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t~rm ~~·1.d <space 6.1 n c ertf;/ 2Y'ld rc"'.a I ze th e I yt
rt1anlFtJia'bed
j
11'}lplicatlof1'9
j
On th~
r ( t"t11 OVl/lYij
;a rhy~,cal
ragt:;~
i0
~F
pn ,~V,e('VleW
0Jork tPf arch IteutUre.
nJe0;,e.
In )311
!
c.on6td;uerlt-S
•
c~n al \ o~0cure
,.
,
j
BiV1t1Uljlr' J
end
11··
t
•
I
our
at!on,
l)t~1
Sorr1e ,11,13,)/ ~,otrllnate
s',ensef;,
and
C:;;tim~ 5(':5
t~e fdl !jY/IM.Ij drid ?ye;b~V}1S shovlJ 2m.! tr1vtv~II'y rell1ftlr'C1f10 ttl forM van iVte~r'.ate.d whole. Archi-!:eC~!)rai el ements ~VlJ ~y~tert/1SJ a'S f'artf; trlake . Yl61ble tkc; relat avLj the ~u!lJIY1~ -aG j w~olet ~Vhen their re!;a'bon6hlrs, ;are ~erte!VeJ ct3-?es
the Imr'emen-
elerYl;erTt5,
reaJ!ly arrar-e?~t while rYl?i)/ be nlcire vvhde OtVter6 rl;ay a seCc7Y'1 J0ry it'le w~ .a bUlldlt1g~>on0 arllz meanlt1j 0/~1de c1tk er-s m~y -serve as qya! It! ere or ((lOd ;fl~r-7 be
W7JlY
Ir1
!yYl
hJYlever;
n:3turC'- tif the
yV}1J/0
t~e~
a
C:OVi
-
3M
21'S (W'der
t~.at
J0(
n~ -\J1;an
•
II
lUt (J urn: (Jrl'UIW.J ]~J.l]~~Il~,,-rrl'~; ///~~"" /
/
1\U(~I-IITBjt111UIU~Of
~
•.•• •.
'
~.aiternl rela!IOn6nlP5
- orVj:arllZationa! .6r~i;.l:
/ ;'
/
1
~e·hnd;:~t1
&. Im;3:}e -
form
l
5urface/
,
s. p roportl on
e'D;31e
l
h :erarchy-
Be
:'I~Ie.f;
7nape, eJt?,es,
~ openln~?;
il~ht, Vier", f~cus, t.,';.acou?b~!7
1\'1(),rl~l\f]~N'rl' l r'~ SI~\fJl~ •rl'!l\ilU,/' /
• arrr-'oach ~ entry • F~th configuratIon
access
&
t-
or 6r;aces
- sequet10e
II.'
tACH i E\lED
r>r/ THE
·struc.ture-
'.
enc\osur'8
&
• enVlrOf1n"] ental
comfort
• U0er' requItA,ements,_,
·Ietllal ('estrawd::s;,
f:actor~)
I / It I • soc i tJ i// CUI· ur"'_aJ • nl0torlca!
-site
V'r-eced el1ts i
-5un/ Wind, tet11perature,
sods,
• '1eo~r.aph'J: _I
I
·'Sen?ot"'Y:
12
I
8< envIron tY)ent
• c\ im-are: ..,
r -r2ctOrS
/
topo~raphY'1 !
~craracter I.
!
I
,,"'
or
'"'
Ll
'Lne
rr'cc: plt,C3t~on
ve?3etatlon I race,
~
l
Vlet'iS"
wate.r 50un~:t'
,
"
'
'~, ",
- health, 'Safety, tv welfare. edurt:lbdl"t:!
• ec~norr1;c
.
",
··. & () I\.II'M)).'171}" ~iJ \.~S
-ro 1,1\1
Sl~\'(~]~
&
°ENCL06URE
·TEC,H N()LOG'(
·,A\FrRO;\CH ~ t7~f;~KTU~E -ENTRY &, EGrc.E55' MOVEhi1ENT TH ~,OU
9
·FUNCTIONli~6
THE O~DER:
Or; &
-QUALll"IES
• C'(Jt"llrrcnen':?)lon
dis arcJered snd -rh?y
reI :atla~'10nl
retStJondlVlt1 I
6"v(}ke,
of the ort3et'e.;l
.
v
to
a rY'iO ntj
,Jr
-\ til (A,GE:S •f;\TTErJ'{5 001GN5
·SYME)OL5
SF/~CE
Of
SFP\CE5
','~,t-
/: "
t'
•
/~
". ~
1
'~.
'
~
• a
of U?lumn? 0uf17ortlYlj horr:zot1t;a\ eJm~ ant.1 '?Lab?, qrl~
'.
i·
.-" 1-1
J .'
n. ~~.. (AMONG
A BUILD! NGS ELEtv1ENTS
A~lD SYSTeMS
~
_
,.
..
. ,
,
anJ !Ink, 1;Vie ~nd
I,
heIgh
of
t en?
I
v,artov-:; I..
tne..
r&rms Insf2ce
Vlew~rG
/
~r1d pure eX'terlor
A
6r
}tJrh1 wrap:? .arOVYld
tHe:
or1raVl1Z;3"bon
of
ftJr'lYlG al1cJ
ace5.
A 0~H"jeV\ terrace. 5ut1ltght' -t;o lhe
:3rt'vnJ IPI
-~
','
',''-.
"j
~,
.
J\7trl ~ute?
·f·
.. I
lh
,
,
,
',
'.'I
,
'
~,
~ _J~
~
~ ~
{ ~"'"
r
Th!$ charter I -t elemc/nt-'8
;and vt'lume, ~?
e~&h
the fnn1~ry t/ I InC fl;ane-, Sb:Jrtinq with bhe pOint
rreeerrbs
t iorm r ~
0;
-bMe.- f'rlrrle -:Jene;~1;or 6!ement
f
pOln
I
of .:;1/1
rresenbe-J
I~
rtlt"rrl,
Hi tht'/
drder of It6> ~rtJvvth rrdtrl the- Falntl flr-?i as p conce.Pt1)~ f eJetn e.n~ then ;a~ 3 vl~uaf element In the !i~uabulary i
of aruhiiecttJr~!de~lgn,
'\
•
b~!r1·0
n1~ t:?onrt
\+ j
i
J..!_e l/rt •
.j
m~)VC;e
I
.e
k'\'\\
\
\
\
v/!i;h
,
I! nS"~ !
1. ,../
In tH6
·~lYeS
to . b&)y (£hrc;u'" m r)V& the
~ra .-
j.
