DIIID1 MILITARY
MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES
319
BRIT SH ORC I o H AMERCA 1793- 815
B ITISH FORC S IN NORTH AMERICA 1793-1815
TEXT BY
RENE CHARTRAND COLOUR PLATES BY
GERRY EMBLETON
OSPREY MILITARY
FotSl puIlUSII8
Acknowledgements Franc::i$ Back. Garl Benn. W,niam Y. Carman. Denros Carter· Edwards. Brian L Dunnigan. Bruct\ EllIS, Paul Forlier, Donald E.
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Graves, Ph;lip Haythornthwa~e, Aober1 Hende<son, Daniel S.C. Mackay, Bany Ak:h, David ROO5. Gle<w1 SlIlppler, David webber. the Anne S.K. Brown Mllitury Collection. lhe Canad,an Wa, Mu!loel,lfT1,
the National Hlstork: S,tes and Morn..ments Boa
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Publisher's Note
ISBN 18553<'1414 F _ .. S l _ by Pb It
"""',eel tlYQuri1 WOrItI .,.." llll_ Iior>g Kong
Readers may wish to stUdy th15 lilla ,n coo)uoction wIth some o! the many I,lles in the Men·at-Arms senes covering \he N'lpoleon;c period in 3ddihoo to lhe lollow'''9 Osprey publlcatoons' MAA 39 Brlt,sh Army In Notlh America '775·1783 MAA 226 The AmenI::6n War 1812·14
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MarI<~I"lI. M""'.....
House, 81 FuII>am Roaa, lOl1
MAA 294 British Fon:es in the West Indies I 79Q. 18 15 Elite 48 Nelson's Nilvy 1793-1815 War,lOI" 2{) British Redcoat (2) 1793· 1815 CUmpaign 28 New Orleans 1815
Artist's Note Readers may care 10 flOte thaI the onglrnll pamttogs IrOl"ll wrneh lhe colouf plates in lhis book were prepared lUe available for pi"WOle
sale. All reproductron copyngI1t whalsoever 1$ reta'ned by the Publisher. All eoqUIf_ should be addressed to: ScOf'plO Gallery. P.O. Bo~ 475, H3IIS/lam. EaSI Susse~ BN27 2SL
The Publishers regrel lhat they coo elllet fr!\0 110 correspondence upanlhis maner.
BRITISH FORCES IN ORTH AMERICA 1793-1815
INTRODUCTION
The battle of aueenston Heights, fought on 13 October 1812, proved to be a major victory by the British and Canadian forces over the more numerous Invading Americans, However, the very talented British General Sir Isaac Brock was killed In the engagement. The surrender of the Americans was received by General Sheatfe as shown In this print by G. Thompson published in Smithfield In December 1812, Brock is shown carried In the left background. (Thompson-Pell Research Centre, Fort Ticonderoga, N,Y.)
Ill' ('nd t I' the Amcri I'('SI'IK ' 01' Fn'lll'h Ill'l'l.,>, Ihe sale of LOllisialla, Indian hOSLililil'!o ;l~ljnsl ,Ill' llnill'd Stall'S and the illl) rc.'snH'llt Il1crican sailors h~'lhe Royal a\, increasnllel1sioll bl'l\I'(Tn lhl' 111'0 'oul1tries, Brilain's Or I 'I,' ill COlllll'il ('oll('('nrin~ 11,111<' were a 11),U I' irrilalll lI·hich. aelded III ,Ill' OL!l('1 iSSIII·S. lill,tll)' ('au~ed till' Inil d Slal('s 10 rI lare \ ,II' on 19 .lUll' IHI:., In)Jlic~all), Illl' Brilish 'abiuel had rqwalt'd till' olll:n~i\'l' Orders Oil 2:{ June IRI~, bill il was 100 laiC'. AllH'rirali ('xpeClatiol1s 01" 'nll'rd) Ill;1I ('hill~( illio Canada we 1'(. cOI11I'I('lel)' I"nl,>lrall·d II' 111<' 1'('. ilil'II1 r('sislanC(' of 11ll' >l11,tll 11111 Ikl('1'lIlilll'd B.-itish and Calladial1 li'l"("(". Fill' Ihr('l' Yl',lI'S, sue'l'ssiv' /\nlerical1 all 'Ill( ls 10 jlll'ad(' Canalh \1'("'(' I' ·pllbed. \ hile I1rilish 'oullll'rallacks ('\e'lllIalh g-l\'e lIwlll 'ol1lrol OI'I'r parts o[ lirllig-;111 alld I",ille, BUl 11'11 '11 I;lrg-e Ikilish (ill'les Illade drort~ 10 invade northern ell' YOI'\.. siall' a!ld 1011'1' [ LOIlisialla, Ihe)' \ ere 1't'!)lI!sul. I'ea('e \\,;IS lillall) pn.elaillled ill l'arl\' IX):, This North Al11nic"ali
or
3
episode of III retreating" to til
alJ Ie IIi' Wars 'nd·ct ill '1 dnl\, willI hoth sidl's 1 rc1<:rs. 1
pr~-1812
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE Abbreviations: AL: Alabama; an '.: nilln: Bn.: Battalion: Can.: :anadian; co.: company; cos.: cornpani 's; 1'1.: <\cIl)chlll('III; Felte.: Fen ibles; FI.: F 01; G : Ceorgia; IL: Illinois; 1 : Louisiana: I.e: Lower :allada; L E L: L< w'r Canacla cle 1 Emhodied ililia: 1.1): l.ighl I ragoolls; L1: Light Inrantr; Fl.D: wlOlln lIand; "\: N('w York; 1 I L : al 'land; ME: Maine; MI: i higan; 1-1: Ilia; P : Ru.1I l'tiller; RSM: Ro '£11 Sappers c' Miners; RM: Royal hu-in .:; RVR: Ro al \ ·t('rims· Battalioll; Tr.: Tr oj); C: ppcr .,mada: VA: irginia: Vols.: olunl('ers; WIR: West India Rq~il1lcnt
4
1 The IndIan na\lons. which we<e very Important ,n the delence of CanMa. cannot be COIIered In IhlS sl1O., bOOk. Read.".. are referred to MAA 228 Eastern Woodland tndlans. and an essential sway. HIS Majesty's Indian Allres. by Robert S. Allen (Toronto. 1993).
1791 :anada I. divided into llle IWI) pr illce: of l. wcr :ana la (1I0W Qllell c) and PI 'r 'anada (nm )lIlariu), 1793 21Januar L. uis XVI 'xe lIlcd: Gr' 1 Britain. pain. Hollan I. 'ardinia. laples ami r rLlIKal al war \ ith Fran " 14 May urrcnder of the Fren h i lands of. 1 Pierre and licl'wlon, SOul h of 1 \\ Dun Hand; 4lh Ft, July to October French neet an -h red at \ York; rum lUI'S abound lhal il i. 10 raid 0\'"<1 1i•. 1794 Ballk of 'all 'II Timbl'rs betwecn tr ps and Indian:. 20 ugust • eVClt I 1,0 .Ii, Canadian, fighting with Lilt' Illdian arc killed: \m ricans prol st til 'ir illvol\' 'l11elll. 'OIIl('SI Brilish garrisons on S t rrilor . 19 ov mb r .In '. Trl'aty sign I b twct'n Unil'd 'I'\le, ,nd ,rcal Britain. II Rrili h f()l'Is 011 S territor II hc' Illmed 'r LO Am Tinn for' '1 'l.Jullc' 1796. 1796 French na al squadron raid. (;1, nd l3allk,~ orr ewroulltllalltl. I 01 120 tob r >ssaliOIl orh lSlililics bl'tWC' 'II Brii'Iin and FralllT. 1802 27 Mar h Pea C of lIit'lIS hctw('clI Frelnt'(' and England. Spanisll Louisiana b"c m 'I'r 'ncll. 1 03 16 May Bl'ilain de lar's w'Ir Oil FIt II C. • 30 ov mb r I, uisiana f rmall • tUrIled over 10 Fran t' 'uld 011 20 De emb r i. in lurn eclcd 10 th' nile I , tatC'.. I 07 ovemb r Brili'll rckr-in-Coun 'il prohil il' trade or nC'Ill', I counu'ies wilh France and its allies, 111
ay BallI' belween us . (:lIrrr;l'I'e and H IS I.i/lll' BI'II. ov mb r Balli )[ ipp canoc'. Indialls 1111 krT' '\l1IIst'1I I 'alell b' JIll'ri
7 Battlesltes of the War of 1812
I 12
19 Jun lliLCd 'Iales d 'clare war 011 ;n'al Rrilaill. 15 July Ri <'r All' Callard. lie: ..j 1.1 F\. (I co, , Mililia, Indian~, 17 July F >1'1 i hilima kina (or Mackina ), ,11: 10 RVB dc,t .. RA, POlhi'r's an. ols" Tlldians. 9 u t 1a!{llago (Browns\( \ n), I:..j lsI FI .. lSi Essex ,Iililia. 1nelians. 15 ugu·t Fon Dearborn, Cllicago. II.: Indians. 15-16 Augu't Delroit. MI: ..j lSI Fl., 19th Fl.. RA, Fl.D Fen. dt'\.. lsI ork Mililia (flank &: rill' cos.), 2n t York lilitia.. rei (Irk Miliii•• L I & 2nd orli lk lililia, 1:1 xlilrd Mililia. L 1 Essex Militia, IlIdi·1I1~. 19 ugust d It wn, : Indians. 4 ept mb r F n ayn', Indiana: Indi. ns. 16 eptember - Oil ainl Island, ,. FLD F>II·. leI .. lsI ~rl'nvill' 'Iilitia.
5
A private of the 5th Foot, 1-792. The re9iment served ten years in Canada from 1787. O.M. Spencer, an American who saw
0'
officers the 5th at Fort Niagara In 1794, recalled their 'long scarlet coats 'aced with light green without any ornament' except sliver buttons and 'their hair clubbed'. The men had white lace with a red line. A regimental order book indicates that correct dress was required even In wilderness outposts. Print after E. Dayes. (Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University. Photo R. Chartrand)
6
21 eplember G'1I1anuqllc. :: 2nd Leeds Mililia. 23 pt mb r Pre (' Ll, ': 2nd ;rc:nvill' Mililia, 90 tob I' F iagan LI (M ITill' 1'1'.). 9 October 'ar 'on Eric. 1;, ·aplllrt.' or Brilish hri/{S 1IMS 1>/'II'iI;1 tin I CaINlol/;n: ..J lSI FL. deL, FLD File. cI I. 130 lober QIlt'(:lIswn 1 Il·i "hiS, C: R ,<j ISl 171., 49lh Fl. (flallk CiS.) iag,ra LD (M rrill's Tr.).lsl ork lilili. (I flank co.), 211d Yurk Militia ([hill" ·os.). : rd York '(ililia (Ihlllk cos.), lSi Line 1111 Militia (fl~llIk COS., an I. . Rlinche 's .0. of ~ol()lIr('cl Men), _n I. 41h 5th l.inc In Militi" (flallk ·OS. • Indian'. 21 October ;n 's Mills on .. I Regis Indian R s'r alion), C: Indians. 21 ovemb r Bond ardln 'Ill of Fon 'iag-ara, : ~ (at Fort C 'orge C). ·19th Ft .. Indi-ms. ovemb r ",Imoll River, ': (;Il'ngarry IJ, (:-111. Vt llig<:lIr.. ROlal >llIr(',d Ca .. ISl ;kn~arry J- 2nd Cren\'ille ililia. ov mber 'I' n·hmO\n·sCr'C'k. C (or Black Rock. 2 ): RA, 41st FL. (l.ight 0,)' '-19th '1 .. NFl.D Fcn', <1<'t., 5lh I.ill oln Militia (I nallk co.). 1st &- 2nd (rfolk Iililia,llIdians, 17-18 Dec rober Mississill'\'" River,Il\dialla: ludians. 1 13 22 januar FITlldll II II (or River R!" alld f(lgll~ \.IOOlll Fl. dcl.: 1st. 21\d. :~rd Le E I d t. 6 June 'ton Creek. C: RA. lh Fl.. 49lh Fl.. Pro\,. LD ILen-ill's Tr.) 2 JUri> Beavcr" DaIns, C: 81lt Fl. (l.ig-hl (0). 491h 171., IO'-llh 171. (Ihllk cns.), Glengan '1.1, Can. LD (C lleman's Te).lndians, 25 June r-h III I Iun, \' : I02nd Fl.. Illdepcn It'nl Ctlnlpanies of For 'igllc s. R~\il. 4July S 'hlosser,': :an. LD ( :olcman', Tr.). 11 J lily l\lad~ Rock (or -Fren h III a II '. :r ck): '. l,lid on LIS ha II('ri('s, RA. Rill FL. d 't.. 4\ 'I 171. d .t.. -~9th Fl. deL.. Can. LD (Colcnl'lll's '1'1',). ~r d Lincoln Milili (I flank" any. cos.) .. I'd I.in oln Mili,i,1. ] July PhllLSblirg. ~ rai led by 1st l.CSE J dCI.
2
ugust Inclians,
'01'1
1
I henson, 01-1 .
.j
1'1 Fl. del.,
10
pt mb r Lak Eric naval I ·lllic. I FLD enc. del. ('u madn ") . .1 October car ,haleilll rll
5 .j
tob I' I l F'I., ctob
Chal all 1(\', L ': Call, ene. (Light Vollig-ems «1 U '.). 1'\ '. I'd LC EM {I.ighl m .. j, Ch,lt '
(0,).
~"n.
Lt. William Hughes, 39th Foot, c.1810. Hughes. a son the
0'
0'
Barrac Master Queb c, was one several Canadians to be commissioned In th British line Infantry. The uniform Is scarlet, with green collar and lapels, gOld buttons, lace, epaulette and bellplate. Portrait altrlbuted to WIlliam von Molt Bercz~. (Musee du Quebec, Quebec Clt~1
0'
I1(t,;.
5·6
a )swcgo. Y: L.I ( kMillan's co.).
, RS I, R ,RM al'l '.,0, \ allevilk, Glcng-cllT
14 May
Dovor (Ill' Capt' \ illCCIII), IC: 91h FI. (Light 0.). Gin. leI. 26 Jun l.ake .hal'lIplaill, ':;. n. \'oltig-cur. I'L 28 Jun (dehown, I.e: an. \ oltigcur: d I., Frollli r L1. 5JuJ Chi, p \\la, L :: 19th L.D. RA. ISl FL. lh 1.,100111 FI., \I\('slt..-11 (01 :,,1 h >11".) Ranger. Indian. l6JlIi Slnrgeon's ~r"k (Poinl all PI.' or Tttrk> Puil1l. C: 191h Olli~t~\lt.
1.0.
