Asians (Who We Are)

ASIANS BY THE NEW STRATEGIST EDITORS ASIANS BY THE NEW STRATEGIST EDITORS New Strategist Publications, Inc. Ithaca...

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ASIANS

BY THE NEW STRATEGIST EDITORS

ASIANS

BY THE NEW STRATEGIST EDITORS

New Strategist Publications, Inc. Ithaca, New York

New Strategist Publications, Inc. P.O. Box 242, Ithaca, New York 14851 800/848-0842; 607/273-0913 www.newstrategist.com

Copyright 2007. NEW STRATEGIST PUBLICATIONS, INC.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microﬁlming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher.

ISBN 978-1-933588-79-7 ISBN 1-933588-79-9 Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter 1. Education Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians Are Far Better Educated than the Average American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians in Every Region Are Highly Educated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Many Asians Are in School Well into Adulthood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . More than One Million College Students Are Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Many Asian Students Earn Math and Science Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nearly Half of Asians Participate in Adult Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 12 18 21 25 29 35

Chapter 2. Health Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians Are Healthier than Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nearly Half of Asians Are Teetotalers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few Asians Are Overweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Asian Births Are to Older Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few Asians Are without Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lower Back Pain Is the Most Common Condition among Asians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancer Is the Leading Cause of Death among Asians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37 38 40 42 44 48 53 57

Chapter 3. Housing Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Asian Households Own Their Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Homeownership Is Highest in the Midwest and South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Many Asians Live in Apartment Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Mobility Is Slightly above Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59 60 64 67 69

Chapter 4. Income Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians Have the Highest Household Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Married Couples Have the Highest Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Incomes of Asian Women Are Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Median Income of Asian Men Peaks in the 35-to-44 Age Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Earnings Rise with Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few Asians Are Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73 74 76 82 85 91 94

Chapter 5. Labor Force Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Asians Are a Small Share of Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Asians Account for a Large Share of Professional Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Most Asian Workers Have a College Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Asian Households Have More Earners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Few Asians Have More than One Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 The Asian Labor Force Will Grow Rapidly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS V

Chapter 6. Living Arrangements Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Married Couples Dominate Asian Households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Households Are Larger than Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Households Are More Likely to Include Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Asian Men and Women Are Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125 126 129 132 138

Chapter 7. Population Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Number of Asians Is Growing Rapidly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Chinese Are the Largest Asian Ethnic Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Asian Population Is Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nearly Half of Asians Live in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

143 144 147 151 155

Chapter 8. Spending Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Asian Households Spend the Most . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Asians Spend Much More than Average on College Tuition and Air Fares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Chapter 9. Time Use Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Works Ranks Second in Time Use among Asians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians Spend More Time Working than the Average Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians Are More Likely to Participate in Sports and Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Glossary

205 206 210 215

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Index

VI

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

List of Tables Chapter 1. Education 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20

Total and Asian Educational Attainment, 2000 to 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Asians by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Asian Men by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Asian Women by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Asians by Foreign-Born Status, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Asians by Age and Region, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational Attainment of Asians by State, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian School Enrollment by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . School Enrollment of Asians by Age and Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by State, 1994 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian College Enrollment, 1976 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . College Enrollment Status of Asians Aged 18 to 24, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian College Enrollment by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . College Enrollment of Asians by Age and Type of School, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Associate’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . Master’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . . . Doctoral Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . . . First-Professional Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participation in Adult Education, 2004–05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 14 15 16 17 19 20 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 36

Chapter 2. Health 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19

Health Status of Total and Asian Adults, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Health Status, 2000 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smoking Status of Total and Asian Adults, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drinking Status of Total and Asian Adults, 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weight Status of Total and Asian Adults, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Births to Total and Asian Women by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Births to Asian Women by Age and Marital Status, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Births to Total and Asian Women by Birth Order, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Births to Total and Asian Women by State, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Insurance Coverage of Total People and Asians by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Insurance Coverage of Asians by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Conditions among Total and Asian Adults, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health Conditions among Total and Asian Children, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Total People and Asians, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Total and Asian Adults, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative AIDS Cases by Race and Hispanic Origin, through 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leading Causes of Death among Asians, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39 39 41 41 43 45 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 54 55 55 56 56 58

Chapter 3. Housing 3.1 3.2

Total and Asian Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Total and Asian Homeownership Rate by Household Type, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS VII

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12

Asian Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Homeowners by Type of Household, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Renters by Type of Households, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Homeownership Rate by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Homeownership Status by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Homeowners by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Renters by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Housing Units Occupied by Total and Asian Households by Type of Unit, 2005 . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Movers by Age, 2004–05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geographical Mobility of Asians by Age, 2004–05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62 63 63 65 65 66 66 68 70 71

Chapter 4. Income 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20

Median Income of Total and Asian Households, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income of Asian Households by Household Type, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income of Asian Households by Age of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income of Asian Households by Educational Attainment of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . Income of Asian Households by Region, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High-Income Total and Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Median Income of Total and Asian Men, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Median Income of Total and Asian Women, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income of Asian Men by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income of Asian Women by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Median Income of Total and Asian Men Who Work Full-Time, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . Median Income of Total and Asian Women Who Work Full-Time, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . Median Income of Asians Who Work Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings of Asian Men Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnings of Asian Women Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total People and Asians below Poverty Level, 1990 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total People and Asians below Poverty Level by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians below Poverty Level by Age and Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number and Percent of Asian Families below Poverty Level by Family Type, 2002 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number and Percent of Asian Families with Children below Poverty Level by Family Type, 2002 to 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75 77 78 79 80 81 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 92 93 95 96 96 97 97

Chapter 5. Labor Force 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17

VIII

Total and Asian Labor Force by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Labor Force Participation Rate of Total People and Asians by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . Labor Force Participation Rate of Asians by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment Status of Asians by Sex and Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Workers by Occupation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Workers by Industry, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Labor Force by Educational Attainment, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Workers by Job Tenure, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Full-Time and Part-Time Workers by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Households by Number of Earners, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Labor Force Status of Asian Married Couples, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Minimum Wage Workers, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Union Representation of Total and Asian Workers, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Labor Force Projections, 2004 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2004 to 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

101 101 102 103 105 106 113 115 115 116 118 119 121 121 122 124 124

Chapter 6. Living Arrangements 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16

Total and Asian Households by Age of Householder, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Households by Household Type, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Households by Size, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians Who Live Alone by Sex and Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Households with Children by Age of Householder, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Households with Children by Type of Household, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Living Arrangements of Total and Asian Children, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Living Arrangements of Total and Asian Adults, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Living Arrangements of Asian Adults by Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Marital Status, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marital Status of Asian Men by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marital Status of Asian Women by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marital History of Asian Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marital History of Asian Women by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

127 127 128 130 131 133 133 134 135 136 137 139 140 141 142 142

Chapter 7. Population 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16

Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians by Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians Ranked by Ethnic Group, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Born in Asia, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians by Citizenship Status, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian Share of Total Population by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians by Age, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Share of Population by Region, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians by Region, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Population by State, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians by State, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians by State and Ethnicity, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . People Who Speak Chinese Languages at Home, by State, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Asian Population by Metropolitan Area, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

145 145 146 148 149 150 152 153 154 156 156 157 158 159 160 161

Chapter 8. Spending 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14

Average Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Shares by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Alcoholic Beverages by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Apparel by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Entertainment by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Financial Products and Services by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Gifts for People in Other Households by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . Spending on Groceries by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Household Operations by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Personal Care, Reading, Education, and Tobacco by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spending on Restaurant Meals by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

171 174 177 180 184 185 187 189 190 191 194 195 198 199

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS IX

8.15 8.16

Spending on Shelter and Utilities by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Spending on Transportation by Asian Households, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Chapter 9. Time Use 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11

X

Time Use of Total Asians, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Use of Asian Men, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Use of Asian Women, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Time Use of Total Asians, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Time Use of Asian Men, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Time Use of Asian Women, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Time Use of Asians by Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Total Asians, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Asian Men, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Asian Women, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Asians by Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

207 208 209 211 212 213 214 216 217 218 219

List of Illustrations Executive Summary Four percent of Americans are Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 More than one-third of Asians are naturalized citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Ten percent of Asians live in New York State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 In Hawaii, Asians are in the majority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Asian household income is 32 percent above average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Asian households have more earners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Half of Asians have a college degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Few Asian births are to women under age 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Asians spend 12 percent more than the average household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Sixty percent of Asian households are headed by married couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Asians spend less time watching television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Chapter 1. Education Asian men and women are highly educated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fewer than half of Asians in the West have a college degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Many Asians remain in school through their twenties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian students are more likely to be in graduate school than a two-year college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians account for a disproportionate share of students earning degrees in medical ﬁelds . . . . . . . . Continuing education is important to many Asians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 18 21 25 29 35

Chapter 2. Health Asians are more likely than the average American to rate their health highly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians are much less likely to smoke than the average American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Asians are at a healthy weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Asian women postpone childbearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Most Asians have private health insurance coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Five health conditions affect more than 10 percent of Asians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancer and heart disease are the two leading causes of death among Asians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38 40 42 44 48 53 57

Chapter 3. Housing The Asian homeownership rate is rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few Asian homeowners live in the Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Only about half of Asian households live in single-family detached homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Many Asian movers cross county lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60 64 67 69

Chapter 4. Income The median income of Asian households is 32 percent above average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The median income of Asian households varies widely by household type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians have above-average incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The incomes of Asian men are growing faster than average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian men with a college degree earn more than twice as much as high school graduates . . . . . . . . The poverty rate of Asians is below average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74 76 82 85 91 94

Chapter 5. Labor Force Most Asian women are in the labor force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The largest share of Asians work in professional occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few Asian workers are high school dropouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Among Asian households, half have two or more earners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100 104 114 117

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS XI

Asian workers earn more than average whether they are union members or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 The Asian labor force is growing much faster than average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Chapter 6. Living Arrangements Few Asian households are female-headed families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians account for a disproportionate share of large households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Few Asian children live with only their mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asians are more likely to marry once and stay married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

126 129 132 138

Chapter 7. Population Asians are outnumbered by blacks and Hispanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Just ﬁve ethnic groups account for 80 percent of Asians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The number of older Asians is growing faster than average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Asian populaiton is growing fastest in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

144 147 151 155

Chapter 8. Spending Asian households spend 12 percent more than the average household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Asians spend more than average on books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Chapter 9. Time Use Half of Asians prepare meals on an average day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Asians spend more time than the average person preparing meals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 More than 20 percent of Asians participate in sports and exercise on an average day . . . . . . . . . . . 215

XII

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INTRODUCTION

Introduction The 2000 census counted not only more people than had been projected, but more diversity than had been expected. Now, with the 21st century well underway, the composition of the U.S. population is continuing its rapid change. Hispanics have become the largest minority. Asians are the most afﬂuent segment of the population. Blacks are making signiﬁcant gains in education and earning power. Only by understanding each of these increasingly important segments of the population can policymakers and business people hope to tailor their programs and products to the wants and needs of more than 300 million Americans. The ﬁrst edition of Who We Are: Asians provides a comprehensive look at the characteristics of this rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population as the 21st century unfolds. In addition to detailed estimates of the numbers of Asians nationally and by state and metropolitan area, Who We Are: Asians includes the latest socioeconomic data on the Asian population. It has detailed spending data for Asian households, a recent addition to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey. Results from the American Time Use Survey are also presented here, proﬁling Asian time use and comparing it to the averages. Understanding the demographics and lifestyles of racial and ethnic groups is of vital importance to researchers and policy makers. Who We Are: Asians provides the key to understanding both the similarities and the differences between Asians and other Americans. Regardless of race or ethnic origin, there is no doubt Americans are more alike than different, and Who We Are: Asians documents our many similarities. But there are also important differences among racial and ethnic groups that, if not taken into account, can derail public policy efforts and business strategies. The educational attainment of Asians is perhaps their most distinguishing characteristic, affecting not only their lifestyles but also their consumer behavior. The educational attainment of Asians is one of the many socioeconomic characteristics proﬁled in this book.

Race classiﬁcations The 2000 census transformed racial and ethnic classiﬁcation in the United States. The census allowed Americans, for the ﬁrst time in modern history, to identify themselves as belonging to more than one racial group. This makes the analysis of racial and ethnic diversity more complex—and more rewarding—than ever before. Most of the government’s ongoing surveys now use the new racial classiﬁcation scheme. Consequently, researchers have a wealth of racial and ethnic data available to them.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

1

The federal government’s new racial classiﬁcation system has resulted in different racial and ethnic combinations. Three terms are used to distinguish groups from one another. The “race alone” population consists of people who identify themselves as being of only one race. The “race in combination” population consists of people who identify themselves as being of more than one race, such as Asian and white. The “race, alone or in combination” population includes both those who identify themselves as being of one race and those who identify themselves as being of more than one race. For example, the “Asian, alone or in combination” population includes those who say they are Asian alone and those who say they are Asian and white and those who say they are Asian, white, and black, and so on. While the new classiﬁcation system is a goldmine for researchers, the numbers no longer add up. This may frustrate some, but it provides a more accurate picture of each racial group than the previous methodology did, which required the multiracial to align with only one race. Under the new scheme, however, tables showing the “race alone” population exclude the multiracial. Tables showing the “race in combination” population count some people more than once. To make matters even more complex, Hispanics are considered an ethnic group rather than a race and they can be Asian, black, or white. Keep these factors in mind as you peruse the numbers. Whenever possible, the tables in Who We Are: Asians show the “race alone or in combination” populations. We prefer this classiﬁcation because it includes everyone who identiﬁes with a particular racial group and does not exclude the multiracial. In some instances, the “race alone or in combination” population ﬁgures are not available. In these cases, the “race alone” population is shown. The racial classiﬁcation used is noted at the bottom of each table, if available. Note that some data sources do not deﬁne their racial classiﬁcations.

How to use this book Who We Are: Asians is designed for easy use. It is divided into nine chapters arranged alphabetically: Education, Health, Housing, Income, Labor Force, Living Arrangements, Population, Spending, and Time Use. Descriptive text and charts accompany most of the tables, highlighting the important trends. Most of the tables in Who We Are: Asians are based on data collected by the federal government, in particular the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the National Center for Education Statistics, and the National Center for Health Statistics. The federal government continues to be the best source of up-to-date, reliable information on the changing characteristics of Americans. Several government surveys are of particular importance to Who We Are: Asians. One is the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey. The CPS is a nationally

2

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INTRODUCTION

representative survey of the civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 or older. The Census Bureau takes it monthly, collecting information from 50,000 households on employment and unemployment. Each year, the March survey includes a demographic supplement that is the source of most national data on the characteristics of Americans, such as their educational attainment, living arrangements, and incomes. CPS data appear in many tables of this book. The American Community Survey is another important source of data for Who We Are: Asians. The ACS, an ongoing nationwide survey of 250,000 households per month, provides detailed demographic data at the community level. Designed to replace the census long-form questionnaire, the ACS includes more than 60 questions that formerly appeared on the long form, such as inquiries regarding the language spoken at home, or householders’ income and education. ACS data are available for the nation, regions, states, counties, metropolitan areas, and smaller geographic units. The Consumer Expenditure Survey is the data source for the Spending chapter. Sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the CEX is an ongoing study of the day-to-day spending of American households. The data collected by the survey are used to update prices for the Consumer Price Index. The CEX includes an interview survey and a diary survey administered to two separate, nationally representative samples. The average spending ﬁgures shown in the Spending chapter of this book are the integrated data from both the diary and the interview components of the survey. For the interview survey, about 7,500 consumer units are interviewed on a rotating panel basis each quarter for ﬁve consecutive quarters. For the diary survey, another 7,500 consumer units keep weekly diaries of spending for two consecutive weeks. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ American Time Use Survey is the source of data for the Time Use chapter. Through telephone interviews with a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized Americans aged 15 or older, the ATUS collects information in minute detail about what survey respondents did during the previous 24 hours—or diary day. Time use data allow social scientists to better understand our economy and lifestyle and how policy decisions affect our lives.

Value added While the government collected the data presented in Who We Are: Asians, the tables published here are not reprints from government reports—as is the case in many reference books. Instead, New Strategist’s editors spent hundreds of hours scouring web sites, compiling numbers into meaningful statistics, and creating tables with calculations revealing the trends. Government web sites are useful for obtaining generalized summary data or for tapping into complex databases that often require statistical programs for analysis. New Strategist has done the work for you, delv-

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

3

ing into the data and providing analysis and comparisons, placing the important information about Asians at your ﬁngertips. Researchers who want even more can use the source listed at the bottom of each table to explore the original data. The book contains a comprehensive table list to help readers locate the information they need. For a more detailed search, use the index at the back of the book. Also in the back of the book is the glossary, which deﬁnes most of the terms commonly used in the tables and text. Who We Are: Asians gives you the opportunity to discover and become familiar with the rapidly growing Asian population and its many unique characteristics. Armed with such knowledge, you will be closer to understanding what the future holds for our vast and complex nation.

4

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Executive Summary

What You Need to Know about Asians The United States is rapidly becoming more diverse. To keep track of the changing racial and ethnic makeup of the nation requires more than hearsay and hunches. It requires an understanding of the size and characteristics of the country’s growing minority populations. Whether you are a marketer, retailer, manufacturer, politician, policy maker, or social service provider, the nation’s Asians, blacks, and Hispanics are a growing share of your customers and constituents. Unfortunately, many Americans know little about the racial and ethnic makeup of the population. The public often wildly overestimates the size of minority groups while at the same time underestimating or even ignoring their powerful inﬂuence. In these fast-changing times, getting it wrong may be the difference between proﬁt and loss, winning and losing, successful programs and failures. To keep you informed, the summary charts below highlight the most important facts you need to know about Asians. More details are available in the chapters that follow. Use these charts as a starting point for generating product ideas, developing marketing insights, and creating innovative policies.

1. Asians are a small percentage of Americans Asians account for only 4 percent of U.S. residents, a much smaller proportion than the black or Hispanic share of the population. Although few in number, Asians are highly inﬂuential because they are more afﬂuent and better educated than any other group. (For more information, see the Population chapter.) 90

Four percent of Americans are Asian (percent distribution of population by race and Hispanic origin, 2006)

66% 60 60%

30 30%

13% 0 0%

1%

2%

a American Indian

b multiracial

15%

4% c Asian

d black

e f white Hispanic non-Hispanic

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

5

2. Most Asians were born in another country The majority of Asians are citizens, but only because many have been naturalized. Only one in three Asians who live here was born in the United States. A larger 37 percent are naturalized citizens. The remaining 30 percent of Asians are not citizens. (For more information, see the Population chapter.)

More than one-third of Asians are naturalized citizens (percent distribution of Asians by place of birth and citizenship status, 2005)

45

37.4% 32.7% 30

30%

15

15%

0

0%

29.9%

a native-born

b not a foreign-born, naturalized citizen

c foreign-born, naturalized citizen

3. One-third of Asians live in California The 58 percent majority of Asians live in just ﬁve states. Those ﬁve states can be found in three of the nation’s four regions—the West, the Northeast, and the South. (For more information, see the Population chapter.)

Ten percent of Asians live in New York State

45

(percentage of the Asian population living in the ﬁve states with the most Asians, 2006)

33.3% 30 30%

15 15%

9.6%

0 0%

6

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

a California

NewbYork

5.9%

4.8%

4.6%

c Texas

d Hawaii

NeweJersey

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4. One in seven California residents is Asian California is the most populous state in the country, and one in seven state residents is Asian. The political and economic power of California ampliﬁes the Asian inﬂuence in the rest of the United States. In San Jose, 31 percent of the population is Asian. In San Francisco, the ﬁgure is 24 percent. (For more information, see the Population chapter.)

In Hawaii, Asians are in the majority (Asian share of population in the ﬁve states in which Asians account for the largest share of the population, 2006)

75

55.6% 50 50%

25 25%

13.6% 0 0%

a Hawaii

b California

7.9%

7.9%

7.4%

New c Jersey

d Washington

NeweYork

5. Asians have the highest incomes Asian household incomes are far above average for two reasons: Asians are highly educated, and their households are more likely to have two or more earners. Half of Asian households have two or more earners compared with a smaller 42 percent of all households. (For more information, see the Income chapter.)

Asian household income is 32 percent above average (median income of total and Asian households, 2005)

75000

$61,048 50000

$50,000

25000

$25,000

0

$0

$46,326

a total households

b Asian households

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

7

Asian households have more earners (percent of total and Asian households with two or more earners, 2006)

60

50% 42%

40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

a total households

b Asian households

6. Asians are the most highly educated Americans Asians are far better educated than the average American. Half of Asians have a college degree, compared with only 28 percent of all adults. Their high educational level results in better paying jobs and larger incomes for Asian men and women. (For more information, see the Education chapter.)

Half of Asians have a college degree (percent of total people and Asians aged 25 or older who are college graduates, 2006) 60

50% 40

40%

28%

8

20

20%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

a total

b Asians

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

7. Most Asian women postpone childbearing until aged 30 or older Asians have children later than blacks, Hispanics, or non-Hispanic whites. Behind their postponed childbearing is their educational attainment. With men and women remaining in school well into their twenties, most Asians delay starting a family until after they have earned a degree and established a career. (For more information, see the Health chapter.)

Few Asian births are to women under age 25 45

(percent distributiuon of Asian births by age of mother, 2005)

35% 30 30%

28% 21% 17%

15 15%

0

0%

a 25 under

25 b to 29

30 cto 34

35 ordolder

8. Asians spend more than other households The spending of Asian households is 12 percent above average because their incomes are relatively high. Asians spend 18 to 21 percent more than average on lunch and dinner at full-service restaurants. They spend 63 percent more than average on mortgage interest, and their spending on college tuition is more than twice the average. (For more information, see the Spending chapter.)

Asians spend 12 percent more than the average household 60000

(average annual spending of total and Asian households, 2005)

40000

$40,000

20000

$20,000

0

$0

$46,409

$52,054

average a household

b Asian households

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

9

9. Married couples head most Asian households Another reason why Asian household incomes are so high is that married couples—the most afﬂuent household type—head a larger-than-average share of Asian households. Among all households, married couples head 51 percent. Among Asian households, the ﬁgure is 60 percent. Most Asian couples are dual earners. (For more information, see the Living Arrangements chapter.)

Sixty percent of Asian households are headed by married couples (percent of total and Asian households headed by married couples, 2006) 75

60% 50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

51%

a

b

total households

Asian households

10. Asians spend more time working On a typical day, Asians spend more time working than the average person. They also spend more time caring for children and eating and drinking. Asians spend less time watching television than the average person. (For more information, see the Time Use chapter.)

Asians spend less time watching television 150

(indexed hours per day Asians aged 15 or older spend doing selected primary activities compared to the average person, 2005)

113

119

121

100100 = average

81

50 50

0 0

10

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

a working

b drinking eating and

c caring for children

watchingdtelevision

EDUCATION CHAPTER

1

Education ■ Asians are much more likely to be college graduates than the American population as a whole. In 2006, 50 percent of Asians aged 25 or older were college graduates. ■ In every region except the West, the majority of Asians aged 25 or older has a college degree. The percentage of Asians with a college diploma peaks at 63 percent in the Midwest and is lowest, at 44 percent, in the West. ■ The number of Asians enrolled in the nation’s colleges has climbed from less than 200,000 in 1976 to more than 1 million in 2005. ■ Asians earned 6.8 percent of bachelor’s degrees granted in 2004–05. However, in that same school year, Asians earned 14 percent of bachelor’s degrees awarded in biology and 13 percent of those awarded in engineering and computer science. ■ Education is a lifelong pursuit for many Asians. Nearly half (44 percent) of Asians aged 16 or older participated in adult education programs during the 2004–05 academic year.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

11

Asians Are Far Better Educated than the Average American Half have a college degree. Asians are much more likely to be college graduates than the American population as a whole. In 2006, 50 percent of people aged 25 or older who reported their race as Asian alone were college graduates. This compares with a much smaller 28 percent of the total population. Nineteen percent of Asians have an advanced degree. The educational attainment of Asians varies greatly by age. Among Asians aged 25 to 34, fully 61 percent are college graduates. Among those aged 65 or older the proportion is 31 percent. Even among the oldest Asians, however, the share with a college degree surpasses the ﬁgure for the American population as a whole. Foreign-born Asians are more likely to be college educated than native-born Asians, 50 versus 44 percent. Still, the educational attainment of even native-born Asians greatly exceeds that of the average American. ■ Not only are Asians well educated, but their educational attainment is rising more rapidly than that of the population as a whole.

Asian men and women are highly educated (percent of Asians aged 25 or older with a college degree, by sex, 2006) 60

51%

12

40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

Asianamen

47%

Asian b women

EDUCATION

Table 1.1

Total and Asian Educational Attainment, 2000 to 2006

(percent of total people and Asians aged 25 or older completing high school or college, 2000 to 2006; percentage point change, 2000–2006) high school graduates

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

college graduates

total

Asian

total

Asian

85.5% 85.2 85.2 84.6 84.1 84.1 84.1

87.6% 87.9 86.9 87.8 87.4 87.6 85.7

28.0% 27.7 27.7 27.2 26.7 26.2 25.6

50.0% 49.8 48.9 49.2 47.2 47.5 43.9

1.9

2.4

6.1

Percentage point change 2000 to 2006 1.4

Note: From 2003 through 2006, Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census. Current Population Surveys, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/ educ-attn.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

13

Table 1.2

Educational Attainment of Asians by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asians aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Asians Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

8,943 1,108 1,864 969 625 2,685 1,078 276 339

2,409 105 357 301 179 917 413 62 72

2,337 200 473 254 177 703 324 95 111

1,829 254 444 181 139 541 154 48 69

1,223 212 297 133 67 322 116 22 54

1,144 337 292 100 62 200 70 49 33

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

7,836 5,972 4,378

2,301 1,944 1,464

2,137 1,664 1,233

1,576 1,132 812

1,011 714 514

806 514 352

Total Asians Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 12.4 20.8 10.8 7.0 30.0 12.1 3.1 3.8

100.0% 4.4 14.8 12.5 7.4 38.1 17.1 2.6 3.0

100.0% 8.6 20.2 10.9 7.6 30.1 13.9 4.1 4.7

100.0% 13.9 24.3 9.9 7.6 29.6 8.4 2.6 3.8

100.0% 17.3 24.3 10.9 5.5 26.3 9.5 1.8 4.4

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

87.6 66.8 49.0

95.5 80.7 60.8

91.4 71.2 52.8

86.2 61.9 44.4

82.7 58.4 42.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

100.0% 29.5 25.5 8.7 5.4 17.5 6.1 4.3 2.9 70.5 44.9 30.8

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

14

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

Table 1.3

Educational Attainment of Asian Men by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asian men aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Asian men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

4,202 435 877 443 285 1,204 563 158 235

1,162 45 174 147 92 419 216 24 44

1,149 113 243 119 76 307 166 51 77

851 108 209 75 66 244 80 23 47

563 82 131 59 24 141 65 16 44

477 92 120 42 26 93 36 44 23

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

3,765 2,888 2,160

1,116 942 703

1,039 796 601

744 535 394

480 349 266

384 264 196

Total Asian men Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 10.4 20.9 10.5 6.8 28.7 13.4 3.8 5.6

100.0% 3.9 15.0 12.7 7.9 36.1 18.6 2.1 3.8

100.0% 9.8 21.1 10.4 6.6 26.7 14.4 4.4 6.7

100.0% 12.7 24.6 8.8 7.8 28.7 9.4 2.7 5.5

100.0% 14.6 23.3 10.5 4.3 25.0 11.5 2.8 7.8

100.0% 19.3 25.2 8.8 5.5 19.5 7.5 9.2 4.8

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

89.6 68.7 51.4

96.0 81.1 60.5

90.4 69.3 52.3

87.4 62.9 46.3

85.3 62.0 47.2

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

80.5 55.3 41.1

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

15

Table 1.4

Educational Attainment of Asian Women by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asian women aged 25 or older by educational attainment and age, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

65 or older

Total Asian women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

4,740 671 986 526 339 1,481 515 117 105

1,248 60 183 154 88 499 197 37 29

1,188 88 231 135 101 396 159 44 34

978 147 234 107 72 297 74 25 21

660 129 166 73 42 182 51 7 10

667 246 172 57 36 107 34 5 10

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

4,069 3,083 2,218

1,187 1,004 762

1,100 869 633

830 596 417

531 365 250

421 249 156

Total Asian women Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

100.0% 14.2 20.8 11.1 7.2 31.2 10.9 2.5 2.2

100.0% 4.8 14.7 12.3 7.1 40.0 15.8 3.0 2.3

100.0% 7.4 19.4 11.4 8.5 33.3 13.4 3.7 2.9

100.0% 15.0 23.9 10.9 7.4 30.4 7.6 2.6 2.1

100.0% 19.5 25.2 11.1 6.4 27.6 7.7 1.1 1.5

100.0% 36.9 25.8 8.5 5.4 16.0 5.1 0.7 1.5

High school grad. or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

85.8 65.0 46.8

95.1 80.4 61.1

92.6 73.1 53.3

84.9 60.9 42.6

80.5 55.3 37.9

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

63.1 37.3 23.4

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

16

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

Table 1.5

Educational Attainment of Asians by Foreign-Born Status, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asians aged 25 or older by educational attainment and foreign-born status, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

native-born

foreign-born

Total Asians Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree

8,943 1,108 1,864 969 625 2,685 1,078 276 339

2,094 208 406 340 209 619 187 77 48

6,849 898 1,457 629 415 2,067 891 199 292

High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

7,836 5,972 4,378

1,886 1,480 931

5,950 4,493 3,449

100.0% 12.4 20.8 10.8 7.0 30.0 12.1 3.1 3.8

100.0% 9.9 19.4 16.2 10.0 29.6 8.9 3.7 2.3

100.0% 13.1 21.3 9.2 6.1 30.2 13.0 2.9 4.3

87.6 66.8 49.0

90.1 70.7 44.5

86.9 65.6 50.4

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total Asians Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college, no degree Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Professional degree Doctoral degree High school graduate or more Some college or more Bachelor’s degree or more

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

17

Asians in Every Region Are Highly Educated Asians in the Midwest have the highest level of educational attainment. In every region except the West, the majority of Asians aged 25 or older have a college degree. The percentage of Asians with a college diploma peaks at 63 percent in the Midwest and is lowest, at 44 percent, in the West. Younger Asians are more highly educated than older Asians in every region. Among Asians in the West, the 54 percent majority of those aged 25 to 34 has a college degree compared with just 24 percent of Asians aged 65 or older. In the Midwest the ﬁgure ranges from a lofty 71 percent among Asians aged 25 to 34 to 47 percent among those aged 65 or older. The educational attainment of Asians also varies by state. The percentage of Asians with a college degree ranges from a low of 39 percent in Washington to a high of 71 percent in Illinois. In California, the state with the largest Asian population, 47 percent have a college degree. ■ Higher education is emphasized in Asian families, which is why Asian educational attainment is so far above average.

Fewer than half of Asians in the West have a college degree

90

(percentage of Asians aged 25 or older with a bachelor’s degree or more, 2006)

60 60%

63% 53%

50%

44%

30 30%

0

18

0%

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

a Northeast

b Midwest

c South

d West

EDUCATION

Table 1.6

Educational Attainment of Asians by Age and Region, 2006

(percent of Asians aged 25 or older by selected educational attainment, age, and region, 2006) Northeast

Midwest

South

West

HIGH SCHOOL GRAD. OR MORE

Total Asians Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

83.2% 94.6 88.6 75.9 74.5 67.7

92.1% 96.8 92.7 90.7 91.2 66.7

89.5% 95.4 91.3 91.2 81.3 70.4

87.9% 95.4 92.9 88.2 85.0 71.7

62.0 79.2 64.8 52.0 45.5 50.0

79.8 86.9 80.3 77.0 69.6 60.8

68.3 79.0 70.2 65.3 56.6 47.4

65.5 79.9 72.5 62.5 62.0 41.3

63.1 71.1 60.9 57.1 59.8 47.1

52.7 60.9 56.1 48.0 41.4 36.8

43.8 53.9 49.5 44.0 40.3 23.9

SOME COLLEGE OR MORE

Total Asians Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR MORE

Total Asians Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

50.4 65.8 52.7 37.3 40.7 42.5

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

19

Table 1.7

Educational Attainment of Asians by State, 2006

(percent of Asians aged 25 or older who are high school or college graduates, for selected states, 2006) high school graduate or more

Total Asians Arizona California Colorado Florida Georgia Illinois Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Texas Virginia Washington

87.6% 77.4 88.3 83.7 86.7 90.5 91.2 90.5 85.2 96.6 90.5 89.1 79.2 79.8 98.1 92.0 89.4 97.4 87.2

college graduate

49.0% 43.5 47.0 43.3 43.7 56.6 70.8 63.4 52.0 62.3 52.9 66.0 42.8 38.6 66.1 60.1 55.2 50.7 39.4

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006. html; calculations by New Strategist

20

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

Many Asians Are in School Well into Adulthood Asians account for a disproportionate share of older students. Asian children are much more likely than black, Hispanic, or non-Hispanic white children to go to college. Consequently a large proportion of Asian men and women are in school well into their twenties. Among Asians aged 18 to 19, fully 86 percent are in school. The proportion stands at 77 percent, among those aged 20 to 21. Nearly half (44 percent) of Asians aged 22 to 24 are still in school, as are one-ﬁfth of those aged 25 to 29. Overall, Asians account for 5 percent of the nation’s students aged 3 or older. Among students ranging in age from 20 to 34, however, Asians are disproportionately represented. More than 10 percent of students aged 25 to 29 are Asian. Asians represent the majority of public elementary and secondary students only in Hawaii. They are nearly 12 percent of students in California. ■ The rapid growth of the Asian population ensures that Asians will be a growing share of college students in the years to come. 120

Many Asians remain in school through their twenties

�

(percentage of Asians aged 18 to 34 enrolled in school, by age, 2005)

8080%

� �

�

4040%

� � 00%

18 to a19

20 b to 21

22 c to 24

25 d to 29

30 e to 34

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

21

Table 1.8

Total and Asian School Enrollment by Age, 2005

(total number of people aged 3 or older enrolled in school, number of Asians enrolled, and Asian share of total, by age, October 2005; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total aged 3 or older Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

75,780 4,383 7,486 11,628 16,308 8,375 8,472 5,109 4,069 3,254 2,340 1,344 1,762 913 336

3,964 230 336 579 714 363 413 246 294 281 240 122 93 33 19

share of total

5.2% 5.2 4.5 5.0 4.4 4.3 4.9 4.8 7.2 8.6 10.3 9.1 5.3 3.6 5.7

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

22

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

Table 1.9

School Enrollment of Asians by Age and Sex, 2005

(number and percent of Asians aged 3 or older enrolled in school, by age and sex, October 2005; numbers in thousands) total number

Total Asians enrolled Aged 3 to 4 Aged 5 to 6 Aged 7 to 9 Aged 10 to 13 Aged 14 to 15 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 or older

3,964 230 336 579 714 363 413 246 294 281 240 122 93 33 19

female percent

30.5% 54.4 95.5 99.6 97.5 98.7 98.2 86.2 77.1 44.4 20.9 9.4 4.1 1.8 0.8

number

1,977 126 149 291 367 160 216 119 124 156 128 59 53 20 12

male percent

29.3% 57.5 93.2 99.5 98.5 99.7 99.1 89.2 71.2 46.2 21.6 8.9 4.5 2.1 0.9

number

1,986 105 187 289 348 203 197 127 170 124 113 63 40 13 8

percent

31.7% 51.1 97.4 99.7 96.5 98.0 97.3 83.6 82.1 42.2 20.2 9.9 3.7 1.5 0.7

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

23

Table 1.10

Asian Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by State, 1994 and 2004

(percentage of students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools who are Asian, by state, 1994 and 2004; percentage point change, 1994–2004)

Total enrolled Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2004 4.5% 1.0 6.7 2.3 1.3 11.5 3.2 3.4 2.7 1.4 2.1 2.7 72.5 1.5 3.7 1.1 1.9 2.3 0.9 1.4 1.3 5.0 4.8 2.2 5.5 0.8 1.5 1.1 1.7 – 1.8 7.2 1.2 6.7 2.0 0.9 1.4 1.6 4.6 2.3 3.2 1.2 1.0 1.4 3.0 3.0 1.5 4.9 8.0 0.6 3.4 1.0

1994 3.6% 0.6 4.1 1.7 0.7 11.2 2.5 2.4 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.5 68.8 – 3.0 0.8 1.5 1.9 0.6 1.3 0.8 3.8 3.7 1.5 3.7 0.5 1.0 0.8 1.2 4.2 1.0 5.2 1.0 4.8 1.2 0.7 1.0 1.2 3.2 1.7 3.2 0.7 0.8 0.9 2.3 2.1 0.9 3.4 6.3 0.4 2.6 0.8

percentage point change 0.9 0.4 2.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.4 1.2 3.7 – 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.8 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 – 0.8 2.0 0.2 1.9 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.5 1.7 0.2 0.8 0.2

Note: “–” means data are not available. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

24

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

More than One Million College Students Are Asian Even among Asian families with the lowest incomes, nearly half send their children to college. The number of Asians enrolled in the nation’s colleges has climbed from less than 200,000 in 1976 to more than 1 million in 2005. Asians account for nearly 7 percent of college students. Asian family income plays some role in whether children go to college, but a smaller role than may be expected. Among all Asian dependents aged 18 to 24, nearly half (48 percent) were enrolled in a four-year college in 2005. For students with family incomes below $25,000, the ﬁgure is only slightly below average at 45 percent. It climbs with income to a peak of 61 percent for those with family incomes of $75,000 or more. Of the 1.3 million Asians enrolled in college, half attend a four-year school, 19 percent are in a two-year school, and 31 percent are in graduate school. Seven percent of the nation’s 17.4 million college students are Asian, and the ﬁgure reaches 10 percent among college students aged 25 to 29. ■ The number of Asian college students will grow along with the Asian population.

Asian students are more likely to be in graduate school than a two-year college 900 (number of Asians enrolled in college, by type of school, 2005)

640,000

600 600,000

407,000 300 300,000

0

0

251,000

two-yearacollege

b college four-year

c school graduate

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

25

Table 1.11

Total and Asian College Enrollment, 1976 to 2005

(number of total people and Asians aged 15 or older enrolled in institutions of higher education, and Asian share of total, 1976 to 2005; numbers in thousands) Asian

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1990 1980 1976

total enrolled

number

17,488 17,272 16,901 16,612 15,928 15,312 14,791 14,507 14,502 14,368 14,262 13,819 12,087 10,986

1,134 1,109 1,076 1,074 1,019 978 910 901 859 828 797 572 286 198

share of total

6.5% 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.2 5.9 5.8 5.6 4.1 2.4 1.8

Note: Enrollment ﬁgures are based on a survey of institutions of higher education. They differ from enrollment ﬁgures in other tables, which are based on household surveys. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

Table 1.12

College Enrollment Status of Asians Aged 18 to 24, 2005

(total number of Asian dependent family members aged 18 to 24, and number and percent enrolled in a four-year college by family income, 2005; numbers in thousands) enrolled in four-year college

Total Asian dependent family members aged 18 to 24 Less than $25,000 $25,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 and over

total

number

798 143 401 72 61

383 64 185 38 37

percent

48.0% 44.8 46.1 52.8 60.7

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because not reported is not shown. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

26

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

Table 1.13

Total and Asian College Enrollment by Age, 2005

(total number of people aged 15 or older enrolled in college, number of Asians enrolled, and Asian share of total, by age, October 2005; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total enrolled in college Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 or older

total

number

17,472 3,909 3,945 3,162 2,291 1,309 948 709 515 368 318

1,298 229 292 277 239 121 43 45 14 19 17

share of total

7.4% 5.9 7.4 8.8 10.4 9.2 4.5 6.3 2.7 5.2 5.3

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

27

Table 1.14

College Enrollment of Asians by Age and Type of School, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asians aged 15 or older enrolled in college by age and type of school, October 2005; numbers in thousands)

Total Asians enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 or older

total

two-year college

four-year college

graduate school

1,298 229 292 277 239 121 138

251 65 69 35 31 18 32

640 164 196 169 64 11 34

407 0 27 73 144 92 72

19.3% 28.4 23.6 12.6 13.0 14.9 23.2

49.3% 71.6 67.1 61.0 26.8 9.1 24.6

31.4% 0.0 9.2 26.4 60.3 76.0 52.2

100.0% 25.9 27.5 13.9 12.4 7.2 12.7

100.0% 25.6 30.6 26.4 10.0 1.7 5.3

100.0% 0.0 6.6 17.9 35.4 22.6 17.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF SCHOOL

Total Asians enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total Asians enrolled Under age 20 Aged 20 to 21 Aged 22 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 or older

100.0% 17.6 22.5 21.3 18.4 9.3 10.6

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/school/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

28

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

Many Asian Students Earn Math and Science Degrees Asians account for one in ﬁve newly minted physicians. Asians earned 6.8 percent of bachelor’s degrees granted in 2004–05, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. The Asian share of bachelor’s degrees awarded in biology, computer science, and engineering is much higher, however. In 2004–05, Asians earned 14 percent of bachelor’s degrees awarded in biology, and 13 percent of those awarded in engineering and computer science. At the master’s degree level, Asians continue to be disproportionately represented in computer science (earning 14 percent of degrees) and biology (11 percent). At the ﬁrstprofessional degree level, Asians accounted for one-ﬁfth or more of the degrees awarded in dentistry, medicine, optometry, and pharmacy. ■ The strong math and science background of many Asian students allows them to pursue lucrative careers, boosting Asian household incomes.

