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Walter Klaassen has rendered the church of Jesus Christ an invaluable service with this volume. His critical analysis of current doomsday thinking should go a long way in restoring a measure of sanity to those who are caught up in speculations about the endtimes. With considerable courage, Klaassen confronts many of the unbiblical views on how history will end, views made popular by writers who have espoused the dispensational system of hermeneutics. In the second part of his book, he offers a biblical alternative to some of the bizarre interpretations of the Scriptures by those who lay out in detail the scenario of how and when the present age will end. I commend the author for tackling this controversial area of thought. I recommend this book to those who take biblical eschatology seriously. —David Ewert, Emeritus Professor of Biblical Studies Concord College, Winnipeg, Manitoba Walter Klaassen's book provides an effective antidote to the onesided presentation of the Christian message given by premillennial dispensationalists. His thorough analysis of their doctrines shows the weakness of their interpretations of the Bible and the speculative nature of their claims about the rapture and the second coming of Christ. At the same time, Klaassen warns against the danger of a secularized Christianity that neglects the spiritual aspect of its heritage. Klaassen offers an alternative vision of the kingdom of God, based on a balanced interpretation of the New Testament. Instead of putting undue emphasis on the book of Revelation, he gives full weight to the teaching of the Gospels and the epistles, stressing both the spiritual and the ethical dimensions of that teaching. Although Klaassen does not neglect the theme of judgment, he depicts Jesus as essentially the Prince of peace, whose kingdom is present as well as future, and whose victories are won by peaceful means. —Arthur W. Wainwright, Professor of New Testament Emeritus Candler School of Theology, Emory University Klaassen's critique of the prophecy popularizers is certainly well taken. —Paul S. Boyer, Author, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture
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Armageddon and the Peaceable Kingdom Walter Klaassen
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Canadian CataloguinginPublication Data Klaassen, Walter, 1926 Armageddon & the peaceable kingdom Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0836190807 1. Eschatology—Biblical teaching. 2. Bible—Prophecies—Eschatology. 3. Eschatology. I. Title. II. Title: Armageddon and the peaceable kingdom. BS680.E8K52 1998 236.9 C989320804
The paper used in this publication is recycled and meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984. Scripture quotations are used by permission and are from the NRSV: New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA; however, when tracking the forecasters, the King James Version of the Holy Bible (KJV) is regularly employed. Others are used for brief comparisons: NIV, New International Version; NKJV, New King James Version; REB, Revised English Bible; RSV, Revised Standard Version; the Hebrew Old Testament; the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint); the Greek New Testament; the Latin Vulgate; and Die Bibel, Luther's German translation. ARMAGEDDON AND THE PEACEABLE KINGDOM Copyright © 1999 by Herald Press, Waterloo, Ont. N2L 6H7. Published simultaneously in the United States by Herald Press, Scottdale, Pa. 15683. All rights reserved Canadiana Entry Number: C989320804 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 9887266 International Standard Book Number: 0836190807 Book design by Paula M. Johnson 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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To my earliest mentors, my mother, Judith G. (Epp) Klaassen, 1899–1936, and my grandfather Jacob Klaassen, 1867–1948
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CONTENTS Foreword by Donald E. Wagner
9
Preface
12
Toward the Year 2000
15
Part One: On the Last Stretch to Armageddon 1. Nothing New Under the Sun: The EndTimes Through the Centuries
23
From Hating the Empire to Loving It: 100–400
24
The Restraining Roman Empire: 400–1200
29
From Papal Antichrist to Antichrist Within: 1200–1650
35
Toward the Year 2000: 1600–1998
39
2. The Last Generation of History
46
Prophecy and Prediction
47
What Is Prophecy?
48
New Testament Prophecy
50
Modern Futurist Prophecy
52
3. The New World Order Analyzing "Prophetic" Texts
60 61
Setting the Stage
61
Israel "Returns" Home
62
OneWorld Government, Economy, Religion
66
World Government and the Antichrist
68
World Economy
73
World Religion
76
4. The Rapture: Second or Third Coming?
83
Silent Rapture Leading to Chaos?
84
Trying to Complete the Puzzle
86
What Kind of God?
88
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5. A Time, Two Times, and Half a Time
89
Seven Years—The First Half
92
Israel in the EndTimes
94
Rebuilding the Temple
98
Russia Invades Israel
100
Seven Years—The Second Half
103
The Great Tribulation
103
Seals, Trumpets, and Bowls in Sevens
107
Armageddon
108
6. Five Judgments, Seven Resurrections, One Millennium The Judgments
121
The Resurrections
122
The Millennium
123
The Final Rebellion
129
The Judgment of the Great White Throne
131
The New Heaven and New Earth
135
The New Jerusalem
138
Taking Stock
141
Part Two: What Do the Scriptures Say? 7. Swords into Plowshares, and Nature Restored
145
Yours Is the Kingdom, O Lord!
149
The Prophets Announce the Kingdom: 1
150
Servant Kingship
154
Vengeance
159
The Prophets Announce the Kingdom: 2
161
The Book of Daniel Again
162
8. The Kingdom That Is Not of This World
165
John the Baptist: The Wrath to Come
166
Jesus: The Good News of the Kingdom
168
9. The Mystery of the Kingdom
181
The Kingdom of God Is Like . . .
181
Jesus, When Will These Things Be?
189
10. The Hour Is Coming and Is Now Here: We Live in the Kingdom
121
194
The Signs of the EndTime
194
The Kingdom of Our God and of His Christ
199
Peace Through the Blood of His Cross
200
God Has Given the Kingdom to Jesus Christ
203
Living in God's Kingdom or Against It
205
The Kingdom of God and the Church
207
Old Israel, New Israel, or One Israel?
209
Yesterday, Today, and Forever
211
Chart: "From Everlasting to Everlasting"
214
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The Second Coming
218
Resurrection and Creation
222
The Last Judgment
223
11. I, I Am the Resurrection and the Life
230
In the Beginning Was the Word
230
Christ's Second Coming
234
Resurrection
234
Judgment
235
The Revelation of Jesus Christ . . . to His Servant John
236
God
239
Jesus Christ
240
Symbols of Evil
241
The Great Red Dragon
242
The Beast from the Sea
243
The False Prophet
243
The Great Whore
244
Judgment
245
The Ideal Church
250
12. What Shall We Say About These Things?
255
Notes
262
Bibliography
271
Index of Ancient and Medieval Sources
275
Old Testament
275
Apocrypha
279
New Testament
279
Apostolic and Church Fathers
286
Medieval Sources
286
The Author
287
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FOREWORD Hal Lindsey's Late Great Planet Earth in 1970 began to satisfy a growing appetite in North America for speculation about the endtimes. Although over 90 percent of Lindsey's predictions have proved false, his volume has sold over twentyfive million copies, more than any book in history other than the Bible. An industry has been created by certain Christian publishing houses, TV evangelists, and authors who continue to meet the hunger for predictive prophecy. In the early 1970s, I was serving as a youth minister in a large suburban congregation. On several occasions, I was called upon to counsel teenagers and parents anxious that the end was near and that they might be left behind in the "pretribulation rapture." Since I was reared on the Scofield Bible in rural American fundamentalism, this fear resonated with my own prior experience. Today, at the dawn of a new millennium, many of the same phenomena are regaining popularity. They present similar theological, psychological, and other challenges to pastors, parents, and teachers concerned with the emotional fallout and with a faithful interpretation of prophetic Scriptures. Until now, we have not had a comprehensive and easytoread biblical study of key Scriptures that supposedly support futurist premillennial and dispensational claims. Here Walter Klaassen provides what has been missing over the past quarter century. In this book you will experience a study of key prophetic Scriptures that interfaces critically with major authors and preachers forecasting the endtimes. This is not another "ivytower" document; it flows from Klaassen's deep concerns. He states, "What I have written represents convictions to which I
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have come over a lifetime." Since the time of Jesus, Christians have focused on the last days of history. This is an hermeneutical tradition the early Christians received from apocalyptic strands in postexilic Judaism. The author's first chapter surveys Christian endtime thinking from the early church until today. He treats such themes as the antichrist, the battle of Armageddon, and the rapture, showing how believers were interpreting them during the Roman empire, the Middle Ages, the Reformation, and today. Next, Klaassen probes the distinction between prophecy and prediction, surprising us with several biblical predictions that did not come to pass. Then be argues that most predictions today are "unfaithful" to the original prophetic biblical texts in method and content. Chapters 4–6 concentrate on themes in the predictiveprophecy system: the socalled rapture, Daniel's seventy weeks, and the last judgment. The author explains each concept and uses writings of contemporary forecasters to outline essential arguments. However, his critique is pointed: he notes that Christian futurists have "clipped" a few key passages from their original context in the Bible and created "a false system." Klaassen refers to current events and shows how dispensationalist thinkers interpret those events but misuse scriptural accounts. His arguments are convincing, wellargued, and faithful to the biblical texts. In chapters 7–9, Klaassen begins to present his own interpretation of the major texts used by the "futurists" to prooftext their positions. He demonstrates how they reduce Jesus and the message of the Gospels to "predictive fantasies." Jesus often becomes a judgmental "tyrant" rather than the Lord of history and Savior of humanity. Lost also is the gospel of compassion, love, and reconciliation. Readers touched by Anabaptist traditions will be inspired by Klaassen's interpretations of "the kingdom of God" and "swords into plowshares," important New Testament themes at the heart of his theology. Chapter 10 makes the fascinating argument that if one follows the teachings of the gospel and New Testament in the strictest sense, "there is no need for an Armageddon." Here
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the oftentroublesome Romans 9–11 passage provides a valuable perspective on Israel in the Bible, in place of problematic uses of Israel made by today's predictive thinkers. Finally, the reader is treated to a chapter on the writings of John, especially the Gospel and Revelation. Although Klaassen calls this ''an alternative way of reading Revelation," his view is closer to the way most of the church has interpreted that book through the centuries. He provides an hermeneutically consistent perspective that is both inspirational and useful for teaching, preaching, and interpreting these difficult texts to others. I hope you will read, argue, and dialogue with the author as you move through the text. I trust that you will find this book to be a blessing and of great value, helping us move responsibly into the new millennium in a biblically faithful manner. —DONALD E. WAGNER, NORTH PARK UNIVERSITY, CHICAGO DIRECTOR, EVANGELICALS FOR MIDDLE EAST UNDERSTANDING AUTHOR, ANXIOUS FOR ARMAGEDDON
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PREFACE In 1873 my greatgrandfather Martin Klaassen published a book of Mennonite history: Geschichte der wehrlosen taufgesinnten Gemeinden (History of the nonresistant Anabaptist churches). In the final chapter, he sketched out his conviction that world history was rapidly moving toward its end, at the return of Christ for salvation and judgment. He was so sure of his forecast that, with a group of Mennonites who saw themselves as the church of Philadelphia (Rev. 3:7–13), he left his home near the Volga River in Russia. He and his family trekked to Kazakhstan in Central Asia. There they sought a refuge during the time of tribulation that was about to come over the earth, and awaited the early return of Christ. The study of that event in the history of my family led me to study endtime expectation among Anabaptists in the sixteenth century and to write this book. During a conference walk in Kansas City, Missouri, David Garber of Herald Press in Scottdale, Pennsylvania, suggested that I write a book on modern expectations of the endtimes. h now is done. In the first part of the book, I have assessed much popular endtime expectation, recreated and fanned by television and radio preachers and their books. In the second part, I have offered my own interpretation of what the Bible means by the endtimes and the "events" that belong to it. What I have written represents convictions to which I have come over a lifetime. It is therefore not primarily a scholarly work (although I hope it is not unscholarly) but rather a confession of faith. Hence also, there are not many references
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to scholarly commentaries and the many learned volumes on Christian eschatology. I have worked primarily with the Bible as a text that often interprets itself. This is a book for anyone interested in the interpretation of what here are called the endtimes. It will be of special interest to the Christians who think it important to read and study the Bible. This includes those who agree with the Christian futurists, many of whose views are rejected here. It is also especially for those who are looking for an alternative interpretation that is offered here in the second part, beginning with chapter 7. That part is also addressed to those Christians who regard the concern for the endtime as of little importance for contemporary Christian living. I take delight in acknowledging the help I received. I have learned from many teachers of the church over the years. Some of them are acknowledged in the text, the notes, and in the bibliography at the end of the book. They and many others have been my community of instruction during years of writing. I am not always sure that any given idea or interpretation is original with me. If I have borrowed without giving credit, I beg to be pardoned, since I have not done it knowingly. Please take such use as a compliment. I am also pleased to acknowledge the help of a number of friends during the course of writing this book. John and Elizabeth Loewen of Kelowna, British Columbia, read the first part with suggestions for improvement, and made available to me some films on the endtimes. Randy Klaassen, former pastor of the Altona Bergthal Mennonite Church in Altona, Manitoba, carefully read several of the early chapters. His suggestions for changes, expansions for better comprehension, and stylistic criticism have made this a better book. John Moorhouse, priest at All Saints Anglican Church, Vernon, British Columbia, thoroughly read the whole manuscript, and raised incisive questions about the interpretation of the New Testament in chapters 8–12. Since I am an amateur New Testament scholar, his help was greatly appreciated. He drew to my attention the work of J. Christiaan Beker on Paul. The Rev. Robert Thompson and members of Trinity United Church, as well as others from the Vernon community, gathered during Lent 1996 to listen to a series of lectures I
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gave on the subject of this book. In the second part, they drew my attention to issues on which I had not done enough work. To them, my appreciation. I need to acknowledge in particular a debt to the Vienna historian Franz Stuhlhofer. His book "Das Ende naht!": Die Irrtümer der Endzeitspezialisten ("The end is approaching!" The errors of the endtime specialists) provided me with a model for dealing with the claims of the endtime experts. To Herald Press, its staff, and especially book editor David Garber, my gratitude for their help and patience during the production of the book. I tested the patience of many friends and members of my family who did not ask me to discuss the issues of this book with them. Their longsuffering is much appreciated. My wife, Ruth, also read the whole manuscript and helped me with her intelligent critique and goodnatured puncturing of any literary, intellectual, or theological pretension. As usual, I owe her a great debt. She knows what it is like to be pregnant and give birth. She put up with the privateness of the enterprise and my curious appetites for exotic bits of apocalyptic fastfood until the book was born. For shared faith, hope, and love, I offer my gratitude to all the members of Christ's church on earth and in heaven, that great cloud of witnesses, of whom I became more and more conscious as I wrote, and to whose company I belong through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. To the only wise God, and our Savior Jesus Christ, be glory, majesty, dominion, and authority, before all time and now and forever! Amen. —WALTER KLAASSEN PENTECOST 1997
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TOWARD THE YEAR 2000 The church's understanding of Jesus and his role in God's salvation was summarized by the first Christians in three points (cf. 1 Thess. 4:14–15; Acts 1:3, 11). This became part of the worship of the early church: "Christ has died! Christ is risen! Christ will come again!" ("This Is the Threefold Truth," hymn text by Fred Pratt Green). Even today, all three of these affirmations are basic to the convictions of Christians. The third of these, Christ's "coming again," is the subject of this book. The word about the End is not an optional part of Christian faith. It is not dispensable, even though today many Christians consider it to be so. They become impatient with talk of the End partly because they think these things cannot really be known at all. Also, the apparently oddball and eccentric scenarios drawn for us by Christian television forecasters have brought discussion of the endtimes into disrepute. Yet eschatology, which means thinking about the End, has to do with the meaning of individual human life as well as of the history of all humans together. We are not limited to the present moment. In our imaginations, we are able to rove backward into past time through our memory. We call this studying history. But what about the future? I don't know what will happen in the rest of my personal life, but I do know that before long I will die, as all my ancestors did. What about the human community, the collective of humanity? Does it have an end as well, and if so, how do we talk about it? What does it mean when we say, "Jesus will come again, to judge the living and the dead?" What can it mean when we read about a new heaven and a new earth?
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What happens to the present heaven and earth? Are these references to "events" that will happen in the future? If so, how long will it be until they take place? Ever since the earliest years of the church, Christians have thought about these things and discussed them. We find some of the original pieces of that conversation in the New Testament. But the conversation went on in every generation since then until the present time. We can trace the outlines of that conversation accurately. 1 The Fundamentalist prophecy experts on television are seen primarily as providing answers to the meaning of current events, especially of sensational ones like the Gulf War of 1990. They integrate each new event into an expanding doomsday scenario that may frighten people. Yet they also offer an explanation for the muddle of national and international events. Hundreds of these programs come into homes by radio and television; many thousands of books on the endtimes are in circulation. All over North America, Fundamentalist churches offer courses and seminars on endtime events, promoted by flashy, glossypaper, fullcolor advertisements. At no time in the history of the church have so many people concerned themselves with what the future will bring. This is true not only of Christians. The writings of the sixteenthcentury forecaster Nostradamus, now popular, are found in Cole's bookstores. Annie Kirkwood's 1991 book Mary's Message to the World announces disasters as well as a beautiful new world coming. Numerous books like Prophecies for the End of Time by the psychic Shawn Robbins can be found in the religion and New Age sections of popular bookstores. The year 2000 has many people excited. For those of us who have learned to count by tens, there is a sense of completeness about the number 2,000. There will be many celebrations when that year finally arrives. But for some people, there is a more important reason to be excited about the year 2000. Even before the time of Christianity, Jewish rabbis were speculating about the worldweek, the idea that human history would run its course in a cosmic week of six "days," each one a thousand years long. After that, the eternal Sabbath would follow. This view was derived from Psalm 90:4: "A thousand years in your sight are like yesterday." Christian interpreters
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picked it up and were able to add the word from 2 Peter 3:8: "With the Lord one day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years are like one day." From Christianity's early days comes the view that history will end around the year 2000 because that is supposed to be the end of the six thousandyear days. Christians counted four thousand years (four days) from the Creation to the incarnation of Jesus Christ, and two thousand more years (two days) to the year 2000. This ancient view is still current. It is promoted by some media forecasters who still base their calculations on the chronology of Archbishop Ussher (1581–1656). He used the figures of the Old Testament to calculate that the world was created in the year 4004 B.C. Several years ago on his TV show, the forecaster Jack van Impe declared his belief in this view. A more detailed account of the same view comes from Grant R. Jeffrey. He accepts Ussher's chronology as authoritative and shows how, using that chronology, the millennium (Rev. 20:4) will commence upon the completion of 6,000 years from Adam. Referring to many earlychurch writers who adopted this view, he says, "This widespread evidence, together with 2 Peter 3:8, is a strong argument that this belief was, in fact, the genuine teaching of the apostles of the early Church." 2 However, then Jeffrey becomes much more specific. He gives us twentyfour pages of detailed numerical calculations based on biblical time references related to the worldweek, especially from Daniel. Then he states his conclusion that if his calculations are accurate, "the Millennium would begin in the Fall [sic] of A.D. 2000. The sevenyear treaty between the antichrist and Israel, the last "week" of Daniel's vision, would then have to be signed in the Fall [sic] of the year 1993."3 As I write, it now is 1997. Unless the treaty between the antichrist and Israel is a wellkept secret, Grant Jeffrey will have to do his calculations again. No doubt he has already done so. My purpose in this book is to present in orderly fashion the ideas and interpretive methods of today's forecasters. I am not suggesting that they are not orderly. They do work with clearly formulated time schemes and according to some accepted rules. What they do often looks convincing to outsiders and even to Christians not familiar with how they work.
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In the first chapter, I show that Christians have been preoccupied with the End from the earliest days. Thus our modern forecasters are not as unique as they imagine themselves to be. They are merely the latest in a long procession of those who have been certain that the books of Daniel and Revelation were books about their present time. In the rest of the first part, I deal with the scheme of future events as arranged by the forecasters. Here I will summarize this sequence of happenings before discussing them in detail. The founding of the state of Israel in 1948 and then the return of the Jews to their traditional homeland has become the anchor happening for the sequence of endtime events as explained by these forecasters. Most of the forecasters call themselves premillennialists. This event of 1948, they say, has started the "prophetic clock" ticking again. It makes a promise, a down payment, assuring that all the rest will now follow soon. The significance of the founding of Israel is that it is the beginning of the focus of world events on the Middle East. There, according to the forecasters, the last events must take place. According to the premillennial forecasters, the founding of the state of Israel provides the certainty that the first major event of the End, the rapture of the saints (1 Thess. 4:17), is drawing near. Meanwhile, other events are also beginning to stir. These are, first, the development of the kingdom of the antichrist centered in Europe, and the actual appearance and reign of the antichrist himself in the three and a half years immediately following the rapture. During the next three and a half years, the great tribulation with all of the plagues of Egypt and more, magnified a thousandfold, will come upon the earth in a fearful orgy of destruction. At the end of that frightful time, Christ will return to Armageddon with his heavenly armies to annihilate the antichrist and his forces, leaving millions of corpses and rivers of blood. Then Christ will reign on earth for a thousand peaceful years, the millennium. At the end of the thousand years, the forces of Satan will make a final assault against God and his reign. Again, they will be annihilated. Then follows the great judgment, the new Jerusalem, the new heaven and the new earth, the end of time and the beginning of eternity. This
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understanding of the endtime events is called premillennial because Christ's second coming is to happen before the millennium, the thousandyear reign of Christ on earth. Many of these modern forecasters have put their views into books. 4 Most of them do not like to be called prophets; they say that all they are doing is interpreting the prophetic Scriptures. I also will not call them prophets because to do so would be to misuse a biblical word, as I explain below. So I refer to these futurists as forecasters. They predict; they foretell the future. They are certain that God's Spirit has given them insight into the future. They express with varying degrees of confidence their conviction that the End is near, since all the signs announcing the End are now visible. In this book I carefully look at many interpretations of these authors. First, I determine whether the biblical passages the forecasters interpret say what the forecasters say they say. Second, I explain what those passages actually do say. My purpose in doing this is to show how, despite the forecasters' undeviating claim that they are telling us only what the Bible says, they are constantly going beyond the actual words of Scripture. Despite the fact that they often tell us to read the Scriptures literally, they often do not do so themselves. Despite their insistence that they are only interpreting Scripture, they often read into Scripture what in fact is not there at all. I am doing this careful analysis also because these forecasters cull short or long extracts from all over the Bible. From these passages, they construct what at first may appear to be a seamless account of the sequence of future events about to take place. I show that the problem with this procedure is that most of the passages are cutouts. Texts are taken from their original setting and context, and given their meaning and significance by their place in the forecaster's scheme. In this cutandpaste method, whenever there is a puzzle or a gap, the forecaster finds another passage of Scripture somewhere to provide an answer or fill the gap in the story. What we finally get is a Fundamentalist science fiction that has no claim on Christians who wish to treat the Scriptures with respect. Some may object that I am being too hard on the modern forecasters. However, none are so great or infallible or successful that what they say should not be carefully tested by the
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Bible which they claim to follow, and by just plain reason. After all, Paul tells us, "Test everything; hold fast to what is good" (1 Thess. 5:21; cf. Acts 17:11). While I strongly disagree with their interpretations, I regard the forecasters as Christians. They confess Jesus Christ as Lord, as the central revelation of God. They accept the basic Christian creeds. Through their work, they seek to win converts to the Christian faith. Moreover, I can hardly deny them the name Christian if I do not deny it to the many forecasters in church history whose names appear in chapter 1. I respect the hard work the forecasters have put into their interpretations. I am always impressed by their phenomenal acquaintance with the contents of the Bible. They are often correct in their interpretations of Scripture passages. Most of all, I agree with them that the issues they are concerned with, the elements of Christian eschatology, are important for Christians and should be openly and carefully addressed. In the second part of the book, beginning with chapter 7, I present a discussion of the endtimes and seek to be true to what the Bible actually says. Of course, every interpretation of the Bible is provisional, partial, and conditioned by many factors of a personal and intellectual nature. Now we "know only in part" (1 Cor. 13:12). Moreover, it is never possible to harmonize into a seamless system the kaleidoscopic nature of the Bible, with all of its stories and history, its images and reflections, its poetry and polemic. It is not difficult to refute the claims of past and present forecasters because history so far has proved that all of them have been wrong in their predictions of dates and times. It is much more difficult to propose an alternative eschatology, especially since we enter here the realm of spiritual and churchly reality, of imagination, of symbol and metaphor, and not that of objective history written in advance. I believe Jesus should be taken at his word when he said we should not try to control the future by being concerned to identify years, months, days, and hours (Acts 1:7). Jesus himself said he did not know this future calendar (Mark 13:32–37). If, as Jesus says, his second coming will be a surprise (Matt. 24:44; 25:13), then if we succeed in forecasting when that return will be, we make Jesus into a liar and deceiver.
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PART ONE — ON THE LAST STRETCH TO ARMAGEDDON
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1 — Nothing New Under the Sun: The EndTimes Through the Centuries Our time's most prominent forecaster, Hal Lindsey, recently referred to the present time as ''the era of prophecy." 1 As I write, I have before me the fourvolume work of Leroy Edwin Froom, The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers, published 1950–54. In meticulous detail, its nearly 4,000 pages describe the interpretation of prophecy from the prophet Daniel in 164 B.C. to A.D. 1952. These volumes are convincing testimony that every believing generation since Daniel has thought itself to be living in the "era of prophecy." The premillennial forecasters know well enough that they are not the first ones to construct a detailed chronology of the endtimes. However, they cannot afford to refer much to their thousands of predecessors, all of whom were mistaken in their predictions. People might conclude that the modern forecasters, too, could be mistaken. When current forecasters do refer to their predecessors, they call on them either as experts to support modern interpretations, or to show that they were wrong.2 In the field of endtime interpretation, there is virtually "nothing new under the sun" (Eccles. 1:9). To show this, I
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need to tell the story of some of the most notable interpretations about the endtimes, ranging from the first century to the twentyfirst. This will help us see the modern premillennial forecasters in the perspective of the whole Christian story. We will recognize that their interpretations have virtually all been earlier used by others. The most notable difference between previous forecasters and current ones lies in the contemporary details of history and society which we find in recent books. Without exception, firstcentury Christians expected the early return of Jesus. With that return, the course of history which had begun with the Creation would come to an end. Then, as now, people asked questions about that End, especially about how it would be experienced by those alive at the time. And what about those who had already died? The first specific Christian statements on the End provide an answer to those questions. They first appear less than twenty years after the crucifixion, in Paul's letters to the Thessalonians: 1 Thessalonians 4:13—5:11, written in A.D. 50–51; and a bit later, 2 Thessalonians 2:1–12. One other statement is found in 1 Corinthians 15, composed about 54. There are some words of Jesus in Mark 13, especially verses 24–32, that were recorded still later, around 70. Also much studied are the books of Daniel (164 B.C.) and Revelation (A.D. 95–96). All of these passages and a few others provide the yarn with which the weavers of endtime visions, from then until now, have woven their colorful tapestries. I will discuss these endtime interpretations in four time periods of the Christian era: (1) From Hating the Empire to Loving It: 100–400; (2) The Restraining Roman Empire: 400–1200; (3) From Papal Antichrist to Antichrist in the Heart: 1200–1650; and (4) Toward the Year 2000: 1650–1997. I will be able to select only a few interpretations from each period. From Hating the Empire to Loving It: 100–400 Near the end of the first century, the book of Revelation expresses alarm about the worsening relations between Christians and the powers of the Roman empire. That concern continued into the next century. We need to remember that Christians were a very small minority in the empire. Even
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200 years later, they constituted less than 10 percent of the empire's population. From a human point of view, there was no hope for their survival in the struggle with the "beast" (Rev. 13). Their only hope lay in God, the divine sovereign to whom even the great Roman empire was subject. As Christians continued to reflect on the great cosmic struggle between good and evil, they habitually used dramatic images from the Bible, and for good measure created some of their own. In the collection known as the Apostolic Fathers, 3 the Epistle of Barnabas introduces us to several features of endtime interpretation not found in the New Testament. It was written perhaps a generation after the book of Revelation. Barnabas was the first Christian writer to propose the worldweek as a time scheme, projecting a human history of six "days" of 1,000 years each. At the end of the sixth day, 6,000 years from the Creation, the End would come. Along with most of the endtime imagery used by Christians, this too was borrowed from Judaism. Barnabas did no calculations, but he was certain that the end was near.4 Papias, an early Christian bishop who died about 130, is remembered in part for his lavish description of the millennium as a material kingdom of Christ on earth after the resurrection of the dead. Each vine, he imagined, would have 10,000 branches, each branch 10,000 twigs, each twig 10,000 shoots, each shoot 10,000 clusters, each cluster 10,000 grapes, with each grape yielding 25 metretes of wine.5 The same kind of extravagant fullness would characterize the whole millennium. This also is not found in the New Testament. The Church Father Irenaeus (130–202)6 became bishop of Lyons in Gaul when his predecessor was martyred in 177. He was the first to link the books of Daniel and Revelation and interpret them in the light of events of his own time. Irenaeus identified the fourth kingdom of Daniel 2 with the Roman empire. However, the writer of Daniel indicates that the fourth kingdom is Greek, ruled by Alexander the Great and his successors (Dan. 8:21). These early Christian interpreters found it necessary to change Daniel's meaning so that his words could be a prophecy for their own time. This is typical of adaptations the premillennial forecasters also make.
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That fourth (Roman) empire would be divided into ten kingdoms. During their time, the antichrist would appear who, Irenaeus believed, would perhaps be Jewish and from the tribe of Dan. He interpreted 666, the number of the beast (Rev. 13:18), to mean "teitan," the Greek parent of the English word titan. The antichrist would reign for three and a half years and would be destroyed at the second coming of Christ. Tertullian (160–240), the North African theologian, was the first to suggest the Roman empire as the one restraining the antichrist (2 Thess. 2:7). But eventually that empire would break up into ten kingdoms; its restraining power would be over, and the antichrist would rule. This view became popular because of the conviction that the End would not come as long as the Roman empire remained. Clement of Alexandria, a highly educated professor at the Christian school there (150–220), added another important element to the church's growing picture of the endtimes. He interpreted the 70 weeks of Daniel 9:24 historically, as 490 years (70 × 7). The first 62 were the weeks (of years) from the building of the temple under Nehemiah to the baptism of Jesus. Jesus ruled as king during week 63. The first three and a half weeks (of years) of the remaining seven led to the time of Nero. The second three and a half weeks (of years) led up to the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70. Similar interpretative calculations still pour from modern forecasters. In the early third century, a scholarly writer in Rome named Hippolytus (d. 236) wrote a commentary on the book of Daniel and another work with the title Treatise on Christ and Antichrist. He added new details to the interpretation of the endtimes. First, he described the antichrist and his coming as in every respect the exact opposite of Christ. Hippolytus also identified the antichrist as a Jew, and expected him to set up a Jewish kingdom and build a temple in Jerusalem. He likewise considered the 70 weeks of Daniel as weeks of literal years. Hippolytus believed that 69 weeks would extend from the first year of Darius the Mede (521 B.C.) to the birth of Christ. He separated week 70 from the rest and placed it just before Christ's second coming, similar to modern premillennial schemes. The first systematic commentary on the book of Revelation was written by Victorinus (d. 304), the martyr bish
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op of Pettau, not far from presentday Vienna. He died during the last and most extensive persecution of Christians under Emperor Diocletian, beginning in 303. It was a time of great crisis for the church. So it is not surprising that Victorinus, in contrast to his predecessors, identified the antichrist as a Roman. The interpretation of Victorinus was less literal and more symbolic than earlier interpretations. He took the darkened sun and bloodcolored moon of Revelation 6:12 to mean the clouding over of doctrine and persecution. The falling stars represented the saints greatly troubled in a hard time. Froom, commenting on these "ingenious" interpretations, says that Victorinus was limited in his understanding because he could not see that centuries would pass before fulfillment came. 7 This condescending judgment is typical of modern forecasters' attitudes toward predecessors. With the writings of the intellectual and teacher Lactantius (240–320), we have reached a watershed. He became a Christian around the time the last persecution ended. Eventually he became a tutor to the family of the first Christian emperor, Constantine the Great. During this time he wrote a long defense of Christianity, The Institutes. In the seventh book of this work, he deals with the "Last Things." Time, Lactantius wrote, was rapidly approaching the 6,000year limit. Jesus' birth had taken place in the year 5,500 from the Creation. That meant that the second coming of Christ would follow in about 200 years. However, he reminded his readers, Rome would have to fall before that could happen. Lactantius expected an earthly reign of resurrected saints with Christ after his second coming. All the main themes which constitute the endtime chronology of premillennial forecasters today can be found in Lactantius: the prevailing wickedness before the end, the Roman empire divided into ten kingdoms, a powerful northern enemy who would destroy three of those kingdoms, the 42month rule of the antichrist, the millennial rule of the saints, Satan loosed after the millennium, followed by the final judgment, and the renewal of the earth. When the Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity, a change came over the church. Instead of receiving enmity from the empire, Christianity became the preferred religion
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of the empire. This event affected the church's view of the endtimes. The view developed that "this earth . . . is the territory of the prophesied kingdom; that the present dispensation is the time of its realization; and that the establishment of the earthly church by human hands is the mode of fulfillment." 8 Thus the great theologian and bishop Hilary of Poitiers (300–368) wrote that the antichrist was the company of the Arians. The Arians were a considerable segment of the church's membership who denied the divinity of Christ and considered him to be only a created being. Thus Hilary taught that the antichrist was not some future opponent of God. Instead, he was already present, seated in the churches, and obscuring the presence of Christ. Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem (315–386), was also writing during the great fourthcentury doctrinal disputes, chiefly about how Christ was the Son of God. He wrote that the great deception and falling away from the truth about which Paul wrote in 2 Thessalonians 2 was now happening. The church was filled with heretics in disguise, showing that the antichrist was near. But after the antichrist, the eternal kingdom of God would dawn. Cyril made no mention of the millennium. A generation later, John Chrysostom (347–407), bishop of Constantinople, was still sounding the warning about the apostasy of the antichrist everywhere in the church. Only the Roman empire for the time being was preventing the full revelation of the man of sin (2 Thess. 2:7–8). The Roman empire as the fourth kingdom of Daniel 2 had become an unquestioned part of the endtime scheme. But the late fourth century began to show signs which pointed to the end of the Roman empire. In 410, the city of Rome was pillaged by the army of Alaric the Goth. In following years, the empire gradually disintegrated as more and more of it was conquered by Germanic tribes. The church historian Sulpicius Severus (363–420) wrote in about 403 that the disintegration of the Roman empire was a fulfillment of prophecy. The feet of Daniel's image, made of iron and clay, symbolized the division of the empire and its subjection to other peoples. Soon the kingdom of Christ would be established, and there would be eternal peace. The great biblical scholar Jerome (340–420) sounded the
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same note. After the destruction of Rome, he claimed, the antichrist would come. He would appear in the church before the second coming of Christ and take his seat, not in the temple in Jerusalem, but in the temple of the church. Jerome expected all that to happen soon. There would be no earthly millennium, but rather a seventh age of spiritual perfection, followed by the eighth age of eternal bliss. The Church Father Augustine (354–430), bishop of Hippo in North Africa, dismantled much of the traditional endtime teaching, which had become diluted over the preceding century. He did it by the power of his intellect, with the help of another North African named Tyconius (d. 400), and in a political and religious context that was ready for the change. Tyconius led the way by replacing a literal interpretation of the book of Revelation with a symbolic one, which Augustine adopted. He identified the church with the kingdom of God, and taught that the millennium had begun with the first coming of Christ and would end with his second coming. The bottomless pit to which Satan was banished (Rev. 20:1–3) during this time was the multitude of the world's wicked. He identified the antichrist with all the false Christians in the church. The rulers of the church, the bishops, were now ruling with Christ in his kingdom. Although Augustine did not invent the worldweek view of history, he was the one who transmitted it to the medieval church. For Augustine, the reading of Daniel and Revelation had nothing to do with gaining information about current events, much less about the future. Instead, those books only portrayed the perennial struggle between good and evil in the human heart. The Restraining Roman Empire: 400–1200 The symbolic interpretation of the endtime passages in the New Testament was displacing a more literal one and became the official interpretation of the church. Yet the literal approach did not die out. It kept reappearing in one way or another. Between 400 and 1200, at least sixteen major commentaries on the book of Revelation were produced, 9 plus hundreds of explanations and commentaries on individual passages.
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East of Italy, Christians were also concerned about the endtimes. Their group came to be known as the church of the eastern rite and later as the Orthodox Church. In 660, a little work appeared that became popular in western Europe throughout the Middle Ages. It was wrongly attributed to Methodius, a martyr bishop of the early fourth century, and is called the PseudoMethodius. The book was a response to the Islamic conquests of the traditional areas where Christianity had its birth. Jerusalem, the city of the Lord, had passed into Muslim hands. The PseudoMethodius predicted the restoration of Roman glory throughout the conquered areas. The writing introduced two new themes into the endtime scenario of the Middle Ages: the legends of the Gates of Alexander, and of the Last World Emperor. By the end of the fifth century, the Roman empire had totally disappeared in western Europe, but it continued alive and well in the East, with its capital at Constantinople. Its area was what today are Turkey and the Balkan countries. The author of the PseudoMethodius believed that the seventhcentury Muslim expansion was the prelude to the coming of the antichrist. These conquests, he promised, would not last. The emperor in Constantinople would rouse himself and defeat the Muslim Arabs. Then he would also have to deal with a terrible invasion from the north. According to the legend of the Gates of Alexander, Alexander the Great (356–323 B.C.) had built two huge bronze gates in the Caucasus Mountains to shut out the wild tribes from what is now Russia. The author tells us that those tribes, the peoples of Gog and Magog (Ezek. 38), would now burst through those gates and flood southward. The emperor would defeat them also. That done, he would travel to Jerusalem and surrender his crown and the empire to Christ, thus bringing the Roman empire to an end. At that point, the antichrist would appear because the Roman empire, now gone, could no longer restrain his coming. 10 This account of the voluntary surrender of the empire made the unfolding of endtime events possible without having to predict that the empire would be destroyed. For Christians in the East, such a destruction was unthinkable.
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Again, therefore, we see how the contemporary world situation influenced and even determined the interpretation of the Bible's teaching on the endtimes. Later, the legend of the Last World Emperor also proved to be important for Western Christianity. Before I skip to the tenth century in western Europe, I will mention two more examples of ongoing discussion of these issues after Augustine. The social, political, and natural disasters in Italy about the year 600 were interpreted by Pope Gregory I as signs of the end. 11 In Spain, the monk Beams of Liebana concerned himself with refining the chronology of world history in his commentary on the book of Revelation.12 A major event in this survey took place around 950. Adso was abbot of the monastery in MontierenDer, near the modern city of Paris, and he wrote a biography of the antichrist. Since Augustine, it had been customary to identify the antichrist not as a person but as a group like the Jews or the false Christians. But Adso again describes the antichrist as an individual. He tried to include everything that Christian teachers from the past had said about this figure. As others before him, Adso described the antichrist primarily as the exact opposite of Christ. Like Christ, he would be born a Jew. Since Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit, so the antichrist would be conceived through the devil, who would so completely dominate his mother that the child to be born would be totally evil. Adso explained that the antichrist had not yet come because the restraining Roman empire was still in place. However, Adso also claimed that the Roman empire was not the one centered in Constantinople, but instead the kingdom of the Franks. It comprised then much of what are today France, Germany, and Italy. It had first been called the Roman empire when its king Charles the Great, later known as Charlemagne, was crowned emperor of the Romans in 800. It was the joint creation of Pope Leo III and Charlemagne and later came to be known as the Holy Roman Empire. To complete the story of the antichrist, Adso borrowed the legend of the Last World Emperor. After he had governed successfully, this greatest of all the emperors would go to Jerusalem and surrender scepter and crown on the Mount of
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Olives. At that point, the antichrist would be revealed. For three and a half years, he would torment the world with persecution and death. In the end, he would be killed on the Mount of Olives. After this would follow a period of time for repentance, and then would come the judgment. No one knew when that might be. 13 In the twelfth century, too, influential churchmen and scholars concerned themselves with the unfolding of the end of history. The political and religious setting for their writing was the crisis created by the conflict between pope and emperor. It began when Pope Gregory VII initiated the great reform of the church by trying to liberate it from its entanglement with the exercise of political power. The struggle began in 1075 and continued for centuries. The aristocratic bishop Otto of Freising (1110–58) was the first writer using the books of Daniel and Revelation to make sense of the events of his own time. He wrote a world history in eight books, and the last deals with the endtimes. Otto worked with Daniel's scheme of the four kingdoms; the last, as everyone agreed, was the Roman empire. The Holy Roman Empire of his time was understood to be the successor of the old Roman empire. Hence, the image in Daniel 2:33, 40–43 referred to the empire in which Otto himself held a high position. Otto was particularly concerned to explain the feet and toes of that great image as composed of iron and clay. The iron, he wrote, represented the wars which were part of the great struggle of his time, and the clay showed the perilous condition of the empire. The stone, cut out by no human hand, smashed the image, including the ironclay mixture of the feet. That stone, wrote Otto, was clearly the church, which had filled the world like a mountain (Daniel 2:34–35, 44–45). The smashing of the image happened when Pope Gregory excommunicated the Emperor Henry IV in 1076. Given this interpretation, Otto could not use the ancient view that the Roman empire restrained the coming of the antichrist. He fully expected the coming of the antichrist soon. That coming was restrained now, not by the Roman empire, but by the spiritual power of the monastic orders. Otto did not identify the antichrist but said that his work was
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visible in the activities of the heretics and hypocrites. 14 Otto's contemporary, the Bavarian churchman Gerhoh of Reichersberg (1093–1169), did not hesitate to name the Emperor Henry IV as the antichrist. This is one of the first instances of anyone clearly pointing to a contemporary as the man of sin (2 Thess. 2:8–12). He believed that the final years of history had begun. According to Gerhoh, Henry IV was the one who had released Satan after the reign of Christ in the church had lasted 1,000 years. This brought about the conflict in church and empire.15 A third contemporary was bishop Anselm of Havelberg (1100–58). In 1149, his special contribution to the interpretation of Revelation appeared in a book called The Dialogues, giving his interpretation of the seven seals of Revelation 6:1—8:5. The seven seals, he wrote, are the seven ages of the church. (1) The first seal with its vision of the white horse represents the brightness of the early church, with Christ reigning in it. (2) The second seal with the red horse represents the time of the blood of the martyrs. (3) The black horse refers to the third and fourth centuries and means the dark teaching of the heretics. (4) The pale horse symbolizes the time following the establishment of the church in the empire, when those who were Christians in name only, the false brothers, confessed the faith in words but denied it in deeds. With the fifth seal, Anselm arrived at his own time of turmoil and trouble. He believed the souls under the altar to be the faithful of his time, crying out because of the miseries of the present. (6) The earthquake following the opening of the sixth seal is the sign of a strong persecution about to happen. (7) The last seal, with its silence in heaven, represents the silence of divine contemplation. The eighth day of infinite beatitude will follow, when all the trouble is over. These three, Otto, Gerhoh, and Anselm, dealt with the texts of the endtimes as describing the history of the church. That history would, they all agreed, come to an end when Christ appeared for the final time. The figure who stands in triumph at the end of this period is the abbot Joachim of Fiore (1135–1202). Like his fellowchurchmen of a generation earlier, he concerned himself with interpreting history. An important part of his interpretation
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was how history would end and when. Unlike his immediate predecessors, he claimed to have received his understanding of the course of history by direct revelation. Through visions at Easter and Pentecost of 1183, he learned the mystery of the Holy Trinity and the secrets of the relationship of the two biblical Testaments to each other. That critical year, 1183, saw a peace treaty signed between the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, the pope, and the towns of northern Italy. The treaty split the Holy Roman Empire, and the empire never recovered from that blow. The disruption and agony of Europe's trial continued in spite of the treaty. In 1187, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem from the crusaders, and in 1190 the emperor died on the Third Crusade. Toward the end of Joachim's life, Germany descended into civil war. His predictions of a great, good, and peaceful future were therefore quite timely. He firmly believed that the end of all things was near. Joachim's visions convinced him that history consists of three ages, conforming to the three persons of the Trinity. The first age, the age of the Father, began with Adam. The second, the age of the Son, started with Uzziah (Isa. 6:1). The third, the age of the Spirit, commenced with Benedict of Nursia. The three ages revealed the increasing clarity of divine revelation. Corresponding to this scheme, Joachim used terms in triplets, such as knowledge, wisdom, and complete understanding; fear, faith, and love; starlight, dawn, and daylight; water, wine, and oil. These triplets illustrated the growth taking place from one age to another, from the spiritual ignorance of childhood to the fullness of spiritual understanding in adulthood. The third age began with Benedict, the father of Benedictine monasticism, widely regarded as the way to Christian perfection. Joachim believed that this whole gradual development would climax in 1260. The high point of the third age would be inaugurated by Elijah, who had been taken bodily into heaven and would appear again at the end of time. More than anyone else, he symbolized the Holy Spirit. Joachim was intensely interested in the monsters of the book of Revelation. The seven heads of the great dragon (Rev.
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13) represented seven persecutions of the church. He believed himself to be living in the sixth, which was led by the Muslim leader Saladin. The seventh persecution, that of the antichrist, would last for three and a half years. Following that, there would be a period of peace and justice, after which the antichrist, Gog, would rebel against God. As usual, Gog and his host would be destroyed. Meanwhile, the Holy Roman Empire was restraining the antichrist's coming. Notably, Joachim rejected the view of Augustine that history was static, not progressive. Instead, Joachim saw history gradually being cleansed and purified toward a time when church and empire would no longer be needed to control people. They would become completely obedient to God's Spirit, to the law written on their hearts. This would happen not because people were getting better and better, but because God has determined that it should happen. Joachim did not expect church and empire to be overthrown by revolution, but rather that in the increasing power and wisdom of the Spirit of God, they would disappear. 16 From Papal Antichrist to Antichrist Within: 1200–1650 The powerful vision anticipating the future age of the Spirit influenced generation after generation, to the Reformation of the sixteenth century and beyond. In particular, the followers of Francis of Assisi (d. 1226) saw themselves as destined to be the carriers of God's purposes in the endtimes. The great head of the Franciscan order, Bonaventure (1217–74), was one of them. He believed that Francis himself was the angel of the sixth seal and the precursor of the time when Scripture would be understood perfectly. Bonaventure believed that he and his contemporaries were living amid the crisis of the sixth age of the church, the sixth seal (Rev. 6:12–17). The tribulation would come during the sixth age, and after that the beast would be overthrown and Babylon destroyed. Next follows the seventh age of quiet, during which the city and the temple (meaning the church on earth) would be rebuilt. Then there would be peace, but only God knew for how long.17 During the first half of the thirteenth century, we again encounter the specific identification of persons as the antichrist. The emperor was Frederick II (1194–1250). To
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undergird his claim that he held his throne directly under God, he claimed to be God's instrument in the place of King David. He was called stupor mundi (the wonder of the world). Virtually alone among his contemporaries, he spoke fluent Arabic and was interested in the sciences and the occult. Many of his time thought that Frederick II seemed to be a heretic or nearly so, partly because he was prepared to negotiate with the Muslims about the holy places. These facts, together with his role in the worst of the struggles between emperor and pope, earned him the title of antichrist from Pope Gregory IX in 1241. A few years later, someone at Frederick's court returned the favor and called Pope Innocent 1V the antichrist, showing that the name ''Innocent, Pope" added up to 666, the number of the beast (Rev. 13:18). In following centuries, there were many similar examples. 18 By the time we reach the Protestant Reformation, beginning in 1517, a growing number of prophetic figures were regarded as guides to the endtimes. Among them were PseudoMethodius, Joachim of Fiore, Hildegarde of Bingen, Bridget of Sweden, and Merlin the Seer in the legends of Britain's King Arthur. They and their predictions were broadcast in many a popular pamphlet printed between 1450 and 1530. These missives were especially directed at the large mass of illiterate people. They could understand the woodcut illustrations and have the brief text of the predictions read to them. There was a high sense abroad in Europe that the End was near. The Protestant Reformation added some new elements to the old story. Following Martin Luther, the identification of the papacy as the antichrist became common. Luther himself was quite conscious of living in the times of the End. With many of his contemporaries, he believed that the recovery of the gospel of justification by faith and the liberation of the Bible was a fulfillment of Jesus' word in Matthew 24:14: the gospel would be preached to the whole world before the End. Luther suspected that he was one of God's special spokesmen of the endtimes. The religious, social, and political events of the early sixteenth century convinced many that the End was near. Hundreds of pamphlets and books by Lutherans, Catholics,
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and Anabaptists poured from the presses, pointing to the fulfillment of the prophecies of PseudoMethodius, Joachim, and others. All the signs for the endtimes could be observed: plagues, wars, rebellions, signs in the sun and moon, comets, natural disasters, religious deceivers everywhere, and now also the last, the preaching of the gospel. The papacy and the Muslim Turks were both candidates for the role of antichrist. Luther rushed out his translation of the book of Daniel to make sure that people could read the truth about the End before it came. Some Anabaptists were particularly active in concerns about the End. The South German Anabaptist Hans Hut predicted that Christ would return at Pentecost in 1528 to a world cleansed of evil by the Anabaptists. Melchior Hoffmann wrote commentaries on Daniel and Revelation and predicted the return of Christ for 1533. In 1534, some of his followers gained control of the city of Münster in Westphalia. They proceeded naively and cruelly to establish their model of the kingdom of Christ as a prelude to Christ's millennial reign on earth. Fear and alarm swept Christian Europe because the Münsterites announced that they themselves had been appointed by God to be God's avengers upon all evildoers on earth. A united CatholicProtestant army destroyed the city and massacred the Anabaptists in June 1535. As a result, the Anabaptists of Europe, most of whom wanted only to follow Christ faithfully in their life and work, were persecuted even more severely by Catholic and Protestant alike. Out of this extreme suffering, the Anabaptists added another sign of the endtimes being fulfilled in themselves: the persecution of Christ's faithful witnesses. Many of them accepted martyrdom because of their fervent hope of resurrection and participation in Christ's victory beyond the stake and the block. The original anticipation that the Reformation was a sign of the End soon waned. The Reformers of Switzerland, Huldrych Zwingli in Zurich and John Calvin in Geneva, had little interest in the endtimes in the first place. Their immediate followers paid little attention to it. The Lutheran excitement about it had been engulfed in a military and political settlement of religious issues soon after Luther's death in 1546.
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Anabaptists had been bludgeoned into silence. Not until the English Civil War in 1642–50 did preoccupation with the endtimes blossom again, this time among the English followers of John Calvin. The struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism in England really began in the reign of Mary Tudor (1553–58). Her attempt to stamp out Protestantism by fire and sword and her marriage to Philip II of Spain turned the nation against the Catholic church. Nowhere else was the papacy condemned as the antichrist with such passion as in England in the century following Mary's death. Anglican bishop John Bale (1495–1563) described the conflict between the Protestant church of England and the papal church as the confrontation between the woman clothed with the sun (Rev. 12) and the great whore of Babylon (Rev. 17). He claimed that the whore was "the paramour of the antichrist," and the antichrist was a combination of the Turk and the papal church. The attacks on the papal antichrist continued through the reign of Elizabeth I and James I, in hundreds of biblical commentaries, tracts, and books. By the time of Charles I (1625–49), some new developments began. Many suspected that the Stuart kings had secret sympathies for the Roman church. They became convinced of it when some Anglican writers, supporters of the king, suggested that perhaps the Roman church was not the antichrist after all. Others wrote that the antichrist had not yet come. Some were called Puritans because they wanted to purify the Church of England of all traces of the papal church. They were saying that the head of antichrist had been cut off when Henry VIII separated England from the papacy. However, they claimed, the man of sin (2 Thess. 2:8) had been dragged back in by the tail in the form of church government by bishops, kneeling at communion, making the sign of the cross, and even by The Book of Common Prayer. In village churches, Puritans denounced Anglican ministers as lackeys of the antichrist. These convictions led directly to groups separating from the Church of England, those later called Congregationalists, Baptists, and Quakers. King Charles I was charged with having surrendered his kingdom to the antichrist and Archbishop Laud. In 1640,
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someone wrote that the name Will[iam] Laud added up to 666: "I am the Beast, count it who can. This is the number. I am the man." 19 After the Civil War had begun in 1642, King Charles I and his royalist supporters were also identified as the antichrist. However, Baptists and Quakers used the term antichrists for even Presbyterian gentlemen in parliament. During this time, the view was also expressed that the Jews would be converted after the fall of the antichrist, and it would happen soon. Some actually set about to bring Jews to England, expecting Christ to establish his 1,000year reign there. Preoccupation with the return of the Jews became a hallmark of endtime expectation in England until the beginning of the twentieth century. During the time of Cromwell's Protectorate (1649–60), people began to see the futility of trying to identify the antichrist as a person. Even Baptists, Quakers, and Anabaptists had been called antichrists. Once everyone was an antichrist, no one was. The Whole matter had become nonsensical. The concern about the antichrist did not disappear, however. More and more people said that the antichrist was within each person.20 It was a return to a position somewhat like that of Augustine. Since about 1200, then, there had been constant expectation in the medieval church and later in Protestantism that the antichrist was either already present or coming soon. Many believed that Christ would set up his millennial kingdom on earth after the antichrist appeared. They could clearly see all the signs mentioned in the New Testament and more. But these endtime events had not happened. Toward the Year 2000: 1650–1998 Although the forecasters' predictions were not fulfilled, that fact never discouraged later persons from trying their hand at it. In France, following the end of religious toleration in 1700, the precarious position of Protestantism brought new predictions of the eventual fall of the papal antichrist. In 1701, a Scottish Baptist minister, Robert Fleming, predicted that the French Catholic monarchy would fall in 1794, and that by 1848 the papacy would receive a severe blow to its
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power. These events would fulfill the woes of the fourth bowl of wrath (Rev. 16:8–9). The papal kingdom would be destroyed at Christ's second coming in the year 2000. All this was carefully calculated from time references in Daniel and Revelation. The eighteenth century was full of writers who, in their turn, tried to decipher Daniel and Revelation. They were aware that earlier attempts had failed. Yet they believed that events of their time gave them a better understanding than their predecessors had. Froom discusses no fewer than fortytwo major writings of that century, from France, Britain, and Germany. Toward the end of that period, many concerned themselves with the French Revolution, which began in 1789. 21 Edward King, an independent English writer, declared in 1798 that the 1260 days (years) of Revelation 11:3 and 12:6 had come to an end with the destruction of the papal church. The 1260 years had begun in 538, when the old Roman empire had ended. Adding those two figures produced the year 1798, when the forces of Napoleon dethroned Pope Pius VI and took him to France, where he died. Even after 1800, there was no break in ongoing expectation of the early end of history. Many writers of the early nineteenth century were convinced that the End was near because of the revolutionary events which had begun in 1789. One of them, Lewis Way, an Anglican priest, began in 1816 to work the theme of linking the Jews to the endtimes. He stressed that Jews needed to return to Palestine so they could be converted just before Christ's second coming. In fact, some Jews became Christians in these years, which led to the rising expectation that the End could not be far off. By this time the modern missionary movement had begun with the departure of the Baptist William Carey for India, and others followed. This mission event was taken as a sign that the gospel was being preached to the whole world just before the End (Matt. 24:14). Many also believed that the church was sliding into apostasy, another sure sign of the End. Joseph Wolf (1795–1862) was a Jewish convert to Christianity. He became an Anglican and was persuaded by people like Lewis Way that Christ would soon return. Wolf
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developed a missionary career that took him to many areas of the world, including Central Asia, India, and Persia (modern Iran). He was always on the lookout for the lost ten tribes of Israel (2 Kings 17). Wolf identified those tribes with the kings of the east (Rev. 16:12), who would be restored to their land. Christ would return in 1847 and reign in Jerusalem for 1,000 years. Wolf lived well beyond this announced date. Before his death, he gave up any calculations of the date of Christ's second coming. Beginning with William Cuninghame (1776–1849), a Congregationalist minister in Scotland, the 2,300 days (years) of Daniel 8:14 became one of the most discussed prophetic numbers: The desolation of the sanctuary will continue "for two thousand and three hundred evenings and mornings; then the sanctuary shall be restored to its rightful state." Following Cuninghame, many interpreters struggled with calculating the date of the End. They were sure that when the 2,300 days had expired, true worship would be restored in Jerusalem. So it was important to discover when that time period began. The argument about that number continued all through the nineteenth century. The dates of 1843 and 1847 emerged from those calculations and caused great excitement. In his third volume, Froom describes at least seventy different interpretations of the endtimes in nineteenthcentury England. Again and again, almost all these writers kept working over all the themes and topics so popular in premillennial forecasting today. They regularly linked their interpretations to events of their own day. Most of these interpreters continued the traditional view that the book of Revelation revealed the immediate future as well as the whole course of church history. Virtually all Christian groups made their contribution to expectations and predictions of the End. Recently the writings of Jonas Stutzmann, an Amish farmer in Ohio, were accidentally discovered. Between 1849 and 1852 he wrote and published five "Appeals" to his contemporaries, urging them to prepare for the kingdom of God, which would come on earth with Christ's return in 1853. He built a large chair for Jesus, which has been preserved. He wore white clothes as a symbol of his own inner transformation, perhaps in response to
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Revelation 3:4–5. Stutzmann was unique in that he did not seek a following and therefore had none. 22 Some years later, apocalyptic expectations stirred up the Mennonite community in Russia. Influenced by the endtime writings of Lutheran Pietists and the novelist Heinrich JungStilling, a group of Mennonites from the Trakt Settlement near the Volga River concluded that they should seek a place of refuge from the coming Great Tribulation in Asiatic Russia. Under the leadership of the charismatic Claas Epp, a number of families from the Trakt as well as from the Molotschna Colony trekked eastward in 1880. Looking for their refuge, they made a large circuit through Turkestan, Tashkent, Samarkand, and Bukhara to Khiva, a total distance of over 2,000 miles. Many children and quite a few others died. The seemingly endless wandering produced tensions, especially about Epp's leadership. Disillusioned, a number of the trekkers left for Kansas and Nebraska in 1884. The rest established permanent homes at Ak Metchet. Epp's following shrank as his predictions failed. He died in 1913.23 John Nelson Darby, an Anglican clergyman (1800–82), was the most important of these interpreters for the present form of premillennial dispensationalism (premillennial: Christ to return before the millennium). Soon after his ordination in Ireland, he became deeply disillusioned with the Anglican Church, especially with the British government's extensive influence on it. Darby keenly felt the lack of a spiritual community and spiritual discipline in the church. His break with the Anglican Church came in 1827, when he began to meet with likeminded people in a fellowship of study and prayer. These gatherings eventually developed into the Plymouth Brethren churches. Darby came to his views on the endtimes through his involvement with prophetic conferences in Ireland. These meetings developed the ideas known as dispensationalism. Dispensationalism presented three important themes: a new view of the church, the "secret" rapture, and interpreting Revelation as being about the future rather than about church history. The 1,260 days now became three and a half years (Dan.