7
Officer of the 100th Foot, c.1812, wearing a scarlet coat with yellow collar and cuffs, buttoned up lapels, white turn backs, gold buttons, gOld epaulette with sliver Prince of Wales feathers, a gill belt-plate with sliver '100' and a crowned badge wlth""!lllver leathers. The corps was granted the title 'The Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment' on 2 May 1812, hence the prince's feathers In the Insignia. Silhouette by Buncombe. (National Historic Sites, Parks Canada, Ottawa)
8
I Jul F n 'ulli\, n, E;np n. ME: RS I. 19 July .'1 Oa irl'-. I :: 1'1 l.in 'oln Mililia. 20 July Prairie dll .hien. V isconsill: Michigan FeIH. deL. lissi, sippi uls .. Mi.. is ij pi \)1. rl '., PUlhi '1", Cc n. 01'.. ;1'('('11 Ba MiliLia, Indians. 25 July Lun I 's L.ane. 1 : 191h LD. I . lsI FL.. Hth Ft.. ,",1st Ft. (I,i~hl 0.),8!ILh 't .. 1()()Lh 'l., 1(I.~rd Fl., IO..j,th Ft. (flan\" us.), \{ II an " (~I nKL1r1, LI. C In rp raL d Militia, Pruv. LD ( 'ien; 's Tr.l, 2nd Y( rk MiliLia. l'L. 2nd. -It I . 51h Line In liliLia. 1st '~ncl 'orrolk. MiliLia. I 1 .1'0 I'd iliLia, I'L Mid II "C' MiliLia. lsL En'x Ilililia, \ Slern (or ,aldw'll's Rallger, Indians. J·31 ugust Fort Eric. Le. siege and assalllt: I~hh LD. RJ\, RSl\ll, lsi Fl., th FL.. 41.1 Fl.. ~2n I Fl.. 9Lh FL.. IOOLh Fl., 11l:1rrl Ft.. IO·llh 1'1. (Ibnk ·os.), Glcngarr 1.l. In lian;-. 4 Ugusl 1'1. lichililllackillac ()1' 1ackinH .). II: Ifl.n 'CIIC. d'l .. GI 'n~arr)' Ll I 'l., Michigan Fene.. Pc hier's :an. \loIs., Indians. 24 ugu I Bla I nshllrg. ID & a. hingoL n: RA, RSM, 41h Fl., 21s1 Fl.. 44th FL., ,5tlt FI., RM, R an '. 1 pt mb r CaSLin '. 11':: RA R' r. 2!lth FL.. (JOth VI. (7th 13n. Rifk"O t\ ( o.. ). 621ld Fl.. 9 th Ft. 3 ptember Halnpd ·It, ME:RA. R'M. nank ("os. ur~9th Fl.. ti~ltd Fl.. 9 I h Ft.. 3 September B,lIlgo r. IE: ~9tlt Fl. (Bn. ·os.), (\()th Fl. (71h I\n. Rines, I l"U.). 3 ept mbel' Captur or SS Tigrl'.\.\: 'FI.D Fene. rI t.. Indians. ptember FonErie. C(dul'ing' ptcll1b'r,I"c!usi\'c'orl!leSol'lic and aniolt J7 September): J9th LD, ,RS I. 1st Fl., /1111 Fl., Rllt FI .. 2nd FI .. , JLh Fl.. Glcllgan 'l.l, C In('0l""l or-lied lililia, 6 pI mb r "q.)lure or . . rIJl1J;IIII: NFl.I Fen. del., Iltrli'lIls. 6-11 plember Plattslllrg. NY: l~lth LD (2 slluads). \. R,,";M. :kcl FI .. 5111 Fl.. , th Fl. (2nd Bit.. 13th FL.. I (ltlt FL. 27t h Ft. (I Sl • 3rd 11IlS.), :~Uth FI..:5 th Fl., 76th Fl.. 'th Fl.. Dc i[ellrolt. Can. V()ILig-clirs. Can. Cit assell rs, 3rt! L.eSE 1. 12 ptemb r anlt I il1l, ID: R , Ih Ft., ~1.1 Ft.. Hlh ft. H5th fl., RM, RM .In '. 13 eplember Fort IcHcnr', ID: RA. RS II, ..h it Fl.. 21s1 fl.. 41h Ft., ,5th FI .. R 1, RM art". 13 pt mb r 1a ·hias. ME: 29th Ft.. (lOth Fl. (I n. 71h Bn. Rilk. 15 S ptember F n Bo\\ 'cr. AI.: R I. 17 ptember F l'l E"i '. L C. 'oni or: 19th LD. I \, Ist Fl., 111 h Ft.. 81 h FL.. _nd Fl.. c~lth Ft., Y71h Fl.. Glen!-"{arr' U. 15 October 'hippe\\,;\. L C: 2nd Line In MiliLia. 190ctob r .ook·s Mills (on Lyon's Creek), C: I,t 't., ;\t;IlW"TV 1.1. Indialts. 6 ovemb r i a l olm·. 'lills, C: 1st .. 2nd orr Ik lilitia, I.t 0 ... ror 1 Iilitia. I '1 Mi Idlcs ·x Militia, Indiall . 14- D ember Lak' Borgll " r : RM. "Iilors. 23 D c mber ear Vel rc' PlalHation. 7 mil. below ,'II' Orkans. IA: . RS ,-!-th Ft.. 21st Fl., 44th Ft.. 5th Ft.. 9511 Rille-. 24- D mb r re.l)' r Cit ·nl en \' Ih war I ('1\ ('en Briltlin <11 d lltt:' nilecl late'. bill il lak s s eral \ eeks 1'01' Ihe 11('\ . to H"lell rlh Am '1'i 'a.
or
L 15 9Januar I(·w )r1(,
Rilllp;t: I, d '1. II Februar Fort Bm\")' 1', Fl.. R I. RM art .
: RA. R.S 'I. 4lh
I.. :'ISl
I..
-lOth
I .•
..J.-llh
THE BRITISH REGULAR ARMY In
spilt,
II" I~,irly 1ll11l1'r HI Miniature of Lt. Dantel Claus, 49th Foot. c.1812. wearing a scarlet costee with green collar and lapets, gold buttons, epaulettes and lace. Officers' coat buttonholes were stitched through on both sides. Lt. Claus was killed at the battle of Chrysler's Farm In November 1813. He was a Can dian, and the son of Sir William Claus of the Indian Department. (National Archives of Canada, C191201
ova
,'coli" 9
olia I 799-1 ROO. CWfOllildlallC\ I HO{}-I '(2): 70lh Fo It ( "linch I I, -18~D): 76lh Fo I ( 'all ada lSI I-I, 27): Hlst FOOL ( ,anarh HH·1-1 1:-): H2nd Fool ( alla I" 1814-1t'l1r:;); ,,5lh FouL (l3lTlllllda & American coa l 181 -I 15); Sih FoOl (Callarl,1 181l ( '\1' Brun, wick I 10-181 '-\. 'anacla 1813-1 17): IOlh Ro. al ClerallS BIl. ( .
BRITISH ARMY DRESS
Brass belt·plates of the 104th Foot, 93rd Foot and 44th Foot, c,1812-1815.IMr. and Mrs. Don Troiani collection, Southbury, CT)
III g'{'ncr.ll. lhe 1I1liforll s wont by t!w clllisled ll\cn or Brili 'h Army 1I11ilS ill orth III 'ri 'a weI' pra 'Ii 'aliI id 'IJlind to lhlls(' worll ill Ellrop " III Ih' 1790', Ih )' wore whil' breeches, IOllg gaiter' ;\lId hi Ol'll hal.~. The IOllg-tailed oals wilh lapels w ...c n:phc 'd arlcr 1'i!l7 b' sillglt'-!JrcCls\ed coalees, From 1800,:;\ l"cpipl' shakos W('1'C i 'Stlcd, The' \ er \ (}rl1 IIlHil Ihe n w'Bclgi '. hakos, alllloullcccI ill )lIc!J'c Cener(ll Ordns on:1 lIg'lISI IHI2, WCI' rc ivcr! with 111<> IHI:~ clothing isslI{'; :;hakos \ crt' i:;sllt'd every s cond ('aI', $C :;omc I'CgiIl1l:1ll. did IHH I' 'reiw Iheirs lllllil IHI ..L ( I all is II('S w nl ae 'ol'ding 1< plan, how vcr, p 'I'haps Ih '1l10SllllllisIlal I 'ing lh whil tr I kal shako "ClIlLO th I,~th FOll, allllOugh Ihese were J'('placed by lack Olle' ill . "gllSl IHI3. By 181 • all 1I1liiS shuuld have had lhl' 'Bclgi .' sh'lko, Before I 12, \ hit hI' l' he and 1 la k kn 'e-I nglll gl \ \' L1nls i. su ,d whil 1 rccch " and long gailci ' 1'01' Lhal car. hilL' br 'eclles were al'o st'nt 10 llle nail k COlllpanies c r h tOOth FOOL in Dec -rnber I 121"01' their 1813 is'lIt'. 0111 ne Highland I' 'gilll Ill, III - 9:3rcl, ~l'rv d ill Ol'1h AlIleriGI during this p ·riod. I'll lSI Baualiun was pari or lil . dl med '~s'mall af{ain 'l lhe Am 'ri 'an lines
10
w,.'
ne\ pallern IInilimlls a Europe, This basi all, mcanl Ibe long-tailed coat wilh white I n:c h 'S rc!crcel to wear thcm', I HI:t on<' al\ s, flolr a.511111 . II at III I BriLi'll olli '(,'rs in Callada Iiacllh II '\\I rd I' 01" dress. In Ma 1'1 :-S, Ihr . 's<juadrons )I'th ' 19th L.ii{hl J)ra!40olls 1', Irehn I. ill Onol <:r I H I:-S rCj Oris il' uniform W'IS 'lill 'according 10 I II .J 01 I IJ
om
I
British Infantryman, probably drawn In Quebec, c.1813-1816. In spite of Its crudeness, this illustration shows Interesting details, The Belgic shako has the brass plate and white cords, but a red over white plume Instead of having red at the base, The coatee Is red with dark blue collar and cuffs, and white turn backs; white lace not only trlms the buttonholes, but edges the front and the top of the cuffs - a detail sometimes seen In Brltlsh prints, Trousers are grey. gaiters are black, and the knapsack Is of the French type with fur rather than the usual box-like 'Trotter' model. Accoutrements are white with a square brass belt-plate, The sentry box Is grey. The white paint used on this drawing for the laco, cords and turnbacks has turned to grey. (Archives nallonales du Quebec, Iconog. A1 0.4-FPl 0.2)
am
I
11
unifm'lll wilh shako alld a l i i " " 'th ,Iapds W'ls "'111 lo ClIl(\(h Ii. r isslI' in Ol:'cember 1813. The umcer's lace, ordered chang-cd I'rolll silver III gold ill 18L wilh llll: lICW 1I1lilurnl, was acluall' ch'lIl!{l'd I'rolll 1814. POI' details I' the regiment'll uniforms Ikilish !'('h'lI!;II'S, sec' I 1/I'IIi7lgfflll:~ /1I(tl.1lll)l I 1" 1Jl:" I 19 ,\~ ,>lIillgfOIl \. I.ig/if (,'l/vril')I \ 12 i), :llld W(Jllingf()/I:~"IJ('ri{/li,fTroojJs (M 20<1).