;.,I.al
r!0c.,
"-"
ener?1le-G \
../
rvnlvn
rC/i.1t
i
fhUL
i'.... '
A
rot NT agtne.
rrlmc- gener;ator ~
ft1rm, Ind Ic~t~5
~
ft1t7ltft?n
•
In
~F3cbl
LI NE
A fOlnt extenJed Wf'th prore;rf;I~-S • ten~hh
~ect1t11e~
.3
tJr;
T, t t
t t
• t1lr~ctlt1n
. '. ;
IJN1£
,
I
• pd~'t,on
I t I 1
• ........ I
PLANE.
A fln6 e;X:1;enJd with prV'fertlee
• L~n~th • 6h~re/
~eoV'meG
a
of ~
l'ILllN]~
& wIdth
• Gurf.ac~ • arleni'.attdt1
·FO~l'tlan
VOL.UME
A f'ane extended b?ecom~~ WitH rrorertle~ t1t~
• 1~l1gth, w,d-b~, • ftlrm / c;rac.e • ~urt2tce• orlen.r;;a1::10n
• fo~rb,"n "
'
'i--r'
&
Jerth
:3
,r()I.lJ1IJTI
•
A pOint m~rks a POS!tldn In srace, ,CG1nc~f~!Jally, It h;?~ no I~n~t.h, Wldt.h, elr, depth, ;;3nJ l?/ thcrcfare., $>t.atIG Jlr(;.ctl~nl~?~, and I
ceYltrallzeJ,
A!> th~
'/"'" //"
.:
.
1;0
prime c!el11ci11::
in
the vocah>ul;ary .?f ft?rm,
:;l
p?'ltrt
c;aM eerve
m~rk'~
",
the two enJ~ af a fine. ihe In-ber0eotltJn' of two line'S the mectln~ of llnc.o ;at the C&rner A tHe center t?f ~ fl~!JI
-, ....
').
............. ,
Although
~ penni
;3
fL~ne or vt'lumt>
or ft'rm, rb ~e1In~ t~ m~ke lt~ rre~ence, felt- r-vhen . rr~ced wlthiM ~ VISlltll fieLd, A~ the center of It£7 enV!rdnrn6nt, ;J r't'H1t I~ ~t?~Je and ~t re-st dr~:;anl~lng 0urn1und ln~ e.1ement~ about ,tserf and dt?t111r13t,n<J ,tsf!eLJ, 1'7
concBftu:;ally
wrt.hc1vt- ehap~
l
•
When the
•
l,_ 20
t3~1r~0erl\!'e
te.n5ldn
P't?lnt anJ
mtJveJ t'ff- C6t11;e;G nlJwev~r,
I~
1;0 Dt'mrcte ~ctw~cn th~
~e81n5
1~7cre-ated
f&r
rt7lni
rt.~ field
~ecome?
visual StUrrempcy, ~nJ l-bs
f!6ldl
A
morevl~val
._
_._
_ _ _._---y i
•
t
j
A rt.?ln-t h~e>
rtt'dlrnenSIt?h. 10 Vl~f~fv.l112rk ~ f?O'Stltlt1h in S~Zice t'r I 1 the 1rollnJ rl~n-6/ 21 r~lnt mV6t ~e rr~JecteJ. tnto:3 v~rbc?H linear eie.\11er1t slJCha~ ~ ot1!umn/ d~~h£?kl t1r iOWd~ It 6Mtn,fd ~e !1t1tt~ th~i "J UJlutt1r1~r &len1ent I~ 0ee.n In rl~Y\ JH'i ~ r~Jnt :jnJ th6retore". ret;:lIt1t;> -the. vI0v;a! oharaui~rl?·bc£? of a nt, Obher> Ft'U'rt- generate-d. +ort11:, thJ3t 8h;are t he pOlrrt~ vl~u;31 ot1;.1raC;i~rl?tlc5 are ~ /
I
.
.
on
r"t
o
~<4~' .~, '~.'
f~I/;O-:·.' l~.
\~ ~:P
.: ~
ij
6~e~K TeMPL.e~ erlOAU~<Je; c. '?oo ~;C.I
..>fi~~\~ ~~ ... '
i)
@ .
.
01 ' .• i
.~--------~----~.
T~/O pr.1lnt0 ~e00rl 'J I irl& ~ha·t oannev!,s them, Altnc7v~1) the pG?lnts g !ve thts line finite Ien'8th,
.------------------~.
al~o
iHe Ilnt~t~n
Inti nl tel, !c7H~6r
~
•
"",
•
I
I
•t
•I
I
I I
.. .
I
\
;
I
,
I
I
t
t
/
I I I .'.i-> 1\"J
~
i
/
In bt'th ca~es/
I
ForpunJ,col
I I
I
, f
;:a XI'?,
hdwevc~
~r
the [ntl~lte
J
... /
I1t ~n
-------------------------4
1
I I I I I
,~_._.~-_._-----.-
~ .._~~--,-,._---_._- .....
'?e:Jment:
Two rolrts c.an also vlsv;ally 0V_gge:st ~n ~XIS rerre,Y1JIc.ul~r 1;0 the line they d cc'iocrlbe.;3t1) ~b?,I}f; which Utel ~r& 0ymvne-trlcil!, f'Bc;av~cf;hl5> .3XIS may be Inflrll-tc In lengthl it c,n be, 1110dtrl& C;;JSe5 more J&m I nRn-t t.h;;Hl the de0(';rlt?ed line.
I
,
I
-"'' 1!t <
;J
----
'1'
f
oont6!)ere)
~e
',<
t
et)611
,../
1:
11
Lh e
t-
~XIS
rlum~er !
I
/r1,dIVldu;t,
the de~vrlbed lIne :?f1d the ~re vl'Sv)ir more; darr1!n ;ant ih;an of liMBS thJt m~y f;i
.
'~
I 19c?It1vf;'. tI
',,~-,----__,!'-------.'" I J
I J I
I I I
, f
I
t I I
,
I I
I I
, I
~
22
I I
j'
.
In 0p;3C~ ~y c..olumr]:ar e[emenh; or l~rms, C2n Aetlne ::In aX!7/ ;an ord erlnPj deVIC8 ~een use,J tnrtJv~h(1Ui hl:7tory to or~a;r\lZ; ~utfdfn .."