Asians account for a disproportionate share of students earning degrees in medical ﬁelds (Asian share of ﬁrst-professional degrees awarded, 2004–05)

30

25.6% 20

20%

10

10%

0

0%

19.7%

19.9%

a dentistry

b medicine

21.1%

c pharmacy

d optometry

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

29

Table 1.15

Associate’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05

(total number of associate’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2004–05) earned by Asians

Total associate’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related programs Area, ethnic, and cultural studies Biological and biomedical sciences Business Communications, journalism, and related programs Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering technologies English language and literature, letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages, literature, and linguistics Health professions and related sciences Legal professions and studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics and statistics Mechanics and repair technologies Military technologies Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religion Physical sciences and science technologies Precision production Psychology Public administration and social service professions Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theology and religious vocations Transportation and materials moving Visual and performing arts

total

number

696,660 6,404 583 115 1,709 112,378 2,545 3,516 36,173 3,512 13,329 2,441 33,548 995 9,707 1,234 122,520 9,885 240,131 108 807 13,619 355 13,888 966 422 2,814 2,039 1,942 4,027 23,749 6,533 581 1,435 22,650

33,669 36 35 9 197 5,986 88 142 1,997 53 178 153 1,362 57 334 28 4,673 179 13,109 3 102 673 9 1,466 7 9 243 67 78 99 521 483 8 43 1,242

share of total

4.8% 0.6 6.0 7.8 11.5 5.3 3.5 4.0 5.5 1.5 1.3 6.3 4.1 5.7 3.4 2.3 3.8 1.8 5.5 2.8 12.6 4.9 2.5 10.6 0.7 2.1 8.6 3.3 4.0 2.5 2.2 7.4 1.4 3.0 5.5

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

30

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

Table 1.16

Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05

(total number of bachelor’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2004–05) earned by Asians

Total bachelor’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related services Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies Biological and biomedical sciences Business Communications, journalism, and related programs Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Construction trades Education Engineering Engineering technologies English language, literature, and letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages, literature, and linguistics Health professions and related clinical sciences Legal professions and studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics and statistics Mechanics and repair technologies Military technologies Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religious studies Physical sciences and science technologies Precision production Psychology Public administration and social service professions Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theology and religious vocations Transportation and materials moving Visual and performing arts

total

number

1,439,264 23,002 9,237 7,569 64,611 311,574 72,715 2,523 54,111 117 105,451 64,906 14,482 54,379 20,074 18,386 80,685 3,161 43,751 76 14,351 238 40 30,243 22,888 11,584 18,905 64 85,614 21,769 30,723 156,892 9,284 4,904 80,955

97,209 682 762 996 8,907 23,429 3,073 140 7,023 3 1,747 8,687 799 2,376 785 961 4,194 215 2,039 0 1,457 18 1 2,086 610 600 1,488 3 5,044 755 883 11,967 184 148 5,147

share of total

6.8% 3.0 8.2 13.2 13.8 7.5 4.2 5.5 13.0 2.6 1.7 13.4 5.5 4.4 3.9 5.2 5.2 6.8 4.7 0.0 10.2 7.6 2.5 6.9 2.7 5.2 7.9 4.7 5.9 3.5 2.9 7.6 2.0 3.0 6.4

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist”

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

31

Table 1.17

Master’s Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05

(total number of master’s degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2004– 05) earned by Asians

Total master’s degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related services Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies Biological and biomedical sciences Business Communications, journalism, and related programs Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering technologies English language, literature, and letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages, literature, and linguistics Health professions and related clinical sciences Legal professions and studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics and statistics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religious studies Physical sciences and science technologies Precision production Psychology Public administration and social service professions Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theology and religious vocations Transportation and materials moving Visual and performing arts

total

number

574,618 4,746 5,674 1,755 8,199 142,617 6,762 433 18,416 167,490 32,633 2,500 8,468 1,827 3,407 46,703 4,170 3,680 6,213 4,477 4,252 3,740 1,647 5,678 6 18,830 29,552 3,991 16,952 5,815 802 13,183

32,783 130 350 126 879 11,294 356 27 2,593 4,195 3,257 212 353 60 137 3,440 205 96 211 336 213 102 74 296 0 731 1,181 95 859 251 23 701

share of total

5.7% 2.7 6.2 7.2 10.7 7.9 5.3 6.2 14.1 2.5 10.0 8.5 4.2 3.3 4.0 7.4 4.9 2.6 3.4 7.5 5.0 2.7 4.5 5.2 0.0 3.9 4.0 2.4 5.1 4.3 2.9 5.3

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist”

32

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

Table 1.18 Doctoral Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05 (total number of doctoral degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2004– 05) earned by Asians

Total doctoral degrees Agriculture and natural resources Architecture and related services Area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies Biological and biomedical sciences Business Communications, journalism, and related programs Communications technologies Computer and information sciences Education Engineering Engineering technologies English language, literature, and letters Family and consumer sciences Foreign languages, literature, and linguistics Health professions and related clinical sciences Legal professions and studies Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities Library science Mathematics and statistics Multi- and interdisciplinary studies Parks, recreation, leisure, and ﬁtness Philosophy and religious studies Physical sciences and science technologies Psychology Public administration and social service professions Security and protective services Social sciences and history Theology and religious vocations Visual and performing arts

total

number

share of total

52,631 1,173 179 189 5,578 1,498 465 3 1,119 7,681 6,547 54 1,212 331 1,027 5,868 98 109 42 1,176 983 207 586 4,114 5,106 673 94 3,819 1,422 1,278

2,911 28 21 15 514 79 17 0 102 210 399 4 60 5 53 453 5 2 1 58 61 9 23 232 250 21 5 148 75 61

5.5% 2.4 11.7 7.9 9.2 5.3 3.7 0.0 9.1 2.7 6.1 7.4 5.0 1.5 5.2 7.7 5.1 1.8 2.4 4.9 6.2 4.3 3.9 5.6 4.9 3.1 5.3 3.9 5.3 4.8

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

33

Table 1.19

First-Professional Degrees Earned by Total People and Asians by Field of Study, 2004–05

(total number of ﬁrst-professional degrees conferred and number and percent earned by Asians, by ﬁeld of study, 2004–05) earned by Asians

Total ﬁrst-professional degrees Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Medicine (M.D.) Optometry (O.D.) Osteopathic medicine (D.O.) Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Podiatry (Pod.D., D.P., or D.P.M.) Veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) Naturopathic medicine Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Theology (M.Div., M.H.L., B.D., or Ord.)

total

number

87,289 4,454 15,461 1,252 2,762 8,885 343 2,354 2,560 262 43,423 5,533

10,501 879 3,084 320 426 1,872 43 75 204 14 3,326 258

share of total

12.0% 19.7 19.9 25.6 15.4 21.1 12.5 3.2 8.0 5.3 7.7 4.7

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2005, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d05/lt3.asp#19; calculations by New Strategist

34

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

EDUCATION

Nearly Half of Asians Participate in Adult Education Asians take work-related and personal interest courses in equal numbers. Education is a lifelong pursuit for many Asians. Nearly half (44 percent) of the 7 million Asians aged 16 or older participated in adult education programs during the 2004–05 academic year. About one in four (24 percent) took a work-related course, and almost as many (23 percent) took a personal interest course. Asians are slightly less likely than blacks to take work-related courses, but they are more likely than Hispanics to do so. Hispanics are more likely than Asians to take Englishas-a-second-language classes. Only 2 percent of Asians took English classes in 2004–05 compared with 6 percent of Hispanics. ■ Virtually no Asians participated in basic skills, part-time vocational programs, or apprenticeships in 2004–05.

Continuing education is important to many Asians 30

(percent of Asians aged 16 or older who take adult education classes, by type of class, 2004–05)

24% 20

20%

10

10%

23%

6% 2% 0

0%

a work-related courses

b personal-interest courses

c degree part-time college programs

d English-as-a-secondlanguage classes

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

35

Table 1.20

Participation in Adult Education, 2004–05

(number and percent of people aged 16 or older participating in adult education, by type of educational activity, race, and Hispanic origin, 2004–05; numbers in thousands) Total aged 16 or older, number Total aged 16 or older, percent Participated in any formal adult education activity English-as-a-second-language classes Basic skills, GED classes Part-time college degree programs Part-time vocational degree or diploma programs Apprenticeships Work-related courses Personal interest courses

Asian

black

Hispanic

7,080 100.0% 44.0 2.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 23.0

23,467 100.0% 46.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 27.0 24.0

26,101 100.0% 38.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 17.0 15.0

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Education Participation in 2004–05, National Household Education Surveys Program, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/adulted/tables.asp; calculations by New Strategist

36

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HEALTH CHAPTER

2

Health ■ Sixty-four percent of Asians aged 18 or older rate their health highly compared with 61.5 percent of all adults. Asians are much less likely than average to say their health is only fair or poor—8 versus 12 percent. ■ Only 14 percent of Asians aged 18 or older are current smokers, well below the 21 percent rate for all Americans. ■ The 56 percent majority of Asians have a healthy weight, much greater than the 36 percent of all Americans aged 18 or older whose weight is in the healthy range. Only 35 percent of Asians are overweight. ■ Of the 4.1 million births in the United States in 2005, fewer than 6 percent were to Asian women. Among all births in California, Asians accounted for 12 percent of the total. ■ Of the nation’s 14 million Asians, only 31 percent have health insurance through their own job. Nineteen percent of Asians have government-provided health insurance, and 17 percent do not have health insurance. ■ Among all Americans, heart disease is the leading cause of death. Among Asians, cancer is number one.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

37

Asians Are Healthier than Average The percentage of Asians who rate their health as excellent or very good has declined, however. Asian adults are more likely than the average American adult to rate their health as excellent or very good. Sixty-four percent of Asians aged 18 or older rate their health highly compared with 61.5 percent of all adults, according to the federal government’s National Health Interview Survey. Asians are much less likely than average to say their health is only fair or poor—8 versus 12 percent. Between 2000 and 2005, the percentage of Asians who rated their health as excellent or very good fell by nearly 6 percentage points. During those same years, the proportion of Asians who rated their health as only good climbed 4 percentage points, and the proportion rating their health as poor increased by nearly 2 percentage points. ■ The growing number of people without health insurance may be affecting how healthy people feel.

Asians are more likely than the average American to rate their health highly (percent of total people and Asians aged 18 or older who rate their health as excellent or very good, 2005) 75

61.5%

38

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

totala adults

64.0%

Asianbadults

HEALTH

Table 2.1

Health Status of Total and Asian Adults, 2005

(percent distribution of total people and Asians aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, and index of Asian to total, 2005)

Total people Excellent/very good Good Fair or poor

total

Asian

100.0% 61.5 26.1 12.3

100.0% 64.0 28.4 7.6

index Asian to total

– 104 109 62

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being Asian alone. The index is calculated by dividing the Asian ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for the U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.2

Asian Health Status, 2000 and 2005

(percent distribution of Asians aged 18 or older by self-reported health status, 2000 and 2005; percentage point change, 2000–05)

Total Asians Excellent/very good Good Fair or poor

2005

2000

100.0% 64.0 28.4 7.6

100.0% 69.6 24.4 6.0

percentage point change

– –5.6 4.0 1.6

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being Asian alone. “–” means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for the U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006; and Summary Health Statistics for the U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2000, Series 10, No. 215, 2003; Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

39

Nearly Half of Asians Are Teetotalers Few Asians smoke cigarettes. Only 14 percent of Asians aged 18 or older are current smokers, well below the 21 percent rate for all Americans. Fully 75 percent of Asians have never smoked. Among all Americans, the proportion who have never smoked is a smaller 57 percent. Asians are also less likely to drink alcohol than the average American. Only 32 percent of Asians are current regular drinkers, meaning they consume more than 12 drinks a year. Fully 46 percent of Asians are lifetime abstainers, meaning they have consumed fewer than 12 drinks in their lifetime. Among all Americans only 24 percent are lifetime abstainers and 48 percent described themselves as current regular drinkers. ■ The high level of educational attainment among Asians explains their much lower smoking rate. 30

Asians are much less likely to smoke than the average American (percent of total people and Asians aged 18 or older who are current smokers, 2005)

20

21% 20%

14%

40

10

10%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

total a people

b Asians

HEALTH

Table 2.3

Smoking Status of Total and Asian Adults, 2005

(number and percent distribution of total people and Asians aged 18 or older, by smoking status, 2005) total number

Total people All current smokers Every-day smoker Some-day smoker Former smoker Nonsmoker

Asians percent distribution

217,774 45,131 36,454 8,678 46,522 124,257

100.0% 20.7 16.7 4.0 21.4 57.1

percent distribution

number

8,155 1,111 843 268 839 6,134

100.0% 13.6 10.3 3.3 10.3 75.2

Note: Current smokers: have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and still smoke; every-day smokers are current smokers who smoke every day; some-day smokers are current smokers who smoke on some days; former smokers have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime but currently do not smoke; nonsmokers have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in lifetime. Numbers by smoking status may not add to total because unknown is not shown. Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.4

Drinking Status of Total and Asian Adults, 2005

(number and percent distribution of total people and Asians aged 18 or older, by drinking status, 2005) total number

Total people Current regular drinker Current infrequent drinker Former drinker Lifetime abstainer

217,774 103,672 25,502 30,357 51,420

Asians percent distribution

100.0% 47.6 11.7 13.9 23.6

number

8,155 2,639 886 687 3,762

percent distribution

100.0% 32.4 10.9 8.4 46.1

Note: A lifetime abstainer had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime; a former drinker had more than 12 drinks in lifetime, but no drinks in past year; a current drinker had more than 12 drinks in lifetime and had drinks in past year; an infrequent drinker had fewer than 12 drinks in one year; a regular drinker had more than 12 drinks in one year. Numbers by drinking status may not add to total because unknown is not shown. Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

41

Few Asians Are Overweight Asians are much less likely than the average American to be overweight. The 56 percent majority of Asians have a healthy weight, a much greater share than the 36 percent of all Americans aged 18 or older whose weight is in the healthy range. Only 35 percent of Asians are overweight. Among all Americans, a much larger 58 percent are overweight. Asians are much less likely than the average American to be obese. Among all Americans aged 18 or older, 24 percent are obese. Among Asians, the ﬁgure is just 8 percent. ■ As Asian immigrants adopt the American fast-food diet, their weight is likely to increase.

Most Asians are at a healthy weight

75 (percent of total people and Asians aged 18 or older who have a healthy weight, 2005)

56% 50

50%

36%

42

25

25%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

total a people

b Asians

HEALTH

Table 2.5

Weight Status of Total and Asian Adults, 2005

(percent distribution of total people and Asians aged 18 or older by body weight status, and index of Asian to total, 2005)

Total people Underweight Healthy weight Overweight, total Overweight, not obese Obese

total

Asians

100.0% 1.9 36.1 57.7 33.8 23.9

100.0% 5.5 55.5 35.4 27.3 8.1

index Asian to total

– 284 154 61 81 34

Note: Underweight is a body mass index (BMI) below 18.5; healthy weight is a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9; overweight is a BMI of 25.0 or higher; obese is a BMI of 30.0 or more. BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. Data are based on self-reported heights and weights of a representative sample of the civilian noninstitutional population. Numbers may not add to total because weight unknown is not shown. Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. “–” means not applicable. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

43

Most Asian Births Are to Older Women More than half of Asian births are to women aged 30 or older. Of the 4.1 million births in the United States in 2005, fewer than 6 percent were to Asian women. Among births to women aged 30 or older, however, a larger 8 percent are to Asians. Asians account for a larger share of births to older women because most Asian women postpone childbearing until age 30 or older. Fully 55 percent of Asian births are to women aged 30 or older. Among the 231,244 births to Asians in 2005, nearly 30 percent occurred in California. Among all births in California, Asians accounted for 12 percent of the total. ■ Behind the older age of Asian mothers is their higher educational attainment, with most going to college and earning a degree.

Most Asian women postpone childbearing

75

(percent distribution of births to Asians by age, 2005)

55%

44

50

50%

25

25%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

45%

a 30 under

30 orbolder

HEALTH

Table 2.6

Births to Total and Asian Women by Age, 2005

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to Asians, and Asian share of total, by age, 2005) Asian

Total births Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54

total

number

4,140,419 6,717 414,406 1,040,399 1,132,293 952,013 483,401 104,644 6,546

231,244 104 7,597 30,879 64,881 79,818 39,308 8,119 538

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 0.0 3.3 13.4 28.1 34.5 17.0 3.5 0.2

5.6% 1.5 1.8 3.0 5.7 8.4 8.1 7.8 8.2

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Preliminary Data for 2005, Health E-Stats, Internet site http://www.cdc .gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimbirths05/prelimbirths05.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.7

Births to Asian Women by Age and Marital Status, 2004

(total number of births to Asians, number of births to unmarried Asians, and unmarried share of total, by age, 2004) unmarried

Births to Asians Under age 15 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 or older

total

number

229,123 90 7,632 30,662 65,040 79,724 37,652 8,323

35,404 83 5,748 11,682 8,621 5,745 2,698 827

share of total

15.5% 92.2 75.3 38.1 13.3 7.2 7.2 9.9

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2004, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/nvsr.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

45

Table 2.8

Births to Total and Asian Women by Birth Order, 2005

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to Asians, and Asian share of total, by birth order, 2005) Asian

Total births First child Second child Third child Fourth or later child

total

number

4,140,419 1,638,962 1,327,927 699,891 456,497

231,244 105,870 80,770 28,558 14,993

percent distribution

100.0% 45.8 34.9 12.3 6.5

share of total

5.6% 6.5 6.1 4.1 3.3

Note: Numbers will not add to total because “not stated” is not shown. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Preliminary Data for 2005, Health E-Stats, Internet site http://www.cdc .gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimbirths05/prelimbirths05.htm; calculations by New Strategist

46

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HEALTH

Table 2.9

Births to Total and Asian Women by State, 2005

(total number of births, number and percent distribution of births to Asians, and Asian share of total, by state, 2005) Asian births

Total births Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total

number

4,140,419 60,447 10,463 96,231 39,196 549,626 68,963 41,717 11,648 7,893 226,280 142,256 17,925 23,062 179,061 87,282 39,312 39,893 56,385 61,005 14,113 74,986 76,920 127,799 70,969 42,398 78,619 11,602 26,148 37,258 14,426 113,700 28,834 246,354 123,118 8,393 148,916 51,746 45,937 145,584 12,680 57,728 11,457 81,743 385,963 51,554 6,475 104,592 82,705 20,838 70,978 7,239

231,244 873 776 2,959 687 68,458 2,390 2,239 500 193 7,564 5,005 12,311 392 9,052 1,442 946 1,214 818 1,034 226 4,979 5,485 4,446 4,776 408 1,760 119 696 2,900 586 10,938 460 21,297 3,342 106 3,475 1,087 2,503 5,754 557 1,027 111 1,696 13,559 1,500 110 7,163 8,474 177 2,599 70

percent distribution 100.0% 0.4 0.3 1.3 0.3 29.6 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.1 3.3 2.2 5.3 0.2 3.9 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.1 2.2 2.4 1.9 2.1 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.3 1.3 0.3 4.7 0.2 9.2 1.4 0.0 1.5 0.5 1.1 2.5 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.7 5.9 0.6 0.0 3.1 3.7 0.1 1.1 0.0

share of total 5.6% 1.4 7.4 3.1 1.8 12.5 3.5 5.4 4.3 2.4 3.3 3.5 68.7 1.7 5.1 1.7 2.4 3.0 1.5 1.7 1.6 6.6 7.1 3.5 6.7 1.0 2.2 1.0 2.7 7.8 4.1 9.6 1.6 8.6 2.7 1.3 2.3 2.1 5.4 4.0 4.4 1.8 1.0 2.1 3.5 2.9 1.7 6.8 10.2 0.8 3.7 1.0

Note: Asians include Paciﬁc Islanders. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Preliminary Data for 2005, Health E-Stats, Internet site http://www.cdc .gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimbirths05/prelimbirths05.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

47

Few Asians Are without Health Insurance The percentage without health insurance peaks in the 18-to-24 age group. Most Asians have employment-based health insurance coverage, but a minority has health insurance through their own employer. Of the nation’s 14 million Asians, only 31 percent have health insurance through their own job. The rest depend on coverage provided by the employer of a spouse or parent. Twenty percent of Asians have government-provided health insurance. Eleven percent depend on Medicaid (the government’s health insurance program for the poor), and 9 percent are on Medicare (the government’s health insurance program for the elderly). Fifteen percent of Asians do not have health insurance. In the 18-to-24 age group, the proportion exceeds 25 percent. ■ The relatively high socioeconomic status of Asians insures most will have health insurance, but a large percentage of Asians in every age group lack coverage.

Most Asians have private health insurance coverage (percent of Asians by health insurance coverage status, 2006)

90

71% 60

60%

30

30%

0

48

0%

a health with private insurance

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

20%

15%

b with government health insurance

c health without insurance

HEALTH

Table 2.10

Health Insurance Coverage of Total People and Asians by Age, 2006

(number of total people and Asians with and without health insurance coverage and Asian share of total, 2006; numbers in thousands) with health insurance

Total people Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

Asian

249,829 65,440 20,081 29,154 34,744 36,819 28,096 35,494

12,188 3,225 1,020 2,048 1,998 1,683 1,072 1,141

without health insurance Asian share of total

4.9% 4.9 5.1 7.0 5.8 4.6 3.8 3.2

total

Asian

46,995 8,661 8,323 10,713 8,018 6,642 4,095 541

2,160 365 355 448 441 278 210 64

Asian share of total

4.6% 4.2 4.3 4.2 5.5 4.2 5.1 11.8

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

49

Table 2.11

Health Insurance Coverage of Asians by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asians by age and health insurance coverage status, 2006; numbers in thousands)

total

total

private

government

not covered at any time during the year

14,348 3,590 1,375 2,496 2,439 1,961 1,283 1,205

12,188 3,225 1,020 2,048 1,998 1,683 1,072 1,141

10,222 2,662 860 1,905 1,897 1,492 913 492

2,859 751 224 183 161 254 232 1,055

2,160 365 355 448 441 278 210 64

with health insurance coverage during year

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

84.9% 89.8 74.2 82.1 81.9 85.8 83.6 94.7

71.2% 74.2 62.5 76.3 77.8 76.1 71.2 40.8

19.9% 20.9 16.3 7.3 6.6 13.0 18.1 87.6

15.1% 10.2 25.8 17.9 18.1 14.2 16.4 5.3

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers may not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

50

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HEALTH

Table 2.12

Asians with Private Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asians by age and private health insurance coverage status, 2006; numbers in thousands) with private health insurance employment based

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

total

own

direct purchase

14,348 3,590 1,375 2,496 2,439 1,961 1,283 1,205

10,222 2,662 860 1,905 1,897 1,492 913 492

9,033 2,500 662 1,704 1,743 1,303 768 351

4,455 8 209 1,265 1,223 936 559 255

1,387 233 140 225 216 247 170 156

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

71.2% 74.2 62.5 76.3 77.8 76.1 71.2 40.8

63.0% 69.6 48.1 68.3 71.5 66.4 59.9 29.1

31.0% 0.2 15.2 50.7 50.1 47.7 43.6 21.2

9.7% 6.5 10.2 9.0 8.9 12.6 13.3 12.9

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement,detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

51

Table 2.13

Asians with Government Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asians by age and government health insurance coverage status, 2006; numbers in thousands) with government health insurance

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

total

Medicaid

Medicare

military

14,348 3,590 1,375 2,496 2,439 1,961 1,283 1,205

2,859 751 224 183 161 254 232 1,055

1,616 647 171 130 106 171 138 252

1,227 25 6 14 13 52 79 1,038

404 105 49 48 46 55 46 54

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY COVERAGE STATUS

Total Asians Under age 18 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

19.9% 20.9 16.3 7.3 6.6 13.0 18.1 87.6

11.3% 18.0 12.4 5.2 4.3 8.7 10.8 20.9

8.6% 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 2.7 6.2 86.1

2.8% 2.9 3.6 1.9 1.9 2.8 3.6 4.5

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Numbers will not add to total because some people have more than one type of health insurance. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2007 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement,detailed tables, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/toc.htm; calculations by New Strategist

52

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HEALTH

Lower Back Pain Is the Most Common Condition among Asians Seventeen percent of Asian adults have hypertension. Because of their high levels of education, the Asian population is relatively healthy. The most common complaint is lower back pain, experienced by 20 percent of Asians aged 18 or older. Hypertension is second, followed by chronic joint symptoms and arthritis. More than 1 in 10 Asian adults experience severe headaches. A substantial 11 percent of Asian children have been diagnosed with asthma, but a smaller 6.5 percent still have asthma. Fewer than 2 percent of Asian children have a learning disorder. Of the more than 900,000 physician ofﬁce visits made by Americans in 2004, Asians accounted for just 3 percent. The average Asian visits a doctor 2.4 times a year. Only 6 percent of Asians aged 18 or older have any difﬁculty in physical functioning. Asians account for fewer than 1 percent of cumulative AIDS cases through 2005. ■ Health status rises with educational attainment. Because Asians are highly educated, their health status is above average.

Five health conditions affect more than 10 percent of Asians

27

(percent of Asians with selected health conditions, 2005)

20% 18

17%

18%

14% 9

9%

0

0%

a pain lower back

b hypertension

c joint chronic symptoms

11%

11%

d arthritis

severe e headaches

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

53

Table 2.14

Health Conditions among Total and Asian Adults, 2005

(number of total people and Asians aged 18 or older with selected health conditions, percent of Asians with condition, and Asian share of total with condition, 2005; numbers in thousands) Asians

Total people

percent with condition

share of total

total

number

217,774

8,155

100.0%

25,583 14,088 48,759 5,166

445 231 1,372 118

5.5 2.8 16.8 1.4

1.7 1.6 2.8 2.3

Selected circulatory diseases Heart disease, all types Coronary Hypertension Stroke

3.7%

Selected respiratory conditions Emphysema Asthma Ever had Still have Hay fever Sinusitis Chronic bronchitis

3,791

24

0.3

0.6

23,334 15,697 18,651 29,517 8,912

626 337 569 509 96

7.7 4.1 7.0 6.2 1.2

2.7 2.1 3.1 1.7 1.1

Cancer Any cancer Breast cancer (all adults) Cervical cancer (women only) Prostate cancer (men only)

15,995 2,623 1,215 1,830

241 58 – –

3.0 0.7 – –

1.5 2.2 -

Other selected diseases and conditions Diabetes Ulcers Kidney disease Liver disease Arthritis Chronic joint symptoms Migraines or severe headaches Pain in neck Pain in lower back Pain in face or jaw

16,186 15,104 3,791 2,965 46,941 58,863 32,826 32,294 61,965 9,639

437 349 104 81 868 1,138 864 757 1,599 227

5.4 4.3 1.3 1.0 10.6 14.0 10.6 9.3 19.6 2.8

2.7 2.3 2.7 2.7 1.8 1.9 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.4

Selected sensory problems Hearing Vision Absence of all natural teeth

36,454 20,255 16,310

822 404 381

10.1 5.0 4.7

2.3 2.0 2.3

Note: The conditions shown are those that have ever been diagnosed by a doctor, except as noted. Hay fever, sinusitis, and chronic bronchitis have been diagnosed in the past 12 months. Kidney and liver disease have been diagnosed in the past 12 months and exclude kidney stones, bladder infections, and incontinence. Chronic joint symptoms are shown if respondent had pain, aching, or stiffness in or around a joint (excluding back and neck) and the condition began more than three months ago. Migraines, pain in neck, lower back, face, or jaw are shown only if pain lasted a whole day or more. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

54

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HEALTH

Table 2.15

Health Conditions among Total and Asian Children, 2005

(number of total people and Asians under age 18 with selected health conditions, percent of Asians with condition, and Asian share of total, 2005; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total children Asthma Ever had Still have Experienced in last 12 months Hay fever Respiratory allergies Other allergies Ever told had* Learning disability Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder Prescription medication taken regularly for at least 3 months

percent with condition

share of total

total

number

73,376

2,621

9,287 6,531

278 171

10.6 6.5

3.0 2.6

7,708 8,534 9,170

185 216 248

7.1 8.2 9.5

2.4 2.5 2.7

4,244 3,998

48 44

1.8 1.7

1.1 1.1

9,724

148

5.6

1.5

100.0%

3.6%

* Ever told by a school representative or health professional. Data exclude children under age 3. Note: Other allergies include food or digestive allergies, eczema, and other skin allergies. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 231, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

Table 2.16

Physician Ofﬁce Visits by Total People and Asians, 2004

(number of total physician ofﬁce visits, number of visits by Asians, Asian share of total, and average number of visits by Asians per person per year, 2004) visits by Asians

Total visits

total (000s)

number (000s)

910,857

29,131

share of total

3.2%

per person per year

2.4

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2004 Summary, Advance Data No. 374, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

55

Table 2.17

Difﬁculties in Physical Functioning among Total and Asian Adults, 2005

(number of total people and Asians aged 18 or older, number with difﬁculties in physical functioning, percent of Asians with difﬁculty, and Asian share of total, by type of difﬁculty, 2005; numbers in thousands) Asian

TOTAL PEOPLE

Total with any physical difﬁculty Walk quarter of a mile Climb up 10 steps without resting Stand for two hours Sit for two hours Stoop, bend, or kneel Reach over head Grasp or handle small objects Lift or carry 10 pounds Push or pull large objects

total

number

217,774 32,405 15,418 11,669 19,047 7,011 19,077 5,418 4,008 9,635 14,674

8,155 519 166 152 265 67 223 46 55 220 283

percent with difﬁculty

100.0% 6.4 2.0 1.9 3.2 0.8 2.7 0.6 0.7 2.7 3.5

share of total

3.7% 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.4 2.3 1.9

Note: Respondents were classiﬁed as having difﬁculties if they responded “very difﬁcult” or “can’t do at all.” Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2007, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 2.18

Cumulative AIDS Cases by Race and Hispanic Origin, through 2005

(cumulative number and percent distribution of AIDS cases by race and Hispanic origin, through December 2005) number

Total cases American Indian Asian Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic White, non-Hispanic

956,666 3,251 7,739 399,637 156,026 386,552

percent distribution

100.0% 0.3 0.8 41.8 16.3 40.4

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Vol. 17, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/ 2005report/default.htm

56

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HEALTH

Cancer Is the Leading Cause of Death among Asians Heart disease ranks second. Among all Americans, heart disease is the leading cause of death. Among Asians, cancer is number one, accounting for 27 percent of the total. Heart disease accounts for a smaller 25 percent of deaths among Asians. Heart disease is a less important cause of death among Asians in part because the average Asian is better educated, more afﬂuent, and less likely to be overweight than the average American. No other cause accounts for more than 10 percent of deaths among Asians. Cerebrovascular disease accounts for 9 percent of the total, accidents 5 percent, and diabetes 4 percent. Alzheimer’s disease accounts for only 1 percent of deaths among Asians. ■ Many Asians are immigrants who have not yet adopted the fat-laden diet popular with native-born Americans, reducing their incidence of heart disease.

Cancer and heart disease are the two leading causes of death among Asians (percent of deaths to Asians by selected causes, 2004) 30

27% 25%

20 20%

10 10%

9% 5%

0

0%

a cancer

heartb disease

c cerebrovascular disease

d accidents

4% e diabetes

3%

3%

f and inﬂuenza pneumonia

glower chronic respiratory disease

h

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

57

Table 2.19

Leading Causes of Death among Asians, 2004

(number and percent distribution of deaths to Asians accounted for by the 10 leading causes of death among Asians, 2004) number

Total deaths among Asians 1. Malignant neoplasms (cancer) (2) 2. Diseases of the heart (1) 3. Cerebrovascular diseases (3) 4. Accidents (5) 5. Diabetes mellitus (6) 6. Inﬂuenza and pneumonia (8) 7. Chronic lower respiratory disease (4) 8. Suicide (11) 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis (9) 10. Alzheimer’s disease (7) All other causes

40,533 10,863 9,960 3,507 1,932 1,471 1,243 1,187 765 708 534 8,363

percent distribution

100.0% 26.8 24.6 8.7 4.8 3.6 3.1 2.9 1.9 1.7 1.3 20.6

Note: Number in parentheses shows rank for all Americans if the cause of death is among top 15. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Health United States, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm; calculations by New Strategist

58

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HOUSING CHAPTER

3

Housing ■ In 2006, 61 percent of Asian households owned their home versus 69 percent of all households. The Asian homeownership rate peaks among married couples at 72 percent. ■ Nearly two out of three Asian households in the Midwest and South own their home. Asian homeownership is a slightly smaller 61 percent in the West and an even lower 56 percent in the Northeast. ■ Among the nation’s 4 million Asian households, only 51 percent lived in single-family detached homes in 2005. This share is well below the 63 percent of all households in a single-family detached home. ■ Among Asians who moved between 2004 and 2005, 22 percent crossed state lines and a substantial 16 percent came from abroad.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

59

Most Asian Households Own Their Home But their homeownership rate is below average. Asian households are less likely than the average household to own a home. In 2006, 61 percent of Asian households owned their home versus 69 percent of all households. Although Asians are less likely than the average householder to be a homeowner, they are more likely to own a home than blacks (who have a 48 percent homeownership rate) or Hispanics (50 percent). The homeownership rate among Asians is highest among married couples, at 72 percent. Homeownership rates also surpass 50 percent for male- and female-headed Asian families. Asians account for just 3 percent of the nation’s homeowners and 5 percent of the nation’s renters. ■ Asians are more likely to own a home than blacks or Hispanics because they are better educated and earn higher incomes.

The Asian homeownership rate is rising (percentage of Asian households owning their home, 1994 and 2006)

61% 50%

51%

25%

0%

1994

60

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

2006

HOUSING

Table 3.1

Total and Asian Homeownership Rate, 1994 to 2006

(homeownership rate of total and Asian households and index of Asian to total, 1994 to 2006; percentage point change in homeownership rate, 1994–2006) homeownership rate

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994

index, Asian to total

total

Asian

68.8% 68.9 69.0 68.3 67.9 67.8 67.4 66.8 66.3 65.7 65.4 64.7 64.0

60.8% 60.1 59.8 56.3 54.7 53.9 52.8 53.1 52.6 52.8 50.8 50.8 51.3

88 87 87 82 81 79 78 79 79 80 78 79 80

8.0 9.5

– –

Percentage point change 2000 to 2006 1.4 1994 to 2006 4.8

Note: Asians include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. The index is calculated by dividing the Asian homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Housing Vacancies and Homeownership, Annual Statistics: 2006, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/housing/hvs/annual06/ann06t20.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.2

Total and Asian Homeownership Rate by Household Type, 2006

(percent of total and Asian households owning a home, by type of household, 2005) homeownership rate total

Total households Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse present Male hh, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

68.5% 75.7 83.6 49.2 58.5 53.4 57.5 48.3

Asian

59.5% 68.9 71.9 54.5 60.6 31.9 34.3 29.1

index, Asian to total

87 91 86 111 104 60 60 60

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. The index is calculated by dividing the Asian homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

61

Table 3.3

Asian Homeownership Status by Household Type, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by household type and homeownership status, 2006; numbers in thousands) Total Asian households Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse present Male hh, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

total

owners

renters

4,500 3,358 2,692 415 251 1,142 586 556

2,677 2,314 1,936 226 152 364 201 162

1,822 1,044 756 189 99 778 385 393

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOMEOWNERSHIP STATUS

Total Asian households Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse present Male hh, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

59.5% 68.9 71.9 54.5 60.6 31.9 34.3 29.1

40.5% 31.1 28.1 45.5 39.4 68.1 65.7 70.7

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

62

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HOUSING

Table 3.4

Total and Asian Homeowners by Type of Household, 2006

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of Asian homeowners, and Asian share of total, by type of household, 2006; numbers in thousands) Asian owners

Total homeowners Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse present Male hh, no spouse present Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

total

number

78,330 58,599 48,663 6,934 3,001 19,731 11,642 8,089

2,677 2,314 1,936 226 152 364 201 162

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 86.4 72.3 8.4 5.7 13.6 7.5 6.1

3.4% 3.9 4.0 3.3 5.1 1.8 1.7 2.0

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.5

Total and Asian Renters by Type of Household, 2006

(number of total renters, number and percent distribution of Asian renters, and Asian share of total, by type of household, 2006; numbers in thousands) Asian renters

Total renters Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse Male hh, no spouse Nonfamily households Female householder Male householder

total

number

36,055 18,803 9,516 7,158 2,129 17,252 8,588 8,664

1,822 1,044 756 189 99 778 385 393

percent distribution

100.0% 57.3 41.5 10.4 5.4 42.7 21.1 21.6

share of total

5.1% 5.6 7.9 2.6 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.5

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races and those identifying themselves as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

63

Asian Homeownership Is Highest in the Midwest and South Nearly half of Asian homeowners live in the West, however. Nearly two out of three Asian households in the Midwest and South own their home—66 percent in the Midwest and 65 percent in the South. Asian homeownership is a slightly smaller 61 percent in the West and an even lower 56 percent in the Northeast. Asians account for only 3 percent of homeowners nationally, but in the West they are a larger 7 percent of homeowners. Nearly half of Asian homeowners and renters live in the West. Another one in ﬁve lives in the Northeast or South. Just 12 percent of Asian homeowners and 10 percent of Asian renters live in the Midwest. ■ Asian homeownership rates are below average in every region although Asians have higher incomes than any other racial or ethnic group.

Few Asian homeowners live in the Midwest 60

(percent distribution of Asian homeowners by region, 2005)

48% 40 40%

21%

20 20%

19% 12%

0 0%

64

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

a West

b South

c Northeast

d Midwest

HOUSING

Table 3.6

Total and Asian Homeownership Rate by Region, 2005

(percent of total and Asian households owning a home, by region, 2005) homeownership rate total

Total Asian households Northeast Midwest South West

68.8% 65.0 73.6 70.5 64.3

Asian

61.3% 56.3 65.8 65.5 60.6

index, Asian to total

89 87 89 93 94

Note: Asians include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. The index is calculated by dividing the Asian homeownership rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.7

Asian Homeownership Status by Region, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by homeownership status and region, 2005; numbers in thousands) Total Asian households Northeast Midwest South West

total

owners

renters

3,510 725 395 686 1,704

2,151 408 260 449 1,033

1,358 317 134 237 670

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY HOMEOWNERSHIP STATUS

Total Asian households Northeast Midwest South West

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

61.3% 56.3 65.8 65.5 60.6

38.7% 43.7 33.9 34.5 39.3

Note: Asians include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

65

Table 3.8

Total and Asian Homeowners by Region, 2005

(number of total homeowners, number and percent distribution of Asian homeowners, and Asian share of total, by region, 2005; numbers in thousands) Asian owners

Total homeowners Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

74,931 13,217 18,360 28,003 15,350

2,151 408 260 449 1,033

percent distribution

100.0% 19.0 12.1 20.9 48.0

share of total

2.9% 3.1 1.4 1.6 6.7

Note: Asians include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 3.9

Total and Asian Renters by Region, 2005

(number of total renters, number and percent distribution of Asian renters, and Asian share of total, by region, 2005; numbers in thousands) Asian renters

Total renters Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

33,940 7,120 6,595 11,719 8,507

1,358 317 134 237 670

percent distribution

100.0% 23.3 9.9 17.5 49.3

share of total

4.0% 4.5 2.0 2.0 7.9

Note: Asians include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/ www/housing/ahs/ahs05/ahs05.html; calculations by New Strategist

66

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HOUSING

Many Asians Live in Apartment Buildings Asians are much less likely than average to live in a single-family home. Among the nations 4 million Asian households, only 51 percent lived in single-family detached homes in 2005. This share is well below the 63 percent of all households that reside in a single-family detached home. Forty percent of Asian households live in apartment buildings, and one in ten is housed in an apartment building with 50 or more units. This rate is more than double that for all households. Only 1 percent of Asians live in a mobile home versus 6 percent of all households. ■ Asians households are more likely than average to reside in an apartment building because Asians are much more urban than the American population as a whole.

Only about half of Asian households live in single-family detached homes (percent distribution of Asian households by type of housing unit, 2005)

51% 40%

40%

20%

0%

single-family detached home

apartment building

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

67

Table 3.10

Housing Units Occupied by Total and Asian Households by Type of Unit, 2005

(number of total and Asian occupied housing units and Asian share of total, percent distribution of total and Asian housing units, and index of Asian to total, by number of units in structure, 2005; numbers in thousands) Asian households

Total occupied housing units 1, detached 1, attached 2 3 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50 or more Mobile home Boat, RV, van

total households

number

111,091 69,605 6,418 4,259 4,894 5,298 4,723 3,603 5,034 7,161 95

4,067 2,062 349 158 230 278 281 252 414 41 2

total households

Asian households

share of total

3.7% 3.0 5.4 3.7 4.7 5.2 5.9 7.0 8.2 0.6 2.1 index, Asian to total

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total occupied housing units 1, detached 1, attached 2 3 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50 or more Mobile home Boat, RV, van

100.0% 62.7 5.8 3.8 4.4 4.8 4.3 3.2 4.5 6.4 0.1

100.0% 50.7 8.6 3.9 5.7 6.8 6.9 6.2 10.2 1.0 0.0

– 81 149 101 128 143 163 191 225 16 57

Note: Asians include only those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. The index is calculated by dividing the Asian percentage by the total percentage and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/; calculations by New Strategist

68

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HOUSING

Asian Mobility Is Slightly above Average Two million Asians moved between 2004 and 2005. Asians are slightly more likely to move in a given year than is the average American. Between March 2004 and March 2005, 15 percent of Asians moved versus 14 percent of the total population aged 1 or older. Among all movers in the United States, most stay within the same county when they move. Among Asian movers, however, only 46 percent of moves were within the county. Twenty-two percent of Asian movers crossed state lines, and a substantial 16 percent came from abroad. ■ Asian housing and mobility patterns differ from the averages because many Asians are highly educated immigrants moving for job-related reasons.