or
WINTER DRESS IN CANADA
Capt, Guy C. Colgough, Grenadier Company, 103rd Foot, c.1814. He wears a scarlet coatee with a pale butt collar edged scarlet at the front and top, pale butt piping edging the buttoned up lapel, gold buttons and gold wings on scarlet. Tho Army List gives the lacings as white for the 103rd, but they were actually butt as shown In this portrait, as well as In C, Hamilton Smith's charts al)d uniform orders to the tailors Hawkes and Buckmaster. (Chateau de Ramezay Museum, Montreal)
The severe win leI' , eallIer in "Illada d 'man led 'flenive' "ys 10 keep wann :.tnd rOIll(C1I'labl " Initiall . Brilish sol lic'rs wore III ' mlmf, d 10 h 111;1 I' \ anllerallCl also 10 bt' i"u' I \' 1" LWO v 'ai' ill'1. 'ad ol'<'very Ihr 'c}' 'aI's. In lhc aulumn t nd carl' pring, shakos, shoes alld oLllc'" gal'lllellis w()lIld b' WOl'll 1' BoalS' w'rc \\1 m. Oislri I C,'n 'ral Order !-{ivt'n a I 10111 real on I J Dec mh 'I' 1 I-I Illentioned lhal 'The B ,rShol's arc 1101 to h,' worn vcr lhe , 1111110n h , Ihl' Mell·· reel arc to b' \ l:1I \ rapt III'. ill SOJ1)e 11'0011'11 'Luffall Ilh B ef 'ho 'S lhen drawn over the \ rappcrs' (C6K7). he I'ur C'lp could be qllile sl lish. Officer's winler dre's origin' II in luded capoL~, hut witll the 'uTi"", I or hanging r'\shi nl' in lhe J 790, a bille ~reatcoat 1)(' cog'nised il in Ill' Cen I. I )rd r. lJul I 0: 'Th' (.reat 'oa f lh' ffj rs ar invariably I h madc or lIlue 'I )I.h d ubi; breasLed wilh Regimelllal BUlIons and ('dgl'(\ tllnHI/{holll with Ille eol l\lr fth'lapl lor he R ,,.im nl.lhus' OIlI'(')\('('pl"(\ \ 11 os , I, ppe1s ar . blu ' and lhe ed, ing' of who creal :oaLS \ ill I Ilt'r ·rore h' scarleL. The. II' rd and < h . arc alll'a,' LO be wc I'll lllside ;IIld Ih . org L of ffi ers luI' dUly ·u p nd d rrolll lht: upper bllllUllS 01' the lapp IS, .. tlp are 10 wear 0 cr hose [overall'] of, epper and sail 19orc 'I e loured 10Lll or ).;.el-e, III r with th R gimenl
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In IlIl' cold 'si part nrWilllCr, 'lar~' fur nIps' ancl 'il1lmcn:-c lipplts of rur round tlleil ncck' would he Wl m h cland' young oITi ('I' in U be Cil '. III Iialifa", I,,, Thome. H I I' Browne or the 2. I'd FU'iliers kSCTilwd the onicer~ Iwillg' 'los I>, wnpi 'd lip in great oaL~ lin cl \ ith I'llI', an I rox s!..in cap~ on our 11l:t1d' ill 1,'0. n 24 c c'l1Iher I II. a gl'lll'nli ord T to Ihl' whol . arnw sp . ificd Ihe Ithe gr atcO I c grq. In I'ITl'll, olTin't: lI'erl' lIrd 'rl'd to Wl'ar gT 'al oats, imibr 10 Ihose 0 ill<.' 1]1
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As lor (<1\-;111 " UIl\ ' lilt' I~hh Lig-hl I I. g OilS serv '
COLONIAL REGULAR UNITS Followi Ilg till' 'nel or the Am Tiean W'lr or Ind p lleknn:, ther WC'IT nil ('o)ollial I't'I-l'ldar troops ill 13ritish N( nh I11crica bu!. a the S 'ltkllleni or I pc'r :anada l' 'pandn( weslward, the necel for such a I'orcc' \ ''I.~ fell. In 17~)I, Ihe QIIlTn's Rangers were alllhorised r I' .en·i c in Upper Canada. /\\'o 'ear:- lal('r, Creal Briwin and ii- mpirc \ ;\S OIL \ ,Ir \ ilh FI~lIln' \ hich 'aus 'c\ IhL' wilhdrawa( r som British r('gilllc'llv lOwaro' Eumfle .. llel tilt' ,tV SI Indi 'S, Ilow'v 'I', tl 'prcsen e f Frenc:1l \ """lips ill lhc' mill Ilanlie ancllL'lIsi( ns wilh IhL' Iniled laiC'S led 10 Ihe forIllation of ,uldilional r(,~lIlar '01 nie I IlIliL to h( ISl('r the rl'lllainillg BI-ilish rl'glll,II:. MII.t 1f'lhl' onicer. w'r nativ or resid 'ilLS of onh An erica. In 179 , Ih . lInil~ Wl'l'l' Kiv 'II the . "'1lI~ of I' 'lIcihlC's Ii. r sel\'i (. ill lOl'(h A III I.' ri '
Brass shako plate, 41 st Foot, c,1814-1815. (National Historic Sites, Parks Canada, Ottawa) Gustavus Nicolls, Royal Engineers, c,1815. He wears a scarlet coat with blue collar, lapels (and CUffs), gold epaulettes, lace and buttons. a crimson saSh, and a blcorn with a white plume barely visible at lower right, Nicolls served In North America. taking part In th British expeditions In Maine during 1814. He later designed the citadel at Halifax, Nova Scotia. (Halifax Citadel National Historic Site)
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lig-hl illr~11l11 , hilI actuall' sf'rveclmore as a g"d mainl 'al FOri G 'orge, ork (TorolllO) alld FOil SI !o:l'pll. and was nishallCkd ill nob ... J 02. Th flrsl Ulliform wa {( 'il ,r'~'n IVil1l a hlu ' cun. and Collar. h( rdl'r'd willl ""hill' I.ac " a' ordillg" to Ille Pall 'm 11l'r 'wilh enclosed' (1l0W losl) III I H 'OVl'111h ... 17. I (W 3/10). Ilowl' cr. til(' lillie r~lC'ings were soon chang-cd lo black. From ahOll1 17!IH, 111(' Cui of Ihe IlIl'Il'S ("( (lU'C is shown b J C.H. "milh as similar LO Ihal or illL' Jill " bill ill gr 'ell in,lean or nod. The 1 reI.' hes Iwr' I rolnll)' while. )..{aillTS binI k illld 'gr(' '11 dOlh Inlwsers' wer also is. ue I. The first headgear. issuen ill lall' 17~11 I' '" I, 1702, was '" thin leallll'r at', (I pan'llll. Ih~ same a. lhal flrlh Qu cn\ Rallg'ers luring thl' Aln('rinlll Rcvoluli n (hl(l k wilh a I hill' 111l'Iai Cn'S("('III). From 17\1:1, '1 'Iealher light ill antry ap·. shown as an carly shako Iw GIL Slllilh, I a: w rn I illl a gr -n pillme, and possihl 'a I ras.s hllgk Indg(·. Th'd Ihing- I as OflCll i'slI d ill arr 011'., with man / Il1tn l)('in~ 0\ cd Ihr 'e J 'ars' isslI 'S I hell the coqJS was disband 'd. Th ' III 'Ii Wl're ~Irmcd as line inranll . willl 11111. kels and h"~'D1ll'lS, Ihl' St'rgc;lnls wilh halhel'ds and SWOl"(\S. Ac ·ouln.'111 '/HS arc shm 11 while, The oflicers han uniforms of Ihe ,am cui as lint' officers I)lIL in the cOI1)S colours o{ green r~IC d hlack wilh ilver hULtuns, epalllell sand 1'1 . Their hUllonho!c I:In' was 01 a llllique I : for rllsiliers
'c
Private of the 6th Regiment of Foot In winter dress, Canada, c.1806. The fur cap has a peak, a white "6" on a red background. and a white over red tuft. The cape of the double-breasted grey greatcoat has been removed. Water-colour by Cecil C.P. Lawson after an original in the Library of Windsor Castle. (Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection. Brown University. Photo R. Chartrand)
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'An Officer of the British Army
,,"d .. Merchant of Quebec In their Winter Dress' In 1807 from John LlImbert's Travels. The officer (left) wears the 1800 regulation dark blue greatcoat with a fur cap In the shape of a shako, boots, mitts and a fur tippot. INatlonal Archives of Canada, C 113668)
'loth lrousers ;\lId oil'll', bl\l(' pan[<110 ns in wimer an I \ hiLl' linen TrOl , 'rs in the Snl11nwr wilh :aps nil aftcra fan Pallcrn of'our( In', FOI-F:llig-III'S,th 'In '11 h;td 'small t'lJlIn I hats .. , and all, old rag Ihq' uld plll on' ( 'I ; ~.j, F I, 2), The ITit'crs Ind gold blillons and epaul 'llcs, A slln,jvillg ofli c'r:' oat has thl;' 'ollar, uns 'lnd lapel pil d while. h' Royal Canadian Voluot ers \ ('!'t' raised dllring 17!)4 and recruited from 1795, wilh two battalions or 750 men each ill ten COlIlpani ,'; aClllal 'Lren~lh hover'd at al OU[ ·1:10 per ballalion, h o!TiCNs and men of Lh ~ ( 'l BattaliOl \ I' rc '!'IIi It'd alll( ng FrClldl (:am,dia ns in Low'r Cana la and :\('rved in lolllreaJ and )u 'bec Cit)', TIlt' ~nd Batlalion was r 'cnlited 1110. L1y fronl English :anadians I ill' SOllll' French Canadi, n , and served in L pp I' Canada, There I cr' tt'I1SiollS wilh lIw l1I('ri ails for lhl' 211<1 [\allalioll ,I Fort C('orge. F lI't MaIdel and FVrt , 1,los<'1 h in P!Kl' ,anada, !>tli Il() vioknt ill id 'nlS, This n:gil11enl. the II~~I lo emb( dy Fr n h alld Ellglish C:\Indi:\IIs (or l'e h'1dar Sl'1 'icc, was disbanded during Ug-IISl IH02, nironn \ as rl:'d fa .cd blllC', wilh whilt, lace with a red and a yellow line (il(" the 11\('11. Ill' ("O(lIS had long tails \ i[h while IIlrnh,lcks IIn[il (ROO, and Wt~r sh rt-tai1ed coal(' 's lalt'l', The hlll(, lapl'ls $('CI1I lO havc bc't'n \ orrl Ihl'ouglllWI. h ' waisl mU \\"1S I' 'd r;!lh r Ihall whill', th rc Iwr' whil' hrcc h ' 'HI I liar\.:. gaill'l's for dress 'Inc! gre trOU,'en; (-Ippar Illly gailer-lrouscrs) chang 'd In I lut' ill IHOO, R lind hals I ere worn ("or undress. OLhen i, ,hc'ldj:{ear 1\"
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\lllhorisecl raised Oil I~ April 179,1 wiLh Ill I ("a SrOli
Lt. Col, David Shank, Queen's Rangers, c,1798. Shank commanded the corps from 1796 to 1798, His uniform consists of a dart< green coat with a black velvet collar and lap Is open below the neck, sliver buttons and epaulettes; note the wavy pointed sliver lace and crimson sash. (Print atter portrait)
S IIII' rl'J.~in ('Ill \'( IlInIC('r(' 110 ,IT\'':1I ywhl'r' ill lh 'world willi llle IIrili:h Ann\,. ilS SI:tlIlS chtlllg-cd rrom !ClIcibk I I a rq~illll'lll or Ill ('\'t'lIll1ally I'e I'llil('c1 10 al 0111 700 IlH'II 1I1mlh ("ronl ,lIllOng- lile Freudl Cal1, dian pop"lalio!1 of I ,own Canada, 11 WaS uSllall\' P( Sled ill the an'a :Olllh or ~lnnll'l'al: a delachllWlll was senl III FOri ~lald(,ll ( ppl'r Canada) alld [)el r<)i 1 in ,'t')lt'lIt1l'l' lHI~, allOlhl'l' d('lachl11('111 to YOI'I.. (Torolllo). ~1()SI or the J'q~inwnl 11'01" ill eastern Upper C'lllada in 181:t \'ariuu. companies II'l'n.. ill engagements in llppe'r al1d Lower C(ll1ada, II was disballdl'd al ~lolIll'(';i1 i".l""e IHlli. '1 Ill' IIllil'orm lI'as a n'd Cnall'!; lI'illl >'c1I01v J'acillf.{s: ml'lI's la (' II';IS ",hill' wilh 111'0 bltll' lill 'S maclt' , ILiaI' '-('lId 'd all I st." al eqlla) spale' ;Il'l'ordillg 10 :,11. Smilh. 1101l'l'\'CI", I'l'arse'~ 1l0ll'S ror making IIl1iforlllo; lor IIll' C(lnadial1 Fl'n 'ibl(,s indicates Ihal 11)(' 11)(:11 S la( l' lI'as 10 he sel ill (lilirs, Ol'licl'rs h"d gold b\lllcms an I 'pallll'll< s, The 1 t'g:i11 1('11 lal illsig'l1ia Was;) (TllWll(·d Snlls thislk 011 lite bUlltHls and h 'll-pIaH'S, prell ahh Il('C
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TOP Flank company private's coatee, Royal Nova Scotia Regiment, c.1798-1802, Red with blue collar. cuffs, shoulder straps and wings: white turn backs. white lace, pewter buttons, (The Army Museum, Halifax Citadel) ABOVE Coat of Capt, John MacDonald, Island of St John's Volunteers, c.1797 -1802: scarlet with green collar, cuffs and lapels. white piping and turnbacks, and 90ld buttons. The coat, apparently locally made, was cut for a big man, which justifies MacDonald's nickname in Gaelic: Ian Moor, or Big John. (Garden of the Gulf Museum, Montague, Prince Edward Island)
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Illitially, a Ilig-hialld ullilonll ol"red fa '
Capt. Louis C.H, Fromenteau, Royal Canadian Volunteers, 1st Battalion, 1800. He wears a scarlet coat with dark blue collar and lapels piped white. g1ll buttons, epaulettes and beltplate. Miniature on paper by an unknown artist. (National Archives of Canada, C125655)
Lt. Otto Schwartz, Nova Scotia Fenclbles, c.1806, wearing a scarlet coat with yellow collar and lapels. sliver buttons and epaulettes: white belt and silver belt-plate bearing the crowned arms of Nova Scotia, and a crimson sash, (Print after silhouette by Charles Buncombe)
Brass belt-plate of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles Regiment. c.1803-1816, (Niagara Historical Society Museum, Nlagara-on-the-Lake, Ont.)
A wooden drum of the Nova Scotia Fencibles, c.1804-1816, This unit was permitted to bear the coat of arms of its province of origin In 1804 and they are shown, partly worn away, with supporters and flags on a yellow background, (Canadian War Museum, Ottawa)
S('111 10 Bt'I'llluda illSl 'ad ill t'arl~ IHI:~, aud was lIoled lor ils h;,r! discipliuL', The\ ('ml nm$s~l(Tillg- 17 nll'n 11';IPIWc! in a SlI,lIl1lt- 1 hoal. Th ' f()I'('ig-1I ...:- weill 011 Iht ral11 pa,g'l·. IOOlill}{ tl\(' lowII. nlpill~ \\'0 11 W 11 alld 11Illrderillg' all '''Ked illhal innl' in his bcd. Selll ITick 011 board ship. Ihe\' w 'I" IeI'm d 'all 0PCJl InJldilli, \\'Ito it is illlpllssibk to COl1lrol'. The\' WLTC' • hippe-c\ Lu Iialifax wlwre they mislwll;\\'ed as StHlIl as lIw\' lallr\(-c1. ,\I'Il'r rour davs, Ihe go\CTIIUI- reported, 'Tin inhahitanlS 01" Ilalirax are ill lhe- g-re simil"r 10 III<' R()~'al a",'s. d('scribed ill Ihe I 7\)() , as 'I luI' and whill', 1\';111 large yellow hliliOIlS willl Ih ' fig-ure or a heanT, uvel' which js inscrihed Ihl' wnrd, Canada'. On :\ F('bl'll,II\' 1~1;{, (:1'11, ~heal'l" in Llpl l'l' :allada was illSlnlCIl'd Ihat '1111' LJllif()rm or th' omcns oj Ilis :-'(;~j('SI\"s I PrOl'illci;d I Marine )l) Ihe- I.ake, 1(1)(' Ih(' salll<' (IS tI\l' Rm,tl N')\,\, hUI no Officci al pl't'St'lIl 10 I<\lt' hig-IIl'r II HI 11 a COIllI11<1IIc\er' (Cl ~~()), S;lilol's thl' I'!'twincial bril1e had ~I()I r1olhin~ as ill Ih(' RO\~d Nay" laleri:d 1'01' Ihe sailor' al Amlwrslhlll'gh in I H1:\ inclllrlc
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.\'1/1'.", ) 2 The comp nles Wei m,st kllfl'y I rmeo 'Callad'an Ch3 ,,' lollow,ng 'he Hamplon inCidents. posSIbly because they were ,nlended lot Canada Md Wf!f composed of French I,ghl ,nlanlrymen See b lOw lor Ihe ,eal Canadian Chess utS.
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The lndiao 0 parlm 'ol W,IS COllel'rIled willt Illilil\' our OWII Illdians', nOI 'd Col. Clall:>.