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12:7; Rev. 12:14). These were connected to the 42 months (Rev. 11:2; 13:5) to make up the seven years of the tribulation, the last week of God's dealing with the Jews. Darby also transmitted the view of the "secret" rapture, expecting Christ to come for his church prior to the tribulation. This coming would be known only to those who participate in it (cf. 1 Thess. 4:13—5:11). Darby drew a rigid line between Israel and the church. First, the Old Testament prophecies related only to a literal Israel in the endtimes. Second, the church was an intermission between the first 69 of Daniel's 70 weeks (70 × 7 = 490 years) and week 70, the seven years of the tribulation (Dan. 9:24–27). A revival in Britain in 1859 brought many into the Plymouth Brethren community, partly in reaction to the theological and biblical liberalism prominent in the Anglican Church. This process joined dispensational premillennialism with biblical historical literalism, something like what later in America was called Fundamentalism. In addition, the group stressed faith missions, such as the work of Hudson Taylor in China. Darby visited the United States and Canada repeatedly after 1859. Along with others of his kind, he was concerned "to gather out of the professing church the true bride of Christ." 24 This activity of bringing together people from various denominations into the true church led directly to the nondenominational Bible schools. Moody Bible Institute in Chicago became the most prominent one. Across Canada and the United States, Bible schools and institutes sprang up to teach dispensationalist premillennialism. With the same purpose, the Niagara Bible Conference met annually between 1878 and 1900. Out of that institution came the view that the book of Daniel was the peak of Old Testament revelation, and the book of Revelation the summit of the New Testament. Adherents came to believe that the prophetic word is not hard to understand when people admit that the language means literally what it says. By the end of the nineteenth century, the chief spokesmen for premillennialism were Arno C. Gaebelein and Cyrus I. Scofield. They promoted dispensational premillennialism in
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their preaching, teaching, and publications. Gaebelein launched and became the longtime editor of the monthly journal Our Hope. For many years, this journal spread the news of the nearness of the End. The chief sign of the approaching End was the growing certainty that the Jews would return to Palestine. After World War I, Gaebelein claimed to see the emergence of the European Confederation of the Ten Nations, the reconstruction of the Roman empire. Gaebelein especially acknowledged his debt to John Nelson Darby. Scofield's influence came primarily through editing the notes added to the King James Version and published as The Scofield Reference Bible (1909, plus many reprints). Gaebelein was one of the consulting editors and contributed to the notes. Scofield formulated some important views which are still part of the interpretive equipment for the premillennial forecasters. Among these doctrines was the careful distinction between Jews, Gentiles, and the church. Scofield taught that God works with each of them in separate dispensations or time periods. Each has a separate role in God's plan. Scofield identified the multiple judgments and resurrections. He insisted that the Sermon on the Mount related to the millennium, and only superficially to the church. He was certain that the conquest of Palestine by General Allenby in 1917 was the first real prophetic sign of the End. 25 This dispensational premillennialist interpretation of the Bible became a trademark of Dallas (Tex.) Theological Seminary, founded in 1924. John Walvoord was professor of systematic theology there from 1952–86. Charles H. Dyer and J. Dwight Pentecost, both of whom have written books on interpreting prophecy, taught at Dallas. Hal Lindsey is perhaps the bestknown Dallas Theological Seminary alumnus. Mention of his name brings us to the present. Lindsey's book The Late Great Planet Earth was first published in 1970, and others have followed. Many current premillennial forecasters copy Lindsey's breezy, popular writing style. They have been successful in getting their message out, using books, periodicals, speeches, TV, and dramatic films. However, as this chapter demonstrates, none of them are say
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ing anything new except that they relate the Bible's "prophecies" to the events of our day. The influence of premillennialism has been widespread. Even some in groups like the Mennonites, traditionally cautious about detailed endtime blueprints, 26 have accepted these views. Mennonites were first drawn into premillennialism in the 1890s by men who attended Moody Bible Institute in Chicago. The teaching made deep inroads in the Mennonite communities of the eastern United States and in the Mennonite Brethren Conference. There was a direct correlation between the prevalence of premillennialism and the ministry locations of church leaders trained in schools like Dallas Theological Seminary, Grace Bible Institute in Omaha (Nebraska), and Three Hills Bible Institute in Alberta. Radio preachers were also influential. Mennonite writers like Paul Erb and David Ewert tried to counteract premillennialism.27 All the interpreters of the past have been wrong in their projections of times and seasons, days and years. Since the modern forecasters discussed in this book have followed the paths of earlier forecasters, there is no reason to suppose that they will be any more successful in figuring out future events. However, it is certain that, once the year 2000 has come and gone, a new crop of forecasters will try again.
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2 — The Last Generation of History We stand at the edge of history. Dramatic changes in Europe, the Middle East, and the Soviet Union make this inevitable. The world as we know it is being changed forever. Even more exciting is the fact that today's news was actually foretold thousands of years ago in the Bible. 1
These words of Peter Lalonde are typical of the modern forecasters of the endtimes. They sound impressive, but let us subject them to a bit of thought. The first sentence is, of course, a commonplace. We are always at the edge of history because we cannot see ahead; we cannot be anywhere else. The second sentence is equally selfevident: there indeed are dramatic changes in Europe and the Middle East, but also in Latin America, North America, Central America, Asia, Africa, and even Antarctica (the ice pack is melting, and grass is starting to grow). Are we at the end of time just because there are changes in the world? In that case, we've always been at the end of time. Sentence three is stating the obvious. Of course, the world is being changed forever. That has been the perennial experience of people from the beginning. The world never goes back to where it was; history does not run backward. Sentence four, however, is different. Here Lalonde is making a challenging statement that will engage us for the rest of
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this book. But if today's news was foretold long ago in the Bible, what about yesterday's news? Does what happened yesterday to our ancestors not count for anything? Does the Bible foretell things only for us who are living at this instant? By what authority does Lalonde make such a statement? Does Lalonde actually think of himself as one of God's prophetic servants, to whom God has revealed his secrets? Is that not a rather dangerous position to adopt? Suppose he turns out to be mistaken! Prophecy and Prediction We know, however, that the specific agenda in books like Lalonde's One World Under Antichrist is to lead us into the mysteries of what the forecasters call biblical prophecy. They use the word prophecy in the restricted sense of prediction. They are concerned to show that many predictions made by biblical writers have already been fulfilled, and many are still to be fulfilled. Their books give us the impression that the function of the Bible and its interpreters is to keep us abreast of the unraveling of human history, until the last prediction has been fulfilled. After that, human history ends. Predictions were certainly made by prophets like Isaiah, Amos, Jeremiah, and Malachi. Isaiah predicted an Assyrian invasion of Israel and Judah, and he was right; it happened (Isa. 7–8; 2 Kings 15–19). Jeremiah predicted the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple, and it happened (Jer. 7; 2 Kings 25). Jesus predicted that he would die in Jerusalem, and it happened (Matt. 16:21; 27:50). The writer of 2 Peter predicted that there would be false teachers in the church (2 Pet. 2:13), and it happened, as shown by church history. On the other hand, Amos predicted that King Jeroboam II would die by the sword, and it did not happen (Amos 7:11; 2 Kings 14:29). Ezekiel predicted the erection of a new temple that would put the destroyed temple of Solomon to shame (Ezek. 40–48). It did not happen that way. When the foundation of a new temple was actually laid, those who remembered the temple of Solomon wept because it did not measure up to the glory of the first temple (Ezra 3:12; cf. Hag. 2:3). Daniel predicted that Antiochus IV Epiphanes would die in the land of Israel, but he did not die there (Dan. 11:40–45; 1 Macc. 6;
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2 Macc. 9). Jonah proclaimed that Nineveh would be overthrown in forty days, but it did not happen then (Jon. 3). In the early church, the prophet Agabus predicted that the Jews would bind Paul and hand him over to the Gentiles (Acts 21:10–11). Paul did become a prisoner of the Romans, but the Jews did not hand him over (Acts 21–22). Paul himself stated that not all who were then living would die, but some would be alive when Jesus returned (1 Cor. 15:51; 1 Thess. 4:15, 17). He was mistaken. Matthew 16:28 reports Jesus as saying, ''Truly I tell you, there are some standing here who will not taste death before they see the Son of Man coming in his kingdom." If we read the text as do the forecasters, what Jesus predicted did not take place, since all those standing there with him have long been dead, and the Son of Man has not yet come in his kingdom. Therefore, predictive prophecy in the Bible is not invariably a straight line from prediction to fulfillment. We need, therefore, to listen more carefully to what the Bible means by prophecy. Because prophecy occupies a large block of the biblical writings, we ought to be concerned to understand it. What Is Prophecy? The form of prophetic prediction is found throughout the writings of the biblical prophets. We will spend some time discussing what it is. Amos 2:4–5 is a typical passage: Thus says the Lord: For three transgressions of Judah, and for four, I will not revoke the punishment; because they have rejected the law of the Lord, and have not kept his statutes, but they have been led astray by the same lies after which their ancestors walked. So I will send a fire on Judah, and it shall devour the strongholds of Jerusalem.
The prophet predicts that Judah and Jerusalem will be punished by the destruction of Jerusalem. This action by God will be carried out in the future. Amos tells us that this destruction will happen, and he also tells us why it will happen. He does not tell us when it will take place. The difference between when and why is the difference between the crystalball gazing of Fundamentalist forecasters
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and true prophecy. Prophets like Amos are not concerned about the when. They virtually always talk about that when in vague and indefinite terms. But they are certainly definite about the why. The prophets urgently want the people to understand that there is no way to escape the action of God's justice in human affairs. In effect, the prophets say, "What you do today will have consequences tomorrow, and the consequences will be in proportion to the offense." God has built into the very process of history a moral law. God's law determines that if you "trample the head of the poor into the dust of the earth, and push the afflicted out of the way" (Amos 2:7), everything cannot go on as before. You are foolish if you expect no bad outcome. No human society in which such actions become the rule can long exist. What these prophets did, therefore, was not to give their contemporaries a blueprint for the course of events in the future. Instead, they proclaimed to the people that there was an unbreakable link between their actions today and the state of affairs tomorrow. God's judgment would come through an outworking of the political realities of the time. Isaiah said judgment would come through Assyria and Egypt (Isa. 7:18). Jeremiah, a century later, said it would come through Babylon (Jer. 20). Even so, however, the law of justice was not inflexible. Events were not predetermined, as our modern forecasters insist. The prophet Jeremiah spoke for all the prophets when he said that if the people repented, God would change his mind, and the judgment would not come (Jer 18:7–11; cf. Ezek. 3:18; 18:21; Jon. 3:10). If people turned back to faithfulness to God and the neighbor, that return would restore a healthful life for the nation. But prolonged unfaithfulness and refusal to repent would definitely lead to judgment. All of this meant that the outcome of human history was in the hands of the God of Israel. An example is in Isaiah 43:15–19: The God of Israel is the God of the whole world. All nations are subject to him and ultimately have to do his will. Thus he has a purpose not only with Israel, but with all peoples. "Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt, and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir?" (Amos 9:7). Isaiah had a vision of the two great military powers of his time, the Assyrians and the Egyptians, living in peace (19:23–25).
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Little Judah, between them, would no longer be their victim. In the end, God's purpose would prevail, and all nations would acknowledge him as Lord. So prophesied Micah (4:1–3): In days to come the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established as the highest of the mountains, and shall be raised up above the hills. Peoples shall stream to it, and many nations shall come and say: "Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob; that he may teach us his ways and that we may walk in his paths." For out of Zion shall go forth instruction, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. He shall judge between many peoples, and shall arbitrate between strong nations far away; they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.
That is the prophetic vision of hope for the future of Israel and the world. Prophecy is the proclaiming of God's will for the world. The predictions of judgment and restoration are therefore not mapping out future history in a way that allows a person to discover the details if one is persistent enough. The predictions are confessions of faith in God. The God who saved and punished in the past, is also the God who will punish and save in the future. That is why the Isaiah of the exile calls on God to save again because this is the kind of God he is (Isa. 58:9–11). God is the Eternal, spanning the human past, present, and future. This is the prophetic message of the Bible. New Testament Prophecy In the Greek New Testament, the word for prophecy is propheteia, the exercise of interpreting God's will and purpose, proclaiming God's message. As with the Old Testament prophets, prediction of a detailed future was not an essential part of propheteia. Even in prediction, the main element was to reveal God's will for present and future. The apostle Paul gives a good deal of attention to prophecy in his first letter to the Corinthian church (1 Cor. 12:10, 29; 13:2; 14:1–6, 29–32, 37, 39). While he regards prophecy as one of the most important gifts of the Spirit, he warns the church
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that it is important to test the prophets, to determine whether what they say is gospel truth, which builds up the church in God's love (1 Cor. 12:7; 13:2; 14:4, 29). 2 Paul also admonishes the Christians in Rome that prophecy must conform to the accepted belief of the Christian community, trusting in God's salvation through Jesus Christ (Rom. 12:6). Such passages are rarely discussed in Fundamentalist "prophecy" books. That omission is because the forecasters cannot accept the definition of prophecy provided in the most extensive discussion of prophecy in the New Testament, by Paul himself. Even the passage in 2 Peter 1:16–21 clearly speaks about prophecy as the Christian teaching about the "power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ." This is a clear reference, not to the final return of Jesus, but to his first appearance, earthly life, and transfiguration. In the New Testament church, the inspired prophet was the one who proclaimed the truth about the incarnation (cf. 1 John 4:2). That truth was the prophecy inspired by the Holy Spirit, rather than any prediction about the future course of history. This view of prophecy became normative in the early church. Prophecy became identified with preaching, the interpretation of the biblical text. The subject of prophecy was and is, therefore, the gospel of the coming of Jesus Christ into the world as the central revelation of God. Even the book of Revelation, so much used by our modern forecasters, fits that definition. Therefore, whenever we limit the term prophecy to detailed prediction of the future course of history, we seriously misuse and abuse biblical prophecy. The closest relatives of such detailed prediction are astrology and divination, which come from nonChristian origins. We tend to think of prophecy as something that took place in the past. However, prophecy has been part of the life of the Christian church from its earliest days until the present. In our own day, as in the past, there is prophesying that reminds us of biblical prophecy. Think of the famous 1963 speech of Martin Luther King Jr. at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.: "I Have a Dream."3 Similar prophetic statements have been made by Desmond Tutu during the struggle to dismantle apartheid in
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South Africa. 4 Neither of these prophecies are specific predictions of the future, and certainly not predictions about when the victory of justice will come. In this trait, they are precisely like Old Testament prophecies that after troubles brought on by sin and disobedience, God's salvation will come. The salvation foreseen by archbishop Tutu has come to pass in the last few years, not in detail, but in a broad sense. Modern Futurist Prophecy So, in contrast to biblical prophecy, we have the futurist forecasting of the TV prophecy experts, which is the subject of the first part of this book. One of the first things we observe is that these forecasters tend to repeat what other forecasters said in the past. Paul Boyer, in an important book When Time Shall Be No More, stated that virtually every theme of prophecy in 1992 was voiced during the years 1914–18.5 A second point, also made by Boyer, is that this kind of predictive prophecy grows by additions from century to century, like a tree that keeps adding branches without dropping old ones.6 Ancient themes like the worldweek of 7,000 years keep recurring and are given new meanings. New themes are added to reflect current world conditions. Several characteristics of modern futurist prophecy are worth noting. The first is the use which forecasters make of the modern media, especially television, cassette video recordings, and books. Television is the most powerful of these by far. The forecasters have acquired all the skills of the entertainment industry to bring their message to millions of viewers. By their personal appearance, hairdos, clothing, tidy manicures, the opulent surroundings of the studio, their chatty, entertaining manner, and the overall appearance of success—by all these, they project an image of cheery optimism and sincere dependability. Peter and Paul Lalonde use the format of news reporting and analysis. If one mutes the TV, one would assume from the format and the furniture of the studio that it was a news program. That format gives status and immediacy to the message. These forecasters are speaking to us about today's events and interpreting them for us! The manual by which the news is inter
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preted seems to be the Bible, which is on the news desk. The show, therefore, has all the appearance of another news report. However, it masquerades as a report and analysis based not on the cleverness of the news reporters and their research staff, but on the Scriptures. The Bible is an authority with a special aura, and therefore still accepted even by many who no longer have links with the Christian community. Those who regard the Bible as the infallible authority on every subject will naturally choose the news reporting and analysis of the Lalonde brothers rather than a secular newscast. Jack van Impe and his wife, Rexella, use the same format. She reads the news; he interprets. Their programs project an image of financial and professional success. The shows are fastmoving and sensational, often reminiscent of the local newscasts in American cities that deal with the general societal mayhem of homicide, fires, and traffic accidents. There tends to be a succession of news items, each more arresting and awful than the preceding, a "Christian" surrogate for the violence and lowestcommondenominator fare of popular TV. It caters to bored and confused people and dignifies itself by (mis) using the name Christian. People are eager to accept the words of the forecasters because if they know what the course of future events will be, they actually may gain a sense of control. It's like having a comprehensive highvalue accident policy. If we know what the future will bring, we can take intelligent action to meet it. If we know ourselves to be in control, we can also afford to be patronizing toward those who don't have knowledge of the future. This attitude characterizes virtually all of the Fundamentalist futurists. Peter Lalonde portrays other newspeople in a way that can describe the "news reporting and analysis" of his own TV show: In the newssaturated society of today, people do not take time to study all the facts and make their own informed decisions. Instead, they increasingly rely on the perception of those who are presenting "the facts" to them. Thus an inherited perception has become for them the reality, no matter what the facts actually are. This leaves the front gate wide open to the manipulations of today's Pied Pipers who seek to lead us down the merry path of globalism. 7
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Except for the last word, globalism, that statement fits perfectly what I have been describing. The forecasters are indeed Pied Pipers, leading us not to globalism, but "down the merry path of" Fundamentalist futurism. This is a dead end because it has nothing to do with the heart of the gospel. They present "the facts" to us with supreme confidence, but these socalled facts about the future become for their viewers "the reality, no matter what the facts actually are.'' The forecasters have a credibility problem, and they know it. Hence, we find them constantly reminding us of their credentials, and making disclaimers about their roles as predictors. They insist that they are telling us only what the Bible says. Virtually all of them begin by assuring us that studying prophecy is most important for Christians because it accredits the Bible as nothing else can. However, the Bible's credibility is not the issue here; it is the futurist interpreters whose credibility is at stake. Consider, for example, the words of commendation on the back cover of William R. Goetz's book Apocalypse Next and the New World Order, as printed in 1991: "This absorbing, multinational bestseller has never needed revision through numerous reprintings. Updating, yes, but not revision." 8 Some questions need to be asked about that kind of statement. It has not needed revision? How can that be, since the forecasters constantly tell us that the events they are predicting are just around the corner? Between the 1981 first printing and 1991, amazing changes took place in Europe, one of the centers of futurist expectations. Goetz acknowledges the changes that came in eastern Europe with glasnost and perestroika. However, he explains that none of that makes any difference since Gorbachev's "reforms" are nothing but a smokescreen for continuing the past policies of the Soviet Union. Since 1991, of course, Gorbachev is gone from power, the Soviet Union has broken up, and its economy is in tatters. Goetz has included changes in eastern Europe to "update" his prophetic interpretations, prepared for evangelistic purposes. Yet his discussions of the supposed allies of Russia in their expected invasion of Israel have not been changed. Since then, major changes have taken place in Iran, Iraq, Ethiopia,
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and Turkey. If Goetz did not make revisions, we want him to be honest with his readers and tell them why not. After all, if what is happening today in these countries is a fulfillment of prophecy, what happens to that fulfillment when conditions change?. Can one then say, as Goetz does, that Russia is going to invade Israel, and that it is not a question of if but when, and ignore his own earlier unfulfilled predictions? With more and more "updating" to fit current events, when does a book become "revised"? First published in 1981, his book appeared in a second edition in 1987, and a third in 1996, for the tenth printing. Now it has 389 pages and a new title: Apocalypse Next: The End of Civilization as We Know It. When these futurists are proved clearly wrong in their interpretations by events, why do they not apologize to their readers? Instead, all they do is "update" and leave many failed predictions in new printings or editions of their books. The following statement from Goetz's 1991 edition is an example: "Ethiopia had a proCommunist coup in 1976, and since then has moved from her previous prowestern stance under the late Emperor Haile Selassie to a strongly communist state, solidly entrenched in the Russian orbit." 9 Perhaps Goetz's readers do not know it, but the Communist government was thrown out of Ethiopia in 1991. Goetz continues to tell his readers that Khomeini is still in control in Iran even though he died in 1989. But the forecasters push on; once they have committed themselves to detailed prediction, they have no choice but to continue. Change keeps bubbling, and they have to try to keep up with it. If they apologize for having been wrong, their credentials as inspired forecasters could evaporate. To shore up their credibility, our forecasters make constant disclaimers. They are, they say, not infallible. But there are questions to be asked about those disclaimers. Franz Stnhlhofer, in a book published in Germany, gives us a typical example of such a disclaimer from the writings of a Dutch futurist prophet named Wim Malgo: "West Berlin . . . will without doubt be overrun by the Asiatic hordes, who will advance to the Rhine. . . . The attack of Soviet Russia and her satellites upon Israel will run parallel to it. By way of qualification, I would like to add that our knowledge is fragmentary. But all of
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these things are coming at us with uncanny speed" (emphasis added). 10 The certainty of Malgo's predictions is not put in doubt by the humble statement about the fragmentary nature of his knowledge.11 He appears to be modest in making claims about what will happen in the future, but exactly the opposite is the case. Such a pretense is dishonest and deceives people who trust what these men say. The forecasters have a favorite method of certifying the credibility of their inspiration. With ease they move about the world in the company of important people and world figures. No prophet can expect to be listened to who has not been photographed in Jerusalem or at Megiddo, the future site of the battle of Armageddon. We are constantly told about meetings with heads of state or presidents of universities. A glossy advertising flyer of 1995 featured a photograph of Mark Finley, Canadian SeventhDay Adventist forecaster, preaching his futurist message in the Kremlin. The Lalonde brothers advertise highpriced guided tours to the Holy Land, with accommodations at the best hotels. And, of course, any forecaster who expects to be taken seriously has a weekly television show. All of these are marks of worldly success which they deplore in those who do not believe, but which they assume are evidence of God's favor for themselves. Many of the forecasters love to be called doctor (cf. Matt. 23:7) even though they despise the academic enterprise in which doctorates have meaning. Lalonde is referred to on the back cover of his book as a "researcher" and as an expert and reliable guide to understanding world affairs. Research and analysis is academic, scholarly activity; one who is called a researcher is identified as an expert. These forecasters condemn universities for being centers of godlessness, but they do not hesitate to claim universitytype credentials for their own purposes. In one major strategy, our forecasters call on world figures as supporters of their interpretations. Among the "authorities" cited by Lalonde are Mikhail Gorbachev, George Bush, Henry Kissinger, Perez de Cuellar, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Helmut Kohl, Vaclav Havel, Eduard Shevardnadze, Pope John Paul II, Senator Barry Goldwater, the Jesuit author Malachi Martin,
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the Catholic theologian Hans Küng, singer Harry Belafonte, Canadian member of parliament Svend Robinson, and a host of others. One forecaster even cited Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping as an authority for Christian futurism! 12 Lalonde states that "most world leaders today proclaim that we have embarked on the road to lasting peace." Then he proceeds to quote several New Age gurus to prove his point.13 This quoted sentence is simply wrong. In addition, what Christians can take New Age gurus seriously as experts on where we find ourselves in world history? Lalonde offers a classic effort to provide authoritative confirmation of his own views: Archaeological discoveries and extensive research by Sir Robert Anderson, the onetime head of the criminal investigation division of Scotland Yard, have conclusively proved the pinpoint accuracy of the prophetic Word of God. They show that it was exactly 483 years to the day from the time that Nehemiah was given permission to rebuild Jerusalem (Nehemiah 2:4–8) until what we now know as Palm Sunday!14
This sounds impressive as "evidence" until one asks what the archaeological evidence is. Lalonde does not tell us, and therefore we are under no obligation to accept the claim. Furthermore, since when does being a member of Scotland Yard make one an authority on biblical prophecy? Yes, Anderson could have been an educated lay biblical scholar. If that was so, why did Lalonde tell us he was a policeman? He told us so because that gave Anderson the appearance of being an authority. Not only do the futurists cite as authorities people who have no claim to be authorities on biblical prophecy. They also tend to quote their statements without giving us the context in which they were said. Lalonde quotes Hans Küng as saying that there could be "no world peace without peace among the religions."15 He does not tell us where or when Küng said this. Yet he uses it as evidence that a world religion is coming into being. Lalonde reports "Globalist" George Ball as saying that human institutions need to be restructured, "first on a regional basis, and ultimately you could move to a world basis." He
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quotes this from another book without telling us when it was said or on what occasion and in what context. 16 Nevertheless, Lalonde uses the quotation as evidence of the emerging New World Order. These authorities are called on not to support the truth of the Bible, but to support the forecaster's interpretation of certain biblical passages. Often, also, according to Franz Stuhlhofer, the forecasters do not look for the most competent authority but for the authority who best expresses their own worst fears. That is why, for instance, Lalonde often quotes Malachi Martin, the Jesuit writer close to Pope John Paul II. Martin writes about the Pope's sense of mission as a unifier of the world and does so in dramatic style. For Lalonde, all of this becomes evidence for a conspiracy to create a single political regime and a single religion in the world.17 The forecasters never tire of letting us know that they are not making predictions of their own. They claim that all they are doing is telling us only what the Bible says. In fact, they routinely tell us a lot more. Hal Lindsey informs us, for instance, that, based on Revelation 9:14–16 and 16:12, an army of 200 million men will cross the Euphrates River. He then proceeds to tell us that this will be a Chinese army, wreaking its destruction on the earth with nuclear weapons.18 However, none of this detail appears in the Bible. In Revelation 9:3–12, we read about a plague of locusts. Salem Kirban, a Fundamentalist forecaster, wrote in 1977 that these were likely the new strain of killer bees on their way to the United States. In fact, the passage describes these locusts, and there is nothing there to suggest anything as puny as killer bees. Kirban is simply making an addition to the biblical text.19 Perhaps the problem is not even so much that the forecasters go well beyond the biblical text. Instead, by making such identifications, they actually pervert the text's true meaning. This kind of "prophetic" futnrism has nothing to do with a respectful attitude toward the Bible. In the books of the forecasters, we also encounter numerous absurdities as they try to make the ancient prophecies relevant to the present. Paul Boyer reports Jerry Falwell's
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"hermeneutic breakthrough" on Ezekiel 38:12, where there is a reference to Gog taking spoil. Falwell suggested that this could be Russia going after [sp]oil. 20 Charles Taylor, a waning futurist, offered one of the more fanciful fulfilled prophecies in 1988: Did you notice, bytheway, that in 1985 the prophesied GOG came into reality when Andrev Gromyko was elevated to President of the Soviet Union, when Marshall Nikolai Ogarkov became head of the Warsaw Pact and Soviet Armies; and when Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union? . . . Yes, Bible prophecy is being fulfilled in great measure and in great specific detail exactly as written in the Bible! [his emphasis].21
Many examples of this kind could be added.22 How should one account for the continuing popularity of Fundamentalist forecasting after so much failure, after so much absolute and persistent silliness? Part of the reason is certainly the tangible evidence of the forecasters' financial success. Somehow, people who make and handle a lot of money have greater authority than those who don't. No doubt many are persuaded that the forecasters have authority. The audience may conclude that national leaders and other great personages with whom our forecasters hobnob would not pay attention to people of no account who do not know their subject. The main reason the forecasters have so many followers, however, is that people are genuinely seeking answers to questions relating to the End. They continue the quest even if they have been disappointed in the past. These prophets come, displaying the Bible, which remains the most important authority for most people in North America. People can see for themselves some signs of the End which contemporary prophets point out to them. They conclude that the prophets must be right or, at least, that they are worth listening to.
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3 — The New World Order "As citizens of the 1990s, we have frontrow seats to those very events which will culminate in the return of Christ." 1 We now turn to this firm conviction of the forecasters, to "those very events," and to their interpretation by the forecasters. The futurists regularly quote a word from 2 Peter to provide a foundation for their forecasting: "We have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ" (2 Pet. 1:16).2 They take this verse as a reference to Christ's second coming, for which they already see the signs. However, the writer of 2 Peter is clearly writing about the first coming of Jesus Christ, as seen in 1:17–18, speaking of the transfiguration of Jesus on Mount Tabor. This text says nothing about an early return of Jesus for judgment. We should also firmly keep in mind the word of Jesus that "the kingdom of God is not coming with things that can be observed" (Luke 17:20, emphasis added). But these words of our Lord are not good enough for the forecasters. Lalonde argues that when the disciples asked Jesus about "times and seasons" (Mark 13:4; Matt. 24:3), Jesus did not respond that such concerns were a waste of time. In fact, Lalonde claims, Jesus clearly described ''hundreds of signs" that were to precede his coming. Then Lalonde continues: "Both from the detailed answer
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that Jesus gave and the tremendous amount of space given to these signs in the Scriptures, it would seem that God thought it important for believers to keep a close watch on the signs of the times." 3 Does this mean that Jesus misspoke? Is he like the government minister who, not having checked with his superior, makes a ruling that turns out to be wrong? Did God say one thing, and Jesus another? Analyzing "Prophetic" Texts Setting the Stage Now we get to the biblical passages which Peter Lalonde and other forecasters use to construct their endtime scenario. In my procedure, I will usually (1) quote the passage in the King James Version, used by the forecasters; (2) attempt to identify the obvious meaning of the passage; (3) give the interpretation of Lalonde and others; and finally (4) evaluate their interpretation by rules of interpretation generally accepted by both evangelical and liberal scholars of the Bible. Paul says in 1 Corinthians 10:32, "Give no offense to Jews or Greeks or to the church of God." First of all, that sounds like one of Paul's many admonitions to members of the church at Corinth to be patient and generous with each other. That is what it proves to be when one reads the preceding passage, dealing with eating meat used in pagan religious ritual. Paul does not come down with a firm rule of conduct. However, he pleads that believers should try not to give offense in this matter to their pagan and Jewish neighbors nor to the church. The reference to three groups, pagans, Jews, and Christians, is basic to the premillennial scheme. But with the futurists, the meaning of the words and their function has been changed. The words are made to mean that God has separate dealings with each of these three groups. In particular, the text tells the forecasters that God's concern for his chosen people, the Jews, is not over even though most of them have rejected Jesus, their Messiah. God's concern has merely been interrupted while he has been busy with the Christians in the church age, or dispensation.
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The Jews of Jerusalem rejected Jesus as their Messiah on the first Palm Sunday, Lalonde claims. He says this was exactly 483 years after Nehemiah received the command to rebuild Jerusalem, after some groups of Jews returned from the Babylonian exile. It was the fulfillment of the "seventy weeks" (490 years) of Daniel 9. Precisely on that Palm Sunday, "the prophetic clock of God's dealing with Israel stopped." 4 From that time on, God occupied himself exclusively with the church. But that clock will start ticking again at the time of the rapture (1 Thess. 4:17), which will mark the end of God's concern for the church. After that, God will make up the remaining seven years (490 483 = 7) and resume his dealings with Israel. Now Israel is still present during the age of the church, but in a sort of limbo. However, nothing like this was in Paul's mind when he wrote those words to the church in Corinth. John Nelson Darby invented this time scheme in the nineteenth century. He wrote that although the church made "a most constructive parenthesis, it forms no part of the regular order of God's earthly plans, but is merely an interruption of them to give a fuller character and meaning to them [the Jews]."5 This is, to put it simply, false doctrine and perverse biblical interpretation that is held in defiance of biblical teachings. The New Testament presents the church as God's people, Israel renewed (Gal. 3:7–14, 29; 6:16). Jesus has commissioned the church as God's agent in the world, to serve God's plan for the reconciliation and unification of all things (2 Cor. 5:19–20; Col. 1:15–20). One who holds to Darby's teaching is actually despising God's work and Christ's sacrifice. Paul writes in Ephesians 5:25, "Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her." However, once the view of the separate ages (dispensations) for Jews and Christians is abandoned, the whole system of premillennial forecasting crashes in ruins. Israel "Returns" Home Ever since the middle of the nineteenth century, some Christian interpreters have made a linkage between expecting the early end of history and the return of the Jews to their homeland, Palestine. In 1948, after much trouble and blood
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shed, the state of Israel was proclaimed. Premillennial forecasters passionately embraced this event as a clear sign of the approaching end of history and the nearness of Christ's return. If God was to resume his purpose with the Jews, their return to their own promised land seemed to make all of that about to happen. Predictably, forecasters found various passages in the Bible that prophesied Israel's return to the homeland. The texts usually cited are Ezekiel 36:24; Isaiah 11:11–12; and Amos 9:14–15. Let us look at the first two. "I will take you from among the heathen, and gather you out of all countries, and will bring you into your own land" (Ezek. 36:24). The forecasters read this passage as a prediction made in the sixth century B.C. about an event to take place 2,500 years later. However, there is every reason to conclude that the whole of Ezekiel 36 is concerned with the return of the people to their land after the exile in Babylon. This return, says Ezekiel in 36:8, will happen soon, presumably within the prophet's lifetime. But the forecasters make "soon" to mean a duration of 2,500 years. Is this a responsible use of the word? By any sensible interpretation, Ezekiel 36:24 cannot mean Israel's return in 1948. It shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall set his hand again a second time to recover the remnant of his people, which shall be left, from Assyria, and from Egypt, and from Pathros and from Gush, and from Elam, and from Shinar, and from Hamath, and from the islands of the sea. And he shall set up an ensign for the nations, and shall assemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth. (Isa. 11:11–12)
This word, beginning with the great passage about the future king from the house of Jesse and his kingdom in Isaiah 11:1–9, bears a clear messianic meaning. This coming king of Isaiah's vision is a total contrast to the weak and vacillating King Ahaz, then on the throne in Jerusalem. The vision was that God would call back home all the dispersed people of the two kingdoms, Israel and Judah, who had been scattered by exile and migration around the Mediterranean world. Then God would establish his peaceful, universal kingdom in Jerusalem.
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The prophet was, however, not talking about our modern period. Had he done so, surely he would have called the countries in which the Jews lived by the names they now have, for example, the United States, France, Brazil, etc. Instead, he expects the ingathering to happen while Assyria, Pathros (Upper Egypt), and Elam (east of Babylon, in presentday Iran) are still in existence. God's people are all to be recovered a second time; the first time was the exodus from Egypt. There is no hint in the text itself that it refers to our present time. All those who say it means a modern century are reading their own agenda into the biblical text, not out of it. They are not simply telling us what the Bible says, a point they keep claiming, but dispensing their own fancies. There is no hint in the texts when this recovery will happen. Usually the prophets expected it soon, after the judgment of destruction and exile had passed. The forecasters rip the words from the place where they stand, put them in their mixer, and forcibly blend them with a lot of other texts. Only thus can the words of the prophets be made to say what the forecasters claim they say. But that is doing violence to the Bible. Whoever suggests that it is proper to proceed that way, is either naive or dishonest. Neither of these texts, therefore, has any forecasting value for our modern period. Instead, they have their setting in their own time and place, and derive their meaning from that context. These passages, therefore, may not be used in forecasting any details of future world events. An important Gospel passage regularly used by the forecasters is found in Mark 13:28–31 (cf. Matt. 24:32–35; Luke 21:29–33): "From the fig tree learn its lesson: as soon as its branch becomes tender and puts forth its leaves, you know that summer is near. So also, when you see these things taking place, you know that he [it] is near, at the very gates. Truly I tell you, this generation will not pass away until all these things have taken place" (NRSV). A typical interpretation of this passage was published in 1970 by Hal Lindsey in his book The Late Great Planet Earth: When the Jewish people, after nearly 2,000 years of exile, under relentless persecution, became a nation again on 14 May 1948,
Page 65 the "fig tree" put forth its first leaves. Jesus said that this would indicate that He was "at the door," ready to return. Then He said, "Truly I say to you, this generation will not pass away until all these things take place." What generation? Obviously, in context, the generation that would see the signs—chief among them the rebirth of Israel. A generation in the Bible is something like forty years. If this is a correct deduction, then within forty years or so of 1948, all these things should take place. Many scholars who have studied Bible prophecy all their lives believe that this is so. 6
Lindsey's interpretation illustrates the central place that Israel holds in the premillennial forecasting guild. The endtime events could not begin before the Jews were gathered again in their land. However, this Scripture passage is one of Jesus' parables (Luke 21:29; Mark 13:28, KJV). By it, he probably meant that the disciples should be alert to signs of the nearness of the kingdom of God. Indeed, that is the likely meaning of verse 29 because the Greek verb can be translated by either "he is near" or "it is near." Hence, there is no necessary connection between this parable of the fig tree and the other sayings that precede it. Even if one assumes that this parable is linked with the preceding sayings, the return of Israel to its own land does not appear among all the signs of the End which Jesus lists in Mark 13:5–27. How then can the return of Israel be the meaning of the parable? Again, forecasters read that meaning into the parable, not out of it. The parable of the fig tree is not a prediction of Israel's return. Finally, the forecasters claim several passages as predictions of the return of the Jews to Palestine in 1948, but none of them refer to the twentieth century. So there is no credibility to the claim of Hal Lindsey that "this generation" of Mark 13:30 means the generation that began life in 1948. We can be certain that it refers to the generation to which Jesus was speaking. Furthermore, Lindsey's own forecast in 1970 (that these endtime events would happen within about forty years of 1948) has been shown by events or the lack of them to be false. By his calculation, 1988 should have been the year of the rap
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ture, 1995 the year of the battle of Armageddon, and we should now be in the millennium. Since 75 percent of the Jews in the world live outside the state of Israel, it is fair to ask how long it would take that present state to absorb them all. The state of Israel is small and already crowded. How can we assume that it could make space for them and that they all would want to return? The premillennial forecasters will have to be patient until that is figured out. OneWorld Government, Economy, Religion On this subject, the forecasters are most convincing. They deal with current events and interpret all of them as pieces in the jigsaw puzzle of the endtime scenario. This was the specific purpose of the monthly The Christian World Report, published by the TV program This Week in Bible Prophecy. This show features Paul and Peter Lalonde as news announcer and news analyst. The program is broadcast at least 800 times each week in the United States and Canada. Typical is an article from The Christian World Report of May 1995: "The Ezekiel Factor . . . How Close Are We?" It reports on talks between Russia and the Muslim states of Iran, Iraq, and Jordan. The author, John Kinsella, writes: Ezekiel chapter 38 details the RussianMuslim alliance we now see forming in incredible detail. Think of it! Imagine someone trying to predict this situation, say, ten years ago. But he [Ezekiel] put it all to paper more than 2,500 years ago. Not only that, this isn't just some abstract guess. Ezekiel not only detailed the Russian side, but the Western reaction. And he was specific about the timing. He said it would happen in the last days.
This interpretation offers an understanding of these modern political events which people might otherwise find quite obscure and confusing. The question is whether it has any credibility. Most premillennial forecasters use Revelation 13 to construct their framework for interpreting current world events. This chapter begins with the vision of a horrific beast arising out of the sea, which they identify as a prediction of world government (13:7), a world economy (13:16–17), and a world religion (13:3–4, 8). According to Lalonde, all of these are now
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taking shape, and therefore, the End must be near. Dave Hunt, another forecaster dealing with the times preceding the rapture, tells us, "It is exciting to note that no generation has ever had solid biblical reason for believing that it was living in the last of the last days preceding the coming of Christ—no generation until ours." 7 That big claim is made with great certainty and thus requires convincing backup. Lalonde agrees with Hunt, and most of his book is devoted to providing proof for the claim. What is the evidence? The case for the coming New World Order is based primarily on the books of Daniel in the Old Testament and Revelation in the New. Daniel was written in the second century B.C., and Revelation in the late first century A.D. Without explanation, the authors tell us that these books were in fact not written for those centuries at all but for our present time. At first glance, that could appear to be the case. For example, in Daniel 12:4, 9, we read that Daniel is "to keep the words secret and the book sealed until the time of the end." In the book of Revelation, we read what appears to be the opposite: "Do not seal up the words of the prophecy of this book, for the time is near" (22:10). The premillennial forecasters conclude that the End comes in the present century, and that Daniel's book was to be sealed until now. The book of Revelation is now open because, according to them, this is the time of the End. However, the texts themselves do not suggest such a conclusion. Daniel is told that he himself is to keep the words secret "until the time of the end." That clearly means that the End is expected to come in his lifetime, and when it does, he himself can unseal what he has written. Daniel could not keep the words secret, and the book sealed beyond his own lifetime. The "prophecies" of Daniel, therefore, belong to his lifetime and not to the present. The passage in Revelation 22:10 is simpler. There was no need for John to seal the book and keep the words secret because what he "prophesied" was "about to happen." Again, that can refer only to the time of John himself and not to the present century. These two books, therefore, one Hebrew and one Christian, have become the bedrock for premillennial inter
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pretations of the End. They are treated by the forecasters as history written in advance and therefore of no relevance at all for the time and place in which they were first written. In fact, however, both were tracts for the times: Daniel for the second century B.C., and Revelation for the end of the first century A.D. Both books tell us of communities, the Israelites of Daniel, and the Christians of Revelation, who were under severe pressure and in danger of being exterminated by the rulers of their times. Both books bring the message that the events of human history are not in the hands of human tyrants, but in the hands of the eternal God. Despite surface appearances, this God watches over his people who, in the End, will share in God's total victory over all evil and in the establishment of his everlasting kingdom. Both books were a call to God's people to be faithful in their suffering, and to be motivated by the light of the promised glorious future. Any specific references in these books belong to the time in which they were written. As we look at the passages from Daniel and Revelation in what follows, these explanations should be kept in mind. The forecasters offer specific passages from these biblical books as proof that the New World Order is emerging under the antichrist and that it will precede the rapture of the saints. World Government and the Antichrist Revelation 13:7: "Power was given to him [the antichrist] over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations." The forecasters compare this passage with Daniel 7:23, which, they claim, "states clearly that the antichrist will rule over the whole world." The antichrist as an individual person is referred to only in 2 Thessalonians 2:3–9, and even then he is not called the antichrist but "the lawless one" or "man of sin." There are indirect references to the antichrist in Matthew 24:15 and Mark 13:14, since the one who sets up the "desolating sacrilege" or ''abomination of desolation" plays an antichrist role. All of that takes us back to Daniel (7:24–25; 8:9–14, 23–25; 9:27–28; 11:21–45). Daniel models the antichrist figure on an actual person, the Seleucid king Antiochus Epiphanes IV, who was persecuting the Israelites in the second century B.C. This ruler was seen by the author of the book of Daniel as gathering up in himself
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the whole world's rebellion against God. He blasphemed God, claimed divine honors for himself, and attempted to exterminate God's faithful people by persecution. Antiochus erected an altar to Zeus in the temple in Jerusalem, displacing the "God of heaven" from his own dwelling. This desecration is what Daniel called the "abomination that desolates." The writers of 1 Maccabees 1:54 and 2 Maccabees 6:2 specifically refer to this event in the story of Alexander the Great, his empire, and Antiochus IV, one of Alexander's successors. Antiochus, the man turned symbol, is what we meet again in the New Testament references to the antichrist. By the year A.D. 70, he had become a figure not only of the past but also of the future (Matt. 24:15). After all, Daniel had said that the rebellion of the "little horn" against God would precede the final appearance of the total sovereignty of God over the whole earth. Christians believed that in Jesus, the Christ, the kingdom of God had appeared on earth, and that in the End, Christ would bring the world to its fulfillment. It was natural, therefore, that the "lawless one" and the "beast" would be called antichrist by the early Christians. He would be the one who would again erect the "desolating sacrilege" in the temple, putting himself in the place of God, and claiming to be God. According to the book of Revelation, the opposition to God and to the Lamb would, at the End, again be gathered into one figure, this time not a person but a monster, a beast. However, there was also a contemporary of the early Christians who, like Autiochus Epiphanes, became an embodiment of rebellion against God. This cruel person was the Emperor Nero, the first major persecutor of Christians. He had committed suicide in 64, but shortly after his death, rumors began to circulate in the Roman empire that he would return and lead a final rebellion against Rome at the end of time. He is the one referred to as the head which "seemed to have received a death blow, but its mortal wound had been healed" (Rev. 13:3). This beast "was, and is not, and is about to ascend from the bottomless pit" (Rev. 17:8). "The dead Nero," writes Bernard McGinn, "symbolized as the head of the Beast, will ascend alive into the world from the Abyss in his own parousia [a coming]. . . . Jesus Christ, the sac
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rificial Lamb now present in heaven, will descend . . . to the earth in a parousia [and] will defeat the Beast." 8 The antichrist is portrayed as a negative image of Christ. The Lamb of Revelation 5 was "as if it had been slaughtered" (5:6); the head of the beast "seemed to have received a deathblow." The antichrist rises from the dead like Christ. The number 666 is "the number of a person" (Rev. 13:18). It likely represents the name Nero Caesar.9 Now evaluate Revelation 13:7 as a prophecy for our modern time. The symbol of the beast has at least two meanings: the beast stands for the antichrist and also for the Roman empire of the late first century. The story of the four monsters of Daniel 7 now helps us to understand Revelation 13:7. The fourth beast of Daniel 7:19–27 was a reference to the great empire of Alexander the Great, the remnants of which were still in place in the second century B.C. In Daniel 8:21, this last of the four kingdoms is clearly identified as Greece, following Babylonian, Median, and Persian kingdoms (as in Dan. 2). According to Daniel, that final great world empire of the Greeks would in its turn be defeated. Then God would reign eternally with the saints. In the book of Revelation, that fourth kingdom has become the Roman empire, which the writer of Revelation expected to be the last. That beastempire was, for John, the sum of all human pride and rebellion against God. The premillennial forecasters take this view of the Roman rule as the last empire in a final great rebellion against God, and they make it into a prediction for the late twentieth century. The Roman empire will be revived in our own time, they claim. In fact, there is nothing in the Bible anywhere about a rebirth of the Roman empire. But the forecasters insist that it will reappear in a kind of reincarnation. It is the only way of making their puzzle into a picture. The Roman empire of Revelation 13 is now read back into Daniel, notably at 2:33, taking the place of the Greek empire in order to harmonize Daniel with Revelation. That done, the whole thing is then projected into the distant future. "There has been no empire in history so far that corresponds to the description of the feet, which were partly iron and partly clay." However, if there was a Roman empire in the past, and
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there is to be another one in the future, that would still make five empires (even after dropping the Greek rule). Though Daniel clearly writes about only four, our forecasters evidently know better. Lalonde explains that since Daniel specifically says four, then of course there must be four. But according to the scheme of the forecasters, there must be five. To resolve their difference with Daniel, they conclude that empires four and five must be the same one, and from this private opinion, it clearly follows that there will be a reincarnation of the Roman empire! Daniel 2:24, 44 does refer to a legitimately called fifth kingdom, but that is clearly identified as the eternal kingdom of God, not a reincarnated Roman empire. All of this is another example of how the premillennial forecasters make Scripture say what it does not say. If I were to attribute to them something they did not say, they would be properly outraged; it would be called false attribution and distortion. But apparently it may be done safely to the biblical authors because they can no longer defend themselves. In the hands of our forecasters, false attribution becomes Spiritinspired interpretation. The forecasters make the claim that this reincarnated Roman empire is even now in process of being born. The prophecy is being fulfilled. "Now, exactly as the Bible has prophesied, Europe and the rest of the Western world are coming together—not through the iron of force but through the clay of democracy." 10 For a long time it was believed by the forecasters that the ten toes (Dan. 2:42) and the ten horns (Dan. 7:20) represented ten nations. Hal Lindsey took this view in his 1970 book The Late Great Planet Earth. But he went further: "We believe that the Common Market and the trend toward the unification of Europe may well be the beginning of the tennation confederacy predicted by Daniel and the book of Revelation." Since then, of course, events have overtaken the forecasters: there are now more than ten nations in the Common Market, and Lindsey is long out of date. In light of that, Lalonde suggests a safer solution, that these are ten rulers or advisers, "wise men" who will rule with the antichrist "to seemingly bring peace, love, unity, and prosperity to planet earth."
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Then he mentions the names of Jimmy Carter, Vaclav Havel, Henry Kissinger, François Mitterand, Lech Walesa, and Elie Wiesel as examples of such "wise men" who might advise the United Nations toward establishing world government and world peace. "Of course," Lalonde quickly adds, "we are not saying that any of the participants in these emerging 'Wise Persons' councils are necessarily going to be among the eventual ten kings who rule the world with the antichrist. All we are doing is pointing out that the prophesied pattern is definitely beginning to emerge." 11 What, one may ask, has happened to the ten "kings" (Dan. 7:24)? By what right have they become "wise persons"? As so often, here too in the same paragraph we have first denial and then affirmation on the same subject. The emerging consensus among the forecasters appears to be that the reincarnated Roman empire will comprise most of the world, as one forecaster said, "from San Francisco to Vladivostok," assuming that one thinks west to east. However, Scripture does not say any of this, and simple observing of the world scene gives little support to these views. While there are constant attempts at peacemaking and peacekeeping, there is little evidence that a single world government is in the making. Sometimes world agreements are set, such as the one in 1995 dealing with the preservation of fish stocks in international waters. But the goal is not to create world government; instead, nations make agreements for their mutual benefit. There is no discernible pattern of the surrender of national sovereignties, necessary to forming a world government. At least as much evidence points the other way: independence movements are still plentiful, as, for examples, the Basques in Spain, Chechnya in Russia, and Quebec in Canada. Nations are as sensitive as ever about interference of other nations or international bodies in their internal affairs. Agreements on economics and environment are broken and overruled by national selfinterest as often as they are observed. In The Christian World Report of JulyAugust 1995, Peter Lalonde's wife, Patti, wrote, "[The] closest thing we would
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have today that would fit the description of a global army is the UN peacekeeping force." Can she be serious? This fragile collection of military units is assembled only when the nations decide that something needs to be done somewhere. Is it the nucleus of a global army? Big predictions are made out of what does not exist. Nevertheless, Patti Lalonde notices calls for a stronger international military and plans to disarm civilians by guncontrol measures in Canada and the United States. She makes these into compelling evidence that there is a conspiracy to suppress the independence of nations, and that a world government is in the making. Such interpretations of the premillennial forecasters are also "cunningly devised fables," which Christians may safely disregard (2 Pet. 1:16, KJV). World Economy The second aspect of the coming New World Order is a world economy. Anyone who has watched economic development even on an elementary level the last few years, will agree without hesitation that a world economy is already a reality. Such institutions are common knowledge: the European Common Market, the European Monetary Union, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the formation of the North American Free Trade agreements (NAFTA), the prospect of other freetrade areas, the rise of the transnational corporations like Cargill, and global investments and stock exchanges. However, questions arise when these developments are confidently claimed to be the fulfillment of biblical prophecy. The basic premillennial text for this is Revelation 13:16–17: He [the false prophet] causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: and that no man might buy or sell, save [except] he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.
Bible students have always had problems with this passage. Historians can find no experience of firstcentury Christians that required an official mark for them to buy or sell. Perhaps
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the mark relates to the emperor's image on coins. Again, the most obvious interpretation is symbolic: Christians belong to God, refuse to profit from wickedness, and anticipate hardship as a result (cf. Rev. 18:11–20). The mark of the beast appears on the foreheads of those who follow the antichrist, and it is the name of a man. That name directly parallels God's name, which appears on the foreheads of the 144,000 on Mount Zion (Rev. 14:1); thus they are expressly identified as the faithful followers of the Lamb. However, this kind of interpretation is too simple for the premillennial forecasters. Lalonde writes, "Today we can already see banking trends and technology falling into place which foreshadow the fulfillment of this prophecy of a worldwide economic system and the acceptance of the mark" (Rev. 13:16–17). He goes on to assert, on the basis of a 1989 Associated Press report, that this will involve a single plastic card for all financial transactions, displacing the cash of the traditional currencies. Some method will have to be developed by which such a system can be controlled, Lalonde says. "Amazingly, the very solution being proposed to keep track of everyone in the New World Order is exactly the one the Bible told us almost 2,000 years ago would be embraced." This single card will be the only way one could buy or sell; it would be international and comprehensive. Several times he refers to a conference on such a scheme that took place in Barcelona, Spain, in March 1991: Its "promotional materials spelled out the prophetic agenda." "There is little doubt here that the exact type of system spoken of in the Bible is now being openly discussed by world leaders." 12 Lalonde is certain of his conclusions. "It is a very clear prediction. There is very little room for interpretation. Either it happens or it does not; there are no gray areas. Therefore, as we see trends and technologies leading us toward its fulfillment, we have one of the most powerful proofs possible for the accuracy of the prophetic Word of God."13 One can readily agree that such a card system, which indeed seems to be coming, has potential for control by powerful people. Furthermore, it is natural for the financial community to discuss these things. It may not be long until the
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cashandcurrency system now in place gives way to a cashless system. This development could persuade people to believe Lalonde's claim that this is all a fulfillment of prophecy. Added to this is the certainty with which Lalonde presents his interpretation: "The very solution" is "exactly the one the Bible told us." "There is little doubt" of "the exact type of system." ''There is little room for interpretation." In fact, what he is putting forward is all interpretation. He is interpreting what he believes Revelation 13:16–17 means. It is an interpretation that there will be a single New World Order in government, economics, and religion, and that all this will happen soon. However, let's look at this virtually certain prediction of a single New World Order, already being fulfilled and to be fully in place when the antichrist seizes control after the rapture. While there is already a world economic system, it is certainly no longer under the control of national governments. Much less is it under the control of a world government, of which there is now no trace. How can Lalonde claim that prophecy is being fulfilled when its necessary condition, a world government, is nowhere in sight? To identify the U.N. as a world government in the making is absurd. The U.N. does what it does only by consent of the national governments that constitute it. It has no power or mandate in its own right, and every attempt so far to give it a stronger role in world affairs has been frustrated. Prominent members of the U.N., including the United States, have steadfastly refused over many years to pay the dues to which they committed themselves. In the end, it all comes down to belief in a literal, personal antichrist who is to appear soon. The beast of Revelation 13 was, historically, a symbol for the Roman empire of the first century. The legend of the antichrist, based on the models of Antiochus Epiphanes and Nero, is a symbol of the satanic power of evil arrayed against Christ and the church. I believe that the Church Father Augustine and the interpreters who followed him were correct when they rejected the idea of a personal antichrist at the End. Instead, they used the antichrist legend to symbolize the continuing powerful reality of evil in the world and in the human heart.
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World Religion A world religion is the third and in some respects the most important component of the New World Order which the forecasters confidently expect. The specific text is Revelation 13:3–4, 8: All the world wondered after the beast. And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast; and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him? . . . And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world.
Supporting passages used are Matthew 24:4–5, 23–24. Others will be introduced at several points as we proceed. The forecasters repeatedly tell us that the New World Order in all of its three aspects is at present only at some stage of development. It will be complete and functioning only when the antichrist takes total control after the rapture. The forecasted world religion is therefore also in process of coming together. According to the Scripture text, this religion will be characterized by the world worshiping both the dragon (Satan) and the beast. The false prophet is an enforcer for the beast. He will perform signs to deceive people, compel them to make an image for the beast, and kill those who refuse to worship the Beast (Rev. 13:11–17). The texts from Matthew 24 foretell much the same thing. There will be fake messiahs and prophets who will gain a following and produce signs and omens, to lead astray even God's people. Since the Revelation passage says several times that all those dwelling upon the earth worshiped the Beast, one could, as Lalonde does, speak of a world religion. However, it is doubtful that these texts and others which he uses actually make such a prediction. It is the interpreter, not Scripture, who predicts what such a religion will actually be like. This is a favorite subject of the premillennial forecasters, and they always have a great time describing it. 14 They tell us that under the guidance of Satan, in preparation for the world rule of the antichrist, a world religion is in
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process of being born. It is being promoted by major world figures. Lalonde mentions some: George Bush; the Dalai Lama; Javier Perez de Cueliar, former secretary general of the U.N.; Mikhail Gorbachev; Al Gore, U.S. vice president; Carl Sagan, the astronomer; Jacques Cousteau, the oceanographer; and Elie Wiesel, the Jewish author. He also names Christian leaders such as Pope John Paul II; Robert Runcie, former archbishop of Canterbury; Hans Küng, the theologian; and many others. Lalonde quotes their public statements to prove that a world religion is already beginning. A new, revitalized paganism, Protestant and Roman Catholic Christianity, and the other world religions—these will all play a willing and, in case of Roman Catholicism, a major part in preparing for the regime of the antichrist. The forecasters see the revival of paganism predicted in Isaiah 47:12–13: enchantments, sorceries, consultations, and stargazing, all associated with Babylon. These are interpreted as references to the modern reappearance of witchcraft, astrology, tarot, and fortunetellers. Most of the things characterize what is now called New Age religion, with its devotion to psychic phenomena, gurus claiming divine revelation, and the belief that every person is god. Biblecentered Christianity is being gradually expelled from the public schools, and eastern religion and philosophy secretly put in its place. For example, relaxation techniques taught to children are in fact eastern religious propaganda. 15 There are major moves in power centers to make Christianity the central pillar of this world religion. One of these centers is the World Council of Churches (WCC). Its function will be to rewrite the true meaning of Christianity as "doing good," by concentrating on human rights and caring for the environment. All of this represents a drift from orthodoxy and a centralization of power characteristic of the WCC. The WCC, says Lalonde, plans to be front and center in the coming compact of world religions because it "promotes church unity and the unity of the human family." He sees the great merger to be already in the works. An example is Robert Runcie's "much publicized call for Anglicans to return to Rome."
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The single most important movement in bringing about the new world religion is Roman Catholicism. The "Catholicled ecumenical movement . . . now promises a full scale interfaith merger." 16 Pope John Paul II is determined, we are assured, to establish the first oneworld system that ever existed. He is ready to do business with Marxism through Roman Catholic liberation theology. However, one wonders how this is possible: from the day he became pope, John Paul II has tried to stamp out liberation theology. Lalonde uses the historian Paul Johnson's words that "Russia is at heart a profoundly Christian country" to mean that Christianity and Communism see each other as partners in the oneworld enterprise. He proves all this by identifying the Roman Catholic Church with the "great whore" of Revelation 17. This remarkable female figure is "the great city that rules over the kings of the earth" (Rev. 17:18, NRSV). The Roman Catholic Church and Vatican City already ''truly reign over the kings of the earth," claims our forecaster. The actual political power that church once had remains to this very day. Pope John Paul II, we are told, intends "to use that power to once again fully reign over the kings of this earth."17 However, Revelation 17 refers to this woman as the mystery of Babylon, seated on the seven hills. We immediately know this to be the ancient city of Rome. Yet for the premillennial crystalball seers, the mystery goes even deeper. This woman is the symbol of the world religion, and its character is that of ancient Babylonian "spiritism." Its description in Isaiah 47:12–13 "reads like a schedule to the latest New Age or psychic fair." Then Lalonde moves to the other female figure of Revelation, in chapter 12, called "the woman clothed with the sun." Although he says this figure represents Israel, the Roman Catholic Church has recognized in this woman Mary, the "Queen of Heaven." This is "pure Babylonianism," because the goddess Ashtoresh [actually Ishtar] and a whole procession of ancient goddesses bore this title, including the Roman love goddess Venus.18 Therefore, this Mary, Queen of Heaven, is the ancient pagan goddess in disguise, not the real Mary, the human mother of Jesus. She is a "seducing spirit" masquerading as Mary and used by Satan to deceive Christians.
