: 383– 405; Supp. IV: 302 Naive and Sentimental Lover, The (le Carré), Supp. II: 300, 310–311, 317 “Nakamura” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 216 Naked Warriors (Read), VI: 436 “Namaqualand After Rain” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213 Name and Nature of Poetry, The (Housman), VI: 157, 162–164 Name of Action, The (Greene), Supp. I: 3 Name of the Rose, The (Eco), Supp. IV: 116 “Nameless One, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 129 “Names” (Cope), VIII: 79 “Names” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 99 “Naming of Offa, The” (Hill), Supp. V: 195 “Naming of Parts” (Reed), VII: 422 Nannie’s Night Out (O’Casey), VII: 11–12 Napier, Macvey, IV: 272 “Napier’s Bones” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 74 Napoleon of Notting Hill, The (Chesterton), VI: 335, 338, 343–344 Napoleon III in Italy and Other Poems (Browning), see Poems Before Congress Narayan, R. K., Supp. IV: 440 Narcissus (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 36 “Narcissus” (Gower), I: 53–54 “Narcissus Bay” (Welch), Supp. IX: 267, 268 Nares, Edward, IV: 280 Narrative of All the Robberies, . . . of John Sheppard, A (Defoe), III: 13 “Narrative of Jacobus Coetzee, The” (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 76, 79–80

NARR−NEW D Narrow Corner, The (Maugham), VI: 375 Narrow Place, The (Muir), Supp. VI: 204, 206 “Narrow Place, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 Narrow Road to the Deep North (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 427, 428–429, 430, 435 “Narrow Sea, The” (Graves), VII: 270 “Narrow Vessel, A” (Thompson), V: 441 Nashe, Thomas, I: 114, 123, 171, 199, 221, 278, 279, 281, 288; II: 25; Supp. II: 188; Retro. Supp. I: 156 Nation (periodical), VI: 455; Supp. XIII: 117, 118, 127 Nation Review (publication), Supp. IV: 346 National Being, The: Some Thoughts on Irish Polity (Russell), VIII: 277, 287, 288, 292 National Observer (periodical), VI: 350 National Standard (periodical), V: 19 National Tales (Hood), IV: 255, 259, 267 “National Trust” (Harrison), Supp. V: 153 Native Companions: Essays and Comments on Australian Literature 1936– 1966 (Hope), Supp. VII: 151, 153, 159, 164 “Native Health” (Dunn), Supp. X: 68 “Nativity” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 “Natura” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 221 “Natura Naturans” (Clough), V: 159–160 Natural Causes (Motion), Supp. VII: 254, 257–258, 263 Natural Curiosity, A (Drabble), Supp. IV: 231, 249–250 Natural Daughter, The (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 211 “Natural History” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 243 Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, The, (White), Supp. VI: 279– 284, 285–293 Natural History of Religion, The (Hume), Supp. III: 240–241 “natural man,”VII: 94 “Natural Son” (Murphy), Supp. V: 327, 329 “Natural Sorrow, A” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 142 Naturalist’s Calendar, with Observations in Various Branches of Natural History, A (White), Supp. VI: 283 Naturalist’s Journal (White), Supp. VI: 283, 292 “Naturally the Foundation Will Bear Your Expenses” (Larkin), Supp. I: 285 Nature (Davies), Supp. XI: 91 Nature in English Literature (Blunden), Supp. XI: 42, 43 “Nature, Language, the Sea: An Essay” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 315 Nature of a Crime, The (Conrad), VI: 148 Nature of Blood, The (Phillips), Supp. V: 380, 391–394 Nature of Cold Weather, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 227–229, 236 “Nature of Cold Weather, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228,237 “Nature of Gothic, The” (Ruskin), V: 176

Nature of History, The (Marwick), IV: 290, 291 “Nature of Man, The” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 251 Nature of Passion, The (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 226 “Nature of the Scholar, The” (Fichte), V: 348 Nature Poems (Davies), Supp. III: 398 “Nature That Washt Her Hands in Milk” (Ralegh), I: 149 Natwar–Singh, K., VI: 408 Naufragium Joculare (Cowley), II: 194, 202 Naulahka (Kipling and Balestier), VI: 204 “Naval History” (Kelman), Supp. V: 250 “Naval Treaty, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 169, 175 Navigation and Commerce (Evelyn), II: 287 “Navy’s Here, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Naylor, Gillian, VI: 168 Nazarene Gospel Restored, The (Graves and Podro), VII: 262 Nazism, VI: 242 “NB” (Reading), VIII: 266 Neal, Patricia, Supp. IV: 214, 218, 223 Near and Far (Blunden), VI: 428 “Near Lanivet” (Hardy), VI: 17 “Near Perigord” (Pound), V: 304 Neb (Thomas), Supp. XII: 280, 289 “Necessary Blindness, A” (Nye), Supp. X: 204 Necessity of Art, The (Fischer), Supp. II: 228 Necessity of Atheism, The (Shelley and Hogg), IV: xvii, 196, 208; Retro. Supp. I: 244 “Necessity of Not Believing, The” (Smith), Supp. II: 467 Necessity of Poetry, The (Bridges), VI: 75–76, 82, 83 “Necessity’s Child” (Wilson), Supp. I: 153–154 “Neck” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 217 “Ned Bratts” (Browning), IV: 370; Retro. Supp. II: 29–30 Ned Kelly and the City of the Bees (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 “Ned Skinner” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 415 “Need to Be Versed in Country Things, The” (Frost), Supp. IV: 423 Needham, Gwendolyn, V: 60 Needle’s Eye, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 234, 241, 242–243, 245, 251 “Needlework” (Dunn), Supp. X: 68 “Negative Love” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 93 “Neglected Graveyard, Luskentyre” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 182, 189, 194 “Negro Girl, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204, 212 “Negus” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 44 “Neighbours” (Cornford), VIII: 107 Neighbours in a Thicket (Malouf), Supp. XII: 217, 219–220 Neizvestny, Ernst, Supp. IV: 88 “Nell Barnes” (Davies), Supp. XI: 97–98

394

“Nelly Trim” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 Nelson, W., I: 86 “Nemesis” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63–64 “Neolithic” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 90 Nerinda (Douglas), VI: 300, 305 Nero Part I (Bridges), VI: 83 Nero Part II (Bridges), VI: 83 Nesbit, E., Supp. II: 140, 144, 149 “Nest in a Wall, A” (Murphy), Supp. V: 326 Nest of Tigers, A: Edith, Osbert and Sacheverell in Their Times (Lehmann), VII: 141 Nether World, The (Gissing), V: 424, 437 Netherwood (White), Supp. I: 131, 151 “Netting, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 318 Nettles (Lawrence), VII: 118 “Netty Sargent’s Copyhold” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Neurotic, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 129 Neutral Ground (Corke), VII: 93 “Neutral Tones” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 110, 117 New Age (periodical), VI: 247, 265; VII: 172; Supp. XIII: 131–132 New and Collected Poems 1934–84 (Fuller), Supp. VII: 68, 72, 73, 74, 79 New and Collected Poems, 1952–1992 (Hill), Supp. V: 184 New and Improved Grammar of the English Tongue, A (Hazlitt), IV: 139 New and Selected Poems (Davie), Supp. VI: 108 New and Selected Poems (Hart), Supp. XI: 122 New and Useful Concordance, A (Bunyan), II: 253 New Apocalypse, The (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 184 New Arabian Nights (Stevenson), V: 384n, 386, 395; Retro. Supp. I: 263 New Arcadia (Sidney), Retro. Supp. II: 332 New Atlantis (Bacon), I: 259, 265, 267– 269, 273 “New Ballad of Tannhäuser, A” (Davidson), V: 318n New Bath Guide (Anstey), III: 155 New Bats in Old Belfries (Betjeman), VII: 368–369 New Bearings in English Poetry (Leavis), V: 375, 381; VI: 21; VII: 234, 244– 246 “New Beginning, A” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 270 New Belfry of Christ Church, The (Carroll), V: 274 “New Cemetery, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 219 New Characters . . . of Severall Persons . . . (Webster), II: 85 New Chatto Poets 2 (ed. Ehrhardt et al.), Supp. XI: 71 New Cratylus, The: Notes on the Craft of Poetry (Hope), Supp. VII: 151, 155 New Country, Supp. XIII: 252–253 New Country (ed. Roberts), VII: xix, 411 “New Delhi Romance, A” (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 236–237

NEW D−NIGH New Discovery of an Old Intreague, An (Defoe), III: 12; Retro. Supp. I: 67 New Divan, The (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 159, 161, 163 New Dominion, A (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 230–231 “New Drama” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 170 New Dunciad, The (Pope), III: 73, 78; Retro. Supp. I: 238 “New Empire Within Britain, The” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 436, 445 “New England Winter, A” (James), VI: 69 New Essays by De Quincey (ed. Tave); IV: 155 New Estate, The (Carson), Supp. XIII: 55–57, 58 New Ewart, The: Poems 1980–82 (Ewart), Supp. VII: 34, 44, 45 New Family Instructor, A (Defoe), III: 14 “New Forge” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 New Form of Intermittent Light for Lighthouses, A (Stevenson), V: 395 New Grub Street (Gissing), V: xxv, 426, 427, 429, 430, 434–435, 437; VI: 377; Supp. IV: 7 “New Hampshire” (Reid), Supp. VII: 326 New Inn; The Noble Gentlemen (Jonson), II: 65; Retro. Supp. I: 165 New Journey to Paris, A (Swift), III: 35 “New King for the Congo: Mobutu and the Nihilism of Africa” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 398 New Light on Piers Plowman (Bright), I: 3 New Lines (Conquest), Supp. IV: 256 New Lives for Old (Snow), VII: 323 New Love–Poems (Scott), IV: 39 New Machiavelli, The (Wells), VI: 226, 239, 244 New Magdalen, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 102 New Meaning of Treason, The (West), Supp. III: 440, 444 New Men, The (Snow), VII: xxi, 324, 328–329, 330 New Method of Evaluation as Applied to ð, The (Carroll), V: 274 New Monthly (periodical), IV: 252, 254, 258 “New Morality, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41 “New Novel, The” (James), VI: xii New Numbers (periodical), VI: 420; Supp. III: 47 New Oxford Book of Irish Verse, The (Kinsella), Supp. V: 274 New Oxford Book of Sixteenth Century Verse, The (ed. Jones), Supp. XI: 116 New Poems (Adcock), Supp. XII: 11, 13 New Poems (Arnold), V: xxiii, 204, 209, 216 “New Poems” (Bridges), VI: 77 New Poems (Davies), Supp. III: 398 New Poems (Davies), Supp. XI: 85, 88, 96, 97 New Poems (Fuller), Supp. VII: 76–77 New Poems (Kinsella), Supp. V: 266, 274

New Poems (Thompson), V: 444, 446, 451 New Poems by Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (ed. Kenyon), IV: 321 New Poems Hitherto Unpublished or Uncollected . . . (Rossetti), V: 260 New Quixote, The (Frayn), Supp. VII: 57 New Review (periodical), VI: 136 New Rhythm and Other Pieces, The (Firbank), Supp. II: 202, 205, 207, 222 New Satyr on the Parliament, A (Defoe), Retro. Supp. I: 67 New Selected Poems 1964–2000 (Dunn), Supp. X: 67, 70–71, 76, 81 New Selected Poems (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 131 New Signatures (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 125 New Signatures (ed. Roberts), VII: 411; Supp. II: 486 “New Song, A” (Heaney), Supp. II: 273 New Statesman (periodical), VI: 119, 250, 371; VII: 32; Supp. IV: 26, 66, 78, 80, 81; Supp. XII: 2, 186, 199; Supp. XIII: 167 New Stories I (ed. Drabble), Supp. IV: 230 New Territory (Boland), Supp. V: 35, 36 New Testament in Modern English (Phillips), I: 383 New Testament in Modern Speech (Weymouth), I: 382 New Voyage Round the World, A (Dampier), III: 7, 24 New Voyage Round the World, A (Defoe), III: 5, 13 New Way to Pay Old Debts, A (Massinger), Supp. XI: 180, 184, 185, 186–190, 191 New Weather (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 412– 414, 416 “New Weather” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 413 New Witness (periodical), VI: 340, 341 “New World A’Comin’” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 36–37 New Worlds for Old (Wells), VI: 242 New Writing IV, Supp. XIII: 91–92 New Writings of William Hazlitt (ed. Howe), IV: 140 New Year Letter (Auden), VII: 379, 382, 388, 390, 393; Retro. Supp. I: 10 “New Year Wishes for the English” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 “New Year’s Burden, A” (Rossetti), V: 242 “New Year’s Gift to the King” (Dunbar), VIII: 118 “New York” (Russell), VIII: 291 Newbolt, Henry, VI: 75, 417 Newby, T. C., V: 140 Newcomes, The (Thackeray), V: xxii, 18, 19, 28–31, 35, 38, 69 Newell, K. B., VI: 235, 237 “Newgate”novels, V: 22, 47 Newman, F. W., V: 208n

395

Newman, John Henry, II: 243; III: 46; IV: 63, 64; V: xi, xxv, 156, 214, 283, 340; Supp. VII: 289–305 “News” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 66 “News” (Traherne), II: 191, 194 News and Weather, The (Fallon), Supp. XII: 108–110, 114 “News from Ireland, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504–505 News from Nowhere (Morris), V: xxv, 291, 301–304, 306, 409 “News from the Sun” (Ballard), Supp. V: 22 “News of the World” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 114 News of the World: Selected and New Poems (Fallon), Supp. XII: 114–115 News of the World: Selected Poems (Fallon), Supp. XII: 105–106, 112 Newspaper, The (Crabbe), III: 275, 286 Newspoems (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 163 “Newsreel” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 127 “Newstead Abbey” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 Newton, Isaac, Supp. III: 418–419 Newton, J. F., IV: 158 Newton, John, III: 210 “Newts” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 “Next Time, The” (James), VI: 69 “Next, Please” (Larkin), Supp. I: 278 Ngaahika ndeenda (Ngu˜gı˜ wa Thiong’o/ Ngu˜gı˜ wa Mı˜riı˜), VIII: 215–216, 223– 224 wa Thiong’o, Supp. V: 56; VIII: 211– 226 Nibelungenlied, VIII: 231 Nice and the Good, The (Murdoch), Supp. I: 226, 227 “Nice Day at School” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504 “Nice to Be Nice” (Kelman), Supp. V: 245–246 Nice Valour, The (Fetcher and Middleton), II: 21, 66 Nice Work (Lodge), Supp. IV: 363, 366, 372, 378–380, 383, 385 Nice Work (television adaptation), Supp. IV: 381 Nicholas Nickleby (Dickens), IV: 69; V: xix, 42, 50–53, 54, 71 Nicholls, Bowyer, IV: 98 Nichols, Robert, VI: 419 Nicholson, Norman, Supp. VI: 211–224 Nichomachean Ethics (Johnson), Retro. Supp. I: 149 “Nicht Flittin” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 70–71 Nicoll, Allardyce, II: 363 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, IV: 121, 179; Supp. IV: 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 17, 50, 108 Nigger of the “Narcissus,”The (Conrad), VI: 136, 137, 148; Retro. Supp. II: 71–73 Nigger Question, The (Carlyle), IV: 247, 250 Night (Pinter), Supp. I: 376 Night (Harris), Supp. V: 138, 139 Night (O’Brien), Supp. V: 338 “Night, The” (Vaughan), II: 186, 188

NIGH−NOON Night and Day (Rosenberg), VI: 432 Night and Day (Stoppard), Supp. I: 451; Retro. Supp. II: 352–353 Night and Day (Woolf), VII: 20, 27; Retro. Supp. I: 307, 316 “Night and the Merry Man” (Browning), IV: 313 “Night Before the War, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 Night Fears and Other Stories (Hartley), Supp. VII: 121–122 Night Feed (Boland), Supp. V: 50 “Night Feed” (Boland), Supp. V: 50 “Night Kitchen” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 230 Night Mail (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 7 “Night of Frost in May” (Meredith), V: 223 Night on Bald Mountain (White), Supp. I: 131, 136, 149–151 “Night Out” (Rhys), Supp. II: 402 Night Out, A (Pinter), Supp. I: 371–372, 375; Retro. Supp. I: 223 “Night Patrol” (West), VI: 423 Night School (Pinter), Supp. I: 373, 375 “Night Sister” (Jennings), Supp. V: 215 “Night Songs” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Night Taxi” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 272–273, 274 Night the Prowler, The (White), Supp. I: 131, 132 Night Thoughts (Young), III: 302, 307; Retro. Supp. I: 43 Night to Remember, A (Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Night to Remember, A (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 2 Night Walk and Other Stories, The (Upward), Supp. XIII: 250, 259, 260 Night Walker, The (Fletcher and Shirley), II: 66 Night Watch (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 229–230 “Night Wind, The” (Brontë), V: 133, 142 “Nightclub” (MacNeice), VII: 414 Night–Comers, The (Ambler), see State of Siege Night–Comers, The (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 3 Night–Crossing (Mahon), Supp. VI: 167–168, 169 “Nightfall (For an Athlete Dying Young)” (Hollinghurst), Supp. X: 121 Nightﬁshing, The (Graham), Supp. VII: 105, 106, 111–113, 114, 116 “Nightingale and the Rose, The” (Wilde), Retro. Supp. II: 365 “Nightingale’s Nest, The” (Clare), Supp. XI: 50, 60 “Nightmare, A” (Rossetti), V: 256 Nightmare Abbey (Peacock), III: 336, 345; IV: xvii, 158, 162, 164–165, 170, 177 “Nightpiece to Julia, The” (Herrick), II: lll Nightrunners of Bengal (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Nights at the Alexandra (Trevor), Supp. IV: 514–515 Nights at the Circus (Carter), Supp. III: 79, 87, 89–90, 91–92

“Night’s Fall Unlocks the Dirge of the Sea” (Graham), Supp. VII: 110 “Nightwalker” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Nightwalker and Other Poems (Kinsella), Supp. V: 262, 263–264 Nin, Anaïs, Supp. IV: 110, 111 Nina Balatka (Trollope), V: 101 Nine Essays (Housman), VI: 164 Nine Experiments (Spender), Supp. II: 481, 486 Nine Tailors, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 343, 344–345 “Ninemaidens” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 494 “1938” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 1985 (Burgess), Supp. I: 193 Nineteen Eighty–four (Orwell), III: 341; VII: xx, 204, 274, 279–280, 284–285 1982 Janine (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 80, 83–85, 86 1914 (Brooke), Supp. III: 48, 52, 56–58 “1914” (Owen), VI: 444 1914 and Other Poems (Brooke), VI: 420; Supp. III: 48, 55 1914. Five Sonnets (Brooke), VI: 420 1900 (West), Supp. III: 432, 445 “Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen” (Yeats), VI: 217; Retro. Supp. I: 335 ”1953,” A Version of Racine’s Andromaque (Raine), Supp. XIII: 170–171 “1916 Seen from 1922” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 45 “Nineteen Songs” (Hart), Supp. XI: 132 “1938” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 “Nineteenth Century, The” (Thompson), V: 442 Nineteenth Century: A Dialogue in Utopia, The (Ellis), VI: 241n Nip in the Air, A (Betjeman), VII: 357 Niven, Alastair, VII: xiv, xxxviii Njáls saga, VIII: 238, 240 “Njamba Nene” stories (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 222 No (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 2 No Abolition of Slavery . . . (Boswell), III: 248 No Continuing City (Longley), VIII: 163, 165, 167–169, 170, 171, 175 “No Easy Thing” (Hart), Supp. XI: 132 No Enemy (Ford), VI: 324 No Exit (Sartre), III: 329, 345 “No Flowers by Request” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 No Fond Return of Love (Pym), Supp. II: 374–375, 381 No Fool Like an Old Fool (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 “No Ghosts” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 No Home but the Struggle (Upward), Supp. XIII: 250, 255, 257, 258–259 “No Immortality?” (Cornford), VIII: 105, 109 No Laughing Matter (Wilson), Supp. I: 162–163 No Man’s Land (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 117–118, 121 No Man’s Land (Pinter), Supp. I: 377 No Mercy: A Journey to the Heart of the Congo (O’Hanlon), Supp. XI: 196, 202–206, 207, 208 No More Parades (Ford), VI: 319, 329

396

No Name (Collins), Supp. VI: 91, 93–94, 97–98, 102 No Other Life (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 151, 152–153 No Painted Plumage (Powys), VIII: 245, 254–255, 256, 257, 258 No Quarter (Waugh), Supp. VI: 275 “No Rest for the Wicked” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 167 “No Return” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 218 “No Road” (Larkin), Supp. I: 285 “No Room” (Powys), VIII: 249, 254, 258 “No Smoking” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 47 No Star on the Way Back (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 217 “No, Thank You John” (Rossetti), V: 256 No Truce with the Furies (Thomas), Supp. XII: 282, 285, 286, 290, 291– 292 No Truce with Time (Waugh), Supp. VI: 274 No Wit, No Help Like a Woman’s (Middleton), II: 3, 21 “No Muses” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 222 “No Witchcraft for Sale” (Lessing), Supp. I: 241, 242 “No worst, There is none” (Hopkins), V: 374 Noah and the Waters (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 126, 127 “Noble Child is Born, The” (Dunbar). See Et Nobis Puer Natus Est Noble Jilt, The (Trollope), V: 102 Noble Numbers (Herrick), see His Noble Numbers Nobleman, The (Tourneur), II: 37 Noblesse Oblige (Mitford), Supp. X: 163 “Nocturnal Reverie” (Finch), Supp. IX: 76 Nocturnal upon S. Lucy’s Day, A (Donne), I: 358, 359–360; II: 128; Retro. Supp. II: 91 “Nocturne” (Coppard), VIII: 88 “Nocturne” (Murphy), Supp. V: 325 Noh theater, VI: 218 Noises Off (Frayn), Supp. VII: 61 “Noisy Flushes the Birds” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 324–325 “Noisy in the Doghouse” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 324, 325 “Noli emulari” (Wyatt), I: 102 “Noli Me Tangere Incident” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 17 Nollius, II: 185, 201 Nomadic Alternative, The (Chatwin, B.), Supp. IX: 52, 58 “Nona Vincent” (James), VI: 69 “Nones” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 2 Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany and Alphabets (Lear), V: 78, 84, 87 Non–Stop Connolly Show, The (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 28, 30, 35–38, 39 Nooks and Byways of Italy, The (Ramage), VI: 298 “Noon at St. Michael’s” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 174

NOON−NOTE “Noonday Axeman” (Murray), Supp. VII: 272 “No–One” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 281, 286 Normal Skin, A (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23–24 “Normal Skin, A” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23 Norman Douglas (Dawkins), VI: 303– 304 Norman Conquests, The (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14 Normyx, pseud. of Norman Douglas North, Thomas, I: 314 North (Heaney), Supp. II: 268, 273–275; Supp. IV: 412, 420–421, 427; Retro. Supp. I: 124, 125, 129–130 “North, The” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 20, 21 “North Africa” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 167 North America (Trollope), V: 101 North and South (Gaskell), V: xxii, 1–6, 8, 15 “North and South, The” (Browning), IV: 315 North Face (Renault), Supp. IX: 175– 176 “North London Book of the Dead, The” (Self), Supp. V: 400 “North Sea” (Keyes), VII: 437 “North Sea off Carnoustie” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 260 North Ship, The (Larkin), Supp. I: 276– 277 “North Wind, The” (Bridges), VI: 80 Northanger Abbey (Austen), III: 335– 336, 345; IV: xvii, 103, 104, 107–110, 112–114, 122; Retro. Supp. II: 4–6 Northanger Novels, The (Sadleir), III: 335, 346 Northern Echo, Supp. XIII: 235, 236– 237 “Northern Farmer, New Style” (Tennyson), IV: 327 “Northern Farmer, Old Style” (Tennyson), IV: 327 Northern Lasse, The (Brome), Supp. X: 52, 55, 61 Northern Lights (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 150, 153, 155–156 Northern Lights: A Poet’s Sources (Brown), Supp. VI: 61, 64 “Northern Line, The: End of Leave, 1950s” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 230 Northern Memoirs (Franck), II: 131 Northward Ho! (Dekker, Marston, Webster), I: 234–235, 236, 244; II: 68, 85 Norton, Charles Eliot, IV: 346; V: 3, 9, 299; VI: 41 Norton, Thomas, I: 214 “Nose, The” (Gogol), III: 340, 345 Nosferatu (ﬁlm), III: 342; IV: 180 “Nostalgia in the Afternoon” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 126 Nostromo (Conrad), VI: 140–143; Retro. Supp. II: 77–80 Not . . . not . . . not . . . not . . . not enough oxygen (Churchill), Supp. IV:

181 “Not Abstract” (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 “Not After Midnight” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 135 “Not Celia, that I juster am” (Sedley), II: 265 Not for Publication (Gordimer), Supp. II: 232 Not Honour More (Cary), VII: 186, 194– 195 Not I (Beckett), Supp. I: 61; Retro. Supp. I: 27–28 “Not Ideas, But Obsessions” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 399 “Not Looking” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 “Not Not While the Giro” (Kelman), Supp. V: 246 Not Not While the Giro and Other Stories (Kelman), Supp. V: 242, 244–246 “Not Now for My Sins’ Sake” (Reid), Supp. VII: 325–326 “Not on Sad Stygian Shore” (Butler), Supp. II: 111 “Not Palaces” (Spender), Supp. II: 494 “Not Proven” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 Not–So–Stories (Saki), Supp. VI: 240 Not That He Brought Flowers (Thomas), Supp. XII: 284 Not to Disturb (Spark), Supp. I: 200, 201, 210 Not Waving But Drowning (Smith), Supp. II: 463 “Not Waving But Drowning” (Smith), Supp. II: 467 Not Without Glory (Scannell), VII: 424, 426 Not Without Honor (Brittain), Supp. X: 33, 38 “Not yet Afterwards” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 185 “Notable Discovery of Cosenage, A” (Greene), VIII: 144 “Note for American Readers” (Byatt), Supp. IV: 149 “Notes from a Spanish Village” (Reid), Supp. VII: 334,335–336 Note on Charlotte Brontë, A (Swinburne), V: 332 “Note on F. W. Bussell” (Pater), V: 356– 357 “Note on ’To Autumn,’ A” (Davenport), IV: 227 “Note on Zulﬁkar Ghose’s ’Nature Strategies“’ (Harris), Supp. V: 145 “Note to the Difficult One, A” (Graham), Supp. VII: 115 Notebook (Maugham), VI: 370 “Notebook, A” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 135, 140, 145 Note–Book of Edmund Burke (ed. Somerset), III: 205 Notebook on William Shakespeare, A (Sitwell), VII: 127, 139, 140 Note–Books (Butler), Supp. II: 100, 102, 105, 108–111, 115, 117, 118, 119 Notebooks (Thomas), Supp. I: 170 Notebooks of Henry James, The (ed. Matthiessen and Murdock), VI: 38

397

Notebooks of Robinson Crusoe, and Other Poems, The (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216, 217 Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The (ed. Coburn), IV: 48, 53, 56 Notes and Index to . . . the Letters of Sir Walter Scott (Corson), IV: 27, 39 Notes and Observations on the Empress of Morocco (Dryden), II: 297, 305 Notes and Reviews (James), V: 199 Notes by an Oxford Chiel (Carroll), V: 274 Notes for a New Culture: An Essay on Modernism (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 2, 12–13 Notes for Poems (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213 “Notes from a Book of Hours” (Jennings), Supp. V: 211 “Notes from a War Diary” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 221 Notes from the Land of the Dead and Other Poems (Kinsella), Supp. V: 266, 274 Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo (Thackeray), V: 25, 37, 38 Notes of a Journey Through France and Italy (Hazlitt), IV: 134, 140 Notes of a Son and Brother (James), VI: 59, 65–66 Notes of an English Republican on the Muscovite Crusade (Swinburne), V: 332 “Notes on Being a Foreigner” (Reid), Supp. VII: 323 “Notes on Designs of the Old Masters at Florence” (Swinburne), V: 329 Notes on English Divines (Coleridge), IV: 56 Notes on Joseph Conrad (Symons), VI: 149 “Notes on Language and Style” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 135–136, 141–143, 146 Notes on Life and Letters (Conrad), VI: 67, 148 Notes on Novelists (James), V: 384, 392; VI: 149 Notes on Old Edinburgh (Bird), Supp. X: 23 Notes on . . . Pictures Exhibited in the Rooms of the Royal Academy (Ruskin), V: 184 Notes on Poems and Reviews (Swinburne), V: 316, 329, 332 Notes on Sculptures in Rome and Florence . . . (Shelley), IV: 209 “Notes on Technical Matters” (Sitwell), VII: 139 Notes on the Construction of Sheep–Folds (Ruskin), V: 184 Notes on the Royal Academy Exhibition, 1868 (Swinburne), V: 329, 332 Notes on “The Testament of Beauty“ (Smith), VI: 83 Notes on the Turner Gallery at Marlborough House (Ruskin), V: 184 “Notes on Writing a Novel” (Bowen), Supp. II: 90 Notes Theological, Political, and Miscellaneous (Coleridge), IV: 56

NOTH−ODE. I Nothing (Green), Supp. II: 263–264 Nothing for Anyone (Reading), VIII: 264, 267, 274 Nothing Like Leather (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313–314 Nothing Like the Sun (Burgess), Supp. I: 194, 196 Nothing Sacred (Carter), Supp. III: 80, 86–87 Nothing So Simple as Climbing (Dutton), Supp. XII: 85 “Notice in Heaven” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 163 “Notice in Hell” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 163 Nott, John, II: 102 “Nottingham and the Mining Country” (Lawrence), VII: 88, 89, 91, 121; Retro. Supp. II: 221 Nouvelles (Beckett), Supp. I: 49–50 Novak, Maximillian, Retro. Supp. I: 66– 67, 68–69 Novel and the People, The (Fox), Supp. IV: 466 Novel Now, The (Burgess), Supp. I: 194 Novel on Yellow Paper (Smith), Supp. II: 460, 462, 469, 473, 474–476 Novelist, The (portrait; Kitaj), Supp. IV: 119 Novelist at the Crossroads, and Other Essays on Fiction, The (Lodge), Supp. IV: 365 “Novelist at Work, The” (Cary), VII: 187 “Novelist Today: Still at the Crossroads?, The” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 367 “Novelist’s Poison, The” (Keneally), Supp. IV: 343 Novels of E. M. Forster, The (Woolf), VI: 413 Novels of George Eliot: A Study in Form, The (Hardy), V: 201 Novels of George Meredith, and Some Notes on the English Novel, The (Sitwell), V: 230, 234 Novels Up to Now (radio series), VI: 372 “November” (Armitage), VIII: 3–4 “November” (Bridges), VI: 79–80 “November 1, 1931” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 33 “November 24th, 1989” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 226 Novum organum (Bacon), I: 259, 260, 263–264, 272; IV: 279 “Now”(Thomas), Supp. I: 174 Now and in Time to Be (Keneally), Supp. IV: 347 “Now I know what love may be” (Cameron), see “Nunc Scio Quid Sit Amor” “Now in the Time of This Mortal Living” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214 “Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal” (Tennyson), IV: 334 Now We Are Six (Milne), Supp. V: 295, 302–303 “Now Let Me Roll” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 27 “Now, Zero” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 “Nuance” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 286 Nude with Violin (Coward), Supp. II: 155

Numbers (Sisson), Supp. XI: 249 “Numina at the Street Parties, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 Numismata: A Discourse of Medals . . . (Evelyn), II: 287 “Nunc Dimittis” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 215, 217 “Nunc Scio Quid Sit Amor” (Cameron, N.), Supp. IX: 19–20, 22 Nunquam (Durrell), Supp. I: 94, 103, 113–118, 120 Nuns and Soldiers (Murdoch), Supp. I: 231, 233 Nun’s Priest’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 21 “Nuptiall Song, A; or, Epithalamie, on Sir Clipseby Crew and his Lady” (Herrick), II: 105, 106 “Nuptials of Attilla, The” (Meredith), V: 221 “Nurse” (Cornford), VIII: 107 Nursery Alice, The (Carroll), V: 273 Nursery Rhymes (Sitwell), VII: 138 “Nursery Songs” (Reid), Supp. VII: 326 “Nurse’s Song” (Blake), III: 292; Retro. Supp. I: 42 Nussey, Ellen, V: 108, 109, 113, 117, 118, 126, 152 Nutmeg of Consolation, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 258–259 Nuts of Knowledge, The (Russell), VIII: 284 Nye, Robert, Supp. X: 191–207 “Nymph Complaining for the Death of Her Faun, The” (Marvell), II: 211, 215–216 “Nympholept, A” (Swinburne), V: 328

“O

Dreams, O Destinations” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 122 “O! for a Closer Walk with God” (Cowper), III: 210 “O happy dames, that may embrace” (Surrey), I: 115, 120 “O land of Empire, art and love!” (Clough), V: 158 O Mistress Mine (Rattigan), seeLove in Idleness O Rathaille, Aogan, Supp. IV: 418–419 “O Tell Me the Truth About Love” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 6 Ó Tuama, Seán, Supp. V: 266 “O World of many Worlds” (Owen), VI: 445 “O Youth whose hope is high” (Bridges), VI: 159 Oak Leaves and Lavender (O’Casey), VII: 7, 8 Oases (Reid), Supp. VII: 333–337 Ob. (Reading), VIII: 273 “Oban” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 220 “Obedience” (Herbert), II: 126 “Obelisk, The” (Forster), VI: 411 Oberland (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 186, 191 “Obermann Once More” (Arnold), V: 210 Oberon (Jonson), I: 344–345 “Object Lessons” (Boland), Supp. V: 38–39 Object Lessons: The Life of the Woman and the Poet in Our Time (Boland),

398

Supp. V: 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 46 “Object of the Attack, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 Objections to Sex and Violence (Churchill), Supp. IV: 182–183, 184, 198 “Objects, Odours” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 321 O’Brian, Patrick, Supp. XII: 247–264 O’Brien, Conor Cruise, Supp. IV: 449 O’Brien, E. J., VII: 176 O’Brien, Edna, Supp. V: 333–346 O’Brien, Flann, see O’Nolan, Brian Obsequies to the Memory of Mr. Edward King (Milton), II: 175 “Observation Car” (Hope), Supp. VII: 154 Observations on a Late State of the Nation (Burke), III: 205 Observations on Macbeth (Johnson), see Miscellaneous Observations on the Tragedy of Macbeth Observations . . . on Squire Foote’s Dramatic Entertainment . .. . (Boswell), III: 247 Observations Relative . . . to Picturesque Beauty . . . [in] the High–Lands of Scotland (Gilpin), IV: 36 Observations upon the Articles of Peace with the Irish Rebels .. . . (Milton), II: 176 Observator (periodical), III: 41; Supp. IV: 121 O’Casey, Sean, VI: xiv, 214, 218, 314– 315; VII: xviii, 1–15; list of articles, VII: 14–15; Supp. II: 335–336 Occasion for Loving (Gordimer), Supp. II: 227, 228, 231, 232, 233 Occasional Verses (FitzGerald), IV: 353 Occasions of Poetry, The (ed. Wilmer), Supp. IV: 255, 263 Ocean of Story (Stead), Supp. IV: 476 O’Connor, Frank, Supp. IV: 514 O’Connor, Monsignor John, VI: 338 O’Connor, Ulick, Supp. II: 63, 70, 76 October and Other Poems (Bridges), VI: 81, 83 “October Dawn” (Hughes), Supp. I: 344 October Ferry to Gabriola (Lowry), Supp. III: 284–285 October Man, The (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 “October Dawn” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 203 “October Salmon” (Hughes), Supp. I: 363; Retro. Supp. II: 213–214 Odd Girl Out, The (Howard), Supp. XI: 141, 142–143, 145 Odd Women, The (Gissing), V: 428, 433– 434, 437 Oddments Inklings Omens Moments (Reid), Supp. VII: 327–329 Ode ad Gustavem regem. Ode ad Gustavem exulem (Landor), IV: 100 “Ode: Autumn” (Hood), IV: 255 “Ode for Music” (Gray), see “Installation Ode“ “Ode. Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood”

ODE O−OFFA (Wordsworth), II: 189, 200; IV: xvi, 21, 22 “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College” (Gray), III: 137, 144 “Ode on a Grecian Urn” (Keats), III: 174, 337; IV: 222–223, 225, 226; Supp. V: 38; Retro. Supp. I: 195– 196 “Ode on Indolence” (Keats), IV: 221, 225–226 “Ode on Melancholy” (Keats), III: 337; IV: 224–225 “Ode on Mrs. Arabella Hunt Singing” (Congreve), II: 348 Ode, on the Death of Mr. Henry Purcell, An (Dryden), II: 304 “Ode on the Death of Mr. Thomson” (Collins), III: 163, 175 “Ode on the Death of Sir H. Morison” (Jonson), II: 199 Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington (Tennyson), II: 200; IV: 338 Ode on the Departing Year (Coleridge), IV: 55 Ode on the Installation of . . . Prince Albert as Chancellor of . . . Cambridge (Wordsworth), IV: 25 “Ode on the Insurrection at Candia” (Swinburne), V: 313 “Ode on the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” (Milton), Retro. Supp. II: 272 “Ode on the Pleasure Arising from Vicissitude” (Gray), III: 141, 145 “Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland” (Collins), III: 163, 171–173, 175 Ode on the Proclamation of the French Republic (Swinburne), V: 332 “Ode on the Spring” (Gray), III: 137, 295 “Ode Performed in the Senate House at Cambridge” (Gray), III: 145 Ode Preﬁxed to S. Harrison’s Arches of Triumph . . . (Webster), II: 85 “Ode to a Lady on the Death of Colonel Ross” (Collins), III: 162 “Ode to a Nightingale” (Keats), II: 122; IV: 212, 221, 222–223, 224, 226; Retro. Supp. I: 195–196 “Ode to Apollo” (Keats), IV: 221, 227 “Ode to Delia Crusca” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 206 “Ode to Duty” (Wordsworth), II: 303 “Ode to Evening” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 43 “Ode to Evening” (Collins), III: 166, 173; IV: 227 “Ode to Fear” (Collins), see “Fear“ Ode to Himself (Jonson), I: 336 Ode to Independence (Smollett), III: 158 “Ode to John Warner” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 8 “Ode to Liberty” (Shelley), IV: 203 “Ode to Master Endymion Porter, Upon his Brothers Death, An” (Herrick), II: 112 “Ode to May” (Keats), IV: 221, 222 Ode to Mazzini (Swinburne), V: 333 “Ode to Memory” (Tennyson), IV: 329

“Ode to Mr. Congreve” (Swift), III: 30 “Ode to Naples” (Shelley), II: 200; IV: 195 Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte (Byron), IV: 192 “Ode to Pity” (Collins), III: 164 “Ode to Psyche” (Keats), IV: 221–222 “Ode to Rae Wilson” (Hood), IV: 261, 262–263 “Ode to Rapture” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 206 “Ode to Sir William Temple” (Swift), III: 30 “Ode to Sorrow” (Keats), IV: 216, 224 “Ode to the Harp of...Louisa” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 206 “Ode to the Moon” (Hood), IV: 255 “Ode to the Nightingale” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 206 “Ode to the Setting Sun” (Thompson), V: 448, 449 “Ode to the Snowdrop” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 210 “Ode to the West Wind” (Shelley), II: 200; IV: xviii, 198, 203 Ode to Tragedy, An (Boswell), III: 247 “Ode upon Dr. Harvey” (Cowley), II: 196, 198 “Ode: Written at the Beginning of the Year 1746” (Collins), III: 169 Odes (Gray), III: 145 Odes and Addresses to Great People (Hood and Reynolds), IV: 253, 257, 267 Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History (Meredith), V: 223, 234 Odes on Several Descriptive and Allegorical Subjects (Collins), III: 162, 163, 165–166, 175 Odes on the Comic Spirit (Meredith), V: 234 Odes to . . . the Emperor of Russia, and . . . the King of Prussia (Southey), IV: 71 Odette d’Antrevernes (Firbank), Supp. II: 199, 201, 205–206 “Odour, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 269 “Odour of Chrysanthemums” (Lawrence), VII: 114; Retro. Supp. II: 232–233 “Odysseus of Hermes” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 275 Odyssey (Homer), Supp. IV: 234, 267, 428 Odyssey (tr. Cowper), III: 220 “Odyssey” (Longley), VIII: 167 Odyssey (tr. Pope), III: 70, 77 Odyssey, The (Butler translation), Supp. II: 114, 115 Odyssey of Homer, The (Lawrence translation), Supp. II: 283, 294 Odyssey of Homer, done into English Verse, The (Morris), V: 306 Oedipus Tyrannus; or, Swellfoot the Tyrant (Shelley), IV: 208 Of Ancient and Modern Learning (Temple), III: 23 “Of Commerce and Society: The Death of Shelley” (Hill), Supp. V: 186

399

“Of Democritus and Heraclitus” (Montaigne), III: 39 “Of Discourse” (Cornwallis), III: 39–40 “Of Divine Love” (Waller), II: 235 Of Dramatick Poesie, An Essay (Dryden), see Essay of Dramatick Poesy Of Education (Milton), II: 162–163, 175 “Of Eloquence” (Goldsmith), III: 186 “Of English Verse” (Waller), II: 233–234 “Of Essay Writing” (Hume), Supp. III: 231–232 “Of Greatness” (Cowley), III: 40 Of Human Bondage (Maugham), VI: xiii, 365, 373–374 Of Justiﬁcation by Imputed Righteousness (Bunyan), II: 253 “Of Liberty” (Cowley), II: 198 Of Liberty and Loyalty (Swinburne), V: 333 Of Liberty and Servitude (tr. Evelyn), II: 287 Of Magnanimity and Chastity (Traherne), II: 202 “Of Masques” (Bacon), I: 268 “Of My Self” (Cowley), II: 195 “Of Nature: Laud and Plaint” (Thompson), V: 443 “Of Only a Single Poem” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 95, 96 “Of Pacchiarotto” (Browning), IV: 366 “Of Plants” (Cowley), Supp. III: 36 “Of Pleasing” (Congreve), II: 349 “Of Poetry” (Temple), III: 23, 190 Of Prelatical Episcopacy . . . (Milton), II: 175 Of Reformation Touching Church Discipline in England (Milton), II: 162, 175 “Of Silence and the Air” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 141–142 Of Style (Hughes), III: 40 Of the Characters of Women (Pope), see Moral Essays Of the Friendship of Amis and Amile, Done into English (Morris), V: 306 Of the House of the Forest of Lebanon (Bunyan), II: 253 Of the Knowledge of Ourselves and of God (Julian of Norwich), Supp. XII: 155 Of the Lady Mary (Waller), II: 238 Of the Law and a Christian (Bunyan), II: 253 Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (Hooker), I: 176, 179–190 Of the Trinity and a Christian (Bunyan), II: 253 “Of the Uncomplicated Dairy Girl” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216 Of the Use of Riches, an Epistle to . . . Bathurst (Pope), see Moral Essays Of True Greatness (Fielding), III: 105 Of True Religion, Haeresie, Schism, Toleration, . . . (Milton), II: 176 “Of White Hairs and Cricket” (Mistry), Supp. X: 140–141 Off Colour (Kay), Supp. XIII: 101, 108 “Off the Map” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 “Offa’s Leechdom” (Hill), Supp. V: 194

OFFA−ON A “Offa’s Second Defence of the English People” (Hill), Supp. V: 195 Offer of the Clarendon Trustees, The (Carroll), V: 274 “Office for the Dead” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 “Office Friendships” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 “Office Girl” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 Offıce Suite (Bennett), VIII: 27 Offıcers and Gentlemen (Waugh), VII: 302, 304; see also Sword of Honour trilogy “Officers Mess” (Ewarts), VII: 423; Supp. VII: 37 Offshore (Fitzgerald), Supp. V: 96, 97, 98, 102 “Oﬂag Night Piece: Colditz” (Riviere), VII: 424 Ogden, C. K., Supp. II: 405, 406, 407– 408, 409, 410, 411, 422, 424 Ogg, David, II: 243 O’Grady, Standish James, Supp. V: 36 “Oh, dreadful is the check—intense the agony” (Brontë), V: 116 “Oh, Madam” (Bowen), Supp. II: 92–93 “Oh! That ’Twere Possible” (Tennyson), IV: 330, 332 Oh What a Lovely War (musical), VI: 436 O’Hanlon, Redmond, Supp. XI: 195–208 Ohio Impromptu (Beckett), Supp. I: 61 “O’Hussey’s Ode to the Maguire” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 118 Okri, Ben, Supp. V: 347–362 Óláfs saga helga, VIII: 242 “Olalla” (Stevenson), V: 395 “Old, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 “Old Aberdeen” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108 Old Adam, The (Bennett), see Regent, The “Old Andrey’s Experience as a Musician” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Old Atheist Pauses by the Sea, An” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Old Batchelour, The (Congreve), II: 338, 340–341, 349 “Old Benchers of the Inner Temple, The” (Lamb), IV: 74 Old Boys, The (Trevor), Supp. IV: 505– 506, 507, 517 Old Calabria (Douglas), VI: 294, 295– 296, 297, 298, 299, 305 “Old Chartist, The” (Meredith), V: 220 “Old Chief Mshlanga, The” (Lessing), Supp. I: 242 “Old China” (Lamb), IV: 82 “Old Church Tower and the Garden Wall, The” (Brontë), V: 134 “Old Colonial Boy, The” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 54 “Old Crofter” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Old Country, The (Bennett), VIII: 30 Old Curiosity Shop, The (Dickens), V: xx, 42, 53, 71 Old Debauchees, The (Fielding), III: 105 Old Devils, The (Amis), Supp. II: 3, 18– 19; Supp. IV: 37 “Old Dispensary” (Murphy), Supp. V: 329 Old English (Galsworthy), VI: 275, 284 Old English Baron, The (Reeve), III: 345

“Old Familiar Faces, The” (Lamb), IV: 78 “Old Folks at Home” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 “Old Fools, The” (Larkin), Supp. I: 282– 283, 285 Old Fortunatus (Dekker), II: 71, 89 “Old Francis” (Kelman), Supp. V: 249 Old French Romances, Done into English (Morris), V: 306 “Old Friend, The” (Cornford), VIII: 106 Old Gang and the New Gang, The (Lewis), VII: 83 “Old Garbo” (Thomas), Supp. I: 181 Old Glory: An American Voyage (Raban), Supp. XI: 227, 232–235 “Old Hands” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 226 “Old Harry” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Old Holborn” (Kelman), Supp. V: 256 “Old Homes” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 34, 44 “Old House” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228 Old Huntsman, The (Sassoon), VI: 423, 430, 453 “Old John’s Place” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240 Old Joiner of Aldgate, The (Chapman), I: 234, 244 “Old Lady” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 221 Old Lady Shows Her Medals, The (Barrie), Supp. III: 6, 9, 16 Old Law, The (Massigner, Middleton, Rowley), II: 21;Supp. XI: 182 Old Lights for New Chancels (Betjeman), VII: 361, 367, 368 “Old Main Street, Holborn Hill, Millom” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216–217 “Old Man” (Jennings), Supp. V: 210 “Old Man” (Thomas), Supp. III: 402 “Old Man, The” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 142–143 “Old Man and the Sea, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 164 Old Man of the Mountains, The (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 220–221, 222 Old Man Taught Wisdom, An (Fielding), III: 105 Old Man’s Love, An (Trollope), V: 102 “Old Meg” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 276 Old Men at the Zoo, The (Wilson), Supp. I: 154, 161 Old Mrs. Chundle (Hardy), VI: 20 Old Mortality (Scott), IV: 33, 39 Old Negatives (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 91–92 Old Norse Literature, VIII: 227–244 “Old Nurse’s Story, The” (Gaskell), V: 14, 15 Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats (Eliot), VII: 167 Old Pub Near the Angel, An (Kelman), Supp. V: 242, 244, 245 “Old Pub Near the Angel, An” (Kelman), Supp. V: 245 Old Reliable, The (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 451 Old Times (Pinter), Supp. I: 376–377 “Old Tongue” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108 “Old Toy, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 79

400

“Old Vicarage, Grantchester, The” (Brooke), Supp. III: 47, 50, 54 Old Whig (periodical), III: 51, 53 Old Wife’s Tale, The (Peele), I: 206–208 Old Wives’ Tale, The (Bennett), VI: xiii, 247, 249, 250, 251, 254–257 “Old Woman” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211, 213 “Old Woman, An” (Sitwell), VII: 135– 136 “Old Woman and Her Cat, An” (Lessing), Supp. I: 253–254 “Old Woman in Spring, The” (Cornford), VIII: 112 “Old Woman of Berkeley, The” (Southey), IV: 67 “Old Woman Speaks of the Moon, An” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 142 “Old Women, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 71 “Old Women without Gardens” (Dunn), Supp. X: 67 “Oldest Place, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 268 Oldham, John, II: 259 Oley, Barnabas, II: 141; Retro. Supp. II: 170–171 “Olga” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 12 Oliphant, Margaret, Supp. X: 209–225 “Olive and Camilla” (Coppard), VIII: 96 Oliver, H. J., I: 281 “Oliver Cromwell and Walter Noble” (Landor), IV: 92 Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches (Carlyle), IV: 240, 244, 246, 249, 250, 342 Oliver Newman (Southey), IV: 71 “Oliver Plunkett” (Longley), VIII: 173 Oliver Twist (Dickens), V: xix, 42, 47– 50, 51, 55, 56, 66, 71 Olney Hymns (Cowper), III: 210, 211, 220 Olor Iscanus . . . (Vaughan), II: 185, 201 Olympia (Manet), Supp. IV: 480 O’Malley, Mary, Supp. IV: 181 Oman, Sir Charles, VI: 387 Omega Workshop, VI: 118 Omen, The (ﬁlm), III: 343, 345 Omniana; or, Horae otiosiores (Southey and Coleridge), IV: 71 “On a Brede of Divers Colours Woven by Four Ladies” (Waller), II: 233 On a Calm Shore (Cornford), VIII: 113– 114 “On a Chalk Mark on the Door” (Thackeray), V: 34 On a Chinese Screen (Maugham), VI: 371 “On a Croft by the Kirkaig” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 194 “On a Dead Child” (Bridges), VI: 77–78 “On a Drop of Dew” (Marvell), II: 211 “On a Girdle” (Waller), II: 235 “On a Joke I Once Heard from the Late Thomas Hood” (Thackeray), IV: 251– 252 “On a Midsummer Eve” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 119 “On a Mourner” (Tennyson), IV: 332

ON A−ON TH “On a Prayer Booke Sent to Mrs. M. R.”Crashaw), II: 181 “On a Raised Beach” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 201, 212–214 “On a Return from Egypt” (Douglas), VII: 444 “On a Train” (Cope), VIII: 80 “On a Troopship” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 247, 248, 254 “On Actors and Acting” (Hazlitt), IV: 137 “On Adventure” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 455 On Alterations in the Liturgy (Newman), Supp. VII: 292 “On an Atlantic Steamship” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 38 “On an Insigniﬁcant” (Coleridge), Retro. Supp. II: 65 On Baile’s Strand (Yeats), VI: 218, 309 On Ballycastle Beach (McGuckian), Supp. V: 282, 284–286 “On Ballycastle Beach” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 285 On Becoming a Fairy Godmother (Maitland), Supp. XI: 174–175 On Becoming a Writer (Brittain), Supp. X: 45 “On Being English but Not British” (Fowles), Supp. I: 292 On Beulah Height (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 121–122, 123 “On Board the West Hardaway” (Lowry), Supp. III: 285 “On Byron and Byronism” (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 278 On Christian Doctrine (Milton), Retro. Supp. II: 271 “On Craigie Hill” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 72 “On Dryden and Pope” (Hazlitt), IV: 217 On English Poetry (Graves), VII: 260 “On Fairy–Stories” (Tolkien), Supp. II: 521, 535 “On Familiar Style” (Hazlitt), IV: 138 “On Finding an Old Photograph” (Cope), VIII: 73 “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer” (Keats), IV: 214, 215–216; Retro. Supp. I: 188 “On First Looking into Loeb’s Horace” (Durrell), Supp. I: 126 On Forsyte ’Change (Galsworthy), VI: 270, 275 On Gender and Writing (ed. Wandor), Supp. XI: 163, 174, 176 “On ’God’ and ’Good’ ” (Murdoch), Supp. I: 217–218, 224–225 “On Greenhow Hill” (Kipling), VI: 191 “On Hearing Bartok’s Concerto for Orchestra” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72 “On Heaven” (Ford), VI: 323 “On Her Leaving Town After the Coronation” (Pope), III: 76 “On Her Loving Two Equally” (Behn), Supp. III: 38 “On Himself” (Herrick), II: 113 On His Grace the Duke of Marlborough (Wycherley), II: 322 “On His Heid–Ake” (Dunbar), VIII: 123

“On Home Beaches” (Murray), Supp. VII: 283 “On Installing an American Kitchen in Lower Austria” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 “On Jupiter” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 167 “On Leaving the Cottage of My Birth” (Clare), Supp. XI: 59–60 “On Living for Others” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “On Living to One’s–Self” (Hazlitt), IV: 137 “On Marriage” (Crashaw), II: 180 “On Men and Pictures” (Thackeray), V: 37 “On Milton” (De Quincey), IV: 146 “On Mr. Milton’s ’Paradise Lost’” (Marvell), II: 206 “On My First Daughter” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 155 “On My First Son” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 155 “On My Thirty–ﬁfth Birthday” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 217 “On Not Being Milton” (Harrison), Supp. V: 152–153 “On Not Knowing Greek” (Woolf), VII: 35 “On Not Remembering Some Lines Of A Song” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 59 “On Not Saying Anything” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 “On Palestinian Identity: A Conversation with Edward Said” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 456 “On Passing” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 95 “On Personal Character” (Hazlitt), IV: 136 “On Peter Scupham” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218, 219 “On Poetry: A Rhapsody” (Swift), III: 30, 36 “On Poetry in General” (Hazlitt), IV: 130, 138 “On Preaching the Gospel” (Newman), Supp. VII: 294 “On Preparing to Read Kipling” (Hardy), VI: 195 “On Reading That the Rebuilding of Ypres Approached Completion” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 40 “On Receiving News of the War” (Rosenberg), VI: 432 “On Renoir ’s The Grape–Pickers” (Boland), Supp. V: 40 “On Ribbons” (Thackeray), V: 34 “On Seeing England for the First Time” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 218, 225, 228 “On Seeing the Elgin Marbles” (Keats), IV: 212–213, 214 On Seeming to Presume (Durrell), Supp. I: 124 “On Sentimental Comedy” (Goldsmith), see Essay on the Theatre . . . “On Silence” (Pope), Retro. Supp. I: 233 “On Sitting Back and Thinking of Porter’s Boeotia” (Murray), Supp. VII: 274 “On Some Characteristics of Modern Poetry” (Hallam), IV: 234, 235

401

“On Some Obscure Poetry” (Lander), IV: 98 “On Spies” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 156 “On Stella’s Birthday, . . . A.D. 1718–” (Swift), III: 31 “On Style” (De Quincey), IV: 148 “On the Application of Thought to Textual Criticism” (Housman), VI: 154, 164 On the Black Hill (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 158, 168–170, 173 On the Boiler (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 337 On the Choice of a Profession (Stevenson), V: 396 On the Choice of Books (Carlyle), IV: 250 “On the City Wall” (Kipling), VI: 184 “On the Cliffs” (Swinburne), V: 327 “On the Closing of Millom Iron Works” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 218 “On the Conduct of the Understanding” (Smith), Supp. VII: 342 “On the Connection Between Homosexuality and Divination” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 44 On the Constitution of the Church and State (Coleridge), IV: 54, 55, 56; Retro. Supp. II: 64 On the Contrary (Brink), Supp. VI: 56–57 “On the Death of Dr. Robert Levet” (Johnson), III: 120 “On the Death of General Schomberg . . . ” (Farquhar), II: 351 “On the Death of Marshal Keith” (Macpherson), VIII: 181 “On the Death of Mr. Crashaw” (Cowley), II: 198 “On the Death of Mr. William Hervey” (Cowley), II: 198 “On the Death of Sir Henry Wootton” (Cowley), II: 198 “On the Departure” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 258 On the Dignity of Man (Mirandola), I: 253 “On the Discovery of a Lady’s Painting” (Waller), II: 233 “On the Dismantling of Millom Ironworks” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 218– 219 “On the Dunes” (Cornford), VIII: 105 On the Edge of the Cliff and Other Stories (Pritchett), Supp. III: 328 “On the English Novelists” (Hazlitt), IV: 136–137 On the Face of the Waters (Steel), Supp. XII: 271–273, 274 “On the Feeling of Immortality in Youth” (Hazlitt), IV: 126 On the Frontier (Auden and Isherwood), VII: 312; Retro. Supp. I: 7 “On the Genius and Character of Hogarth” (Lamb), IV: 80 “On the Head of a Stag” (Waller), II: 233 On the Herpetology of the Grand Duchy of Baden (Douglas), VI: 300, 305 “On the Inﬂuence of the Audience” (Bridges), VI: 83

ON TH−OPER “On the Knocking at the Gate in ’Macbeth’” (De Quincey), IV: 146, 149 “On the Lancashire Coast” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 “On the Living Poets” (Hazlitt), IV: 130 On the Look–out: A Partial Autobiography (Sisson), Supp. XI: 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 254 On the Margin (Bennett), VIII: 19, 22 On the Margin (Huxley), VII: 201 “On the means of improving people” (Southey), IV: 102 “On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci in the Florentine Gallery” (Shelley), III: 337 “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” (Milton), II: 199; IV: 222 “On the Move” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 259– 260, 261 “On the Origin of Beauty: A Platonic Dialogue” (Hopkins), V: 362; Retro. Supp. II: 187 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), V: xxii, 279, 287; Supp. II: 98 “On the Periodical Essayists” (Hazlitt), IV: 136 On the Place of Gilbert Chesterton in English Letters (Belloc), VI: 345 “On the Pleasure of Painting” (Hazlitt), IV: 137–138 “On the Profession of a Player” (Boswell), III: 248 “On the Receipt of My Mother’s Picture” (Cowper), III: 208, 220 “On the Road with Mrs. G.” (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 165 On the Rocks (Shaw), VI: 125, 126, 127; Retro. Supp. II: 324 “On Roofs of Terry Street” (Dunn), Supp. X: 69 “On the School Bus” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 “On the Scotch Character” (Hazlitt), IV: 132 “On the Sea” (Keats), IV: 216 “On the Second Story” (Steel), Supp. XII: 269 “On the Spirit of Monarchy” (Hazlitt), IV: 132 On the Study of Celtic Literature (Arnold), V: 203, 212, 216 On the Sublime and Beautiful (Burke), III: 195, 198, 205 “On the Table ” (Motion), Supp. VII: 262–263, 264 On the Thermal Inﬂuence of Forests (Stevenson), V: 395 “On the Toilet Table of Queen Marie– Antoinette” (Nicholls), IV: 98 “On the Tragedies of Shakespeare . . . with Reference to . .. . Stage Representation” (Lamb), IV: 80 “On the Victory Obtained by Blake” (Marvell), II: 211 “On the Way to the Castle” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 10–11 “On the Western Circuit” (Hardy), VI: 22

“On the Wounds of Our Cruciﬁed Lord” (Crashaw), II: 182 “On the Zattere” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 502 “On This Island” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 7 “On Toleration” (Smith), Supp. VII: 347 On Translating Homer (Arnold), V: xxii, 212, 215, 216 On Translating Homer: Last Words (Arnold), V: 214, 215, 216 “On Whether Loneliness Ever Has a Beginning” (Dunn), Supp. X: 82 “On Wit and Humour” (Hazlitt), II: 332 “On Wordsworth’s Poetry” (De Quincey), IV: 146, 148 “On Writing a Novel” (Fowles), Supp. I: 293 “On Yeti Tracks” (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 157 Once a Week (Milne), Supp. V: 298 “Once as me thought Fortune me kissed” (Wyatt), I: 102 “Once at Piertarvit” (Reid), Supp. VII: 327–328 “Once I Did Think” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 35 “Once in a Lifetime, Snow” (Murray), Supp. VII: 273 Once in Europa (Berger), Supp. IV: 93, 94 Once on a Time (Milne), Supp. V: 298 “Once Upon a Time” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 233 “One” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 104 “One, The” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 198 One and Other Poems (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267–268 “One at a Time” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 39 “One Before the Last, The” (Brooke), Supp. III: 51 “One by One” (Davies), Supp. XI: 101 ”1 Crich Circle, Littleover, Derby” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224 One Day (Douglas), VI: 299, 300, 305 “One Day” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 298 “One Day” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 “One Eye on India” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 247 One Fat Englishman (Amis), Supp. II: 10, 11, 15 One Fond Embrace (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272 One Foot in Eden (Muir), Supp. VI: 204, 206, 207–208 One for the Grave (MacNeice), VII: 405, 406, 408 One for the Road (Pinter), Supp. I: 378, 381 One Hand Clapping (Burgess), Supp. I: 186 One Hundred Years of Solitude (García Márquez), Supp. IV: 116 “One Mystery, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 120 One of Our Conquerors (Meredith), V: 232, 233, 234 “One Off the Short List” (Lessing), Supp. I: 244

402

“One Out of Many” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 395 “One Sea–side Grave” (Rossetti), V: 255 One Small Step (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 123 “One Sunday” (Mistry), Supp. X: 138, 140 “One Thing and Another” (Dunn), Supp. X: 80 One Thing Is Needful (Bunyan), II: 253 One Thing More; or, Caedmon Construed (Fry), Supp. III: 191, 196–197 “One Thousand Days in a Balloon” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 437 “One Token” (Davies), Supp. XI: 94 “One Viceroy Resigns” (Kipling), VI: 202 “One We Knew” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 118 “One Who Disappeared” (Motion), Supp. VII: 258 One Who Set Out to Study Fear, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 “One Word More” (Browning), IV: 357 “One Writer’s Education” (Armah), Supp. X: 1 One–Way Song (Lewis), VII: 72, 76 O’Neill, Eugene, Supp. III: 12 Onion, Memory, The (Raine), Supp. XIII: 163, 164–166, 168Only Game, The (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 119–120 “Only our love hath no decay” (Donne), II: 221 Only Penitent, The (Powys), VIII: 255– 256 Only Problem, The (Spark), Supp. I: 212–213 “Only the Devil” (Powys), VIII: 248– 249 “Only This” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 211 O’Nolan, Brian, Supp. II: 321–338; Supp. IV: 412 Open Conspiracy, The, Blueprints for a World Revolution (Wells), VI: 240, 242 Open Court (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272, 273 “Open Court” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 273 Open Door (Fry), Supp. III: 194 “Open Door, The” (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220 Open Door, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411, 415 Open Letter to the Revd. Dr. Hyde in Defence of Father Damien, An (Stevenson), see Father Damien “Open Secrets” (Motion), Supp. VII: 255–256 Opened Ground (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 124 “Opening, The” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 80 “Opening a Place of Social Prayer” (Cowper), III: 211 “Opera” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 60–61 Opera Et Cetera (Carson), Supp. XIII: 59–61, 63, 65 Opera of Operas, The (Haywood and Hatchett), Supp. XII: 141 Operette (Coward), Supp. II: 152