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An officer's coatee. 104th Foot (New Brunswick Reglmentl. 1812·1817. Scarlet, with light buff collar, cuffs. lapels and lurnbacks. It also has silver buttons, (York-Sunbury M~seum, Fredericton)
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LOWER CANADA The I rm'ille ' or I.ower :anada - the pre, 'nl-da\' )11('1>('(' - W:I,~ 11t(' 1110:1 illlponanl or Ihe British lonlt American colollies 'IIHI Ind Iht' hll'g't'SI n'Sl'rW Ornlel1 1O draw IIpon: aholllliO,()()O:l~'d Il'IWL'('1I 1(; and no, Tlte 1-,"'(':11 1I1~jOril • were Frt'lIl'h Callaclialls wllo, as )!Il' British ortiC('1' plll il. 'pnhaps o lied' In op~ rr III F I ruar' I 12, rcpresl'llling Hnl'stahlishlllellt 01' al 0111 6,:)()() olli crs ami ll1('n, This lilll(' arlll ' had ils ITSl"'W, alld ill :111 l'1IH'Jgl'IlC\', cOllld be ,joined within hour. by a \'Ohlllll'L'r ll1ililia !()rcc'. ithill a kw da),s. SOIllC 'cdcl1l'1r' ilitia Divisiol1s near lhe thrcall'I\(:d area cl)lIld Iw nllt-d lip, III Clol l'r I HI:t Ihonsallds 01' n':LTW ,'cd 'ntal ' mililiamCll were 'all' I til ' SOil I ' b 'illg' IOrIlI·d illto Ihe 7tll alld tllh lClllporary 'Sedt'lllar I EllIbodil.'d Mililia' tmllaliolls. bill ·tli \\'t'IT SUOIl reI 'ascd 1'1' III ~ rvi'c ill oV<'l1llwr, Thea' w('n' "OllH' n'dllClions dllrillg' IHI4, hill lhe I I'Ovin' kqH l11an~' perman 'nl service 1I11il!i 011 a \V
ullcerl:lin. III Jill\' 181~, d' '"I Wilh 1 lac" cord lowards Ihe en I or the W;l1·. Voltigcur ol'fi l'rs di lnlll b;I\'c 111 ' black p u h alld belt wilh atta h I wlli 'LIe and chain, hUI Silllpiv Ihe 'ilwr whi 11 atlached to a narrow black ribbon. E.arl'in IKI2. llle Iq~islallll" )1' Low 'r :anada 01 >d .£60,000 and ,illhorised :ovc I'll o 1'-(;(' II C 1, I Sir carRe Prp\'OSI 10 raise nUl ballalinn~ b\l emborl ing milili'trnen dllring' 'Id' alld JUIIC. draft of 2.000 1>,ldll'!(II'S aged rrom 1 lO 3 ) was to sen'e lip 1 l\\l( years in time f \ ar in the L wcr aJlada el t Embodied Militia Batlalion . OflictT: \ ere 'oI1llnission' I from 21; 1\1\' ',an I b 'Jun '. the I 'Illalions weI" ~l,lli()11 'ct mo:tly 10 thc soulh or I ntrcal. 'ollowing Ih declaI';llioll I)f' war b, 'h' L1nit'd Slates, Ih slabli hm 'nl or C Ih.., 'C'wadiall Chass~llr. " h 611 Ballalion was ;llllhori ed Oil 28 Fehrunry It 13 10 -el'Ve ;~ galTison lroops in QII I "
'p 'wLer hugle:' po'sibl'
Lt. John Le Couleur (1794-1875), wearin.J1 the scarlet coatee with light buff collar and lapels, silver buttons and wings of the Light Company, 104th Foot (New Brunswick Regiment), c,18131815. Le Couteur saw much aotlon with his regiment and left a remarkable journal, recently published. of his campaigns and of life In Canada. Back In Jersey, his keen intelligence led him Into a multitude of endeavours lor which he was knighted, made ADC to the Queen and Fellow of the Royal.Soclety. (Socl6t6 Jerslalse, Jersey)
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ABOVE The regimental colour of the 104th Foot: It has a buff field, with the numeral '104' at the centre, on a red circle, enclosed by a blue girdle with narrow white edging bearing 'NEW BRUNSWICK REGIMENT' in gold letters, with a crown above, and a rose, thistle and shamrock wreath In natural colours. The Klng's colour has In the centre a blue circle with the gold cipher 'GR', and the same wreath as on the regimental colour. This stand of colours was presented-on 1 January 1808, Originally, we assume both colours had the GR cipher at the centre, but when the regiment became the 104th Foot In 1810, the centre circle was altered, (New Brunswick Museum, 5t John) ABOVE RIGHT Centre of the regimental colour of the Canadian Fenclbles Regiment. Yellow field with the letters 'CANADIAN FENble INFANTRY' surrounded by a rose, thistle and shamrock wreath In natural colours: there Is a small Union Flag in the canton. Presented on 3 June 1811 at Quebec City by the wife of Gen. De Rottenburg to Col. Shank. (Canadian War Museum, Ottawa)
Cil}. lI'illl a SllwlIl'l" 'slahlislIlllCll1 ol{)O() rail" ,lIld lilt-, redll('('d in lar('h IHI-I 10 12·1 IImil dislnlldl'd on 4 St'plc'llllwr IHI.J, Till' lirsl lillir hallalium relll"ined in sen'i 'l' IlIllil dishanded 011 I hI!'! II IXI!). EXCt'Jll fIll" llle ()lh B,,"aliull. "II h"llalions lIad dl'la '1I111t'11l~ ill a 'Iioll ill \~lrioltS l'ng:lgl'lllelllS during" llle wal". Tile lil."1 Ilnirol"lllS 11'0111 h\ Illes' h"llaliolls an' 1101 kno\l'lI ill dl'lail. The sllpplics 1'01' Ill<' first ~,OO() In-iI'S illcilldcd 'rl'el r10llI. .. hr()\\II lilll'1l 101 lilling ... lI'(HIS('I"S ... IllllOIl,~ ... hals 01' CIPS ... t"ll! k"c1l'~ ... pd\';IIt"S lOll ing-s' "ntl ha\'l'rsacks, as well ;L~ lilt,~ alld dnllll~ alHI pikl'~ (01' ~\"rgcanls (C:12I'). Then' i' II( dl'linil(' inr0I111alioll Oil III' laci1lg's adople d by each ballalio1l in I 12, Till' iIIS1l1111 i()l1~ 1'01 111l' otlin'r's IInirorl1l.~ or Ille ~ncl Ballalioll ct ill I\lar'ch I, l:'~, so probahly eli I nOI. wl:'ar g-reen, Dllring lhe SIIIlIIlH.'r 0[' I, J:~, a 'oll'iderabll' qualltil\' IIlililia dmhill/;( arrived at )ll bce rrom England. On :{OJlllle, tile (lank Clllnpanie, or th ' fir I II,·· ballalioll,' and Iht, compleLe Gllt Ballalillll were ol"dl'r dan isslle or Ih se Slor 'S, 01111 rbing: 'Caps lshakos 1 alld plllill ,', Red oats, ai 'LC al' wilh sle '"es, Bll1<.' Trow <:rs. Furage Caps, ;aitel"', 1.inen ShirL~. l< 'kings, -·hoes. KII·'psack..;· ,1l1d 'Sll ('''s and C1asp~' (<:1221). The 1~1 ings a 'h'
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3 Some mod rn sources menlion blue, green, light buff and DIad< laCings lor lhe f,rsl loul b.UOII,ons. Is basad on a request lor unlfo'lT1s sem by Sir George prevost to EiY1 BathUrst on 21 November 1812, hul Ihe aClu.1 laCing. are Ihose gIVen tor the baltahons ,n J,me 1813 anO March 1814.
Irowst'rs, gaiICTs, :"ps [shakos] olllplcle and Forage Caps' were IlrdelTd III hl' imlllediaLt,l' is'lIcd 10 all companies in all balltlli( ns (CI~O:1 In R). Tht, IIl'XI al1d lasl isslIc \() the ballali )ll~ ;\1 pt:ars lO hal" h "II IIlild ' ill IVlarch II" 1·1, CUllsislinK of 'RqQIll ~Illal Cmus, TrO' . 'rs, g-ai\l'I: /. Bllckl'l Caps IshakosJ'. Ildn'ssj'LCk 'Lo; Ih' 'waislcoal. willi slcc'wl';'). slll 'kil1g:, draw('l's ;ulClolhn '11(, 't::saries' w(:re also isslIcdlal 'I' (el ~2~). TI\l' !;lcillg' \'olollr:o Ill' :OOI11l' h,l\talilllls Wl'n: l'hclll~t:d alld Ill)\\' slOlld as [.,lIo\\,s: lSI blue; 211d ~'ell()w; ~rcl grlTII; ·ILII g-ITcn, 'I'll(' -fill Rallalioll did 11)1 n'C' ,in' ilS '!olhillg illlilledialdr, as ill St'ptl'llih 'r Il:~ 1·1 il complaillcd 01' IlOl receiving all\' cI )lhillg sincc JI1111' 181:t In an~ el'(' 11 I, mOSl lhe balltllions wen: IIOW c!lllht:d ill n:d Ilnifol'll1s which, 'xcCpl lor Ihe 111('11', shakos, WI'!'C \It''T similar 10 Ihose 01' Ihe Brilishlilll' in(;I1III)', II se('IIlS Ihal lite lil'sl li\'c ballaliom 111'\'('1' won' IIll' 'rklgi(" o;lwko, as 'bu kel' sl"lkos were ,spccilil'd. J I( wewr, IlIc' jilt Baltalion lila)' Ita\'e lIad Ill(' '13 Ig;ir' sltako, as lheir .\lIgusl 1,'11:1 iSSll(' 1I01('d tltC'ir shak()s Itad 'corcls willI lufts' (CI~~(). II is ('Icar rmnl sllr"i\'ing oflil'er's '0, I' ': and jlfH'llail" lllal olliccl's of IIw .. ('I 'CI Elllhocli'd Mililia hallalioll' Iried to CIlIUhll' Ill, c1rcs' of lhejl I\rilisll oUllleq}Mls. Evcll ir lit 'ir IIICII wore grl'L' I 1 lapels cllld Ihrel' I' }\\'s )1 snlall hlllions on Ihe breast. a SlYit' ~I'I'n ill a rl'\\' Engli,1t IlIilili'l IlniLs, Thc Compagnie de' uide was a ra\'elil" ('( Illp'III', also klHlI,'n as Ihe Corps 01 Cuicl('s. II was approwd on 2:) U~1l'1 I 12 and rllrn1l'c1 ill S 'ptcllt!ll'r, II served in Ihc ~Iontrcal area during Ih ' war ulllil disbclllckd 011 2-11\1;'11' h I, IS, Tll('~ w 1'1' S('CII in Iht' Illiddle ofSeplemhl'l' I H12 wearing round hau;. gl'c)' short jackets and Irousers mack II' cOl'dnro)' or ollll'r Illalt'rial. Eaclllr k 'II Ih' ~nppli(':-. lllul'ing rrolll MOlllrl'al to Ih weslern OUlpOSIS, II wa' disballckd (III 14 l\brc11 I HI :~, the Illiliwl" suppl~' dlili 'S beillg 11101" propt:rl), laken lip by Ihl' COlllmissarial \ hi h rais 'ct the Pnwin'ial COlllllli sarial VO~",lg'enrs Sl't' hel
or
or
or
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Officers of the Canadian fenclbles at fort Malden In 1813, The officer on the left Is dressed In the pre-1812 style, with a bicorn with plume and gold cockade loop and tassels, a long-tailed scarlet coat with yellow col!ar, cuffs, lapels and white tumbacks. gold epaulette and buttons, white breeches and black boots, The officer on the right, wearing a short-tailed coatee with gold wings, Is of the Light Company and is obviously off duty In his while gallertrousers and a round hat. Detail from an 1813 water-colour. IFort Malden National Historic Site, Amherstburgh, Ontario)
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This soldier In a boat near Fort Malden In 1813 Is seemingly of the Canadian Fenclbles. He wears a tall dark blue peaked forage cap with a yellow band, a red fatigue Jacket with yellow collar and cuffs, Several other small figures have the same costume with greyish trousers. Detail from an 1813 water·colour. (Fort Malden National Historic Site, Amherstburgh, Ontario)
Brass belt· plate of the 10th Royal Veteran Battalion. 1807· 1815. The 10th Royal Veteran Battalion was raised from 1807 for service In Canada. According to Capt. Roberts who com· manded the detachment from Fort St Joseph at the capture of Mackinac In 1812, these veteran soldiers were 'so debilitated and worn down by unconquerable drunkenness that neither the
0'
24
0'
fear puniShment, the love fame or the honour of the country can animate them to extraordinary exertions'. They were also seasoned soldiers when sober. and served with dis· tinction against the Americans In several engagements. The 10th was renumbered as the 4th bat· tallon In June 1815 and disbanded at Quebec on 19 October 1816, (Fort 5t Joseph National Historic Site. St Joseph Island, Ontario)
The ol1iccl.' (II IIw corps !lild a 1il1ilorl11 w!lich rt'lmlin: Ilnl..llowlI, • !I' dr '~~ or Ill(' vnl'ag-('llI'~ IIIl'nl:id\'l''i i~ It'll r \"111)\\11. hUI ;I~aill. prt'cise illl( 111I:lliOiI i:. hlcl..illg'. (}n I (klo1ll'r I, I~ .....
an
1\' '1'<.'