Two ril'lr1t~ ~e-b~"10neJ centt".allzed
t~~t
h:30
JlI'1J
THE
6r aces,
_'-... _.. _.._-_ -'-- .-. -.. -... [n
ri)rtj
~en(J-b~
elev»te-J
a
~a~eVV;l
det lne
;3nd ~n :;lrrrtJ,ach
ti-r•
. .'-.-.... ----_.e !j~n be
tW;1 Pt'lrlt;6
I'
T~e:?e
9 f;71 ~ne/
t;o tlAlO
rOlnb~
of C'-V1trv
r~rf'enJlc,ular'
to Ib,
4ft ..._--._- -- - ..__._
.: .....•.......•...•.................... : ...... . t
••
_
- .•........•.....••.•• ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
...
:
4 •....
...... -.
:
: ..
..
FJr1t
A
......... '..
~
...... .. ..
.. ._
...... ' ......
let1jt;H,
~ rOU11; I~ -!;he F~1;h
..
..
~xtende.J
h~~
IH1~
~t:GtJme~
~vt
'"
lme.
CmQc:rttJ~IIYI
or
derth, Wher~JJ~
wldt.h
~y n;ature ~i3tl", ~
at ~
Ft'lrd; dlr~o·bt1t1,
eXrre~!7H1~
... ..... ..
no
In rtl17tlln,
m>,veml"tlt,
Je~~r,b!t1j I~ G~r.Jl.?le vl~v,lIy 1111&, H1
"r
:iiltJJ ~rpwt.h .
.............. . .. ........
..... ..
...........
.
.....-. ...~
,A, l,ne tlrly
I~
vl~vlif
~n imrart.3nt oon:;rtrvoilon,
"te-m6t1t In the flrrnatlQn ~ It c~n ~~rv~ tt?~
. ~
.. -.-----.... -.... ----..... -..-.. -...... -------------r
o
o
(j
• JPI Yil
! In k, t?urrt?r't./ ?vrr'~vt1JI oin~r VIt:;VJ\ eletrlen~6
or Intersevt
o
\ ,;...,.;_
_
_ _.__
._
I
_ __ ..
_
!
I
L_
-._ ..... _- ...._-..--:--~.--
-_."".-..,---.
---------: ....
\
\
\
AlthdUjh
;;l
11M
cdrlcertlJ;a11y
has
one, JII'Ylen?L,m,
S.1me Jetqrec of thl~kn e0S to becL?me It IS> seen :as oJ;p linc /?ecavse Ij:;~ lenjiM damlY1~tres It.? wlJtn. The Ghar':act6t~ of :a Iln&/ whe~h~r t;a,v-f:, c;1r Ilm~ ~t7lt1 t1r tenbatlv6; ~raceful ar rat]jeJ,
It mlJs>i
h~ve
only
t;lmrr
vlSll7le,
IS-
deterrnlneJ
r~bla, rb'?
If
uf-
~( aut'" rercerh:1t1
-and rbs Je~ree,
DtPY1tour,
enc1ugh, the
GontlnUt1u
length/wl.;ltYi
Its
at
Gtfn-t:1
.slmr1e,re-re-bIt.It?t1
nVlty.
orltH1Cation t'r'
of a
J,rec;tldn
Iln~
nnammUnflH\\lUlmllHUIilUUlllllUmmmUlUllllUlUllummUmUllJl
of Ilk~
elet1'1~nt~ caM 3!St1 be ~J~6n -at£:, a llnt:-. type af line hj)~ "J~nJtlcant. text.ur;al 1y~1 rtles~
or ~lrrldJlr
"The
can affect It-oS 1
rl
or ht1rIZt1nt~L
n
or " horlzt1nt.~1 1.07 falllVl8
io
:a
In It..s
jevi
11t16 1'7 tl
vn~al~nc~J
;;,3.
.
rc?u'rt
the sky,
tf"'am tl1e- Fer-rend I cular
"Oe~n -;i? tl
Iln~ r
tt1W~r-.J
rt?lt1t In
l1e
;;lPIPI1
t'n
line f~lllnj
In elt-Mer ca'E;&/ whet-he'r I't v rt,1vnJ rLan& t1r rl~ln~
It. I? ~yn.amlc
?tate-.
V~t'bfC;:l!
abc8d9jghpyklmndptfrs!UVW5&l1Z( &.!? 1.,1234S b? 890
TMlf?
role In fa VISIJ3t Qal1?truu-tfdn. Whlle:a vert.1o;aI line t2n eXrre'?J.S> ~ 0t2t;6 &f e4})dd?r'1 um with the. tor c;ertb ot tjrJ3VltYJ or the hut11;an c-~nJj'{;!()n, orm9rk ;a rti~lt:ft7t1 If} space, a harl:tontJI line- v~t1 ref'reseni st.a1.?drty, the ~rtJunJ ~H1e, the Ytdrlz.an, ~r :3 ~tlJy -;41; rest,
An a\1\i
.........................
v,svally ~c:bve.
1!'¢,**~,*,~'t'¢$'*i:'~i;'*
***************
COl..UMN of MARCUB AU~~IJ)~ F'I-p-z.ta Colonnp ~ R~tl1v
or;r;~ISK f'lj3ce de I~ Ct?ncord~:
~n?
Vertlc~1 ~t1A
IlnD/1r elem~nt~
SV&~
a~ c"lurnn'8, o~~lt~k~,
iow~re, have ~een used thrt?!J~~(7ut
comtr1~morat6
F/lrt1cut;4r Ver~ICp!
'S11nlflc~nt
event-e
hlG1;,ory to ;and e5t~ bl,t5h
pt1lnts In 0rJ3CC.
11t1epr e!Bm~rlt'5
Ct3n also ~e u~cJ to af 0pac6, In wv left, t.he tour ;a ?raclal flelJ from
deflt1e. tr.an:7r~rent vQlum~? eXRmf'L~ diu?trJ3t~ tt1
we
rt1ln;3ret
t~wers
whIch the. dtJme at
Acfln~ H~gi3
Sarh1t1
rl!jC,f7 In
6FI~ndor,
i- .
I,
•
:
I
,~.
In
thes-e thr'e6 exan1rles/ lInear ele.men-t5 z;lre used tt7 etrre~;s aCrti8S 6fac~, provIde 6LJrf"r~ f,,~tne "v~rhe.ad
rr1t?vement
r.\;:me, ~Yld
hrm ~
+t'r at~~hd:;6c;tur~1 1',&
three-.J/W1en~IPt1~l
~rac~,
strudtw.1i
tr,;:Hl18
A line
I
~t;~~ll~he~ I I
elements
L_._j, VI~LA
c~n ~e. .an Imt3~lned
111 ~rc;hltec;{/lJrb.