OPIN−OUR M “Opinions of the Press” (Reading), VIII: 264 Opium and the Romantic Imagination (Hayter), III: 338, 346; IV: 57 Oppenheim, E. Phillips, VI: 249 Opus 7 (Warner), Supp. VII: 372 Or Shall We Die? (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390 “Or, Solitude” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 Or Where a Young Penguin Lies Screaming (Ewart), Supp. VII: 41 Oracle, Supp. XIII: 202 “Oracle, The” (Coppard), VIII: 88 “Oracles, The” (Housman), VI: 161 Orage, A. R., VI: 247, 265, VII: 172 “Oral” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 79 “Orange March” (Murphy), Supp. V: 322 Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (Winterson), Supp. IV: 541, 542, 543– 545, 546, 547–548, 552, 553, 555, 557 Orators, The (Auden), VII: 345, 380, 382; Retro. Supp. I: 5 “Orchard, The” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71 Orchard End (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Orchards half the way, The” (Housman), VI: 159 “Ordeal” (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 191 Ordeal by Innocence (Christie), Supp. II: 125 Ordeal of George Meredith, The, A Biography (Stevenson), V: 230, 234 Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold, The (Waugh), VII: 291, 293, 302–303 Ordeal of Richard Feverel, The (Meredith), V: xxii, 225, 226–227, 234 Ordeal of Sigbjorn Wilderness, The (Lowry), Supp. III: 280 “Ordered South” (Stevenson), Retro. Supp. I: 261 “Ordered World, An” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 22 “Ordination, The” (Burns), III: 311, 319 Oresteia, The (tr. Harrison), Supp. V: 163 Orestes (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 37–39 “Orf”(Hughes), Supp. I: 359 “Orford” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 Orford, fourth earl of, see Walpole, Horace Orgel, Stephen, I: 237, 239 Orghast (Hughes), Supp. I: 354 Orient Express (Greene), Supp. I: see Stamboul Train Orient Express (tr. Adcock), Supp. XII: 11 “Orient Ode” (Thompson), V: 448 “Oriental Eclogues” (Collins), see “Persian Eclogues“ Orientations (Maugham), VI: 367 Origin, Nature, and Object of the New System of Education, The (Southey), IV: 71 Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Darwin), Supp. VII: 17, 19, 23–25 Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, The (Engels), Supp. II: 454

Original and Progress of Satire, The (Dryden), II: 301 Original Letters &c of Sir John Falstaff (White and Lamb), IV: 79, 85 Original Michael Frayn, The (Frayn), Supp. VII: 51 Original Papers, containing the Secret of Great Britain from the Restoration to the Accession of the House of Hanover (Macpherson), VIII: 192, 193 “Original Place, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire (Shelley and Shelley), IV: 208 Original Power of the Collective Body of the People of England, Examined and Asserted, The (Defoe), Retro. Supp. I: 68 “Original Simplicitie” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 266 Original Sin (James), Supp. IV: 333–335 “Original Sins of Edward Tripp, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 503 Origine of Sciences, The (Pope), Retro. Supp. I: 234 Origins of the English Imagination, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 13 Orkney Tapestry, An (Brown), Supp. VI: 64–65 “Orkney: The Whale Islands” (Brown), Supp. VI: 72 Orkneyinga saga, VIII: 236 Orlando (Woolf), VII: 21, 28, 35, 38; Supp. IV: 557; Retro. Supp. I: 314, 318–319 Orlando furioso (Ariosto), I: 131, 138 Orley Farm (Trollope), V: xxii, 100, 101 Ormond (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 154, 156, 163–165 “Ornithological Section, The” (Longley), VIII: 168, 172 Oroonoko: A Tragedy (Southerne), Supp. III: 34–35 Oroonoko; or, The Royal Slave (Behn), Supp. III: 21, 22–23, 32–36, 39 Orpheus (Hope), Supp. VII: 165 Orpheus (Hughes), Supp. I: 347 Orpheus and Eurydice (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 145–146 “Orpheus in Hell” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 493 “Orpheus; or, Philosophy” (Bacon), I: 267 “Orr Mount” (Dunn), Supp. X: 68 Ortelius, Abraham, I: 282 Orthodoxy (Chesterton), VI: 336 Orton, Joe, Supp. V: 363–378 Orton Diaries, The (Orton), Supp. V: 363, 367–369 Orwell, George, III: 341; V: 24, 31; VI: 240, 242; VII: xii, xx, 273–287; Supp. I: 28n; Supp. III: 96, 107; Supp. IV: 17, 81, 110–111, 440, 445 Osborne, John, VI: 101; Supp. I: 329– 340; Supp. II: 4, 70, 139, 155; Supp. III: 191; Supp. IV: 180, 281, 283 Osbourne, Lloyd, V: 384, 387, 393, 395, 396, 397 Oscar and Lucinda (Carey), Supp. XII: 49, 50, 53, 57, 58–59

403

Oscar Wilde. Art and Egoism (Shewan), V: 409, 421 O’Shaughnessy, Arthur, VI: 158Osiris Rising (Armah), Supp. X: 1–2, 11–12, 14 Othello (Shakespeare), I: 316; II: 71, 79; III: 116; Supp. IV: 285 “Other, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 403 “Other Boat, The” (Forster), VI: 406, 411–412 Other House, The (James), VI: 48, 49, 67 Other House, The (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 263–265 “Other Kingdom” (Forster), VI: 399, 402 Other Lovers (Kay), Supp. XIII: 100– 101, 104, 107–108 Other People: A Mystery Story (Amis), Supp. IV: 26, 39–40 Other People’s Clerihews (Ewart), Supp. VII: 46 “Other People’s Houses” (Reid), Supp. VII: 336 Other People’s Worlds (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501, 506, 511–512, 517 Other Places (Pinter), Supp. I: 378 “Other Tiger, The” (tr. Reid), Supp. VII: 332–333 “Other Times” (Nye), Supp. X: 198–199 Other Tongues: Young Scottish Poets in English, Scots, and Gaelic (ed. Crawford), Supp. XI: 67 Other Voices (Maitland), Supp. XI: 163 “Others, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39, 40 Otho the Great (Keats and Brown), IV: 231, 235 Otranto (Walpole), see Castle of Otranto, The “Otter, An” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 204–205 “Otters” (Longley), VIII: 174 Ouch (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 3–4 Ounce, Dice, Trice (Reid), Supp. VII: 326 Our Betters (Maugham), VI: 368, 369 “Our Bias” (Auden), VII: 387 Our Corner (periodical), VI: 103 Our Country’s Good (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 Our Exagmination Round His Factiﬁcation for Incamination of Work in Progress (Beckett et al.), Supp. I: 43n Our Exploits at West Poley (Hardy), VI: 20 “Our Father” (Davie), Supp. VI: 113 “Our Father’s Works” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 42 Our Family (Hood), IV: 254, 259 Our First Leader (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 186 Our Friend the Charlatan (Gissing), V: 437 “Our Hunting Fathers” (Auden), VII: 108 “Our Lives Now” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 114 Our Man in Havana (Greene), Supp. I: 7, 11, 13, 14–15; Retro. Supp. II: 161 “Our Mother” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Our Mother’s House (Gloag), Supp. IV: 390

OUR M−PAGE Our Mutual Friend (Dickens), V: xxiii, 42, 44, 55, 68–69, 72; Supp. IV: 247 Our Old Home (Hawthorne), VI: 34 “Our Parish” (Dickens), V: 43, 46 Our Republic (Keneally), Supp. IV: 347 “Our Parish” (Dickens), V: 43, 46 Our Song (Waterhouse), Supp. XIII: 273 Our Spoons Came From Woolworths (Comyns), VIII: 56–58 “Our Thrones Decay” (Russell), VIII: 285 “Our Village—by a Villager” (Hood), IV: 257 Our Women: Chapters on the Sex–Discord (Bennett), VI: 267 Out (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 99, 104, 105–106 “Out and Away” (Kavan), Supp. VII: 202 Out Late (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 217, 223–224 Out of Bounds (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292–293 Out of India (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 235– 236 Out of India (Kipling), VI: 204 Out of Ireland (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 “Out of Ireland” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 Out of the Picture (MacNeice), VII: 405 Out of the Red, into the Blue (Comyns), VIII: 63 Out of the Shelter (Lodge), Supp. IV: 364, 365, 370–371, 372 “Out of the signs” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174 Out of the Silent Planet (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 252–253 Out of the Whirlpool (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 Out of This World (Swift), Supp. V: 437– 438 Outback (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 “Outcast, The” (Tennyson), IV: 329 Outcast of the Islands, An (Conrad), VI: 136, 137, 148; Retro. Supp. II: 71 Outcasts, The (Sitwell), VII: 138 Outcry, The (Julia), VI: 67 “Outdoor Concert, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 269 “Outer Planet, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 217 Outidana, or Effusions, Amorous, Pathetic and Fantastical (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 28–29 Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind, The (Wells), VI: 245 Outlines of Romantic Theology (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 275, 284 Outlook (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 191 “Outlook, Uncertain” (Reid), Supp. VII: 330 Outlying Stations, The (Warner), Supp. XI: 294 “Outpost of Progress, An” (Conrad), VI: 136, 148 Outriders: A Liberal View of Britain, The (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 175 “Outside the Whale” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 455 Outskirts (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 154

“Outstation, The” (Maugham), VI: 370, 371, 380 “Outward Bound” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 167 “Ovando” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 225 “Over Mother, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 288 “Over Sir John’s Hill” (Thomas), Supp. I: 179 Over the Frontier (Smith), Supp. II: 462, 474 “Over the Hill” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “Over the Hills” (Thomas), Supp. III: 400 “Over the Rainbow” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 434 Over the River (Galsworthy), VI: 272, 275 Over the River (Gregory), VI: 318 Over to You: Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying (Dahl), Supp. IV: 208–211, 213 Overbury, Sir Thomas, IV: 286 “Overcoat, The” (Gogol), III: 340, 345 Overcrowded Barracoon, The (Naipaul), Supp. I: 384 “Overcrowded Barracoon, The” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 402 “Overloaded Man, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 Overruled (Shaw), VI: 129 “Overture” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 270–271 “Overtures to Death” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 122 Overtures to Death (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 127–128 Ovid, II: 110n, 185, 292, 304, 347; III: 54; V: 319, 321 “Ovid on West 4th” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 176 “Ovid in the Third Reich” (Hill), Supp. V: 187 Ovid’s Art of Love Paraphrased (Fielding), III: 105 Ovid’s Banquet of Sense (Chapman), I: 237–238 Ovid’s Epistles, Translated by Several Hands (Dryden), Supp. III: 36 Ovid’s Fasti (tr. Frazer), Supp. III: 176 Owen, Wilfred, VI: xvi, 329, 416, 417, 419, 423, 443–460; VII: xvi, 421; list of poems, VI: 458–459; Supp. IV: 57, 58 “Owen Wingrave,” (James), VI: 69 “Owl, The” (Thomas), VI: 424; Supp. III: 403–404 “Owl and Mouse” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 218 “Owl and the Pussy–cat, The” (Lear), V: 83–84, 87 Owls and Artiﬁcers (Fuller), Supp. VII: 77 Owners (Churchill), Supp. IV: 179, 180, 181–182, 198 “Oxen, The” (Hardy), VI: 16 Oxford (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 176, 178 Oxford Book of English Verse, The (ed. Quiller–Couch), II: 102, 121 Oxford Book of Oxford, The (ed. Morris), Supp. X: 178

404

Oxford Book of Modern Verse, The, VI: 219 Oxford Book of Regency Verse, The (ed. Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 276 Oxford Book of Mystical Verse, The (ed. Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 274 Oxford Book of Twentieth–Century English Verse, The (Larkin), Supp. I: 286 Oxford Book of War Poetry, The (ed. Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292 Oxford Companion to English Literature, Supp. IV: 229, 231, 247, 252; Supp. IX: 276 Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, The (ed. Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 276 Oxford Lectures on Poetry (Bradley), IV: 216, 236 “Oxford Leave” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 37 “Oxford”papers (De Quincey), IV: 148 Oxford Poetry (eds. Day Lewis and Auden), Supp. III: 117; Retro. Supp. I: 3; Supp. IX: 17 “Oxford Staircase” (Murphy), Supp. V: 315 Oxford University and the Co–operative Movement (Russell), VIII: 287 Oxford University Chest (Betjeman), VII: 356

“P.

& O.,” (Maugham), VI: 370–371 “P. D. James’ Dark Interiors” (Majeske), Supp. IV: 330 P. R. B.: An Essay on the Pre’Raphaelite Brotherhood, 1847–1854 (Waugh), VII: 291 “P.S.” (Reading), VIII: 265–266 Pablo Ruiz Picasso: A Biography (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 255–256 Pacchiarotto and How He Worked in Distemper (Browning), IV: 359, 374; see also “Of Pacchiarotton“ Paciﬁc 1860 (Coward), Supp. II: 155 Paciﬁcator, The (Defoe), III: 12; Retro. Supp. I: 67 “Pack Horse and the Carrier, The” (Gay), III: 59–60 Pack My Bag: A Self Portrait (Green), Supp. II: 247–248, 251, 255 Packer, Lona Mosk, V: 251, 252–253, 260 “Pad, Pad” (Smith), Supp. II: 470 “Paddiad, The” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 193–194 Paddock and the Mouse, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 141–142, 147 Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha (Doyle), Supp. V: 78, 89–91, 92 Pagan and Christian Creeds (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 47–48 Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance (Wind), V: 317n Pagan Place, A (O’Brien), Supp. V: 338– 339 Pagan Poems (Moore), VI: 98 Page of Plymouth, The (Jonson/Dekker), Retro. Supp. I: 157 Pageant and Other Poems, A (Rossetti), V: 251, 260

PAGE−PASC “Pageant of Knowledge” (Lydgate), I: 58 “Pageants” (Spenser), I: 123 Paid on Both Sides (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 4–5 Painful Adventures of Pericles, Prince of Tyre (Wilkins), I: 321 “Painful Case, A” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 172 “Painful Pleasure of Suspense, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 222 “Pains of Sleep, The” (Coleridge), IV: xvii, 48, 56 Painter, William, I: 297; II: 76 Painter of His Own Dishonour, The (tr. FitzGerald), IV: 344–345 Painter of Our Time (Berger), Supp. IV: 79, 81–84, 88 Painter’s Eye, The (James), VI: 67 Painting and the Fine Arts (Haydon and Hazlitt), IV: 140 “Painting It In” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 264 Pair of Blue Eyes, A: A Novel (Hardy), VI: 3, 4, 20; Retro. Supp. I: 110, 111–112 “Palace of Art, The” (Tennyson), IV: 331 “Palace of Pan, The” (Swinburne), V: 328 Palace of Pleasure (Painter), I: 297, 313; II: 76 Palace of the Peacock (Harris), Supp. V: 132–136 Palace Pier (Waterhouse), Supp. XIII: 279 “Pale Butterwort” (Longley), VIII: 177 Pale Companion, The (Motion), Supp. VII: 252 Pale Criminal, The (Kerr), Supp. XII: 187, 190–191 Pale Fire (Nabokov), Supp. IV: 26, 27 Pale Horse, The (Christie), Supp. II: 125, 135 Pale View of the Hills, A (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 301, 303, 304, 305–306, 307–309, 310 Paleface (Lewis), VII: 72, 75 Paley, William, IV: 144 Paley, Grace, Supp. IV: 151 Palgrave, Francis Turner, II: 208; IV: xxii, 196 Palicio (Bridges), VI: 83 Pall Mall Gazette, Supp. XIII: 237–241 Palladas: Poems (Harrison), Supp. V: 163 Palladis Tamia (Meres), I: 296 “Palladium” (Arnold), V: 209 Palmer, George Herbert, Retro. Supp. II: 173 Palmer, John, II: 267, 271 Palmerin of England, II: 49; tr. Southey, IV: 71 “Palmer ’s ’Heroides’ of Ovid” (Housman), VI: 156 Palmyra (Peacock), IV: 158, 169 Pamela (Richardson), III: 80, 82–85, 92, 94, 95, 98; Retro. Supp. I: 80, 83, 85–86 Pamphlet Against Anthologies, A (Graves), VI: 207; VII: 260–261 “Pan and Pitys” (Landor), IV: 96

“Pan and Thalassius” (Swinburne), V: 328 “Pan; or, Nature” (Bacon), I: 267 “Pandora” (James), VI: 69 Pandosto (Greene), I: 165, 322; VIII: 131, 135–138, 139 “Panegerick to Sir Lewis Pemberton, A” (Herrick), II: 110 Panegyric to Charles the Second, Presented . . . the Day of His Coronation . . . (Evelyn), II: 287 Panegyrick to My Lord Protector, A (Waller), II: 238 Panic Spring (Durrell), Supp. I: 95, 96 Panofsky, Erwin, I: 237 “Panoptics” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 321 “Panthea” (Wilde), V: 401 “Paperback Writer: Dream of the Perfect Novel” (Warner), Supp. XI: 281 Paoli, Pasquale di, III: 235, 236, 243 “Paolo to Francesca” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 311 Paper Houses (Plomer), Supp. XI: 216 Paper Men, The (Golding), Supp. I: 88– 89; Retro. Supp. I: 102–103 Paper Money Lyrics, and Other Poems (Peacock), IV: 170 Paperbark Tree, The: Selected Prose (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 271, 273, 274, 277 “Papered Parlour, A” (Powys), VIII: 251 “Papers, The” (James), VI: 69 Papers by Mr. Yellowplush (Thackeray), see Yellowplush Correspondence, The Papillon (tr. O’Brian), Supp. XII: 252 “Parable Island” (Heaney), Supp. II: 280 Paracelsus (Browning), IV: xix, 355, 365, 368, 373; Retro. Supp. II: 20 Parade’s End (Ford), VI: 321, 324, 328, 329–330; VII: xv Paradise (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173 Paradise Lost (Milton), I: 188–189; II: 158, 161, 165–171, 174, 176, 198, 294, 302; III: 118, 302; IV: 11–12, 15, 47, 88, 93, 95, 186, 200, 204, 229; ed. Bentley, VI: 153; Retro. Supp. I: 184; Retro. Supp. II: 279–284 Paradise News (Lodge), Supp. IV: 366, 374, 381–383, 384, 385 Paradise Regained (Milton), II: 171–172, 174, 176; Retro. Supp. II: 284–285 “Paradox, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 91 “Paradox, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 141 Paradoxes and Problems (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 97 “Paraffin Lamp, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 69–70 Parallel of the Antient Architecture with the Modern, A (tr. Evelyn), II: 287 “Paraphrase on Oenone to Paris” (Behn), Supp. III: 36 Parasitaster (Marston), see Fawn, The Parasites, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 139, 143 Pardoner’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 21, 42 “Parents” (Spender), Supp. II: 483 Parents and Children (Compton’Burnett), VII: 62, 65, 66, 67

405

Parent’s Assistant, The (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 152 Pargiters, The (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 308, 320 Paridiso (Dante), Supp. IV: 439 Paris by Night (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 282, 292 Paris Nights (Bennett), VI: 259, 264 Paris Sketch Book, The (Thackeray), V: 22, 37 Parish Register, The (Crabbe), III: 275, 279, 283 Parisian Sketches (James), VI: 67 Parisina (Byron), IV: 173, 192 Parker, Brian, II: 6 Parker, W. R., II: 165n Parkinson, T., VI: 220 Parlement of Foules (Chaucer), see Parliament of Fowls, The Parleyings with Certain People of Importance in Their Day . . .. (Browning), IV: 359, 374 “Parliament, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 73–74 Parliament of Birds (tr. FitzGerald), IV: 348–349, 353 Parliament of Fowls, The (Chaucer), I: 31, 38, 60; Retro. Supp. II: 39–40 Parliament of Love, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 182, 183 Parliamentary Speeches of Lord Byron, The (Byron), IV: 193 Parnell, Thomas, III: 19 Parnell and His Island (Moore), VI: 86 Parochial and Plain Sermons (Newman), Supp. VII: 292 “Parousia” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 22 Parr, Samuel, IV: 88 Parrot (Haywood), Supp. XII: 142 Parry, William, IV: 191, 193 Parson’s Daughter, The (Trollope), V: 101 “Parson’s Pleasure” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 217 Parson’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 34–35 “Part of Ourselves, A” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 111–112, 112–113 Part of the Seventh Epistle of the First Book of Horace Imitated (Swift), III: 35 “Parthenogenesis” (Dhomhnaill), Supp. V: 40–41 Partial Portraits (James), V: 95, 97, 102; VI: x, 46 “Particles of a Wave” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 168 “Partie Fine, The” (Thackeray), V: 24, 38 “Parting” (Thomas), Supp. III: 305 “Parting in War–Time” (Cornford), VIII: 112 “Partition” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 14 “Partner, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 Partnership, The (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 354–355, 356 “Party” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 215 Party Going (Green), Supp. II: 253–254 Pascal, Blaise, II: 146, 244; V: 339; Supp. IV: 160 Pascali’s Island (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 355, 356, 357–359, 360

PASC−PELL Pascoe’s Ghost (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 114, 118 Pasiphaë: A Poem (Swinburne), V: 333 Pasmore (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 410, 411–412, 413, 414–415 Pasquin (Fielding), III: 97, 98, 104, 105; Retro. Supp. I: 82 “Passage” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 97 Passage of Arms (Ambler), Supp. IV: 16 “Passage to Africa, A” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213 Passage to India, A (Forster), VI: 183, 397, 401, 401, 408–410; VII: xv; Retro. Supp. II: 146–149 Passage to Juneau: A Sea and Its Meanings (Raban), Supp. XI: 228, 232, 237–238 Passages in the Life of an Individual (Brontë), see Agnes Grey Passages in the Life of Mrs. Margaret Maitland of Sunnyside (Oliphant), Supp. X: 210–211, 214 Passages of Joy, The (Gunn), Supp. IV: 257, 271–274 Passenger (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 Passenger to Frankfurt (Christie), Supp. II: 123, 125, 130, 132 “Passer’by, A” (Bridges), VI: 78 “Passing Events” (Brontë), V: 122, 123, 151 “Passing of the Dragons, The” (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 270–271 Passing of the Essenes, The (Moore), VI: 96, 99 “Passing of the Shee, The” (Synge), VI: 314 Passion (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 429–430 “Passion, The” (Collins), III: 166, 168, 174 “Passion, The” (Vaughan), II: 187 Passion, The (Winterson), Supp. IV: 542, 548, 553–554, 555–556 Passion Fruit: Romantic Fiction with a Twist (Winterson), Supp. IV: 542 Passion of New Eve, The (Carter), Supp. III: 84, 85–86, 91 Passion Play, A (Shaw), VI: 107 Passion, Poison, and Petriﬁcation; or, The Fatal Gazogene (Shaw), VI: 129 Passionate Century of Love (Watson), I: 193 Passionate Friends, The (Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 “Passionate Man’s Pilgrimage, The” (Ralegh), I: 148, 149 “Passionate Pilgrim, A” (James), VI: 69 Passionate Pilgrim, The, I: 291, 307 Passionate Pilgrim and Other Tales, A (James), VI: 67 Passionate Shepherd to His Love, The (Marlowe), I: 149, 284, 291; IV: 327; Retro. Supp. I: 203–204 “Passionate Woman, A” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 42 “Passions: An Ode. Set to Music, The” (Collins), III: 163, 175 Passions of the Mind (Byatt), Supp. IV: 139, 140, 141, 146, 151 “Passport to Eternity” (Ballard), Supp. V: 20

Passwords: Places, Poems, Preoccupations (Reid), Supp. VII: 324, 330, 336 Past and Present (Carlyle), IV: xx, 240, 244, 249, 250, 266n, 301 “Past ruin’d Ilion Helen lives” (Landor), IV: 99 “Past Ever Present, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 280–281 “Paste” (James), VI: 69 Pastoral Care (Pope Gregory), Retro. Supp. II: 295 Pastoral Lives of Daphnis and Chloë. Done into English (Moore), VI: 99 “Pastoral Stanzas. Written at Fifteen Years of Age” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 199–200 Pastorals (Blunden), VI: 427 Pastorals (Pope), III: 69 Pastorals of Virgil (tr. Thornton), III: 307 Pastors and Masters (Compton’Burnett), VII: 59, 65, 68 Pat and Roald (Farrell), Supp. IV: 223 “Pat Cloherty’s Version of The Maisie” (Murphy), Supp. V: 325 “Patagonia, The,” (James), VI: 49 “Patchwork Quilt, The” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 57 Pater, Walter Horatio, V: xiii, xix, xxiv– xxvi, 286–287, 314, 323, 324, 329, 337–360, 362, 400–401, 403, 408, 410, 411; VI: ix, 4 365 “Pater on Style” (Chandler), V: 359 Paterson, Banjo, Supp. IV: 460 “Path of Duty, The” (James), VI: 69 Patience (Gawain–Poet), Supp. VII: 83, 84, 96–98 “Patience, hard thing!” (Hopkins), V: 375 Patmore, Coventry, V: 372, 379, 441 “Patmos” (Durrell), Supp. I: 125 Paton, Alan, Supp. II: 341–359 “Patricia, Edith, and Arnold,” (Thomas), Supp. I: 181 Patrician, The (Galsworthy), VI: 273, 278 “Patricians” (Dunn), Supp. X: 69 “Patrick Sarsﬁeld’s Portrait” (Murphy), Supp. V: 323 Patriot (Johnson), III: 121 Patriot for Me, A (Osborne), Supp. I: 335, 337 “Patrol: Buonomary” (Gutteridge), VII: 432–433 Patronage (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 151, 158 Pattern of Maugham, The (Curtis), VI: 379 Pattern of Painful Adventures, The (Twine), I: 321 Patterns of Culture (Benedict), Supp. III: 186 Paul (Wilson), Supp. VI: 306 Pauli, Charles Paine, Supp. II: 98, 116 Pauline: A Fragment of a Confession (Browning), IV: xix, 354, 355, 373; Retro. Supp. II: 19 Paul’s Departure and Crown (Bunyan), II: 253 Paul’s Letters to His Kinsfolk (Scott), IV: 38

406

Pausanias’ Description of Greece (Frazer), Supp.III: 172, 173 “Pause en Route” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Pavana Dolorosa” (Hill), Supp. V: 190– 191 Pavane (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 261, 264–270, 275 Pavic, Milorad, Supp. IV: 116 “Pavilion on the Links, The” (Stevenson), V: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 263 “Pawnbroker’s Shop, The” (Dickens), V: 45, 47, 48 Pax Britannica: The Climax of an Empire (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 179–181, 183 Paying Guest, The (Gissing), V: 437 Payne, W. L., III: 41n “Peace” (Brooke), VI: 420; Supp. III: 56, 57 “Peace” (Collins), III: 166, 168 “Peace” (Hopkins), V: 370 “Peace” (Vaughan), II: 186, 187 Peace and the Protestant Succession, The (Trevelyan), VI: 392–393 Peace Conference Hints (Shaw), VI: 119, 129 “Peace from Ghosts” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 19 Peace in Our Time (Coward), Supp. II: 151, 154 Peace of the World, The (Wells), VI: 244 Peaceable Principles and True (Bunyan), II: 253 “Peaches, The” (Thomas), Supp. I: 181 Peacock, Thomas Love, III: 336, 345; IV: xv, xvii–xix, xxii, 157–170, 177, 198, 204, 306; V: 220; VII: 200, 211 Peacock Garden, The (Desai), Supp. V: 55, 62–63 Pearl (Arden), Supp. II: 39–40 Pearl (Gawain–Poet), Supp. VII: 83, 84, 91–96, 98 “Pearl, Matth.13. 45., The” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 175 “Pearl Necklace, A” (Hall), Supp. VI: 119 Pearl’Maiden (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Pearsall Smith, Logan, VI: 76 “Peasant, A” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 284 Peasant Mandarin, The: Prose Pieces (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 271 “Peasants, The” (Lewis), VII: 447 Pecket, Thomas, Supp. III: 385 Peckham, Morse, V: 316, 335 Pedlar, The (Wordsworth), IV: 24 Peele, George, I: 191–211, 278, 286, 305 “Peele Castle” (Wordsworth), see AElegiac Stanzas, Suggested by a Picture of Peele Castle . . . A “Peep into a Picture Book, A” (Brontë), V: 109 Peer Gynt (Ibsen), Supp. III: 195 Pegasus (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 129–130 “Pegasus” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 193 Pelagea and Other Poems (Coppard), VIII: 89, 98 Pelican History of English Literature, The, I: 102 Pell, J. P., V: 161

PELL−PHAL Pelles, George, VI: 23 Pemberly; or, Pride and Prejudice Continued (Tennant), see Pemberly: The Sequel to Pride and Prejudice Pemberly: The Sequel to Pride and Prejudice (Tennant), Supp. IX: 237–238, 239–240 “Pen Lln” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 “Pen, Pencil and Poison” (Wilde), V: 405, 407; Retro. Supp. II: 367–368 Pen Portraits and Reviews (Shaw), VI: 129 Pen Shop, The (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272, 273, 274 Pendennis (Tackeray), see History of Pendennis, The “Penelope” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 17 “Penelope” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 175 Penelope (Maugham), VI: 369 Penfriends from Portlock (Wilson), Sup. VI: 298, 304 Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry, The (ed. Motion), Supp. VII: 252, 254, 255, 257 Penguin Book of Contemporary Irish Poetry, The (ed. Fallon and Mahon), Supp. XII: 101 Penguin Book of Lesbian Short Stories, The (ed. Winterson), Supp. IV: 542 Penguin Book of Light Verse (ed. Ewart), Supp. VII: 43, 47 Penguin Book of Love Poetry, The (ed. Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292 Penguin Book of Modern British Short Stories (ed. Bradbury), Supp. IV: 304 Penguin Book of Religious Verse, The (ed. Thomas), Supp. XII: 282 Penguin Modern Poets II (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490 Penguin Modern Poets 9 (ed. Burnside, Crawford and Jamie), Supp. XI: 67 Peniel (Hart), Supp. XI: 122, 128–130, 132 Penitential Psalms (Wyatt), I: 101–102, 108, 111 Pennies from Heaven (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 229, 231 “Pennines in April” (Hughes), Supp. I: 344 “Penny Plain and Twopence Coloured, A” (Stevenson), V: 385 Penny Wheep (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 202, 205 Penny Whistles (Stevenson), see Child’s Garden of Verses, A Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: Towards a Critical Theory of the Arts and the State in Africa (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 216, 225 Pensées (Pascal), Supp. IV: 160 “Penshurst, To” (Jonson), II: 223 “Pension Beaurepas, The” (James), VI: 69 Pentameron and Pentalogia, The (Landor), IV: 89, 90–91, 93, 100 “Pentecost Castle, The” (Hill), Supp. V: 189, 190, 199 “Pentecostal” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220– 221

“Penthouse Apartment, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 502 Pentland Rising, The (Stevenson), V: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 260 Penultimate Poems (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45–46 “Penwith” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 492 People Who Knock on the Door (Highsmith), Supp. V: 178 People with the Dogs, The (Stead), Supp. IV: 473 People’s Otherworld, The (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 277–279 “People’s Park and the Battle of Berkeley, The” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 374 Pepys, Samuel, II: 145, 195, 273, 274, 275, 278, 280–288, 310 Per Amica Silentia Lunae (Yeats), VI: 209 “Perchance a Jealous Foe” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 42 Percy, Thomas, III: 336; IV: 28–29 Percy Bysshe Shelley (Swinburne), V: 333 “Perdita” (Warner), Supp. VII: 379 Perduta Gente (Reading), VIII: 265, 271–272, 273 Père Goriot (Balzac), Supp. IV: 238 Peregrine Pickle (Smollett), III: 149, 150, 152–153, 158 Perelandra (Lewis), Supp. I: 74; Supp. III: 249, 252, 253–254 Perennial Philosophy, The (Huxley), VII: xviii, 206 “Perfect” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 215 Perfect Alibi, The (Milne), Supp. V: 310 “Perfect Critic, The” (Eliot), VII: 163 Perfect Fool, The (Fuller), Supp. VII: 74, 75 Perfect Happiness (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 Perfect Spy, A (le Carré), Supp. II: 300– 302, 304, 305 Perfect Wagnerite, The (Shaw), VI: 129 “Perfect World, A” (Motion), Supp. VII: 265, 266 Performing Flea (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 460 “Perhaps” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 287 Pericles (Shakespeare), I: 321–322; II: 48 Pericles and Aspasia (Landor), IV: xix, 89, 92, 94–95, 100 Pericles and Other Studies (Swinburne), V: 333 Perimeter: Caroline Blackwood at Greenham Common, On the (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 14–15 Peripatetic, The (Thelwall), IV: 103 Perkin Warbeck (Ford), II: 89, 92, 96, 97, 100 Perkin Warbeck (Shelley), Supp. III: 371 Perkins, Richard, II: 68 Permanent Red: Essays in Seeing (Berger), Supp. IV: 79, 81 Permanent Way, The (Warner), Supp. XI: 294 Pernicious Consequences of the New Heresie of the Jesuites . .. . , The (tr. Evelyn), II: 287 Peronnik the Fool (Moore), VI: 99

407

Perpetual Curate, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 213–216 Perry, Thomas Sergeant, VI: 24 Persephone in Hades (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 133, 139, 141, 142 Persian Boy, The (Renault), Supp. IX: 185–186 “Persian Eclogues” (Collins), III: 160, 164–165, 175 “Persian Passion Play, A” (Arnold), V: 216 “Person, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 268, 270 Personae (Pound), Supp. III: 398 Personal and Possessive (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490 Personal Heresy, The: A Controversy (Lewis), Supp. III: 249 Personal History, Adventures, Experience, and Observation of David Copperﬁeld, The (Dickens), see David Copperﬁeld Personal Landscape (periodical), VII: 425, 443 Personal Places (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272 “Personal Problem” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 198 Personal Record, A (Conrad), VI: 134, 148; Retro. Supp. II: 69 Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving (Stoker), Supp. III: 381 Persons from Porlock (MacNeice), VII: 408 Persse, Jocelyn, VI: 55 Persuasion (Austen), IV: xvii, 106–109, 111, 113, 115–120, 122; Retro. Supp. II: 12–13 “Perturbations of Uranus, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73 “Pervasion of Rouge, The” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 45 “Peshawar Vale Hunt, The” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 295–296 “Pessimism in Literature” (Forster), VI: 410 Petals of Blood (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 212, 215, 220–221 Peter Bell (Wordsworth), IV: xviii 2 Peter Bell the Third (Shelley), IV: 203, 207 “Peter Grimes” (Crabbe), III: 283, 284– 285 Peter Ibbetson (du Maurier), Supp. III: 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139 Peter Pan; or, The Boy Who Would Not Grow Up (Barrie), Supp. III: 2, 6–8 “Peter Wentworth in Heaven” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 13 Petrarch’s Seven Penitential Psalms (Chapman), I: 241–242 Peveril of the Peak (Scott), IV: xviii, 36, 37, 39 Pfeil, Fred, Supp. IV: 94 Phaedra (tr. Morgan), Supp. IX: 157 Phaedra (Seneca), II: 97 Phaedra’s Love (Kane), VIII: 148, 149, 156 “Phaèthôn” (Meredith), V: 224 “Phallus in Wonderland” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36

PHAN−PIND Phantasmagoria (Carroll), V: 270, 273 “Phantom–Wooer, The” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 30 Pharos, pseud. of E. M. Forster Pharos and Pharillon (Forster), VI: 408 Pharsalia (tr. Marlowe), I: 276, 291 Phases of Faith (Newman), V: 208n “Pheasant in a Cemetery” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 224 “Phebus and Cornide” (Gower), I: 55 Philadelphia, Here I Come! (Friel), Supp. V: 111, 116–118 Philanderer, The (Shaw), VI: 107, 109; Retro. Supp. II: 312 Philaster (Beaumont and Fletcher), II: 45, 46, 52–54, 55, 65 Philby Conspiracy, The (Page, Leitch, and Knightley), Supp. II: 302, 303, 311–312 Philip (Thackeray), see Adventures of Philip on His Way Through the World, The Philip Larkin (Motion), Supp. VII: 253 Philip Sparrow (Skelton), I: 84, 86–88 Philip Webb and His Work (Lethaby), V: 291, 292, 296, 306 Philips, Ambrose, III: 56 Philips, Katherine, II: 185 Phillips, Caryl, Supp. V: 379–394 Phillipps, Sir Thomas, II: 103 Phillips, Edward, II: 347 “Phillis is my only Joy” (Sedley), II: 265 “Phillis, let’s shun the common Fate” (Sedley), II: 263 Phillpotts, Eden, VI: 266 “Philosopher, The” (Brontë), V: 134 “Philosopher and the Birds, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 318 Philosopher’s Pupil, The (Murdoch), Supp. I: 231, 232–233 Philosophical Discourse of Earth, An, Relating to . . .. Plants, &c. (Evelyn), II: 287 Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, A (Burke), see On the Sublime and Beautiful Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding (Hume), Supp. III: 238 Philosophical Investigation, A (Kerr), Supp. XII: 186, 187, 191–193, 195, 196 Philosophical Lectures of S. T. Coleridge, The (ed. Cobum), IV: 52, 56 “Philosophical View of Reform, A” (Shelley), IV: 199, 209; Retro. Supp. I: 254 “Philosophy of Furniture, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 130 “Philosophy of Herodotus” (De Quincey), IV: 147–148 Philosophy of Melancholy, The (Peacock), IV: 158, 169 Philosophy of Nesessity, The (Bray), V: 188 Philosophy of Rhetoric (Richards), Supp. II: 416, 423 Philosophy of the Unconscious (Hartmann), Supp. II: 108

Phineas Finn (Trollope), V: 96, 98, 101, 102 Phineas Redux (Trollope), V: 96, 98, 101, 102 Phoebe Junior (Oliphant), Supp. X: 214, 217, 219 Phoenix (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 420 Phoenix, The, Retro. Supp. II: 303 Phoenix, The (Middleton), II: 21, 30 Phoenix and the Turtle, The (Shakespeare), I: 34, 313 “Phoenix Park” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 264 “Phoenix Rose Again, The” (Golding), Supp. I: 66 Phoenix Too Frequent, A (Fry), Supp. III: 194–195, 201–202 “Photograph of My Grandfather, A” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 19 Photographs and Notebooks (Chatwin, B.), Supp. IX: 61–62 “Photograph of Emigrants” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 221 Physicists, The (Snow), VII: 339–340 Physico’Theology (Derham), III: 49 “Pibroch” (Hughes), Supp. I: 350 Picasso, Pablo, Supp. IV: 81, 87, 88 Piccolomini; or, The First Part of Wallenstein, The (Coleridge), IV: 55–56 Pickering, John, I: 213, 216–218 Pickwick Papers (Dickens), V: xix, 9, 42, 46–47, 48, 52, 59, 62, 71 Pico della Mirandola, II: 146; V: 344 “Pictor Ignotus, Florence 15” A (Browning), IV: 356, 361; Retro. Supp. II: 27 “Pictorial Rhapsody, A” (Thackeray), V: 37 Picture, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 184 Picture and Text (James), VI: 46, 67 “Picture of a Nativity” (Hill), Supp. V: 186 Picture of Dorian Gray, The (Wilde), III: 334, 345; V: xxv, 339, 399, 410–411, 417, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 368 “Picture of Little T. C. in a Prospect of Flowers, The” (Marvell), II: 211, 215 Picture of Palermo (tr. Robinson), Supp. XIII: 213 “Picture This” (Motion), Supp. VII: 266 Picturegoers, The (Lodge), Supp. IV: 364, 367–368, 369, 371, 372, 381, 382 “Pictures” (Kelman), Supp. V: 250 Pictures at an Exhibition (Thomas), Supp. IV: 487–488 “Pictures from a Japanese Printmaker” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 “Pictures from an Ecclesiastical Furnisher’s” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Pictures from Italy (Dickens), V: 71 Pictures in the Hallway (O’Casey), VII: 9, 12 Pictures of Perfection (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 121, 122–123 Picturesque Landscape and English Romantic Poetry (Watson), IV: 26 “Piece of Cake, A” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 208, 209 “Pied Beauty” (Hopkins), V: 367; Retro. Supp. II: 196

408

“Pied Piper of Hamelin, The” (Browning), IV: 356, 367 Pied Piper of Lovers (Durrell), Supp. I: 95 “Pier Bar” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Pier’Glass, The (Graves), VII: 263–264 Pierrot mon ami (Queneau), Supp. I: 220 Piers Plowman (Langland), I: 1–18 Pietà (Thomas), Supp. XII: 284, 285 “Pietà” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285 Pietrkiewicz, Jerzy, Supp. IV: 98 “Piffingcap” (Coppard), VIII: 88, 92 “Pig”(Dahl), Supp. IV: 221 “Pig, The” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240 Pig Earth (Berger), Supp. IV: 90, 92, 93 Pigeon, The (Galsworthy), VI: 271, 274, 287–288 Pigeon Pie (Mitford), Supp. X: 156–157 “Pigeons” (Reid), Supp. VII: 329 “Pigs” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 87 “Pigs” (Murray), Supp. VII: 282 Pigs Have Wings (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 453–454, 458–459, 462 “Pike, The” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 42, 43 Pilgrim, The (Fletcher), II: 65 Pilgrim, The (Vanbrugh), II: 289, 305, 325, 336 “Pilgrim Fathers” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 13 Pilgrim to Compostella, The (Southey), IV: 71 Pilgrimage (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 179, 180, 181–188, 190–191, 192 “Pilgrimage of Pleasure, The” (Swinburne), V: 332 Pilgrimage of the Life of Man (Lydgate), I: 57 “Pilgrimages” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288 Pilgrims of Hope (Morris), V: 301, 306 Pilgrim’s Progress, The (Bunyan), I: 16, 57; II: 240, 241, 243, 244, 245–250, 253; III: 82; V: 27; Supp. IV: 242 Pilgrim’s Progress (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 121–122 Pilgrim’s Regress, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 250–252, 264 Pilkington, John, Supp. IV: 164 “Pillar of the Cloud” (Newman), see “Lead, Kindly Light“ “Pillar of the Community, A” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Pillars of Society, The (Ibsen), V: xxiv, 414 “Pillow hot . . . , The” (tr. McKane), Supp. IV: 494 “Pillow hot . . . , The” (tr. Thomas), Supp. IV: 494 Pillowman, The (McDonagh), Supp. XII: 233–234, 238, 241, 243–246 Pinch of Snuff, A (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 114 Pincher Martin (Golding), Supp. I: 67, 72–75, 76, 77, 83, 218n; Retro. Supp. I: 97 Pindar, II: 198–199; IV: 95, 316 Pindaric Ode, Humbly Offer’d to the King . . . , A (Congreve), II: 350 “Pindaric Poem to the Reverend Doctor Burnet, A” (Behn), Supp. III: 41

PIND−POE Pindarique Ode on the victorious Progress of Her Majesties Arms, A (Congreve), II: 350 Pindarique Odes (Cowley), II: 197, 199, 202 Pinero, Arthur Wing, V: 413; VI: 269, 368 Pink Furniture (Coppard), VIII: 91, 97 Pinter, Harold, Supp. I: 367–382; Supp. IV: 180, 290, 390, 437, 456; Retro. Supp. I: 215–228 Pinter Problem, The (Quigley), Retro. Supp. I: 227 “Pioneers, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213 Piozzi, Hester Lynch, III: 134, 246 Pipelines (Bevan and Galloway), Supp. XII: 117 Pippa Passes (Browning), IV: 356, 362– 363, 370, 373; Retro. Supp. II: 20–21 Piranesi Giovanni Battista, III: 325, 338 Pirate, The (Scott), IV: 36, 39 “Pirate and the Apothecary, The” (Stevenson), V: 391 “Pisgah” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 219 “Pit and the Pendulum, The” (Poe), III: 339 Pit Strike (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 Pithy, Pleasant, and Proﬁtable Works of John Skelton, The (ed. Stow), I: 94 Pitter, Ruth, Supp. XIII: 131–147 Pitter on Cats (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 135, 144 “Pity” (Collins), III: 166 “Pity of It, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 “Pixie” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 42 Pizarro (Sheridan), III: 267–270 Place at Whitton, A (Keneally), Supp. IV: 345 “Place in Tuscany, A” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 “Place of Friendship in Greek Life and Thought, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 44 Place of the Lion, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 281, 284 “Place of the Uranian in Society, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 43, 44 Place Where Souls Are Born: A Journey to the Southwest, The (Keneally), Supp. IV: 343, 347, 357–358 “Placeless Heaven, The” (Heaney), Supp. II: 280; Retro. Supp. I: 131 Places (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 172, 183 “Places, Loved Ones” (Larkin), Supp. I: 278 Plain Man and His Plain Wife, The (Bennett), VI: 264, 267 Plain Speaker, The (Hazlitt), IV: 131, 134, 136, 140 Plain Tales from the Hil1s (Kipling), VI: 168, 204 Plain’Dealer, The (Wycherley), II: 308, 318–320, 321, 322, 343 Plaine Mans Path’Way to Heaven, The (Dent), II: 241, 246 “Plains, The” (Fuller), VII: 430; Supp. VII: 69 “Plan, The” (O’Brien), Supp. V: 340

Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language, The (Johnson), III: 113, 121; see also Dictionary of the English Language, A Plan of a Novel . . . With Opinions on AMansﬁeld Park”and AEmma“ . . . (Austen), IV: 112, 122 Plan of the English Commerce, A (Defoe), III: 14 Planes of Bedford Square, The (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 “Planetist” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 79 “Plantations, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224 “Planter of Malata, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 “Plas–yn–Rhiw” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Plath, Sylvia, Supp. I: 346, 350; Supp. IV: 252, 430; Retro. Supp. II: 199, 200–201, 216–218 Plato, IV: 47–48, 54; V: 339; Supp. III: 125; Supp. IV: 13 Plato and Platonism (Pater), V: 339, 355, 356 Plato Papers: A Novel, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 4, 11, 13 Plato Papers: A Prophesy, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 13 “Platonic Blow, by Miss Oral” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 12 “Platonic Ideas and Heredity” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46 “Platonic Love” (Cowley), II: 197 Play (Beckett), Supp. I: 46, 58; Retro. Supp. I: 27 Play from Romania, A, see Mad Forest Playboy of the Western World, The (Synge), VI: xiv, 308, 309–310, 312– 313, 316; Retro. Supp. I: 291, 298– 300 Player of Games, The (Banks), Supp. XI: 1, 9, 10 “Players, The” (Davies), Supp. XI: 100– 101 Playground of Europe, The (Stephen), V: 282, 289 Playing Away (Phillips), Supp. V: 380 “Playing with Terror” (Ricks), Supp. IV: 398 Playmaker, The (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 “Plays” (Landor), IV: 98 Plays and Poems of Thomas Lovell Beddoes (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28–29, 30 Plays for England (Osborne), Supp. I: 335 Plays for Puritans (Shaw), VI: 109 Plays of William Shakespeare, The (ed. Johnson), III: 115–117, 121; Retro. Supp. I: 138, 144 Plays: One (Arden), Supp. II: 30 Plays: Pleasant and Unpleasant (Shaw), VI: ix, 104, 107–112; Retro. Supp. II: 313–315 Plaza de Toros, The (Scott), Supp. I: 266 Plea for Justice, A (Russell), VIII: 289 “Poem” (Armitage), VIII: 5

409

Plea of the Midsummer Fairies, The (Hood), IV: 253, 255, 261, 267 Pleasant Notes upon Don Quixote (Gayton), I: 279 “Pleasaunce” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 95 “Please Baby Don’t Cry” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 9 “Please Identify Yourself” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 6 Pleasure (Waugh), Supp. VI: 270 Pleasure Dome, The (Greene), Supp. I: 3, 9 “Pleasure Island” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 12 Pleasure of Poetry, The (Sitwell), VII: 129–130 Pleasure of Reading, The (Fraser), Supp. V: 20 Pleasure Steamers, The (Motion), Supp. VII: 253–255, 257 Pleasures of a Tangled Life (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 183 “Pleasures of a Technological University, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 158– 159 Pleasures of the Flesh (Ewart), Supp. VII: 38–39 Pleasures of War, The (Maitland), Supp. XI: 163 Plebeian (periodical), III: 51, 53 Pléiade, I: 170 Plenty (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 286–287, 293 Plomer, William, Supp. XI: 209–225 Plot Discovered, The (Coleridge), IV: 56 Plotinus, III: 291 Plotting and Writing Suspense Fiction (Highsmith), Supp. V: 167, 171, 174, 177 Plough, The (Walker), V: 377 Plough and the Stars, The (O’Casey), VI: 214; VII: xviii, 5–6 “Ploughland” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 219 Ploughman and Other Poems (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 187–188 Ploughman, and Other Poems, A (White), Supp. I: 130 Ploughman’s Lunch, The (McEwan), Supp. IV: 389, 390, 399–400 Plumb, Sir John Harold, IV: 290; VI: xv, xxxiv, 391n Plumed Serpent, The (Lawrence), VII: 87–88, 91, 109–110, 123; Retro. Supp. II: 231 Plutarch, II: 185 Plutarch’s Lives (tr. Goldsmith), III: 191 Plutarch’s Lives. The translation called Dryden’s . . . (ed. Clough), V: 157, 170 Plutus, The God of Riches (tr. Fielding), III: 105 Plymley, Peter, see Smith, Sydney PN Review (periodical), Supp. IV: 256; Supp. XIII: 223 Pocket Guide to Traditional Irish Music (Carson), Supp. XIII: 61 Podro, Joshua, VII: 262 Poe, Edgar Allan, III: 329, 333, 334, 338–339, 340, 343, 345; IV: 311, 319;

POEM−POEM V: xvi, xx–xxi; VI: 371 “Poem” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 91–92 “Poem” (Welch), Supp. IX: 269–270 “Poem About a Ball in the Nineteenth Century” (Empson), Supp. II: 180– 181, 183 “Poem about Poems About Vietnam, A” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 294–295, 302 “Poem as Abstract” (Davie), Supp. VI: 106 “Poem by the Boy Outside the Fire Station” (Armitage), VIII: 4 “Poem Composed in Santa Barbara” (Cope), VIII: 78 “Poem from the North,” (Keyes), VII: 439 “Poem for My Father” (Reid), Supp. VII: 325 “Poem in October” (Thomas), Supp. I: 177, 178–179 Poem in St. James’s Park, A (Waller), II: 238 “Poem in Seven Books, A” (Blake), Retro. Supp. I: 37 “Poem in Winter” (Jennings), Supp. V: 213–214 “Poem of Lewis” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211 “Poem of the Midway” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 493 “Poem on His Birthday” (Thomas), Supp. I: 179 Poem on the Late Civil War, A (Cowley), II: 202 “Poem on the Theme of Humour, A” (Cope), VIII: 81 Poem Sacred to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton, A (Thomson), Supp. III: 411, 418–419 “Poem Upon the Death of O. C., A” (Marvell), II: 205, 211 “Poem with the Answer, A” (Suckling), II: 228 Poemata et Epigrammata, . . . (Crashaw), II: 201 Poemata et inscriptiones (Landor), IV: 100 Poems [1853] (Arnold), V: xxi, 165, 209, 216 Poems [1854] (Arnold), V: 216 Poems [1855] (Arnold), V: 216 Poems [1857] (Arnold), V: 216 Poems (Bridges), VI: 83 Poems (Brooke), Supp. III: 51–53 Poems [1844] (Browning), IV: xx, 311, 313–314, 321, 356 Poems [1850] (Browning), IV: 311, 321 Poems (Byron), IV: 192 Poems (Carew), II: 238 Poems (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 33, 35 Poems (Clough), V: 170 Poems (Cornford), VIII: 102, 103 Poems (Cowley), II: 194, 198, 199, 202 Poems (Crabbe), III: 286 Poems (Eliot), VII: 146, 150 Poems (Empson), Supp. II: 180 Poems (Gay), III: 55 Poems (Golding), Supp. I: 66 “Poems, 1912–13” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 117

Poems (Hood), IV: 252, 261, 266 Poems (Jennings), Supp. V: 208 Poems (Keats), IV: xvii, 211, 213–214, 216, 235; Retro. Supp. I: 183, 187– 188 Poems (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 Poems (Lovell and Southey), IV: 71 Poems (Meredith), V: xxi, 219, 234 Poems (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 199, 202, 205, 206, 207 Poems (C. Rossetti), V: 260 Poems [1870] (D. G. Rossetti), V: xxiii, 237, 238, 245 Poems [1873] (D. G. Rossetti), V: 245 Poems [1881] (D. G. Rossetti), V: 238, 245 Poems (Ruskin), V: 184 Poems (Sassoon), VI: 429 Poems (Southey), IV: 71 Poems (Spender), Supp. II: 483, 486– 487 Poems [1833] (Tennyson), IV: 326, 329, 338 Poems [1842] (Tennyson), IV: xx, 326, 333–334, 335, 338 Poems (Thompson), V: 439, 451 Poems (Waller), II: 238 Poems (Wilde), V: 401–402, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 361–362 Poems, The (Landor), IV: xvi, 99 Poems, The (Swift), III: 15n, 35 Poems, The (Thomas), Supp. I: 170 Poems Against Economics (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 273–275 Poems and Ballads (Swinburne), V: xxiii, 309, 310, 313, 314–321, 327, 330, 332 “Poems and Ballads of Goethe” (Clough), V: 170 Poems and Ballads: Second Series (Swinburne), V: xxiv, 314, 327, 332 Poems and Ballads: Third Series (Swinburne), V: 332 Poems and Letters of Bernard Barton (ed. FitzGerald), IV: 343–344, 353 Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth (Meredith), V: 221, 224, 234 Poems and Melodramas (Davie), Supp. VI: 113 Poems and Metrical Tales (Southey), IV: 71 Poems and Prose Remains of A. H. Clough, The (ed. Clough and Symonds), V: 159, 170 Poems and Songs, The (Burns), III: 310n, 322 Poems and Songs (Ewart), Supp. VII: 34, 36–37 Poems and Translations (Kinsella), Supp. V: 264 Poems Before Congress (Browning), IV: 312, 315, 321 Poems by Alfred, Lord Tennyson (Lear), V: 78, 87 Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (Brontës), V: xx, 131–134, 151 Poems by John Clare (Clare), Supp. XI: 63 Poems by the Author of the Growth of Love (Bridges), VI: 83 Poems by the Way (Morris), V: 306

410

Poems by Two Brothers (Tennyson and Tennyson), IV: 337–338 Poems, Centuries, and Three Thanksgivings (Traherne), Supp. XI: 263–264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278 Poems Chieﬂy in the Scottish Dialect (Burns), III: 315 Poems, Chieﬂy Lyrical (Tennyson), IV: xix, 326, 329, 331, 338 Poems Chieﬂy of Early and Late Years (Wordsworth), IV: xx, 25 Poems, Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery (Clare), Supp. XI: 49, 54–55 Poems, Elegies, Paradoxes, and Sonnets (King), Supp. VI: 162 “Poems for Angus” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 193 Poems for Donalda (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 217 Poems for Young Ladies (Goldsmith), III: 191 Poems from Centre City (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272 Poems from the Arabic and Persian (Landor), IV: 99 Poems from the Russian (Cornford), VIII: 110–111 Poems from Villon, and Other Fragments (Swinburne), V: 333 Poems in Prose (Wilde), Retro. Supp. II: 371 Poems, in Two Volumes (Wordsworth), IV: 22, 24 Poems 1926–1966 (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 136, 145–146 Poems, 1930 (Auden), VII: xix Poems 1938–1945 (Graves), VII: 267– 268 Poems, 1943–1947 (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 128 Poems 1950 (Bunting), Supp. VII: 5, 13 Poems 1960–2000 (Adcock), Supp. XII: 2, 11, 13, 14–15 Poems 1962–1978 (Mahon), Supp. VI: 173–174 Poems of Conformity (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 274 Poems of Dedication (Spender), Supp. II: 489, 490 Poems of Edmund Blunden, The (Blunden), Supp. XI: 36, 37, 44 Poems of Felicity (Traherne), II: 191, 202; Supp. XI: 266 Poems of Henry Vaughan, Silurist, The (ed. Chambers), II: 187 Poems of John Keats, The (ed. Allott), IV: 223n 224, 234–235 “Poems of 1912–13” (Hardy), VI: 14 Poems of Ossian, The (Macpherson), III: 336; VIII: 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 Poems of the War and After (Brittain), Supp. X: 41 Poems of William Dunbar, The (Dunbar), VIII: 118–119 Poems of Wit and Humour (Hood), IV: 257, 266 Poems on His Domestic Circumstances (Byron), IV: 192

POEM−POLO Poems on Several Occasions (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Poems on the Death of Priscilla Farmer (Lloyd and Lamb), IV: 78, 85 Poems on the Theatre (Brecht), Supp. IV: 87 Poems on Various Occasions (Byron), IV: 192 Poems on Various Subjects (Coleridge), IV: 43, 55, 78, 85 Poems Original and Translated (Byron), IV: 192 Poems Translated from the French of Madame de la Mothe Guion (tr. Cowper), III: 220 Poems upon Several Occasions: With a Voyage to the Island of Love (Behn), Supp. III: 36 Poems, with the Tenth Satyre of Juvenal Englished (Vaughan), II: 184–185, 201 “Poet, The” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 135 “Poet, The” (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 425 Poet and Dancer (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 223, 234, 235 “Poet Hood, The” (Blunden), IV: 267 Poet in the Imaginary Museum, The (Davie), Supp. VI: 115, 117 “Poet in the Imaginary Museum, The” (Davie), Supp. VI: 115 poet laureateship, IV: 61, 310, 311, 324 “Poet on the Island, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 318 “Poet O’Rahilly, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 “Poet with Sea Horse” (Reid), Supp. VII: 328 Poetaster (Jonson), I: 339, 340; Retro. Supp. I: 158 “Poetic Diction in English” (Bridges), VI: 73 Poetic Image, The (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118 “Poetic Imagination, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 202–203 Poetic Mirror, The (Hogg), Supp. X: 109–110 Poetic Unreason (Graves), VII: 257, 260 Poetical Blossomes (Cowley), II: 194, 202 Poetical Calendar (Fawkes and Woty), III: 170n “Poetical Character, The” (Collins), III: 166, 168 Poetical Fragments (Swinburne), V: 333 Poetical Pieces (Lamb), IV: 74 Poetical Register (Jacob), II: 348 Poetical Sketches (Blake), III: 289, 290; Retro. Supp. I: 33–34 Poetical Works, The, . . . (Traherne), II: 201–202 Poetical Works, The (Southey), IV: 71 Poetical Works (Bridges), VI: 83 Poetical Works of George Crabbe, The (ed. Carlyle and Carlyle), III: 272n Poetical Works of George Meredith, The (ed. Trevelyan), V: 223, 234 Poetical Works of Gray and Collins, The (ed. Poole and Stone), III: 161n

Poetical Works of John Gay, The (ed. Faber), III: 66, 67 Poetical Works of the Late Mrs. Mary Robinson, The (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 199, 202, 204, 206, 207, 213 “Poetics of Sex, The” (Winterson), Supp. IV: 547, 551–552, 553 Poetria nova (Geoffrey of Vinsauf), I: 59 “Poetry”[broadcast] (Bridges), VI: 83 “Poetry” (Moore), IV: 6 Poetry and Belief (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 316, 319 “Poetry and the Other Modern Arts” (Davie), Supp. VI: 115–116 Poetry and Philosophy of George Meredith, The (Trevelyan), VI: 383 Poetry and Prose (ed. Sparrow), VI: 83 “Poetry and Striptease” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 491 Poetry at Present (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 277 Poetry by the Author of Gebir (Landor), IV: 99 Poetry for Children (Lamb and Lamb), IV: 85 Poetry for Supper (Thomas), Supp. XII: 284 “Poetry in Public” (Motion), Supp. VII: 265 Poetry in the Making (Hughes), Supp. I: 347 Poetry Northwest, Supp. XIII: 136 Poetry of Browning, The (Drew), IV: 375 “Poetry of Departures” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277, 278–279 Poetry of Edward Thomas, The (Motion), Supp. VII: 252, 253, 258, 263 Poetry of Ezra Pound, The (Kenner), VI: 333 “Poetry of Friendship Among Greeks and Romans” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 44 Poetry of Meditation, The (Martz), V: 366, 382 Poetry of Nonsense, The (Cammaerts), V: 262, 274 “Poetry of Pope, The” (De Quincey), IV: 146 “Poetry of Protest, A” (Davie), Supp. VI: 116 Poetry of the First World War (Hibberd), VI: 460 Poetry of Thomas Hardy, The (Day Lewis), VI: 21 “Poetry of W. B. Yeats, The” (Eliot), VI: 207n, 223 Poetry of W. B. Yeats, The (MacNeice), VII: 404 “Poetry of Wordsworth, The” (De Quincey), IV: 146, 148 “Poetry Perpetuates the Poet” (Herrick), II: 115 Poets and Poetry of Munster, The (tr. Mangan), Supp. XIII: 119, 129 Poet’s Calendar, A (Davies), Supp. XI: 101 “Poets Call on the Goddess Echo, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224 “Poet’s Epitaph, A” (Davies), Supp. XI: 95–96