leI
un
1: Queen's Rangers, private, (;.1797·1802 2: King's New Brvnswlck Regiment, private, 1793-1794 3: Royal Canadian Volunteers, private, 1795-1800
A
1: Infantry Officer 1800-1806 2: Nova Scotia Fenclbles, officer. 1804-1812 3: 10th Royal Veterans Battalion. private. 1807-1813
B
2
3
1: Canadian Voyageurs. 1812-1815 2: Canadian Volligeurs, private. 1813 3: Canadian Volligeurs, oNicer, 1813
c
3
1: Upper Canada Militia, private, 1813 2: Royal Newfoundland Fenclbles, private, Battalion Company, 1812-1813 3: Upper Canada Militia, officer, 2nd Leeds Rifle Company, c.1812
D
1: Upper Canada Provincial Artificers. private. 1813 2: Upper Canada Militia, private, 1813 3: Canadien Fenclbles. drummer, Battalion Company, 1812-1813
E
1: Lower Canada Sedentary Militia, autumn of 1813 2; 3rd Battalion. Lower Canada Select Embodied Militia, private, Light Company. 1813 3; Canadian Light Dragoons. trooper, 1813
F
1: 104th (New Brunswick) Foot, private, Grenadier Company, 1814-1816 2: Indian Department, oHicer, c. 1813-1815 3: Western (or Caldwell's) Rangers, private, 1813-1815
H
'lrlillery which IV,L" I1C\'t'r I'ornwd. Ah( III :')0 ill/al Iry HIIIlIl1('{'I: 11 (11ll1led ~lIard lrolll :m Lkcel1lher, hilI lhc 'ol1)S \ as small. 11 appears thai Ihe 11It'1!, along wilh s( m 'or Iht, om t'rs, wcrc in orp( ntt' I illll the 11 '\ 6th Ballalion or Sek'C1 Embodied Militia rrolll I:~ I,dmltlr 1'1:1. Till: il1l~l1l1r)' IInilonl "'as r('d, with plll1 le'ra ings and while lace fiJI-lIlt: men. 1111' ollicns havillf{ scarlel ran-d wilh pllq I ' vel\! 'I. silver I ll\lon. alld lac. Tht, Corps f Provincial Royal ArliBer Driver was ""1IHl1;scn1l 'd Illring' pri!., 11'1 'Iwd I) the Roy, I nil)'r ill Ille MOlllreal1 iSlrin, 'lhe~ wu(' cli.,,1 anck'd in 1ar h IRI!l, Th' Anill 'I" Drivns \I'('rl' lirsl alk II 'd a hili 'j'Kk 'I with S 'arl t ('oll"r alld 11th, 'lI1d grey, blue ur olive panlillool1s Wilh a 'lell cap' (1220), nirorms imilar 10 Ihose or the reglll,11 Royal 'lillery Dri\'crs w r{' laler worll. 111 Iclrch IHI-I, the embodied lllilili,1Il1 'n serving 11l1d 'r thc sllpervisiol1 :apl. Charlton, Royal Anilkrv l>riv '1':, W('I" i,:'lIcd \ ilh helm 'IS \ ilh I' alh I'S, r1n'ss jack 'IS, ~rt'~· 1IV('I~t1ls, Inllh(;r glov('s alld 'w'ks, ho llS, Spill'S an I '~llle gllard CWIL'" ( :7-15). /\llllloris('c1 011 21 .J;lllllill\' I. 1:3, Ihe Canadian Light Dragoons WCI'(' rnTlIilnl ill tilt' MOllln:,,1 arC'1 dllril1g-lh 'SpdllK' II.;; caplain was Tllolllas <:ol('lllan ane! Ill(' curl's was SOllll'Li1l1es kll )WIl a, ' ,oil-mali's Troop'. Selll 10 1I1 !leI' Canada whcn' il saw much anion, il wa' disbanded on 2·1 I la I 18171, 1'11(' Ilnilol'lll was d 'snih 'd in 'I n l(', apparenll' b' Cap!. Cokmall, 011 ~ Fehrllary IHI;{, as: 'BIIlI'.Iad.. t:'1. R<:e! ,lIrl' &.: 'ollar, hilt: hUllOIlS, I'elt ht'll11cl , illl be'lr skin - Gre)' O\'Cralls Wrapped Wilh Leather &: C
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Shako badge 01 the Glengarry Light Infantry, 1813-1816, It probably belonged to an olficer as there are traces of slivering, The top part Is mIssing. (Coteaudu-Lac National Historic Site, Coteau-du-Lac, Quebec)
Brass belt-plate 01 the Glengarry Light lnlantry, 1812-1816. Although It Is Inscribed '1st', this regiment had only one battalion. (Niagara Historical Society Museum, Nlagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario)
t : I ~~O), Elllhodil'c!OIl ~!l l\larcll IHI:~, IIII' Dol' h st I' Provin ial ight Dragoons lin IeI' Cap!. V'illiam W,IlS01l served ill )ud)('( Cilv ulllil disbanded Oil 2·1 March IHlfi. This 11'001' was anlled alld equipped hy I.h(· g-OVt'l'l11lll'Ill, I III furnish(' 1 its • 11'11 horst'S and was r10llwd 'II its UWIl l'xpellse. The IH1:1 Ililirol'lll is IIllkllOWll, II 1'('(' 'ived an isslI(' o( Illlitem))s ill I HJ.I wlli -h Illa I have beell hili' \I'jlh \~hitl' coll:ll alld nd'ls, Ilw same ;IS Cap!. Coll'mall's CIlladi:1l1 I.ighl Dra!!:( OIl., 'I'll(' PI' vin ial Commissariat Voya ur SIICcCeded lilt' C lq S or Canadian \'o:a~I'llrS (sce "Iho\'e), :Ille! W('IT allilwrisecl Oil , April I I~, IIIICkl' t1w ~lIpI'n'isioll or Ihe CI Illllli 'sari
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Lt. Thomas Gugy (1798-1825), Glengarry Light Infantry, 18121816, wearing a green doJman with black collar, black cords on collar and chest, and silver buttons. Gugy came from a Swiss military family, his father having been an officer In the French army before emigrating to Canada. Young Gugy saw action In the Niagara with his regiment. (Mus6e du Qu6bec, Quebec City)
th' captain, t'll Ii lit 'nant:', t n :crgc nL" (or onduclOr and some 400 pri alC. (or vo ageurs) from Ihe '0'1 s Ilea Iquaners at Lachine, W 'Sl of lOlllrcaL Thi' unit wa. of"tcn still 'Illed .orps or ,anarlian V yag u. light up 10 its rlisbandmcill on 2 March J 1-, The lInif" mil () Tnior ffi "r, \ as Ihal of Ihe C mmissariaL The COI-PS was 'f"llrnisll('d with ann., a (uIr'm nt nd I Illing al the exp 'ns(' 0 go rTlnH'nl' ( 0 :'7/14).' he nlisl'eI 111 I CC rl< in! wnl" Illl' IIsual lothing- ofvo < rcurs, B' < G II ral Oreler of 12. pril I I~. th> flank 111pani s of Ihe lir. I fivc ballalions wcr' r 1 red grollpcrl if I two Militia Light Infantry Battalions, bill til· a'lIIal form 1111' nimh anrl tenth ompani's of" thaI unit on IOJulle 1814, hm kepi its di tin I id 'ntit. It wa' dis I and don 24 arch lcl5. Tile uniform w,s the sam' a. I he (alladi 11 \ ultig 'ur , Th Independent Company of Militia Volunteers wa' funned i n a ' I 13 and alla hed to L1lc Fronti l' Li~ht Il1fallLry into \ hi hit wa. amalgnrnat d in F hnlal I J-k Th' unit \\ s 10 be ' 100hed, arm ·d and eqllippf'r1 ill til . 'ame mann r a' Ih' Fran i 'I' Light Infallir ' (R .9, I :~
-),
rder d f"onn'e! on 12 ar h 1 I h, nV'rling Ihe 51h Bauali II of IIII:' 'lect Embodi 'd Ililitia int a light inlantry unit r'i comptlnics, Ih anadian Chasl Ul w r hr'igackd I iLh th ,anadiall "nllig-curs and LII ' Frolllit"r Light Jllf~Ultr)'. The I serv d in L. w r Canada and (11 Ih' c p 'dilion
LOWER CANADA SEDENTARY MILITIA Thc I. I r anada edcmar)' Mililia, numb 'ring ab lit 54,000 ahleI e1i'd m Il, \ as or ani 'C' I inlO a miXIUr{' of FrCllch anrl Brilish pI eti " mong lh Fren h- an di n p pul ,I hich prnvid 'd th . \'aslll1<1jorit runits, the pari h Olllpan wa ,LilIth' basi unit, 'L~ in th
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4 Nol be conlused with the 'Independent Companies of Foreigners' (see above) which served In a ra,d on the
Ameflcan coast. and were sometimes erroneously called 'Canadian Chasseurs'.
dap of New Fnlllcc, lI'i'h ils captain having a cOllsidcmhlc roll' in lhl.: social :tlld cidc Ii fl' uf lhl' COl11llHlllil)'. Most \'iIlagc~ had om: militia rOrnpall)'. hill ~OI11(: Illig-Ill hal'c Inorc dqx:nding 011 ,Ilt' si~e of 1111' PIII)IIblion. Ahholl~h cOllsi(!l-n·d h)' Sir George Prnosl ill 1812 In IK' ';I mere' pn~w, ill ann'd :lnd lI'i'holll discipline', IIU'M' rural mili,iallll'll \\'('1-": usually \l-r\ .. IIll'll)' fdlml's and OfU:II excdlt'111 shms. ~loSl IIL're' accolllpli;;hed hll11lel's. ami (,;lrried Iheil' own 1i!{lu-<:alihrf' smonlh-borc IHllllill~ lllll'\"eh. The IJC'd ,I' all English COllll!) mililia r('gimcnl wilh six 1"lIlalion... M)Ule b;lll.lliolh having a troup of G'\';III"}', Thc I';ISI lII'ljori" of 1.c1\I·cl" QllIadian ScdCIlUlI: lllilili:UlICll h.ld 110 Ilnifonn~. Sinre Ihc Milili;I'S org;.lllisalion in the 171h Cl'n1U1}, the mili· ti.llnen .ll,,~t\,~ Il'ure Iheir own IlL'culiaT ulIt:ldiall chili:1Il c1rc.."'S lI'hich \\';l~ ~111)('lbll .Icbpw!l 10 Ih(' luuntn .md 10 the Illdi:ln·~tlk .. lirl1lislllll~ \I';lrf.lrt' ,II \Ihidl Ihn C'lo.cdlt-d. Thus. the \'aSI m:~ofil\ ()r l.clWl'l \.;m.lfli.lll milili;lIHell in tht· ('Ulllltll~ick wore moslh j,(ft·\ h(lInl'~pun capol" f<1:.IL'IlC!l with a colourful ~h. At lhc ocginning: of thc 19th Cl'IltI1I'\. il :.c.'cms Ih;u Ihe wool Gti>.\. wcre usualh' hlue in Ihe ~lonlrc..1 .lfea. while in lilt' Trois-Ri\'icres DislriCl and n·d in Qudx·('. If C:lllt.'d (111 .lclilL· du". as 1Il,1ll) \1('1'(" in 111(' ;nllUllm uf 1813. Ihc)' would .Ippcar ill lht'ir d\'ili,lll c1rns. be -.crYt'(1 \1 illl I\ritbh anus and aCCOll1 f1'ml'lll~ \llliLh rOllld he hbd., 01' wdl a~ while, ;md Ix-rrunn ~o"'c bl'1 llP 111(' Illdi.lll War-I\'huop, Ii .11001'ed h) a 1>hlllll or I 'iT'" Ir Ho; ,110111{ the IlImlt' lilll'.... III M11l1lllt'I', Ihl' dn"~ lI1il{hl al'ofl I IJI\~i~1 'il11ph of :1 g"f('1 hOlll("I>ulI j.1I "t'l \lith.1 1'.lil· ..r'rOU'I·I.....Ulel.1
Capt. Jacq_a VI9&t". Cllnadian VoI~ 0;.1.'2:".13. Thla Illuatnltion I. aft.... pottrait tllat I' now lost. Hia uniform wn
dHt:ribed In t"- t830S" a IJ""n OtHmM wtth blKk Iac.lnga anet c:on;I,. Nod a blac.k fw (:ilp. {Un....tH'Slt. de
Montrbll
LI. John Hebden, Adjutanl of the
Canadian Voltlgelu·s. 0;.1814. 1815, He wears a green Ihako wIth black cord and turn-up wlaor, and green plume: a green dolman wIth black collar, o;uffs, bultons and cords; green pantaloona Iac:ed black; a .urtet light Infantry lIBsh; a black sabre belt wtlh gltt buckles: a gll!hilled sabre In black ....abbard with gilt llIUngs; black boots with al. .1 .purs. He holds a bay horse which has black bridles and a g....n hu....r·tylM poInled ....habraque with a green taasel. Print after a portrait. (NatlONlI Archive. ot Canada, C256971
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36
'InlW hal. llll'll. A hlul' coal ra' '(1 scarlet was slill WI rn b· Ihl' field omc 'I'S of Ihe :, Ours Mililia L ivisioll ill .lillie IHI2, with gold bllllOlIS :Ind ('j)(l II I 'ill'S, a n lind hal willl 0 'ka k, a while waisl('o,ll, lIankl'l'lI panla!oon: and hoOl.' (\Vh n dtan/-iI'e1 10 a red '( al I~l' 'e1 gT(,(,1l willt g'lld hllllons '\Ild 'I alllt'II('S), TIl' (klo 'il Division had a srarlel ('oal willi Itillt' c011ar, rllns anellal d', Ih ' ('Olllll having' 1\\'( ~()Id lan's on eaclt side (alth( 1I~1t mher hllltonllOl '~ had 110 lace), ~old billion', and whitt: llIrnba kl. punr il of Major Ell'lac!w Iksrivicr 'sB "Illbiell, of Ill(' \ 'rch "res Divisioll, shows him in a lighl infanu-r-:.tylp slarlel coallT wilh ,::{ while cullal (and prcsllll1al I)' Cllr/S, lapds al1e1 1111 nl>a ks) I' Ig 'd wilh ~( lei la' ',I' I \ ing-, celgt,c1 wilh ~old 11Ic' alHi ring'es, g'ill 11IIlon, and g'org' l. In Ih L I rn ~ wnship" wh rc Iltl' ballaJiol\. 'it I'd Ih 'illS 'I"l" 'Ko al EaM'm Townships lililia', il w,\., prohal I -;rarl 'I /:wt,cl hiliI', ROllnd hals w'rc Ihe fav lllred heaclK 'ar eV('1 IH It'. As l'ady a:. I o:~, it was rl'porll'd lhat or/inT, or 'lllal1' rCKim 'nlS' wore ',mall rOlln I hat' wilh <1 pllll1\l", rganis' 1 inl ) urbal1 bal1ililia, in )1I('lw :it ' and Monlr('al wcr 1"linns, In 'lonlreal, till' 1:1 fiallali )n w 'C :il\"lhl' lSI alld ~l1d Ballalions l\Iere 'Canadi:1I1' and lit 3rd was Ih ' 'British liJilia' hallali 111. The~ , eilil's alsn had 'Olllpllllics of l11ilitia vOllllllC('r cavalr' al1d al'lill
Lt, Col. Charles-Michel de
Salaberry (1778-1829), Canadian Voltlgeurs, c,1814-1815, The uniform would have been green with black facings, lace and buttons, and a red sash, The gold epaulettes were probably worn when he became Inspecting Field Officer of Light Troops from 11 April 1814, De Salaberry was commissIoned In the British Army, along with three of his brothers In the 1790s with the blessln9s of the Duke of Kent, Two died In India, another at the storming of Badajos. Charles-Michel, who had served In the 60th, raised his light Infantry and gained lasting fame In French Canada when the force he was commandln9 defeated the American army marching on Montreal In October 1813, Engraving after an original portrait, present location unknown, (National Archives of Canada, C92261