~l,OOf7t
C::J
tJt f~a~t.J;
r~ther'
An ~)(;ilmrle
111 -tWt1
th~n ~
thep'~lnt6 In ~pt3ce, I~
c.~t1 be- ~lrnm6irlc;alfy
3)(j~
clement
vl~I~I~ ;J
pn~
r'~lIlatll1g line~l1t1LJb Whleh
~rr~ngeJ
IW~-l<pa3
II
0\
I L L
_ _ _-- _-- ..__ _-_
·····-·-·---·-~.JD'--l
_
I
Altnau~n
;arc;hd::ectt)r~1 ~race.. .BX10t0 U1 three Jlme.I1~lan?, rb c~n ~e linear In fdrm -to ;accdmmod ate the f;
to
one 23natMer.
o. f.,.
E'uJi.d In,:) form~ aL~?o can be. 111111;3 1", r~rbcul~rly bhey COf1~t~t of reFc.t;ltIVe. £7pace~ t1Y'~;lnl~J ~JtJn,:ry ~ Olrc;.uljjtldM path. At?; If! u~tY'.at1!J her~, 11t1C;;r t?udJlng f.drm~ M~ve -cne ~bdlt.i tt> enclo,e, exterior ~r»C& ~? WeB;3'7 to v;lryll'1g 01t~ v~nJ Iii (orne. when
~J~rt
'.
,
~
.. ~
': ,
..
At ~ ~m~l1er
th~ ed~e? £!l1a
In or ;?n1Un~
0C~'e.,
11r18&ar1;lvulaie.
&lnJ 0urfllce'8
vtJlumee.
between
t?f F't)ne~
Th6~e
lines c;;tl ~e. Jt1H1fifJ ~uddln3 m~terlill~ fr~me~
wlndGiW or
CJr a and ~e~m~,
dJ#r' Of?enln~tSl I
J
siruuiur.al grid of collJmn~ How th.e.,e,. Ilne~r el~m6ntS ;rfe-ut ~ 0Llrf.ace~ t:ex1;ur8 wdl derC?n~ on th~lyt VI;;'Ut}! weight, dlrecttt'n, ~nJ ~r'aGln3' .,
.... t',\
.:
',
.
23
: Co"!
I III
I'
II
_--
11II
,I
«
III 11111
1
1\ IfI,! !:
'\~,
-0
0·'
0,
0"
1'1
I
JJ
19ft
II
11'
.u .!:J I'
I
!
Two rartallel llne~ have the ;al?d!ty to vl~u;:dty debc;rl~e" A tr;at16r~rent sr.a-tt21 membrane C3rt be ~tret.GheJ
a r(ane...
b1e:twccn them theIr vl~u~I ret~tltJt1?htr# 1he cld~C!r tf1e!l& JlneB ~t'G the $trdn~t;.r wrlr l?~ tk" 5~n$e A rlan~ ·th~y convey,
io 2'vkt10w!ed~e. toe.ach .ot.h~~
~'
A
t&erlet5
of p3r~1 leI
our rerccrtJon
Itne~f
t?f the rl~t1~
thrt?v~h
theH~f r~re~ftfven~~~,
wrll relnf/rte-
they de$crl~e,
Ae the~& I!nc~ exr,cnd t~em5e,.lve.~ ~ltJr1~ the Fr~ne... they deecrl~el ~h~ Imrfied r1ane l1ecomt!t$ r~;atl ~nd t~6 orl11n~1 vc?tJ~ ~~tw~~n ~he, hne~ ~ect1me- me-rely InierrurtldnG t7f the rJ~n3r ~urFJce.,
The dl~~r~m 6 dlu~trat~ the. 1:.ranf,ft'rrnll ..bon of ~ row tJt round co[umn~ (l,nc0), Ind~'I:a1ty t:>ufportlng a portloh af :;l w..af f (p!21ne)/ tnen ~e?,;1m 1111 s."v~re ple.r'S> (f)r-j; of -bile w;11 l;;ll1e), .and ·f-tt1~lly re.mnant., of the ?'r~1ti1J31 Cc?lumns occurrlnj ~?> ~ relref ;31111j the £'vr.f~cc, at th~ w~If,
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IlThe tol urnn I~ ;a cert;aln ~1;ren01;.hene4 erpel1,J IGul :pdy ft.l1rrt the tI7UnJ.at.ldn Ct?fumt1$ to In)eeA n/thJng l?vt. ;a w_all,
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define- .a Vt1ltnYk~ of ~f'~GeGV;;'~ ';itS ,tY1& ~vL~rJurn illv5-trp.t;eJ ~o i~1e rl~ht, ~Y.?be l;;hat U1e; firm c1+ th~ vt,1lum('/ ;~
elerri15trbs totiethe.r -.../
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of. tnt'., IJne~r
hy -t.~e
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lel1j-hh ~l1d Wld~hl .......
tJ~her th~n Its Intrln51v
(Irl;a dIrection
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a. r1ane, Concc;r~v~I~11 ~ut no depth;
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Th~ rClt1f rf.~ne. ~ ;3 ~utl)ln~~ prime ~Vrelterl~ e;1~ment, prote~tttfg' It.~ IVl1;e.r'1 ~r frt?rrt tt1e OIHt1~1;l'C; eleme;n.t.s. l~.; ·h?rm I~ Mtej'1ty11 ned. ~y -tne ~edtr1e-l;~y I3n) rn~~rl~J~ ~ It~ f;1:.rvc,ivre, ~V1J ~~ m~nt1~r In w~ lu~ /'t; 6r~nt; ;.aorcl~s ~~;.;ce ~HJ k?e,;re; G?r1 I~€? 6uFf/rt6, A~ ~ vl6u;;l1 dGt8I~ n elem~l1t, -f:;he.' ri.?t1f r';iI1~ J-G> :.a ~uJldln~'~ "11;;lt; :Jl1d C.;1l1 Yl'3v-e ~ 01~~ I hc-:.aYl1; lW\r~vt:.:111 tHe.. hdj Irlq!s. fdrm ;;lnJ <;;r/ n€1fJct.te,.