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All of this false doctrine is now being spread over the whole world through worldwide telecasts by the pope and others. With world religions and political leaders, the pope is discussing the formation of one world, of which he will be the head. 19 That probably makes the pope into the second beast of Revelation 13, the false prophet, because he will head the world religion under the antichrist. About the Global Forum, a world television program on which the pope and many world leaders appeared in the early 1990s, Lalonde concludes: To the student of Bible prophecy, the sight of religious and political leaders joining together on a global telecast in the name of the New World Order is a powerful sign of how close we may be to the return of the Lord. This is the exact coalition that the Bible tells us will rule the world after the rapture of the believers in Jesus Christ has taken place.20
All of this will become a complete worldwide system only after the rapture. Yet the forecasters are virtually certain that all the major components for this development are now in place. They are sure that the two beasts (Rev. 13), the great whore (Rev. 17), and the woman clothed with the sun (Rev. 12) are prophetic visions given to John of what was to happen in the late twentieth century. Once the forecasters wrap up this interpretation of Revelation 13 as predicting the New World Order of the antichrist, it may appear that there is nothing further to be said on the matter. Perhaps all we can do is watch the world spin to its end. However, there is another way of looking at all these passages. In discussing the predictions of world government and economy, I have already suggested that the biblical texts do not lead us unerringly to this interpretation. The same thing is true of the forecast of the developing world religion. The words of Revelation 13:3–4, 8 most simply and directly refer to the Roman empire of the late first century. It was, even then, so to speak, the major wonder of the world. It covered the whole of the Mediterranean world, western Europe, and the Near East from Gibraltar to Babylon, from the Atlas
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Mountains of North Africa to Scotland, from 600 miles south of Alexandria in Egypt northward to and including parts of modern Ukraine. No other power in the world of its time could seriously challenge the Roman empire militarily. The Roman empire had within it many nations and religions, but it was held together by the universal cult of the divine emperor. Here was the whole world giving divine honor to the empire and emperor rather than to God and his Son, Jesus Christ, the Lord. Only the few who acknowledged Jesus as the supreme Lord and refused divine honor to Caesar—only those faithful ones had their names entered in the Lamb's book of life. Emperor worship was, at the end of the first century, a world religion. It was already present, and therefore Revelation 13 is not the prediction of a world religion 1900 years later. Isaiah 47:12–13 is a description of religious practices in sixth century B.C. Babylon. In chapter 47, Isaiah is predicting that Babylon will fall. In these verses, he is laughing at the Babylonians and teasing them: if they only keep on with their astrological magic, perhaps they will be safe. Such satire about the ineffectiveness of pagan religion is common in the writings of the great prophets. The passage has nothing in common with the book of Revelation except that in Revelation the real Babylon of six centuries earlier had become a symbol for rebellion against God. Isaiah 47:12–13 does not predict coming events. What is true about the beast against which no one could make war is true also of the great whore. While the beast stands for the Roman empire, the whore stands for the city of Rome. She is the counterpart of the bride, who is identified with that other city, the New Jerusalem (Rev. 19:7; 21:2, 9). Again, then, we have the parallelism: beast and whore representing Rome (Babylon), and the Lamb and bride representing the New Jerusalem. I have stated above that the forecasters are the ones making the specific predictions about the world religion. The whore, they say, is this world church composed of professing Christians. They are not true believers, and the boundaries of this "great ecumenical church" will be the borders of the reincarnated Roman empire. "Today we are witnessing this precise
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phenomenon," 21 the whore riding herd over the beast. If I understand correctly what the forecasters say here, they claim that the world religion already dominates the antichrist. However, that makes no sense. First, the text from Revelation says nothing about the world church dominating the world government of the antichrist. Second, it cannot yet be the case by the premillennial timetable, since that is not to happen until after the rapture. Finally, it is absurd to suggest that a world church, comprising all religions, is today in a dominating position. Saying so is speaking nonsense. Even the claim that such a world religion is now forming lacks all basis in fact. First, let us admit that the new paganism and New Ageism as religious forms are dangerous to the church today. They are present in many subtle ways. But they are not nearly as extensive in terms of the world population, and they have nothing like the conspiratorial powers claimed for them. The same exaggerated claims are made for the World Council of Churches. In fact, the WCC is like the U.N.; it is an organization that still carries out some programs, but has lost much of the influence it had in the 1950s. Talk about church union continues, but it is a wish rather than a reality. Plans for actual union of the "mainline" churches have been largely abandoned. Even plans and hopes for lesser forms of union such as intercommunion have failed.22 Roman Catholicism continues to be a power to be reckoned with, if only because of its numbers. We recognize that the second Vatican Council made generous statements about nonCatholic Christians and the other world religions. Nevertheless, the claim that the Roman Catholic Church is even now, under the leadership of Pope John Paul II, working at actual union into one world religion—that is sheer nonsense. Can anyone imagine a union of religions happening within the next few decades at most, according to the forecasters' timetable? Would Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Shinto, and all the other religions of the world voluntarily surrender their unique character? Would they become one single religion under the leadership of the pope in Rome? Just to ask it is to expose it for the foolishness it is. Actually, Lalonde himself has some reservations about it:
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"I am not identifying the present Pope as necessarily being the False Prophet. This scenario may not come to pass at all. It is just one clear example of the deception that is being set up for the 'quantum leap' to the New World Order that lies ahead." 23 His reservations are shortlived. Immediately he continues: "This scenario is compelling for a number of reasons." All of them support his claim about the Roman Catholic Church and the pope. He assures us that it all will "quickly emerge." These interpretations are produced by the forecasters' lively imaginations. There is not the smallest foothold in Scripture for them. Therefore, it is gravely irresponsible of them to tell their readers that all this is to be found in Scripture. Their interpretive method reduces Scripture to a fortuneteller's crystal ball. The Bible shows that Jesus and his contemporaries took references to the "signs of the end" in a symbolic sense. On the day of Pentecost, Peter used signsoftheend language to describe the events of that very day in Jerusalem, soon after the resurrection of Jesus. "This is what was spoken through the prophet Joel: . . . 'I will show portents in the heaven above and signs on the earth below, blood, and fire, and smoky mist. The sun shall be turned to darkness and the moon to blood'" (Acts 2:16, 19–20, NRSV). No one claimed that those things literally happened at that time. Those kinds of images were used by Peter to show that God was as powerfully present at Pentecost as he had been on Mount Sinai at the giving of the law (Exod. 19:18–19; 20:18–21; 24:17). This concludes our discussion of predictions about the time preceding the rapture. In the next chapter, I will concentrate on premillennial views of the rapture and of the antichrist's rise and regime.
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4 — The Rapture: Second or Third Coming? Peter Lalonde seems to be aware that the New World Order is really nowhere in sight. He is concerned that simplistic and misguided conspiracy theories will discredit what he is doing. Still, it would be irresponsible, he writes, "in the face of overwhelming evidence, to conclude that there is no behindthescenes manipulation of events." The stage is being set, and he seems to be telling us that Satan rather than God is calling the shots in our time: Perhaps the New World Order, so carefully planned by "misguided utopians," actually has an unseen spiritual hand moving in the background with a parallel but distinct agenda in mind. Maybe this hand is just using the world's most brilliant men as little more than pawns. 1
Coming on top of this invisible conspiracy, something, some worldwide disaster, could suddenly produce the New World Order, which might not come from ordinary events. It could be a nuclear disaster. Perhaps it would be UFO landings that would so frighten people that they would call for world government to create order and stability. At that point, the invisible conspiracy would go public with a promise of order and safety.
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However, if this were all manipulated by the devil himself, the forecasters speculate, the one event which would certainly precipitate the New World Order would be the rapture, a divine countermove. "Imagine," Lalonde writes with relish, "the disappearance of millions of human beings from planet Earth!" This will be like the "quantum leap" to the New World Order, ''a pretty good description of the 'jump' that we will be taking." 2 Dave Hunt agrees that the rapture will trigger the change of consciousness required for the New World Order to emerge.3 Silent Rapture Leading to Chaos? The premillennial forecasters delight in describing the chaos that would result from the instantaneous and mysterious removal of millions of people from the earth. Hunt says, Driverless cars and pilotless aircraft alone would account not only for worldwide devastation but for inconceivable panic. Interrupted surgeries, empty lecterns, unmanned rescue vehicles, decimated communications systems, the disruption of goods and services—life as we know it would descend into an abyss of chaos and human carnage. . . . . Any explanation would initially be completely beyond the comprehension and even the imagination of the most brilliant minds.4
Hardest hit, of course, would be the USA, simply because it has the largest number of "Biblebelieving" Christians.5 Lalonde and Hunt wisely avoid setting dates. Not all the forecasters are as careful. Edgar C. Whisenant, identified as a former NASA engineer, predicted that the rapture would take place between September 11 and 13, 1988. He held the same view as Hal Lindsey and put his money where his mouth was.6 What is this "event" which gives premillennial forecasters so much satisfaction that they will be "airlifted" out of all the world's troubles? How do the forecasters understand it? The central passage they use is 1 Thessalonians 4:16–17: The Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, . . . and the dead in Christ shall rise first. Then we who are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air; and so shall we ever be with the Lord.
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The rapture, as they call it, will be Jesus' return to earth, to bring back to heaven with him all who believe in him, believers who have died and those who live at the time. According to Dave Hunt, the rapture will be "the catching away of His bride to a heavenly marriage and honeymoon in a secret rapture purposely hidden from unbelievers." 7 This rapture will be secret: no one will see or hear anything. Suddenly and without warning, it will happen and set in motion the events of the last seven years of human history. Again, we now ask what this text actually says. The forecasters are the ones who put the label rapture on the event described in 1 Thessalonians 4. This word does not appear in the English Bible and came into use in the nineteenth century as a description of Christ's return. The premillennial forecasters appeal to Jerome's Latin Vulgate version, the basis for all Roman Catholic Bible translations. For "caught up" (1 Thess. 4:17), the Vulgate uses the verb rapio, from which comes raptus and the English word rapture.8 So, while the forecasters are rigidly antiCatholic, they do not mind appealing to Catholic work when it supports their case.9 A common meaning of the word rapture is a man's forcible capture and possession of a woman. This fits with its usage by the forecasters: Christ, the bridegroom, will come and snatch away his bride, the church, for their honeymoon. Sometimes one can detect erotic overtones in the descriptions of what follows the rapture, as in the quote from Dave Hunt above. Looking closely at 1 Thessalonians 4:16–17, we notice first that the language suggests not a secret, soundless event, but a public one with booming sound. "The Lord will descend . . . with a shout," or "a cry of command" (NRSV). Then follow the texts about the archangel's call and the sound of God's trumpet; Lalonde omits both when he quotes the passage. It is odd how people so intent upon the exact, literal words of Scripture, can ignore words that do not fit their system. If one is not acquainted with the forecasters' view of the silent rapture, one certainly would conclude from Paul's words that this would be a public event, not a secret one. The Lord's word of command, the call of the archangel, and the
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summons of the trumpet are all addressed to the dead, "those who sleep in the dust of the earth" (Daniel 12:2). The image is of death as a deep sleep, and only the loud, sudden blast of a trumpet will awaken the sleepers (cf. 1 Cor. 15:52). If the dead are roused by the trumpet, why not the living too? (cf. Matt. 24:31). The words about being "caught up . . . in the clouds" also have the symbolic meaning of being in the presence of God. Clouds cover the mystery of God, as at the Exodus, on Mount Sinai, on the Mount of Transfiguration, at the ascension, and at Christ's return (Exod. 13:21–22; 19:16–20; Mark 9:7; Acts 1:9–11; Rev. 1:7). Of similar importance, the text (1 Thess. 4:16–17) suggests that the End has come when all those still alive at the Lord's coming and those who are raised up are finally all together with Christ. No other events are named as expected. 10 The main assertion of the passage (1 Thess. 4:13–18) is that the Christians of Thessalonica need not be anxious about the End. All of them, those who have died and those who are still alive, will take part in the joy and triumph of Christ's return. In the next chapter, Paul deliberately refrains from proposing a timetable of "the times and the seasons." Instead, he challenges believers to be ready, living out faith and love, and holding to "the hope of salvation." God has destined them for obtaining salvation through Christ, not for wrath or destruction (1 Thess. 5:1–11). Trying to Complete the Puzzle Thus, in these chapters there is not a hint of another coming of Christ seven years later. Paul the apostle was not unconsciously supplying a piece of the Endtime crossword puzzle, for which premillennial forecasters have finally found the perfect fit. Nevertheless, as we have already seen, the forecasters are not satisfied with the text of the Bible. So they add a variety of embroidery which does not appear in the Scriptures. First, there are all the lurid descriptions of the chaos on earth as millions are removed in an instant. They tell us that there will be two returns of Christ rather than one second coming of
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Christ. They artificially separate salvation (rapture) from judgment (the coming on the white horse; Rev. 19:11). The forecasters also clearly hold the view that Paul and Jesus and the author of the Revelation all provided only bits of the puzzle. They claim that the biblical writers themselves were not aware of the whole scenario. Finally, whether deliberately or not, the forecasters create the impression that they themselves obviously have greater insight into God's plans for the future than the Bible itself, and even more knowledge of the End than Jesus! After all, they constantly claim that these events, especially the rapture, will defy the wisdom of even the wisest and most brilliant minds on earth. Since the forecasters know what will happen, they rate themselves as wiser than the wisest persons on earth. To prove that the rapture is not Christ's return to earth (his second coming), the forecasters remind us that Christ only comes "in the air," presumably into the earth's atmosphere. He does not actually touch down! The coming "to earth" is reserved for Jesus the judge. 11 These interpreters approach the endtime "events" in a quite literal sense, in terms of space and time. Some go on to speculate what the logistics of the rapture will be. Ray Brubaker, host of the TV show God's News Behind the News, suggested that perhaps God would transport the saints to heaven with flying saucers.12 To most people, that will sound silly, and Lalonde and Hunt are not guilty of such foolishness. Yet it is only a step from where they are to where Ray Brubaker is. If the rapture is discussed in terms of earthly time and place (the atmosphere), then it is fitting to ask how millions of people would be moved from earth to heaven. If space and time are involved, then it is sensible to ask about timetables and modes of transportation. However, there is more. Lalonde claims that those who are left behind won't believe that the disappearances were due to the rapture. At that moment, God will loose "a strong delusion upon the world" which will prevent people from receiving the true answer to the mystery. Presumably that delusion will be linked to the removal of the power and influence of the Holy Spirit from the earth. Despite that, Lalonde believes there will be converts to Christ after the rapture, as well as persecution
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of those new Christians. But how can there be new Christians when the Bible is perfectly clear that the new birth comes about only through the Holy Spirit? (John 3:1– 10). Furthermore, the delusion of the antichrist happens, according to the premillennial timetable, after the rapture. How then is it possible to deceive "even the elect"? According to the rapture theory, the elect are now in heaven. Does the antichrist have power in heaven, too? 13 Dave Hunt lamely suggests the identity of believers in the world after the rapture: "those who have not come under the strong delusion to believe the lie because they previously never heard and rejected the gospel."14 Again, how could they become believers if there is no Holy Spirit? What Kind of God? Finally, we should also consider what kind of a god would carelessly and deliberately create the rapture havoc on earth, chaos which Dave Hunt and others describe with such relish. Would the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who loves the world and has gone to such lengths to save it, turn into a Rainbo or Exterminator against everyone left, including those who never heard of Christ in the first place? However, this alleged action of God with its horrific consequences is only the first example in the endtime scenario of the premillennial forecasters. They portray a capricious, destructive god who, in a temper tantrum, destroys and reduces to chaos what at the beginning he made and pronounced "very good" (Gen. 1:31). That is a truly pagan view of God. Perhaps this is a kind of pornography of violence, spun out by forecasters who spend much time on the agony they predict for the world under the reign of the antichrist. They themselves, according to their fervent belief, won't even be present. Instead, they indulge in an imaginary spectator sport. In part 2 of this book, I will outline another way of looking at these same passages of Scripture favored by the premillennial forecasters.
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5 — A Time, Two Times, and Half a Time The forecasters teach that the rapture ensures the full flowering of the New World Order. It will usher in the last seven years of history. It is the point when the prophetic clock of God's dealing with Israel will begin ticking again. It stopped almost two millennia ago, when "Messiah" was "cut off" (Daniel 9:26, KJV; "an anointed one," NRSV). The forecasters apply this to Jesus being crucified. The time from that crucifixion until the rapture is the time or age of the church. But the rapture removes the church from the world so God can again give full attention to Israel, his "Chosen People.'' Basic to these calculations is the prophecy of the "seventy weeks" from Daniel 9:24–25: "Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city . . . from the going forth of the commandment to restore and build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince." This means not literally seventy weeks but seventy weeks of years or 490 years. Lalonde counts exactly 483 years from the time Nehemiah received permission to rebuild Jerusalem (Neh. 2:4–8) until the triumphal entry of Jesus and the Jewish rejection of him as Messiah. But seven of the 490 years are missing. These seven will be the last seven years of history between rapture and Armageddon. Since these are the years in which God will
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again give special attention to Israel, they complete the 490 years, thus fulfilling the prophecy. The length of the church age is not known, but it must be nearly over now, the futurists claim. Contemporary events show that Israel moves more and more into the limelight of history. The figtree began to blossom in 1948. 1 Everything, according to the premillennial forecasters, points to an early date for the rapture and the last seven years. Today many find all this quite convincing. However, most will not have time to follow the interpretive trail of the forecasters backward to see where they began and how they arrived at such dramatic conclusions. That is the purpose of this book. Back to Daniel, then. If we ask where Daniel got the figure of the seventy weeks, the immediate answer is that he got it from the angel Gabriel. But there is another source. In Jeremiah 25:12 and 29:10, we are told that the exile will last seventy years. (cf. Zech. 1:12; 7:5). The author of Daniel made that mean 70 × 7 = 490 years, the time that had expired since the beginning of the exile. Since Jewish writers had a fondness for the number seven and its multiples, and since seventy years had been prophesied by Jeremiah, the actual years did not matter to the author. The exile chiefly began in 586 B.C. (some exiled earlier). The author wrote in 164 B.C. and missed exact calculation by 68 years. That could be a serious problem until we remind ourselves that chronologies then were inexact. There was no commitment to a common calendar, and the author had no unbroken existing biblical chronology to help him. The 490 years are broken down by the author into three periods: seven weeks (49 years), 62 weeks (434 years), and one week (seven years). He tells us that it would be 49 years "from the going forth of the commandment to restore and build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince" (Dan. 9:25). There are difficulties with the text at this point. Prophecy expert John Walvoord follows the KJV, which suggests that the time until the coming of the anointed prince combines the seven weeks and the 62 weeks to make a total of 483 years (69 × 7), the magic number of the premillennialists. However, some older translations and most newer versions separate the seven years from the 62 and state that the prince will come
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after the seven weeks, or 49 years—which destroys the premillennial calendar. 2 This anointed one is specifically identified as "Messiah" in the King James Version and "Christ" in the text of the older Catholic translations. Both are renderings of the Hebrew word for anointed, and translators assumed that it was a reference to Jesus. In other words, they wrote the interpretation right into the Bible! While Walvoord and Lalonde don't do that, they agree with the Catholic interpreters that the anointed one is Christ. That leaves them with 434 years to account for, which is all a bit puzzling. Even John Walvoord, who normally has an answer, does not know what the specific point of the 62 weeks (434 years) is. He assumes that the rebuilding of Jerusalem continues throughout that time.3 That appears to be rather lame, given the importance assigned to the whole 490 years. All the rest of the story of the Jews and others during that time is apparently of no consequence. Only the chronology matters. However, let us look at the book of Daniel in its own historical setting. As obscure as some of this now is, at Daniel 9:26 the story suddenly merges into the actual events of the years 171–164 B.C. The "anointed one" who is cut off (Dan. 9:26) turns out to be not Jesus but the anointed high priest Onias III, who was deposed and murdered in 170 B.C. (2 Macc. 4:34; Dan. 11:22). The destructive "prince who is to come" is Antiochus Epiphanes, whose army burned the city gates of Jerusalem, dismantled much of the city fortifications, and seriously damaged both city and sanctuary (1 Macc. 1:31–39; 3:45). Therefore, the interpretation given to all this by the forecasters is by no means the only possible interpretation of the "seventy weeks." Walvoord makes a typical claim that "hundreds of years before the time of Jesus, the prophet Daniel was given an overview of God's upcoming dealings with His chosen people."4 However, there is no biblical warrant for that claim. It is based, as we have seen, in considerable measure on a text which has become confused in the course of transmission. Most Bible translators, including some theologically conservative ones, do not agree with Walvoord's interpretation. By what justification may such a heavy weight of interpretation be
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made to depend on such a weak foundation? It is a house built on the sand of human invention. The premillennial timetable for endtime events provides for seven final years, the years of the antichrist. We need to look more closely at the forecasters' account of the rise and the kingdom of the antichrist. They say the rapture will have taken place at the beginning of those seven years. It has created worldwide consternation, confusion, and fear. People everywhere will call for an authority with power to restore order and allow all the functions of society to resume their operation. Seven Years—The First Half According to the forecasting experts, the New World Order has already been quietly developing in the years before the rapture. All along, "an unseen human hand [has been] helping to move the world toward" the New World Order. Political, economic, and environmental crises are pushing humanity "to a point of critical instability." A religious revival "unparalleled in history," drawing together unbelieving Christians, New Agers, and neopagans will be "the glue that the Bible tells us will bind the prophesied New World Order together." All of this will work together to "propel the world into the arms of Antichrist.'' The time of crisis will "be the perfect time for the rise of one who comes with all 'power and signs and lying wonders,' " the antichrist. 5 Passages from Revelation 13 (see chap. 3, above) are used to show that the coming of the antichrist was prophesied. In addition, a key text is 2 Thessalonians 2:7– 11: For the mystery of iniquity doth already work; only he who now restraineth (letteth) will restrain (let), until he be taken out of the way. And then shall that Wicked (one) be revealed, . . . even him, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders, and with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish, because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved. And for this cause God shall send them a strong delusion, that they should believe a lie.
Here Paul is saying that the evil of the antichrist is already at work in the world, during his own lifetime, meaning before
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the year 64. Someone (he) is restraining the evil, holding it back from unfolding completely, but this restraint will be removed. Paul does not tell us what or who this restrainer is. Many proposals have been made to explain this reference, but so far without certainty. The antichrist will be an agent of Satan, performing miracles like Christ and doing it with such persuasion that many will be deceived. A common part of Jewish teaching was that at the End there would be rebellion, apostasy, and universal deception, led by those who pretend to be worshipers of God. It is not startling that this expectation is found in Matthew 24:4–5 and in this Pauline passage (cf. Acts 20:29–30). Both Jesus and Paul were Jews and gave expression to this part of their faith tradition. During their time, anticipation of the End was at high tide. When we now look at how the forecasters interpret this passage, we are in for some surprises. First, although Paul's discussion begins in 2 Thessalonians 2:1, Lalonde does not include verses 1–6, and Walvoord deals with this whole passage in bits and pieces. There appears to be a simple reason for this: in particular, verses 1–3 clearly contradict the sequence of happenings which the premillennial forecasters have established. In this passage, Paul is responding to confusion that has arisen in the minds of some of the Thessalonian Christians as a result of his words in 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18. He sets them straight with plain words: "As to the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our being gathered together to him, . . . that day will not come unless the rebellion comes first and the lawless one is revealed." Paul explicitly speaks of the return of Jesus Christ and what our forecasters call the rapture as one event, not two. This one event will not take place until after the antichrist has been revealed and the rebellion against God has taken place. Paul says that the "rapture" happens after the revealing of the antichrist; the premillennial forecasters say the opposite. However, back to the premillennial timetable. We are told that the one who restrains the triumph of the antichrist is the Holy Spirit. Elsewhere, however, the forecasters tell us that when all the believers are removed from the world by the rapture, the Holy Spirit goes with them, leaving the field clear for
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the antichrist. The text (2 Thess. 2:7) does not say that the restrainer is the Holy Spirit, and the forecasters have no scriptural basis for claiming it; this is pure guesswork on their part. A second question arises. If all the believers have been taken out of the world by the rapture, who is left to be deceived? The premillennial forecasters are forced to admit that there will be believers in the world even after the rapture. They cannot get around the word of Jesus that the great tribulation will be shortened for the sake of the elect (Matt. 24:22). Likewise, they cannot avoid the word in Revelation 13:7 that the beast (or antichrist) made war on the saints and won. Dave Hunt says that, according to Revelation 7:14, there will be millions of believers on earth, who "came out of the great tribulation" of the antichrist. 6 But how can this be if the Holy Spirit, who produces the new birth, is absent from the earth? And how can there be a church on earth after the rapture if the age of the church ended with its removal to heaven at the rapture? Lalonde wisely chooses not to get mired down with trying to identify who, specifically, the antichrist might be. All he says is that he will be charismatic, eloquent, and clever at deception. In other words, he sticks to the biblical descriptions. Others have not been as careful. In recent years, forecasters have honored a variety of characters with the title of antichrist: Mikhail Gorbachev, Henry Kissinger, Saddam Hussein, and even Pat Robertson, the TV personality. However, all our forecasters are agreed that the antichrist will be a recognizable person, and he must come: it is all in God's plan. Israel in the EndTimes The seven reigning years of the antichrist are also the years in which God turns his attention again to Israel. "If one thing is paramount in having a correct biblical view of prophecy," writes Lalonde, "it is understanding this central role that Israel plays in the lastdays events." The proof he offers for this is the incident that took place late in the year 1990, when Arabs threw stones at Jews in Jerusalem because of the rumor that the Jews were planning to rebuild the temple. ''Jerusalem and the small country of Israel are at the very center of God's plans in these last days."7
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Basic to this part of the story is the fact that there is now a Jewish state. The Jews themselves are in control of their land (at least part of it). God has predetermined that this should happen. The premillennial interpreters have adopted the extreme Zionist position, which equates God's chosen people with the present political state of Israel. The following statement is an example: [The Christian support of Israel] is not primarily political but part of the warfare to help protect the Lord's people and to help preserve them for that time when the Lord will fulfill his promise. . . . To stand with Israel politically and practically, therefore, has ultimate spiritual implications even if Israel has to go through the agonizing birthpangs to arrive at God's destiny for her. 8
As Donald Wagner points out, in the view of these people, a modern, secular state has taken the place of the church. The gospel of salvation through Christ becomes secondary. In its place, "the future survival of all nations, their prosperity and destiny, are made conditional on the degree to which they support the political state of Israel."9 Israel's military achievements since 1948 are regarded as proof that God is with Israel again. Their heroism is praised, and often the murders and suicides of Masada in the year 73 are cited as a historical precedent of Israel's spiritual recovery. It is one thing to appeal to the actions at Masada as examples of bravery for the modern Israeli military. It is quite another for Christians to extol murder and suicide as models for spiritual revival. And why does this alleged change of heart happen in Israel? It is, we are told, because God's mercy is gradually being rechanneled from Gentiles to Jews. One further point is to be noted about Israel's return to its own land. Ezekiel 37:15–22 tells us that the exiles from both the kingdom of Israel (exiled to Assyria in 722 B.C.) and from the kingdom of Judah (all but the poorest exiled to Babylonia by 586 B.C.) will be brought back and welded into one nation. This could have happened then; it cannot happen now because the exiles from the kingdom of Israel, the socalled ten tribes, have since then disappeared. We hear the premillennial forecasters claiming that the
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return of Israel to its land is the beginning of the endtime events. To prove this claim, they also have to show that this prophecy of Ezekiel is being fulfilled, and that the northern ten tribes are also finding their way back. 10 The forecasters continue their program. After the rapture, once the antichrist is in control of everything, he will "finally seem to settle the problems of the Middle East and the whole world." Since Christ is called the Prince of Peace, the antichrist will present himself successfully as a peacebringer. He will succeed in doing what has eluded international diplomacy for many decades. Thus Lalonde writes, In all probability, the antichrist will actually have Isaac and Ishmael [Jews and Arabs] living side by side in peace; the temple and the mosque will be the most dramatic symbol imaginable. Maybe even a "Christian" cathedral will join the two somewhere on the Mount, representing the religious unity of the New World Order.11
Nevertheless, it will be a false, deceptive peace. The Jews will disarm and put their trust in their "messiah," the antichrist, who they believe will defend them. However, this peace will not be regional; it will be an international peace treaty. This view is based on the words of Daniel 8:25: "Through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace shall destroy many." The words "by peace shall destroy many" are transformed by Lalonde to mean that "this covenant may well turn out to be a peace treaty for planet Earth. It could be 'the Constitution of the New World Order.' As such, not just Israel but the whole world could be equally deceived in thinking that under the leadership of 'the Christ' the millennium has actually begun." However, there is a serious problem in understanding Daniel 8:25: "Peace shall destroy many." The KJV translators did the best they could, but the passage is obscure. The word peace is not the right translation of the original Hebrew word, which likely means "unexpectedly," or "without warning" (NRSV). No modern version of the Bible that I consulted supports the KJV reading. Thus the forecasters' interpretation
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lacks a proper foundation and cannot be sustained for a future scenario. Yet in history, Antiochus Epiphanes was notorious for using fake alliances and then acting deceitfully (Dan. 8:25; 11:21–24). For example, in 167 B.C. his tribute collector "deceitfully . . . spoke peaceable words" to set up the Israelites for plunder and destruction (1 Macc. 1:29–31). However, Lalonde continues his futurist line of interpretation by saying that in the endtime peace talks, "Israel may well come facetoface with the one who comes 'in his own name'—the antichrist." 12 In 1993, peace talks between Israel and the PLO produced the beginning of a kind of peace. Are we to conclude that this peace treaty with Israel was engineered by the antichrist? Shall we think, therefore, that since the antichrist cannot come until after the rapture, the rapture has already taken place? We now need to examine Lalonde's use of Revelation 12:1–6, where we meet the "woman clothed with the sun." Lalonde takes this woman to represent Israel. She gives birth to the Messiah, who is safely removed to heaven because the great red dragon, Satan, was waiting to devour the child. "And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she hath a place prepared of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and threescore days" (Rev. 12:6) This is interpreted to mean that Israel will be protected from the antichrist for three and one half years (42 months × 30 days = 1260 days). Who actually is this woman? The commentators on Revelation 12 are by no means united on what she signifies. Most agree that in verses 1–6, the woman represents Israel, who gives birth to the Messiah. Most agree that the woman of verses 13–17 symbolizes the church. The premillennial forecasters regard the woman throughout the chapter as referring to Israel: she was hidden from the antichrist for three and one half years, the first half of the last seven years. This interpretation seems to arise because it fits into the premillennial scheme of events. David Jeremiah believes the woman to be a symbol of the Jews who have accepted Jesus as the Messiah.13 Yet Revelation 12:17 shows that John has the church in mind in verses 13–17. There he refers to the woman's children as "those who keep the commandments of God and hold the testimony of Jesus." The message is clear:
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despite all of Satan's attempts to destroy the church of Christ, he will not succeed because God will hide her and save her. Rebuilding the Temple An important feature of Israel's return and of the endtimes is the rebuilding of the Jerusalem temple. This rebuilding is required by the whole premillennial scheme. Three passages are normally cited as the basis for this expectation: 2 Thessalonians 2:3–4; Daniel 9:27; and Malachi 3:1. Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; . . . so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God. (2 Thess. 2:3–4) He shall confirm the covenant with many for one week; and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate." (Dan. 9:27) Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me; and the Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, whom ye delight in; behold, he shall come, saith the Lord of hosts. (Mal. 3:1)
First, let us notice that none of these "predictions" about the temple make any reference to rebuilding it. In each passage, it is assumed that there is a temple. The 2 Thessalonian passage refers to the "man of sin" taking his seat in the temple. Daniel speaks of ending the sacrifice that takes place in the temple every day (cf. Dan. 8:11–14; 11:31). Malachi predicts the coming of the Lord to his temple. This is quite straightforward. Nevertheless, in the hands of the forecasters, these passages "become" predictions about the rebuilding of the Jerusalem temple because they expect fulfillment at the time of the antichrist's reign. The former temple in Jerusalem, so the argument runs, was destroyed in A.D. 70. So if there is talk of a temple during the reign of the antichrist, it must have been rebuilt. This predicted temple rebuilding is to take place during
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the first three and a half years of the reign of the antichrist. During that time, the ancient sacrifices will be reinstituted by the Jews. The antichrist, believed by the Jews to be their messiah, will go into the temple and there proclaim himself to be God. According to the forecasters, these events are near. Therefore, they hungrily seize upon every bit of information about the temple mount in Jerusalem and every scrap of news which may suggest plans to rebuild the temple. They piece it together as evidence that the prophecy is about to be fulfilled. Lalonde tells us that "today the call for just such a rebuilding is making the headlines." A group called "The Temple Mount Faithful" is laying "the groundwork for such a rebuilding" by developing blueprints for the building, drawing up lists of priests, the design of their vestments, the holy vessels, and collecting money. 14 Grant Jeffrey has determined that the actual site of the former temple was a considerable distance from the present Muslim Dome of the Rock. So that Dome would not have to be removed for a new temple to be built.15 Lalonde suggests there might even be room for a Christian cathedral there, the three shrines together symbolizing the world religion of the New World Order. One might ask if there is also room for Hindu and Buddhist temples, since these faiths too, with their billion adherents, are expected to be part of the world religion. What shall we say about such interpretations of these passages of Scripture? The Daniel passage is part of the history of events in Jerusalem during 167–164 B.C. and has no reference at all to the distant future. It is in the historical record that Antiochus Epiphanes already did interrupt worship in the temple and profane it (1 Macc. 1:21–23, 39–54; 2 Macc. 6:1–6). He arrogantly claimed to be god, wanted to be worshiped as such, and took a name Epiphanes that means "[God] made manifest" (Dan. 9:27; 11:31, 36–39; 12:11; 2 Macc. 6:2; 9:8, 12; 10:9). Paul wrote to the Thessalonians around A.D. 50, when Herod's temple in Jerusalem was still standing. Paul knew that the temple was profaned, as described in Daniel. He likely also had heard of Jesus' warnings about a coming "desolating sacrilege" in the temple (Matt. 24:15). Even more recently,
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Emperor Gaius Caligula (37–41) had planned to have statues of himself installed in the Jerusalem temple, but he was assassinated before it was done. Paul is preparing the Thessalonians for similar challenges to the faithful worship of God. His reference is to that temple, which then was destroyed about six years after Paul's death. Malachi was indeed looking forward to the day when the Lord would return to his temple, cleanse the people of Israel, and establish his eternal kingdom. Again, the temple he refers to is the temple in Jerusalem which had been built about sixty years earlier. There is not the slightest hint in the passage that it refers to a rebuilt Solomon's temple sometime in the twentyfirst century. The words of Malachi are prophecy in the true sense. Despite all of the unfaithfulness of the Israelites, Malachi announced to them that God's purposes with them and the world would ultimately prevail. That is the prophetic word for every generation of believers. We dare not make that jewel of a passage an unintended part of a human invention which the prophet never contemplated. Russia Invades Israel In Revelation 17:16 we read that the beast of Revelation 13 will destroy the great whore. According to Walvoord, the antichrist will no longer have any need for a world religion and church after he has achieved supreme power. The reincarnated Roman empire (the ten kings) will therefore destroy this world church. Then the antichrist will openly claim divine powers for himself as he takes his seat in the temple of God. 16 Now the nations "will begin to move together in a unity more representative of their spiritual state. They will begin a process of war leading to global confrontation against Israel." The peace of the antichrist has turned out to be a false peace. The main cause of this move toward war will be the ambition of Russia. It will pursue policies contrary to those of the reincarnated Roman empire of the antichrist, and will launch an invasion of the state of Israel. For this expected event, the Scripture passages used by all the premillennial forecasters are from Ezekiel 38. The first one is understood as predicting Russia's rise to power.
Page 101 The word of the Lord came unto me, saying, Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meschech and Tubal. . . . Say unto Gog, . . . Thou shalt come from thy place out of the north parts, . . . against my people of Israel; . . . it shall be in the latter days. (Ezek. 31:1–2, 14–16)
This passage includes the beginning and later parts of a prophetic oracle against Gog, then leader of the two nations of Meschech and Tubal, in the land of Magog. Genesis 10:2–3 mentions these ancient nations, with Gomer and Togarmah, as descendants of Japheth, son of Noah. Legends say these nations from the north had invaded and settled in Asia Minor (now modern Turkey). Gomer (perhaps from the Crimea) was in a central region. Tubal was east of the AntiTaurus mountains, and west of those mountains were Meschech (south) and Togarmah (north; cf. Ezek. 27:13–14). Ezekiel 38 expects that in the "latter days," just before the advent of God's final salvation for Israel, these legendary, ancient peoples, Meschech and Tubal led by Gog, will come out of the north to attack the Israelites. With them will be "a great company" of troops from other nations. However, the forecasters say much, much more than that. They begin by arguing that the term "north quarters" (38:6) should read "uttermost parts of the north" (cf. NRSV, "remotest parts of the north"). For them, that could mean only Russia. "Get a globe. Run a line from Israel to the North Pole. You'll find that it passes through Moscow. Unquestionably, all of Russia is to the uttermost north of Israel." 17 The "real" meaning of the names Meschech and Tubal are Moscow and Tobolsk. The name Gog, they say, should really be "prince of Rosh." Bible translators differ on this point, but enough recent translations include Rosh to make the claim credible. Rosh, as can be expected, is now identified with Russia (Roshia). Gog, therefore, becomes the ruler of Russia, with its chief cities of Moscow and Tobolsk. So Russia will invade Israel. The more extensive description of that invasion is found in Ezekiel 38:3–4, 14–16: Thus saith the Lord God: Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meschech and Tubal; and I will turn thee back,
Page 102 and put hooks into thy jaws, and I will bring thee forth, and all thine army, horses, and horsemen, all of them clothed with all sorts of armor, even a great company with bucklers and shields, all of them handling swords. . . . Therefore, son of man, prophesy and say unto Gog, Thus saith the Lord God: In that day when my people Israel dwelleth safely, shalt thou not know it? And thou shalt come from thy place out of the north parts, thou and many people with thee, all of them riding upon horses, a great company, and a mighty army; and thou shalt come up against my people Israel, as a cloud to cover the land; it shall be in the latter days, and I will bring thee against my land, that the heathen may know me, when I shall be sanctified in thee, O Gog, before their eyes.
This passage describes an invasion of the nation of Judah by peoples from Asia Minor (Meshech, Tubal, Gomer, Togarmah), Persia, and Africa: Ethiopia (Nubia, Cush) and Libya (Put; Ezek. 38:4–6). The whole passage describes a mounted army of the sixth century B.C., armed with swords, armor, helmets, shields. However, God is against Gog, and God will defeat the armies of Gog and his allies. It is not difficult to respond to the forecasters' interpretation, which has been popular for many years. To begin with, the known world was much smaller at the time of Ezekiel than it now is. If we look at a map of the world by Hecataeus of Miletus from around 500 B.C., about a century after Ezekiel, the northern border of the inhabited earth was perceived to be far south of where Moscow and Tobolsk are today. Ezekiel could not have known about those places and therefore also cannot have referred to them. Ezekiel 38:6 specifically explains the term "uttermost parts of the north" by identifying it with Togarmah, located in the mountains of eastern Asia Minor. The perceived "uttermost parts of the north" were therefore closer to ancient Judah than to modern Israel. Ezekiel 38:2–6 refers to nations then known and not to any nations of the modern world. One might also ask why Tobolsk is paired with Moscow as a chief city. Even today it is a small city which would never qualify as a chief city, except that superficially it sounds like Tubal. Meschech becomes Moscow and Rosh becomes Russia because they sound similar. Such casual association of sounds does no credit to the futurists. The fact that it is used to prove
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the fulfillment of prophecy does not make it a legitimate argument. People who claim to be careful students of the Bible should not traffic in such indiscretions. 18 Therefore, also, we cannot be dealing here with an invasion of Israel by Russia; the text itself clearly refutes that idea. Besides, are we to suppose that modern Russia with its tanks, missiles, and aircraft would invade in the style of the sixth century B.C., on horseback with swords, shields, bows, and arrows? Yes, indeed, for Ezekiel 39:3–6 is read by the premillennial interpreters as a literal description of the destruction of the Russian army in Israel. The weapons left will serve as fuel for Israel for seven years, and it will take seven months to bury the dead.19 Walvoord actually suggests that since the weapons used by Gog and his allies are later burned with fire, they cannot be made of steel but must be combustible! There supposedly was disarmament during the peaceful reign of the antichrist. Yet in this interpretation, a large army on horses, and armed with swords and bows and arrows, could quickly be fielded by Russia for a successful invasion!20 However, what about the collapse of the Soviet Union (as Lalonde still calls it) in the early 1990s? That might put all of this in question. He assures us that we should not be fooled by this, nor by the friendly words of Gorbachev (this is now, of course, outofdate). Although Gorbachev talks about democracy and peace, the military spending of this nation is growing by 3 percent each year.21 The Soviet Union has not given up its quest for world power. Its present disarray will not prevent it from launching an invasion of Israel when the time comes. However, because of its poverty, it may be reduced to launching an invasion on horseback. Seven Years—The Second Half The Great Tribulation The antichrist will convince the Jews and also the whole world that, according to Scripture, he is the Messiah, Christ himself, returned to set up his thousandyear kingdom on this earth. The premillennial forecasters admit that the sequence of events during the seven years is vague. That makes for a luxuriant growth of speculation, giving rise to ever more books
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dealing particularly with the sequence and meaning of the seven seals, trumpets, and bowls of Revelation 6–11, 15–16. Similar confusion is to be found on the subject of the great tribulation which is to take place during the seven years. Premillennialists cite two Scripture passages as the basis for their interpretation of the great tribulation. There was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies. . . . And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven. And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them. (Rev. 13:5–7) He [the antichrist] shall speak great words against the Most High, and shall wear out the saints of the Most High, and think to change times and laws; and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time. (Dan. 7:25)
Both of these passages clearly speak of the beast oppressing the saints, Daniel in general terms and Revelation specifically, saying that the beast made war upon the saints. Both say clearly that the saints were defeated. Both passages are prophetic language for the reality that God's people, if they are faithful, will experience persecution, and also that they have to expect to be killed. The term ''a time and times and the dividing of time" means three and one half years. We are told that these Scriptures "speak of the time during the tribulation period after the rapture of the church." 22 Lalonde believes that all who do not take the mark of the beast will be killed. That means all believers. He concludes from the time reference that the great tribulation will last from the beginning until the end of the second period of three and one half years. These passages, neither of which use the word tribulation, are forced into the premillennial forecast because the word tribulation is used in Matthew 24:21, 24 and Mark 13:24. As used there, tribulation is a general term to describe the suffering of the disciples for being faithful to Jesus. Despite that, the word tribulation is now made into a proper noun from the term the "great tribulation" of Revelation 7:14. There, too, it refers to a time of severe testing, the final savage attempts of God's enemy to deceive and compel believers into apostasy.
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Nevertheless, because of the relentless pressure to establish a clear sequence of endtime events, this tribulation or suffering is made into a link in the chain of predetermined happenings. But the process is not easy. There are a lot of disagreements among the forecasters, yet each can show that his position is in absolute conformity to Scripture. First, there is the problem of our tendency to think that those who are made to suffer in the great tribulation are Christians. However, we must not forget that, according to the premillennial timetable, all the Christians have disappeared from the world at the rapture, along with the Holy Spirit. That would imply the commonsense view that, whoever is being persecuted, it cannot be Christians. However, this is totally wrong, because the whole book of Revelation is about Satan testing Christians in this world, tempting them to abandon their faith and their loyalty to Christ. There is also the uncomfortable word in Revelation 7:9 about "a great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, from all tribes and peoples and languages, standing before the throne and before the Lamb." These, we learn, in verse 14, "are they who have come out of the great ordeal [KJV: tribulation]; they have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb." Thus, for example, J. D. Pentecost tells us at one point that the church will not experience the tribulation. At another point, he says that during the great tribulation, there will be many saved Gentiles. 23 But what is the church today, if not mostly Gentile? Others tell us that this great multitude is composed of converts made by the preaching of the 144,000 special Jewish witnesses (Rev. 7), who are given divine protection so that the antichrist cannot kill them. They will be preaching the "gospel of the kingdom," which is different from the gospel of grace preached during the church age.24 This line of argument appears to be an attempt to show how there could be believers (are these believers Christians?) in the world after the departure of the Holy Spirit. One also has to assume that they must be a different kind of Christian from the raptured ones. Two different gospels, and two different kinds of Christians as a result? Where do we find that in the New Testament?
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We should remind ourselves that these distinctions are made by the premillennial forecasters on the basis of 1 Corinthians 10:32, where Paul refers to Jews, Gentiles, and the church. Many (or all, suggests Lalonde) of the large multitude of Gentile converts will be killed by the antichrist. But some will survive to populate the earth during the millennium because they will still be in their mortal bodies. 25 At the end of the seven years and the tribulation, it remains to be seen what the role of the church will be. Here church means the Christians who have received immortal bodies and will return with Jesus at that time. Most of the premillennial forecasters claim that the great tribulation is God's special means of persuading Israel to accept his Messiah. They argue this first because, as said earlier, in these last seven years God will turn his attention away from the church and toward Israel. Second, the interpreters have found a text to undergird their view. It is the word from Jeremiah 30:7: "the time of Jacob's troubles." The purpose of the great tribulation, according to Pentecost, is to prepare Israel for the Messiah.26 Walvoord seems to be suggesting that God and Satan will cooperate in this horror. Satan will vent his wrath on the believers (whoever they are), and God will unleash his wrath on unbelievers.27 The words, "the time of Jacob's troubles," are lifted out of Jeremiah as if their meaning is entirely obvious. In fact, they refer to the troubles of Judah during the time of Jeremiah, or that immediate future of conquest and exile which Jeremiah foresaw. They have nothing to do with yet another crisis of survival for Israel in the twentyfirst century. Here are several serious problems for Christians. To begin with, there is no justification for the unbiblical claim that the kingdom message preached by the 144,000 witnesses is different from the gospel message of the socalled church age. Are we to believe that all of Jesus' parables of the kingdom have nothing to say to Christians today? What about Jesus' word that the kingdom of God has become especially visible in himself and his ministry? He said, "If it is by the finger of God that I cast out demons, then the kingdom of God has come to you" (Luke 11:20). Nevertheless, ever since the dispensationalism of C. I.
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Scofield and The Scofield Reference Bible, the premillennialists have been saying precisely that the kingdom of God has nothing to do with the church. They claim that since the Jews rejected the kingdom which Jesus offered, that kingdom was postponed until the millennium. The dispensationalists say that Jesus' teaching in the Sermon on the Mount was meant only for Jews but not for Christians and the church. The Sermon on the Mount plus the visions of a restored people and a restored world in Isaiah and the other prophets—these all apply only to the millennium. 28 Thus such premillennialists teach that all of Jesus' words about the God who persuades by his love and patience rather than by violent punishment—those words have no meaning for the present. The nonviolent, nonresisting suffering and death of Jesus obviously has no relevance at all for Christian theology and ethics. The talk about the violent vengeance of God (as distinct from his justice), which Jesus rejected, has full sway in the writings of premillennial forecasters. It is clear that their teaching stands in opposition to the gospel presented in the New Testament. This "different gospel" (2 Cot. 11:4) can only be called a Christian heresy. Seals, Trumpets, and Bowls in Sevens A word should be said about the sequence of the seven seals, seven trumpets, and seven bowls of wrath described in Revelation 6–11 and 15–16. These are considered by the premillennial forecasters as literal horrors the world will suffer, one after the other, during the great tribulation. The sequence of the destructions of war, famine, plagues, sun and moon failing to shine, successive natural disasters, islands and mountains disappearing—all represent the virtual total destruction of the world. Most premillennial interpreters take these to be literal descriptions of holocaust and violence inflicted by God on unbelievers and by Satan on believers.29 In fact, after those disasters, nothing can be left to restore. One is therefore justified in concluding that, after all this, when Christ comes for his 1000year reign of peace, the world will be a total ruin, a smoking cinder, and there will be no one left to rule over except the saints he brings with him from heaven.
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What has happened to the vast multitude before God's throne which could not be numbered, which was to populate the world in the millennium? If all of them had been killed and only those were left who would not repent (Rev. 9:20–21; 16:9–11, 21), how could there be a reign of peace? All of this is simply another example of the folly of biblical literalism. Such materialistic interpretation takes precedence over any considerations of reason and common sense. However, given the symbolic nature of the book of Revelation, we know that these descriptions are modeled on disaster descriptions in the rest of the Bible, beginning with the plagues of Egypt. As in the Exodus, the message is that God will rescue his people, despite all the opposition of the powers of evil. Armageddon Because the battle of Armageddon constitutes part of the sixth bowl of the wrath of God on the world (Rev. 16:12–16), it is the second to last event of the great tribulation. This "event" fills the imagination of the premillennial forecasters as nothing else of the endtime scenario does. According to them, the battle of Armageddon is the climax of what has been developing since the midpoint of the last seven years (following the rapture). The New World Order with its peace, its reincarnated Roman empire with its world economy and its world religion—these will begin to crumble after the first three and one half years have run their course. The defeat of Russia at its invasion will leave the power of the antichrist and his reincarnated Roman empire uncontested. "The world," writes Walvoord, "will become increasingly discontent with the leadership of this world dictator who promised to bring them peace and plenty but instead has brought the world one massive catastrophe after another." 30 Readers should be aware that there is nothing in the Bible anywhere that corresponds to this claim. They are Walvoord's words, not those of the Bible. However, since the premillennial forecasters are compelled by their own approach to present us with a complete picture of the future, they need to add padding. What they do is like the children's game of joining the dots to make a picture. The dots are the major events like
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the rapture, the great tribulation, etc., and the lines are their own inventions with which they fill in the story to make it complete. Walvoord's words just quoted are one of the added lines. Walvoord uses six passages of Scripture that are supposed to predict what he believes will now happen. They are Daniel 7:13–14; 11:40; Revelation 16:12–14, 16– 21; 19:11–21; and Zechariah 14:2–4. At this point, Lalonde also makes a contribution, since he adds to the Zechariah passage also 14:3, 9 and 12:9–10. I will look at them one by one. At the time of the end shall the king of the south push at him: and the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships, and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over. (Dan. 11:40)
In studying this passage, as indeed all passages of Scripture, we must look for its meaning in the context of what precedes and what follows. Daniel, in 7:21–22; 8:9– 12; and chapter 11, was writing a narrative of Near Eastern events beginning with Alexander the Great (11:3) and continuing with the story of Alexander's successors. The last one in Daniel's story was Antiochus IV Epiphanes, king of Syria. For Daniel and his fellow Jews, this man was the very personification of evil (11:21–45). He persecuted the Jews to compel them to forsake their faith, and he had defiled the temple (1 Macc. 1; 2 Macc. 6). In Daniel 11:39, the author has arrived in his narrative at his own time. From verse 40 onward, Daniel is predicting what he believes will now happen. Things are so bad that the end must be near when God will finally intervene on behalf of his people. However, in this prediction, he continues to write about Antiochus Epiphanes, the king of the north (Syria), and about Ptolemy Philometor, the king of the south (Egypt), who was also Antiochus' nephew. The king of Egypt, Daniel predicts, will launch an attack upon Antiochus. Antiochus will respond savagely, and sweep south with his army, accompanied by a marine invasion of Egypt. The passage continues to predict that Antiochus will con
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quer Egypt along with Libya and Ethiopia (11:41–43). Then he will receive news about trouble in the east and north of his kingdom and set up camp between Jerusalem and the Mediterranean. None of these predictions actually happened; Antiochus died in Persia in 164 B.C. However, Walvoord snatches this bit of unfulfilled prediction from the history of the Jews and transforms it by interpretive wand into the first act of World War III. The king of the south becomes the modern nations of northern Africa, and the king of the north becomes Russia and "others." All will invade Israel. Russia will invade again, even though her invading force of only three years before had been annihilated. The attack will actually be against the antichrist, who has his center in Jerusalem. At the beginning, the antichrist will be able to drive off the African armies. 31 But then the antichrist will receive news from the East (Dan. 11:44), from which an enormous army is approaching. Since Daniel 11:44 says nothing about an approaching army, Revelation 9:16 is pressed into service to provide an army of 200 million, a Chinese "horde," to use Walvoord's racist word. It has to be an army of Chinese, it is argued, because the Chinese are the only ones in modern times that have a population large enough to field an army of that size. Walvoord's second passage is Revelation 16:12–14, 16–21: The sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river Euphrates; and the water thereof was dried up, that the way of the kings of the east might be prepared. And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. For they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty. . . . And he gathered them together into a place called in the Hebrew tongue Armageddon.
In Revelation 16:12–14, we now read that when the sixth bowl was poured out, the river Euphrates dried up "that the way of the kings of the east might be prepared." Walvoord gives few specifics, but his student, Hal Lindsey, has no such reservations:
Page 111 The fabled "yellow peril" will become a horrible reality as they swoop across the driedup Euphrates River into the Middle East, where war is already in progress. The Apostle John describes the army's mounts as horses with heads like lions and with fire, smoke, and brimstone coming out of their mouths. My opinion is that he is describing some kind of mobilized ballistic missile launcher. This great army will apparently destroy onethird of the world's remaining population while en route from the Orient to the Middle East. This could mean the destruction of the great population centers of Asia such as India, Japan, Pakistan, IndoChina, and Indonesia. 32
Here Lindsey has completely abandoned the literalism he normally espouses. Hence, one may ask how, if "the yellow peril" has such a modern arsenal, the Euphrates River would prevent such an enormous army from crossing at will. Have Lindsey and Walvoord heard of the pontoon bridges of World War II, over which great armies crossed rivers much wider than the Euphrates? However, the Euphrates was a barrier in the first century A.D., and it was the dividing line between the Roman and Parthian empires. The "kings of the east" are therefore likely a reference to the Parthians. It was believed, as mentioned earlier, that there would be an invasion of the Roman empire by the Parthians with a resurrected Nero (the antichrist) at their head. For an army of Parthians in A.D. 100, the Euphrates would have been a formidable obstacle. Thus there is good sense in the word about it drying up to allow the army to cross. These passages have nothing to do with the absurd claim that they predict a 200million strong invasion by the Chinese. Revelation 16:13–14 tells us that it is the satanic trio of the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet who seduce the kings of the earth to oppose God and his purposes. Clearly, the author of Revelation has in mind Psalm 2:2–3: "The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the Lord, and against his anointed, saying, let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us" (KJV). But John the Seer adds that there is a malign, demonic power manipulating the kings to their fatal purpose. Then Revelation 16:16 (KJV) says that "he" (but see NRSV: "they" 16:14, 16) gathered them together into a place called
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. . . Armageddon." "He" is taken to mean God. God assembles them to their doom. God is always in control. They are assembled at Armageddon, which Walvoord tells us means the mount of Megiddo, from the Hebrew "arm (meaning mount) megiddo (n)." However, har not arm means mount in Hebrew (as in Rev. 16:16, NRSV). Then the valley of Jezreel, a plain stretching east from Mount Carmel, will be the focal point for the last great battle of World War III, the forecasters claim. 33 When all the armies converge for this final battle, the argument continues, the last of the bowls of wrath is poured out over the world. Even after that, complete with the disappearance of the world's mountains and islands, the kings and leaders will curse God. However, there exists no mountain called Megiddo; it had to be invented to fit the premillennial scheme. "Harmagedon" has a superficial resemblance to the Megiddo of the Old Testament. Tell Megiddo, composed of layers of occupation, rises almost a hundred feet above the surrounding plain. This is a classic case of the forecasters making a mount out of a mound. Instead, Armageddon or Harmagedon is a fictional place, mentioned nowhere else in the Bible. It is symbolic of what John the Seer envisions as the final struggle between God and the forces of Satan. This will be a spiritual conflict over worship, like the contest in Elijah's day between false prophets and the Lord on nearby Mt. Carmel (1 Kings 18:19–20). Thus there may be a thematic link to Mt. Carmel, near Megiddo. The main point is the spiritual battle, not the precise location. Several decisive battles in Israel's history were fought around Megiddo (Judg. 5:19; 2 Kings 9:27; 2 Chron. 35:22). Walvoord strains to show how the small valley of Jezreel could accommodate millions of armed men. His attempt is silly. Anyhow, Revelation 16 does not even say that the battle will be at Harmagedon, only that the demonic spirits assemble the enemy forces there (16:14), likely to march south to Jerusalem. This scenario of the enemy staging itself at Jezreel and then attacking from the north had played itself out repeatedly in Israel's history. Various prophetic texts called for the actual final battle to take place around Jerusalem.34
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Revelation 16:19 mentions the destruction of the great city of Babylon, which is told in much more detail in Revelation 17–18. This verse simply locates the event in the timetable, coming during the convulsions of Armageddon. In the book of Revelation, Babylon is a symbol for Rome, the city of the seven hills (Rev. 17:9, 18). One premillennial forecaster solemnly pronounced in a recent book that the city of Babylon, which had never been destroyed in ancient times according to prophecy, is in fact now being rebuilt by Iraq's president Saddam Hussein so it can be destroyed to fulfill prophecy. 35 Now the time has come, according to the premillennial timetable, for God's final move against his enemies. It is the second coming of Christ. The next text is Daniel 7:13–14: I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before him. And there was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed.
Again we are back to Daniel's story of the second century B.C. The passage is part of a vision of the four beasts representing the four kingdoms, which ends with the destruction of the fourth beast, the Greek regime (7:1–12). It was the complete victory of the Ancient of Days. The result is described in Daniel 7:13–14. In contrast to the beasts, we see this figure "like the Son of man," coming with the clouds of heaven to the Ancient of Days. The reader will notice that the text says "the Son of man," and that the word son is capitalized. That was done by the King James Version translators, assuming that Daniel meant Jesus, whom the Gospels call the Son of God and the Son of Man (e.g., Matt. 16:13–17). Newer translations render it "one like a son of man" (NIV, RSV). Thus the verse as written does not refer to Jesus Christ, though its imagery was later so used (Mark 14:62; Dan. 7:13; Ps. 110:1). The one "like a son of man" is "coming with the clouds," and thus is identified as a heavenly figure (cf. the angel "like a son of man" in Rev. 14:14–16, RSV). But he is coming to be pre
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sented to the Ancient of Days, surrounded by his heavenly court (Dan. 7:9–10), to give account of himself and receive his commission (cf. 1 Kings 22:19–23; Job 1:6–12; Dan. 7:13–14). The one ''like a son of man" is not portrayed as going from heaven to earth, as it would have to be for this to be a prediction of Jesus' second coming. To this heavenly figure, "one like a son of man" (NIV, RSV), God gives "dominion and glory and kingship," an everlasting reign. When we ask who this character is, we learn from Daniel 7:18, 21–22 that the "holy ones" or angels receive the kingdom. Furthermore, 7:27 says that this same everlasting kingship with its glory and dominion is given to the "people of the holy ones of the Most High." This means God's people Israel, watched over by angels, "holy ones" (Dan. 8:13; 10:13, 21; 12:1; NRSV). What is given to the people is exactly what is given to the one "like a son of man." Thus the "one like a son of man" is the angelic representative and living symbol of Israel, to whom God will give his kingdom. 36 This vision provided comfort and hope to faithful Israelites suffering severe persecution under Antiochus Epiphanes in 164 B.C. Walvoord pulls these verses out of their place in the vision of Daniel and says they predict the second coming of Christ.37 However, as we have seen, the figure "like a son of man" is not to be equated with Jesus but rather with Israel and its angelic patron. And that figure's "movement" is to be presented before God in his court. On the other hand, Jesus Christ at his second coming will descend from heaven to earth. Therefore, this passage cannot be a prediction of the second coming of Christ. The next key text is Revelation 19:11–16, 19–21: I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that sat upon him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he doth judge and make war. His eyes were as a flame of fire, and on his head were many crowns; and he had a name written, that no man knew, but he himself. And he was clothed in a vesture dipped in blood; and his name is called The Word of God. And the armies which were in heaven followed him upon white horses, clothed in fine linen, white and clean. And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he should smite the nations: and
Page 115 he shall rule them with a rod of iron: and he treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS. . . . And I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against him that sat on the horse, and against his army. And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet. . . . These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone. And the remnant were slain with the sword of him that sat upon the horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth: and all the fowls of the air were filled with their flesh.