Plerre-Renf! Boucher de la Bruere, 2nd Battalion, Lower Canada Select Embodied Militia, 1813. Bruere was made a captain on 2S May 1812 and a major from 2S March 1813. His scarlet laced white unllorm with gold buttons, epaulettes and lace edging the collar and the cuffs (apparently pointed) was worn by the 2nd Battalion In 1812 and 1813. The Mude Plerre·Boucher In Trois·Rlviilres. Quf!bec, has his 1814-1815 coatee which Is scarlet laced yellow with gold but10ns and two laces at each side 01 the collar and has the usual cuffs with but1ons, as well as his crimson sash, visible on the portrait. Painting by G. Girouard, dated 1813, (Musee du Qullbac, Quebec City)
wllo llIostlik 'I '\I'or(' uniforms similar 10 the R\) 'al rliller; IlIl' unill>rll\ of Ihe R
UPPER CANADA MILITIA The provincc of Upper Canada was 1 rgcllliscd as a Sl'l'aralc col n' Ill· lowing til, Conslitutional [Or 1791 which split Canada inlo 1\ 0 cololli(:s. Th arca W('SI or 101l1r('al had Il' 'n klllH II as Ihe 'Ullwr CI Ilnlll' since III(' Frenrh Regin\(', hence lhe Ill'W col< ny'. nam '. Broadl , the nc\ colony COll:r '
or
Louis J. de BeauJeu, 2nd Battalion, Lower Canada Select Embodied MlIltia. 1813. He was a captain from 2S May 1812 and major from 17 October 1812, The scarlet faced white uniform with gold buttons, apaulettes and lace was worn by the 2nd Battalion In 1812 and 1813, Painting by G. Girouard, dated 1813, (Musea du Qullbec. Quebec City)
37
1794 WiLh C lllit r gim Ills ;IS lh' main laCliC.l1 IIl1its. Each regilll<'lll usu,lIy had a l'lllalioll of lell illr,lIl1r / ('Olllpani s. In hr h 1,12. sensing Ih' 'orning: Am ri ',111 'I~g:r '. i II, each ballalioll I as ornered b I he glJl" cntlll 'Ill l forlll II ( 'nank C mpallies' frolll ml'll limier 40 I 'aI's old, 10 bc call'n oul up to six da 'S a mOlllh for Lf"lining:. and mba li'd for up lo six IIIUlllhs ill ca"l' uf I ar. There wcrc alsu '('veral \101un Ie - r orr.. hus, when th III ,'i an. did auack ill .Jul)" nl'lll ' hUlldreds of ad quat I)' u"lill cI militiamen were mobilised aud fought errccli cI I ilh Ih' small r 'gular garri, on during Ih Ullll1ler alld autllmn or I 12, HUI 11K C III 'II, all 'd lip ill (:"1ll('rg<'11 'ic', had La g honlt:' Vl'llluall', anrl IIlOIT pcrmallcllt illcoq oral d ( I' ('ml odic I) ullilS wert raised ill IlIl' 51 ring: of I, 13,1 he 'l'rv' I full lim, Illuch like rq{lilar Lroops until the end or lh' I ar, hill local militias II' '!'l' also mobilised \Vh 'n n "d d 10 counl r Illcrican all·lCks. In I 12. Ih . flallk companies and volunteers mobilised over I,non InCl1 and, al , at"S elld ill 1 15, SOIlI 2,00), en: sLi1J s r illg out of aboul 11,000 mcn ahle 10 h 'ar anll.. In 17!)LI. th militia fli 'I. I' pper anada I ere aUllwri. cd a uniform r s 'arl 't 1~lced hlu ' II~th gill plain hUl\( 11', if Ihe wi. h 'd 10 w(nr (lill', Slln~\il1g artefan, and dOCllmcllis lc:tif)' lhal somc' did. Th" 1st Lin oln lililia R ~im 'nl even boughl rc'gimcnlal drums and silVl'1' cpaulcllcs ror the r 'gim 'Ill'll sergeant m,~i( r. BUllllOSl ofli '('1'5 alld militiamen proballv did not undcrI:-Ik' the izeabl' c 'pens(' uf ~ '11ill~ iI lIllil' mil. III April 1812, lnilitialll n 'all d illl > the 'Id werl' advi:ed to provide Ihl'lllSclVl's wilh 'a sho1'l coat )1' SOllIe dark colour 'd cloth mad, 10 hllll II well rollnd the body, and palllaloons suiled l Ihe seasun, \ ilh lhe addilioll 01 '[roull(1 hal'. TIl(' officers were 10 dress like L1leir Illell 'ill I'd I' to av id lh 'ad on. qllen 'es ofa COllspinlOlls dress'. By lh"ll I of' Ia)', mall'rial I' I' 'Iolhing IVa' "nl to th 'Ill from Lower Canada lO Illakl' I' 'd 'oat ',' os. ibll faced' ith . II "tngelh 1'1 ilh 1,000 '1('1t caps' (. hakos), Lli '\ealhel' Iighl infantry 'liPS' and ov'r bOO halS (CI21,). Evell so, Illmt mililiam 'n in the flank cOlllpalli('s WITl' prohIlSerS, shoe", hakos. CL " I ere r 'ivcd for Ihe mililia. s BUI blul' was the preferred f~ cing luI', alld on 21 .JUII ' I 1-1. all olfi 'rs I 'I't:' in'truclcd h, G n raJ rder lo all (II' 'ill a . 'ad 'ljackcl , illl (hrk blul' ra illgs, \'cllo\l' bUllons. old lace round lhc Collar an I Cull' all! , and I
I
A remarkable relic of the battle of Chateauguay on 26 October 1813. Lt. (later Capt.) Fram.ols Dezery, Light Company, 3rd Battalion, Lower Canada Select Embodied Militia, was wounded In action on the east bank of the Chliteauguay River - probably In the left arm or shoulder - when his company successfully charged a powerful American column In the woods. Blood stains are stili on the coat's shoulder area and It Is obvious that the left sleeve was tom out at the shOUlder seams to treat the wound. The coat Itself Is the pre·1812 older pattern with long tails. All buttons are missing. It is scarlet with yellow collar, cuffs and lapels, and has white turnbacks and sliver lace with a black line, This last detail reveals that, in all likelihood, this Is a second-hand officer's coat of the 13th Foot purchased by Dezery, possibly for use In the field. (Canadian War Museum, 79-4799)
38
ri
plain g I I t'paul
I lh ir rank. Crl')' rding t Hi' laj ~ tv' Rl'l~lIlatiol1s li,r R 'gim 'Illf of the Lin , I u \Vh 'rt' :11 h 'annot I . pr \'id d Rc IIl1d Hatf \I~II he Ic~rmill 'd with a R glllati II F 'alher, ;( ckad' n the I oft 'ide, ..' (R '9, IB . 2). In 'pit, of all the e dforL~ LO I the the militia. IIppli_, W'IT on en inadequate, A Briti. hom er lat r r call d 01'111<' Upp r '(llIadian militia thai ',OITl had I' d a' ''Ind blu or red lacillgs. ~(Jlne Ind ~r 'n . a '. I ut m ·t had n eoaL~ d all'. The olunl r of 112 were eompan'.. i7'c! IInit. nam d after their - Ilnl). The Ilallk l' IIlpanie pr\)\ided lhe infalltn, hut olh'l \OlullI(:'er ("onnatioll' prm'id d (valr and arlillery. earl) all \\'('n' rm d ill 'arl 1 1_, ,111 1IIIIIsl 1I\.'n' ('Illbodicd allhe bq~inning of"the war in lhe Slll11ll1 I 0(" IH I~ .. 1 m . ning into I I~. th()u~h tl1('\' ould 1>1' II11111b'ITd 'lSI', there was oft'll 11) ~l'colld PantaloulI~ 01
Tn
ll'S
W
I
C()ll1pall)',
I Cavalr ': [.,1 1.('('(ls. ~nd Grcnvill 1:1 L '1111 1st Prince E,ch arcl. 1'1 ork, 1st and 211 I I.in . )In ( lia~ara Lighl Dra~oons). 2nd 'S, ex, and lSI K'ill. rtill '11 COll1panie,: 1.,1 'rc 1I1ella', lsI amI 2nd l.illn)llI. Rinl' ,lIlll anin: l~l ;Il:ll\ilk, 1st alld 211d I.e'l·cb, I t Y k, hi 1 orfolk, ,llId lSi O. lord. rhl'l\.' \\'a~ al'll :apl. Rol err RIIII hc'\"~ Colour' I COlllpall\ '()\ll' mc'c1 of black~ Irolll iag-a 1(1 <111 I em h )c1iecl ("ronl ~N Ouoh 'r III ~ l) .. '11I1ll' I 12. the lsI E,,'c x ~Iati,ll' :0111 pan , alld '1 'Gil hdg-adc" of tlrtillcn ch-i\'{T.. l.illie i~ kllm II the 1I1lifc rn s. il an\'. wom by Ih ': ' Ullil. . Gell\.'rall). Ihe olli 'c'r, alld perhilps SOIIl 'olth '111'11 wOllld hal'C' had Ihl' pI' wilHl", searl 'I t1"c1 hlu(' 1I1lil0llll, JIll ('\'er. a g-reen at fa 'c,d black lrillllll 'd wilh gIllan' i, kIll \Ill III 11,1\ . b·1 Ilg\.' I lei all ollie 'I 01 ,he 2nd I '('ds Rilk ConlJ '111\, .. Inll' Illen of Run 'Ill' \ :c 10111' d COll1pallY 1l1
lipS
Addin~lon. lSi
or
Capt. Jean-Baptiste Larue, Grenadier Company, 4th Battalion, Lower Canada Select Embodied Militia, 1813-1815. He weans a scarlet coatee with green collar, plain gold button and lace (note the stitching on both sid 51, gold wings on scarlet with liver fl mlng grenade, a gold gorget engraved with "GR' and a crown held with green ribbons, a white belt with gilt oval belt-plate engrav d with 'GR' and crown, (Private collect on)
or
5 A documenl 01 21 May 1814 announcing clolhing to( 1,000 pnva1es iIIlCl 40 S8fllII3tlts Sl u~S 'The Coats 10 be green and Yellow FacIng an equ I numbet 01 each' (e 1223). nus has sam ttmeS been ,"I"",retea as a green coal taced y loW. bullhe lasl pari 01 tile phrase may w 1I1nts, h If 01 Ihe shipmenI being face
Officer's gorget and belt-plate of the 6th Battalion, Lower Canada Select Embodied Militia, 18131814. The 6th, whose officers were prosperous citizens from Quebec City, was one of the few militia units with Its own Insignia. The gorget Is glided with custom engravings and the belt-plate was or gilt with crown, letters and scroll In sliver. (Prlvate collection)
39
OffIcer's coat 01 the 1st Battalion, Montreal British Militia, 17905, Blue with white collar, cuffs, lapels and tumbacks, gilt buttons. (Canadian War Museum, Ottawa)
40
ullil' )rlll \1'<1: III I c as lh ' Canadian l.ig-hl l)"Ig-O< II: or \'0\1'('1' Call;ula (sec :olcllla n's ro 'p abovt·) hUI. all houRh hlue jack, 'IS ,11'(' Il0lnl, til<' L ppcr Canada lroop was I'q>ol'lt'dl. pOOl''' equil pC (I. Tw olher Pro in i-I! l.ighl Dragoon lroopS. C;'II. ,\lIdn'\\' 1\ l:lI11S' alld :apl. Richard Fras r' . \I' rc raised luring April I. I:~ ill ('CIstern Upp 'I' Canada. A hun" lro( p heillg' '1llI'l!ganlalcd illlO Fras '1":> (roop on 'l'plCnlhl'r I I~, sed III sLly lor G1lT)'illg dispat Ill'S ami patrols, lhl" were isslled with aniller jackl:ls, pantaloons, round hals and gTl"llCu;IlS, and I ere disballCkd 2 rebnnl" IH 14. The In orporated ArtiU ry ompany was ni:cd ill larl'h I H 1:~ and s'rvcd al York Toronl ) and ill lhe liagara. It was also railed III(' Provillrial or llililia niller', alld consisl rI >I'anillel '!llell :IIHI driwl.', In p,-il IHI:1, lh' (ililia Anillel'y \:m\ls alld Mililia (;(lIl1l('r Dril('rs' jackcl' Il'eI'c described or 'blue Clolh wilh S 'Irlel Colhll' &: :11(ls. 'I'll<' Paillaloolls or Trowsers to be >1' (;re ',II\le, lr olivl' Cloth'. 1111' hflllllwrs Iwving' IrOllscrs and thc drivers wilh palllal >ons.AII kid 'Fell ("nlls silllil(lJ' 10 the Royal nilll'ry WTC "Ill rrom ~Ilglalld lo ppel' Callada alld proh;lhlv I ClI'1I fmm pril IHI·I Ill1lillhe lInil \ as r1ishanrlt'd on ~..j Mal'cl! IHI:;, Thl.' Pro incial Royal Artiller Drivers were rnnm:d Oil :-\ Marcl! I HI ~~ l<J a sis I lilt' rq~lIlar Ru 'al nillerv in moving- Ihe gliIlS. I lal'ing :>t",vI:d ill Ihe iag"u"l p 'ninslIla, il wa: tli. b'llIde I Oil ~..j ~Iar'h IHI!). Till.' firsl unironll was ~I Jackt'l 'or blu Clotll will! S("ark'l Collar e ClIrls &: the Pantaluolls, :rC'}', Blue. or Olive wilh fell ,aps' C:I ~2()). Ullifol"lllS similar 10 lh(' Ro}'al Artillery ))J'iv'J"S WCl't' selll rrolll Ellglalld lor lilt' c mpall' altd probahl \ OrJ1 ('rom April I H14, AlII h ri, '(1 Oil :~ M"r'h I R I~, ,11(" rps of Provincial Artifi' I"S was rOl'll1l.'d 10 assisllhc Ruyal Ellgillccr: LO wlli("h it was 'lila lwd. It WilS also kll()WII ;L~ the 'Coloul' 'd :0 rps , as lll' Illislcd mell were all hlacks. al1ll mosl were vclcrans 0(' ~apl. Rllnchev'. C llntll'ed Corn I all '. They sl'l'vl'lI ill Iht' iagara pellinsula, lIS rs alld Sl< vepipe shako. In .lun' 181. , it \ a, selll rcd coal: willt gn:cn faeil g , gor' lr us<.'rs, gaileI'. , 'hoes, Sh:lko', and roragc caps, bill h(,s' lila)' I av len I'il IRI~ \ ilh voillme I. rom \ C'lern Upper Canada I() Sl'I"\'t' wilh Indians IIncl 'I' lh OIllIllG\nd orv illiam Cal 111'1'11 'I'.. a L.oyalislllUll"d 1'01'
his al1li-Arnel'iclIl '1l'lioliS as lm'k as llll' 1790s, II> I as SII 'C "c1('d hi" illiam Elliotl Oil ~ l'vla)' IH1-1. The corps had tl I companies and was in anion in S 'v >raJ importClnl engClg'cmcnts, he(m" h 'ing' disbanded on 2--1 Mal'ch IHlfi, The tllliro III was slIitcd to ils bush-fighlillg l'l)1 " and 011SiSINI or a 'dark gn:c1\ jack 'I, grc' panwlo ns, and a low huckel rap. quill' llaill' (;797), The Loyal K nt Volunt r weI" a COIl1J>al 'or Vol II II LC'cr militialllell ill 1\.('1\1 Counl~' Ii rllll'd oil 2!'i 0 ellllH'! I. 1:1, f\1\:H'lted lO llll' Illcorpor:lI('d [\allalio!1 on ~[I Februar' IHI.I, lite}' II' 're dishalldcd Oil 2--1 1\larcll 181:'1. tllollgh nol forlllally aUlltoris('d. till' Loyal London Volunte rs I t'n' n vl'nltl'lcss emhodied ill the slllall WI n of Lundon I pn Canada, rrom 2--1 O\'<'llllllT I R13, ~IIHI di~h