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KAUFMANN. Cot1t1ell~vdlel
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If
P~1111£,ylv;H11.a Prank
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A fl~n~ three
(in a. dlr~c;tldt1 CJtker than Ii;? IntrlnSIG wlurne. Wl1c"Ftu;ally, ~ wlvtrle rIA'S 1~111trr, wl)!;k, :ilI1J d~f'I:;f1,
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form
tHe ihr~e,-Jlme.n~lt1n~1 elem~nt In -tHe voca~uf~r'y c?f aruh l1;ccturtal deSI4r1/ .3 volume, ot\n ~e" either Id, ""r;rl .. ced ~; 111;;l~1 I7r V;;1I tl, €>j?;;ac.e tA:1nt.;;lll1e.d c?t" enclo~ed ~y r/~r1e~, l~fJ
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: the; degree tlt Ct?t1Cer1tr:atlt1t1 aY1d .sta~dd;y of :a t-orrrl" the vlSrual
af a t17rm derenJ5 en It$ ge~trle6ry as Vv~il as ItS tfrlen1:.~tlln Inertia
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Irr.egul~r
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manner,
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TRAN5fOKfv1ATIONS:
SUBT~ACriVE:
A
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CHURCH:
A rrt1Ject by
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_;
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r t-
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any
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trH ee-.jlrnenSlon:.a1 I
I
C "form
J I nj d; ~HJ tJt';ne.r;dte a field t1t Intluence- or ter r l i;ory Irrl'S :;a~ res own, The tQIlt1Wlnt11 tS~c;t Ion thl.:? charrc:r INk0 ,;;}t nonz6'ntal ;:;lt1.d Vert;lc.;;li elemerJ1;::> v1 tor~, and rre0~11t? ex;arnrl.:::0 hd\IV their' V.;;lt"IOVe>con.fl~vratl.,ns and Orlel1-c;;;tlc7r1 define types Clf 'Srac(~. '~/d I ~rt;1 OlJl~t;~
th~ 1
l
tPf 0ft~Cf~ vvh!?h d:, ol~
voiume
0UrrVUr1
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A 01mrle field of t3ir~Ce a norlz-o~1tal rlan6 la,Yln~ \
w.a/:7
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as
II,
I
cot1-cr~?tlt1V1
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ilavkt?lraun.::::l.
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fIeld
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tner'e
fJ I
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h
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.
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Tv;~ ;art i au 1:3t. I OY1 ~+ t~1i~ floct'> pI ~ne IS; ,ytbe Yl .a Z/irie IlJltM! ri The eX2r(()rie6 oV! t· e d,f. ?f,atl~i
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#:I~ld
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of
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wd;hin ch~n&iie In level ~L~nLq i~e cd~e (/t ihe elevated ~ v plane deff.ne.~ the baurl)~r.i~? of I"l;~ frelJ ;aYld Inter'rurt? the,. +1t1V1/ A ~Jr:aC& t3cr.1SS d;;:;, tSur+AC8. v
f,A1Hcfur.:: ~'?jK~,t • Pl8trt1rttl ~leepm'J
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• rl1y61 6;;lI &r
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-the :'?race.
lle low.
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rl3J1e can b7eelev'2ted to rravlde a rl?itt&rrYi ar r't1Jlum that ?truc.tLJr~l!y 3nd v1tSually toStJrraJAt6 .:a t?ulI dirt ~J? form, Tl1e ~lev.;lteJ ~rnOUt1J :aM£C;3V; ~1e l3 rre- eXl'?tl r7~ ~16e UOr1,dl'tJ tJn, t'(' It C;;;iV\ be. artit Ie 1;3. Iy
The tjrounJ
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Covt~tr'v~teJ 0UrrtJurJd Ing
I ~r1d~c21p~,
to J6hf?~r~tely &oVl1;~X-t
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or el1~1al'lce.
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dn
tec;hn Iqye'5 ~av~been sacred aVid kJt'narlflc ktulLdlt1~t>1 npw iVte7&
ihe~e
a buliJ
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11;:", irr;a~';
&~YO r~~,e?
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ttJ vet1er.Jt~
!&2.7
seCTION;
In the-
Houee
FAr-eNSwo~fH
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HtJu~e/
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:.-vrth ?In (Jverh~~d rV'/f to .define, -a vtllum~ deil?ately ;l~c.?v-e.. -t;~e. 0urt ace jf- lOs ~Ite., e-16v;;;11;.ed al?ove fh~ tlt?oJ r1an6 ~f the- 7ti;.-;;, havers
ev~-be) cxtef'lot'-1
.and
ri;;;n~ InterltJt"'
C~Vl
Jetin~
()f:J
kJurlJ
;?
t.rar'AI':?!~lon~1 '
C:OtYl.:J
SF~C6
vV d:~ ':J
/
ha~ ~e~n lJ4Sted t'f ?race, tVlat. The. ~~U?~
wtl?
~etweenth~ r~c1t It;? Iat") e( l't.
?7r verand
2,
-: ~IVAfe:
Clt-Y. )22
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of
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of .a ~!)ILdHl~, an
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~e u-seJ -bo )rtlcvl
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rtltirr1, li-'
.
~23
at
A field
~ rart
10M
!?p~c.e
ot il1e.
C~n ~e tlY'tlcul;ateA
t?.a-;'6
r
~y d6f'reS.?lrlq The. ~Clund;JrJe'5 tlf th&
1~t16.
h::.I.d .are. viet II'! eJ ~y -b~e. verbc-a I T~e?~ l?£1un~~;ar'le~ Pt aVl elevated r ;lr1el
de-rre66ltJrt
~e
ca~~
t.h~t
t~
ttJr'tt1
are. not Imr',ed,
~ut
i
~e~ln
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VI?Il1Ie,
the, w~II£., t'f th~
a~ In
~rtiC&,
The field t't- "?r"lllce. c;an ~e- f!Jr~h~r ;;.:lr~lc,ul;;ll;eJ ~y l J. ' r II Ct7n'Cr3~tlntil -c.he ?urf~c,e tre~-vt~,erlto or 't(f~ d~rre~0eJ ;irea -"11.1 -the, svrrClUr1d1rlj b:'6 rl~J1e.. I
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rv cant.r2l-7 I
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t In tt7rtr1, geatri evrYI I
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of the derres,?eJ
field
;3i~O
t/e U'Sed
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relt'i
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can
or or entJtlot1
t1 1'1&8
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;aVid av,9tJ~1;I.D#1
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V
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b/ Jefyte5SH1:i th61r tl&ar rl~Yh~:? k)?t:J~¥ihe- tr1~IVl I~vel c?f bnt} Illvr:ary. Ke tl1~n !J~esthe .. v~rtlopt eG IVI -t~& n~ad IVi?] ~ r c;4l tdr ~J.d It I ~n ft! bck1K ~i;tJr.J.je;
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~ tr;JVl61i'ft'Vl~1
ve
af the, L)wer'et:i
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-spac,~
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tSc;ale
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.