This is the big passage that links the battle of Armageddon with the second coming. As already shown earlier, according to the literal reading of the forecasters, this is a "third" coming, since Jesus came to gather his church at the rapture seven years earlier. The premillennialists say this is the coming for judgment—and how right they are! We have a dramatic picture of Christ the mighty warrior, descending from heaven to destroy his enemies. Military metaphors are frequently used by New Testament writers to describe the struggle of faith. The bestknown passage is in Ephesians 6: 10–17, where the writer reminds us that "our struggle is not against enemies of blood and flesh, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the cosmic powers of this present darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places." Then Paul advises his readers to put on the whole armor of God and all the weapons that go with it, so they will be able to withstand these enemies "on that evil day" (NRSV). As so often, Paul is here again drawing on the Old Testament, particularly on Isaiah 59:17. This passage and Paul's words in Ephesians describe quite well the recurrent themes in the book of Revelation on the great cosmic battle between good and evil. God and his people are armed with the word of God and spiritual swords, armor, shields, and helmets. They wage war for the destruction of evil. They triumph over wicked enemies, whom they capture and imprison. Some New Testament writers regarded such images as the most fitting in which to describe this most important struggle of all, the battle against evil. In 1 Thessalonians 5:8–9;
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1 Corinthians 15:24–28; and 2 Corinthians 10:4, Paul uses military metaphors, and so does the writer of 1 Timothy 1:18 and 6:12. These metaphors are used to show how deadly serious is the struggle against evil. In Revelation 19, we have a particularly graphic use of military metaphor to describe the final meeting with and defeat of evil. The writer chooses his descriptive words from a number of Old Testament passages like Isaiah 11:4 and Psalm 2:9. Since such words had been used in the past to describe the activity and purpose of God, they were suitable to use for God's continuing activity and purpose. Isaiah 63:1–3, 6 provided the model for Revelation 19:15: "Who is this that comes from Edom, from Bozrah in garments stained crimson? . . . 'Why are your robes red, and your garments like those who tread the winepress?' 'I have trodden the winepress alone; . . . I trod them in my anger and trampled them in my wrath; and I poured out their lifeblood on the earth.' " The author of Revelation was using the words of the Scriptures to describe the terrible judgment of God. The kings of the earth and their armies gather to make war against the rider on the horse and his army in a final battle, the outcome of which is never in doubt. The armies of earth are not equipped to fight the hosts of heaven. Their weapons are material; the heavenly weapons are spiritual. The beast and the false prophet are captured and condemned to the lake of fire, a judgment of the same magnitude as the crime. "And the rest [the whole army] were killed by the sword of the rider on the horse, the sword that came from his mouth" (Rev. 19:21). The premillennial forecasters regard all this as a series of literal events that will actually take place at the end of the seven years, in the air and on the ground. Reading these images literally calls for a suspension of the rules of reasoning we all ordinarily use. There is a difference between reading pictorially and reading literally. In both cases, belief or faith is involved. When we say "Jesus was crucified," we are speaking literally; it actually happened. When we say "Jesus' death on the cross was a sacrifice for sin," we are speaking pictorially, using an image, a metaphor, and more importantly, we are making
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a confession of faith. Jesus' crucifixion could be seen with physical eyes. His death as a sacrifice for sin is perceived only with the eyes of the spirit. It has to be believed. There are other details here which clearly show that the account is not to be taken literally. The rider on the horse is said to have many crowns on his head, a physical impossibility. It is simply a metaphorical way of saying that he is king of all the kingdoms that ever were. The sword coming out of his mouth is not a sword of steel that physically kills. It is the Word of God, as Scripture says elsewhere, in Ephesians 6:17 and especially Hebrews 4:12–13: Indeed, the word of God is living and active, sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing until it divides soul from spirit, joints from marrow; it is able to judge the thoughts and intentions of the heart. And before him no creature is hidden, but all are naked and laid bare to the eyes of the one to whom we must render an account.
By the word of God, God's enemies are convicted, judged, and overcome. The Hebrews passage also identifies the word of God as the judge and judgment, and that also is the theme of Revelation 19. This image of killing with the Word is a clear echo of Hosea 6:5: "Therefore I have hewn them by the prophets, I have killed them by the words of my mouth, and my judgment goes forth as the light" (emphasis added). The rider, Christ, has eyes like a flame of fire (Rev. 19:12; cf. 1:14). This is the usual biblical symbolism for the presence of God, who sees what is in the heart. If, according to the premillennial interpreters, this is an accurate, literal description of Jesus Christ, then clearly the Jesus of the Gospels is a fraud and a deceiver. In his earthly ministry, he lived and taught love for enemies. Now what? Is Christ a divided personality, a Hitler who loved his pets but sent millions of human beings to the gas ovens? People arrive at such a position when they make metaphors and images into literal descriptions. Old Testament texts are pressed into service to describe the battle of Armageddon, such as Zechariah 14:2–4, 9:
Page 118 I will gather all nations against Jerusalem to battle; and the city shall be taken, and the houses rifled, and the women ravished; and half of the city shall go forth into captivity, and the residue of the people shall not be cut off from the city. Then shall the Lord go forth, and fight against those nations, as when he fought in the day of battle. And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the west, and there shall be a very great valley; and half of the mountain shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward the south. . . . And the Lord shall be king over all the earth: in that day shall there be one Lord, and his name one.
Zechariah 12:9 also says, "It shall come to pass in that day, that I will seek to destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem." The forecasters claim these passages provide additional insight into the events of the battle of Armageddon. They speak first of gathering all nations against Jerusalem, and then about God fighting against "those nations" (Zech. 14:3). These passages are a prophecy about the future near the time when the prophet spoke, and not a prediction about Russia and China and other modern nations in the late twentieth century. Nevertheless, the premillennial interpreters take selected bits from Zechariah to describe the coming of Jesus for judgment. They apply these details to his second coming, but in all honesty they should call this his third coming (if seven years earlier he returned for the rapture). The forecasters interpret these words as predicting the descent of Jesus on the Mount of Olives after the great battle of Armageddon. That mount will literally split in two, and the whole topography of the land of Israel will change as proof that this is in fact the second (third) coming. 38 God's policy of grace and mercy for his chosen people has finally ended. God now has to resort, successfully, to violence and destruction, which is evidently the only language the Jews can understand, according to the premillennial forecasters. Now the Jews are finally ready to listen. Those few Jews who have survived the slaughter of Armageddon will finally understand that Jesus is the Messiah, the one whom they
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pierced, and God will again be gracious to them (Zech. 12:10; Rev. 1:7). Actually, significant portions of Zechariah 14 are omitted by the premillennial forecasters. The chapter begins with the prediction that the city of Jerusalem will be conquered, the houses looted, the women raped, and half the people taken into exile. But the forecasters want only the victory of God at this point; here their timetable does not provide for the conquest of Jerusalem by God's enemies, and certainly not for a new exile. Zechariah 14:5–8 continues the vision of the time when the Lord appears, and the "holy ones [angels] with him" (14:5; cf. Deut. 33:2). Seasons of hot and cold and of night and day will be gone, and it will always be day (14:6–8, NRSV). Here the premillennial forecasters have a big problem. Following the slaughter of Armageddon, the millennial kingdom of Christ will be located on earth, with its successions of seasons and of day and night. Those details do not fit, so they are omitted. They interpret Zechariah 14:21 to mean that sacrifices will again be offered in the temple, even though the book of Hebrews specifically says that the onceforall sacrifice of Christ put an end to all animal sacrifices for Christians (Heb. 7:27). Again, the forecasters use a pickandchoose system, without giving respect for the whole message of the prophet. They take only what fits into the premillennial timetable. Whose words will we accept, those of the ancient biblical prophet, or those of the modern North American one? When the premillennial forecasters take these verses from Zechariah as a description of the second (third) coming, they again show the arbitrary way they treat the Bible. They appear to regard the Bible as a grab bag, an odd collection of predictions and oracles, like those of Jeanne Dixon or Nostradamus. The forecasters present themselves as being the only ones who can combine the selected items into a picture. The forecasters never seem to consider a straightforward approach, regarding the passages just discussed as actually fitting the rest of the book of Zechariah, from which they have been lifted. Those excerpted texts need to be explained in terms of that book. But to take such an approach would make
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the forecasters' whole predictive enterprise impossible. In this schedule, the battle of Armageddon has abruptly ended by the appearance of Christ. The seven last years have been completed, and all is ready for the next act, to which we turn.
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6 — Five Judgments, Seven Resurrections, One Millennium The Judgments The second (third) coming in the forecasters' scenario will accomplish a number of things. First, Christ will claim possession of the nations as his inheritance: "The rulers and their armies who resist Christ's return will be killed in a mass carnage." 1 Second, Christ will establish Jerusalem as the capital of his peaceful thousandyear reign: "All kings will bow down before Him, and the nations will serve Him."2 Third, Walvoord tells us that three judgments occur at this time. First is the judgment of the nations (all? some?) at Armageddon.3 Second will be the judgment of those Jews who have survived the holocaust of Armageddon. Those "who have not accepted Christ as their Messiah will be put to death," a conclusion based on Ezekiel 20:38. The third judgment will be applied to all nonJews who have survived the great tribulation. This is the judgment described in Matthew 25:31–46. The sheep, who enter Christ's kingdom, are those who have aided the Jews during their persecution under the antichrist. The goats, the unbelievers, will be punished for their cruelty to the Jews and go into everlasting fire. Walvoord says that means they will be executed.4
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After the last of the three judgments, Satan himself will be bound and thrown into the bottomless pit. This imprisonment will last the duration of the millennium (Revelation 20:1–3). All of God's enemies have therefore been thrown into the lake of fire or exterminated, and Satan himself has been made powerless. This is a fourth judgment. Actually, there is an earlier fifth judgment, which Walvoord describes in connection with the rapture. It is the judgment of all the Christians who have died before the rapture, together with all believers taken up in the rapture who were still alive (2 Corinthians 5:9–10). This judgment will take place in heaven and is not concerned with sin but with the reward for the good that has been done. The reference to "good or bad" in 2 Corinthians 5:10, says Walvoord, relates to value, not to morality. "The question is whether a work is good or worthwhile in the sight of God, or whether it is bad or worthless." 5 In response, note that such hairsplitting is characteristic of the whole attempt to put everything into chronological order. The reason for the multiple judgments is clear: the forecasters attempt to present us with a seamless chronological development of the "events" of the End. Were it not for the mistaken notion that this is possible, there would be no need to try to distinguish the judgments from each other with so strained an explanation. The Resurrections Walvoord also tells us that there will be a number of resurrections, rather than only one at the End. First and most important, there is Jesus' resurrection, accompanied by the resurrection of some saints in tombs around Jerusalem (Matt. 27:52–53). Next Walvoord lists the resurrection at the rapture (1 Thess. 4:16); fourth, the resurrection of the two witnesses (Rev. 11:11–12); fifth, the resurrection of the martyred dead (Rev. 20:4–6), all believers who died between rapture and second (third) coming of Christ; sixth, the resurrection of the Old Testament believers (Dan. 12:2; Isa. 26:19; Ezek. 37:13–14); and finally the seventh, the resurrection of the wicked
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dead who have been in Hades until the final judgment of the great white throne (Rev. 20:11–15; cf. John 5:29). 6 To achieve the proper sequence and to place all these resurrections in their places with all the other events, Walvoord demotes "the first resurrection" (Rev. 20:5) to number four. The plain words of Scripture are sacrificed to the premillennial timetable. The Millennium The description of the millennium on the basis of biblical prophecy is perhaps the most pleasant part of the whole endtime story. After all the horror of death and destruction during the preceding seven years, the forecasters' depiction of the peace and harmony of the millennium is a relief. First they try to examine all the Old Testament prophetic predictions regarding God's salvation and restoration of Israel and the whole world. Then they agree in declaring that not one was fulfilled in the past. Those prophecies will be fulfilled during the thousandyear reign of Christ on earth, they claim. The forecasters find more prophecies about the millennial kingdom in the Bible than on any other subject. Pentecost assembles hundreds of Scripture passages that relate to the millennium.7 Hal Lindsey says that "the heart of the Old Testament prophetic message is the coming of Messiah to set up an earthly kingdom over which he would rule from the throne of David."8 Virtually all of the writers build on the petition in the Lord's Prayer, "Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven." This proves to them that God's kingdom, literally understood, will come on earth. Since it has not yet come, all those prophecies must relate to the future. Revelation 20:1–4 is the central passage on the millennium: I saw an angel come down from heaven, having the key of the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years, and cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal upon him, that he should deceive the nations no more, till the thousand years should be fulfilled: and after that he must be loosed a little season. And I
Page 124 saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them: and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not worshiped the beast, neither his image, neither had received his mark upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years.
This is the story, the metaphor, of the great reversal. The martyrs had been the scum of the earth (cf. 1 Cor. 4:13), useless, superfluous, and worthless to the persecutors. Now they are elevated to the first place, beside Christ, who is at the right hand of God. They are on thrones, making their decisions, judging the persecutors. Satan had seduced human beings into opposing God and attempting to eliminate the citizens of God's kingdom. But now Satan has been deprived of his power to deceive. He is in that same bottomless pit to which he wanted to consign the martyrs. God in his sovereignty is the one who has brought about this reversal. Here a thousand years merely means a long period of time. Perhaps the release of Satan at the end of the thousand years simply means that the story is not quite over yet. The power of evil does not give up easily. Only in this passage does the reference to this thousandyear period appear. Some Old Testament passages are cited to support this teaching, but not one mentions the thousand years. The interpreters are using these four verses plus the second part of Revelation 20:6 as a framework. Within that scheme, they create a mosaic with many shapes and colors drawn primarily from the Old Testament. There is no compelling interpretive reason for doing this. They simply take the prophetic descriptions of the divinely restored human and natural creation and embed it in this frame to create a story much bigger than what is suggested in the Scripture passage. The millennium is the thousand years between the battle of Armageddon (Rev. 19:11–21) and the final rebellion of Satan against God (Rev. 20:7–10). Jesus, the forecasters say, has returned visibly as King of kings and Lord of lords, and he has exterminated his enemies at Armageddon. That done, he assumes the throne of David in Jerusalem and begins his visible reign. 9
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Jesus will reign over Israel as well as over the whole world, since the nations will still be there, according to Revelation 20:8. Israel, however, will occupy a place in this kingdom superior to all other nations. Restored to their land, they will enjoy great honor and prosperity (Ezek. 39:25–29; Isa. 14:1–2; 49:22–23; 61:5–9). 10 They will also, finally, live at peace with the Arabs around them.11 Again, therefore, the forecasters have clipped oracles from Isaiah and Ezekiel. The prophets expected these very oracles to be fulfilled when the exiles returned to their land after the exile. Some exiles duly returned, but the great hopes expressed in these oracles were not fulfilled. That, of course, is why Walvoord and the others believe they are free to fill these words with extended meanings the prophets themselves never intended. The city of Jerusalem will be glorious with its twelve gates, three on each side, a perfectly square city 6,750 feet (1 cubit = 18 in.) wide and long, 1.6 square miles in area. That means a muchsmaller Jerusalem than the present one. The complete destruction of the present city is required to make room for this little fortress city. This prophecy from Ezekiel 48:30–34 has never been fulfilled, and therefore it will be fulfilled in the time of the millennium, say the forecasters.12 Those are the first parts of the millennial mosaic the premillennial forecasters have put together. They are composing the mosaic; the frame itself (Rev. 20:1–4) makes no reference to these things. It does not even hint at them. The land of Israel will be changed and rejuvenated, they claim. A great river will flow from the temple into the Dead Sea, producing life everywhere, and making the salty water fresh so that fish can live in it (Ezek. 47:8–9). Another river will flow from Jerusalem to the Mediterranean (Zech. 14:8). And God himself will be visibly present. These pieces, too, are entered into the mosaic, not by John of Revelation, but by John Walvoord. Christ will be the undisputed ruler. Yet in an important exception, King David himself will be resurrected (another resurrection?) to reign with Christ as coregent. This claim is based on Ezekiel 37:24–25. The only problem with that interpretation is the clear statement that ''David my servant shall be
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king over them" (emphasis added). 13 Why is king changed by the mosaic maker into coregent? Pentecost adds Isaiah 55:3–4 and Jeremiah 33:15, 17, 20–21, neither of which say that David will be a coregent with Christ. But there is more. Nobles and governors also will rule with David, according to Jeremiah 30:21: "Their nobles shall be of themselves, and their governor shall proceed from the midst of them." And there will even be municipal rulers, according to Luke 19:12–28, where Jesus, in the parable of the talents, says that those who have used their talents faithfully will rule over five and ten cities.14 All of this, as the reader can plainly see, is the sheerest invention. The passages are ripped from their places and made to say what they do not say. The forecasters are creating fantastic fiction. Every stolen text adds to their mosaic, even if other biblical mosaics have to be destroyed to create it. Jerusalem, the world capital, will contain a magnificent new temple "which will serve as the center for the priestly rituals and offerings." Predictably, we go back to Ezekiel again, this time chapters 40 to 46. The temple area, we are told, will be 875 feet square, greater and more glorious than the previous four temples on that place. God himself will move into that temple (Ezek. 44:4). Animals will be sacrificed in the temple as memorials of Christ's sacrifice on Calvary.15 Writers like Pentecost go to great lengths to show that this temple with its bloody sacrifices does not conflict with arguments such as those in the book of Hebrews.16 Their claim for saying that these sacrifices are a memorial of Christ's sacrifice is simply guesswork, to get them out of a corner. The sacrifices mentioned by Ezekiel 45:22–23, the Scripture on which the forecasters base their argument, are specifically called sacrifices for sin. No matter! Since the prophetic timetable demands a temple with its animal sacrifices, it must be harmonized with the New Testament, by force if necessary. These writers are certainly not deliberately denying the New Testament view that Christ's sacrifice did away with the sacrificial system and the Old Testament celebration of the Passover. They are caught in the trap of having to argue for the literal reading of what they consider to be prophecies of the millennium. So another image is added to the mosaic of
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the millennium. It too is spun out by human invention. The millennium, we are assured, will begin in perfection. "The kingdom will begin with all unbelievers removed from the earth." All unbelievers, both Gentile and Jew, will have been killed by Jesus. 17 "All that reminds us of death and sin will be removed forever," adds Grant Jeffrey.18 The Holy Spirit, who has come back to earth with Jesus and the saints, will dwell in all believers to an unprecedented degree (Ezek. 36:24–27). Because there is no opposition from demons, spiritual life will flourish more than at any other time in the past.19 "Everyone will unite in one passion to know God," writes David Jeremiah.20 That will be so because, according to Revelation 20:2–3, Satan has been bound and locked in the bottomless pit. He is no longer able to deceive the people on earth. Satan will stay there during the whole thousand years. It is therefore surprising to learn that "the rule of sin and death will still be present in the millennial kingdom."21 While the kingdom will begin with believers only, projects Hal Lindsay, many of their children will not believe in Jesus. Some will reject Christ and his forgiveness and harbor rebellion.22 Grant Jeffrey also tries to explain this: "There will be little open sin during the Millennium because Christ 'will rule with a rod of iron.' Any open rebellion and sin will be dealt with instantly by Christ."23 Even during his reign of peace, therefore, Jesus is still acting like a tyrant, violently putting down any kind of resistance or dissent. Clearly, there is little open sin because no one would dare! Many Scripture passages are cited by the premillennial forecasters as describing the state of life during the millennium. There will be absolute justice, no weapons of war (Isa. 11:3–4; but what is meant by ruling with a rod of iron? and why not cite 11:9?). There will be harmony in nature and prosperity for all (Jer. 31:12–14). Although sin and death will still be present, people will enjoy life and live longer, in the most pleasant circumstances imaginable.24 At the onset of the reign of peace, Jesus will restore the Creation destroyed (in the Great Tribulation) a short time before by God venting wrath on unbelievers, and Satan venting wrath on believers (Rev. 12:6). The curse of sin will be lift
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ed, and the planet Earth's wounds healed. There will be no more conflict in the natural order. "As Isaiah revealed," writes Grant Jeffrey, "the biology of carnivorous animals will be transformed by the Creator, Jesus Christ, to enable them to live as vegetarians without killing for food" (Isa. 11:6–9). All believers will rule together with Christ, sitting upon thrones, exercising judgment (Rev. 20:4; 1 Cor. 6:2–3). One might ask what their ruling and judging function is, seeing that Christ himself puts down every evidence of sin with his rod of iron. At least one of our forecasters asks the question and provides a lame answer: "We are not told how they will rule or over whom they will rule, but perhaps the Lord has some plans for those who receive more crowns at the judgment seat of Christ." 25 By now the reader may have asked, What is the point of all this, assuming for the moment that the construction of the endtime chronology is accurate? Why, in particular, should there be a literal millennium, bookended as it is by unbelievable violence and destruction from Satan and from God at its beginning, and at its end from God, the Greator and Redeemer? Why not simply end the whole human show when Jesus returns and not bother with the thousandyear kingdom on earth, which will only end again in carnage? Most premillennial forecasters don't raise the question of purpose simply because it would be impertinent for a human being to ask God to justify his actions. This is what God has decided will come, and we have to live with it. David Jeremiah, the exception, does attempt an answer: The millennium is a reward to God's people. "The Lord is coming with mighty power, . . . [and] His reward is with Him" (Isa. 40:10). How else, he asks further, "can we respond to the disciple's [sic] prayer, 'Thy kingdom come,' without the literal establishment of that kingdom?" Finally, David Jeremiah says, the millennium is given "to reemphasize man's depravity. Sin will actually enter into this ideal earth, which verifies that a sinless world is not created by a perfect environment."26 This last is a common explanation among premillennial interpreters who oppose the view that the social environment in which people live has something to do with how they behave.
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However, we appraise the forecasters' assembling of this mosaic to describe the millennium as an irresponsible use of Scripture. One should also ask a few pertinent questions. The first concerns the matter of sin during the millennium. There will be, we are assured, little overt sin during these centuries. But does sin have to be overt, visible, in order to be punished? Does the Jesus, who in the Gospels is credited with knowing what is inside a person (Luke 6:8; John 2:25), now that he is judge, not still have this power? If Jesus dashes in pieces with his rod of iron those who are caught stealing, does he also inflict the same punishment on the one who covets, even though that covetousness is not visible or overt? A second question is based on the assertion that the millennium is a peaceful reign, with weapons of war turned into agricultural implements, and characterized by absolute justice. For many of the premillennialists, this is the time for which Jesus spoke the Sermon on the Mount. In that sermon he said that God's children should love their enemies, and pray for those who persecute them (Matt. 5:44). But clearly, according to the description of the millennium offered by the forecasters, the One who laid those counsels on his followers does not himself observe them! Rods of iron are not instruments of love and forgiveness. If the monarch is a cruel tyrant, what does he expect that his subjects will do? Finally, how can a Christian leader and teacher like John Walvoord write such things about Jesus so matteroffactly, apparently without any embarrassment? He says that at the beginning of the millennium, Jesus will kill all who do not accept him as king. No patience, no mercy, no forgiveness, no gentleness from the Son of the God of lovingkindness and tender mercy? Are we talking about the same God? The Final Rebellion With this description of Christ's tyranny during the millennium, is it any wonder that some "will reject Christ and his forgiveness during the millennium and harbor rebellion," as Lindsey writes? At the end of the thousand years, Satan will again be set free (Rev. 20:7). He immediately will set about to
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gather up all of God's enemies (where have they come from during this peaceful reign?). Lindsey identifies them as the descendants of the former enemies of Israel from a thousand years before. Satan will surround Jerusalem with his army. When the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, and shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea. And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the saints about, and the beloved city: and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them. (Rev. 20:7–9)
There they are again, the old enemies Gog and Magog. So presumably Russia has still been there as a nation, right through the millennium, still rebellious, ready for war again. How could that have happened under Christ's rod of iron? It implies a massive, secret military buildup, with the factories and training camps that go with it. Yet we have been told that no weapons of war are present in the millennium. We are not talking about a few troops, but as many as the sand of the sea! Satan's ability to collect so many for an army testifies either to the incompetence of the millennial ruler, Christ, or to the effectiveness of Satan's persuasion and masterful deception. However, Hal Lindsey claims, it gets Satan nowhere. "God zaps them all with fire from heaven, and they are annihilated." 27 And that is the certain end to all resistance to God and his purpose. Again one asks, Why? And again David Jeremiah comes to the rescue. "Apparently Satan is released at the end of the millennium to reveal that even under the ideal conditions of the kingdom, human hearts do not change."28 One wonders why that point, known so long from Scripture, had to be proved once more with such enormous destruction at the end. But by now we have come to understand that, for the premillennial forecasters, the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ is totally inflexible and violent. He has no trace of compassion for any except those who are with him. However, did not Jesus say that loving those who love you does not qualify a person as a citizen of the kingdom (Matt. 5:46)? Did Jesus not say that unless our righteousness exceeds
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the righteousness of strict legality, we cannot be in the kingdom (Matt. 5:20)? How is it then, that the One who said those words is cast in the role of a merciless Führer, a Hitler, despot, and dictator, who without a second thought consigns millions to fiery annihilation? What can be the human attitude toward such a god, such a savior, except sheer terror and cringing obedience so as not to arouse his anger and potential for violence? This is ultimately a theological issue of how we understand God. If we go with the premillennial forecasters, we commit ourselves to a view of God that has nothing in common with the God whom Jesus invited us to trust and love. Again, heresy is the only appropriate word for such a perversion of the gospel of love and forgiveness. The Judgment of the Great White Throne This time Satan is confined not to the bottomless pit but to "the lake of fire and brimstone," with its torment "forever and ever" (Rev. 20:10). Then follows the vision of what is really the last judgment. This is the judgment referred to in the creed when we confess, ''He shall come again to judge the living and the dead." It is a very important part in the pattern of Christian belief. In the second part of this book, I will give detailed attention to the subject of judgment as opposed to vengeance. The scriptural passage which tells us about this judgment is Revelation 20:11–15: I saw a great white throne, and him who sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them. And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works. And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works. And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire.
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In a vision, John sees a great white throne. So overpowering is the throne and the One who occupies it, that heaven and earth flee before the great majesty. All who have died are now assembled, and they stand before the throne. The sea, hell, and death give up the dead for the judgment. This sea, in the Jewish imagination of the first century A.D., is the primal sea, the water of chaos surrounding the inhabited dry land. Those who have drowned have disappeared into the sea. Hell (Hades, NRSV) and death appear to be two holding places for the dead until the judgment. They are thrown into the lake of fire, with the devil. All the dead are judged according to what they have done and by whether or not their names appear in the book of life. All whose names are not found there are consigned to join hell and death in the lake of fire. The premillennial forecasters include this judgment as the last historical event in the sequence that began with the rapture. On the great white throne sits Jesus because, as Walvoord writes, God has given all judgment to him: "The Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the Son" (John 5:22). The flight of heaven and earth means that the physical state of the world has come to an end; this is the beginning of "the eternal state." Everything in existence will be destroyed (2 Peter 3:10) to make room for the new heaven and earth. "Inasmuch as our present earth is like a gigantic clock that is running down and has been the scene of sin and rebellion against God, it is fitting that when an eternal situation is set up that will never run down or be destroyed, a new type of heaven and earth will be created." 29 The dead who stand before the throne are the "wicked" dead, since all the others have already been raised up and judged. These wicked dead are brought before the throne from the sea and from Hades. The dead who drowned are mentioned especially since their bodies "have disintegrated and will require an unusual act of resurrection," but God is equal to this problem. The forecasters do not explain why it would be more difficult for God to raise the drowned than to resurrect a body that has disintegrated in the earth. Hades with its Old Testament equivalent of Sheol is the
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place where all the wicked dead go to await the final judgment. It provides torment, but it is not the lake of fire. Walvoord makes no reference to death as the other reality that gave up the dead. Instead, he raises the question about all the believers who had died during the millennium and had not yet been raised up. He explains, "Because believers today do not need to have this information, it is not given." One wonders why these interpreters give us so much other information that is not given in the Bible, and why this one case should be exempt. The judgment will proceed according to what is found in the books. One book details what each one has done or not done in life. The other, the book of life, contains the names of those who have received eternal life. None of the names of those who appear before the great white throne are found in that book. Hence, they are all condemned to the lake of fire. 30 Grant Jeffrey underscores that all who appear before the great white throne will be condemned to hell. One may ask, Why then a judgment at all? He replies that the final verdict on the wicked provides for different degrees of torment, depending upon everyone's individual depth of wickedness. All in the lake of fire have immortal bodies with sensations, so they feel the torments to which they are condemned.31 Walvoord tells us that the lake of fire is the same place as Gehenna, a place of neverending torment for all who have not believed in Christ. It is a literal place, not a symbol, whatever else may be meant by the lake of fire.32 There is another way of reading this passage which avoids the problems created by the literal reading of the premillennial interpreters. They are well aware of this, and they regularly address the problem.33 However, the alternative reading, a symbolic one, is quite difficult for us today. The scientistic culture in which all of us have been raised has taught us to read literally. If what is claimed as truth does not conform to actual things and events, we question it. We say it is not true. Then we apply the same rule to the Bible, where it is not appropriate. We know perfectly well, however, that there is a pictorial or imaginary world that is real and has power to influence the way we think and act. Now we talk about "virtual reality," com
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putergenerated images that, with the aid of special equipment, we can walk into. We pass down corridors, and see and open doors to other rooms, knowing all along that these are insubstantial images. At the same time, they are real because they can generate in us various emotions and responses. We therefore know that reality and truth are not limited to what actually happened or to actual objects that can be seen and touched. Many today are impressed with the Christian forecasters because they seem to offer some scientific certainty about endtime "events," so believers can hold onto something. But when we deal with the Bible, we always need to distinguish between literal and pictorial readings, especially in matters of the endtimes. With that reflection, let's go back to the forecasters' interpretation of Revelation 20:11–15. The book of Revelation has some affinity to what we call electronic "virtual reality." In this book, we find ourselves in a symbolic world which, if read literally, like a scientific text, makes fools of us. Consider, for example, the line in verse 11 that "earth and heaven fled from his presence." If, as the premillennial interpreters insist, we are still dealing with the physical universe, what can that line possibly mean? Then we remember that the world was viewed by the people of the first century as a flat surface, with the dome of the sky spread over it. The text says that the whole created universe has disappeared. Since the story says they "fled," they were not burned up, even though Walvoord said they were already torched, going by 2 Peter 3:10. This line of Revelation 20:11 is simply another version of many statements in the Old Testament that at the presence of God's glory and power, the earth moves and quakes (Exod. 19:18). 34 A literal reading would also imply that the literal heaven with all its saints disappeared without a trace, like a wordprocessing program in a power failure. Since the whole universe has disappeared, according to Walvoord's literal reading, we have no space left. Where then is the great white throne? Where are all the resurrected wicked who, we are assured, have bodies? However, this line from Revelation 20:11 has nothing to do with the end of the physical universe. Instead, it tells us
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once more about the overwhelming glory of the presence of the God who made all things, before whom all that has been made is as nothing. Only a pictorial reading will help us understand what this passage means. In the forecasters' presentation, therefore, after all the comings, resurrections, and judgments, all the believers—Jewish and Gentile—are with God and Christ in heaven (although at last report even heaven had disappeared without a trace! Rev. 20:11). All the wicked are in the lake of fire, with Satan (20:10), the beast, the false prophet (19:20), death, and hell (20:14). We are about to enter "the eternal situation," to use the words of John Walvoord. The New Heaven and New Earth We now have come to the last stage of the premillennial scheme of the endtimes. The texts are from the book of Revelation. Revelation 21:1: "I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea." This is the final vision of the book of Revelation, and it is like entering a placid lake after canoeing through a gorge with dangerous rapids. Genesis 1:1 says, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." It just happens: no struggle, no great upheaval, no catastrophe. God spoke, and it was. The author of Revelation is simply repeating Genesis 1:1. After all the trouble of human life on earth, after all the sin and wickedness, all the sorrow and suffering, all the death and destruction—after all these agonies, we are, as it were, back at the beginning. Nevertheless, there is one major difference: "There was no more sea." This refers to the ocean of chaos which in the Genesis story surrounds the created order. God separated the waters above the firmament (dome, sky) from those under it (Gen. 1:67). For the ancients, these waters were a constant threat to the world and the people in it (Gen. 7:11). The waters symbolize turbulence, unrest, and evil, that power which always threatens to destroy the good order God has created. This sea is no longer present in the new creation. The threat of chaos is gone; evil can
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no longer destroy God's new creation. However, the interpretations of the premillennial forecasters run along a different track. Walvoord begins by discussing how the first heaven and the first earth "passed away." Views on this differ among the forecasters, he admits, but he himself believes those words mean that the old heaven and earth will be destroyed. The elements are "destroyed by fire" and "will melt in the heat" (2 Peter 3:10, 12). Walvoord reckons with the tremendous energy locked into every material atom. The same God who locked in this energy can unlock it and destroy it, reducing it to nothing. Colossians 1:17 possibly refers to the atomic structure of matter, Walvoord claims. There Paul declares of Christ, "He is before all things, and in him all things hold together." Since the power of God that locked in atomic power can also unlock it, the destruction of the physical earth and heaven may be a gigantic atomic explosion in which all goes back to nothing. Out of this nothing, God would create a new heaven and a new earth as a base for eternity. Walvoord does mention the sea, but only in passing, as a sign that the new earth will be different from the old. 35 The rest of his description is devoted to the New Jerusalem. Grant Jeffrey also concentrates on the how and when rather than on the why, which the Bible itself stresses. He is much more interested in the new earth than in the heavenly Jerusalem. He finds different meaning in the term "passed away." It means to him that the old heaven and earth need to be cleansed from millennia of sin. Heaven cleansed of sin? Yes, because we need to distinguish between three heavens: the atmospheric heaven, the "middle heaven where Satan and his fallen angels still have access," and the third heaven of paradise or the New Jerusalem (2 Cor. 12:2, 4). The first two heavens will be cleansed with nuclear fire at the end of the millennium. "Einstein and the invention of nuclear weapons tragically proved that the elements will truly 'melt with fervent heat.' "A thermonuclear explosion will totally convert matter into energy. . . . This massive production of power and heat, triggered by the dissolving of elements in nuclear fire, was anticipated by the apostle Peter two thousand years ago."36 However, there will not be total annihilation. (Although this
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statement conflicts with his earlier one on the total conversion of matter to energy, Jeffrey soldiers on.) Only the surface of the earth will be destroyed, cauterized. The planet will stay in place, but the fire will be the preparation for a new beginning. This is true, Jeffrey argues, because the Scriptures teach that the earth will remain forever. As evidence, he quotes Psalm 72:5 and 78:69. After the earth is renewed, it is no longer subject to entropy or running down. The old curse of the garden of Eden has now been lifted. There will be absolute peace and harmony. Jeffrey uses the same Old Testament passages, such as Isaiah 11:6–9, to describe the new earth, even though he had already used them to describe the millennium. There will, however, be no rodofiron rule now, as there was in the millennium. The inhabitants of the new earth will be the billions of descendants of those who survived the great tribulation and the holocaust of Armageddon. Procreation of children will continue. The church, the believers of the rapture, will be celibate because they are a "royal priesthood," according to Luke 20:35. 37 In contrast to the church, Jews and Gentiles will continue to have children forever. In this new earth, there will be no sin because law will now not be imposed from without but will function in the heart (Jer. 31:33). This is also the time when the vastness of the universe becomes useful. With immortal bodies, serious space travel becomes possible since travel will be at the speed of thought. The population will keep increasing. Jews and Gentiles will be having children forever, "as the sand of the sea" (the promise made to Abraham in Genesis 22:17). Since no one dies, human beings will spread into the universe, and all the galactic and stellar real estate will be occupied.38 What can be said in response? First, there appears for these men no difference between time and eternity, between our chronological time reckoning and what the Bible calls "fullness of time." We are, according to Walvoord, now in a "situation of eternity." However, one would never know it from their descriptions. Everything continues in an ideal North American way as earlier, with day and night, months and presumably years. Especially with Jeffrey, we find ourselves in the universe we
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know, the universe of plenty and a high standard of living, the universe of matter and time and distance. What has changed? Heaven and earth are not new, but have merely been cleansed and redecorated. Jeffrey also tells us that finally the curse which God laid on the Creation after the Fall will be lifted. Yet that had already happened immediately after the Flood. God told Noah, "I will never again curse the ground because of humankind" (Gen. 8:21; cf. 9:15). In Romans 8:19–22, Paul writes that the creation is still in bondage. That is the consequence of human sin, not of divine curse. The New Jerusalem The forecasters give extensive attention to many facets of the New Jerusalem. The description of it in Revelation 21:2—22:5 is too long to repeat here, so readers will need to refer to any good translation of the Bible to follow the discussion. I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God. (Rev. 21:2–3)
Verse 3 explains verse 2 for us. The New Jerusalem is the symbol of God's presence with his people. It had been so in the past; Zion was a sign of God's presence with Israel. The New Jerusalem corresponds to the renewed Israel, the whole of God's church composed of all, Jews and nonJews, who confess the name of Jesus. The "bride adorned for her husband" is the church now eternally in the presence of Christ. No more will God leave his city, as Ezekiel once reported him doing (Ezek. 11:23). Instead, he will now be among his people, because the days of apostasy are over. The tabernacle is here, symbolizing the presence of God's glory with the restored Israel, even as that glory was in the tabernacle in the wilderness with God's people at the beginning. However, according to Walvoord, this new city was in heaven during the millennial reign or else it was a satellite located in space. He writes:
Page 139 Though the Bible does not comment on this, it is possible that the New Jerusalem will be a satellite city in relation to the millennial earth and that those with resurrected bodies, as well as the holy angels, will occupy the New Jerusalem during the thousandyear reign. They will be able to commute to the earth, much as people go from the country to their city offices and participate in earthly functions without necessarily living in the city. In the descriptions of the millennial kingdom, the saints are described as those who are still in their physical bodies, building houses and planting crops (Isaiah 65:21–23), but no picture is ever drawn of the resurrected saints as living beside them. Accordingly, while this provides a possible solution, it should be borne in mind that there is very little direct Scripture to back this up, and it therefore cannot be a dogmatically held doctrine. 39
This, of course, is pure science fiction. It is not that there is "very little direct Scripture to back this up." The author well knows that there is none. It is another instance of giving literal filling to a brief pictorial image. Walvoord also writes about a literal city. John, he says, recorded what he saw, and he saw a physical object with his physical eyes. It was literal, but that does not prevent us, he writes, from seeing spiritual meaning in it, too. But then Walvoord immediately hesitates. The city is called "the bride, the wife of the Lamb" (Rev. 21:9). But a city is not a bride, so this likely means that the city is like a beautiful bride. Even for Walvoord literalism is sometimes absurd. However, Walvoord goes on to consider the fact that all believers of all ages will require a lot of housing. He concludes that the literal dimensions of the New Jerusalem offered in Revelation 21:16 would provide for such need. The 12,000 furlongs equal approximately 1,500 miles. That gives us a city in the shape of a cube 1,500 miles on each side. He says that it presumably rests on the earth, after being levitated there from the satellite, and rises 1,500 miles into space. The wall is 215 feet thick, "which indicates a barrier to keep people out who are not worthy." The rest of the description in Revelation is also taken literally with one exception: he cannot accept that the city gates consisted of a single actual pearl; they only look like natural pearls.40 One wonders how Walvoord can contemplate a literal city
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on earth of 3,375,000,000 cubic miles but refuse to accept that each gate could be a single pearl. When he rejects the statement that the New Jerusalem is the bride of the Lamb, he is in effect denying the use of metaphorical language and reducing it to a simile. This does violence to the text. However, if he were to accept the metaphor, then he could not indulge in the science fiction of a cubed city soaring 1,500 miles into space. Walvoord also has other difficulties with these chapters. He says that the walls are 215 feet thick to keep out undesirables. Who would be out there wanting in? Are not all the undesirables in the lake of fire? Or did they swim out? Are some descendants of the millennium citizens lurking out there who have not been born again and still harbor rebellion in their hearts? And why such thick walls if the gates are never shut (21:25)? He also wonders why the "leaves of the tree [of life] are for the healing of the nations" (Rev. 22:2) since there will be no sickness in the New Jerusalem. But what about the nations and their kings, whom we met before in the book of Revelation (19:19) as opponents of God? Why now are they here in the New Jerusalem, with their splendor, glory, and wealth (21:24)? It is because of the King James Version reading: "And the nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light of [the Lamb]" (21:24, emphasis added) On this basis, Walvoord says that "the nations" are the "church . . . [and] saints of all ages." 41 However, as a biblical scholar, he well knows that the older translations like the KJV and the Luther Bible followed a manuscript in which someone long ago had added the words "of them which are saved" to the text because he spotted a problem there. The New International Version omits those words, as do all other modern translations. Even the fifthcentury Latin translation of Jerome, the Vulgate, does not have those words. The New King James Version still includes them despite the massive evidence that they don't belong there, though it does admit in a footnote that the earliest manuscripts and the "Majority Text" omits "of those who are saved." So here are the nations with their kings, those who earlier were the enemies of God. We last heard of them as they were completely annihilated at the battle of Armageddon (Rev.
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19:21). Yet these wicked nations are in the New Jerusalem after all! This is an insoluble problem for a literalistic interpretation. However, this text in its shorter and more original form is not a problem when we realize that John the Seer was virtually quoting the prophet Isaiah: ''The Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising" (60:3, KJV). "The wealth of the nations shall come to you" (60:5, NRSV). "Thy gates shall be open continually; they shall not be shut day or night" (60:11, KJV). Zechariah 14:7 is also in the picture: "There shall be continuous day" (NRSV). Thus God's final salvation will be universal; all his enemies will have surrendered to him. Night, when evil forces do their work, will be no more, and the evil forces themselves will be no more. There will be no threat to the eternal reign of God; hence, there is no need to shut the gates of the city. The physical light of sun and moon will no longer be needed because everything is illuminated by God and the Lamb. The eternal life which believers have already begun in time in this mortal life, that life will now come to eternal completion. Taking Stock This is as far as the first part of the book can go. I have traced the premillennial chronology of events as its interpreters present them. After examining the Scriptures to see whether these things are so, I have pointed out the wrongheadedhess of the whole enterprise and responded to it. I have showed that the forecasters are often inconsistent with their own principles for a literal reading of the Scriptures. Again and again, I have pointed out the arbitrary manner in which they handle the Scriptures. They rip passages out of their context and make them say what they do not say, to forcefit them into their preconceived premillennial framework. In so doing, they are like the character in Greek mythology called Procrustes, "the Stretcher," who forced travelers to fit into his iron bedstead by stretching their bodies or cutting off their legs. But is not such cutandpaste interpretation doing violence to God's Word and kingdom? (cf. Matt. 11:12). Along the way, I have suggested that often there is not much difference between what the forecasters say and what
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New Age astrologers and crystalball artists tell us. Some of what they write is best described as fantasy or science fiction. In the second part of this book, beginning on the next page, I offer an alternative interpretation of the endtimes that takes account of the fullness of the gospel. This view represents the heart of the traditional teaching of the church on this subject, and lets the Bible interpret itself. As I present the peaceable kingdom proclaimed by the gospel, I address the premillennial forecasters, who preach a different gospel. I encourage them to go back to the Bible and test everything fairly and responsibly. I also address Christians who live in "this" world and think themselves too mature to bother much about transcendent spiritual reality. They rightly reject the premillennial forecasters as victims of biblical literalism. Yet they in turn are the willing victims of secularist notions (see chapter 12). In addition, I speak to those who are sincerely puzzled and want to know the gospel truth on these questions about the End. Finally, I speak for those who are already convinced of Christ's "gospel of peace" (Eph. 2:17; 6:15) and need help in articulating it and in dealing with scary apocalyptic imagery. First we ask, "What do the Scriptures say?" We need to test our interpretations with the church, as led by the Holy Spirit, since "no prophecy of scripture is a matter of one's own interpretation" (2 Pet. 1:20–21). Private detours and creative fantasy do not count. Christians have to weigh everything (1 Cor. 14:29). I hope we can be like the Bereans, who tested Paul's sermon about Jesus the Messiah fulfilling prophecy. They ''examined the scriptures every day to see whether these things were so" (Acts 17:1–12). May we be just as "noble" (KJV).
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PART TWO — WHAT DO THE SCRIPTURES SAY?
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7 — Swords into Plowshares, and Nature Restored Be not too curious of Good and Evil; Seek not to count the future waves of Time; But be ye satisfied that you have light Enough to take your step and find your foothold.
These lines of "Choruses from 'The Rock,' "by the poet T. S. Eliot, were written in 1934. They spoke to Christians in a world where the storm clouds of World War II were already gathering, in which "the great snake, . . . moving his head to right and to left, prepares for his hour to devour." The disaster Eliot prophetically envisioned, looming over the world, was so terrible that he resorted to images from the book of Revelation as most adequate to express what he saw. But then he issued the warning above, not to become preoccupied with details of the future, but to be grateful that there is enough light to secure a foothold. It is about this light for a foothold in our time that I now wish to write. I have attempted to show that counting "the future waves of Time" with the premillennial forecasters ends only in a corruption of the gospel, with their vision of God and the Lamb exercising pitiless revenge.
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The premillennial forecasters are correct when they describe our time as one of multiple crises in international and national politics, in environment, in commerce, in the churches, and in personal morality. They are so successful because they articulate the fears and anxieties of many people in our time. They have managed to "get a corner" on discussions of the endtimes because churches from Catholic to Mennonite have neglected the subject. Our days are as precarious and uncertain as Eliot's days before World War II. The need for light to gain a secure foothold is as urgent today as it was then. Before I go on, I need to give credit where credit is due. The premillennial forecasters are right to give extensive attention to the word about the End because it is a dominant theme in the Bible. They are right to make so much of the sovereignty of God, and to insist that the coming triumph of God's purpose is never in doubt. As already acknowledged, they are right in drawing our attention to the perilous state of the world. They are right as they point out the pride and arrogance of the powerholders in economics, the media, science, politics, and in religion. They are right when they condemn as bankrupt much in the liberalhumanist tradition of the modern world. They are right as they detail the corruption of family life and the structures of society. The forecasters are also right when they argue that the major denominations have accepted as their own in a careless and unthinking way much of the contemporary secular agenda. Examples are unrestricted abortion, euthanasia, and readiness to solemnize homosexual marriages. My quarrel with the forecasters is that, in place of what they reject, they offer an impoverished, constricted, and withering version of the gospel. It lacks compassion, generosity, gentleness, and peace. It is characterized by an arrogant knowitall attitude, lacking humility and modesty and awe in the presence of the divine mystery of "God becoming human so that humanity may become divine." 1 I may therefore also be charged with arrogance for undertaking to offer another interpretation of the gospel. I am fully aware of one of the operating principles of controversy today,
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and only too often even in the church: "It's my word against yours." All I can do is to urge my readers to test the spirits, theirs and mine, by listening to God's Spirit and studying the Bible. "What does the Scripture say?" (Rom. 4:3). Once that is fairly explored, we and the church will be in a position to decide who speaks most truly as a child of the loving Father. This is the God who "so loved the world that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him may not perish but may have eternal life" (John 3:16). The biblical theme I have chosen to guide my reconstruction is the kingdom of God. I have made this choice deliberately because the endtimes have to do with the sovereignty of God, with the final triumph of God's kingship over all evil. Before I go on, I need to explain why I use a term to which many people today object because they think it expresses domination, arbitrary use of power, and a view of God as a tyrant. I believe it does none of that. Moreover, I believe that to attribute those kinds of meanings to the term kingdom of God is to import into the Bible what is not there. It is a refusal to look carefully at what the Bible itself means by those terms. If we are going to take the Bible seriously in what it says, then we have to use the words the Bible uses, and try as hard as possible to translate them so they are correctly understood. What is certain is that biblical words and terms have often been misused by Christians to justify domination and exploitation and the arbitrary use of power. Those who object to the use of words like kingdom of God should know that the Bible is full of condemnation of the abuses that have over the centuries paraded under the protection of such terms. We should be aware, however, that the images we use today will in the future be shown to be just as socially and politically compromising as any image from the Bible. We show how thoughtless and arrogant we are if we assume that we have an unqualified right to judge biblical images by the fashions of our time. I have to deal at length with the subject of the kingdom of God because the premillennial forecasters keep writing books and producing television programs, with no end in sight. They tell us that, beginning very soon with the rapture, God will be taking the world through a series of events. These events will
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lead to the final victory of God, the millennial kingdom, and then the final sovereignty of God in the new heaven and earth. They also tell us that we will have to wait until then to live in the kingdom of God. As shown in the first part of this book, the forecasters say the final victory of God and establishment of his kingdom will come on a series of battlefields covered with millions of human corpses. There is no easy or simple way to demonstrate that the interpretations of the premillennial forecasters are a perversion of the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. Such a demonstration can only be done by carefully examining what the Scriptures say about the kingdom of God, and especially studying linkages between the Old and New Testaments. It is even more important to determine who Jesus was and is. In the writings of the premillennial forecasters, Christ is presented as a courtdesignated lawyer who will secure for us an acquittal at the bar of God's justice. This acquittal will come only if we follow to the letter Christ's coaching about the words and gestures we are to use while appearing on the witness stand. For the forecasters, it is not a question of what is right or wrong, but of what will fly legally in God's court. The other image of Christ we meet in the forecasters' writings is that of him as tyrant and executioner, through whom God establishes and secures his sovereignty. I will show from Scripture that these are careless and unbiblical caricatures of the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world, and of the rider on the white horse, who is King of kings and Lord of lords. I have to make my demonstration about the meaning of the kingdom at length because the falsifications about the kingdom are being made at length. It is a matter of defending the faith once for all delivered to the saints (Jude 3). The theme of the kingdom of God unites the Testaments; it dominates the Old Testament, especially the Psalms and the Prophets, and it was central to Jesus' words and life. This reign of God is "an eternal kingdom." Nevertheless, it also had a beginning, and it will have an end, in time and space. First, we should understand that the term kingdom of God is an image which comes from the realm of what we today call politics. By kingdom, we understand a realm, a geographical area with precise boundaries within which a ruler or a gov
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ernment exercises sovereignty. When I say it is an image, I mean that someone in Israel back in perhaps the eighth century B.C. first suggested that God's relationship to Israel and to the world could be portrayed as the relationship of a king to his kingdom. This choice of image was as natural for an Israelite in the eighth century B.C. as it would be for us to use an analogy or an image from cybernetics. When we think and talk about God and his ways with us and the world, we can do that only by means of images drawn from human experience. That is true because we can never know God as he is, fully and completely. We know in part, dimly, as in a mirror (1 Cor. 13:12). God is not an object in the material world of objects. We can physically touch and hear and see each other because we are human objects. We can describe our appearance, the kind of clothes we wear, our residences, and how we live and act. We can do none of that with regard to God. So we use images. We say that God "clothes himself with light as with a garment" (cf. Ps. 104:2), that God's speech is like thunder (Job 40:9), that he rules with justice (Ps. 89:14), that he "dwells in the high and holy place" (cf. Ps. 113:5), and that he loves us and his Creation (Deut. 23:5). Images, said one of my teachers, are "a mirror in created existence which will in some measure reflect [God's] image." 2 Images are not the real thing; instead, they are reflections of the real thing, inspired by the God they reflect, who breathed those images into those who create them. That which is infinite and eternal comes into our awareness by means of images drawn from our finite, earthly life. When we deal with the word about the End, we are dealing wholly and only with inspired images. It is very important to remember this as we proceed. Yours Is the Kingdom, O Lord! The understanding about the kingdom of God held by Jesus and the New Testament writers was shaped by their Scriptures, our Old Testament. The image kingdom of God itself seems to have arisen during the time of the Davidic monarchy in Jerusalem. Its earliest use is perhaps found in Psalm 45:6:
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'Your throne, O God, endures for ever and ever." Later expressions of it are found in Psalm 22:28; 103:19; 145:11–13; and Obadiah 21. The Old Testament passage reflected again and again in the book of Revelation is 1 Chronicles 29:11: "Yours, O Lord, are the greatness, the power, the glory, the victory, and the majesty; for all that is in the heavens and on the earth is yours; yours is the kingdom, O Lord, and you are exalted as head above all." In this passage from perhaps 350 B.C., we have a fullorbed view of divine sovereignty. God is the only sovereign over all of humanity and also over all the rest of the created order. The Prophets Announce the Kingdom: 1 All of this becomes explicit in the book of Daniel, the latest Old Testament book. "His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his sovereignty is from generation to generation" (4:3). Significantly, these words are put into the mouth of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon in the sixth century B.C. One of the greatest monarchs in the ancient world, he himself had established a world empire. In these words, he acknowledges a higher sovereignty than his own. Soon after King David's death, the Israelites developed the conviction that the Davidic kingship had been established by God forever. The prophet Nathan brought this divine promise: "I will not take my steadfast love from him, as I took it from Saul. . . . Your house and your kingdom shall be made sure forever before me; your throne shall be established forever" (2 Sam. 7:15–16). This promise is also found in Psalm 89:35–37, but stated more strongly: "His line shall continue forever, and his throne endure before me like the sun. It shall be established forever like the moon." It was not long before people began to wonder how God was fulfilling that promise. David's royal descendants often did not seem to be worthy of the promise. The prophet Isaiah had visions of a future king from the house of David, a king who contrasted sharply with the actual Davidic kings in Jerusalem. He predicted that God would give them a king who would rule justly and with wisdom, a strong king who would deal decisively with his enemies, because he was guided by the spirit of
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the Lord himself (Isa. 11:2). These passages like Isaiah 9:6–7 and 11:1–5 are not originally meant to be predictions of Jesus; they are fervent expressions of hope and expectation that the present state of affairs would not last. Dishonest, scheming kings and their lying priestly and prophetic counselors would finally give way to a king who could truly be called the Lord's Anointed. When the great crisis of the exile came, and the throne of David in Jerusalem fell vacant because the last kings had gone into captivity, many were perplexed and sick at heart. How could this happen? Can God's promise fail? Can his intentions be defeated? The prophets responded to these questions: the time of judgment will pass, and God will be shown to be true to his word. Jeremiah said that this was not the end of God's promise. "The days are surely coming, says the Lord, when I will raise up for David a righteous Branch, and he shall reign as king and deal wisely, and shall execute justice and righteousness in the land" (23:5). Meanwhile, Ezekiel was trying to awaken hope in the Jews who had just been taken into exile. Ezekiel 34 is a condemnation of Judah's past rulers, all of them from the house of David. They have exploited their subjects, neglected the ordinary obligations of rulers, and are responsible for the scattering of the people into exile. But God promises to save his flock, says Ezekiel. "They shall no longer be ravaged. . . . I will set over them one shepherd, my servant David, and he shall feed them and be their shepherd" (34:22–23; cf. 37:25). These words were sent to the people of that time to give them hope in their terrible trial. They are not predictions for some distant future century, nor about re establishment of Israel in its own land with a Davidic king in the millennium. The prophets expected their prophecies to be fulfilled as soon as the people returned from exile. They were fulfilled to a certain degree. The people returned and rebuilt Jerusalem, the temple, the walls, and the land. They rededicated themselves to study and observe God's law. They even hoped that Zerubbabel, the grandson of Jehoichin, would be the king from the house of David, thus fulfilling the prophecies about David's line (Zech. 4:6–9). However, as stated earlier, this vision of a future anointed
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king who would rule justly was not a narrow ethnic or national vision. While the account of Abraham was the story of Israel's first ancestor, it already had universal dimensions. "In you," God promised Abraham, "all the families of the earth shall be blessed" (Gen. 12:3). This same note informs the writings of the prophets. Closely linked with the eternal Davidic monarchy was the city of Zion, the name for Jerusalem associated especially with David. Psalm 132 moves directly from a reference to God's oath to David that one of his sons would sit forever on his throne (132:12) to God's choice of Zion as his city, his eternal dwelling place (132:13– 14). Then the Psalm moves back to the promise that David's descendant will rule in Zion (132:17). This theme was also expanded by the prophets. Isaiah, in one of his bestknown oracles, speaks of Zion as the center from which God's law will go out into the world. "All the nations" will stream to Zion to learn God's will (2:1–3). It will be like the world's capital city, the center of a universal monarchy, with a descendant of David on the throne. The universal kingdom and kingship of God is nowhere more eloquently sung than in the writings of the prophet we know as the Isaiah of the exile. 3 I encourage you to read Isaiah 40:12–26 now to get the full force of the prophet's message. He shares a vision of God who "sits above the circle of the earth" (40:22). This God, unlike the nature gods of the nations in the ancient Near East, is not part of the Creation but above it. He was there at the beginning and brought it all into being. This God is also the one before whom "all the nations are as nothing" (40:17), as "a drop from a bucket" (40:15). As with all created things, they are subject to him and do his bidding (41:2; 45:12–13). Two centuries earlier, Isaiah of Jerusalem had a vision of a highway prepared by God. That highway would run through Judah and link Assyria in the northeast with Egypt in the southwest. All of them—Assyrians, Egyptians, and Israelites—would together worship the one true God of all the nations. "Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel my heritage" (19:23–25). Even the great oppressive, military powers of Assyria and Egypt belonged to God. At about the same time, Amos upset people when he
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announced that God had chosen the Philistines, the Ethiopians, and the Syrians (Arameans) as much as Israel (9:7). The Sabeans (in what now is Yemen) will come to Israel, declared Isaiah, and say, ''God is with you alone, and there is no other; there is no god besides him" (45:14). It will be a world from which war and destruction will be absent (Isa. 2:4). To bring all this about requires a totally new creation, says Isaiah. However, God will do it: "I am about to create new heavens and a new earth; the former things shall not be remembered or come to mind" (65:17). The kingdom of God is the rule of God over all peoples and nations and over the whole of the living Creation. The new earth will be a creation restored to harmony and peace. Again it is Isaiah who describes how the conflict between wild and domesticated animals will be over. Equally important, gone will be the fear and hostility that separates animals and reptiles from humans (11:6–9). The land will be fruitful, the desert will be green, and the people will be able to travel without fear of beasts of prey (35:1–2, 8–9). The people will work and build for themselves without fear that war will destroy everything again. "They shall not labor in vain, or bear children for calamity" (65:23). Therefore, the kingdom of God was a dream, a fervent hope of the biblical writers that their God, who was already invisibly supreme Creator and sustainer of the universe, would someday make his kingship visible. He was expected to dispel the chaos of evil and destruction from the earth. Everything would finally be as it should be, both for the community of God's people as well as the whole Creation. In the last few pages, what I have written is in some ways similar to what the premillennial forecasters write in their books. They keep reminding us that these prophecies of the great restoration have never been fulfilled. However, because they came by divine inspiration, they must and will be fulfilled. They conclude that we are on the doorstep of their fulfillment. They are right that these predictions have not literally become real. We are still waiting for the new heaven and the new earth. I agree with them that those visions of salvation will be fulfilled. The writers of the New Testament, that reinterpretation of the Old Testament, tackled exactly that question.