ABOVE Col. Rene-Amable Boucher. Seigneur de Boucherville (1735-18121. Boucherville Militia, c,1793, wearing a blue coat with a red collar, cuNs and lapels, silver buttons and narrow buttonhole lace, and a while waistcoat, Col. de Bouchervllle was from one of the most distinguished and Influential families of the Old Regime gentry In French Canada, and had fought against the Americans In 1775, (Musee de Vaudreull, Vaudreull, Canada) ABOV ,MIDDLE Capt, Frant;ols Corbin, Sorel Militia, 1797. He wears a blue coat with red collar and lapels, sliver buttons and epaulette, and a white waistcoat. Sorel Is a town about 80 km east of Montreal. Signed and dated pastel 'Louis Dulongpre, Sorel, avril 1797'. (ChlUeau de Ramezay Museum, Montreal) ABOV ,RIGHT Lt. Col. Pierre Guy, 2nd Battalion, Montreal City Militia, c,1810-1812, wearing a blue coat wl1h scarlet collar, cuffs and lapels, gold buttons and epaulettes, gilt-hilled pattern 1803 infantry officer's sabre. Copy after an original portrait now lost. (CMteau de Ramezay Museum, Montreal)
THE INDIAN COUNTRY Tltl' Illdiall Counll ',also "died lhl' \ e~t 'I'll COlllltl", dCl10led Ihe vasl tlllsetiled 'Ire
41
recall, I I is lim - as a Captaill r I omp us im<:1l ions', w 'aring 'a I' 0 'oal, lIlU'lcr 0 a . uple f cpaulcllcs ano an Irl rust' SW( rei. with < I' I co k f 'alh 'I' adomin~ 11 r 1Il d hat'. The mcn uf tit' c units, howe 'I', w r' lhcir wn I'pi '£11 r'n h anadian vo g 'ur O'llIlll',
MILITIAS OF THE ATLANTIC COLONIES
Quebec City Militia, 3rd Battalion 'British Militia' colour, 1805. There Is a black field wi h a red cross; the Union Flag was made larger covering the complete upper quarter, as was the cross; a central shield with the gold letters 'QUEBEC MILITIA 1775' Is surrounded by a rose and thistle wreath In a natural colour. The King's colour had similar ornaments, It was presented at' Quebec on 4 June 1805 by Lady Milne to Colonel Hale. In his reply to Lady Milne, Colonel Hale mentioned that the 'year 1775 is engraved upon most of th!l ornaments of our uniform: We now see it upon our Colours... ', (Canadian War Museum, Ottawa)
Private's coatee of the Grenadier Company, probably worn by the 3rd Battalion Quebec City 'British' Militia, c.1803 to c.1815. It Is red with black collar, cuffs and shoulder straps, white lace set In pair, red wings trimmed with white lace and fringes on the top, which also have a red grenade on a black outline. Note the double loops on the collar Instead of the usual 'all around' lacing. The buttons are not original. (Canadian War Museum, Ottawa)
42
eotia Militia lIumb rcd al OUI I~, 00 111 n divid I illt ~6 ball' Ii I S spread a T , the 'olon', 12 C )\I Illi es. Each ("(HI II I had S'vcrallmltaliOl1s whi h w're knowlI h lht: CClllll' mlln ,DIlI-ing lh French naval ar in 179~. Halil: h< d a Full)' arm d int"alllr I ball,lIion alld all anil! 'compan)', \ hil a 'Lt'l~ion or lililia' COlIsislin~ of infalllr' wilh .\ C mp'ln' of anill I' and a cOlllpan I or Gwalr' was organised l I Ip I·r'n I til n< polis all, 011 the Bfore asked thal unil/)rm', arms, ac oulre-m nand quipm I1l be S III I'rom Britain. Th' clolhing \ as selll in Augnsl I 13, SOI\1(' of it new ;lI1d 'om I-: used. It ill ludcd 'dark hlue f'a inp; dOlh' and' hill' Looping' (CU 2/(55). The ew BTUO!>wick Militia nUl11b I' rl aboul -1-,500 l11en, ,lIId in Deceml 'I' I 12, aboul i10 m n drafl d from lheir I call)'lllali lns w n: ("1' nlral CanH la, Th militiam n at 1" I ricLOIl and Stjohn wt:r relievcd from dill in March with Ihe arrival of" a d ta hm nl I' the Rlh Foot. However, lhe I ndrews I' main '0 'mil eli'd, an i al Fon .umberlalld, a small milili, for'l:: reli vedadcpaningdcla'hlT1clllorth 104th ot. Th mililia's maill pI' O( 'lIp Ii n , ,I: coulllcr-ing 0<1 tal rids b slllall I11crican ss I , nil commandcrs decidcd the l pc ot" uniform \ om. The Sl J hn ollinleer ArLiIl ry 'mp, Il', f"or xan pit-, \ orl' Ihe same as the Ro al nille . I Lit mall onic r had n lInir. I'll) or had to itl1provi, c: one I !lei had '£1 111 V "I Ie I' d capt' lcollar I IIpOIl I i1i all alh <1a' blue [civilian coaL]. and
silk arollnd hi: wai't' [an offi 1" crim on ilk sa'h], In latc April uniforms for OV'r 3.000 mililiam II wep shiPI e I OUl of 'ngland. Il ppcar~ thal th coal ·cs wcre th 'tandard I' d infanu- .1 Ie ornall1eIHed with while lace, _,000 \ iLh \ hile '~ ings. ane! J ,000 Wilh I luc I'a ings at lhc collar. cuff and should I' trap, ccoUlr 111 nL'i were black, Cacl militiaman wa also La ha\'C a wai I oat, a pair of Lroll: r:, a forage cap. a grcaLc t. a·t 'k nd cia 'p, a pair of ho ',a ha\! r'a k. a "n een, 'I shak \' ilb a shako 011 I' and a shako pIal. B' Ih > lime thi shipmen rs f 'l J hn' .', wa~ ill c iSI'nc'.Froll112 ugusll 12.lhcllnitwascallcd l..John', \olulllcer Rang- 'I' '. Each pri\!at' had 1.0 I lIlTlmse 'a cap, jack 'l, pantaloons ancl g-ait rs·. The lIni/'orm is n t spe ified, bUI it appear 10 have been the gr 'n ja ket like lhe rille baLl'Ilion, of' Lh GOth. The a C lItr m n~, he wever, \ re whi t '. Th AlIlcri an In 'nhn's olunli:'er RallgtT' weI' disband 'd dtuingJun andJlIl' f I 1 . Till' [sland or Sf John/Prin Edward Island Militia wa f'onned fr m Ihree Illililia I' g-iIlICIII$: Qut't'll' 'ollury, King' ,utUll' alld Prin COlUIl '. C1mrlollel( IVII. the capital, had 'cv'ral v )hlUll'Cr (,olllpanies. Tilt" volllnl '('rs wort' IUliform., and allhollg'h mililia I' gimental olTin'rs wen' (lrd 'I' 'c1tu b ill 1I1lifimll b I Scptcml er 1 14, lht, detail' rcmaiu unkll)\ II. Howe r, lh: r'mnalllS ora oalee which lIlay have belong-eel La an oHicer the. I'd Baualion, )lIeen', Ollll Regiment. indicate Lhal it was bllll' heed red, had while llIrnbacks \ ilh red IJClcling al 1 '(\Sl 18 r llnds. All infant! U1Ti' rs . nd I Ii 'S w'r" a1'<> to he in lInirurm, and ea h pari h . mpan ho'c iL~ or il tall 'C, 011 25 .Jill' 1 J2. the on hir mpan' r quir d its 'O!TIC
181~,
or
Officer's coat. 3rd Battalion Quebec City 'British' Militia, c.1803·1813. It Is scarlet with black velvet coliar, cuffs and lapels, white turnbacks, gold buttons, lace and epaulettes,
0'
This unIt was one the very 'ew Canadian militia corps to have a distinctive button, most likely worn 'rom 1803. The date 1775, also on their colours, was In commemoration the militia's contribution to the successful defence the city against the AmeriCans In 1775-1776. (Canadtan War Museum, Ottawa)
0'
0'
L
Maj. (later Lt. Col.) Des RlvleresBeaubien, Vercheres Division, Lower Canada Sedentary Militia, 1813, wearing a scarlet coat with White collar, edged with gold lace. gilt buttons and gorget, scarlet wIng with gold lace and 'ringes. This division was 'ormed In February 1813 and was embodied 'rom September to November of 1813. Painting by G. Girouard. (Musee du Qu6bec, Quebec CIty)
43
llWlllb('I: 10 ha c: · ... a Sc,lrlcl :mll wilh a bla k cape I 'ollarl, :llfl', ,Ill I Skirt ('eI~('d, ilh I,>hil '. to 1(' :;ingle I I a';{cel, and bullon up to Ihc lhnnl wilh Ydlow kla) BUIIOII:;, a Rlack ((al wilh a whil leaLl 'I' LO b ' ... abovl' lhl' CTown, a black \."I'''V,II, whill" I aiSlco:t1 and lrows\.'I" wilh hlack f.{ail 'rs ullCll"l'Ilealh. The c1rcs" oflhc' Orrin'!'s 10 Ie Ihe salllc a:; pri,".lll'S wilh Ih ' elislillnion II an l'J>aulelll', ," 01 d. Sash .... · The: unile nns of olhl'r "Olllpanil's an' IllIkllown.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY MaJlUSCI;Pl.s: The gn~al lIIajoril
of sources lI,l.'d f()r Ihis slud' an' I'rnm archival c\OCllnll'nb. rq~r<'lIal Iy impossible LO Ie OlllOll' in Ihis sh( rt mOIHlgraph. 1 lSI, 'n'lonnel al Ihe alional AI' ·hiv\.'s of'eana ta: R ~ , l'sp('ciall' C scr;\.·:-). R ; ~), IG 2:\ and 1(; 2. lall' are also at lh' Pulli" Rt'l'OITlf> Olliel': Colonial )IliCl~ -12 (Calla i'I), I (New Bnnlswiek). 19,1 ('wfolnldland), ~ 17 (I ova S ·oth). 22(, (Prin l' I':lh flrel 1"lflnd): Tn'aslIl'v 1 anel 0-1: War Ollic\.' 1 (In-(Nl\.TS). ~ (C()flllllanel 'I' in Chid, Olll-lell(T~), 17 (Relurns). 27 (lllSp '('Ii lJl·). 57 and 58 (Colllnlis~arial). Public Archiw.., of' c ,",I 'colia. lililar' R 'ords. ,\rchi\'cs of' Ikrllluela: Is. ;'Iililar and ilitia Rc orr! . Canadian al ~lllscllln:.J. . &: 1'\. Pell's' nOl'book. Aline S.K. I~rown Mililarv Colic tiOll, Brown Uni cr:il Provid'llCl'. LIS/\: SllIlllll'r Ilolebooks. To lei Albums.
BOOKS AND ARTICLES (;11<11111)('1. , 1':1 n '~l. '1'1". Cr/lwdifll/ Muril/", lla"~,l, 190 . <.:hanll)('I:, EI'IH'sl. /-Ii., lor..,' of 1111' CUI/flr/ifll/ Mililiu, Oua, a. 1907. Chartralld, RCI to. Cf/lwdiflll Alililmy IIl'r;lugt', Vol. _. 1755-1 71. M lllln·al. 199:>. Cntikshank Ernesl A.. 'RC'cllrns 01 'cryi' 'S of Canadiall RcgilllCIILS dllri ng llle v ar 01 1H 12', ' ','Iprled I'ajm:, oj 1111' UII)'ul (,'r/l/udifll/ lililfll)' /m/i/II/(" /89 -IY/6. DIIllnil-{all, Bri'ul 1... 'I'lli' 13";/i.\11 ;\1'/11)' ul ,lurhillfl /812-/8/5, aeki la 19HO. Face ·-Crowll)('I'. lJavid, '1'11,' '1'/0 1Jl'I/lI\ioirli \Iii i/ ifl / 787-1867, Flwit'riclOn. 1~}90. .JaC'k~llll, II. I., '1'111' QIII'/'":1 R'lngl'T"i in I'j)j1rr (,'tl/wdfl. Tor 111 • '.1960. ;ra,'es, Donald I':., '<1 .. "/n'/y /-Iearts Malle I.iglll Ou.', : Ihl' War oj / /2 Journal uJ /.iI'I£/I"/(/lII}o/1II /.1' COl/lpl/r, IO·llh FOOL, Ollawa. 199:t ;r
44
Erin OlllariO), 1995. Ir illg-. I.. I [omrnlY. Offlrl'n oj
(/1(' BI'ili~1I
This Upper Canada MIlitia officer's coat, c,1800-1813, Is scarlet with blue collar, cuffs (and lapels which are buttoned across), white tumbaclls, white piping edging the bottom of the collar, the lapels, the pocket flaps and the top of the cuffs, gilt buttons, and has one slip of gold lace on each side of the collar. (Fort Malden National Historic Site, Amherstburgh, Ontario)
The coat of Col. Matthew Elliott, 1st Regiment, Essex Militia, Upper Canada, c.1800·1813. It Is scarlet with blue collar, cuffs and lapels edged with white piping, white turnback, plain flat gilt buttons. There Is a button on each side of the collar. The epaulettes are missing. Matthew Elliott (c,1739·1814), trader, former officer of the British Indian Department, and Member of Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, was a leading figure In the Canadian Northwest border area. He was with his militiamen at the capture of Detroit, at the battle of Frenchtown (or the 'Raisin' - 22 January 1813) and at Miami In May. (Fort Malden National Historic Site, Amherstburgh, Ontario)
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(;mCnJllll'nIOr ewrolilldiand, 1!16 . 1a'l<. , I allic" S_C.. · he Ro\'al :'lll< cli' (1 \'oll1lllcers·. Orw"/illllioll 01 Mililm 'Mn 1'lIm-~ iiI Clil/ildl/}J//1'1/rd. I !177. Pic:l:, Ilarrv. 'Rt'j{ill1l'lll$ rai. din ), Sc tia', (,'0111'1'/1111/11// till' I (m". 'rl)li" Ili,/o17(((I. 'oriely, 1!)17. Smith, Ch"rks IlalllillOn. (;0,/111/11' 11/ 111/' InllJ'if 11/1' HI/lilll I,'III/J/rr, l.ondol1, I IS, Sql1ire~, I 17/l
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THE PLATES Al: Queen's Rangers, private, c.1797-1802 The early dress of thiS unit was to be green faced blue, but the facing colour was soon changed to btack. Our figure is based on a small coloured sketch by Charles Hamilton Smith, showing the green jacket trimmed With white buttonholes, and the early shako with the bugle horn badge worn by several corps at the time. The Queen's Rangers' outstanding contribution to the settlement of early Ontario IS still celebrated today, and its tradrtlons are carried on by a Canadian Militia regiment bearing the same name. (Houghton LIbrary, Harvard University) A2: King's New Brunswick Regiment, private, 1793-1794 The dress of this unit demonstrates the difficulties that many new units raised in the Atlantic colonies had in obtaining uniforms. According to a surviving bayonet belt with the regimental belt-plate. the accoutrements were black. (Canadian War Museum. Ottawa) A3: Royal Canadian Volunteers, private, 1795-1800 The dress of his unit was rather original in several ways. It did not make some of the changes In the dress of infantry units. The hats continued to have white edging, red waistcoats were worn after 1797 Instead of white, and Its coats appear 10 have had lapels right up to 1802. All hese were made from material sent from England to Lower Canada where the uniforms were then assembled. ThiS was an unusual practice as. generally. uniforms were sent out ready-made. Stovepipe shakos were adopted from 1800-01.