Many Asian movers cross county lines (percent distribution of Asian movers by type of move, March 2004 to March 2005)

46% 40%

22% 20%

17%

16%

0%

moved within county

different county, same state

different state

moved from abroad

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

69

Table 3.11

Total and Asian Movers by Age, 2004–05

(number of total people and Asians aged 1 or older moving and Asian share of total, percent of total people and Asians aged 1 or older moving, and index of Asian mobility rate to total, by age, March 2004 to March 2005; numbers in thousands) movers total

Asian

39,889 3,481 3,140 2,623 1,377 1,311 6,176 5,503 3,947 2,979 2,575 2,087 1,417 1,065 309 409 1,485

1,953 164 106 87 76 55 227 264 300 203 131 86 96 38 9 21 87

Asian share of total

NUMBER MOVING

Total movers Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

movers total PERCENT MOVING

Total movers Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

13.9% 21.4 16.1 12.5 10.5 17.2 30.3 28.2 19.9 14.4 11.3 9.4 7.2 6.4 5.7 5.6 4.2

Asian

14.9% 19.9 11.3 9.6 13.1 16.8 24.5 23.6 23.5 16.6 12.4 9.2 11.9 5.8 4.3 8.6 7.9

4.9% 4.7 3.4 3.3 5.5 4.2 3.7 4.8 7.6 6.8 5.1 4.1 6.8 3.6 2.9 5.1 5.9 index, Asian to total

107 93 71 77 124 98 81 84 118 115 109 98 165 91 77 154 187

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races.The index is calculated by dividing the Asian mobility rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004 to 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

70

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

HOUSING

Table 3.12

Geographical Mobility of Asians by Age, 2004–05

(total number of Asians aged 1 or older, number who moved between March 2004 and March 2005, and percent distribution of movers by age and type of move; numbers in thousands) movers

total

total movers

same county

different county, same state

different state

from abroad

Total Asians 13,129 Aged 1 to 4 823 Aged 5 to 9 934 Aged 10 to 14 905 Aged 15 to 17 582 Aged 18 to 19 327 Aged 20 to 24 925 Aged 25 to 29 1,117 Aged 30 to 34 1,279 Aged 35 to 39 1,222 Aged 40 to 44 1,059 Aged 45 to 49 931 Aged 50 to 54 810 Aged 55 to 59 658 Aged 60 to 61 207 Aged 62 to 64 244 Aged 65 or older 1,104

1,953 164 106 87 76 55 227 264 300 203 131 86 96 38 9 21 87

891 90 48 38 27 15 102 132 138 74 71 29 40 23 6 10 48

327 23 18 26 8 15 35 50 45 25 19 24 30 4 3 0 3

432 26 26 16 30 13 49 39 89 50 19 18 20 8 0 7 20

303 25 14 7 11 12 41 43 28 54 22 15 6 3 0 4 16

16.7% 14.0 17.0 29.9 10.5 27.3 15.4 18.9 15.0 12.3 14.5 27.9 31.3 10.5 33.3 0.0 3.4

22.1% 15.9 24.5 18.4 39.5 23.6 21.6 14.8 29.7 24.6 14.5 20.9 20.8 21.1 0.0 33.3 23.0

15.5% 15.2 13.2 8.0 14.5 21.8 18.1 16.3 9.3 26.6 16.8 17.4 6.3 7.9 0.0 19.0 18.4

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF MOVERS BY TYPE OF MOVE

Total Asians Aged 1 to 4 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 61 Aged 62 to 64 Aged 65 or older

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

45.6% 54.9 45.3 43.7 35.5 27.3 44.9 50.0 46.0 36.5 54.2 33.7 41.7 60.5 66.7 47.6 55.2

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Geographic Mobility: 2004 to 2005, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

71

INCOME CHAPTER

4

Income ■ Asians are the most afﬂuent householders in the United States. Their $61,048 median household income in 2005 was 32 percent greater than the all-household median of $46,326. ■ Asian married couples rank among the nation’s income elite with a lofty median household income of $75,892 in 2005. ■ The median incomes of Asian men and women have increased substantially since 1990, up 18 percent for men and 35 percent for women, after adjusting for inﬂation. ■ Asian men working full-time have a median income 16 percent higher than the median for all men with full-time jobs, a margin growing as Asian incomes rise faster than average. ■ Among Asian men aged 25 or older who work full-time, the 55 percent majority has a college degree and their median earnings stood at $66,577 in 2005. ■ Eleven percent of Asians lived below the poverty level in 2005, a rate that has varied only slightly since 1990.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

73

Asians Have the Highest Household Incomes But their household income fell between 2000 and 2005. Asians are the most afﬂuent householders in the United States. Their $61,048 median household income in 2005 was 32 percent greater than the all-household median of $46,326—and higher than that of any other racial or ethnic group. Between 1990 and 2005, the median income of Asian households grew by nearly 10 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation—more than the 7 percent gain for all households during those years. The median income of Asian households was 3.4 percent lower in 2005 than in 2000, after adjusting for inﬂation. This decline was greater than the 2.7 percent drop in the median income of all households during those years. Nevertheless, the median income of Asian households remains well above average. ■ Asian households have higher incomes than black, Hispanic, or non-Hispanic white households because Asians are much better educated and have more earners in the home.

The median income of Asian households is 32 percent above average (median income of total and Asian households, 2005)

75000

$61,048

74

50000

$50,000

25000

$25,000

0

$0

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

$46,326

a total households

b Asian households

INCOME

Table 4.1

Median Income of Total and Asian Households, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and Asian households, and index of Asian to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income, 2000–05 and 1990–2005; in 2005 dollars) median income

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total households

Asian households

index, Asian to total

$46,326 45,817 45,970 46,036 46,569 47,599 47,671 46,508 44,883 43,967 43,346 42,038 41,562 41,774 42,108 43,366

$61,048 59,370 58,645 56,757 59,148 63,205 59,695 55,780 54,882 53,609 51,662 52,745 51,016 51,544 50,946 55,687

132 130 128 123 127 133 125 120 122 122 119 125 123 123 121 128

–2.7% 6.8

–3.4% 9.6

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for Asians are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Historical Income Tables—Households, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/ histinc/h05.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

75

Asian Married Couples Have the Highest Income More than 1 million Asian households have incomes of $100,000 or more. Asian married couples rank among the nation’s income elite. Their median household income stood at a lofty $75,892 in 2005. Behind the high income of Asian households, and married couples in particular, are highly educated Asian men and women. Median household income peaks at more than $70,000 for Asian householders ranging in age from 35 to 54. Even among elderly Asian householders, median household income is a relatively high $37,465. Asian household income rises with education. The median income of Asian households headed by college graduates exceeded $85,000 in 2005. Most Asian householders with a professional or doctoral degree have incomes of $100,000 or more. Overall, an impressive 27 percent of Asian households have a median income of $100,000 or more, accounting for a disproportionate share of households with incomes at that level. ■ Not only are Asian households headed by highly educated householders, but they also have more earners than average, which boosts income.

The median income of Asian households varies widely by household type (median income of Asian households by household type, 2005)

90000

$75,892 $60,393

60000$60,000

$42,376

$36,508

30000$30,000

0

76

$0

$25,751

marriedacouples

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

b female-headed families

c male-headed families

d women living alone

meneliving alone

INCOME

Table 4.2

Income of Asian Households by Household Type, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by household income and household type, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006) family households

nonfamily households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

4,500

2,692

415

251

586

457

556

381

Under $5,000

195

54

26

7

59

48

49

45

$5,000 to $9,999

155

36

22

1

53

47

44

35

$10,000 to $14,999

202

81

21

6

63

57

31

25

$15,000 to $19,999

180

77

39

10

36

34

18

13

$20,000 to $24,999

201

75

21

11

44

37

50

40

$25,000 to $29,999

169

86

25

16

26

24

15

15

$30,000 to $34,999

154

74

9

21

34

27

16

9

$35,000 to $39,999

189

96

28

9

30

25

27

13

$40,000 to $44,999

176

93

20

8

25

20

30

20

$45,000 to $49,999

196

122

16

8

30

26

19

12

$50,000 to $54,999

216

134

13

17

15

8

37

26

$55,000 to $59,999

161

102

14

11

21

15

14

11

$60,000 to $64,999

184

114

18

12

23

20

17

12

$65,000 to $69,999

144

87

18

11

9

4

17

11

$70,000 to $74,999

149

101

12

9

11

7

16

13

Total Asian households

male hh, no spouse present

total

living alone

total

living alone

female householder

male householder

$75,000 to $79,999

93

57

8

8

12

7

9

8

$80,000 to $84,999

154

101

15

14

8

6

16

12

$85,000 to $89,999

114

75

9

10

8

1

12

5

$90,000 to $94,999

123

92

10

2

13

7

8

7

$95,000 to $99,999

114

78

14

6

6

5

12

2

1,228

956

57

54

61

31

100

47

$61,048

$75,892

$42,376

$60,393

$31,157

$25,751

$44,897

$36,588

$100,000 or more Median income

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total Asian households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $25,000

20.7

12.0

31.1

13.9

43.5

48.8

34.5

41.5

$25,000 to $49,999

19.6

17.5

23.6

24.7

24.7

26.7

19.2

18.1

$50,000 to $74,999

19.0

20.0

18.1

23.9

13.5

11.8

18.2

19.2

$75,000 to $99,999

13.3

15.0

13.5

15.9

8.0

5.7

10.3

8.9

$100,000 or more

27.3

35.5

13.7

21.5

10.4

6.8

18.0

12.3

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

77

Table 4.3

Income of Asian Households by Age of Householder, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by household income and age of householder, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006) 65 or older total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

Total Asian households 4,500

311

1,045

1,109

856

644

534

303

231 12

Under $5,000

195

33

59

27

29

24

23

11

$5,000 to $9,999

155

23

26

11

29

16

49

20

30

$10,000 to $14,999

202

25

34

26

25

20

72

36

36

$15,000 to $19,999

180

27

28

34

21

27

43

22

21

$20,000 to $24,999

201

20

46

49

28

35

23

8

16

$25,000 to $29,999

169

14

27

34

39

25

30

15

14

$30,000 to $34,999

154

25

41

31

20

21

17

13

5

$35,000 to $39,999

189

15

56

38

28

28

22

16

7

$40,000 to $44,999

176

10

45

42

42

17

19

13

7

$45,000 to $49,999

196

4

50

44

34

42

22

11

10

$50,000 to $54,999

216

23

52

48

46

29

17

11

7

$55,000 to $59,999

161

14

53

44

15

17

18

10

8

$60,000 to $64,999

184

10

53

51

28

25

17

8

9

$65,000 to $69,999

144

9

36

42

36

17

5

0

5

$70,000 to $74,999

149

8

29

34

44

19

13

8

5

$75,000 to $79,999

93

5

29

20

22

7

11

6

5

$80,000 to $84,999

154

5

48

49

25

15

12

8

4

$85,000 to $89,999

114

8

29

32

22

18

3

2

1

$90,000 to $94,999

123

2

40

21

32

17

11

8

4

$95,000 to $99,999

114

8

26

27

30

16

8

5

2

1,228

24

237

404

261

206

97

69

27

$61,048

$31,914

$60,230

$74,701

$70,787

$64,025

$37,465

$44,372

$25,582

$100,000 or more Median income

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total Asian households 100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under $25,000

20.7

41.2

18.5

13.3

15.4

18.9

39.3

32.0

49.8

$25,000 to $49,999

19.6

21.9

21.0

17.0

19.0

20.7

20.6

22.4

18.6

$50,000 to $74,999

19.0

20.6

21.3

19.7

19.7

16.6

13.1

12.2

14.7

$75,000 to $99,999

13.3

9.0

16.5

13.4

15.3

11.3

8.4

9.6

6.9

$100,000 or more

27.3

7.7

22.7

36.4

30.5

32.0

18.2

22.8

11.7

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

78

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INCOME

Table 4.4

Income of Asian Households by Educational Attainment of Householder, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian households headed by people aged 25 or older by household income and educational attainment of householder, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006)

total

less than 9th grade

9th–12th grade, no diploma

high school graduate

Total Asian households 4,189

some college, associate’s no degree degree

bachelor’s degree or more total

bachelor’s degree

master’s professional degree degree

doctoral degree

278

189

740

484

281

2,217

1,245

610

150

Under $5,000

162

23

7

43

20

3

67

34

25

0

7

$5,000 to $9,999

133

41

7

32

14

6

34

29

2

2

1

$10,000 to $14,999

177

27

18

52

17

14

48

30

11

6

1

$15,000 to $19,999

153

24

10

35

27

11

46

36

9

0

1

$20,000 to $24,999

181

21

14

48

33

10

56

41

15

0

0

$25,000 to $29,999

155

21

10

50

27

12

36

25

8

0

1

$30,000 to $34,999

129

18

12

19

17

18

46

32

8

4

3

$35,000 to $39,999

174

5

24

39

27

19

61

43

11

4

2

$40,000 to $44,999

166

4

12

29

26

25

70

41

15

4

11

$45,000 to $49,999

193

13

7

47

27

15

83

48

31

2

3

$50,000 to $54,999

193

13

4

51

29

14

82

42

23

2

14

$55,000 to $59,999

147

12

9

34

16

11

65

36

23

2

3

$60,000 to $64,999

174

10

7

41

12

9

95

45

36

2

13

$65,000 to $69,999

135

12

6

18

13

10

76

50

18

7

1

$70,000 to $74,999

141

2

2

34

17

8

78

48

21

2

6

$75,000 to $79,999

88

4

1

16

13

1

55

28

19

5

2

$80,000 to $84,999

149

1

6

24

19

6

94

42

36

8

7

$85,000 to $89,999

106

4

4

18

6

6

67

47

14

4

1

$90,000 to $94,999

121

5

4

15

16

11

71

35

26

3

8

$95,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income

212

106

2

5

17

19

7

56

34

13

3

5

1,205

16

22

77

91

67

934

478

244

90

121

$62,973 $25,414 $38,571

$47,950

$51,143 $52,446 $85,982 $81,695 $83,089

>$100k >$100k

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total Asian households 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Under $25,000

19.2

48.9

29.6

28.4

22.9

15.7

11.3

13.7

10.2

5.3

$25,000 to $49,999

19.5

21.9

34.4

24.9

25.6

31.7

13.4

15.2

12.0

9.3

4.7 9.4

$50,000 to $74,999

18.9

17.6

14.8

24.1

18.0

18.5

17.9

17.8

19.8

10.0

17.5

$75,000 to $99,999

13.6

5.8

10.6

12.2

15.1

11.0

15.5

14.9

17.7

15.3

10.8

$100,000 or more

28.8

5.8

11.6

10.4

18.8

23.8

42.1

38.4

40.0

60.0

57.1

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

79

Table 4.5

Income of Asian Households by Region, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by household income and region, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006) total

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

4,500 195 155 202 180 201 169 154 189 176 196 216 161 184 144 149 93 154 114 123 114 1,228

966 39 45 58 27 36 43 39 36 34 42 51 27 40 21 30 19 35 32 18 18 275

502 11 16 23 8 25 13 23 24 23 16 17 23 19 16 21 8 9 13 20 21 151

837 41 22 27 47 51 28 32 31 39 34 36 26 26 38 22 22 34 18 33 16 213

2,194 103 72 94 98 88 87 59 99 80 103 111 85 100 69 75 44 77 49 52 59 589

$61,048

$60,483

$67,213

$60,534

$60,574

Total Asian households Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $44,999 $45,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $54,999 $55,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $64,999 $65,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $84,999 $85,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $94,999 $95,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total Asian households Under $25,000 $25,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

100.0% 20.7 19.6 19.0 13.3 27.3

100.0% 21.2 20.1 17.5 12.6 28.5

100.0% 16.5 19.7 19.1 14.1 30.1

100.0% 22.5 19.6 17.7 14.7 25.4

100.0% 20.7 19.5 20.1 12.8 26.8

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

80

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INCOME

Table 4.6

High-Income Total and Asian Households, 2005

(number and percent distribution of total and Asian households with incomes of $100,000 or more, 2005; households in thousands as of 2006) total number

Total households $100,000 or more $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 to $249,999 $250,000 or more

114,384 19,715 12,132 4,031 1,529 2,023

Asian percent distribution

100.0% 17.2 10.6 3.5 1.3 1.8

number

4,500 1,229 666 302 120 141

percent distribution

100.0% 27.3 14.8 6.7 2.7 3.1

share of total

3.9% 6.2 5.5 7.5 7.8 7.0

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet stie http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new06_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

81

The Incomes of Asian Women Are Growing Asian men have lost ground since 2000. The median incomes of Asian men and women have increased substantially since 1990, up 18 percent for men and 35 percent for women, after adjusting for inﬂation. The median income of Asian men stood at $33,036 in 2005, a bit higher than the median income of the average man. Between 2000 and 2005, the median income of Asian men fell 5 percent, after adjusting for inﬂation—a greater decline than the 3 percent loss for all men. The median income of Asian women stood at $21,623 in 2006, fully 16 percent greater than the median income of the average woman. The incomes of Asian women have been growing faster than average for years, and this trend has not let up. Between 2000 and 2005, the median income of Asian women climbed 10 percent versus a 2 percent gain for the average woman. ■ The educational level of Asian men and women guarantees that their incomes will remain well above average in the years to come.

Asians have above-average incomes

45000

(median income of total people and Asians, by sex, 2005)

30000 $30,000

total

asian

$33,036

$31,275

$18,576

$21,623

15000 $15,000 100000

0

$0

all total dual Asian

75000

men men

women women

50000

25000

0

82

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

with

w/out

INCOME

Table 4.7

Median Income of Total and Asian Men, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and Asian men aged 15 or older with income, and index of Asian to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total men

Asian men

index, Asian to total

$31,275 31,537 31,763 31,739 32,092 32,129 31,971 31,686 30,579 29,525 28,700 28,300 28,073 27,891 28,610 29,390

$33,036 33,552 33,680 33,477 34,292 34,951 32,656 30,049 30,378 28,955 28,191 29,824 28,791 27,121 27,435 28,088

106 106 106 105 107 109 102 95 99 98 98 105 103 97 96 96

–2.7% 6.4

–5.5% 17.6

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for Asians are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

83

Table 4.8

Median Income of Total and Asian Women, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and Asian women aged 15 or older with income, and index of Asian to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total women

Asian women

index, Asian to total

$18,576 18,258 18,316 18,250 18,322 18,209 17,927 17,259 16,620 15,875 15,430 14,939 14,695 14,609 14,643 14,584

$21,623 21,305 18,973 19,429 20,429 19,674 19,676 18,213 17,359 18,128 16,361 16,107 16,450 16,187 15,411 16,056

116 117 104 106 111 108 110 106 104 114 106 108 112 111 105 110

2.0% 27.4

9.9% 34.7

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for Asians are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

84

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INCOME

The Median Income of Asian Men Peaks in the 35-to-44 Age Group The percentage of men who work full-time also peaks at ages 35 to 44. The median income of Asian men peaks at $48,357 in the 35-to-44 age group. Behind the income peak is labor force participation. Seventy-nine percent of Asian men aged 35 to 44 work full-time, more than in any other age group. Among those who work full-time, median income is $53,826. Median income is above $50,000 among Asian men aged 35 or older who work full-time. The median income of Asian women also peaks in the 35-to-44 age group, at $29,857, well below the median income of their male counterparts. Among Asian women who work full-time, median income tops $41,000 in the 35-to-44 age group. Asian men working full-time have a median income 16 percent higher than the median for all men with full-time jobs, a margin that is growing as Asian incomes rise faster than average. Asian women who work full-time have a median income 11 percent above average. Among Asians working full-time, women earn only 75 percent as much as men. ■ Asian incomes are above average because their educational attainment is far higher than that of any other racial or ethnic group.

The incomes of Asian men are growing faster than average (percent change in median income of total and Asian men working full-time, 1990 to 2005; in 2005 dollars) 30

24.1% 20

20%

10

10%

0

0%

0.5% totalamen

Asianbmen

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

85

Table 4.9

Income of Asian Men by Age, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian men aged 15 or older by income and age, 2005; median income of men with income and of men working full-time, year-round; percent working full-time, year-round; men in thousands as of 2006) 65 or older total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

5,174 656 4,518 415 345 350 289 345 276 281 211 235 141 243 101 192 96 94 98 83 58 66 44 553

972 372 600 209 110 69 60 25 36 18 21 14 0 12 2 9 3 3 2 0 0 3 0 5

1,162 75 1,087 86 50 81 57 88 50 88 60 69 32 91 47 60 29 23 16 30 18 12 22 79

1,149 66 1,083 34 32 58 51 93 65 70 52 53 42 65 22 61 35 25 32 31 18 14 14 215

851 38 813 29 45 41 48 62 57 62 46 50 26 50 22 34 15 30 27 15 18 16 4 117

563 52 511 23 29 31 34 51 45 27 20 31 23 16 6 19 8 10 15 8 4 18 2 92

477 53 424 33 80 69 39 27 22 17 13 17 18 10 4 9 6 2 6 0 0 3 0 46

293 32 261 18 45 45 29 11 12 11 3 13 7 8 1 7 6 2 4 0 0 0 0 38

184 20 164 15 35 26 11 15 10 7 10 5 11 1 3 2 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 8

Median income $33,036 Men with income Men working full-time 49,060

$9,076 26,026

$37,163 45,561

$48,357 53,826

$41,027 50,270

$39,017 50,225

$19,069 –

$19,214 –

$18,700 –

Total Asian men Without income With income Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $44,999 $45,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $54,999 $55,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $64,999 $65,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $84,999 $85,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $94,999 $95,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more

Percent working full-time

56.8%

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

16.8%

67.6%

78.9%

75.3%

65.2%

15.5%

19.8%

8.7%

Total Asian men Without income With income Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999

100.0% 12.7 87.3 21.5 12.3 10.8 11.3 14.0

100.0% 38.3 61.7 39.9 8.7 5.6 3.6 3.0

100.0% 6.5 93.5 18.7 12.5 11.9 13.9 21.5

100.0% 5.7 94.3 10.8 12.5 11.7 12.8 18.1

100.0% 4.5 95.5 13.5 12.9 14.0 14.3 17.7

100.0% 9.2 90.8 14.7 15.1 12.8 13.1 10.5

100.0% 11.1 88.9 38.2 13.8 8.2 10.1 6.5

100.0% 10.9 89.1 36.9 13.7 7.8 7.8 8.2

100.0% 10.9 89.1 41.3 14.1 9.2 14.1 3.3

$75,000 or more

17.4

1.0

15.2

28.2

23.1

24.7

11.5

14.3

7.1

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

86

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INCOME

Table 4.10

Income of Asian Women by Age, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian women aged 15 or older by income and age, 2005; median income of women with income and of women working full-time, year-round; percent working full-time, year-round; women in thousands as of 2006) 65 or older

Total Asian women Without income With income Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $29,999 $30,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $44,999 $45,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $54,999 $55,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $64,999 $65,000 to $69,999 $70,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $79,999 $80,000 to $84,999 $85,000 to $89,999 $90,000 to $94,999 $95,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median income Women with income Women working full-time Percent working full-time

total

15 to 24

25 to 34

35 to 44

45 to 54

55 to 64

total

65 to 74

75 or older

5,661 1,141 4,520 761 491 461 401 364 275 284 234 201 145 134 82 135 93 63 58 58 40 24 22 193

921 406 515 183 92 56 61 42 20 16 15 5 3 5 8 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 2

1,248 257 991 152 36 87 90 96 47 68 78 68 36 47 19 53 22 10 16 19 12 6 4 24

1,188 151 1,037 158 76 75 66 81 63 75 46 52 44 36 28 33 32 21 18 23 10 7 12 79

978 136 842 132 55 90 62 64 67 76 43 38 33 26 13 26 20 18 13 7 6 5 4 46

660 99 561 72 52 62 54 53 60 29 24 30 26 10 3 14 14 10 5 5 8 2 0 28

667 93 574 63 181 92 68 28 18 21 30 7 3 9 10 8 2 6 2 3 4 2 2 14

385 56 329 36 94 41 39 16 11 14 21 6 3 7 5 3 2 4 2 3 4 2 2 14

282 37 245 27 87 51 29 11 8 7 8 1 0 3 5 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1

$21,623

$8,810

$27,592

$29,857

$25,870

$23,349

$12,204

$13,965

$10,922

36,758

24,985

37,948

41,782

35,154

30,889

–

–

–

38.3%

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total Asian women Without income With income Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 or more

100.0% 20.2 79.8 30.3 13.5 9.9 10.2 9.0 7.0

11.5%

45.9%

52.6%

50.2%

46.5%

10.0%

15.3%

2.8%

100.0% 44.1 55.9 35.9 11.2 3.9 2.5 1.7 0.7

100.0% 20.6 79.4 22.0 14.9 9.2 14.6 12.1 6.5

100.0% 12.7 87.3 26.0 12.4 11.6 12.0 12.6 12.5

100.0% 13.9 86.1 28.3 12.9 14.6 11.7 10.5 8.3

100.0% 15.0 85.0 28.2 16.2 13.5 12.1 7.7 7.3

100.0% 13.9 86.1 50.4 14.4 5.8 6.0 5.2 4.0

100.0% 14.5 85.5 44.4 14.3 6.5 7.8 5.5 7.0

100.0% 13.1 86.9 58.5 14.2 5.3 3.2 5.3 0.4

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

87

Table 4.11

Median Income of Total and Asian Men Who Work Full-Time, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and Asian men who work full-time, year-round, and index of Asian to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income of full-time workers

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total men

Asian men

index, Asian to total

$42,188 43,060 44,044 43,972 44,262 44,086 43,869 43,359 42,752 41,546 40,958 41,188 41,344 42,041 42,395 41,970

$49,060 48,096 48,627 46,079 47,084 46,851 44,995 42,595 42,806 44,333 40,764 42,332 41,623 42,162 43,587 39,536

116 112 110 105 106 106 103 98 100 107 100 103 101 100 103 94

–4.3% 0.5

4.7% 24.1

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for Asians are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. The Asian/total indexes are calculated by dividing the median income of Asian men by the median income of total men and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

88

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INCOME

Table 4.12

Median Income of Total and Asian Women Who Work Full-Time, 1990 to 2005

(median income of total and Asian women who work full-time, year-round, and index of Asian to total, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income of full-time workers

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

total women

Asian women

index, Asian to total

$33,256 33,190 33,591 33,619 33,547 33,013 32,057 32,120 31,570 30,889 30,245 30,313 29,892 30,125 29,695 29,822

$36,758 37,729 36,566 34,771 34,500 35,056 35,413 33,420 35,309 32,596 32,443 32,568 33,311 32,916 30,183 31,909

111 114 109 103 103 106 110 104 112 106 107 107 111 109 102 107

0.7% 11.5

4.9% 15.2

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for Asians are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. The Asian/total indexes are calculated by dividing the median income of Asian women by the median income of total women and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

89

Table 4.13

Median Income of Asians Who Work Full-Time by Sex, 1990 to 2005

(median income of Asians who work full-time, year-round by sex, and Asian women’s income as a percent of Asian men’s income, 1990 to 2005; percent change in income for selected years; in 2005 dollars) median income of full-time workers

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 Percent change 2000 to 2005 1990 to 2005

Asian men

Asian women

$49,060 48,096 48,627 46,079 47,084 46,851 44,995 42,595 42,806 44,333 40,764 42,332 41,623 42,162 43,587 39,536

$36,758 37,729 36,566 34,771 34,500 35,056 35,413 33,420 35,309 32,596 32,443 32,568 33,311 32,916 30,183 31,909

4.7% 24.1

4.9% 15.2

women’s income as a percent of men’s income

74.9% 78.4 75.2 75.5 73.3 74.8 78.7 78.5 82.5 73.5 79.6 76.9 80.0 78.1 69.2 80.7

– –

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for Asians are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Surveys, Historical Income Tables—People, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html; calculations by New Strategist

90

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INCOME

Asian Earnings Rise with Education Most Asian earners have a college degree. Asian household incomes and earnings are well above average because most Asians are college educated. Among Asian men aged 25 or older who work full-time, the 55 percent majority has a college degree. Their median earnings stood at $66,577 in 2005. Asian woman are almost as well educated, with 54 percent of full-time workers aged 25 or older having a college diploma. Their median earnings were $50,301 in 2005. Less-educated Asian men and women have much lower earnings. Asian men who went no further than high school earned only $30,914 in 2005. Asian women who went no further than high school earned just $25,454 on average. ■ Most Asian men with a doctoral degree earn $100,000 or more.

Asian men with a college degree earn more than twice as much as high school graduates

90000

(median earnings of Asians aged 25 or older who work full-time, by educational attainment, 2005)

$66,577 60000

$60,000

30000

$30,000

0

$0

$30,914

a graduate high school only

b degree bachelor’s or more

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

91

Table 4.14

Earnings of Asian Men Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian men aged 25 or older who work full-time, year-round, by earnings and educational attainment, 2005; median earnings of men with earnings; men in thousands as of 2006)

Asian men who work full-time

total

less than 9th grade

9th–12th grade, no diploma

high school graduate

some college, associate’s no degree degree

bachelor’s degree or more total

bachelor’s degree

master’s professional degree degree

doctoral degree

2,775

94

124

547

302

188

1,519

826

421

107

Under $5,000

20

1

3

3

3

2

8

8

0

0

166 0

$5,000 to $9,999

45

4

4

17

5

4

11

10

2

0

0 0

$10,000 to $14,999

91

8

3

33

15

18

13

10

3

0

$15,000 to $19,999

139

14

19

51

22

10

23

14

3

3

1

$20,000 to $24,999

238

17

25

76

32

11

78

64

9

2

3

$25,000 to $29,999

194

19

9

73

26

20

48

37

10

0

1

$30,000 to $34,999

206

6

29

62

32

14

64

38

16

0

9

$35,000 to $39,999

147

6

6

41

23

19

52

36

11

0

6

$40,000 to $44,999

187

2

8

51

29

15

82

52

20

3

8

$45,000 to $49,999

113

5

2

24

15

9

58

46

6

2

4

$50,000 to $54,999

206

5

6

33

19

15

129

82

27

12

8

$55,000 to $59,999

79

0

0

9

9

9

52

30

18

0

3

$60,000 to $64,999

158

3

1

27

15

4

108

61

37

3

7

$65,000 to $69,999

81

0

0

9

7

4

60

39

13

2

5

$70,000 to $74,999

96

0

0

4

12

13

66

32

27

3

5

$75,000 to $79,999

76

0

3

7

8

5

52

29

14

9

2

$80,000 to $84,999

87

1

2

8

8

3

65

15

34

9

7

$85,000 to $89,999

47

0

2

2

0

1

42

24

12

6

1

$90,000 to $94,999

64

0

0

1

7

3

53

23

18

1

10

33

0

2

2

3

0

26

13

11

2

0

465

1

2

12

15

7

428

161

130

51

85

$50,105 $25,292 $29,144

$30,914

$95,000 to $99,999 $100,000 or more Median earnings

$37,406 $37,383 $66,577 $56,736 $77,107 $91,472

>$100k

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Asian men who work full-time Under $15,000

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

5.6

13.8

8.1

9.7

7.6

12.8

2.1

3.4

1.2

0.0

0.0

$15,000 to $24,999

13.6

33.0

35.5

23.2

17.9

11.2

6.6

9.4

2.9

4.7

2.4

$25,000 to $34,999

14.4

26.6

30.6

24.7

19.2

18.1

7.4

9.1

6.2

0.0

6.0

$35,000 to $49,999

16.1

13.8

12.9

21.2

22.2

22.9

12.6

16.2

8.8

4.7

10.8

$50,000 to $74,999

22.3

8.5

5.6

15.0

20.5

23.9

27.3

29.5

29.0

18.7

16.9

$75,000 to $99,999

11.1

1.1

7.3

3.7

8.6

6.4

15.7

12.6

21.1

25.2

12.0

$100,000 or more

16.8

1.1

1.6

2.2

5.0

3.7

28.2

19.5

30.9

47.7

51.2

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Earnings include wages and salary only. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

92

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INCOME

Table 4.15

Earnings of Asian Women Who Work Full-Time by Education, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian women aged 25 or older who work full-time, year-round, by earnings and educational attainment, 2005; median earnings of women with earnings; women in thousands as of 2006)

Asian women who work full-time

total

less than 9th grade

9th–12th grade, no diploma

high school graduate

some college, associate’s no degree degree

bachelor’s degree or more total

bachelor’s degree

master’s professional degree degree

doctoral degree

2,063

90

70

398

215

177

1,112

746

239

62

Under $5,000

28

5

0

16

0

0

7

5

0

2

0

$5,000 to $9,999

15

7

0

5

1

0

2

2

1

0

0

$10,000 to $14,999

146

30

13

42

17

13

30

28

1

0

0

$15,000 to $19,999

156

13

8

66

26

6

39

36

2

0

0

$20,000 to $24,999

207

16

12

60

37

13

67

64

2

0

1

$25,000 to $29,999

196

4

10

67

23

23

70

58

10

2

0

$30,000 to $34,999

206

7

11

50

34

22

82

68

14

0

0

$35,000 to $39,999

153

5

10

19

14

20

87

62

16

2

6

$40,000 to $44,999

151

1

0

14

14

19

102

73

11

8

11

$45,000 to $49,999

101

0

0

16

12

10

63

32

26

3

3

$50,000 to $54,999

120

2

2

18

7

23

69

45

18

1

6

$55,000 to $59,999

67

0

0

6

5

3

53

39

8

0

6

$60,000 to $64,999

105

0

1

9

5

11

78

45

24

8

0

$65,000 to $69,999

65

0

0

3

4

2

56

37

11

4

4

$70,000 to $74,999

39

0

0

2

2

2

32

21

9

2

1

$75,000 to $79,999

50

0

0

0

4

0

45

30

11

3

2

$80,000 to $84,999

45

0

0

0

2

0

43

18

21

4

0

$85,000 to $89,999

29

0

0

4

0

3

22

15

5

0

2

$90,000 to $94,999

16

0

0

0

0

2

13

3

10

0

0

$95,000 to $99,999

17

0

0

0

0

0

17

14

2

0

1

146

2

0

2

8

2

132

51

35

24

21

$36,631 $16,127

–

$25,454

$30,328 $36,516 $50,301 $42,370 $61,401

–

–

$100,000 or more Median earnings

65

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Asian women who work full-time Under $15,000

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

100.0%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

9.2

46.7

18.6

15.8

8.4

7.3

3.5

4.7

0.8

3.2

0.0

$15,000 to $24,999

17.6

32.2

28.6

31.7

29.3

10.7

9.5

13.4

1.7

0.0

1.5

$25,000 to $34,999

19.5

12.2

30.0

29.4

26.5

25.4

13.7

16.9

10.0

3.2

0.0

$35,000 to $49,999

19.6

6.7

14.3

12.3

18.6

27.7

22.7

22.4

22.2

21.0

30.8

$50,000 to $74,999

19.2

2.2

4.3

9.5

10.7

23.2

25.9

25.1

29.3

24.2

26.2

$75,000 to $99,999

7.6

0.0

0.0

1.0

2.8

2.8

12.6

10.7

20.5

11.3

7.7

$100,000 or more

7.1

2.2

0.0

0.5

3.7

1.1

11.9

6.8

14.6

38.7

32.3

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Earnings include wages and salary only. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

93

Few Asians Are Poor Asians account for just 4 percent of the nation’s poor. Eleven percent of Asians lived below the poverty level in 2005, a rate that has varied only slightly since 1990. The Asian poverty level peaks at 20 percent among those aged 18 to 24. Many of these young adults are students, and their incomes will rise above the poverty level after they earn their degree and embark on a career. The Asian poverty level bottoms out at 6 percent among those aged 55 to 59. Among Asian married couples, only 7.5 percent are poor. The poverty rate is highest, at 24 percent, among Asian female-headed families with children. ■ The high level of educational attainment among Asians boosts their incomes and keeps them out of poverty.

The poverty rate of Asians is below average (percent of total people and Asians living below poverty level, 2005) 15

12.6% 10.9%

94

10

10%

5

5%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

total a people

b Asians

INCOME

Table 4.16

Total People and Asians below Poverty Level, 1990 to 2005

(number and percent of total people and Asians below poverty level, and Asian share of poor, 1990 to 2005; people in thousands as of the following year) Asians in poverty total people in poverty number

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

36,950 37,040 35,861 34,570 32,907 31,581 32,791 34,476 35,574 36,529 36,425 38,059 39,265 38,014 35,708 33,585

percent

12.6% 12.7 12.5 12.1 11.7 11.3 11.9 12.7 13.3 13.7 13.8 14.5 15.1 14.8 14.2 13.5

number

1,501 1,295 1,527 1,243 1,275 1,258 1,285 1,360 1,468 1,454 1,411 974 1,134 985 996 858

percent

10.9% 9.7 11.8 10.0 10.2 9.9 10.7 12.5 14.0 14.5 14.6 14.6 15.3 12.7 13.8 12.2

Asian share of total

4.1% 3.5 4.3 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.9 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.6

Note: Beginning in 2002, data for Asians are for those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov2.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

95

Table 4.17

Total People and Asians below Poverty Level by Age, 2005

(number and percent of total people and Asians below poverty level by age, and Asian share of total, 2005; numbers in thousands) total number

Total people in poverty 36,950 Under age 18 12,896 Under age 5 4,107 Aged 5 to 17 8,789 Aged 18 to 64 20,450 Aged 18 to 24 5,094 Aged 25 to 34 4,965 Aged 35 to 44 4,186 Aged 45 to 54 3,504 Aged 55 to 59 1,441 Aged 60 to 64 1,260 Aged 65 or older 3,603 Aged 65 to 74 1,648 Aged 75 or older 1,955

Asian percent

number

12.6% 17.6 20.4 16.5 11.1 18.2 12.6 9.7 8.2 8.1 9.6 10.1 8.9 11.5

percent

1,501 359 84 274 999 264 279 184 180 47 44 144 87 57

share of total

10.9% 10.3 8.5 11.1 11.0 20.1 11.6 7.9 9.9 6.4 9.1 12.6 12.8 12.3

4.1% 2.8 2.0 3.1 4.9 5.2 5.6 4.4 5.1 3.3 3.5 4.0 5.3 2.9

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/pov/new01_100.htm

Table 4.18

Asians below Poverty Level by Age and Sex, 2005

(number and percent of Asians below poverty level by age and sex, and female share of poor, 2005; numbers in thousands) males

Total Asians in poverty Under age 18 Under age 5 Aged 5 to 17 Aged 18 to 64 Aged 18 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

number

1,501 359 84 274 999 264 279 184 180 47 44 144 87 57

720 190 46 144 468 134 124 92 78 16 24 61 34 27

females percent

10.9% 10.9 9.2 11.5 10.6 19.9 10.7 8.0 9.1 4.9 10.6 12.9 11.6 14.9

number

782 168 38 130 531 131 156 92 103 30 20 82 52 30

percent

11.0% 9.8 7.7 10.6 11.3 20.3 12.5 7.7 10.5 7.5 7.8 12.4 13.6 10.6

share of poor

52.1% 46.8 45.2 47.4 53.2 49.6 55.9 50.0 57.2 63.8 45.5 56.9 59.8 52.6

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/pov/new01_100.htm

96

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

INCOME

Table 4.19

Number and Percent of Asian Families below Poverty Level by Family Type, 2002 to 2005

(number and percent of Asian families below poverty level by family type, 2002 to 2005; families in thousands as of the following year) total Asian families in poverty number

2005 2004 2003 2002

306 243 320 218

percent

9.1% 7.4 10.0 7.4

married couples number

percent

201 150 203 137

7.5% 5.7 7.9 5.9

female householder, no spouse present number

83 54 89 51

percent

20.0% 14.0 23.5 14.3

male householder, no spouse present number

22 39 28 30

percent

8.8% 14.8 11.8 12.6

Note: Data are for Asians who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 4.20

Number and Percent of Asian Families with Children below Poverty Level by Family Type, 2002 to 2005

(number and percent of Asian families with related children under age 18 below poverty level by family type, 2002 to 2005; families in thousands as of the following year) total Asian families with children in poverty number

2005 2004 2003 2002

189 154 199 151

percent

10.4% 8.4 10.9 9.2

female householder, no spouse present

married couples number

121 97 121 94

percent

8.1% 6.3 8.0 6.9

number

54 43 66 39

percent

24.3% 19.5 28.2 21.0

male householder, no spouse present number

14 15 12 18

percent

15.5% 15.4 15.2 21.1

Note: Data are for Asians who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census .gov/hhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov4.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

97

LABOR FORCE CHAPTER

5

Labor Force ■ Seventy-ﬁve percent of Asian men and 58 percent of Asian women are in the labor force. ■ Although Asians accounted for fewer than 5 percent of the nation’s workers in 2006, they are a much larger share of workers in a variety of professional occupations: 13 percent of chemists, 27 percent of computer software engineers, and 36 percent of medical scientists. ■ Asians are the most highly educated of the nation’s workers: 57 percent of Asian workers aged 25 or older has a college degree compared with 33 percent of all workers. ■ The average Asian household has 1.57 earners, more than the 1.36 earners in the typical American household. ■ The Asian labor force will grow by a substantial 32 percent between 2004 and 2014, while the total labor force will increase by a much smaller 10 percent.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

99

Asians Are a Small Share of Workers Three out of four Asian men are in the labor force. Nearly 7 million Asians aged 16 or older were in the civilian labor force in 2006, but they account for fewer than 5 percent of the nation’s workers. Seventy-ﬁve percent of Asian men and 58 percent of Asian women are in the labor force. The labor force participation rate of Asians is well below average among men and women under age 25. College enrollment is behind the low rates. With most Asians having a college degree, many postpone getting a job until they earn their educational credentials. Once in the labor force, many remain at work well into their sixties. Asian men and women aged 65 or older are more likely than the average older American to be in the labor force. ■ Unemployment among Asians is below average, with only 3.0 percent unemployed in 2006 compared with a 4.6 percent national unemployment rate.