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They took the matter of fulfillment in a direction not anticipated by the Old Testament writers and apparently not understood by the premillennial forecasters. Two important elements of Old Testament expectation of the fulfillment of God's kingdom demand attention. They are, as it were, at opposite ends of the scale. The first concerns the figure of the Servant of the Lord. The second is the frequent reference in the prophets to divine vengeance. Servant Kingship The Isaiah of the exile drew for his people and for us the strange, evocative, unexpected, and puzzling figure of the Servant of the Lord. Those descriptive passages or verbal portraits have been called the Servant Songs, and they are predictably absent from the futurist calculations of the premillennial interpreters. These songs are part of a strain of thinking and reflection of Israel's religious leaders that took place during the sixth century B.C. Their theme is exploring the justice of God, a question brought on by the crushing burden of suffering through the destruction of homeland and the experience of exile. The national life had been destroyed, the people forcibly resettled in a strange land (Ps. 137:4), and the Davidic monarchy ended. Yet God had promised to preserve that line of kings forever. In addition, there was the permanent suffering of each individual person caught in the unprecedented disaster. Meanwhile, the Babylonian conquerors were successful, invincible, strutting across the earth, and saying: "How can God know? Is there knowledge in the Most High?" (Ps. 73:11). They played with their captives as cat with mouse. "Our captors asked us for songs, and our tormentors asked for mirth, saying, 'Sing us one of the songs of Zion!' " (Ps. 137:3). The injustice of it cried out to heaven. How could a just God do this to his chosen people? What a contrast to Isaiah's bright, hopeful visions of a restored creation! It was Isaiah of the exile, however, who shared the captivity with his people. As he agonized over these same questions, he pushed into new regions of the spirit and found there new understanding about God's ways with his people. He was like
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a hardrock miner, working on the rock face in the dark, striking a vein of precious ore, bringing it to the surface, and refining it into gold. His prophecy begins, "Comfort, O comfort my people, says your God. Speak tenderly to Jerusalem, and cry to her, that she has served her term, that her penalty is paid, that she has received from the Lord's hand double for all her sins" (Isa. 40:1–2). Here is the triumphant proclamation of the universal kingly rule of God. "See, the Lord God comes with might, and his arm rules for him; his reward is with him, and his recompense before him" (40:10). Then follows the soaring song about the Creator, who is immeasurably greater and more awesome than anything in Creation. The Lord God has "weighed the mountains in scales." Before the Lord, "all the nations are as nothing" (Isa. 40:12, 17). God is the unchallenged Sovereign, and he comes to do justice. Nevertheless, there is an unusual tenderness to that exercise of justice: "He will feed his flock like a shepherd; he will gather the lambs in his arms, . . . and gently lead the mother sheep" (Isa. 40:11). There is no violence and destruction in the vision of this prophet. All is salvation and healing and restoration for God's poor, blind, imprisoned, and oppressed people, and beyond that, for all the peoples of the world. The air in this vision is clear and bracing. It is filled with the aroma of fresh trees and flowers. Its sounds are flowing streams, the rejoicing of nature, and shouts of deliverance from people set free. It is a vision free from the smoke of battle, the clash of arms, the thunder of vengeance and extermination. This vision is populated with people who were once blind but now see, once deaf but now hear, once lame and disabled but now standing and walking and dancing (Isa. 40:29–31; 42:7, 16, 18; 35:1–10). These visions were not altogether new, but this prophet pushes them further. Hence the repeated refrain: "I am doing something new" (cf. lsa. 43:19; 48:6). The words of Isaiah 55:8–9 are eloquent: "For my thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are my ways your ways, says the Lord. For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts." Here the Lord God
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promises to bring about something new. This wellknown word points us now to the golden heart to which this prophet of the exile penetrated by divine inspiration. It is couched in the strange figure of the Servant of the Lord, whom we meet especially in the Servant Songs of Isaiah 42:1–4; 49:1–6; 50:4–11; and 52:13–53:12. Reading through these passages will raise the question asked by readers over the years, from the royal official who read Isaiah 53 in his chariot on his way back to Ethiopia (Acts 8:34) to the modern believer: "About whom . . . does the prophet say this, about himself or about someone else?" Who is this Servant? We need to remind ourselves again that any passage in the Old Testament must first be read in its own setting and time. We therefore have to search the words of the prophet for the answer. But when we do that, we learn that there is no absolutely clear answer. To be sure, the Servant is repeatedly identified with Israel. On the other hand, the Servant is usually spoken of as an individual. In Isaiah 49:6, for instance, the Servant's commission is said to be greater than merely restoring the survivors of Israel. This implies that he is someone other than Israel as a body, and 50:10 implies the same. So this figure swings back and forth between representing a group and being an individual. Happily, the meaning of the Servant Songs does not depend upon the precise identification of who the Servant was. What is most important is that the Servant is the agent by whom God will establish his kingdom in its fulfillment. In the first Servant Song (Isa. 42:1–4), we read with astonishment that the Servant will bring God's justice to the nations. This is portrayed, not in the way usually considered in the ancient and indeed also in the modern world, by conquest and imposition of justice through force of arms. Instead, the Servant will establish justice by persistent, quiet toil. "He will not grow faint or be crushed until he has established justice in the earth" (42:4). The Servant will bring justice not by beating down and humiliating people; instead, he will lift them up and care for them. "A bruised reed he will not break, and a dimly burning wick he will not quench" (Isa. 42:3). He will do it quietly and without shout of war or victory, in the power of God's Spirit (42:1–2). God's justice
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is established in kindness and gentleness. The second Servant Song (Isa. 49:1–6) sounds additional unexpected notes. The Servant has been born for this divine purpose, and he was shaped and prepared for God's day. His commission is to bring Israel back to God again, but that is only the beginning, and a vocation too limited for what God has in mind. The Lord says, "I will give you as a light to the nations, that my salvation may reach to the end of the earth" (49:6). God's kingdom is a universal kingdom, and the Servant is to be the agent through whom it will become a reality. The third Servant Song (Isa. 50:4–11) tells us that the Servant has to be taught his unaccustomed vocation by God, and that he has obeyed despite the suffering it caused him. "I gave my back to those who struck me, and my cheeks to those who pulled out the beard. I did not hide my face from insult and spitting" (50:6). It is a difficult vocation, so unconvincing a way to establish justice for the oppressed. But the face which did not flinch from abuse and humiliation has a determination as hard as flint. The Servant knows that this is God's chosen way in the world. It is a way of darkness because this trail has not been blazed before. The Servant "walks in darkness and has no light, yet trusts in the name of the Lord" (Isa. 50:10). People have not heard of such a striking way of establishing the universal rule of God. That is why, in the fourth Servant Song (Isa. 52:13–53:12), we have a vision of the nations and the kings of the earth standing speechless at the audacity that a kingdom can be established by nonresistance and suffering (52:13–53:1). They depend on their armories and armies for their power. Is this figure, abused and tortured until he no longer resembles a human being, to be the very hinge of history, the key to unlocking the torture chamber of this world? Too long this world has fostered violence and oppression and domination of the weak for the benefit of the strong. Startling indeed is this Servant figure! It is startling enough to make even the restless wordsmiths pause with hammer raised, in wordless astonishment. This figure is unbelievable! Who can see a revelation of God in this Servant and in his vocation?
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Here is a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense. The Servant was rejected even by God's own people: "He was despised, and we held him of no account" (Isa. 53:3). And then we hear it, even more singular and odd than we had thought. The kingdom will be established by taking away all the sins, the wrongheadedness, infirmities, diseases, transgressions, iniquities, and lostness of the human family. This will be done mysteriously by this servant's innocent suffering, accepted without resistance, without any striking back, without legitimate selfdefense, without even a word of protest. The resistance to this way of establishing the kingdom all comes from the onlookers who put him to death because they sense that this road to kingship is dangerous. It cannot be tolerated, even though "he had done no violence, and there was no deceit in his mouth" (Isa. 53:9). However, what looks like defeat is not defeat. God's stamp of approval is put on the Servant "because he poured out himself to death, and was numbered with the transgressors" (Isa. 53:12). By his death, the Servant has made many righteous by bearing their sin (53:11). These "many" are the citizens of the fulfilled kingdom. All their resistance to the sovereignty of their Creator and Redeemer has been absorbed by the Servant. They are free to serve God without compulsion. The portrait of this Suffering Servant was for the people who first heard it by the "waters of Babylon" (Ps. 137:1) and also is for us today. These Servant Songs assemble utterly striking images of what God is like. Yet why do none of these images appear in the writings of the premillennial forecasters when they write about the kingdom of God? It is, I suspect, because they share the world's conviction that power is power only when it is imposed by force. This is also the conviction that has been held generally in the church from the time of Constantine to the present. At the heart of the matter, therefore, the premillennial forecasters are part of the dominant tradition of the church, justifying violence. But that tradition needs to be measured by Scripture such as we see in the Servant Songs, which were lived out so well by Jesus Christ, our Master.
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Vengeance That brings us to the other topic in the thought of the great writing prophets, the theme of vengeance. It is there, alive and well, and we cannot ignore it. In fact, there is much more there about vengeance as a response to injustice and sin of the nations than about suffering as a way of dealing with it. One of the most common names for God in the Old Testament is Lord of Hosts, Lord of Armies. It has always been the function of armies to uphold and defend the sovereignty of the one to whom they belong. However, when we look closer, the meaning of vengeance is not quite what it seems. Christians have, since the beginning, been much too ready to equate vengeance as used in the Bible with revenge. In popular usage, revenge means paying back an injury with the same injury and perhaps more. Revenge is the fervent desire to inflict injury for injury done. It is a common human impulse. Nevertheless, the word revenge in that popular sense occurs only twice in the Bible. In Proverbs 6:34, it refers to a husband's fury against the man who has had sexual intercourse with his wife. In Jeremiah 20:10, the prophet complains that former friends are seeking revenge against him because of his prophecies of doom. Hence, there is in the whole Bible no allowable basis for personal revenge. The line between revenge and vengeance is clear as a moral guideline, but it becomes thin in actual application. The basic meaning of vengeance was "the healing in the breach made in the solidarity of the family or the community as a result of manslaughter." 4 The righting of the wrong was therefore not a personal but a communal matter; it was also believed to be a divine command. This is where the law of "eye for eye" belongs, as a limit to unrestrained revenge (Exod. 21:23–27; Lev. 24:20). It has never been permission for personal retaliation but a means of preserving the balance of justice in the community. Still, it is easy to see how the line between vengeance and vindictiveness could be smudged or even disappear. Like the rest of us mortals, the biblical writers sometimes crossed over that line. When the word vengeance is used to describe an activity of God, it is used in its original sense that the avenger is the one
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who restores justice. An extension of that was that the avenger was an advocate, pleading someone's case. That is the meaning of the word redeemer or vindicator in the famous passage from Job 19:25, 27: "For I know that my Redeemer (Vindicator) lives, and that at the last he will stand upon the earth; . . . whom I shall see on my side." That the word avenge also meant to vindicate, to pronounce just or acquit, can be seen in Psalm 26:1: "Vindicate me, O Lord, for I have walked in my integrity." It is a prayer for being publicly shown to be upright. Isaiah 34:8 is a summary statement of what the Bible means by vengeance: "For the Lord has a day of vengeance, a year of vindication by Zion's cause," or "a year of recompense by Zion's defender" (NRSV note). The Lord will give justice to Zion; he will come to Zion's defense as an advocate. It is important to establish clearly this meaning of vengeance. Many descriptions of divine vengeance upon Zion's enemies are truly stomachturning. A good example is Jeremiah 51:20–24. The prophet writes that the kings of the Medes shall be to God as a war club with which he will smash Babylon and its military, but also men and women, girls and boys, the old ones, shepherds and flocks, farmers and their teams. "I will repay Babylon and all the inhabitants of Chaldea before your very eyes for all the wrong that they have done in Zion, says the Lord" (cf. also Isa. 34:2–3). There are many passages like this in the Old Testament and in the New Testament book of Revelation. The Isaiah of the exile detected in all of this a serious moral problem. The view of war as a divine instrument led much too easily to the desire to shed the blood of the one who had inflicted all that suffering. Such thinking is demonstrated in Psalm 137:8–9, where the exiles become truly vindictive. They cannot kill their oppressor themselves, so they fantasize: "Happy shall they be who pay you back what you have done to us! Happy shall they be who take your little ones and dash them against the rock!" The Isaiah of the exile also uses the word vengeance, but only once, in 47:3. Once he uses the word recompense, in 40:10. But he never uses the bloody descriptions of Isaiah of Jerusalem or of Jeremiah. His whole prophecy is dominated by
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the peaceful and gentle sufferer. The recompense is liberation not only from the exile of the body but also somehow from the soul's exile in sin and rebellion. He has taken seriously the prophetic word in Deuteronomy 32:35: "Vengeance is mine, and recompense," says the Lord. It must be left to God, and God's thoughts, as shown by the Suffering Servant, are not the thoughts of mortals, neither are their ways his ways. Centuries later, this theme was picked up by Paul in a letter to Christians in Rome: "Beloved, never avenge yourselves, but leave room for the wrath of God; for it is written, 'Vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord' " (Rom. 12:19). Then Paul counsels believers to overcome evil with good. The Prophets Announce the Kingdom: 2 The Isaiah of the exile was not the last of the prophets. He was followed, in chronological order, by Zechariah, Haggai, Malachi, Joel, and Obadiah. Between the years 520–350 B.C., these prophets repeat the major themes of the earlier prophets. They include charges against God's people for being unfaithful and for sometimes deliberately disregarding the conditions of the covenant and the threat of divine judgment. Likewise, they promise that God will come to deliver and restore his people (Zech. 8:11–13, 20–23; Mal. 3:1–4; 4:1–3; Joel 1:15; 2:25—3:2). In the early years after the return from exile, there were fervent hopes and prophetic predictions for the restoration of the Davidic monarchy. Both Zechariah (6:12– 13) and Haggai speak of it. "On that day, says the Lord of Hosts, I will take you, O Zerubbabel my servant, . . . says the Lord, and make you like a signet ring: for I have chosen you, says the Lord of Hosts" (Hag. 2:23). For the first time, we hear that before God's final day arrives, Elijah will reappear, calling the people to renew faithfulness to God (Mal. 4:5). The prophet Joel (350 B.C.) is the first to show the apocalyptic imagery later used by Daniel and Revelation. He predicts that in the Israel of the future, everyone will be filled with God's spirit. Alongside will be the cosmic upheaval of a darkened sun and a bloody moon. These things will happen before the day of the Lord comes (Joel 2:25—3:1).
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All those people of the years 520–350 B.C. also died without seeing the day of the Lord, the vision come true. The temple was rebuilt, and so was Jerusalem. Yet the nations did not assemble there to learn God's law, nor was Zerubbabel the Branch of David, although he was the grandson of Jehoiachin, the last of the Davidic kings. It appeared to end the expectation of a Davidic king. As far as we know, there was a twocentury prophetic silence. But the conviction of the universal monarchy of Israel's God was not forgotten. It was nurtured and kept alive, along with the hope that the day would come when it would be clearly visible both to Israel and to the whole world. The Book of Daniel Again The book of Daniel is proof that the hope was not forgotten or abandoned. Through its many stories, this strange book pits the universal monarchy of the God of Israel against that of the powerful kings of the ancient world. In the exile, Daniel became the "wise man" who was able to put to shame all the wizards of the court of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar, because he was faithful to the God of Israel. He interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's dream for him after accurately retelling it (Dan. 2). Daniel's friends Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to bow down and worship the golden image of Nebuchadnezzar and were punished by being thrown into the fiery furnace (Dan. 3). God rescued them from the hand of the great king, who then recognized the Most High God of Israel and confessed, "His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his sovereignty is from generation to generation" (Dan. 4:3). However, Nebuchadnezzar turns proud because of his achievements, and becomes like a beast (Dan. 4:30–33). Again, after his healing and restoration, he acknowledges the everlasting sovereignty of God (4:34–35). Later another great monarch, Darius the Mede, confesses, "For he is the living God, enduring forever. His kingdom shall never be destroyed, and his dominion has no end" (6:26). In chapter 7 the story takes a turn. No longer is Daniel interpreting the dreams of the great kings; now he has the visions and dreams himself. The first is the dream of the four
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monsters that arise out of the sea of chaos and exercise dominion on earth. But their dominion is taken away and given by the Ancient of Days to the heavenly figure called ''one like a son of man" (Dan. 7:13, NIV). That figure comes "with the clouds," in stark contrast to the beasts arising from the sea and terrorizing the land (7:1– 8). The heavenly figure's "dominion is an everlasting dominion that shall not pass away, and his kingship is one that shall never be destroyed" (7:14). This "one like a son of man" is an angelic representative and symbol of God's chosen people. Thus, the people of "the holy ones [angels] of the Most High shall receive the kingdom and possess the kingdom forever" (Dan. 7:18, 21, 27). 5 Here is no talk of the Davidic kingdom or someone from the Davidic house taking the throne. That has all been transmuted and taken up into this figure called "one like a son of man," who represents God's people. The four great monsters turn out to be the great world monarchies of Babylon, Media, Persia, and the last one, of Greece, "was different from all the rest, exceedingly terrifying." That was especially true of the eleventh horn, which made war on the saints and prevailed over them until the Ancient One came and put an end to it (Dan. 7:19–22). The rest of the book of Daniel concerns this succession of monarchies. Daniel gives particular attention to the fourth one, the monarchy of Alexander the Great (8:3– 12), and the kings who followed him. The worst villain is Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria, under whose rule the Jews suffered in the second century B.C. This final human monarchy would be succeeded by the fifth kingdom. It is described as "a stone . . . cut out, not by human hands, and it struck the statue on its feet of iron and clay and broke them in pieces. . . . In the days of those kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that shall never be destroyed, . . . and it shall stand forever" (2:34, 44). At the end of all the proud and arrogant and destructive human monarchies, Daniel promises the eternal reign of God, the Ancient of Days. Even as the Isaiah of the exile had pushed the nature and character of God's kingdom into new interpretation in the figure of the Servant, so Daniel also pioneers into new regions of
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the spirit. He is inspired to see that the inheritors of the eternal kingdom of God will be not only those who live at the time when it finally happens. All those who have been faithful to God and the vision of his victorious kingdom will share in the future glory, even if they have been martyred for their faithfulness. "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt" (Dan. 12:2). God will bring justice for all who did not receive it in their lifetime, for both the faithful and the persecutors. The final coming of the eternal kingdom will, therefore, not be within human history, as in the visions of the prophets who preceded Daniel, but somehow beyond it. The book ends with the beautiful words: "But you, go your way, and rest; you shall rise for your reward at the end of the days" (Dan. 12:13). The writer of the book, like all his predecessors, believed that the eternal kingdom was about to begin in its fulfillment. It did not happen. We know what followed. The Jews gained their independence once more and held onto it for a century. Even then there was no king from the house of David. In 63 B.C., because of corruption among their own spiritual leadership, they lost their independence again, this time to another world empire, that of the Romans. However, these terrible experiences could not destroy the hope of the Jewish people that the vision of the peaceable kingdom would be fulfilled. Then God would reign visibly over the whole world from Jerusalem, and there would be universal peace and prosperity, never to end.
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8 — The Kingdom That Is Not of This World As printed today, the Bible has a visible division between the two Testaments. Following Malachi 4:5, there is a blank page, followed by a new title page: The New Testament. Malachi 4:5 and Matthew 1:1 are like the customs offices on the border between Canada and the United States. Flags tell us in which country on the North American continent we find ourselves. In the Bible, the "flags" are "Old" and "New" on the "continent'' of the Bible. The "landscape" on both sides of Old and New is identical, even as the prairie landscape remains constant when we cross from Saskatchewan to Montana. This landscape is God's chosen people, the Jews, with their fervent desire for the coming of God's kingdom. They had a constantly renewed hope to be able to cross from the heaven and earth they knew to the heaven and earth which is to come, where injustice and oppression, unfaithfulness and sin will be overcome and banished by the bright fire and light of God's presence. The spiritual terrain is the same on both sides, but there is a border even more visible than the fortyninth parallel or the blank page between Old and New Testaments. It is the person of Jesus of Nazareth. We now turn to Jesus, to the difference he made, which created different people on both sides of the
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border, even if they both speak the language of Zion. The New Testament consists of twentyseven "books" written by members of the earliest church over the course of less than a century. The letters of Paul to the church at Thessalonica were the first to be written, in A.D. 50. Second Peter was likely the last, sometime in the first quarter of the second century. The "books" of the New Testament are not arranged in strictly chronological order. Groups of books appear roughly in the order of accounts of the life and death of Jesus, and of the birth and development of the early church. Thus the four Gospels with their story of the life, ministry, and death of Jesus appear first in the New Testament. Then comes the story of the earliest church in the book of Acts, followed by all the letters to the churches, with Paul's longest letters first. At the end is the book of Revelation. Sometimes, in following chapters, the chronological placement of a writing becomes important for better understanding. As we investigate visions of the End, we will find that the various books may express some details of the story differently. At the same time, there is a unanimity across all the writings on the central affirmations about Jesus. All proclaim his death on the cross on behalf of sinners. All affirm his resurrection, his ascension to God's right hand, and his return for judgment. Yet there is no complete agreement about details of Christ's return and the "events" around it, despite what the premillennial forecasters say. John the Baptist: The Wrath to Come Jesus is not the first person we meet in the New Testament. That one is John the Baptist. We immediately recognize John as belonging to the long line of Israel's prophets, even though almost two centuries have passed since the voice of prophecy had fallen silent with Daniel. 1 Mark, the first of the four Gospels, immediately introduces us to John with the words of Malachi and the Isaiah of the exile (Mark 1:1–3). Mark gives us to understand that John the Baptist is the messenger (Mal. 3:1) and the "voice crying in the wilderness," preparing the way for Jesus Christ, the Son of God
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(Isa. 40:3). He is the Elijah promised in Malachi 4:5. The whole story of John the Baptist is told in terms of images from the Old Testament. Like Elijah, he met God in the desert and spoke his word from the desert. His credential as a prophet was his special birth, like the births of Isaac, Moses, and Samuel. He preached in the wilderness across the Jordan (John 1:28) and in the wilderness of Judea, symbolic of the wilderness of the exodus. There God had been with his people on their way to the Promised Land. Through his preaching, John was now making straight and level the way for the Lord. He baptized people in the river, signifying that, like their ancestors, they were once more passing through the waters of the Jordan to enter the Promised Land, the coming kingdom of God. 2 The Gospel of Luke (1:68–79) brings us the Song of Zechariah.3 Here at the beginning of the New Testament story, this song announces the appearance of the One from the house of David, and his forerunner. John is to prepare the way for the Lord and his Davidic servant, to rescue his people, redeem them from their enemies, and give them knowledge of salvation by the forgiveness of their sins. The reference to the forgiveness of sins can here only recall the Servant of the Lord in Isaiah 53:6, 11–12, who took upon himself the iniquities and sins of many. At the end of the canticle are the beautiful words with their allusion to Isaiah 9:2: "By the tender mercy of our God, the dawn from on high will break upon us, to give light to those who sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace." In these words, we feel the warm and tender message of hope from Isaiah of the exile. However, when we hear from Matthew and Luke what John the Baptist preaches, we detect the motif of vengeance. It is a firmly established historical fact that John attracted large crowds with his preaching, since the Gospel accounts are supported by the Jewish historian Josephus.4 John announced to his audiences "the wrath to come. . . . Even now the ax is lying at the root of the trees; every tree, therefore, that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire" (Matt. 3:7, 10). The One who is approaching comes with the "winnowing
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fork . . . in his hand, and he will clear his threshing floor and will gather his wheat into the granary; but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire" (Matt. 3:12). The God of Israel will baptize this same One with "the Holy Spirit and fire" (3:11). John announces a fearsome judgment which no one will be able to escape. He warns that it will do the Jews no good to plead that they should be exempt because they are children of Abraham. Repent, he thunders at them, for the judgment is about to begin, and the only way to escape is through repentance and baptism. Pass through the baptism of the waters of the Jordan into the Promised Land of the kingdom of God, which "has come near" (3:1). Then Jesus, the Son of Mary, comes from Nazareth in Galilee to John at the Jordan, to be baptized by him. Thus far, for the time being, runs the story of John the Baptist. Jesus: The Good News of the Kingdom Now we need to reach back and pick up the story of Jesus. Both Matthew (1:1–17) and Luke (3:23–38) demonstrate that Jesus was a son of David, and as we shall see, the son of David. Matthew's genealogy traces Jesus' ancestry through Joseph, the husband of Mary, and on back to King David. Luke's line of ancestors is different but also leads to David. Matthew (1:20) refers to Joseph as "son of David" and Luke (2:4) to him as being "of the house and family of David." With this careful identification, the evangelists were deliberately picking up and revitalizing the hope of Israel for the ideal ruler from the house of David. Both Gospels locate the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem. In the context of the story of the wise men, Matthew links Jesus' birth in Bethlehem with the prophecy of Micah 5:2, that from Bethlehem will come the future ruler of Israel. Bethlehem was the town of David, and this future king would therefore be a descendant of David. Luke explains how Joseph and Mary, who lived in Nazareth, reached Bethlehem, so Jesus would be born there. A Roman census called for every Jew to be registered in the town of his ancestors. There are problems with this account if read as literal history: with the governor Quirinius, whom Luke mentions; with the fact of this census itself, because no
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Roman records refer to a universal census at this time; and with Luke's claim that people had to go to the ancestral city to be registered. The point here is not the accuracy of historical fact, but the testimony, known to us from the writings of the prophets: even the Roman empire and the Emperor Augustus and his officials serve the will and purpose of the one true God, though they themselves are unaware of it. The same point is made by Matthew in the story of the wise men and King Herod. Herod's power enabled him to command the slaughter of infants, to eliminate a rival king. Yet the reader knows that Herod, unaware of God's purpose, is ultimately performing his role in God's plan to save the world. In the end, his actual political power is of no importance. These accounts that cluster around Jesus' birth have only one function, to show by the ancient Scriptures that Jesus was the longawaited liberator of Israel. In both cases these accounts were written long after the death and resurrection of Jesus: Luke's Gospel in about A.D. 85, and Matthew's Gospel a few years later. They bear testimony to what Christians were saying and believing about Jesus after fifty years of reflection and worship. Luke's story is the more poetic of the two. He brings us the beautiful portrayal of the angel announcing the coming birth of Jesus, usually referred to as the Annunciation. All the important themes of the hope of Israel are sounded in the words of the angel and in the Song of Mary. The child to be born to Mary shall have the name Jesus, Yeshua, "God saves." He will be God's Son, the name given to David and his successors on the throne in Jerusalem. "The Lord God will give to him the throne of his ancestor David. He will reign over the house of Jacob for ever, and of his kingdom there will be no end" (Luke 1:32– 33). This statement sounds all too political but is carefully interpreted later, in the words of the old man Simeon, when he saw and held the child. He had, we are told, been waiting for the "consolation of Israel." Now he says, "My eyes have seen your salvation, which you have prepared in the face of all peoples, a light for revelation to the Gentiles and for glory to your people Israel." But he said something else as well: "This child is destined for the falling and the rising of many in Israel, and to be a sign
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that will be opposed" (Luke 2:25–35). Throughout these words are echoes of Isaiah and other prophets. The child will be a light to the nations. This was said of the Servant of the Lord in Isaiah 42:6 and 49:6. The word light thus links Jesus directly with that Servant and everything said about him. Jesus will be a sign over which there will be division. Immediately to mind comes Isaiah 7:14, the sign of God in the birth of the child. In Isaiah 8:14 (RSV) we read about the "stone of offense, and a rock of stumbling" (cf. 1 Pet. 2:8) for some. Others take him as the chief cornerstone (Isa. 28:16; cf. 1 Pet. 2:6). The judgment of God to be executed "in the sight of the nations" (Ezek. 5:8), becomes in Luke 2:30–31 the salvation God has prepared "in the presence of all peoples." In all these words, there is no inkling of an actual, political restoration of the kingdom of David with Jesus on the throne. That is precisely where the "falling and rising of many in Israel" will occur (Luke 2:34). This promised kingdom has to do with salvation from sin, from an internal enemy, not from an external one. It represents a departure from normal human expectation that God's salvation will come through a program of political liberation. That kind of salvation is implied in linking Jesus with the Servant of God in Isaiah of the exile. The Servant's vocation is to suffer for the sins and iniquities of the many and thus to establish the kingdom of God. This same thing is also said in the Song of Zechariah. This kingdom is about giving "knowledge of salvation to his people by the forgiveness of their sins" (Luke 1:77). There is still the Magnificat, the Song of Mary which she sang on her visit to Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist (Luke 1:46–55). By the sixth century it became an important part of the church's worship and has remained so ever since. The Magnificat has often been used in recent decades as a rallying cry for social revolution, especially because of 1:52–53: "He has brought down the powerful from their thrones, and lifted up the lowly; he has filled the hungry with good things, and sent the rich away empty." However, here is no call to revolution, particularly when we place this song in the context of the rest of Luke's words about
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the meaning of this child's birth. Mary is expressing the same conviction as Hannah had done before her. To accomplish his purposes, the God of Israel chooses those who are nameless, powerless, and poor, the humble ones of the earth. He opposes those who seem to be powerful with their killing weapons of war and wealth. God's strength is "made perfect in weakness" (2 Cor. 12:9), in a peasant woman, and in her infant child. That is how God's kingdom is established. To underscore this point, the evangelist tells us in the story of Jesus that his birth was first announced to the poorest of the earth's poor, shepherds on a hillside at night (Luke 2:1–20). They were dignified by the visit of an angelic messenger from the God whose kingdom is eternal and includes heaven and earth. The angel announced the birth of the child, the Savior and Messiah (anointed king) from the house of David. The powerful of the earth, secured by their weapons and wealth, slept that night and heard and saw nothing. In Luke 3:1–3, seven public figures are mentioned, five rulers and two religious authorities. Why such an introduction to the story of John the Baptist? It is not that the evangelist wishes to emphasize the importance of John by placing him in such notable company. The only function these powerful people have in the narrative is to place the emerging story of Jesus into the context of this world. It is a story bringing light to all people, and it did not simply happen "in a corner" (Acts 26:22–23, 26). Once mentioned, the public figures are pushed to the side. Even the great and powerful Emperor Tiberius is brought in only to underscore the lordship of Jesus. Truly, the God who works in this way to reveal his kingdom is a God who hides himself (Isa. 45:15). What he does is visible only to those who have the eyes to see. Matthew's story emphasizes the same message by means of other details he deliberately choses for his portrayal of the good news (Matt. 1–2). The Annunciation is not to Mary but to Joseph, for Jesus' Davidic ancestry runs through him, not through his mother. In his dream, the angel told him, "The child conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will bear a son, and you are to name him Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins" (Matt. 1:20–21). This, the evangelist continues,
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is the fulfillment of God's ancient promise to be with his people (Isa. 7:14). Jesus is the presence of the eternal God, and the liberation he brings is to save the people, not from the Romans and other oppressors, but from their sins. It is the liberation of the soul from the oppression and ravages of the power of darkness. We are reminded again of the image of light linked to the salvation of God in Isaiah. In this way, Jesus will be the "ruler who is to shepherd my people Israel" (Matt. 2:6; cf. 2 Sam. 5:2). He will be the king of the Jews, but his throne will be invisible, without the worldly marks of political rule. His throne will be set up in the hearts of his people, rescued from their sins. The star that guided the ancient wise men from the East to the newborn king of the Jews (Matt. 2) is the very star spoken of by another wise man from the East, Balaam: "A star shall come out of Jacob, and a scepter shall rise out of Israel" (Num. 24:17). Balaam saw the star just before Israel was set to enter the Promised Land. Matthew's wise men saw the star just before the whole human race would begin its entry into the kingdom of God, with the king from the house of David, the scepter from Israel. Important here is the way in which Herod, the actual king of the Jews, is sidelined in the story. We can hear him rage and fume at being left out. He learns that his panoply of power is being ignored, and the wise men have doublecrossed him, at God's command. All this drives him to his despairing, futile, and bloody attempt to draw attention to himself as a king by murdering scores of innocent children. Indeed, as he reveals his salvation, this saving God of Israel "makes the rulers of the earth as nothing" (Isa. 40:23). The child of Joseph and Mary repeats the experience of the child Moses, born to a man and wife from the house of Levi (Exod. 2:1–10). Both babes were saved from the fury of a fearful monarch by the God who had chosen each of them to make his kingdom and rule in the world a reality. Like Jacob, the father of the Israelites, Jesus had to go down to Egypt and return to the Promised Land. In his own person, Jesus was bearing the whole of the renewed Israel of God that was to come (Matt. 2:13–20). Hosea 11:1 supplies Matthew (2:15) with a quotation:
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"Out of Egypt I have called my son." There it is a direct reference to bringing Israel up out of Egypt at the exodus (cf. Exod. 4:22). Matthew's use of Hosea is not a clumsy attempt to prove a literal fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy. In a more profound sense, this fulfillment shows that Jesus is, indeed, the embodiment of God's people, coming out of Egypt again. He is about to lead the whole Israel of God into the new Promised Land, his eternal kingdom. The accounts of the virginal birth of Jesus tell us that only God, who is not flesh and blood, can establish his kingdom, which is "not from this world" (John 18:36) This new beginning cannot come about by human agency: "Not of blood or of the will of the flesh nor of the will of man, but of God" (John 1:13). That is why, in John's account of beginnings, he writes not about virgin birth but about something equally startling and even harder for human wisdom to accept: "The Word became flesh" (John 1:14). This first chapter of the Gospel of John brings us back to John the Baptist. Jesus came to be baptized by John when he was about thirty years old. He had evidently been convinced by John's preaching, as had so many others. He responded to John's message of the coming kingdom because he shared the longing of many ordinary people of his time and place for God to come and give justice. According to John D. Crossan, Jesus belonged to the social group that was just one step from the bottom, "the dangerous space between Peasants and Degradeds or Expendables." 5 If Crossan is right, Jesus was close social kin to the "outcasts and sinners" who appear in the Gospels. These people, the artisans, of whom Jesus was one, and the lowest class, both had more reason than most to desire the coming of God's kingdom. They had nothing to lose and much to gain. Jesus had a sense of solidarity, with sinful Israelites, as did Daniel in confessing the sins of his people (Dan. 9). At that point he accepted John's message of the Lord's vengeance about to come upon a sinful Israel. Thus Jesus came to be baptized by John as a pledge of righteous living and of "salvation as part of a purified Israel."6 The Gospel accounts of Jesus' baptism were written long after the event and therefore reveal to us the meaning of the
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baptism rather than any details about it. In the first three Gospels, the story is virtually identical. The description comes in three parts. First, when Jesus comes up out of the water, he sees the heavens torn apart. The word used by Mark is a clear allusion to Isaiah 64:1: "O that you would tear open the heavens and come down!" It was the agonizing prayer of Israel for God to come immediately and establish his kingdom. We are meant to understand that this is what happened at Jesus' baptism. The second part is the coming of God in his Spirit, "like a dove." The power and wisdom of God covers Jesus. This is what first happened at the Creation, according to the Jewish tradition, when the Spirit brooded over the Greation like a dove, to bring it to life (Gen. 1:2, NRSV note). Now it is happening as God's kingdom, the new creation, begins to come. The third part is that Jesus hears a voice speaking to him: "You are my Son, the Beloved; with you I am well pleased" (Mark 1:11). These two statements are found in Psalm 2:7 and Isaiah 42:1. The first is spoken to the Davidic king and the second to the Suffering Servant, both intimately linked in the Old Testament to God's coming kingdom. For Jesus, these words constitute a call to servant kingship, a commission to be God's exclusive agent in the coming of the kingdom. The Gospel of John has no account of Jesus' baptism, though it is implied (1:31–33). The Fourth Gospel does, however, agree with the Synoptics that John is the forerunner of Jesus. The words of John the Baptist about the Coming One are here explicitly about Jesus, though in the other accounts they are about the Lord God coming. John (1:29) identifies Jesus as "the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world!" This is then linked directly with the permanent descent of the Spirit on Jesus. "I have put my Spirit upon him" (Isa. 42:1; cf. John 1:33). The Lamb of God taking away the sins of the world comes straight out of Isaiah 53:7, 12: "Like a lamb that is led to the slaughter, . . . he bore the sin of many." The ministry of John the Baptist in the first three Gospels was announcing the coming of God for vengeance and judgment. However, all four accounts of Jesus' baptism draw upon the imagery of Isaiah's Suffering Servant of God. It all points to a new understanding of what the kingdom of God is and how it is manifested.
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Thus we need to follow the trail of Jesus in the Gospels a little longer. We next hear from Mark, Luke, and Matthew that the Spirit who has filled Jesus at his baptism takes him into the desert. Mark writes, ''And the Spirit immediately drove him out into the wilderness. He was in the wilderness forty days, tempted by Satan; and he was with the wild beasts; and the angels waited on him" (Mark 1:12–13). Each part of that terse statement comes from the Old Testament and takes its meaning from there. We begin with Deuteronomy 8:2–3: The Lord your God has led you these forty years in the wilderness, in order to humble you, testing you to know what was in your heart, whether or not you would keep my commandments. He humbled you by letting you hunger, . . . in order to make you understand that one does not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of the Lord.
Jesus is driven out even as Israel was urged and pushed out into the desert by the Egyptians (Exod. 12:33). The forty years of Israel became the forty days of Jesus. Now that Jesus is equipped with the Spirit of God, he has to meet Satan, the power of evil, on his own ground, the desert, the haunt of demons and wild animals. Satan opposes the establishment of God's kingdom and, according to the accounts of Luke and Matthew, understands perfectly that Jesus is the key to what God is now doing. It is a test of loyalty for Jesus. As the commissioned MessiahKing, he is tempted to worship Satan (Matt. 4:9; Luke 4:6–7) by using worldly power and avoiding suffering (Mark 8:31–33; Matt. 16: 21–23). Satan tempts Jesus to receive at his hands the kingdoms of the world and their glory, instead of taking the difficult servant task of being the chief cornerstone of God's kingdom. Why would Mark, whose account is so concise, include the line: "He was with the wild beasts?" This inclusion is not accidental and not simply a descriptive touch. It is as though, in the absence of human companionship, he has the animals for company. There is no threat. The animals are those of Isaiah 11:6–8. It is a sign that the enmity in Creation brought on by Adam's defeat is being reversed. The newly confirmed Lord of God's kingdom is leading the Creation to Eden, to paradise
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again, with its peace between humans and animals. 7 Jesus has inflicted the first severe defeat on Satan and the powers of evil opposed to God and his kingdom. In "the power of the Spirit" (Luke 4:14) and the strength of the food the angels brought him, he comes into Galilee, "proclaiming the good news of God" (Mark 1:14–15). Mark's account of this is brief, but both Matthew and Luke choose to tell the story in terms of Old Testament Scriptures. Matthew quotes Isaiah 9, one of the passages about the future king from the house of David: "Land of Zebulon, land of Naphtali, on the road by the sea, across the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles—the people who sat in darkness have seen a great light, and for those who sat in the region and shadow of death light has dawned" (Matt. 4:15–16). Jesus, the fulfillment of a "light to the nations" (Isa. 49:6), has appeared in the land where there are still Jews from the ancient tribes as well as the people of the nations, the Gentiles. At the beginning, it is Jesus' mission to make visible the universal sovereignty of God. Luke is even more specific. He brings Jesus to Nazareth, where Jesus has lived all his life, into the synagogue, where he is invited to read the lesson from the prophet Isaiah: "The spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the oppressed go free, to proclaim the year of the Lord's favor" (Luke 4:18–19). These are the tasks of the Servant of God. The summary of Jesus' sermon, "Today this scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing," tells us that he himself is the Servant! (Luke 4:20). Again, therefore, we do not see the threat of apocalyptic fire and the whirlwind of destruction. Instead, we see the humble action of the Servant of God bringing the poor the good news, delivering the sufferers and the oppressed, and giving sight to the blind. The words of Jesus in Nazareth are not a program for revolution, as they have sometimes been taken to mean in our time. The words of Isaiah are the announcement of what God will be doing when his sovereignty is acknowledged and accepted by the world. This future kingdom has nothing to do with the materialistic, earthly, and physical thousandyearreignonearth of the premillennial forecasters. This we see as we examine Jesus' public ministry and teaching.
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Along with the other writers of the New Testament, the Gospel writers understood the prophetic promises of God's coming kingdom to be fulfilled in the coming of Jesus. He came into the world in weakness and obscurity. The birth narratives told by Luke and Matthew leave no doubt about that. Those stories, as said above, were late additions to the accounts of Jesus' public ministry and of his suffering and death. Luke and Matthew were doing what authors even today regularly do: they wrote the book and then prepared the preface, which gives the reader a clue about what is to follow. Jesus grew up at Nazareth in Galilee. He shared with his people the fervent expectation of the coming rule of God. The evangelists made use of this indisputable historical fact to underscore that Jesus began his public ministry in Galilee rather than in Judea. His baptism in the Jordan had taken place in Judea, and his time alone in the desert was likely in the same province. In that desert solitude he apparently found a clear direction for his vocation. The voice he heard at his baptism did battle with the voice of the tempter and won. Mark and Matthew tell us that Jesus came to Galilee after John the Baptist was arrested by Herod (Mark 1:14; Matt. 4:12). By leaving Judea and going to Galilee, Jesus may be dissociating himself from the more restricted ethnic climate of Jerusalem and connecting with the more cosmopolitan, mixed ethos of Galilee. Jesus' sermon in Nazareth drove people of his hometown to murderous anger. Faith, he told them, is found not only among Jews (Luke 4:23–30). As Jesus came to Galilee, his message was dramatic: "The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God has come near; repent, and believe in the good news" (Mark 1:15). This is a statement about the endtimes. "The time is fulfilled." The time Israel has been waiting for is knocking on the door, the day of the Lord, the day of God's coming for salvation and justice. It has begun. That is the good news; now there is no more waiting for the salvation of God. The call is for all who hear to repent and believe it. What could this call to repentance mean? It goes with the announcement of fulfillment, that the kingdom has come, has arrived. In the Old Testament, repentance meant, virtually without exception, recognition of sin, confession of sin, and
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turning toward God. The sin, as described by the prophets, was usually running after other gods and dependence on human ingenuity and power. By the time John the Baptist and Jesus called for repentance, it had become more personalized, but not in such a way as to exclude corporate responsibility (e.g., Matt. 23:37–39). Since the time of Ezekiel, there had been increasing emphasis on the personal nature of sin. Each one needed to take personal responsibility for one's actions (Ezek. 18:20). Jesus' call for people to repent was a personal call because the relationship with God was personal. Sin was rooted in a wrong relationship with God, the refusal to acknowledge God's sovereignty. Jesus' call to repent was the call to reorient one's life toward God, to reject all idolatry and depend only on God, and to joyfully trust in God as the only Lord of all life. At the same time, it meant to trust Jesus as the one whom God had chosen to make the kingdom visibly present. It meant identifying with the community of the new covenant, gathering around Jesus (Luke 22:20; 1 Cor. 11:25). To increase the visibility of the kingdom, Jesus chose a group of men and women to be with him, followers whom he would teach. They are called disciples, meaning learners. It was understood that the disciples of a Jewish teacher would learn his words, his actions—just as important—and indeed his total way of living. These disciples would "fish for people," as he said when he called them (Mark 1:17). There were twelve, the Gospels tell us (Mark 3:16). The number twelve, a symbol of the twelve tribes of Israel, suggests that a renewed and faithful Israel is forming. At the beginning of the people of promise, God chose Abraham to be the carrier of divine blessing for the whole human race: "In you all the families of the earth shall be blessed" (Gen. 12:3). Abraham's descendants became the twelve tribes. At this second beginning, Jesus chose twelve to be the bearers of divine blessing for the whole world. They also would have descendants, the whole spiritual people of God from all the nations, tribes, and languages. This is an amazing method for beginning to secure universal kingship: starting with a small handful of poor, uneducated, socially insignificant men and women; wielding no
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worldly power or influence; using no defenses or weapons except the message they were to speak and live. Committing oneself to this vision required an extraordinary and fresh way of seeing the world and human life. It required completely new seeing and recognizing where true power was to be found. They saw it all in Jesus, their teacher. The Gospels report that he "taught as one having authority" (Mark 1:22; Matt. 7:29). The Gospels give a lot of attention to Jesus' ministry of healing and driving out demons. This is done not to impress their readers with Jesus' ability to perform miracles but to present those miracles as signs that the sovereignty of God is becoming visible. From his prison cell, John the Baptist sent disciples to ask Jesus whether he really was the One they were all awaiting. Jesus sent back this message: "Go and tell John what you hear and see: the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the poor have good news brought to them" (Matt. 11:4–5). Again, these words from Isaiah (29:18–19; 35:5–6; 61:1) describe the changes that would characterize the day of the Lord. In Matthew 12, the evangelist reports many healings and directly quotes Isaiah 42:1–4: "He will not break a bruised reed or quench a smoldering wick until he brings justice to victory." Instead of simply allowing some poor who were almost dead to die, he healed them and restored them to life. This is followed by an account of the curing of a demonpossessed man. Some believed that such a feat could only be performed by the Son of David, the Messiah. Others said that he did it in the power of Satan. To this, Jesus replied: "If it is by the Spirit of God that I cast out demons, then the kingdom of God has come to you" (Matt. 12:22–28; Luke 11:20). Through his Servant, God is victorious over the power of Satan. The liberation of one man from the power of Satan is a sign of the presence of the kingdom. Thus the events of Jesus' public ministry are clear evidence that the final rule of God has begun. This is the meaning of his proclamation of the good news of God's benevolent rule, and of his actions of deliverance in healing people and casting out demons. Some fail to see the presence of the kingdom; perversely and willfully, they attribute the liberation of
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human beings from the power of evil to Satan himself. They are the ones who call evil good and good evil (Isa. 5:20); in that condition they are without hope. That is the sin against the Holy Spirit (Matt. 12:31–32). Even if we had no more New Testament writings than these few passages, we could be certain that we do not have to wait for the kingdom of God until the millennium, as the futurists tell us. We are in God's kingdom now! We are not in the millennium, but in the kingdom of God, if we have repented and believed the gospel that God loves us.
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9 — The Mystery of the Kingdom Throughout both Old and New Testaments, there is never any doubt that the kingdom and the sovereignty are God's. It should not be necessary to make this point if not for the fact that in modern times Christians often talk and act as if the kingdom's coming depends on them. For years, Christians have been talking about "building the kingdom." The Kingdom of God Is Like . . . Perhaps the best way to begin with Jesus' teaching about the kingdom of God is the passage in Luke 12:32 (emphasis added): "Do not be afraid, little flock, for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you the kingdom." Jesus is speaking here to the disciples and has just told them not to worry about what to eat and what to wear. Instead, they should strive to find the kingdom of God before all else. That striving will be rewarded with the gift of the kingdom. Striving for the kingdom is praying for its appearance. It is the first petition in the prayer Jesus taught his disciples: "Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven" (Matt. 6:10; Luke 11:2). Such praying is necessary: the kingdom is already here from eternity because it is God's; yet on earth its acceptance is not yet complete. There is still much opposition to it and a lot of ignorance about it. But for those
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who have repented and believed, the good news is that all things are safe in the hands of God, who is gracious and whose mercy never ends. Some have great difficulty recognizing the presence of the kingdom of God. However, entering the kingdom brings with it a new kind of seeing. On one occasion Jesus told some Pharisees, "The kingdom of God is not coming with things that can be observed" (Luke 17:20). It cannot be detected by marks people usually associate with kingdom, military power, a realm such as the Roman empire, and a king with power of life and death over his subjects. If that is what they are looking for, Jesus implies, they won't see it. To his disciples he says, "Blessed are your eyes, for they see" (Matt. 13:16). What did they see? What does Jesus want us to see? The answer is to be found in Jesus' descriptions of the kingdom of God, its characteristics, what God requires of its citizens. This is the description of an actual, alreadyexisting kingdom. It is a sovereignty that has a loyal people now, who are presently enjoying the benefits and meeting the demands of the kingdom. These are not predictions of some future millennium, the path to which the millennial futurists describe for us in such detail. Jesus assures us that the kingdom of God is here, among us, in us. The kingdom is now a present reality. Jesus' teaching is full of surprises. He uses a wealth of images to lead his listeners into the meaning of the kingdom of God and what it is like. The kingdom is alive, like an organism, and therefore he uses images of germination and growth. The parables of the mustard seed and the yeast, for example, point to small, almost invisible beginnings, yet with unpredictable and tremendous results (Matt. 13:31–33). This is like the beginning that Jesus made with his small band of followers. The parables of the sower and of the seed growing secretly teach that the kingdom of God grows mysteriously, like a crop planted in expectation of a harvest (Mark 4:3–8, 26– 29). Some seed is lost or destroyed; but other seed grows into a bountiful crop, ready for harvest. The meaning of the kingdom of God is determined in Jesus' teaching by God the King, the sovereign of this kingdom. Most characteristic is God's unlimited generosity to all the subjects of his kingdom as well as to those who don't
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accept his sovereignty. Rain and sun, water and light, and the essentials of life are given to all without condition, whether they acknowledge God's goodness or not, whether they are friends or enemies (Matt. 5:45–47). This generosity is with no strings attached, with no qualifying "nevertheless," and it is called the perfection of God. Such unrestricted mercy is also divine forgiveness. God the Father accepts without reservation his returning wastrel of a son and does not condemn the older brother when he does not show the same love and acceptance (Luke 15:11–32). Forgiveness without saying "Yes, but" is a mark of God and an expression of his reign (Matt. 18:21–35). That forgiveness includes giving love to enemies (Luke 6:27–31, 35). Thus there is in God's kingdom the assertion of a power that defies all human wisdom. God's power is only and always persuasive. It is never used to bludgeon his subjects into submission. God's power is seen in the total service of the Son of Man giving his life on behalf of "many" (Mark 10:42–45). We must understand all this clearly. Here is the teaching of Jesus himself. It is so startling in its challenge of commonly accepted codes of human behavior that it cannot have been invented by the Gospel writers at a later time, as sometimes suggested. Operating through persuasion and humble service is the norm for Jesus' followers, even in our time. It is also the standard by which we judge whatever else is written in the Bible, since Jesus Christ, the Son, has made God known in the fullest way (John 1:18). Christ's followers cannot justify as Christlike behavior a cry for revenge (as in Ps. 137:8–9), either now or at any future time. Christ himself certainly does not justify such a cry for revenge, no matter how ordinarily human it may seem to be. Jesus' call to repent and believe the good news went out to everyone. He underscored this universal invitation in his parable of the marriage feast. All are invited without condition, the able and the disabled. But some do not wish to accept the invitation (Luke 14:24); they exclude themselves by their own choice. The older son will not join the festivities because he cannot participate in the father's perfect generosity (Luke 15:25–32). Those who for reasons of ancestry think themselves to be
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"heirs of the kingdom" will find this generosity to be unacceptable. They will thereby locate themselves outside the kingdom (Matt. 8:11–12). Such people regard themselves as righteous. For that very reason, they cannot enter because Jesus said that he had "come to call not the righteous but sinners" (Matt. 9:13). Repentant "tax collectors and prostitutes" enter the kingdom because they make no pretense about already being righteous (Matt. 21:31). The citizens of the kingdom are the ones who have been born again (John 3:3). This image forces us to see that the kingdom of God is radically different from the kingdoms of this world; it is impossible to merge from the one into the other. The kingdom of God opens only to those who are ready to begin again at the beginning. Thus Jesus repeatedly pointed to children. To them belongs the kingdom because they do not twist trust and love into matters of calculation and personal advantage (Mark 10:14). "Unless you change and become like children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven" (Matt. 18:3), says Jesus to his disciples. Forget about status, about privilege, about greatness. Learn to trust and serve God without all the props of property, position, and power (cf. Matt. 18:1; 20:20–28; 23:11; Luke 22:24–27). The Beatitudes of Matthew 5:1–12 are a checklist of the kind of people who are kingdom citizens. They are "the poor in spirit," the unpretentious, those who mourn over their sinful state, who participate in the pain of others. The meek will not bully or put down anyone. They long for the coming of God's justice, and know that justice is only and always merciful. Their hearts are singleminded in their hope for the kingdom's fulfillment. Even now, they live as they expect to live in that future kingdom, by creating peace wherever they are. Because these people really are as Jesus here describes and live that way, they will be persecuted. Thus they are surely in the company of the Suffering Servant, who was "despised and rejected" and "cut off from the land of the living," though he had done no wrong (Isa. 53:3, 8–9). These blessed ones are already in the kingdom: "theirs is the kingdom of heaven" (Matt. 5:3). They will inherit the earth and be called children of God.