411

“Poet’Scholar, The” (Davie), Supp. VI: 105 “Poets Lie where they Fell, The” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 167 Poet’s Notebook, A (Sitwell), VII: 127, 139 Poets of the First World War (Stallworthy), VI: 441 Poet’s Pilgrimage, A (Davies), Supp. XI: 89–91 “Poet’s Pilgrimage to Waterloo, The” (Southey), IV: 66, 71 Poet’s Polemic, A: Otro Mundo Es Posible: Poetry, Dissidence and Reality TV (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 31 Poet’s Tongue, The (Auden and Garrett), Supp. IV: 256; Retro. Supp. I: 6–7 “Poet’s Vow, The” (Browning), IV: 313 “Poggio” (Durrell), Supp. I: 126 Point Counter Point (Huxley), VII: xviii, 201, 202–204 “Point of It, The” (Forster), V: 208 Point Valaine (Coward), Supp. II: 152 Pointed Roofs (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 179, 181–182, 187–188, 189, 190 Points of View (Maugham), VI: 374, 377 Pointz Hall (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 308 “Poison” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 206, 215 Pol Pot, Supp. IV: 247 Polanski, Roman, III: 343 Polaris (Weldon), Supp. IV: 521 “Police, The: Seven Voices” (Murray), Supp. VII: 276 Polidori, John, III: 329, 334, 338; Supp. III: 385 Polite Conversations (Swift), III: 36 Political Economy of Art, The (Ruskin), V: 184 Political Essays (Hazlitt), IV: 129, 139 Political History of the Devil, The (Defoe), III: 5, 14 Political Justice (Godwin), IV: 43 “Political Kiss, A” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 13 “Political Poem” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 Political Romance, A (Sterne), III: 127, 135 Political Situation, The (Schreiner), Supp. I: 453 Political Thought in England, 1848–1914 (Walker), IV: 304 Politicks of Laurence Sterne, The (Curtis), III: 127n “Politics” (Durrell), Supp. I: 124 “Politics and the English Language” (Orwell), Supp. III: 107; Supp. IV: 455 “Politics of King Lear, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 202 “Politics of Mecca, The” (Lawrence), Supp. II: 286–287 “Politics vs. Literature” (Orwell), VII: 273, 282 Poliziano, Angelo, I: 240 Poll Degree from a Third Point of View, The (Stephen), V: 289 Pollock, Jackson, Supp. IV: 80 Polly (Gay), III: 55, 65–67 “Polonius” (FitzGerald), IV: 353

POLO−PRAE Polonius: A Collection of Wise Saws and Modern Instances (FitzGerald), IV: 344, 353 Polychronicon (Higden), I: 22 Polychronicon (tr. Trevisa), Supp. IX: 243–252, 256–259 “Pomegranates of Patmos, The” (Harrison), Supp. V: 160 Pomes Penyeach (Joyce), VII: 42 Pomona (Evelyn), II: 287 Pompeii (Macaulay), IV: 290 “Pompeii” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 122 Pompey the Great (tr. Dorset et al.), II: 270, 271 Pooh Perplex: A Freshman Casebook (Crews), Supp. V: 311 Poole, A. L., III: 161n Poole, Thomas, IV: 42, 43, 51 “Poor” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 168 Poor Clare (Hartley), Supp. VII: 132 “Poor Koko” (Fowles), Supp. I: 303 “Poor Man, The” (Coppard), VIII: 94 “Poor Man and the Lady, The” (Hardy), VI: 2, 20; Retro. Supp. I: 112 “Poor Man’s Guide to Southern Tuscany, A” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Poor Man’s Plea, The (Defoe), III: 2, 12; Retro. Supp. I: 74–75 “Poor Marguerite” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 212 “Poor Mary” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “Poor Mathias” (Arnold), V: 207 Poor Miss Finch (Collins), Supp. VI: 102–103 Poor Mouth, The (O’Nolan), Supp. II: 333–335 “Poor Richard” (James), VI: 69 Poor Things (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 80, 85–87 Poor Tom (Muir), Supp. VI: 198 Pope, Alexander, I: 326, 328; II: 195– 197, 236, 259, 261, 263, 298, 308– 309, 311, 321, 332, 335, 344; III: 1, 19, 20, 33, 46, 50, 54, 56, 60, 62, 68– 79, 95, 118, 167n, 234, 278, 280–282, 288; IV: 104, 182, 187, 189–190, 280; V: 319; Supp. III: 421–422; Retro. Supp. I: 76, 229–242 Pope’s Wedding, The (Bond), Supp. I: 422, 423–425, 426, 427, 435 Popery: British and Foreign (Landor), IV: 100 “Poplar Field, The” (Cowper), III: 218 Popper, Karl, Supp. IV: 115 “Poppies” (Nye), Supp. X: 204–205 “Poppy grows upon the shore, A” (Bridges), VI: 78 Popular Education of France with Notices of that of Holland and Switzerland, The (Arnold), V: 216 “Popular Fallacies” (Lamb), IV: 82 Porcupine, The (Barnes), Supp. IV: 65, 67, 68, 73, 74 “Pornography” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 168 Obscenity” “Pornography and (Lawrence), VII: 91, 101, 122 “Pornography” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 394–395 “Porphyria’s Lover” (Browning), IV: 360; V: 315; Retro. Supp. II: 22

Porson, Richard, IV: 63 “Portico” (Murphy), Supp. V: 327 “Portobello Road, The” (Spark), Supp. I: 200 “Portrait, The” (Gogol), III: 340, 345 “Portrait, The” (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220 “Portrait, The” (Rossetti), V: 239 Portrait, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Portrait of a Gentleman in Slippers (Milne), Supp. V: 300 “Portrait of a Grandfather, The” (Bridges), VI: 78 “Portrait of a Lady” (Eliot), VII: 144 Portrait of a Lady, The (James), V: xxiv, 51; VI: 25, 26, 35–38; Supp. IV: 243 “Portrait of an Emperor, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 216 “Portrait of Mr. W. H., The” (Wilde), V: 405–406, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 365– 366 Portrait of Rossetti (Grylls), V: 247, 249, 260 “Portrait of the Artist, A” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 272 “Portrait of the Artist, A” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 168 Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog (Thomas), Supp. I: 176, 180, 181, 182 Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, A (Joyce), VII: xiv, 45–47; critical studies, VII: 57; Supp. IV: 364, 371; Retro. Supp. I: 169, 170, 173–175 “Portrait of the Artist as Émigré” (Berger), see Painter of Our Time, A “Portrait of the Beatnik: Letter from California” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 5–6, 9 “Portrait of the Engineer, A” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Portrait of the Lakes (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 223 Portrait of Orkney (Brown), Supp. VI: 65 “Portraits” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 494 Portraits Contemporains (Sainte’Beuve), V: 212 Portraits from Memory (Russell), VI: 170 “Portraits in the Nude” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 214 Portraits of Places (James), VI: 67 “Ports” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 24 Portugal History, The; or, A Relation of the Troubles . . . in the Court of Portugal . . . (Pepys), II: 288 “Pose (After the Painting Mrs. Badham by Ingres)” (Boland), Supp. V: 40 Positions (Mulcaster), I: 122 “Positive Season, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 104–105 Positives (Gunn), Supp. IV: 257, 264, 265, 266 Possession: A Romance (Byatt), Supp. IV: 139, 149, 151–153 Post Captain (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 254– 255 “Post Office” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 9 Postal Problem, A (Carroll), V: 274 “Posterity” (Larkin), Supp. I: 282 Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson . . . (ed. Shelley), IV: 208

412

Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, The (Dickens), see Pickwick Papers Posthumous Poems (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 Posthumous Poems (Shelley), IV: 208 Posthumous Poems, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Posthumous Tales (Crabbe), III: 278, 286 “Postmodern Blues” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 324 Post’Mortem (Coward), Supp. II: 149– 150, 151 “Postponing the Bungalow” (Dunn), Supp. X: 68 “Postscript” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 81 “Postscript: for Gweno” (Lewis), VII: 444, 446 “Postscripts” (radio broadcasts), VII: 212 Poet Geranium, The (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 213, 216–217 Pot of Broth, The (Yeats), VI: 218 “Potato Gatherers, The” (Friel), Supp. V: 114 Potter, Beatrix, Supp. III: 287–309 Potter, Cherry, Supp. IV: 181 Potter, Dennis, Supp. X: 227–242 Potter’s Thumb, The (Steel), Supp. XII: 270–271 Potting Shed, The (Greene), Supp. I: 13; Retro. Supp. II: 162 “Potting Shed Tutti—Frutti” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 Pottle, F. A., III: 234n, 239, 240, 247, 249 Pound, Ezra, I: 98; IV: 323, 327, 329, 372; V: xxv, 304, 317n; VI: 207, 216, 247, 323, 417; VII: xiii, xvi, 89, 148, 149; Supp. III: 53–54, 397, 398; Supp. IV: 99, 100, 114–115, 116, 411, 559 Pound on Demand, A (O’Casey), VII: 12 “Pour Commencer” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 297 “Poussin” (MacNeice), VII: 411 Powell, Anthony, VI: 235; VII: xxi, 343– 359; Supp. II: 4; Supp. IV: 505 Powell, Edgar, VI: 385 Powell, L F., III: 234n Power and the Glory, The (Greene; U.S. title, The Labyrinthine Ways), Supp. I: 5, 8, 9–10, 13, 14, 18; Retro. Supp. II: 156–157 Power in Men (Cary), VII: 186, 187 Power of Grace Illustrated (tr. Cowper), III: 220 Powers, Mary, Supp. IV: 423, 428 Powys, T. F., VII: 21, 234; VIII: 245– 259 Practical Criticism (Richards), Supp. II: 185, 405, 418–421, 423, 430 Practical Education (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 152 Practice of Piety, The (Bayly), II: 241 Practice of Writing, The (Lodge), Supp. IV: 366, 381 Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, IV: 269, 283; V: 14 Praeterita (Ruskin), V: 174, 175, 182, 184

PRAG−PRIN “Prague Milk Bottle, The” (Motion), Supp. VII: 262 “Praise for Mercies, Spiritual and Temporal” (Blake), III: 294 “Praise for the Fountain Opened” (Cowper), III: 211 Praise of Age, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 148 “Praise of My Lady” (Morris), V: 295 “Praise of Pindar, The” (Cowley), II: 200 Praise Singer, The (Renault), Supp. IX: 181–182, 187 “Praise II” (Herbert), II: 129; Retro. Supp. II: 177 Praises (Jennings), Supp. V: 219 Prancing Nigger (Firbank; British title, Sorrow in Sunlight), Supp. II: 200, 202, 204, 205, 211, 213, 218–220, 222, 223 Prater Violet (Isherwood), VII: 313–314 Pravda (Hare and Brenton), Supp. IV: 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 293 Praxis (Weldon), Supp. IV: 522, 525– 526, 528, 533 “Prayer, A” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 179 “Prayer Before Birth” (MacNeice), VII: 415 “Prayer for My Daughter, A” (Yeats), VI: 217, 220; Supp. V: 39; Retro. Supp. I: 333 “Prayer 1” (Herbert), II: 122; Retro. Supp. II: 179 “Prayers of the Pope, The” (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 283 Prayers Written at Vailima (Stevenson), V: 396 Praz, Mario, I: 146, 292, 354; II: 123; III: 329, 337, 344–345, 346; V: 412, 420; VII: 60, 62, 70 “Preamble” (Nye), Supp. X: 198 “Precautions in Free Thought” (Butler), Supp. II: 99 “Predators, The” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 73 Predictions for the Year 1708 (Swift), III: 35 Pre’eminent Victorian: A Study of Tennyson, The (Richardson), IV: 339 “Preface” (Arnold), Supp. II: 57 “Preface: Mainly About Myself” (Shaw), VI: 129 Preface to Paradise Lost, “ (Lewis), Supp. III: 240, 265 Preface to the Dramatic Works of Dryden (ed. Congreve), II: 348, 350 Prefaces (Dryden), IV: 349 “Prefaces” (Housman), VI: 156 “Prefatory Letter on Reading the Bible for the First Time” (Moore), VI: 96 “Prefatory Poem to My Brother’s Sonnets” (Tennyson), IV: 327, 336 “Preference” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Prehistories (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 219, 220, 223 Preiching of the Swallow, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 139–140 “Prelude” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 36 “Prelude” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 177, 179, 180 “Prelude, A” (Lawrence), VII: 114

Prelude, The (Wordsworth) IV: ix–x, xxi, 1, 2, 3, 11–17, 24, 25, 43, 151, 315; V: 310 “Prelude and History” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Preludes” (Eliot), Retro. Supp. II: 121 “Preludes” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 “Premature Rejoicing” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 43 Premonition to Princes, A (Ralegh), I: 154 Preoccupations: Selected Prose 1968– 1978 (Heaney), Supp. II: 268–269, 272, 273 Pre’Raphaelite Imagination, The (Dixon Hunt), VI: 167 “Pre–Raphaelite Paintings” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 164 Pre’Raphaelitism (Ruskin), V: 184 Prerogative of Parliaments, The (Ralegh), I: 157–158 “Presage of the Ruin of the Turkish Empire, A” (Waller), II: 233 Presbyterians’ Plea of Merit, The (Swift), III: 36 Prescott, William H., VI: 394 “Presence” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 78 “Presence, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288–289 Presence of Spain, The (Morris), see Spain “Present” (Cope), VIII: 80–81 Present and the Past, The (Compton’Burnett), VII: 61, 62 “Present and the Past: Eliot’s Demonstration, The” (Leavis), VII: 237 “Present Estate of Pompeii” (Lowry), Supp. III: 281–282 “Present King of France Is Bald, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 130 Present Laughter (Coward), Supp. II: 153–154, 156 Present Position of History, The (Trevelyan), VI: 383 Present State of All Nations, The (Smollet), III: 158 “Present State of the Manners, Society, Etc., Etc., of the Metropolis of England, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 213 Present State of the Parties in Great Britain, The (Defoe), III: 13 Present State of Wit, The (Gay), III: 44, 67 “Present Time, The” (Carlyle), IV: 247– 248 Present Times (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 419–420 “Preserve and Renovate” (Dunn), Supp. X: 80 “Preserved” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 44 President’s Child, The (Weldon), Supp. IV: 530–531 Press Cuttings: A Topical Sketch (Shaw), VI: 115, 117, 118–119, 129 Press, John, VI: xvi, xxxiv; VII: xxii, xxxviii “Presser, The” (Coppard), VIII: 86, 96–97 Preston, Thomas, I: 122, 213

413

Pretty Lady, The (Bennett), VI: 250, 251, 259 “Pretty Maids All in a Row” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 19 Previous Convictions (Connolly), Supp. III: 110 Prévost, Antoine, III: 333 Price, Alan, VI: 314 Price, Cecil, III: 258n, 261, 264, 268, 271 Price, Cormell, VI: 166, 167 Price, Richard, IV: 126 “Price, The” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 260 Price of Everything, The (Motion), Supp. VII: 253, 254, 260–262 Price of Salt, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 167, 169–170 “Price of Sixpense, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 219 Price of Stone, The (Murphy), Supp. V: 313, 315, 316, 326–329 “Price of Stone, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 327 “Price of Things, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 42 “Pride” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108–109 Pride and Prejudice (Austen), III: 91, 336; IV: xvii, 103–104, 108–120, 122; Supp. IV: 235, 521; Retro. Supp. II: 7–9 Pride and Prejudice (television adaptation, Weldon), Supp. IV: 521 “Pride of the Village” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 44 Pride’s Cure (Lamb), see John Woodvie Priest to the Temple, A; or, The Country Parson His Character etc. (Herbert), II: 120, 141; Retro. Supp. II: 176 Priestley, J. B., IV: 160, 170; V: xxvi, 96; VII: xii, xviii, 60, 209–231 Priestley, Joseph, III: 290 “Prima Belladonna” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 “Prime Minister” (Churchill), VI: 349 Prime Minister, The (Trollope), V: xxiv, 96, 97, 98–99, 101, 102 Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, The (Spark), Supp. I: 200, 201, 204–206 Primer, The; or, Offıce of the B. Virgin Mary (Dryden), II: 304 Prince, F. T., VII: xxii 422, 427 Prince Caspian (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 260 Prince Hohenstiel’Schwangau, Saviour of Society (Browning), IV: 358, 369, 374 Prince of Dreamers, A (Steel), Supp. XII: 275 Prince Otto (Stevenson), V: 386, 395 Prince Prolétaire (Swinburne), V: 333 “Prince Roman” (Conrad), VI: 148 “Prince’s Progress, The” (Rossetti), V: 250, 258, 259 Prince’s Progress and Other Poems, The (Rossetti), V: 250, 260 Princess, The (Tennyson), IV: xx, 323, 325, 328, 333–334, 336, 338 Princess Casamassima, The (James), VI: 27, 39, 41–43, 67 Princess Cinderella and Her Wicked Sisters (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239

PRIN−PROS “Princess of Kingdom Gone, The” (Coppard), VIII: 92 Princess Zoubaroff, The (Firbank), Supp. II: 202, 204, 205, 215–216 Principia Ethica (Moore), Supp. III: 49 Principles and Persuasions (West), VI: 241 Principles of Literary Criticism (Richards), Supp. II: 405, 411–417 Pringle, David, Supp. V: 32 Prior, Matthew, II: 265 Prioress’s Prologue, The (Chaucer), I: 37 Prioress’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 22, 34 “Prison” (Murphy), Supp. V: 329 Prison Cell and Barrel Mystery, The (Reading), VIII: 263 “Prisoner, The” (Brontë), V: 142, 143, 254 “Prisoner, The” (Browning), IV: 313–314 Prisoner of Chillon, The (Byron), IV: 180, 192 Prisoner of Grace (Cary), VII: 186, 194– 195 Prisoners (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 265 Prisoners of Mainz, The (Waugh), Supp. VI: 269 “Prisoner’s Progress” (MacNeice), VII: 406 Prisons We Choose to Live Inside (Lessing), Supp. I: 239, 254–255 Pritchett, V. S., IV: 120, 298, 306; Supp. III: 99, 102, 211, 311–331 “Private, A” (Thomas), Supp. III: 403, 404, 406 Private Ear, The (Shaffer), Supp. I: 317– 318, 322, 323, 327 “Private Life, The” (James), VI: 48, 67, 69; Retro. Supp. I: 2 Private Life of Henry Maitland, The (Roberts), V: 425, 427, 438 Private Lives (Coward), Supp. II: 139, 147–149, 155–156 Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justiﬁed Sinner, The (Hogg), Supp. X: 103, 114–118 Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, The (Gissing), V: 424, 425, 427, 430–432, 436, 437 Private Papers of James Boswell . . . , The (ed. Pottle and Scott), III: 234n, 247, 249 “Private Place, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 “Private Property” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 “Private Tuition by Mr. Bose” (Desai), Supp. V: 65 Private View, A (Brookner), Supp. IV: 135 Privy Seal (Ford), VI: 324, 326 “Prize, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 “Prize–Winning Poem, The” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8 “Pro and Con on Aragon” (Stead), Supp. IV: 466 Pro populo anglicano defensio . . . (Milton), II: 176 Pro populo anglicano deﬁnsio secunda (Milton), II: 176

“Probable Future of Metaphysics, The” (Hopkins), V: 362 “Problem, The” (Swift), III: 32 Problem of Pain, The (Lewis), Supp. I: 71; Supp. III: 248, 255–256 “Problem of Prose, The” (Leavis), VII: 248 “Problem of Thor Bridge, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 172, 174 Process of Real Freedom, The (Cary), VII: 186 “Process of Separation, A” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23 “Procession, The” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 259–260 “Procrastination” (Crabbe), III: 281, 285 Prodigal Child, A (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 419 Prodigal Son, The: Third Parable for Church Performance (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 “Proferred Love Rejected” (Suckling), II: 227 Professional Foul (Stoppard), Supp. I: 451, 453; Retro. Supp. II: 351–352 “Professions for Women” (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 310 Professor, The (Brontë), V: xxii, 112, 122, 123, 125, 132, 134–137, 148, 150, 151, 152; Retro. Supp. I: 52 “Professor, The” (Thackeray), V: 21, 37 “Professor Fargo” (James), VI: 69 Professors and Gods (Fuller), Supp. VII: 77 Professor’s Love Story, The (Barrie), Supp. III: 4 “Profile of Arthur J. Mason, A” (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 304 Profitable Meditations . . . (Bunyan), II: 253 “Programme Note” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 Progress and Poverty (George), VI: viii Progress of Julius, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 139, 140, 144 Progress of Liberty, The (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204, 211, 213 “Progress of Poesy” (Gray), II: 200; III: 140 “Progress of Poesy, The” (Arnold), V: 209 “Progress of the Soul, The” (Donne), II: 209 Progymnasmata (More), Supp. VII: 236 “Project for a New Novel” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 Project for the Advancement of Religion . . . , A (Swift), III: 26, 35, 46 “Proletariat and Poetry, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 120 Proliﬁc and the Devourer, The (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 10 Prologue (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136 “Prologue to an Autobiography” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 385 Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus), IV: 199 Prometheus Bound, Translated from the Greek of Aeschylus (Browning), IV: 310, 321

414

Prometheus on His Crag (Hughes), Supp. I: 354–355, 363 Prometheus the Firegiver (Bridges), VI: 83 Prometheus Unbound (Shelley), III: 331; IV: xviii, 176, 179, 196, 198, 199– 201, 202, 207, 208; VI: 449–450; Supp. III: 370; Retro. Supp. I: 250, 251–253 “Promise, The” (James), VI: 49 Promise and Fulﬁllment (Koestler), Supp. I: 33 Promise of Love (Renault), see Purposes of Love Promised Land, The (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 36 Promos and Cassandra (Whetstone), I: 313 Promus of Formularies and Elegancies, A (Bacon), I: 264, 271 “Propagation of Knowledge” (Kipling), VI: 200 Proper Marriage, A (Lessing), Supp. I: 238, 244 Proper Studies (Huxley), VII: 198, 201 Properties of Things, On the (tr. Trevisa), see De Proprietatibus Rerum “Property of Colette Nervi, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 500 Prophecy (Seltzer), III: 345 Prophecy of Dante, The (Byron), IV: 193 Prophesy to the Wind (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 221–222 Prophetess, The (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 55, 66 Prophetic Book, The (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173 “Prophetic Book, The” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173 “Prophets, The” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 9 “Prophet’s Hair, The” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 438 Proposal for Correcting . . . the English Tongue, A (Swift), III: 29, 35 Proposal for Giving Badges to the Beggars . . . of Dublin, A (Swift), III: 36 Proposal for Making an Effectual Provision for the Poor, A (Fielding), III: 105; Retro. Supp. I: 81 Proposal for Putting Reform to the Vote, A (Shelley), IV: 208 Proposals for an Association of . . . Philanthropists . . . (Shelley), IV: 208 Proposals for Publishing Monthly . . . (Smollett), III: 148 Proposals for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture . . . (Swift), III: 27–28, 35 Propositions for the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy, A (Cowley), II: 196, 202 Prose of John Clare, The (Clare), Supp. XI: 53, 58 Prose Works, The (Swift), III: 15n 35 Proserpine, The (Rossetti), V: 295 Prosody of AParadise Lost”and ASamson Agonistes,”The (Bridges), VI: 83 Prospero’s Cell (Durrell), Supp. I: 96, 100, 110–111

PROT−QUEE Protestant Monastery, The; or, A Complaint against the Brutality of the Present Age (Defoe), III: 14 “Proteus; or, Matter” (Bacon), I: 267 Prothalamion (Spenser), I: 124, 131 “Proud word you never spoke, but you will speak” (Landor), IV: 99 Proust, Marcel, V: xxiv, 45, 174, 183; Supp. I: 44–45; Supp. IV: 126, 136, 139 Proust Screenplay, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 378 Provence (Ford), VI: 324 “Proverbs of Hell” (Blake), III: 298; Retro. Supp. I: 38 Providence (Brookner), Supp. IV: 124– 125, 131 “Providence” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 177 “Providence and the Guitar” (Stevenson), V: 395 Provincial Pleasures (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 223 Provok’d Husband, The (Cibber), II: 326, 337 Provok’d Wife, The (Vanbrugh), II: 325, 329–332, 334, 336, 360 Provost, The (Galt), IV: 35 Prussian Offıcer, The, and Other Stories (Lawrence), VII: 114 Pryce’Jones, Alan, VII: 70 Prynne, William, II: 339; Supp. III: 23 “Psalm of Montreal, A” (Butler), Supp. II: 105 “Psalms of Assize” (Hill), Supp. V: 193 Pseudodoxia Epidemica (Browne), II: 149–150, 151, 155, 156, 345n Pseudo–Martyr (Donne), I: 352–353, 362; Retro. Supp. II: 97 Psmith Journalist (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 450 Psyche’s Task (Frazer), Supp. III: 185 Psycho (ﬁlm), III: 342–343 Psycho Apocalypté, a Lyrical Drama (Browning and Horne), IV: 321 Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious (Lawrence), VII: 122; Retro. Supp. II: 234 “Psychology of Advertising, The” (Sayers), Supp. III: 345 Psychology of the Poet Shelley (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 45 Psychology of the Unconscious (Jung), Supp. IV: 3 “Psychopolis” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 395–396 Puberty Tree, The (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490 “Puberty Tree, The” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 492–493 Public Address (Blake), III: 305 Public Burning, The (Coover), Supp. IV: 116 Public Eye, The (Shaffer), Supp. I: 317, 318–319, 327 “Public Footpath To” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 219 Public Image, The (Spark), Supp. I: 200, 208–209, 218n Public Ledger (periodical), III: 179, 188

Public School Life: Boys, Parents, Masters (Waugh), Supp. VI: 267, 270 Public School Verse (Cameron), Supp. IX: 17 “Public Son of a Public Man, The” (Spender), Supp. II: 483 “Public–House Conﬁdence” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 22–23 Publick Employment and an Active Life Prefer’d to Solitude (Evelyn), II: 287 Publick Spirit of the Whigs, The (Swift), III: 35 “Puck and Saturn” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 323 “Puck Is Not Sure About Apollo” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 321 Puck of Pook’s Hill (Kipling), VI: viii, 169, 204 Puffball (Weldon), Supp. IV: 531, 533– 534 Pulci, Luigi, IV: 182, 188 Pullman, Philip, Supp. XIII: 149–161 Pumpkin Eater, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 374 Punch (periodical), IV: 263; V: xx, 19, 23, 24–25; VI: 367, 368; Supp. II: 47, 49 Punch’s Prize Novelists (Thackeray), V: 22, 38 “Punishment Enough” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 29 “Pupil, The” (James), VI: 49, 69 Purcell, Henry, Retro. Supp. II: 196 Purcell Commemoration Ode (Bridges), VI: 81 Purchas’s Pilgrimage, IV: 46 Pure Poetry. An Anthology (Moore), VI: 99 Purgatorio (Dante), Supp. IV: 439 Purgatorio (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 124 Purgatorio II (Eliot), VII: 151 Purgatory (Yeats), VI: 219 Puritan, The (anonymous), I: 194; II: 21 Puritain and the Papist, The (Cowley), II: 202 Purity of Diction in English Verse (Davie), Supp. VI: 107, 114 “Purl and Plain” (Coppard), VIII: 96 “Purple” (Owen), VI: 449 Purple Dust (O’Casey), VII: 7, 8 “Purple Jar, The” (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 153 Purple Plain, The (Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Purposes of Love (Renault), Supp. IX: 172–173 Pursuit of Love, The (Mitford), Supp. X: 151–152, 156, 158–161, 163 Pushkin, Aleksander, III: 339, 345; Supp. IV: 484, 495 Puss in Boots: The Adventures of That Most Enterprising Feline (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 152 Put Out More Flags (Waugh), VII: 290, 297–298, 300, 313 Puttenham, George, I: 94, 114, 119, 146, 214 Puzzleheaded Girl, The (Stead), Supp. IV: 476

415

“Puzzling Nature of Blue, The” (Carey), Supp. XII: 55 “Pygmalion” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 28–29 “Pygmalion” (Gower), I: 53–54 Pygmalion (Shaw), VI: xv, 108, 115, 116–117, 120; Retro. Supp. II: 322 “Pylons, The” (Spender), Supp. II: 48 Pym, Barbara, Supp. II: 363–384 Pynchon, Thomas, Supp. IV: 116, 163 Pynson, Richard, I: 99 Pyramid, The (Golding), Supp. I: 81–82; Retro. Supp. I: 100–101 “Pyramis or The House of Ascent” (Hope), Supp. VII: 154 “Pyramus and Thisbe” (Gower), I: 53– 54, 55

“Q

ua cursum ventus” (Clough), V: 160 Quadrille (Coward), Supp. II: 155 “Quaint Mazes” (Hill), Supp. V: 191 Quakers Past and Present, The (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 187 “Quality of Sprawl, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 278–279 Quality Street (Barrie), Supp. III: 6, 8 “Quantity Theory of Insanity, The” (Self), Supp. V: 402 Quantity Theory of Insanity, The: Together with Five Supporting Propositions (Self), Supp. V: 395, 400–402 Quare Fellow, The (Behan), Supp. II: 65, 68–70, 73 Quaritch, Bernard, IV: 343, 346, 348, 349 Quarles, Francis, II: 139, 246 “Quarrel, The” (Cornford), VIII: 113 Quarterly Review (periodical), IV: xvi, 60–61, 69, 133, 204–205, 269–270; V: 140 Quartermaine, Peter, Supp. IV: 348 Quartet (Rhys), Supp. II: 388, 390–392, 403 Quartet in Autumn (Pym), Supp. II: 380– 382 Queen, The; or, The Excellency of Her Sex (Ford), II: 88, 89, 91, 96, 100 “Queen Annelida and False Arcite” (Browning), IV: 321 Queen Is Crowned, A (Fry), Supp. III: 195 Queen Mab (Shelley), IV: xvii, 197, 201, 207, 208; Retro. Supp. I: 245–246 Queen Mary (Tennyson), IV: 328, 338 Queen of Corinth, The (Field, Fletcher, Massinger), II: 66 Queen of Hearts, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 95 “Queen of Spades, The” (Pushkin), III: 339–340, 345 Queen of Stones (Tennant), Supp. IX: 231, 233–235 Queen of the Air, The (Ruskin), V: 174, 180, 181, 184 Queen of the Dawn (Haggard), Supp. III: 222 Queen Sheba’s Ring (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Queen Victoria (Strachey), Supp. II: 512–514

QUEE−RAPT Queen Was in the Parlor, The (Coward), Supp. II: 141, 146 Queen Yseult (Swinburne), V: 333 Queenhoo’Hall (Strutt), IV: 31 “Queenie Fat and Thin” (Brooke’Rose), Supp. IV: 103 Queen’Mother, The (Swinburne), V: 312, 313, 314, 330, 331, 332 Queen’s Tragedy, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Queen’s Wake, The (Hogg), Supp. X: 106"107, 110 Queery Leary Nonsense (Lear), V: 87 Quennell, Peter, V: xii, xviii, 192, 193, 194; VI: 237; Supp. III: 107 Quentin Durward (Scott), IV: xviii, 37, 39 “Quest, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 249 Quest sonnets (Auden), VII: 380–381; Retro. Supp. I: 2, 10 “Question” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290, 291 “Question, A” (Synge), VI: 314 “Question, The” (Shelley), IV: 203 “Question for Walter, A” (Longley), VIII: 163–164 “Question in the Cobweb, The” (Reid), Supp. VII: 326 Question of Attribution, A (Bennett), VIII: 30, 31 Question of Blood, A (Rankin), Supp. X: 245, 257 “Question of Form and Content, A” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 297–298 “Question of Place, A” (Berger), Supp. IV: 92 Question of Proof, A (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 117, 131 Question of Upbringing, A (Powell), VII: 343, 347, 350, 351 “Question Time” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 54 Questions about the . . . Seventh’Day Sabbath (Bunyan), II: 253 “Questions in a Wood” (Graves), VII: 268 “Qui laborat orat” (Clough), V: 160 “Quidditie, The” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 179 Quiet American, The (Greene), Supp. I: 7, 13, 14; Supp. IV: 369; Retro. Supp. II: 160–161 Quiet Life, A (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 17, 21–22, 26–27 Quiet Memorandum, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 374 “Quiet Neighbours” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 Quiet Wedding (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 311 “Quiet Woman, The” (Coppard), VIII: 93 “Quiet Woman of Chancery Lane, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235, 237 Quigley, Austin E., Retro. Supp. I: 227 Quiller’Couch, Sir Arthur, II: 121, 191; V: 384 Quillinan, Edward, IV: 143n Quinlan, M. J., III: 220 Quinn Manuscript, VII: 148

Quintessence of Ibsenism, The (Shaw), VI: 104, 106, 129 “Quintets for Robert Morley” (Murray), Supp. VII: 278, 283 Quinx (Durrell), Supp. I: 119, 120 “Quip, The” (Herbert), II: 126 “Quis Optimus Reipvb. Status (What Is the Form of Best The Commonwealth?)” (More), Supp. VII: 238 “Quite Early One Morning” (Thomas), Supp. I: 183 “Quitting Bulleen” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 316 Quoof (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 418–421, 422, 423, 425 “Quorum Poram” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 137

“R.

E.” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 21 “R. I. P.” (Gissing), V: 43 “R. I. P.” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285 R.L.S. and His Sine Qua Non (Boodle), V: 391, 393, 397 R. S. Thomas: Selected Prose (Thomas), Supp. XII: 279, 282 Raban, Jonathan, Supp. XI: 227–241 “Rabbit Catcher, The” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 217–218 Rabelais, François, III: 24; Supp. IV: 464 “Race, Racist, Racism” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 101 Rachel Papers, The (Amis), Supp. IV: 26, 27, 28–29, 30 Rachel Ray (Trollope), V: 101 Racine, Jean Baptiste, II: 98; V: 22 Racing Demon (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 294–296, 298 Radcliffe (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 410, 414, 415–416, 418–419 Radcliffe, Ann, III: 327, 331–332, 333, 335–338, 345; IV: xvi, 30, 35, 36, 111, 173, 218; Supp. III: 384 Radcliffe Hall: A Case of Obscenity? (Brittain), Supp. X: 47 Radiant Way, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 231, 234, 247–249, 250 Radical Imagination, The (Harris), Supp. V: 140, 145 Rafferty, Terrence, Supp. IV: 357, 360 Raffety, F. W., III: l99n Raft of the Medusa, The (Géricault), Supp. IV: 71–72 “Rage for Order” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 170 Rage of the Vulture, The (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 356, 357, 359–360 Raiders’ Dawn (Lewis), VII: 445, 448 Railway Accident, The (Upward), Supp. XIII: 249–250, 251–252, 253, 260 “Railway Library, The” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 71 Railway Man and His Children, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 219 Rain (Maugham), VI: 369 “Rain” (Thomas), VI: 424; Supp. III: 400, 401

416

Rain and the Glass: New and Selected Poems, The (Nye), Supp. X: 199 “Rain Charm for the Duchy” (Hughes), Supp. I: 365; Retro. Supp. II: 214 “Rain Horse, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 348 “Rain in Spain, The” (Reid), Supp. VII: 328 “Rain in the Eaves, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 200 “Rain Stick, The” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 132–133 Rain upon Godshill (Priestley), VII: 209, 210 “Rain Upon the Roof, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 202 Rainbow, The (Lawrence), VI: 232, 276, 283; VII: 88, 90, 93, 98–101; Retro. Supp. II: 227–228 “Rainbow Sign, The” (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 159–161 Raine, Craig, Supp. XIII: 163–178 Raine, Kathleen, III: 297, 308 “Rainy Night, A” (Lowry), Supp. III: 270 Raj Quartet (Scott), Supp. I: 259, 260, 261–262, 266–272 “Rajah’s Diamond, The” (Stevenson), V: 395 Rajan, B., VI: 219 Rake’s Progress, The (Auden/Kallman), Retro. Supp. I: 10 Raknem, Ingwald, VI: 228 Ralegh, Sir Walter, I: 145–159, 277, 278, 291; II: 138; III: 120, 122, 245; VI: 76, 157; Retro. Supp. I: 203–204 Raleigh, Sir Walter, see Ralegh, Sir Walter Ralph the Heir (Trollope), V: 100, 102 “Ram, The” (Armitage), VIII: 12 Rambler (Newman), Supp. VII: 299 Rambler (periodical), II: 142; III: 94, 110–111, 112, 119, 121; Retro. Supp. I: 137, 140–141, 149 Rambles Among the Oases of Tunisia (Douglas), VI: 305 “Ramiﬁcation” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63 Ramillies and the Union with Scotland (Trevelyan), VI: 392–393 Ramsay, Allan, III: 312, 313; IV: 28 Ramsay, Andrew, III: 99, 100 Randall, Anne Frances, see Robinson, Mary Darby Randall, H. S., IV: 275 Randolph, Thomas, II: 222, 237, 238 “Range” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 222 Rank and Riches (Collins), Supp. VI: 93 Ranke, Leopold von, IV: 288 Rankin, Ian, Supp. X: 243–260 Rao, Raja, Supp. IV: 440; Supp. V: 56 Rape of Lucrece, The (Shakespeare), I: 306–307, 325; II: 3 Rape of the Lock, The (Pope), III: 70– 71, 75, 77; Retro. Supp. I: 231, 233 “Rape of the Sherlock, The” (Milne), Supp. V: 297 Rape upon Rape (Fielding), III: 105 “Rapparees” (Murphy), Supp. V: 323 “Raptor” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 291–292 “Rapture, A” (Carew), II: 223

RAPT−REEV “Rapture, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 266 “Rapunzel Revisited” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 170 Rash Act, The (Ford), VI: 319, 331 Rash Resolve, The; or, The Untimely Discovery (Haywood), Supp. XII: 140 “Raspberry Jam” (Wilson), Supp. I: 154, 157 “Raspberrying” (Reading), VIII: 263 Rat Trap, The (Coward), Supp. II: 146 &ldquoRatatouille” (Dunn), Supp. X: 74 “Ratcatcher, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 214 Ratchford, Fannie, V: 133, 151, 152 “Rational and Humane Society, A” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41 “Rats, The” (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 424 Rats and Other Poems, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 409, 424 Rattigan, Terence, Supp. VII: 307–322 Raven, The (Poe), V: xx, 409 “Ravenna” (Wilde), V: 401, 409 “Ravenswing, The” (Thackeray), V: 23, 35, 36 Raw Material (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411, 414–415, 422, 423 Raw Spirit: In Search of the Perfect Dram (Banks), Supp. XI: 1, 13, 14 “Rawdon’s Roof” (Lawrence), VII: 91 Rawley, William, I: 257 Ray, G. N., V: 37, 39 Ray, Satyajit, Supp. IV: 434, 450 Raymond Asquith: Life and Letters (Jolliffe), VI: 428 Raysor, T. M., IV: 46, 51, 52, 56, 57 Razor’s Edge, The (Maugham), VI: 374, 377–378 Read, Herbert, III: 134; VI: 416, 436– 437; VII: 437 Reade, Winwood, Supp. IV: 2 Reader (periodical), III: 50, 53 Reader’s Guide to G. M. Hopkins, A (MacKenzie), V: 374, 382 Reader’s Guide to Joseph Conrad, A (Karl), VI: 135 Readie & Easie Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth . . . (Milton), II: 176; Retro. Supp. II: 271 Reading, Peter, VIII: 261–275 “Reading, A” (Cope), VIII: 81–82 “Reading and Writhing in a Double Bind” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 385 “Reading Berryman’s Dream Songs at the Writer’s Retreat” (Cope), VIII: 79 “Reading Lesson, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 316, 325 Reading of Earth, A (Meredith), V: 221, 234 Reading of George Herbert, A (Tuve), II: 124, 130; Retro. Supp. II: 174 Reading of Life, A, and Other Poems (Meredith), V: 234 “Reading Robert Southey to My Daughter” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 “Reading Scheme” (Cope), VIII: 71 “Reading the Banns” (Armitage), VIII: 8 “Reading the Elephant” (Motion), Supp. VII: 260, 263 Reading Turgenev (Trevor), Supp. IV: 516

Readings in Crabbe’s ATales of the Hall“ (Fitzgerald), IV: 349, 353 Reagan, Ronald, Supp. IV: 485 “Real and Made–Up People” (Amis), Supp. II: 10 “Real Estate” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 318 Real Inspector Hound, The (Stoppard), Supp. I: 443–444; Retro. Supp. II: 345–346 Real Robert Louis Stevenson, The, and Other Critical Essays (Thompson), V: 450, 451 “Real Thing, The” (James), VI: 48, 69 Real Thing, The (Stoppard), Supp. I: 451–452; Retro. Supp. II: 353–354 “Real World, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 127 Realists, The (Snow), VII: 338–339 “Realm of Possibility” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 80 Realms of Gold, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 232, 243–245, 246, 248, 251 “Realpolitik” (Wilson), Supp. I: 154, 157 Reardon, Derek, Supp. IV: 445 “Rear–Guard, The” (Sassoon), VI: 431; Supp. III: 59 “Reason, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Reason and Sensuality (Lydgate), I: 57, 64 Reason of Church Government Urg’d Against Prelaty, The (Milton), II: 162, 175; Retro. Supp. II: 269, 276 “Reason our Foe, let us destroy” (Wycherley), II: 321 Reason Why, The (Rendell), Supp. IX: 196 Reasonable Life, The: Being Hints for Men and Women (Bennett), see Mental Effıciency Reasons Against the Succession of the House of Hanover (Defoe), III: 13 “Reawakening” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74 Rebecca (du Maurier), Supp. III: 134, 135, 137–138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145–146, 147 Rebecca and Rowena: A Romance upon Romance (Thackeray), V: 38 Rebel General, The (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 314, 318 “Rebel General, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 315 Rebels, The (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 222 Rebus: The St. Leonard’s Years (Rankin), Supp. X: 251, 253 “Recall” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 75 Recalled to Life (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 120–121 “Recantation, A” (Kipling), VI: 192–193 “Receipt to Restore Stella’s Youth . . . , A” (Swift), III: 32 “Recessional” (Kipling), VI: 203 Recklings (Hughes), Supp. I: 346, 348 “Reckoning of Meter”, See Háttatal “Recollection, A” (Cornford), VIII: 103, 112 “Recollections” (Pearsall Smith), VI: 76 Recollections of Christ’s Hospital (Lamb), IV: 85 “Recollections of Journey from Essex” (Clare), Supp. XI: 62

417

“Recollections of Solitude” (Bridges), VI: 74 Recollections of the Lake Poets (De Quincey), IV: 146n, 155 “Reconcilement between Jacob Tonson and Mr. Congreve, The” (Rowe), II: 324 “Record, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 “Record of Badalia Herodsfoot, The” (Kipling), VI: 167, 168 Record of Friendship, A (Swinburne), V: 333 Record of Friendship and Criticism, A (Smith), V: 391, 396, 398 Records of a Family of Engineers (Stevenson), V: 387, 396 Recoveries (Jennings), Supp. V: 211 “Recovery” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 75 “Recovery, The” (Vaughan), II: 185 Recruiting Offıcer, The (Farquhar), II: 353, 358–359, 360, 361, 362, 364 “Rector, The” (Oliphant), Supp. X: 214 Rector and the Doctor’s Family, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 214–215 Rectory Umbrella and Mischmasch, The (Carroll), V: 264, 273 “Recycling” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 89 “Red”(Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 218 Red Badge of Courage, The (Crane), Supp. IV: 116 Red Christmas (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 116– 117 Red Cotton Night–Cap Country (Browning), IV: 358, 369, 371, 374 Red Days and White Nights (Koestler), Supp. I: 23 Red Dog (De Bernières), Supp. XII: 65, 69, 77 “Red Front” (Warner), Supp. VII: 372 “Red Graveyard, The” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 104 Red Harvest (Hammett), Supp. II: 130 Red House Mystery, The (Milne), Supp. V: 310 Red Peppers (Coward), Supp. II: 153 “Red, Red Rose, A” (Burns), III: 321 Red Roses for Me (O’Casey), VII: 9 “Red Rubber Gloves” (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 104 “Redeeming the Time” (Hill), Supp. V: 186 “Redemption” (Herbert), II: 126–127 Redgauntlet (Scott), IV: xviii, 31, 35, 39 Redgrove, Peter, Supp. VI: 225–238 “Red–Headed League, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 170 Redimiculum Matellarum [A Necklace of Chamberpots] (Bunting), Supp. VII: 4 “Redriff” (Jones), Supp. VII: 176 “Reed, A” (Browning), IV: 313 Reed Bed, The (Healy), Supp. IX: 96, 106, 107 Reed, Henry, VII: 422–423, 449 Reed, J. W., III: 249 Reef (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 85–100 Rees–Mogg, W., II: 288 Reeve, C., III: 345 Reeve, Clara, III: 80 Reeve’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 37, 41

REFL−REQU “Reﬂection from Anita Loos” (Empson), Supp. II: 183–184 Reﬂections (Greene), Retro. Supp. II: 166–167 “Reﬂections” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 291 “Reﬂections of a Kept Ape” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 394 “Reﬂections on a Peninsula” (Koestler), Supp. I: 34 Reﬂections on Hanging (Koestler), Supp. I: 36 “Reﬂections on Leaving a Place of Retirement” (Coleridge), IV: 44 “Reﬂections on the Death of a Porcupine” (Lawrence), VII: 103–104, 110, 119 Reﬂections on the French Revolution (Burke), III: 195, 197, 201–205; IV: xv, 127; Supp. III: 371, 467, 468, 470 Reﬂections on the Late Alarming Bankruptcies in Scotland (Boswell), III: 248 Reﬂections on the Psalms (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 264 Reﬂections on Violence (Hulme), Supp. VI: 145 Reﬂections upon Ancient and Modern Learning (Wotton), III: 23 Reﬂections upon the Late Great Revolution (Defoe), Retro. Supp. I: 64 Reﬂector (periodical), IV: 80 Reformation of Manners (Defoe), III: 12 “Refusal to mourn, A” (Thomas), Supp. I: 178 Refutation of Deism, in a Dialogue, A (Shelley), IV: 208 “Refutation of Philosophies” (Bacon), I: 263 “Regency Houses” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 127–128 Regeneration (Barker), Supp. IV: 45, 46, 57–59 Regeneration (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 “Regeneration” (Vaughan), II: 185, 187 Regent, The (Bennett), VI: 259, 267 Regicide, The (Smollett), III: 158 “Regina Cara” (Bridges), VI: 81 Reginald (Saki), Supp. VI: 240–242 “Reginald at the Theatre” (Saki), Supp. VI: 241–242 Reginald in Russia and Other Sketches (Saki), Supp. VI: 243–246 “Reginald on the Academy” (Saki), Supp. VI: 240 “Reginald’s Choir Treat” (Saki), Supp. VI: 241, 249 Region of the Summer Stars, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 283 “Regret” (Swinburne), V: 332 Rehabilitations (Lewis), Supp. III: 249 Rehearsal, The (Buckingham), II: 206, 294 Rehearsal Transpros’d, The (Marvell), II: 205, 206–207, 209, 218, 219; Retro. Supp. II: 257–258, 264–266 Reid, Alastair, Supp. VII: 323–337 Reid, J. C., IV: 254, 267 Reign of Sparrows, The (Fuller), Supp. VII: 79 “Reiteration” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 73 “Reiterative” (Reading), VIII: 274

Rejected Address (Smith), IV: 253 “Relapse, The” (Vaughan), II: 187 Relapse, The; or, Virtue in Danger (Vanbrugh), II: 324, 326–329, 332, 334, 335, 336; III: 253, 261 Relation Between Michael Angelo and Tintoret, The (Ruskin), V: 184 Relationship of the Imprisonment of Mr. John Bunyan, A (Bunyan), II: 253 Relative Values (Coward), Supp. II: 155 Relatively Speaking (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 4, 13 “Relativity” (Empson), Supp. II: 182 “Release from Fever” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 23 Religio Laici; or, A Layman’s Faith (Dryden), I: 176, 189; II: 291, 299, 304 Religio Medici (Browne), II: 146–148, 150, 152, 156, 185; III: 40; VII: 29 “Religion” (Vaughan), II: 189 Religious Courtship: . . . Historical Discourses on . . . Marrying . . . (Defoe), III: 13 “Religious Musings” (Coleridge), IV: 43; Retro. Supp. II: 52 Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (Percy), III: 336; IV: 28–29 Reliquiae Wottonianae, II: 142 “Remain, ah not in youth alone” (Landor), IV: 99 Remains (Newman), Supp. VII: 295 Remains of Elmet (Hughes), Supp. I: 342; Retro. Supp. II: 210–211 Remains of Sir Fulke Grevill, Lord Brooke, The: Being Poems of Monarchy and Religion (Greville), Supp. XI: 108 Remains of Sir Walter Ralegh, The, I: 146, 157 Remains of the Day, The (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 301–302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 311–314 Remake (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 98, 99, 102 “Remarkable Rocket, The” (Wilde), Retro. Supp. II: 365 Remarks on Certain Passages of the 39 Articles (Newman), Supp. VII: 295– 296 Remarks Upon a Late Disingenuous Discourse (Marvell), II: 219; Retro. Supp. II: 266 “Rembrandt’s Late Self–Portraits” (Jennings), Supp. V: 211 Remede de Fortune (Machaut), Retro. Supp. II: 37 “Remember” (Rossetti), VII: 64 Remember Me (Weldon), Supp. IV: 535– 536 “Remember Me When I Am Gone Away” (Rossetti), V: 249 “Remember Young Cecil” (Kelman), Supp. V: 245 Remembering Babylon (Malouf), Supp. XII: 218, 227–229 “Remembering Carrigskeewaun” (Longley), VIII: 174 “Remembering Lunch” (Dunn), Supp. X: 74

418

“Remembering Old Wars” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Remembering Sion (Ryan), VII: 2 “Remembering the 90s” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 177 “Remembering the Thirties” (Davie), Supp. VI: 106 “Remembrances” (Clare), Supp. XI: 52 Remembrances of Words and Matter Against Richard Cholmeley, I: 277 Reminiscences (Carlyle), IV: 70n, 239, 240, 245, 250 “Reminiscences of Charlotte Brontë” (Nussey), V: 108, 109, 152 Reminiscences of the Impressionistic Painters (Moore), VI: 99 Remorse (Coleridge), IV: 56 Remorse: A Study in Saffron (Wilde), V: 419 “Removal” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74, 75 “Removal from Terry Street, A” (Dunn), Supp. X 69–70 Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry, The (Pater), see Studies in the History of the Renaissance “Renaissance and Modern Times, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 44 Renan, Joseph Ernest, II: 244 Renault, Mary, Supp. IX: 171–188 Rendell, Ruth, Supp. IX: 189–206 Renegade Poet, And Other Essays, A (Thompson), V: 451 Renegado, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 182, 184, 193 “Renounce thy God” (Dunbar), VIII: 122 “Repeated Rediscovery of America, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 319 “Repentance” (Herbert), II: 128 Repentance of Robert Greene, The (Greene), VIII: 132, 134 “Rephan” (Browning), IV: 365 Replication (Skelton), I: 93 Reply to the Essay on Population, by the Rev. T. R. Malthus, A (Hazlitt), IV: 127, 139 “Report from Below, A” (Hood), IV: 258 “Report on a Threatened City” (Lessing), Supp. I: 250n “Report on an Unidentiﬁed Space Station” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 “Report on Experience” (Blunden), VI: 428;Supp. XI: 39 Report on the Salvation Army Colonies (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 “Report to the Trustees of the Bellahouston Travelling Scholarship, A” (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 79–80, 82, 90 “Reported Missing” (Scannell), VII: 424 Reports on Elementary Schools, 1852– 1882 (Arnold), V: 216 Reprinted Pieces (Dickens), V: 72 Reprisal, The (Smollett), III: 149, 158 Reproof: A Satire (Smollett), III: 158 Reptonian, The, Supp. XIII: 250 “Requiem” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 175 “Requiem” (Stevenson), V: 383; Retro. Supp. I: 268 “Requiem” (tr. Thomas), Supp. IV: 494– 495

REQU−RIBB 312“Requiem for the Croppies” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 127–128 “Requiescat” (Arnold), V: 211 “Requiescat” (Wilde), V: 400 Required Writing (Larkin), Supp. I: 286, 288 “Re–Reading Jane” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 262 Rescue, The (Conrad), VI: 136, 147 Resentment (Waugh), Supp. VI: 270 “Reservoirs” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 279 Residues (Thomas), Supp. XII: 282 “Resignation” (Arnold), V: 210 “Resolution and Independence” (Wordsworth), IV: 19–20, 22; V: 352 “Resound my voice, ye woods that hear me plain” (Wyatt), I: 110 Responsibilities (Yeats), VI: 213; Retro. Supp. I: 330 “Responsibility” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 189 Responsio ad Lutherum (More), Supp. VII: 242–243 Ressoning betuix Aige and Yowth, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 147 Ressoning betuix Deth and Man, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 147 Restoration (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 434, 435 Restoration of Arnold Middleton, The (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 411, 412–413, 414, 415, 417 “Resurgam” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 139– 140 “Resurrection, The” (Cowley), II: 200 Resurrection, The (Yeats), VI: xiv, 222 “Resurrection and Immortality” (Vaughan), II: 185, 186 Resurrection at Sorrow Hill (Harris), Supp. V: 144 Resurrection Men (Rankin), Supp. X: 245, 256–257 Resurrection of the Dead, The, . . . (Bunyan), II: 253 “Retaliation” (Goldsmith), III: 181, 185, 191 “Reticence of Lady Anne, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 245 “Retired” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 291 “Retired Cat, The” (Cowper), III: 217 “Retirement” (Vaughan), II: 187, 188, 189 “Retreat, The” (King), Supp. VI: 153 “Retreate, The” (Vaughan), II: 186, 188– 189 “Retrospect” (Brooke), Supp. III: 56 “Retrospect: From a Street in Chelsea” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 121 “Retrospective Review” (Hood), IV: 255 “Return, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 “Return, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 “Return, A” (Russell), VIII: 284 “Return, The” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 298 Return from Parnassus, The, part 2, II: 27 “Return from the Freudian Islands, The” (Hope), Supp. VII: 155–156, 157 “Return from the Islands” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235

Return of Eva Peron, The (Naipaul), Supp. I: 396, 397, 398, 399 Return of the Druses, The (Browning), IV: 374 “Return of the Iron Man, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 346 Return of the King, The (Tolkien), Supp. II: 519 Return of the Native, The (Hardy), V: xxiv, 279; VI: 1–2, 5, 6, 7, 8; Retro. Supp. I: 114 Return of the Soldier, The (West), Supp. III: 440, 441 Return of Ulysses, The (Bridges), VI: 83 Return to Abyssinia (White), Supp. I: 131 Return to My Native Land (tr. Berger), Supp. IV: 77 Return to Night (Renault), Supp. IX: 175 Return to Oasis (Durrell), VII: 425 “Return to the Council House” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 214 Return to Yesterday (Ford), VI: 149 Returning (O’Brien), Supp. V: 339 “Returning, We Hear the Larks” (Rosenberg), VI: 434–435 Revaluation (Leavis), III: 68; VII: 234, 236, 244–245 “Reveille” (Hughes), Supp. I: 350 Revelation of Love, A (Julian of Norwich), Supp. XII: 149, 150, 153–162, 163– 165 Revelations of Divine Love (Julian of Norwich), I: 20–21; Supp. XII: 155 Revenge for Love, The (Lewis), VII: 72, 74, 81 Revenge Is Sweet: Two Short Stories (Hardy), VI: 20 Revenge of Bussy D’Ambois, The (Chapman), I: 251–252, 253; II: 37 Revenger’s Tragedy, The, II: 1–2, 21, 29, 33–36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 70, 97 Revengers’ Comedies, The (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 10 Reverberator, The (James), VI: 67 “Reverie” (Browning), IV: 365 Reveries over Childhood and Youth (Yeats), VI: 222 Reversals (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 255– 256 “Reversals” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256 Reverse of the Medal, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 256, 257, 258, 260 Review (periodical), II: 325; III: 4, 13, 39, 41, 42, 51, 53 “Review, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 269 Review Christmas Annuals, Supp. XIII: 242 Review of Reviews, Supp. XIII: 241–243 Review of some poems by Alexander Smith and Matthew Arnold (Clough), V: 158 Review of the Affairs of France, A . . . (Defoe), III: 13; Retro. Supp. I: 65 Review of the State of the British Nation, A (Defoe), Retro. Supp. I: 65 “Reviewer’s ABC, A” (Aiken), VII: 149 Revised Version of the Bible, I: 381–382 “Revision” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8

419

Revolt in the Desert (Lawrence), Supp. II: 288, 289–290, 293 Revolt of Aphrodite, The (Durrell), see Tunc; Nunquam Revolt of Islam, The (Shelley), IV: xvii, 198, 203, 208; VI: 455; Retro. Supp. I: 249–250 “Revolt of the Tartars” (De Quincey), IV: 149 Revolt of the Triffıds, The (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 281 Revolving Lights (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 184–185, 190 “Revolution” (Housman), VI: 160 Revolution in Tanner ’s Lane, The (Rutherford), VI: 240 Revolution Script, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 141, 143 Revolutionary Epick, The (Disraeli), IV: 306, 308 Revolving Lights (Richardson), Retro. Supp. I: 313–314 Revue des Deux Mondes (Montégut), V: 102 Revue d’ethnographie et de sociologie, Supp. XIII: 44 “Revulsion” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110, 112 “Rex Imperator” (Wilson), Supp. I: 155, 156 “Reynard the Fox” (Maseﬁeld), VI: 338 Reynolds, G. W. M., III: 335 Reynolds, Henry, Supp. IV: 350 Reynolds, John, II: 14 Reynolds, John Hamilton, IV: 215, 221, 226, 228, 229, 232, 233, 253, 257, 259, 281 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, II: 336; III: 305 “Rhapsody of Life’s Progress, A” (Browning), IV: 313 “Rhapsody on a Windy Night” (Eliot), Retro. Supp. II: 121–122 Rhetor (Harvey), I: 122 “Rhetoric” (De Quincey), IV: 147 “Rhetoric” (Jennings), Supp. V: 218 “Rhetoric and Poetic Drama” (Eliot), VII: 157 “Rhetoric of a Journey” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72 Rhetoric of the Unreal: Studies in Narrative and Structure, Especially of the Fantastic, A (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 97, 99, 115, 116 “Rhineland Journal” (Spender), Supp. II: 489 Rhoda Fleming (Meredith), V: xxiii, 227n, 234 “Rhodian Captain” (Durrell), Supp. I: 124 Rhododaphne (Peacock), IV: 158, 170 Rhyme? and Reason? (Carroll), V: 270, 273 Rhyme Stew (Dahl), Supp. IV: 226 “Rhyming Cufflinks” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 164 Rhys, Jean, Supp. II: 387–403; Supp. V: 40; Retro. Supp. I: 60 “Rhythm and Imagery in British Poetry” (Empson), Supp. II: 195 “Ribblesdale” (Hopkins), V: 367, 372; Retro. Supp. II: 191

RIBN−ROBE Ribner, Irving, I: 287 Riccoboni, Luigi, II: 348 Riceyman Steps (Bennett), VI: 250, 252, 260–261 Rich, Barnaby, I: 312 Rich (Raine), Supp. XIII: 167–168 “Rich” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 168 Rich Get Rich (Kavan), Supp. VII: 208– 209 Richard II (Shakespeare), I: 286, 308 Richard III (Shakespeare), I: 285, 299– 301 “Richard Martin” (Hood), IV: 267 Richard Rolle of Hampole, I: 20 Richard Temple (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 251, 252 Richards, I. A., III: 324; V: 367, 381; VI: 207, 208; VII: xiii, 233, 239; Supp. II: 185, 193, 405–431 Richard’s Cork Leg (Behan), Supp. II: 65, 74 Richards, Grant, VI: 158 Richardson, Betty, Supp. IV: 330 Richardson, Dorothy, VI: 372; VII: 20; Supp. IV: 233; Retro. Supp. I: 313– 314; Supp. XIII: 179–193 Richardson, Elaine Cynthia Potter, see Kincaid, Jamaica Richardson, Joanna, IV: xxv, 236; V: xi, xviii Richardson, Samuel, III: 80–93, 94, 98, 333; VI: 266 Supp. II: 10; Supp. III: 26, 30–31; Supp. IV: 150; Retro. Supp. I: 80 “Richey” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 6 “Richt Respeck for Cuddies, A” (tr. Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 168 Ricks, Christopher, Supp. IV: 394, 398 Riddarasögur, VIII: 236 “Riddle of Houdini, The” (Doyle), Supp. II: 163–164 Riddle of Midnight, The (ﬁlm, Rushdie), Supp. IV: 436, 441 “Ride from Milan, The” (Swinburne), V: 325, 333 “Ride Round the Parapet, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 122 Riders in the Chariot (White), Supp. I: 131, 132, 133, 136, 141–143, 152 Riders to the Sea (Synge), VI: xvi, 308, 309, 310–311; Retro. Supp. I: 296 Ridiculous Mountains, The (Dutton), Supp. XII: 85 Riding, Laura, VI: 207; VII: 258, 260, 261, 263, 269; Supp. II: 185; Supp. III: 120 Riding Lights (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 181, 185–186, 190, 194 Riffaterre, Michael, Supp. IV: 115 Rigby, Elizabeth, V: 138 “Right Apprehension” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 266 Right at Last and Other Tales (Gaskell), V: 15 Right Ho, Jeeves (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 458, 461 “Right Season, The” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 104 Right to an Answer, The (Burgess), Supp. I: 187, 188–189, 190, 195, 196

Righter, Anne, I: 224, 269, 329 Rights of Great Britain asserted against the Claims of America (Macpherson), VIII: 193 Rights of Passage (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 33, 34, 36–38, 39, 40, 41, 45 RígsÞula, VIII: 231 Rilke, Rainer Maria, VI: 215; Supp. IV: 480 Rimbaud, Jean Nicolas, Supp. IV: 163 “Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The” (Coleridge), see “Ancient Mariner, The“ Riming Poem, The, Retro. Supp. II: 304 Ring, The (Wagner), V: 300 Ring and the Book, The (Browning), IV: xxiii, 358, 362, 369, 373, 374; Retro. Supp. II: 28–29 Ring Round the Moon (Fry), Supp. III: 195, 207 “Ringed Plover by a Water’s Edge” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Rings of Saturn, The (Sebald), VIII: 295, 303–305, 308 Rings on a Tree (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 190 Ripley Under Ground (Highsmith), Supp. V: 171 Ripley Under Water (Highsmith), Supp. V: 171 Ripley’s Game (Highsmith), Supp. V: 171 Ripple from the Storm, A (Lessing), Supp. I: 244–245 Rise and Fall of the House of Windsor, The (Wilson), Sup. VI: 308 “Rise of Historical Criticism, The” (Wilde), V: 401, 419 Rise of Iskander, The (Disraeli), IV: 308 “Rising Five” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 Rising of the Moon, The (Gregory), VI: 315, 316 Rise of the Russian Empire, The (Saki), Supp. VI: 239 Ritchie, Lady Anne, V: 10 “Rite and Fore–Time” (Jones), Supp. VII: 176 Rite of the Passion, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 276–277 “Rites” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 40, 45 Rites of Passage (Golding), Supp. I: 86– 87; Retro. Supp. I: 103–104 “Rites of Passage” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 266 “Ritual of Departure” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 264 “Rival, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 Rival Ladies, The (Dryden), II: 293, 297, 305 Rivals, The (Sheridan), III: 253, 257– 259, 270 Rive, Richard, Supp. II: 342–343, 350 River (Hughes), Supp. I: 363; Retro. Supp. II: 212–214 “River, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 “River” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 320 River Between, The (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 218– 219 River Dudden, The, a Series of Sonnets (Wordsworth), IV: 24 River Girl, The (Cope), VIII: 69, 74–75 “River God, The” (Smith), Supp. II: 472