ABOV Coatee of Lt. Levi Soper, Rifle Company, 2nd Leeds Mllitia Regiment, Upper Canada, 1812-1815. Green with black collar. cuffs and lapels, sliver buttons, lace and twist cord at the buttonholes. (Old Fort Yor1c:, Toronto) ABOVE RIGHT Detail of the skirt 01 Lt. Sop r's coatee. (Old Fort Yor1c:, Toronto)
81: Infantry Officer, 1800-1806 ThiS British Infantry officer is dressed for duty In Canada dUring the late autumn or early spring. according to the Generai Orders of July 1800. The furcrested round hat was in use until 1806, and the blue greatcoat changed to grey in late 1811. B2: Nova Scotia Fencibles, officer, 1804·1812 Officers of the Nova Scotia Fencibles all wore shakos. by permission, from 1804. Their dress was 0therwise Similar to other regular and fencible regiments in British North America. (Miniature of Lt. Schwartz: WO 3/336) B3: 10th Royal Veterans Battalion, private, 1807-1813 The 10th. like all Royal Veteran Battalions. wore red faced blue, the enlisted men's lace being white with a blue line, squareended and set n pairs. The officers had gold buttons and lace. The breeches and stovepipe shako may have been worn Into 1813. Th~ detachmer'lt at Mackinac lacked greatcoats In 1812 and wore locally made voyageur-slyIe blanket coats instead. (W.H. Wood. ed., Select Documents on the Canadian War of 1812, Toronto, 1920, Vol. II Cl: Canadian Voyageurs, 1812-1815 A typical voyageur might be a young farmer's son hired to be part of a canoe crew to transport trade goods to the West, He soon became a hardened and thorough canoe man. a strong carrier of heavy bales, and occasional small trader and hunter. Voyageurs had their own utilitarian costume which was generally as shown in this plate. In the warm and humid Canadian summer, however, they might only wear a Shirt, breechclouls and moccasins. (G, Dugas, Un Voyageur des pays d'en haUl. Montreal, 1924; Grace Lee Nute, The Voyageur, New York, 1931)
45
C2: Canadian Voltigell.lrs, private, 1813 This light infantry unit was to be armed with 'carbines' and black accoutrements In 1812, the carbines apparently being simply India Pattern muskets with bayonets. The voltigeurs were a cheerful group, and used to say that their cartridge boxes were full of 'pills for Yankees', (C386, C1218; Jacques Viger, 'Ma Saberdache' Mss, Vol. 2, Archives du Seminalre de Quebec) C3: Canadian Voltlgeurs, officer, 1813 The officers In this unit wore a hussar-style dark green uniform trimmed with black, The fur cap seems to have been worn from 1812, although Hebden's portrait, reproduced in this book, shows a strange dark green shako, A list of belongings of an officer also mentions a surtout, certainly for undress, and probably single-breasted with long skirts, dark green with black collar, cuffs and buttons, but no cords. 01: Upper Canada Militia, private, 1813 Many a militiaman came out fighting in civilian dress, as at the battle of Fort George in May 1813, The Reverefld John Carrol recalled 'the militia men pouring into the house to receive a badge of white cotton or linen on the arm to let the Indians know we were British'. White seems to have been a popular badge, for it was used again by Upper Canada militiamen in 1837-8. (Reminiscences of Niagara, WeJland, Ontario, c.1902) 02: Royal Newfoundland Fencibles, private, Battalion Company, 1812-1813 During 1812 and Into 18t3, most regular units on campaign wore grey trousers and stovepipe shakos, Besides its white breeches, the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles had trousers which may have been grey or blue in 1812. The men also had-white undress jackets with blue collar and cuffs. The regiment saw much action, detachments being deployed as far west as Ohio and Mackinac. (NAC, RG9, IA1, 2; Montreal Gazette, 23 March 1812) 03: Upper Canada Militia, officer, 2nd Leeds Rifle Company, c,1812 From 25 May 1812, rifle companies were authorised, to be recruited from volunteers. No uniform was specified, but the coatee of Lt, Levi Soper of the Rifle Company of the 2nd Leeds Regiment was green faced black with gold buttons and lace. The cut Is surprisingly close to the dress wom by some American rifle units. Other details are unknown, but round hats and green pantaloons would be most likely. (Old Fort York, Toronto)
Titus Greer Simons, c.1a14·181S. He was, eommls,sloned major In the 2nd Regiment later a major In the Upper
0'
Canada Volun1eer Incorporated Battalion on 25 March 1813. He was wounded at Lundy's Lane on 25 July 1814. He wears a scarlet coatee, with dark blue piped white collar and lapels, gold buttons, epaulettes and lace around the collar, a crimson sash, and a black sword waist-belt with brass snake clasp,s.
46
(Print after por1raitl
Yon: Mllitia In 1811 and was
E1: Upper Canada Provincial Artificers, private, 1813 This unit was probably the first in Canada to embody blacks for regular service. It served mostly in Burlington and Fort George until disbanded in 1815. Its first uniform of blue faced black was apparently based on the undress of the Royal Military Artificers. E2: Upper Canada Militia, private, 1813 Due to cloth shortages, green coatees and blue trousers were issued in early 1813 to mobilised militiamen. Pewter bugles were used instead of brass plates on shakos. E3: Canadian Fencibles, drummer, Battalion Company, 1812·1813 Thanks to a tailor's notebook. the drummer's coat was known to have ten square-ended laced buttonholes set In pairs. 27 yards of narrow lace, and sleeves with six. dart chevrons pointing up. The complicated lace pattem is according to an original piece glued on the notebook's page. The drum was painted yellow and the insignia In front was probably about the same as on the colours. (Pearse Notebook and regimental colours, Canadian War Museum) F1: Lower Canada Sedentary Militia, autumn of 1813 This figure reconstructs the general appearance of rural French Canadian sedentary militiamen who were called out in an emergency. The costume is the typical dress, largely homemade and homespun. worn in the countryside consisting of a capot (usually grey) with a multi-coloured sash around the waist, breeches, long boot-like moccaSins and a wool cap. When mustered, the men were issued arms. ammunition and accoutrements Which could be white or black. (John Lambert, Travels.... London. 1814) F2: 3rd Battalion Lower Canada Select Embodied Militia private, Light Company, 1813 The flank companies of the battalions were clothed with new uniforms in the summer of 1813. In the autumn, the Ught Company of the 3rd Battalion was with Lt. Col, De Salaberry's advance force when it met with General Wade Hampton's American army moving up towards Montreal along the Chateauguay River. During the battle of 26 October. Hampton sent a strong column in the wood on the east side of the river to outflank the Canadian position. but it ran Into Capt. Daly's 3rd Ugh! Company and a company of Sedentary Militia, Daly ordered his men to charge, destabilising the much stronger Amencan column which turned and fled. (Military lIIus/rated, December 1986January 1987) F3: Canadian Light Dragoons, trooper, 1813 Capt. Coleman chose the practical uniform shown hene for his troop which was soon deployed in Upper Canada and fought in several engagements. This dress was probably worn from the spring of 1813 to early 1814. G1: Michigan Fencibles, private, 1814-1815 This small unit was recruited from fur traders and voyageurs In Mackinac to reinforce the small regUlar garrison. It was sent red coatees faced with black, and may have had blue or grey trousers. The 'Belgic' shako is shown, but hats may also have been 'stovepipes'. It is likely that moccasins would have been commonly worn by the men of this unit. G2: Upper Canada Militia, officer, 1814 After much upheaval due to lack of material and the American Invasions, the situation had stabilised enough by 1814 to remind officers that they should be wearing scarlet faced with blue, with gold buttons and lace edging the cuffs and collar, and
grey pantaloons. Shakos would have been worn by Incorporated Militia officers. but for many others. round hats were the standard. G3: Glengarry Light Infantry, private, 1812-1816 This 'Scottish' unit was dressed in green faced black, like the 95th Rines. They were not armed with rines, however, but with muskets and had black accoutrements. It had a short but intense service life, seeing much action and earning praise for Its distinguished service. The memory of this excellent regiment IS stili alive In eastern Ontario. and its traditions are carried on. (Ian Kemp, 'Glengarry Ught Infantry', Military Illustrated, December 1994; W. Boss, The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highanders. OUawa. 1952 & 1996), H1: 104th (New Brunswick) Foot, private, Grenadier Company, 1814-1816 The coatee worn by this figure is based an a surviVing garment captured by an American privateer n late 1812. The facings are shown as white on the coatee, but 'buff' facings were sometimes actually white. On the other hand, the officers of the 104th certainly had light buff facings. as were the regimental colours. The wings on the coatee have no tufts or fringes. From the early 18005, grenadiers serving overseas were issued shakos instead of bearskin caps. The regiment's 'Belgic' shako plates had '104' below the cipher, (Cape Ann Historical Society Museum, Cape Ann, Massachusetts) H2: Indian Department, officer, c. 1813-1815 This figure is based on a portrait of William McKay, an officer of the Indian Department who served at Mackinac. It shows a richly laced coatee, probably worn with a bicorn or. on less formal occasions. a round hat. McKay was also a detached captain in Ihe 5th Bn. Lower Canada Select Embodied Militia. and was appointed to command the Michigan Fencibles at Mackinac in 1814. For the portrait. made about 1816 for a fellow officer departing for Scotland, it was specified that McKay be shown in the Indian Department's uniform, In 1823, it was changed 10 an all green uniform with round hats. (McCord Museum of Canadian History. Montreal) H3: Western (or Caldwell's) Rangers, private, 1813-1815 This light infantry unit was to serve with allied Indians and had close ties with the Indian Department. II was led by Capt. William Caldwell until he was replaced by James Askin in May 1814. It had a most practical uniform consisting of a plain green Jacket Without any faCings, and a 'low bucket cap' which was apparently a cut-down slovepipe shako with the plale removed.
ABOVE Upper Canada Militia officer's coatee, c.1813.,820, This very plain and obviously locally made garment Is scarlet with a very dark blue collar, lapels and small cuffs. There are gilt buttons at each sid of the collar and In two rows down the front, but not on the CUff5. The epaulette is missing and the buttons on the chest are modern replacements. The crimson sash was worn around the waist. (Niagara Historical Society Museum, Nlagara-on-theLake, Ontario) BELOW Brass belt-plate, Nova Scotia Volunteer Artillery, c. '804-'815. (The Army Museum, Hallfa.x Citadel)
47
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MEN-AT-~\RMS SERIES
mDD1 MILITARY
n unri all d. urcc f informati n on th .uni(; rm in igni nd pp r n e f the \ orld's fighting men of past and pr nt. Th Men-at- nllS titl co er sub; di rse the IJnperial Roman arm , the apol onie war' and Germ.an airborn troop in a popular 4 psg form t including som 4 ph to aph and di gr IDS and eight fuJI- I ur pi t RENE CHARTRAND (left) was born in Montreal and educated in Canada, the US and the Bahamas. A senior curator with Canada's National Historic Sites for nearly three decades, he is now a freelance writer and historical consultant. He has written many books, including ten MAA titles and the first two volumes of Canadian Military Heritage. He lives in Hull (Quebec) with his wife and two sons. GERRY EMBLETON has been a leading historical illustrator since the early 1970s specialising In the 18th and 19th century and more recently has become an internationally recognis d authority on the medieval period. An illustrator of many Osprey books he has lived in Switzerland since the early I980s.
COMPANION SERIES FROM OSPREY AIG ncise, authoritative account. of de i i e encounter in military hi tor . Each 96 page book contains mor th n 90 illustration including map, ord r of bani and colour plat , plus a seri s of thr e-dimen i n I battle map that mark the ritical stage f the campaign. 'LITE Detailed information on the uniform and insignia of the world' mo t famous military fore Each 64 pag book ontain om 50 photographs and diagrams, and 12 pag of fuJl-c lour artwork.
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ompreh nsi hi tori of th d ign, de elopment and op rational u e of th world' armoured veh~icle and artiU r . Each 4 pag book contains eight pages of fuJJ-colour artwork including a detailed utawa f the hjcle' interior.
ARRIOR Definitive analysi of the armour weapons tactics and motivation of the fighting men of hi tor . Each 64 pag book c ntaillS uta a sand e.tplod d artwork of the warrior' weapons and armour.
MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES TITLES THE ANCIENT WORLD 111 ANCIENT CHINESE A,RMIES 10. ANCIENT AAHIES Of THE MIDOU EAST 114 IMP9JA1. CHINESE ARMIES (II 100 8C·58'/ AD III THE SCYTHIANS 1OO-lOO B.C .. GREEK AND PERSIAN A,RMIES 500-J1J Be 141 THE AAMYOfAl.£XANDEJI THE GREAT 111 MHIES OF THE Cl\l\THAGIAN WAAS 165·146 Be III EARlY ROHAN AAHIES .. THE ROHAN ARMY fROM CAESAA TOTMjAN tl THE ROHAN AAMY fROM HADfUAN TO CONSTANTINE It1 REPUIlUCAN ROMAN MHY 200-104 8C
I so THE AGE Of CHAP.UMAGNE I t IITZANTlNE ARMIES -'111 e IS SAXON. VUUNG I NORMAN lJl fRENCH MEDIEVALA,RMIES IllOl).1300 JIO GEIlJoIAN MEDIEVAL ARMIES IllOl).lJOO 11 A,RMIES Of THE CRUSADES 111 SALAOfN I THE SAMaNS ISS THE KNIGHTS Of CHRIST 100 EL 00 I RECONQUISTA 1050-1491 THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 105 THE MONGOLS 147 RClf1ANO.8T%ANT1NE A,RMIES 111 B'rZANTINE ARMIES 11111-1461 4TH-t'TH C. 211 THE AGE OfTN1ERlANE 154 Al\THUR" THE ANGLO-SAXON WAAS 25 I I1fDIEVAL CHINESE ARMIES ns IMP9JA1. CHINESE AAHlES (1) stO- IUOAD SO MED~AL EUR.O!'£AN ARMIES lSS ARMI Of THE MUSUM CONQUEsT 151 THE SCOTTISH AND WElSH WARS 125 ARMIESOflSlJ\l'l.7n+IITHC. 1150-1 0400 In ROHF$ EN(MIES (I) I GERMANICS I DACIANS 151 ROME'S ENEMIES (1) GAWC I 81UT1SH TS I1S ROME'S [N(MIES (ll PARTHIANS I SASSANIOS 110 ROHF$ EMIES(4)SPAlNll8-ItBe 14] ROME'S ENEMIES (5) O£S.ERT fRONTIER
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Avec annotations en f,."cals Sur les planche. en couleur Mit Auh.elchnunl n auf D utsch Ober den FlU'btafeln
'4 THESWlSSATWAR 13OQ.1500 I]' ITAUAN MEDIEVALA,RMIES IlOQ.15OO I" MEDlEVALGERt1AN AAHIES IlOQ.1500 1ts HUNGARY I THE fALL OF EUROPE IllOl).1568 1S. THE MN1LUKS 140 OTTOMAN TURKS IlOQ. 1774 210 VENrTlAN (MPIRE 1200-1 670 III AAHIES Of CRECY AND POmERS 144 MEDIEVAL BURGUNDY 136+1177 II] ARMIES Of AGINCOURT 14S WARS OF THE ROSES tt MEDIEVAL HElIALOR.Y 31' HfNRY v AND THE CONQUEST OF Fl\ANCE; 141,",53
TnJe. continued on Inside b
ISBN 1-85532-741-4
11111 I III
9 781855 327412