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Meanwhile, these kingdom citizens are the salt, preserving the world from decay and destruction; they are a light, helping others find their way (Matt. 5:13–16). It is the light of the good Samaritan, who met human need first and asked questions later (Luke 10:29–37). At the last judgment, they will inherit ''the kingdom prepared for [them] from the foundation of the world" because they have in their own lives lived out the kingdom vocation of Jesus (Matt. 25:34; 10:7). The citizens of the kingdom will be known by their fruits (Matt. 7:15–20). The kingdom of God also stands in sharp contrast to another tendency in human life, acting by fixed rules and laws. This controversial aspect shows up clearly in the Gospels. The Pharisees were offended that Jesus so publicly disregarded their religious rules of cleanness by eating with the "tax collectors and sinners." Such people compromised their faithfulness as Jews by working for the Gentile Romans. They had given up trying to observe all the rules that the Pharisees held to be essential for salvation (Mark 2:16). Jesus criticized the religious leadership of his people. He said that, because of their legalistic demands, they themselves could not enter the kingdom of heaven. They also locked out others who wanted to enter (Matt. 23:13–36). The approach of the religious legalists is not good enough, even though they had set a big task for themselves and may have pursued their goal with sincerity. "Unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven" (Matt. 5:20). Is Jesus saying here that to satisfy God's demands, even more rules have to be observed with even deeper sincerity? No, not more rules, but even greater loyalty to the law of God's people. Jesus said he had come to fulfill the law, not to abolish it (5:17). The translation of William Barclay may help us to an accurate interpretation: "I tell you, you will certainly not get into the Kingdom of Heaven, unless your loyalty to the Law surpasses that of the experts in the Law and of the Pharisees." 1 Jesus describes the greater loyalty in the following passage (Matt. 5:21–48). He tells his disciples that it is not just a matter of specific actions about which laws can be made, but of the inner sources of those actions, sources that are hidden and
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escape the lawmakers. One may avoid committing murder but continue to give room to thoughts of despising others and thinking of them as worthless and rejected by God. That internal chaos of evil needs to be expelled by repentance, the faith that God forgives sin, and acceptance of that forgiveness. Only then is it possible to exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees. Repentance means to acknowledge one's sinfulness, one's thoughts of murder and hatred, and with God's help to turn away from them. Law which regulates action cannot deal with motives; only the God who forgives can do that. Citizens of the kingdom are warned that judging others in a legalistic way may lead to spiritual blindness. Concentration on the failures of others blocks our ability to see our own faults (Matt. 7:1–5). Kingdom citizenship, therefore, requires selfknowledge and the resulting greatness of heart which creates peace. A legal approach can enforce compliance; it can never create love and forgiveness. God's generous Spirit controls the kingdom citizen. When the disciples were ready to apply judgment and penalty to Samaritans who refused hospitality to Jesus, they were acting in the vengeful spirit of Elijah, who called fire down on his enemies and killed them (2 Kings 1:10, 12).Jesus rebuked his disciples for this. A number of old manuscripts add, "You do not know what spirit you are of" (Luke 9:51–56, NRSV note). The kingdom of God, as Jesus described and lived it, continues to this day to be "a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense" (1 Pet. 2:8, KJV). His parable of the workers in the vineyard is hard to accept. It tells us in unmistakable terms that the kingdom of God upsets all normal human expectations. The employer in the parable chose to pay the same wages to those who had worked a whole day, and to those who had worked only one hour. When those who had worked all day complained that this was unjust, the landowner responded with a question: "Are you envious because I am generous?" (Matt. 20:1–15). God's generosity will not yield to human measurement and does not conform to human demands of justice. This upending of what humans regard as justice is caught in Jesus' words: "But many who are first will be last, and the last will be first" (Mark 10:31). To put it another way, "The gentle
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shall inherit the earth, not the bullies." 2 In another context, Jesus said, "Those who find their life will lose it, and those who lose their life for my sake will find it" (Matt. 10:39). Those who compromise to preserve their life already have their reward now; they cannot look forward to anything else. All who are killed because they were faithful to Jesus will receive their life back in the age to come. Jesus taught that the kingdom of God spans the present age and the age to come. The transition between them is the resurrection. In Luke 20:34–36, Jesus "distinguishes two ages and kinds of existence. Mortals are part of this age by the fact of physical birth, and of the age to come by resurrection."3 The power in this kingdom is the power of serving, of not lording it over others, of refusing to use coercive weapons. To most observers, this looks like losing (Luke 22:24–27). Most radical is the counsel of Jesus to love the enemy, to return good deeds for hatred, blessing for cursing, intercession with God for those who abuse. That is why those who return good for evil are called children of God; they are merciful because God is merciful (Luke 6:27–31, 35; Matt. 5:43–45). Entrance to this kingdom depends on becoming childlike, leaving behind all calculation and insistence on personal security. Humility is the true greatness (Matt. 18:1–5). Humility cannot be earned by striving; it can only be given. This refutes totally the commonsense slogan "You work for what you get." In this kingdom, what is really important is given, not worked for. This wisdom of the kingdom is hidden from the wise and the calculating planners, but given to those who are simple and have the integrity of children (Matt. 11:25). These teachings cannot be contained in the old forms of what is legal, or accepted wisdom, or political theories. No one sews a piece of unshrunk cloth on an old cloak, for the patch pulls away from the cloak, and a worse tear is made. Neither is new wine put into old wineskins, otherwise, the skins burst, and the wine is spilled, and the skins are destroyed; but new wine is put into fresh wineskins, and so both are preserved (Matt. 9:16–17). On one level, the contrast here is the difference between Jesus and John the Baptist. Jesus' teachings cannot be contained in the wineskins of John's preaching of the ax laid to
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the root of the tree. New wineskins from the Servant Songs of Isaiah are needed (Mark 2:22). This is therefore not a distinction between the God of the Old Testament and the God of the New Testament—a comparison still made by some Christians. Instead, the contrast consists in Jesus' emphasis, drawn primarily from Isaiah, on the overflowing love and compassion of God, who forgives and saves. On the other hand, John the Baptist emphasizes God's terrifying judgment, also drawn from Old Testament prophets. Implied also is the stress on Jesus' call to repentance and the acceptance of the good news of God's mercy and lovingkindness. This contrasts with the attempt of some to achieve salvation by observing rules and laws. The kingdom of God makes high demands on those who enter it and live in it. Citizenship in God's kingdom is more than saying "Lord! Lord!" (Matt. 7:21–23), more than saying, "Yes, yes, you are the boss!" "The gate is narrow and the way is hard that leads to life" (Matt. 7:14). That is why anyone who wants to come into the kingdom should carefully consider if it is worth the risk (Luke 14:28–32). It is as impossible to be in the kingdom and at the same time yearn to be out of it as it is to plow a straight furrow while looking back (Luke 9:62). Part of the narrowness of the gate into the kingdom is that there is room in it for only one loyalty: "No one can serve two masters." "You cannot be the servant both of the God of heaven and of the God of this world's wealth" (Matt. 6:24, Barclay). 4 Anyone entering the kingdom must be ready to suffer. The world does not take kindly to this exclusive loyalty to an invisible king and kingdom. Such exclusive loyalty will always be regarded as a judgment on the chosen loyalties of the world. "Whoever does not take up the cross and follow me is not worthy of me" (Matt. 10:38). Only the one prepared for exclusive loyalty to the kingdom will be ready to suffer for it. Kingdom citizenship is not a matter of special privilege, as Jesus' disciples learned, but of drinking the cup of suffering with Jesus (Mark 10:38–39). The incomparably beautiful words of Matthew 11:28–30, on the other hand, are Jesus' promise of what will be gained. "Come to me, all you that are weary and carrying heavy bur
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dens, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me; for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light." Here is the invitation to lay down the burden of living by one's own resources and by observing rules and regulations. In exchange, one receives the yoke of the kingdom, that by comparison will be like rest after the labor of the day. It will be rest for the soul. The disciple is to bear the yoke of gentleness, humility, and love. The more of that burden one carries, the lighter and easier it is. This kingdom in which rest is promised is a spiritual kingdom. Its liberation brings freedom from sin and the intolerable burden of selfcentered living. Jesus himself, according to this passage from Matthew, is the character and nature of this kingdom. The kingdom was prepared from the foundation of the world (Matt. 25:34). At its beginning, the kingdom had the face of Jesus; at its fulfillment, it will still have the face of Jesus. Thus Christians need not wait for the kingdom of God. This rest promised by Jesus, this light yoke and easy burden, are present possibilities for anyone who desires them. We do not have to wait until the millennium to have them. They do not have to be purchased with the blood of millions. The kingdom was made visible in the world in Jesus and has been here ever since. However, it has not yet come in its complete unfolding. We still pray, "Your kingdom come. Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven" (Matt. 6:10). Jesus, When Will These Things Be? We have now arrived at a discussion of passages that occupy a central place in the future scenario described by premillennial forecasters. We have already reviewed some of these sayings of Jesus. The basic passage is Mark 13, with parallel passages in Matthew 24:1–36 and Luke 21:5–33. Mark 13 is apocalyptic literature like what appears in the books of Daniel and Revelation. The Greek word apokalupsis means to uncover or unveil, to reveal what has been hidden. In Jesus' time, a great deal of such literature was in circulation. Its chief characteristic is that Israel has lost all hope of ever following any human path to arrive at the new world of peace and justice which the prophets promised. Israelites
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never ceased hoping for it, but they came to believe that it could happen only by direct intervention of God. The evil in the world was too powerful for anyone but God himself to deal with it. That intervention was called the day of the Lord. The apocalyptic writers believed that there would be a period of terrible trouble before that day came. Human communities, nations, and heaven and earth would go through terrible convulsions. Then would follow God's judgment, and finally the new earth of peace and justice. The kind of language Jesus uses in Mark 13 is found, for example, in Isaiah 13:10 and 13, where we read about stars, sun, and moon not giving their light; trembling heavens; and the earth shaken out of its place. This chapter (Mark 13) is a collection of sayings of Jesus on a common theme. Mark made a single discourse or sermon out of them, something like what Matthew did in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5–7). That is the clue to interpreting these verses. 5 There are basically three blocks of material, and I will deal with them that way. The first block (Mark 13:1–2, 9–20) deals with Jesus' prediction of Jerusalem's destruction and the persecution that would be experienced by his disciples at that time. These passages are not about the endtimes, and therefore I will not say anything more about them here. The second block is Mark 13:3–8, 21–27. The disciples ask Jesus: "Tell us, when will this be, and what will be the sign that all these things are about to be accomplished?" (13:4). Jesus' reply is to warn them that false teachers and false messiahs will come to deceive people (13:5–6, 21–23). Mark 13:7–8 gives a standard apocalyptic description of troubles preceding the end. Here Jesus is using familiar language, borrowed from Scriptures and other writings, that was standard apocalyptic fare. None of this should be taken as literal descriptions of what will take place in the future. Deceivers have, after all, always been part of human life, as have wars, revolutions, earthquakes, and famines. As noted above, Mark 13:24–25 is clearly dependent on Isaiah 13:10, 13. Like his predecessors, Jesus is employing nonliteral images to tell us that a worldshaking event is about to take place, the coming of the Son of Man with great power
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and glory (Mark 13:26). After that, all the faithful will be gathered to him (13:27). This announcement by Jesus himself of his return is the heart and climax of this chapter. We find it announced again and again in the New Testament. The third block of material is Mark 13:28–37. Here Jesus mostly warns the disciples to watch and to be faithful. But there is no need to fear because the one who is coming is Jesus. We still need to deal with Mark 13:30, 32. Verse 30 reads: "Truly I tell you, this generation will not pass away until all these things have taken place." This passage is the kingpin that forecasters use in trying to calculate the nearness of the end. Without proper reflection, they assume that the generation Jesus refers to must be our generation. How do they know? Of course, they cite all the signs! But those signs have accompanied every generation since the time of Jesus. It is arrogant to assume that only our present generation could possibly have been on Jesus' mind. Closer examination of the passage, however, makes it clear that those words do not refer to the time of the Christ's second coming. In Mark 13:32, Jesus says, "But about that day or hour no one knows, neither the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father. Beware, keep alert; for you do not know when the time will come" (emphasis added). Mark 13:30 is the answer to the question of the disciples in 13:4, about the destruction of the temple. Is the meaning not, literally, quite clear? Verse 30 must therefore refer to those other predictions of block one, Mark 13:1–2, 9–20, which deal with the fall of Jerusalem. That indeed is the case, since that happened in A.D. 70, less than forty years after Jesus said those words. Some of the generation alive when Jesus spoke those words were still alive when Jerusalem was destroyed. Matthew 24:3 helps by showing that the disciples really ask two questions. The first relates to the destruction of the temple (24:2), "When will this be?" and is answered in 24:34: "these things" will happen in the present generation. The second asks for the sign of Jesus' return and the end of the age, and it is answered in 24:36: only the Father knows the time. Mark 9:1 is the other passage that needs to be examined in this connection: "Truly, I tell you, there are some standing
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here who will not taste death until they see that the kingdom of God has come with power." Most premillennial forecasters ignore this passage and its parallels in Matthew and Luke. And no wonder! No matter which way we consider this saying, we face problems. If we take the passage to refer to Christ's second coming, we have to conclude that Jesus was mistaken because it did not happen during the lifetime of his disciples. But Jesus' word in Mark 13:32 refutes the notion that he would even claim to know the timing of the end. Thus it cannot refer to the coming of the Son of Man, the return of Christ. What then can Mark 9:1 plausibly mean? Some call it a reference to the transfiguration (9:2–8), seen as a vision of the future coming of the kingdom of God with power. It could also point to the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus in the sense of the Fourth Gospel, counting that as Jesus' glorification (John 12:23–24; 17:1). However, I incline to another explanation. Mark 9:1 may fittingly refer to the coming of "power" and "the Holy Spirit" at Pentecost, since that was understood from Old Testament times onward as the major feature of the events of the last days (Acts 1:8; 2:1–47; Joel 2). At Pentecost, Peter claims that God has made Jesus "both Lord and Messiah," Christ, King, with a kingdom to be proclaimed (Acts 2:36; 8:12; 28:31). However, I also think the saying of Mark 9:1 might be more a statement of the early church's conviction than a direct word from Jesus. We will leave it open for each person to decide among the various plausible interpretations. Hence, what we are left with in the study of Mark 13 is Jesus' own assurance of his coming again on the clouds of heaven (13:26), and that no one except God the Father knows when that will be (13:32). Except for the passages directly relating to his return, Jesus' teaching about the kingdom of God receives little attention in the writings of premillennial forecasters. 6 They are interested primarily in the millennium. Therefore, they hop, skip, and jump from one prediction of Christ's second coming to the other, ignoring most of what the Gospels teach. I have showed how Jesus himself believed that his vocation was to be the presence of the kingdom of God in the world. His teachings clearly present the nature of that kingdom as being a spiritual and not a military power. It is also clear from
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the Gospels that the kingdom had become real and visible in Jesus and his ministry. He expected that same kingdom to be immediately real and visible in the lives of his followers (Matt. 5:1–16). Yet the completion of God's reign was still to come.
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10 — The Hour Is Coming and Is Now Here: We Live in the Kingdom The Signs of the EndTime The book of Acts begins with Jesus speaking to his disciples "about the kingdom of God." He promised that they would be "baptized with the Holy Spirit not many days from now" (Acts 1:3, 5). According to Luke, the disciples understood nothing. They approached Jesus and asked, "Lord, is this the time when you will restore the kingdom to Israel?" He replied, "It is not for you to know the times or periods that the Father has set by his own authority. But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you will be my witnesses . . . to the ends of the earth." (Acts 1:6–8)
The question of the disciples is the old question about when the End will come, when the prophecy of Isaiah 2 will finally be fulfilled. They believed Jesus to be the son of David, the Messiah, who would make Jerusalem the center of the world. From there, God would rule the earth. Jesus gave them an answer in three parts. First, the question "when" was not to be asked and would not be answered,
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because setting that time was completely up to God the Father. Second, they would receive the power of the Holy Spirit. Third, they would be Jesus' witnesses in the whole world. So Jesus appears to have ignored their question. However, he really was answering it but taking them in a direction which they did not yet grasp. Nevertheless, they obeyed his order to stay in Jerusalem and wait ''for the promise of the Father" (Acts 1:4). The premillennial forecasters refuse to accept Jesus' words to his disciples, spoken to them and us also. They are not prepared to let knowledge of times and periods in God's hands, thus freeing them to concentrate on being Jesus' faithful witnesses. The story of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost is central to the early church's understanding of the endtimes. The description of what happened on that day was written by Luke to provide another parallel to the founding Old Testament events. In his Gospel, Luke describes the suffering and death of Jesus as "the exodus he was to make in Jerusalem," which Luke understands to be the creation and beginning of the renewed Israel (Luke 9:31, Greek). Even as the suffering and death of Jesus parallels Israel's exodus from Egypt, so the account in Acts 2 parallels the giving of the law on Mount Sinai. In each case, a new people is being created by God. As at Sinai, there is here in Jerusalem wind and fire. Both wind and fire symbolize the power of God the Holy Spirit, now coming upon all in the renewed Israel, while in the first exodus it came on only a few (Exod. 31:3). Numbers 11 can help us understand the story of Pentecost. The people had just left Sinai when the "meat crisis" developed. Moses appointed seventy elders to assist him in dealing with it, and some of the Spirit which God had given Moses was put on them. They prophesied, behaving and speaking in a strange and ecstatic way, as prophets did in those days. At the end of this episode, Moses says, "Would that all the Lord's people were prophets, that the Lord would put his spirit on them!" (Num. 11:29). Here, on the day of Pentecost, we see the fulfillment of that prayer. Here too, the disciples speak and act strangely, so that people say they are drunk. Gathered in Jerusalem are people from all over the thenknown inhabited world, and they hear each in their own lan
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guage about the great deeds of God. According to a Jewish tradition, each of the seventy nations of earth heard the words of the law spoken by God on Mount Sinai in their own language. The Spirit of God has come upon all of God's people of this new covenant, and in that power they are speaking. More important for our purposes, however, are the words of Peter, the spokesman of those who had been waiting in the upper room, both men and women. Thus far in the New Testament, his sermon gives us the first comprehensive interpretation of the meaning of Jesus, his suffering, death, and resurrection (Acts. 2:17–36). Peter begins, as the early Christians usually do, with the Old Testament, explaining to his listeners what is happening at the moment. He quotes the prophet Joel: In the last days it will be, God declares, that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams. Even upon my slaves, both men and women, in those days I will pour out my Spirit; and they shall prophesy. And I will show portents in the heaven above and signs on the earth below, blood, and fire, and smoky mist. The sun shall be turned to darkness and the moon to blood, before the coming of the Lord's great and glorious day. And everyone who calls on the name of the Lord shall be saved. (Acts 2:17–21)
Peter's message is that the day of the Lord has finally come. This event in Jerusalem is the fulfillment of the ancient prophecy of Joel, the heart of which is the pouring out of God's Spirit on all people. The wisdom and power of God, the Spirit, is now no longer the gift only to a few prominent leaders. Beginning with Jesus at his baptism, that gift is now given to all who trust him and pray for the Spirit (Acts 2:38; Luke 11:13). Both women and men, young and old share in this divine wisdom and power. The quotation also includes the cosmic phenomena of wonders in the heavens and signs on earth. We know that they did not physically happen on that occasion; instead, they symbolize a worldshaking, worldchanging event. We don't need to take them literally since Peter himself did not. According to Peter, the Spirit came because of Jesus, who
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was murdered in Jerusalem, but raised up by God. This Jesus is the promised descendant of David, who is now exalted at the right hand of God, on the throne of David, having begun his kingly rule. He quotes words from the Psalm 110:1 to secure this daring claim for Jesus (Acts 2:34–35). At this point, not only for Luke but for the rest of the New Testament, the kingdom of God becomes the kingdom of Christ. God has set Jesus at his right hand to be the Lord "until I make your enemies your footstool." Until all the opposition of evil has been overcome, Jesus will be king. The sermon ends with the words: "Therefore let the entire house of Israel know with certainty that God has made him both Lord and Messiah, this Jesus, whom you crucified" (Acts 2:36). Jesus is king now, according to Peter, and he will be king until, as Paul said later, "he hands over the kingdom to God the Father" (1 Cor. 15:24). The liberation Jesus brings is freedom from the power of evil, and that liberation is already at work in the world. The chief sign of the endtimes is not to be looked for in nature or in world politics, but in the gift of the Holy Spirit to all who believe. Here we also see the early formation of the Christian understanding of God as Trinity. God the Father and Creator brought the kingdom into being at the foundation of the world. When the time was fulfilled, he made his Son Jesus to be Lord over all things. At the same time, he let loose in the world the power of his Spirit to create again, this time not the physical heaven and earth, but "new heavens and a new earth, where righteousness is at home" (2 Peter 3:13). The growing band of disciples, the church, will be the living witnesses of all this to all who have not yet submitted to Jesus as the Lord. Several other passages from Acts flesh out a bit more what has already been said. Paul's preaching as reported by Luke makes repeated appeal to the promises to David as fulfilled in Jesus (Acts 13:23, 33–37). In 15:16–17 the spokesman is James, at the Jerusalem Council. He proclaims that in Jesus, the Son of David, the prophecy of Amos 9:11–12 has been fulfilled: "On that day I will raise up the booth of David that is fallen, and repair its breaches, and raise up its ruins, and rebuild it as in the days of old; in order that they may possess the remnant of Edom and all the nations who are
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called by my name, says the Lord who does this." As told here, James takes some liberties with the text. He leaves out the reference to Edom and replaces it with the words "so that all other peoples may seek the Lord." This prophecy from Amos, which is treated as a prediction of the distant future by the premillennial forecasters, is here cited by James as being fulfilled in his time. Peter also believed that Jesus was the Servant of God described in the writings of Isaiah. He said that "the God of Abraham . . . has glorified his servant Jesus" (Acts 3:13), referring directly to Isaiah 52:13. In Acts 8:26–35, Philip shows the Ethiopian eunuch how Jesus, as the Servant of the Lord, suffered in fulfillment of Isaiah 53:7–8. Acts 4:24–30 records a prayer of the disciples, speaking of Jesus, the Servant, the Messiah. They quote Psalm 2:1–2: "Peoples" and "rulers take counsel together, against the Lord and his anointed," the Messiah. Believers saw this Scripture fulfilled when Pilate and Herod conspired to crucify Jesus. Thus the earliest Christians understood Jesus to be at the same time the son of David, now ruling at the right hand of God, and the Suffering Servant. This Servant was glorified and exalted by being the first one to rise from the dead (Acts 26:23). Because of Jesus' resurrection, there will also, eventually, be a resurrection of both the righteous and the unrighteous (24:15). This Jesus has been made Lord and King by God, who "has fixed a day on which he will have the world judged in righteousness by a man whom he has appointed" (Acts 17:31). He, Jesus, "is the one ordained by God as judge of the living and the dead" (10:42). He "must remain in heaven until the time of universal restoration that God announced long ago through his holy prophets" (3:21). According to the first three Gospels and the book of Acts, the basic pattern of how the endtimes will unfold is now as follows: (1) The kingdom of God became visible in Jesus. (2) After raising him up, God made him Lord and Christ and gave him the kingly rule. (3) Between his resurrection and second coming, all who believe in Christ will be saved and receive the Holy Spirit. (4) Jesus will return for salvation and judgment. (5) There will be a general resurrection and (6) a
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cosmic judgment. There are no time references here at all, either for the whole process or for time spans between the different parts of the endtimes. The Kingdom of Our God and of His Christ We now need to know what the New Testament letters tell us about the kingdom of God. Included for this section are the letters of Paul, 1 the socalled pastoral epistles (1–2 Timothy, Titus), and the socalled catholic epistles (Hebrews, 1–2 Peter, James, Jude). I am dealing with all these together because among them is widespread agreement on the main points that concern us here. Later I treat the Gospel and epistles of John, and finally also the book of Revelation. The divisions which follow present what appear to me to be the most important items, as I describe further what the Christians of the first century believed about the End. I have tried to let them speak for themselves, rather than imposing an alien framework of "dispensations" on the Scriptures, as the premillennial forecasters do. The original dispensational system, first developed by John Nelson Darby in the nineteenth century, consisted of seven dispensations. Each is "a period of time during which man is tested in respect of obedience to some specific revelation of the will of God."2 Most modern dispensational writers on the endtimes employ only four dispensations: the promise (Abraham to Sinai), the law (Sinai to the cross of Christ), grace (death and resurrection of Christ to the rapture), and the fullness of times or the kingdom (millennium). Within that fourfold framework, dispensationalists tend to deal chiefly with the dispensations of the law and the millennium. During the period of the law, promises were made for the Davidic kingdom. They expect these promises to be fulfilled in the millennium. Between these two dispensations is the dispensation of grace, an interruption of the story of Israel, which is the subject of the other two. If what they call the church age is an interruption, I have to reject the view of the premillennial forecasters. Instead, I regard grace and the church as the heart of the matter, because the whole New Testament is about grace. That
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includes the announcement of the present reality of the kingdom of God, with Christ as Lord, beginning with the birth of Jesus and continuing into the present. We don't have to wait until the millennium to participate in the kingdom of God under the lordship of Christ. Peace Through the Blood of His Cross Of central importance for this whole study is the cross, the event of the crucifixion of Jesus. The story is told in the Gospels. It was not, however, until after the resurrection that the significance of the cross as central became clear to the disciples. All the New Testament books contain reflections of the earliest Christians on the cross and its meaning for the world. That Christ died for human sin is a central affirmation of the New Testament. This is using the language of sacrifice, the offering of an innocent victim on behalf of the guilty. God, wrote Paul, put Jesus "forward as a sacrifice of atonement by his blood" (Rom. 3:25). "He has appeared once for all at the end of the age to remove sin by the sacrifice of himself," we read in Hebrews 9:26 (emphasis added). The image of atonement by sacrifice was wellknown throughout the ancient world. So it was at hand for the New Testament writers to use in helping their contemporaries, both Jews and Gentiles, understand what happened with that particular crucifixion. However, this sacrifice was an expression of God's love and not of the need to pacify an angry God (Rom. 5:8). The image of sacrifice called for the submissive sacrificial victim, and the most appealing and fitting was the Passover lamb. Jesus, Hebrews 5:7 tells us, "was heard because of his reverent submission" to die. "He learned obedience through what he suffered" (5:8) and so was made the perfect sacrificial victim. Even though he was in the form of God, wrote Paul, he "became obedient to the point of death—even death on a cross" (Phil. 2:8). Both Paul and the writer of Hebrews tell us that because of Jesus' voluntary humiliation, "he became the source of eternal salvation for all who obey him" (Heb. 5:9; Phil. 2:11). Two other images describing the effect of the cross are redemption and reconciliation. Jesus' blood was the ransom paid to liberate us from our sins (Col. 1:14; Eph. 1:7; Titus
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2:14; 1 Pet. 1:18). Paul particularly linked redemption to opening the way for Gentiles to share "the blessing of Abraham." Here the ransom was Jesus' readiness to become "a curse for us" (Gal. 3:13–14). Reconciliation is one of Paul's favorite ways of talking about the cross. It means to bring together again. God and humanity have been restored to peace "through the blood of his cross" and by God's initiative (2 Cor. 5:18–19; Rom. 5:10; Col. 1:20; Eph. 2:16). In the person of Jesus, God and humanity can touch each other again (1 Pet. 2:24). There is one other powerful image of what happened on the cross. Its language is especially relevant to the discussion of this book. Again, Paul is the one who first wrote about angels, principalities, and powers, which cannot separate us from the love of God (Rom. 8:38–39). We no longer know exactly what those terms meant then, but the early Christians evidently knew. Neither Paul nor the other New Testament writers ever explain the powers to us. Yet about twelve references to principalities and powers in the New Testament make a few things clear. They were believed to be personal spiritual beings who had power to influence events on earth as they worked through various historical manifestations, providing order and structure. These thrones, dominions, rulers, and powers were created through Christ and for him (Col. 1:16). Along with the rest of the Creation, therefore, they had a purpose in God's plan. However, when we meet the powers in the New Testament, that purpose, whatever it was thought to be, had been largely perverted. Now they seem to represent corporate and structural evil. The powers are at work "among those who are disobedient," opposing God (Eph. 2:2). However, by his death on the cross, Jesus "disarmed the rulers and authorities and made a public example of them, triumphing over them in it [the cross]" (Col. 2:15). The picture here is of the triumphant Roman general on victory parade, after returning from a military campaign of conquest with his victorious army. All the captured foes bring up the rear in chains. Thus Paul tells us that on the cross Jesus defeated and disarmed the cosmic powers that opposed God. The powers or
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rulers of this age miscalculated when they brought about the crucifixion of Jesus, not knowing that it would result in their own defeat (1 Cor. 2:8). Jesus is now at the right hand of God, in the supreme position in heaven, "with angels, authorities, and powers made subject to him" (1 Pet. 3:22; Col. 1:16). God raised Jesus from the dead "and seated him at his right hand in the heavenly places, far above all rule and authority and power and dominion, and above every name that is named not only in this age but also in the age to come. And he has put all things under his feet" (Eph. 1:20–22; Col. 2:10). We have now been rescued from all that power of darkness and transferred into the light of Christ's kingdom (Col. 1:13–14). 3 However, the struggle against these cosmic powers and rulers and authorities continues (Eph. 6:12). The decisive battle against them has been fought and won by Christ. Yet they are still seeking to destroy the kingdom of Christ. These powers, and not human beings, are the true enemies of Christ. In Christ's final victory for God, all these hostile powers will be fully dethroned. Thus God will triumph and be "all in all" (1 Cor. 15:24–26). The crucial victory has already been won by Christ. He already rules as King of kings and Lord of lords, and no battle of Armageddon can improve upon that. Since the victory was won by Jesus' death on the cross, why would there be any need for millions of human corpses to prove the point? After all, Ephesians 6:12 tells us that the battle is "not against enemies of blood and flesh, but . . . against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places." So also in Revelation, it is spiritual warfare we see, not the physical warfare that the forecasters imagine. Some say that, to make sense of the present, we need to have detailed knowledge of the future; that notion is totally mistaken. It is the cross and the resurrection of Jesus Christ that supply the meaning. From those central realities, all the rest of the future derives any significance it has. The events of the End have to be interpreted in the light of the cross and resurrection of Jesus Christ. "Jesus is Messiah" and "Jesus is Lord," according to the earliest Christian confession of faith (Acts 2:36; Rom. 1:3–4;
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1 Cor. 12:3). Paul wrote, "Even though we once knew Christ from a human point of view, we know him no longer in that way" (2 Cor. 5:16). Jesus is no longer simply a physical human being, but he has been exalted to God's right hand, in the first of all spiritual bodies (1 Cor. 15; Phil. 3:21). Jesus Christ did not simply begin with his birth to Mary in Bethlehem. Before that, he was in the form of God, equal with God (Phil. 2:6). These thoughts are eloquently expanded in the letter to the Colossians. He [Jesus Christ] is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation; for in him all things in heaven and on earth were created; . . . all things have been created through him and for him. He himself is before all things, and in him all things hold together. He is the head of the body, the church; he is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, so that he might have first place in everything. For in him all the fullness of God was pleased to dwell. (Col. 1:15–19)
To this, the writer of Hebrews adds, "He is the reflection of God's glory and the exact imprint of God's very being, and he sustains all things by his powerful word" (Heb. 1:3). Jesus is now Lord. The word Lord (kurios) is used in the Greek Old Testament as a divine name. By use of this word, Christians were confessing that Jesus is now as intimately related to God as, "in the days of his flesh," he was completely human (Heb. 5:7). In Christ, we see God. He is the agent of Creation. All created things have their unity and meaning in him, and he sustains all things. "For to this end Christ died and lived again," wrote Paul, "so that he might be Lord of both the dead and the living" (Rom. 14:9). The dead don't have to wait until the resurrection to be part of Christ's kingdom, and neither do the living. God Has Given the Kingdom to Jesus Christ The New Testament letters give a great deal of attention to the nature of the kingdom of Christ. Luke reports that during Jesus' Last Supper with his disciples, he said that the Father had conferred on him a kingdom (Luke 22:29). In the time between the resurrection and his second coming, Jesus is king.
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Kingdom of God and kingdom of Christ are used interchangeably in the New Testament. They are the same kingdom, but Jesus has, as it were, been made God's executor or prime minister. Paul calls Jesus the image of God (2 Cor. 4:4; Col. 1:15; cf. Heb. 1:3). That means that Jesus is regarded as God's representative, exercising the full powers of God himself. The kingdom of God as Jesus taught it is characterized by a reversal of human expectations. The New Testament writers follow Jesus' lead in their descriptions. Paul especially delights in opposing divine and human wisdom. The wisdom of God appears as total foolishness to human wisdom, and what passes for human wisdom is folly in God's sight. "God's foolishness is wiser than human wisdom, and God's weakness is stronger than human strength" (1 Cor. 1:18–25). This inversion of what is expected is also shown by who the citizens of the kingdom are. Since God is the supreme sovereign, should these citizens not be the great ones of the earth? No, claims Paul. God chose people of quite ordinary intelligence, the politically powerless, the common folk, the despised ones (1 Cor. 1:26–31; cf. James 2:5). Their wisdom and power, which is from God, is invisible. All of this was so determined by God "that your faith might rest not on human power but on the power of God" (1 Cor. 2:5). This treasure of the gospel "we have in clay jars" (2 Cor. 4:7). "The weakness of God" thus commits what is ultimately most important to containers which themselves do not betray the treasure they contain. However, it is entirely consistent with the New Testament affirmation that God clothed himself with a human body in the incarnation. In one of the most eloquent passages in his book, James writes, The wisdom from above is in the first place pure; then peaceloving, considerate, and openminded; it is straightforward and sincere, rich in compassion and in deeds of kindness that are its fruit. Peace is the seedbed of righteousness, and the peacemakers will reap its harvest. (James 3:17–18, REB)
What a kingdom this is, not sustained by weapons, coercion, calculation, domination, or pretension! We need to
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remind ourselves constantly of the nature of this strange kingdom. With such an awareness, we will not be blown about by the wind of premillennial doctrine, that never seems to have learned that this kingdom of God and of his Christ ''is not from this world" (John 18:36). Living in God's Kingdom or Against It Paul distinguishes between living in God's kingdom and living outside of it. To do so, he uses the terms Spirit for life in the kingdom, and flesh for life against God's reign. In Paul's usage, flesh often does not mean simply the physical body. As created by God, the physical body is good and is not necessarily opposed to God, though it has limitations (Gen. 1:31; 3:19; 1 Gor. 15:50–55). However, there is a more sinister and symbolic use of the word flesh. In Paul's writings, it often means the whole person set against God and his purposes. That happens when people do not accept their role in creation to obey God and have fellowship with God, and instead try to run their own lives (Gen. 3). In 1 Corinthians 3:3, Paul spells out this sinister meaning of living by the flesh: "As long as there is jealousy and quarreling among you, are you not of the flesh, and behaving according to human inclinations?" He tells us more in Romans 8:7: "The mind that is set on the flesh is hostile to God; it does not submit to God's law." Living according to the flesh, therefore, is living out a refusal to submit oneself to the rule of God's kingdom. Hence also, those who do not submit cannot, because of their own refusal, inherit the kingdom of God. Paul lists some sinners who obviously refuse to obey God's law: "fornicators, idolaters, adulterers, male prostitutes, sodomites, thieves, the greedy, drunkards, revilers, robbers" (1 Cor. 6:9–10; cf. Gal. 5:19–21). All such people have in common the sin of satisfying personal lust, regardless of the consequences to others or even to themselves (Rom. 1:24, 27). They live by preying on others. This is the ultimate idolatry. Another and different list identifies the same human inclination: bitterness, wrath, anger, wrangling, slander, and malice (Eph. 4:31). Liberation from the life of the flesh (set against God) requires transformation by the renewing of the mind (Rom.
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12:2). By mind, Paul here means what is internal, what ultimately constitutes a person. We call this transformation being converted; it is the beginning of living according to the Spirit, with the whole self given as a "living sacrifice" to God (12:1). The kingdom is not chiefly observance of outward ritual, as in rigid specifics of "food and drink" (14:17). It "depends not on talk but on power" (1 Cor. 4:19–20). Boastful talk is cheap and belongs to the flesh; power is of the Spirit (cf. Zech. 4:6). Even as Paul lists the works of the flesh, so he lists the "fruit of the Spirit." It is "love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, generosity, faithfulness, gentleness, and self control" (Gal. 5:22–23). Living in the Spirit is following Jesus as the example. "Let the same mind be in you that was in Christ Jesus" (Phil. 2:5). Those who live in the Spirit are kind, tenderhearted, and forgiving. They "live in love, as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us" (Eph. 4:32—5:2). ''The kingdom of God is . . . righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit" (Rom. 14:17). Life in the Spirit is a life free from the law, meaning freedom from trying to achieve salvation or justify oneself by observing rules. "For freedom Christ has set us free," wrote Paul. The only "law" of the kingdom of God is the law of love for others and oneself (Gal. 5:1, 13–16). From about forty years later in the early church, we still read: "For to this you have been called, because Christ also suffered for you, leaving you an example, so that you should follow in his steps" (1 Pet. 2:21). Living in God's kingdom means acknowledging the kingship of Jesus and living by his example. This new kind of living and acting gives visibility to the kingdom of God in the world. These writers were passing on the memory of Jesus as a human being and the Son of God. In their testimony, the example of Jesus lacks any hint of aggressiveness, domination, or vengefulness. Instead, he lives out love for God and for others. There is no biblical signal that there has been any change in these characteristics of Jesus Christ after his resurrection and ascension, as he is bringing in the new creation (2 Cor. 5:16–17). Jesus, the one in Galilee and in Jerusalem and on the cross, is the same Jesus who now sits at the right hand of God. With eyes of faith, Christians can understand that victory and
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commit themselves to live out his kind of love as servants of God and his kingdom. The Kingdom of God and the Church Finally we come around to discussing the church, so often mentioned in the New Testament. It is a subject that relates directly to the interpretations of the premillennial forecasters. While they no longer say specifically that the church is a kind of interruption in the story of God's dealings with Israel, the effect is similar. The church seems for them not very important; Christian faith is a private and individual matter, stimulated by occasional large pep rallies. Like John Nelson Darby, they strain to get beyond the church, to get it out of the way at the rapture. Then they want to get on with the exciting, dramatic seven years when God again picks up the story with Israel. But that is to polevault from the book of Daniel right over the cross and the church, landing in the book of Revelation. Thus they go from the politics of Nebuchadnezzar to the politics of the antichrist. In their scheme, church and politics certainly don't mix. The really exciting politics happen only after the church is safely out of the way in heaven. However, that is not what we find in the New Testament. There the church is always at the center and certainly not an interruption. Consider the teaching of Ephesians 5:25–27: Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her, in order to make her holy by cleansing her with the washing of water by the word, so as to present the church to himself in splendor, without a spot or wrinkle or anything of the kind—yes, so that she may be holy and without blemish.
Here Paul links Christ's death on the cross with the church. Christ gave his life for the church. If the church, for which Christ died, is not really important, then it follows that the cross, too, is not really important. In other words, Paul understands the church to be central to God's purpose. In a favorite image, Paul calls the church the body of Christ. This is an extremely intimate image, linking the church directly to the work and fullness of God as no other image does (1 Cor. 12:27; Eph. 1:23; Col. 1:18).
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Almost as intimate is the image of the church as the temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Cor. 3:16–17; 6:19–20). This temple is built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the cornerstone. In him the whole structure is joined together and grows into a holy temple in the Lord; in whom you also are built together spiritually into a dwelling place for God. (Eph. 2:20–22)
The church is God's temple and is held together by Jesus, who is the cornerstone of that temple and also the head of the church (Col. 1:18). Given this kind of language, how can any serious Christian diminish the place and role of the church in God's salvation? Furthermore, since the church is God's temple now at the end of the ages, then why is there any need to build another physical temple during the millennium? Being "in Christ," a term Paul often uses, is a reference not only to the personal individual relationship to Christ. Because the church is "the body of Christ," being in Christ means being in the church. That, Paul tells the Corinthians (2 Cor. 5:17), means there is a new creation, a new beginning, a new people, a new temple. Those who are part of this body are "no longer strangers and aliens," but citizens in the household of God (Eph. 2:19). The author of Hebrews reminds us that what we have come to is not something that can be touched and heard. Instead, he says, you have come to Mount Zion and to the city, of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to innumerable angels in festal gathering, and to the assembly of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven, and to God the judge of all, and to the spirits of the righteous made perfect, and to Jesus. (Heb. 12:18, 22–24)
This is ultimately a spiritual reality, a community of faith that breaks the shackles of time and space. Mount Zion and the heavenly Jerusalem are both used as images for the church. Finally, 1 Peter 2:9 tells us that we are "a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people." Also, in 1 Corinthians 6:2, Paul says that "the saints will judge the world."
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All of this is kingdom language applied to the church. The New Testament writers understand the church to be the center of the kingdom of Christ in the world. Here his lordship is acknowledged, and the church is visible in the world to the extent that the fruit of the Spirit is expressed in action. "Let your light shine before others, so that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father in heaven" (Matt. 5:16). The church is the sign of the kingdom. Believers hope and expect that, at the end, the church will include the whole human race (Phil. 2:10–11). Old Israel, New Israel, or One Israel? A central assumption of the premillennial interpreters is that God's dealings with Israel and the church are separate. The story of Israel is found in the Old Testament, with all the promises for a future Davidic kingdom. According to the forecasters, that story came to an abrupt end at Jesus' entry into Jerusalem and his subsequent crucifixion, when Israel rejected its Messiah. Then follow the centuries of the Gentile church, the interval until the rapture, when all Gentile believers will be removed from the world. At that point, with Gentile believers terminally out of the way, "the prophetic clock will start ticking again." For the last seven years of the allotted time, God will finally turn his attention to his chosen people, the Jews. In the millennium and after the judgment of the great white throne (Rev. 20), Jews and Gentiles will together inhabit the earth. Yet even then they will be treated differently. Now we need to take stock again: Can this interpretation be sustained by Scripture? Paul addresses the issue of Israel and the church. First, note that Paul never thinks of himself as anything but a Jew. "I worship the God of our ancestors," he told the Roman governor Felix (Acts 24:14). Paul takes pride in his Jewishness, his ancestry, his status as a Pharisee, and his training in the Law (Phil. 3:5; Rom. 11:1). Nevertheless, after Paul came to faith in Christ, he says that not all ethnic Israelites truly belong to Israel (Rom. 9:6, 8). Instead, he writes, "Those who believe are descendants of Abraham" (Gal. 3:7; cf. 6:16; Phil. 3:3). From these passages and others, we can see that unbelief disqualified members of
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the ethnic Jewish community from belonging to Israel. On the other hand, faith qualified even nonJews to be Israelites. Anyone who belongs to Christ is a descendant of Abraham. All ethnic, social, and gender distinctions count for nothing in this newly defined Israel (Gal. 3:26–29; Rom. 10:12). It is Jesus' death on the cross that "has broken down the dividing wall, that is, the hostility between us [Jews and Gentiles], . . . that he might create in himself one new humanity in place of the two, thus making peace" (Eph. 2:14–15). In direct contradiction to this, the premillennial forecasters insist that the separation is still there. Paul, however, uses a graphic metaphor to explain that Gentile Christians were grafted onto the olive tree of Israel, and some unbelieving branches were broken off (Rom. 11:17–20). Therefore, according to Paul, there is only one tree, the Israel of faith in Christ, the people of God, which now includes Jews and Gentiles. Peter also contributes to this conviction in his beautiful description of the church of Christ. He addresses his letter to "the exiles of the Dispersion" (1 Pet. 1:1; cf. James 1:1), which clearly means Israel. Then he says, "You are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people. . . . Once you were not a people, but now you are God's people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy" (1 Pet. 2:9–10; cf. Eph. 2:12). All parts of this description are based on Old Testament passages (Exod. 19:6; Isa. 43:20–21; Hos. 1:6, 9; 2:1). Nowhere in the New Testament is there a reference to a "new Israel." That is because there is only one Israel, "the Israel of God" (Gal. 6:16), which comprises all who have faith in Christ. In Romans 11, Paul also struggles over the future of that part of Abraham's descendants, Israel after the flesh, who reject faith in Christ. God remembers his promise and has not finally rejected the Israel after the flesh, he writes. But "a hardening has come upon part of Israel, until the full number of the Gentiles has come in. And so all Israel will be saved" (Rom. 11:25). Here Paul expects the salvation of Israel "as a people at the time when the mission of the church to the Gentiles has been fulfilled." 4 When Paul speaks of this part of Israel (unbelieving Israel
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after the flesh), his own logic means that only those who will come to have faith in Christ will be true children of Abraham and therefore saved. In Paul's statements we find no warrant for the claim of premillennial forecasters that "the full number of the Gentiles" coming in refers to all those who are taken up at the rapture. There is also no warrant for the claim that then, finally, Israel after the flesh will come into its great future as a nation. Moreover, there is nothing at all about land in all the New Testament references to the renewed Israel. Even Paul, in Romans 11, when he says that all Israel will be saved, mentions no land. It no longer has any promised place in the kingdom of Christ. More particularly, Israel being saved has nothing to do with the modern state of Israel. 5 All the Old Testament promises to restore the land to Israel which had not been fulfilled, were in the New Testament transmuted into the search and hope for "a better country." Exactly this issue of transferring hope from a physical to a spiritual promised land is addressed by the book of Hebrews: All of these died in faith without having received the promises, but from a distance they saw and greeted them. . . . They confessed that they were strangers and foreigners on the earth, for people who speak in this way make it clear that they are seeking a homeland. If they had been thinking of the land that they had left behind, they would have had opportunity, to return. But as it is, they desire a better country, that is, a heavenly one. Therefore God is not ashamed to be called their God; indeed, he has prepared a city for them. (Heb. 11:13–16)
What could be clearer than that? It is interesting to note that John Walvoord, so biblically knowledgeable, skips those verses in his book Major Bible Prophecies. There is not a shred of biblical justification for suggesting, as the premillennial forecasters do, that Israel as an ethnic people is more important to God in the latter days than the church.6 Yesterday, Today, and Forever The New Testament writers use time language as they reflect on and describe the mystery that was hidden and now revealed (Col. 1:26). They divided time into three ages: First, the age before "the foundation of the world" (Eph. 1:4), "before all
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time" (Jude 25), or "before the ages began" (2 Tim. 1:9). Second, "this age" (Matt. 12:32), "the present age" (1 Tim. 6:17), "the present evil age" (Gal. 1:4), or ''the present form of this world" (1 Cor. 7:31). Third, "the age[s] to come" (Eph. 1:21; 2:7; Heb. 6:5; 2 Pet. 3:18). The first age is the age before the Creation, the second lasts from the Creation to the End, and the third is the time when God "will be all in all" (1 Cor. 15:28). The story of God's salvation in the establishment of his kingdom advances from a beginning to an end. The historical part of the story is the second or present age. According to the New Testament, the pivotal event of history falls in the middle of the present age. "When the fullness of time had come, God sent his Son, born of a woman" (Gal. 4:4). God's time had run its course; it was time to intervene and bring to fulfillment all that had been promised. In 1 Peter (1:20) and Hebrews (9:26), we are told that Jesus came "once for all at the end of the age." The New Jerusalem Bible translates Hebrews 9:26, "He has made his appearance once and for all at the end of the last age." The King James Version says, "But now once in the end of the world hath he appeared." That means what is elsewhere referred to as the end of "the present age." Paul wrote that he and the Corinthian Christians were the ones "on whom the ends of the ages have come." They were living in the overlap of the present age with the coming age (1 Cor. 10:11), and so are we. This way of speaking was used by Paul in A.D. 55, by Hebrews in about 85, and by Peter just before 100. Paul was still expecting the early return of Jesus when he wrote 1 Corinthians 15:51, but by the year 100 the urgency of that expectation had begun to recede somewhat. However, the language had not changed. It just meant that the duration of the present age had been extended. Just because Jesus had not returned was no reason for suggesting that early believers had been mistaken and were forced to relocate the endtimes into the twenty first century. They remembered what Jesus had told them. The "times" of God's action are known to God alone (Mark 13:32). They were commissioned to be Jesus' witnesses (Acts 1:7–8). They still believed themselves to be living in the time of the End, at the
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ends of the ages. They were not waiting for the endtimes to begin; instead, they knew they were already living in those times. They were waiting for Jesus to return. That event would mark the triumph of "the age to come." The time scheme of at least some of the New Testament writers appears to be not a simple straight line from Beginning to End. It begins with what we might call a single line from the Beginning, eternity, "before all time," through the Creation to the cross of Christ, which is the midpoint of the ages. The word midpoint is not a reference to chronological time but to God's time, "the fullness of time" (Gal. 4:4). It means that it is the time of the most important event in history. From that midpoint until the second coming of Christ, the "ages" overlap. "The present age" continues and ends with the second coming. Some compare this to the Second World War, won on DDay but completed only when Hitler's evil regime came to an end with surrender nearly a year later. However, "the age to come" begins with the cross and resurrection, when Jesus is made Lord (Acts 2:36; Rom. 1:4), and continues in a straight line through the second coming and into eternity. Thus there now is an overlapping of the ages, in this period between cross and second coming. This scheme is suggested especially by the language of Ephesians and Hebrews. In Ephesians 1:21–22, God raised Jesus from the dead, seated Jesus at God's right hand, and made him Lord of all and head of the church. All this is portrayed as God's action, "not only in this age but also in the age to come." In Ephesians 2:5–7 we are told that believers are raised up with Christ, seated with him in the heavenly places, destined to experience the riches of God's grace in his kindness toward us. This is, in verse 7, located "in the ages to come." Therefore, being united with Christ in his resurrection and ascension happens both in the present age and at the same time in the age to come. The reality of the age to come is experienced in the present and will be known in its fullness in the future. Therefore, being in the present age and at the same time in the age to come is part of the overlapping of the ages (1 Cor. 10:11). Represented in a diagram, this description is a scheme of
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what can be called salvation history, set in the widest framework, "From Everlasting to Everlasting." This chart takes account of all the important "events" of that history coming out of eternity, through the Creation of the world, the creation of Israel, the cross of Christ, the creation of the church, and on through Christ's second coming, the judgment, the new creation, and onward into eternity. As will be seen, aspects of this diagrammatic scheme are also supported by the Gospel and epistles of John. A characteristic of biblical thinking is that it does not conform to the modern notion of a single chronological arrangement. Since before and after are not scientific terms in the Bible, it is possible to have the ages overlap. The ordinary and the extraordinary, the earthly and the heavenly, the present and the future—all these pairs are contemporary. Both sides impinge on our lives in the here and now. Today none of us lives only in the biblical worldview. What we take for granted is part of our training, in which scientific rules have played a major role. A little modern reflection on the meaning of time will therefore not be out of place here, particularly since it is relevant to the time schemes of the premillennial forecasters. For modern human beings like ourselves, chronological or clock time is a basic part of our perception of how things are. Long ago the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria (20 B.C.–A.D. 50) knew this. Time, he said, came into being when sun and moon were created, because "time is nothing but the sequence of days and nights." Time is limited to the physical world. Before the Creation there was no time. 7 Modern physicists discuss this issue with respect to the origins of the universe in the "big bang." That was the beginning of time, and they have no idea what before the big bang might mean. Time, in this sense, has to do with matter and motion.8 However, we do not experience time only as a succession of points of time. The human experience of extreme happiness, of deep joy in a human relationship or in a religious experience, and certainly of the religious experience of ecstasy (trances, speaking in tongues, etc.), are not clocktime experiences. In these, there seems to be a suspension of the passage of time; we don't ask "how long" these experiences
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are. They may have a profound effect upon one's life, influencing a complete change of direction, and yet have lasted only for a few seconds. The ordinary human experiences of dreaming and the human ability to remember also put us, as it were, into a dimension where chronological time does not function. We come out of a reverie of memory and say, "I lost track of time." Memory is free not only from chronological time but from space as well. We can go back in time to events we have experienced, see people who are long dead, smell aromas long gone, and recover emotions long since expired. Even more, in our imaginations we can supersede all calculations of speed and rove instantly to the edge of the universe. We can literally gaze into unimaginably distant times by looking up into the Milky Way and beyond and see the light of longdead stars. In our imaginations we can create alternative versions of past events in our own lives. All of this belongs to the realm of human experience, open to any person. Chronological or clock time is, to say it again, only part of the human experience of time. The premillennial forecasters want to compel us to reduce the biblical vision of the kingdom of God to clock time and the related realities of space, matter, and motion. We saw them doing so in their descriptions of the New Jerusalem and the new heaven and earth. But this may not be done because calculations of time and space in a literal sense are limited to what the New Testament calls "the present age." The present age is what we today call history. History is a complex network of people and events over time. It is a record of thinking and speaking and acting which can be investigated because there are writings and archaeological evidences. On the basis of all that, a historical narrative is constructed. It can be checked and revised and corrected on the basis of newly discovered evidence or new ways of analysis. Whatever lies in the ages "before all time" and in "the coming age" cannot be called history because it is totally removed from our investigation. It is not read in terms of chronological time. All of this is particularly relevant to the scenario so avidly studied by the premillennial forecasters. The future they
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describe is not history. The literal uses of clock time and physical space cannot apply there. Hence, to talk about seven or a thousand literal years, based on references found in the book of Revelation, is to deity our limited, human intelligence and to show disrespect to the Bible. We need humbly to confess with Paul that now we "know only in part" (1 Cor. 13:12). In the overlapping of the ages from Christ's cross to his second coming, we have both history and nonhistory, or metahistory (reality behind or beyond history). It is firmly established through the discipline of historical study that there existed a certain person named Jesus, son of Mary, who lived in Palestine at a certain time, and was brought to trial under Pontius Pilate, condemned to death, and executed. No reputable historian today seriously challenges those facts. But when we confess that this Jesus is the Son of God and that he died for the sins of the world, that takes us right out of history and into "the age to come." These claims cannot be investigated as history. Likewise, what we call the resurrection of Jesus happened outside of history because there is no way we can investigate it historically. The resurrection happened. We are able to see its results in history, in the disciples who changed from despair to confidence, and in the growing church. However, in and of itself, the resurrection belongs to another realm of human understanding and experience which has nothing to do with clock time. When I was baptized upon the confession of my faith in Christ, I experienced what in the New Testament is called "the fullness of time" (Gal. 4:4). At the moment of baptism, I became vividly conscious of being part of the whole history of salvation from the garden of Eden to the New Jerusalem, and everything in between. I was physically present in a simple wooden church building on the Saskatchewan prairie, the meetingplace of the Eigenheim Mennonite Church. But in actual truth, I was in the New Jerusalem and surrounded by apostles, prophets, and martyrs, and the whole cloud of witnesses to what I was now accepting. Most important, I was in the presence of God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and I heard the "Holy, holy, holy" of the angels. When we now think some more about "the age to come"
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and what belongs to it, we are in the same realm. History has passed into the realm of the freedom of the Spirit. 9 We have gone beyond expectations of a revived earthly kingdom of David, with a messiah (anointed) king as in the Old Testament. Now we are in the spiritual kingdom of Jesus, in which the law is not external as in a worldly kingdom, but internal, written on the heart. That fulfilled law is outwardly expressed in love to the neighbor by the power and wisdom of God's Holy Spirit. Nowhere in the New Testament are we told that we will revert again to an earthly kingdom of David, with Jesus as the physical and visible ruler of the physical, geographically located nations of the earth. This is exactly what the premillennial forecasters promise. By contrast, Christ's second coming, the last judgment, and the New Jerusalem are not part of history in any literal sense. They are part of our faith, all of them calling to us from "the age to come," from heaven, from the realm of God. These spiritual realities assure us that God is the beginning and end of all things, the Alpha and the Omega, and that God has the face of Jesus. More than that, we don't need to know. The Second Coming Christ's second coming belongs to the "age to come" and not to Earth's history. We cannot investigate it as we can a political event of yesterday. When we say that, we do not deny the second coming. Instead, we realize that "reality" is broader than history. History is like a bag of clothespins hung on an infinite washline. The bag of history is different from the washline, which is eternity, but the bag is firmly linked with the washline, and in fact the bag depends upon the line totally. However, the clothespin bag is not the whole of the matter; it is limited, and there is an unlimited "world" beyond it. The premillennial forecasters correctly remind us that there are many references to the return of Christ in the New Testament. These Scripture texts belong inseparably to the essence of our faith and may never be dismissed as superstitious or as remnants of a bygone view of the world. We treasure the words and images that express "the blessed hope and
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the manifestation of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ" (Titus 2:13). In the last verse of Matthew's Gospel, Jesus bids his disciples farewell and promises, "I am with you always, to the end of the age" (28:20). That can mean only one thing: Jesus' ascension and seating at the right hand of God are not a separation from the renewed Israel, his little company. It merely means that he is not visibly present. The teaching about the second coming means, among other things, that "at the end of the age," the same presence of Jesus will be completed for those united with him. This will happen in a burst of light and glory, for which there are no words. "What no eye has seen, nor ear heard, nor the human heart conceived, what God has prepared for those who love him" (1 Cor. 2:9). Throughout the New Testament, we hear: "The Lord is near" (Phil. 4:5; James 5:8). "The Day [is] approaching" (Heb. 10:25). "The night is far gone, the day is near" (Rom. 13:12). ''The end of all things is near," when "the chief shepherd appears" (1 Pet. 5:3–4; 4:7). These are not simply stark announcements of arrival, as in a formal reception the announcer reports the arrival of an ambassador from some nation. They are not merely announcements of an event to take place in the near future. Invariably they are linked to the present with an admonition to live as subjects of King Jesus. Because the householder is returning to reoccupy his house, it must be kept in order (Matt. 24:45–51). Christians are called to be gentle, patient with each other, loving and encouraging each other, living without pretense in the light of day, exercising selfdiscipline, never dominating others. These are not threats but reminders that they are already living in Christ's kingdom. Their present behavior is as much part of that kingdom as the day when they "will see him as he is" (1 John 3:2). Christ's return will bring to full and final completion his presence, which Christ promises to his followers. The Christians in Corinth and in Thessalonica knew that their mentor Paul believed that the End was near, when Jesus would come and the struggles of this world would be over. Meanwhile, members of those churches were dying. Some wondered whether those who had died were less favored than
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those still alive when the End finally came. In Corinth, some were saying that, contrary to what Paul had taught, there would be no resurrection of the dead. In responding to such questionings, Paul inseparably links Christ's return with the resurrection of those who believe in him. Two Pauline texts provide detail on Christ's second coming: For this we declare to you by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will by no means precede those who have died. For the Lord himself, with a cry of command, with the archangel's call and the sound of God's trumpet, will descend from heaven, and the dead in Christ will rise first. Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air; so we will be with the Lord forever. (1 Thess. 4:15–17) Listen, I will tell you a mystery! We will not all die, but we will all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed. (1 Cor. 15:51–52)
The main point made in both of these passages is that those who are alive at the second coming will have no advantage over those who have already died. Physical death is no obstacle because both the dead and the living will be given a new spiritual body when Christ returns (1 Cor. 15:35–49). This is the work of God through the Holy Spirit, who came to renew all things from a perishable to an imperishable state. According to 1 Thessalonians, the dead will rise first so that all together can meet Jesus. When speaking about the unspeakable, the descriptions which accompany this assurance are couched in traditional Jewish language. Jesus himself will descend from heaven and command the dead to rise, assisted by the archangel with his trumpet. The trumpet was a common feature in Jewish descriptions of the End (Isa. 27:13; Zech. 9:14). All the changed ones will go into heaven with Christ, on the clouds. Moving clouds, as symbols of reception into the presence of God, are used many times in the Bible. When those words were written, using imagery of descent and ascent, people believed heaven to be above the flat world, from which everyone would see Jesus descending from heaven. Today we know that the earth is a sphere, not flat.
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William Barclay appropriately comments on this: "We are not meant to take with crude and insensitive literalism that which is a seer's vision. It is not the details which are important. What is important is that in life and in death the Christian is in Christ, and that is a union which nothing can break." 10 There can be no literal description of what is not an "event" in the usual sense. But we have a fervent belief that at the end we will see and be with the one who has liberated us. However, Paul also promptly warned the Thessalonians, with the words of Jesus in mind (Acts 1:7), that nothing was to be said on the matter of "when." Whenever the End comes, it will be unexpected, and Christians need always to be faithful and ready (1 Thess. 5:1–11; cf. Matt. 25:1–13). The discussion of Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:1–12 does nothing to change that. It was a repetition of stock features describing a time of distress that was to precede the End. Paul says that the "mystery of lawlessness is already at work." Other passages say similar things, such as 1 Timothy 4:1–3; 2 Timothy 3:1–9; and 2 Peter 3:3–13. The last passage has the dramatic words that "the heavens will be set ablaze and dissolved, and the elements will melt with fire" (2 Pet. 3:12). This has nothing whatever to do with a nuclear holocaust, about which the premillennial forecasters are so excited. In Jewish symbolic thinking, fire is associated with the presence of God, with divine judgment, and with purification to bring righteousness (e.g., Mal. 3:1–4). It should never be taken literally. For the New Testament writers, all the "signs" associated with Christ's second coming are regarded as being already present at their time. This is not surprising since they all knew themselves to be living in the endtimes, which had begun with Jesus. These passages are therefore not to be pulled out of that understanding and made into predictions of the distant future. We are still living in the endtimes, according to New Testament teaching. We know that these "signs" are part of our time, too. But they have always been there, as Christian interpreters throughout the centuries have said. To make them apply solely to our immediate future, as the premillennial forecasters do, is part of the naive and limited vision of modern times, when many people imagine that the present is the most important time in history.
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Resurrection and Creation In this discussion we must ponder the subject of the kingdom of God in its fulfillment and the place of the natural order in it. Of the New Testament writers, only Paul reflects on this issue. When he does so in Romans 8, he certainly has in mind the many passages in the book of Isaiah and other prophets who include the renewal of nature in the final victory of God over all evil. The Old Testament writers always considered the whole Creation and not only human beings when they thought about the salvation of God. They saw nature rejoicing when God came to save. 11 Isaiah 11:1–9 is the most prominent passage in the Old Testament that celebrates the salvation of nature as part of the restoration God promises. There the salvation of humanity includes the salvation of the animals (cf. Ps. 104; Jon. 4:11). The kingdom of God present and future includes the whole of the Creation. Paul places the renewal of the Creation in the context of his discussion of living in the Spirit and the future glory, which is about to be revealed. For the creation waits with eager longing for the revealing of the children of God; for the creation was subjected to futility, not of its own will but by the will of the one who subjected it, in hope that the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to decay and will obtain the freedom of the glory of the children of God. We know that the whole creation has been groaning in labor pains until now; and not only the creation, but we ourselves, who have the first fruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly while we wait for adoption, the redemption of our bodies. (Rom. 8:19–23)
By the redemption of our bodies, Paul means the change from a physical to a spiritual body by the power of the Holy Spirit (Phil. 3:21; 1 Cor. 15:42–57). When that takes place at Christ's second coming, the same transformation will also take place in nature. It will be "set free from its bondage to decay and will obtain the freedom of the glory of the children of God" (Rom. 8:21). The Creation is not something the Creator will discard and destroy. In Christ's second coming, God will bring his redemptive purpose to an end. Then the whole Creation will be set free along with us, transformed by the Holy Spirit, and given a spiritual body appropriate to each part (1 Cor. 15:38–
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44). Again, we must not confuse the main point of what Paul is saying here with the images he uses. His main point is the transformation of all that God has made into a new heaven and a new earth, in which peace and righteousness dwell (Rom. 14:17; 2 Pet. 3:13). The Last Judgment The inequities and injustices of life on this earth were often a heavy burden for the Old Testament saints. The God of Israel was always portrayed as a just God. In that conviction, one of them could say, "I have been young, and now am old, yet I have not seen the righteous forsaken or their children begging for bread" (Ps. 37:25). That kind of sentiment, however, was strongly disputed by others. The strongest challenge to that view comes from the book of Job. It was clear to Job and to the Isaiah of the exile that justice was not always done on earth. Despite God's promises, Israel's God evidently did not always bring about justice in human experience. It was not until the second century B.C. that a new understanding of this burden developed. The book of Daniel announced a special reward for those who had been faithful to God in the great tribulation under Antiochus Epiphanes and died the death of a martyr. Many would "awake, some to everlasting life," and the persecutors "to shame and everlasting contempt" (Dan. 12:2). Lack of obvious justice on this earth should therefore not be a comfort to oppressors nor be the despair of the faithful. At the day of the Lord, all that would be set right, and rewards and retribution would be meted out. The Pharisees, who appear in the Gospels, preserved this belief in resurrection that arose in Israel during that great tribulation under Antiochus. They transmitted it to Jesus and the early church (Matt. 22:23–33; Acts 23:8). "The idea here is that those who are related to God in faith have life even though physically dead; resurrection is the divine act by which they will achieve the fullness of life intended in creation and lost through sin and death." 12
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It was therefore to be expected that Jesus would speak of judgment as part of the End: When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, then he will sit on the throne of his glory. And the nations will be gathered before him, and he will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats, and he will put the sheep at his right hand and the goats at the left. (Matt. 25:31–33)
All will be judged according to their deeds, and there will be surprises. Some will dispute the verdict, but it will be of no avail. Human justice could easily be perverted, but not the justice of the Son of Man. Throughout the New Testament we find the conviction that all must appear before the judgment seat of Christ, the Son of Man. There they will be judged "for what has been done in the body, whether good or evil." This teaching is found throughout the New Testament (2 Cor. 5:10; Rom. 2:2–3, 6; 2 Tim. 4:1; 1 Pet. 4:5; John 5:25–29). The secret thoughts of all will be revealed (Rom. 2:16). This judgment "will bring to light things now hidden in darkness and will disclose the purposes of the heart" (1 Cor. 4:5). Paul writes about the "wrath that is coming" (1 Thess. 1:10). All will receive a verdict on their lives for what they have done in this life (Rom. 2:6). Those who think they are without fault in God's eyes are storing up wrath for themselves on "the day of wrath" (2:5). In true Pharisaic style, Paul announces in Romans 2:6–8 that God will repay according to each one's deeds: to those who by patiently doing good seek for glory and honor and immortality, he will give eternal life; while for those who are self seeking and who obey not the truth but wickedness, there will be wrath and fury.