420

River Town, A (Keneally), Supp. IV: 347, 348 River War, The (Churchill), VI: 351 Rivers, W. H. R., Supp. IV: 46, 57, 58 Riverside Chaucer, The (ed. Benson), Retro. Supp. II: 49 Riverside Villas Murder, The (Amis), Supp. II: 12 Riviere, Michael, VII: 422, 424 “Road from Colonus, The” (Forster), VI: 399 Road Rage (Rendell), Supp. IX: 196, 198 “Road These Times Must Take, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 126–127 “Road to Emmaus, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 70 Road to Hudderslﬁeld: A Journey to Five Continents, The (Morris), see World Bank: A Prospect, The Road to Samarcand, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 251 “Road to the Big City, A” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240 Road to Volgograd (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 409 Road to Wigan Pier, The (Orwell), VII: 274, 279–280 Road to Xanadu, The (Lowes), IV: 47, 57 “Road Uphill, The,” (Maughm), VI: 377 “Roads” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 24 “Roads” (Stevenson), V: 386 “Roads” (Thomas), Supp. III: 404, 406 Roald Dahl’s Revolting Rhymes (Dahl), Supp. IV: 226 Roaring Girl, The (Dekker and Middleton), II: 3, 21 Roaring Queen, The (Lewis), VII: 82 Rob Roy (Scott), IV: xvii, 33, 34, 39 Robbe–Grillet, Alain, Supp. IV: 99, 104, 115, 116 Robbery Under Law (Waugh), VII: 292, 294 Robbins, Bruce, Supp. IV: 95 Robe of Rosheen, The (O’Casey), VII: 12 Robene and Makyne (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 147 Robert Bridges and Gerard Manley Hopkins (Ritz), VI: 83 Robert Bridges 1844–1930 (Thompson), VI: 83 “Robert Bridges: His Work on the English Language” (Daryush), VI: 76 Robert Browning (ed. Armstrong), IV: 375 Robert Browning (Chesterton), VI: 344 Robert Browning (Jack), IV: 375 Robert Browning: A Collection of Critical Essays (Drew), IV: 375 Robert Burns (Swinburne), V: 333 Robert Graves: His Life and Work (Seymour–Smith), VII: 272 Robert Louis Stevenson (Chesterton), V: 391, 393, 397; VI: 345 Robert Louis Stevenson (Cooper), V: 397, 398 Robert Louis Stevenson. An Essay (Stephen), V: 290

ROBE−ROSS Robert Louis Stevenson: Man and Writer (Stewart), V: 393, 397 Robert Macaire (Stevenson), V: 396 Robert of Sicily: Opera for Children (Fry and Tippett), Supp. III: 194 Robert Southey and His Age (Carnall), IV: 72 Robert the Second, King of Scots (Jonson/ Chettle/Dekker), Retro. Supp. I: 157 Roberts, Keith, Supp. X: 261–276 Roberts, Michael, VII: xix, 411 Roberts, Morley, V: 425, 427, 428, 438 Robertson, Thomas, V: 330; VI: 269 Robin Hood: A Fragment, by the Late Robert Southey, and Caroline Southey, IV: 71 Robinson, Henry Crabb, IV: 11, 52, 56, 81 Robinson, Henry Morton, VII: 53 Robinson, Lennox, VI: 96 Robinson, Mary Darby, Supp. XIII: 195– 216 Robinson (Spark), Supp. I: 201, 202–203 Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), III: 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10–12, 13, 24, 42, 50, 95; Supp. I: 73; Retro. Supp. I: 65–66, 68, 70–71 “Robinson Tradition, The” (Milne), Supp. V: 304 “Robinson’s Life Sentence” (Armitage), VIII: 6 “Robinson’s Resignation” (Armitage), VIII: 6 Roche, Denis, Supp. IV: 115 Roche, Maurice, Supp. IV: 116 Rochester, earl of, II: 208n, 255, 256, 257–261, 269–270; Supp. III: 39, 40, 70 Rock, The (Eliot), VII: 153 “Rock, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 341, 342; Retro. Supp. II: 199 Rock Face (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 213, 216–217 Rock Pool, The (Connolly), Supp. III: 98–100 Rockaby (Beckett), Supp. I: 61; Retro. Supp. I: 28–29 The” “Rocking–Horse Winner, (Lawrence), Supp. IV: 511 Roderick Hudson (James), VI: 24, 26– 28, 42, 67 Roderick Random (Smollett), III: 150– 152, 158 Roderick, The Last of the Goths (Southey), IV: 65–66, 68, 71 Rodker, John, VI: 327 Roe Head journals (Brontë), V: 119–122 “Roger Ascham and Lady Jane Grey” (Landor), IV: 92 “Roger Bear’s Philosophical Pantoum” (Cope), VIII: 76–77 Roger Fry (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 308 Rogers, Charles, III: 249 Rogers, Woodes, III: 7 “Rois Fainéants” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 14 “Roísín Dubh” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 129 Rojas Zorilla, Francisco de, II: 325 Rokeby (Scott), IV: 38 Roland Whately (Waugh), Supp. VI: 270

“Roll for Joe, A” (Kelman), Supp. V: 244–245 “Rolling English Road, The” (Chesterton), I: 16 Rollins, Hyder, IV: 231, 232, 235 Rollo, Duke of Normandy (Chapman, Fletcher, Jonson, Massinger), II: 45, 66 Roman Actor, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 180–181, 183 Roman de la rose, I: 28, 49; tr. Chaucer, I: 28, 31 Roman de Troie (Benoît de Sainte– Maure), I: 53 Roman expérimental (Zola), V: 286 Roman Forgeries; or, A True Account of False Records Discovering the Impostures and Counterfeit Antiquities of the Church of Rome (Traherne), II: 190, 191, 201; Supp. XI: 264, 265, 276–277 Roman History, The (Goldsmith), III: 180, 181, 191 Roman Poems (Sisson), Supp. XI: 249 Roman Quarry and Other Sequences, The (Jones), Supp. VII: 167, 171 “Roman Thoughts in Autumn” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 317 Romance (Conrad and Ford), VI: 146, 148, 321 “Romance” (Sitwell), VII: 132–133 Romance and Realism (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 33, 43, 45–46 “Romance in Ireland” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 330 “Romance of Certain Old Clothes, The” (James), VI: 69 “Romance of the Lily, The” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 28 “Romania” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 11 Romantic Adventures of A Milkmaid, The (Hardy), VI: 20, 22 Romantic Agony, The (Praz), III: 337, 346; V: 412, 420 Romantic Image (Kermode), V: 344, 359, 412 Romantic Poetry and the Fine Arts (Blunden), IV: 236 “Romanticism and Classicism” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 135, 138, 142–145 Romany Rye, The; A Sequel to “Lavengro” (Borrow), Supp. XII: 17, 27–28 “Romaunt of Margaret, The” (Browning), IV: 313 Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), I: 229, 305–306, 320; II: 281; IV: 218 Romola (Eliot), V: xxii, 66, 194–195, 200; Retro. Supp. II: 110–111 Romulus and Hersilia; or, The Sabine War (Behn), Supp. III: 29 “Rondeau Redoublé” (Cope), VIII: 71 Rondeaux Parisiens (Swinburne), V: 333 “Roof–Tree” (Murphy), Supp. V: 329 Rookwood (Ainsworth), V: 47 Room, The (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 129–130 “Room, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 Room, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 367, 369; Retro. Supp. I: 216, 218, 221–222

421

“Room Above the Square” (Spender), Supp. II: 494 Room at the Top (Braine), Supp. IV: 238 Room of One’s Own, A (Woolf), VII: 22– 23, 25–26, 27, 38; Supp. III: 19, 41– 42; Supp. V: 36; Retro. Supp. I: 310– 314 Room with a View, A (Forster), VI: 398, 399, 403–404; Retro. Supp. II: 141– 143 “Rooms, The” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 298 “Rooms of Other Women Poets, The” (Boland), Supp. V: 37 Root and Branch (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 293–296 Rootham, Helen, VII: 129 Roots (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 43, 44, 45 “Roots” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 43 Roots of Coincidence (Koestler), Supp. I: 39 “Roots of Honour, The” (Ruskin), V: 179–180 Roots of the Mountains, The (Morris), V: 302, 306 Roppen, G., V: 221n Rosalind and Helen (Shelley), IV: 208 Rosalynde (Lodge), I: 312 Rosamond, Queen of the Lombards (Swinburne), V: 312–314, 330, 331, 332, 333 Rose, Ellen Cronan, Supp. IV: 232 “Rose, The” (Southey), IV: 64 Rose, The (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 330 Rose and Crown (O’Casey), VII: 13 Rose and the Ring, The (Thackeray), V: 38, 261 Rose Blanche (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390 Rose in the Heart, A (O’Brien), Supp. V: 339 “Rose in the Heart of New York, A” (O’Brien), Supp. V: 340–341 “Rose Mary” (Rossetti), V: 238, 244 Rose of Life, The (Braddon), VIII: 49 Rosemary’s Baby (ﬁlm), III: 343 Rosenberg, Bruce, Supp. IV: 7 Rosenberg, Eleanor, I: 233 Rosenberg, Isaac, VI: xvi, 417, 420, 432– 435; VII: xvi; Supp. III: 59 Rosenberg, John, V: 316, 334 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (Stoppard), Supp. I: 440–443, 444, 451; Retro. Supp. II: 343–345 Rosenfeld, S., II: 271 Rosengarten (Bevan and Galloway), Supp. XII: 117 “Roses on the Terrace, The” (Tennyson), IV: 329, 336 “Rosie Plum” (Powys), VIII: 251 Rosie Plum and Other Stories (Powys), VIII: 251, 252 “Rosiphelee” (Gower), I: 53–54 Ross (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 320, 321 Ross, Alan, VII: xxii, 422, 433–434 Ross, John Hume (pseud., Lawrence), Supp. II: 286, 295 Rossetti, Christina, V: xi–xii, xix, xxii, xxvi, 247–260; Supp. IV: 139

ROSS−SADO Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, IV: 346; V: ix, xi, xii, xviii, xxiii–xxv, 235–246, 247– 253, 259, 293–296, 298, 299, 312– 315, 320, 329, 355, 401; VI: 167 Rossetti, Maria V: 251, 253 Rossetti, William, V: 235, 236, 245, 246, 248–249, 251–253, 260 Rossetti (Waugh), VII: 291 Rossetti and His Circle (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 51 “Rossetti’s Conception of the ’Poetic’ ” (Doughty), V: 246 Røstvig, Maren–Soﬁe, I: 237 “Rosyﬁngered, The” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 186 “Rot, The” (Lewis), VII: 73 Rotten Elements, The (Upward), Supp. XIII: 250, 255, 257 “Rotter, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 204 Rotting Hill (Lewis), VII: 72 Rough Justice (Braddon), VIII: 37, 49 Rough Shoot (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 “Roull of Corstorphin” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 80–81 Round and Round the Garden (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 5 Round of Applause, A (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187–188, 190, 194–195 Round Table, The (Hazlitt), IV: xvii, 129, 137, 139 Round Table, The; or, King Arthur’s Feast (Peacock), IV: 170 “Round Table Manners” (Nye), Supp. X: 202–203 Round the Sofa (Gaskell), V: 3, 15 Roundabout Papers (Thackeray), V: 34, 35, 38 Roundheads, The; or, The Good Old Cause (Behn), Supp. III: 25 Rounding the Horn: Collected Poems (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292–294, 298, 302 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, III: 235, 236; IV: xiv, 207; Supp. III: 239–240 Rover, The (Conrad), VI: 144, 147, 148 Rover, The; or, The Banish’d Cavaliers (Behn), Supp. III: 26, 27–29, 31 Royal Edinburgh (Oliphant), Supp. X: 222 Rowe, Nicholas, I: 326 Rowley, Hazel, Supp. IV: 459, 460 Rowley, William, II: 1, 3, 14, 15, 18, 21, 66, 69, 83, 89, 100 Roxana (Defoe), III: 8–9, 14; Retro. Supp. I: 69, 74 Roy, Arundhati, Supp. V: xxx, 67, 75 Royal Academy, The (Moore), VI: 98 Royal Beasts, The (Empson), Supp. II: 180, 184 Royal Combat, The (Ford), II: 100 Royal Court Theatre, VI: 101 Royal Hunt of the Sun, The (Shaffer), Supp. I: 314, 319–322, 323, 324, 327 “Royal Jelly” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 221 “Royal Man” (Muir), I: 247 “Royal Naval Air Station” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 69 Royal Pardon, The (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 30

Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, The (FitzGerald), IV: xxii, 342–343, 345– 348, 349, 352, 353; V: 318 Rubin, Merle, Supp. IV: 360 Ruby in the Smoke, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 150, 151 Rudd, Margaret, VI: 209 Rudd, Steele, Supp. IV: 460 Rude Assignment (Lewis), VI: 333; VII: xv, 72, 74, 76 Rude Potato, The (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 134, 135, 142–143 Rudolf II, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, Supp. IV: 174 Rudyard Kipling, Realist and Fabulist (Dobrée), VI: 200–203 Rudyard Kipling to Rider Haggard (ed. Cohen), VI: 204 Ruell, Patrick, see Hill, Reginald Ruffhead, O., III: 69n, 71 Ruffian on the Stair, The (Orton), Supp. V: 367, 370, 372, 373 “Rugby Chapel” (Arnold), V: 203 “Ruin, The” (tr. Morgan), Supp. IX: 160 Ruin, The, Retro. Supp. II: 305 Ruined Boys, The (Fuller), Supp. VII: 74, 75 “Ruined Cottage, The,” (Wordsworth), IV: 23, 24 “Ruined Farm, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213 “Ruined Maid, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 Ruins and Visions (Spender), Supp. II: 486, 489 Ruins of Time, The (Spenser), I: 124 Rukeyser, Muriel, Supp. V: 261 Rule a Wife and Have a Wife (Fletcher), II: 45, 65 Rule Britannia (du Maurier), Supp. III: 133, 147 “Rule, Britannia” (Thomson), Supp. III: 412, 425 “Rules and Lessons” (Vaughan), II: 187 Rules for Court Circular (Carroll), V: 274 “Rummy Affair of Old Biffy, The” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 455, 457 Ruling Passion (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 113– 114 Rumors of Rain (Brink), Supp. VI: 49–50 Rumour at Nightfall (Greene), Supp. I: 3 “Run”(Motion), Supp. VII: 259 Rungs of Time (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 323–324, 325 “Running Stream, The” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 43–44 Running Wild (Ballard), Supp. V: 30–31 Rural Denmark (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Rural England (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Rural Minstrel, The (Brontë), V: 107, 151 Rural Muse, The: Poems (Clare), Supp. XI: 59, 60, 63 Rural Sports: A Poem (Gay), III: 67 Rushdie, Salman, Supp. IV: 65, 75, 116, 157, 160, 161, 162, 170–171, 174, 302, 433–456; Supp. V: 67, 68, 74 Rushing to Paradise (Ballard), Supp. V: 31

422

Ruskin, John, IV: 320, 346; V: xii, xviii, xx–xxii, xxvi, 3, 9, 17, 20, 85–86, 173–185, 235, 236, 291–292, 345, 362, 400; VI: 167 Ruskin’s Politics (Shaw), VI: 129 Russ, R. P. see O’Brian, Patrick Russell, Bertrand, VI: xi, 170, 385; VII: 90 Russell, G. W. E., IV: 292, 304 Russell, George William, VIII: 277–293 Russell, John, Supp. IV: 126 Russia House, The (le Carré), Supp. II: 300, 310, 311, 313, 318–319 Russian Interpreter, The (Frayn), Supp. VII: 52–53, 54 Russian Nights (Thomas), Supp. IV: 483–486 Rusticus (Poliziano), I: 240 “Ruth” (Crabbe), V: 6 Ruth (Gaskell), V: xxi, 1, 6–7, 15 “Ruth” (Hood), IV: 255 Ryan, Desmond, VII: 2 Rymer, James Malcolm, Supp. III: 385 Rymer, Thomas, I: 328 Ryskamp, C., III: 249

“S. K.” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285

S. T. Coleridge (ed. Brett), IV: 57 “Sabbath” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 108 “Sabbath Morning at Sea, A” (Browning), IV: 313 “Sabbath Park” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 283–284 Sackville, Charles, see Dorset, earl of Sackville, Thomas, I: 169, 214 Sackville–West, Edward, VII: 35, 59 Sacred and Profane Love Machine, The (Murdoch), Supp. I: 224 Sacred Flame, The (Maugham), VI: 369 Sacred Fount, The (James), VI: 56–57, 67 Sacred Hunger (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 353, 357, 361, 363–364 “Sacred Ridges above Diamond Creek” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 320 Sacred Wood, The (Eliot), I: 293; V: 310, 334; VII: 149, 164; Retro. Supp. I: 166 “Sacriﬁce” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 “Sacriﬁce, The” (Herbert), II: 124, 128 “Sad Poem” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 89 “Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton, The” (Eliot), Retro. Supp. II: 103 Sad One, The (Suckling), II: 226 Sad Shepherd, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 166 “Sad Steps” (Larkin), Supp. I: 284 “Sadak the Wanderer” (Shelley), IV: 20 Sade, marquis de, V: 316–317 Sadeian Woman, The: An Exercise in Cultural History (Carter), Supp. III: 87–88 Sadleir, Michael, III: 335, 346; V: 100, 101, 102 “Sadness of Cricket, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45–46 Sado (Plomer), Supp. XI: 215–216

SAFE−SAND “Safe as Houses” (Drabble), Supp. IV: 231 “Safety” (Brooke), Supp. III: 57 “Saga of Björn Champion of the Folk of Hít–Dale, The”, See Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa “Saga of Egill Skalla–Grimr’s Son, The”, See Egils saga Skalla–Grímssonar “Saga of Eiríkr the Red, The”, See Eiríks saga rauða “Saga of Gísli Súrr’s Son, The”, See Gísla saga Súrssonar “Saga of Glúmr of the Slayings, The”, See Víga–Glúms saga “Saga of Gunnlaugr Serpent–Tongue, The”, See Gunnlaugs saga ormstunga “Saga of Hallfreðr the Awkward Poet, The”, See Hallfreðar saga vandræðaskálds, 239 “Saga of Ljótr from Vellir, The”, See Valla–Ljóts saga “Saga of Njáll of the Burning, The”, See Njáls saga “Saga of St Óláfr, The”, See Óláfs saga helga “Saga of the Confederates, The”, See Bandamanna saga “Saga of the Descendants of Sturla, The”, See Sturlunga saga “Saga of the Folk of Bright–Water, The”, See Ljósvetninga saga “Saga of the Folk of Laxdale, The”, Laxdœla saga “Saga of the Foster Brothers, The”, See Fóstbrœðra saga “Saga of the Greenlanders, The”, See Grœnlendinga saga “Saga of the Shingle–Dwellers, The”, See Eyrbyggja saga Saga Library, The (Morris, Magnusson), V: 306 Sagar, Keith, VII: 104 “Sagas of Ancient Times”, See Fornaldarsögur “Sagas of Icelanders”, See Íslendinga sögur “Sagas of Knights”, See Riddarasögur Sage, Lorna, Supp. IV: 346 “Sage to the Young Man, The” (Housman), VI: 159 Said, Edward, Supp. IV: 164, 449 Saigon: Year of the Cat (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 289 Sail Away (Coward), Supp. II: 155 Sailing Alone Around the World (Slocum), Supp. IV: 158 “Sailing the High Seas” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 175–176 Sailing to an Island (Murphy), Supp. V: 317–320 “Sailing to an Island” (Murphy), Supp. V: 319 “Sailing to Byzantium” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 333–334 “Sailor, What of the Isles?” (Sitwell), VII: 138 “Sailor’s Mother, The” (Wordsworth), IV: 21 “Saint, The” (Maugham), VI: 377

“Saint, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 315, 318–319 “St. Alphonsus Rodriquez” (Hopkins), V: 376, 378 “St. Anthony’s Shirt” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 115 St. Augustine (West), Supp. III: 433 St Bartholomew’s Eve: A Tale of the Sixteenth Century in Two Cantos (Newman), Supp. VII: 289 Sainte–Beuve, Charles, III: 226, 230; V: 212 “St. Botolph’s” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 217 St. Catherine’s Clock (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 St. Évremond, Charles de, III: 47 St. Francis of Assisi (Chesterton), VI: 341 Saint Ignatius Loyola (Thompson), V: 450, 451 St. Irvine (Shelley), III: 338 St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian (Shelley), IV: 208 St. Ives (Stevenson and Quiller–Couch), V: 384, 387, 396 “St James” (Reading), VIII: 263 Saint Joan (Shaw), VI: xv, 120, 123–125; Retro. Supp. II: 323–324 St. Joan of the Stockyards (Brecht), VI: 123 St. Kilda’s Parliament (Dunn), Supp. X: 66, 73–75, 77 St. Leon (Godwin), III: 332 “St. Martin’s Summer” (Browning), IV: 369 “Sainte Mary Magdalene; or, The Weeper” (Crashaw), see AWeeper, The“ “St. Mawr” (Lawrence), VII: 115; Retro. Supp. II: 232 “St. Patrick’s Day” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 178 St. Patrick’s Day (Sheridan), III: 253, 259, 270 St. Paul and Protestantism (Arnold), V: 216 St. Paul’s boys’ theater, I: 197 St. Ronan’s Well (Scott), IV: 36, 37, 39 “St. Simeon Stylites” (Tennyson), IV: xx, 332 St. Thomas Aquinas (Chesterton), VI: 341 St. Valentine’s Day (Scott), IV: 39 “St. Winefred’s Well” (Hopkins), V: 371 “Saints and Lodgers” (Davies), Supp. XI: 94 Saint’s Knowledge of Christ’s Love, The (Bunyan), II: 253 Saint’s Privilege and Proﬁt, The (Bunyan), II: 253 Saint’s Progress (Galsworthy), VI: 272, 279, 280–281 Saintsbury, George, II: 211; IV: 271, 282, 306; V: 31, 38; VI: 266 Saki (H. H. Munro), Supp. II: 140–141, 144, 149; Supp. VI: 239–252 Salem Chapel (Oliphant), Supp. X: 214– 215, 221 Salámón and Absál . . . Translated from .. . . Jámí (FitzGerald), IV: 342, 345,

423

353 Salih, Tayeb, Supp. IV: 449 Salinger, J. D., Supp. IV: 28 “Salisbury Plain”poems (Wordsworth), IV: 2, 3, 4, 5–6, 23, 24 Sally Bowles (Isherwood), VII: 311 “Salmon Eggs” (Hughes), Supp. I: 363, 364; Retro. Supp. II: 213 Salomé (Wilde), V: xxvi, 412–413, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 370–371 Salsette and Elephanta (Ruskin), V: 184 Salt Lands, The (Shaffer), Supp. I: 314 “Salt of the Earth, The” (West), Supp. III: 442 “Salt Stream, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231–232 Salt Water (Motion), Supp. VII: 259, 262–264 Salter, F. M., I: 82 Salutation (Russell), VIII: 288 “Salutation, The” (Traherne), II: 191; Supp. XI: 268 Salutation, The (Warner), Supp. VII: 379–380 “Salvation of Swithin Forsyte, The” (Galsworthy), VI: 274, 277 “Salvatore” (Maugham), VI: 370 Salve (Moore), VI: 99 Salzburg Tales, The (Stead), Supp. IV: 461 “Same Day” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 186 Sammy and Rosie Get Laid (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 156, 161 Samson Agonistes (Milton), II: 165, 172– 174, 176; Retro. Supp. II: 285–288 Samtíðarsögur, VIII: 236 Samuel Johnson (Krutch), III: 246 Samuel Johnson (Stephen), V: 281, 289 “Samuel Johnson and John Horne (Tooke)” (Landor), IV: 92 Samuel Pepys’s Naval Minutes (ed. Tanner), II: 288 Samuel Pepys’s APenny Merriments”. . . Together with Comments . . . (ed. Thompson), II: 288 Samuel Taylor Coleridge: A Biographical Study (Chambers), IV: 41, 57 Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond (Thackeray), see Great Hoggarty Diamond, The Sanchez, Nellie, V: 393, 397 Sand, George, V: 22, 141, 207 (Milne), “Sand–Between–the–Toes” Supp. V: 302 “Sand Coast Sonnets, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 283 Sandboy, The (Frayn), Supp. VII: 58 Sandcastle, The (Murdoch), VII: 66; Supp. I: 222–223, 225 Sanders, M. F., V: 250, 260 Sanderson, Robert, II: 136–137, 140, 142 Sandglass, The (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 85–86, 92–96, 98–100 Sandison, Alan G., VI: xi, xxxiv Sanditon (Austen), IV: 108, 110, 122 Sandkastele (Brink), Supp. VI: 57 Sandra Belloni (Meredith), V: 226, 227, 234 “Sandro Botticelli” (Pater), V: 345, 348

SAND−SCHW “Sandstone Keepsake” (Heaney), Supp. II: 277 Sangschaw (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 202, 204, 205, 206 Sanity of Art, The (Shaw), VI: 106–107, 129 Sans (Beckett), Supp. I: see Lessness Santal (Firbank), Supp. II: 202, 204, 214–215, 223 Sapho and Phao (Lyly), I: 198, 201–202 “Sapho to Philænis” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 92–93 Sapper, Supp. IV: 500 “Sapphics” (Swinburne), V: 321 Sappho (Durrell), Supp. I: 126–127 Sappho and Phaon, a Series of Legitimate Sonnets, with Thoughts on Poetical Subjects & Anecdotes of the Grecian Poetess (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204, 208–209 “Sappho to Phaon” (Ovid), V: 319 Saramago, Jose, Supp. V: xxx Sardanapalus (Byron), IV: xviii, 178– 179, 193 Sarraute, Nathalie, Supp. IV: 99 Sarton, May, Supp. II: 82 Sartor Resartus (Carlyle), IV: xii, xix, 231, 239–240, 242–243, 249, 250 Sartre, Jean–Paul, III: 329, 345; Supp. I: 216, 217, 221, 222, 452–453; Supp. III: 109; Supp. IV: 39, 79, 105, 259 Sartre: Romantic Rationalist (Murdoch), Supp. I: 219–220, 222 Sassoon, Siegfried, V: 219, 234; VI: xvi, 416, 429–431, 451, 454, 456–457; VII: xvi; Supp. III: 59; Supp. IV: 57–58 “Satan in a Barrel” (Lowry), Supp. III: 270 Satan in Search of a Wife (Lamb), IV: 84, 85 Satanic Verses, The (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 116, 433, 434, 436, 437, 438, 445– 450, 451, 452, 456 Satan’s Invisible World Displayed; or, Despairing Democracy: A Study of Greater New York (Stead), Supp. XIII: 242–243 Satire and Fiction (Lewis), VII: 72, 77 Satire on Satirists, A, and Admonition to Detractors (Landor), IV: 100 Satires (Donne), I: 361; Retro. Supp. II: 86 Satires (Wyatt), I: 100, 101–102, 111 Satires of Circumstance (Hardy), VI: 14, 20; Retro. Supp. I: 117 Satires of Circumstance (Sorley), VI: 421 “Satiric Muse, The ” (Hope), Supp. VII: 163 “Satisfactory, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 319–320 “Saturday; or, The Flights” (Gay), III: 56 Saturday Life, A (Hall), Supp. VI: 120– 122 “Saturday Night” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 269 Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 409, 410, 413, 416–419 Saturday Review (periodical), V: 279; VI: 103, 106, 366; Supp. II: 45, 48, 53,

54, 55; Supp. XIII: 187 “Saturnalia” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 269 “Saturnalia” (Wilson), Supp. I: 158 “Satyr Against Mankind, A” (Rochester), II: 208n, 256, 260–261, 270 “Satyrical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General, A” (Swift), III: 31 Saucer of Larks, The (Friel), Supp. V: 113 “Saul” (Browning), IV: 363 Saunders, Charles, II: 305 Sauter, Rudolf, VI: 284 Sauve Qui Peut (Durrell), Supp. I: 113 Savage, Eliza Mary Ann, Supp. II: 99, 104, 111 Savage, Richard, III: 108 Savage and the City in the Work of T. S. Eliot, The (Crawford), Supp. XI: 67, 71, 82 Savage Gold (Fuller), Supp. VII: 70 Savage Pilgrimage, The (Carswell), VII: 123 Save It for the Minister (Churchill, Potter, O’Malley), Supp. IV: 181 Save the Beloved Country (Paton), Supp. II: 359, 360 Saved (Bond), Supp. I: 421, 422–423, 425–426, 427, 435 Saved By Grace (Bunyan), II: 253 Savile, George, see Halifax, marquess of Saville (Storey), Supp. I: 419 Saviour of Society, The (Swinburne), V: 333 “Savonarola Brown” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 5l, 56 Savonarola e il priore di San Marco (Landor), IV: 100 Savrola (Churchill), VI: 351 “Say not of me that weakly I declined” (Stevenson), V: 390 “Say not the struggle nought availeth” (Clough), V: 158–159, 165, 166, 167 Sayers, Dorothy L., III: 341; VI: 345; Supp. II: 124, 126, 127, 135; Supp. III: 333–353; Supp. IV: 2, 3, 500 “Scale” (Self), Supp. V: 403–404 “Scales, The” (Longley), VIII: 176 Scandal (Wilson), Supp. VI: 302–303, 308 “Scandal in Bohemia, A” (Doyle), Supp. I: 173 Scandal of Father Brown, The (Chesterton), VI: 338 Scandalous Woman, A (O’Brien), Supp. V: 339 Scannell, Vernon, VII: 422, 423–424 “Scapegoat” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 222 Scapegoat, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 136, 139, 140–141 “Scapegoat, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 312, 317–318 Scapegoats and Rabies (Hughes), Supp. I: 348 Scarcity of Love, A (Kavan), Supp. VII: 213, 214 Scarecrow and His Servant, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 152–153 “Scarecrow in the Schoolmaster’s Oats, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 71 Scarlet Tree, The (Sitwell), VII: 128–129

424

Scarperer, The (Behan), Supp. II: 67 Scarron, Paul, II: 354 “Scenes” (Dickens), V: 44–46 Scenes and Actions (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 33, 37 Scenes from Italy’s War (Trevelyan), VI: 389 “Scenes from the Fall of Troy” (Morris), V: 297 Scenes of Clerical Life (Eliot), V: xxii, 2, 190–191, 200; Retro. Supp. II: 103– 104 Scenic Railway, The (Upward), Supp. XIII: 250, 260, 261–262 “Scenic Railway, The” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 261–262 Scenic Route, The (Adcock), Supp. XII: 6 Sceptick (Ralegh), I: 157 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm, V: 347 Scheme and Estimates for a National Theatre, A (Archer and Barker), VI: 104, 113 Schepisi, Fred, Supp. IV: 345 Schiller, Friedrich von, IV: xiv, xvi 173, 241 Schindler ’s Ark (Keneally), see Schindler’s List Schindler’s List (Keneally), Supp. IV: 343, 346, 348, 354–357, 358 “Schir, I complayne off iniuris” (Dunbar), VIII: 119, 121 “Schir, Ye have mony Servitouris” (Dunbar), VIII: 122 Schirmer Inheritance, The (Ambler), Supp. IV: 4, 13–16, 21 Schlegel, A. W., I: 329; IV: vii, xvii; V: 62 Schneider, Elizabeth, V: 366, 382 “Scholar, The” (Cornford), VIII: 113 “Scholar and Gypsy” (Desai), Supp. V: 65 “Scholar Gipsy, The” (Arnold), V: xxi, 209, 210, 211, 216 School for Husbands (Mahon), Supp. VI: 175 School for Wives (Mahon), Supp. VI: 175 School for Scandal, The (Sheridan), III: 97, 100, 253, 261–264, 270 School of Abuse (Gosson), I: 161 School of Athens, The (Renault), Supp. IX: 185 School of Donne, The (Alvarez), II: 125n “School of Eloquence, The” (Harrison), Supp. V: 150, 151–157 “School Stories” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 449 “School Story, A” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 502 “School Teacher” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211 Schoolboy Verses (Kipling), VI: 200 “Schoolboys” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 393 Schools and Universities on the Continent (Arnold), V: 216 Schopenhauer, Arthur, Supp. IV: 6 Schreber’s Nervous Illness (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 Schreiner, Olive, Supp. II: 435–457 Schwindel. Gefühle (Sebald). See Vertigo

SCIE−SECO Science and Poetry (Richards), VI: 207, 208; Supp. II: 405, 412, 413, 414, 417–418, 419 Science of Ethics, The (Stephen), V: 284– 285, 289 “Science of History, The” (Froude), IV: 324 Science of Life, The (Wells), VI: 225 “Science of the Future, The: A Forecast” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41 Scilla’s Metamorphosis (Lodge), I: 306 “Scipio, Polybius, and Panaetius” (Landor), IV: 94 Scoop (Waugh), VII: 297 Scornful Lady, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), II: 65 “Scorpion, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213–214 Scorpion and Other Poems (Smith), Supp. II: 463 Scorpion God, The (Golding), Supp. I: 82–83 Scot, William, Supp. III: 20, 22, 23 “Scotch Drink” (Burns), III: 315 “Scotland” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 72 “Scotland” (Reid), Supp. VII: 331 “Scotland in the 1890s” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 71 Scotland, the Place of Visions (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 177 “Scots and Off–Scots Words” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 80–81 “Scots Gamelan” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 69–70 Scots Musical Museum (Johnson), III: 320, 322 Scott, Geoffrey, III: 234n, 238, 249 Scott, John, IV: 252, 253 Scott, Paul, Supp. I: 259–274; Supp. IV: 440 Scott, Robert Falcon, II: 273 Scott, Sir Walter II: 276; III: 146, 157, 326, 335, 336, 338; IV: viii, xi, xiv, 27–40, 45, 48, 102, 111, 122, 129, 133–136, 167, 168, 173, 254, 270, 281; V: 392; VI: 412; Supp. III: 151, 154, 167 Scott Moncrieff, Charles, VI: 454, 455 Scottish Assembly, A (Crawford), Supp. XI: 67, 70, 71–72, 73, 75, 78 Scottish Chapbook, Supp. XII: 204 Scottish Invention of English Literature, The (ed. Crawford), Supp. XI: 76, 82, 83 Scottish Journey (Muir), Supp. VI: 198, 201 Scott–James, Rolfe Arnold, VI: x, xxxiv, 1 Scott–Kilvert, Ian Stanley, VI: xvi, xxxiv; VII: xxii Scott–King’s Modern Europe (Waugh), VII: 301 “Scott’s Arks” (Dunn), Supp. X: 82 Scotus, Duns, see Duns Scotus, John Scourge of Villainy, The (Marston), II: 25, 26, 40 Scrapbook (Mansﬁeld), VII: 181 Screams and Other Poems, The (Richards), Supp. II: 407, 427

Screwtape Letters, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 255, 256–257 “Scribe in the Woods, The” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 56 “Script for an Unchanging Voice” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 292 Scriptorum illustrium maioris Britanniae catalogus (Bale), I: 1 Scrutiny (periodical), VII: 233, 238, 243, 251–252, 256; Supp. III: 107 Scudéry, Georges de, III: 95 Sculptura; or, The History . . . of Chalcography and Engraving in Copper (Evelyn), II: 287 Scum of the Earth (Koestler), Supp. I: 26 Scupham, Peter, Supp. XIII: 218–232 “Scylla and Charybdis” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Sea, The (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 427, 432– 433, 435 Sea, The Sea, The (Murdoch), Supp. I: 231, 232 Sea and Sardinia (Lawrence), VII: 116– 117 Sea and the Mirror, The (Auden), VII: 379, 380, 388, 389; Retro. Supp. I: 11 “Sea and the Skylark, The” (Hopkins), V: 367 Sea Change, The (Howard), Supp. XI: 135, 137, 139–140, 146 “Sea in Winter, The” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 173, 175 “Sea Limits” (Rossetti), V: 241 Sea Gull, The (tr. Frayn), Supp. VII: 61 “Sea–Sand” (Healy), Supp. IX: 106 Sea to the West (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 213, 218–219 “Sea to the West” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 219 Sea Voyage, The (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 43, 66 “Sea Voyage, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 Seafarer, The, Retro. Supp. II: 303–304 “Seafarer, The” (tr. Morgan), Supp. IX: 160 “Seafarer, The” (Pound), Supp. IV: 100, 115 Sea–King’s Daughter and Eureka!, The (Brown), Supp. VI: 71–73 “Seals at High Island” (Murphy), Supp. V: 324 “Sea–Mists of the Winter, The” (Lewis), VII: 84 “Seamless Garment, The” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 211–212, 213 Sean O’Casey: The Man Behind the Plays (Cowasjee), VII: 4 Search, The (Snow), VII: 321–322, 323– 324 “Search, The” (Vaughan), VII: 187 “Search After Happiness, The” (Brontë), V: 110 Search After Sunrise: A Traveller’s Story (Brittain), Supp. X: 46 “Seaside Walk, A” (Browning), IV: 313 Season at Sarsaparilla, The (White), Supp. I: 131, 149

425

Season in Purgatory (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 Season Songs (Hughes), Supp. I: 357– 359; Retro. Supp. II: 208–209 Seasonable Counsel; or, Advice to Sufferers (Bunyan), II: 253 Season’s Greetings (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 10, 13, 14 “Seasons, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Seasons, The (Thomson), Supp. III: 409, 410, 411, 412–419, 420, 428; Retro. Supp. I: 241 “Seated Woman” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 “Sea–watching” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288 Sebald, W. G., VIII: 295–309 Sebastian (Durrell), Supp. I: 120 Seccombe, Thomas, V: 425, 437 Second Angel, The (Kerr), Supp. XII: 187, 194, 195–197 “Second Best, The” (Arnold), V: 209 “Second Best” (Brooke), Supp. III: 49 Second Book of Odes (Bunting), Supp. VII: 13–14 Second Brother, The (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 22, 23 “Second Coming, The” (Yeats), VI: xiv; Retro. Supp. I: 332–333 Second Curtain, The (Fuller), Supp. VII: 71, 72, 81 Second Defence of the People of England, The (Milton), II: 164; Retro. Supp. II: 270 Second Epistle of the Second Book (Pope), Retro. Supp. I: 230 Second Funeral of Napoleon, The (Thackeray), V: 22, 38 “Second Hand Clothes” (Dunn), Supp. X: 74 “Second Hut, The” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240–241 Second Journal to Eliza, The, III: 135 Second Jungle Book, The (Kipling), VI: 204 “Second Language” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 60 Second Life, The (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 158, 159, 163&ndash168 “Second Life, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 165 Second Maiden’s Tragedy, The (Middleton), II: 2, 3, 8–10, 21 Second Mrs. Tanqueray, The (Pinero), V: 413 Second Nun’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 31, 34, 43 “Second Opinion” (Dunn), Supp. X: 76 Second Part of Conny–Catching, The (Greene), VIII: 144–145 Second Part of Mr. Waller’s Poems, The (Waller), II: 238 Second Part of Pilgrim’s Progress, The (T. S.), II: 248 Second Part of the Bloody Conquests of Mighty Tamburlaine, The (Marlowe), see Tamburlaine, Part 2 Second Part of The Rover, The (Behn), Supp. III: 27

SECO−SENS 2nd Poems (Graham), Supp. VII: 109– 110 Second Satire (Wyatt), I: 111 Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), Supp. IV: 232 “Second Sight” (Longley), VIII: 173 Second Treatise on Government (Locke), Supp. III: 33 “Second Visit, A” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Second World War (Churchill), VI: 359– 360 Secord, Arthur Wellesley, III: 41 “Secret Agent, The” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 3 Secret Agent (Conrad), Supp. IV: 1 Secret Agent, The (Conrad), VI: 143–144, 148; Retro. Supp. II: 80–81 Secret Brother, The (Jennings), Supp. V: 216 Secret Dispatches from Arabia (Lawrence), Supp. II: 295 “Secret Garden, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Secret Glass, The (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 20 Secret History of the Present Intrigues of the Court of Caramania, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 141 Secret History of the White Staff, The, . . . (Defoe), III: 13 “Secret History of World War 3, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 Secret Ladder, The (Harris), Supp. V: 132, 135, 139 Secret Lives (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 220 Secret Love; or, The Maiden Queen (Dryden), II: 305 Secret Narratives (Motion), Supp. VII: 255–256, 257, 263 Secret of Father Brown, The (Chesterton), VI: 338 Secret Pilgrim, The (le Carré), Supp. II: 319 Secret Rapture, The (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 292, 293–294, 296 Secret Rose (Yeats), VI: 222 “Secret Sharer, The” (Conrad), VI: 145– 147 “Secret Sharer, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 256, 259 Secret Villages (Dunn), Supp. X: 67–68 Secret Water (Ransome), Supp. I: 68 Secrets (Davies), Supp. XI: 100 “Section 28” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 160 “Secular, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 315 Secular Lyrics of the XIVth and XVth Centuries (Robbins), I: 40 “Secular Masque, The” (Dryden), II: 289, 290, 305, 325 “Sedge–Warblers” (Thomas), Supp. III: 406 Sedley, Sir Charles, II: 255, 261, 263– 266, 271 “Seductio ad Absurdam” (Lowry), Supp. III: 285 “Seed Growing Secretly, The” (Vaughan), II: 189

Seed of Chaos: What Mass Bombing Really Means (Brittain), Supp. X: 45 “Seed Picture, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 281, 285 Seeds of Time, The (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 290 Seeing Things (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 124, 131–132 Seek and Find (Rossetti), V: 260 “Seers” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 34 “Seesaw” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 275–276 Seicentismo e Marinismo in Inghilterra (Praz), II: 123 Sejanus (Jonson), I: 235, 242, 249, 345– 346; Retro. Supp. I: 161, 164 Select British Poets; or, New Elegant Extracts from Chaucer to the Present Time (Hazlitt), IV: 139 Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs (Thomson), III: 322 “Select Meditations” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 264, 265, 266 Select Poets of Great Britain (Hazlitt), IV: 139 Selected Essays of Cyril Connolly, The (ed. Quennell), Supp. III: 107 Selected Letters of Edwin Muir (Muir), Supp. VI: 203 Selected Life, A (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 Selected Plays [of Lady Gregory] (ed. Coxhead), VI: 317 Selected Poems (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8 Selected Poems (Armitage), VIII: 1–2 Selected Poems (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 27 Selected Poems (Conn), Supp. XIII: 73, 76, 78, 79 Selected Poems (Gunn and Hughes), Supp. IV: 257 Selected Poems (Harrison), Supp. V: 150, 157, 160 Selected Poems (Hope), Supp. VII: 156, 159 Selected Poems (Hughes), Supp. I: 364– 365 Selected Poems (Mahon), Supp. VI: 166– 167, 169–174Selected Poems (Mahon), Supp. VI: 166–167, 169–174 Selected Poems (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 119, 120–121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129 Selected Poems (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 413 Selected Poems (Murray), Supp. VII: 270 Selected Poems (Plomer), Supp. XI: 223 Selected Poems (Smith), Supp. II: 463 Selected Poems (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 199, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213 Selected Poems (Russell), VIII: 292 Selected Poems (Spender), Supp. II: 486, 489 Selected Poems (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256, 261–263 Selected Poems (D.M. Thomas), Supp. IV: 490, 494 Selected Poems (R.S. Thomas), Supp. XII: 282

426

Selected Poems of Boris Pasternak (tr. Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292 Selected Poems of Edward Thomas (ed. Thomas), Supp. XII: 282 Selected Poems of Fulke Greville (Greville), Supp. XI: 105, 109, 114, 116 Selected Poems of Malcolm Lowry (tr. Birney), Supp. III: 282 Selected Poems 1954–1992 (Brown), Supp. VI: 70–72 Selected Poems 1956–1994 (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320 Selected Poems, 1959–1989 (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Selected Poems 1964–1983 (Dunn), Supp. X: 69 Selected Poems 1976–1997 (Motion), Supp. VII: 252, 257 Selected Prose (Housman), VI: 154 Selected Speeches (Disraeli), IV: 308 Selected Stories (Friel), Supp. V: 113 Selected Stories (Gordimer), Supp. II: 231, 232, 234, 242 Selected Stories (Plomer), Supp. XI: 223 “Selected Translations” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 248 Selected Writings of Fulke Greville (Greville), Supp. XI: 105, 117 Selection of Kipling’s Verse (Eliot), VI: 202 Self, Will, Supp. IV: 26; Supp. V: 395– 408 “Self and its Affliations, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46 Self and Self–Management (Bennett), VI: 264 “Self Justiﬁcation” (Harrison), Supp. V: 155–156 Self Portrait (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 197–198 “Self Portrait: Nearing Sixty” (Waugh), Supp. VI: 276 “Selfish Giant, The” (Wilde), Retro. Supp. II: 365 “Self–Release” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 270 “Self–Renewal” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 270 “Self’s the Man” (Larkin), Supp. I: 281 “Self–Scrutiny” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 270 “Self–Unseeing, The” (Hardy), VI: 13; Retro. Supp. I: 118 Selimus, I: 220 Seltzer, David, III: 343, 345 “Selves” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 272 Selvon, Samuel, Supp. IV: 445 “Semi–Monde,” (Coward), Supp. II: 146 “Semiology and Rhetoric” (de Man), Supp. IV: 114 Señor Vivo and the Coca Lord (De Bernières), Supp. XII: 65, 70, 72–73 “Send–Off, The” (Owen), VI: 447, 452 Seneca, I: 214–215; II: 25, 28, 71, 97 “Sensation Novels” (Oliphant), Supp. X: 221 Sense and Sensibility (Austen), III: 91, 336; IV: xvii, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114– 122; Retro. Supp. II: 6–7 Sense of Detachment, A (Osborne), Supp. I: 339

SENS−SHAD Sense of Movement, The (Gunn), Supp. IV: 257, 259–262 Sense of the Past, The (James), VI: 64–65 Sense of the World, A (Jennings), Supp. V: 210, 212, 214 “Sensitive Plant, The” (Shelley), IV: 203 “Sentence, The” (tr. McKane), Supp. IV: 494–495 “Sentence, The” (tr. Thomas), Supp. IV: 494–495 “Sentimental Blues” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 “Sentimental Education, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 40 Sentimental Journey, A (Sterne), III: 124, 127, 132–134, 135 Sentimental Tommy (Barrie), Supp. III: 3 Sentiments of a Church–of–England Man, The (Swift), III: 26 “Sentry, The” (Owen), VI: 448, 451 Separate Saga of St Óláfr, The, VIII: 235 Separate Tables: Table by the Window and Table Number Seven (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 313, 318–319 “Sephestia’s Song to Her Child” (Greene), VIII: 143 “September 1, 1939” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 10, Retro. Supp. I: 14 “September Soliloquy” (Cornford), VIII: 114 “September Song” (Hill), Supp. V: 187 September Tide (du Maurier), Supp. III: 143 “Septuagesima” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 16 “Sepulchre” (Herbert), II: 128 Sequence for Francis Parkman, A (Davie), Supp. VI: 108–109, 115 “Sequence in Hospital” (Jennings), Supp. V: 214 Sequence of Sonnets on the Death of Robert Browning, A (Swinburne), V: 333 Seraﬁno Aquilano, I: 103, 105, 110 “Seraph and the Zambesi, The,” (Spark), Supp. I: 199 “Seraphim, The” (Browning), IV: 312, 313 Seraphim, The, and Other Poems (Browning), IV: xix, 311, 312–313, 321 “Serenade” (Sitwell), VII: 135 Sergeant Lamb (Graves), VII: 258 “Serial Dreamer, The” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 262 Serious and Pathetical Contemplation of the Mercies of God, in Several Most Devout and Sublime Thanksgivings for the Same, A (Traherne), II: 201; Supp. XI: 274–276 Serious Concerns (Cope), VIII: 67, 69, 75–79 Serious Money (Churchill), Supp. IV: 179, 180, 184, 192–195, 198 Serious Reﬂections During . . . ARobinson Crusoe“ (Defoe), III: 12, 13; Retro. Supp. I: 71 Serjeant Musgrave’s Dance (Arden), Supp. II: 25–28, 29, 30, 35, 38

“Sermon, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 228–229, 232, 235, 237 Sermon Preached at Pauls Crosse, the 25. Of November. 1621, A (King), Supp. VI: 152 “Sermon to Our Later Prodigal Son” (Meredith), V: 223 Sermons (Donne), I: 364–366; II: 142; Retro. Supp. II: 96 Sermons: An Exposition upon the Lord’s Prayer (King), Supp. VI: 152, 155, 158, 161 Sermons and Devotional Writings of Gerard Manley Hopkins, The (ed. Devlin), V: 372, 381 Sermons, Chieﬂy on the Theory of Religious Belief, Preached Before the University of Oxford (Newman), Supp. VII: 296 “Serpent–Charm, The” (Gissing), V: 437 Servant, The (Pinter), Supp. I: 374; Retro. Supp. I: 226 “Servant Boy” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 128 “Servant Girl Speaks, A” (Lawrence), VII: 118 “Servants’ Quarters, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 121 “Serving Maid, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Sesame and Lilies (Ruskin), V: 180, 184 “Session of the Poets, A” (Suckling), II: 229 “Sestina of the Tramp Royal” (Kipling), VI: 202, 203 Set in Darkness (Rankin), Supp. X: 245, 255–256 Set of Six, A (Conrad), VI: 148 Seth, Vikram, Supp. X: 277–290 Seton, Ernest Thempson, Supp. IV: 158 “Setteragic On” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Setting the World on Fire (Wilson), Supp. I: 165–166 “Settlements” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 24 “Settlers” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 8 “Seven Ages, The” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 11 Seven at a Stroke (Fry), Supp. III: 194 Seven Cardinal Virtues, The (ed. Fell), Supp. XI: 163 “Seven Conjectural Readings” (Warner), Supp. VII: 373 Seven Days in the New Crete (Graves), VII: 259 Seven Deadly Sins, The (ed. Fell), Supp. XI: 163 “Seven Deadly Sins: A Mask, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 202 “Seven Good Germans” (Henderson), VII: 426 Seven Journeys, The (Graham), Supp. VII: 111 Seven Lamps of Architecture, The (Ruskin), V: xxi, 176, 184 Seven Lectures on Shakespeare and Milton (Coleridge), IV: 56 “Seven Letters” (Graham), Supp. VII: 111 Seven Men (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 55–56

427

Seven Men and Two Others (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 55 Seven Men of Vision: An Appreciation (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 “7, Middagh Street” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 411, 422, 424 ”7 Newton Road, Harston, Cambridge” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224 Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Lawrence), VI: 408; Supp. II: 283, 284, 285, 286, 287–291 “Seven Poets, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 69 Seven Poor Men of Sydney (Stead), Supp. IV: 461–464 “Seven Rocks, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216–217 “Seven Sages, The” (Yeats), Supp. II: 84–85 Seven Seas, The (Kipling), VI: 204 Seven Short Plays (Gregory), VI: 315 Seven Types of Ambiguity (Empson), I: 282; II: 124, 130; VII: 260; Supp. II: 179, 180, 183, 185–189, 190, 197 Seven Winters (Bowen), Supp. II: 77–78, 91 Seven Women (Barrie), Supp. III: 5 Sevenoaks Essays (Sisson), Supp. XI: 249, 256 “1740” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 271 “1738” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 297 Seventh Man: Migrant Workers in Europe, A (Berger), Supp. IV: 79 Several Perceptions (Carter), Supp. III: 80, 81, 82–83 “Several Questions Answered” (Blake), III: 293 “Severe Gale 8” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 99 Severed Head, A (Murdoch), Supp. I: 215, 224, 225, 228 Severn and Somme (Gurney), VI: 425 “Sewage Pipe Pool, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 203 “Sex That Doesn’t Shop, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 246 Sexing the Cherry (Winterson), Supp. IV: 541, 542, 545, 547, 549, 552, 554, 556, 557 “Sex–Love: And Its Place in Free Society” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41 “Sexton’s Hero, The” (Gaskell), V: 15 Sexual Politics (Millett), Supp. IV: 188 Seymour–Smith, Martin, VII: xviii, xxxviii Shabby Genteel Story, A (Thackeray), V: 21, 35, 37 “Shack, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 27 Shade Those Laurels (Connolly), Supp. III: 111–112 Shadow Dance (Carter), III: 345; Supp. III: 79, 80, 81, 89 Shadow in the North, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 151 Shadow in the Plate, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 151 Shadow of a Gunman, The (O’Casey), VI: 316; VII: xviii, 3–4, 6, 12 “Shadow of Black Combe, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 218

SHAD−SHIN Shadow of Cain, The (Sitwell), VII: xvii, 137 Shadow of Dante, A (Rossetti), V: 253n Shadow of Hiroshima, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 Shadow of Night (Chapman), I: 234, 237 Shadow of the Glen, The (Synge), VI: 308, 309, 310, 316 Shadow of the Sun, The (Byatt), Supp. IV: 140, 141, 142–143, 147, 148, 149, 155 Shadow Play (Coward), Supp. II: 152– 153 “Shadow Suite” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 35 Shadow–Line, The: A Confession (Conrad), VI: 135, 146–147, 148 “Shadows” (Lawrence), VII: 119 “Shadows in the Water” (Traherne), II: 192; Supp. XI: 269 Shadows of Ecstasy (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 279–280 Shadows of the Evening (Coward), Supp. II: 156 Shadowy Waters, The (Yeats), VI: 218, 222 Shadwell, Thomas, I: 327; II: 305, 359 “Shadwell Stair” (Owen), VI: 451 Shaffer, Anthony, Supp. I: 313 Shaffer, Peter, Supp. I: 313–328 Shaftesbury, earl of, Supp. III: 424 Shaftesbury, seventh earl of, IV: 62 Shaftesbury, third earl of, III: 44, 46, 198 Shahnameh (Persian epic), Supp. IV: 439 Shakes Versus Shav (Shaw), VI: 130 Shakespear, Olivia, VI: 210, 212, 214 Shakespeare, William, I: 188, 295–334; II: 87, 221, 281, 302; III: 115–117; IV: 149, 232, 352; V: 41, 328; and Collins, IV: 165, 165n, 170; and Jonson, I: 335–337, II: 281; Retro. Supp. I: 158, 165; and Kyd, I: 228–229; and Marlowe, I: 275–279, 286; and Middleton, IV: 79–80; and Webster, II: 71–72, 74–75, 79; inﬂuence on English literature, II: 29, 42–43, 47, 48, 54–55, 79, 82, 84; III: 115–116, 167n; IV: 35, 51–52; V: 405; Supp. I: 196, 227; Supp. II: 193, 194; Supp. IV: 158, 171, 283, 558 Shakespeare (Swinburne), V: 333 “Shakespeare and Stage Costume” (Wilde), V: 407 Shakespeare and the Allegory of Evil (Spivack), I: 214 Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 202 Shakespeare and the Idea of the Play (Righter), I: 224 “Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca” (Eliot), I: 275 “Shakespeare as a Man” (Stephen), V: 287 Shakespeare Wallah (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 237–238 Shakespeare’s Sonnets Reconsidered (Butler), Supp. II: 116 Shall I Call Thee Bard: A Portrait of Jason Strugnell (Cope), VIII: 69

Shall We Join the Ladies? (Barrie), Supp. III: 6, 9, 16–17 Shaman (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173 “Shamdev; The Wolf–Boy” (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 157 Shame (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 116, 433, 436, 440, 443, 444–445, 448, 449 Shamela (Fielding), III: 84, 98, 105; Retro. Supp. I: 80; Retro. Supp. I: 82–83 Shamrock Tea (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63–65 Shape of Things to Come, The (Wells), VI: 228, 241 “Shape–Changer, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 318–319 “Shapes and Shadows” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 178 SHAR: Hurricane Poem (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 35–36 Sharawaggi: Poems in Scots (Crawford and Herbert), Supp. XI: 67–71, 72 Shards of Memory (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 233, 234–235 “Shark! Shark!” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 109 “Sharp Trajectories” (Davie), Supp. VI: 116 Sharp, William, IV: 370 Sharpeville Sequence (Bond), Supp. I: 429 Sharrock, Roger, II: 246, 254 Shaving of Shagpat, The (Meredith), V: 225, 234 Shaw, George Bernard, III: 263; V: xxii, xxv, xxvi, 284, 301, 305–306, 423, 433; VI: viii, ix, xiv–xv, 101–132, 147, 343; Supp. II: 24, 45, 51, 54, 55, 117–118, 288, 296–297; Supp. III: 6; Supp. IV: 233, 288, 292; Retro. Supp. II: 309–325 Shaw Gives Himself Away: An Autobiographical Miscellany (Shaw), VI: 129 Shaw–Stewart, Patrick, VI: 418–419, 420 She (Haggard), Supp. III: 211, 212, 213, 219–222, 223–227 She Stoops to Conquer (Goldsmith), II: 362; III: 177, 181, 183, 188, 191, 256 She Wou’d if She Cou’d (Etherege), II: 266, 268, 271 Sheaf of Verses, A (Hall), Supp. VI: 119 “Sheep” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 209 Sheep and the Dog, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 138–139, 141 “Sheepdog Trials in Hyde Park” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 “Sheer Edge” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 219 “She’s all my fancy painted him” (Carroll), V: 264 Shelf Life (Powell), Supp. IV: 258 “Shell” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 102, 109 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, III: 329– 331, 336, 341, 342, 345; IV: xv, xvi, xvii, 118, 197, 201, 202, 203; Supp. III: 355–373, 385; Supp. IV: 546; Retro. Supp. I: 246 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, II: 102, 200; III: 329, 330, 333, 336–338; IV: vii–xii, 63, 132 158–159, 161, 163, 164, 168– 169, l72, 176–179, 182, 195–210, 217, 234, 281, 299, 349, 354, 357, 366,

428

372; V: 214, 330, 401, 403; VI: 453; Supp. III: 355, 357–358, 364–365, 370; Supp. IV: 468; Retro. Supp. I: 243–257 Shelley (Swinburne), V: 333 Shelley (Thompson), V: 450, 451 Shelley: A Life Story (Blunden), IV: 210 Shelley and Keats as They Struck Their Contemporaries (Blunden), IV: 210 Shelley’s Idols of the Cave (Butler), IV: 210 “Shelley’s Skylark” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 119 Shells by a Stream (Blunden), Supp. XI: 37 Shelmalier (McGuckian), Supp. V: 280, 290–292 “Shelmalier” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 291 Shelter, The (Phillips), Supp. V: 380 Sheol (Raine), Supp. XIII: 173 Shepheardes Calendar (Spenser), see Shepherd’s Calendar, The Shepheard’s Oracles, The (Quarles), II: 139 Shepherd, Ettrick, see Hogg, James Shepherd, and Other Poems of Peace and War, The (Blunden), Supp. XI: 36, 42 “Shepherd and the Nymph, The” (Landor), IV: 96 Shepherd of the Giant Mountains, The (tr. Smedley), V: 265 “Shepherd’s Brow, The” (Hopkins), V: 376, 378n Shepherd’s Calendar, The (Spenser), I: 97, 121, 123, 124–128, 162 Shepherd’s Calendar, The; with Village Stories, and Other Poems (Clare), Supp. XI: 59 “Shepherd’s Carol” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 214–215 Shepherd’s Life, A (Hudson), V: 429 Shepherd’s Week, The (Gay), III: 55, 56, 67 Sheppey (Maugham), VI: 377 Sherburn, George, III: 73, 78 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, II: 334, 336; III: 32, 97, 101, 252–271 Sheridan, Susan, Supp. IV: 459 Sherlock Holmes and the Limehouse Horror (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 151 “Sherthursdaye and Venus Day” (Jones), Supp. VII: 177 Shewan, R., V: 409n, 421 Shewing of a Vision, The (Julian of Norwich), Supp. XII: 155 Shewings of the Lady Julian, The (Julian of Norwich), Supp. XII: 155 Shewing–Up of Blanco Posnet, The: A Sermon in Crude Melodrama (Shaw), VI: 115, 117, 124, 129 “Shian Bay” (Graham), Supp. VII: 110– 111 “Shield of Achilles, The” (Auden), VII: 388, 390–391, 397–398; Retro. Supp. I: 10 Shikasta (Lessing), Supp. I: 250, 251, 252, 253 Shining, The (King), III: 345 “Shining Gift, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 323

SHIP−SIMP “Ship of The Wind, The” (Longley), VIII: 175 “Ship That Found Herself, The” (Kipling), VI: 170 Shipman’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 36 “Ships” (Dunn), Supp. X: 70 Shipwreck (Fowles), Supp. I: 292 Shipwrecked, The (Greene), see England Made Me Shires, The (Davie), Supp. VI: 111–112 Shirley, James, II: 44, 66, 87 Shirley (Brontë), V: xxi, 12, 106, 112, 145–147, 152; Retro. Supp. I: 53, 54, 60 Shirley Sanz (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313 Shrimp and the Anemone, The (Hartley), Supp. VII: 119, 124–125 “Shoals Returning, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Shoemaker of Merano, The (Hall), Supp. VI: 130 Shoemaker’s Holiday, The (Dekker), II: 89 “Shooting an Elephant” (Orwell), VII: 273, 276, 282 Shooting Niagara—“nd After? (Carlyle), IV: xxii, 240, 247, 250 “Shore Road, The” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187, 195 Short Account of a Late Short Administration, A (Burke), III: 205 Short Character of . . . [the Earl of Wharton], A (Swift), III: 35 Short Historical Essay . . . , A (Marvell), II: 219 “Short History of British India, A” (Hill), Supp. V: 191 “Short History of the English Novel, A” (Self), Supp. V: 403 Short History of the English People (Green), VI: 390 Short Stories, Scraps, and Shavings (Shaw), VI: 129 short story, VI: 369–370; VII: xvii, 178– 181 “Short Story, The” (Bowen), Supp. II: 86 Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, A (Collier), II: 303, 325, 338, 340, 356; III: 44 Short View of the State of Ireland, A (Swift), III: 28, 35; Retro. Supp. I: 276 Short Vindication of AThe Relapse”and AThe Provok’d Wife,”A, . . . by the Author (Vanbrugh), II: 332, 336 Shortened History of England, A (Trevelyan), VI: 395 Shorter, Clement, V: 150, 151–153 Shorter Finnegans Wake, A (Burgess), Supp. I: 197 Shorter Poems (Bridges), VI: 72, 73, 81 Shortest Way to Peace and Union, The (Defoe), III: 13 Shortest Way with the Dissenters, The (Defoe), III: 2, 3, 12–13; Retro. Supp. I: 64–65, 67 “Shot, The” (Jennings), Supp. V: 210 Shot, The (Kerr), Supp. XII: 194–195