Most Asian women are in the labor force 90

(percent of Asians aged 16 or older in the labor force, by sex, 2006)

75.0%

100

60

60%

30

30%

0

0%

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

58.3%

a men

b women

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.1

Total and Asian Labor Force by Age and Sex, 2006

(number of total people and Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, and Asian share of total, by age and sex, 2006) men

Total in labor force Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

total

Asian

81,255 1,453 2,240 8,116 17,944 19,407 18,489 10,509 3,096

3,621 28 57 267 969 1,010 756 429 103

women Asian share of total

4.5% 1.9 2.5 3.3 5.4 5.2 4.1 4.1 3.3

total

Asian

70,173 1,499 2,089 6,997 14,628 16,441 16,656 9,475 2,388

3,106 28 41 241 796 826 712 378 86

Asian share of total

4.4% 1.9 2.0 3.4 5.4 5.0 4.3 4.0 3.6

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.2

Labor Force Participation Rate of Total People and Asians by Age and Sex, 2006

(percent of total people and Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, and index of Asian to total, by age and sex, 2006) men total

Total people Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

73.5% 31.5 58.2 79.6 91.7 92.1 88.1 69.6 20.3

Asian

75.0% 18.3 36.6 61.7 87.9 93.4 89.9 76.6 20.8

women index, Asian to total

102 58 63 78 96 101 102 110 102

total

59.4% 33.5 55.8 69.5 74.4 75.9 76.0 58.2 11.7

Asian

58.3% 16.9 29.5 56.1 67.5 71.5 74.2 58.5 13.1

index, Asian to total

98 50 53 81 91 94 98 101 112

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. The index is calculated by dividing the Asian rate by the total rate and multiplying by 100. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

101

Table 5.3

Labor Force Participation Rate of Asians by Age and Sex, 2006

(percent of Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, by age and sex, 2006) Total Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 16 to 17 Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 or older Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 or older

total

men

66.2% 25.1 17.6 33.3 58.9 77.3 74.8 79.6 82.1 81.8 82.4 81.5 82.5 80.4 66.9 72.8 58.6 16.4 31.5 12.5 5.9

75.0% 27.5 18.3 36.6 61.7 87.9 84.3 91.2 93.4 93.9 92.9 89.8 91.6 87.8 76.6 82.0 69.0 20.8 37.0 19.3 6.9

women

58.3% 22.7 16.9 29.5 56.1 67.5 65.8 69.0 71.5 70.5 72.7 74.2 74.4 74.1 58.5 64.9 49.1 13.1 27.2 6.6 5.1

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of employed plus the number of unemployed. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

102

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.4

Employment Status of Asians by Sex and Age, 2006

(number and percent of Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, age, and employment status, 2006; numbers in thousands) civilian labor force unemployed

civilian noninstitutional population

total

Total Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

10,155 613 863 2,282 2,235 1,801 1,207 1,154

6,727 154 508 1,765 1,836 1,469 807 190

Total Asian men Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

4,827 311 433 1,103 1,081 842 561 495

Total Asian women Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

5,328 301 429 1,179 1,154 959 646 659

percent of population

percent of labor force

employed

number

66.2% 25.1 58.9 77.3 82.1 81.5 66.9 16.4

6,522 132 480 1,713 1,796 1,430 784 187

205 22 28 52 40 38 23 2

3.0% 14.0 5.6 2.9 2.2 2.6 2.8 1.2

3,621 86 267 969 1,010 756 429 103

75.0 27.5 61.7 87.9 93.4 89.8 76.6 20.8

3,511 74 249 943 993 731 419 101

110 12 19 26 16 25 10 2

3.0 13.6 7.0 2.7 1.6 3.3 2.4 1.7

3,106 68 241 796 826 712 378 86

58.3 22.7 56.1 67.5 71.5 74.2 58.5 13.1

3,011 58 231 770 802 699 365 86

95 10 10 26 23 13 12 1

3.1 14.6 4.0 3.2 2.8 1.9 3.3 0.6

Note: The civilian labor force equals the number of the employed plus the number of the unemployed. The civilian population equals the number in the labor force plus the number not in the labor force. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

103

Asians Account for a Large Share of Professional Workers Few construction workers are Asian. Asians accounted for only 4.5 percent of the nation’s workers in 2006, but they are a much larger share of workers in a variety of professional occupations. Asians accounted for 13 percent of chemists, 27 percent of computer software engineers, and 36 percent of medical scientists. Among pharmacists, more than 19 percent are Asian. Asians account for the largest share of workers in the occupation labeled “miscellaneous personal appearance workers.” This occupation includes employees in establishments such as nail salons, where Asians account for 45.5 percent of workers. Asians account for few workers in blue collar occupations. They are only 1 percent of construction laborers and only 2 percent of electricians. ■ Asians are the most highly educated workers in the nation, which accounts for their disproportionate representation in professional occupations.

The largest share of Asians work in professional occupations (percent distribution of employed Asians aged 16 or older by major occupational group, 2006) 10% production and transportation f

4% natural resources, construction,e and maintenance

16% management, business, ﬁnance a

b c

22% sales and ofﬁced

d

32% professionale b

16% c service

104

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

a

f

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.5

Total and Asian Workers by Occupation, 2006

(total number of employed persons aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed Asians, and Asian share of total, by occupation, 2006; numbers in thousands) Asian percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Management, professional and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations Management occupations Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Health care practitioner and technical occupations

144,427 50,420 21,233 15,249 5,983 29,187 3,209 2,830 1,434 2,156 1,637 8,126 2,735 7,060

6,522 3,088 1,029 657 372 2,058 519 273 174 71 45 284 115 578

100.0% 47.3 15.8 10.1 5.7 31.6 8.0 4.2 2.7 1.1 0.7 4.4 1.8 8.9

4.5% 6.1 4.8 4.3 6.2 7.1 16.2 9.6 12.1 3.3 2.7 3.5 4.2 8.2

Service occupations Health care support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving-related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations

23,811 3,132 2,939 7,606 5,381 4,754

1,028 128 51 406 139 303

15.8 2.0 0.8 6.2 2.1 4.6

4.3 4.1 1.7 5.3 2.6 6.4

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations

36,141 16,641 19,500

1,463 767 696

22.4 11.8 10.7

4.0 4.6 3.6

Natural resources, construction, maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

15,830 961 9,507 5,362

288 15 114 159

4.4 0.2 1.7 2.4

1.8 1.6 1.2 3.0

Production, transportation, material-moving occupations Production occupations Transportation and material-moving occupations

18,224 9,378 8,846

656 453 203

10.1 6.9 3.1

3.6 4.8 2.3

TOTAL EMPLOYED

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

105

Table 5.6

Total and Asian Workers by Detailed Occupation, 2006

(total number of employed workers aged 16 or older and percent Asian, by detailed occupation, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

TOTAL EMPLOYED Management, professional, and related occupations Management, business, and ﬁnancial operations occupations Management occupations Chief executives General and operations managers Advertising and promotions managers Marketing and sales managers Administrative services managers Computer and information systems managers Financial managers Human resources managers Industrial production managers Purchasing managers Transportation, storage, and distribution managers Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers Farmers and ranchers Construction managers Education administrators Engineering managers Food service managers Lodging managers Medical and health services managers Property, real estate, and community association managers Social and community service managers Business and ﬁnancial operations occupations Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators Compliance ofﬁcers, excl. agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Cost estimators Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists Management analysts Accountants and auditors Appraisers and assessors of real estate Budget analysts Financial analysts Personal ﬁnancial advisors Insurance underwriters Loan counselors and ofﬁcers Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents Tax preparers

144,427 50,420 21,233 15,249 1,689 998 75 888 87 401 1,083 280 298 165 249 242 784 1,010 796 103 900 174 511 618 315 5,983 222 290 283 149 114 765 572 1,779 134 52 103 389 92 468 67 98

percent Asian

4.5% 6.1 4.8 4.3 3.9 3.4 1.7 3.8 5.2 9.1 5.5 1.2 3.2 1.7 2.9 0.8 1.0 2.3 2.2 10.9 12.0 13.3 4.8 3.2 2.7 6.2 3.5 3.2 3.4 5.8 4.1 4.5 7.5 9.4 2.2 12.5 12.3 5.4 2.5 5.6 0.9 4.3 (continued)

106

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LABOR FORCE

total

Professional and related occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Computer scientists and systems analysts Computer programmers Computer software engineers Computer support specialists Database administrators Network and computer systems administrators Network systems and data communications analysts Operations research analysts Architecture and engineering occupations Architects, except naval Aerospace engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Computer hardware engineers Electrical and electronics engineers Industrial engineers, including health and safety Mechanical engineers Drafters Engineering technicians, except drafters Surveying and mapping technicians Life, physical, and social science occupations Biological scientists Medical scientists Chemists and materials scientists Environmental scientists and geoscientists Market and survey researchers Psychologists Chemical technicians Community and social services occupations Counselors Social workers Miscellaneous community and social service specialists Clergy Legal occupations Lawyers Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers Paralegals and legal assistants Miscellaneous legal support workers Education, training, and library occupations Postsecondary teachers Preschool and kindergarten teachers Elementary and middle school teachers Secondary school teachers Special education teachers Other teachers and instructors Librarians Teacher assistants

29,187 3,209 715 562 846 314 90 180 356 85 2,830 221 110 70 304 80 382 174 322 181 396 96 1,434 116 164 116 101 129 189 76 2,156 614 698 293 416 1,637 965 66 345 261 8,126 1,194 690 2,701 1,098 401 705 229 942

percent Asian

7.1% 16.2 12.7 18.1 26.9 7.4 14.8 11.0 8.1 6.6 9.7 11.5 12.9 13.0 8.2 26.5 15.8 5.9 9.5 6.8 5.3 0.3 12.2 11.9 35.6 13.3 3.4 8.7 2.2 4.4 3.3 2.3 3.3 3.2 4.5 2.8 2.9 1.9 1.9 3.8 3.5 10.3 2.5 1.7 1.9 1.7 4.6 1.1 2.3 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

107

total

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Artists and related workers Designers Producers and directors Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers Musicians, singers, and related workers Announcers News analysts, reporters, and correspondents Public relations specialists Editors Technical writers Writers and authors Miscellaneous media and communication workers Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators Photographers Health care practitioner and technical occupations Chiropractors Dentists Dietitians and nutritionists Pharmacists Physicians and surgeons Physician assistants Registered nurses Occupational therapists Physical therapists Respiratory therapists Speech-language pathologists Veterinarians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental hygienists Diagnostic related technologists and technicians Emergency medical technicians and paramedics Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses Medical records and health information technicians Service occupations Health care support occupations Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides Physical therapist assistants and aides Massage therapists Dental assistants Protective service occupations First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives Fireﬁghters Bailiffs, correctional ofﬁcers, and jailers Detectives and criminal investigators Police and sheriff’s patrol ofﬁcers Private detectives and investigators Security guards and gaming surveillance ofﬁcers

percent Asian

2,735 223 821 134 270 203 62 78 141 157 60 174 67 89 127 7,060 69 196 96 245 863 85 2,529 78 198 85 114 67 321 144 281 156 425 556 98

4.2% 6.2 7.0 3.3 2.2 3.4 2.0 2.5 1.3 1.3 0.8 1.9 8.7 2.5 1.7 8.2 1.8 11.4 7.6 19.5 17.0 6.2 7.5 4.7 13.7 4.6 1.4 0.4 9.6 4.2 2.9 2.2 5.6 3.1 1.4

23,811 3,132 1,906 61 124 274 2,939 103 253 451 144 655 85 835

4.3 4.1 4.0 0.6 5.0 4.2 1.7 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.8 2.3 0.6 3.1 (continued)

108

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LABOR FORCE

total

percent Asian

Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers Cooks Food preparation workers Bartenders Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop Waiters and waitresses Food servers, nonrestaurant Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Dishwashers Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Janitors and building cleaners

7,606 313 652 1,868 698 389 344 308 1,960 155 380 279 257 5,381 305

5.3% 15.8 3.0 6.2 5.2 2.1 4.3 3.5 5.3 5.1 5.4 3.1 4.3 2.6 3.2

235 2,082

1.0

Maids and housekeeping cleaners Pest control workers Grounds maintenance workers Personal care and service occupations First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers Nonfarm animal caretakers Gaming services workers Barbers Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists Miscellaneous personal appearance workers Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges Transportation attendants Child care workers Personal and home care aides Recreation and ﬁtness workers Residential advisors

1,423 78 1,259 4,754 124 176 137 106 100 767 230 78 134 1,401 703 322 62

3.0 3.4 2.2 1.2 6.4 5.7 10.9 0.9 18.0 1.9 4.8 45.5 6.1 4.8 2.8 5.8 2.3 3.0

36,141 16,641 3,435 1,433 3,063 146 149 3,386 220 548

4.0 4.6 4.5 6.0 5.5 8.9 1.1 4.2 4.2 2.6

Sales and ofﬁce occupations Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail sales workers Cashiers Counter and rental clerks Parts salespersons Retail salespersons Advertising sales agents Insurance sales agents

(continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

109

total

Securities, commodities, and ﬁnancial services sales agents Travel agents Sales representatives, services, all other Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing Models, demonstrators, and product promoters Real estate brokers and sales agents Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, related workers Ofﬁce and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of ofﬁce and admin. support workers Bill and account collectors Billing and posting clerks and machine operators Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Tellers Court, municipal, and license clerks Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks Customer service representatives Eligibility interviewers, government programs File clerks Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks Interviewers, except eligibility and loan Library assistants, clerical Loan interviewers and clerks Order clerks Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping Receptionists and information clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks Couriers and messengers Dispatchers Postal service clerks Postal service mail carriers Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators Production, planning, and expediting clerks Shipping, receiving, and trafﬁc clerks Stock clerks and order ﬁllers Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping Secretaries and administrative assistants Computer operators Data entry keyers Word processors and typists Insurance claims and policy processing clerks Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Ofﬁce clerks, general Ofﬁce machine operators, except computer

398 82 563 1,422 75 1,046 142 261 19,500 1,543 213 422 1,511 158 432 114 56 1,916 61 363 117 141 119 190 128 56 1,403 156 273 303 153 329 98 296 543 1,462 81 3,455 185 475 256 274 123 1,035 52

percent Asian

7.9% 8.8 2.9 2.5 5.3 5.9 1.1 3.0 3.6 2.7 2.1 3.5 3.7 2.3 4.0 1.4 5.7 3.6 5.4 5.2 3.7 1.6 5.0 6.5 1.8 3.1 3.8 5.0 3.0 1.0 12.4 5.0 12.3 2.5 2.6 3.4 7.3 2.2 7.7 6.1 1.9 0.9 7.5 5.8 6.3 (continued)

110

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LABOR FORCE

total

percent Asian

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations Farming, ﬁshing, and forestry occupations Graders and sorters, agricultural products Logging workers Construction and extraction occupations First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades, extraction workers Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons Carpenters Carpet, ﬂoor, and tile installers and ﬁnishers Cement masons, concrete ﬁnishers, and terrazzo workers Construction laborers Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers Electricians Painters, construction and maintenance Pipelayers, plumbers, pipeﬁtters, and steamﬁtters Roofers Sheet metal workers Structural iron and steel workers Helpers, construction trades Construction and building inspectors Highway maintenance workers Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers Computer, automated teller, and ofﬁce machine repairers Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers Security and ﬁre alarm systems installers Aircraft mechanics and service technicians Automotive body and related repairers Automotive service technicians and mechanics Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics Small engine mechanics Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics Maintenance and repair workers, general Millwrights Electrical power-line installers and repairers Telecommunications line installers and repairers Precision instrument and equipment repairers Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

15,830 961 68 78 9,507 976 244 1,843 279 107 1,693 451 295 882 713 662 242 125 59 132 102 103 5,362 357 371 205 69 141 162 875 367 237 61 405 56 436 435 67 109 210 73 62

1.8% 1.6 1.7 0.0 1.2 1.3 0.1 1.6 1.2 0.0 1.4 0.3 0.1 1.7 1.2 0.4 1.2 2.8 0.6 0.4 1.3 0.6 3.0 2.3 6.8 5.1 2.5 3.7 4.8 4.4 1.6 0.3 2.4 1.1 5.5 2.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 2.1 10.0 3.4

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations Production occupations First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers

18,224 9,378 868 213

3.6 4.8 4.8 14.0 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

111

total

Bakers Butchers and other meat, poultry, and ﬁsh processing workers Food batchmakers Computer control programmers and operators Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Grinding, lapping, polishing, and bufﬁng machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Machinists Molders and molding machine setters, operators, tenders, metal and plastic Tool and die makers Welding, soldering, and brazing workers Printing machine operators Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials Sewing machine operators Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers Upholsterers Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood Stationary engineers and boiler operators Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers Cutting workers Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians Packaging and ﬁlling machine operators and tenders Painting workers Photographic process workers and processing machine operators Helpers—production workers Transportation and material-moving occupations Supervisors, transportation and material-moving workers Aircraft pilots and ﬂight engineers Bus drivers Driver/sales workers and truck drivers Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Railroad conductors and yardmasters Parking lot attendants Service station attendants Crane and tower operators Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators Industrial truck and tractor operators Cleaners of vehicles and equipment Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Packers and packagers, hand Refuse and recyclable material collectors

percent Asian

186 292 81 54

4.6% 3.1 4.0 3.9

119

1.5

62 415 70 105 546 208 190 63 292 111 54 113 58 94 95 57 105 78 702 95 275 173 62 53 8,846 228 115 565 3,475 282 50 65 96 54 63 574 401 1,899 432 91

0.1 4.1 0.7 0.0 2.7 3.8 5.2 6.5 15.3 11.0 2.4 2.3 1.9 3.0 0.4 0.0 5.1 2.7 6.4 11.2 5.0 1.4 2.2 3.8 2.3 2.2 2.8 1.3 1.2 12.6 0.0 7.2 7.5 0.8 0.4 0.8 1.0 2.7 5.4 4.4

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

112

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.7

Total and Asian Workers by Industry, 2006

(total number of employed people aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force, number and percent distribution of employed Asians, and Asian share of total, by industry, 2006; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total employed Agriculture, forestry, ﬁshing, hunting Mining Construction Manufacturing Wholesale/retail trade Transportation and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Educational and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Public administration

total

number

144,428 2,206 687 11,749 16,377 21,328 7,455 3,573 10,490 14,868 29,938 12,145 7,088 6,524

6,522 26 5 166 850 893 265 184 539 846 1,404 711 409 226

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 0.4 0.1 2.5 13.0 13.7 4.1 2.8 8.3 13.0 21.5 10.9 6.3 3.5

4.5% 1.2 0.7 1.4 5.2 4.2 3.6 5.1 5.1 5.7 4.7 5.9 5.8 3.5

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

113

Most Asian Workers Have a College Degree Asians are less likely than the average worker to have lengthy job tenure. Asians are the most highly educated of the nation’s workers. The 57 percent majority of Asian workers aged 25 or older has a college degree compared with 33 percent of all workers. Asians account for 8 percent of the nation’s college-educated work force. Asians are less likely than the average worker to have held their current job for 15 or more years. Among all workers, 16 percent have been on the job for at least 15 years. Among Asians, the proportion is a smaller 11 percent. Behind the shorter job tenure of Asians is the fact the Asian workers are younger, on average, than the typical American worker. ■ Fully 91 percent of employed Asian men work full-time. Among Asian women in the workforce, 79 percent have full-time jobs.

Few Asian workers are high school dropouts (percent distribution of employed Asians by educational attainment, 2006) 7.5% not a high school graduate a

a

17.8% b high school graduatebonly c

57.5% bachelor’s degree or more

d

d

17.2%

csome college or associate’s degree

114

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.8

Total and Asian Labor Force by Educational Attainment, 2006

(number of total people and Asians aged 25 or older in the civilian labor force, Asian labor force participation rate, distribution of Asians in labor force, and Asian share of total labor force, by educational attainment, 2006; numbers in thousands) Asian labor force

Total aged 25 or older Not a high school graduate High school graduate only Some college Associate’s degree Bachelor’s degree or more

total labor force

number

129,034 12,758 38,354 22,504 12,906 42,512

6,065 455 1,079 595 450 3,486

participation rate

71.6% 44.4 62.8 70.2 76.0 77.5

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 7.5 17.8 9.8 7.4 57.5

4.7% 3.6 2.8 2.6 3.5 8.2

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.9

Total and Asian Workers by Job Tenure, 2006

(number of total and Asian employed wage-and-salary workers aged 16 or older, percent distribution by tenure with current employer, and index of Asian to total, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

Total workers, number Total workers, percent 12 months or less 13 to 23 months 2 years 3 to 4 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 or more years

125,668 100.0% 24.4 7.0 5.2 16.9 20.9 9.5 6.7 9.4

Asian

5,463 100.0% 23.7 8.3 5.8 19.0 22.5 9.9 4.3 6.4

index Asian to total

– 100 97 119 112 112 108 104 64 68

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the Asian ﬁgure by the total ﬁgure and multiplying by 100. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

115

Table 5.10

Asian Full-Time and Part-Time Workers by Age and Sex, 2006

(number and percent distribution of employed Asians aged 16 or older by age, sex, and full- and part-time employment status, 2006; numbers in thousands) men

Total employed Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

women

total

full-time

part-time

total

full-time

part-time

3,511 74 249 2,668 520

3,197 20 167 2,539 471

314 54 82 129 49

3,011 58 232 2,271 451

2,391 11 139 1,893 348

620 47 93 378 103

91.1% 27.0 67.1 95.2 90.6

8.9% 73.0 32.9 4.8 9.4

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

79.4% 19.0 59.9 83.4 77.2

20.6% 81.0 40.1 16.6 22.8

100.0% 0.6 5.2 79.4 14.7

100.0% 17.2 26.1 41.1 15.6

100.0% 1.9 7.7 75.4 15.0

100.0% 0.5 5.8 79.2 14.6

100.0% 7.6 15.0 61.0 16.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Total employed Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total employed Asians Aged 16 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 54 Aged 55 or older

100.0% 2.1 7.1 76.0 14.8

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

116

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LABOR FORCE

Asian Households Have More Earners Among Asian couples, most are dual earners. The average Asian household has 1.57 earners, more than the 1.36 earners in the typical American household. Only 38 percent of Asian households have one earner, while 50 percent have two or more. Fifty-three percent of Asian couples are dual earners, about equal to the 54 percent average for all married couples. Thirty percent of Asian husbands are the couple’s sole provider, however, compared with only 23 percent of husbands nationally. ■ Neither husband nor wife works in 12 percent of Asian couples, including 73 percent of those aged 65 or older.

Among Asian households, half have two or more earners (percent distribution of Asian households by number of earners, 2006) 12% no a earners

a b c

50% two or more earnersc 38% b one earner

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

117

Table 5.11

Total and Asian Households by Number of Earners, 2006

(number of total households, number and percent distribution of Asian households and Asian share of total, by number of earners per household, 2006; numbers in thousands) Asian

Total households No earners One earner Two or more earners Two earners Three earners Four or more earners Average number of earners per household

total

number

114,384 24,224 42,066 48,095 38,327 7,337 2,430

4,500 541 1,711 2,247 1,732 338 177

1.36

1.57

percent distribution

100.0% 12.0 38.0 49.9 38.5 7.5 3.9 –

share of total

3.9% 2.2 4.1 4.7 4.5 4.6 7.3 –

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_000.htm; calculations by New Strategist

118

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.12

Labor Force Status of Asian Married Couples, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asian married-couple family groups aged 20 or older by age of householder and labor force status of husband and wife, 2005; numbers in thousands)

total

husband and wife

husband only

wife only

neither husband nor wife in labor force

Total Asian couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

2,845 44 180 397 487 391 631 383 333

1,498 27 96 218 270 265 386 207 30

853 14 69 154 192 110 179 99 37

164 2 11 18 17 10 44 38 25

329 2 4 6 8 5 22 39 242

Total Asian couples Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

30.0% 31.8 38.3 38.8 39.4 28.1 28.4 25.8 11.1

5.8% 4.5 6.1 4.5 3.5 2.6 7.0 9.9 7.5

11.6% 4.5 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.3 3.5 10.2 72.7

husband and/or wife in labor force

52.7% 61.4 53.3 54.9 55.4 67.8 61.2 54.0 9.0

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2005, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2005.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

119

Few Asians Have More than One Job Only 1 percent of Asian workers earn minimum wage or less. Of the 1.6 million workers who earned at or below minimum wage in 2006, only 38,000 were Asian. Just 1.1 percent of Asian men and 1.7 percent of Asian women are minimum wage workers. Four percent of Asian men and women were multiple jobholders in 2006, slightly below the 5 percent rate for all workers. Among workers holding more than one job, Asians account for just 3 percent. Asian workers are slightly less likely to be represented by a union than the average worker—11.5 versus 13.1 percent. Median weekly earnings for Asians are higher than average whether or not they belong to a union. Among Asian workers, those represented by a union earn 14 percent more than those without union representation. ■ Asian workers are highly educated. Consequently, few must take jobs that pay only minimum wage.

Asian 1200

workers earn more than average whether they are union members or not

(median weekly earnings of total and Asian full-time wage and salary workers by union representation status, 2006) total

800

asian

$840

$827

$774

$800

$642

400

$400 100000

0

$0

all workers total dualworkers Asian

75000

union represented by a union

no union not represented by a union

50000

25000

0

120

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

with

w/out

LABOR FORCE

Table 5.13

Total and Asian Minimum Wage Workers, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and Asian wage and salary workers aged 16 or older paid hourly rates and those paid at or below minimum wage, by sex, 2006; numbers in thousands)

Total workers aged 16 or older Asian workers aged 16 or older Asian men Asian women

at or below minimum wage

total paid hourly rates

total

at $5.15/hour

below $5.15/hour

76,514 2,654 1,259 1,395

1,692 38 14 24

409 8 1 7

1,283 30 13 17

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY RACE/SEX

Total workers aged 16 or older Asian workers aged 16 or older Asian men Asian women

100.0% 3.5 1.6 1.8

100.0% 2.2 0.8 1.4

100.0% 2.0 0.2 1.7

100.0% 2.3 1.0 1.3

2.2% 1.4 1.1 1.7

0.5% 0.3 0.1 0.5

1.7% 1.1 1.0 1.2

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY WAGE STATUS

Total workers aged 16 or older Asian workers aged 16 or older Asian men Asian women

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

Table 5.14

Total and Asian Multiple Job Holders by Sex, 2006

(total number and percent of employed people aged 16 or older holding more than one job, number and percent of Asians holding more than one job, and Asian share of total, by sex, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

number

Total multiple job holders Men Women

7,576 3,822 3,753

Asian percent of total employed

5.2% 4.9 5.6

number

249 127 122

percent of employed Asians

3.8% 3.6 4.1

share of total

3.3 % 3.3 3.3

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

121

Table 5.15

Union Representation of Total and Asian Workers, 2006

(number of total and Asian employed wage and salary workers aged 16 or older, number and percent represented by unions, and median weekly earnings of those working full-time by union representation status, 2006; number in thousands) total

Total employed Number represented by unions Percent represented by unions Median weekly earnings of full-time workers Workers represented by unions Workers not represented by unions

Asians

128,237 16,860 13.1%

5,703 657 11.5%

$671 827 642

$784 840 774

Note: Workers represented by unions are either members of a labor union or similar employee association or workers who report no union afﬁliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 Current Population Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm

122

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LABOR FORCE

The Asian Labor Force Will Grow Rapidly Asians will account for only 5 percent of the labor force in 2014, however. The Asian labor force will grow by a substantial 32 percent by 2014, while the total labor force will increase by a much smaller 10 percent. Despite the rapid increase in the Asian labor force, Asian workers will account for a small share of total workers for years to come. The labor force participation rate of Asian women is projected to rise at the same rate as the rate for all women—up 0.5 percentage points between 2004 and 2014. The participation rate of Asian men is projected to fall by 0.6 percentage points during those years—less than the 1.5 percentage point decline projected for all men. Asians will account for a larger share of workers entering than exiting the labor force during the next decade. Between 2004 and 2014, Asians will account for 7 percent of labor force entrants and for a smaller 5 percent of those exiting the labor force. Consequently, the Asian share of the labor force will rise from 4 to 5 percent during those years. ■ The rapid growth of the Asian labor force has not attracted as much attention as the growth of the Hispanic labor force because Asian workers are still few in number. 45

The Asian labor force is growing much faster than average

(projected percent change in total and Asian workers aged 16 or older, 2004–14)

32%

30

30%

15

15%

0

0%

10%

a total workers

Asian b workers

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

123

Table 5.16

Total and Asian Labor Force Projections, 2004 and 2014

(projected number and percent of total people and Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force by sex, 2004 and 2014; percent change in number and percentage point change in rate, 2004–14; numbers in thousands) percent change

2004

2014

147,401 6,271

162,100 8,304

Total men in labor force Asian men in labor force

78,980 3,396

86,194 4,411

9.1 29.9

Total women in labor force Asian women in labor force

68,421 2,875

75,906 3,983

10.9 38.5

2004

2014

percentage point change

NUMBER

Total labor force Asian labor force

10.0% 32.4

PARTICIPATION RATE

Total people Total Asians

66.0% 65.9

65.6% 65.7

–0.4 –0.2

Total men Asian men

73.3 75.0

71.8 74.4

–1.5 –0.6

Total women Asian women

59.2 57.6

59.7 58.1

0.5 0.5

Note: Asians include only those who identiﬁed their race as Asian alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/emp/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

Table 5.17

Total and Asian Labor Force Entrants and Leavers, 2004 to 2014

(projected number and percent distribution of total people and Asians aged 16 or older in the civilian labor force in 2004 and 2014, and number and percent distribution of entrants, leavers, and stayers, 2004–14; numbers in thousands) 2004–2014 2004 labor force

entrants

leavers

stayers

2014 labor force

147,401 6,271

39,048 2,697

24,352 665

123,049 5,606

162,100 8,304

NUMBER

Total labor force Asian labor force

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Total labor force Asian labor force

100.0% 4.3

100.0% 6.9

100.0% 2.7

100.0% 4.6

100.0% 5.1

Note: Asians include only those who identify their race as Asian alone. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/emp/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

124

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS CHAPTER

6

Living Arrangements ■ Asian households are much more likely to be headed by married couples than is the average household—60 versus 51 percent. ■ The average Asian household includes 2.92 people—signiﬁcantly larger than the 2.57 people in the average American household. Only 8 percent of Asians live alone. ■ Thirty-seven percent of Asian households include children under age 18, signiﬁcantly greater than the 32 percent share among all U.S. households. Among Asian children, 82 percent live with mom and dad. ■ The majority of Asian adults are married. Only 7 to 10 percent of Asian men and women have ever divorced.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

125

Married Couples Dominate Asian Households Female-headed families are a small share of Asian households. Asians headed 4.5 million of the nation’s 114 million households in 2006, 4 percent of the total. Asian households are much more likely to be headed by married couples than is the average household—60 versus 51 percent, according to the Census Bureau’s 2006 Current Population Survey. Asian householders are slightly younger than average. Consequently, they account for a larger share of younger than older householders. They account for 5 to 6 percent of householders under age 40, but for only 2 percent of those aged 75 or older. Female-headed families head only 9 percent of Asian households. Married couples dominate Asian households ranging in age from 30 to 74. Even in the oldest age group, married couples account for a substantial 50 percent of households. Asian men and women are less likely than average to live alone in old age. ■ Because many Asians are immigrants from countries with traditional family values, married couples are more common in Asian households than in the average household.

Few Asian households are female-headed families (percent distribution of Asian households by household type, 2006)

75

60% 50 50%

25

25%

9% 0

126

0%

marriedacouples

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

b female-headed families

6% c male-headed families

10% women d living alone

8% e alone men living

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.1

Total and Asian Households by Age of Householder, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and Asian households, and Asian share of total, by age of householder, 2006, numbers in thousands) total number

Total households Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older Avg. age of householder

Asian percent distribution

114,384 6,795 9,223 9,896 10,976 12,040 12,470 11,262 18,264 11,687 11,772

100.0% 5.9 8.1 8.7 9.6 10.5 10.9 9.8 16.0 10.2 10.3

49.2 yrs.

number

4,500 311 459 586 566 543 461 395 644 303 231

–

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 6.9 10.2 13.0 12.6 12.1 10.2 8.8 14.3 6.7 5.1

3.9% 4.6 5.0 5.9 5.2 4.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 2.6 2.0

44.7 yrs.

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.2

Total and Asian Households by Household Type, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and Asian households, and Asian share of total, by type, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

Total households Family households Married couples Female hh, no spouse Male hh, no spouse Nonfamily households Female householder Living alone Male householder Living alone

number

114,384 77,402 58,179 14,093 5,130 36,982 20,230 17,392 16,753 13,061

Asian percent distribution

100.0% 67.7 50.9 12.3 4.5 32.3 17.7 15.2 14.6 11.4

number

4,500 3,358 2,692 415 251 1,142 586 457 556 381

percent distribution

100.0% 74.6 59.8 9.2 5.6 25.4 13.0 10.2 12.4 8.5

share of total

3.9% 4.3 4.6 2.9 4.9 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.3 2.9

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

127

Table 6.3

Asian Households by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by age of householder and household type, 2006; numbers in thousands) nonfamily households

family households

total

married couples

female hh, no spouse present

4,500

2,692

415

251

586

457

556

381

Under age 25

311

38

47

60

81

45

84

34

Aged 25 to 29

459

148

44

41

97

62

129

75

Aged 30 to 34

586

362

46

28

57

40

93

64

Aged 35 to 39

566

435

35

17

30

26

48

36

Aged 40 to 44

543

409

36

21

29

21

47

36

Aged 45 to 49

461

312

47

28

33

25

41

36

Aged 50 to 54

395

270

48

19

33

28

24

22

Aged 55 to 64

644

422

69

18

86

78

49

45

Aged 65 to 74

303

180

27

12

61

57

22

16

Aged 75 or older

231

115

14

5

79

75

18

18

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Total Asian households

male hh, no spouse present

total

living alone

total

living alone

female householder

male householder

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

Total Asian households

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Under age 25

6.9

1.4

11.3

100.0% 23.9

13.8

9.8

15.1

8.9

Aged 25 to 29

10.2

5.5

10.6

16.3

16.6

13.6

23.2

19.7

Aged 30 to 34

13.0

13.4

11.1

11.2

9.7

8.8

16.7

16.8

Aged 35 to 39

12.6

16.2

8.4

6.8

5.1

5.7

8.6

9.4

Aged 40 to 44

12.1

15.2

8.7

8.4

4.9

4.6

8.5

9.4

Aged 45 to 49

10.2

11.6

11.3

11.2

5.6

5.5

7.4

9.4

Aged 50 to 54

8.8

10.0

11.6

7.6

5.6

6.1

4.3

5.8

Aged 55 to 64

14.3

15.7

16.6

7.2

14.7

17.1

8.8

11.8

Aged 65 to 74

6.7

6.7

6.5

4.8

10.4

12.5

4.0

4.2

Aged 75 or older

5.1

4.3

3.4

2.0

13.5

16.4

3.2

4.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION HOUSEHOLD TYPE

Total Asian households

100.0%

59.8%

13.0%

10.2%

12.4%

Under age 25

100.0

12.2

15.1

9.2%

19.3

5.6%

26.0

14.5

27.0

10.9

8.5%

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

32.2

9.6

8.9

21.1

13.5

28.1

16.3

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

61.8

7.8

4.8

9.7

6.8

15.9

10.9

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

76.9

6.2

3.0

5.3

4.6

8.5

6.4

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

75.3

6.6

3.9

5.3

3.9

8.7

6.6

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

67.7

10.2

6.1

7.2

5.4

8.9

7.8

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

68.4

12.2

4.8

8.4

7.1

6.1

5.6

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

65.5

10.7

2.8

13.4

12.1

7.6

7.0

Aged 65 to 74

100.0

59.4

8.9

4.0

20.1

18.8

7.3

5.3

Aged 75 or older

100.0

49.8

6.1

2.2

34.2

32.5

7.8

7.8

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

128

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Asian Households Are Larger than Average Even in old age, few Asians live alone. The average Asian household includes 2.92 people and is signiﬁcantly larger than the 2.57 people average American household. Among households with seven or more people, Asians head a disproportionately large 6 percent. Among single-person households, Asians head just 3 percent. Only 8 percent of Asians live alone. The proportion rises to 20 percent among those aged 75 or older. In the oldest age group, Asian women are more likely than Asian men to live alone—27 versus 10 percent. ■ Asian households are larger than average because they are more likely to include children.

Asians account for a disproportionate share of large households (Asian share of total households by household size, 2006)

7.5

6% 5

5.0%

3% 2.5

2.5%

0

0%

a one person

b people seven or more

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

129

Table 6.4

Total and Asian Households by Size, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and Asian households, and Asian share of total, by size, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total households One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people Seven or more people

114,384 30,453 37,775 18,924 15,998 7,306 2,562 1,366

Average number of persons per household

2.57

Asian percent distribution

100.0% 26.6 33.0 16.5 14.0 6.4 2.2 1.2 –

number

4,500 838 1,277 842 945 364 147 86 2.92

percent distribution

100.0% 18.6 28.4 18.7 21.0 8.1 3.3 1.9 –

share of total

3.9% 2.8 3.4 4.4 5.9 5.0 5.7 6.3 –

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_007.htm; calculations by New Strategist

130

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.5

Asians Who Live Alone by Sex and Age, 2006

(total number of Asians aged 15 or older, number and percent living alone, and percent distribution of Asians living alone, by sex and age, 2006; numbers in thousands) living alone percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Total Asians Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

10,835 1,892 2,410 2,337 1,829 1,223 678 465

838 79 242 119 111 123 73 93

100.0% 9.4 28.9 14.2 13.2 14.7 8.7 11.1

7.7% 4.2 10.0 5.1 6.1 10.1 10.8 20.0

Asian men Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

5,174 972 1,162 1,149 851 563 293 184

381 34 140 72 58 45 16 18

100.0 8.9 36.7 18.9 15.2 11.8 4.2 4.7

7.4 3.5 12.0 6.3 6.8 8.0 5.5 9.8

Asian women Under age 25 Aged 25 to 34 Aged 35 to 44 Aged 45 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 to 74 Aged 75 or older

5,661 921 1,248 1,188 978 660 385 282

457 45 102 47 53 78 57 75

100.0 9.8 22.3 10.3 11.6 17.1 12.5 16.4

8.1 4.9 8.2 4.0 5.4 11.8 14.8 26.6

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http:// pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new01_007.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

131

Asian Households Are More Likely to Include Children Most Asian children live with both parents. Thirty-seven percent of Asian households include children under age 18, a signiﬁcantly greater proportion than the 32 percent share among all U.S. households. Among Asian households with children, married couples dominate, heading fully 85 percent. Asian children are much more likely than the average American child to live with both parents. Among Asian children, 82 percent live with mom and dad. Among all children, the ﬁgure is a much smaller 67 percent. Asians are more likely than the average American to live in a family household—84 versus 79 percent. Asians account for only 3 percent of people living alone, but for a larger 9 percent of people identiﬁed as “other relative of householder.” This reﬂects the greater likelihood of Asians to live in extended families, with parents, aunts, uncles, or cousins possibly sharing a household. ■ As Asian immigrants become more assimilated to American culture, the percentage of Asians who live alone will rise and the percentage of those who live with relatives will decline.

Few Asian children live with only their mother (percent distribution of Asians under age 18 by living arrangement, 2006) 11% mother onlyb

3% 4% neither parent d fatherconly

a b

82% both parents

a

132

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

c

d

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.6

Total and Asian Households with Children by Age of Householder, 2006

(number of total and Asian households, number and percent with children under age 18, and number and percent distribution of total and Asian households with children under age 18 by age of householder and Asian share of total, 2006, numbers in thousands) total number

Asian percent distribution

number

percent distribution

share of total

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS

114,384

100.0%

4,500

100.0%

Households with children under age 18

36,466

31.9

1,681

37.4

Total households with children under age 18 Under age 25 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

36,466 2,003 4,242 6,128 7,309 7,353 5,359 2,642 1,225 205

100.0% 5.5 11.6 16.8 20.0 20.2 14.7 7.2 3.4 0.6

1,681 43 95 276 388 375 252 160 80 12

100.0% 2.6 5.7 16.4 23.1 22.3 15.0 9.5 4.8 0.7

3.9% 4.6 4.6% 2.1 2.2 4.5 5.3 5.1 4.7 6.1 6.5 5.9

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 6.7

Total and Asian Households with Children by Type of Household, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and Asian households with children under age 18, and Asian share of total, by type of household, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total households with children under age 18 Married couples Female-headed families Male-headed families

36,466 25,982 8,389 2,095

Asian percent distribution

100.0% 71.2 23.0 5.7

number

1,681 1,437 184 60

percent distribution

100.0% 85.5 10.9 3.6

share of total

4.6% 5.5 2.2 2.9

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

133

Table 6.8

Asian Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and Presence of Children, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asian households by age of householder, type of household, and presence of own children under age 18, and average age of householder, 2006; numbers in thousands) total

Total Asian households

married couples

total

with children

female-headed families

total

with children

male-headed families

total

with children

total

with children

4,500

1,681

2,692

1,437

415

184

251

60

Under age 25

311

43

38

19

47

19

60

4

Aged 25 to 29

459

95

148

69

44

20

41

7

Aged 30 to 34

586

276

362

233

46

36

28

7

Aged 35 to 39

566

388

435

350

35

30

17

9

Aged 40 to 44

543

375

409

340

36

24

21

12

Aged 45 to 49

461

252

312

221

47

20

28

10

Aged 50 to 54

395

160

270

135

48

17

19

9

Aged 55 to 64

644

80

422

61

69

17

18

3

Aged 65 or older

534

12

295

11

41

2

17

–

Average age of householder

44.7 yrs.

40.6 yrs.

46.4 yrs.

40.8 yrs.

44.0 yrs.

38.5 yrs.

37.6 yrs.

40.2 yrs.

PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH CHILDREN BY TYPE

Total Asian households

100.0%

37.4%

100.0%

53.4%

100.0%

44.3%

100.0%

Under age 25

100.0

13.8

100.0

50.0

100.0

40.4

100.0

23.9% 6.7

Aged 25 to 29

100.0

20.7

100.0

46.6

100.0

45.5

100.0

17.1

Aged 30 to 34

100.0

47.1

100.0

64.4

100.0

78.3

100.0

25.0

Aged 35 to 39

100.0

68.6

100.0

80.5

100.0

85.7

100.0

52.9

Aged 40 to 44

100.0

69.1

100.0

83.1

100.0

66.7

100.0

57.1

Aged 45 to 49

100.0

54.7

100.0

70.8

100.0

42.6

100.0

35.7

Aged 50 to 54

100.0

40.5

100.0

50.0

100.0

35.4

100.0

47.4

Aged 55 to 64

100.0

12.4

100.0

14.5

100.0

24.6

100.0

16.7

Aged 65 or older

100.0

2.2

100.0

3.7

100.0

4.9

100.0

–

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races “–” means number is less than 500. Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

134

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.9

Living Arrangements of Total and Asian Children, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total and of Asian children under age 18, and Asian share of total, by living arrangement, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total children Living with both parents Living with mother only Never married Married, spouse absent Divorced or separated Widowed Living with father only Never married Married, spouse absent Divorced or separated Widowed Living with neither parent

73,664 49,661 17,161 7,443 789 8,308 621 3,459 1,255 243 1,823 138 3,383

Asian percent distribution

100.0% 67.4 23.3 10.1 1.1 11.3 0.8 4.7 1.7 0.3 2.5 0.2 4.6

number

3,476 2,850 379 122 41 187 29 133 54 43 31 5 114

percent distribution

100.0% 82.0 10.9 3.5 1.2 5.4 0.8 3.8 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.1 3.3

share of total

4.7% 5.7 2.2 1.6 5.2 2.3 4.7 3.8 4.3 17.7 1.7 3.6 3.4

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

135

Table 6.10

Living Arrangements of Total and Asian Adults, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total people and Asians aged 15 or older by living arrangement, and Asian share of total, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total people 233,039 Living in family household 182,981 Living in nonfamily household 50,058

Asian percent distribution

number

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 78.5 21.5

10,832 9,045 1,788

100.0% 83.5 16.5

114,384 77,402 58,179 19,223 36,982 30,453 6,529

49.1 33.2 25.0 8.2 15.9 13.1 2.8

4,500 3,358 2,692 666 1,142 838 304

41.5 31.0 24.9 6.1 10.5 7.7 2.8

3.9 4.3 4.6 3.5 3.1 2.8 4.7

Not a householder 118,655 In family household 105,579 Spouse of householder 58,179 Child of householder 34,579 Other relative of householder 12,821 In nonfamily household 13,076

50.9 45.3 25.0 14.8 5.5 5.6

6,333 5,687 2,912 1,653 1,122 646

58.5 52.5 26.9 15.3 10.4 6.0

5.3 5.4 5.0 4.8 8.8 4.9

Householder Family householder Married couple householder Other family householder Nonfamily householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

4.6% 4.9 3.6

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

136

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.11

Living Arrangements of Asian Adults by Sex, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asians aged 15 or older by living arrangement and sex, 2006; numbers in thousands) men number

women percent distribution

number

percent distribution

Total Asians Living in family household Living in nonfamily household

5,172 4,253 919

100.0% 82.2 17.8

5,660 4,791 869

100.0% 84.6 15.4

Householder Family householder Married couple householder Other family householder Nonfamily householder Living alone Living with nonrelatives

2,592 2,036 1,785 251 556 381 175

50.1 39.4 34.5 4.9 10.8 7.4 3.4

1,907 1,321 906 415 586 457 129

33.7 23.3 16.0 7.3 10.4 8.1 2.3

Not a householder In family household Spouse of householder Child of householder Other relative of householder In nonfamily household

2,580 2,217 805 924 488 363

49.9 42.9 15.6 17.9 9.4 7.0

3,753 3,470 2,116 729 625 283

66.3 61.3 37.4 12.9 11.0 5.0

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

137

Most Asian Men and Women Are Married Few have ever divorced. The majority of Asian men and women aged 18 or older are married. Most do not marry until their late twenties or early thirties, however. The percentage of Asian men who are married and living with their spouse reaches 55 percent in the 30-to-34 age group. Among Asian women, the married-and-living-with-spouse share rises from the 47 percent minority in the 25-to-29 age group to the 70 percent majority in the 30-to-34 age group. Only 7 to 10 percent of Asian men and women have ever divorced, according to a Census Bureau study. The percentage of ever-divorced Asian women rises to a peak of 19 percent among those aged 40 to 59. The majority of Asian men aged 30 or older have been married only once and are still married. Among Asian women, most have married once and are still married from ages 25 to 69. The ﬁgure falls below 50 percent among Asian women aged 70 or older because many have become widows. ■ Divorce rates among Asians may rise as Asian immigrants become assimilated to the American culture.

Asians are more likely to marry once and stay married

75

(percent distribution of Asians aged 15 or older by marital history and sex, 2004)

60%

58% 50

50%

25

25%

women

100000

10%

7% 0

0%

married married once, still married

divorced ever divorced

50000

25000

138

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

all men dual women

75000

0

men

with

w/out

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.12

Total and Asian Marital Status, 2006

(number and percent distribution of total people and Asians aged 15 or older by marital status, and Asian share of total, 2006; numbers in thousands) total number

Total people Never married Married, spouse present Married, spouse absent Separated Divorced Widowed

233,039 68,515 119,055 3,785 4,963 22,806 13,914

Asian percent distribution

100.0% 29.4 51.1 1.6 2.1 9.8 6.0

number

10,832 3,416 6,014 339 144 517 403

percent distribution

100.0% 31.5 55.5 3.1 1.3 4.8 3.7

share of total

4.6% 5.0 5.1 9.0 2.9 2.3 2.9

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

139

Table 6.13

Marital Status of Asian Men by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asian men aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2006; numbers in thousands)

total

never married

Total Asian men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

4,873 163 508 573 589 579 570 447 404 563 477

1,590 163 469 410 220 108 99 53 29 24 15

Total Asian men Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

32.6% 100.0 92.3 71.6 37.4 18.7 17.4 11.9 7.2 4.3 3.1

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

2,787 0 28 147 325 418 404 315 310 455 384

193 0 6 10 27 27 25 38 24 23 12

46 0 1 2 7 3 3 2 7 14 8

198 0 3 4 11 23 38 38 26 41 13

59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 46

4.0% 0.0 1.2 1.7 4.6 4.7 4.4 8.5 5.9 4.1 2.5

0.9% 0.0 0.2 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.7 2.5 1.7

4.1% 0.0 0.6 0.7 1.9 4.0 6.7 8.5 6.4 7.3 2.7

1.2% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.1 9.6

57.2% 0.0 5.5 25.7 55.2 72.2 70.9 70.5 76.7 80.8 80.5

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

140

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Table 6.14

Marital Status of Asian Women by Age, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asian women aged 18 or older by age and current marital status, 2006; numbers in thousands)

total

never married

Total Asian women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

5,384 165 478 592 656 625 563 511 467 660 667

1,262 156 394 279 135 77 58 41 41 53 29

Total Asian women Aged 18 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 64 Aged 65 or older

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

23.4% 94.5 82.4 47.1 20.6 12.3 10.3 8.0 8.8 8.0 4.3

married, spouse present

married, spouse absent

separated

divorced

widowed

3,224 6 69 278 459 498 446 391 334 435 308

142 1 3 17 22 14 10 18 7 29 21

96 0 10 7 9 5 15 8 10 17 14

315 1 2 11 30 30 31 38 50 69 54

344 0 0 0 2 2 3 14 25 58 240

2.6% 0.6 0.6 2.9 3.4 2.2 1.8 3.5 1.5 4.4 3.1

1.8% 0.0 2.1 1.2 1.4 0.8 2.7 1.6 2.1 2.6 2.1

5.9% 0.6 0.4 1.9 4.6 4.8 5.5 7.4 10.7 10.5 8.1

6.4% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 2.7 5.4 8.8 36.0

59.9% 3.6 14.4 47.0 70.0 79.7 79.2 76.5 71.5 65.9 46.2

Note: Asians include those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with other races Source: Bureau of the Census, America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

141

Table 6.15

Marital History of Asian Men by Age, 2004

(number of Asian men aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

Total Asian men, number Total Asian men, percent Never married Ever married Married once Still married Married twice Still married Married three or more times Still married Ever divorced Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

15–19

3,802 340 100.0% 100.0% 32.8 99.5 67.2 0.5 61.9 0.5 57.5 0.5 4.8 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 7.3 0.0 2.9 0.0 1.8 0.0 1.3

0.0

20–24

331 100.0% 87.9 12.1 12.1 12.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

25–29

30–34

35–39

40–49

50–59

60–69

70+

428 518 382 744 560 247 252 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 69.7 30.7 15.6 8.5 5.5 0.6 1.8 30.3 69.3 84.4 91.5 94.5 99.4 98.2 29.4 66.9 81.9 81.9 81.0 94.3 91.7 27.5 64.8 78.5 77.5 75.4 86.7 70.4 0.9 2.4 2.0 9.6 11.4 3.0 6.6 0.9 2.0 1.1 9.2 9.5 2.3 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 2.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.7 2.2 0.0 1.7 4.1 4.9 13.1 13.6 11.2 10.8 0.8 2.1 3.1 4.0 4.4 6.7 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.8 2.3 14.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.7

1.5

13.9

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2004, Detailed Tables; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div/2004detailed_tables.html

Table 6.16

Marital History of Asian Women by Age, 2004

(number of Asian women aged 15 or older and percent distribution by marital history and age, 2004; numbers in thousands) total

Total Asian women, number Total Asian women, percent Never married Ever married Married once Still married Married twice Still married Married three or more times Still married Ever divorced Currently divorced Ever widowed Currently widowed

15–19

4,186 316 100.0% 100.0% 22.8 97.8 77.2 2.2 71.0 2.2 59.6 1.4 5.3 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.0 10.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 7.2 0.8 6.6

0.8

20–24

350 100.0% 75.3 24.7 24.7 24.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

25–29

30–34

35–39

40–49

50–59

60–69

70+

431 519 417 882 594 324 353 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 41.6 14.2 8.6 5.1 4.6 4.2 2.7 58.4 85.8 91.4 94.9 95.4 95.8 97.3 57.3 81.5 84.6 82.7 84.9 91.7 92.1 57.3 79.8 79.7 71.1 69.7 68.8 41.5 1.1 4.3 6.8 10.9 8.8 4.2 1.7 1.1 3.5 6.0 9.6 6.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.7 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.7 0.0 3.6 1.1 5.2 10.4 19.0 19.0 9.2 8.9 0.0 1.2 4.4 9.5 9.7 7.8 4.3 0.0 0.5 0.4 1.9 7.3 19.0 49.4 0.0

0.5

0.4

0.9

6.4

17.8

47.0

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2004, Detailed Tables; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/marr-div/2004detailed_tables.html

142

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION CHAPTER

7

Population ■ The number of Asians in the United States grew 23 percent between 2000 and 2006, nearly four times faster than the population as a whole. Despite this rapid growth they account for just 5 percent of the total U.S. population. ■ The Chinese are the largest ethnic group among Asians, accounting for 22 percent of the total. Asian Indians are number two at 19 percent, with Filipinos close behind at 18 percent of Asians. ■ Asians account for 5 percent of the U.S. population, with the ﬁgure peaking at 7 percent in the 30-to-34 age group. ■ In the West, Asians account for 10 percent of the population—a far higher share than in any other region. In the Midwest, only 3 percent of the population is Asian. New York and Los Angeles are the only metropolitan areas in the nation with more than 1 million Asians.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

143

The Number of Asians Is Growing Rapidly The Asian population is growing almost as fast as the Hispanic population. The number of Asians in the United States grew 23 percent between 2000 and 2006, nearly four times faster than the population as a whole. The count of Asians ranges from 13 million who identify themselves as Asian and no other race (called Asian alone) to 15 million who identify themselves as Asian alone or Asian in combination with other races. Beginning in 2000, Americans could identify themselves as more than one race, increasing the complexity of racial identiﬁcation. Adding to the complexity is the fact that Hispanic is an ethnic identity rather than a race, meaning Asians can also be Hispanic. Three percent of the nation’s Asians also identify themselves as Hispanic. Despite the rapid growth of the Asian population, Asians account for just 5 percent of the total U.S. population. They are greatly outnumbered by Hispanics and blacks and will be for years to come. ■ Immigration is fueling the growth of the Asian population.

Asians are outnumbered by blacks and Hispanics (population by race and Hispanic origin, 2006; numbers in millions; American Indians, 60 Asians, and blacks are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone)

44 38

40 million 40

20 20 million

13 3

0

144

0

a Indian American

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

b Asian

c black

d Hispanic

POPULATION

Table 7.1

Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 and 2006

(number and percent distribution of people by race and Hispanic origin, 2000 and 2006, and percent change in number, 2000–06; numbers in thousands) 2006 number

2000 percent distribution

percent change in number 2000–06

percent distribution

number

RACE

Total population One race American Indian Asian Black Native Hawaiian White Two or more races

299,398,484 294,679,815 2,902,851 13,159,343 38,342,549 528,818 239,746,254 4,718,669

100.0% 98.4 1.0 4.4 12.8 0.2 80.1 1.6

282,216,952 278,288,359 2,673,624 10,697,440 35,814,967 465,124 228,637,204 3,928,593

100.0% 98.6 0.9 3.8 12.7 0.2 81.0 1.4

6.1% 5.9 8.6 23.0 7.1 13.7 4.9 20.1

299,398,484 44,321,038 255,077,446 198,744,494

100.0 14.8 85.2 66.4

282,216,952 35,659,724 246,557,228 195,774,391

100.0 12.6 87.4 69.4

6.1 24.3 3.5 1.5

HISPANIC ORIGIN

Total population Hispanic Non-Hispanic Non-Hispanic white

Note: Native Hawaiians include other Paciﬁc Islanders. Hispanics may be of any race. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/index.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 7.2

Asians by Racial Identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2006

(total number of people, and number and percent distribution of Asians by racial identiﬁcation, 2000 and 2006; percent change, 2000–06) 2006 number

Total people Asian alone or in combination with one or more other races Asian alone Asian in combination

2000 percent distribution

number

percent distribution

299,398,484

100.0%

282,216,952

100.0%

14,907,198 13,159,343 1,747,855

5.0 4.4 0.6

12,127,371 10,697,440 1,429,931

4.3 3.8 0.5

percent change 2000–06

6.1% 22.9 23.0 22.2

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2006-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

145

Table 7.3

Asians by Hispanic Origin, 2006

(number and percent distribution of Asians by Hispanic origin and racial identiﬁcation, 2006) Asian alone or in combination number

Total Asians Not Hispanic Hispanic

14,907,198 14,446,354 460,844

percent distribution

100.0% 96.9 3.1

Asian alone number

13,159,343 12,881,639 277,704

percent distribution

100.0% 97.9 2.1

Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2006-srh.html; calculations by New Strategist

146

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

The Chinese Are the Largest Asian Ethnic Group Asian Indians are the second largest group. The Asian population in the United States includes people from many different countries. The Chinese are the largest ethnic group among Asians, accounting for 22 percent of the total. Asian Indians are number two, accounting for 19 percent. Filipinos are close behind at 18 percent of Asians. Vietnam and Korea are the only other countries accounting for at least 10 percent of the Asian population. Among the nation’s 12 million Asians in 2005, only one-third are native-born. Thirtyseven percent of the country’s Asians are foreign-born naturalized citizens. A substantial 30 percent of Asians in the United States are not citizens. Of the 9.5 million U.S. foreign-born from Asian countries, the largest percentage (17 percent) come from the Philippines. India is second with 15 percent and China third with 13 percent. ■ Because so many Asians are immigrants, a change in the nation’s immigration laws would profoundly affect the characteristics of Asians in the United States.

Just ﬁve ethnic groups account for 80 percent of Asians

30

(percent distribution of Asians by selected ethnic group, 2005)

22% 20 20%

19%

18%

11%

10

10%

0

0%

a Chinese

AsianbIndian

c Filipino

d Vietnamese

10%

e Korean

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

147

Table 7.4

Asians Ranked by Ethnic Group, 2005

(number and percent distribution of Asians by ethnic group, 2005) number

Total Asians specifying an ethnic origin Chinese Asian Indian Filipino Vietnamese Korean Japanese Cambodian Laotian Pakistani Hmong Thai Taiwanese Indonesian Bangladeshi Sri Lankan Malaysian Other Asian

12,471,815 2,797,966 2,319,222 2,282,872 1,418,334 1,246,240 833,761 217,438 193,247 192,431 183,265 143,169 84,291 63,609 48,577 30,125 13,460 403,808

percent

100.0% 22.4 18.6 18.3 11.4 10.0 6.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 3.2

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being Asian alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/; calculations by New Strategist

148

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

Table 7.5

Population Born in Asia, 2005

(number and percent distribution of the population born in Asia, 2005) number TOTAL POPULATION

Total foreign-born Total born in Asia Total born in Asia Eastern Asia China Hong Kong Japan Korea Taiwan Other Eastern Asia South Central Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh India Iran Pakistan Other South Central Asia Southeastern Asia Cambodia Indonesia Laos Philippines Thailand Vietnam Other Southeastern Asia Western Asia Armenia Iraq Israel Lebanon Syria Turkey Other Western Asia Other Asia

288,378,137 35,689,467 9,534,429 9,534,429 3,106,918 1,208,905 206,272 349,854 982,818 346,183 12,886 2,273,742 53,315 118,513 1,422,492 301,826 250,688 126,908 3,388,663 144,289 89,312 192,051 1,593,421 178,282 1,066,085 125,223 729,635 66,660 93,635 131,690 107,026 59,000 89,450 182,174 35,471

percent distribution

100.0% 12.4 3.3 100.0 32.6 12.7 2.2 3.7 10.3 3.6 0.1 23.8 0.6 1.2 14.9 3.2 2.6 1.3 35.5 1.5 0.9 2.0 16.7 1.9 11.2 1.3 7.7 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.9 0.4

Source: Bureau of the Census, 2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

149

Table 7.6

Asians by Citizenship Status, 2005

(total number of Asians, and number and percent distribution by foreign-born and citizenship status, by age, 2005) number

percent distribution

Total Asians Native-born Foreign-born Naturalized citizen Not a citizen

12,471,815 4,084,239 8,387,576 4,660,340 3,727,236

100.0% 32.7 67.3 37.4 29.9

Under age 18 Native-born Foreign-born Naturalized citizen Not a citizen

2,841,936 2,220,227 621,709 214,651 407,058

100.0 78.1 21.9 7.6 14.3

Aged 18 or older Native-born Foreign-born Naturalized citizen Not a citizen

9,629,879 1,864,012 7,765,867 4,445,689 3,320,178

100.0 19.4 80.6 46.2 34.5

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/; calculations by New Strategist

150

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

The Asian Population Is Aging The number of older Asians is growing rapidly. Asians account for 5 percent of the U.S. population, with the ﬁgure peaking at 7 percent in the 30-to-34 age group. The Asian share of the population falls with advancing age, to just 3 percent in the 65-or-older age group. The Asian population is getting older, just like the U.S. population as a whole. Between 2000 and 2006, the Asian population grew 23 percent overall, but the increase was more than 30 percent among Asians aged 50 or older. Asian women outnumber Asian men beginning in the 25-to-29 age group. Among Asians aged 65 or older, there are only 75 Asian men for every 100 Asian women. ■ The Asian share of the U.S. population peaks among 25-to-39-year-olds because many Asians are immigrants coming to the United States to work. 60

The number of older Asians is growing faster than average

(percent increase in total number of Asians and Asians aged 65 or older, 2000 to 2006)

42%

40

40%

20

20%

0

0%

23%

total a Asians

Asiansbaged 65 or older

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

151

Table 7.7

Asian Share of Total Population by Age, 2006

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of Asians, and Asian share of total, by age, 2006) Asian percent distribution

share of total

total

number

Total people Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

299,398,484 20,417,636 19,709,887 20,627,397 21,324,186 21,111,240 20,709,480 19,706,499 21,185,785 22,481,165 22,797,569 20,480,605 18,224,445 13,362,238 10,375,554 8,541,290 7,381,027 5,665,664 5,296,817

14,907,198 1,134,428 1,033,393 1,015,836 998,512 1,064,915 1,238,042 1,399,704 1,319,663 1,178,720 1,059,417 925,143 770,085 526,536 406,844 313,085 236,954 158,032 127,889

100.0% 7.6 6.9 6.8 6.7 7.1 8.3 9.4 8.9 7.9 7.1 6.2 5.2 3.5 2.7 2.1 1.6 1.1 0.9

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

29,454,784 225,662,922 37,260,352

1,458,684 11,118,798 1,242,804

9.8 74.6 8.3

5.0 4.9 3.3

36.4

33.5

–

–

Median age (years)

5.0% 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.7 5.0 6.0 7.1 6.2 5.2 4.6 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.2 2.8 2.4

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. “–” means not applicable. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2006-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

152

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

Table 7.8

Asians by Age, 2000 and 2006

(number of Asians by age, 2000 and 2006; percent change, 2000–06) 2006

2000

Total Asians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

14,907,198 1,134,428 1,033,393 1,015,836 998,512 1,064,915 1,238,042 1,399,704 1,319,663 1,178,720 1,059,417 925,143 770,085 526,536 406,844 313,085 236,954 158,032 127,889

12,127,371 935,837 913,444 890,327 927,795 978,720 1,135,763 1,090,179 1,033,361 956,469 835,236 696,277 479,024 376,850 299,377 240,561 171,013 97,374 69,764

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

1,458,684 11,118,798 1,242,804

1,367,178 8,848,426 878,089

percent change

22.9% 21.2 13.1 14.1 7.6 8.8 9.0 28.4 27.7 23.2 26.8 32.9 60.8 39.7 35.9 30.1 38.6 62.3 83.3 6.7 25.7 41.5

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2006-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

153

Table 7.9

Asians by Age and Sex, 2006

(number of Asians by age and sex, and sex ratio by age, 2006) total

females

males

sex ratio

Total Asians Under age 5 Aged 5 to 9 Aged 10 to 14 Aged 15 to 19 Aged 20 to 24 Aged 25 to 29 Aged 30 to 34 Aged 35 to 39 Aged 40 to 44 Aged 45 to 49 Aged 50 to 54 Aged 55 to 59 Aged 60 to 64 Aged 65 to 69 Aged 70 to 74 Aged 75 to 79 Aged 80 to 84 Aged 85 or older

14,907,198 1,134,428 1,033,393 1,015,836 998,512 1,064,915 1,238,042 1,399,704 1,319,663 1,178,720 1,059,417 925,143 770,085 526,536 406,844 313,085 236,954 158,032 127,889

7,653,772 553,203 511,946 497,151 484,300 523,191 628,937 716,629 676,714 606,565 555,713 493,310 415,076 282,044 218,397 176,821 139,973 94,086 79,716

7,253,426 581,225 521,447 518,685 514,212 541,724 609,105 683,075 642,949 572,155 503,704 431,833 355,009 244,492 188,447 136,264 96,981 63,946 48,173

95 105 102 104 106 104 97 95 95 94 91 88 86 87 86 77 69 68 60

Aged 18 to 24 Aged 18 or older Aged 65 or older

1,458,684 11,118,798 1,242,804

714,768 5,798,749 708,993

743,916 5,320,049 533,811

104 92 75

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. The sex ratio is the number of males divided by the number of females multiplied by 100. Source: Bureau of the Census, National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/ NC-EST2006-asrh.html; calculations by New Strategist

154

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

Nearly Half of Asians Live in the West One in three Asians lives in California. The West is home to 47 percent of the nation’s Asian population. In the West, Asians account for 10 percent of the population—a far higher share than in any other region. In the Midwest, only 3 percent of the population is Asian. One-third of the nation’s Asians live in California, where they account for a substantial 14 percent of the state’s population. California’s Asian population grew 19 percent between 2000 and 2006. Among Asians in California, nearly half are either Asian Indian or Filipino. Twelve percent are Japanese, and a smaller 10 percent are Chinese. The Asian share of the population reaches double digits in 10 metropolitan areas: Honolulu (63 percent), San Jose (31 percent), San Francisco (24 percent), Vallejo, California (17 percent), Los Angeles (15 percent), Sacramento (13 percent), Seattle (12 percent), San Diego (12 percent), Stockton, California (16 percent), and Ithaca, New York (10 percent). Because Asians are from many different nations, they speak a wide variety of languages—unlike Hispanics who share a common language. According to the Census Bureau, 2.3 million Americans speak a Chinese language at home (mostly Mandarin). Among those speaking a Chinese language at home, the 55 percent majority speaks English less than “very well.” ■ New York is one of only two metropolitan areas in the nation with more than 1 million Asians (the other is Los Angeles). Asians account for 9 percent of the New York metropolitan area population.

The Asian population is growing fastest in the South 45

(percent change in number of Asians by region, 2000 to 2006

37% 30 30%

27%

28% 20%

15 15%

0 0%

a Northeast

b Midwest

c South

d West

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

155

Table 7.10

Total and Asian Share of Population by Region, 2006

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of Asians, and Asian share of total, by region, 2006) Asian

Total people Northeast Midwest South West

total

number

299,398,484 54,741,353 66,217,736 109,083,752 69,355,643

14,907,198 2,996,947 1,775,333 3,093,596 7,041,322

percent distribution

share of total

100.0% 20.1 11.9 20.8 47.2

5.0% 5.5 2.7 2.8 10.2

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2006-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

Table 7.11

Asians by Region, 2000 and 2006

(number of Asians by region, 2000 and 2006; percent change, 2000–06)

Total Asians Northeast Midwest South West

2006

2000

14,907,198 2,996,947 1,775,333 3,093,596 7,041,322

11,898,828 2,368,297 1,392,938 2,267,094 5,870,499

percent change

25.3% 26.5 27.5 36.5 19.9

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of Asians in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, The Asian Population 2000, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ cen2000/briefs.html; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2006-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

156

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

Table 7.12

Total and Asian Population by State, 2006

(total number of people, number and percent distribution of Asians, and Asian share of total, by state, 2006) Asian

Total people Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total 299,398,484 4,599,030 670,053 6,166,318 2,810,872 36,457,549 4,753,377 3,504,809 853,476 581,530 18,089,888 9,363,941 1,285,498 1,466,465 12,831,970 6,313,520 2,982,085 2,764,075 4,206,074 4,287,768 1,321,574 5,615,727 6,437,193 10,095,643 5,167,101 2,910,540 5,842,713 944,632 1,768,331 2,495,529 1,314,895 8,724,560 1,954,599 19,306,183 8,856,505 635,867 11,478,006 3,579,212 3,700,758 12,440,621 1,067,610 4,321,249 781,919 6,038,803 23,507,783 2,550,063 623,908 7,642,884 6,395,798 1,818,470 5,556,506 515,004

number 14,907,198 51,680 40,615 181,534 35,639 4,961,633 156,035 130,764 26,617 21,558 476,306 294,892 714,440 23,655 592,568 99,402 53,904 70,942 50,068 70,794 14,800 307,644 340,404 271,840 203,028 28,169 100,831 9,001 34,858 178,668 28,383 690,154 34,856 1,427,559 190,808 6,625 207,091 75,525 164,486 323,309 33,249 60,670 8,109 94,449 881,542 65,270 8,325 412,760 505,871 14,475 126,135 5,258

percent distribution 100.0% 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.2 33.3 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.1 3.2 2.0 4.8 0.2 4.0 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.1 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.4 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.2 1.2 0.2 4.6 0.2 9.6 1.3 0.0 1.4 0.5 1.1 2.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.6 5.9 0.4 0.1 2.8 3.4 0.1 0.8 0.0

share of total 5.0% 1.1 6.1 2.9 1.3 13.6 3.3 3.7 3.1 3.7 2.6 3.1 55.6 1.6 4.6 1.6 1.8 2.6 1.2 1.7 1.1 5.5 5.3 2.7 3.9 1.0 1.7 1.0 2.0 7.2 2.2 7.9 1.8 7.4 2.2 1.0 1.8 2.1 4.4 2.6 3.1 1.4 1.0 1.6 3.8 2.6 1.3 5.4 7.9 0.8 2.3 1.0

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/ SC-EST2006-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

157

Table 7.13

Asians by State, 2000 and 2006

(number of Asians by state, 2000 and 2006; percent change, 2000–06)

Total Asians Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2006 14,907,198 51,680 40,615 181,534 35,639 4,961,633 156,035 130,764 26,617 21,558 476,306 294,892 714,440 23,655 592,568 99,402 53,904 70,942 50,068 70,794 14,800 307,644 340,404 271,840 203,028 28,169 100,831 9,001 34,858 178,668 28,383 690,154 34,856 1,427,559 190,808 6,625 207,091 75,525 164,486 323,309 33,249 60,670 8,109 94,449 881,542 65,270 8,325 412,760 505,871 14,475 126,135 5,258

2000 11,898,828 39,458 32,686 118,672 25,401 4,155,685 120,779 95,368 18,944 17,956 333,013 199,812 703,232 17,390 473,649 72,839 43,119 56,049 37,062 64,350 11,827 238,408 264,814 208,329 162,414 23,281 76,210 7,101 26,809 112,456 19,219 524,356 26,619 1,169,200 136,212 4,967 159,776 58,723 127,339 248,601 28,290 44,931 6,009 68,918 644,193 48,692 6,622 304,559 395,741 11,873 102,768 4,107

percent change 25.3% 31.0 24.3 53.0 40.3 19.4 29.2 37.1 40.5 20.1 43.0 47.6 1.6 36.0 25.1 36.5 25.0 26.6 35.1 10.0 25.1 29.0 28.5 30.5 25.0 21.0 32.3 26.8 30.0 58.9 47.7 31.6 30.9 22.1 40.1 33.4 29.6 28.6 29.2 30.1 17.5 35.0 34.9 37.0 36.8 34.0 25.7 35.5 27.8 21.9 22.7 28.0

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Total number of Asians in 2000 differs from the total in previous tables of this chapter because these are census counts from April 1, 2000. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census, The Asian Population 2000, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ cen2000/briefs.html; and State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2006-04.html; calculations by New Strategist

158

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POPULATION

Table 7.14

Asians by State and Ethnicity, 2005

(total number of Asians and percent distribution by state and ethnicity, 2005) total number Total Asians 12,471,815 Alabama 38,444 Alaska 28,838 Arizona 129,197 Arkansas 25,249 California 4,365,548 Colorado 117,506 Connecticut 108,644 Delaware – District of Columbia – Florida 371,385 Georgia 240,832 Hawaii 520,564 Idaho – Illinois 507,687 Indiana 72,494 Iowa 41,510 Kansas 53,129 Kentucky 35,561 Louisiana 58,392 Maine – Maryland 258,529 Massachusetts 292,537 Michigan 227,585 Minnesota 177,645 Mississippi – Missouri 78,554 Montana – Nebraska – Nevada 138,054 New Hampshire – New Jersey 620,588 New Mexico – New York 1,246,567 North Carolina 146,795 North Dakota – Ohio 162,117 Oklahoma 54,270 Oregon 125,049 Pennsylvania 266,473 Rhode Island – South Carolina 44,560 South Dakota – Tennessee 73,824 Texas 726,027 Utah 46,962 Vermont – Virginia 342,239 Washington 405,030 West Virginia – Wisconsin 107,517 Wyoming –

percent 100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – – 100.0 100.0 100.0 – 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – 100.0 – – 100.0 – 100.0 – 100.0 100.0 – 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 – 100.0 – 100.0 100.0 100.0 – 100.0 100.0 – 100.0 –

Chinese 22.4% 20.3 3.8 17.1 13.8 10.3 13.7 30.4 – – 25.6 32.9 0.4 – 30.9 22.5 17.7 19.7 23.0 18.7 – 26.0 19.1 34.5 17.2 – 20.1 – – 5.9 – 36.8 – 27.0 27.1 – 28.8 19.5 10.1 28.2 – 21.2 – 29.0 24.2 9.9 – 22.6 10.3 – 18.3 –

Asian Indian 18.6% 20.4 4.7 26.3 16.5 24.7 16.5 23.0 – – 14.7 13.6 10.2 – 17.3 23.7 15.8 15.1 15.9 12.9 – 22.2 35.1 15.6 12.4 – 21.5 – – 10.9 – 18.8 – 39.7 18.2 – 21.1 10.6 22.8 24.2 – 16.5 – 15.8 18.1 19.7 – 13.6 17.2 – 13.1 –

Filipino Vietnamese 18.3% 11.4% 9.2 6.3 47.5 5.2 17.1 5.6 12.5 5.6 24.9 7.1 10.8 8.2 9.7 3.1 – – – – 21.7 3.9 5.8 3.4 35.5 38.6 – – 20.3 4.1 9.2 8.4 8.9 2.5 9.4 2.5 17.8 10.5 5.4 3.2 – – 13.0 2.9 3.6 3.5 9.1 6.7 5.2 2.6 – – 13.0 4.3 – – – – 52.4 8.4 – – 17.9 2.3 – – 8.1 2.7 8.9 3.6 – – 10.3 6.1 13.8 3.4 8.1 10.7 6.8 2.5 – – 19.1 2.4 – – 12.1 4.9 12.0 2.7 7.5 12.6 – – 17.3 4.1 21.7 9.9 – – 6.8 2.5 – –

Korean 10.0% 13.8 20.0 10.2 6.6 9.2 14.7 9.0 – – 5.9 15.7 5.0 – 12.1 12.4 13.0 10.6 9.0 5.8 – 16.0 6.9 11.9 8.4 – 10.9 – – 5.2 – 13.4 – 10.0 7.9 – 8.6 8.8 14.1 14.0 – 8.0 – 9.5 7.6 7.6 – 16.4 12.8 – 6.4 –

Japanese 6.7% 16.1 3.2 12.3 25.6 12.4 17.3 8.6 – – 15.0 15.4 1.6 – 4.9 11.5 17.4 23.1 14.1 40.2 – 8.7 16.6 7.9 12.3 – 18.6 – – 5.4 – 3.4 – 3.1 14.9 – 9.1 26.3 20.5 13.2 – 19.0 – 11.7 21.9 19.9 – 14.0 14.9 – 5.3 –

other Asian 12.6% 13.8 15.6 11.4 19.3 11.4 18.7 16.1 – – 13.2 13.2 8.7 – 10.4 12.3 24.7 19.5 9.7 13.7 – 11.1 15.3 14.4 41.9 – 11.7 – – 11.8 – 7.5 – 9.4 19.4 – 15.9 17.6 13.7 11.3 – 13.8 – 16.9 13.5 22.7 – 12.0 13.1 – 47.5 –

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

159

Table 7.15

People Who Speak Chinese Languages at Home, by State, 2005

(total number of people aged 5 or older, number and percent who speak Chinese languages at home, and number and percent of Chinese speakers who speak English less than very well, by state, 2005) speak Chinese languages at home speak English less than very well

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

total people aged 5 or older 268,110,961 4,150,183 – 5,370,067 – 32,599,457 4,223,659 3,183,775 – – 16,270,161 8,125,787 – – 11,541,146 5,663,249 2,679,362 2,474,976 3,787,480 4,070,976 – 5,079,545 5,787,790 9,214,148 4,652,645 – 5,253,164 – 1,584,316 2,208,391 1,198,995 7,940,313 1,755,649 17,407,992 7,810,389 – 10,420,402 3,188,478 3,334,045 11,253,570 968,612 3,835,500 – 5,422,454 20,403,745 2,191,308 – 6,826,604 5,751,180 – 5,035,768 –

number 2,300,467 6,305 – 23,655 – 905,679 15,375 20,742 – – 38,986 28,751 – – 72,751 14,395 4,617 6,462 4,560 6,723 – 48,824 85,373 28,148 16,525 – 13,995 – 2,629 13,205 3,199 97,726 4,658 419,770 20,785 – 28,817 5,350 20,074 51,457 3,175 5,804 – 9,550 111,202 8,170 – 37,588 56,222 – 11,786 –

percent of total 0.9% 0.2 – 0.4 – 2.8 0.4 0.7 – – 0.2 0.4 – – 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 – 1.0 1.5 0.3 0.4 – 0.3 – 0.2 0.6 0.3 1.2 0.3 2.4 0.3 – 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 – 0.2 0.5 0.4 – 0.6 1.0 – 0.2 –

number 1,263,972 3,327 – 9,887 – 517,173 7,757 10,423 – – 21,772 12,874 – – 35,664 7,055 2,478 3,806 1,998 3,303 – 23,196 47,410 13,265 7,924 – 5,386 – 798 7,072 1,305 43,240 2,163 259,081 10,629 – 14,713 3,027 11,816 28,964 1,720 3,595 – 4,684 52,768 3,692 – 17,698 31,339 – 6,181 –

percent of Chinese speakers 54.9% 52.8 – 41.8 – 57.1 50.5 50.3 – – 55.8 44.8 – – 49.0 49.0 53.7 58.9 43.8 49.1 – 47.5 55.5 47.1 48.0 – 38.5 – 30.4 53.6 40.8 44.2 46.4 61.7 51.1 – 51.1 56.6 58.9 56.3 54.2 61.9 – 49.0 47.5 45.2 – 47.1 55.7 – 52.4 –

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being Asian alone. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/; calculations by New Strategist

160

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

Table 7.16

Total and Asian Population by Metropolitan Area, 2005

(total number of people, number of Asians, and Asian share of total, for selected metropolitan areas, 2005) Asian

Abilene, TX Akron, OH Albany, GA Albany–Schenectady–Troy, NY Albuquerque, NM Alexandria, LA Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA–NJ Altoona, PA Amarillo, TX Ames, IA Anchorage, AK Anderson, IN Anderson, SC Ann Arbor, MI Anniston–Oxford, AL Appleton, WI Asheville, NC Athens–Clarke County, GA Atlanta–Sandy Springs–Marietta, GA Atlantic City, NJ Auburn–Opelika, AL Augusta–Richmond County, GA–SC Austin–Round Rock, TX Bakersﬁeld, CA Baltimore–Towson, MD Bangor, ME Barnstable Town, MA Baton Rouge, LA Battle Creek, MI Bay City, MI Beaumont–Port Arthur, TX Bellingham, WA Bend, OR Billings, MT Binghamton, NY Birmingham–Hoover, AL Bismarck, ND Blacksburg–Christiansburg–Radford, VA Bloomington, IN Bloomington–Normal, IL Boise City–Nampa, ID Boston–Cambridge–Quincy, MA–NH Boulder, CO Bowling Green, KY

total population

number

146,427 684,459 158,772 816,044 783,920 142,353 766,822 122,717 227,799 70,480 341,282 125,161 172,748 319,791 109,762 211,469 379,808 167,582 4,828,838 264,403 118,664 508,401 1,406,364 724,206 2,583,923 140,625 220,838 706,909 134,628 107,256 366,855 178,425 140,161 143,977 237,626 1,069,498 96,068 140,200 161,204 146,894 530,359 4,270,631 271,934 105,848

2,821 12,796 1,711 23,875 16,994 1,431 17,913 693 4,708 4,477 26,411 627 1,338 26,859 1,050 5,728 2,879 4,650 208,786 17,500 2,473 9,490 66,708 33,393 101,849 1,389 2,342 11,549 1,993 641 8,620 7,230 1,931 1,193 6,532 10,945 1,044 5,041 5,865 4,513 11,616 260,549 11,989 1,666

share of total

1.9% 1.9 1.1 2.9 2.2 1.0 2.3 0.6 2.1 6.4 7.7 0.5 0.8 8.4 1.0 2.7 0.8 2.8 4.3 6.6 2.1 1.9 4.7 4.6 3.9 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.5 0.6 2.3 4.1 1.4 0.8 2.7 1.0 1.1 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.2 6.1 4.4 1.6 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

161

Asian

Bremerton–Silverdale, WA Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk, CT Brownsville–Harlingen, TX Brunswick, GA Buffalo–Niagara Falls, NY Burlington, NC Burlington–South Burlington, VT Canton–Massillon, OH Cape Coral–Fort Myers, FL Casper, WY Cedar Rapids, IA Champaign–Urbana, IL Charleston, WV Charleston–North Charleston, SC Charlotte–Gastonia–Concord, NC–SC Charlottesville, VA Chattanooga, TN–GA Cheyenne, WY Chicago–Naperville–Joliet, IL–IN–WI Chico, CA Cincinnati–Middletown, OH–KY–IN Clarksville, TN–KY Cleveland, TN Cleveland–Elyria–Mentor, OH Coeur d’Alene, ID College Station–Bryan, TX Colorado Springs, CO Columbia, MO Columbia, SC Columbus, GA–AL Columbus, IN Columbus, OH Corpus Christi, TX Corvallis, OR Cumberland, MD–WV Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, TX Dalton, GA Danville, VA Davenport–Moline–Rock Island, IA–IL Dayton, OH Decatur, AL Decatur, IL Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach, FL Denver–Aurora, CO Des Moines, IA Detroit–Warren–Livonia, MI Dothan, AL Dover, DE

total population

number

231,902 884,050 374,081 92,964 1,111,554 136,552 197,382 401,032 539,097 68,203 239,343 198,091 301,716 575,297 1,491,330 177,569 476,969 81,793 9,272,117 207,937 2,026,216 229,822 104,259 2,082,379 126,079 181,896 571,244 143,221 652,063 274,086 72,650 1,665,428 405,416 74,075 93,637 5,727,391 130,351 106,853 367,050 817,340 146,379 106,433 475,189 2,327,901 511,565 4,428,941 134,993 140,205

15,288 39,539 1,939 971 20,331 1,697 4,002 3,244 6,882 354 3,593 14,386 2,135 11,372 41,484 5,862 5,942 1,514 503,300 10,193 35,404 5,395 1,085 40,575 1,129 7,561 21,389 4,858 11,048 6,816 2,050 53,742 6,334 4,383 309 285,675 1,522 576 5,921 15,383 674 1,328 7,998 95,845 14,812 151,856 1,027 3,528

share of total

6.6% 4.5 0.5 1.0 1.8 1.2 2.0 0.8 1.3 0.5 1.5 7.3 0.7 2.0 2.8 3.3 1.2 1.9 5.4 4.9 1.7 2.3 1.0 1.9 0.9 4.2 3.7 3.4 1.7 2.5 2.8 3.2 1.6 5.9 0.3 5.0 1.2 0.5 1.6 1.9 0.5 1.2 1.7 4.1 2.9 3.4 0.8 2.5 (continued)