Justice will be reestablished "when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven with his mighty angels in flaming fire, inflicting vengeance on those who do not know God and on those who do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus. These will suffer the punishment of eternal destruction, separated from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of his might"
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(2 Thess. 1:7–9). This judgment will bring a radical purging of evil, which has no "inheritance in the kingdom of God" (Eph. 5:5). The writer of 2 Peter in particular promises retribution on teachers who promote lies. "Their condemnation, pronounced against them long ago, has not been idle, and their destruction is not asleep" (2 Pet. 2:3). The writer is here alluding to passages like Jeremiah 14:14; 23:25–26; and Micah 3:5–7. After the gentleness and patience of the kingdom of God expressed by Jesus and the New Testament writers, all of this seems like a giant step backward. It sounds so violent and unrelenting; those who obey the gospel are rewarded with eternal life; those who don't are condemned to destruction. With this in view, the prophet Malachi spoke truthfully about the day of the Lord: "Who can endure the day of his coming, and who can stand when he appears?" (Mal. 3:2). Here we need to ponder several important considerations. First, judgment is real; it has happened, is happening, and will happen. The images describing this reality of judgment underscore its gravity and danger. The language and imagery in which the day of judgment is cast all come from the Old Testament. Jesus himself certainly talked about judgment and recompense, but mostly in his parables. Those parables are stories from everyday life, making graphic comparisons to convey spiritual meanings and challenge hearers. They are not meant to be taken as processed doctrinal statements. The language of Paul and 2 Peter sounds more like John the Baptist (Matt. 3:10–12) than Jesus. As with Christ's second coming, here we are not just dealing with history. This judgment also belongs to "the age to come." We may therefore not take the descriptions literally. A common image for judgment is fire. Read Ezekiel 21:31–32; 22:21, 31; and Zephaniah 1:18 and note the sources of the New Testament images. Fire is a refiner and cleanser but also a consumer and destroyer; it is an image and not a full–blown doctrine (Mal. 3:2–3; Heb. 10:26; 2 Pet. 3:7; and especially 1 Cor. 3:13). The second consideration is that all the people referred to in the passages quoted from Romans and 2 Thessalonians had already heard the gospel. Those who are condemned are people who deliberately turned away from the gospel and chose
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selfseeking and wickedness. They have created their own punishment by deliberately choosing that which will ultimately destroy themselves. They knew their own choice, and they knew the consequences. They walked into the fire with their eyes open. To use a modern analogy, suppose some drivers willfully choose to disregard traffic rules established to protect everyone. If they have accidents and sustain serious injury and destruction of their vehicles, they cannot charge the transportation department with unfairness. In such cases, drivers are clearly responsible for what happens to themselves; they were asking for trouble. In addition, they may also hurt others. These passages, therefore, do not speak at all to the question of the fate of those who have never heard of Jesus. The third consideration is that we tend to think of the last judgment as a legal event, a criminal trial. We conclude this from the language used by Jesus and the New Testament writers, speaking about thrones and judges and verdicts of reward and punishment. However, in the Old Testament, from which all of the imagery is drawn, we normally deal with a family relationship between God and his people rather than with the two as legal adversaries. Even in the indictment of Hosea 4, the Israelities are called "my people." Judgment and the wrath of God are part of a living family relationship. Listen to the prophets: "I reared children and brought them up, but they have rebelled against me" (Isa. 1:2). "When Israel was a child, I loved him, and out of Egypt I called my son" (Hos. 11:1–4). "Is Ephraim my dear son? Is he the child I delight in? For as often as I speak against him, I still remember him. Therefore I am deeply moved for him; I will surely have mercy on him, says the Lord" (Jer. 31:20). Often Israel and Judah are called daughters of God, as in Ezekiel 16; Isaiah 22:4, RSV; and Zechariah 9:9. "For the wound of the daughter of my people is my heart wounded, I mourn, and dismay has taken hold on me" (Jer. 8:21, RSV). Numerous other passages like these show that the basic images of the relationship of God to his people are chiefly drawn from the family setting rather than the criminal court. Parents know about judgment, and so do children. The difference is that children, toward whom parental "wrath" is
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directed, persistently misunderstand it because they are not yet parents. The continuing misbehavior of a child may require drastic measures by the parent, measures which inflict pain on the child. This may involve sending the child to its own room so that in isolation, separated from parents and siblings, the child can reflect on the misdeed and, the parents hope, "repent," resolving not to repeat that behavior. The purpose of the desired repentance is not to please the parent but to save the child from a dangerous direction. Good parental "wrath" is motivated by love; it is directed toward the child out of love. Why else would a mature parent be ready to accept a course of action painful for everyone involved? Therefore, when the New Testament speaks of "the wrath of God," it must always be seen as exercised in a family relationship. It is not an inflexible, impersonal imposing of a legal decision on human beings but a course of action designed to produce repentance. On this matter, the model we need to keep before us without fail is the loving, responsible, caring parent, and never a domineering, vengeful tyrant. The God who loved us enough to die for us will not, in the end, throw us away. In the end, the justice of God, according to Paul, is the forgiveness he offers. "While we still were sinners Christ died for us" (Rom. 5:8). This is what Paul's letters often call the grace of God, the undeserved, surprising, lavish gift of unconditional acceptance. A fourth consideration is that Jesus is the divine judge. Here I remind the reader of the Jesus of the Gospels, who modeled himself on the Suffering Servant. He is the one who died on behalf of sinners and who forgave and prayed for his tormentors and executioners (Luke 23:34). This is the Jesus who is the judge. He is still the same, yesterday, today, and forever (Heb. 13:8). If we trust Jesus Christ, there is nothing to fear for ourselves and others. A final consideration could be put in the form of a question: "By whom would I prefer to be judged?" One's kneejerk response might be "Certainly not by God!" Texts like Hebrews 10:31 have contributed to being afraid of God: "It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God." However, if we don't want to be judged by God, by whom will it be, since there will be judgment either way? By other
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persons, who may be able to see some of our behavior but can't look into our motives and intentions? They may judge us by their own selfcentered standards, made in their selfinterest. Or will we be judged by God, who knows us through and through, who knows "we are dust" and whom we can trust to be perfectly just? We could also upend that word from Hebrews and say: "It is a fearful thing to fall out of the hands of the living God." Our God is a God of encouragement and patience, "not wanting any to perish, but all to come to repentance" (2 Pet. 3:9; Rom. 15:5). For those who trust in him, God has the face of Jesus, and there is nothing whatever to fear (Rom. 2:16). In both Testaments of the Bible, the writers had a good reason for placing judgment ahead of the new heaven and the new earth. Before there can be restoration, the chaos and destruction of evil have to be dealt with, purged, and removed. We know this full well in personal experience. Before there can be true forgiveness for a wrong done, before the relationship can be restored, the wrong has to be faced, confessed, and restitution made, wherever it is possible and necessary. There has to be judgment before there can be salvation. That is a common human experience. We also know that where there is no repentance, no confession, no absolution, the chaos and destruction continue to inevitable spiritual ruin. The biblical view of divine wrath and judgment, therefore, also assumes that human beings are responsible for their actions. God has given each of us a measure of freedom, a zone within which we can choose. We are responsible in proportion to the measure of freedom we have. The early Christians whom we meet in the New Testament, therefore, believed they were then living in the time of the end. Jesus had been raised up and made Lord of all. God had given him all authority in heaven and on earth. The Spirit had been sent to make the whole Creation new. They were now waiting for Jesus to return and bring his kingdom to fulfillment. He would come to judge the living and the dead. The New Testament knows nothing about two or even three comings of Christ. There is no separation between what the premillennial forecasters call "rapture" and Christ's second coming. There is one resurrection and one judgment.
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The early Christians believed that Jesus would return soon. But they did not much concern themselves with signs of his return and not at all with a calendar of events. We are living in the same endtimes in which the earliest Christians lived. Some of us become confused because two millennia have gone by, and so far nothing has changed. We are still living in the overlapping of the ages. Sixtyfive generations have come and gone, but that is neither short nor long in God's time, which is always now. Every generation, therefore, stands in the same time relationship to God.
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11 — I, I Am the Resurrection and the Life The writings of John, specifically the Gospel and the epistles, have for a long time been favorite books of Christians. John's Gospel has always been more popular than the other three. Both Gospel and epistles emphasize the centrality of Jesus for Christian faith. They use a greater variety of metaphors for Jesus than other books of the New Testament. But if read carefully, the reader is in for some surprises. This is especially so with the subject of the kingdom of God. The book of Revelation, though quite different, is principally a book about the kingdom of God. In the Beginning Was the Word In the Johannine writings, there is no birth narrative nor genealogy. John goes further back than Adam (Luke 3:38), to the beginning, the age ''before the foundation of the world" (John 17:24). Jesus was God from the beginning and was the agent of creation. He was the Word which God spoke so that all things came into being (1:1– 3). The reference to the birth of Jesus is succinct: "The Word became flesh" (John 1:14). At the beginning of the Gospel, John tells us that Jesus is both divine and human. He was God
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who became human "and lived among us" (1:14). His unique sonship to God (1:18) and humanity (1:14) are linked by the "angels of God ascending and descending upon" him (1:51). Jesus is the revelation of God: ''Whoever has seen me has seen the Father" (14:9; 1:18). Like the other writers of the New Testament, John says Jesus is the One "about whom Moses in the law and also the prophets wrote" (1:45). John links Jesus with Isaiah's figure of the Servant, as the other Gospels do. He has John the Baptist point to Jesus and say, "Here is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!" (1:29; cf. Isa. 53:7, 12; cf. John 12:38).John's account of the Last Supper passes over the meal itself and concentrates on Jesus as the Servant, washing the feet of his disciples, and on Jesus' words that they should follow his example (13:14–15). This is the very heart of his kingship and kingdom. However, this Lamb of God is also the Good Shepherd. In chapter 10, John is working with pictures from Isaiah and Ezekiel as he describes the Good Shepherd and the hired hand. "He will feed his flock like a shepherd" (Isa. 40:11). Ezekiel tells about God's flock being scattered because human shepherds have not fed and cared for the sheep (Ezek. 34:110). Then the prophet declares the word of the Lord God: "I myself" will search for my sheep, gather them, feed them, judge them, and save them (34:10–22). "I will set over them one shepherd, my servant David, . . . and he shall feed them and be their shepherd" (34:23; 37:24). In the passages from the prophets, God is the shepherd. When John (10:11) identifies Jesus as the Good Shepherd, he is saying that Jesus is exercising the work of God himself. The Good Shepherd calls his sheep by name, leads them in and out, provides for them, and gives his life for them. Again, though in a different image, we can detect the Servant of Isaiah. All this needs to be kept in mind when we now consider Jesus' kingship in John's writings. As in the other Gospels, Jesus is greeted as "the King of Israel" at his entry into Jerusalem (12:12–15). He rides on a modest donkey, the animal of peace, the humble work creature, and not on a war horse or in a chariot, as conquerors normally paraded in the culture of that time (Zech. 9:9–10; John 12:15). Yet in the
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moreancient Near East, royal or leading figures (Gen. 49:1011; Judg. 10:4) and gods often rode donkeys (domesticated asses) instead of walking. So Jesus is tapping into an old tradition. John comments that his disciples did not at the time understand what he was doing (12:16). No wonder! Jesus' peaceable actions so totally upset all the usual expectations and worldlywise calculations of power politics. In the first chapter of the Fourth Gospel, Nathanael gives Jesus the names "Son of God" and "King of Israel" (John 1:49). That means that Jesus was the king from the house of David, for the Davidic kings were called son of God (2 Sam. 7:14). John wants us to understand that this king of Israel is no conventional king. After the feeding of the multitude, the people tried to make him an earthly king. They were prepared to do it by force because they knew he would not agree to it. He went into hiding to prevent it (John 6:15). A king installed by physical force would be expected to rule by that same force instead of the power of the Spirit, with which Jesus was endowed (John 1:33; cf. Zech. 4:6). The matter of Jesus' kingship comes up one last time, at his trial before Pilate. Pilate asks him whether he is the king of the Jews. Jesus' answer is the clearest statement in the New Testament about the nature of his kingship and kingdom. My kingdom is not from this world. If my kingdom were from this world, my followers would be fighting to keep me from being handed over to the Jews. But as it is, my kingdom is not from here." Pilate asked him, "So you are a king?" Jesus answered, "You say that I am a king. For this was I born, and for this I came into the world to testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to my voice. (John 18:36–37)
Jesus carefully distinguishes his kingdom from the kingship Pilate had in mind. "If my kingdom were from this world, my servants would be fighting." That is what is usually done in earthly kingdoms, but that is not Jesus' kingdom. His kingdom is the realm of truth, and the truthful are its citizens. Military offense or defense is irrelevant to the truth. The premillennial forecasters clearly do not believe that Jesus' kingdom, according to his own word, is not like human, earthly kingdoms. In the millennium, they provide Jesus with
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a very earthly kingdom, complete with a material rod of iron with which to smash his enemies. This word from John is another crucial passage which the forecasters tend to ignore when they talk about Jesus' kingship. Nothing could be clearer than that the kingdom of which Jesus is king is a spiritual kingdom, generated by God's Spirit, yet with real people in it. Membership in earthly kingdoms does not qualify anyone for citizenship in the kingdom of Christ. That kingdom can be entered only by starting again at the beginning. "No one," says Jesus to Nicodemus, "can see the kingdom of God without being born from above." And then, responding to the puzzlement of the scholar, Jesus repeats: ''I tell you, no one can enter the kingdom of God without being born of water and Spirit" (john 3:3, 5). This is a wellknown passage about being born again. Whenever readers make this word into a private religious experience, to get a ticket to heaven, they are carelessly interpreting the Bible. The new birth "from above" is the image used by John to underscore how radically different this kingdom is. There is no way into it by privilege of birth or aristocracy, or by the intention of a human father (John 1:12–13). Normal physical birth belongs to this world; only by birth from the Spirit does one enter the realm of God. In John 3:6, when Jesus says that "what is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit," he employs images used half a century earlier by Paul (Rom. 8; Gal. 5:1626). In this symbolic usage, flesh points to humanity in its limitations and especially as set against God. The flesh belongs to "the present evil age" (Gal. 1:4); the Spirit to the age to come (Eph. 1:21; cf. Heb. 6:5). The difference between flesh and spirit is like the difference between water and wine (John 2:1–11), cistern water and spring water (4:1–26), paralysis and wholeness (5:1–18), blindness and sight (9:1–41), being called servants and being called friends (15:15). It is the difference between life and death (11:17–44). Eternal life, the life of the Spirit, the life of "the age to come," is for John always a present reality. "Anyone who hears my word and believes in him who sent me has eternal life, and does not come under judgment, but has passed from death to life" (5:24). The darkness is passing away, "and the true light is
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already shining" (1 John 2:8). The reaper is already receiving wages and is gathering fruit for eternal life, so that sower and reaper may rejoice together" (John 4:35; cf. Amos 9:13). Those who are born of God are already conquering the world by their faith in Jesus (1 John 5:4–5). A special blessing is pronounced on all who believe, even though they are living in the present age by faith, without seeing Jesus (John 20:29). There is almost nothing in the Gospel of John about having to wait for eternal life (cf. 5:24–29). It is a present possession. When Jesus comes to take his own with him so that they may be where he is, the life in the Spirit, eternal life, simply continues (John 14:2–3; 20:22). Christ's Second Coming Along with his fellow Christians, John expected the return of Christ. The expectation of the return had not diminished by the end of the first century. "I will come again and take you to myself," says Jesus to his disciples (John 14:3). This promise is reinforced several times in 1 John. Christ's second coming is the point at which the believers will at last be like Jesus, for they shall see him in his glory, not as he was in the flesh, but "as he is" (1 John 3:2; 2:28). Resurrection In John's Gospel there is much more emphasis on resurrection than on Christ's second coming. The central passage is in chapter 11, relating the raising of Lazarus. When Jesus talks to Martha about Lazarus' death, he says, "Your brother will rise again" (11:23). Martha replies, "I know that he will rise again in the resurrection on the last day" (11:24). And then Jesus replies, "I, I am the resurrection and the life" (John 11:25, translation by author). The pronoun I is emphatic in Greek. In effect, Jesus says, ''No, Martha, I'm not talking about the future, but now." He is not referring to the raising of Lazarus to follow. Instead, he is saying that resurrection is another word for birth from above. Like eternal life, resurrection is present now to those who have begun to trust Jesus. We remember that Paul wrote a half century earlier that baptism means dying and rising with Christ (Rom. 6:1–4). But John's statement of this faith is more
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forceful than Paul's. Perhaps as the expectation of Jesus' early return waned, it had the effect of placing stronger emphasis on the present experience of resurrection from the death of sin. In John 5:25, Jesus says, "The hour is coming, and is now here, when the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God, and those who hear will live" (emphasis added). That means the present. However, there is also a future resurrection, for two generations of believers had died by the time John wrote. They also will hear the call of the Son of Man, God's heavenly messenger, Jesus himself. "The hour is coming when all who are in their graves will hear his voice and will come out—those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of condemnation" (John 5:28–29; cf. Dan. 12:2). The reader will notice that John refers to only one general resurrection. Upon his return, when Jesus calls to the dead, they will arise. Then follows the judgment, as taught also in the rest of the New Testament. Judgment John's discussion of judgment is rich and wideranging. As in the rest of the New Testament, Jesus is the world's judge. "The Father . . . has given all judgment to the Son" (John 5:22), but he exercises that judgment with his Father (8:16). In fact, it was for judgment that Jesus came into the world (9:39). Striking is the definition of judgment in 3:19: "And this is the judgment, that the light has come into the world, and people loved darkness rather than light because their deeds were evil." Jesus is the light that illuminates the darkness, making all things become visible, both good and bad. Jesus stands at the center of all things, and every person is measured by him. He is the image according to which they were created; he is the standard by which everyone's humanity is judged. The verdict goes in two directions, "that those who do not see may see, and those who do see may become blind" (John 9:39). This judgment takes place in this life, in the present age. In fact, it precedes or at least is an intimate part of the new birth. If there is no birth from above, the opposite is true. Whoever believes has survived the judgment. That person "does not come under judgment, but has passed from death to life" (5:24). If
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someone does not believe but nevertheless claims to have sight, that person will remain blind. Although John's primary emphasis is on judgment as a present reality, there is also reference to the day of judgment. Those who do not believe will be judged "on the last day" by the words of Jesus which they heard but rejected (John 12:48). Again, those who are condemned are those who have heard and have deliberately rejected Jesus. But those who abide in the love of God, have no need to fear the judgment (1 John 4:16–18). Finally, we read in John 12:31–32: "Now is the judgment of this world; now the ruler of this world will be driven out. And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself." Jesus says this after his disciples have told him that there are some Greeks wishing to see him. They are the representatives of all the world's people. Now that they have arrived, the judgment of the world by Jesus' death on the cross can begin. The death of Jesus will be the expulsion of Satan from the world. Christ will be undisputed king. The concluding reflections about the meaning of judgment at the end of the last chapter apply here as well. Judgment is real, judgment is serious. For many of us at certain times, judgment is terrifying because it is the exposure of the thoughts and intentions of the heart. But for those who have entered God's kingdom, who have begun to trust the truth that is Jesus, there is no fear. These believers have already passed from death to life. Jesus is the judge who can be trusted because his face is that of the judge, of the defense, and of the accused. His last greeting to his disciples was "Peace be with you!" (John 20:26). That is also his greeting to us. "It is I; do not be afraid" (6:20). The Revelation of Jesus Christ . . . to His Servant John For several reasons, I am treating this book last. The first is to put it in its proper place in relation to the rest of the New Testament. The premillennial forecasters give it pride of place among the New Testament writings. I cannot do that because it does not deserve that place. Yet I do not agree with a good many Christians over the years who have been convinced that it should not be in the Bible at all.
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The second reason is that the book gathers up all the endtime themes in the New Testament, themes I have already discussed. It presents those themes by heaping up powerful images that merit special attention. But the basic story has already been told, and Revelation adds nothing that is new. We would know everything about the endtimes that we can know even if this book had never been written. Finally, Revelation is certainly the favorite book of the premillennial forecasters. It is most important for their enterprise of putting the endtimes in a calendar of events. What follows is an alternative way of reading this book, an interpretation I think is more faithful to its writer, John, and to the New Testament. The book of Revelation is a book of poetry; it is not history or science. It is a book about the triumph of God's purpose of redemption, and therefore it is prophecy, but not prediction of specific events on Earth. In saying these things, I am aware of how far I am from the premillennial forecasters, who take Revelation as straightforward prediction of history to come. I join myself to a company of interpreters from the great Augustine onward, those who have regarded Revelation as a symbolic book. Most contemporary biblical scholars share some version of that view. 1 The book of Revelation has puzzled Christian interpreters virtually since it was written. About most books of the New Testament, there is general agreement on why the authors put them together as they did. There may be some variations of opinion about the organization of the Gospel of John, but most of it is not a mystery. That cannot be said about the Apocalypse. Hundreds of interpreters have wrestled with its arrangement, trying to find the key to unlock its secrets and to account for the meaning of all its parts in relationship to all the other parts. It is itself like the book of seven seals, which no one can open (Rev. 5:1–3). So far no one has found the secret which would effortlessly deal with all the problems of the book. I shall not try to repeat this effort. For reasons already explained, I do not accept the keys dangled by the premillennial interpreters in their many volumes, purporting to open the book of Revelation.
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Contemporary interpreters (see note 1 to this chapter) generally assume that the book is not a prediction of the future in terms of specifics. They agree that it is a book about "salvation history," about the church in that history, about judgment, and about the fulfillment of God's purpose with humankind and the world. Over the centuries, there has been recurring ambivalence about the book of Revelation. While it contains wonderful passages, it often uses the language of violence and vengeance. These elements have to do partly with the kind of imagery the writer uses, and partly with our limited understandings. However, I admit that I become tired of the wholesale destruction. Scripture is not all equally helpful to us. Some texts may not "cradle Christ" as well as others, to use Martin Luther's term. That is the case with parts of this book. Its violent and vengeful visions make it dangerous as a Christian book. Yet the violence and vengefulness are precisely what the premillennial calendar focuses on so often. That aspect cannot be harmonized with the Jesus who understood himself to be the Suffering Servant and in that role suffered and died on behalf even of those who killed him. 2 I cannot agree with the distinction the premillennial forecasters make between the loving Jesus who comes for salvation at the rapture, and the avenging Jesus who comes for judgment at Armageddon. There is no indication anywhere in the New Testament that we are dealing with such a dual personality in Jesus. Still, this is not a trivial book. Even today, it has things to say to us. The parts of this book used by the forecasters have already been discussed. I now need to summarize basic themes of the book and give prominence to those which support the expression of the good news in the Gospels and epistles. I begin with a few comments about the beginning and end of the book. In Revelation 1:1 we read about the revelation of "what must soon take place, . . . for the time is near." Unless the words soon and near are not intelligible time references, we have to assume that the author of the book is referring to a time near his period: soon, perhaps in a few years. Beyond that the words cease to function in their usual sense, and these words normally do not have additional metaphorical meanings. Certainly soon and near cannot mean 1,900 years, as the
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premillennial forecasters so confidently tell us. On that ground alone, we may conclude that this book is not a prediction of events far in the future. At the end, in (Rev.) 22:20 we have the promise, "Surely I am coming soon." It might appear from this that "soon" does indeed mean at least 1,900 years, since Jesus has not yet returned. But we recall that the expectation of Jesus' early return had not yet been abandoned by the end of the century, as the rest of the New Testament testifies. The early Christians were wrong about the early return, but no more wrong than Hal Lindsey, who used to be fairly certain that the rapture would take place in 1993. Much of what Revelation has to tell us can be pulled together in five themes. I will deal with them in what appears to me to be the order of importance and not according to the amount of attention given them in the book. Were I to do the latter, I would begin with judgment. Of the 405 verses of the book, 134, or 33 percent of the total, deal with judgment. Instead, since judgment in Scripture is a function of God, it is with God that I must begin. God First, we must recognize that the revelation of this book came from God, according to the Seer. God is the one "who is and who was and who is to come," "the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end" (1:4, 8; 21:6). In chapter 4, John looks into heaven. He sees a throne and God seated on it, described as brilliantly red and green flashing light. Lightning and thunder come from the throne. Here God is not depicted like a human figure, as in Daniel 7:9. Around the throne is the heavenly court, with twentyfour elders representing Israel and the renewed Israel, and the four living creatures, or seraphs (Isa. 6:2–3)—all ceaselessly worshiping the eternal God. Most of the details of this description are drawn from the Old Testament. It is an eloquent, stately poetic symbol of the eternal, transcendent God, who is light and fire. God is the Judge of evil and the Rewarder of those who yearn for him. His purpose and victory dominate the whole book.
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Jesus Christ The book of Revelation employs many startling images for Jesus. He is clearly the central figure in this book. It is worth listing these images and drawing some conclusions. Jesus is also the first and the last, the beginning and the end, the Alpha and the Omega (Rev. 1:17; 2:8; 22:13), the origin of God's Creation. He is called "the Word of God" (19:3), and from his mouth comes a sharp, twoedged sword, an image of the Word of God (1:16; 2:12; 19:13, 15; cf. Eph. 6:17; Heb. 4:12). He is the "faithful and true" witness to what God has done, is doing, and will do (Rev. 1:5; 3:14; 19:11).Jesus is the morning star that leads the Gentiles to him (2:28; 22:16). This is the star that led the wise men from the east (Matt. 2:2), the star to rise out of Jacob, according to Balaam's prediction (Num. 24:17). Many of the images used for Jesus were in the Old Testament used for God. This is especially true of Revelation 1:14–16 (cf. 2:18), where the Son of Man is described: His head and his hair were white as white wool, white as snow; his eyes were like a flame of fire, his feet were like burnished bronze, refined as in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of many waters. In his right hand he held seven stars, and from his mouth came a sharp, twoedged sword, and his face was like the sun shining in full force.
Most of this description is from Daniel 7:9–10 and Ezekiel 1:27 and 43:2, depicting God in majesty (cf. the angel in Dan. 10:6). Here John's dramatic, symbolic picture is equal to other New Testament books recognizing Jesus exalted to majesty at God's right hand (e.g., Acts 2:33–35; Rom. 8:34; Col. 3:1; Heb. 1:3). Jesus is the King, ruler of the kings of the earth (Rev. 1:6; 5:5), King of kings and Lord of lords, reigning in his kingdom (19:11; 20:4). As elsewhere in the New Testament, Jesus is identified as the "root and descendant of David" (Rev. 22:16), holding David's key (3:7), which gives access to the kingdom of Christ (5:5). Jesus is the firstborn from the dead, he who was dead and lives, the Living One (1:5; 1:18; 2:8). Because of that, he holds the keys of death and the underworld (1:18). He is
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unquestionably the Lord to whom even the powers of darkness are subject. Repeatedly Jesus is described with the number seven. He is the one who has the "seven spirits of God," meaning the sevenfold Holy Spirit, according to Isaiah 11:2 (Rev. 1:4; 3:1; 5:6). These seven spirits will renew the earth (5:6). Jesus holds in his hand the seven stars, thus showing (in the ancient cosmology) that he is attended by the five planets, the moon, and the sun (1:12–16; 12:1; 21:23). The whole creation is in his hands because he is the "King of kings and the Lord of lords" (17:14; 19:16). Most dramatic is the twin image of Jesus given us in (Rev.) 5:5–6. The Seer is deeply distressed because the scroll of the coming judgments which God held could not be read, because it was sealed with seven seals. John is told that the Lion from the tribe of Judah has conquered and can open the scroll. The reference is to Genesis 49:9–10, where the patriarch Judah is referred to as a lion. Clearly John regarded this passage as a prediction of Jesus and his victory. In Revelation 5:6, this image of the Lion dramatically changes into a Lamb with the marks of death upon him. The Lamb, not the Lion, breaks the seals and opens the book. It has the right to do so because the Lamb was slaughtered and paid the ransom for "saints from every tribe and language and people and nation" (5:9). The lion has been transmuted into a Lamb. The whole Creation in heaven and on earth sings hymns of praise to the Lamb that was slain (Rev. 5:11–14). The Lion makes only this one appearance in the book of Revelation. The Lamb, with at least twentysix mentions in the rest of the book, totally displaces the Lion. So while the text says in 5:5 that "the Lion" has conquered, in fact it is "the Lamb that was slain" (5:12, KJV) who is the key to the outcome of human history. By its light, the nations will order their affairs (21:22–24). Symbols of Evil The reality and power of evil portrayed in the book of Revelation convinces the premillennial forecasters that this book speaks to us about our time and the immediate future. Their descriptions of Satan, his presence in the world, his
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designs, his power, and his doom occupy a lot of their writing. 3 In this vision of things, they are part of a larger tradition within Christianity.3 Often, in times of great distress and trouble in the past, Christians have resorted to the book of Revelation. It has provided them with images and words for their experience of suffering and oppression. In the sixteenth century, this happened again and again in the besieged movement of Christians called Anabaptists, as they endured persecution and death at the hands of Catholic and Protestant Christians.4 It happened more recently in our own century, as Christians were persecuted and put to death in the former Soviet Union under Stalin, and in Hitler's Germany. The millions of Christian martyrs of our century in Europe understood the book of Revelation much better than the relatively comfortable North Americans of today, among them the premillennial forecasters. The martyrs had no illusions about the destroying power of evil, and they also understood much better what it meant to be followers of the Lamb that was slain. The images of evil in the book of Revelation are quite distinct and directly related to the experience of Christians at that time. John the Seer does not hesitate to name names. There are four main images. They are the Great Red Dragon, the Beast from the Sea, the False Prophet, and the Great Whore. All four figure prominently in the book. • The Great Red Dragon appears first in (Rev.) 12:3 and frequently after that. This dragon was "that ancient serpent, who is called the Devil and Satan" (12:9; 20:2). The dragon here is clearly related to the chaos monster (also seen in Babylonian mythology), as well as the deceiving serpent in the garden of Eden. Its seven heads identify it as the perfection of evil. Its seven crowns are symbolic of the dragon's claim to earthly sovereignty. The seven crowned heads also represent seven kings, and the ten horns another ten kings. Their identity was obviously known to the first readers of the Revelation, but all modern attempts to identify them are conjectures. All these kings with their power and sovereignty are expressions of the kingly might of the dragon (17:9–13). This dragon/serpent/Devil/Satan is the archvillain, "the deceiver of the whole world" (Rev. 12:9; 20:3). He persuades
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the nations to rebel against God, to their own destruction (16:13–14, 16; 20:7–9). It was this dragon who attempted to destroy the Messiah soon after his birth (12:4; cf. Matt. 2:16–18). • The Beast from the Sea was backed up by the power of the dragon. It first appears in (Rev.) 13:1. This beast is a virtual copy of the dragon. It too has seven crowned heads and ten horns (13:1; 17:9, 12), and that is because "the dragon gave it his power and his throne and great authority" (13:2). When in 17:9 we read that the seven heads are seven mountains, we know that the author is identifying the beast with Rome, built on seven hills. But this beast, which is the Roman empire, is also the antichrist, the personification of all human rebellion against God. He is identified by the number 666; the Seer tells us it is the number of a person. This was likely meant to identify the emperor Nero. 5 This beast from the sea completely controls all who accept his mark (Rev. 13:16–17; 14:9, 11). So total is the control of the beast over the minds and hearts of his followers that they do not abandon their loyalty to him despite all the disasters his deceptions bring on them (14:9; 16:10–11; 9:21). • The False Prophet appears as the third image (Rev. 13:11–17). This was also a beast, but it emerged from the earth, from the underworld, the place of the bottomless pit. It attempted to disguise itself with its lamb horns to be similar to the Lamb that was slain, but then gave itself away by its voice, which is that of the dragon, who sponsors him. This beast is called the false prophet in 16:13 and 19:20. It works to execute or enforce the will of the first beast from the sea. His function in particular is to deceive the human race to worship the beast and accord it divine honors. It may refer to the Roman priesthood promoting the worship of the "divine" emperor, which had begun a century earlier, during the reign of Augustus. These three, the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet, constitute a hellish trinity: the dragon corresponds to God the Father, the beast to the Son of God, and the false prophet to the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit inspires true prophecy and the worship of the true God; the false prophet does the opposite. The power and reach of this evil trinity is awesome. They make war against the confessors of Jesus and overcome them (13:7),
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which only strengthens their claim to supremacy. Evil is no illusion for John the Seer. It is successful in its massive deception and in its ability to inflict suffering and destruction on God's Creation, but only to the extent which God allows (13:7; 6:11). • The Great Whore is the fourth image. The reader meets her in Revelation 17, richly and beautifully dressed, riding on the beast from the sea (17:3). She thus is closely related to the Roman empire and the antichrist. The whore is seated on seven mountains, which are the seven hills of the city of Rome (17:9). Her name appears on her forehead: ''Babylon the Great, mother of whores and of the earth's abominations" (17:5). She is the symbol of the city of Rome, the heart of the evil empire of the antichrist, "the great city that rules over the kings of the earth" (17:18). The great whore is called Babylon because she is the persecutor of those who are faithful to Jesus, even as ancient Babylon was the persecutor of God's chosen people. BabylonRome is the center and heart of all human rebellion against God and the Lamb. In it is centered all the power and deception the dragon can muster. None of these images of the book of Revelation may be taken in a literal sense. They appear as John's equivalent of Paul's "powers and principalities," who crucified Jesus Christ and worked ceaselessly to destroy the reconciliation Christ had accomplished between God and humankind (1 Cor. 2:8). 6 Paul did not identify these powers by name except that one of them was the power of government, appointed by God (Rom. 13:1; cf. Wisd. of Sol. 6:1–3). For Paul, that had to mean the government of the Roman empire. Paul had a relatively positive view of Rome, perhaps because he himself was a Roman citizen. He counseled his churches to submit to that power (Rom. 13:1–7), and so did Peter (1 Pet. 2:13–14). Between Paul the apostle and John the Seer are thirtyfive years of gradually worsening relations between Christians and the Roman government. In 64, under the Emperor Nero, both Paul and Peter were martyred in Rome, along with many other members of the church. While there is no record of any general persecution during the first century, Christians were increasingly regarded as antisocial and politically disloyal
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because they would not participate in public religious functions. These events, especially in Asia Minor, the home of the seven churches (Rev. 2–3), often included giving divine honors to the emperor. Revelation specifically mentions one martyr named Antipas, a member of the church at Pergamum (2:13). But John the Seer saw clearly enough that the opposing lordship claims of Christ and Caesar would eventually lead to outright persecution of Christians. After all, he himself was suffering as a witness of Jesus in his banishment on Patmos. Still, the vehemence of John's condemnation of Rome and his portrayal of the titanic assault of Satan upon God and his people—the scenes take our breath away. Perhaps only those who have experienced past and present tyrannies can really understand these images of Revelation. Judgment Nowhere in the Bible is divine judgment on human sin and rebellion so graphically described as in the book of Revelation. This book is part of the apocalyptic literature that was so plentiful during the centuries immediately before and after the birth of Jesus. In that apocalyptic literature, exterminating judgment upon God's enemies is always part of the final dramatic intervention of God to establish justice in the world and restore the Creation. Here I will not try to describe these judgments in detail. To receive the full impact of the texts, one must read the passages themselves. This litany of destruction and death discourages many honest Christians from reading the book. In its scope and terror, it rivals anything available on the evening television news, with its grim litany of killings, fires, and automobile accidents. Again, we must remember that we are not dealing with a description of what will literally happen. Instead, this is spiritual warfare, as in Ephesians 6:10–17. As long as we expect it to happen physically, we will be tempted to believe in and worship God and the Lamb out of fear and terror. Because they regard it all as literally coming, the premillennial forecasters naturally rejoice that they won't have to endure it. They expect to have been raptured to heaven and will be safely watching the bloody
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violence of the cosmic TV show from there. The passages upon which I now comment are Revelation 6:1—17; 8:6–10:11; 14:7–20; 15:5—16:21; 18:1–24; 19:11–21; 20:7–15; 21:8. My approach is to ask several questions of these passages. Thus I seek to find a path through the thicket of seals, trumpets, bowls of wrath, and all the rest of it. Who is being judged? The single answer to that question is Babylon, the great city, described in Revelation 18 and referred to in 14:8 and 16:19. The city of Babylon is the antithesis or the opposite of the New Jerusalem in chapters 21–22, even as the great whore is the counterpart of the bride of Christ. Babylon is a symbol of all opposition to God. Thus Babylon is characterized by its total preoccupation with what is perishable, and with promoting the fraud that this perishable is in fact imperishable. The big lie is that the perishable ultimately satisfies human beings. Its other notable feature is its loyalty to the beast and the false prophet. The people grant these fraudulent figures homage that in the end will prove false and betray them. Babylon is the symbol of everything that deliberately and consciously promotes the great lie about what ultimately matters. Why is Babylon judged? It is judged primarily because of its prostitution, which in the Bible usually means worshiping false gods (cf. Hos. 2). In Babylon's case, this is putting another lord in the place of the only Lord, Jesus. The first readers of Revelation understood Babylon to mean the Roman empire with its cult of emperor worship. The emperor was addressed as lord in a religious sense, and sacrifices were made to him. The other part of idolatry was to put ultimate trust in what has no permanence, expressed in the laments in Revelation 18 about the passing of commerce and culture and luxurious living. Babylon confused the perishable with the imperishable. It also persecuted those who exposed the fraud, those who were loyal to the Lord Jesus. Why this terrible, indiscriminate destruction? Judgment is described in the images of the seals, trumpets, and the bowls of wrath. It strikes everyone on earth through war, revolution, famine, plagues, and natural disasters. John depicts all this on a cosmic scale, involving not only the earth but also the dome of heaven, stars, moon, and sun.
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Divine justice as described in the Bible is not a system of criminal justice in which an impartial judgment is rendered by a judge. Such a judge tries to fit the punishment exactly to the crime, and lets it strike the one who is guilty, but no one else. Instead, judgment as described in the Bible is always part of a personal relationship. We are not isolated individuals like the prisoner in the dock. We live with others, are dependent on others, and work and play with others. This is part of the way we are created. Our misdeeds have consequences, and those consequences almost always involve others with us in suffering, even though they had no responsibility for the sin in the first place. What I have just described as the reality of our normal human experience is the analogy used in the Bible for the relationship between God and his human family. The consequences of false loyalties surely work themselves out in human life. Worshiping and serving "the creature rather than the Creator" brings its deadly toll; that is living against God's created order, against the grain (Rom. 1:25, 32). The deliberate idolatry of the Nazi and European Communist systems of our time had horrifying consequences which struck everyone involved, whether they were guilty or innocent. That is why idolatry is so ultimately evil. It drags down into destruction all in its path. Many in Nazi Germany and in the former Soviet Union and its satellites resisted by testifying that the loyalties of these regimes were displaced. As a result, uncounted millions suffered banishment, imprisonment, torture, and death. Such reality is what the author of Revelation is describing for us. John also reminds us in these passages that all the perishable will disappear. In its very nature, it cannot last. Suppose one imagines that what is perishable is eternal, and then comes to realize that it is not. Such a devastating experience becomes judgment in its most terrible sense, an ultimate betrayal. So we are dealing not with a judgment on those who, for whatever reason, have never learned to trust Jesus. Instead, it is judgment on those who actively and deliberately oppose what is good and wholesome and lifebringing, which they understand well enough. The Falangists of the Spanish Civil
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War of 1936–39 had a terrible slogan: "Viva la muerte!" (long live death). These judgments of God come upon such people, those deliberately denying life and reversing true values (Isa. 5:20; Rom. 1:28–32). Yet many others are caught in these judgments, too, though they have not worshiped the beast or followed the false prophet. Even if they are killed because they have followed the Lamb, they can look forward to the resurrection of the just, and live, worship God, and reign with Christ forever and ever (Rev. 22:3, 5). Finally, we are told that the beast, the false prophet, Satan who inspired them, and also Death and Hades are thrown into the lake of fire (Rev. 19:20–21; 20:14). They cannot have part in the new creation. In the final vision, they are totally gone. But it is terrible to say that the people who were associated with them, whose names were not in the book of life, also end up there, according to John (20:15; 21:8). The lake of fire is, if we take the image seriously, not only a cleansing, but an annihilation. The ultimate question is this: If a loyalty is lived out by human beings which is ultimately selfdestructive, then what? Will God, who has made us creatures who have to choose, overrule our choices? Would that not be to deny himself and the freedom he gave to his human creatures? On the other hand, how can Paul's claim that ultimately God will be "all in all" (1 Cor. 15:28) be reconciled with the permanent resistance of those who have chosen to oppose God's love? Again we need to remind ourselves that our way of speaking about these things is only and always analogical, making comparisons by using pictures and ideas drawn from human experience. These may or may not fully conform to God's thoughts and ways. As I pursue a response to those questions from Revelation, several other issues demand attention. John uses two images to reflect on judgment. The first is that of treading the winepress (Rev. 14:17–20). It comes from Isaiah 63:3, where the juice from the treading of the grapes becomes the blood of the enemies upon whom judgment is exercised. The picture or analogy is that of bringing in the grape harvest and trampling the grapes to release the juice. This was as common in the ancient
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Near East as the harvesting of wheat is to a prairie farmer. Here in Revelation, it has become worldsize, with the juiceblood flowing for about two hundred miles, and to a depth of four or five feet. It would be absurd to take it literally; it is another horrifying image of inevitable, exterminating judgment. The other image, the rider on the white horse, is found in (Rev.) 19:11–21. I want here to add only one point about that image of judgment. This image of the rider on the white horse who comes down to make war "in righteousness" has caused a lot of suffering at various times in the history of Christianity, whenever it was literalized. Yet the judgment he exercises may in fact not be what it seems on the surface to be. The clue appears in (Rev.) 19:15 and 21. We read that the armies of the beast and the kings of the earth "were killed by the sword of the rider on the horse, the sword that came from his mouth" (emphasis added). We have already established that this sword is the Word of God (as in Heb. 4:12; Eph. 6:17). And Revelation 1:12–18 shows that this figure with the sword extending from his mouth is none other than Christ himself, the one with the keys of Death and Hades (cf. Matt. 16:18– 19). What we are being told here is that the beast and the false prophet are thrown into the lake of fire, but the armies are overcome by the rider with the Word of God. They are not consigned to the lake of fire. Instead, they are persuaded by the Word of God to join the "Faithful and True" rider. The Word of God does not compel them into submission. It reveals to them what they are in their inmost being and leads them to repentance. The Word of God and the preaching of the gospel win the battle! Is this perhaps why, in 21:24, we find these same kings of the earth eventually in the holy city, the New Jerusalem? Why this judgment? The writer tells us that the judgment is inflicted to bring the world to repent and abandon opposition to God's purposes. It is, therefore, as it was in the Old Testament. Judgment was never simply repaying tit for tat, but designed to overcome evil by influencing the free choice of those who oppose the good. Finally, there are several passages that seem to be a denial of God's way of dealing with human sin by the suffering and
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death of the Lamb. One is the expression "the wrath of the Lamb" in (Rev.) 6:16. This creates extreme tension with the image of the defenseless Lamb and the suffering of the Lamb of God as the way of life for all. The other passages are 6:10; 11:18; 15:6; and 19:2. Each of these either calls for God to avenge the blood of the martyrs on those who have shed it, or the verse has martyrs praising God for inflicting judgment on their persecutors. Through the centuries, Christians have taken passages like these as permission to justify totally unChristlike behavior toward others. We remember the "Christian" Crusades against Islam in the Middle Ages, and the atrocities of the army of Oliver Cromwell in Ireland against Roman Catholics. The Puritans rationalized their behavior by saying that, indeed, they were told by Christ to love their enemies, but nowhere were they counseled to love God's enemies. The passages listed above witness to the fact that even the writers of the New Testament could not always measure up to the full stature of Christ. The Ideal Church The book of Revelation is addressed to the church, in particular to the seven churches of Asia Minor. Even at the end of the first century, they were communities of Christians much like ours today, except for our denominational names. They struggled with the same issues. The letters (Rev. 2–3)reveal both strength and weakness, faith and faithlessness, the mixture of people, some humble, some proud. There are admonitions to be faithful and promises of rewards for those who don't give up during a hard time. In (Rev.) 22:16, we are reminded that the testimony of the whole book, not only the specific letters of chapters 2 and 3, is "for the churches." The whole book, then, has its setting at the end of the first century. There is nothing whatever to indicate that it was written only for the twentyfirst century. The writer is warned not to seal the book (22:10) because there is little time left. In Revelation 2 and 3, we have a portrait of the actual church in actual places on the map of the ancient world. In chapters 21 and 22, we are given the vision of the church as it
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can be, as the church will be in God's time, "in the age to come." It is the time of the new heaven and new earth. The primeval sea of chaos, symbol of opposition against God, is no more. Now we are given a vision of the bride of Christ, the New Jerusalem "coming down out of heaven from God." We are told that this is an image of the church. An angel says to John," 'Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb.' And in the spirit he carried me away to a great, high mountain and showed me the holy city Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God" (Rev. 21:2, 9–10; cf. 3:12; 19:7–9). This is no material city located out on some sciencefiction satellite. Such a conception makes nonsense of the description which follows. The sciencefiction interpretations are dangerously disrespectful of Scripture because they are so profoundly misleading. Here is a vision of the church, the bride of Christ, in the age to come, in the fulfillment. This is the church John the Seer "believed in, . . . for which he had risked his life. [The church ] was for him the beginning and end of a Christian's vocation." 7 We need to set this vision alongside the Genesis vision of the garden of Eden. Between the two, the whole course of human history is played out. As at that fresh green beginning, so God now lives with his people in this golden city. As was the garden, so is the New Jerusalem a new beginning. In the garden of Eden, the human race began, sinless, in fellowship with God the Creator, and without a haunting dread of death. In the New Jerusalem, we see the redeemed human race, liberated from sin and death by God and the Lamb (Rev. 21:3–4; 22:1–5). As in the garden, so in the city: there is no temple. There is no need for special dwellings for God since he indwells his people. As at the beginning of the Creation, before there were sun, moon, and stars, so now God's light and the lamp of the Lamb illuminate all things (Rev. 22:5). It is the light by which the whole of humanity can live (21:23–24). This citybridechurch has permanently open gates. Anyone can enter, and whatever is unclean will have no desire to enter (21:26–27; 22:2–3, 14– 15). In this city are the throne of God and the Lamb, one throne for both. The throne symbolizes the sovereign God,
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but a sovereignty defined by the slaughter of the Lamb. From this throne "the river of the water of life" flows down the single street of the city (Rev. 22:1). The living water nourishes the citizens of the city and gives health to the nations, all the people of the world. Here is a vision of the church where all factions are gone, where the residents speak one language, the "language of Canaan" (Isa. 19:18), where the servants are kings and worship God and the Lamb (Rev. 22:1–5). This is the "great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, from all tribes and peoples and languages, standing before the throne and before the Lamb" (7:9). The churches of Asia, with all their weaknesses and strengths, their courage and cowardice, their faith and unfaith, are fortified by this vision of God's people. This vision is the light toward which they are to live, the beacon that is to guide them in their ordinary earthly existence. This vision is also what continues to make this book of Revelation relevant for today's church. It is a testimony to God's people now, encouraging them to be faithful unto death, to hold fast to what they have. "If you conquer," Jesus says to the church in Philadelphia, "I will make you a pillar in the temple of my God; you will never go out of it. I will write on you the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, the New Jerusalem that comes down from my God out of heaven, and my own new name. Let anyone who has an ear listen to what the Spirit is saying to the churches" (3:12–13). The New Jerusalem is the fulfillment of history, where all of God's promises come to fulfillment. It occupies both the present age and the age to come. Wherever human divisions are healed by love; wherever anger and resentment are overcome by forgiveness; wherever and whenever violence and destruction are ended through the suffering of love—there and then the age to come shines through like the sun breaking through the clouds. This citychurchbride is the sign on earth of God's eternal kingdom. That kingdom is pressing toward the completion of the new creation, when all the resistance of evil has been overcome, when all of God's creatures are renewed, when through the lifting up on the cross everyone, without exception, will
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have been drawn to God and the Lamb (John 12:32). 8 Worship is the main occupation of the church in the book of Revelation. Seven passages describe the worship of the church. In all but one (Rev. 15:3–4), we meet the four living creatures and the twentyfour elders, the representatives of the divine community in heaven and on earth. The elders are the representatives of the Israel of Moses and the Israel of Christ. The first hymn in 4:8–11 (cf. 7:12) is the hymn to God the Holy One, who was and is and is to come, and the Creator. The second choral hymn (Rev. 5:9–14) is sung when the Lamb has opened the seals of the book in which the divine mystery is explained. Here we have the same worshipers, now joined by myriads of angels and eventually the whole Creation, all singing the praise of the Lamb who was slaughtered. The Lamb's violent death is the clue to the meaning of human history. Because he died to ransom a people for God, he now reigns on God's throne, together with all whom he has redeemed. Therefore, all power, wealth, wisdom, might, honor, glory, and blessing are his forever and ever. The third hymn appears in (Rev.) 11:15–18. It celebrates the transfer of sovereignty from the powers of this world to "our Lord and . . . his Messiah (Christ)." The fourth hymn, in 12:10–12, likewise celebrates the victory of the Lamb and of those who shared death with the Lamb because of their loyalty to him. The fifth hymn, in (Rev.) 15:3–4, is identified as the song of Moses and of the Lamb. This does not mean the Song of Moses in Exodus 15:1–18. Instead, it is a new song of praise to the God of both Moses and the Lamb, the God of the Old Testament and the New Testament. It is a song of the Israel of Moses and the Israel of Christ, now united, with the "dividing wall of hostility" gone forever (Eph. 2:14, RSV). The singers are those who had conquered the beast and its image and the number of its name (13:1, 15, 17), all who remain faithful even unto death in persecution. The sixth and seventh hymns are found in chapter 19. The first (Rev. 19:1–3) is a song of triumph by a choir of angels, celebrating God's just judgment over the great whore. The exultation that God "has avenged on her the blood of his servants" (19:2) should be understood in accord with the Old Testament
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meaning of the word vengeance. The judgment is a vindication of God's servants. Despite all appearances, they were, after all, those who ''inherit the earth" (Matt. 5:5; Rev. 21:7). The last hymn in (Rev.) 19:6–8 is an announcement by a choir of martyrs that the climax in the outworking of God's mysterious purpose is near. The wedding feast of the Lamb brings into reality the final perfect unity between God and his people, brought about by the Lamb. It is part of the vision of the church so eloquently and movingly shown us in chapters 21 and 22. Many inspiring lines from these hymns have gone into the liturgy of Christian worship. Specific examples are the first part of the ancient Christian hymn "Te Deum," the offertory used at Easter, and the "Holy, holy, holy" in the communion liturgy of The Book of Common Prayer and its successors. Many hymns sung today have their origins here, such as "Crown Him with Many Crowns," "Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty," "How Shall I Sing That Majesty?" and "Immortal, Invisible, God Only Wise." In adopting these parts for its worship, the church has understood from the first century to the present the central role which worship played in the visions of John of Patmos. Any attempt to find a chronological path through the book of Revelation is doomed to failure simply because it is not there. Yet there is something worse: the effort to trace that path, pursued so earnestly by the premillennial forecasters, tends to ignore the central themes of judgment and salvation and worship, all of which continue to be important for the community of God's people even today. The book of Revelation is not a prediction of earthly events in or for our day. Instead, it is a prophecy (a sermon) for our time. It will be a prophecy for every succeeding generation of Christians.