“Shot Down over Libya” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 202, 207–208, 209 Shot in the Park, A (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 “Should lanterns shine” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174 Shoulder of Shasta, The (Stoker), Supp. III: 381 Shout, The (Graves), VII: 259 “Show me, dear Christ, thy spouse” (Donne), I: 367, 368 “Show Saturday” (Larkin), Supp. I: 283, 285 Shrapnel Academy, The (Weldon), Supp. IV: 529–530, 531 Shropshire Lad, A (Housman), VI: ix, xv, 157, 158–160, 164 Shroud for a Nightingale (James), Supp. IV: 319, 320, 323, 326–327 “Shrove Tuesday in Paris” (Thackeray), V: 22, 38 Shuttlecock (Swift), Supp. V: 429–431 “Siberia” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 126 “Sibylla Palmifera” (Rossetti), V: 237 Sibylline Leaves (Coleridge), IV: 56 “Sibyl’s Prophecy, The”, See Völuspá “Sic Tydingis Hard I at the Sessioun” (Dunbar), VIII: 122 “Sic Vita” (King), Supp. VI: 162 Sicilian Carousel (Durrell), Supp. I: 102 Sicilian Lover, The (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 209 Sicilian Romance, A (Radcliffe), III: 338 “Sick King in Bokhara, The” (Arnold), V: 210 Sidgwick, Henry, V: 284, 285 Sidhwa, Bapsi, Supp. V: 62 Sidley, Sir Charles, see Sedley, Sir Charles Sidney, Sir Philip, I: 123, 160–175; II: 46, 48, 53, 80, 158, 221, 339; III: 95; Retro. Supp. I: 157; Retro. Supp. II: 327–342 Siege (Fry), Supp. III: 194 Siege of Corinth, The (Byron), IV: 172, 192; see also Turkish tales Siege of London, The (James), VI: 67 Siege of Pevensey, The (Burney), Supp. III: 71 Siege of Thebes, The (Lydgate), I: 57, 61, 65 “Siena” (Swinburne), V: 325, 332 “Sierra Nevada” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 254–255 “Siesta of a Hungarian Snake” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 166 “Sigh, A” (Finch), Supp. IX: 67–68 “Sighs and Grones” (Herbert), II: 128 “Sight” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 207 Sight for Sore Eyes, A (Rendell), Supp. IX: 195, 200–201 Sight, The Cavern of Woe, and Solitude (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 207 Sign of Four, The (Doyle), Supp. II: 160, 162–163, 164–165, 167, 171, 173, 176 Sign of the Cross, The (Barrett), VI: 124 Signal Driver (White), Supp. I: 131, 151 “Signiﬁcance of Nothing, The” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 164

429

“Signpost, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 403, 404 “Signs” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 263 Signs of Change (Morris), V: 306 “Signs of the Times” (Carlyle), IV: 241– 242, 243, 249, 324; V: viii Sigurd the Volsung (Morris), see Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs, The Silas Marner (Eliot), V: xxii, 194, 200; Retro. Supp. II: 108–110 “Silecroft Shore” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 Silence (Pinter), Supp. I: 376 “Silence” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 270 Silence Among the Weapons (Arden), Supp. II: 41 Silence in the Garden, The (Trevor), Supp. IV: 505, 506, 515–516, 517 “Silence Is Possible” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 14 “Silent One, The” (Gurney), VI: 427 Silent Passenger, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 335 “Silent Voices, The” (Tennyson), IV: 329 Silent Voices: An Anthology of Romanian Women Poets (tr. Deletant and Walker), Supp. XII: 11 Silent Woman, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 163 Silex Scintillans: . . . (Vaughan), II: 184, 185, 186, 201 Sillitoe, Alan, Supp. V: 409–426 Silmarillion, The (Tolkien), Supp. II: 519, 520, 521, 525, 527 Silver, Brenda, Retro. Supp. I: 305 “Silver Blaze” (Doyle), Supp. II: 167 Silver Box, The (Galsworthy), VI: 273, 284–285 Silver Bucket, The (Orton), Supp. V: 364 Silver Chair, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 248 Silver Circus (Coppard), VIII: 96–97 “Silver Cruciﬁx on My Desk, A” (Hart), Supp. XI: 127–128 “Silver Plate, A” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 168 Silver Spoon, The (Galsworthy), VI: 275 Silver Stair, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 273, 274 Silver Tassie, The (O’Casey), VII: 6–7 Silverado Squatters, The (Stevenson), V: 386, 395; Retro. Supp. I: 262 “Silvia” (Etherege), II: 267 Simenon, Georges, III: 341 Simisola (Rendell), Supp. IX: 196, 198– 199 Simmons, Ernest, V: 46 Simmons, James, Supp. IV: 412 “Simon Lee” (Wordsworth), IV: 7, 8–9, 10 Simonetta Perkins (Hartley), Supp. VII: 122–123, 126 Simonidea (Landor), IV: 100 Simple and Religious Consultation (Bucer), I: 177 “Simple Simon” (Coppard), VIII: 97 “Simple Susan” (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 153 Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles, The (Shaw), VI: 125, 126, 127, 129

SIMP−SKOT “Simplicities” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 324–325 Simplicity (Collins), III: 166 “Simpliﬁcation of Life” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 “Simplify Me When I’m Dead” (Douglas), VII: 440 Simpson, Alan, Supp. II: 68, 70, 74 Simpson, Percy, I: 279 Simpson, Richard, IV: 107, 122 “Simultaneous Translation” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 73 Sinai Sort, The (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 186–187 “Since thou, O fondest and truest” (Bridges), VI: 74, 77 “Sincerest Critick of My Prose, or Rhime” (Congreve), II: 349 “Sindhi Woman” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 293 Singer, S. W., III: 69 “Singing, 1977” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 79 Singing Detective, The (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 229 Singing School: The Making of a Poet (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 291–292, 301–303 Singing the Sadness (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 123 Single Man, A (Isherwood), VII: 309, 316–317 Singleton’s Law (Hill), see Albion! Albion! Sing–Song (Rossetti), V: 251, 255, 260 Singular Preference, The (Quennell), VI: 237, 245 Sinjohn, John, pseud. of John Galsworthy “Sinking” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 135 Sins of the Fathers and Other Tales (Gissing), V: 437 Sir Charles Grandison (Richardson), III: 80, 90–91, 92; IV: 124 “Sir David Brewster Invents the Kaleidoscope” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 71 “Sir Dominick Ferrand” (James), VI: 69 “Sir Edmund Orme” (James), VI: 69 “Sir Eustace Grey” (Crabbe), III: 282 “Sir Galahad and the Islands” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 43 Sir Gawain and the Carl of Carlisle, I: 71 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, (Gawain–Poet), I: 2, 28, 69, 71; Supp. VII: 83, 84–91, 94, 98 Sir George Otto Trevelyan: A Memoir (Trevelyan), VI: 383, 391 Sir Harry Hotspur of Humblethwaite (Trollope), V: 100, 102 Sir Harry Wildair, Being the Sequel of AThe Trip to the Jubilee“ (Farquhar), II: 352, 357, 364 Sir Hornbook; or, Childe Launcelot’s Expedition (Peacock), IV: 169 Sir John Vanbrugh’s Justiﬁcahon of . . . the Duke of Marlborough’s Late Tryal (Vanbrugh), II: 336 Sir Launcelot Greaves (Smollett), III: 149, 153, 158 Sir Martin Mar–All; or, The Feign’d Innocence (Dryden), II: 305

Sir Nigel (Doyle), Supp. II: 159 Sir Proteus, a Satirical Ballad (Peacock), IV: 169 Sir Thomas More; or, Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of Society (Southey), IV: 69, 70, 71, 280 Sir Thomas Wyatt (Dekker and Webster), II: 68 Sir Tom (Oliphant), Supp. X: 219 Sir Tristrem (Thomas the Rhymer), IV: 29 “Sir Walter Scott” (Carlyle), IV: 38 Sir Walter Scott: The Great Unknown (Johnson), IV: 40 “Sir William Herschel’s Long Year” (Hope), Supp. VII: 164–165 “Sire de Maletroit’s Door, The” (Stevenson), V: 395 Siren Land (Douglas), VI: 293, 294, 295, 297, 305 “Sirens, The” (Manifold), VII: 426 Sirian Experiments, The: The Report by Ambien II, of the Five (Lessing), Supp. I: 250, 252 Sirocco (Coward), Supp. II: 141, 146, 148 “Siskin” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256 Sisson, C. H., Supp. XI: 243–262 Sisson, C. J., I: 178n, 326 Sister Anne (Potter), Supp. III: 304 “Sister Helen” (Rossetti), IV: 313; V: 239, 245 “Sister Imelda” (O’Brien), Supp. V: 340 “Sister Maude” (Rossetti), V: 259 Sister Songs (Thompson), V: 443, 449, 450, 451 Sister Teresa (Moore), VI: 87, 92, 98 Sisterly Feelings (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 6, 10, 11–12, 13, 14 “Sisters” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Sisters, The (Conrad), VI: 148 “Sisters, The” (Joyce), Retro. Supp. I: 171–172 Sisters, The (Swinburne), V: 330, 333 Sisters and Strangers: A Moral Tale (Tennant), Supp. IX: 235, 236 Sisters by a River (Comyns), VIII: 54, 55, 56 “Sitting, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 128–129 “Situation in Catalonia, The” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 90–93 Situation of the Novel, The (Bergonzi), Supp. IV: 233 Sitwell, Edith, I: 83; III: 73, 78; VI: 454; VII: xv–xvii, 127–141 Sitwell, Osbert, V: 230, 234; VII: xvi, 128, 130, 135; Supp. II: 199, 201– 202, 203 Sitwell, Sacheverell, VII: xvi, 128 Six Distinguishing Characters of a Parliament–Man, The (Defoe), III: 12 Six Dramas of Calderón. Freely Translated (FitzGerald), IV: 342, 344–345, 353 Six Epistles to Eva Hesse (Davie), Supp. VI: 111 “Six o’clock in Princes Street” (Owen), VI: 451 Six of Calais, The (Shaw), VI: 129

430

Six Poems (Thomas), Supp. III: 399 Six Queer Things, The (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 35 Six Stories Written in the First Person Singular (Maugham), VI: 374 Six Voices: Contemporary Australian Poets (Wallace–Crabb)e ed.), VIII: 314– 315 “Six Weeks at Heppenheim” (Gaskell), V: 14, 15 “Six Years After” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 176 “Six Young Men” (Hughes), Supp. I: 344; Retro. Supp. II: 203–204 “Sixpence” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 175, 177 Sixteen Occasional Poems 1990–2000 (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 88, 91–92 Sixteen Self Sketches (Shaw), VI: 102, 129 Sixth Beatitude, The (Hall), Supp. VI: 120, 122, 130 Sixth Heaven, The (Hartley), Supp. VII: 124, 125, 127 “Sixth Journey, The” (Graham), Supp. VII: 109 “Sixty Drops of Laudanum” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 117 Sizemore, Christine Wick, Supp. IV: 336 “Skating” (Motion), Supp. VII: 251, 256 Skeat, W. W., I: 17 “Skeleton, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 325 “Skeleton of the Future (at Lenin’s Tomb), The” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 211 Skelton, John, I: 81–96 “Sketch, A” (Rossetti), V: 250 Sketch Book (Irving), III: 54 “Sketch from Private Life, A” (Byron), IV: 192 “Sketch of the Great Dejection, A” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 274 “Sketch of the Past, A” (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 314–315 Sketches and Essays (Hazlitt), IV: 140 “Sketches and Reminiscences of Irish Writers” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 114 Sketches and Reviews (Pater), V: 357 Sketches and Travels in London (Thackeray), V: 38 Sketches by Boz (Dickens), V: xix, 42, 43–46, 47, 52, 71 “Sketches for a Self–Portrait” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 128 Sketches from Cambridge, by a Don (Stephen), V: 289 Sketches in the Life of John Clare, Written by Himself (Clare), Supp. XI: 50, 53 “Sketches of Irish Writers” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 119, 124 Sketches of the Principal Picture–Galleries in England (Hazlitt), IV: 132, 139 “Skin” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 216 Skin (Kane), VIII: 148, 149, 157–158 Skin Chairs, The (Comyns), VIII: 53, 55, 62–63 Skin Game, The (Galsworthy), VI: 275, 280, 288 Skírnismál, VIII: 230 Skotlands rímur, VIII: 243

SKRI−SOCI Skriker, The (Churchill), Supp. IV: 179, 180, 197–198 Skull Beneath the Skin, The (James), Supp. II: l27; Supp. IV: 335–336, 337 Skull in Connemara, A (McDonagh), Supp. XII: 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 245 “Sky Burning Up Above the Man, The” (Keneally), Supp. IV: 345 Skyhorse (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 301 “Skylarks” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 206 Skylight (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 298–299 “Skylight, The” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 132 Slag (Hare), Supp. IV: 281, 283 “Slate” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 167 “Sleep” (Cowley), II: 196 “Sleep, The” (Browning), IV: 312 “Sleep and Poetry” (Keats), IV: 214–215, 217, 228, 231; Retro. Supp. I: 184, 188 Sleep Has His House (Kavan), see House of Sleep, The Sleep It Off, Lady (Rhys), Supp. II: 389, 401, 402 Sleep of Prisoners, A (Fry), Supp. III: 194, 195, 199–200 Sleep of Reason, The (Snow), VII: 324, 331–332 Sleep with Me (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 155 Sleepers of Mars (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 282 Sleepers of Roraima (Harris), Supp. V: 132 Sleep of the Great Hypnotist, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 “Sleeping at Last” (Rossetti), V: 251– 252, 259 Sleeping Beauty, The (Sitwell), VII: 132 Sleeping Fires (Gissing), V: 437 Sleeping Lord and Other Fragments, The (Jones), Supp. VII: 167, 170, 178– 180 Sleeping Murder (Christie), Supp. II: 125, 134 Sleeping Prince, The (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 318–319 Sleepwalkers, The: A History of Man’s Changing Vision of the Universe (Koestler), Supp. I: 37–38 Sleuths, Inc. (Eames), Supp. IV: 3 “Slice of Cake, A” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 230 Slight Ache, A (Pinter), Supp. I: 369, 371; Retro. Supp. I: 222–223 “Slips” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 281–282 Slipstream: A Memoir (Howard), Supp. XI: 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 145–146 Slocum, Joshua, Supp. IV: 158 Slot Machine, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 “Slough” (Betjeman), VII: 366 “Slumber Did My Spirit Seal, A” (Wordsworth), IV: 18 “Small Boy” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 194 Small Boy and Others, A (James), VI: 65 Small Containers, The (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218

Small Family Business, A (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 12, 14 Small g: A Summer Idyll (Highsmith), Supp. V: 179 Small House at Allington, The (Trollope), V: xxiii, 101 “Small Personal Voice, The” (Lessing), Supp. I: 238 Small Place, A (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 217, 225–226, 230, 231 “Small Plant, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 144 Small Town in Germany, A (le Carré), Supp. II: 300, 303–305, 307 Small World: An Academic Romance (Lodge), Supp. IV: 363, 366, 371, 372, 374, 376–378, 384, 385 “Small World: An Introduction” (Lodge), Supp. IV: 377 Smeaton, O., III: 229n “Smile” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 491–492 “Smile of Fortune, A” (Conrad), VI: 148 Smile Please (Rhys), Supp. II: 387, 388, 389, 394, 395, 396 Smiles, Samuel, VI: 264 Smiley’s People (le Carré), Supp. II: 305, 311, 314–315 Smith, Adam, IV: xiv, 144–145; V: viii Smith, Alexander, IV: 320; V: 158 Smith, Edmund, III: 118 Smith, George, V: 13, 131, 132, 147, 149, 150, 279–280 Smith, Henry Nash, VI: 24 Smith, Iain Chrichton, Supp. IX: 207– 225 Smith, James, IV: 253 Smith, Janet Adam, V: 391, 393, 395– 398 Smith, Logan Pearsall, Supp. III: 98, 111 Smith, Nichol, III: 21 Smith, Stevie, Supp. II: 459–478 Smith, Sydney, IV: 268, 272; Supp. VII: 339–352 Smith, William Robertson, Supp. III: 171 Smith (Maugham), VI: 368 Smith and the Pharaohs and Other Tales (Haggard), Supp. III: 214, 222 Smith, Elder & Co. (publishers), V: 131, 140, 145, 150; see also Smith, George Smith of Wootton Major (Tolkien), Supp. II: 521 Smithers, Peter, III: 42, 53 “Smithﬁeld Market” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 57 “Smoke” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 177 “Smokers for Celibacy” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 12 Smollett, Tobias, III: 146–159; V: xiv 52 Smyer, Richard I., Supp. IV: 338 “Snail Watcher, The” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 Snail Watcher and Other Stories, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 “Snake” (Lawrence), VII: 119; Retro. Supp. II: 233–234 Snake’s Pass, The (Stoker), Supp. III: 381 “Snap–dragon” (Lawrence), VII: 118

431

Snapper, The (Doyle), Supp. V: 77, 82– 85, 88 “Snayl, The” (Lovelace), II: 231 “Sneaker’s A (Mahon), Supp. VI: 175– 176 “Sniff, The” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 319, 320–321 “Sniper, The” (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 414 Snobs of England, The (Thackeray), see Book of Snobs, The Snodgrass, Chris, V: 314 Snooty Baronet (Lewis), VII: 77 Snorra Edda, VIII: 243 Snow, C. P., VI: 235; VII: xii, xxi, 235, 321–341 “Snow” (Hughes), Supp. I: 348 “Snow” (MacNeice), VII: 412 “Snow Joke” (Armitage), VIII: 3 Snow on the North Side of Lucifer (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 424, 425 Snow Party, The (Mahon), Supp. VI: 169, 172–173 “Snow Party, The” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 172 “Snow White’s Journey to the City” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 102 Snowing Globe, The (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218, 219 “Snowmanshit” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Snowstop (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 411 “Snow–White and the Seven Dwarfs” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 226 “So crewell prison howe could betyde, alas” (Surrey), I: 113 “So Good of Their Kind” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 “So I Thought She Must Have Been Forgiven” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 So Lovers Dream (Waugh), Supp. VI: 272 “So Much Depends” (Cope), VIII: 78 “So On He Fares” (Moore), VI: 93 “So sweet love seemed that April morn” (Bridges), VI: 77 “So to Fatness Come” (Smith), Supp. II: 472 “So you think I Am a Mule?” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108 Soaking The Heat (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 153 “Soap–Pig, The” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 423 “Social Life in Roman Britain” (Trevelyan), VI: 393 “Social Progress and Individual Effort” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 Social Rights and Duties (Stephen), V: 289 Socialism and the Family (Wells), VI: 244 Socialism and the New Life (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 36 Socialism: Its Growth and Outcome (Morris and Box), V: 306 “Socialism: Principles and Outlook” (Shaw), VI: 129 Society for Pure English Tracts, VI: 83 “Sociological Cure for Shellshock, A” (Hibberd), VI: 460

SOFA−SONG “Sofa in the Forties, A” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 133 Soft Side, The (James), VI: 67 Soft Voice of the Serpent and Other Stories, The (Gordimer), Supp. II: 226 “Soho Hospital for Women, The” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 7 “Sohrab and Rustum” (Arnold), V: xxi, 208, 209, 210, 216 “Soil Map, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 282 Soldier (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218 “Soldier, The” (Brooke), VI: 420, 421; Supp. III: 57, 58 “Soldier, The” (Hopkins), V: 372 Soldier and a Scholar, A (Swift), III: 36 Soldier of Humour (ed. Rosenthal), VII: 73 Soldier, Soldier (Arden), Supp. II: 28 Soldier’s Art, The (Powell), VII: 349 “Soldiers Bathing” (Prince), VII: xxii 427 “Soldier’s Declaration, A” (Sassoon), Supp. IV: 57 Soldier’s Embrace, A (Gordimer), Supp. II: 232 “Soldiers of the Queen” (Kipling), VI: 417 “Soldiers on the Platform” (Cornford), VIII: 111 Soldiers Three (Kipling), VI: 204 “Sole of a Foot, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 357 “Solemn Meditation, A” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 135, 141 Solid Geometry (McEwan), Supp. IV: 390, 398 “Solid House, A” (Rhys), Supp. II: 402 Solid Mandala, The (White), Supp. I: 131, 143–145, 148, 152 “Solid Objects” (Woolf), VII: 31 “Soliloquies” (Hill), Supp. V: 187 Soliloquies (St. Augustine), Retro. Supp. II: 297 Soliloquies of a Hermit (Powys), VIII: 246, 247, 249 “Soliloquy by the Well” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 230 “Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister” (Browning), IV: 356, 360, 367 Soliman and Perseda, I: 220 “Solitary Conﬁnement” (Koestler), Supp. I: 36 “Solitary Reaper, The” (Wordsworth), IV: 22 “Solitary Shapers, The” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 320 “Solitude” (Carroll), V: 263 “Solitude” (Milne), Supp. V: 303 “Solitude” (Traherne), II: 192 Sollers, Philippe, Supp. IV: 115, 116 Solomon, Simeon, V: 312, 314, 320 Solomon’s Temple Spiritualized (Bunyan), II: 253 Solon, II: 70 Solstices (MacNeice), VII: 416 “Solution, The” (James), VI: 69 Some Advice . . . to the Members of the October Club (Swift), III: 35

Some Arguments Against Enlarging the Power of the Bishop (Swift), III: 35 Some Branch Against the Sky (Dutton), Supp. XII: 83 Some Branch Against the Sky: Gardening in the Wild (Dutton), Supp. XII: 84 “Some Days Were Running Legs” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211 Some Do Not (Ford), VI: 319 Some Early Impressions (Stephen), V: 278, 281, 290 Some Free Thoughts upon the Present State of Affairs (Swift), III: 27, 36 Some Friends of Walt Whitman: A Study in Sex–Psychology (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 45 Some Gospel–Truths Opened According to the Scriptures (Bunyan), II: 253 Some Imagist Poets (ed. Lowell), Supp. III: 397 Some Irish Essays (Russell), VIII: 286 “Some More Light Verse” (Cope), VIII: 77 Some Lie and Some Die (Rendell), Supp. IX: 191–192, 197–198 Some Observations upon a Paper (Swift), III: 35 Some Papers Proper to Be Read Before the Royal Society (Fielding), III: 105 Some Passages in the Life of Major Gahagan (Thackeray), see Tremendous Adventures of Major Gahagan, The Some Popular Fallacies About Vivisection (Carroll), V: 273 Some Reasons Against the . . . Tyth of Hemp . . . (Swift), III: 36 Some Reasons to Prove That No Person Is Obliged . . . as a Whig, etc. (Swift), III: 35 Some Recent Attacks: Essays Cultural and Political (Kelman), Supp. V: 257 Some Remarks on the Barrier Treaty (Swift), III: 35 Some Remarks upon a Pamphlet (Swift), III: 35 Some Reminiscences (Conrad), VI: 148 Some Tame Gazelle (Pym), Supp. II: 366–367, 380 Some Time Never: A Fable for Supermen (Dahl), Supp. IV: 211, 213, 214 “Some Time with Stephen: A Diary” (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 161 Some Versions of Pastoral (Empson; US. title, English Pastoral Poetry), Supp. II: 179, 184, 188, 189–190, 197 “Someone Had To” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 126 Someone Like You (Dahl), Supp. IV: 206, 214, 215 Somers, Jane, see Diaries of Jane Somers, The Somerset Maugham (Brander), VI: 379 Somerset Maugham (Curtis), VI: 379 Somervell, Robert, VI: 385 Something Childish, and Other Stories (Mansﬁeld), VII: 171 “Something Else” (Priestley), VII: 212– 213 Something Fresh (Wodehouse), see Something New

432

Something in Disguise (Howard), Supp. XI: 135, 141, 142 Something Leather (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 80, 82, 83–86, 91 Something New (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 452, 453 “Something the Cat Dragged In” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 “Sometime I ﬂed the ﬁre that me brent” (Wyatt), I: 103–104 Somewhere Is Such a Kingdom: Poems, 1952–1971 (Hill), Supp. V: 184 Somnium Scipionis (Cicero), IV: 189 “Son, The” (Swift), Supp. V: 432–433 Son of Man (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 229, 236–237, 239 Son of the Soil, A (Oliphant), Supp. X: 219 Son of Frankenstein (ﬁlm), III: 342 “Sonata Form” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 127 “Sonata in X” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290–291 “Sonatas in Silence” (Owen), VI: 449, 451, 454 Sone and Air of the Foirsaid Foxe, called Father wer, The: Alswa the Parliament of fourfuttit Beistis, halden be the Lyoun (Henryson), see Trial of the Fox, The “Song” (Blake), III: 290 “Song” (Collins), III: 170 “Song” (Congreve, two poems), II: 347– 348 “Song” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 36 “Song” (Goldsmith), III: 184–185 “Song” (Lewis), VII: 446 “Song” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 “Song” (Tennyson), IV: 329 “Song, A” (Rochester), II: 258 “Song [3]” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 “Song, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 208 Song and Its Fountains (Russell), VIII: 290, 292 “Song at the Beginning of Autumn” (Jennings), Supp. V: 214 Song at the Year’s Turning: Poems, 1942– 1954 (Thomas), Supp. XII: 283 Song at Twilight, A (Coward), Supp. II: 156–157 Song for a Birth or a Death (Jennings), Supp. V: 213, 215 “Song for a Birth or a Death” (Jennings), Supp. V: 215 “Song for a Corncrake” (Murphy), Supp. V: 324 “Song for a Phallus” (Hughes), Supp. I: 351 “Song for Coffee–Drinkers” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 125 “Song for the Four Seasons” (Reid), Supp. VII: 326 “Song for the Swifts” (Jennings), Supp. V: 218 Song for St. Cecilia’s Day, A (Dryden), II: 304 “Song for Simeon, A” (Eliot), VII: 152 “Song for Sophie: A Granddaughter, born 1998” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 229

SONG−SOUT “Song from Armenia, A” (Hill), Supp. V: 189 “Song from Cymbeline, A” (Collins), III: 163, 169–170 “Song from the Waters” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 30 “Song in Storm, A” (Kipling), VI: 201 “Song in the Songless” (Meredith), V: 223 “Song of a Camera” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 273 Song of Hylas (Morris), VII: 164 Song of Italy, A (Swinburne), V: 313, 332 Song of Liberty, A (Blake), III: 307 “Song of Life, The” (Davies), Supp. XI: 98 Song of Life and Other Poems, The (Davies), Supp. XI: 98 Song of Los, The (Blake), III: 307; Retro. Supp. I: 44 “Song of Poplars” (Huxley), VII: 199 “Song of Rahero, The” (Stevenson), V: 396 Song of Roland, I: 69 Song of Songs (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 233 Song of Stone, A (Banks), Supp. XI: 8–9 “Song of the Albanian” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 126 “Song of the Amateur Psychologist” (Empson), Supp. II: 181 “Song of the Bower” (Rossetti), V: 243 Song of the Cold, The (Sitwell), VII: 132, 136, 137 “Song of the Fourth Magus” (Nye), Supp. X: 202 “Song of the Militant Romance, The” (Lewis), VII: 79 “Song of the Night” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 269 Song of the Night and Other Poems (Kinsella), Supp. V: 269 “Song of the Petrel, A” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 161 “Song of the Rat” (Hughes), Supp. I: 348 “Song of the Shirt, The” (Hood), IV: 252, 261, 263–264 “Song Talk” (Nye), Supp. X: 206 “Song. To Celia” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 164 “Song Written at Sea . . .”(Dorset), II: 261–262, 270 “Songbook of Sebastian Arrurruz, The” (Hill), Supp. V: 187, 188–189 Songlines, The (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 170–173, 174; Supp. IX: 49, 52, 57–59, 60, 61 Songs, The (Burns), III: 322 Songs and Sonnets (Donne), I: 357, 358, 360, 368 Songs Before Sunrise (Swinburne), V: xxiii, 313, 314, 324–325, 331, 332 “Songs for Strangers and Pilgrims” (Rossetti), V: 251, 254n, 260 “Songs in a Cornﬁeld” (Rossetti), V: 258 Songs of Chaos (Read), VI: 436 Songs of Enchantment (Okri), Supp. V: 348–349, 350, 353, 358–359 Songes and Sonnettes . . . (pub. Tottel), see Tottel’s Miscellany

Songs of Experience (Blake), III: 292, 293, 294, 297; Retro. Supp. I: 34, 36–37 Songs of Innocence (Blake), III: 292, 297, 307 Songs of Innocence and of Experience (Blake), III: 290, 299, 307; V: xv, 330; Retro. Supp. I: 36, 42–43 Songs of the Psyche (Kinsella), Supp. V: 270 “Songs of the PWD Man, The” (Harrison), Supp. V: 151 Songs of the Springtides (Swinburne), V: 332 Songs of Travel (Stevenson), V: 385, 396 Songs of Two Nations (Swinburne), V: 332 Songs Wing to Wing (Thompson), see Sister Songs “Songster, The” (Smith), Supp. II: 465 “Sonnet” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 29 “Sonnet, A” (Jennings), Supp. V: 207 “Sonnet, 1940” (Ewart), VII: 423 “Sonnet on the Death of Richard West” (Gray), III: 137 “Sonnet to Henry Lawes” (Milton), II: 175 “Sonnet to Liberty” (Wilde), V: 401 “Sonnet to Mr. Cyriack Skinner Upon His Blindness” (Milton), II: 164 “Sonnet to Mrs. Charlotte Smith, on Hearing that Her Son Was Wounded at the Siege of Dunkirk” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 208 “Sonnet to My Beloved Daughter” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 199 “Sonnet to my Friend with an identity disc” (Owen), VI: 449 sonnets (Bridges), VI: 81 sonnets (Shakespeare), I: 307–308 “Sonnets for August 1945” (Harrison), Supp. V: 161–162 “Sonnets for August 1945” (Harrison), Supp. V: 161–162 “Sonnets for Five Seasons” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 262 “Sonnets from Hellas” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 133–134 Sonnets from Scotland (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 167 “Sonnets from the Portuguese” (Browning), IV: xxi, 311, 314, 320, 321 Sonnets of William Wordsworth, The, IV: 25 Sonnets to Fanny Kelly (Lamb), IV: 81, 83 “Sonnets to the Left” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 322 Sons and Lovers (Lawrence), VII: 88, 89, 91, 92, 95–98; Retro. Supp. II: 227 “Sons of the Brave” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 Sons of Thunder, The (Chatwin, B.), Supp. IX: 61 Sorceress (Oliphant), Supp. X: 219 “Sorescu’s Circles” (Longley), VIII: 176–177 “Sorrow” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207

433

Sort of Freedom, A (Friel), Supp. V: 115 “Son’s Veto, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 Sophonisba (Marston), see Wonder of Women, The Sopranos, The (Warner), Supp. XI: 282, 283, 287, 289–290, 294 Sordello (Browning), IV: xix, 355, 371, 373 Sorel, Georges, VI: 170 Sorley, Charles Hamilton, VI: xvi, 415, 417, 420, 421–422 Sorrow in Sunlight (Firbank), see Prancing Nigger “Sorrow of Socks, The” (Cope), VIII: 82 “Sorrow of true love is a great sorrow, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 396 “Sorrows of Innisfail, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 118 “Sorrows of Memory, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204–205 Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), IV: xiv, 59; Supp. IV: 28 “Sort of” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 “Sort of Exile in Lyme Regis, A” (Fowles), Supp. I: 292 “Sospetto d’Herode” (Crashaw), II: 180, 183–184 Sotheby, William, IV: 50 Sot–Weed Factor, The (Barth), Supp. IV: 116 “Souillac: Le Sacriﬁce d’Abraham” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 285 Soul and Body I, Retro. Supp. II: 301 Soul for Sale, A: Poems (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 193, 199 “So[00fb]l–Je[00fb]n Parterre” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 161 Soul of Man Under Socialism, The (Wilde), V: 409, 413, 415, 419 “Soul of Man Under Socialism, The” (Wilde), Supp. IV: 288; Retro. Supp. II: 367 “Soul Says” (Hart), Supp. XI: 131 Souls and Bodies (Lodge), see How Far Can You Go? “Soul’s Beauty,” (Rossetti), V: 237 Soul’s Destroyer and Other Poems, The (Davies), Supp. XI: 86, 93–96, 100 “Soul’s Expression, The” (Browning), IV: 313 Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), Supp. IV: 86 “Soul’s Travelling, The” (Browning), IV: 313 Sound Barrier, The (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 318 “Sound Machine, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 214–215 “Sound of the River, The” (Rhys), Supp. II: 402 “Sounds of a Devon Village” (Davie), Supp. VI: 113 “Sounds of the Day” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 189 Soursweet (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 390, 399 Soursweet (Mo), Supp. IV: 390, 400 South Africa (Trollope), V: 102 South African Autobiography, The (Plomer), Supp. XI: 223

SOUT−SPIR South African Winter (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 175 “South African Writers and English Readers” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 209 South Sea Bubble (Coward), Supp. II: 155 South Seas, The (Stevenson), V: 396 South Wind (Douglas), VI: 293, 294, 300–302, 304, 305; VII: 200 Southam, Brian Charles, IV: xi, xiii, xxv, 122, 124, 337 Southern, Thomas, II: 305 “Southern Night, A” (Arnold), V: 210 Southerne, Thomas, Supp. III: 34–35 Southey, Cuthbert, IV: 62, 72 Southey, Robert, III: 276, 335; IV: viii– ix, xiv, xvii, 43, 45, 52, 58–72, 85, 88, 89, 92, 102, 128, 129, 162, 168, 184– 187, 270, 276, 280; V: xx, 105, 121; Supp. IV: 425, 426–427 “Southey and Landor” (Landor), IV: 93 “Southey and Porson” (Landor), IV: 93, 97 “Southey’s Colloquies“ (Macaulay), IV: 280 Southey’s Common–place Book (ed. Warter), IV: 71 “South–Sea House, The” (Lamb), IV: 81–82 “South–Wester The” (Meredith), V: 223 Souvenirs (Fuller), Supp. VII: 67, 81 Sovereign Remedy, A (Steel), Supp. XII: 274–275 Sovereignty of Good, The (Murdoch), Supp. I: 217–218, 225 “Soviet Myth and Reality” (Koestler), Supp. I: 27 “Sow’s Ear, The” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 258 Space Vampires (Wilson), III: 341 “Space–ship, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216 Spain (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 176, 178– 179 “Spain 1937” (Auden), VII: 384; Retro. Supp. I: 8 Spanbroekmolen (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 274–275 Spanish Curate, The (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 66 Spanish Fryar, The; or, The Double Discovery (Dryden), II: 305 Spanish Gipsy, The (Middleton and Rowley), II: 100 Spanish Gypsy, The (Eliot), V: 198, 200 “Spanish Maids in England, The” (Cornford), VIII: 112–113 “Spanish Military Nun, The” (De Quincey), IV: 149 “Spanish Oranges” (Dunn), Supp. X: 80 Spanish Tragedy, The (Kyd), I: 212, 213, 218, 220, 221–229; II: 25, 28–29, 69 “Spanish Train, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 225 Spanish Virgin and Other Stories, The (Pritchett), Supp. III: 316, 317 Spanner and Pen (Fuller), Supp. VII: 67, 68, 74, 81 Sparagus Garden, The (Brome), Supp. X: 52, 61–62

“Spared” (Cope), VIII: 84 Spark, Muriel, Supp. I: 199–214; Supp. IV: 100, 234 “Sparrow” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Sparrow, John, VI: xv, xxxiv; VII: 355, 363 Sparrow, The (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2 “Spate in Winter Midnight” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187 “Spätlese, The” (Hope), Supp. VII: 157 Speak, Parrot (Skelton), I: 83, 90–91 Speak for England, Arthur (Bennett), VIII: 22–25 “Speak to Me” (Tennyson), IV: 332 Speaker (periodical), VI: 87, 335 Speaker of Mandarin (Rendell), Supp. IX: 192, 198 “Speaking a Foreign Language” (Reid), Supp. VII: 330 Speaking Likenesess (Rossetti), V: 260 Speaking Stones, The (Fallon), Supp. XII: 104–105, 114 “Speaking Stones, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 104 “Special Type, The” (James), VI: 69 “Specimen of an Induction to a Poem” (Keats), IV: 214 Specimens of English Dramatic Poets (Lamb), IV: xvi 79, 85 Specimens of German Romance (Carlyle), IV: 250 Specimens of Modern Poets: The Heptalogia . . . (Swinburne), V: 332 Speckled Bird, The (Yeats), VI: 222; Retro. Supp. I: 326 Spectator (periodical), III: 39, 41, 44, 46–50, 52, 53; V: 86, 238; VI: 87; Supp. IV: 121 Spectatorial Essays (Strachey), Supp. II: 497, 502 “Spectre of the Real, The” (Hardy), VI: 20 Speculations (Hulme), Supp. VI: 134, 140 Speculative Instruments (Richards), Supp. I: 426 Speculum hominis (Gower), I: 48 Speculum meditantis (Gower), I: 48 Speculum Principis (Skelton), I: 84 Spedding, James, I: 257n, 259, 264, 324 Speech Against Prelates Innovations (Waller), II: 238 Speech . . . Against Warren Hastings (Sheridan), III: 270 Speech . . . for the Better Security of the Independence of Parliament (Burke), III: 205 Speech, 4 July 1643 (Waller), II: 238 Speech . . . in Bristol upon . . . His Parliamentary Conduct, A (Burke), III: 205 Speech on American Taxation (Burke), III: 205 Speech . . . on Mr. Fox’s East India Bill (Burke), III: 205 Speech on Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies (Burke), III: 205 Speech on Parliamentary Reform (Macaulay), IV: 274

434

Speech on the Anatomy Bill (Macaulay), IV: 277 Speech on the Army Estimates (Burke), III: 205 Speech on the Edinburgh Election (Macaulay), IV: 274 Speech on the People’s Charter (Macaulay), IV: 274 Speech on the Ten Hours Bill (Macaulay), IV: 276–277 Speech Relative to the Nabob of Arcot’s Debts (Burke), III: 205 Speech to the Electors of Bristol (Burke), III: 205 Speeches on Parliamentary Reform (Disraeli), IV: 308 Speeches on the Conservative Policy of the Last Thirty Years (Disraeli), IV: 308 Speeches, Parliamentary and Miscellaneous (Macaulay), IV: 291 Speedy Post, A (Webster), II: 69, 85 Spell, The (Hollinghurst), Supp. X: 120, 132–134 Spell, The: An Extravaganza (Brontë), V: 151 Spell for Green Corn, A (Brown), Supp. VI: 72–73 Spell of Words, A (Jennings), Supp. V: 219 “Spelt from Sybil’s Leaves” (Hopkins), V: 372–373 Spence, Joseph, II: 261; III: 69, 86n Spencer, Baldwin, Supp. III: 187–188 Spencer, Herbert, V: 182, 189, 284 Spender, Stephen, VII: 153, 382, 410; Supp. II: 481–495; Supp. III: 103, 117, 119; Supp. IV: 95 Spengler, Osvald, Supp. IV: 1, 3, 10, 11, 12, 17 Spenser, Edmund, I: 121–144, 146; II: 50, 302; III: 167n; IV: 59, 61, 93, 205; V: 318 Sphinx (Thomas), Supp. IV: 485 “Sphinx, The” (Rossetti), V: 241 Sphinx, The (Wilde), V: 409–410, 415, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 371 “Sphinx; or, Science” (Bacon), I: 267 “Spider, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 Spider (Weldon), Supp. IV: 521 Spielmann, M. H., V: 137, 152 Spiess, Johann, III: 344 Spingarn, J. E., II: 256n “Spinoza” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 “Spinster Sweet–Arts, The” (Tennyson), IV: 327 “Spiral, The” (Reid), Supp. VII: 330 Spiral Ascent, The (Upward), Supp. XIII: 250, 251, 254–259, 260 Spire, The (Golding), Supp. I: 67, 79– 81, 83; Retro. Supp. I: 99–100 “Spirit, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 267 “Spirit Dolls, The” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 292 “Spirit is Too Blunt an Instrument, The” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256 Spirit Level, The (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 132–133 Spirit Machines (Crawford), Supp. XI: 67, 76–79

SPIR−STAT Spirit of British Administration and Some European Comparisons, The (Sisson), Supp. XI: 249, 258 Spirit of Man, The (ed. Bridges), II: 160; VI: 76, 83 Spirit of the Age, The (Hazlitt), III: 276; IV: xi, 39, 129, 131, 132–134, 137, 139 Spirit of Whiggism, The (Disraeli), IV: 308 Spirit Rise, A (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Spirit Watches, The (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 134, 135, 142 Spirits in Bondage (Lewis), Supp. III: 250 Spiritual Exercises (Loyola), V: 362, 367, 371, 373n; Retro. Supp. II: 188 Spiritual Exercises (Spender), Supp. II: 489 “Spiritual Explorations” (Spender), Supp. II: 489, 490 “Spite of thy hap hap hath well happed” (Wyatt), I: 103 Spitzer, L., IV: 323n, 339 Spivack, Bernard, I: 214 Spivak, Gayatri, Retro. Supp. I: 60 “Spleen, The” (Finch), Supp. IX: 69–70, 76 Splitting (Weldon), Supp. IV: 535 Spoils, The (Bunting), Supp. VII: 5, 7–9 Spoils of Poynton, The (James), VI: 49–50 “Spoilt Child, The” (Motion), Supp. VII: 251 “Spoons” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 108 Sport of Nature, A (Gordimer), Supp. II: 232, 239–240, 241, 242 “Spot of Night Fishing (for Kenny Crichton), A” (Warner), Supp. XI: 294 Spottiswoode, John, II: 142 Sprat, Thomas, II: 195, 196, 198, 200, 202, 294; III: 29 “Spraying the Potatoes” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 190 Spreading the News (Gregory), VI: 309, 315, 316 Sprigg, Christopher St. John, see Caudwell, Christopher “Sprig of Lime, The” (Nichols), VI: 419 “Spring, The” (Carew), II: 225 “Spring, The” (Cowley), II: 197 “Spring” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 70–71 “Spring” (Hopkins), V: 368 “Spring, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 142 Spring (Thomson), Supp. III: 413–414, 415, 416, “Spring and Fall” (Hopkins), V: 371–372, 381; Retro. Supp. II: 196–197 Spring Days (Moore), VI: 87, 91 Spring Fever (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 451 “Spring Hail” (Murray), Supp. VII: 272, 279, 281 Spring Morning (Cornford), VIII: 102, 103, 104, 112 “Spring Morning” (Milne), Supp. V: 302 “Spring Nature Notes” (Hughes), Supp. I: 358 “Spring 1942” (Fuller), VII: 429

“Spring Offensive” (Owen), VI: 455, 456, 458 “Spring Song” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 110 “Spring Song” (Milne), Supp. V: 309– 310 Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter (Hughes), Supp. I: 357 Spring–Heeled Jack (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 152 sprung rhythm, V: 363, 365, 367, 374, 376, 379, 380 Spy in the Family, A (Waugh), Supp. VI: 276 Spy on the Conjurer, A (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Spy Story, The (Cawelti and Rosenberg), Supp. IV: 7 Spy Who Came In from the Cold, The (le Carré), Supp. II: 299, 301, 305, 307– 309, 313, 315, 316, 317 Spy’s Wife, The (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 117, 119 Square Cat, The (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2 Square Egg and Other Sketches, The (Saki), Supp. VI: 242, 250–251 Square Rounds (Harrison), Supp. V: 164 Squaring the Circle (Stoppard), Supp. I: 449–450, 451 Squaring the Waves (Dutton), Supp. XII: 88–89 “Squarings” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 132 “Squatter” (Mistry), Supp. X: 140–142 “Squaw, The” (Stoker), Supp. III: 382– 383 Squire Arden (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220 “Squire Hooper” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 121, 418, 420 Squire, J. C., VII: xvi “Squire Petrick’s Lady” (Hardy), VI: 22 Squire Trelooby (Congreve, Vanbrugh, Walsh), II: 325, 336, 339, 347, 350 Squire’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 23, 24 “Squirrel and the Crow, The” (Cope), VIII: 81 “Sredni Vashtar” (Saki), Supp. VI: 245– 246 “Stabilities” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256 Stade, George, Supp. IV: 402 “Staff and Scrip, The” (Rossetti), V: 240 Staffordshire Sentinel (periodical), VI: 248 “Stag in a Neglected Hayﬁeld” (MacCraig), Supp. VI: 192 Stage Coach, The, II: 353, 358, 364 Stalin, Joseph, Supp. IV: 82 Stalky & Co. (Kipling), VI: 204; Supp. IV: 506 Stallworthy, Jon, VI: 220, 438; Supp. X: 291–304 Stallybrass, Oliver, VI: 397 Stamboul Train (Greene; US. title, Orient Express), Supp. I: 3, 4–5; Retro. Supp. II: 152 Stand Up, Nigel Barton (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 228, 230–233 Standard of Behavior, A (Trevor), Supp. IV: 505

435

Standing Room Only (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 11 Stanley, Arthur, V: 13, 349 Stanley and Iris (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 45 Stanley and The Women (Amis), Supp. II: 17–18 Stanleys of Alderley, The (ed. Mitford), Supp. X: 156 Stans puer ad mensam (Lydgate), I: 58 “Stanzas” (Hood), IV: 263 “Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse” (Arnold), V: 210 “Stanzas in Memory of the Author of ’Obermann’ ” (Arnold), V: 206 “Stanzas Inscribed to a Once Dear Friend, When Conﬁned by Severe Indisposition, in March 1793” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204 “Stanzas, Written Between Dover and Calais, July 20, 1792” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 203–204 “Stanzas Written in Dejection” (Shelley), IV: 201 “Stanzas, written on the 14th of February to my once dear Valentine” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204 Staple of News, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 Star (periodical), VI: 103 Star Factory, The (Carson), Supp. XIII: 53, 55, 56, 61–63 Star over Bethlehem (Fry), Supp. III: 195 Star Turns Red, The (O’Casey), VII: 7–8 Stares (Fuller), Supp. VII: 81 “Stare’s Nest by My Window, The” (Yeats), VI: 212 Staring at the Sun (Barnes), Supp. IV: 65, 67, 70–71 “Starlight Night, The” (Hopkins), V: 366, 367; Retro. Supp. II: 190 “Stars” (Brontë), V: 133, 142 Stars of the New Curfew (Okri), Supp. V: 347, 348, 352, 355, 356–357 Start in Life, A (Brookner), see Debut, The Start in Life, A (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 410, 413 Starting Point (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 130–131 State of France, . . . in the IXth Year of . . . , Lewis XIII, The (Evelyn), II: 287 State of Independence, A (Phillips), Supp. V: 380, 383–384 State of Innocence, The (Dryden), II: 290, 294, 305 “State of Poetry, The” (Jennings), Supp. V: 215 “State of Religious Parties, The” (Newman), Supp. VII: 294 State of Siege (Ambler; formerly The Night–Comers), Supp. IV: 4, 16 State of the Art, The (Banks), Supp. XI: 10–11 “State of the Country, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 118 “State of the Nation, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 111 States of Emergency (Brink), Supp. VI: 53–54

STAT−STOR Statesman’s Manual, The (Coleridge), IV: 56; Retro. Supp. II: 64 Statement, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 152 “Statements, The” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 39 Station Island (Heaney), Supp. II: 268, 277–279 “Station Island” (Heaney), Supp. II: 277–278; Retro. Supp. I: 124, 130– 131 Stations (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 129 “Statue and the Bust, The” (Browning), IV: 366 “Statue in Stocks–Market, The” (Marvell), II: 218 “Statues, The” (Yeats), VI: 215 Staying On (Scott), Supp. I: 259, 272– 274 Stead, Christina, Supp. IV: 459–477 Stead, William Thomas, Supp. XIII: 233–247 “Steam Washing Co., The” (Hood), IV: 267 Steel, Flora Annie, Supp. XII: 265–278 “Steel, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 278 Steel Glass, The (Gascoigne), I: 149 Steele, Richard, II: 359; III: 7, 18, 19, 38–53 “Steep and her own world” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 Steep Holm (Fowles), Supp. I: 292 “Steep Stone Steps” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 27 Steevens, G. W., VI: 351 Steevens, George, I: 326 Steffan, Truman Guy, IV: 179, 193 Stein, Arnold, Retro. Supp. II: 181 Stein, Gertrude, VI: 252; VII: 83; Supp. IV: 416, 542, 556, 557–558 Steiner, George, Supp. IV: 455 “Stella at Wood–Park” (Swift), III: 32 “Stella’s Birth Day, 1725” (Swift), III: 32 “Stella’s Birthday . . . A.D. 1720–21” (Swift), III: 32 “Stella’s Birthday, March 13, l727” (Swift), III: 32 Stella’s Birth–Days: A Poem (Swift), III: 36 Stendhal, Supp. IV: 136, 459 Step by Step (Churchill), VI: 356 Stepdaughter, The (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 3, 10, 16 Stephen, Janus K., IV: 10–11, 268 Stephen, Leslie, II: 156, 157; III: 42; IV: 301, 304–306; V: xix, xxv, xxvi, 277–290, 386; VII: xxii, 17, 238 Stephen Hero (Joyce), VII: 45–46, 48 Stephens, Frederick, V: 235, 236 Stephens, James, VI: 88 Steps to the Temple. Sacred Poems, with Other Delights of the Muses (Crashaw), II: 179, 180, 184, 201 Sterling, John, IV: 54 Stern, Gladys Bronwen, IV: 123; V: xiii, xxviii, 395 Stern, J. B., I: 291 Stern, Laurence, III: 124–135, 150, 153, 155, 157; IV: 79, 183; VII: 20; Supp.

II: 204; Supp. III: 108 Sterts and Stobies (Crawford), Supp. XI: 67 Stet (Reading), VIII: 261, 269–271, 273 Steuart, J. A., V: 392, 397 Stevens, Wallace, V: 412; Supp. IV: 257, 414; Supp. V: 183 Stevenson, Anne, Supp. VI: 253–268 Stevenson, L., V: 230, 234 Stevenson, Robert Louis, I: 1; II: 153; III: 330, 334, 345; V: xiii, xxi, xxv, vxvi, 219, 233, 383–398; Supp. IV: 61; Retro. Supp. I: 259–272 Stevenson and Edinburgh: A Centenary Study (MacLaren), V: 393, 398 Stevenson Companion, The (ed. Hampden), V: 393, 395 Stevensoniana (ed. Hammerton), V: 393, 397 Stewart, J. I. M., I: 329; IV: xxv; VII: xiv, xxxviii Stiff Upper Lip (Durrell), Supp. I: 113 Still by Choice (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 136, 145 Still Centre, The (Spender), Supp. II: 488, 489 “Still Falls the Rain” (Sitwell), VII: xvii, 135, 137 Still Life (Byatt), Supp. IV: 139, 145, 147–149, 151, 154 Still Life (Coward), Supp. II: 153 Stirling, William Alexander, earl of, see Alexander, William Stoats in the Sunlight (Conn), Supp. XIII: 70, 71–72 “Stoic, A” (Galsworthy), VI: 275, 284 Stoker, Bram, III: 334, 342, 343, 344, 345; Supp. III: 375–391 Stokes, John, V: xiii, xxviii Stolen Bacillus, The, and Other Incidents (Wells), VI: 226, 243 “Stolen Child, The” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 329 Stolen Light: Selected Poems (Conn), Supp. XIII: 79 Stone, C., III: 161n “Stone” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 92 “Stone Age Decadent, A” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 321 “Stone and Mr. Thomas, The” (Powys), VIII: 258 “Stone Mania” (Murphy), Supp. V: 326 Stone Virgin (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 355, 356, 357, 360–361, 362, 365 “Stone–In–Oxney” (Longley), VIII: 169, 175 Stones of the Field, The (Thomas), Supp. XII: 282, 283, 284 Stones of Venice, The (Ruskin), V: xxi, 173, 176–177, 180, 184, 292 “Stony Grey Soil “(Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 189–190 Stony Limits and Other Poems (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 202, 212– 216 “Stooping to Drink” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Stoppard, Tom, Supp. I: 437–454; Retro. Supp. II: 343–358 Storey, David, Supp. I: 407–420

436

Storey, Graham, V: xi, xxviii, 381 Stories, Dreams, and Allegories (Schreiner), Supp. II: 450 Stories from ABlack and White“ (Hardy), VI: 20 Stories of Red Hanrahan (Yeats), VI: 222 Stories of the Seen and Unseen (Oliphant), Supp. X: 220 Stories, Theories and Things (Brooke– Rose)), Supp. IV: 99, 110 “Stories, Theories and Things” (Brooke– Rose)), Supp. IV: 116 “Storm” (Nye), Supp. X: 204"205 “Storm” (Owen), VI: 449 “Storm, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 70–71 “Storm, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 86 “Storm, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 126–127 Storm, The; or, A Collection of . . . Casualties and Disasters . . . (Defoe), III: 13; Retro. Supp. I: 68 Storm and Other Poems (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 424 “Storm Bird, Storm Dreamer” (Ballard), Supp. V: 26 “Storm is over, The land hushes to rest, The” (Bridges), VI: 79 “Stormpetrel” (Murphy), Supp. V: 315 “Stormscape” (Davies), Supp. XI: 87 “Storm–Wind” (Ballard), Supp. V: 22 “Story, A” (Smitch, I. C.), Supp. IX: 222 “Story, A” (Thomas), Supp. I: 183 Story and the Fable, The (Muir), Supp. VI: 198 “Story in It, The” (James), VI: 69 “Story of a Masterpiece, The” (James), VI: 69 Story of a Non–Marrying Man, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 253–254 “Story of a Panic, The” (Forster), VI: 399 “Story of a Year, The” (James), VI: 69 Story of an African Farm, The (Schreiner), Supp. II: 435, 438, 439, 440, 441, 445–447, 449, 451, 453, 456 Story of Fabian Socialism, The (Cole), VI: 131 Story of Grettir the strong, The (Morris and Magnusson), V: 306 Story of Rimini, The (Hunt), IV: 214 Story of San Michele, The (Munthe), VI: 265 Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs, The (Morris), V: xxiv, 299–300, 304, 306 Story of the Glittering Plain, The (Morris), V: 306 Story of the Injured Lady, The (Swift), III: 27 Story of the Malakand Field Force (Churchill), VI: 351 Story of the Sundering Flood, The (Morris), V: 306 “Story of the Three Bears, The” (Southey), IV: 58, 67 “Story of the Unknown Church, The” (Morris), V: 293, 303 Story of the Volsungs and . . . Songs from the Elder Edda, The (Morris and Magnusson), V: 299, 306

STOR−SUCK Story So Far, The (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2 “Storyteller, The” (Berger), Supp. IV: 90, 91 Story–Teller, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 174–175 Storyteller, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 410 Story–Teller’s Holiday, A (Moore), VI: 88, 95, 99 Stout, Mira, Supp. IV: 75 Stovel, Nora Foster, Supp. IV: 245, 249 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, V: xxi, 3 Strachey, J. St. Loe, V: 75, 86, 87 Strachey, Lytton, III: 21, 28; IV: 292; V: 13, 157, 170, 277; VI: 155, 247, 372, 407; VII: 34, 35; Supp. II: 497–517 Strado, Famiano, II: 90 Strafford: An Historical Tragedy (Browning), IV: 373 Strait Gate, The . . . (Bunyan), II: 253 “Strand at Lough Beg, The” (Heaney), Supp. II: 278 Strange and the Good, The (Fuller), Supp. VII: 81 “Strange and Sometimes Sadness, A” (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 303, 304 Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The (Stevenson), III: 330, 342, 345; V: xxv, 383, 387, 388, 395; VI: 106; Supp. IV: 61; Retro. Supp. I: 263, 264–266 “Strange Comfort Afforded by the Profession” (Lowry), Supp. III: 281 Strange Fruit (Phillips), Supp. V: 380 “Strange Meeting” (Owen), VI: 444, 445, 449, 454, 457–458 Strange Necessity, The (West), Supp. III: 438 “Strange Ride of Morrowbie Jukes, The” (Kipling), VI: 175–178 Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling, The (Wilson), VI: 165; Supp. I: 167 Strange World, A (Braddon), VIII: 37 Stranger, The (Kotzebue), III: 268 Stranger Still, A (Kavan), Supp. VII: 207–208, 209 Stranger With a Bag, A (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Strangers: A Family Romance (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 Strangers and Brothers cycle (Snow), VII: xxi, 322, 324–336 Strangers on a Train (Highsmith), Supp. V: 167, 168–169 Strapless (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 282, 291–292 “Strategist, The” (Saki), Supp. VI: 243 “Stratton Water” (Rossetti), V: 239 Strauss, Richard, Supp. IV: 556 “Strawberry Hill” (Hughes), Supp. I: 342 Strawgirl (Kay), Supp. XIII: 99 Strayed Reveller, The (Arnold), V: xxi, 209, 216 “Street in Cumberland, A” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 Street Songs (Sitwell), VII: 135 “Streets of the Spirits” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 “Strength of Heart” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 114

“Strephon and Chloe” (Swift), III: 32; Retro. Supp. I: 284, 285 Strickland, Agnes, I: 84 Strictures on AConingsby“ (Disraeli), IV: 308 “Strictures on Pictures” (Thackeray), V: 37 Striding Folly (Sayers), Supp. III: 335 Strife (Galsworthy), VI: xiii, 269, 285– 286 Strike at Arlingford, The (Moore), VI: 95 Strindberg, August, Supp. III: 12 Stringham, Charles, IV: 372 Strings Are False, The (MacNeice), VII: 406 Strip Jack (Rankin), Supp. X: 244, 250– 251, 253 Strode, Ralph, I: 49 Strong, Roy, I: 237 Strong Poison (Sayers), Supp. III: 339, 342, 343, 345 Strong Words: Modern Poets on Modern Poetry (ed. Herbert and Hollis), Supp. XIII: 31 Stronger Climate, A: Nine Stories (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 235 Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, On the (Darwin), Supp. VII: 19 Structural Analysis of Pound’s Usura Canto: Jakobsonand Applied to Free Verse, A (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 99, 114 Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The (Habermas), Supp. IV: 112 Structure in Four Novels by H. G. Wells (Newell), VI: 245, 246 Structure of Complex Words, The (Empson), Supp. II: 180, 192–195, 197 “Studies in a Dying Culture” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 36 Struggle of the Modern, The (Spender), Supp. II: 492 Struggles of Brown, Jones and Robinson, The (Trollope), V: 102 “Strugnell’s Christian Songs” (Cope), VIII: 78 “Strugnell’s Sonnets” (Cope), VIII: 73–74 Strutt, Joseph, IV: 31 Strutton, Bill, Supp. IV: 346 Struwwelpeter (Hoffman), I: 25; Supp. III: 296 Stuart, D. M., V: 247, 256, 260 “Stubb’s Calendar” (Thackeray), see AFatal Boots, The“ Studies in a Dying Culture (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 33, 43–47 Studies in Classic American Literature (Lawrence), VII: 90; Retro. Supp. II: 234 Studies in Ezra Pound (Davie), Supp. VI: 115 Studies in Prose and Poetry (Swinburne), II: 102; V: 333 Studies in Song (Swinburne), V: 332 Studies in the History of the Renaissance (Pater), V: xxiv, 286–287, 323, 338– 339, 341–348, 351, 355–356, 400, 411

437

Studies in the Prose Style of Joseph Addison (Lannering), III: 52 Studies in Words (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 264 Studies of a Biographer (Stephen), V: 280, 285, 287, 289 “Studio 5, the Stars” (Ballard), Supp. V: 26 Study in Scarlet, A (Doyle), Supp. II: 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176 Study in Temperament, A (Firbank), Supp. II: 201, 206–207 Study of Ben Jonson, A (Swinburne), V: 332 Study of Shakespeare, A (Swinburne), V: 328, 332 “Study of Thomas Hardy” (Lawrence), VI: 20; Retro. Supp. II: 234 Study of Victor Hugo, A (Swinburne), V: 332 “Stuff Your Classical Heritage” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 321–322 Sturlunga saga, VIII: 242 “Style” (Pater), V: 339, 347, 353–355 Stylistic Development of Keats, The (Bate), Retro. Supp. I: 185 Subhuman Redneck Poems (Murray), Supp. VII: 271, 283–284 Subject of Scandal and Concern, A (Osborne), Supp. I: 334 “Sublime and the Beautiful Revisited, The” (Murdoch), Supp. I: 216–217, 223 “Sublime and the Good, The” (Murdoch), Supp. I: 216–217, 218, 220 Subsequent to Summer (Fuller), Supp. VII: 79 Substance of the Speech . . . in Answer to . . . the Report of the Committee of Managers (Burke), III: 205 Substance of the Speeches for the Retrenchment of Public Expenses (Burke), III: 205 Subtle Knife, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 150, 153, 156–157 “Suburban Dream” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 Success (Amis), Supp. IV: 26, 27, 31– 32, 37 “Success” (Empson), Supp. II: 180, 189 Success and Failure of Picasso, The (Berger), Supp. IV: 79, 88 “Successor, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 23, 27 Such (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 99, 104, 105, 106–108 Such a Long Journey (Mistry), Supp. X: 142–146 “Such Darling Dodos” (Wilson), Supp. I: 154 “Such nights as these in England . . . A (Swinburne), V: 310 Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On (tr. FitzGerald), IV: 349, 353 Such, Such Were the Joys (Orwell), VII: 275, 282 Such Was My Singing (Nichols), VI: 419 Suckling, Sir John, I: 337; II: 222, 223, 226–229