0+ t~&
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level-s ot ~ ~/j!lJ
C~V1 IVl~.
+':"~~
l20
to th c: rn ~ nn er In wh ic; ~'1 23 ? h ~(d e -/;r e e off e r6 a Ser1s,e &1+ eYiC iasure- Vertea!Jl rt.5 Urn bY'~/I.a s-b rv_; b()r~, aVl over~1eaJ fl :aV16 !dehne6 a field of -:,'race.. ~i~tli\leeVI d;?elf PVld t.}1C! ?1rrJun) ~1~Y1t:', CSlrlce t~e: eJges :J+ f;J11'~5 held ~re e0t .. b~bheJ '11/ t;V1~ edges ,,-r oV~Y'itJe.aJ f'(~Vh~1 t~e t(}('lm t~'1e. oSFace I~ Jeter-t11ft1e<J Yy tho p!~ne~ '5 ha re, Size; ;avld Ylt:lq~rr: -a~"1Ve- +.118 ~rc7,t)nd l?r'161 S j rn dar
1
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by
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t,0e grou t'1d
uPFer
v.;rlJ~e IA
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I
or" /frrqts
p I 43ne/
i
h;3~
t1f't?f';JC6.
a~ roses or
&olvrt1(J5;
are used to C;>Vr'rortthe. over~f1eJd rt:ane., th-&y will aId In VI~!);;lty e-s:tabll~~lInt1 t~1~ /1(yllbs, c1f Jeflned 'Sraoe \'Vlt~t.1!Jf;; JI&rurbf1~ tV:~ fltlw 0+ thrt1v~h Htc fle!.d.
It iJ1e
t,;;P1'''lllarIYI
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e.
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ivl
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ar'tIGuLa.ted
f t ~1e:, de t I V\ ed
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elem~nt
The rY1Jjor ov~rhetlJ
rot?f
rl:;;JV1~,
In~erlor C;1tYi
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J
~t?
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m~ierl ,
frt1rt1
I Yl
0VYlj
r~ln,
:;ndW/
etc.)
k?ut
t~e ~u".dIY16t ~ ov~r; I! ft?rm .:1f Its sraces, The tJrm of tHeturn, l-:~Jete~m ?lt1, t3V1~
t8Y!5tem
-srt3C~
~ud) Irllj I~ d;s ~l1ell:::er6 -the- builJii11'6 ;a
w611
:d1/rrt?f't'rtl
6trvo-bur;3! acrt'SS
1'1.11; .?111),
5f;;1tev
~.f·fect
rt't?f' p! ~r1e, ,.
It
of-
ttJ
I ned
t.h~
qeomet.ry af -the."
tn~i tr~vl~fer-s rte
~y
Ii::;,
'~ad!S
BU!?rt1rt~"
15J,
· .>"
VIS
6xfre
and
as
;a il:?j~n;r
elem<~flt/ ern
.,
">:.
-.
.
.~
.
,
135
Tne cedJl1j
"~,,,
the f~rW1 of
reflec.~
~
~f.ac;e o~r1 -/;he ~truotur~l ~y?tt::'m
f/""r
the overhe~J
6i)rrt'rbln~ .....
.... ,
~+ .an Int~rlOfA
rl~ne
"r rao.p. rJ;?ne.
/
need ntJi re51s-c ~j~JtherJn~ +/~Ce?1 ntJr c.arry m;aj~r lo;t.J?/ however; tne eeI "n~ rtpt1e C;311 ;a l-so be, )etach ed fl"'Pn1 f;H e tJ, SlnG&
It:
r
:acbllie
element
in
a
~r.aGe"
I-he t8i11r18 rJ~n&~. :3:} Wi the caSe ot bh~ ~tJ~e rl(3ne, can ~e rnarllruJaieJ to defrt1~
and
;;1rtiCi)I~.f;6
z,tJnes
of?f1~ce
WithIn
2
rO&rt'L It C~n ~e law~re.J or elevpte.Jt;a aiter ihe sC;3le of tj ~racel dehne ~ path
of movement averheaJ
throvtjh d:, or talloJ;l/ ntltur.al light to encer Ib,
;,
color; -c.cxbure/ ".and r.attern at the plane- ctln al-so b~ rYl;nlpUl3teJ ~o the acovs-tlc;;al 1u~lltle~ df a srave,
The f!r«l, cell!r1j It1'lprt'v'e
t?r
give ita
dlrectltin~1
1uJIIt./
t1r
orientation.
~..
"
'
...
':.."
'.'
..
,
'r '
"
.
•
I
~
;, .1'
'I}
•
in the> MONAS'n~~"(
01rE:. i~HAr,e~S Le COyt?!JGIe:.r "
\i-"r'
i
r
the
!
II
:
If
~1t'&j;1·1/IV,5
~'k/I'q~rb?;
taM
~e
I(i vV
c6
'5 a H1 i'1,t:';ar L.-ytttl'?/
Vv/ell- d eri".1 C.::J ;)?
of
~;ee.Vl
b~/I:5l r
i
~r·e.a~
u fen
kVitn
;1:;/ l Vl
J~,
I
I (t
~H'l
()ver
.
.' ; -.
In the prevlc,?Us ,. "f' lei?1~ defIned
In tVJe
of -tnl?
tSe!;;tlon
I
{J
f
chtJrter;
hi,
W ()'5e
7face"
horlzont~! pl~t1ee were implIed.
.,
edtjes
.ar e. ~et1er;.1
tal"rtlS>
eVlclo.?vre
7
ft'r those
at
wlt.hln It.
~hJrm
ve·rtlc;J1 elemet1is floor anJ rtJdf r'anes,
also
serve
for~ -;3 ~ull.dlngs the vl0u;al and ?ratl~1 ~s 0url~orts
r1rnertt.
T~ley con6~aJ butldln<1ls Interior ~I1J the exterior' fne;/ aid Ir1 +dterIt1~ .flpw at plr; Ilghtl !1t1ise/
th!t7U~~1
~
cord:lnlJl~)/
beC-lNeen
';:3
r~~
budd/rL~
.
_"
..
l3G
,
",
1/ mor'le actiVe-In tJur vl7v~l fieLd ih:3n hor>li-:;ont~1 r'anest and ;re; therett're, tnstrlJrYlerJt:;aI In deflnlr'l~ ;a vc?!utrle 0+ ?fdlC6 ;ltld rrcJvI.Jing a '8i:rt/rl~ Ser'1S6
1:::1'1 vi fAti
..