162

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

Asian

Dubuque, IA Duluth, MN–WI Durham, NC Eau Claire, WI El Centro, CA Elizabethtown, KY Elkhart–Goshen, IN Elmira, NY El Paso, TX Erie, PA Eugene–Springﬁeld, OR Evansville, IN–KY Fairbanks, AK Fargo, ND–MN Farmington, NM Fayetteville, NC Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers, AR–MO Flagstaff, AZ Flint, MI Florence, SC Florence–Muscle Shoals, AL Fond du Lac, WI Fort Collins–Loveland, CO Fort Smith, AR–OK Fort Walton Beach–Crestview–Destin, FL Fort Wayne, IN Fresno, CA Gadsden, AL Gainesville, FL Gainesville, GA Gettysburg, PA Glens Falls, NY Goldsboro, NC Grand Forks, ND–MN Grand Junction, CO Grand Rapids–Wyoming, MI Great Falls, MT Greeley, CO Green Bay, WI Greensboro–High Point, NC Greenville, NC Greenville, SC Gulfport–Biloxi, MS Hagerstown–Martinsburg, MD–WV Hanford–Corcoran, CA Harrisburg–Carlisle, PA Harrisonburg, VA Hartford–West Hartford–East Hartford, CT

total population

number

86,626 261,976 434,878 146,010 144,523 105,570 192,562 84,117 708,319 266,662 327,762 340,915 83,656 175,563 124,994 324,076 395,592 120,776 438,589 193,365 139,966 94,964 264,807 278,361 177,284 395,458 858,948 101,151 224,719 163,204 95,850 123,464 109,615 89,111 126,588 750,962 77,462 223,966 289,298 657,975 154,987 570,538 244,808 240,247 121,418 500,356 102,997 1,140,319

712 2,427 18,583 3,180 3,730 2,491 2,424 1,011 8,496 2,566 11,796 2,851 3,113 2,439 1,024 10,069 9,158 1,458 4,865 1,919 851 969 7,033 5,343 7,064 8,077 83,009 505 10,291 3,306 841 297 1,091 1,145 1,184 15,297 1,240 2,664 6,364 15,717 1,919 9,371 6,595 2,504 5,177 12,303 1,857 39,370

share of total

0.8% 0.9 4.3 2.2 2.6 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 3.6 0.8 3.7 1.4 0.8 3.1 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.0 2.7 1.9 4.0 2.0 9.7 0.5 4.6 2.0 0.9 0.2 1.0 1.3 0.9 2.0 1.6 1.2 2.2 2.4 1.2 1.6 2.7 1.0 4.3 2.5 1.8 3.5 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

163

Asian

Hattiesburg, MS Hickory–Lenoir–Morganton, NC Holland–Grand Haven, MI Honolulu, HI Hot Springs, AR Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux, LA Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, TX Huntington–Ashland, WV–KY–OH Huntsville, AL Idaho Falls, ID Indianapolis, IN Iowa City, IA Ithaca, NY Jackson, MI Jackson, MS Jackson, TN Jacksonville, FL Jacksonville, NC Janesville, WI Jefferson City, MO Johnson City, TN Johnstown, PA Jonesboro, AR Joplin, MO Kalamazoo–Portage, MI Kankakee–Bradley, IL Kansas City, MO–KS Kennewick–Richland–Pasco, WA Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood, TX Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, TN–VA Kingston, NY Knoxville, TN Kokomo, IN La Crosse, WI–MN Lafayette, IN Lafayette, LA Lake Charles, LA Lakeland, FL Lancaster, PA Lansing–East Lansing, MI Laredo, TX Las Cruces, NM Las Vegas–Paradise, NV Lawrence, KS Lawton, OK Lebanon, PA Lewiston–Auburn, ME Lexington–Fayette, KY

total population

number

125,782 347,698 245,075 873,177 91,690 196,621 5,193,448 279,158 358,646 113,677 1,608,730 129,932 87,080 152,954 497,168 105,237 1,223,882 125,251 154,296 135,442 181,670 138,963 109,727 162,578 307,353 103,593 1,909,666 219,224 330,421 298,447 170,938 635,635 102,346 123,253 171,344 242,090 186,858 530,126 476,155 435,632 221,478 184,089 1,691,213 94,200 102,887 121,054 104,298 410,876

778 8,482 6,740 547,309 868 1,102 310,433 774 7,862 1,689 31,511 5,844 8,768 1,217 4,605 860 40,371 4,444 2,045 847 1,686 759 745 2,020 6,722 1,113 43,056 5,807 12,519 1,513 3,574 9,306 1,019 3,988 7,179 3,204 747 7,755 8,307 14,699 1,282 1,756 134,759 4,060 4,148 1,272 263 8,323

share of total

0.6% 2.4 2.8 62.7 0.9 0.6 6.0 0.3 2.2 1.5 2.0 4.5 10.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 3.3 3.5 1.3 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.7 1.2 2.2 1.1 2.3 2.6 3.8 0.5 2.1 1.5 1.0 3.2 4.2 1.3 0.4 1.5 1.7 3.4 0.6 1.0 8.0 4.3 4.0 1.1 0.3 2.0 (continued)

164

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

Asian

Lima, OH Lincoln, NE Little Rock–North Little Rock, AR Logan, UT–ID Longview, TX Longview, WA Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana, CA Louisville, KY–IN Lubbock, TX Lynchburg, VA Macon, GA Madera, CA Madison, WI Manchester–Nashua, NH Mansﬁeld, OH McAllen–Edinburg–Mission, TX Medford, OR Memphis, TN–MS–AR Merced, CA Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Miami Beach, FL Michigan City–La Porte, IN Midland, TX Milwaukee–Waukesha–West Allis, WI Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington, MN–WI Missoula, MT Mobile, AL Modesto, CA Monroe, LA Monroe, MI Montgomery, AL Morgantown, WV Mount Vernon–Anacortes, WA Muncie, IN Muskegon–Norton Shores, MI Myrtle Beach–Conway–North Myrtle Beach, SC Napa, CA Naples–Marco Island, FL Nashville–Davidson–Murfreesboro, TN New Haven–Milford, CT New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner, LA New York–Northern New Jersey– Long Island, NY–NJ–PA Niles–Benton Harbor, MI Norwich–New London, CT Ocala, FL Odessa, TX Ogden–Clearﬁeld, UT Oklahoma City, OK

total population

number

share of total

101,619 268,089 623,851 106,718 199,417 95,905 12,703,423 1,183,916 250,628 227,858 218,398 134,159 519,330 393,207 121,365 671,967 191,465 1,236,181 237,278 5,334,685 104,164 119,720 1,480,517 3,076,239 96,467 393,585 497,804 165,220 152,392 339,638 106,899 111,330 108,356 169,500 224,487 127,445 302,514 1,384,347 817,828 1,292,774

268 9,446 8,281 2,432 895 1,630 1,854,565 15,666 4,562 1,557 2,705 2,707 21,930 13,189 1,187 5,099 3,205 23,330 18,709 127,804 582 1,469 42,912 169,043 1,339 7,255 29,622 1,605 1,175 4,141 2,125 2,600 1,043 340 2,385 8,518 3,045 30,990 28,503 33,179

0.3% 3.5 1.3 2.3 0.4 1.7 14.6 1.3 1.8 0.7 1.2 2.0 4.2 3.4 1.0 0.8 1.7 1.9 7.9 2.4 0.6 1.2 2.9 5.5 1.4 1.8 6.0 1.0 0.8 1.2 2.0 2.3 1.0 0.2 1.1 6.7 1.0 2.2 3.5 2.6

18,351,099 158,224 253,468 295,555 123,331 481,703 1,124,533

1,731,977 2,435 9,553 3,899 1,395 10,575 36,510

9.4 1.5 3.8 1.3 1.1 2.2 3.2 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

165

Asian

Olympia, WA Omaha–Council Bluffs, NE–IA Orlando–Kissimmee, FL Oshkosh–Neenah, WI Owensboro, KY Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura, CA Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville, FL Panama City–Lynn Haven, FL Parkersburg–Marietta–Vienna, WV–OH Pascagoula, MS Pensacola–Ferry Pass–Brent, FL Peoria, IL Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Phoenix–Mesa–Scottsdale, AZ Pine Bluff, AR Pittsburgh, PA Pittsﬁeld, MA Plattsburgh, NY Pocatello, ID Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, ME Portland–Vancouver–Beaverton, OR–WA Port St. Lucie–Fort Pierce, FL Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Prescott, AZ Providence–New Bedford–Fall River, RI–MA Provo–Orem, UT Pueblo, CO Punta Gorda, FL Racine, WI Raleigh–Cary, NC Rapid City, SD Reading, PA Redding, CA Reno–Sparks, NV Richmond, VA Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario, CA Roanoke, VA Rochester, MN Rochester, NY Rockford, IL Rocky Mount, NC Rome, GA Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville, CA Saginaw–Saginaw Township North, MI St. Cloud, MN St. George, UT St. Joseph, MO–KS

total population

number

225,469 795,707 1,903,273 150,687 109,410 782,759 521,226 158,141 161,018 155,942 415,313 357,285

14,137 16,726 76,289 3,309 842 58,015 12,645 3,670 616 2,843 13,531 5,652

5,644,383 3,805,123 95,402 2,314,937 125,654 75,053 83,492 500,263 2,063,277 374,713 635,978 194,928 1,565,972 443,188 147,187 154,716 190,368 924,415 114,805 382,917 176,570 387,750 1,132,036 3,827,946 279,269 173,360 996,309 333,729 141,985 90,124 2,004,476 202,037 172,989 117,385 111,755

249,015 114,227 777 34,831 460 635 1,143 8,033 129,385 5,205 18,986 1,761 39,412 8,891 1,292 2,054 2,264 37,678 1,259 4,985 5,003 22,855 32,476 229,653 3,820 7,525 23,791 6,869 346 1,319 256,256 2,239 3,179 1,042 645

share of total

6.3% 2.1 4.0 2.2 0.8 7.4 2.4 2.3 0.4 1.8 3.3 1.6 4.4 3.0 0.8 1.5 0.4 0.8 1.4 1.6 6.3 1.4 3.0 0.9 2.5 2.0 0.9 1.3 1.2 4.1 1.1 1.3 2.8 5.9 2.9 6.0 1.4 4.3 2.4 2.1 0.2 1.5 12.8 1.1 1.8 0.9 0.6 (continued)

166

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

POPULATION

Asian

St. Louis, MO–IL Salem, OR Salinas, CA Salisbury, MD Salt Lake City, UT San Angelo, TX San Antonio, TX San Diego–Carlsbad–San Marcos, CA Sandusky, OH San Francisco–Oakland–Fremont, CA San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara, CA San Luis Obispo–Paso Robles, CA Santa Barbara–Santa Maria, CA Santa Cruz–Watsonville, CA Santa Fe, NM Santa Rosa–Petaluma, CA Sarasota–Bradenton–Venice, FL Savannah, GA Scranton–Wilkes-Barre, PA Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue, WA Sheboygan, WI Shreveport–Bossier City, LA Sierra Vista–Douglas, AZ Sioux City, IA–NE–SD Sioux Falls, SD South Bend–Mishawaka, IN–MI Spartanburg, SC Spokane, WA Springﬁeld, IL Springﬁeld, MA Springﬁeld, MO Springﬁeld, OH State College, PA Stockton, CA Sumter, SC Syracuse, NY Tallahassee, FL Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL Terre Haute, IN Texarkana, TX–AR Toledo, OH Topeka, KS Trenton–Ewing, NJ Tucson, AZ Tulsa, OK Tuscaloosa, AL Tyler, TX Utica–Rome, NY

total population

number

2,725,336 360,857 389,004 107,489 1,017,572 100,894 1,844,018 2,824,259 76,797 4,071,751 1,726,057 239,638 383,393 240,367 137,758 453,850 660,611 302,925 528,353 3,133,715 111,100 375,139 120,439 139,910 201,044 303,925 259,224 425,684 202,317 653,913 382,521 139,053 124,263 646,259 102,146 628,295 317,527 2,596,556 158,940 125,886 637,276 224,023 345,118 902,720 867,878 189,393 185,465 281,918

54,493 9,434 30,053 1,794 33,614 1,360 36,838 336,523 503 964,935 534,841 9,842 21,794 11,340 1,683 21,663 9,143 6,477 4,634 372,568 4,757 4,378 3,895 4,073 2,409 5,283 4,738 13,126 3,100 14,961 3,889 1,064 6,385 102,018 1,286 13,951 6,972 74,962 1,801 1,233 9,172 2,240 28,186 25,558 13,828 2,012 1,981 4,169

share of total

2.0% 2.6 7.7 1.7 3.3 1.3 2.0 11.9 0.7 23.7 31.0 4.1 5.7 4.7 1.2 4.8 1.4 2.1 0.9 11.9 4.3 1.2 3.2 2.9 1.2 1.7 1.8 3.1 1.5 2.3 1.0 0.8 5.1 15.8 1.3 2.2 2.2 2.9 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.0 8.2 2.8 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.5 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

167

Asian

Valdosta, GA Vallejo–Fairﬁeld, CA Vero Beach, FL Victoria, TX Vineland–Millville–Bridgeton, NJ Virginia Beach–Norfolk–Newport News, VA–NC Visalia–Porterville, CA Waco, TX Warner Robins, GA Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Waterloo–Cedar Falls, IA Wausau, WI Weirton–Steubenville, WV–OH Wenatchee, WA Wheeling, WV–OH Wichita, KS Wichita Falls, TX Williamsport, PA Wilmington, NC Winchester, VA–WV Winston-Salem, NC Worcester, MA Yakima, WA York–Hanover, PA Youngstown–Warren–Boardman, OH–PA Yuba City, CA Yuma, AZ

total population

number

share of total

117,756 395,426 126,258 117,233 139,968 1,585,416 404,909 214,582 123,176

2,634 65,175 1,298 2,025 1,894 58,784 17,316 3,312 3,393

2.2% 16.5 1.0 1.7 1.4 3.7 4.3 1.5 2.8

5,119,490 153,873 127,080 123,066 103,393 141,860 575,506 137,103 112,735 308,470 114,482 437,100 759,409 227,809 400,670 569,009 153,262 175,793

462,312 1,842 6,635 695 2,283 670 20,624 2,764 647 3,459 1,079 4,714 30,568 3,903 4,452 2,952 14,102 2,318

9.0 1.2 5.2 0.6 2.2 0.5 3.6 2.0 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1 4.0 1.7 1.1 0.5 9.2 1.3

Note: Asians are those who identify themselves as being of the race alone or as being of the race in combination with one or more other races. Source: Bureau of the Census, 2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/www/; calculations by New Strategist

168

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING CHAPTER

8

Spending ■ The nation’s 4 million Asian households spent an average of $52,054 in 2005, or 12 percent more than the $46,409 spent by the average household. ■ Asian households spend 87 percent more than the average household on education, accounting for a disproportionate share of the market. Asians also spend more on restaurant meals, new cars and trucks, and public transportation. ■ Asian spending is above average because Asians are highly educated and Asian households have more earners than the average household.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

169

Asian Households Spend the Most Their spending is above average on most products and services. The Bureau of Labor Statistics ﬁrst collected data on the spending of Asian households in the 2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The results showed that households (called consumer units by the Bureau of Labor Statistics) headed by Asians spend more than those headed by blacks, Hispanics, or non-Hispanic whites. The 2005 data show the trend continuing, with the nation’s 4 million Asian households spending an average of $52,054 in 2005, or 12 percent more than the $46,409 spent by the average household. The reasons for the higher spending of Asians are their higher incomes, their larger household size, and their higher level of education. The Asian investment in education is revealed in these statistics. Asian households spend 87 percent more than the average household on education, accounting for a disproportionate share of the market. Asians also spend more on restaurant meals, new cars and trucks, and public transportation. ■ Asian spending is above average because many Asian households have two or more earners, which boosts incomes.

Asian households spend 12 percent more than the average household (average annual spending of total and Asian consumer units, 2005) 60000

$52,054 $46,409

40000

$40,000

20000

$20,000

0

$0

a

total

170

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

b

Asian

SPENDING

Table 8.1

Average Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005

(average annual spending of households by product and service category and by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2005) total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

Number of households (in 000s) Average number of persons per household Average before-tax household income

117,356 2.5 $58,712

4,283 2.9 $73,995

14,042 2.6 $39,385

12,462 3.4 $47,509

90,995 2.3 $63,203

Average annual household spending

$46,409

$52,054

$32,849

$40,123

$49,331

5,931 3,297 445 143 302 764 228 153 103 134 113 33 378 146 232 552 182 175 106 89 1,158 119 85 609 303 41 2,634

6,632 3,580 492 216 276 892 196 164 82 147 259 45 303 137 166 814 284 312 125 93 1,078 102 86 567 279 45 3,052

4,319 2,663 363 132 231 787 193 170 90 177 121 35 245 98 147 428 122 122 99 85 840 82 79 432 230 17 1,657

5,551 3,344 400 147 253 876 285 160 99 177 109 46 364 162 202 640 219 210 119 92 1,064 90 84 535 321 33 2,207

6,223 3,384 463 144 319 746 225 150 106 122 113 30 400 151 249 558 185 178 105 89 1,217 128 86 645 312 46 2,838

426

319

173

286

483

15,167 8,805 5,958 3,317 1,541 1,101

19,017 12,659 8,623 5,354 2,203 1,066

11,650 6,524 3,188 1,998 734 456

14,338 8,937 4,886 3,166 1,058 662

15,813 9,134 6,527 3,538 1,730 1,259

FOOD Groceries Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Restaurants and other food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

(continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

171

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$2,345 502 3,183 473 1,155 142 1,048 366 801 322 479 611 134 320 157 1,767 132 467 56 223 105 782

$3,479 556 3,018 454 942 58 1,166 398 948 449 499 439 91 233 115 1,954 172 478 97 377 94 737

$3,148 189 3,253 549 1,205 45 1,124 330 530 289 241 352 119 160 74 991 93 298 16 143 46 393

$3,876 175 2,986 378 1,071 43 1,130 365 605 336 268 508 156 252 100 1,303 95 487 20 171 85 445

$2,013 594 3,201 475 1,159 170 1,025 371 868 324 544 663 133 352 178 1,947 143 490 67 242 117 887

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

1,886 440 349 91 754 633 121 82 320 290

2,035 467 366 101 877 715 162 97 303 291

1,981 420 297 123 765 635 130 77 493 226

2,195 529 416 112 787 597 191 149 442 288

1,830 431 347 83 747 637 111 74 278 300

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

8,344 3,544 1,931 1,531 82 2,013 2,339 297 671 913 458 448

8,899 3,516 2,568 898 50 2,011 2,395 218 619 914 643 978

5,850 2,350 988 1,307 55 1,546 1,710 229 433 747 301 245

7,900 3,280 1,710 1,551 20 2,171 2,068 269 586 837 376 380

8,791 3,765 2,104 1,566 95 2,063 2,474 311 721 949 493 489

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances and miscellaneous housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

(continued)

172

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$2,664 1,361 677 521 105

$2,262 1,357 499 335 72

$1,448 841 321 244 43

$1,520 750 444 273 54

$3,005 1,523 763 597 122

2,388 588 888 420 492

1,804 647 748 175 233

1,242 201 797 128 117

1,494 337 716 244 197

2,683 682 925 488 589

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

541

519

472

501

557

READING

126

117

52

55

148

EDUCATION

940

1,759

500

558

1,061

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Audio and visual equipment and services Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

319

124

216

158

357

MISCELLANEOUS

808

794

416

665

887

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

1,663

1,188

1,204

927

1,834

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

5,204 381 4,823

6,584 465 6,119

3,325 292 3,033

3,974 140 3,834

5,659 428 5,232

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

2,408 1,696 534 177

1,966 1,334 440 192

603 287 257 59

982 655 258 69

2,877 2,054 614 210

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

1,091

1,185

587

636

1,229

Note: Asian and black include Hispanics and non-Hispanics who identify themselves as being of the respective race alone. Hispanic includes people of any race who identify themselves as Hispanic. Other includes people who identify themselves as non-Hispanic and as Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian (who are also included in the Asian column), Native Hawaiian or other Paciﬁc Islander, as well as non-Hispanics reporting more than one race. Spending by category will not add to total spending because gift spending is also included in the preceding product and service categories and personal taxes are not included in the total. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

173

Table 8.2

Indexed Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005

(indexed average annual spending of households by product and service category and by race and Hispanic origin of householder, 2005; index deﬁnition: an index of 100 is the average for all households; an index of 132 means that spending by households in that group is 32 percent above the average for all households; an index of 68 indicates spending that is 32 percent below the average for all households) total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$46,409 100

$52,054 112

$32,849 71

$40,123 86

$49,331 106

FOOD Groceries Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Restaurants and other food away from home

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

112 109 111 151 91 117 86 107 80 110 229 136 80 94 72 147 156 178 118 104 93 86 101 93 92 110 116

73 81 82 92 76 103 85 111 87 132 107 106 65 67 63 78 67 70 93 96 73 69 93 71 76 41 63

94 101 90 103 84 115 125 105 96 132 96 139 96 111 87 116 120 120 112 103 92 76 99 88 106 80 84

105 103 104 101 106 98 99 98 103 91 100 91 106 103 107 101 102 102 99 100 105 108 101 106 103 112 108

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100

75

41

67

113

HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

100 100 100 100 100 100

125 144 145 161 143 97

77 74 54 60 48 41

95 101 82 95 69 60

104 104 110 107 112 114

Average household spending, total Average household spending, index

(continued)

174

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances and miscellaneous housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

148 111 95 96 82 41 111 109 118 139 104 72 68 73 73 111 130 102 173 169 90 94

134 38 102 116 104 32 107 90 66 90 50 58 89 50 47 56 70 64 29 64 44 50

165 35 94 80 93 30 108 100 76 104 56 83 116 79 64 74 72 104 36 77 81 57

86 118 101 100 100 120 98 101 108 101 114 109 99 110 113 110 108 105 120 109 111 113

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

108 106 105 111 116 113 134 118 95 100

105 95 85 135 101 100 107 94 154 78

116 120 119 123 104 94 158 182 138 99

97 98 99 91 99 101 92 90 87 103

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

107 99 133 59 61 100 102 73 92 100 140 218

70 66 51 85 67 77 73 77 65 82 66 55

95 93 89 101 24 108 88 91 87 92 82 85

105 106 109 102 116 102 106 105 107 104 108 109 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

175

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

100 100 100 100 100

85 100 74 64 69

54 62 47 47 41

57 55 66 52 51

113 112 113 115 116

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Audio and visual equipment and services Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

100 100 100 100 100

76 110 84 42 47

52 34 90 30 24

63 57 81 58 40

112 116 104 116 120

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, SERVICES

100

96

87

93

103

READING

100

93

41

44

117

EDUCATION

100

187

53

59

113

TOBACCO PRODUCTS, SMOKING SUPPLIES

100

39

68

50

112

MISCELLANEOUS

100

98

51

82

110

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

100

71

72

56

110

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

100 100 100

127 122 127

64 77 63

76 37 79

109 112 108

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

100 100 100 100

82 79 82 108

25 17 48 33

41 39 48 39

119 121 115 119

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

100

109

54

58

113

Note: Asian and black include Hispanics and non-Hispanics who identify themselves as being of the respective race alone. Hispanic includes people of any race who identify themselves as Hispanic. Other includes people who identify themselves as non-Hispanic and as Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian (who are also included in the Asian column), Native Hawaiian or other Paciﬁc Islander, as well as non-Hispanics reporting more than one race. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey

176

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Table 8.3

Total Spending by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005

(total annual spending by race and Hispanic origin groups, 2005; households and dollars in thousands) total households

Number of households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

12,462

90,995

117,356

4,283

14,042

$5,446,374,604

$222,947,282

$461,265,658

FOOD

696,038,436

28,404,856

60,647,398

69,176,562

566,261,885

Groceries

386,922,732

15,333,140

37,393,846

41,672,928

307,927,080

52,223,420

2,107,236

5,097,246

4,984,800

42,130,685

Cereals and cereal products

16,781,908

925,128

1,853,544

1,831,914

13,103,280

Bakery products

35,441,512

1,182,108

3,243,702

3,152,886

29,027,405

89,659,984

3,820,436

11,051,054

10,916,712

67,882,270

Beef

26,757,168

839,468

2,710,106

3,551,670

20,473,875

Pork

17,955,468

702,412

2,387,140

1,993,920

13,649,250

Other meats

12,087,668

351,206

1,263,780

1,233,738

9,645,470

Poultry

15,725,704

629,601

2,485,434

2,205,774

11,101,390

Fish and seafood

13,261,228

1,109,297

1,699,082

1,358,358

10,282,435

3,872,748

192,735

491,470

573,252

2,729,850

44,360,568

1,297,749

3,440,290

4,536,168

36,398,000

Fresh milk and cream

17,133,976

586,771

1,376,116

2,018,844

13,740,245

Other dairy products

27,226,592

710,978

2,064,174

2,517,324

22,657,755

64,780,512

3,486,362

6,009,976

7,975,680

50,775,210

Fresh fruits

21,358,792

1,216,372

1,713,124

2,729,178

16,834,075

Fresh vegetables

20,537,300

1,336,296

1,713,124

2,617,020

16,197,110

Processed fruits

12,439,736

535,375

1,390,158

1,482,978

9,554,475

Processed vegetables

10,444,684

398,319

1,193,570

1,146,504

8,098,555

135,898,248

4,617,074

11,795,280

13,259,568

110,740,915

13,965,364

436,866

1,151,444

1,121,580

11,647,360

9,975,260

368,338

1,109,318

1,046,808

7,825,570

Miscellaneous foods

71,469,804

2,428,461

6,066,144

6,667,170

58,691,775

Nonalcoholic beverages

35,558,868

1,194,957

3,229,660

4,000,302

28,390,440

4,811,596

192,735

238,714

411,246

4,185,770

309,115,704

13,071,716

23,267,594

27,503,634

258,243,810

49,993,656

1,366,277

2,429,266

3,564,132

43,950,585

Total spending of all households

Cereals and bakery products

Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs

Eggs Dairy products

Fruits and vegetables

Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils

Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Restaurants and other food away from home ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

$500,012,826 $4,488,874,345

HOUSING

1,779,938,452

81,449,811

163,589,300

Shelter

1,033,319,580

54,218,497

91,610,008

111,372,894

831,148,330

699,207,048

36,932,309

44,765,896

60,889,332

593,924,365

Mortgage interest and charges

389,269,852

22,931,182

28,055,916

39,454,692

321,940,310

Property taxes

180,845,596

9,435,449

10,306,828

13,184,796

157,421,350

Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

129,208,956

4,565,678

6,403,152

8,249,844

114,562,705

Owned dwellings

178,680,156 1,438,903,935

(continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

177

total households

Asian

black

$275,199,820

$14,900,557

$44,204,216

58,912,712

2,381,348

2,653,938

2,180,850

54,051,030

373,544,148

12,926,094

45,678,626

37,211,532

291,274,995

Natural gas

55,509,388

1,944,482

7,709,058

4,710,636

43,222,625

Electricity

135,546,180

4,034,586

16,920,610

13,346,802

105,463,205

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services

Fuel oil and other fuels

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$48,302,712 $183,172,935

16,664,552

248,414

631,890

535,866

15,469,150

122,989,088

4,993,978

15,783,208

14,082,060

93,269,875

Water and other public services

42,952,296

1,704,634

4,633,860

4,548,630

33,759,145

Household services

94,002,156

4,060,284

7,442,260

7,539,510

78,983,660

Personal services

37,788,632

1,923,067

4,058,138

4,187,232

29,482,380

Other household services

56,213,524

2,137,217

3,384,122

3,339,816

49,501,280

Housekeeping supplies

71,704,516

1,880,237

4,942,784

6,330,696

60,329,685

Laundry and cleaning supplies

15,725,704

389,753

1,670,998

1,944,072

12,102,335

Other household products

37,553,920

997,939

2,246,720

3,140,424

32,030,240

Postage and stationery

18,424,892

492,545

1,039,108

1,246,200

16,197,110

207,368,052

8,368,982

13,915,622

16,237,986

177,167,265

Telephone

Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles

15,490,992

736,676

1,305,906

1,183,890

13,012,285

Furniture

54,805,252

2,047,274

4,184,516

6,068,994

44,587,550

6,571,936

415,451

224,672

249,240

6,096,665

Major appliances

26,170,388

1,614,691

2,008,006

2,131,002

22,020,790

Small appliances and misc. housewares

12,322,380

402,602

645,932

1,059,270

10,646,415

Miscellaneous household equipment

91,772,392

3,156,571

5,518,506

5,545,590

80,712,565

Floor coverings

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES

221,333,416

8,715,905

27,817,202

27,354,090

166,520,850

Men and boys

51,636,640

2,000,161

5,897,640

6,592,398

39,218,845

Men, aged 16 or older

40,957,244

1,567,578

4,170,474

5,184,192

31,575,265

Boys, aged 2 to 15

10,679,396

432,583

1,727,166

1,395,744

7,552,585

Women and girls

88,486,424

3,756,191

10,742,130

9,807,594

67,973,265

Women, aged 16 or older

74,286,348

3,062,345

8,916,670

7,439,814

57,963,815

Girls, aged 2 to 15

14,200,076

693,846

1,825,460

2,380,242

10,100,445

9,623,192

415,451

1,081,234

1,856,838

6,733,630

Footwear

37,553,920

1,297,749

6,922,706

5,508,204

25,296,610

Other apparel products and services

34,033,240

1,246,353

3,173,492

3,589,056

27,298,500

Children under age 2

TRANSPORTATION

979,218,464

38,114,417

82,145,700

98,449,800

799,937,045

Vehicle purchases

415,909,664

15,059,028

32,998,700

40,875,360

342,596,175

Cars and trucks, new

226,614,436

10,998,744

13,873,496

21,310,020

191,453,480

Cars and trucks, used

179,672,036

3,846,134

18,352,894

19,328,562

142,498,170

9,623,192

214,150

772,310

249,240

8,644,525

Gasoline and motor oil

236,237,628

8,613,113

21,708,932

27,055,002

187,722,685

Other vehicle expenses

274,495,684

10,257,785

24,011,820

25,771,416

225,121,630

Vehicle ﬁnance charges

34,854,732

933,694

3,215,618

3,352,278

28,299,445

Maintenance and repairs

78,745,876

2,651,177

6,080,186

7,302,732

65,607,395

107,146,028

3,914,662

10,489,374

10,430,694

86,354,255

Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges

53,749,048

2,753,969

4,226,642

4,685,712

44,860,535

Public transportation

52,575,488

4,188,774

3,440,290

4,735,560

44,496,555

Other vehicles

Vehicle insurance

(continued)

178

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

total households

Asian

black

HEALTH CARE

$312,636,384

$9,688,146

$20,332,816

Health insurance

159,721,516

5,812,031

11,809,322

9,346,500

138,585,385

Medical services

79,450,012

2,137,217

4,507,482

5,533,128

69,429,185

Drugs

61,142,476

1,434,805

3,426,248

3,402,126

54,324,015

Medical supplies

12,322,380

308,376

603,806

672,948

11,101,390

280,246,128

7,726,532

17,440,164

18,618,228

244,139,585

69,005,328

2,771,101

2,822,442

4,199,694

62,058,590

Audio and visual equipment and services

104,212,128

3,203,684

11,191,474

8,922,792

84,170,375

Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment

49,289,520

749,525

1,797,376

3,040,728

44,405,560

Other entertainment products and services

57,739,152

997,939

1,642,914

2,455,014

53,596,055

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

63,489,596

2,222,877

6,627,824

6,243,462

50,684,215

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions

READING

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

$18,942,240 $273,439,975

14,786,856

501,111

730,184

685,410

13,467,260

110,314,640

7,533,797

7,021,000

6,953,796

96,545,695

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

37,436,564

531,092

3,033,072

1,968,996

32,485,215

MISCELLANEOUS

94,823,648

3,400,702

5,841,472

8,287,230

80,712,565

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

195,163,028

5,088,204

16,906,568

11,552,274

166,884,830

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS

610,720,624

28,199,272

46,689,650

49,523,988

514,940,705

44,712,636

1,991,595

4,100,264

1,744,680

38,945,860

Pensions and Social Security

566,007,988

26,207,677

42,589,386

47,779,308

476,085,840

PERSONAL TAXES

282,593,248

8,420,378

8,467,326

12,237,684

261,792,615

Federal income taxes

199,035,776

5,713,522

4,030,054

8,162,610

186,903,730

State and local income taxes

62,668,104

1,884,520

3,608,794

3,215,196

55,870,930

Other taxes

20,772,012

822,336

828,478

859,878

19,108,950

128,035,396

5,075,355

8,242,654

7,925,832

111,832,855

EDUCATION

Life and other personal insurance

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

Note: Asian and black include Hispanics and non-Hispanics who identify themselves as being of the respective race alone. Hispanic includes people of any race who identify themselves as Hispanic. Other includes people who identify themselves as non-Hispanic and as Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian (who are also included in the Asian column), Native Hawaiian or other Paciﬁc Islander, as well as non-Hispanics reporting more than one race. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

179

Table 8.4

Market Shares by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005

(percentage of total annual spending accounted for by race and Hispanic origin groups, 2005) total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

Share of total households Share of total before-tax income Share of total spending

100.0% 100.0 100.0

3.6% 4.6 4.1

12.0% 8.0 8.5

10.6% 8.6 9.2

77.5% 83.5 82.4

FOOD Groceries Cereals and bakery products Cereals and cereal products Bakery products Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Pork Other meats Poultry Fish and seafood Eggs Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Other dairy products Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Processed fruits Processed vegetables Other food at home Sugar and other sweets Fats and oils Miscellaneous foods Nonalcoholic beverages Food prepared by consumer unit on trips Restaurants and other food away from home

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.1 4.0 4.0 5.5 3.3 4.3 3.1 3.9 2.9 4.0 8.4 5.0 2.9 3.4 2.6 5.4 5.7 6.5 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.7 3.4 3.4 4.0 4.2

8.7 9.7 9.8 11.0 9.2 12.3 10.1 13.3 10.5 15.8 12.8 12.7 7.8 8.0 7.6 9.3 8.0 8.3 11.2 11.4 8.7 8.2 11.1 8.5 9.1 5.0 7.5

9.9 10.8 9.5 10.9 8.9 12.2 13.3 11.1 10.2 14.0 10.2 14.8 10.2 11.8 9.2 12.3 12.8 12.7 11.9 11.0 9.8 8.0 10.5 9.3 11.2 8.5 8.9

81.4 79.6 80.7 78.1 81.9 75.7 76.5 76.0 79.8 70.6 77.5 70.5 82.1 80.2 83.2 78.4 78.8 78.9 76.8 77.5 81.5 83.4 78.4 82.1 79.8 87.0 83.5

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

100.0

2.7

4.9

7.1

87.9

HOUSING Shelter Owned dwellings Mortgage interest and charges Property taxes Maintenance, repair, insurance, other expenses

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.6 5.2 5.3 5.9 5.2 3.5

9.2 8.9 6.4 7.2 5.7 5.0

10.0 10.8 8.7 10.1 7.3 6.4

80.8 80.4 84.9 82.7 87.0 88.7 (continued)

180

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

total households

Asian

black

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

Rented dwellings Other lodging Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone Water and other public services Household services Personal services Other household services Housekeeping supplies Laundry and cleaning supplies Other household products Postage and stationery Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances and miscellaneous housewares Miscellaneous household equipment

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5.4% 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 1.5 4.1 4.0 4.3 5.1 3.8 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.7 4.0 4.8 3.7 6.3 6.2 3.3 3.4

16.1% 4.5 12.2 13.9 12.5 3.8 12.8 10.8 7.9 10.7 6.0 6.9 10.6 6.0 5.6 6.7 8.4 7.6 3.4 7.7 5.2 6.0

17.6% 3.7 10.0 8.5 9.8 3.2 11.4 10.6 8.0 11.1 5.9 8.8 12.4 8.4 6.8 7.8 7.6 11.1 3.8 8.1 8.6 6.0

66.6% 91.7 78.0 77.9 77.8 92.8 75.8 78.6 84.0 78.0 88.1 84.1 77.0 85.3 87.9 85.4 84.0 81.4 92.8 84.1 86.4 87.9

APPAREL AND RELATED SERVICES Men and boys Men, aged 16 or older Boys, aged 2 to 15 Women and girls Women, aged 16 or older Girls, aged 2 to 15 Children under age 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.9 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.9 4.3 3.5 3.7

12.6 11.4 10.2 16.2 12.1 12.0 12.9 11.2 18.4 9.3

12.4 12.8 12.7 13.1 11.1 10.0 16.8 19.3 14.7 10.5

75.2 76.0 77.1 70.7 76.8 78.0 71.1 70.0 67.4 80.2

TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Vehicle ﬁnance charges Maintenance and repairs Vehicle insurance Vehicle rentals, leases, licenses, other charges Public transportation

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.9 3.6 4.9 2.1 2.2 3.6 3.7 2.7 3.4 3.7 5.1 8.0

8.4 7.9 6.1 10.2 8.0 9.2 8.7 9.2 7.7 9.8 7.9 6.5

10.1 9.8 9.4 10.8 2.6 11.5 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.7 8.7 9.0

81.7 82.4 84.5 79.3 89.8 79.5 82.0 81.2 83.3 80.6 83.5 84.6 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

181

total households

Asian

black

6.5% 7.4 5.7 5.6 4.9

HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies

100.0% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.1% 3.6 2.7 2.3 2.5

ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Audio and visual equipment and services Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment Other entertainment products and services

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.8 4.0 3.1 1.5 1.7

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

100.0

READING EDUCATION

Hispanic

non-Hispanic white, other

6.1% 5.9 7.0 5.6 5.5

87.5% 86.8 87.4 88.8 90.1

6.2 4.1 10.7 3.6 2.8

6.6 6.1 8.6 6.2 4.3

87.1 89.9 80.8 90.1 92.8

3.5

10.4

9.8

79.8

100.0

3.4

4.9

4.6

91.1

100.0

6.8

6.4

6.3

87.5

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES

100.0

1.4

8.1

5.3

86.8

MISCELLANEOUS

100.0

3.6

6.2

8.7

85.1

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

100.0

2.6

8.7

5.9

85.5

PERSONAL INSURANCE AND PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security

100.0 100.0 100.0

4.6 4.5 4.6

7.6 9.2 7.5

8.1 3.9 8.4

84.3 87.1 84.1

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.0 2.9 3.0 4.0

3.0 2.0 5.8 4.0

4.3 4.1 5.1 4.1

92.6 93.9 89.2 92.0

GIFTS FOR PEOPLE IN OTHER HOUSEHOLDS

100.0

4.0

6.4

6.2

87.3

Note: Asian and black include Hispanics and non-Hispanics who identify themselves as being of the respective race alone. Hispanic includes people of any race who identify themselves as Hispanic. Other includes people who identify themselves as non-Hispanic and as Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian (who are also included in the Asian column), Native Hawaiian or other Paciﬁc Islander, as well as non-Hispanics reporting more than one race. Source: Calculations by New Strategist based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey

182

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Asians Spend Much More than Average on College Tuition and Air Fares Asian spending is above average on most items because their households have more earners, boosting incomes. Asian households have above-average incomes not only because they have more earners, but also because many are college graduates. Not surprisingly, their spending on college tuition is more than twice the average.They also spend 64 percent more than the average household on fees for recreational lessons and 16 percent more on books. Asians spend only 9 percent more than the average household on groceries overall, but ﬁve times more on rice. They also spend more than average on lunch and dinners at full-service restaurants. Asian households spend 64 percent more than average on new cars, but only 10 percent more than average on new trucks. They spend less than average on used vehicles. They spend more than twice the average on airline fares and public transit. ■ Asians spend 25 percent less than the average household on alcoholic beverages.