SUDD−SWEE “Sudden Heaven” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 141 “Sudden Light” (Rossetti), V: 241, 242 Sudden Times (Healy), Supp. IX: 96, 100–103 “Suddenly” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 289 Sue, Eugène, VI: 228 “Suet Pudding, A” (Powys), VIII: 255 Suffrage of Elvira, The (Naipaul), Supp. I: 386–387, 388 “Suﬁsm” (Jennings), Supp. V: 217 Sugar and Other Stories (Byatt), Supp. IV: 140, 151 Sugar and Rum (Unsworth), Supp. VII: 357, 361–363, 366 “Suicide” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 7 “Suicide Club, The” (Stevenson), V: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 263 Suitable Boy, A (Seth), Supp. X: 277, 279, 281–288, 290 Suite in Three Keys (Coward), Supp. II: 156–157 “Sullens Sisters, The” (Coppard), VIII: 90 Sultan in Oman (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 175 Sultry Month, A: Scenes of London Literary Life in 1846 (Hayter), IV: 322 Sum Practysis of Medecyn (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 147 Summer (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 434–435 Summer (Thomson), Supp. III: 411, 414, 416, 417, 418, 419 “Summer Afternoon” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 73 Summer Before the Dark, The (Lessing), Supp. I: 249, 253 Summer Bird–Cage, A (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 234–236, 241 Summer Day’s Dream (Priestley), VII: 229 Summer Islands (Douglas), VI: 295, 305 “Summer Lightning” (Davie), Supp. VI: 112–113 Summer Lightning (Wodehouse), see Fish Preferred “Summer Night, A” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 6 Summer Palaces (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220–222, 223 Summer Rites (Rankin), Supp. X: 246 “Summer Waterfall, Glendale” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 182 Summer Will Show (Warner), Supp. VII: 376 “Summerhouse on the Mound, The” (Bridges), VI: 74 Summers, M., III: 345 “Summer’s Breath” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 324 “Summer’s Day, On a” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 215 Summing Up, The (Maugham), VI: 364, 374 Summit (Thomas), Supp. IV: 485, 489 Summoned by Bells (Betjeman), VII: 355, 356, 361, 373–374 Sumner, Rosemary, Retro. Supp. I: 115 “Sun & Moon” (Longley), VIII: 176

“Sun and the Fish, The” (Woolf), Retro. Supp. I: 308 Sun Before Departure (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 424, 425 Sun King, The (Mitford), Supp. X: 167 Sun Poem (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 33, 41, 46 “Sun used to shine, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 395 “Sun Valley” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 493 “Sunburst” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 “Sunday” (Hughes), Supp. I: 341–342, 348 “Sunday” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 252 “Sunday Afternoon” (Bowen), Supp. II: 77 Sunday Morning at the Centre of the World (De Bernières), Supp. XII: 66 “Sundew, The” (Swinburne), V: 315, 332 “Sunlight” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 268 “Sunlight in a Room” (Hart), Supp. XI: 127 “Sunlight on the Garden” (MacNeice), VII: 413 “Sunne Rising, The” (Donne), II: 127; Retro. Supp. II: 88–89, 90–91 “Sunny Prestatyn” (Larkin), Supp. I: 285 Sunny Side, The (Milne), Supp. V: 298 “Sunrise, A” (Owen), VI: 449 Sun’s Darling, The (Dekker and Ford), II: 89, 100 Sun’s Net, The (Brown), Supp. VI: 69 Sunset Across the Bay (Bennett), VIII: 27 Sunset and Evening Star (O’Casey), VII: 13 Sunset at Blandings (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 452–453 “Sunset on Mount Blanc” (Stephen), V: 282 “Sunsets” (Aldington), VI: 416 “Sunsum” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 39 “Suntrap” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 “Sunup” (Murphy), Supp. V: 325 “Super Flumina Babylonis” (Swinburne), V: 325 “Superannuated Man, The” (Lamb), IV: 83 Supernatural Horror in Literature (Lovecraft), III: 340 Supernatural Omnibus, The (Summers), III: 345 “Superstition” (Bacon), III: 39 “Superstition” (Hogg), Supp. X: 104, 110 “Superstitious Man’s Story, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 Supper at Emmaus (Caravaggio), Supp. IV: 95 Supplication of Souls (More), Supp. VII: 244–245 “Supports, The” (Kipling), VI: 189 “Supposed Confessions of a Second–rate Sensitive Mind in Dejection” (Owen), VI: 445 Supposes (Gascoigne), I: 298, 303 “Sure” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 291 “Sure Proof” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 191 “Surface Textures” (Desai), Supp. V: 65 Surgeon’s Daughter, The (Scott), IV: 34– 35, 39

438

Surgeon’s Mate, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 256 Surprise, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 135 Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life (Lewis), Supp. III: 247, 248 “Surrender, The” (King), Supp. VI: 151, 153 Surrey, Henry Howard, earl of, I: 97, 98, 113 Surroundings (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 189– 190, 195 Survey of Experimental Philosophy, A (Goldsmith), III: 189, 191 Survey of Modernist Poetry, A (Riding and Graves), VII: 260; Supp. II: 185 “Surview” (Hardy), VI: 13 “Survival” (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 290 “Survivor” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 Survivor, The (Keneally), Supp. IV: 345 “Survivors” (Ross), VII: 433 Suspense (Conrad), VI: 147 Suspension of Mercy, A (Highsmith), Supp. V: 174–175 “Suspiria de Profundis” (De Quincey), IV: 148, 153, 154 “Sussex Auction, A” (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 187 Sverris saga, VIII: 242 “Swallow, The” (Cowley), II: 198 Swallow (Thomas), Supp. IV: 483, 484– 485 “Swan, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 207, 223, 224 “Swan, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 138 “Swan, A Man, A” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 47 “Swan Bathing, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 143 Swan Song (Galsworthy), VI: 275 “Swans Mating” (Longley), VIII: 171– 172, 173 “Swans on an Autumn River” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 Swearer’s Bank, The (Swift), III: 35 Swedenborg, Emanuel, III: 292, 297; Retro. Supp. I: 39 Sweeney Agonistes (Eliot), VII: 157–158 “Sweeney Among the Nightingales” (Eliot), VII: xiii, 145 Sweeney Astray (Heaney), Supp. II: 268, 277, 278; Retro. Supp. I: 129 “Sweeney Erect” (Eliot), VII: 145 Sweeney poems (Eliot), VII: 145–146; see also ASweeney Among the Nightingales; ASweeney Erect“ “Sweeney Redivivus” (Heaney), Supp. II: 277, 278 Sweet Dove Died, The (Pym), Supp. II: 378–380 Sweet Dreams (Frayn), Supp. VII: 56, 58–60, 61, 65 “Sweet Other Flesh” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 Sweet Smell of Psychosis (Self), Supp. V: 406 “Sweet Things” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 272 Sweet William (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 18, 20–22, 24

SWEE−TALE “Sweet William’s Farewell to Black–ey’d Susan” (Gay), III: 58 “Sweetheart of M. Brisieux, The” (James), VI: 69 Sweets of Pimlico, The (Wilson), Supp. VI: 297, 298–299, 301 Sweet–Shop Owner, The (Swift), Supp. V: 427–429 Swift, Graham, Supp. IV: 65; Supp. V: 427–442 Swift, Jonathan, II: 240, 259, 261, 269, 273, 335; III: 15–37, 39, 44, 53, 55, 76; IV: 160, 257, 258; VII: 127; Retro. Supp. I: 273–287 “Swift has sailed into his rest” (Yeats), III: 21 “Swifts” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 208–209 “Swifts” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 265 “Swigs” (Dunn), Supp. X: 79 Swimming Free: On and Below the Surface of Lake, River, and Sea (Dutton), Supp. XII: 83, 84, 92 Swimming in the Flood (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 21–22, 23 “Swimming in the Flood” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 22 “Swimming Lesson, A” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 22 “Swimming Lessons” (Mistry), Supp. X: 141–142 Swimming Lessons and Other Stories from Ferozsha Baag (Mistry), Supp. X: 138–142 Swimming Pool Library, The (Hollinghurst), Supp. X: 119–120, 122–129, 132, 134 “Swim in Co. Wicklow, A” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 178 Swinburne, Algernon Charles, II: 102; III: 174; IV: 90, 337, 346, 370; V: xi, xii, 236, 284, 286, 298–299, 309–335, 346, 355, 365, 401 Swinburne: The Portrait of a Poet (Henderson), V: 335 “Swing, The” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 133 “Swing, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 311 “Swing of the Pendulum, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 172 Swinging the Maelstrom (Lowry), Supp. III: 272 Swinnerton, Frank, VI: 247, 268; VII: 223 “Switch, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Switch Bitch (Dahl), Supp. IV: 219 Sword of Honour trilogy (Waugh), VII: xx–xxi, 303–306; see also Men at Arms; Offıcers and Gentlemen; Unconditional Surrender “Sword Music” (Stallworthy), Supp. X: 296 Sybil (Disraeli), IV: xii, xx, 296, 300, 301–302, 305, 307, 308; V: viii, x, 2, 4 Sycamore Tree, The (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 99, 101–102 “Sydney and the Bush” (Murray), Supp. VII: 276

Sykes Davies, Hugh, IV: xii, xxv; V: x, xxviii, 103 Sylphid, The (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 211 Sylva (Cowley), II: 202 Sylva; or, A Discourse of Forest–Trees (Evelyn), II: 275, 287 Sylva sylvarum (Bacon), I: 259, 263, 273 Sylvae (ed. Dryden), II: 301, 304 Sylvia and Ted: A Novel (Tennant), see Ballad of Sylvia and Ted, The Sylvia’s Lovers (Gaskell), V: 1, 4, 6, 7–8, 12, 15 Sylvie and Bruno (Carroll), V: 270–271, 273 Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (Carroll), V: 271, 273 Symbolic Logic (Carroll), V: 271, 274 Symbolist Movement in Literature, The (Symons), VI: ix Symonds, John Addington, V: 83 Symons, Arthur, VI: ix Symons, Julian, Supp. IV: 3, 339 “Sympathy in White Major” (Larkin), Supp. I: 282 Synge, John Millington, II: 258; VI: xiv, 307–314, 317; VII: 3, 42; Retro. Supp. I: 289–303 Synge and Anglo–Irish Drama (Price), VI: 317 Synge and the Ireland of His Time (Yeats), VI: 222, 317 Syntactic Structures (Chomsky), Supp. IV: 113–114 “Syntax of Seasons, The” (Reid), Supp. VII: 330 “Synth” (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 262–263 Syrie Maugham (Fisher), VI: 379 System of Logic (Mill), V: 279 System of Magick, A; or, A History of the Black Art (Defoe), III: 14 Systema medicinae hermeticae generale (Nollius), II: 201 Syzygies and Lanrick (Carroll), V: 273– 274

T.

E. Hulme: The Selected Writings (Hulme), Supp. VI: 135–136, 138, 140, 142, 143 T. E. Lawrence: The Selected Letters (Lawrence), Supp. II: 283, 286, 289, 290, 293, 295, 296, 297 T. Fisher Unwin (publisher), VI: 373 T. S. Eliot (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 5–6, 8 T. S. Eliot (Bergonzi), VII: 169 “T. S. Eliot” (Forster), VII: 144 “T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45 “T. S. Eliot as Critic” (Leavis), VII: 233 “Tabill of Confessioun, The” (Dunbar), VIII: 119 “Table, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 500 Table Book (Hone), IV: 255 Table Manners (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 5 Table Near the Band, A (Milne), Supp. V: 309 Table Talk (Hazlitt), IV: xviii, 131, 137, 139 Table Talk, and Other Poems (Cowper), III: 220

439

Table Talk 1941–1944 (Cameron), Supp. IX: 28 Tables Turned, The (Morris), V: 306 “Tables Turned, The” (Wordsworth), IV: 7, 225 Taburlaine the Great, Part I (Marlowe), Retro. Supp. I: 204–206 Taburlaine the Great, Part II (Marlowe), Retro. Supp. I: 206–207 “Tadnol” (Powys), VIII: 248 “Taft’s Wife” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 12 Tagore, Rabindranath, Supp. IV: 440, 454 Tailor of Gloucester, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 301–302 Taill of Schir Chantecleir and the Foxe, The (Henryson), see Cock and the Fox, The Taill of the Uponlondis Mous and the Burges Mous, The (Henryson), see Two Mice, The Táin, The (Kinsella), Supp. V: 264–266 Take a Girl Like You (Amis), Supp. II: 10–11, 18 Taken Care of (Sitwell), VII: 128, 132 Takeover, The (Spark), Supp. I: 211–212 “Taking Down the Christmas Tree” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 262 Taking Steps (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 12, 13 Talbert, E. W., I: 224 “Talbot Road” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 272, 273–274 “Tale, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 “Tale of a Scholar” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 251 Tale of a Town, The (Martyn), VI: 95 “Tale of a Trumpet, A” (Hood), IV: 258 Tale of a Tub, A (Swift), II: 259, 269; III: 17, 19, 21–23, 35; Retro. Supp. I: 273, 276, 277–278 Tale of Balen, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Tale of Benjamin Bunny, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 299 Tale of Beowulf, Done out of the Old English Tongue, The (Morris, Wyatt), V: 306 Tale of Ginger and Pickles, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 299 Tale of Jemima Puddle–Duck, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 303 Tale of Johnny Town–Mouse, The (Potter), Supp. III: 297, 304, 307 Tale of King Arthur, The (Malory), I: 68 Tale of Little Pig Robinson, The (Potter), Supp. III: 288, 289, 297, 304–305 Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher, The (Potter), Supp. III: 298, 303 Tale of Mr. Tod, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 299 Tale of Mrs. Tiggy–Winkle, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 301–302 Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse, The (Potter), Supp. III: 298, 301 Tale of Paraguay, A (Southey), IV: 66– 67, 68, 71 Tale of Peter Rabbit, The (Potter), Supp. III: 287, 288, 290, 293, 295–296, 299

TALE−TEA– Tale of Pigling Bland, The (Potter), Supp. III: 288–289, 290, 291, 304 Tale of Rosamund Gray and Old Blind Margaret, A (Lamb), IV: 79, 85 Tale of Samuel Whiskers, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 297, 301, 305 Tale of Sir Gareth of Orkeney that was called Bewmaynes, The (Malory), I: 72, 73; Retro. Supp. II: 243, 247 Tale of Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere (Malory), Retro. Supp. II: 243, 244 Tale of Sir Thopas, The (Chaucer), I: 67, 71 “Tale of Society As It Is, A” (Shelley), Retro. Supp. I: 245 Tale of Squirrel Nutkin, The (Potter), Supp. III: 288, 290, 301 Tale of the House of the Wolﬂings, A (Morris), V: 302, 306 Tale of the Noble King Arthur that was Emperor himself through Dignity of his Hands (Malory), I: 69, 72, 77–79 Tale of the Pie and the Patty–Pan, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 299 Tale of the Sankgreal, The (Malory), I: 69; Retro. Supp. II: 248–249 Tale of the Sea, A (Conrad), VI: 148 Tale of Timmy Tiptoes, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290 “Tale of Tod Lapraik, The” (Stevenson), Retro. Supp. I: 267 Tale of Tom Kitten, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 299, 300, 302, 303 Tale of Two Bad Mice, The (Potter), Supp. III: 290, 300–301 Tale of Two Cities, A (Dickens), V: xxii, 41, 42, 57, 63, 66, 72 “Talent and Friendship” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 270 Talent to Annoy, A (Mitford), Supp. X: 163 Talented Mr. Ripley, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 170 Tales (Crabbe), III: 278, 285, 286; see also Tales in Verse; Tales of the Hall; Posthumous Tales “Tales” (Dickens), V: 46 Tales and Sketches (Disraeli), IV: 308 Tales from a Troubled Land (Paton), Supp. II: 344–345, 348, 354 Tales from Angria (Brontë), V: 151 Tales from Ovid (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 202, 214–216 Tales from Shakespeare (Lamb and Lamb), IV: xvi, 80, 85 Tales I Tell My Mother (ed. Fairbairns et al.), Supp. XI: 163, 164, 175 Tales I Told My Mother (Nye), Supp. X: 195 Tales in Verse (Crabbe), III: 275, 278, 279, 281, 286 Tales of a Grandfather (Scott), IV: 38 Tales of All Countries (Trollope), V: 101 Tales of Good and Evil (Gogol), III: 345 Tales of Hearsay (Conrad), VI: 148 Tales of Hoffmann (Hoffmann), III: 334, 345 Tales of Mean Streets (Morrison), VI: 365 Tales of My Landlord (Scott), IV: 39

Tales of Natural and Unnatural Catastrophes (Highsmith), Supp. V: 179 Tales of St. Austin’s (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 449–450 Tales of Sir Gareth (Malory), I: 68 Tales of the Crusaders (Scott), IV: 39 Tales of the Five Towns (Bennett), VI: 253 Tales of the Hall (Crabbe), III: 278, 285, 286; V: xvii, 6 “Tales of the Islanders” (Brontë), V: 107, 114, 135 Tales of the Punjab (Steel), Supp. XII: 266 Tales of the Tides, and Other Stories (Steel), Supp. XII: 275 Tales of Three Cities (James), VI: 67 Tales of Unrest (Conrad), VI: 148 Talfourd, Field, IV: 311 Taliesin (Nye), Supp. X: 193 “Taliessin on the Death of Virgil” (Williams, C. W. S.), 283 “Taliessin Returns to Logres” (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 282 Taliessin Through Logres (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 282–283 Talisman, The (Scott), IV: 39 “Tall Story, A” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 18 Talk Magazine, Supp. XIII: 174 Talk Stories (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 217, 231 Talkies (Crawford), Supp. XI: 67, 72–74 Talking Bronco (Campbell), Supp. III: 119 Talking Heads (Bennett), VIII: 27–28 Talking It Over (Barnes), Supp. IV: 65, 67, 68, 72–74 Talking of Jane Austen (Kaye–Smith and Stern), IV: 123 “Talking to Myself” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 “Tam o’ Shanter” (Burns), III: 320 Tamburlaine the Great (Marlowe), I: 212, 243, 276, 278, 279–280, 281–282; II: 69, 305 Tamburlaine, Part 2 (Marlowe), I: 281– 282, 283 “Tamer and Hawk” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 258 Taming of the Shrew, The (Shakespeare), I: 298, 302, 303, 327; II: 68 Tamworth Reading Room, The (Newman), Supp. VII: 294 Tancred (Disraeli), IV: 294, 297, 300, 302–303, 307, 308 Tancred and Gismund (Wilmot), I: 216 Tancred and Sigismunda (Thomson), Supp. III: 411, 423, 424 Tangier Papers of Samuel Pepys, The (ed. Chappell), II: 288 Tangled Tale, A (Carroll), V: 273 “Tannahill” (Dunn), Supp. X: 74–75 Tanner, Alain, Supp. IV: 79, 95 Tanner, J. R., II: 288 Tanner, Tony, VI: xxxiv Tannhäuser and Other Poems (Clarke), V: 318n “Tano” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 39 Tao of Pooh, The (Hoff), Supp. V: 311

440

“Tapestry Moths” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235–236 “Tapestry Trees” (Morris), V: 304–305 “Tardy Spring” (Meredith), V: 223 Tares (Thomas), Supp. XII: 284 Tarr (Lewis), VII: xv, 72 “Tarry delight, so seldom met” (Housman), VI: 161 Tarry Flynn (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 186, 194–195, 199 Task, The (Cowper), III: 208, 212–217, 220; IV: xv, 184 “Task, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 205 Tasso, Torquato, II: 49; III: 171 “Taste” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 215, 217 Taste and Remember (Plomer), Supp. XI: 214, 222 Taste for Death, A (James), Supp. IV: 320, 330–331 Taste of Honey, A (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 320 “Taste of the Fruit, The” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 214 Tate, Nahum, I: 327; II: 305 Tatler (periodical), II: 339; III: 18, 29, 30, 35, 39, 41–45, 46, 51, 52, 53 Tausk, Victor, Supp. IV: 493 Tawney, R. H., I: 253 Tax Inspector, The (Carey), Supp. XII: 51, 54, 59–60, 62 Taxation No Tyranny (Johnson), III: 121; Retro. Supp. I: 142–143 “Taxonomy” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25 Taylor, A. L., V: 270, 272, 274 Taylor, A. J. P., IV: 290, 303 Taylor, Henry, IV: 62n Taylor, Jeremy, Supp. IV: 163 Taylor, John, IV: 231, 233, 253 Taylor, Mary, V: 117 Taylor, Thomas, III: 291 Taylor, Tom, V: 330 Te of Piglet, The (Hoff), Supp. V: 311 “Tea”(Saki), Supp. VI: 244 Tea Party (Pinter), Supp. I: 375 “Tea with an Artist” (Rhys), Supp. II: 390 “Tea with Mrs. Bittell” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 328–329 “Teachers” (Dunn), Supp. X: 82 “Teacher’s Tale, The” (Cope), VIII: 83 Teapots and Quails (Lear), V: 87 “Tear” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 274 “Teare, The” (Crashaw), II: 183 “Tears” (Thomas), VI: 424 “Tears” (Vaughan), II: 187 “Tears are Salt” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 217–218 “Tears, Idle Tears” (Hough), IV: 323n, 339 “Tears, Idle Tears” (Tennyson), IV: 329– 330, 334 “’Tears, Idle Tears’ Again” (Spitzer), IV: 323n, 339 Tears of Amaryllis for Amyntas, The: A Pastoral. (Congreve), II: 350 Tears of Peace, The (Chapman), I: 240– 241 “Teasers, The” (Empson), Supp. II: 190 Tea–Table (periodical), III: 50

TEBB−THAN Tea–Table Miscellany, The (Ramsay), III: 312; IV: 28–29 Tebbit, Norman, Supp. IV: 449 “Technical Manifesto of Futurist Literature” (Marinetti), Supp. III: 396 Technical Supplement, A (Kinsella), Supp. V: 268–269 “Technological Crisis, The” (Richards), Supp. II: 426 “’Teem’” (Kipling), VI: 169, 189 “Teeth” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 101 Teeth ’n’ Smiles (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 283–284 Tel Quel circle, Supp. IV: 115 “Telephone” (Seth), Supp. X: 284 “Tell me, Dorinda, why so gay” (Dorset), II: 262–263 “Tell me no more how fair she is” (King), Supp. VI: 151 “Tell me not here, it needs not saying” (Housman), VI: 160 “Tell me what means that sigh” (Landor), IV: 98 “Tell Me Who to Kill” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 395, 396 “Tell Us” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Tellers and Listeners: The Narrative of Imagination (Hardy), V: 73 Tellers of Tales (Maugham), VI: 372 “Telling Myself” (Motion), Supp. VII: 256 “Telling Part, The” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 103 Temora, an Ancient Epic Poem (Macpherson), VIII: 189–191, 193, 194 “Temper, The” (Herbert), II: 125 Tempest, The (Shakespeare), I: 323–324; II: 55; III: 117 Tempest, The; or, The Enchanted Island (Dryden), II: 305 Temple, Sir William, III: 16, 19, 23, 40, 190 Temple, The (Herbert), II: 119, 121–125, 128, 129, 184; Retro. Supp. II: 172, 173, 174–182 “Temple, The” (Herrick), II: 113 Temple, The (Spender), Supp. II: 485, 493 Temple Bar (Forster), VI: 399 Temple Beau, The (Fielding), III: 96, 98, 105 Temple of Fame, The (Pope), III: 71, 77; Retro. Supp. I: 233 Temple of Glass, The (Lydgate), I: 57, 62, 65 Temporary Kings (Powell), VII: 352 Temporary Life, A (Storey), Supp. I: 408, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414–415, 416, 417–418, 419 “Temporis Partus Masculus” (Bacon), Supp. III: 361 Temptation of Eileen Hughes, The (Moore, B.), Supp. IX: 144, 151 ten Brink, Bernard, I: 98 Ten Burnt Offerings (MacNeice), VII: 415 “Ten Ghazals” (Hart), Supp. XI: 124– 125 “Ten Lines a Day” (Boswell), III: 237

Ten Little Indians, see Ten Little Niggers Ten Little Niggers (Christie; US. title, “nd Then There Were None), Supp. II: 131, 132, 134 “Ten Memorial Poems” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72 Ten Novels and Their Authors (Maugham), VI: 363–364 “Ten O’Clock Lecture” (Whistler), V: 407; VI: 103 “Ten Pence Story” (Armitage), VIII: 4 Ten Tales Tall & True (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 79, 80, 90–91 Ten Times Table (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 10, 14 “Tenant, The” (Healy), Supp. IX: 96, 104–105 Tenant of Wildfell Hall, The (Brontë), V: xxi, 130, 153; Supp. III: 195; Retro. Supp. I: 50, 52, 53, 54, 55–56 Tender Only to One (Smith), Supp. II: 462 Tenebrae (Hill), Supp. V: 189–192, 199 Tennant, Emma, Supp. IX: 227–241 Tenniel, John, V: 266, 267 “Tennis Court, The” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 504 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, II: 200, 208; IV: viii, xii–xiii, 196, 240, 292, 310, 313, 323–339, 341, 344, 351, 352, 371; V: ix, 77–79, 85, 182, 285, 299, 311, 327, 330, 365, 401; VI: 455–456 Tennyson, Emily, V: 81 Tennyson, Frederic, IV: 350, 351 Tennyson, Hallam, IV: 324, 329, 332, 338 “Tennyson and Picturesque Poetry” (McLuhan), IV: 323n, 338, 339 “Tennyson and the Romantic Epic” (McLuhan), IV: 323n, 339 Tennyson: Poet and Prophet (Henderson), IV: 339 Tenth Man, The (Greene), Supp. I: 1, 11 Tenth Satire (Juvenal), Retro. Supp. I: 139 “Tents, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 222 Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, The (Milton), II: 176 Teresa of Watling Street (Bennett), VI: 249 “Teresa’s Wedding” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 503 “Tereus” (Gower), I: 54 “Terminal Beach, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 23, 25, 34 Terminal Beach, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 23 Terminations (James), VI: 49, 67 “Terminus” (Emerson), IV: 81 “Terra Australis” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 314 “Terra Firma” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 78 “Terra Incognita” (Lawrence), VII: 119 Terra Nostra (Fuentes), Supp. IV: 116 “Terrapin, The” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 Terrible Sonnets (Hopkins), Retro. Supp. II: 197–198 “Territorial” (Motion), Supp. VII: 260

441

Territorial Rights (Spark), Supp. I: 211, 212 “Terrors of Basket Weaving, The” (Highsmith), Supp. V: 180 Terrors of Dr. Trevils, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 230 Terry, Ellen, VI: 104 Terry Hogan, an Eclogue (Landor), IV: 100 Terry Street (Dunn), Supp. X: 66, 69–70, 73 Teseide (Boccaccio), I: 30 Tess (Tennant), Supp. IX: 231, 236–238 Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (Hardy), VI: 5, 9, 20; Supp. IV: 243, 471; Retro. Supp. I: 115–116 “Test Case” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Test of Manhood, The” (Meredith), V: 222 Testament (Lydgate), I: 65 Testament of Beauty, The (Bridges), VI: 72, 73, 74, 75, 82 Testament of Cresseid, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 135, 136, 142–145, 146 Testament of Experience: An Autobiographical Story of the Years 1925– 1960 (Brittain), Supp. X: 39–40, 44, 46 Testament of Friendship: The Story of Winifred Holtby (Brittain), Supp. X: 42, 44 Testament of Love, The (Usk), I: 2 Testament of Youth: An Autobiographical Study of the Years 1900–1925 (Brittain), Supp. X: 33–36, 38, 40–41, 43–44, 46–47 Testimonies (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 251 “Tête à Tête (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 Tetrachordon: . . . (Milton), II: 175 Textermination (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 97, 100, 112 Texts and Pretexts (Huxley), VII: 204; Retro. Supp. II: 182 Texts for Nothing (Beckett), Supp. I: 51, 53, 60 Thackeray, Anne Isabella, VI: 4 Thackeray, Bal, Supp. IV: 438 Thackeray, William Makepeace, II: 363; III: 124, 125, 146; IV: 240, 251, 254, 257, 266, 272, 301, 306, 340; V: ix, 17–39, 56, 62, 68, 69, 139, 140, 147, 179, 191, 279; Supp. IV: 238, 244 Thackeray (Trollope), V: 102 Thackeray: Prodigal Genius (Carey), V: 39 Thalaba the Destroyer (Southey), III: 335; IV: 64, 65, 71, 197, 217 “Thalassius” (Swinburne), V: 327 Thalia Rediviva (Vaughan), II: 185, 201 “Than on this fals warld I cry fy” (Dunbar), VIII: 122 “Thank You, Fog” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 14 Thank You, Jeeves (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 455, 460 “Thanksgiving for a Habitat” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 Thanksgiving Ode, 18 January 1816 (Wordsworth), IV: 24

THAN−THIS Thanksgivings (Traherne), II: 190– 191;Supp. XI: 264, 265, 274 “Thanksgivings for the Body” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 274 That American Woman (Waugh), Supp. VI: 272 That Hideous Strength (Lewis), Supp. III: 249, 252, 254–255 “That Hollywood Movie with the Big Shark” (Warner), Supp. XI: 294 “That Island Formed You” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216 “That Morning” (Hughes), Supp. I: 364 “That Nature Is a Heraclitean Fire” (Hopkins), V: 376, 377 “That Now Is Hay Some–tyme Was Grase” (Lydgate), I: 57 “That Raven” (Nye), Supp. X: 198, 202 “That the Science of Cartography Is Limited” (Boland), Supp. V: 43–44, 46 That Time (Beckett), Supp. I: 61; Retro. Supp. I: 28 That Uncertain Feeling (Amis), Supp. II: 7–8 “That Weird Sall Never Daunton Me” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 29–31 Thatcher, Margaret, Supp. IV: 74–75, 437 “Thaw, A” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Thealma and Clearchus (Chalkhill), II: 133 Theatre (periodical), III: 50, 53 “Theatre of God’s Judgements” (Beard), Retro. Supp. I: 204 Theatrical Companion to Maugham (Mander and Mitchenson), VI: 379 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Ortelius), I: 282 Theatrum Poetarum (Phillips), II: 347 “Their Finest Hour” (Churchill), VI: 358 “Their Lonely Betters” (Auden), VII: 387 “Their Quiet Lives” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “Their Very Memory” (Blunden), VI: 428; Supp. XI: 41 “Thieving Boy, A” (Hollinghurst), Supp. X: 122–123 Thelwall, John, IV: 103 Themes and Conventions of Elizabethan Tragedy (Bradbrook), I: 293; II: 78 Themes on a Variation (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 160, 166, 170 “Then dawns the Invisible . . . ” (Brontë), V: 143; see also “Prisoner, The“ Theobald, Lewis, I: 324, 326; II: 66, 87; III: 51 “Theodolinde” (James), VI: 69 Theodore (Boyle), III: 95 “Theology” (Hughes), Supp. I: 350 “Theology of Fitness, The” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 256 Théophile (Swinburne), V: 333 Theophrastus, II: 68, 81; III: 50 “Theory of Everything, A” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 25 Theory of Permanent Adolescence, The (Connolly), Supp. III: 97 “Theory of the Earth” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 167

Theory of the Leisure Class, The (Veblen), VI: 283 Therapy (Lodge), Supp. IV: 366, 381, 383–385 “There” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 321 “There Are Nights That Are so Still” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 289–290 There Are No Ghosts in the Soviet Union (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 118 There is a Happy Land (Waterhouse), Supp. XIII: 266–269, 270, 272 “There is a hill beside the silver Thames” (Bridges), VI: 78 “There Is a House Not Made with Hands” (Watts), III: 288 “There Is No Conversation” (West), Supp. III: 442 There Is No Natural Religion (Blake), III: 292, 307; Retro. Supp. I: 35 “There Is No Sorrow” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 218 “There Is Nothing” (Gurney), VI: 426– 427 “There was a Saviour” (Thomas), Supp. I: 177, 178 “There was a time” (Thomas), Supp. III: 404 “There was an old Derry down Derry” (Lear), V: 82 “There Was an Old Man in a Barge” (Lear), V: 83 “There Was an Old Man of Blackheath” (Lear), V: 86 “There Was an Old Man of Three Bridges” (Lear), V: 86 “There was never nothing more me pained” (Wyatt), I: 103 “There Will Be No Peace” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 “There’s Nothing Here” (Muir), Supp. VI: 208 “Thermal Stair, The” (Graham), Supp. VII: 114 These Demented Lands (Warner), Supp. XI: 282, 285, 286–289, 294 “These Summer–Birds did with thy Master stay” (Herrick), II: 103 These the Companions (Davie), Supp. VI: 105, 109, 111, 113, 117 These Twain (Bennett), VI: 258 “Theses on the Philosophy of History” (Benjamin), Supp. IV: 87 Thespian Magazine (periodical), III: 263 “Thespians at Thermopylae, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 19 “They” (Kipling), VI: 199 “They” (Sassoon), VI: 430 “They” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 322 “They All Go to the Mountains Now” (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 103 “They Are All Gone into the World of Light!” (Vaughan), II: 188 They Came to a City (Priestley), VII: 210, 227 “They ﬂee from me” (Wyatt), I: 102 “They Shall Not Grow Old” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 210, 224 They Walk in the City (Priestley), VII: 217 They Went (Douglas), VI: 303, 304, 305

442

“Thief” (Graves), VII: 267 Thierry and Theodoret (Beaumont, Fletcher, Massinger), II: 66 Thieves in the Night (Koestler), Supp. I: 27–28, 32–33 “Thin Air” (Armitage), VIII: 11 “Thing Itself, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 321 “Things” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 6 Things That Have Interested Me (Bennett), VI: 267 Things That Interested Me (Bennett), VI: 267 Things We Do for Love (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3–4, 12–13 Things Which Have Interested Me (Bennett), VI: 267 “Thinking as a Hobby” (Golding), Supp. I: 75 “Thinking of Mr. D.” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 260 Thinking Reed, The (West), Supp. III: 442 “Thir Lady is Fair” (Dunbar), VIII: 122 “Third Journey, The” (Graham), Supp. VII: 109 Third Man, The (Greene), Supp. I: 11; Retro. Supp. II: 159 “Third Person, The” (James), VI: 69 Third Policeman, The (O’Nolan), Supp. II: 322, 326–329, 337, 338 “Third Prize, The” (Coppard), VIII: 96 Third Satire (Wyatt), I: 111 “Third Ypres” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 46 “Thirteen Steps and the Thirteenth of March” (Dunn), Supp. X: 76 Thirteen Such Years (Waugh), Supp. VI: 272–273 Thirteen–Gun Salute, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 258–259 Thirteenth Tribe, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 33 30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account (Carey), Supp. XII: 50, 52, 54, 60, 62 “30 December” (Cope), VIII: 80 “38 Phoenix Street” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 268 Thirty–Nine Steps, The (Buchan), Supp. II: 299, 306; Supp. IV: 7 31 Poems (Dutton), Supp. XII: 87 36 Hours (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 209 “Thirty–Three Triads” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 264 “This Be the Verse” (Larkin), Supp. I: 284 “This bread I break” (Thomas), Supp. I: 174 “This Day, Under My Hand” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 219 “This England” (Thomas), Supp. III: 404 This England: An Anthology from Her Writers (ed. Thomas), Supp. III: 404– 405 This Gun for Hire (Greene), see Gun for Sale, A This Happy Breed (Coward), Supp. II: 151, 154 “This Hinder Nicht in Dunfermeling” (Dunbar), VIII: 122

THIS−THRE “This Is No Case of Petty Right or Wrong” (Thomas), VI: 424; Supp. III: 395 “This Is Thyself” (Powys), VIII: 247 This Is Where I Came In (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 11, 13 “This Is Your Subject Speaking” (Motion), Supp. VII: 257 “This Last Pain” (Empson), Supp. II: 184–185 This Life I’ve Loved (Field), V: 393, 397 “This Lime Tree Bower My Prison” (Coleridge), IV: 41, 44; Retro. Supp. II: 52 This Misery of Boots (Wells), VI: 244 This My Hand (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 33, 35, 37, 39–40, 46 This Real Night (West), Supp. III: 443 This Sporting Life (Storey), Supp. I: 407, 408–410, 414, 415, 416 “This Stone Is Thinking of Vienna” (Hart), Supp. XI: 130 This Sweet Sickness (Highsmith), Supp. V: 172–173 This Time Tomorrow (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 213, 222 This Was a Man (Coward), Supp. II: 146 “This was for youth, Strength, Mirth and wit that Time” (Walton), II: 141 This Was the Old Chief ’s Country (Lessing), Supp. I: 239 This Year of Grace! (Coward), Supp. II: 146 Thistle Rises, The (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 208 “Thistles” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 205–206 Thistles and Roses (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211–212 Thom Gunn and Ted Hughes (Bold), Supp. IV: 256, 257 “Thom Gunn at 60” (Hall), Supp. IV: 256 Thomas, D. M., Supp. IV: 479–497 Thomas, Dylan, II: 156; Supp. I: 169– 184; Supp. III: 107; Supp. IV: 252, 263 Thomas, Edward, IV: 218; V: 313, 334, 355, 358; VI: 420–421, 423–425; VII: xvi, 382; Supp. III: 393–408 Thomas, R. S., Supp. XII: 279–294 “Thomas Bewick” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 269 “Thomas Campey and the Copernican System” (Harrison), Supp. V: 151 Thomas Carlyle (Campbell), IV: 250 Thomas Carlyle (Froude), IV: 238–239, 250 Thomas Cranmer of Canterbury (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 284 Thomas De Quincey: A Biography (Eaton), IV: 142, 156 Thomas De Quincey: His Life and Writings (Page), IV: 152, 155 “Thomas Gray” (Arnold), III: 277 Thomas Hardy (Blunden), Supp. XI: 37 Thomas Hardy: A Bibliographical Study (Purdy), VI: 19 Thomas Hardy and British Poetry (Davie), Supp. VI: 115 Thomas Hobbes (Stephen), V: 289

Thomas Hood (Reid), IV: 267 Thomas Hood and Charles Lamb (ed. Jerrold), IV: 252, 253, 267 Thomas Hood: His Life and Times (Jerrold), IV: 267 Thomas Love Peacock (Priestley), IV: 159–160, 170 Thomas Nabbes (Swinburne), V: 333 Thomas Stevenson, Civil Engineer (Stevenson), V: 395 Thomas the Rhymer, IV: 29, 219 Thomas Traherne: Centuries, Poems, and Thanksgivings (Traherne), Supp. XI: 266 Thompson, E. P., Supp. IV: 95, 473 Thompson, Francis, III: 338; V: xxii, xxvi, 439–452 Thompson, R., II: 288 Thomson, George, III: 322 Thomson, James, III: 162, 171, 312; Supp. III: 409–429; Retro. Supp. I: 241 Thor, with Angels (Fry), Supp. III: 195, 197–198 “Thorn, The” (Wordsworth), IV: 6, 7 Thornton, R. K. R., V: 377, 382 Thornton, Robert, III: 307 Thorsler, Jr., P. L., IV: 173, 194 Those Barren Leaves (Huxley), VII: 79, 199, 202 Those Were the Days (Milne), Supp. V: 298 Those Were the Days: The Holocaust through the Eyes of the Perpetrators and Bystanders, Supp. IV: 488 “Those White, Ancient Birds” (Hart), Supp. XI: 131–132 Those Who Walk Away (Highsmith), Supp. V: 175 “Thou art an Atheist, Quintus, and a Wit” (Sedley), II: 265–266 “Thou art fair and few are fairer” (Shelley), IV: 203 “Thou art indeed just, Lord” (Hopkins), V: 376, 378 “Thou damn’d Antipodes to Common sense” (Dorset), II: 263 “Thou that know’st for whom I mourne” (Vaughan), II: 187 “Though this the port and I thy servant true” (Wyatt), I: 106 “Though, Phillis, your prevailing charms,”II: 257 “Thought” (Lawrence), VII: 119 “Thought Against Drought” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 141 Thought Power (Besant), VI: 249 “Thought–Fox, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 347 Thoughts (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 20 “Thoughts” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 269 Thoughts and Details on Scarcity . . . (Burke), III: 205 Thoughts for a Convention (Russell), VIII: 288 Thoughts in the Wilderness (Priestley), VII: 212 “Thoughts of a Suicide” (Tennyson), see “Two Voices, The“

443

Thoughts of Murdo (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 210–211 “Thoughts on Criticism, by a Critic” (Stephen), V: 286 Thoughts on the Ministerial Commission (Newman), Supp. VII: 291 Thoughts on South Africa (Schreiner), Supp. II: 453, 454, 457 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents (Burke), III: 197 Thoughts on the Education of Daughters; . . . (Wollstonecraft), Supp. III: 466 Thoughts on the . . . Falkland’s Islands (Johnson), III: 121; Retro. Supp. I: 142 “Thoughts on the Shape of the Human Body” (Brooke), Supp. III: 52–53 “Thoughts on Unpacking” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 262 Thrale, Hester, see Piozzi, Hester Lynch “Thrawn Janet” (Stevenson), V: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 267 Thre Deid Pollis, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146, 148 “Three Aquarium Portraits” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234, 236 “Three Baroque Meditations” (Hill), Supp. V: 187, 188 Three Bear Witness (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 251 “Three Blind Mice” (Christie), Supp. II: 134 Three Brothers, The (Muir), Supp. VI: 198 Three Brothers, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 217 Three Cheers for the Paraclete (Keneally), Supp. IV: 345 Three Chinese Poets: Translations of Poems by Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fu (tr. Seth), Supp. X: 277, 284 Three Clerks, The (Trollope), V: 101 Three Continents (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 233–234, 235 Three Dialogues (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 18–19, 22 Three Essays, Moral and Political (Hume), Supp. III: 239 “Three Folk Poems” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 210 Three Friends (Bridges), VI: 72, 83 Three Glasgow Writers (Kelman), Supp. V: 241 Three Guineas (Woolf), VII: 22, 25, 27, 29, 38; Supp. IV: 399; Retro. Supp. I: 308, 311 Three Hours After Marriage (Gay), III: 60, 67 3 in 1 (Reading), VIII: 271 Three Letters, Written in Spain, to D. Francisco Riguelme (Landor), IV: 100 “Three Little Pigs, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 226 “Three Lives of Lucie Cabrol, The” (Berger), Supp. IV: 92–93, 94 Three Memorials on French Affairs . . . (Burke), III: 205 Three Men in New Suits (Priestley), VII: 218

THRE−TINK Three Northern Love Stories (Morris and Magnusson), V: 306 Three of Them (Douglas), VI: 300, 305 Three Perils of Man, The (Hogg), Supp. X: 113–114 Three Perils of Woman, The (Hogg), Supp. X: 113–114 Three Plays (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 276–277 Three Plays for Puritans (Shaw), VI: 104, 112, 129; Retro. Supp. II: 315– 317 “Three Poems in Memory of My Mother, Miriam Murray neé Arnall” (Murray), Supp. VII: 278 “Three Poems of Drowning” (Graham), Supp. VII: 110 “Three Poets” (Dunn), Supp. X: 82–83 Three proper, and witty, familiar Letters (Spenser), I: 123 Three Regional Voices: Iain Crichton Smith, Barry Tebb, Michael Longley (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 213 Three Sermons (Swift), III: 36 Three Short Stories (Powys), VIII: 249, 256 Three Sisters, The (tr. Frayn), Supp. VII: 61 Three Sisters, The (tr. Friel), Supp. V: 124 “Three Songs for Monaro Pubs” (Hope), Supp. VII: 158 “Three Stages of Consciousness, The” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 46 “Three Strangers, The” (Hardy), VI: 20, 22 Three Sunsets and Other Poems (Carroll), V: 274 Three Times Table (Maitland), Supp. XI: 163, 168–170, 174 Three Voices of Poetry, The (Eliot), VII: 161, 162 Three Wayfarers, The: A Pastoral Play in One Act (Hardy), VI: 20 “Three Weeks to Argentina” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45 “Three Women’s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism” (Spivak), Retro. Supp. I: 60 Three Years in a Curatorship (Carroll), V: 274 Threnodia Augustalis (Goldsmith), III: 191 Threnodia Augustalis: A Funeral . . . Poem to . . . King Charles II (Dryden), II: 304 “Threshold” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 288 Thrice a Stranger (Brittain), Supp. X: 44 “Thrissil and the Rois, The” (Dunbar), VIII: 118 Thrissill and the Rois, The (Dunbar), VIII: 121 “Through the Looking Glass” (Auden), VII: 381 Through the Looking–Glass and What Alice Found There (Carroll), V: xxiii, 261, 262, 264, 265, 267–269, 270–273 Through the Panama (Lowry), Supp. III: 269, 280, 282, 283

“Through These Pale Gold Days” (Rosenberg), VI: 435 Thru (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 98, 99, 105, 109–110, 112 “Thrush in February, The” (Meredith), V: 222 “Thrushes” (Hughes), Supp. I: 345 “Thunder and a Boy” (Jennings), Supp. V: 218 Thunder in the Air (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71 Thunderbolt’s Waxwork (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 152 Thurley, Geoffrey, Supp. II: 494 “Thursday; or, The Spell” (Gay), III: 56 Thursday’s Child: A Pageant (Fry), Supp. III: 194 Thus to Revisit (Ford), VI: 321, 323 “Thy Beautiful Flock” (Powys), VIII: 254 Thyestes (Seneca), I: 215; II: 71 “Thyrsis” (Arnold), V: 157–158, 159, 165, 209, 210, 211; VI: 73 Thyrza (Gissing), V: 437 “Tiare Tahiti” (Brooke), Supp. III: 56 “Tibby Hyslop’s Dream” (Hogg), Supp. X: 110 Tib’s Eve (Carson), Supp. XIII: 65 “Tich Miller” (Cope), VIII: 73 Tickell, Thomas, III: 50 Ticonderoga (Stevenson), V: 395 Tide and Stone Walls (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 424 “Tidings from the Sissioun” (Dunbar), VIII: 126 “Tierra del Fuego” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 38 Tietjens tetralogy (Ford), VI: xii, 319, 328–331; VII: xxi; see also Last Post; Man Could Stand Up, A; No More Parades; Some Do Not “Tiger, The” (Coppard), VIII: 94, 97 Tiger at the Gates (Fry), Supp. III: 195 Tiger in the Well, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 151 “Time of Barmecides, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 125 “Tiger! Tiger!” (Kipling), VI: 199 Tigers (Adcock), Supp. XII: 4–5 Tigers Are Better–Looking (Rhys), Supp. II: 389, 390, 401, 402 Tiger’s Bones, The (Hughes), Supp. I: 346–347 “Till September Petronella” (Rhys), Supp. II: 401–402 Till We Have Faces (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 262–264, 265 Tillotson, Kathleen, IV: 34; V: 73 Timber (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 166 Timbuctoo (Tennyson), IV: 338 “Time” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 97 Time and the Conways (Priestley), VII: 212, 224–225 Time and Tide (O’Brien), Supp. V: 341 Time and Tide by Weare and Tyne (Ruskin), V: 184 Time and Time Again (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 2, 4–5, 9, 10, 13–14 Time and Western Man (Lewis), VII: 72, 74, 75, 83, 262

444

“Time Disease, The” (Amis), Supp. IV: 40 Time Flies: A Reading Diary (Rossetti), V: 260 Time for a Tiger (Burgess), Supp. I: 187 Time Importuned (Warner), Supp. VII: 370, 371–372 Time in a Red Coat (Brown), Supp. VI: 66, 69–70 Time in Rome, A (Bowen), Supp. II: 80, 94 Time Machine, The: An Invention (Wells), VI: ix, xii, 226, 229–230 Time Must Have a Stop (Huxley), VII: 205 Time of Hope (Snow), VII: xxi, 321, 324–325 Time of the Crack, The (Tennant), Supp. IX: 229–230 Time of My Life (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 “Time of Plague, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 277 Time of the Angels, The (Murdoch), III: 341, 345; Supp. I: 225–226, 227, 228 “Time of the Roses” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 124–125 “Time of Waiting, A” (Graves), VII: 269 Time Present (Osborne), Supp. I: 338 “Time the Tiger” (Lewis), VII: 74 Time to Dance, A (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 126 Time to Go, A (O’Casey), VII: 12 Time to Keep, A (Brown), Supp. VI: 64, 70 Time Traveller, The: The Life of H. G. Wells (MacKenzie and MacKenzie), VI: 228, 246 “Timehri” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 34, 46 “Timekeeping” (Cope), VIII: 81 “Timer” (Harrison), Supp. V: 150 Time’s Arrow; or The Nature of the Offence (Amis), Supp. IV: 40–42 “Time’s Fool” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 142 Time’s Laughingstocks and other Verses (Hardy), VI: 20 Times (periodical), IV: xv, 272, 278; V: 93, 279; Supp. XII: 2 Times Literary Supplement, Supp. IV: 25, 66, 121 “Time–Tombs, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 Time–Zones (Adcock), Supp. XII: 10– 11, 11–12 “Timing” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 109 Timon of Athens (Shakespeare), I: 318– 319, 321; II: 70 Tin Drum, The (Grass), Supp. IV: 440 Tin Men, The (Frayn), Supp. VII: 51–52, 64 Tin Princess, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 151–152 Tinker, C. B., III: 234n, 249, 250 “Tinker, The” (Wordsworth), IV: 21 Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (le Carré), Supp. II: 306, 311–313, 314 Tinker’s Wedding, The (Synge), VI: 311, 313–314; Retro. Supp. I: 296–297

TINT−TO MY “Tintern Abbey” (Wordsworth), see “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey“ Tiny Tears (Fuller), Supp. VII: 78 Tip of my Tongue, The (Crawford), Supp. XI: 67, 79–82 “Tipperary” (Thomas), Supp. III: 404 “Tirade for the Mimic Muse” (Boland), Supp. V: 49 Tireless Traveller, The (Trollope), V: 102 “Tiresias” (Tennyson), IV: 328, 332–334, 338 “Tiriel” (Blake), III: 298, 302; Retro. Supp. I: 34–35 “Tirocinium; or, A Review of Schools” (Cowper), III: 208 ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore (Ford), II: 57, 88, 89, 90, 92–93, 99, 100 Tit–Bits (periodical), VI: 135, 248 “Tithe Barn, The” (Powys), VIII: 248, 249 Tithe Barn, The and The Dove and the Eage (Powys), VIII: 248 “Tithon” (Tennyson), IV: 332–334; see also “Tithonus“ “Tithonus” (Tennyson), IV: 328, 333 Title, The (Bennett), VI: 250, 264 Title and Pedigree of Henry VI (Lydgate), I: 58 Titmarsh, Michael Angelo, pseud. of William Makepeace Thackeray Titus Andronicus (Shakespeare), I: 279, 305; II: 69 “Titus Hoyt, I A” (Naipaul), Supp. I: 385 “To a Black Greyhound” (Grenfell), VI: 418 “To a Brother in the Mystery” (Davie), Supp. VI: 113–114 “To a Butterﬂy” (Wordsworth), IV: 21 “To a Cretan Monk in Thanks for a Flask of Wine” (Murphy), Supp. V: 318 “To a Cold Beauty” (Hood), IV: 255 “To a Comrade in Flanders” (Owen), VI: 452 “To a Devout Young Gentlewoman” (Sedley), II: 264 “To a Dictionary Maker” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 “To a False Friend. In Imitation of Sappho” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 204– 205 “To a Fat Lady Seen from the Train” (Cornford), VIII: 102 “To a Fine Singer, who had gotten a Cold; . .. . ” (Wycherley), II: 320 “To a Fine Young Woman . . . ” (Wycherley), II: 320 “To a Friend in Time of Trouble” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 274, 275 “To a Friend mourning the Death of Miss—” (Macpherson), VIII: 181 “To A. L.” (Carew), II: 224–225 “To a Lady in a Letter” (Rochester), II: 258 To a Lady More Cruel Than Fair (Vanbrugh), II: 336 “To a Lady on Her Passion for Old China” (Gay), III: 58, 67 “To a Lady on the Death of Colonel Ross . . . ” (Collins), III: 166, 169

“To a Louse” (Burns), III: 315, 317–318 “To a Mountain Daisy” (Burns), III: 313, 315, 317, 318 “To a Mouse” (Burns), III: 315, 317, 318 “To a Nightingale” (Coleridge), IV: 222 “To a Skylark” (Shelley), III: 337 “To a Snail” (Moore), Supp. IV: 262– 263 “To a Very Young Lady” (Etherege), II: 267 “To Alastair Campbell” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 4 “To Althea from Prison” (Lovelace), II: 231, 232 “To Amarantha, That She Would Dishevell Her Haire” (Lovelace), II: 230 “To Amoret Gone from Him” (Vaughan), II: 185 “To Amoret, of the Difference ’twixt Him, . . . ” (Vaughan), II: 185 “To an English Friend in Africa” (Okri), Supp. V: 359 “To an Infant Daughter” (Clare), Supp. XI: 55 “To an Old Lady” (Empson), Supp. II: 182–183 “To an Unborn Pauper Child” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 121 “To an Unknown Reader” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 78 “To and Fro” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 395 “To Anthea” (Herrick), II: 105–106, 108 “To Any Dead Officer” (Sassoon), VI: 431 To Asmara (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346 “To Augustus” (Pope), Retro. Supp. I: 230–231 “To Autumn” (Keats), IV: 221, 226–227, 228, 232 To Be a Pilgrim (Cary), VII: 186, 187, 191, 192–194 “To Be a Poet” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 260 “To Be Less Philosophical” (Graves), VII: 266 “To Blossoms” (Herrick), II: 112 “To Call Paula Paul” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 286 To Catch a Spy (Ambler), Supp. IV: 4, 17 “To cause accord or to agree” (Wyatt), I: 109 “To Celia” (Johnson), IV: 327 “To Cesario” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 206 “To Charles Cowden Clarke” (Keats), IV: 214, 215 “To Certain English Poets” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 “To Charles Cowden Clarke” (Keats), Retro. Supp. I: 188 To Circumjack Cencrastus; or, The Curly Snake (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 201, 210–211, 216 “To Constantia Singing” (Shelley), IV: 209 “To Daffodills” (Herrick), II: 112 “To Deanbourn” (Herrick), II: 103 “To Dianeme” (Herrick), II: 107, 112 “To E. Fitzgerald” (Tennyson), IV: 336

445

“To Edward Thomas” (Lewis), VII: 445 “To E. L., on his Travels in Greece” (Tennyson), V: 79 “To Electra” (Herrick), II: 105 “To Everlasting Oblivion” (Marston), II: 25 “To Fanny” (Keats), IV: 220–221 “To George Felton Mathew” (Keats), IV: 214 “To Germany” (Sorley), VI: 421 “To God” (Gurney), VI: 426 “To Helen” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 “To His Coy Mistress” (Marvell), II: 197, 198, 208–209, 211, 214–215; Retro. Supp. II: 259–261 “To his inconstant Friend” (King), Supp. VI: 151 “To His Lost Lover” (Armitage), VIII: 8 “To His Love” (Gurney), VI: 426 “To His Lovely Mistresses” (Herrick), II: 113 To His Sacred Majesty, a Panegyrick on His Coronation (Dryden), II: 304 “To His Sweet Savior” (Herrick), II: 114 “To His Wife” (Hill), Supp. V: 189 “To Hope” (Keats), Retro. Supp. I: 188 “To Ireland in the Coming Times” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 330 “To J. F. H. (1897–1934)” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 “To Joan Eardley” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 165 “To Julia, The Flaminica Dialis, or Queen– To Keep the Ball Rolling (Powell), VII: 351 “To King Henry IV, in Praise of Peace” (Gower), I: 56 “To Leonard Clark” (Graham), Supp. VII: 116 To Let (Galsworthy), VI: 272, 274, 275, 282 To Lighten My House (Reid), Supp. VII: 325–327 “To Live Merrily, and to Trust to Good Verses” (Herrick), II: 115 To Live with Little (Chapman), I: 254 “To Lizbie Browne” (Hardy), VI: 16 “To Lord Stanhope” (Coleridge), IV: 43 “To Louisa in the Lane” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 493 “To Lucasta, Going to the Warres” (Lovelace), II: 229 “To Margot Heinemann” (Cornford), Supp. XIII: 91–92 “To Marguerite—Continued” (Arnold), V: 211 “To Mary Boyle” (Tennyson), IV: 329, 336 “To Mr. Dryden” (Congreve), II: 338 To Mr. Harriot (Chapman), I: 241 “To Mr. Hobs” (Cowley), II: 196, 198 To Mistress Anne (Skelton), I: 83 “To My Brother George” (Keats), IV: 214 “To My Brothers” (Keats), IV: 215 “To My Daughter in a Red Coat” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 254 “To my dead friend Ben: Johnson” (King), Supp. VI: 157 “To My Desk” (Dunn), Supp. X: 80

TO MY−TONS “To My Father” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 73 To My Fellow Countrymen (Osborne), Supp. I: 330 “To My Friend, Mr. Pope, . . . ” (Wycherley), II: 322 “To My Inconstant Mistris” (Carew), II: 225 To My Lady Morton (Waller), II: 238 To My Lord Chancellor . . . (Dryden), II: 304 “To My Lord Northumberland Upon the Death of His Lady” (Waller), II: 233 To My Mother on the Anniversary of Her Birth, April 27, 1842 (Rossetti), V: 260 “To My Sister” (Wordsworth), IV: 8 “To Night” (Lovelace), II: 231 “To Nobodaddy” (Blake), III: 299 “To Olga Masson” (tr. Thomas), Supp. IV: 495 “To One Who Wanted a Philosophy from Me” (Russell), VIII: 290 “To One Who Was with Me in the War” (Sassoon), VI: 431 “To Penshurst” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 164 “To Perilla” (Herrick), II: 113 “To P. H. T” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 “To Please His Wife” (Hardy), VI: 20, 22 “To Poet Bavius” (Behn), Supp. III: 40 To Present the Pretense (Arden), Supp. II: 30 “To R. B.” (Hopkins), V: 376, 378 “To Rilke” (Lewis), VII: 446 “To Room Nineteen” (Lessing), Supp. I: 248 “To Saxham” (Carew), III: 223 To Scorch or Freeze (Davie), Supp. VI: 113–115 “To seek each where, where man doth live” (Wyatt), I: 110 “To seem the stranger lies my lot” (Hopkins), V: 374–375 “To Sir Henry Cary” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 154 To Sir With Love (Braithwaite), Supp. IV: 445 “To Sleep” (Graves), VII: 267 “To Sleep” (Keats), IV: 221 “To Solitude” (Keats), IV: 213–214 “To Stella, Visiting Me in My Sickness” (Swift), III: 31 “To Stella, Who Collected and Transcribed His Poems” (Swift), III: 31 “To Stella . . . Written on the Day of Her Birth . . . ” (Swift), III: 32 To the Air, Supp. IV: 269 “To the Athenian Society” (Defoe), Retro. Supp. I: 67 “To the Author of a Poem, intitled, Successio” (Pope), Retro. Supp. I: 233 “To the Coffee Shop” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 274 “To the Evening Star” (Blake), Retro. Supp. I: 34 “To the fair Clarinda, who made Love to Me, imagin’d more than Woman” (Behn), Supp. III: 8

“To the High Court of Parliament” (Hill), Supp. V: 192, 193 “To the King” (Waller), II: 233 “To the King: Complane I Wald” (Dunbar), VIII: 117 To the King, upon His . . . Happy Return (Waller), II: 238 To the Lighthouse (Woolf), V: 281; VI: 275, 278; VII: xv, 18, 21, 26, 27, 28– 29, 36, 38; Supp. IV: 231, 246, 321; Supp. V: 63; Retro. Supp. I: 308, 317–318 “To the Master of Balliol” (Tennyson), IV: 336 To the Memory of Charles Lamb (Wordsworth), IV: 86 “To the Memory of My Beloved, the Author Mr William Shakespeare” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 “To the Memorie of My Ever Desired Friend Dr. Donne” (King), Supp. VI: 156 “To the Merchants of Edinburgh” (Dunbar), VIII: 126 “To the Muses” (Blake), III: 289; Retro. Supp. I: 34 “To the Name of Jesus” (Crashaw), II: 180 “To the Nightingal” (Finch), Supp. IX: 68–69 “To the Nightingale” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 283 To the North (Bowen), Supp. II: 85, 88–89 “To the Pen Shop” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 274 “To the Poet Coleridge” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 210 “To the Queen” (Tennyson), IV: 337 To the Queen, upon Her . . . Birthday (Waller), II: 238 “To the Reader” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 “To the Reader” (Webster), I: 246 “To the Reverend Shade of His Religious Father” (Herrick), II: 113 “To the Rev. W. H. Brookﬁeld” (Tennyson), IV: 329 “To the Royal Society” (Cowley), II: 196, 198 “To the Sea” (Larkin), Supp. I: 283, 285 “To the Shade of Elliston” (Lamb), IV: 82–83 “To the Slow Drum” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 42 “To the Small Celandine” (Wordsworth), IV: 21 “To the Spirit” (Hart), Supp. XI: 127 “To the (Supposed) Patron” (Hill), Supp. V: 184 “To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time” (Herrick), II: 108–109 To the Wedding (Berger), Supp. IV: 80 To This Hard House (Friel), Supp. V: 115 “To Thom Gunn in Los Altos, California” (Davie), Supp. VI: 112 “To Three Irish Poets” (Longley), VIII: 167–168 “To True Soldiers” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 154

446

“To Vandyk” (Waller), II: 233 “To Virgil” (Tennyson), IV: 327 “To wet your eye withouten tear” (Wyatt), I: 105–106 “To what serves Mortal Beauty?” (Hopkins), V: 372, 373 “To Whom It May Concern” (Motion), Supp. VII: 264 To Whom She Will (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 224–226 “To William Camden” (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 152 “To William Godwin” (Coleridge), IV: 43 “To X” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 74 “To Yvor Winters, 1955” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 261 “Toads” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277, 278, 281 “Toads Revisited” (Larkin), Supp. I: 281 “Toccata of Galuppi’s, A” (Browning), IV: 357 To–Day (periodical), VI: 103 Todhunter, John, V: 325 “Todd” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 71 Todorov, Tzvetan, Supp. IV: 115–116 Together (Douglas), VI: 299–300, 304, 305 Toil & Spin: Two Directions in Modern Poetry (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 319, 325 Tolkien, J. R. R., Supp. II: 519–535; Supp. IV: 116 “Tollund Man, The” (Heaney), Supp. II: 273, 274; Retro. Supp. I: 128 Tolstoy (Wilson), Supp. VI: 304 Tolstoy, Leo, Supp. IV: 94, 139 “Tom Brown Question, The” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 449 Tom Brown’s Schooldays (Hughes), V: xxii, 157, 170; Supp. IV: 506 Tom Jones (Fielding), III: 95, 96–97, 100–102, 105; Supp. II: 194, 195; Retro. Supp. I: 81, 86–89, 90–91; Retro. Supp. I: 81, 86–89, 90–91 Tom O’Bedlam’s Beauties (Reading), VIII: 264–265 Tom Thumb (Fielding), III: 96, 105 “Tom–Dobbin” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 267 Tomlin, Eric Walter Frederick, VII: xv, xxxviii “Tomlinson” (Kipling), VI: 202 “Tomorrow” (Conrad), VI: 148 “Tomorrow” (Harris), Supp. V: 131 “Tomorrow Is a Million Years” (Ballard), Supp. V: 26 Tomorrow Morning, Faustus! (Richards), Supp. II: 427–428 “Tom’s Garland” (Hopkins), V: 376 “Tone of Time, The” (James), VI: 69 “Tongue in My Ear: On Writing and Not Writing Foreign Parts” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 123–124 “Tongues of Fire” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 325 Tonight at 8:30 (Coward), Supp. II: 152– 153 Tono–Bungay (Wells), VI: xii, 237–238, 244 Tonson, Jacob, II: 323; III: 69