:
sectIon, vertlctll of farm at'e USed e~tal1ll?h t.he vert IC;
ft'llaWIf1P1
it.? vI0Uaily Ver"b cal
vcr·bc;?f e!c:ment5
','"
5
InterIor
sracee}.
~.
:. ..
.
1.
~I r1eal/'J
vertlc;;i
edV)es
of:3
.
I
el el'n~·nt'S
volume
v
of
C~Y1 deflr1e
the-
Ve'rticJl +._._-
0t78Ce, I
r'
,
\-f' -+--_...
I --"i_Oj
;
.-:.__.-t •.,l..;
~I..
~
F;ar-'l;3Ile! {MerYl
trl~t
Y)"
A
r-.
of 0race betweeYl C~ lented toward iJ-le- oren
fie
.a
"
Vt=,1 Urtle
.
tJ+ the con-rlgur.a-tlt't't
er-lds
~.
p:?3nes Jeri 1'S·:JX l;a Ily
r
I... L t Ianes £lerlnes J f' ?YI:ar ed ttJrltI1ur~~lorl . or a VOIUrYl e of- '~5r;ace th.ar J5 oriented itl~<~Jard t~1e. CJfeY1 eVld -f:he eon-hquratlPn,
Ill)"
i
L -
r-
t't
i
-..v
(;.
Ft'ur rl.an artd
e':S Cr1C lo-se ~J'1 In-bra ~/ert eJ ~~.ac~, art l(,vi :;ate f:ne flelJ of srace a.rounJ -the-
enclosut-'te
. : \ .. ........
,
.
--t i
A vertIc;;! l,ne;ar' elerr1eni/?I.)(J~1 a? a column, e~t.8~/J !-shes ;3. POlr1t an the ~raund rlarJc> and rrtake~ rt VISI lYle !n .q;f'~ce, St;tnJlnP'l :aloY1e/ ~ oolurvrn 1"5 nan·-drr-ec-bI&ln~I eX'ce,pt ft?r tne r~th that wt1r)l~ lead us 1::0 It, Any num~er ofaxe~ Carl be m;ade t,~ pa~? ihr&utjh It. J
'
wltJ'1ln ;a defineA va/vme tlf ~Face;1 a c,alumn ·-f;he ~f'ace tart1und It ?'Vid n1ier.aoi; Wlt~ fl1e encJ<15Ure ot tr,e ~race, A Ci11utt1n can ~tt.ac;J.1 ftt?~l+ --btl ;a. w;all pVld artlc(}! ate It~ ~Urf3Ge~.t It c~n rC:lnfdrc~ iy,e c;orner of a ~race ?1Yld Je"C::WlrVJ~~lze -tJ'7e meet.It1~ t'f I~~ W.31l ~tav}es. 5t;3n~ In1 fl'''ee within a space; a ct'fvmn CJYJ dePIne If· 'tones:'l ~race vVlt.,hln a rdOrY!.
Wr7en lot?3teJ wd f artloulate
......
~
r-~r--~l j -:'-~-
l~.___J
.J
~/hen cerlt-ered Wlbh,Yi 2 rt7om, '2 cc7ivmn wtli aS5ert I~~rf 3S the center af the srace ;;lnd Ae:fil16 6{lIpl 'Un?6 df 6r";3v& bdwcen d:;'6elf anA we 'Sut"r?'v~1JIt1j WAil I I rl.llnee. V'lhen dt+~et, fJ18 oiilurtln wll' deFH'"1t:- hler~r0Y11 cal U'(Je5 tit- ?/",:I1ct:! f:h;;<-/: ,ar'e drfferen·b.a-l::e.d by SIz.e, t-tlrm, .;md I vOtlt!
, ~'. "
anI
1: ..
..
~
or tSrace
ct!n l?>e esta~}116he.J Wit:~out; af d::? carners t3Vid edges, IIne;J r elem ent'? serve thlc? rurrd66 I rl Jef! VlIt1~ srace ~ -that re~1vl r'e- vl?v~1 ;anJ5ratl~1 GOn-tln ulty with.
No volume tHe definitIon
fhelt~" 6urrt1unvi1ngs
Twt'
ct1lurYlt1?
t1etlY\e ~ rl~ne,
t~)2-t
men1~r;an~
..
~t?
cr~~t~J
~
tr:;;.nsr.ar'ent
by the v161)~1
-sratltil
t······
+0
The ed~e.6 ~'.
"
relnfofAce
!
teYlslon
11e-twe8f1 tnem, Three t'r mare column'S C~r1 l1~ ;;arranqeJ -bJ Jetu18 -the:.. corner-s CJr 3 vtllume t't ~race, Thl~ .~rt:loe doe5 nt?t re4,ul re ;a lar~er ~r~tlt1J uorrte.xb .fIr tt~ detlrlltlt/n, ~ut rel:ate~ tV'cely
·~--····---I
··· ..
-----.
L.._,_, .
~_._. J
d::,
o.f He vtlltJtYI~ J i?y ;9rtlCul ~tl
ot
•
b:>e VI'7tJ&dly t1~ It.E ~.a6e rl an~ ;lVld d:;6 urfer In11l"ts WI-bltl l1e;a·m~ 6r~nn'n~ columns or· WIth ;3.n oVerheaJ plane-, '5r:aC6
C;;111
e~t?1bl't8h'Y18 ~~tw-een tHe The ~dgc t:ietlt1Itl
r······-···----·~··············· ..•····..-_._._
,
n
I
. II
!
r.11
I 11,/..... \1~
I
j
lX'.,
•
I
jl
I 0, i
~--yl
J~,-_._ I
ln~/ I j!. /
'--Q
.....
nII
11/
.
\
J
i
l.. ~.. _ ._ _~-:~~. __ .. -.
"
, ••..
•
element'S a>
be. u~e)
~~rb/ct31
carl
~r1
center
ar frovld6
a
rOW6
af
J
'10
,:
~
-to terrr1lnate-
;an urb;ar1
0race,
f1r pn ur ~Rn 6race ;aloV1~ It?
eJPje, v
In i~1e eX;Htlr1e- :ak?ave, (l'n;ak:;a-~.a~Y7Ir~lt)
wlthlVl
a Jar~rJe6e
I?