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12 — What Shall We Say about These Things? The "soothsayers of the second advent" continue to promise new and amazing discoveries about the details of the endtimes. For many people today, the year 2000 remains a tantalizing date. A glossy, fullcolor flyer announcing a prophecy conference recently promised new revelations under the heading "America Racing Toward 2000 A.D.!" An American "prophet" said, ''I predict the absolute fullness of man's operation on planet Earth by the year 2000 A.D. Then Jesus Christ shall reign from Jerusalem for 1,000 years." 1 "What then are we to say about these things?" (Rom. 8:31). I have laid out the basics of the things predicted by the premillennial interpreters of the Bible. I have explained an alternative interpretation of these things that in my opinion is more true to the fullness of the gospel. The peaceable kingdom which I presented comes from the witness of the New Testament, the basic faith of the church, and "the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord," from which nothing can separate us who believe (Rom. 8:38–39). Now it is time to sum up our investigation (cf. "Taking Stock," at the end of chapter 6). The reason for the anticipation of the year 2000 is that it completes the 6,000year calendar so popular with some forecasters. However, unless they are like some New Agers in
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believing that the change from the present world to the millennium will happen instantly, a great deal of history has to be packed into the short time left. In fact, it is now too late for the premillennial sequence of events to transpire before the year 2000. It is, however, safe to predict that when the breakthrough does not arrive on January 1, 2000, someone will tell us that it will not happen until the year 2000 is completed on December 31, 2000. It made some sense for the epistle of Barnabas in the second century, Augustine in the fifth, and even for Martin Luther in the sixteenth, to propose a 6,000year span of human history. On the basis of what was then the accepted wisdom, they had no reason to doubt that Jesus was born at the end of the fourth day (at the 4,000 year mark). However, for us things have changed. We know that the earth and humanity are many times older than 6,000 years. Toronto forecaster Grant Jeffrey is still seriously discussing the theory of the worldweek of 6,000 years, to be completed by the 1,000 years of the millennium. But continuing to project such a line is like proposing the reliability of the medieval "scientific" thesis that mice were spontaneously generated and born from rotting garbage. In a series of numerical calculations, Jeffrey arrives repeatedly at the year 2000 as the critical year in God's timetable. "If the first six prophetic time indications we have examined are accurate," he wrote confidently in 1988, ''then the Millennium would begin in the Fall [sic] of A.D. 2000. The sevenyear treaty between the Antichrist and Israel, the last 'week' of Daniel's vision, would then have to be signed in the Fall [sic] of the year 1993." 2 Thus Jeffrey firmly believes that the worldweek was the teaching of the early church. He will have to deal with the failure of this particular calculation. But we need not worry; it will give him and others like him the opportunity to research and write more bestsellers. Perhaps when the year 2000 passes as just another year with its tally of achievements and disasters, the old theory will finally be laid to rest. More likely, however, others will undertake new calculations of God's chronology and arrive at new and startling
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insights never before published, showing that the millennium will likely begin at another exciting date in the future, as revealed by dedicated scholarly research into the Scriptures. The time and effort the premillennial forecasters devote to their task is really impressive. Their literal knowledge of the Bible is phenomenal. To many of our contemporaries, their writings have all the components of a spy mystery by John LeCarre—suspense, the occasional reversal, but at the end a resolution, the untangling of all the mystery. The forecasters' books create the impression of delving deeper and deeper into the endtime mystery. The "mystery" is for them the secret pattern of future events which constitute the End, and the precise time of their unfolding. The true "mystery" of the Christian faith according to the New Testament, however, is found elsewhere. While the premillennial forecasters don't neglect it since it looms so large in the New Testament, the true mystery is not what they are really interested in, to judge from their books. Their interest focuses on one aspect of the Christian confession of belief, what in the Nicene Creed is confessed as "He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end." The rest of the Christian confession about God the Creator, Jesus the world's Reconciler, the Holy Spirit, the Renewer of the Creation, and the church—these are not of first importance in their discussion. However, we need to see that the Christian teaching about the End is tied in with the Christian story and is part of all the rest of the that story. It does not sit by itself so that it can be taken and discussed in isolation. The true mystery, according to scriptural faith, is that God is the Creator and Sovereign of all that is. This was revealed to Daniel, as he says, "Blessed be the name of God from age to age, for wisdom and power are his. He changes times and seasons, deposes kings and sets up kings. . . . He reveals deep and hidden things; he knows what is in the darkness, and light dwells with him" (Dan. 2:20–22). The New Testament writers use the word mystery a total of twentynine times. In twentyseven places, the term has the sense of "the mystery of the gospel," the patience, love, and suffering of God on behalf of his creation. Only four have a
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direct link to the "mysteries" of the endtimes (1 Cor. 15:51; 2 Thess. 2:7; Rev. 17:5, 7). This central mystery of the gospel, as Paul describes it, consists of God's intention to bring all the nations of the world to faith in God, through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. All, not only the Jews, can become members of the body of God's people (Rom. 16:25–26; Eph. 3:3–9). The mystery of God's will is to unite everything in Christ as the great and glorious fulfillment of the whole Creation (Eph. 1:9–10). That is the meaning of the new heaven and the new earth. A very important part of the mystery is a central theme of the endtimes, the recreation from the material to the spiritual body, the mystery that "we shall . . . be changed" (1 Cor. 15:51). This recreation can happen only because the believers are united to Christ and experience the work of the lifegiving Spirit. And because ultimately all things will be united in Christ, not only human beings but the whole Creation will receive a spiritual body (Phil. 2:10–11; 3:21; Rom. 8:18–25). Meanwhile, we remind ourselves of Jesus' warning not to spend a lot of time and money to force an answer to the question about when the End will come. Instead, Jesus calls on us to "keep awake—for you do not know when the master of the house will come, . . . or else he may find you asleep when he comes suddenly. And what I say to you I say to all: Keep awake" (Mark 13:35–37). On one hand, I have been rather hard on the premillennial forecasters and have tried to show that what they tell us is not reliable. Yet the situation is even more serious: I believe that they are spreading a false gospel through print, television and radio. Paul uses strong language in speaking of those who proclaim "a different gospel," words which I will not repeat (cf. Gal. 1:6–9; 2 Cor. 11:4). I have addressed the forecasters because they are preoccupied with one part of the Christian confession to the neglect of the rest. Even in that one part, they preach a militant messiah. But he is not the Jesus Christ we confess, the Prince of Peace, who wins the battle through his faithful suffering and through persuasion, using the Word of God. Each interpreter needs to build on the one foundation that has been laid, Jesus Christ. I hope that even when this sciencefiction predictive work "is
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burned up," . . . the builder will be saved" (1 Cor. 3:11–15). On the other hand, many Christians today are convinced that they now understand the Christian faith better and more completely than our ancestors did because of all the modern knowledge we have acquired. One result is that many believers ignore the issues dealt with in this book because such things are regarded as irrelevant and perhaps even as superstition. Not only are the views of the premillennial forecasters rejected with scorn, but also the necessity of discussing them at all. They are proud to be Christians who live in "this" world and who think themselves too mature to bother much about transcendent spiritual reality. They rightly regard the premillennial forecasters as victims of biblical literalism. Yet they seem to have little awareness that they in turn are the willing victims of secularist notions which they have found in modern sociology, pop psychology, leftwing politics, and the latest in management science. Many of them no longer know what to do with the reality and power of sin, the biblical teaching on divine judgment, and the human need for salvation. They see Christian faith as primarily a system of ethics or of rules for action. They think it is their Christian task to build the kingdom of God, and by political and social action to remake the world. Therefore, they have little understanding for the spiritual basis of this "kingdom which is not from this world" (John 18:36). Often such "thisworldly" Christians are too busy to undertake the discipline of nurturing their own spiritual life with prayer, reflection, and the study of Scripture. They don't know how to be quiet in the presence of God and listen to what he may be saying to them. They have no patience with the triedandtrue ways of traditional Christian worship, but tend to tailor worship according to the latest entertainment trends. Thus they cater more to the demands of those outside the church than those inside the church. These secularized Christians reject whatever may injure the sensibilities of moderns, and what is contrary to the political correctness which happens to be the fad at the moment. They regard such things as reactionary and an offense against tolerance and love, redefined to mean "please yourself." No wonder there is little concern for accountability to the Lord of
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the church and little sense of the reality of judgment, now and in the future. One of the great trials of the modern church is that far too many of its clerical and lay leaders fit this description. It is a phenomenon that is visible over the whole spectrum of the church, from Pentecostalism to Roman Catholicism. Thus the second part of this book is addressed as much to those liberal Christians who through the influences of modern culture have lost their spiritual bearings, as it is to the Fundamentalists on the other end of the spectrum. At the same time, I don't share the view of the premillennial forecasters that the socalled mainline churches are becoming the apostate servants of the antichrist. They have much true faith and a deep concern to be faithful to the Lord of the church and a sincere desire to know his will for the present. But they need to be much more concerned to be rooted in Scripture and the church's apostolic faith. As Austin Farrer said many years ago, "Again and again we discover that the more true we are to our old title deeds, the better able we are to meet our present liabilities." 3 Moreover, there is much more interest today than even a generation ago in the peaceable kingdom of Christ. As the triumphalism of the church's Constantinian era ebbs away, the kingdom that is not of this world is receiving renewed attention.4 Meanwhile, I am honored to pay tribute to my ancestral Mennonite church faith tradition. At its beginnings, the vision of the peaceable kingdom was tried by the fires of martyrdom. That vision has been kept alive for over 450 years and in modern times has demonstrated through its worldwide humanitarian service that God's kingdom can be made visible in this world. I can only hope that the Mennonite tradition, too, will look to its ancient title deeds and constantly renew its commitment to the kingdom that is not from this world. I trust that what I have written will throw a little light on the subject of the endtime and the eternal kingdom of God for those who have been puzzled by the claims of the TV forecasters. Perhaps even the forecasters will read this book and be encouraged to think some more about their favorite subject. May those who have long possessed the
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truth of what I have written be encouraged and confirmed in their faith. Finally, I pray that all of us together may learn to live in God's kingdom now and become persuasive signs in the world of his gracious reign. O the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his judgments and how inscrutable his ways! "For who has known the mind of the Lord? Or who has been his counselor?" "Or who has given a gift to him, to receive a gift in return?" For from him and through him and to him are all things. To him be the glory for ever. Amen. (Rom. 11:33–36)
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NOTES Toward the Year 2000 1. The most exhaustive and complete description of this conversation is found in Leroy Edwin Froom, The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation, 4 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1950–1954). All of this will be discussed in detail in chapter 1. 2. Grant R. Jeffrey, Armageddon: Appointment with Destiny (Toronto: Frontier Research Publications, 1988, repr. 1993), 179. 3. Ibid., 188. 4. For a good listing of these books, see the notes in Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1992), as well as Boyer's bibliography. Chapter 1 — Nothing New Under the Sun 1. "The Hal Lindsey Interview," Midnight Call, Apr. 1996, 11. 2. See, for example, John F. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1991), 115, 119; and J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1958), 381–384. 3. This collection includes a total of fifteen letters and tracts by nine authors, all written during the second century. See, for example, The Apostolic Fathers, in The AnteNicene Fathers, vol. 1, ed. Robertson and Donaldson (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979 repr.), 1–306. 4. Leroy Edwin Froom, The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation, 4 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1951), 1:211. For this survey, I am extensively depending on Froom's work. Froom was a SeventhDay Adventist, and therefore also a forecaster, but also a reputable scholar. For many years he was professor of the history of prophetic interpretation at the SeventhDay Adventist Theological Seminary in Washington, D.C. 5. A metrete was a Greek measure equal to about 40 liters. 6. The dates of almost all of the writers of this first period are approximate. 7. Froom, 1:338.
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8. Froom, 1:373, with emphasis by Froom. 9. Bernard McGinn, Visions of the End (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1979), 39–40. 10. Ibid., 70–76. 11. Ibid., 62–65. 12. Ibid., 77–79. 13. Ibid., 82–87. 14. Ibid., 96, 98–99. 15. Ibid., 103–107. 16. See Walter Klaassen, Living at the End of the Ages: Apocalyptic Expectation in the Radical Reformation (Lanham, Md.: Univ. Press of America, 1992), 11–15. 17. McGinn, Visions, 198–202. 18. Ibid., 168–179. 19. Chistopher Hill, Antichrist in SeventeenthCentury England (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1971), 68. 20. For this section on England, I have depended on Christopher Hill, 1–130, and Bernard McGinn, Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of Human Fascination with Evil (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994), 218–225. 21. Froom, 2:640–782. 22. Greg HartzlerMiller, " 'Der Weiss' Jonas Stutzmann: Amish Pioneer and Mystic," Mennonite Historical Bulletin 58 (Oct. 1997): 4–12. 23. The only booklength English treatment of this story is Fred Belk, The Great Trek of the Russian Mennonites to Central Asia, 1880–1884 (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1976). See also Colin Thubron, The Lost Heart of Asia (New York: Penguin Books, 1995), 121–124. Thubron visited the remains of Ak Metchet in 1991. Franz Bartsch, "Epp, Claasz, Jr.," The Mennonite Encyclopedia (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press), 2 (1956): 234. 24. Norman Kraus, Dispensationalism in America (Richmond: John Knox Press, 1958), 46. 25. Ibid., 111–126. 26. However, see notes 22–23, above. 27. The Mennonite Encyclopedia, 1 (1955): 558–560; 5 (1990): 30. See also D. D. Klassen, Frohe Botschaft Radioansprachen (Winnipeg: Faith and Life Communications, 1983), for of premillennialism among Mennonites in Manitoba. Chapter 2 — The Last Generation of History 1. Peter Lalonde, One World Under AntiChrist: Globalism, Seducing Spirits, and Secrets of the New World Order (Eugene, Ore.: Harvest House Publishers, 1991), 11. 2. On discerning false prophets, spirits, and messiahs, also see Deut. 18:17–22; 1 Kings 22; Jer. 23; Mark 13:21–23; Matt. 24:23–25; 1 Thess. 5:21; 1 John 4:1–2. 3. A Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1865, ed. Edwin S. Gaustad (Grand Rapids: Eerdman's, 1983), 496–495. 4. Desmond Tutu, The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution, ed. John Allen (New York: Doubleday, 1994), 143, 140. 5. Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1992), 102. 6. Ibid., 151. 7. Ibid., 111. 8. William R. Goetz, Apocalypse Next and the New World Order, 2d ed. (Camp Hill, Pa.: Horizon House CN, Christian Pubns., 1991). By phone on 12/30/97, the author said he uses prophecy as a vehicle for evangelistic appeal, and that more than 3,000 persons reported being converted through his book. Over 500,000
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copies are in print in English, and it has appeared in six other languages. 9. Goetz, 149. 10. Franz Stuhlhofer, "Das Ende naht!" Die Irrtümer der Endzeitspezialisten (Giessen: Brunnen Verlag, 1993), 208, with the author's translation and emphasis. 11. Another example appears in Lalonde, 55. 12. Stuhlhofer, 40, mentioning the forecaster Klaus Gerth. 13. Lalonde, 137. 14. Ibid., 29. 15. Ibid., 84. 16. Ibid., 92. 17. Ibid., 173–184, all of chapter 12. 18. Hal Lindsey, The Late Great Planet Earth (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970), 82. 19. William M. Alnor, Soothsayers of the Second Advent (Old Tappan, N.J.: Revell, 1989), 88. 20. Boyer, 164. 21. Quoted from Alnor, 140–141. 22. Ibid., 110–111; David Jeremiah, Escape the Coming Night (Dallas: Word Publishing, 1990), 224; Boyer, 171. Chapter 3 — The New World Order 1. Lalonde, One World, 249. 2. When citing Bible passages favored by the forecasters, I will quote from the King James Version, which they use almost without exception. When I cite Scripture myself, I will use the New Revised Standard Version unless otherwise indicated. 3. Lalonde, 12. 4. Lalonde, 29–30. 5. Quoted from Donald E. Wagner, Anxious for Armageddon (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1994), 91. 6. Lindsey, The Late Great Planet Earth, 53–54, with emphasis in the original. 7. Dave Hunt, Global Peace and the Rise of Antichrist (Eugene, Ore.: Harvest House Publishers, 1990), 42, with emphasis in the original. 8. McGinn, Antichrist, 52. 9. Ibid., 53; cf. Bruce M. Metzger, Breaking the Code: Understanding the Book of Revelation (Nashville: Abingdon, 1993), 76–77; and A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (New York: United Bible Societies, 1971), 751–752. The Greek form Neron Caesar, written in Hebrew characters, yields a numerical count of 666; the Latin form Nero Caesar, written in Hebrew, yields 616, a textual variant in Rev. 13:18. No other name or title is known that satisfies both 666 and 616. 10. Lalonde, 268. 11. Ibid., 94–95, 97. 12. Ibid, 291–292, 245. 13. Ibid., 227. 14. See, for example, Dave Hunt, Global Peace, 113–162; William R. Goetz, Apocalypse Next, 223–233; much of Hal Lindsey, as in The Late Great Planet Earth, 114–134; and Satan Is Alive and Well on Planet Earth (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1972), 84–97; Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 321–327, 335– 345. 15. Lalonde, 159–172. 16. Ibid., 82–83, 87. 17. Ibid., 66–67. 18. Ibid., 140, 60. 19. Ibid., 63–71, 77.
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20. Ibid., 182–183, 118. 21. Ibid., 58. 22. Plans for intercommunion between the Anglican Church of Canada and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada were recently defeated. The moves of Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul II to reunite the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches have also come to grief. See First Things, no. 81 (Mar. 1998), 67–69. 23. Ibid., 183. Chapter 4 — The Rapture: Second or Third Coming? 1. Lalonde, One World, 106, 135. 2. Ibid., 135, 170. 3. Hunt, Global Peace, 203–205. 4. Ibid., 205. 5. Ibid., 206. Yet it is a matter of record that Africa and Asia each have more Christians than Northern America. Who knows what percentages are "Biblebelieving"? 6. Alnor, Soothsayers, 28. 7. Hunt, 214. 8. In the Latin Vulgate of 1 Thess. 4:17, the future passive rapiemur ("we shall be snatched away") is from rapio, the root for the participle raptus ("a carrying off by force"), from which comes rapture. 9. An exception to this antiCatholic or at least antipope attitude is Jack van Impe, as heard on one of his TV programs. 10. Paul does say a little more in 1 Corinthians 15:24, 28. After the resurrection "comes the end, when he [Christ] hands over the kingdom to God the Father. . . . When all things are subjected to him [Christ], then the Son himself will also be subjected to the one [the Father] who put all things in subjection under him [Christ], so that God may be all in all." 11. Grant R. Jeffrey, Apocalypse: The Coming Judgement of the Nations (New York: Bantam Books, 1994), 118–119. 12. Alnor, 113. 13. Lalonde, 174, 187, 172. 14. Hunt, 211. Chapter 5 — A Time, Two Times, and Half a Time 1. Hal Lindsey has recently stated that his new research confirms that the startinggun event was not, after all, the statehood of Israel in 1948, but rather the capture of Jerusalem in 1967. A generation of forty years (Psalm 95:10) from 1967 fixes the new date for the Rapture at 2007. This is a typical escape when ongoing history proves that specific datesetting was wrong. See, for example, his recent book The Final Battle (Palos Verdes, Calif.: Western Front, 1995), 263. 2. I consulted eighteen translations and versions of the Bible. The following combine the seven weeks and the 62 weeks and thus agree with the King James Version (1611) and the fifthcentury Latin Vulgate of Jerome: the original Luther translation (1532), the Danish ResenSvane revision (1819), the New International Version (1978), the New Jerusalem Bible (1990), and the New American Catholic Edition (Douai, 1950). Others, especially later ones, separate the seven weeks from the 62 weeks: the old Swiss Froschauer Bible (1536), the modern versions of the German Luther Bible, the revised Segond Version of the French Bible (1874–80; 1978), the Willibrord translation of the Dutch Bible (1978), the German translation of Eugen Schlachter (1910), the English translation by James Moffat (1926), the
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Revised Standard Version (1952), the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV, 1989), and the New American Bible (Roman Catholic, 1971). 3. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 171. 4. John F. Walvoord, Armageddon, Oil and the Middle East Crisis, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990), 28. 5. Lalonde, One World, 106, 131, 139, 153, 170. 6. Hunt, Global Peace, 211. 7. Lalonde, 26, with his emphasis. 8. Quoted by Wagner, Anxious for Armageddon, 105, from a brochure of the International Christian Embassy Jerusalem. 9. Ibid., 104. 10. Some hold that the AngloSaxon peoples are the lost ten tribes. If that were so, we would be required to believe that, to fulfill Ezekiel's prophecy, the approximately 300 million ethnically AngloSaxon people would have to be crowded into the state of Israel. The more the forecasters try to explain, the more absurd it becomes. 11. Lalonde, 36. 12. Ibid., 36–37, 39. 13. D. Jeremiah, Escape the Coming Night, 155. 14. Lalonde, 265–266. 15. Grant R. Jeffrey, Armageddon (1988), 125–126. 16. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 326–327. 17. Quoted by Lalonde, 272, from Goetz, Apocalypse Next, no page given. 18. The British conservative scholar George BeasleyMurray says: ''The equation [Meshech and Tubal] with Moscow and Tobolsk, and Rosh with Russia, is unsupportable." Quoted from Stephen D. O'Leary, Arguing the Apocalypse: A Theory of Millennial Rhetoric (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994), 157. 19. Actually, at this point there are only three and a half years left. We are asked to believe that when Russia again participates in the battle of Armageddon three and a half years later, the Israelis will be busy for another three and a half years after the beginning of the millennium, cleaning up after the first Russian invasion. So, even while the battle of Armageddon is being fought, they will still be burning the weapons from the earlier invasion. Thus the literalism of these forecasters constantly betrays them. 20. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 331. 21. Lalonde, 220. 22. Ibid., 187. 23. Pentecost, Things to Come, 240, 238. 24. Jeffrey, Apocalypse, 174–176. 25. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 285. 26. Pentecost, 237. 27. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 286. 28. See Kraus, Dispensationalism in America, 111–130. 29. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 286. 30. Walvoord, Armageddon, 178. 31. Ibid., 179. 32. Lindsey, There's a New World Coming (New York: Bantam, 1973), 126. 33. Ibid., 182. 34. Zech. 14; Joel 3:1–16; Isa. 66:15–24; Ezek. 37–38; see James Tabor, in Biblical Archaeology Review 24 (Jan.–Feb. 1998): 74–76; Jon Paulien, "Armageddon," in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. D. N. Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 1:394–395; David Ussishkin, "Megiddo," in Ibid., 4:666– 679.
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35. Charles H. Dyer, The Rise of Babylon: Sign of the End Times (Wheaton: Tyndale House Pubs., 1991), 1–23. 36. Many interpreters take "one like a son of man" (Dan. 7:13, NIV) directly as a personification of the saints of the Most High: see, for example, Mogens Müller, "Son of Man," in Oxford Companion to the Bible, ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993), 712; and Reginald Fuller, ''Son of Man," in The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, ed. Paul J. Achtemeier (HarperSanFrancisco, 1996), 1053. However, recent interpreters tend to identify "one like a son of man" with the archangel Michael or a similar angel (Dan. 10:13, 21; 12:1), a patron of the Jews who represents and protects the saints of the Most High: see Walter Wink, Naming the Powers: The Language of Power in the New Testament, The Power Series, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984), 28, note 47; The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. D. N. Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 6:138; Paul M. Lederach, Daniel, Believers Church Bible Commentary (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1994), 162; and Daniel SmithChristopher, "The Book of Daniel," in The New Interpreter's Bible, vol. 7, ed. Leander E. Keck (Nashville: Abingdon, 1996), 104. 37. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 164, 313. 38. Ibid., 368. Chapter 6 — Five Judgments, Seven Resurrections, One Millennium 1. Walvoord, Armageddon, 195. 2. Ibid., 196. 3. Ibid., 197. 4. Ibid., 196–198. 5. Ibid., 306. 6. Ibid., 377–382. 7. Pentecost, Things to Come, 476–546. 8. Lindsey, There's a New World Coming, 258. 9. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 394. 10. Ibid., 389–392. 11. Jeffrey, Apocalypse, 313. 12. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 403. 13. Ibid., 393. 14. Pentecost, 498–502. 15. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 396. 16. Pentecost, 512–531. 17. Walvoord, Armageddon, 198–199. 18. Jeffrey, Apocalypse, 308. 19. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 394. 20. D. Jeremiah, Escape the Coming Night, 214. 21. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 401. 22. Lindsey, There's a New World Coming, 268; Hunt, Global Peace, 305. 23. Jeffrey, Apocalypse, 314. 24. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 401. 25. D. Jeremiah, 214. 26. Ibid., 213. 27. Lindsey, There's a New World Coming, 269. 28. D. Jeremiah, 215. 29. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 407, 408. 30. Ibid., 409–411. 31. Jeffrey, Apocalypse, 325–327. 32. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 411.
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33. See, for example, Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 403, 408, 411; Jeffrey, Apocalypse, 317–318, 298, 300. 34. Some other examples are Ps. 18:7; 46:2–3, 6; 68:8; Isa. 13:13; 24:18; Joel 2:10–11; 3:16; Nab. 1:5; Hag. 2:6, 21; Zech. 14:1–5. 35. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 413–414. 36. Jeffrey, Apocalypse, 361–363. 37. One wonders why there needs to be a celibate priesthood when that was not the case in the Old Testament, from which comes the term "royal priesthood" (Exod. 19:6) or "a priestly kingdom" (NRSV). 38. Jeffrey, Apocalypse, 363–380. 39. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 414–415. 40. Ibid., 418–422. 41. Ibid., 423. Chapter 7 — Swords into Plowshares, and Nature Restored 1. Athanasius, On the Incarnation, 54; compare Irenaeus, Against Heresies, book 5, last sentence of preface; 2 Cor. 3:18, to be like Christ, who is the image of God (4:4); 2 Pet. 1:4, with a moral stress on avoiding lust. 2. Austin Farrer, The Glass of Vision (Westminster: Dacre Press, 1948), 92. 3. Biblical scholars often refer to chapters 40–55 as Second Isaiah. 4. W. Harrelson, "Vengeance," in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible (New York: Abingdon, 1962), 4:748. 5. On the identity of "one like a son of man," see chapter 5, above, at note number 36. Chapter 8 — The Kingdom That Is Not of This World 1. I recognize that normally Daniel is not ranked with the prophets and that actually the last writing prophet was Joel, whose date is about 350 B.C. However, in the context of discussing the hope for the kingdom of God in Israel, Daniel is the last one, having written his book in about 164 B.C. 2. John D. Crossan, Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994), 43. 3. I am aware that as I deal with the New Testament materials on the endtime, I do not deal with each of the writers separately nor necessarily as they relate to each other chronologically. I deal with the story more as people read the Bible, assuming that there is an inherent unity there. I do not, for example, deal with the reasons for Luke's inclusion of the Zechariah story (chapter 1) and its omission by the other Gospel writers. I deal with that story in the Gospel of Luke as a part of the unfolding interpretation of the person and vocation of Jesus as it was understood in the first century and as it is read now. On the other hand, I do deal separately with the Gospel of John because it is so different from the synoptic Gospels and the writings of Paul. I also deal separately with the book of Revelation because of its distinct literary genre. None of this denies the need to understand each passage in its historical and literary context. My procedure with the New Testament is much like that with the Old. The manner of approach is rooted in the need to tell the broad story of the hope for and expectation of the kingdom of God in both Testaments. By taking a passage in context, I mean, for purposes of this study, reading it as part of the text in which it is embedded. It may not be lifted out and given a different context. Most important is my conviction that what is needed especially with Jesus studies in the church is not a strict historicist approach along the lines of the Jesus Seminar. The New Testament is far more concerned with the theological or spiritu
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al (to use a discredited word) interpretation of Jesus than a historical one. This approach may make the specifically historical context less important for understanding Jesus than is assumed by the dominant historicist approach in much of current Jesus scholarship. 4. The Works of Josephus, trans. William Whiston (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987), Antiquities 18.5.2. 5. Crossan, Jesus, 25. 6. John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, 2 vols. (New York: Doubleday, 1991–94), 2:116–116, quotation from 116. These two volumes embody superb scholarship. 7. It may also refer to Dan. 6:22, where Daniel is in the lions' den but unhurt because God's angel protected him: "They would not hurt me, because I was found blameless before [God]." Jesus also was blameless while being tempted. Chapter 9 — The Mystery of the Kingdom 1. William Barclay, The New Testament, vol. 1: The Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles (London: Collins, 1968), 62. 2. The New Jerusalem Bible translates "gentle" in place of "meek" (NRSV). 3. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: NRSV, ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Roland E. Murphy (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991), 114 NT. 4. See William Barclay, The Daily Study Bible: The Gospel of Matthew, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1958), 1:250–257. 5. Here I am following the divisions and explanations given by William Barclay in The Daily Study Bible: The Gospel of Mark, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1956), 317–337. Barclay has used a common division and interpretation of Mark 13. See, for example, Frederick C. Grant in his commentary on Mark in The Interpreter's Bible, 7, ed. G. A. Buttrick (New York: AbingdonCokesbury Press, 1951), 855–865; and Vincent Taylor, The Gospel According to St. Mark (London: Macmillan & Co., 1959), 499–500. 6. A major exception is John Walvoord. He discusses these issues at length, but relates Jesus' teaching about the kingdom primarily to the millennium, the "postponed kingdom." See Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, chapters 18 and 19. Chapter 10 — The Hour Is Coming and Is Now Here 1. With the letters certainly known to be Paul's, I include also Ephesians and Colossians. While arguments continue about whether these are directly from Paul's hand, they are Pauline in character, and I will treat them as such. 2. Definition by C. I. Scofield, ed., The Scofield Reference Bible (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1917), 5; cf. C. Norman Kraus, Dispensationalism in America, 114. 3. Several good studies on "principalities and powers" are available: George B. Caird, Principalities and Powers: A Study in Pauline Theology (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956); Albert van den Heuvel, These Rebellious Powers (London: SCM Press, 1966); Hendrik Berkhof, Christ and the Powers (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1962). Especially illuminating is the more recent work by Walter Wink, Naming the Powers: The Language of Power in the New Testament, The Powers Series, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), especially 64–66. In vol. 2, Wink spells out current relevance: Unmasking the Powers: The Invisible Forces That Determine Human Existence (1986). In vol. 3, he makes a case for nonviolent spiritual warfare: Engaging the Powers: Discernment and Resistance in a World of Domination (1992). 4. J. Christiaan Beker, Paul the Apostle: The Triumph of God in Life and Thought (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980), 331–337, 87.
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5. See Wagner, Anxious for Armageddon, 76–81. 6. Ibid., 81. 7. Quoted in S. Toulmin and J. Goodfield, The Discovery of Time (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1965), 58. 8. Enterprising readers might wish to take a look at Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes (New York: Bantam Books, 1990). 9. C. S. Calian, The Significance of Eschatology in the Thoughts of Nicolas Berdyaev (Leiden: Brill, 1965), 107. 10. William Barclay, The Daily Study Bible: The Letters to the Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1959), 236. 11. Examples are Ps. 114; 148; Isa. 35:1–2; 41:18–20; 43:19–21; 44:23; 55:12–13. 12. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal Books: NRSV, 34 NT. Chapter 11 — I, I Am the Resurrection and the Life 1. A few titles on the book of Revelation are the following: William Barclay, Letters to the Seven Churches (Philadelphia, Westminster, 1959); Austin Farrer, The Rebirth of Images (1949); Ernest F. Scott, The Book of Revelation (1939); N. Turner, "Revelation," in Peake's Commentary on the Bible (New York: Thomas Nelson, 1962), 1043–1061; George G. B. Caird, A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John the Divine, Black's New Testament Commentaries (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1966); J. Massyngberde Ford, Revelation, Anchor Bible (New York: Doubleday, 1975); Jacques Ellul, Apocalypse: The Book of Revelation (1977); Adela Y. Collins, Crisis and Catharsis: The Power of the Apocalypse (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1984); Paul S. Minear, "Video and Audio in the Church," in On Being the Church: Essays in Honour of John W. Snyder, ed. Peter C. Erb (Waterloo, Ont.: Conrad Press, 1992), 11–26; Bruce M. Metzger, Breaking the Code: Understanding the Book of Revelation (Nashville: Abingdon, 1993); A. W. Wainwright, Mysterious Apocalypse: Interpreting the Book of Revelation (Nashville: Abingdon, 1993). 2. See Wainwright, Mysterious Apocalypse, 114–115. 3. See, for example, Hal Lindsey, Satan Is Alive and Well on Planet Earth. 4. For details, see Walter Klaassen, Living at the End of the Ages: Apocalyptic Expectation in the Radical Reformation. 5. See, for example, the article "Six Hundred Sixtysix," in The Oxford Companion to the Bible, ed. Metzger and Coogan, 699–700. Also see note 8 to chapter 3. 6. See discussion in chapter 10, above, at note number 3. See note 3 to chapter 10, and especially Wink, Naming the Powers. 7. Paul S. Minear, "Video and Audio in the Church," in On Being the Church, 15. 8. For this section, I have depended heavily on ibid., 15–20. Chapter 12 — What Shall We Say About These Things? 1. Alnor, Soothsayers, 39. 2. Jeffrey, Armageddon (1988), 188. 3. Austin Farrer, A Celebration of Faith (London: Hodder and Sloughton, 1970), 126. 4. See for example Stanley Hauerwas, The Peaceable Kingdom (Notre Dame: Notre Dame Univ. Press, 1983); After Christendom? (Nashville: Abingdon, 1991); and Against the Nations: War and Survival in a Liberal Society (Notre Dame: Notre Dame Univ. Press, 1992).
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Note: Premillennial writings analyzed are marked with an asterisk [*]. Alnor, William M. Soothsayers of the Second Advent. Old Tappan, N.J.: Power Books, Fleming H. Revell, 1989. AnteNicene Fathers, vol. 5. Ed. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson. Grand Rapids: Eerdman's, 1978 reprint. Armerding, Carl E., and W. Ward Gasque. Dreams, Visions and Oracles: The Layman's Guide to Biblical Prophecy. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1977. Bailey, Keith M. Christ's Coming and His Kingdom. Harrisburg, Pa.: Christian Pubns., 1981. Barclay, William. The Daily Study Bible: The Gospel of Mark. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1958. ———. The Daily Study Bible: The Gospel of Matthew. 2d ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1958. ———. The Daily Study Bible: The Letters to the Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1959. ———. Letters to the Seven Churches. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1959. ———. The New Testament. Vol. 1: The Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. London: Collins, 1968. Beker, J. Christiaan Beker. Paul the Apostle: The Triumph of God in Life and Thought. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980. Boyer, Paul. When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1992. Calian, C. S. The Significance of Eschatology in the Thoughts of Nicolas Berdyaev. Leiden: Brill, 1965. Crossan, John D. Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. San Francisco: Harper
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SanFrancisco, 1994. *
Dolan, David. Holy War for the Promised Land. Nashville: Nelson, 1991.
*
Dyer, Charles H. The Rise of Babylon. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House Pubs., 991.
Elias, Jacob W. 1 and 2 Thessalonians. Believers Church Bible Commentary. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1995. Ellul, Jacques. Reason for Being: A Meditation on Ecclesiastes. Grand Rapids: Eerdman's, 1990. ———. Apocalypse: The Book of Revelation. Trans. George W. Schreiner. New York: Seabury, 1977. Erb, Paul. The Alpha and the Omega. Scottdale: Herald Press, 1955. Ewert, David. And Then Comes the End. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1980. Farrer, Austin. A Celebration of Faith. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1970. ———. The Glass of Vision. Westminster: Dacre Press, 1948. *
Finley, Mark, Confidence Amid Chaos. Boise, Idaho: Pacific Press Publishing, 1992.
Florovsky, Georges. Creation and Redemption. Belmont, Mass.: Nordland Publishing, 1976. *
Froom, Leroy Edwin. The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers: The Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation. 4 vols. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1950–54. Fuller, Reginald. "Son of Man." In The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary. Ed. Paul J. Achtemeier. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996. Gaustad, Edwin S., ed. A Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1865. Grand Rapids: Eerdman's, 1983. Gloer, W. Hulitt, ed. Eschatology and the New Testament. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pubs., 1988. *
Goetz, William R. Apocalypse Next and the New World Order. 2d ed. Camp Hill, Pa.: Horizon House CN, Christian Pubns., 1991 (1st ed., 1981; updated 2d ed., 1987; 3d ed., Apocalypse Next: The End of Civilization as We Know It, 1996). Grimsrud, Ted. The Triumph of the Lamb. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1987. Harrelson, W. "Vengeance." In The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Vol. 4. Ed. George A. Buttrick. Nashville: Abingdon, 1962. Hill, Christopher. Antichrist in SeventeenthCentury England. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1971. *
Hunt, Dave. Global Peace and the Rise of Antichrist. Eugene, Ore.: Harvest House Pubs., 1990.
Josephus. The Works of Josephus. Trans. William Whiston. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pubs., 1987 reprint. *
Jeffrey, Grant R. Apocalypse: The Coming Judgment of the Nations. New York: Bantam Books, 1994.
*
———. Armageddon: Appointment with Destiny. Toronto: Frontier Research Pubns., 1988.
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Jeremiah, David. Escape the Coming Night. Dallas: Word Publishing, 1990.
Klaassen, Walter. Living at the End of the Ages: Apocalyptic Expectation in the Radical Reformation. Lanham, Md.: Univ. Press of America, 1992. Kraus, Norman. Dispensationalism in America. Richmond: John Knox, 1958. *
LaHaye, Tim. No Fear of the Storm. Sisters, Ore.: Multnomah, 1992.
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Lalonde, Peter. One World Under AntiChrist: Globalism, Seducing Spirits and Secrets of the New World Order. Eugene, Ore.: Harvest House Pubs., 1991.
Lederach, Paul M. Daniel. Believers Church Bible Commentary. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1994. *
Lightner, Robert P. The Last Days Handbook. Nashville: Nelson, 1990.
*
Lindsey, Hal. Satan Is Alive and Well on Planet Earth. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1972.
*
———. The Late Great Planet Earth. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970.
*
———. There's a New World Coming. New York: Bantam, 1973.
McGinn, Bernard. Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil. HarperSanFrancisco, 1994. ———. Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1979. Meier, John P. A Marginal Jew. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1991–94. Mennonite Encyclopedia, The. Vols. 1–4, ed. H. S. Bender, et al., 1955–59; vol. 5, ed. C. J. Dyck et al., 1990. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. Metzger, Bruce M. Breaking the Code: Understanding the Book of Revelation. Nashville: Abingdon, 1993. *
Midnight Call. Apr. 1996.
Minear, Paul. "Video and Audio in the Church." In On Being the Church. Ed. Peter C. Erb. Waterloo, Ont.: Conrad Press, 1992. Müller, Mogens. "Son of Man." In The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993. Napier, B. Davie. "Prophet in the NT." In The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Vol. 3. Ed. George A. Buttrick. Nashville: Abingdon, 1962. New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, The: NRSV. Ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Roland E. Murphy. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991. O'Leary, Stephen D. Arguing the Apocalypse: A Theory of Millennial Rhetoric. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994. *
Pentecost, J. Dwight. Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1958.
Play of Antichrist, The. Ed. J. Wright. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1967. Robbins, Shawn. Prophecies for the End of Time. New York: Avon Books, 1995. *
Rosen, Moishe. Overture to Armageddon? San Bernardino, Calif.: Here's Life Pubs., 1991.
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Rosenthal, Marvin. The PreWrath Rapture of the Church. Nashville:
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Nelson, 1990. Rubinsky, Yuri and Ian Wiseman. A History of the End of the World. New York: BGMRW Holdings, 1982. Russell, D. S. Daniel: An Active Volcano. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1989. *
Scofield, C. I., ed. The Scofield Reference Bible. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1909, 1917.
SmithChristopher, Daniel. "The Book of Daniel." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Vol. 7. Ed. Leander E. Keck. Nashville: Abingdon, 1996. Stuhlhofer, Franz. "Das Ende Naht!" Die Irrtümer der Endzeitspezialisten. Giessen: Brunnen Verlag, 1993. *
These Times: Special Issue. Ed. Kenneth Holland et. al. Hagerstown, Md.: Review and Herald Pubn. Assn., n.d.
Toulmin, S., and J. Goodfield. The Discovery of Time. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1965. Tutu, Desmond. The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution. Ed. John Allen. New York: Doubleday, 1994. *
Vandeman, George E. The Rise and Fall of Antichrist in the Prophecies of Revelation. Boise, Idaho: Pacific Press Publishing Assn., 1986.
Wagner, Donald E. Anxious for Armageddon. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1994. Wainwright, Arthur W. Mysterious Apocalypse: Interpreting the Book of Revelation. Nashville: Abingdon, 1993. *
Walvoord, John F. Armageddon, Oil and the Middle East Crisis. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990.
*
———. Major Bible Prophecies. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1991.
*
———. Prophecy: Fourteen Essential Keys to Understanding the Final Drama. Nashville: Nelson, 1993.
Wink, Walter. Naming the Powers: The Language of Power in the New Testament. The Power Series, vol. 1. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. Witherington, Ben III. Jesus, Paul, and the End of the World: A Comparative Study in New Testament Eschatology. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1992.
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOURCES
Old Testament Genesis 1:1 135 1:2 174 1:67 135 1:31 88, 205 3 205 3:19 205 7:11 135 8:21 138 9:15 138 10:23 101 12:3 152, 178 22:17 137 49:910 241 49:1011 232 Exodus 2:110 172 4:22 173 12:33 175 13:2122 86 15:118 253 19:6 210, 268 19:1620 86 19:18 134 19:1819 82 20:1821 82 21:2327 159 24:17 82 31:3 195 Leviticus 24:20 159 Numbers 11 195 11:29 195 24:17 172, 240 Deuteronomy 8:23 175 14:68 119 18:1722 263 23:5 149 32:35 161 33:2 119 Judges 5:19 112 2 Samuel 5:2 172 7:1516 150 1 Kings 18:1920 112 22 263 22:1923 114 2 Kings 1:10 186 1:12 186 9:27 112 4:29 47 1519 47 17 41 25 47 1 Chronicles 29:11 150 2 Chronicles 35:22 112 Ezra 3:12 47 Nehemiah 2:48 57, 89
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Job 1:612 114 19:25 160 19:27 160 40:9 149 Psalms 2:12 198 2:13 152 2:23 111 2:7 174 2:9 116 18:7 268 22:28 150 37:25 223 45:6 149 46:23 268 46:6 268 68:8 268 72:5 137 73:11 154 78:69 137 89:14 149 89:3537 150 90:4 16 95:10 265 103:19 150 104 222 104:2 149 110:1 113, 197 113:5 149 132 152 132:12 152 132:1314 152 132:17 152 137:1 158 137:3 154 137:4 154 137:89 160, 183 144 270 145:1113 150 148 270 Proverbs 6:34 159 Ecclesiastes 1:9 23 Isaiah 2 194 2:4 153 5:20 180, 248 6:1 34 6:23 239 78 47 7:14 170, 172 7:18 49 8:14 170 9 176 9:2 167 9:67 151 9:7 153 11:15 151 11:19 63, 222 11:34 127 11:4 116 11:68 175 11:69 128, 153 11:9 127 11:1112 63 13:10 190 13:13 190, 268 14:12 125 19:18 252 19:2325 152 22:4 226 24:18 268 26:19 122 27:13 220 28:16 170 29:1819 179 34:23 160 34:8 160 35:12 153, 270 35:110 155 35:56 179 35:89 153 40:12 155 40:3 167 40:10 128, 155, 160 40:11 155, 231 40:12 155 40:1226 152 40:15 152 40:17 152, 155 40:22 152 40:23 172 40:2931 155 41:2 152 41:1820 270 42:1 174 42:12 156 42:14 156, 179 42:3 156 42:4 156 42:6 170 42:7 155 42:16 155 42:18 155 43:1519 49 43:19 155 43:1921 270 43:2021 210 44:23 270 45:1213 152 45:14 153 45:15 171 47 80 47:3 160 47:1213 7778, 80 48:6 155
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49:16 156, 157 49:6 156157, 170, 176 49:2223 125 50:411 156157 50:6 157 50:10 156157 52:13 198 52:53:1 157 52:1353:12 156157 53 156 53:3 158, 184 53:6 167 53:7 174, 231 53:78 198 53:89 184 53:9 158 53:11 158 53:1112 167 53:12 158, 174 55:34 126 55:89 155 55:1213 270 58:911 50 59:17 115 60:3 141 60:5 141 60:11 141 61:1 179 61:59 125 63:13 116 63:3 248 64:1 174 65:17 153 65:2123 139 65:23 153 66:1524 266 Jeremiah 7 47 8:21 226 14:14 225 18:711 49 20 49 20:10 159 23 263 23:5 151 23:2526 225 25:12 90 29:10 90 30:7 106 30:21 126 31:1214 127 31:33 137 33:15 126 33:17 126 33:2021 126 51:2024 160 Ezekiel 1:27 240 3:18 49 5:8 170 11:23 138 16 226 18:20 178 18:21 49 20:38 121 21:3132 225 22:21 225 22:31 225 27:1314 101 31:12 101 31:1416 101 31:20 226 34 151 34:110 231 34:1022 231 34:2223 151 34:23 231 36 63 36:8 63 36:24 63 36:2427 127 3738 266 37:1314 122 37:1522 95 37:24 231 37:2425 125 37:25 151 38 30, 66, 100 38:26 102 38:34 101 38:46 102 38:6 101, 102 38:12 59 38:1416 101 39:36 103 39:2529 125 40 126 4048 47 43:2 240 44:4 126 45:2223 126 46 126 47:89 125 48:3034 125 Daniel 112 2325, 37 2 70, 162 2:2022 257 2:24 71 2:44 71 2:33 32, 70 2:34 163 2:3435 32 2:4043 32 2:42 71 2:44 163 2:4445 32 3 162 4:3 150, 162 4:3033 162 4:3435 162
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6:22 269 7 70, 162 7:18 163 7:112 113 7:9 239 7:910 114, 240 7:13 113, 163, 267 7:1314 109, 113114 7:14 163 7:18 114, 163 7:1922 163 7:1927 70 7:20 71 7:21 163 7:2122 109, 114 7:23 68 7:24 72 7:2425 68 7:25 104 7:27 114, 163 8:312 163 8:912 109 8:914 68 8:1114 98 8:13 114 8:14 41 8:21 25, 70 8:2325 68 8:25 96, 97 9 62, 173 9:24 26 9:2425 89 9:2427 43 9:25 90 9:26 89, 91 9:27 98, 99 9:2728 68 10:6 240 10:13 114, 267 10:21 114, 267 11 109 11:3 109 11:2124 97 11:2145 68, 109 11:22 91 11:31 98, 99 11:3639 99 11:39 109 11:40 109 11:4045 47 11:4143 110 11:44 110 12:1 114, 267 12:2 86, 122, 164, 223, 235 12:4 67 12:7 42 12:9 67 12:11 99 12:13 164 Hosea 1:6 210 1:9 210 2 246 2:1 210 4 226 6:5 117 11:1 172 11:14 226 Joel 1:15 161 2 192 2:1011 268 2:253:1 161 3:116 267 3:16 266 Amos 2:45 48 2:7 49 7:11 47 9:7 49 9:1112 197 9:13 234 9:1415 63 19:2325 50 Obadiah 21 150 Jonah 3 48 3:10 49 4:11 222 Micah 3:57 225 4:13 50 5:2 168 Nahum 1:5 268 Zephaniah 1:18 225 Haggai 2:3 47 2:6 268 2:21 268 2:23 161 Zechariah 1:12 90 4:6 206, 232 4:69 151 6:1213 161162 7:5 90 8:1113 161 8:2023 161
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9:9 226 9:910 231 9:14 220 12:9 118 12:910 109 12:10 119 14 119, 266 14:15 268 14:24 109, 117 14:3 109, 118 14:5 119 14:58 119 14:7 141 14:8 125 14:9 109, 117 14:21 119 Malachi 3:1 98, 166 3:14 161, 221 3:23 225 4:13 161 4:5 161, 165, 167
Apocrypha 1 Maccabees 1 109 1:2123 99 1:2931 97 1:3139 91 1:3954 99 1:54 69 3:45 91 6 47 2 Maccabees 4:34 91 6 109 6:16 99 6:2 69, 99 9 48 9:8 99 10:9 99 12 99 Wisdom of Solomon 6:13 244
New Testament Matthew 12 171 1:1 165 1:117 168 1:20 168 1:2021 171 2 172 2:2 240 2:6 172 2:1320 172 2:15 172 2:1618 243 3:1 168 3:7 167 3:10 167 3:1012 225 3:11 168 3:12 168 4:9 175 4:12 177 57 44, 190 5:112 184 5:116 193 5:3 184 5:5 254 5:1316 185 5:16 209 5:17 185 5:20 131, 185 5:2148 185 5:4345 187 5:44 129 5:4547 183 5:46 130 6:10 123, 181, 189 6:24 188 7:14 188 7:15 186 7:1520 185 7:2123 188 7:29 179 8:1112 184 9:13 184 9:1617 187 10:7 185 10:38 188 10:39 187 11:45 179 11:12 141 11:25 187
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11:28 188 12 179 12:2228 179 12:3132 180 12:32 212 13:16 182 13:3133 182 16:1317 113 16:21 47 16:2123 175 16:28 48 18:1 184 18:15 187 18:3 184 18:2135 183 20:115 186 20:2028 184 21:31 184 22:2333 224 23:7 51 23:11 184 23:1336 185 23:3739 178 24 76 24:136 189 24:2 191 24:3 60, 191 24:45 76, 93 24:14 36, 40 24:15 68, 69, 99 24:21 104 24:22 94 24:2324 76 24:2325 263 24:24 104 24:31 86 24:3235 64 24:34 191 24:36 191 24:44 20 24:4551 219 25:113 221 25:13 20 25:3133 224 25:3146 121 25:34 185, 189 27:50 47 27:5253 122 28:20 219 Mark 1:13 166 1:11 174 1:1213 175 1:14 177 1:1415 176 1:15 177 1:17 178 1:22 179 2:16 185 2:22 188 3:16 178 4:38 182 4:2629 182 8:3133 175 9:1 191 9:28 192 9:7 86 10:14 184 10:31 186 10:3839 188 10:4245 183 13 24, 189190, 192 13:12 190191 13:38 190 13:4 60, 190191 13:56 190 13:527 65 13:78 190 13:920 190191 13:14 68 13:2123 190, 263 13:2127 190 13:24 104 13:2425 190 13:2432 24 13:26 191192 13:27 191 13:28 65 13:2831 64 13:2837 191 13:30 65, 191 13:32 191192, 212 13:3237 20 13:3537 258 14:62 113 Luke 1:3233 169 1:4655 170 1:5253 170 1:6879 167 1:77 170 2:120 171 2:4 168 2:2535 170 2:3031 170 2:34 170 3:13 171 3:2338 168 3:38 230 4:14 176 4:67 175 4:1819 176 4:20 176 4:2330 177 6:8 129 6:2731 183, 187 6:35 183, 187 9:31 195 9:5156 186 9:62 188 11:2 181 11:13 196
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11:20 106, 179 12:32 181 14:24 183 14:2832 188 15:1132 183 15:2532 183 17:20 60, 182 19:1228 126 20:3436 187 20:35 137 21:533 189 21:29 65 21:2933 64 22:20 178 22:2427 184, 187 22:29 203 23:34 227 John 1:13 230 1:4 239 1:5 241 1:8 239 1:1213 233 1:13 173 1:14 173, 230231 1:18 183, 231, 241 1:28 167 1:29 174, 231 1:3133 174 1:33 174, 232 1:45 231 1:49 232 1:51 231 2:111 233 2:8 241 2:25 129 3:110 88 3:3 184, 233 3:5 233 3:6 233 3:7 241 3:16 147 3:19 235 4:126 233 4:35 234 5:118 233 5:22 132, 235 5:24 233, 235 5:2429 234 5:25 235 5:2529 224 5:28 235 5:29 123 6:15 232 6:20 236 8:16 235 9:141 233 9:39 235 10 231 10:11 231 11 234 11:1744 233 11:23 234 11:24 234 11:25 234 12:1215 231 12:15 231 12:16 232 12:2324 192 12:3132 236 12:32 253 12:38 231 12:48 236 13:1415 231 14:9 231 14:23 234 14:3 234 15:15 233 17:1 192 17:24 230 18:36 173, 205, 259 18:3637 232 20:15 248 20:22 234 20:26 236 20:29 234 21:6 239 21:8 248 22:16 241 Acts 1:3 15, 194 1:4 195 1:5 194 1:68 194 1:7 20, 221 1:78 212 1:8 192 1:911 86 1:11 15 2 195 2:147 192 2:16 82 2:1721 196 2:1736 196 2:1920 82 2:3335 240 2:3435 197 2:36 192, 197, 202, 213 2:38 196 3:13 198 3:21 198 4:2430 198 8:12 192 8:2635 198 10:42 198 13:23 197 13:3337 197 15:1617 197 17:112 142 17:11 20 17:31 198
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20:2930 93 21:1011 48 21:2122 48 23:8 224 24:14 209 24:15 198 26:2223 171 26:23 198 26:26 171 28:31 192 Romans 1:34 202 1:4 213 1:24 205 1:25 247 1:27 205 1:2832 248 1:32 247 2:23 224 2:5 224 2:6 224 2:68 224225 2:16 224, 228 3:25 200 4:3 147 5:8 200, 227 5:10 201 6 255 6:14 234 8 222, 233 8:7 205 8:1825 258 8:1922 138 8:1923 222 8:21 222 8:31 255 8:34 240 8:3839 201, 255 9:6 209 9:8 209 10:12 210 11 210211 11:1 209 11:1720 210 11:25 211 11:3336 261 12:1 206 12:2 205 12:6 51 12:19 161 13:17 244 13:12 219 14:9 203 14:17 206, 223 15:5 228 16:2526 258 1 Corinthians 1:1825 204 1:2631 204 2:5 204 2:8 202, 244 2:9 219 3 212 3:3 205 3:1115 259 3:13 225 3:1617 208 4:5 224 4:13 124 4:19 206 6:2 208 6:23 128 6:910 205 6:1920 208 7:31 212 8:1923 222 10:11 213, 215 10:32 61, 106 11:25 178 12:3 203 12:7 51 12:10 50 12:27 207 12:29 50 13:1 244 13:2 5051 13:12 20, 149, 217 14:16 50 14:4 51 14:29 51, 142 14:2932 50 14:37 50 14:39 50 15 24, 203 15:18 212 15:24 197, 265 15:2426 202 15:2428 116 15:28 248, 265 15:3549 220 15:3844 222 15:4257 222 15:5055 205 15:51 48, 212, 258 15:5152 220 15:52 86 2 Corinthians 3:18 268 4:4 204 4:7 204 5:910 122 5:10 122, 224 5:16 203 5:1617 206 5:1819 201 5:1920 62 10:4 116 11:4 107, 258 12:2 136 12:4 136 12:9 171
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Galatians 1:4 212, 233 1:69 258 3:7 209 3:714 62 3:1314 201 3:2629 210 3:29 62 4:4 212213, 217 5:1 206 5:1316 206 5:1626 233 5:19 205 5:2223 206 6:16 62, 209 Ephesians 1:4 211 1:7 200 1:910 258 1:2022 202 1:21 212, 233 1:2122 213 1:23 208 2:2 201 2:57 213 2:7 212 2:12 210 2:14 253 2:1415 210 2:16 201 2:17 142 2:19 208 2:2022 208 3:39 258 4:31 205 4:32—5:2 206 5:5 225 5:25 62 5:2527 207 6:1017 115, 245 6:12 202 6:15 142 6:17 117, 240, 249 13:1 253 13:15 253 13:17 253 Philippians 1:1520 62 2:5 206 2:6 203 2:8 200 2:1011 209, 258 2:11 200 3:3 209 3:5 209 3:21 203, 222, 258 4:5 219 Colossians 1:1314 202 1:14 200 1:15 204 1:1519 203 1:16 201202 1:17 136 1:18 208 1:20 201 1:26 211 2:10 202 2:15 201 3:1 240 1 Thessalonians 1:10 224 4 85 4:13—5:11 24, 43 4:1318 86, 93 4:1415 15 4:15 48 4:1517 220 4:16 122 4:1617 8486 4:17 18, 48, 85 5:111 86, 221 5:89 115 5:21 20, 263 2 Thessalonians 1:79 225 2 28 2:1 93 2:112 24, 221 2:34 98 2:39 68 2:7 26, 94, 258 2:78 28 2:711 92 2:8 38 2:812 33 1 Timothy 1:18 116 4:13 221 6:12 116 6:17 212 2 Timothy 1:9 212 2 212 3:19 221 4:1 224 Titus 2:13 219 2:14 200 Hebrews 1:3 203204, 240 1:6 240
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4:12 240, 249 4:1213 117 5:5 240 5:7 200, 203 5:9 200 6:5 212, 233 7:27 119 9:26 200, 212 10:25 219 10:26 225 10:31 227 11:1316 211 12:18 208 13:8 227 22:24 208 James 1:1 210 2:5 204 3:1718 204 5:8 219 1 Peter 1:1 210 1:18 201 1:20 212 2:6 170 2:8 170, 186 2:9 208 2:910 210 2:1314 244 2:21 206 2:24 201 3:8 16 3:22 202 4:5 224 4:7 219 5:34 219 2 Peter 60, 225 1:4 268 1:16 60, 73 1:1621 51 1:1718 60 1:2021 142 2:13 47 2:3 225 3:313 221 3:7 225 3:8 17 3:9 228 3:10 132, 134, 136 3:12 136, 221 3:13 197, 223 3:18 212 1 John 2:8 234 2:28 234 3:2 219 4:112 263 4:2 51 4:1618 236 5:45 234 Jude 3 148 25 212 Revelation 2425, 29, 237238 1:1 238 1:4 241 1:5 240 1:6 240 1:7 86, 119 1:1216 241 1:1218 249 1:14 117 1:1416 240 1:16 240 1:17 240 1:18 240 2 250 23 245, 250 2:8 240 2:12 240 2:13 245 2:18 240 2:28 240 3 250 3:1 241 3:45 42 3:7 240 3:713 12 3:12 251 3:1213 252 3:14 240 4:811 253 5 70 5:13 237 5:5 240241 5:56 241 5:6 70, 241 5:9 241 5:914 253 5:1114 241 5:12 241 611 104, 107, 244 6:1—8:5 33 6:117 246 6:10 250 6:12 27 6:1217 35 6:16 250 7 105 7:9 105, 252 7:12 253 7:14 94, 104 8:6—10:11 246 9:312 58 9:10 251 9:1416 58
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9:16 110 9:2021 108 9:21 243 11:2 43 11:3 40 11:1112 122 11:1518 253 12 38, 78, 97 12:1 241 12:16 97 12:3 242 12:4 243 12:6 40, 97, 127 12:9 242 12:1012 253 12:1317 97 12:14 43 12:17 97 13 25, 34, 66, 70, 79, 92, 100 13:1 243 13:2 243 13:3 69 13:34 66, 76, 79 13:5 43 13:57 104 13:7 66, 68, 70, 94, 243244 13:8 66, 76, 79 13:1117 76, 243 13:1617 66, 7375, 243 13:18 26, 36, 70, 264 1415 251 14:1 74 14:720 246 14:8 246 14:9 243 14:11 243 14:1416 113 14:1720 248 1516 104, 107, 250 15:34 253 15:5—16:21 246 16 112 16:89 40 16:911 108 16:1011 243 16:12 41, 58 16:1214 109110 16:1216 108 16:13 243 16:1314 111, 243 16:14 112 16:16 111112, 243 16:1621 109 16:19 113, 246 16:21 108, 110 17 38, 78, 244 1718 113 17:3 244 17:5 258 17:7 258 17:8 69 17:9 243244 17:913 242 17:12 243 17:14 241 17:16 100 17:18 78, 244 18 246 18:124 246 18:1120 74 19 116117, 254 19:13 253 19:2 250, 253 19:3 240 19:68 254 19:7 80 19:79 251 19:11 87, 240 19:1116 114 19:1121 109, 124, 249 19:12 117 19:13 240 19:15 116, 240, 249 19:16 241 19:19 140 19:1921 114 19:2021 248 19:20 135, 243 19:21 116, 140, 249 20 209 20:13 29, 122 20:14 123, 125 20:2 242 20:3 242 20:4 17, 128, 240 20:23 127 20:5 123 20:6 124 20:7 129 20:79 130, 243 20:710 124 20:8 125 20:10 131, 135 20:11 134135 20:1115 23, 131, 134 20:14 135, 248 21 250, 254 21:1 135 21:2 80, 251 21:23 138 21:2—22:5 138 21:34 251 21:7 254
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21:9 80, 139 21:16 139 21:2224 241 21:23 241 21:2324 251 21:24 140, 249 21:25 140 22:2627 251 22 250, 254 22:1 252 22:15 251252 22:2 140 22:23 251 22:3 248 22:5 248, 251 22:10 67, 250 22:13 240 22:16 240, 250 22:20 239
Apostolic and Church Fathers Augustine of Hippo 29, 31, 35 Barnabas 25 Chrysostom 28 Clement of Alexandria 26 Cyril of Jerusalem 28 Hilary of Poitiers 28 Hippolytus 26 Irenaeus 25, 268 Jerome 28 Lactantius 27 Papias 25 Sulpicius Severus 28 Tertullian 26 Tyconius 29 Victorinus 27
Medieval Sources Adso 3132 Anslem of Havelberg 33 Beatus 31 Bonaventure 3536 Bridget of Sweden 36 Francis of Assisi 35 Gerhoh of Reichersberg 33 Hildegarde of Bingen 36 Joachim of Fiore 3337 Merlin the Seer 36 Otto of Freising 3233 Pope Gregory 31 Pope Gregory I 36 PseudoMethodius 30, 3637
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THE AUTHOR
Walter Klaassen was born in Saskatchewan, Canada, into the Eigenheim Mennonite community in 1926, the second child in a large family. His father, both grandfathers, and an uncle were ministers of his home church. He was nourished in Christian faith in home and church and baptized at age seventeen. When his mother, Judith, died in 1936, his grandfather became his intellectual mentor, encouraging him to read in religious and other material. He enjoyed school from the first day and excelled in history and literature. Despite family poverty, Klaassen continued his education at Rosthern Bible School and Junior College during 1943– 48. Then he worked at Saskatchewan Training School, an institution for the mentally disabled, and completed training as a psychiatric aide. His university education began at McMaster University in 1951, followed by theological studies at McMaster Divinity School. Next he studied at Regents Park College, Oxford University, where he earned the doctor of philosophy degree in 1960. For the next four years, Klaassen taught Bible and church history at Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas. Then until retirement in 1987, he taught Bible and church and Anabaptist history at Conrad Grebel College, affiliated with the University of Waterloo (Ontario). He also taught history at Okanagan University College, Kelowna, British Columbia, in 1993–96. During his years at Waterloo, Klaassen published
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Anabaptism: Neither Catholic nor Protestant (1973) and Michael Gaismair: Revolutionary and Reformer (1978). He also translated original Anabaptist writings and published three collections, The Writings of Pilgram Marpeck with William Klassen (1978), Anabaptism in Outline (1981), and Sixteenth Century Anabaptism: Defences, Confessions, Refutations (1982). After retirement, Klaassen continued to write. In 1992 he published Living at the End of the Ages: Apocalyptic Expectation in the Radical Reformation and ''The Days of Our Years": A History of the Eigenheim Mennonite Church Community, 1892–1992. In 1952 Walter Klaassen married Ruth Strange, who worked as director and researcher at the Peace Research Institute Dundas (Ontario). Until 1997 she continued to assemble and publish data on voting patterns in the United Nations General Assembly. They have three sons and two daughtersinlaw, all in Ph.D. programs. Klaassen's early commitment to Christian faith and the church took many practical forms. During student years, he was pastor of the Hagersville (Ontario) Baptist Church. Though never ordained, later he served in repeated preaching stints at the United Mennonite Church in Waterloo. He was interim pastor at Westminster United Church in Medicine Hat, Alberta, in the summer of 1960. After retirement to Vernon, British Columbia, Walter and Ruth were in 1990–93 cochairs of the Environment Working Unit of the United Church of Canada, British Columbia Conference. Since 1992, he has been serving as a mentor for the Education for Ministry program in the Anglican diocese of Kootenay. Walter Klaassen has also spoken and written extensively in Mennonite and other settings.