TONY−TRAV “Tony Kytes, The Arch–Deceiver” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Tony White’s Cottage” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 “Too Dearly Bought” (Gissing), V: 437 Too Good to Be True (Shaw), VI: 125, 127, 129 “Too Late” (Browning), V: 366, 369 Too Late the Phalarope (Paton), Supp. II: 341, 351–353 Too Many Husbands (Maugham), VI: 368–369 “Too Much” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 “Toot Baldon” (Motion), Supp. VII: 253 Tooth and Nail (Rankin), see Wolfman Top Girls (Churchill), Supp. IV: 179, 183, 189–191, 198 Topkapi (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 4 “Torridge” (Trevor), Supp. IV: 501 “Tortoise and the Hare, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 226 Tortoises (Lawrence), VII: 118 Tortoises, Terrapins and Turtles (Sowerby and Lear), V: 76, 87 “Torturer ’s Apprenticeship, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 280 “Tory Prime Minister, Maggie May . . . , A” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 456 Totemism (Frazer), Supp. III: 171 “Totentanz” (Wilson), Supp. I: 155, 156, 157 Tottel’s Miscellany, I: 97–98, 114 Touch (Gunn), Supp. IV: 257, 264, 265– 266 “Touch” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 265–266 Touch and Go (Lawrence), VII: 120, 121 Touch of Love, A (screenplay, Drabble), Supp. IV: 230 Touch of Mistletoe, A (Comyns), VIII: 54–55, 56, 58–59, 65 Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (Defoe), III: 5, 13; Retro. Supp. I: 75–76 Tour to the Hebrides, A (Boswell), see Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides Tourneur, Cyril, II: 24, 33, 36–41, 70, 72, 85, 97 Toward Reality (Berger), see Permanent Red: Essays in Seeing “Toward the Imminent Days” (Murray), Supp. VII: 274 “Towards an Artless Society” (Lewis), VII: 76 Towards Democracy (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 36, 37–40 “Towards Democracy” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 37–38 Towards the End of Morning (Frayn), Supp. VII: 53–54, 65 Towards the Human (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 209 Towards the Mountain (Paton), Supp. II: 346, 347, 351, 359 Towards Zero (Christie), Supp. II: 132, 134 Tower, The (Fry), Supp. III: 194, 195 Tower, The (Yeats), VI: 207, 216, 220; Retro. Supp. I: 333–335 Towers of Silence, The (Scott), Supp. I: 267–268

Town (periodical), V: 22 “Town and Country” (Brooke), VI: 420 “Town Betrayed, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 Townley plays, I: 20 Townsend, Aurelian, II: 222, 237 Townsend Warner, George, VI: 485 Town–Talk (periodical), III: 50, 53 “Trace Elements” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 323 “Track 12” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 Trackers of Oxyrhyncus, The (Harrison), Supp. V: 163, 164 Tract 90 (Newman), seeRemarks on Certain Passages of the 39 Articles “Tractor” (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 211 Tracts for the Times (Newman), Supp. VII: 291, 293 “Traction–Engine, The” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 3 “Trade” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 40 “Tradition and the Individual Talent” (Eliot), VII: 155, 156, 163, 164 “Tradition of Eighteen Hundred and Four, A” (Hardy), VI: 22 Tradition of Women’s Fiction, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 231 Tradition, the Writer and Society (Harris), Supp. V: 145, 146 “Traditional Prize Country Pigs” (Cope), VIII: 82–83 “Traditions, Voyages” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 318 Trafﬁcs and Discoveries (Kipling), VI: 204 “Tragedy and the Essay, The” (Brontë), V: 135 “Tragedy Of, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220–221, 223 Tragedy of Brennoralt, The (Suckling), II: 226 Tragedy of Byron, The (Chapman), I: 233, 234, 241n, 251 Tragedy of Count Alarcos, The (Disraeli), IV: 306, 308 Tragedy of Doctor Faustus, The (Marlowe), Retro. Supp. I: 200, 207– 208 “Tragedy of Error, A” (James), VI: 25 Tragedy of Sir John Van Olden Barnavelt, The (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 66 Tragedy of Sophonisba, The (Thomson), Supp. III: 411, 422, 423, 424 Tragedy of the Duchess of Malﬁ, The (Webster), see Duchess of Malﬁ, The Tragedy of Tragedies; or, The Life . . . of Tom Thumb, The (Fielding), see Tom Thumb “Tragedy of Two Ambitions, A” (Hardy), VI: 22 Tragic Comedians, The (Meredith), V: 228, 234 Tragic History of Romeus and Juliet, The (Brooke), I: 305–306 Tragic Muse, The (James), VI: 39, 43– 55, 67 “Tragic Theatre, The” (Yeats), VI: 218 Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, The (Hope), Supp. VII: 160–161

447

Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, The (Marlowe), III: 344 Traherne, Thomas, II: 123, 189–194, 201–203; Supp. XI: 263–280 Trail of the Dinosaur, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 32, 33, 36, 37 Traill, H. D., III: 80 Train of Powder, A (West), Supp. III: 439–440 Trained for Genius (Goldring), VI: 333 Traité du poeme épique (Le Bossu), III: l03 Traitor’s Blood (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 117 “Trampwoman’s Tragedy, The” (Hardy), VI: 15; Retro. Supp. I: 120 Transatlantic Review (periodical), VI: 324; Supp. XIII: 190 Transatlantic Sketches (James), VI: 67 “Transﬁguration, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 207 “Transformation” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 47 “Transformation Scenes” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 222 Transformed Metamorphosis, The (Tourneur), II: 37, 41 “Transients and Residents” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 271, 273 transition (quarterly periodical), Supp. I: 43n Transitional Poem (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 117, 121–123 “Translation of Poetry, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 168–169 Translations (Friel), Supp. V: 123–124 Translations and Tomfooleries (Shaw), VI: 129 “Translations from the Early Irish” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 264 Translations of the Natural World (Murray), Supp. VII: 281–282 “Transparencies” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 262 “Transvaal Morning, A” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 214 Trap, The (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 184–186 Traps (Churchill), Supp. IV: 179, 180, 183–184, 188, 198 Traulus (Swift), III: 36 Travelers (Jhabvala), Supp. V: 230 “Traveling to My Second Marriage on the Day of the First Moonshot” (Nye), Supp. X: 202 “Traveller” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 Traveller, The (Goldsmith), III: 177, 179, 180, 185–186, 191; Retro. Supp. I: 149 “Traveller, The” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 254, 265 “Travelling” (Healy), Supp. IX: 106 Travelling Behind Glass (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256–257 “Travelling Behind Glass” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 257, 261 “Travelling Companion, The” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Travelling Companions” (James), VI: 25, 69

TRAV−TROO Travelling Grave, The (Hartley), see Killing Bottle, The Travelling Home (Cornford), VIII: 109, 111, 112 “Travelling Letters” (Dickens), V: 71 Travelling Sketches (Trollope), V: 101 Travels (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 172, 183 Travels in Arabia Deserta (Doughty), Supp. II: 294–295 Travels in Italy (Addison), III: 18 Travels in Nihilon (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 410 Travels Through France and Italy (Smollett), III: 147, 153–155, 158 Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes (Stevenson), V: 389, 395; Retro. Supp. I: 262 Travels with My Aunt (Greene), Supp. I: 2, 13, 16; Retro. Supp. II: 161 Travesties (Stoppard), Supp. I: 438, 445, 446, 447–449, 451; Retro. Supp. II: 349–351 Trawler: A Journey Through the North Atlantic (O’Hanlon), Supp. XI: 196, 206–207 “A Treading of Grapes” (Brown), Supp. VI: 70 Treason’s Harbour (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 256 Treasure Island (Stevenson), V: xxv, 383, 385, 386, 394, 395; Retro. Supp. I: 263 “Treasure of Franchard, The” (Stevenson), V: 395 “Treasure, The” (Brooke), Supp. III: 57, 58 “Treatise for Laundresses” (Lydgate), I: 58 Treatise of Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes . . . , The (Milton), II: 176 Treatise of Human Nature, A (Hume), IV: 138; Supp. III: 229, 230–231, 232– 237, 238 Treatise of the Fear of God, A (Bunyan), II: 253 Treatise of the Soul, A (Ralegh), I: 157 Treatise on Method (Coleridge), IV: 56 Treatise on the Astrolabe, A (Chaucer), I: 31 Treatise on the Passion (More), Supp. VII: 245 Trebitsch, Siegfried, VI: 115 Tree, Herbert Beerbohm, Supp. II: 44, 46, 53–54, 55 “Tree, The” (Thomas), Supp. I: 180 “Tree, The” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 317 “Tree at Dawn, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 144 “Tree in Heaven, A” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 138 “Tree of Knowledge, The” (James), VI: 69 Tree of Man, The (White), Supp. I: 129, 131, 134, 136, 137–138, 143 Tree of Strings (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192–193 Tree of the Sun, The (Harris), Supp. V: 139–140 Tree on Fire, A (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 409, 410, 414, 421, 422–423

“Tree Unleaved, The” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 “Trees, The” (Larkin), Supp. I: 284, 285 Trelawny, Edward, IV: xiv, 203, 207, 209 Tremaine (Ward), IV: 293 Trembling of the Veil, The (Yeats), VI: 210 Tremendous Adventures of Major Gahagan, The (Thackeray), V: 22, 37 Tremor of Forgery, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 175–176 Tremor of Intent (Burgess), Supp. I: 185, 191–192 “Tremors” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 73 Trench Town Rock (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 36 “Trenches St. Eloi” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 140 Trespass of the Sign, The: Deconstruction, Theology, and Philosophy (Hart), Supp. XI: 122, 128 Trespasser, The (Lawrence), VII: 89, 91, 93–95; Retro. Supp. II: 227 Tretis of the Tua Mariit Wemen and the Wedo, The (Dunbar), VIII: 120, 123, 124–126 Trevelyan, G. M., I: 375; V: xxiv, 223, 227, 234; VI: xv, 347, 383–396; list of works, VI: 394–396 Trevenen (Davie), Supp. VI: 111 Trevisa, John, Supp. IX: 243–260 Trevor, William, Supp. IV: 499–519 Trevor–Roper, Hugh, Supp. IV: 436 Trial, The (Kafka), III: 340 Trial of a Judge (Spender), Supp. II: 488 Trial of Dedan Kimathi, The (Ngu˜ gı˜/ Mgo), VIII: 223 Trial of Elizabeth Cree: A Novel of the Limehouse Murders, The (Ackroyd), Supp. VI: 10 Trial of the Fox, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 138, 139, 140 Trial of the Honourable Augustus Keppel, The (Burke), III: 205 Tribes of Ireland, The (tr. Mangan), Supp. XIII: 119 “Tribune’s Visitation, The” (Jones), Supp. VII: 175, 179–180 “Tribute of a Legs Lover” (Dunn), Supp. X: 70 Tributes (Jennings), Supp. V: 216 Trick is to Keep Breathing, The (Galloway), Supp. XII: 117, 119–120, 124, 129 Trick of It, The (Frayn), Supp. VII: 61–62 Trick to Catch the Old One, A (Middleton), II: 3, 4–5, 21 “Trickster and the Sacred Clown, Revealing the Logic of the Unspeakable, The” (Belmonte), Supp. IV: 15–16 Trieste and the Meaning of Nowhere (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 171, 173, 176, 178, 186–187 Trilby (du Maurier), Supp. III: 134, 135, 136 Trilogy (Beckett), Retro. Supp. I: 18, 20–23 Trilogy of Death (James), Supp. IV: 328, 329, 335, 337

448

“Trim” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 88 “Trinity at Low Tide” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 264 Trinity College (Trevelyan), VI: 383, 393 Trip to Scarborough, A (Sheridan), II: 334, 336; III: 253, 261, 270 Triple Thinkers, The (Wilson), VI: 164 “Triple Time” (Larkin), Supp. I: 279 “Tristia” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 259 “Tristram and Iseult” (Arnold), V: 210 “Tristram and Iseult: Prelude of an Unﬁnished Poem” (Swinburne), V: 332 Tristram Shandy (Sterne), III: 124, 126, 127–132, 135, 150, 153; IV: 183; Supp. II: 204, 205 Triumph and Tragedy (Churchill), VI: 361 Triumph of Death (Fletcher), II: 66 Triumph of Gloriana, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Triumph of Honour (Field), II: 66 “Triumph of Life, The” (Shelley), IV: xi, 197, 206–207, 209; Retro. Supp. I: 256 Triumph of Love (Field), II: 66 Triumph of Love, The (Hill), Supp. V: 183, 189, 198–199, 202 Triumph of the Four Foster Children of Desire (Sidney), Retro. Supp. II: 329–330 Triumph of Time (Fletcher), II: 66 “Triumph of Time, The” (Swinburne), V: 311, 313, 318–319, 331 “Triumphal March” (Eliot), VII: 152– 153 Triumphs of Love and Innocence, The (Finch), Supp. IX: 74–76 “Triumphs of Odin, The” (Gray), III: 142 “Triumphs of Sensibility” (Warner), Supp. VII: 371 Triumphs of Truth, The (Middleton), II: 3 Triumphs of Wealth and Prosperity, The (Middleton), II: 3 Trivia (Connolly), Supp. III: 98 Trivia; or, The Art of Walking the streets of London (Gay), III: 55, 57, 67 “Troglodyte, The” (Brooke–Rose)), Supp. IV: 103 Troilus and Cressida (Dryden), II: 293, 305 Troilus and Cressida (Shakespeare), I: 313, 314; II: 47, 70; IV: 225; V: 328 Troilus and Criseyde (Chaucer), I: 24, 30, 31, 32–34, 41, 43, 44; IV: 189; Retro. Supp. II: 40–45 Trójumanna saga, VIII: 237 Trollope, Anthony, II: 172–173; IV: 306; V: x, xvii, xxii–xxv, 11, 89–103; VII: xxi; Supp. IV: 229, 230 Trollope, Frances, V: 89 Trollope: A Commentary (Sadleir), V: 100, 102 “Trollope and His Style” (Sykes Davies), V: 103 Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland (Schreiner), Supp. II: 454 “Troopship” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 69 “Troopship in the Tropics, A” (Lewis), VII: 446

TROP−TWO F Trophy of Arms, A: Poems 1926–1935 (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 134, 135, 140– 142 Tropic Seed (Waugh), Supp. VI: 275 “Trouble with Lichen” (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 292–294 Troubled Eden, A, Nature and Society in the Works of George Meredith (Kelvin), V: 221, 234 Troublesome Offspring of Cardinal Guzman, The (De Bernières), Supp. XII: 65, 69, 73–74 Troublesome Reign of John, King of England, The, I: 301 “Trout, A” (Nye), Supp. X: 201 “Trout Stream, The” (Welch), Supp. IX: 267 “Troy” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 Troy Park (Sitwell), VII: 138 Troy–book (Lydgate), I: 57, 58, 59–65, 280 “Truant Hart, The” (Coppard), VIII: 96 “Truce of the Bear, The” (Kipling), VI: 203 True Born Irishman, The (Friel), Supp. V: 126 “True Function and Value of Criticism, The” (Wilde), Retro. Supp. II: 367 True Heart, The (Warner), Supp. VII: 370, 375 True History (Lucian), III: 24 True History of Squire Jonathan and His Unfortunate Treasure, The (Arden), Supp. II: 31 True History of the Kelly Gang (Carey), Supp. XII: 49, 51, 54, 57, 60, 61–62 “True Love” (Nye), Supp. X: 199–200, 202 True Patriot, The (Fielding), III: 105; Retro. Supp. I: True Relation of the Apparition of . . . Mrs. Veal .. . . to . . . Mrs. Bargrave . . . (Defoe), III: 13 True State of the Case of Bosavern Penlez, A (Fielding), III: 105 True Traveller, The (Davies), Supp. XI: 86, 91 True Travellers: A Tramps Opera in Three Acts (Davies), Supp. XI: 93 True Widow, The (Shadwell), II: 115305 True–Born Englishman, The (Defoe), III: 3, 12; Retro. Supp. I: 64, 67 Truelove, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 258–259 “Truly Great” (Davies), Supp. XI: 85 Trumpet (Kay), Supp. XIII: 99, 101–102, 103, 105–107 Trumpet–Major, The: A Tale (Hardy), VI: 5, 6–7, 20; Retro. Supp. I: 114 “Trustie Tree, The” (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 270 “Truth” (Bacon), III: 39 “Truth” (Cowper), III: 212 Truth About an Author (Bennett), VI: 264–265 Truth About Blayds, The (Milne), Supp. V: 299 “Truth About the Navy, The” (Stead), Supp. XIII: 239

“Truth in the Cup” (Warner), Supp. VII: 381 “Truth of Masks, The” (Wilde), Retro. Supp. II: 368 “Truthful Adventure, A” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 172 Trying to Explain (Davie), Supp. VI: 115 “Tryst at an Ancient Earthwork, A” (Hardy), VI: 22 Trystram of Lyonesse (Swinburne), V: 299, 300, 314, 327–328, 332 T.S. Eliot (Raine), Supp. XIII: 175 Tsvetayeva, Marina, Supp. IV: 493 Tucker, Abraham, pseud. of William Hazlitt Tudor trilogy (Ford), VI: 319, 323, 325– 327; see also Fifth Queen, The; Fifth Queen Crowned, The; Privy Seal “Tuesday; or, The Ditty” (Gay), III: 56 “Tuft of Violets, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 144 “Tulips” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 281 Tumatumari (Harris), Supp. V: 136, 137 Tumble–down Dick (Fielding), III: 105 “Tumps” (Cope), VIII: 78 Tunc (Durrell), Supp. I: 113–118, 120 “Tunnel” (Barnes), Supp. IV: 75, 76 Tunnel, The (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 184, 189, 190 Tunning of Elinour Rumming, The (Skelton), I: 82, 86–87, 92 “Tunstall Forest” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 Tuppenny Stung (Longley), VIII: 164, 165 Turbott Wolfe (Plomer), Supp. XI: 209, 210–212, 213, 214, 219, 222, 223 “Turf, The” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 258 Turkish Delight (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181 Turkish Mahomet and Hiren the Fair Greek (Peele), I: 205 Turkish tales (Byron), IV: x, 172, 173– 175 “Turn for the Better, A” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 217 Turn of the Screw, The (James), III: 334, 340, 345; V: xxvi, 14; VI: 39, 52–53, 69; Supp. IV: 97, 116, 503, 511 Turn of the Years, The (Pritchett), Supp. III: 311 Turner, J. M. W., V: xix, xx, 174–175, 178 “Turns” (Harrison), Supp. V: 154–155 Turning of the Tide, The (Hill), see Castle of the Demon, The “Tursac” (Dunn), Supp. X: 76 Tutchin, John, III: 3 “Tutelar of the Place, The” (Jones), Supp. VII: 179–180 Tuve, Rosamund, II: 124, 130; Retro. Supp. II: 174 “TV” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 221 “Twa Dogs, The” (Burns), III: 315, 316 “Twa Herds, The” (Burns), III: 311, 319 Twain, Mark, IV: 106; V: xix, xxiv–xxv “Twelfth Night” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 221 Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), I: 312, 320 Twelfth of Never, The (Carson), Supp. XIII: 65–66

449

Twelve Adventurers and Other Stories (Brontë), V: 151 Twelve, and Other Poems by Aleksandr Blok, The (tr. Stallworthy), Supp. X: 292 Twelve Apostles (Ewart), Supp. VII: 40 12 Edmondstone Street (Malouf), Supp. XII: 217 “12 Edmondstone Street” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 218 Twelve Months in a Curatorship (Carroll), V: 274 Twelve Pound Look, The (Barrie), Supp. III: 6, 8, 9, 15–16 “Twelve Songs” (Auden), VII: 383, 386 “Twentieth Century Blues” (Coward), Supp. II: 147 Twenty ﬁve (Gregory), VI: 309 “Twenty Golden Years Ago” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 123–124 “Twenty Pounds” (Gissing), V: 437 Twenty–ﬁve Poems (Thomas), Supp. I: 174, 176, 180 “Twenty–four years” (Thomas), Supp. I: 177 “24th March 1986” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 46 “29 February, 1704” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 114 Twenty–One Poems (Sisson), Supp. XI: 249 “Twenty–Seven Articles, The” (Lawrence), Supp. II: 287 ”26th December” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 227 Twice Over (Kay), Supp. XIII: 100 Twice Through the Heart (Kay), Supp. XIII: 100, 101 Twilight Bar (Koestler), Supp. I: 25 Twilight in Italy (Lawrence), VII: 116 Twin Rivals, The (Farquhar), II: 353, 357–358, 364 “Twin Sets and Pickle Forks” (Dunn), Supp. X: 67–68 Twine, Laurence, I: 321 Twitchell, James B., Supp. III: 383 Twits, The (Dahl), Supp. IV: 205, 207, 223 ’Twixt Land and Sea: Tales (Conrad), VI: 148 “Two Analogies for Poetry” (Davie), Supp. VI: 115 Two Autobiographical Plays (Arden), Supp. II: 31 Two Biographical Plays (Arden), Supp. II: 31 “Two Blond Flautists” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 79 “Two Chairs” (Powys), VIII: 251, 252 Two Cheers for Democracy (Forster), VI: 397, 411 “Two Chorale–Preludes” (Hill), Supp. V: 199 “Two Countries” (James), VI: 69 Two Destinies, The (Collins), Supp. VI: 102 Two Drovers, The (Scott), IV: 39 “Two Early French Stories” (Pater), V: 344 “Two Faces, The” (James), VI: 69

TWO F−UNDE Two Faces of January, The (Highsmith), Supp. V: 173–174 Two Foscari, The (Byron), IV: xviii, 178, 193 “Two Fragments: March 199–” (McEwan), Supp. IV: 395 “Two Frenchmen” (Strachey), Supp. II: 500, 502 “Two Fusiliers” (Graves), VI: 452 “Two Gallants” (Joyce), VII: 44 Two Generals, The (FitzGerald), IV: 353 Two Gentlemen of Verona (Shakespeare), I: 302, 311–312 “Two Girls Singing” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 213 Two Great Questions Consider’d, The (Defoe), III: 12 Two Guardians, The (Yonge), V: 253 Two Heroines of Plumplington, The (Trollope), V: 102 “Two Houses” (Thomas), Supp. III: 399 “Two Impromptus” (Amis), Supp. II: 15 “Two in the Campagna” (Browning), IV: 357, 369 “Two Kinds of Motion” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 255 “Two Kitchen Songs” (Sitwell), VII: 130–131 “Two Knights, The” (Swinburne), V: 315, 333 Two Letters on the Conduct of Our Domestic Parties (Burke), III: 205 Two Letters on the French Revolution (Burke), III: 205 Two Letters . . . on the Proposals for Peace (Burke), III: 205 Two Letters . . . to Gentlemen in the City of Bristol . . . (Burke), III: 205 Two Lives (Seth), Supp. X: 290 Two Lives (Trevor), Supp. IV: 516 Two Magics, The (James), VI: 52, 69 Two Mice, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 137, 140 Two Noble Kinsmen, The (Shakespeare), I: 324, 325; II: 43, 66, 87 Two of Us, The (Frayn), Supp. VII: 57 “Two Old Men Outside an Inn” (Cornford), VIII: 113 Two on a Tower: A Romance (Hardy), VI: 4, 5, 20; Retro. Supp. I: 114 Two or Three Graces (Huxley), VII: 201 Two Paths, The (Ruskin), V: 180, 184 “Two Peacocks of Bedfont, The” (Hood), IV: 256, 267 Two People (Milne), Supp. V: 310 “Two Races of Men, The” (Lamb), IV: 82 “Two Spirits, The” (Shelley), IV: 196 Two Stories: “Come and Dine” and “Tadnol” (Powys), VIII: 248 “2000: Zero Gravity” (Motion), Supp. VII: 266 “2001: The Tennyson/Hardy Poem” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 40 Two Thieves, The (Powys), VIII: 248, 255 Two Thousand Seasons (Armah), Supp. X: 1–3, 6–11, 13 Two Towers, The (Tolkien), Supp. II: 519 Two Voices (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490

“Two Voices, The” (Tennyson), IV: 329 “Two Ways of It” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 187 Two Women of London: The Strange Case of Ms. Jekyll and Mrs. Hyde (Tennant), Supp. IX:238–239, 240 Two Worlds and Their Ways (Compton– Burnett), VII: 65, 66, 67, 69 “Two Year Old” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 “Two Years Old” (Cornford), VIII: 113 “Two–Headed Beast, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 102 Two–Part Inventions (Howard), V: 418 “Two–Party System in English Political History, The” (Trevelyan), VI: 392 “Two–Sided Man, The” (Kipling), VI: 201 Twyborn Affair, The (White), Supp. I: 132, 148–149 “Tyes, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 401 “Tyger, The” (Blake), III: 296; Retro. Supp. I: 42–43 Tyler, F. W., I: 275n Tylney Hall (Hood), IV: 254, 256, 259, 267 Tynan, Katherine, V: 441 Tynan, Kenneth, Supp. II: 70, 140, 147, 152, 155; Supp. IV: 78 Tyndale, William, I: 375–377 “Typhoon” (Conrad), VI: 136, 148 Tyrannicida (tr. More), Supp. VII: 235– 236 Tyrannick Loce; or, The Royal Martyr (Dryden), II: 290, 294, 305 “Tyre, The” (Armitage), VIII: 11 “Tyronic Dialogues” (Lewis), VII: 82

Udolpho (Radcliffe), see Mysteries of

Udolpho, The Ugly Anna and Other Tales (Coppard), VIII: 89 “Uist” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 81 Ukulele Music (Reading), VIII: 265, 268–269, 270, 271 “Ula Masondo” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 214 Ulick and Soracha (Moore), VI: 89, 95, 99 “Ultima” (Thompson), V: 441 “Ultima Ratio Regum” (Spender), Supp. II: 488 Ultramarine (Lowry), Supp. III: 269, 270, 271–272, 280, 283, 285 Ulysses (Butler), Supp. II: 114 Ulysses (Joyce), V: 189; VII: xv, 42, 46– 47, 48–52;Retro. Supp. I: 169, 176– 179; critical studies, VII: 57–58; Supp. IV: 87, 370, 390, 426 “Ulysses” (Tennyson), IV: xx, 324, 328, 332–334 “Uma Himavutee” (Steel), Supp. XII: 269 “Umbrella Man, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 221 “Un Coeur Simple” (Flaubert), Supp. IV: 69 Un Début dans la vie (Balzac), Supp. IV: 123 “Unarmed Combat” (Reed), VII: 422– 423

450

“Unattained Place, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 Unbearable Bassington, The (Saki), Supp. VI: 245–248 Unbeaten Tracks in Japan (Bird), Supp. X: 19, 29–30 “Unbidden Guest, The” (Powys), VIII: 251 “Unbuilders, The” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 70 Uncensored (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 311 “Unchangeable, The” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 43 Unclassed, The (Gissing), V: 437 Unclay (Powys), VIII: 256 Uncle Bernac (Doyle), Supp. II: 159 Uncle Dottery: A Christmas Story (Powys), VIII: 248 “Uncle Ernest” (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 414 Uncle Fred in the Springtime (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 460–461 Uncle Silas (Le Fanu), III: 345; Supp. II: 78–79, 81 Uncle Vanya (tr. Frayn), Supp. VII: 61 Unclouded Summer (Waugh), Supp. VI: 274 Uncollected Essays (Pater), V: 357 Uncollected Verse (Thompson), V: 451 Uncommercial Traveller, The (Dickens), V: 72 Unconditional Surrender (Waugh), VII: 303, 304; see also Sword of Honour trilogy Unconscious Memory (Butler), Supp. II: 107–108 Unconsoled, The (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 301, 302, 304, 305, 306–307, 314–316 “Uncovenanted Mercies” (Kipling), VI: 175 “Under a Lady’s Picture” (Waller), II: 234–235 “Under Ben Bulben” (Yeats), VI: 215, 219–220; Retro. Supp. I: 338 “Under Brinkie’s Brae” (Brown), Supp. VI: 64 “Under Carn Brea” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 492 Under Milk Wood (Thomas), Supp. I: 183–184 Under Plain Cover (Osborne), Supp. I: 335–336 Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School (Hardy), VI: 1, 2–3, 5, 20; Retro. Supp. I: 112–113 Under the Hill (Beardsley), VII: 292 Under the Hill (Firbank), Supp. II: 202 Under the Ice (Conn), Supp. XIII: 70, 73–75 “Under the Ice” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74 Under the Microscope (Swinburne), IV: 337; V: 329, 332, 333 Under the Net (Murdoch), Supp. I: 220, 222, 228, 229–230 Under the Sunset (Stoker), Supp. III: 381 Under the Volcano (Lowry), Supp. III: 269, 270, 273, 274–280, 283, 285

UNDE−URE, P Under the Reservoir (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 Under Twenty–ﬁve: An Anthology (ed. O’Donovan, Sanderson, and Porteous), Supp. XII: 51 Under Western Eyes (Conrad), VI: 134, 144–145, 148; Retro. Supp. II: 81–82 “’Under Which King, Bezonian?’” (Leavis), VII: 242 Under World (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 120, 121 Undergraduate Sonnets (Swinburne), V: 333 Underhill, Charles, see Hill, Reginald “Understanding the Ur–Bororo” (Self), Supp. V: 401–402 Undertones of War (Blunden), VI: 428, 429; Supp. XI: 33, 36, 38, 39–41, 47 Underwood (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 166 Underwood, Dale, II: 256n Underwoods (Stevenson), V: 390n, 395; Retro. Supp. I: 267–268 Undine (Schreiner), Supp. II: 444–445 “Undiscovered Planet, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 217 “Undressing” (Nye), Supp. X: 198, 200 Undying Fire, The (Wells), VI: 242 Unequal Marriage; or, Pride and Prejudice Twenty Years Later, An (Tennant), see Unequal Marriage: Pride and Prejudice Continued, An Unequal Marriage: Pride and Prejudice Continued, An (Tennant), Supp. IX: 237–238, 239–240 “Unﬁnished Draft, An” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 30 Unﬁnished Portrait (Christie), Supp. II: 133 “Unfortunate” (Brooke), Supp. III: 55 “Unfortunate Lover, The” (Marvell), II: 211 Unfortunate Traveller, The (Nashe), I: 114, 281 “Ungratefulnesse” (Herbert), II: 127 Unguarded Hours (Wilson), Supp. VI: 299, 308 “Unhappy Families” (Carter), Supp. IV: 459 Unhappy Favorite, The (Banks), II: 305 Unholy Trade, The (Findlater), VII: 8–9, 14 Unicorn, The (Murdoch), III: 341, 345; Supp. I: 215, 225, 226, 228 Unicorn, The (Rosenberg), VI: 433 Unicorn from the Stars, The (Yeats and Gregory), VI: 318 “Unimportant Fire, An” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 445 Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancaster and York, The (Hall), I: 299 “Union Reunion” (Wilson), Supp. I: 153, 155, 157 Union Street (Barker), Supp. IV: 45, 46– 50, 57 Universal Chronicle (periodical), III: 111 Universal Gallant, The (Fielding), III: 105

“University of Mainz, The” (Waugh), Supp. VI: 269 “University Feud, The: A Row at the Oxford Arms” (Hood), IV: 258 Unjust War: An Address to the Workingmen of England (Morris), V: 305 Unkindness of Ravens, An (Rendell), Supp. IX: 199 Unknown, The (Maugham), VI: 369 “Unknown Bird, The” (Thomas), Supp. III: 402 “Unknown Man” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 76 Unknown Shore, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 248, 251, 252 “Unknown Shores” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 490 Unlikely Stories, Mostly (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 80, 90 Unlimited Dream Company, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 28–29 Unlit Lamp, The (Hall), Supp. VI: 120– 122, 123–125 “Unluckily for a Death” (Thomas), Supp. I: 178 Unmentionable Man, An (Upward), Supp. XIII: 250, 260–261 “Unmentionable Man, An” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 260–261 Unnamable, The (Beckett), Supp. I: 45, 51, 52, 53–54, 55, 56, 60; Supp. IV: 106; Retro. Supp. I: 22–23 Unnatural Causes (James), Supp. IV: 320, 321, 324–326 Unnatural Death (Sayers), Supp. II: 135; Supp. III: 338–339, 340, 343 Unnaturall Combat, The (Massinger), Supp. XI: 183 Unofﬁcial Rose, An (Murdoch), Supp. I: 222, 223–224, 229, 232 Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 330, 340 Unprofessional Tales (Douglas), VI: 293, 305 Unpublished Early Poems (Tennyson), IV: 338 Unquiet Grave, The: A Word Cycle by Palinurus (Connolly), Supp. III: 103– 105 Unrelenting Struggle, The (Churchill), VI: 356 “Unremarkable Year, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 78 Unruly Times: Wordsworth and Coleridge in Their Time (Byatt), Supp. IV: 145 “Unseen Centre, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 217 “Unsettled Motorcyclist’s Vision of His Death, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 260 Unsocial Socialist, An (Shaw), VI: 103, 104, 105, 106, 129 “Unstable dream” (Wyatt), I: 103, 109 Unsuitable Attachment, An (Pym), Supp. II: 375–377 Unsuitable Job for a Woman, An (James), Supp. IV: 320, 335, 336 Unsweet Charity (Waterhouse), Supp. XIII: 273 Unsworth, Barry, Supp. VII: 353–367 “Until Eternal Music Ends” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 102

451

“Until My Blood Is Pure” (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 173 Until the End of the World (Wenders and Carey), Supp. XII: 53 Untilled Field, The (Moore), VI: 88, 93, 98 Untitled Sea Novel (Lowry), Supp. III: 280 Unto This Last (Ruskin), V: xii, xxii, 20, 179–180 Unusual Life of Tristan Smith, The (Carey), Supp. XII: 52, 53, 54, 60, 62 “Unusual Young Man, An” (Brooke), Supp. III: 50–51 Up Against It (Orton), Supp. V: 363, 366, 369–370 “Up and Awake” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 268 “Up and Down” (Smith), Supp. II: 470 “Up at a Villa—Down in the City” (Browning), IV: 360 Up the Rhine (Hood), IV: 254, 259, 267 Up to Midnight (Meredith), V: 234 Updike, John, Supp. IV: 27, 136, 480, 483 “Upon a Child That Dyed” (Herrick), II: 115 “Upon a Cloke Lent Him by Mr. J. Ridsley” (Vaughan), II: 184 Upon a Dead Man’s Head (Skelton), I: 84 “Upon Ancient and Modern Learning” (Temple), III: 40 “Upon Appleton House” (Marvell), II: 208, 209–210, 211, 212–213; Retro. Supp. II: 261–262 Upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland (Marvell), II: 199 Upon Her Majesty’s New Buildings (Waller), II: 238 “Upon Heroick Virtue” (Temple), III: 40 “Upon Julia’s Clothes” (Herrick), II: 107 “Upon Julia’s Fall” (Herrick), II: 107 “Upon Julia’s Unlacing Herself” (Herrick), II: 106 “Upon Julia’s Voice” (Herrick), II: 107 “Upon Nothing” (Rochester), II: 259, 270 “Upon Our Late Loss of the Duke of Cambridge” (Waller), II: 233 “Upon Poetry” (Temple), III: 40 “Upon the Death of a Gentleman” (Crashaw), II: 183 “Upon the Death of Mr. R. W . . . .” (Vaughan), II: 184 “Upon the Earl of Roscommon’s Translation of Horace” (Waller), II: 234 “Upon the Gardens of Epicurus” (Temple), III: 40 “Upon the Hurricane” (Finch), Supp. IX: 68–71 Upon the Late Storme, and of the Death of His Highnesse (Waller), II: 238 “Upon the Lonely Moor” (Carroll), V: 265, 267 Upstairs Downstairs (teleplay, Weldon), Supp. IV: 521 Upton, John, I: 121 Upward, Edward, Supp. XIII: 249–263 Urania (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 135, 144 Ure, Peter, VI: 220

URGE−VERS Urgent Copy (Burgess), Supp. I: 186, 190, 194, 197 Uriah on the Hill (Powys), VIII: 255, 256 Urn Burial (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 117 “Urphänomen” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 17–18 “Us” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 74 Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism, The (Eliot), VII: 153, 158, 164; Retro. Supp. II: 65–66 Use of Weapons (Banks), Supp. XI: 10, 12 Useful and Instructive Poetry (Carroll), V: 263, 264, 273 Uses of Literacy, The (Hoggart), Supp. IV: 473 “Uses of the Many–Charactered Novel” (Stead), Supp. IV: 466 Using Biography (Empson), Supp. II: l80 Usk, Thomas, I: 2 “Usk, The” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 257–258 U.S. Martial (Harrison), Supp. V: 163 “Usquebaugh” (Cope), VIII: 74 “Usura Canto,”see “Canto 45“ Utility Player, The (Keneally), Supp. IV: 347 Utopia (More), III: 24; Supp. VII: 233, 235, 236, 238–240, 243, 248 “Utter Rim, The” (Graves), VII: 270 Utz (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 159, 163, 173, 174–175; Supp. IX: 59–60, 61

“V.” (Harrison), Supp. V: 153, 157–

160 V. (Pynchon), Supp. IV: 116 V. and Other Poems (Harrison), Supp. V: 160 V. C. O’Flaherty (Shaw), VI: 119–120, 129 VafÞrúðnismál, VIII: 230 Vagrant Mood, The (Maugham), VI: 374 Vailima Letters (Stevenson), V: 391, 396 Vain Fortune (Moore), VI: 87, 91 Vainglory (Firbank), Supp. II: 201, 203– 204, 205, 208–209 Val D’Arno (Ruskin), V: 184 Vala; or, The Four Zoas (Blake), see Four Zoas, The Vale (Moore), VI: 99 Vale and Other Poems (Russell), VIII: 290, 291, 292 “Valediction, A: Forbidding Mourning” (Donne), II: 185, 197; Retro. Supp. II: 87–88 “Valediction, A: Of Weeping” (Donne), II: 196 “Valediction of my name, in the window, A” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 92 “Valentine” (Cope), VIII: 76 Valentinian (Fletcher), II: 45, 58–60, 65 Valentinian: A Tragedy . . . (Rochester), II: 270 Valiant Pilgrim (Brittain), Supp. X: 46 Valiant Scot, The (Webster), II: 69, 85 Valla–Ljóts saga, VIII: 241 Valley of Bones, The (Powell), VII: 349 “Valley of Couteretz” (Tennyson), IV: 330

Valley of Fear, The (Doyle), Supp. II: 162, 163, 171, 172, 173, 174 Valmouth: A Romantic Novel (Firbank), Supp. II: 199, 201, 202, 205, 213– 214 “Value of Money, The” (Berger), Supp. IV: 92 “Values” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 46 Vamp Till Ready (Fuller), Supp. VII: 81 Vampirella (Carter), III: 341 Vampyre, The (Polidori), III: 329, 334; Supp. III: 385 “Van Gogh among the Miners” (Mahon), Supp. VI: 168 Van, The (Doyle), Supp. V: 78, 85–87 Van Vechten, Carl, Supp. II: 200, 203, 218 Vanbrugh, Sir John, II: 289, 323–337, 339, 347, 360; III: 253, 261 Vancenza; or, The Dangers of Credulity (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 205 Vandaleur’s Folly (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 35, 39 “Vanishing Twin” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 23–24 “Vanitie” (Herbert), II: 127 “Vanities” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 72 Vanity Fair, (periodical), Supp. XIII: 191 Vanity Fair (Thackeray), IV: 301; V: xxi, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25–28, 30, 31, 35, 38; Supp. IV: 238 “Vanity of Human Wishes, The” (Johnson), III: 109–110, 121, 280, 281; IV: 188; Supp. IV: 271; Retro. Supp. I: 139, 148 “Vanity of Spirit” (Vaughan), II: 185 “Vaquero” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 415 Vargas Llosa, Mario, Supp. IV: 440 Variation of Public Opinion and Feelings, The (Crabbe), III: 286 “Variations of Ten Summer Minutes” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 193 Variation on a Theme (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 315, 319–320 “Variations and Excerpts” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 43 “Variations on a Theme of Wallace Stevens” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 19–20 Variations on a Time Theme (Muir), Supp. VI: 204 “Variations on a Time Theme” (Muir), Supp. VI: 205 Varieties of Parable (MacNeice), VII: 405 Varma, D. P., III: 338, 346 Varney the Vampire (Pecket and Rymer), Supp. III: 385 Vasari, Georgio, V: 346 “Vastness” (Tennyson), IV: 329, 330 Vathek (Beckford), III: 327–329, 345; IV: xv, 230 Vaughan, Henry, II: 123, 126, 184–189, 190, 201–203, 221; Retro. Supp. II: 172 Vaughan, Thomas, II: 184, 185 “Vauxhall Gardens by Day” (Dickens), V: 47n “V.E. Day” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 225 “Velvet Glove, The” (James), VI: 69

452

Venables, Robert, II: 131, 137 Vendor of Sweets, The (Naipaul), Supp. I: 400 Venerable Bede, The, I: 374–375 Venetia (Disraeli), IV: xix, 298, 299, 307, 308 Veni, Creator Spiritus (Dryden), II: 300 Venice (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 175–177 Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare), I: 291, 306, 325; IV: 256 Venus and Tannhäuser (Beardsley), V: 318n Venus and the Rain (McGuckian), Supp. V: 277, 282–284, 287 “Venus and the Rain” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 277–278 “Venus and the Sun” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 283 “Venus Fly–trap” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Venus Observed (Fry), Supp. III: 195, 202–203, 207, 208 “Venus Smiles” (Ballard), Supp. V: 26 Venusberg (Powell), VII: 344, 345 Vera; or, The Nihilists (Wilde), V: 401, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 362 Veranilda (Gissing), V: 435, 437 Verbivore (Brooke–Rose), Supp. IV: 100, 111–112 Vercelli Book, Retro. Supp. II: 301–303 “Verdict, The” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 27 Vergil, II: 292, 300, 304; III: 222, 311, 312; IV: 327; Supp. III: 415–416, 417 Vergil’s Gnat (Spenser), I: 123 Vérité de la réligion Chrétienne (tr. Sidney), I: 161 Verlaine, Paul, V: 404, 405 Vermeer, Jan, Supp. IV: 136 Vernacular Republic, The (Murray), Supp. VII: 270 Verne, Jules, III: 341; VI: 229 Veronese, Paolo, V: 179 “Vers de Société” (Larkin), Supp. I: 282, 285 Vers d’Occasion (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 Verse (Murray), Supp. VII: 270 Verse (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 316 “Verse and Mathematics: A Study of the Sources of Poetry” (Caudwell), see “Illusion and Reality: A Study of the Sources of Poetry” “Verse from an Opera—The Village Dragon” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 37 Verses (Rossetti), V: 260 Verses of V. A. D. (Brittain), Supp. X: 35 “Verses for a Christmas Card” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 161, 162 Verses, in the Character of a Corsican (Boswell), III: 248 Verses Lately Written upon Several Occasions (Cowley), II: 202 Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift (Swift), III: 21, 32; Retro. Supp. I: 274 “Verses to a Friend: On His Playing a Particular Melody. Which Excited the Author to Tears” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 120–121

VERS−VIRT “Verses . . . to Sir Thomas Hanmer” (Collins), III: 160, 175 Versions and Perversions of Heine (Sisson), Supp. XI: 247 Vertical Man: Sequel to A Selected Life (Kinsella), Supp. V: 267 Vertigo (Sebald), VIII: 295, 296, 297, 298–300 “Verulam” (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 275 Very Fine Clock, The (Spark), Supp. I: 213 Very Good Hater, A (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 111 Very Private Eye, A: An Autobiography in Diaries and Letters (Pym), Supp. II: 363, 374 Very Private Life, A (Frayn), Supp. VII: 54–56 “Very Simply Topping Up the Brake Fluid” (Armitage), VIII: 4 Very Woman, A (Fletcher and Massinger), II: 66;Supp. XI: 184 “Vespers” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 “Vespers” (Milne), Supp. V: 301–302 Vet’s Daughter, The (Comyns), VIII: 53, 60, 61–62 Vexilla Regis (Jones), Supp. VII: 180 Vexilla Regis (Skelton), I: 84 Via Media, The (Newman), Supp. VII: 295, 302 “Via Maestranza” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 27 “Via Negativa” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 286 “Via Portello” (Davie), Supp. VI: 107 “Vicar, The” (Praed), V: 14 Vicar of Bullhampton, The (Trollope), V: 102 Vicar of Sorrows, The (Wilson), Supp. VI: 308 Vicar of Wakeﬁeld, The (Goldsmith), III: 177, 178, 179, 180, 181–184, 185, 188, 191 Viceroy of Ouidah, The (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 158, 165–168, 173; Supp. IX: 55–56 “Victim” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 104 Victim of Circumstances, A, and Other Stories (Gissing), V: 437 Victim of the Aurora, A (Keneally), Supp. IV: 346, 352–354 Victims (Fallon), Supp. XII: 104 “Victor Hugo” (Swinburne), V: 333 Victoria, queen of England, IV: 303–304, 305; V: xvii, xix, xxv–xxvi, 77, 114, 117 Victoria Station (Pinter), Supp. I: 378 Victorian Age in Literature (Chesterton), VI: 337 Victorian Age of English Literature, The (Oliphant), Supp. X: 222 Victorian and Edwardian London from Old Photographs (Betjeman), VII: 358 “Victorian Guitar” (Cornford), VIII: 114 Victorian Lady Travellers (Middleton), V: 253 Victorian Ode for Jubilee Day, 1897 (Thompson), V: 451

Victorian Romantic, A: D. G. Rossetti (Doughty), V: 246, 297n, 307 Victory (Conrad), VI: 144, 146, 148; Supp. IV: 250; Retro. Supp. II: 82 “Victory, The” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 256, 264 Vidal, Gore, Supp. IV: 546 “Video, The” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 13 Vienna (Spender), Supp. II: 486, 487 “Vienna. Zürich. Constance” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 493 “Vienne” (Rhys), Supp. II: 388, 389– 390 Viet Rock (play), Supp. IV: 435 “Vietnam Project, The” (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 76, 78–79, 80 “View of Exmoor, A” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “View of Poetry, A” (Muir), Supp. VI: 202–203 View of the Edinburgh Theatre . . . , A (Boswell), III: 247 View of the English Stage, A (Hazlitt), IV: 129, 139 View of the Present State of Ireland (Spenser), I: 139 Views and Reviews (James), VI: 67 Views in Rome and Its Environs (Lear), V: 76, 87 Views in the Seven Ionian Islands (Lear), V: 87 Víga–Glúms saga, VIII: 241 “Vigil and Ode for St. George’s Day” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 251–252 “Vigil of Corpus Christi, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 266 Vigny, Alfred de, IV: 176 Vile Bodies (Waugh), VII: 289, 290–291 Villa Rubein (Galsworthy), VI: 277 Village, The (Crabbe), III: 273, 274, 275, 277–278, 283, 286 “Village, The” (Reid), Supp. VII: 325 “Village, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 220–221 Village and Other Poems, The (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 220–221 Village Betrothal (Greuze), Supp. IV: 122 Village by the Sea (Desai), Supp. V: 55, 63, 68–69 Village Minstrel, and Other Poems, The (Clare), Supp. XI: 56–57 “Village Priest, The” (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 220 Village Wooing (Shaw), VI: 127, 129 “Villain, The” (Davies), Supp. XI: 98–99 Villainy of Stock–Jobbers Detected, The (Defoe), III: 12 “Villanelle” (Empson), Supp. II: 183 Villette (Brontë), V: xxi, 112, 125–126, 130, 132, 136, 145, 147–150, 152; Retro. Supp. I: 53, 54, 60–61 Villiers, George, see Buckingham, duke of Villon (Bunting), Supp. VII: 3, 6 Villon, François, V: 327, 384 Vinaver, Eugéne, Retro. Supp. II:242, 246 Vindication &c., The (Dryden), II: 305 Vindication of a Natural Diet . . . , A (Shelley), IV: 208

453

Vindication of . . . Lord Carteret, A (Swift), III: 35–36 Vindication of Natural Society, A (Burke), III: 195, 198, 205 Vindication of . . . Some Gospel–Truths, A (Bunyan), II: 253 Vindication of Some Passages in . . . the Decline and Fall . .. . , A (Gibbon), III: 233 Vindication of the English Constitution (Disraeli), IV: 298, 308 Vindication of the Rights of Men, A (Wollstonecraft), Supp. III: 467–470, 474, 476 Vindication of the Rights of Women, A (Wollstonecraft), IV: xv, 118; Supp. III: 465, 470–473, 476 Vindicator, Supp. XIII: 117, 127 Vindiciae Ecclesiae Anglicanae: Letters to Charles Butler . . .. (Southey), IV: 71 Vine, Barbara, see Rendell, Ruth Vinegar Tom (Churchill), Supp. IV: 181, 184–186, 198 Vinland (Brown), Supp. VI: 67 Vintage London (Betjeman), VII: 358– 359 “Vintage to the Dungeon, The” (Lovelace), II: 231 Violent Effıgy, The: A Study of Dickens’s Imagination (Carey), V: 73 “Violent Noon, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 20 Viper and Her Brood, The (Middleton), II: 3, 33 Virchow, Rudolf, V: 348 Virgidemiarum (Hall), II: 25 Virgil, see Vergil Virgin and the Gipsy, The (Lawrence), VII: 91, 115 Virgin and the Nightingale, The: Medieval Latin Lyrics (tr. Adcock), Supp. XII: 10 Virgin in the Garden, The (Byatt), Supp. IV: 139, 145–147, 149 Virgin Martyr, The (Massinger and Dekker), Supp. XI: 182, 183, 192– 193 “Virgin Mary to the Child Jesus, The” (Browning), IV: 313 “Virgin Russia” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 19 Virgin Territory (Maitland), Supp. XI: 163, 166–168, 170, 171, 172 “Virgini Senescens” (Sisson), Supp. XI: 255–256 Virginia (O’Brien), Supp. V: 334 Virginia Woolf: A Biography (Bell), VII: 38; Retro. Supp. I: 305 Virginia Woolf Icon (Silver), Retro. Supp. I: 305 Virginians, The (Thackeray), V: 29, 31– 33, 38 Virginibus Puerisque and Other Papers (Stevenson), V: 395; Retro. Supp. I: 262 Virtuous Villager, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 136

VISI−WAIT Vision, A (Yeats), VI: 209, 213, 214, 222 “Vision, The” (Burns), III: 315 “Vision, The” (Traherne), Supp. XI: 266, 267 “Vision and Prayer” (Thomas), Supp. I: 178 Vision of Bags, A (Swinburne), V: 333 Vision of Battlements, A (Burgess), Supp. I: 185, 187, 195–196 Vision of Cathkin Braes, The (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 160–163 “Vision of Cathkin Braes, The” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 163 “Vision of Connaught in the Thirteenth Century, A” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 127 Vision of Delight, The (Jonson), Retro. Supp. I: 165 Vision of Don Roderick, The (Scott), IV: 38 Vision of Gombold Proval, The (Orton), Supp. V: 365–366, 370 Vision of Judgement, A (Southey), IV: 61, 71, 184–187 Vision of Judgment, The (Byron), IV: xviii, 58, 61–62, 132, 172, 178, 184– 187, 193 “Vision of Poets, A” (Browning), IV: 316 “Vision of the Empire, The” (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 282 “Vision of the Last Judgment, A” (Blake), III: 299 “Vision of the Mermaids, A” (Hopkins), V: 361, 381 Vision of the Three T’s, The (Carroll), V: 274 “Vision of that Ancient Man, The” (Motion), Supp. VII: 260, 261 Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman . . . , The (ed. Skeat), I: 17 Vision Showed ... to a Devout Woman, A (Julian of Norwich), Supp. XII: 153– 154, 159 Visions of the Daughters of Albion (Blake), III: 307; Retro. Supp. I: 39–40 “Visit” (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 192 “Visit in Bad Taste, A” (Wilson), Supp. I: 157 “Visit to Grandpa’s, A” (Thomas), Supp. I: 181 “Visit to Morin, A” (Greene), Supp. I: 15, 18 “Visit to the Dead, A” (Cameron), Supp. IX: 27 “Visitation, The” (Jennings), Supp. V: 212 Visitations (MacNeice), VII: 416 “Visiting Hour” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 74 “Visiting Hour” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 273 “Visiting Hour” (Murphy), Supp. V: 326 “Visiting Julia” (Hart), Supp. XI: 123 Visiting Mrs. Nabokov and Other Excursions (Amis), Supp. IV: 42, 43 “Visiting Rainer Maria” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 286 Visiting the Caves (Plomer), Supp. XI: 213, 214 “Visitor” (Richardson), Supp. XIII: 192 “Visitor, The” (Bowen), Supp. II: 81

“Visitor, The” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 36 “Visitor, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 219– 220 Visitor, The (Orton), Supp. V: 363, 367 “Visitors, The” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 77 “Visits, The” (James), VI: 49, 69 “Visits to the Cemetery of the Long Alive” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 264 Vita Nuova (tr. Rossetti), V: 238 “Vitai Lampada” (Newbolt), VI: 417 Vittoria (Meredith), V: 227–228, 234 Vivian (Edgeworth), Supp. III: 158 Vivian Grey (Disraeli), IV: xvii, 293–294, 297, 299, 308 Vivisector, The (White), Supp. I: 132, 145–146 Vizetelly (publisher), VI: 86 “Vocation” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 221 “Voice, The” (Brooke), Supp. III: 52 “Voice, The” (Hardy), VI: 18 “Voice from the Dead, A” (Connolly), Supp. III: 111 “Voice of Brisbane, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 131 “Voice of Nature, The” (Bridges), VI: 79 Voice of Scotland, Supp. XII: 204 “Voice of the Ancient Bard, The” (Blake), Retro. Supp. I: 37 “Voice of Things, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 121 Voice Over (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 194 Voice Through a Cloud, A (Welch), Supp. IX: 262–263; 266–267, 268 Voices in the City (Desai), Supp. V: 54, 59–60, 72 Voices in the Night (Steel), Supp. XII: 273–274 Voices of the Stones (Russell), VIII: 290 “Voices of Time, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 22, 24, 29, 34 Volpone (Jonson), I: 339, 343–344, 348; II: 4, 45, 70, 79; V: 56; Retro. Supp. I: 163, 164 Völsunga saga, VIII: 231 Voltaire, II: 261, 348; III: 149, 235, 236, 327; IV: xiv, 290, 295, 346; Supp. IV: 136, 221 “Voltaire at Ferney” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 8 Voltaire in Love (Mitford), Supp. X: 163 Völundarkviða, VIII: 230 “Volunteer, The” (Asquith), VI: 417 Volunteers (Friel), Supp. V: 111, 112, 121–122 Völuspá, VIII: 230, 231, 235, 243 Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., III: 341; Supp. IV: 116 Vortex, The (Coward), Supp. II: 139, 141–143, 144, 149 Voss (Meale and Malouf), Supp. XII: 218 Voss (White), VII: 31; Supp. I: 130, 131, 138–141, 142 Vote, Vote, Vote for Nigel Barton (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 228, 231–232 Votive Tablets (Blunden), IV: 86; Supp. XI: 36 Vox clamantis (Gower), I: 48, 49–50 “Vox Humana” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 261– 262

454

Voyage, The (Muir), Supp. VI: 204, 206– 207 Voyage In the Dark (Rhys), Supp. II: 394–396 Voyage of Captain Popanilla, The (Disraeli), IV: 294–295, 308 “Voyage of Mael Duin,”Supp. IV: 415– 416 Voyage of the Dawn Treader, The (Lewis), Supp. III: 248, 260 Voyage of the Destiny, The (Nye), Supp. X: 195–196 “Voyage Out, The” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 6 Voyage Out, The (Woolf), VII: 20, 27, 37; Retro. Supp. I: 307, 315–316 Voyage That Never Ends, The (Lowry), Supp. III: 276, 280 Voyage to Abyssinia, A (tr. Johnson), III: 107, 112, 121; Retro. Supp. I: 139 Voyage to New Holland, A (Dampier), III: 24 Voyage to the Island of Love, A (Behn), Supp. III: 37 Voyage to Venus (Lewis), Supp. III: 249 Voyages (Hakluyt), I: 150, 267; III: 7 “Voyages of Alfred Wallis, The” (Graham), Supp. VII: 110 Vulgar Errors (Browne), see Pseudodoxia Epidemica Vulgar Streak, The (Lewis), VII: 72, 77 “Vulgarity in Literature” (Huxley), V: 53; VII: 198 “Vulture, The” (Beckett), Supp. I: 44

W. B. Yeats, Man and Poet (Jeffares),

VI: 223 W. B. Yeats: The Critical Heritage (Jeffares), VI: 224 “W. Kitchener” (Hood), IV: 267 W. Somerset Maugham and the Quest for Freedom (Calder), VI: 376n Waagen, Gustav Friedrich, III: 328 Wager, William, I: 213 Waggoner, The (Blunden), Supp. XI: 36, 42 Waggoner, The (Wordsworth), IV: 24, 73 “Wagner” (Brooke), Supp. III: 53 Wagner the Werewolf (Reynolds), III: 335 Wagstaff, Simon, pseud. of Jonathan Swift Waif Woman, The (Stevenson), V: 396 “Wail and Warning of the Three Khalendars, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 125–126 Wain, John, VI: 209 Wainewright, Thomas, V: 405 Waingrow, W., III: 249 Waith, Eugene, II: 51, 64 “Waiting” (Self), Supp. V: 402 “Waiting at the Station” (Thackeray), V: 25 “Waiting for Breakfast” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277 “Waiting for Columbus” (Reid), Supp. VII: 334

WAIT−WATE Waiting for Godot (Beckett), I: 16–17; Supp. I: 51, 55–56, 57, 59; Supp. IV: 281, 429; Retro. Supp. I: 17–18, 20– 21, 23–24; Retro. Supp. II: 344 “Waiting for J.” (Ishiguro), Supp. IV: 303 Waiting for the Barbarians (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 75–76, 81–82 Waiting for the Telegram (Bennett), VIII: 28 “Waiting Grounds, The” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21, 22 “Waiting in Hospital” (Cornford), VIII: 113 Waiting in the Wings (Coward), Supp. II: 155 Waiting Room, The (Harris), Supp. V: 136, 137–138, 140 “Waiting Supper, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Waking Father, The” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 416–417 “Waking in a Newly Built House” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 263 Waking of Angantýr, The, VIII: 232 Waldegrave, Frances, V: 77, 80, 81 Waldere, Retro. Supp. II: 306–307 Wales: Epic Views of a Small Country (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 185 Wales, the First Place (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 177, 185 Walk in Chamounix, A, and Other Poems (Ruskin), V: 184 Walk on the Water, A (Stoppard), Supp. I: 437, 439 Walker, Ernest, IV: 304 Walker, London (Barrie), Supp. III: 4 Walker, R. S., III: 249 Walker, Shirley, Supp. IV: 347 Walker and Other Stories, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 251 Walking on Glass (Banks), Supp. XI: 7–8 “Walking to the Cattle Place” (Murray), Supp. VII: 274–275, 280, 281 “Walking with God” (Cowper), III: 212 “Walking Wounded” (Scannell), VII: 423 “Wall, The” (Jones), Supp. VII: 175 “Wall I Built, The” (Healy), Supp. IX: 107 Wall of the Plague, The (Brink), Supp. VI: 52–53 Wallace–Crabbe, Christopher, VIII: 311– 325 Waller, Edmund, II: 138, 222, 232–236, 256, 271 Walpole, Horace, III: 324, 325–327, 336, 345; Supp. III: 383–384 Walpole, Hugh, VI: 55, 247, 377; VII: 211 Walpole, Robert, Retro. Supp. I: 235– 236 “Walrus and the Carpenter, The” (Carroll), V: 268 Walsh, William, II: 325, 337, 339, 347; Retro. Supp. I: 232 Walsingham; or, The Pupil of Nature (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 210–211 Walter Pater: A Critical Study (Thomas), V: 355, 358; VI: 424 Walter Pater: The Idea in Nature (Ward), V: 347, 359

Walter Savage Landor: A Biography (Forster), IV: 87, 100 Walton, Izaak, I: 178; II: 118, 119, 130, 131–144; Retro. Supp. II: 171–172 Walton, William, VII: xv Walts, Janet, Supp. IV: 399 Waltz: An Apostrophic Hymn by Horace Hornem, Esq. (Byron), IV: 192 Wanderer, The, Retro. Supp. II: 304 Wanderer, The (Auden), VII: 380 “Wanderer, The” (tr. Morgan), Supp. IX: 160–161 “Wanderer, The” (Smith), Supp. II: 465 Wanderer, The; or, Female Diffıculties (Burney), Supp. III: 64, 67, 74, 75, 76–77 “Wandering Angus, The” (Yeats), Supp. IV: 424 Wandering Islands, The (Hope), Supp. VII: 153–156, 157, 159 Wandering Jew, The (Shelley), IV: 209 “Wanderings of Brendan,”Supp. IV: 415 Wanderings of Oisin, The (Yeats), IV: 216; VI: 220, 221; Supp. V: 36; Retro. Supp. I: 325 Want of Wyse Men, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 146–147 Wanting Seed, The (Burgess), Supp. I: 186, 190, 192–193 War (Doyle), Supp. V: 77, 87, 88–89 War and Common Sense (Wells), VI: 244 “War Cemetery” (Blunden), Supp. XI: 35 War Crimes (Carey), Supp. XII: 52, 54 “War Crimes” (Carey), Supp. XII: 54–55 “War Death in a Low Key” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 44 War Fever (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 “War Fever” (Ballard), Supp. V: 33 “War Games” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 225 War in Heaven (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 279, 280–281 War in Samoa (Stevenson), V: 396 War in South Africa, The: Its Cause and Conduct (Doyle), Supp. II: 161 War in the Air . . . , The (Wells), VI: 234, 244 War Issues for Irishmen (Shaw), VI: 119 War of Don Emmanuel’s Nether Parts, The (De Bernières), Supp. XII: 65, 68, 69, 70–72 War of the Worlds, The (Wells), VI: 226, 233–234 War Plays, The (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 434 “War Poets, The” (Longley), VIII: 173 War Speeches (Churchill), VI: 361 “War That Will End War, The” (Wells), VI: 227, 244 “War–time” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 38 Ward, A. C., V: xiii, xxviii, 85, 86, 347, 348, 349 Ward, Edward, III: 41 Ward, Mrs. Humphry, VI: 387 Ward, R. P., IV: 293 “Ward 1G” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 80 “Ward 9” (Self), Supp. V: 401 Warden, The (Trollope), V: xxii, 92, 93, 101