Asians spend more than average on books 300

(indexed spending by Asian households on selected products and services, 2005)

248 200

220

200

164 116

100 100 = average

0

0

airlineafares

btuition college

c for fess recreational lessons

d books

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

183

Table 8.5

Spending on Alcoholic Beverages by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on alcoholic beverages, 2005)

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, TOTAL

At home Beer and ale Whiskey Wine Other alcoholic beverages Away from home Beer and ale Wine Other alcoholic beverages Alcoholic beverages purchased on trips

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$318.52 176.54 81.84 5.11 82.76 6.82 141.98 51.15 35.62 21.35 33.86

75 81 68 79 107 43 68 65 98 43 81

$1,364,221 756,121 350,521 21,886 354,461 29,210 608,100 219,075 152,560 91,442 145,022

market share

2.7% 2.9 2.5 2.9 3.9 1.6 2.5 2.4 3.6 1.6 3.0

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

184

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Table 8.6

Spending on Apparel by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on apparel, accessories, and related services, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$2,035.00 365.57 22.00 10.83 42.30 19.41 18.16 0.67 41.47 17.77 11.63 107.77 60.05 11.68 0.82 1.01

108 105 86 124 113 110 115 47 109 159 83 110 95 86 35 71

$8,715,905 1,565,736 94,226 46,385 181,171 83,133 77,779 2,870 177,616 76,109 49,811 461,579 257,194 50,025 3,512 4,326

Boys’ (aged 2 to 15) apparel Coats and jackets Sweaters Shirts Underwear Nightwear Hosiery Accessories Suits, sport coats, and vests Pants Shorts and shorts sets Uniforms Active sportswear Costumes

101.47 5.34 1.38 36.75 10.10 7.12 4.71 8.01 1.21 18.48 5.12 0.92 1.80 0.54

111 99 60 136 171 266 113 188 84 78 72 34 51 49

434,596 22,871 5,911 157,400 43,258 30,495 20,173 34,307 5,182 79,150 21,929 3,940 7,709 2,313

4.1 3.6 2.2 5.0 6.2 9.7 4.1 6.9 3.1 2.9 2.6 1.3 1.9 1.8

Women’s apparel Coats and jackets Dresses Sport coats and tailored jackets Sweaters and vests Shirts, blouses, and tops Skirts Pants Shorts and shorts sets Active sportswear

714.79 63.70 82.28 7.83 55.74 120.40 15.88 116.46 8.79 43.39

113 107 176 100 122 95 75 106 66 138

3,061,446 272,827 352,405 33,536 238,734 515,673 68,014 498,798 37,648 185,839

4.1 3.9 6.4 3.7 4.5 3.5 2.7 3.9 2.4 5.0

APPAREL Men’s apparel Suits Sport coats and tailored jackets Coats and jackets Underwear Hosiery Nightwear Accessories Sweaters and vests Active sportswear Shirts Pants Shorts and shorts sets Uniforms Costumes

market share

3.9% 3.8 3.1 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.2 1.7 4.0 5.8 3.0 4.0 3.5 3.2 1.3 2.6

(continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

185

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

Nightwear Undergarments Hosiery Suits Accessories Uniforms Costumes

$25.80 26.33 19.19 18.53 102.86 7.48 0.12

78 78 107 86 182 138 6

$110,501 112,771 82,191 79,364 440,549 32,037 514

Girls’ (aged 2 to 15) apparel Coats and jackets Dresses and suits Shirts, blouses, and sweaters Skirts and pants Shorts and shorts sets Active sportswear Underwear and nightwear Hosiery Accessories Uniforms Costumes

161.87 5.17 28.99 51.57 19.69 6.53 19.67 4.74 4.80 16.44 2.86 1.42

134 96 247 156 71 96 178 79 103 166 112 74

693,289 22,143 124,164 220,874 84,332 27,968 84,247 20,301 20,558 70,413 12,249 6,082

4.9 3.5 9.0 5.7 2.6 3.5 6.5 2.9 3.8 6.1 4.1 2.7

96.76 3.37 26.46 58.08 4.24 4.61

118 125 115 135 107 48

414,423 14,434 113,328 248,757 18,160 19,745

4.3 4.6 4.2 4.9 3.9 1.8

303.41 110.47 41.45 120.21 31.28

95 111 111 81 90

1,299,505 473,143 177,530 514,859 133,972

3.5 4.1 4.1 2.9 3.3

Other apparel products and services 291.13 Material for making clothes 14.22 Sewing patterns and notions 3.46 Watches 19.10 Jewelry 125.39 Shoe repair and other shoe services 0.98 Coin-operated apparel laundry and dry cleaning 54.05 Apparel alteration, repair, and tailoring services 4.35 Clothing rental 2.93 Watch and jewelry repair 0.91 Professional laundry, dry cleaning 65.75

100 165 66 81 89 74 145 80 135 21 108

1,246,910 60,904 14,819 81,805 537,045 4,197 231,496 18,631 12,549 3,898 281,607

3.7 6.0 2.4 2.9 3.3 2.7 5.3 2.9 4.9 0.8 4.0

Children’s (under age 2) apparel Coats, jackets, and snowsuits Outerwear including dresses Underwear Nightwear and loungewear Accessories Footwear Men’s Boys’ Women’s Girls’

market share

2.9% 2.9 3.9 3.1 6.7 5.0 0.2

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

186

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Table 8.7

Spending on Entertainment by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on entertainment, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

ENTERTAINMENT $1,803.57 Fees and admissions 647.34 Recreation expenses on trips 54.31 Social, recreation, civic club membership 84.88 Fees for participant sports 61.61 Participant sports on trips 25.51 Movie, theater, amusement park, and other admissions 108.87 Movie, other admissions on trips 74.19 Admission to sports events 13.78 Admission to sports events on trips 24.72 Fees for recreational lessons 145.17 Other entertainment services on trips 54.31 Audio and visual equipment, services 747.98 Television sets 109.92 Radios 9.35 Cable TV and community antenna 436.70 Tape recorders and players 5.65 VCRs and video disc players 24.49 Sound equipment accessories 9.39 Video cassettes, tapes, and discs 22.52 Video game hardware and software 20.19 Streaming and downloading video 0.54 Repair of TV, radio, and sound equipment 2.65 Rental of television sets 0.06 Personal digital audio players 12.59 Sound components and component systems 12.43 Compact discs, records, and audio tapes 29.84 Streaming and downloading audio 1.63 Rental of VCR, radio, and sound equipment 0.05 Musical instruments and accessories 8.11 Rental and repair of musical instruments 0.84 Rental of video cassettes, tapes, discs, ﬁlms 41.04 Pets, toys, hobbies, playground equipment 175.16 Pets 114.27 Pet food 48.19 Pet purchase, supplies, and medicines 40.21 Pet services 6.66 Veterinarian services 19.21 Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles 58.95 Stamp and coin collecting 1.23 Playground equipment 0.70

76 110 217 68 78 94

$7,724,690 2,772,557 232,610 363,541 263,876 109,259

101 154 30 154 164 217 84 98 306 84 137 119 110 50 68 96 89 11 94 82 78 70 18 26 17 126 42 35 36 57 22 21 67 19 21

466,290 317,756 59,020 105,876 621,763 232,610 3,203,598 470,787 40,046 1,870,386 24,199 104,891 40,217 96,453 86,474 2,313 11,350 257 53,923 53,238 127,805 6,981 214 34,735 3,598 175,774 750,210 489,418 206,398 172,219 28,525 82,276 252,483 5,268 2,998

market share

2.8% 4.0 7.9 2.5 2.8 3.4 3.7 5.6 1.1 5.6 6.0 7.9 3.1 3.6 11.2 3.1 5.0 4.3 4.0 1.8 2.5 3.5 3.2 0.4 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 4.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 2.1 0.8 0.8 2.4 0.7 0.8 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

187

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

Other entertainment supplies, equipment, services $233.08 Unmotored recreational vehicles 3.99 Motorized recreational vehicles 30.89 Motorized camper 30.89 Rental of recreational vehicles 4.23 Docking and landing fees 0.02 Sports, recreation, exercise equipment 71.29 Athletic gear, game tables, exercise equip. 25.91 Bicycles 15.98 Camping equipment 6.98 Hunting and ﬁshing equipment 2.31 Winter sports equipment 2.24 Water sports equipment 9.02 Other sports equipment 5.04 Rental and repair of misc. sports equipment 3.80 Photographic equipment and supplies 104.17 Film 8.63 Other photographic supplies 1.80 Film processing 25.25 Repair and rental of photographic equipment 0.58 Photographic equipment 52.66 Photographer fees 15.25 Fireworks 0.47 Pinball, electronic video games 4.04

47 6 20 41 93 0 44 30 114 80 8 70 179 60 171 118 84 89 125 123 149 77 14 189

$998,282 17,089 132,302 132,302 18,117 86 305,335 110,973 68,442 29,895 9,894 9,594 38,633 21,586 16,275 446,160 36,962 7,709 108,146 2,484 225,543 65,316 2,013 17,303

market share

1.7% 0.2 0.7 1.5 3.4 0.0 1.6 1.1 4.1 2.9 0.3 2.6 6.5 2.2 6.2 4.3 3.1 3.3 4.6 4.5 5.4 2.8 0.5 6.9

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

188

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Table 8.8

Spending on Financial Products and Services by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on ﬁnancial products and services, cash contributions, insurance, pensions, and taxes, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$794.14 4.05 58.86 167.31 48.63 7.02 10.91 3.19 42.12 26.00 154.73 44.98 210.67 3.84 11.83

98 104 77 134 77 172 54 19 76 65 82 106 130 177 158

$3,401,302 17,346 252,097 716,589 208,282 30,067 46,728 13,663 180,400 111,358 662,709 192,649 902,300 16,447 50,668

CASH CONTRIBUTIONS 1,188.07 Support for college students 218.55 Alimony expenditures 0.25 Child support expenditures 24.42 Gifts of stocks, bonds, and mutual funds to members of other households 7.41 Cash contributions to charities and other organizations 143.18 Cash contributions to church, religious organizations 399.64 Cash contributions to educational institutions 37.30 Cash contributions to political organizations 4.64 Other cash gifts 352.66

71 238 0 12

5,088,504 936,050 1,071 104,591

2.6 8.7 0.0 0.5

22

31,737

0.8

71

613,240

2.6

57 100 52 106

1,711,658 159,756 19,873 1,510,443

2.1 3.6 1.9 3.9

FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, SERVICES Miscellaneous fees Lottery and gambling losses Legal fees Funeral expenses Safe deposit box rental Checking accounts, other bank service charges Cemetery lots, vaults, and maintenance fees Accounting fees Miscellaneous personal services Finance charges, except mortgage and vehicles Occupational expenses Expenses for other properties Credit card memberships Shopping club membership fees

market share

3.6% 3.8 2.8 4.9 2.8 6.3 2.0 0.7 2.8 2.4 3.0 3.9 4.8 6.5 5.8

PERSONAL INSURANCE, PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Life, endowment, annuity, other personal insurance Other nonhealth insurance Pensions and Social Security Deductions for government retirement Deductions for private pensions Nonpayroll deposit to retirement plans Deductions for Social Security

6,583.98 464.71

127 122

28,199,186 1,990,353

4.6 4.5

463.53 1.18 6,119.26 37.63 683.29 448.75 4,949.59

126 9 127 44 112 96 136

1,985,299 5,054 26,208,791 161,169 2,926,531 1,921,996 21,199,094

4.6 0.3 4.6 1.6 4.1 3.5 4.9

PERSONAL TAXES Federal income taxes State and local income taxes Other taxes

1,965.88 1,333.90 440.26 191.72

82 79 82 108

8,419,864 5,713,094 1,885,634 821,137

3.0 2.9 3.0 4.0

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

189

Table 8.9

Spending on Gifts for People in Other Households by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on gifts for people in other households, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$1,184.53 54.70 1.40 5.09

109 49 37 54

$5,073,342 234,280 5,996 21,800

5.83 3.12

43 59

24,970 13,363

1.6 2.2

Housing Housekeeping supplies Stationery, stationery supplies, giftwrap Household textiles Bathroom linens Bedroom linens Appliances and miscellaneous housewares Major appliances Small appliances and misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment Household decorative items Indoor plants, fresh ﬂowers

161.18 10.96 4.22 6.65 0.77 4.86 18.32 2.92 15.40 33.64 2.64 5.77

69 35 28 50 28 83 78 42 93 51 16 57

690,334 46,942 18,074 28,482 3,298 20,815 78,465 12,506 65,958 144,080 11,307 24,713

2.5 1.3 1.0 1.8 1.0 3.0 2.8 1.5 3.4 1.9 0.6 2.1

Apparel and services Men and boys, aged 2 or older Women and girls, aged 2 or older Children under age 2 Jewelry

185.64 39.49 93.89 31.71 8.40

91 82 122 85 45

795,096 169,136 402,131 135,814 35,977

3.3 3.0 4.5 3.1 1.6

Transportation Airline fares

41.66 13.63

72 140

178,430 58,377

2.6 5.1

Health care

37.12

85

158,985

3.1

Entertainment Toys, games, hobbies, and tricycles

32.78 10.12

44 40

140,397 43,344

1.6 1.5

0.06

6

257

0.2

525.62 435.44

212 218

2,251,230 1,864,990

7.8 8.0

77.95 51.18

88 104

333,860 219,204

3.2 3.8

GIFTS Food Fresh fruit Candy and chewing gum Alcoholic beverages Wine

Reading Education College tuition All other gifts Gifts of out-of-town trip expenses

market share

4.0% 1.8 1.3 2.0

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Spending on gifts is also included in the product and service categories in other tables. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

190

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Table 8.10

Spending on Groceries by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on groceries, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

GROCERIES $3,579.65 Cereals and bakery products 491.97 Cereals and cereal products 216.15 Flour 12.84 Prepared ﬂour mixes 7.01 Ready-to-eat and cooked cereals 82.09 Rice 82.82 Pasta, cornmeal, and other cereal products 31.38 Bakery products 275.82 Bread 82.56 White bread 34.80 Bread, other than white 47.76 Cookies and crackers 76.69 Cookies 53.59 Crackers 23.09 Frozen and refrigerated bakery products 16.56 Other bakery products 100.01 Biscuits and rolls 32.89 Cakes and cupcakes 34.70 Bread and cracker products 2.73 Sweetrolls, coffee cakes, doughnuts 17.87 Pies, tarts, turnovers 11.83

109 111 151 262 60 93 509 143 91 97 109 90 96 110 73 68 89 80 104 66 87 89

$15,331,641 2,107,108 925,770 54,994 30,024 351,591 354,718 134,401 1,181,337 353,604 149,048 204,556 328,463 229,526 98,894 70,926 428,343 140,868 148,620 11,693 76,537 50,668

Meats, poultry, ﬁsh, and eggs Beef Ground beef Roast Chuck roast Round roast Other roast Steak Round steak Sirloin steak Other steak Other beef Pork Bacon Pork chops Ham Ham, not canned Canned ham Sausage Other pork Other meats Frankfurters Lunch meats (cold cuts) Bologna, liverwurst, salami Other lunch meats Lamb, organ meats, and others

117 86 65 95 76 65 118 75 91 68 73 211 107 100 111 62 60 120 76 168 79 82 55 41 59 280

3,822,021 839,083 249,742 137,184 31,223 18,931 87,031 271,971 52,895 74,182 144,894 180,186 702,027 121,466 156,672 76,237 71,655 4,583 88,787 258,865 350,906 71,312 173,933 33,022 140,911 105,662

892.37 195.91 58.31 32.03 7.29 4.42 20.32 63.50 12.35 17.32 33.83 42.07 163.91 28.36 36.58 17.80 16.73 1.07 20.73 60.44 81.93 16.65 40.61 7.71 32.90 24.67

market share

4.0% 4.0 5.5 9.6 2.2 3.4 18.6 5.2 3.3 3.5 4.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 2.7 2.5 3.2 2.9 3.8 2.4 3.2 3.2 4.3 3.1 2.4 3.5 2.8 2.4 4.3 2.7 3.3 2.5 2.7 7.7 3.9 3.6 4.1 2.3 2.2 4.4 2.8 6.1 2.9 3.0 2.0 1.5 2.2 10.2 (continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

191

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$146.81 123.46 36.65 86.81 23.36 258.75 24.81 169.65 64.29 45.06

109 112 135 104 97 228 158 279 174 138

$628,787 528,779 156,972 371,807 100,051 1,108,226 106,261 726,611 275,354 192,992

4.0% 4.1 4.9 3.8 3.5 8.3 5.8 10.2 6.3 5.0

Dairy products Fresh milk and cream Fresh milk, all types Cream Other dairy products Butter Cheese Ice cream and related products Miscellaneous dairy products

302.90 137.29 128.56 8.73 165.60 16.89 56.99 56.65 35.07

80 94 98 57 71 87 50 91 96

1,297,321 588,013 550,622 37,391 709,265 72,340 244,088 242,632 150,205

2.9 3.4 3.6 2.1 2.6 3.2 1.8 3.3 3.5

Fruits and vegetables Fresh fruits Apples Bananas Oranges Citrus fruits, excluding oranges Other fresh fruits Fresh vegetables Potatoes Lettuce Tomatoes Other fresh vegetables Processed fruits Frozen fruits and fruit juices Frozen orange juice Frozen fruits Frozen fruit juices, excluding orange Canned fruits Dried fruits Fresh fruit juice Canned and bottled fruit juice Processed vegetables Frozen vegetables Canned and dried vegetables and juices Canned beans Canned corn Canned miscellaneous vegetables Dried peas Dried beans Dried miscellaneous vegetables Fresh and canned vegetable juices

814.08 284.22 48.08 31.85 35.94 25.46 142.89 312.40 31.20 35.44 50.00 195.77 124.78 9.24 4.73 3.45 1.06 13.03 10.45 18.63 73.42 92.67 25.91 66.76 8.04 4.84 18.08 0.33 3.80 14.64 15.68

148 157 161 120 183 162 159 179 108 155 157 215 118 94 138 82 48 70 143 111 137 104 92 109 67 80 95 122 126 171 131

3,486,705 1,217,314 205,927 136,414 153,931 109,045 611,998 1,338,009 133,630 151,790 214,150 838,483 534,433 39,575 20,259 14,776 4,540 55,807 44,757 79,792 314,458 396,906 110,973 285,933 34,435 20,730 77,437 1,413 16,275 62,703 67,157

5.4 5.7 5.9 4.4 6.7 5.9 5.8 6.5 3.9 5.7 5.7 7.8 4.3 3.4 5.0 3.0 1.7 2.6 5.2 4.0 5.0 3.8 3.4 4.0 2.5 2.9 3.5 4.5 4.6 6.2 4.8

Poultry Fresh and frozen chicken Fresh and frozen whole chicken Fresh and frozen chicken parts Other poultry Fish and seafood Canned ﬁsh and seafood Fresh ﬁsh and shellﬁsh Frozen ﬁsh and shellﬁsh Eggs

market share

(continued)

192

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Sugar and other sweets Candy and chewing gum Sugar Artiﬁcial sweeteners Jams, preserves, other sweets Fats and oils Margarine Fats and oils Salad dressings Nondairy cream and imitation milk Peanut butter Miscellaneous foods Frozen prepared foods Frozen meals Other frozen prepared foods Canned and packaged soups Potato chips, nuts, and other snacks Potato chips and other snacks Nuts Condiments and seasonings Salt, spices, and other seasonings Olives, pickles, relishes Sauces and gravies Baking needs and miscellaneous products Other canned or packaged prepared foods Prepared salads Prepared desserts Baby food Miscellaneous prepared foods Nonalcoholic beverages Cola Other carbonated drinks Coffee Roasted coffee Instant and freeze-dried coffee Noncarbonated fruit-ﬂavored drinks Tea Other nonalcoholic beverages and ice Groceries purchased on trips

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$101.81 60.37 16.10 3.94 21.41

86 81 101 80 93

$436,052 258,565 68,956 16,875 91,699

85.70 3.22 48.73 17.11 8.98 7.64

101 41 175 64 79 67

367,053 13,791 208,711 73,282 38,461 32,722

3.7 1.5 6.4 2.3 2.9 2.4

566.80 106.10 40.55 65.54 36.97 102.59 71.37 31.22 106.66 38.91 9.04 41.06 17.65 214.47 24.65 11.84 47.37 130.62 279.13 58.68 34.08 42.34 24.78 17.56 17.67 29.12 97.23

93 82 95 75 91 84 78 104 101 166 70 88 77 102 76 90 159 97 92 69 71 87 78 105 98 128 121

2,427,604 454,426 173,676 280,708 158,343 439,393 305,678 133,715 456,825 166,652 38,718 175,860 75,595 918,575 105,576 50,711 202,886 559,445 1,195,514 251,326 145,965 181,342 106,133 75,209 75,681 124,721 416,436

3.4 3.0 3.5 2.8 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.8 3.7 6.1 2.5 3.2 2.8 3.7 2.8 3.3 5.8 3.5 3.4 2.5 2.6 3.2 2.9 3.8 3.6 4.7 4.4

44.90

109

192,307

4.0

market share

3.1% 2.9 3.7 2.9 3.4

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

193

Table 8.11

Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on out-of-pocket health care costs, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

HEALTH CARE $2,262.38 Health insurance 1,357.01 Commercial health insurance 274.26 Traditional fee-for-service health plan (not BCBS) 96.80 Preferred-provider health plan (not BCBS) 177.46 Blue Cross, Blue Shield 412.98 Traditional fee-for-service health plan 55.39 Preferred-provider health plan 173.53 Health maintenance organization 157.97 Commercial Medicare supplement 20.64 Other BCBS health insurance 5.45 Health maintenance plans (HMOs) 385.03 Medicare payments 168.48 Commercial Medicare supplements and other health insurance 95.69 Commercial Medicare supplement (not BCBS) 77.87 Other health insurance (not BCBS) 17.82 Long-term care insurance 20.57

85 100 104

$9,689,774 5,812,074 1,174,656

132 93 103 81 107 126 51 147 142 64

414,594 760,061 1,768,793 237,235 743,229 676,586 88,401 23,342 1,649,083 721,600

4.8 3.4 3.8 3.0 3.9 4.6 1.9 5.4 5.2 2.3

75 84 52 62

409,840 333,517 76,323 88,101

2.7 3.1 1.9 2.3

market share

3.1% 3.6 3.8

Medical services Physician’s services Dental services Eye care services Service by professionals other than physician Lab tests, X-rays Hospital room and services Care in convalescent or nursing home Other medical services

498.77 116.37 242.17 21.62 40.50 33.92 27.46 14.06 2.66

74 76 95 59 79 79 29 51 19

2,136,232 498,413 1,037,214 92,598 173,462 145,279 117,611 60,219 11,393

2.7 2.8 3.5 2.1 2.9 2.9 1.1 1.9 0.7

Drugs Nonprescription drugs Nonprescription vitamins Prescription drugs

334.89 56.69 40.27 237.93

64 79 92 59

1,434,334 242,803 172,476 1,019,054

2.3 2.9 3.3 2.1

Medical supplies 71.71 Eyeglasses and contact lenses 36.18 Hearing aids 1.17 Topicals and dressings 31.41 Medical equipment for general use 1.46 Supportive and convalescent medical equipment 0.38 Rental of medical equipment 0.08 Rental of supportive, convalescent medical equip. 1.03

68 67 9 107 35 11 10 141

307,134 154,959 5,011 134,529 6,253 1,628 343 4,411

2.5 2.4 0.3 3.9 1.3 0.4 0.3 5.1

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

194

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Table 8.12

Spending on Household Operations by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on household services, supplies, furnishings, and equipment, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

HOUSEHOLD SERVICES $947.66 Personal services 448.99 Babysitting, child care in own home 74.23 Babysitting, child care in someone else’s home 15.41 Care for elderly, invalids, handicapped, etc. 2.88 Day care centers, nurseries, and preschools 356.16 Other household services 498.67 Housekeeping services 62.80 Gardening, lawn care service 126.04 Water-softening service 3.78 Nonclothing laundry, dry cleaning, sent out 3.30 Nonclothing laundry, dry cleaning, coin-operated 6.92 Termite and pest control services 12.11 Home security system service fee 22.36 Other home services 21.46 Termite and pest control products 1.75 Moving, storage, and freight express 24.17 Appliance repair, including at service center 11.56 Reupholstering and furniture repair 9.72 Repairs and rentals of lawn and garden equipment, hand and power tools, etc. 3.05 Appliance rental 0.18 Repair of computer systems, nonbusiness use 4.53 Computer information services 182.17

118 140 179 54 12 158 104 68 132 92 317 222 78 136 121 78 66 80 116

$4,058,828 1,923,024 317,927 66,001 12,335 1,525,433 2,135,804 268,972 539,829 16,190 14,134 29,638 51,867 95,768 91,913 7,495 103,520 49,511 41,631

47 10 91 118

13,063 771 19,402 780,234

1.7 0.4 3.3 4.3

438.76 90.76 50.94 39.83 233.04

72 68 72 63 73

1,879,209 388,725 218,176 170,592 998,110

2.6 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.7

85.59 85.04 62.41 114.96 62.34 51.86 0.76

90 65 66 73 73 76 18

366,582 364,226 267,302 492,374 267,002 222,116 3,255

3.3 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.8 0.6

1,954.03 172.04 16.64 95.84

111 130 76 147

8,369,110 736,847 71,269 410,483

4.0 4.7 2.8 5.4

HOUSEKEEPING SUPPLIES Laundry and cleaning supplies Soaps and detergents Other laundry cleaning products Other household products Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels, and napkins Miscellaneous household products Lawn and garden supplies Postage and stationery Stationery, stationery supplies, giftwrap Postage Delivery services HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT Household textiles Bathroom linens Bedroom linens

market share

4.3% 5.1 6.5 2.0 0.4 5.8 3.8 2.5 4.8 3.3 11.6 8.1 2.8 5.0 4.4 2.8 2.4 2.9 4.2

(continued)

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

195

Kitchen and dining room linens Curtains and draperies Slipcovers and decorative pillows Sewing materials for household items Other linens Furniture Mattresses and springs Other bedroom furniture Sofas Living room chairs Living room tables Kitchen and dining room furniture Infants’ furniture Outdoor furniture Wall units, cabinets, and other furniture Floor coverings Wall-to-wall carpeting Floor coverings, nonpermanent Major appliances Dishwashers (built-in), garbage disposals, range hoods Refrigerators and freezers Washing machines Clothes dryers Cooking stoves, ovens Microwave ovens Window air conditioners Sewing machines Small appliances and misc. housewares Housewares Plastic dinnerware China and other dinnerware Flatware Glassware Silver serving pieces Other serving pieces Nonelectric cookware Tableware, nonelectric kitchenware Small appliances Small electric kitchen appliances Portable heating and cooling equipment Miscellaneous household equipment Window coverings Infants’ equipment Laundry and cleaning equipment

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$7.18 34.64 8.80 8.36 0.58 477.70 62.87 119.18 125.52 29.07 12.88 85.35 5.92 3.83 33.08 96.69 32.92 63.78 376.74

83 186 127 83 48 102 109 127 117 55 72 170 71 21 53 172 125 214 169

$30,752 148,363 37,690 35,806 2,484 2,045,989 269,272 510,448 537,602 124,507 55,165 365,554 25,355 16,404 141,682 414,123 140,996 273,170 1,613,577

3.0% 6.8 4.6 3.0 1.7 3.7 4.0 4.6 4.3 2.0 2.6 6.2 2.6 0.8 2.0 6.3 4.6 7.8 6.2

9.71 59.52 40.22 26.83 13.77 19.39 3.12 1.25 94.02 70.28 1.51 1.26 2.47 13.79 10.64 2.16 11.49 26.96 23.74 20.07 3.67 736.84 50.16 14.20 14.94

59 98 125 117 33 180 55 40 89 87 88 10 76 116 220 138 56 115 95 108 57 94 151 102 91

41,588 254,924 172,262 114,913 58,977 83,047 13,363 5,354 402,688 301,009 6,467 5,397 10,579 59,063 45,571 9,251 49,212 115,470 101,678 85,960 15,719 3,155,886 214,835 60,819 63,988

2.1 3.6 4.5 4.3 1.2 6.6 2.0 1.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 0.4 2.8 4.2 8.0 5.0 2.0 4.2 3.5 3.9 2.1 3.4 5.5 3.7 3.3

market share

(continued)

196

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Outdoor equipment Clocks Lamps and lighting ﬁxtures Other household decorative items Telephones and accessories Lawn and garden equipment Power tools Ofﬁce furniture for home use Hand tools Indoor plants and fresh ﬂowers Closet and storage items Luggage Computers and computer hardware for nonbusiness use Computer software and accessories for nonbusiness use Personal digital assistants Internet services away from home Telephone answering devices Business equipment for home use Other hardware Smoke alarms Other household appliances

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$41.97 0.13 19.04 84.07 30.47 3.52 59.01 4.37 3.49 37.96 23.19 11.45

146 3 97 44 98 7 110 44 56 83 162 166

$179,758 557 81,548 360,072 130,503 15,076 252,740 18,717 14,948 162,583 99,323 49,040

228.49

154

978,623

5.6

22.14 8.22 5.71 1.58 6.93 18.61 0.35 9.71

112 236 159 132 243 74 32 100

94,826 35,206 24,456 6,767 29,681 79,707 1,499 41,588

4.1 8.6 5.8 4.8 8.9 2.7 1.2 3.6

market share

5.3% 0.1 3.5 1.6 3.6 0.3 4.0 1.6 2.0 3.0 5.9 6.1

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

197

Table 8.13

Spending on Personal Care, Reading, Education, and Tobacco by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on personal care, reading, education, and tobacco products, 2005)

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Personal care products Hair care products Hair accessories Wigs and hairpieces Oral hygiene products Shaving products Cosmetics, perfume, and bath products Deodorants, feminine hygiene, miscellaneous products

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$518.99 308.73 43.70 4.08 0.25 32.21 7.92 162.87

96 113 88 68 15 114 53 123

$2,222,834 1,322,291 187,167 17,475 1,071 137,955 33,921 697,572

11.93

market share

3.5% 4.1 3.2 2.5 0.5 4.2 1.9 4.5

Personal care services

210.26

40 79

51,096 900,544

1.5 2.9

READING Newspaper and magazine subscriptions Newspapers and magazines, nonsubscription Books

117.33 37.24 12.21 66.65

93 71 78 116

502,524 159,499 52,295 285,462

3.4 2.6 2.8 4.2

EDUCATION College tuition Elementary and high school tuition Other school tuition Other school expenses including rentals Books, supplies for college Books, supplies for elementary, high school Books, supplies for day care, nursery school Miscellaneous school expenses and supplies

1,759.14 1,243.23 231.36 59.36 34.29 121.97 18.64 6.14 44.15

187 220 131 179 85 191 120 146 105

7,534,397 5,324,754 990,915 254,239 146,864 522,398 79,835 26,298 189,094

6.8 8.0 4.8 6.5 3.1 7.0 4.4 5.3 3.8

124.34 117.42 6.22 0.70

39 40 26 29

532,548 502,910 26,640 2,998

1.4 1.5 0.9 1.1

TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SMOKING SUPPLIES Cigarettes Other tobacco products Smoking accessories

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

198

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Table 8.14

Spending on Restaurant Meals by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on restaurant meals and other food away from home, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$2,582.66 990.31 467.04 348.92 11.81 162.53 1,240.04 409.98 814.29 7.56 8.20 153.70 95.00 23.70 22.95 12.05 198.62 129.31 52.93 2.48 13.90

118 130 129 121 80 170 119 121 118 210 136 88 89 84 68 184 96 128 57 70 134

$11,061,533 4,241,498 2,000,332 1,494,424 50,582 696,116 5,311,091 1,755,944 3,487,604 32,379 35,121 658,297 406,885 101,507 98,295 51,610 850,689 553,835 226,699 10,622 59,534

Board (including at school)

48.80

125

209,010

4.6

Catered affairs

71.35

93

305,592

3.4

Food on trips

244.13

103

1,045,609

3.8

School lunches

72.87

102

312,102

3.7

Meals as pay

32.64

122

139,797

4.4

Meals at restaurants Lunch At fast-food restaurants* At full-service restaurants At vending machines, mobile vendors At employer and school cafeterias Dinner At fast-food restaurants* At full-service restaurants At vending machines, mobile vendors At employer and school cafeterias Snacks and nonalcoholic beverages At fast-food restaurants* At full-service restaurants At vending machines, mobile vendors At employer and school cafeterias Breakfast and brunch At fast-food restaurants* At full-service restaurants At vending machines, mobile vendors At employer and school cafeterias

market share

4.3% 4.8 4.7 4.4 2.9 6.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 7.7 5.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.5 6.7 3.5 4.7 2.1 2.6 4.9

* The category “fast-food restaurants” also includes take-out, delivery, concession stands, buffets, and cafeterias other than employer and school. Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

199

Table 8.15

Spending on Shelter and Utilities by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on shelter and utilities, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

SHELTER $12,658.68 Owned dwellings* 8,623.47 Mortgage interest and charges 5,354.28 Mortgage interest 5,031.20 Interest paid, home equity loan 130.09 Interest paid, home equity line of credit 193.00 Property taxes 2,203.43 Maintenance, repairs, insurance, other expenses 1,065.76 Homeowner’s insurance 304.23 Ground rent 23.28 Maintenance and repair services 593.49 Painting and papering 101.04 Plumbing and water heating 21.76 Heat, air conditioning, electrical work 22.52 Rooﬁng and gutters 187.29 Other repair and maintenance services 182.93 Repair, replacement of hard-surface ﬂooring 74.87 Repair of built-in appliances 3.07 Maintenance and repair materials 69.80 Paints, wallpaper, and supplies 28.83 Tools, equipment for painting, wallpapering 3.10 Plumbing supplies and equipment 1.25 Electrical supplies, heating, cooling equip. 6.28 Hard-surface ﬂooring, repair, replacement 6.09 Rooﬁng and gutters 8.10 Plaster, paneling, siding, windows, doors, screens, awnings 3.22 Patio, walk, fence, driveway, masonry, brick, and stucco materials – Miscellaneous supplies and equipment 12.92 Property management and security 63.47 Property management 42.28 Management and upkeep services for security 21.19 Parking 11.50 Rented dwellings 3,479.00 Rent 3,447.76 Rent as pay 14.24 Maintenance, insurance, and other expenses 17.00 Tenant’s insurance 5.78 Maintenance and repair services 5.73 Maintenance and repair materials 5.49

144 145 161 163 159 124 143

$54,217,126 36,934,322 22,932,381 21,548,630 557,175 826,619 9,437,291

97 92 54 100 142 43 26 155 91 132 49 84 185 186 21 111 59 95

4,564,650 1,303,017 99,708 2,541,918 432,754 93,198 96,453 802,163 783,489 320,668 13,149 298,953 123,479 13,277 5,354 26,897 26,083 34,692

3.5 3.4 2.0 3.7 5.2 1.6 1.0 5.6 3.3 4.8 1.8 3.1 6.8 6.8 0.8 4.1 2.2 3.5

28

13,791

1.0

– 57 137 130 154 156 148 152 37 48 65 35 54

– 55,336 271,842 181,085 90,757 49,255 14,900,557 14,766,756 60,990 72,811 24,756 24,542 23,514

– 2.1 5.0 4.7 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.5 1.3 1.8 2.4 1.3 2.0

market share

5.2% 5.3 5.9 6.0 5.8 4.5 5.2

(continued)

200

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

Other lodging $556.21 Owned vacation homes 161.17 Mortgage interest and charges 105.00 Property taxes 46.43 Maintenance, insurance, and other expenses 9.74 Housing while attending school 106.69 Lodging on trips 288.35

111 110 203 78 28 173 98

$2,382,247 690,291 449,715 198,860 41,716 456,953 1,235,003

4.0% 4.0 7.4 2.8 1.0 6.3 3.6

UTILITIES, FUELS, AND PUBLIC SERVICES Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Fuel oil Coal, wood, and other fuels Bottled gas Telephone services Residential telephone and pay phones Cellular phone service Pager service Phone cards Water and other public services Water and sewerage maintenance Trash and garbage collection Septic tank cleaning

95 96 82 41 67 17 5 111 96 124 20 266 109 109 113 29

12,927,336 1,944,268 4,036,042 249,014 232,567 6,125 10,365 4,992,008 2,342,630 2,407,774 1,413 240,191 1,705,962 1,214,744 485,949 5,268

3.5 3.5 3.0 1.5 2.5 0.6 0.2 4.1 3.5 4.5 0.7 9.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 1.1

3,018.29 453.95 942.34 58.14 54.30 1.43 2.42 1,165.54 546.96 562.17 0.33 56.08 398.31 283.62 113.46 1.23

market share

* The amount paid in mortgage principal is not shown here because it is considered an asset. Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

201

Table 8.16

Spending on Transportation by Asian Households, 2005

(average annual, indexed, aggregate, and market share of spending by Asian households on transportation, 2005) Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

TRANSPORTATION $8,899.44 Vehicle purchases 3,515.89 Cars and trucks, new 2,567.65 New cars 1,334.91 New trucks 1,232.74 Cars and trucks, used 897.92 Used cars 562.65 Used trucks 335.28 Other vehicles 50.31 New motorcycles 42.28 Used motorcycles 8.03 Gasoline and motor oil 2,010.68 Gasoline 1,923.27 Diesel fuel 0.49 Gasoline on trips 80.10 Motor oil 6.01 Motor oil on trips 0.81 Other vehicle expenses 2,394.59 Vehicle ﬁnance charges 218.41 Automobile ﬁnance charges 109.96 Truck ﬁnance charges 108.19 Other vehicle ﬁnance charges 0.27 Maintenance and repairs 619.05 Coolant, additives, brake, transmission ﬂuids 2.55 Tires—purchased, replaced, installed 101.33 Parts, equipment, and accessories 21.74 Vehicle products and cleaning services 1.47 Vehicle video equipment 0.05 Miscellaneous auto repair, servicing 15.66 Body work and painting 41.32 Clutch and transmission repair 22.61 Drive shaft and rear-end repair 0.19 Brake work 52.99 Repair to steering or front-end 12.83 Repair to engine cooling system 21.05 Motor tune-up 85.41 Lube, oil change, and oil ﬁlters 67.47 Front-end alignment, wheel balance, rotation 9.07 Shock absorber replacement 8.02 Tire repair and other repair work 41.97

107 99 133 164 110 59 70 46 61 86 24 100 104 1 67 66 67 102 74 97 66 2 92 73 106 50 22 2 39 128 47 3 100 77 101 173 105 79 163 105

$38,116,302 15,058,557 10,997,245 5,717,420 5,279,825 3,845,791 2,409,830 1,436,004 215,478 181,085 34,392 8,611,742 8,237,365 2,099 343,068 25,741 3,469 10,256,029 935,450 470,959 463,378 1,156 2,651,391 10,922 433,996 93,112 6,296 214 67,072 176,974 96,839 814 226,956 54,951 90,157 365,811 288,974 38,847 34,350 179,758

market share

3.9% 3.6 4.9 6.0 4.0 2.1 2.5 1.7 2.2 3.1 0.9 3.6 3.8 0.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.7 2.7 3.5 2.4 0.1 3.4 2.7 3.9 1.8 0.8 0.1 1.4 4.7 1.7 0.1 3.7 2.8 3.7 6.3 3.8 2.9 5.9 3.8 (continued)

202

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

SPENDING

Vehicle air conditioning repair Exhaust system repair Electrical system repair Motor repair, replacement Auto repair service policy Vehicle insurance Vehicle rental, leases, licenses, other charges Leased and rented vehicles Rented vehicles Auto rental Auto rental on trips Truck rental Truck rental on trips Leased vehicles Car lease payments Truck lease payments Vehicle registration, state Vehicle registration, local Driver’s license Vehicle inspection Parking fees Parking fees in home city, excl. residence Parking fees on trips Tolls Tolls on trips Towing charges Global positioning services Automobile service clubs Public transportation Airline fares Intercity bus fares Intracity mass transit fares Local transportation on trips Taxi fares and limousine service on trips Taxi fares and limousine service Intercity train fares Ship fares

Asian average

index

aggregate (in 000s)

$10.77 11.12 13.32 72.42 5.70 914.12 643.01 413.69 52.13 17.55 20.83 2.51 2.40 361.56 192.37 158.60 98.36 3.57 5.25 11.61 54.67 48.44 6.24 25.90 6.77 4.33 0.67 18.19 978.28 705.13 22.00 111.80 19.86 11.66 28.17 23.43 56.22

75 118 56 116 43 100 141 150 133 235 90 92 70 153 180 140 120 51 71 119 172 186 107 181 147 86 46 102 218 248 182 217 176 176 158 121 134

$46,128 47,627 57,050 310,175 24,413 3,915,176 2,754,012 1,771,834 223,273 75,167 89,215 10,750 10,279 1,548,561 823,921 679,284 421,276 15,290 22,486 49,726 234,152 207,469 26,726 110,930 28,996 18,545 2,870 77,908 4,189,973 3,020,072 94,226 478,839 85,060 49,940 120,652 100,351 240,790

market share

2.8% 4.3 2.0 4.2 1.6 3.7 5.1 5.5 4.9 8.6 3.3 3.3 2.5 5.6 6.6 5.1 4.4 1.9 2.6 4.3 6.3 6.8 3.9 6.6 5.4 3.2 1.7 3.7 8.0 9.0 6.6 7.9 6.4 6.4 5.8 4.4 4.9

Note: The index is calculated by dividing Asian spending on each item by average household spending on the item and multiplying by 100. Subcategories may not add to total because some are not shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data from the 2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

203

TIME USE CHAPTER

9

Time Use ■ Asians spend 21 percent more time than the average person caring for household chil-

dren as a primary activity on an average day. They spend 13 percent more time working and 19 percent more time eating and drinking.

■ Asian men are 25 percent less likely than the average man to participate in household

activities or shop on an average day. That may be because they are 7 percent more likely to work.

■ Asian women are far more likely than the average woman to care for household children

on an average day (38 versus 28 percent). They are more likely than the average woman to work, but less likely to socialize, do housework, or watch television.

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

205

Work Ranks Second in Time Use among Asians Watching television is third. We know how Asians use time because of the new American Time Use Survey (ATUS), introduced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics beginning in 2003. The ATUS collects data on how Americans spend their time during an average day. ATUS data are now published annually, allowing social scientists to better understand our economy, our lifestyles, and the way policy decisions affect our lives. Through telephone interviews with a nationally representative sample of Americans aged 15 or older, ATUS asks survey respondents what they did minute by minute during the previous 24 hours—or diary day. The following pages show how Asians aged 15 or older use their time. All of us spend more time sleeping than doing any other activity. Among Asians aged 15 or older, sleep consumes 9.03 hours a day, on average. After sleep, work is the most time consuming activity for Asians, with the average Asian working 4.17 hours a day. This ﬁgure appears low because it includes weekdays and weekends, people of working-age and retirees. Asians who worked on diary day spent 7.88 hours on the job. Television is the third most time-consuming activity for Asians. The average Asian spends 2.09 hours a day watching television as a primary activity. ■ The 55 percent majority of Asian men work on an average day compared with a smaller 40 percent of Asian women.

Half of Asians prepare meals on an average day (percent of Asians aged 15 or older who participate in selected activities on an average day, 2005)

60

50.0% 40 40%

36.1% 30.1%

26.4% 20.5%

20 20%

0

206

0%

a food preparation and cleanup

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

b for shopping consumer goods

c housework

d for caring household children

e participating in sports, exercise

TIME USE

Table 9.1

Time Use of Total Asians, 2005

(number and percent of total Asians aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, hours spent doing activity by the average Asian aged 15 or older and by Asians aged 15 or older who participated in the activity, 2005; numbers of participants in thousands) total Asians participating number

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

6,671 6,671 6,671 5,192 6,558 4,143 2,011 3,333 796 2,590 2,405 2,039 1,758 3,203 3,192 741 6,328 1,972 5,295 1,370 1,369

hours spent doing activity

percent

average Asian

Asian participants

100.0% 100.0 100.0 77.8 98.3 62.1 30.1 50.0 11.9 38.8 36.1 30.6 26.4 48.0 47.8 11.1 94.9 29.6 79.4 20.5 20.5

24.00 9.69 9.03 0.61 1.48 1.55 0.58 0.61 0.12 0.78 0.44 0.72 0.51 4.17 3.77 0.16 4.16 0.48 2.09 0.27 0.19

24.00 9.69 9.03 0.78 1.51 2.50 1.93 1.22 0.96 2.00 1.21 2.36 1.94 8.69 7.88 1.44 4.38 1.61 2.63 1.31 0.92

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all categories are shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

207

Table 9.2

Time Use of Asian Men, 2005

(number and percent of Asian men aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, hours spent doing activity by the average Asian man aged 15 or older and by Asian men aged 15 or older who participated in the activity, 2005; numbers of participants in thousands) Asian men participating number

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

3,492 3,492 3,492 2,800 3,467 1,699 – 1,203 – 1,035 946 704 – 1,908 1,908 – 3,421 – 3,011 – –

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 80.2 99.3 48.7 – 34.5 – 29.6 27.1 20.2 – 54.6 54.6 – 98.0 – 86.2 – –

hours spent doing activity average Asian man

Asian men participating

24.00 9.64 8.99 0.61 1.55 0.85 – 0.26 – 0.67 0.32 0.38 – 5.21 4.65 – 4.53 – 2.21 – –

24.00 9.64 8.99 0.76 1.56 1.74 – 0.77 – 2.25 1.18 1.87 – 9.53 8.50 – 4.62 – 2.56 – –

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all categories are shown. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

208

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

TIME USE

Table 9.3

Time Use of Asian Women, 2005

(number and percent of Asian women aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, hours spent doing activity by the average Asian woman aged 15 or older and by Asian women aged 15 or older who participated in the activity, 2005; numbers of participants in thousands) Asian women participating number

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

3,179 3,179 3,179 2,392 3,091 2,444 1,458 2,130 – 1,556 1,458 1,335 1,213 1,295 1,283 – 2,907 968 2,283 – 865

percent

100.0% 100.0 100.0 75.2 97.2 76.9 45.9 67.0 – 48.9 45.9 42.0 38.2 40.7 40.4 – 91.4 30.4 71.8 – 27.2

hours spent doing activity average Asian woman

Asian women participating

24.00 9.74 9.07 0.61 1.41 2.32 0.93 0.99 – 0.90 0.56 1.10 0.80 3.03 2.80 – 3.75 0.44 1.95 – 0.24

24.00 9.74 9.07 0.81 1.45 3.02 2.04 1.48 – 1.84 1.23 2.63 2.11 7.44 6.94 – 4.10 1.44 2.72 – 0.88

Note: Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all subcategories are shown. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

209

Asians Spend More Time Working than the Average Person They also spend more time eating and drinking. Asian time use differs in a number of ways from the average, reﬂecting their more youthful population and their higher incomes and educational attainment. The biggest difference is in the amount of time devoted to caring for household children. Asians spend 21 percent more time than the average person caring for household children as a primary activity on an average day. They spend 13 percent more time working, and 19 percent more time eating and drinking. On an average day, Asian men spend 17 percent more time working than the average man. They spend 13 percent more time grooming and 19 percent more time eating and drinking. Asian women spend 40 percent more time than the average woman caring for household children, 32 percent more time preparing meals, and 18 percent more time eating and drinking. ■ Asian women spend much more time than Asian men preparing meals, shopping, and caring for household members.

Asians spend more time than the average person preparing meals (index of Asian to total people aged 15 or older in time spent doing selected activities on an average day, 2005) 150

121

120

119

a for caring household children

b food preparation

c drinking eating and

113

100 = average 100

210

50

50

0

0

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

d working

TIME USE

Table 9.4

Indexed Time Use of Total Asians, 2005

(hours spent doing primary activities on an average day by Asians aged 15 or older and total people aged 15 or older, and index of time spent by Asians to total people, 2005) average hours

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

Asians

total

index, Asians to total people

24.00 9.69 9.03 0.61 1.48 1.55 0.58 0.61 0.12 0.78 0.44 0.72 0.51 4.17 3.77 0.16 4.16 0.48 2.09 0.27 0.19

24.00 9.43 8.63 0.67 1.24 1.82 0.61 0.51 0.15 0.80 0.41 0.54 0.42 3.69 3.35 0.31 5.14 0.75 2.58 0.29 0.18

100 103 105 91 119 85 95 120 80 98 107 133 121 113 113 52 81 64 81 93 106

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the average time spent by Asians doing primary activity by average time spent by total people doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all categories are shown. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

211

Table 9.5

Indexed Time Use of Asian Men, 2005

(hours spent doing primary activities on an average day by Asian men aged 15 or older and total men aged 15 or older, and index of time spent by Asian men to total men, 2005) average hours

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

Asian men

total men

index, Asian men to total men

24.00 9.64 8.99 0.61 1.55 0.85 – 0.26 – 0.67 0.32 0.38 – 5.21 4.65 – 4.53 – 2.21 – –

24.00 9.22 8.54 0.54 1.30 1.35 0.24 0.26 0.12 0.63 0.31 0.34 0.25 4.44 4.02 0.27 5.50 0.71 2.80 0.39 0.12

100 105 105 113 119 63 – 100 – 106 103 112 – 117 116 – 82 – 79 – –

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the average time spent by Asian men doing primary activity by average time spent by total men doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all categories are shown. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

212

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

TIME USE

Table 9.6

Indexed Time Use of Asian Women, 2005

(hours spent doing primary activities on an average day by Asian women aged 15 or older and total women aged 15 or older, and index of time spent by Asian women to total women, 2005) average hours

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

Asian women

total women

index, Asian women to total women

24.00 9.74

24.00 9.62

100 101

9.07 0.61 1.41 2.32 0.93 0.99 – 0.90 0.56 1.10 0.80 3.03 2.80 – 3.75 0.44 1.95 – 0.24

8.70 0.78 1.19 2.27 0.96 0.75 0.17 0.96 0.50 0.72 0.57 3.00 2.73 0.35 4.80 0.78 2.37 0.20 0.23

104 78 118 102 97 132 – 94 112 153 140 101 103 – 78 56 82 – 104

Note: The index is calculated by dividing the average time spent by Asian women doing primary activity by average time spent by total women doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers may not add to total because not all categories are shown. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

213

Table 9.7

Indexed Time Use of Asians by Sex, 2005

(average hours spent by Asians aged 15 or older doing primary activities on an average day by sex, and index of Asian women’s time to Asian men’s, 2005) Asians aged 15 or older, average hours

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Telephone calls, mail, and email

Asian men

Asian women

index of women to men

24.00 9.64 8.99 0.61 1.55 0.85 – 0.26 0.67 0.32 0.38 – 5.21 4.65 4.53 – 2.21 –

24.00 9.74 9.07 0.61 1.41 2.32 0.93 0.99 0.90 0.56 1.10 0.80 3.03 2.80 3.75 0.44 1.95 0.24

100 101 101 100 91 273 – 381 134 175 289 – 58 60 83 – 88 –

Note: The index is calculated by dividing women’s time by men’s and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Time spent doing activities includes related travel time. Numbers will not add to total because not all categories are shown. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls. gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

214

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

TIME USE

Asians Are More Likely to Participate in Sports and Exercise They are less likely to socialize on an average day. Asian participation in many activities is below average. On an average day, they are 18 percent less likely than the average person to do housework, and 13 percent less likely to shop. Only 30 percent socialize or communicate as a primary activity on an average day compared with 40 percent of all Americans aged 15 or older. But Asians are more likely than average to participate in sports and exercise, more likely to work, and more likely to care for household children. Asian men’s participation in some activities is well below average. They are 25 percent less likely than the average man to participate in household activities or shop on an average day. That may be because they are 7 percent more likely to work. Asian women are far more likely than the average woman to care for household children (38 versus 28 percent). They are also slightly more likely than the average woman to work, but less likely to socialize, do housework, or watch television. ■ Forty-six percent of Asian women , but only 27 percent of Asian men, shop for consumer goods on an average day. 30 20 percent of Asians participate in sports and exercise on an average day More than (percent of Asians and total people aged 15 or older who participate in sports and exercise on an average day, 2005)

20.5%

20

20%

10

10%

0

0%

17.5%

a total

b Asians

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

215

Table 9.8

Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Total Asians, 2005

(percent of Asians aged 15 or older and total people aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, and index of participation by Asians to total people, 2005) percent participating

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

Asians

total

100.0% 100.0 100.0 77.8 98.3 62.1 30.1 50.0 11.9 38.8 36.1 30.6 26.4 48.0 47.8 11.1 94.9 29.6 79.4 20.5 20.5

100.0% 100.0 99.9 78.9 97.1 74.6 36.9 52.0 18.0 45.8 41.4 26.2 22.2 46.1 44.5 13.3 96.4 40.4 79.8 17.5 24.3

index, Asians to total people

100 100 100 99 101 83 82 96 66 85 87 117 119 104 108 84 98 73 99 117 84

Note: The index is calculated by dividing percent of Asians doing primary activity by percent of total people doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

216

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

TIME USE

Table 9.9

Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Asian Men, 2005

(percent of Asian men and total men aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, and index of participation by Asian men to total men, 2005) percent participating Asian men

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

100.0% 100.0 100.0 80.2 99.3 48.7 – 34.5 – 29.6 27.1 20.2 – 54.6 54.6 – 98.0 – 86.2 – –

index, Asian men to total men

total men

100.0% 100.0 99.9 75.1 97.4 64.5 19.4 37.1 15.1 40.0 36.0 20.5 16.4 52.6 50.9 11.7 96.7 37.6 80.7 19.4 18.0

100 100 100 107 102 75 – 93 – 74 75 98 – 104 107 – 101 – 107 – –

Note: The index is calculated by dividing percent of Asian men doing primary activity by percent of total men doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

217

Table 9.10

Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Asian Women, 2005

(percent of Asian women and total women aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day, and index of participation by Asian women to total women, 2005) percent participating Asian women

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Household management Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Organizational, civic, and religious activities Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Participating in sports, exercise, or recreation Telephone calls, mail, and email

100.0% 100.0 100.0 75.2 97.2 76.9 45.9 67.0 – 48.9 45.9 42.0 38.2 40.7 40.4 – 91.4 30.4 71.8 – 27.2

total women

index, Asian women to total women

100.0% 100.0 100.0 82.6 96.8 84.0 53.3 66.0 20.7 51.2 46.5 31.5 27.7 40.1 38.6 14.9 96.1 43.0 78.9 15.7 30.2

100 100 100 91 100 92 86 102 – 96 99 133 138 102 105 – 95 71 91 – 90

Note: The index is calculated by dividing percent of Asian women doing primary activity by percent of total women doing primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

218

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

TIME USE

Table 9.11

Indexed Participation in Primary Activities: Asians by Sex, 2005

(percent of Asians aged 15 or older participating in primary activities on an average day by sex, and index of women’s participation to men’s, 2005) Asians aged 15 or older, percent participating men

Total, all activities Personal care Sleeping Grooming Eating and drinking Household activities Housework Food preparation and cleanup Consumer purchases (store, telephone, Internet) Consumer goods purchases Caring for and helping household members Caring for and helping household children Work and work-related activities Working Leisure and sports Socializing and communicating Watching television Telephone calls, mail, and email

100.0% 100.0 100.0 80.2 99.3 48.7 – 34.5 29.6 27.1 20.2 – 54.6 54.6 98.0 – 86.2 –

index of women to men

women

100.0% 100.0 100.0 75.2 97.2 76.9 45.9 67.0 48.9 45.9 42.0 38.2 40.7 40.4 91.4 30.4 71.8 27.2

100 100 100 94 98 158 – 194 165 169 208 – 75 74 93 – 83 –

Note: The index is calculated by dividing percent of women participating in primary activity by percent of men participating in primary activity and multiplying by 100. Primary activities are those respondents identiﬁed as their main activity. Other activities done simultaneously, such as eating while watching TV, are not included. “–” means sample is too small to make a reliable estimate. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished tables from the 2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/tus/home.htm; calculations by New Strategist

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

219

GLOSSARY

Glossary adjusted for inﬂation Income or a change in income that has been adjusted for the rise in the cost of living, or the consumer price index (CPI-U-RS). age Classiﬁcation by age is based on the age of the person at his/her last birthday. American Community Survey The ACS is an ongoing nationwide survey of 250,000 households per month, providing detailed demographic data at the community level. Designed to replace the census long-form questionnaire, the ACS includes more than 60 questions that formerly appeared on the long form, such as language spoken at home, income, and education. ACS data are available for the nation, regions, states, counties, metropolitan areas, and many places. American Housing Survey The AHS collects national and metropolitan-level data on the nation’s housing, including apartments, single-family homes, and mobile homes. The nationally representative survey, with a sample of 55,000 households, is conducted by the Census Bureau for the Department of Housing and Urban Development every other year. American Time Use Survey Under contract with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Census Bureau collects ATUS information, revealing how people spend their time. The ATUS sample is drawn from U.S. households that have completed their ﬁnal month of interviews for the Current Population Survey. One individual from each selected household is chosen to participate in the ATUS. Respondents are interviewed by telephone only once about their time use on the previous day. In 2005, the sample size was approximately 26,000 households. Asian Beginning with the 2000 census and in 2003 for government surveys, Asians can identify themselves as being Asian and no other race (called “Asian alone”) or as being Asian in combination with one or more other races (called “Asian in combination”). The combination of the two groups is termed “Asian alone or in combination.” In this book, the “Asian alone or in combination” population is shown whenever possible. average hours per day On the time use tables, the average number of hours spent in a 24-hour day (between 4 a.m. on the diary day and 4 a.m. on the interview day) doing a speciﬁed activity. Estimates are adjusted for variability in response rates across

days of the week. Average hours per day are shown in decimals. To convert decimal portions of an hour into minutes, multiply 60 by the decimal. For example, if the average is 1.2 hours, multiply 60 by 0.2 to get 12 minutes, so the average is 1 hour and 12 minutes. If the average is 0.05 hours, multiply 60 by .05 to get 3 minutes. If the average is 5.36 hours, multiply 60 by 0.36 to get 21.6, so the average is 5 hours and about 22 minutes. baby boom Americans born between 1946 and 1964. baby bust Americans born between 1965 and 1976, also known as Generation X. black Beginning with the 2000 census and in 2003 for government surveys, blacks can identify themselves as being black and no other race (called “black alone”) or as being black in combination with one or more other races (called “black in combination”). The combination of the two groups is termed “black alone or in combination.” In this book, the “black alone or in combination” population is shown whenever possible. Consumer Expenditure Survey The CEX is an ongoing study of the day-to-day spending of American households administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CEX includes an interview survey and a diary survey. The average spending ﬁgures shown in this book are the integrated data from both the diary and interview components of the survey. Two separate, nationally representative samples are used for the interview and diary surveys. For the interview survey, about 7,500 consumer units are interviewed on a rotating panel basis each quarter for ﬁve consecutive quarters. For the diary survey, 7,500 consumer units keep weekly diaries of spending for two consecutive weeks. consumer unit (on spending tables only) For convenience, the terms consumer unit and households are used interchangeably in the spending section of this book, although consumer units are somewhat different from the Census Bureau’s households. Consumer units are all related members of a household, or ﬁnancially independent members of a household. A household may include more than one consumer unit. Current Population Survey The CPS is a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 or older. It is taken monthly by the Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics,

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS 221

collecting information from more than 50,000 households on employment and unemployment. In March of each year, the survey includes the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (formerly called the Annual Demographic Survey), which is the source of most national data on the characteristics of Americans, such as educational attainment, living arrangements, and incomes. disability The National Health Interview Survey estimates the number of people aged 18 or older who have difﬁculty in physical functioning, probing whether respondents could perform nine activities by themselves without using special equipment. The categories are walking a quarter mile; standing for two hours; sitting for two hours; walking up 10 steps without resting; stooping, bending, kneeling; reaching over one’s head; grasping or handling small objects; carrying a 10-pound object; and pushing/pulling a large object. Adults who reported that any of these activities was very difﬁcult or they could not do it at all were deﬁned as having physical difﬁculties. dual-earner couple A married couple in which both the householder and the householder’s spouse are in the labor force. earnings A type of income, earnings is the amount of money a person receives from his or her job. See also Income. employed All civilians who did any work as a paid employee or farmer/self-employed worker, or who worked 15 hours or more as an unpaid farm worker or in a family-owned business, during the reference period. All those who have jobs but who are temporarily absent from their jobs due to illness, bad weather, vacation, labor management dispute, or personal reasons are considered employed. expenditure The transaction cost including excise and sales taxes of goods and services acquired during the survey period. The full cost of each purchase is recorded even though full payment may not have been made at the date of purchase. Average expenditure ﬁgures may be artiﬁcially low for infrequently purchased items such as cars because ﬁgures are calculated using all consumer units within a demographic segment rather than just purchasers. Expenditure estimates include money spent on gifts for others. family A group of two or more people (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and living in the same household. family household A household maintained by a householder who lives with one or more people related to him or her by blood, marriage, or adoption.

222

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female or male householder A woman or man who maintains a household without a spouse present. May head family or nonfamily households. foreign-born population People who are not U.S. citizens at birth. full-time employment Full-time is 35 or more hours of work per week during a majority of the weeks worked. full-time, year-round Indicates 50 or more weeks of full-time employment during the previous calendar year. Generation X Americans born between 1965 and 1976, also known as the baby-bust generation. Hispanic Because Hispanic is an ethnic origin rather than a race, Hispanics may be of any race. While most Hispanics are white, there are black, Asian, American Indian, and even Native Hawaiian Hispanics. household All the persons who occupy a housing unit. A household includes the related family members and all the unrelated persons, if any, such as lodgers, foster children, wards, or employees who share the housing unit. A person living alone is counted as a household. A group of unrelated people who share a housing unit as roommates or unmarried partners is also counted as a household. Households do not include group quarters such as college dormitories, prisons, or nursing homes. household, race or ethnicity of Households are categorized according to the race or ethnicity of the householder only. householder The householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented or, if there is no such person, any adult member. With married couples, the householder may be either the husband or wife. The householder is the reference person for the household. householder, age of The age of the householder is used to categorize households into age groups such as those used in this book. Married couples, for example, are classiﬁed according to the age of either the husband or wife, depending on which one identiﬁed him or herself as the householder. housing unit A housing unit is a house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants do not live and eat with any other persons in the structure and that have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall that is used

GLOSSARY or intended for use by the occupants of another unit or by the general public. The occupants may be a single family, one person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or unrelated persons who share living arrangements. housing value The respondent’s estimate of how much his or her house and lot would sell for if it were for sale. immigrants Aliens admitted for legal permanent residence in the United States. income Money received in the preceding calendar year by each person aged 15 or older from each of the following sources: 1) earnings from longest job (or self-employment); 2) earnings from jobs other than longest job; 3) unemployment compensation; 4) workers’ compensation; 5) Social Security; 6) Supplemental Security income; 7) public assistance; 8) veterans’ payments; 9) survivor beneﬁts; 10) disability beneﬁts; 11) retirement pensions; 12) interest; 13) dividends; 14) rents and royalties or estates and trusts; 15) educational assistance; 16) alimony; 17) child support; 18) ﬁnancial assistance from outside the household, and other periodic income. Income is reported in several ways in this book. Household income is the combined income of all household members. Income of persons is all income accruing to a person from all sources. Earnings are the money a person receives from his or her job. industry Refers to the industry in which a person worked longest in the preceding calendar year. job tenure The length of time a person has been employed continuously by the same employer. labor force The labor force tables in this book show the civilian labor force only. The labor force includes both the employed and the unemployed (people who are looking for work). People are counted as in the labor force if they were working or looking for work during the reference week in which the Census Bureau ﬁelds the Current Population Survey. labor force participation rate The percent of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the civilian labor force, which includes both the employed and the unemployed. married-couple family group Married couples who may or may not be householders. Those who are householders are “married-couple households.” Those who are not householders are married couples living in a household headed by someone else, such as a parent of the husband or wife. Because married-couple family groups include married-couple households, the

number of married-couple family groups will always outnumber married-couple households. married couples with or without children under age 18 Refers to married couples with or without own children under age 18 living in the same household. Couples without children under age 18 may be parents of grown children who live elsewhere, or they could be childless couples. median The median is the amount that divides the population or households into two equal portions: one below and one above the median. Medians can be calculated for income, age, and many other characteristics. median income The amount that divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having incomes above the median, half having incomes below the median. The medians for households or families are based on all households or families. The median for persons are based on all persons aged 15 or older with income. metropolitan statistical area The general concept of a metropolitan area is a large population nucleus with adjacent communities having a high degree of social and economic integration with the core. The Ofﬁce of Management and Budget deﬁnes the nation’s metropolitan statistical areas. In general, they must include a city or urbanized area with 50,000 or more inhabitants and a total population of 100,000 or more. The county (or counties) that contains the largest city is the “central county” (counties), along with any adjacent counties that are socially and economically integrated with the central county (or counties). In New England, MSAs are deﬁned in terms of cities and towns rather than counties. millennial generation Americans born between 1977 and 1994. mobility status People are classiﬁed according to their mobility status on the basis of a comparison between their place of residence at the time of the March Current Population Survey and their place of residence in March of the previous year. Nonmovers are people living in the same house at the end of the period as at the beginning of the period. Movers are people living in a different house at the end of the period than at the beginning of the period. Movers from abroad are either citizens or aliens whose place of residence is outside the United States at the beginning of the period, that is, in an outlying area under the jurisdiction of the United States or in a foreign country. The mobility status for children is fully allocated from the mother if she is in the household; otherwise it is allocated from the householder. WHO WE ARE: ASIANS 223

National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey The NAMCS is an annual survey of visits to nonfederally employed ofﬁce-based physicians who are primarily engaged in direct patient care. Data are collected from physicians rather than patients, with each physician assigned a one-week reporting period. During that week, a systematic random sample of visit characteristics are recorded by the physician or ofﬁce staff. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey The NHANES is a continuous survey of a representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. Respondents are interviewed at home about their health and nutrition, and the interview is followed up by a physical examination that measures such things as height and weight in mobile examination centers. National Health Interview Survey The NHIS is a continuing nationwide sample survey of the civilian noninstitutional population of the U.S. conducted by the Census Bureau for the National Center for Health Statistics. In interviews each year, data are collected from more than 100,000 people about their illnesses, injuries, impairments, chronic and acute conditions, activity limitations, and use of health services. National Household Education Survey The NHES, sponsored by the National Center for Education Statistics, provides descriptive data on the educational activities of the U.S. population, including after-school care and adult education. The NHES is a system of telephone surveys of a representative sample of 45,000 to 60,000 households in the U.S. Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander The 2000 census identiﬁed this group for the ﬁrst time as a separate racial category from Asians. nonfamily household A household maintained by a householder who lives alone or who lives with people to whom he or she is not related. nonfamily householder A householder who lives alone or with nonrelatives. non-Hispanic People who do not identify themselves as Hispanic are classiﬁed as non-Hispanic. Non-Hispanics may be of any race. non-Hispanic white People who identify their race as white alone and who do not indicate their ethnicity as Hispanic. nonmetropolitan area Counties that are not classiﬁed as metropolitan areas. occupation Occupational classiﬁcation is based on the kind of work a person did at his or her job during the previous calendar year. If a person changed jobs 224

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

during the year, the data refer to the occupation of the job held the longest during that year. occupied housing units A housing unit is classiﬁed as occupied if a person or group of people is living in it or if the occupants are only temporarily absent—on vacation, example. By deﬁnition, the count of occupied housing units is the same as the count of households. outside central city The portion of a metropolitan county or counties that falls outside of the central city or cities; generally regarded as the suburbs. own children Own children are sons and daughters, including stepchildren and adopted children, of the householder. The totals include never-married children living away from home in college dormitories. owner occupied A housing unit is “owner occupied” if the owner lives in the unit, even if it is mortgaged or not fully paid for. A cooperative or condominium unit is “owner occupied” only if the owner lives in it. All other occupied units are classiﬁed as “renter occupied.” part-time employment Part-time is less than 35 hours of work per week in a majority of the weeks worked during the year. percent change The change (either positive or negative) in a measure that is expressed as a proportion of the starting measure. When median income changes from $20,000 to $25,000, for example, this is a 25 percent increase. percentage point change The change (either positive or negative) in a value which is already expressed as a percentage. When a labor force participation rate changes from 70 percent of 75 percent, for example, this is a 5 percentage point increase. population versus participant measures On the time use tables, average time spent doing an activity is shown for either the population as a whole (such as all 25-to-34-year-olds) or only for those participating in an activity in the previous 24-hours, or diary day. Data referring to the population as a whole include every respondent, even those who did not engage in the activity on diary day. This type of calculation allow researchers to see how Americans prioritize the entire range of daily activities, but it results in artiﬁcially short amounts of time devoted to activities done infrequently (such as volunteering). Data referring to participant time show only the time spent on speciﬁc activities by respondents who reported doing the activity on diary day. They more accurately reﬂect the amount of time people spend doing speciﬁc activities when they do them.

GLOSSARY poverty level The ofﬁcial income threshold below which families and people are classiﬁed as living in poverty. The threshold rises each year with inﬂation and varies depending on family size and age of householder. principal cities The largest cities in a metropolitan area are called the principal cities. The balance of a metropolitan area outside the principal cities is regarded as the “suburbs.” primary activity On the time use tables, primary activity is the main activity a respondent was doing at a speciﬁed time. proportion or share The value of a part expressed as a percentage of the whole. If there are 4 million people aged 25 and 3 million of them are white, then the white proportion is 75 percent. race Race is self-reported and can be deﬁned in three ways. The “race alone” population comprises people who identify themselves as only one race. The “race in combination” population comprises people who identify themselves as more than one race, such as white and black. The “race, alone or in combination” population includes both those who identify themselves as one race and those who identify themselves as more than one race. regions The four major regions and nine census divisions of the United States are the state groupings as shown below: Northeast: • New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont • Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania Midwest: • East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin • West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota

renter occupied See Owner occupied. rounding Percentages are rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent; therefore, the percentages in a distribution do not always add exactly to 100.0 percent. The totals, however, are always shown as 100.0. Moreover, individual ﬁgures are rounded to the nearest thousand without being adjusted to group totals, which are independently rounded; percentages are based on the unrounded numbers. self-employment A person is categorized as selfemployed if he or she was self-employed in the job held longest during the reference period. Persons who report self-employment from a second job are excluded, but those who report wage-and-salary income from a second job are included. Unpaid workers in family businesses are excluded. Self-employment statistics include only nonagricultural workers and exclude people who work for themselves in incorporated business. sex ratio The number of men per 100 women. suburbs See Outside principal city. Survey of Consumer Finances A triennial survey taken by the Federal Reserve Board. It collects data on the assets, debts, and net worth of American households. In the 2004 survey, the Federal Reserve Board interviewed a representative sample of 4,522 households. unemployed Unemployed people are those who, during the survey period, had no employment but were available and looking for work. Those who were laid off from their jobs and were waiting to be recalled are also classiﬁed as unemployed. white The “white” racial category includes many Hispanics (who may be of any race) unless the term “non-Hispanic white” is used.

South: • South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia • East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee • West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas West: • Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming • Paciﬁc: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS 225

Bibliography Bureau of Labor Statistics Internet site http://www.bls.gov —2005 Consumer Expenditure Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cex/home .htm —2005 American Time Use Survey, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/tus/home .htm —Labor Force Statistics from the 2006 Current Population Survey, Annual Averages—Household Data, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm —Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2006, Internet site http://www.bls .gov/cps/minwage2006.htm —Employee Tenure, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.toc.htm —Employment Projections, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/emp/home.htm Bureau of the Census Internet site http://www.census.gov/ —2000 Census, American FactFinder, Internet site http://factﬁnder.census.gov/ servlet/BasicFactsServlet —2005 American Community Survey, Internet site http://www.census.gov/acs/ www/ —2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/dinctabs.html —American Housing Survey for the United States in 2005, Internet site http:// www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/ahs/nationaldata.html —America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2006, Detailed Tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2006.html —The Asian Population, Census 2000 Briefs, C2KBR/01-5, February 2002, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs.html —The Black Population, Census 2000 Briefs, C2KBR/01-16, August 2001, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs.html —Educational Attainment—Historical Tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/educ-attn.html —Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006, detailed tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://www .census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education/cps2006.html —Geographic Mobility: 2004 to 2005, Detailed Tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ population/www/socdemo/migrate/cps2005.html —Health Insurance Tables, 2007 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/health/ toc.htm —The Hispanic Population, Census 2000 Briefs, C2KBR/01-3, May 2001, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs.html

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

—Historical Income Tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/ h05.html —Historical Poverty Tables, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/ histpov/histpovtb.html —Housing Vacancies and Homeownership, Annual Statistics: 2006, Internet site http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/hvs/annual06/ann06t20.html —National Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/ national/index.html —Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2001, Current Population Report P70-97, 2005; Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www .socdemo/marr-div.html —Poverty Tables, 2006 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Internet site http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/pov/toc.htm —School Enrollment—Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2005, detailed tables, Internet site http://www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/school/cps2005.html —State Population Estimates, Internet site http://www.census.gov/popest/states/ asrh/SC-EST2006-04.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Internet site http://www.cdc.gov —Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005, HIV/ AIDS Surveillance Report, Vol. 17, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2005report/default.htm —Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Prevalence Data, Internet site http:// apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/index.asp Federal Reserve Board Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/scﬁndex.html —Survey of Consumer Finances, SCF Chartbook, Internet site http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/2004/scf2004home.html National Center for Education Statistics Internet site http://nces.ed.gov —Digest of Education Statistics: 2006, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/ —National Household Education Surveys Program, Adult Education Participation in 2004-05, Internet site http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/adulted/tables.asp National Center for Health Statistics Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs —Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: U.S. Population, 1999–2002, Advance Data, No. 361, 2005, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/ major/nhanes/advancedatas.htm

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—Births: Final Data for 2004, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/nvsr/55/55-pre. htm —Births: Preliminary Data for 2005, Health E-Stats, 2006, Internet site http://www .cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimbirths05/prelimbirths05.htm —Health United States 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm —National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2004 Summary, Advance Data No. 374, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/ahcd/adata.htm —Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 232, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm —Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Series 10, No. 231, 2006, Internet site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

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INDEX

Index ability to speak English, 155, 160 accidents, as cause of death, 57–58 adult education, 35–36 Afghanistan, born in, 149 age births by, 9, 44–45 college enrollment by, 25, 27–28 dual-earner couples by, 119 educational attainment by, 12, 14–16 geographic mobility by, 69–71 health insurance coverage by, 48–52 households by, 126–128, 133–134 income by, 76, 78, 85–87 labor force by, 100–103, 116 marital status by, 138, 140–142 population by, 151–154 poverty by, 94, 96 school enrollment by, 21–23 AIDS, 53, 56 alcoholic beverages, spending on, 171, 174, 177, 180, 183–184. See also Drinking. allergies, 53–55 Alzheimer’s disease, as cause of death, 58 apartments, percent living in, 67–68 apparel, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 185–186 Armenia, born in, 149 arthritis, 53–54 asthma, 54–55 attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder, 55 back pain, 53–54 Bangladesh, as ethnic origin, 148–149 births by age, 9, 44–45 by birth order, 46 by marital status, 45 by state, 44, 47 share of total, 44–47 bronchitis, 54 Cambodia, as ethnic origin, 148–149 cancer as cause of death, 57–58 as health condition, 54 cerebrovascular disease, as cause of death, 57–58 children families in poverty with, 94, 97 health conditions of, 53, 55 in college, families with, 25–26 living arrangements of, 132, 135

presence of in households, 132–134 taking prescription drugs, 53, 55 time spent caring for, 10, 206–218 China, as ethnic origin, 147–149, 155, 160 Chinese language, speakers by state, 155, 160 cigarettes. See Smoking and Tobacco products, spending on. citizenship status of foreign-born, 6, 147, 150 clothes, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 185–186 college enrollment. See also School enrollment, and Degrees earned. by age, 25, 27–28 by type of school, 25, 28 of families with children, 25–26 share of total, 25–26 contributions of cash, spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 189 death, causes of, 57–58 degrees earned, by ﬁeld of study associate’s, 29–30 bachelor’s, 29, 31 doctoral, 29, 33 ﬁrst-professional, 29, 34 master’s, 29, 32 share of total, 29–34 dental problems, 54 dentistry, degrees earned, 29, 34 diabetes as cause of death, 57–58 as health condition, 54 disabled, 53, 55–56 divorced, 138–142 doctor visits, 53, 55 drinking, 40–41 drugs, prescription children taking, 55 spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 194 dual-earner couples, 117, 119 earners, 8, 117–118 earnings by educational attainment, 91–93 by sex, 91–93 by union representation, 120, 122 eating and drinking, time spent, 10, 206–218 education adult, 35–36 spending on, 170, 173, 176, 179, 182–183, 198

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS 229

educational attainment by age, 12, 14–16 by region, 18–19 by sex, 12, 15–16 by state, 18, 20 comparison with total, 8, 12–13 earnings by, 91–93 household income by, 76–79 of foreign-born, 12, 17 of labor force, 114–115 employment status, 103 English-as-a-second-language classes, 35–36 entertainment, spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182–183, 187–188 ethnic group by state, 155, 159 identiﬁcation, 147–148 families, female-headed. See also Families, male-headed and Families, married couple. by age, 128, 134 homeownership of, 60–63 in poverty, 94, 97 income of, 76–77 share of total, 127, 133 with children, 133–134 families, male-headed. See also Families, femaleheaded and Families, married couple. by age, 128, 134 homeownership of, 60–63 in poverty, 97 income of, 76–77 share of total, 127, 133 with children, 133–134 families, married-couple. See also Families, femaleheaded and Families, male-headed. by age, 119, 128, 134 dual-earner, 117, 119 homeownership of, 60–63 in poverty, 94, 97 income of, 76–77 share of total, 127, 133 with children, 131, 133–134 families with children in college 25–26 females. See also Children and Single-person households. births, 9, 44–47 earnings of, 91, 93 educational attainment, 12, 16 in poverty, 96 income of, 82, 84–85, 87, 89–90 labor force, 100–103, 114, 116, 120–121, 123–124 marital status, 138, 141–142 population, 151, 154

230

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

school enrollment, 21, 23 time use of, 206, 209–210, 213–215, 218–219 ﬁnancial products and services, spending on, 189 food preparation and clean–up, time spent, 206–218 food, spending on, 171, 174, 177, 180, 183, 191–193, 199 footwear, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 186 foreign-born by citizenship status, 6, 147, 150 by country of birth, 147, 149 by educational attainment, 12, 17 full-time workers earnings of, 91–93 income of, 85–90 percent of labor force, 86–87, 114, 116 furniture, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 195–197 gasoline, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 202 geographic mobility by age, 69–71 share of total, 70 gifts for people in other households, spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 190 groceries, spending on, 171, 174, 177, 180, 183, 191–193 grooming, time spent, 206–218 headaches, 53–54 health care, spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 194 health care visits. See Physician ofﬁce visits. health conditions. See also AIDS. of adults, 53–54 of children, 53, 55 share of total, 53–55 health insurance coverage by type, 48, 50–52 employment–based, 48, 51 share of total with/without, 49 spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 194 health status, 38–39. See also Weight status. hearing problems, 54 heart disease as cause of death, 57–58 as health condition, 54 Hispanic origin, 144–146 Hmong, as ethnic origin, 148–149 homeowners. See also Renters. by household type, 60–63 by region, 64–66 share of total, 60, 63–64, 66 homeownership rate, 60–61, 64–65 Hong Kong, born in, 149 household management, time spent, 206–218 household services, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 195

INDEX households by age, 126–128, 133–134 by number of earners, 8, 117–118 by presence of children, 132–134 by size, 129–131 by type, 10, 126, 128–129, 131, 133–134 homeownership, 60–63 income of, 7, 74–81 share of total, 126–127, 130, 133 spending by, 9, 170–203 housekeeping supplies, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 195 housework, time spent, 206–218 housing characteristics, 67–68 housing, spending on, 171, 174, 177, 180, 200–201 human immunodeﬁciency virus. See AIDS. hypertension, as health condition, 53–54 immigrants, 6, 147, 149–150 income. See also Earnings. by age, 76, 78, 85–87 by educational attainment, 76–79 by household type, 76–77 by region, 80 by sex, 82–90 families with children in college by, 25–26 household, 7, 74–81 households with high, 81 of full-time workers, 85–90 India, as ethnic origin, 147–149, 155, 160 Indonesia, as ethnic origin, 148–149 industry, 104, 113 inﬂuenza and pneumonia, as cause of death, 57–58 insurance. See also Health insurance. homeowners, 200 life, 173, 176, 179, 182, 189 vehicle, 172, 175, 178, 181, 203 Iran, born in, 149 Iraq, born in, 149 Israel, born in, 149 Japan, as ethnic origin, 148–149, 155, 160 job tenure, 114–115 kidney disease, 54 Korea, as ethnic origin, 147–149, 160 labor force. See also Earners. by age, 100–103, 116 by industry, 104, 113 by occupation, 104–112 by sex, 100–103, 114, 116, 120–121, 123–124 educational attainment of, 114–115 full-time workers, 86–87, 114, 116

job tenure, 114–115 minimum-wage, 120–121 multiple job holders, 120–121 projections, 123–124 share of total, 100–101, 104–115, 123–124 unemployed, 100, 103 union representation, 120, 122 language spoken at home, 155, 160 Laos, as ethnic origin, 148–149 law, degrees earned, 34 learning disability, 53, 55 Lebanon, born in, 149 leisure activities, time spent, 206–218 liver disease, 54 living alone. See Single-person households. living arrangements of adults, 132, 136–137 of children, 132, 135 males. See also Children and Single-person households. earnings of, 91–92 educational attainment, 12, 15 in poverty, 96 income of, 82–83, 85–86, 88, 90 labor force , 100–103, 114, 116, 120–121, 123–124 marital status, 138, 140, 142 population, 151, 154 school enrollment, 21, 23 time use of, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214–215, 217, 219 malignant neoplasms. See Cancer. marital history, 138, 142 marital status births by, 45 by age, 138, 140–142 by sex, 138–142 living arrangements of children by parent, 135 share of total, 139 married, 138–142 Malaysia, as ethnic origin, 148–149 Medicaid coverage, 48, 52 Medicare coverage, 48, 52 medicine, degrees earned, 29, 34 metropolitan areas, population of, 155, 161–168 Midwest. See Region. minimum wage workers, 120–121 mobile homes, percent living in, 68 mobility, geographic by age, 69–71 share of total, 70 mortgage interest, spending on, 171, 174, 177, 180, 200 multiple job holders, 120–121

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS 231

native-born, 6, 150 never-married, 138–142 Northeast. See Region. occupation, 104–112 optometry, degrees earned, 29, 34 overweight. See Weight status. Pakistan, as ethnic origin, 148–149 part-time workers, 116 pensions, spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 189 personal care, spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 198 pharmacy, degrees earned, 29, 34 Philippines, as ethnic origin, 147–149, 155, 160 physician ofﬁce visits, 53, 55 pneumonia and inﬂuenza, as cause of death, 57–58 podiatry, degrees earned, 34 population by age, 151–154 by citizenship status, 6, 147, 150 by ethnic origin, 147–149, 155, 159 by language spoken at home, 155 160 by metropolitan area, 155, 161–168 by race and Hispanic origin, 5, 144–146 by region, 155–156 by sex, 151, 154 by state, 6–7, 155, 157–160 foreign-born, 6, 147, 149–150 share of total, 5, 144–145, 151–152, 155–157, 161–168 poverty by age, 94, 96 by sex, 96 families in, 94, 97 people in, 94–96 share of total, 95–96 prescription drugs children taking, 55 spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 194 projections, of labor force, 123–124 public transportation, spending on, 170, 172, 175, 178, 181, 183, 203 racial identiﬁcation, 144–146 reading, spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182–183, 198 region educational attainment by, 18–19 homeownership by, 64–66 household income by, 80 population by, 155–156 rent, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 200–201 renters by household type, 60, 62–63 by region, 64–66 share of total, 60, 63, 66 232

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS

respiratory disease as cause of death, 57–58 as health condition, 53–55 restaurants, spending on, 170–171, 174, 177, 180, 183, 199 school enrollment. See also College enrollment. by age, 21–23 by sex, 21, 23 by state, 21, 24 share of total, 21, 24 sex ratio, 151, 154 shoes, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 186 shopping, time spent, 206–218 single-family homes, percent living in, 67–68 single-person households by age, 128–129, 131 by sex, 126–129, 131, 137 income of, 76–77 share of total, 127, 130, 132, 136 sleeping, time spent, 206–218 smoking, 40–41. See also Tobacco products, spending on. Social Security, spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 189 socializing, time spent, 206–218 South. See Region. sports participation, time spent, 206–218 Sri Lanka, as ethnic origin, 148–149 state births by, 44, 47 educational attainment by, 18, 20 ethnic group by, 155, 159 language spoken at home by, 155, 160 population by, 6–7, 155, 157–158 school enrollment, 21, 24 stroke, 54 suicide, as cause of death, 58 Syria, born in, 149 Taiwan, as ethnic origin, 148–149 taxes, spending on federal, state, and local, 173, 176, 179, 182, 189 property, 171, 174, 177, 180, 200 telephone calls, mail, and email, time spent, 206–218 spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 201 television, time spent watching, 10, 206–218 Thailand, as ethnic origin, 148–149 theology, degrees earned, 34 tobacco products, spending on, 173, 176, 179, 182, 198 transportation, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 202–203 Turkey, born in, 149

INDEX ulcers, 54 unemployment, 100, 103 union representation, 120, 122 utilities, fuels, and public services, spending on, 172, 175, 178, 181, 201 vehicles, spending on, 170, 172, 175, 178, 181, 183, 202–203 veterinary medicine, degrees earned, 34 Vietnam, as ethnic origin, 147–149, 160 vision problems, 54 walking, difﬁculty, 56 weight status, 42–43 West. See Region. widowed, 138–142 workers. See Labor force. working, time spent, 10, 206–218

WHO WE ARE: ASIANS 233