455

“Warden’s Daughter, The” (Gissing), V: 437 Ware the Hawk (Skelton), I: 88 “Waring” (Browning), IV: 356 Warner, Alan, Supp. XI: 281–296 Warner, Sylvia Townsend, Supp. VII: 369–383 “Warning to Children” (Graves), VII: 265 Warren, Austin, II: 155, 332n “Warriors of the North, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 342, 350 “Warriors Soul, The” (Conrad), VI: 148 War’s Embers (Gurney), VI: 425 “Wartime Childhood, A” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 218 Warton, Joseph, III: 162, 170n “Was He Married?” (Smith), Supp. II: 468 “Was, Is, Will Be” (Reid), Supp. VII: 327 Washington Square (James), VI: 32–33 Wasp Factory, The (Banks), Supp. XI: 1–3, 6 Wasp in a Wig, The (Carroll), V: 274 “Waste Land, The” (Eliot), VI: 137, 158; VII: xv, 143, 147–150; Supp. III: 122; Supp. IV: 58, 249, 377; Retro. Supp. I: 3; Retro. Supp. II: 120, 121, 124–129 “Waste Land, The” (Paton), Supp. II: 345 “Wasted Day, A” (Cornford), VIII: 103 Wasted Years, The (Phillips), Supp. V: 380 “Wat o’ the Cleugh” (Hogg), Supp. X: 110 Wat Tyler (Southey), IV: 59, 62, 66, 71, 185 “Watch, The” (Cornford), VIII: 102–103, 107 “Watch, The” (Swift), Supp. V: 433–434 Watch and Ward (James), VI: 24, 26, 67 Watch in the Night, A (Wilson), Supp. VI: 307 Watched Pot, The (Saki), Supp. VI: 250 “Watching People Sing” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 107–108 “Watching Post” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 128 Watching the Perseids (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 226–227, 229 “Watching the Perseids: Remembering the Dead” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 227 Watchman, The (periodical), IV: 43, 55, 56 Watchman, The (Rankin), Supp. X: 244 Water and Waste (Reading), VIII: 261, 262 Water Beetle, The (Mitford), Supp. X: 151, 167 “Water Cinema” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 “Water Lady, The” (Hood), IV: 255 “Water Music” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 212 Water of Life, The (Bunyan), II: 253 Water of the Wondrous Isles, The (Morris), V: 306

WATE−WELL “Watercress Girl, The” (Coppard), VIII: 90, 95 “Waterfall” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 103 Waterfall, The (Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 239–241 “Waterfall, The” (Longley), VIII: 177– 178 “Waterfall of Winter” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 “Watergaw, The” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 204–205 “Waterglass, The” (Reid), Supp. VII: 326 Waterhouse, Keith, Supp. XIII: 265–279 “Waterkeeper’s Bothy” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 “Water–Lady” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 230 Waterland (Swift), Supp. V: 427, 434– 437 “Watermark” (Gunesekera), Supp. X: 87 Waters of Babylon, The (Arden), Supp. II: 21, 22, 23–24, 25, 29 “Watershed, The” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 3 “Water–Witch, Wood–Witch, Wine– Witch” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234 Watson, George L., VI: 152 Watson, John B., Supp. II: 451 Watson, John Richard, IV: ix, xxv, 26, 375 Watson, Peter, Supp. III: 102–103, 105, 109 Watson, Richard, III: 301 Watson, Sir William, VI: 415 Watson, Thomas, I: 193, 276 Watsons, The (Austen), IV: 108, 122 Watson’s Apology (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 23 Watt, Ian, VI: 144; Retro. Supp. I: 70 Watt (Beckett), Supp. I: 46, 47–49, 50, 51; Retro. Supp. I: 17, 20 Watteau (Brookner), Supp. IV: 122 Watteau, Jean–Antoine, Supp. IV: 122 Watter’s Mou’, The (Stoker), Supp. III: 381 “Wattle Tent” (Murphy), Supp. V: 329 Watts, Isaac, III: 118, 211, 288, 294, 299, 300 Watts–Dunton, Theodore, V: 314, 334 Waugh, Alec, Supp. VI: 267–277 Waugh, Evelyn, V: 33; VII: xviii, xx– xxi, 289–308; Supp. II: 4, 74, 199, 213, 218; Supp. III: 105; Supp. IV: 27, 281, 287, 365, 505 Waverly novels (Scott), IV: 28, 30–34, 38 Waverly; or, ’Tis Sixty Years Since (Scott), III: 335; IV: xvii, 28, 30–31, 37, 38; Supp. III: 151, 154 Waves, The (Woolf), VI: 262; VII: xv, 18, 22, 27, 38; Supp. III: 45; Supp. IV: 461, 557; Retro. Supp. I: 308, 314, 319–320 “Waves Have Gone Back, The” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 93 “Waxwing Winter” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 289 Waxwings (Raban), Supp. XI: 227, 228, 238–241 “Way It Was, The (Raine), Supp. XIII: 174

“Way It Came, The” (James), VI: 69 Way of All Flesh, The (Butler), VI: ix; Supp. II: 97, 98, 99, 104, 111–114, 117, 119 Way of Being Free, A (Okri), Supp. V: 353, 359, 360 “Way of Imperfection, The” (Thompson), V: 451 “Way of Literature: An Apologia, The” (Brown), Supp. VI: 70 Way of Looking, A (Jennings), Supp. V: , 210, 211, 214 “Way of the Cross, The” (du Maurier), Supp. III: 147 Way of the Spirit (Haggard), Supp. III: 214, 222 Way of the World, The (Congreve), II: 339, 343–346, 347, 350 “Way the Wind Blows, The” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 36 “Way to Keep Him, The” (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 205 Way to the Stars, The (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 313, 319 “Way up to Heaven, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 218–219 Way Upstream (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 10, 14 Way We Live Now, The (Trollope), IV: 307; V: xxiv, 98–99, 100, 102 “Wayfaring Tree, The” (tr. Mangan), Supp. XIII: 118 Ways and Means (Coward), Supp. II: 153 Ways of Escape (Greene), Supp. I: 3, 7, 11, 18 Ways of Seeing (Berger), Supp. IV: 79, 82, 88–90 Ways of Telling: The World of John Berger (Dyer), Supp. IV: 81 “Wayside Station, The” (Muir), Supp. VI: 206 “We All Try” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 36, 37 “We Are Seven” (Wordsworth), IV: 8, 10 “We have a pritty witty king” (Rochester), II: 259 “We lying by seasand” (Thomas), Supp. I: 176 “We Must Act Quickly” (Paton), Supp. II: 359 We Were Dancing (Coward), Supp. II: 153 Weak Woman (Davies), Supp. XI: 92 “Wealth, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 66 Wealth of Mr. Waddy, The (Wells), see Kipps Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), see Inquiry into the Nature & Causes of the Wealth of Nations Wearieswa’: A Ballad (Swinburne), V: 333 Weather in Japan, The (Longley), VIII: 166, 177–178 “Weather in Japan, The” (Longley), VIII: 177 Weatherboard Cathedral, The (Murray), Supp. VII: 270, 272–273, 282 Weathering (Reid), Supp. VII: 323, 330– 331 “Web, The” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 229

456

Webb, Beatrice, VI: 227, 241; Supp. IV: 233 Webb, Mary, Supp. IV: 169 Webb, Philip, V: 291, 296 Webb, Sidney, VI: 102; Supp. IV: 233 Webber, Andrew Lloyd, Supp. V: 3 Webster, John, II: 21, 31,, 33, 68–86, 82359, 97, 100; Supp. IV: 234 Webster: “The Dutchess of Malﬁ“ (Leech), II: 90n Wedd, Nathaniel, VI: 398, 399 “Wedding, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 224 “Wedding Ceilidh, The” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 29 “Wedding Gown, The” (Moore), VI: 93 “Wedding Guest, A” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 222 Wedding of Cousins, A (Tennant), Supp. IX: 239 “Wedding Morning” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 261 “Wedding Wind” (Larkin), Supp. I: 277, 285 Wedding–Day, The (Fielding), III: 105 “Weddings” (Thomas), Supp. IV: 491 Weddings at Nether Powers, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 Wedgwood, Tom, IV: 127–128 Wednesday Early Closing (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 212, 214 “Wednesday; or, The Dumps” (Gay), III: 56 Wee Willie Winkie (Kipling), VI: 204 “Weed, The” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 143 “Weed Species” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 94–95 “Weeds” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 219 “Week with Uncle Felix, A” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 122–123 Weekend with Claude, A (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 17–19, 24 Weekly Journal (newspaper), III: 7 Weep Not, Child (Ngu˜gı˜), VIII: 212, 213, 214, 218–219 “Weep Not My Wanton” (Coppard), VIII: 88, 93 “Weeper, The” (Crashaw), II: 180, 181, 183 “Weighing” (Heaney), Retro. Supp. I: 133 “Weights” (Murray), Supp. VII: 278 “Weignachtsabend” (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 270 Weil, Simone, Supp. I: 217 Weinraub, Judith, Supp. IV: 345 Weir of Hermiston, The (Stevenson), V: 383, 384, 387, 390, 392, 396; Retro. Supp. I: 270 Weis, C. McC., III: 249 Weismann, August, Supp. II: 108 Welch, Denton, Supp. III: 107, Supp. IX: 261–270 “Welcome, The” (Cowley), II: 196 “Welcome to Sack, The” (Herrick), II: lll Weldon, Fay, Supp. IV: 521–539 Well at the World’s End, The (Morris), V: 306

WELL−WHEN Well of Loneliness, The (Hall), VI: 411; Supp. VI: 119–120, 122, 125–128, 129, 131 Well of Lycopolis, The (Bunting), Supp. VII: 4 “Well of Pen–Morta, The” (Gaskell), V: 15 Well of the Saints, The (Synge), VI: 308, 311, 312–313; Retro. Supp. I: 297– 298 “Well–Spring, The” (Nye), Supp. X: 195, 205 Well–Beloved, The: A Sketch of a Temperament (Hardy), VI: 14, 20; Retro. Supp. I: 114–115 “Wellington College” (Murphy), Supp. V: 328 Wells, H. G., III: 341; V: xxiii, xxvi, 388, 426–427, 429, 438; VI: x–xiii, 102, 225–246, 287; VII: xiv, 197; list of works and letters, VI: 243–246; Supp. II: 295; Supp. III: 434; Supp. IV: 256 “Wells, Hitler, and the World State” (Orwell), VII: 274 “Wells, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 234, 237 Well–Wrought Urn, The (Brooks), IV: 323n, 339 Welsh Ambassador, The, II: 100 “Welsh Hill Country, The” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 283 “Welsh History” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 283 Welsh, Irvine, Supp. IV: 26 “Welsh Landscape” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 283 Welsh Opera, The (Fielding), III: 105 “Welshman to Any Tourist, A” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 283 “Welshness in Wales” (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 184–185 We’re Not Going to Do Anything (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118 “Werewolf, The” (Carter), Supp. III: 88 Werner, J., III: 249 Werner: A Tragedy (Byron), IV: 193 Werther (Goethe), see Sorrows of Young Werther, The Wesker, Arnold, VI: 101 Wesley, Charles, III: 211 Wesley, John, II: 273 Wessex Poems (Hardy), VI: 14; Retro. Supp. I: 110 Wessex Tales: Strange, Lively and Commonplace (Hardy), VI: 20 West, Anthony, VI: 241, 242 West, Arthur Graeme, VI: 423 “West End, The” (Healy), Supp. IX: 107 West, Moris, Supp. IV: 343 West, Rebecca, VI: 226, 227, 252, 371; Supp. II: 146–147; Supp. III: 431– 445 “West Country” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 219 “West Indies, The” (Macaulay), IV: 278 West Indies and the Spanish Main, The (Trollope), V: 101 West of Suez (Osborne), Supp. I: 339

West Window, The (Hartley), see Shrimp and the Anemone, The “Westland Row” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 263 “Westland Well” (Swinburne), V: 333 Westmacott, Mary (pseud., Christie), Supp. II: 123, 133 “Westminster Abbey” (Arnold), V: 208– 209 Westminster Alice, The (Saki), Supp. VI: 239 Westminster Review, The (periodical), V: xviii, 189 Westward Ho! (Dekker and Webster), II: 68, 85 Westwind (Rankin), Supp. X: 244 Wet Fish (Arden), Supp. II: 28 “Wet Night, A” (Beckett), Supp. I: 45; Retro. Supp. I: 19 “Wet Snow” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 186 Wetherby (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 289– 290 “What a Misfortune” (Beckett), Supp. I: 45 What Am I Doing Here (Chatwin), Supp. IV: 157, 163, 173; Supp. IX: 52, 53, 60–61 What Became of Jane Austen? (Amis), Supp. II: 1, 2, 11 What D’Ye Call It, The (Gay), III: 58, 60, 67 “What Do Hippos Eat?” (Wilson), Supp. I: 156–157 “What Does It Matter?” (Forster), VI: 411 “What Ever” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 107 What Every Woman Knows (Barrie), Supp. III: 6, 9, 10–11 “What Gets Lost Lo Que Se Pierde” (Reid), Supp. VII: 331 “What Happened to Blake?” (Hare), Supp. IV: 281, 283 What Happened to Burger’s Daughter: or How South African Censorship Works (Gordimer), Supp. II: 237 “What I Believe” (Spender), Supp. II: 494 “What I Have Been Doing Lately” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 221 “What I Know About Myself” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 29 What I Really Wrote About the War (Shaw), VI: 129 What Is He? (Disraeli), IV: 308 “What Is the Language Using Us For?” (Graham), Supp. VII: 115 “What Is There to Discuss?” (Ramsey), VII: 240 What Lack I Yet? (Powys), VIII: 255 What Maisie Knew (James), VI: 50–52, 67 “What meaneth this?” (Wyatt), I: 104 What Mrs. McGillicuddy Saw (Christie), see 4.50 from Paddington “What rage is this” (Wyatt), I: 104 What the Black Mirror Saw (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 236 What the Butler Saw (Orton), Supp. V: 367, 371, 377–378 What the Hammer (Healy), Supp. IX: 96, 106–107

457

What the Public Wants (Bennett), VI: 263–264 “What the Shepherd Saw” (Hardy), VI: 22 “What the Thrush Said” (Keats), IV: 225 “What the Thunder Said” (Eliot), Retro. Supp. II: 128–129 “What Then?” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290, 291 “What Then?” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 337 What Where (Beckett), Supp. IV: 284 “What will they do?” (Thomas), Supp. III: 400, 401 What You Will (Marston), II: 29–30, 40 Whately, Richard, IV: 102, 122 “Whatever Sea” (Dutton), Supp. XII: 92–93 What’s Become of Waring? (Powell), VII: 346, 353 “What’s Your Success?” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 214 Wheatcroft, Geoffrey, Supp. IV: 173 “Wheel of Time, The” (James), VI: 69 Wheels of Chance, The: A Holiday Adventure (Wells), VI: 231–232, 244 “Wheest, Wheest” (MacDiarmid), Supp. XII: 206 “When a Beau Goes In” (Ewart), VII: 423; Supp. VII: 37 “When all my ﬁve and country senses see” (Thomas), Supp. I: 176 “When Earth’s Last Picture Is Painted” (Kipling), VI: 169 “When I Am Dead, My Dearest” (Rossetti), V: 249 “When I Have Fears” (Keats), IV: 221 “When I Was Thirteen” (Welch), Supp. IX: 268–269 When Is a Door Not a Door? (Arden), Supp. II: 29 “When Israel came out of Egypt” (Clough), V: 160 “When My Girl Comes Home” (Pritchett), Supp. III: 312, 321–324 When My Girl Comes Home (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313, 321 “When the Camel Is Dust it Goes Through the Needle’s Eye” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 264 “When the Kye Comes Hame” (Hogg), Supp. X: 110 When the Moon Has Set (Synge), VI: 310n; Retro. Supp. I: 294 “When the Sardines Came” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 215 When the Sleeper Wakes (Wells), VI: 234 When the Wicked Man (Ford), VI: 319, 332 “When They Want to Know What We Were Like” (Healy), Supp. IX: 107 When We Dead Awaken (Ibsen), VI: 269; Retro. Supp. I: 170, 175 “When we that were dear . . . A (Henley), V: 392 When We Were Very Young (Milne), Supp. V: 295, 301–302 When William Came (Saki), Supp. VI: 248–250

WHEN−WHY S “When Windsor walles sustained my wearied arm” (Surrey), I: 113 “When You Are Old” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 329 “When You Go” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 168 “When you see millions of the mouthless dead” (Sorley), VI: 422 Where Adam Stood (Potter, D.), Supp. X: 232–234 Where Angels Fear to Tread (Forster), VI: 400–401; Retro. Supp. II: 136– 139 “Where I’m Coming From” (Ali), Supp. XIII: 1 “Where once the waters of your face” (Thomas), Supp. I: 173–174 Where Shall We Go This Summer (Desai), Supp. V: 53, 55, 63–64, 66, 73 “Where Tawe Flows” (Thomas), Supp. I: 180 Where the Wind Came (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 315–317, 318 Where There Is Darkness (Phillips), Supp. V: 380 “Where They Are Wrong” (Paton), Supp. II: 360 Where You Find It (Galloway), Supp. XII: 117, 126–127 “Where You Find It” (Galloway), Supp. XII: 126 “Whereabouts” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63 Whereabouts: Notes on Being a Foreigner (Reid), Supp. VII: 323, 335–336 “Wherefore Lament” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 143 “Whereto Art Thou Come” (Thompson), V: 444 Whether a Dove or Seagull (Warner), Supp. VII: 370, 371, 372–373, 376 Whetstone, George, I: 282, 313 Whibley, Charles, II: 259 “Which New Era Would Be?” (Gordimer), Supp. II: 242 Whig Examiner (periodical), III: 51, 53 Whig Interpretations of History, The (Butterﬁeld), IV: 291 While the Sun Shines (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 313 Whims and Oddities (Hood), IV: 253, 255, 257, 267 Whimsicalities (Hood), IV: 254, 267 Whirling (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 323– 324, 325 Whirlpool, The (Gissing), V: 437 “Whisht” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 75 “Whisperer, The” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 218 Whispering Roots, The (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 116, 118, 129–130 “Whispers” (Tennyson), IV: 332 “Whispers of Immortality” (Eliot), VII: 145 Whistle Down the Wind (Waterhouse and Hall), Supp. XIII: 274, 275 Whistlecraft (Frere), IV: 182–183 Whistler, James McNeill, V: 238, 245, 320, 407 Whit; or, Isis Amongst the Unsaved (Banks), Supp. XI: 14

White, Gilbert, Supp. VI: 279–295 White, James, IV: 79 White, Norman, V: 379n White, Patrick, Supp. I: 129–152; Supp. IV: 343 White, Tony, Supp. IV: 256, 272, 273– 274 “White Air of March, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216–217 White Bird, The (Berger), Supp. IV: 89 White Bird, The (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 White Cockade, The (Gregory), VI: 315 White Company, The (Doyle), Supp. II: 159, 163 White Devil, The (Webster), I: 246; II: 68, 70, 72, 73–75, 76, 79, 80–85, 97; Supp. IV: 234–235 White Doe of Rylstone, The (Wordsworth), IV: xvii, 24 White Goddess, The (Graves), VII: xviii, 257, 259, 261–262 White Horseman, The (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 184 White Hotel, The (Thomas), Supp. IV: 479, 481–483, 486, 490, 493 “White Island, The; or, Place of the Blest” (Herrick), II: 113 White Liars (Shaffer), Supp. I: 322–323 White Lies (Shaffer), Supp. I: 322 White Mercedes, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 150, 153 White Monkey, The (Galsworthy), VI: 274 “White Negro, The” (Mailer), Supp. IV: 17–18 “White Noon, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211 White Paternoster and Other Stories, The (Powys), VIII: 248, 256 White Peacock, The (Lawrence), VII: 88, 89, 91–93; Retro. Supp. II: 222–223, 226 “White–Pinafored Black Cat, The” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 260 “White Poet, The” (Dunn), Supp. X: 71 “White Queen, The” (Harrison), Supp. V: 151 “White Ship, The” (Rossetti), V: 238, 244 “White Stocking, The” (Lawrence), VII: 114 White Threshold, The (Graham), Supp. VII: 110–111 “White Windsor Soap” (McGuckian), Supp. V: 288 White Writing: On the Culture of Letters in South Africa (Coetzee), Supp. VI: 84–85 White–Eagles over Serbia (Durrell), Supp. I: 100 Whitehall, Harold, V: 365, 382 Whitelock, Derek, Supp. IV: 348 “Whitewashed Wall, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 120 Whitman, Walt, IV: 332; V: 418; VI: 55, 63; Supp. IV: 163, 487 Whitsun Weddings, The (Larkin), Supp. I: 276, 279–281, 285 “Whitsun Weddings, The” (Larkin), Supp. I: 285

458

“Whitsunday” (Herbert), II: 125 “Whitsunday in Kirchstetten” (Auden), VII: 396, 397 “Who Are These Coming to the Sacriﬁce?” (Hill), Supp. V: 191 Who Are You? (Kavan), Supp. VII: 214 “Who Goes Home?” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 130 Who Guards a Prince? (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 117 Who Is Sylvia? (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 317 “Who Knows?” (Pitter), Supp. XIII: 145 “Who Needs It?” (Blackwood), Supp. IX: 9 Who was Changed and Who was Dead (Comyns), VIII: 53, 60–61 Who Was Oswald Fish? (Wilson), Supp. VI: 300–301 Whole Armour, The (Harris), Supp. V: 132, 134, 135 Whole Duty of Man, The (Allestree), III: 82 “Whole of the Sky, The” (Armitage), VIII: 11 “Whole Truth, The” (Motion), Supp. VII: 256 Whole Works of Homer, The (Chapman), I: 235 Whoroscope (Beckett), Supp. I: 43; Retro. Supp. I: 19 “Who’s Who” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 2 Whose Body? (Sayers), Supp. III: 334, 336–338, 340, 350 “Whose Endless Jar” (Richards), Supp. II: 426, 429 Whose Is the Kingdom? (Arden and D’Arcy), Supp. II: 39, 40–41 “Whoso list to hunt” (Wyatt), I: 101, 109 Why Are We So Blest? (Armah), Supp. X: 1–2, 5–9, 13–14 “Why Brownlee Left” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 409, 410, 415, 418, 426 Why Come Ye Not to Court? (Skelton), I: 92–93 Why Do I Write? (Bowen), Supp. II: 80, 81, 91 Why Don’t You Stop Talking (Kay), Supp. XIII: 102, 109–110 “Why Don’t You Stop Talking” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 102, 109–110 Why Frau Frohmann Raised Her Prices and Other stories (Trollope), V: 102 “Why Has Narrative Poetry Failed” (Murphy), Supp. V: 320–321 “Why I Became a Plumber” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 175 “Why I Have Embraced Islam” (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 437 “Why I Ought Not to Have Become a Dramatic Critic” (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 54 “Why Not Take Pater Seriously?” (Fletcher), V: 359 Why Scots Should Rule Scotland (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 80, 85 “Why She Would Not” (Shaw), VI: 130 “Why Should Not Old Men Be Mad?” (Yeats), Retro. Supp. I: 337

WHY S−WINC Why So, Socrates? (Richards), Supp. II: 425 “Why the Novel Matters” (Lawrence), VII: 122 “Why We Are in Favour of This War” (Hulme), Supp. VI: 140 “Why Write of the Sun” (Armitage), VIII: 3 Wi the Haill Voice (tr. Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 168 Wicked Heat (Hart), Supp. XI: 121, 130– 133 “Wicked Stepmother’s Lament, The” (Maitland), Supp. XI: 175 “Wicked Tunge Wille Sey Amys, A” (Lydgate), I: 57 Wide Sargasso Sea (Rhys), Supp. II: 387, 389, 398–401, 441; Retro. Supp. I: 60 Wide–Awake Stories: A Collection of Tales Told by Little Children between Sunset and Sunrise, in the Punjab and Kashmi (Steel), Supp. XII: 266 Widow, The (Middleton), II: 3, 21 “Widow, The” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 211 Widow; Or, A Picture of Modern Times, The (Robinson), Supp. XIII: 207 Widow Ranter, The (Behn), Supp. III: 34 Widow Ranter, The (Belin), II: 305 “Widower in the Country, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 271 Widower’s Son, The (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 410, 414, 415, 425 Widowers’ Houses (Shaw), VI: 104, 107, 108, 129; Retro. Supp. II: 310–312 “Widowhood System, The” (Friel), Supp. V: 113 Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd, The (Lawrence), VII: 120, 121 Widow’s Tears, The (Chapman), I: 243– 244, 245–246 Widsith, Retro. Supp. II: 304 Wiene, Robert, III: 342 Wife for a Month (Fletcher), II: 65 Wife of Bath, The (Gay), III: 60, 67 Wife of Bath’s Prologue, The (Chaucer), I: 24, 34, 39, 40 Wife of Bath’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 27, 35–36 “Wife of Ted Wickham, The” (Coppard), VIII: 95 “Wife Speaks, The” (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 125 Wife’s Lament, The, Retro. Supp. II: 305 Wigs on the Green (Mitford), Supp. X: 155–156 Wilberforce, William, IV: 133, 268; V: 277 Wild Ass’s Skin, The (Balzac), III: 339, 345 “Wild Boar and the Ram, The” (Gay), III: 59 Wild Body, The (Lewis), VII: 72, 77, 78, 79 “Wild Colonial Puzzler, The” (Wallace– Crabbe), VIII: 318 Wild Duck, The (Ibsen), VI: ix “Wild Flowers” (Howard), V: 48 Wild Gallant, The (Dryden), II: 305

Wild Garden, The; or, Speaking of Writing (Wilson), Supp. I: 153, 154–155, 156, 158, 160 Wild Goose Chase, The (Fletcher), II: 45, 61–62, 65, 352, 357 Wild Honey (Frayn), Supp. VII: 61 Wild Irish Boy, The (Maturin), VIII: 207, 209 Wild Knight, The (Chesterton), VI: 336 “Wild Lemons” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 220 Wild Nights (Tennant), Supp. IX: 230, 233–234 Wild Reckoning: An Anthology Provoked By Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” (ed. Burnside and Riordan), Supp. XIII: 31 Wild Swans at Coole, The (Yeats), VI: 207, 213, 214, 217; Retro. Supp. I: 331 Wild Wales: Its People, Language, and Scenery (Borrow), Supp. XII: 17, 28–31 “Wild with All Regrets” (Owen), VI: 446, 452, 453 Wild Wreath (tr. Robinson), Supp. XIII: 213 Wilde, Oscar, III: 334, 345; V: xiii, xxi, xxv, xxvi, 53, 339, 399–422; VI: ix, 365; VII: 83; Supp. II: 43, 45–46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 141, 143, 148, 155; Supp. IV: 288; Retro. Supp. II: 314– 315, 359–374 Wilder Hope, The: Essays on Future Punishment . . . (De Quincey), IV: 155 “Wilderness, The” (Keyes), VII: 439 Wilderness of Zin (Woolley and Lawrence), Supp. II: 284 Wildest Dreams (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 10, 12, 14 “Wildgoose Chase, A” (Coppard), VIII: 95 “Wildlife” (Adcock), Supp. XII: 12 “Wilfred Owen and the Georgians” (Hibberd), VI: 460 Wilfred Owen: Complete Poems and Fragments (Stallworthy), see Complete Poems and Fragments of Wilfred Owen, The Wilfred Owen: War Poems and Others (Hibberd), VI: 446, 459 “Wilfred Owen’s Letters” (Hibberd), VI: 460 Wilhelm Meister (Goethe), IV: 241; V: 214 Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship (tr. Carlyle), IV: 241, 250 Wilkes, John, IV: 61, 185 Wilkes, Thomas, II: 351, 363 Wilkie, David, IV: 37 Wilkins, George, I: 321 Wilkinson, Martin, Supp. IV: 168 “Will, The” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 91 Will Drew and Phil Crewe and Frank Fane . . . (Swinburne), V: 333 “Will o’ the Mill” (Stevenson), V: 395 Will Warburton (Gissing), V: 435, 437 “Will Ye No’ Come Back Again?” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 323

459

Willey, Basil, II: 145, 157; Supp. II: 103, 107, 108 “William and Mary” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 218, 219 William B. Yeats: The Poet in Contemporary Ireland (Hone), VI: 223 William Blake (Chesterton), VI: 344 William Blake (Swinburne), V: 313, 314, 317, 329–330, 332 William Cobbett (Chesterton), VI: 341, 345 “William Cobbett: In Absentia” (Hill), Supp. V: 183 “William Congreve” (Swinburne), V: 332 William Dunbar, Selected Poems (Dunbar), VIII: 119 William Morris (Bloomﬁeld), V: 306 William Morris, Artist, Writer, Socialist (Morris), V: 301, 305 “William Morris as I Knew Him” (Shaw), VI: 129 William Pitt . . . an Excellent New Ballad . . . (Boswell), III: 248 William Posters trilogy (Sillitoe), Supp. V: 410, 413, 421–424 “William Tennissippi” (Morgan, E.), Supp. IX: 161 William Wetmore Story and His Friends (James), VI: 67 “William Wordsworth” (De Quincey), IV: 146 William Wordsworth: A Biography (Moorman), IV: 4, 25 Williams, Basil, VI: 234 Williams, Charles Walter Stansby, Supp. IX: 271–286 Williams, H., III: 15n, 35 Williams, Hugo, Supp. IV: 168 Williams, Iolo, VII: 37 Williams, Raymond, Supp. IV: 95, 380 Williams, William Carlos, Supp. IV: 257, 263 Williams Manuscript and the Temple, The (Charles), Retro. Supp. II: 174 Willis, W., III: 199n “Willowwood”sonnets (Rossetti), V: 243, 259 Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 203 Wilmot, John, see Rochester, earl of Wilson, A. N., see Wilson, Angus Wilson, Angus, V: 43, 72; VI: 165; Supp. I: 153–168; Supp. II: 92; Supp. IV: 229, 231, 234, 346; Supp. VI: 297– 310 Wilson, Colin, III: 341 Wilson, Dover, see Wilson, J. Dover Wilson, Edmund, IV: 27; V: 66, 69, 72; VI: 56, 62, 363; VII: 53; Supp. II: 57, 118, 124, 200, 204, 223; Supp. III: 95, 101, 105 Wilson, F. A. C., VI: 208, 220 Wilson, F. P., I: 286 Wilson, J. Dover, I: 326; III: 116n; V: 287, 290 Wilson, J. H., II: 257, 271 Wilson, John, IV: 11 Wilson, Rae, IV: 262 Wimsatt, M. K., Jr., III: 249 Winckelman, Johann, V: 341, 343, 344

WINC−WOLF “Winckelmann” (Pater), V: 341, 343, 344 Wind, Edgar, I: 237; V: 317n “Wind” (Hughes), Supp. I: 343–344 Wind Among the Reeds, The (Yeats), VI: 211, 222 Wind from Nowhere, The (Ballard), Supp. V: 22 “Windfalls” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 110– 111 “Windfarming” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 81 “Windhover, The” (Hopkins), V: 366, 367; Retro. Supp. II: 190, 191, 195– 196 Winding Paths: Photographs by Bruce Chatwin (Chatwin, B.), Supp. IX: 62 Winding Stair, The (Yeats), Supp. II: 84– 85; Retro. Supp. I: 336–337 Winding Stair, The: Francis Bacon, His Rise and Fall (du Maurier), Supp. III: 139 Windom’s Way (Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Window, (periodical), Supp. XIII: 191 “Window, The” (Moore), VI: 93 Window in Thrums, A (Barrie), V: 392; Supp. III: 3 Windows (Galsworthy), VI: 269 “Windows, The” (Herbert), Retro. Supp. II: 176 Windows of Night (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 274 “Wind’s on the World, The” (Morris), V: 305 “Windscale” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 218 Windsor Forest (Pope), III: 70, 77; Retro. Supp. I: 231 Wine, A Poem (Gay), III: 67 “Wine Fed Tree, The” (Powys), VIII: 251 Wine, Water and Song (Chesterton), VI: 340 Wine–Dark Sea, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 258–259 “Wingless” (Kincaid), Supp. VII: 220, 221, 226 “Wings of a Dove” (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 44 Wings of the Dove, The (James), VI: 32, 55, 59–60, 320; Supp. IV: 243 “Winkie” (Dunn), Supp. X: 77 Winkworth, Catherine, V: 149 Winnie–the–Pooh (Milne), Supp. V: 295, 303–307 “Winning of Etain, The” (Boland), Supp. V: 36 “Winnowers, The” (Bridges), VI: 78 Winslow Boy, The (Rattigan), Supp. VII: 307, 313–315 “Winter” (Blake), Retro. Supp. I: 34 “Winter” (Brontë), V: 107 “Winter” (Dunn), Supp. X: 69 “Winter” (Thomas), Supp. XII: 290 Winter (Thomson), Supp. III: 411, 412– 413, 417, 418 Winter Apology (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 22–23 “Winter Field” (Coppard), VIII: 98 Winter Fuel (Millais), V: 379 Winter Garden (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 22–23, 24

Winter House and Other Poems, The (Cameron), Supp. IX: 17, 22–25 “Winter in Camp” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 70 “Winter in England” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 70 “Winter in July” (Lessing), Supp. I: 240 Winter in the Air (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “Winter Landscape near Ely, A” (Davie), Supp. VI: 110 “Winter, My Secret” (Rossetti), V: 256 “Winter Night” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 72 Winter Pilgrimage, A (Haggard), Supp. III: 214 Winter Pollen: Occasional Prose (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 202 Winter Quarters (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 221–222, 223 Winter Tales (Brown), Supp. VI: 68–70 “Winter with the Gulf Stream” (Hopkins), V: 361, 381 Winter Words, in Various Moods and Metres (Hardy), VI: 20 Winter Work (Fallon), Supp. XII: 106– 108, 109, 114 “Winter Work” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 106 Wintering Out (Heaney), Supp. II: 268, 272–273; Retro. Supp. I: 125, 128 Winters, Yvor, VI: 219; Supp. IV: 256– 257, 261; Retro. Supp. I: 335 “Winters and the Palmleys, The” (Hardy), VI: 22 “Winter’s Tale, A” (Thomas), Supp. I: 177, 178 Winter’s Tale, The (Chaucer), I: 25 Winter’s Tale, The (Shakespeare), I: 166n, 302, 322–323, 327 “Winter’s Talents” (Davie), Supp. VI: 112 “Winter–Saturday” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 70–71 Winterslow: Essays and Characters Written There (Hazlitt), IV: 140 Winterson, Jeanette, Supp. IV: 541–559 Winterwood and Other Hauntings (Roberts, K.), Supp. X: 273 “Wintry Manifesto, A” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 313 “Wires” (Larkin), Supp. I: 278, 285 “Wisdom Literature“, Retro. Supp. II: 304 Wisdom of Father Brown, The (Chesterton), VI: 338 “Wisdom of Gautama, The” (Caudwell), Supp. IX: 33 Wisdom of Solomon Paraphrased, The (Middleton), II: 2 Wisdom of the Ancients (Bacon), see De sapientia veterum Wise, T. J., V: 150, 151 Wise Children (Carter), Supp. III: 90–91 Wise Virgins (Wilson), Supp. VI: 297, 301, 303 Wise Wound, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 230, 233 “Wish, The” (Cowley), II: 195, 198 “Wish, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 206, 221 “Wish House, The” (Kipling), VI: 169, 193, 196, 197–199

460

Wish I Was Here (Kay), Supp. XIII: 102, 107, 109, 110 “Wish in Spring” (Warner), Supp. VII: 373 “Wishes to His (Supposed), Mistresse” (Crashaw), II: 180 Wit at Several Weapons, II: 21, 66 Wit Without Money (Fletcher), II: 66 Witch, The (Middleton), II: 3, 21; IV: 79 Witch, The (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 276–277 Witch Hunt (Rankin), Supp. X: 245, 252 “Witch of Atlas, The” (Shelley), IV: 196, 204 Witch of Edmonton, The (Dekker, Ford, Rowley), II: 89, 100 “Witch of Fife, The” (Hogg), Supp. X: 106–108 Witchcraft (Williams, C. W. S.), Supp. IX: 284 Witches, The (Dahl), Supp. IV: 204, 213, 215, 225–226 Witches, The (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 203 “Witches’ Corner, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 108–109 “Witches of Traquair, The” (Hogg), Supp. X: 110 Witch’s Head, The (Haggard), Supp. III: 213 “With Alan to the Fair” (Upward), Supp. XIII: 261 With My Little Eye (Fuller), Supp. VII: 70–71 “With my Sons at Boarhills” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 260 “With Your Tongue Down My Throat” (Kureishi), Supp. XI: 158 Wither, George, IV: 81 “Withered Arm, The” (Hardy), VI: 22; Retro. Supp. I: 116 Within the Gates (O’Casey), VII: 7 Within the Tides: Tales (Conrad), VI: 148 “Without Beneﬁt of Clergy” (Kipling), VI: 180–183 “Without Eyes” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 “Without the Option” (Wodehouse), Supp. III: 456 Witlings, The (Burney), Supp. III: 64, 71, 72, 75 “Witness, The” (Lessing), Supp. I: 244 Witness for the Prosecution (Christie), Supp. II: 125, 134 Wit’s Treasury (Meres), I: 296 Wittig, Monique, Supp. IV: 558 Wives and Daughters (Gaskell), V: xxiii, 1–4, 8, 11–13, 14, 15 Wizard of Oz, The (Baum), Supp. IV: 450 Wizard of Oz, The (ﬁlm), Supp. IV: 434, 443, 448, 450, 455 Wizard of Oz, The (Rushdie), Supp. IV: 434 Wodehouse, P. G., Supp. III: 447–464 Wodwo (Hughes), Supp. I: 343, 346, 348–350, 363; Retro. Supp. II: 205– 206 Woefully Arrayed (Skelton), I: 84 Wog (Carey), Supp. XII: 52 Wolf and the Lamb, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 141

WOLF−WORK Wolf and the Wether, The (Henryson), Supp. VII: 136, 140–141 Wolf, Friedrich, IV: 316–317 Wolf, Lucien, IV: 293 Wolf Leader, The (Dumas pére), III: 339 Wolf that gat the Nekhering throw the wrinkis of the Foxe that begylit the Cadgear, The (Henryson), see Fox, the Wolf, and the Cadger, The Wolfe, Tom, Supp. IV: 454 Wolff, S. L., I: 164 “Wolfhound, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 323 Wolfman (Rankin), Supp. X: 244, 246, 248, 250 Wolfwatching (Hughes), Retro. Supp. II: 214 Wollstonecraft, Mary, Supp. III: 465– 482; Retro. Supp. I: 39 Wolves and the Lamb, The (Thackeray), V: 35 Woman (periodical), VI: 249; Supp. XIII: 135 Woman, The (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 434, 435 “Woman: And Her Place in a Free Society” (Carpenter), Supp. XIII: 41 “Woman, The Place, The Poet, The” (Boland), Supp. V: 35 Woman and Labour (Schreiner), Supp. II: 444, 454–456 “Woman at the Shore, The” (Mansﬁeld), VII: 173 Woman Beware Woman 231, 233–234, 235–236 Woman–Captain, The (Shadwell), II: 359 Woman Hater, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), II: 46, 65 Woman–Hater, The (Burney), Supp. III: 64 “Woman in His Life, The” (Kipling), VI: 193 Woman in Mind (Ayckbourn), Supp. V: 3, 6–7, 10, 11, 13, 15 Woman in the Moon, The (Lyly), I: 204– 205 Woman in White, The (Collins), III: 340, 345; Supp. VI: 91–94, 95–97, 100, 102–103 Woman Killed With Kindness, A (Heywood), II: 19 Woman of No Importance, A (Bennett), VIII: 27 Woman of No Importance, A (Wilde), V: xxvi, 414, 419; Retro. Supp. II: 369 “Woman of No Standing, A” (Behan), Supp. II: 66 “Woman of the House, The” (Murphy), Supp. V: 313, 318–319 Woman of the Inner Sea (Keneally), Supp. IV: 347, 348, 358–360 “Woman of Three Cows, The” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 126–127 “Woman out of a Dream, A” (Warner), Supp. VII: 373 Woman Pleased (Fletcher), II: 45, 65 “Woman! When I behold thee ﬂippant, vain” (Keats), Retro. Supp. I: 188– 189

“Woman Who Rode Away, The” (Lawrence), VII: 87–88, 91, 115 Woman Who Walked into Doors, The (Doyle), Supp. V: 78, 88, 91–92 “Woman with a Knife and Fork Disorder, The” (Kay), Supp. XIII: 102, 110 Womanhood, Wanton, Ye Want (Skelton), I: 83 “Womans constancy” (Donne), Retro. Supp. II: 89 “Woman’s History, A” (Davies), Supp. XI: 99 “Woman’s Last Word, A” (Browning), IV: 367; Retro. Supp. II: 24 Woman’s Prize, The; or, The Tamer Tamed (Fletcher), II: 43, 45, 65 “Woman’s Song” (Warner), Supp. VII: 373 Woman’s World (periodical), V: 404 Womb of Space: The Cross–Cultural Imagination (Harris), Supp. V: 140, 146 “Women, The” (Boland), Supp. V: 50–51 “Women” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 218 “Women, The” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 254 Women at Oxford: A Fragment of History, The (Brittain), Supp. X: 47 “Women at Geneva” (Brittain), Supp. X: 37 Women: Or, Pour et Contre (Maturin), VIII: 207 Women Beware Women (Middleton), II: 1, 3, 8, 10–14, 19 Women Fly When Men Aren’t Watching (Maitland), Supp. XI: 170, 174, 175, 176 Women in Love (Lawrence), IV: 119; VI: 276; VII: 87–88, 89, 91, 98, 101–104; Retro. Supp. II: 228–229 Women’s Work in Modern England (Brittain), Supp. X: 39 “Wonder” (Traherne), II: 191; Supp. XI: 266 Wonder of Women, The; or, The Tragedie of Sophonisba (Marston), II: 25, 30– 31, 40, 305 Wonder Stories (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 281 “Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar, The” (Dahl), Supp. IV: 223 Wonderful Tennessee (Friel), Supp. V: 126–127 Wonderful Visit, The (Wells), VI: 226, 228, 230, 243 Wonderful Story of Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp, The (Pullman), Supp. XIII: 152 Wondrous Tale of Alroy, The (Disraeli), see Alroy Wood, Anthony à, II: 185 Wood Beyond, The (Hill, R.), Supp. IX: 121 Wood Beyond the World, The (Morris), V: 306 “Wood Fire, The” (Hardy), Retro. Supp. I: 121 “Wooden Chair with Arms” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 Woodhouse, Richard, IV: 230, 232, 233

461

Woodlanders, The (Hardy), VI: 1, 5, 7, 8, 9; Retro. Supp. I: 115 “Woodlands, 7 Kilnwell Road, Market Rasen” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 224 Woodman, Thomas, Supp. IV: 364 Woods, Helen Emily, see Kavan, Anna “Woods of Westermain, The” (Meredith), V: 221 “Woodsman” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 “Woodspurge, The” (Rossetti), V: 241, 242, 314–315 Woodstock (Scott), IV: xviii, 27, 39 Woodward, Benjamin, V: 178 Woolf, Leonard, VI: 415; VII: 17 Woolf, Virginia, I: 169; IV: 107, 320, 322; V: xxv, 226, 256, 260, 281, 290; VI: 243, 252, 275, 411; VII: xii, xiv– xv, 17–39; Supp. II: 341–342, 487, 501–502; Supp. III: 19, 41–42, 45, 49, 60, 103, 107, 108; Supp. IV: 231, 233, 246, 399, 407, 461, 542, 558; Supp. V: 36, 63; Retro. Supp. I: 59, 305–323 “Wool–Gatherer, The” (Hogg), Supp. X: 111 Woolley, Hannah, Supp. III: 21 Woolley, Leonard, Supp. II: 284 “Word, The” (Hart), Supp. XI: 132 “Word, The” (E. Thomas), Supp. III: 406 “Word, The” (R.S. Thomas), Supp. XII: 290, 291 Word Child, A (Murdoch), Supp. I: 228 Word for the Navy, A (Swinburne), V: 332 Word over All (Day Lewis), Supp. III: 118, 128 Word–Links (Carroll), V: 274 “Words” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 267 Words and Music (Beckett), Supp. I: 53, 60 Words and Music (Coward), Supp. II: 152 “Words for Jazz Perhaps” (Longley), VIII: 167 Words of Advice (Weldon), Supp. IV: 536–537 Words upon the Window Pane, The (Yeats), VI: 219, 222 Wordsworth, Dorothy, II: 273; IV: 1–4, 10, 19, 49, 128, 143, 146 Wordsworth, William, II: 188–189; III: 174; IV: viii–xi, 1–26, 33, 70, 73, 95– 96, 111, 137, 178, 214, 215, 281, 311, 351, 352; V: 287, 311, 331, 351–352; VI: 1; and Coleridge, IV: 43–45, 50, 51, 54; Retro. Supp. II: 62, 63–64; and DeQuincey, IV: 141–143, 146, 154; and Hazlitt, IV: 126–130, 133– 134, 137, 138; and Keats, IV: 214, 215, 225, 233; and Shelley, IV: 198, 203, 207; and Tennyson, IV: 326, 329, 336; literary style, III: 304, 338; IV: 95–96, 154, 336; verse forms, II: 200; V: 224; Supp. II: 269; Supp. IV: 230, 252, 558 “Wordsworth” (Pater), V: 351–352 “Wordsworth and Byron” (Swinburne), V: 332 “Wordsworth’s Ethics” (Stephen), V: 287 “Work” (Lamb), IV: 83

WORK−WRON Work in Hand (Cameron), Supp. IX: 26–27 Work in Progress (Cameron), Supp. IX: 17 Work in Progress (Lowry), Supp. III: 280 Work in Progress (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 231 Work in Regress (Reading), VIII: 273 “Work of Art, A” (Warner), Supp. VII: 380 “Work of My Own, A” (Winterson), Supp. IV: 558 “Work of Water, The” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235 Work Suspended (Waugh), VII: 298–299 Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind, The (Wells), VI: 225 “Work without Hope” (Coleridge), Retro. Supp. II: 65 Workers in the Dawn (Gissing), V: 424, 435, 437 Workes of Edmund Waller in This Parliament, The (Waller), II: 238 “Workhouse Clock, The,” (Hood), IV: 261, 264 Workhouse Donkey, The (Arden), Supp. II: 28, 30 Workhouse Ward, The (Gregory), VI: 315, 316 Working Legs: A Two–Act Play for Disabled Performers (Gray, A.), Supp. IX: 89–90 Working Novelist, The (Pritchett), VI: 290 Working of Water, The (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 235–236 Working with Structuralism: Essays and Reviews on Nineteenth– and Twentieth–Century Literature (Lodge), Supp. IV: 365, 377 “Workmen” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 81 Works (Congreve), II: 348 Works (Cowley), II: 195 Works (Swift), III: 24 Works of Art and Artists in England (Waagen), III: 328 Works of Charles Lamb, The, IV: 73, 81, 85 Works of Henry Fielding, The (ed. Stephen), V: 290 Works of Henry Vaughan, The (Martin), II: 184 Works of Max Beerbohm, The (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 45, 46, 47 Works of Morris and Yeats in Relation to Early Saga Literature, The (Hoare), V: 299, 306 Works of Ossian (Macpherson), VIII: 189, 192 Works of Samuel Johnson, The, III: 108n, 121 Works of Sir John Vanbrugh, The (ed. Dobrée and Webb), II: 323n Works of Sir Thomas Malory, The (ed. Vinavier), I: 70, 80 Works of the English Poets (Johnson), Retro. Supp. I: 143 Works of Thomas Lodge, The (Tyler), VI: 102 Works of Virgil, The (tr. Dryden), II: 304

Works of William Blake, The (ed. Yeats), VI: 222 World (periodical), VI: 103, 104 “World, The” (Vaughan), II: 185, 186, 188 World Authors: 1970–1975 (ed. Wakeman), Supp. XI: 246, 248, 249, 253 World Bank: A Prospect, The (Morris, J.), Supp. X: 175 World Crisis, The (Churchill), VI: 353– 354 World I Breathe, The (Thomas), Supp. I: 176, 180–181 World in the Evening, The (Isherwood), VII: 309, 314–315 World of Charles Dickens, The (Wilson), Supp. I: 166 World of Difference, A (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 193–194 “World of Light, A” (Jennings), Supp. V: 210 World of Light, A (Sarton), Supp. II: 82 World of Light, The (Huxley), VII: 201 World of Love, A (Bowen), Supp. II: 77, 79, 81, 84, 94 World of Paul Slickey, The (Osborne), Supp. I: 333–334 World of Strangers, A (Gordimer), Supp. II: 227, 231, 232, 236, 243 “World of Women, The” (Fallon), Supp. XII: 111 World Set Free, The: A Story of Mankind (Wells), VI: 227, 244 World Within World (Spender), Supp. II: 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 490 Worldliness (Moore), VI: 95, 98 Worlds, The (Bond), Supp. I: 423, 434 World’s Desire, The (Haggard and Lang), Supp. III: 213, 222 “World’s End, The” (Empson), Supp. II: 182 World’s Room, The (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 192 “Worlds That Flourish” (Okri), Supp. V: 356 “Worlds to Barter” (Wyndham), Supp. XIII: 281–282 Worm and the Ring, The (Burgess), Supp. I: 186, 187, 188, 189 Worm of Spindlestonheugh, The (Swinburne), V: 333 Wormwood (Kinsella), Supp. V: 262–263 “Wormwood” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 262 Worst Fears (Weldon), Supp. IV: 538 “Worst of It, The” (Browning), IV: 369 “Worstward Ho” (Beckett), Supp. I: 62; Retro. Supp. I: 29–30 Worthies of England (Fuller), II: 45 Worthies of Westminster (Fuller), Retro. Supp. I: 152 Wotton, Sir Henry, II: 132, 133, 134, 138, 140, 141, 142, 166 Wotton, William, III: 23 Wotton Reinfred (Carlyle), IV: 250 Woty, W., III: 170n “Wound, The” (Gunn), Supp. IV: 259 “Wound, The” (Hughes), Supp. I: 348 Wound in My Heart, The (Ngg), VIII: 222

462

“Wounds” (Longley), VIII: 171 “Wowing of the King quhen he wes in Dumfermeling, The” (Dunbar), VIII: 118 “Wreath for Tom Moore’s Statue” (Kavanagh), Supp. VII: 193 “Wreaths” (Hill), Supp. V: 186 “Wreaths” (Longley), VIII: 173 “Wreck” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 186 Wreck of the Archangel, The (Brown), Supp. VI: 71 “Wreck of the Deutschland, The” (Hopkins), V: 361, 362, 363–366, 367, 369, 370, 375, 379, 380, 381; Retro. Supp. II: 189, 191–194 “Wreck of the Deutschland, The“: A New Reading (Schneider), V: 366, 382 Wreck of the Mary Deare, The (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Wrecked Eggs (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 293 Wrecker, The (Stevenson), V: 383, 387, 396 Wrens, The (Gregory), VI: 315–316 “Wrestling” (Rossetti), V: 260 Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon), see Les Damnés de la terre Wright, William Aldis, IV: 343, 353 Write On: Occasional Essays, ’65–’85 (Lodge), Supp. IV: 366 Writer and the Absolute, The (Lewis), VII: xv, 71, 72, 73–74, 76 Writer in Disguise, The (Bennett), VIII: 27 Writers and Their Work series, VII: xi, xxii Writer’s Britain: Landscape in Literature, A (ed. Drabble), Supp. IV: 230, 252 Writer’s Diary, A (Woolf), V: 226 “Writer’s Friends, A” (Stead), Supp. IV: 461, 466 Writers in Politics (Ngg), VIII: 224 Writer’s Ireland: Landscape in Literature, A (Trevor), Supp. IV: 514 Writer’s Notebook, A (Maugham), VI: 365, 366 “Writers Take Sides, The” (Stead), Supp. IV: 463, 466 “Writing” (Auden), Retro. Supp. I: 13 “Writing” (Motion), Supp. VII: 256 “Writing as a Woman” (Stevenson), Supp. VI: 257 Writing Game: A Comedy, The (Lodge), Supp. IV: 366, 381 Writing in a State of Seige (Brink), Supp. VI: 47, 49 Writing Left–Handed (Hare), Supp. IV: 282, 283 “Writing the Poem” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 220, 223, 225 “Written After the Death of Charles Lamb” (Wordsworth), IV: 73 “Written in My Lady Speke’s Singing Book” (Waller), II: 234 Written on the Body (Winterson), Supp. IV: 542, 547, 549–551, 552, 553, 555, 557 “Wrong” (Burnside), Supp. XIII: 21–22 Wrong About Japan: A Father’s Journey with His Son (Carey), Supp. XII: 54

WRON−YOUR Wrong Box, The (Stevenson and Osbourne), V: 387, 396 “Wrong Name, The” (Powys), VIII: 251 Wulf and Eadwacer, Retro. Supp. II: 305 Wulfstan, Archbishop, Retro. Supp. II: 298 Wurzel–Flummery (Milne), Supp. V: 298–299 Wuthering Heights (Brontë), III: 333, 338, 344, 345; V: xx, 113, 114, 127, 128, 131, 133–135, 140, 141–145, 254; Supp. III: 144, 145; Supp. IV: 231, 452, 462, 513; Retro. Supp. I: 50, 52, 53, 54, 57–58 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, I: 97–112, 113, 115 “Wyatt resteth here, that quick could never rest” (Surrey), I: 115 Wycherley, William, II: 307–322, 343, 352, 360 Wycliffe, John, I: 375 Wyllard’s Weird (Braddon), VIII: 49 Wymer, T. L., V: 324, 335 “Wyncote, Pennsylvania: A Gloss” (Kinsella), Supp. V: 274 Wyndham, Francis, Supp. IV: 159, 161, 304 Wyndham, John, Supp. V: 22; Supp. XIII: 281–294 Wyndham Lewis: A Memoir (Eliot), VII: 77 Wyndham Lewis: His Theory of Art and Communication (McLuhan), VII: 71n

Xanadu (Armitage), VIII: 1

“Xerox” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63 “XL. A Lake” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 29 Xorandor (Brooke–Rose), Supp. IV: 100, 111 X/Self (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 33, 41– 42, 46 XVI Revelations of Divine Love, Shewed to a Devout Servant of Our Lord, Called Mother Juliana, an Anchorete of Norwich: Who Lived in the Dayes of King Edward the Third (Julian of Norwich), Supp. XII: 155 XX Poems (Larkin), Supp. I: 277 “XXII. Life a Glass Window” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 29 “XXXVIII. Rain” (Beddoes), Supp. XI: 29

“Yaddo Letter, The” (Mahon), Supp.

VI: 176 Yan Tan Tethera (Harrison), Supp. V: 150, 164 Yangtse Incident (ﬁlm, Ambler), Supp. IV: 3 Yangtze Valley and Beyond, The (Bird), Supp. X: 31 Yard of Sun, A (Fry), Supp. III: 191, 194, 195, 204–205 “Yardley Oak” (Cowper), III: 218 “Yarrow” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 429–432 Yarrow Revisited, and Other Poems (Wordsworth), IV: 25 Yates, Edmund, V: 20 Yates, Frances M., I: 237

“Ye happy youths, whose hearts are free” (Etherege), II: 267 Yealland, Lewis, Supp. IV: 58–59 Year of the Whale, The (Brown), Supp. VI: 71 Year In, Year Out (Milne), Supp. V: 309, 310–311 “Year of the Foxes, The” (Malouf), Supp. XII: 219 “Year of the Sloes, For Ishi, The” (Muldoon), Supp. IV: 414 Year to Remember: A Reminiscence of 1931, A (Waugh), Supp. VI: 273 Years, The (Woolf), VII: 18, 22, 24, 27, 28, 36, 38; Retro. Supp. I: 308 Year’s Afternoon, The (Dunn), Supp. X: 81–83 Years Between, The (Kipling), VI: 204 “Years Later” (Murphy), Supp. V: 313, 320 Years of the Young Rebels, The (Spender), Supp. II: 493 “Years On” (Wallace–Crabbe), VIII: 323 Yeast (Kingsley), V: 4 “Yeats, Berkeley, and Romanticism” (Davie), Supp. VI: 107 Yeats, William Butler, II: 78; III: 21, 36, 184; IV: 196, 216, 323, 329; V: xxiii, xxv, xxvi, 301, 304, 306, 311, 318, 329–330, 355, 356, 404; VI: ix, xiii– xiv, 55–56, 86, 88, 207–224, 307, 308, 309, 314; VII: 1, 3, 42, 404; Supp. II: 84–85, 275, 332, 487; Supp. III: 102, 121, 124; Supp. IV: 257, 409, 412, 413, 414, 419, 423–424, 480; Supp. V: 36, 39; Retro. Supp. I: 170– 171, 290, 325–339 “Yeats in Civil War” (Boland), Supp. V: 36 Yellow Admiral, The (O’Brian), Supp. XII: 259 Yellow Book (periodical), VI: 248, 365 Yellow Book, The (Mahon), Supp. VI: 176, 177 “Yellow Girl, The” (Sitwell), VII: 138 “Yellow Pages” (Raine), Supp. XIII: 164 “Yellow Streak, The” (Maugham), VI: 371 Yellow Wallpaper, The (du Maurier), Supp. III: 147 Yellowplush Correspondence, The (Thackeray), V: 21, 22, 37 “Yellowskin” (Powys), VIII: 251 Yes and No (Greene), Supp. I: 2 “Yesterday Afternoon, O’erpowered” (Mangan), Supp. XIII: 120 Yglesias, Jose, Supp. IV: 460 Yogi and the Commissar, The (Koestler), Supp. I: 26–27, 35 “Yoka Nikki: An Eight–Day Diary” (Plomer), Supp. XI: 216 Yokohama Garland (Coppard), VIII: 98 “Yongy–Bonghy–Bo” (Lear), V: 84–86 Yorkshire Tragedy, The, II: 3, 21 “You” (Armitage), VIII: 8 “You and Me and the Continuum” (Ballard), Supp. V: 21 “You Lived in Glasgow” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216

463

You Make Your Own Life (Pritchett), Supp. III: 313, 316, 317 You Never Can Tell (Coward), Supp. II: 141 You Never Can Tell (Shaw), VI: 109, 111–112; Retro. Supp. II: 314–315 You Never Know, Do You? (Coppard), VIII: 89 You Only Live Twice (Fleming), Supp. IV: 212–213 You Only Live Twice (screenplay, Dahl), Supp. IV: 212–213 “You praise the ﬁrm restraint with which they write” (Campbell), IV: 320 “You that in love ﬁnd luck and abundance” (Wyatt), I: 104 “You Told Me Once” (Smith, I. C.), Supp. IX: 216 “You Went Away” (MacCaig), Supp. VI: 185 Young Adolph (Bainbridge), Supp. VI: 18, 21–22, 24 “Young Blades” (Ewart), Supp. VII: 38 “Young Dragon, The” (Southey), IV: 67 Young Duke, The (Disraeli), IV: 293, 295–296, 308 Young, Edward, III: 302, 307, 336; Retro. Supp. I: 43 Young George du Maurier, The: A Selection of His Letters, 1860–1867 (du Maurier), Supp. III: 135–136 Young, G. M., IV: 277, 290, 291, 295; V: 228, 262 Young Emma (Davies), Supp. XI: 89, 91–92 “Young Him” (Nicholson), Supp. VI: 216 “Young Ghost” (Scupham), Supp. XIII: 226, 227 “Young Huntsman with Falcon” (Conn), Supp. XIII: 80 Young Idea, The (Coward), Supp. II: 141 Young, Kenneth, IV: xii, xxv; VI: xi–xii, xiii, xxxiv; VII: xviii, xxxix “Young King, The” (Wilde), V: 406 Young Lady, The (Haywood), Supp. XII: 136, 142 “Young Love Lies Sleeping” (Rossetti), V: 249 “Young Parson Richards” (Shelley), IV: 209 Young Pobble’s Guide to His Toes, The (Ewart), Supp. VII: 45 Young, Richard B., I: 170 Young Samuel Johnson (Cifford), III: 244n “Young Soldier with Bloody Spurs, The” (Lawrence), VII: 118 Young Visitors, The (Ashford), V: 111, 262 “Young Woman Visitor, The” (Murray), Supp. VII: 280 “Young Women in Rollers” (Dunn), Supp. X: 69 “Young Women with the Hair of Witches” (Redgrove), Supp. VI: 232–233, 236 Younger Edda, See Snorra Edda Your Five Gallants (Middleton), II: 3, 21 “Your Philosophies Trouble Me” (Paton), Supp. II: 360

YOUR−ZWEI Your Shadow (Hart), Supp. XI: 122, 125– 128 “Your Shadow’s Songs” (Hart), Supp. XI: 126 Youth (Conrad), VI: 135, 137; Retro. Supp. II: 73 Youth (Rosenberg), VI: 432 “Youth” (Tennyson), IV: 329 “Youth and Art” (Browning), IV: 369 Youth and the Peregrines (Fry), Supp. III: 193, 194 “Youth in Memory” (Meredith), V: 222, 234

“Youth of Man, The” (Arnold), V: 210 “Youth of Nature, The” (Arnold), V: 210 “Youth Revisited” (Fuller), Supp. VII: 73

Zaillian, Steven, Supp. IV: 346

Zapolya (Coleridge), IV: 56 Zastrozzi: A Romance (Shelley), III: 338; IV: 208 ZBC of Ezra Pound, A (Brooke–Rose), Supp. IV: 99, 114–115 Zea Mexican Diary, 7 Sept. 1926–7 Sept. 1986, The (Brathwaite), Supp. XII: 36

464

Zeal of Thy House, The (Sayers), Supp. III: 335–336, 348–349 Zee & Company (O’Brien), Supp. V: 334 “Zero” (Crawford), Supp. XI: 77 Zhdanov, Andrei, Supp. IV: 82 “Zoetrope” (Carson), Supp. XIII: 63 Zola, Émile, V: xxiv–xxvi, 286; VI: viii; Supp. IV: 136, 249 Zoo (MacNeice), VII: 403 Zoo Story, The (Albee), Supp. IV: 435 Zoom! (Armitage), VIII: 1, 2–4 Zuleika Dobson; or, An Oxford Love Story (Beerbohm), Supp. II: 43, 56–59 Zweig, Paul, Supp. IV: 356