~ rt?ugh/ ~rregvl.ar
u?ed a~ .;l te~ rtlom,
,,?/'YrlbJt711C
PO&t
element •
• I'
f
.~
:
.. J
140
"'
••
'
1/1:lrn;ii-uJ~tJ;'~r~~"I';~~ (frl1r1
)lr1
;ant31/6i~
A~rA
1f
l~l.amlc
I ndl~n
A ~c hlteo'ture
tJy
I~
VI
)re.a 6 '1:'11 w.antSen)
In ihe68 ex~rYi!7le51 v;arl£7U6 tdrm~ l minaret 1;ower6 ~~e use.J it? rY1;1rk
of
ft1e u;r~rl erG e~tpt111~vi
of ~ rhatft'rm 2lVlj ,:a fIeld tit -sr~oe/ ~ vl6!Jai
fr';Hl1e, }o~ the N'lgl1l mau0eleurfl
st ruo-(:. ures.
·,' •
•
~
•
-
t
141
FoUtA
tar'} k?e u~eJ
COIUrYl!15
WitMI(]
to .define-
or ;arCIC!Jtpte;
;3 rOvrYl
p
t;?r~C&
A
corners,
11;6
or
rlLlml:1er f(t,?r¥lan house? had an ;;atrium 0pace, l;vho~?e rtJ{lt 8trucbvre wt3? q,urror"~eJ ~y four' colun'/ln~ (vvh~t Vf1;}A[)Vl us terrrled a Ht.etr~'?tyl~ It
r
atrlvm ), R,en
DurirL8 ..l-
L.
II
a f'AL-AZZO
At1~rea
A'NfO"J I ~·,U~ f~IL3)!0
Ud
111 c
i i?Bh
I.
J:
nurr1ber
nat or11j
.}-.
at
L
~ I' (~,II~
II
VIII
1
l;Jn
j...
I.
ynerr!e
f:' L in vne I
0
Ir1Corf'or.a~eJ ;. fr,
,I.
Ve0t.-1 V!.Jre:,
~¥10
J I~
II
nil IS
ats Zin6 f'"d:2z'Zos, The four colurnn,=, i;he
ad...;iusted
r~OfO~
Pa II :3JI
;;tt1ce/
~i0t?
?uff'orteJ
»bo ve bu-b ~I~o (;0
I
t:e-r;r-~ -SVyle
v(le
I
v.?ulte~ C~dlrl~ 1inJ flt.1tir' -tfle rdc?r;1~ dtmen'8ltJt1S
t:vlon~,
I
In t~le 5e~·R~Vlc.h
COY1J~mlnlvm
+our
Wl-b~
rO&1:>51 ~1t7Y1~
aYlJ ~n overheJJ Ird-;lr(I~1;e
alcov~
F1r~Vle,
I
tSf~Ge
unIt'S,
un ken fJo.?r Jetlt1e tan
;J 'S
wltl1ln
p far~er
rt?t?mt
142 i: .
~ •
(··~.1 A ( ...•.
edges
v!0u~1
-;dV1J
the
0~;;jO&
p1:t;?;neJ
V~! U(r78
0+
"Srac-e.
artd d:::~ surr't7urld b tJr 0ufF6rt;a
artlcul?te
Its
0urr;3t:e
p~rrYj
V1/hi
to
C-OY1tlnUlt)!
Irf(:~ 0,
w;ld
between
ex!~t
Ii c ~Vl :algo be.-J
FI.at1e "m.d ~nd
form; rhY'-bhI1'1
1
rrot?ort lon, r I
.
.----_._
.,;
I
I
: i••
•. ,
0uprtJrts ;art ie-ul ;;t~~) Int e ~f e
,~ ,
; ~
fA t]rld
"
lit
CrJiumns
WltHI
tlt'~r/'
~i-.
t
•
I
n :a
VOIVt'r1&
\/1I
the
rt?&7t~-Yl
not Or1\y'
rV'(/ (l'J
J:it'Y;
J. 8tlne (' -zoneS a,
(I
YVIt;.h&Ld:~
of
dlrf1lrllSn
I
e
n1&f rl~ne
0('
It::,
definition, It can room/ heir rrL~ke.:. af1(J
. ..
ens
S
1
the -sr.::ale
at
II'
vVl!'A1ln
Itt
-
i
!
-t:ne.
GOrYirrehen51'~leJ
\OrlS
......
__
...
)''·.-1..~.)'I·
T.
"j.
'1·.··· I
1 .: 1
-TS,.·,1 11"-T S",11)I'"{ ('1()'J r4, ' _ _j"ITl~/I·i' J l' ,,1.' ).,_ "~1~ '... ~"..1-~ ."'~~1]~, .:A •
11
to
Le c(/r~usler -s-tat6J wh~t he;. ~elleve.J ~C/ the "FIV~ POlrd:~ ~f -tn& New Ar~~d:.ec;ture," HI~ o1?!7ervatL~7n:7 we~t/, 1;0 ~ ~re;at extent, the result of tk~ develofn1ent t1f relYlrOrCed concrete con~truutJdn tntit ~e~~n ~n the;. 123te-l1lncteent11 centlJry-
In 1~2~.,
rUc,1;1 ontl nf.art 16LJitlt'; the ve-e to 47Urrort fldor ~nJrdG't '?I~~s, aftt1r~e~
ot
Tkff? tYFe of CC1n~t column~
+pr {be .defli1l'twn J.lnJ el1Cl(?5!Jre'
of
<3
budtllng6
.'
..
'.~:
concr~te--
new t?o~l~dltles ~ces>~
~l.al?o oould cant"~v~r ~eyOr1d theIr column ?ufft1rts and enR~Ie. thellfr~c f..aC~dCu af ~uddln~ to ~e "1lqht me-m!?r.(3nestl of "6creen w)il.;. pvt.; WlYlJpW5," W,th,n the buddll1~, t1l1-fl"ee riJ3n" Conc.r~te.
tn~
enc!o€>vr& ;lV1d 1.~'y0'(/-c. t?f Intenar ?r~Cte~ were. Mt J~t;..:rmlt1eJ .?r rc'?-/;rlc;.t;,:::d by the f;lt;tern of ne;lVj IO;3d., be~rln~ waJl~, Intcrl.1r ?fz;Ge~ GoulJ ~e ~etlne.J wd~·h l1onlo~J- ~e~rlV1:) r~rt.d;;J6'Y7~/ ;an) th61r- J:.ayt?vt UJuIJ re~rt?nJ freely w~?
rOf;~lk?le
sIYI&&the
their r'dt]r;arnn1~tlc
On
{~e
hl1C,H1~
col LJtr1t1-~rtd
2.
C"Y1ira-;.tll1~
,pf
eX;lrl1r1e6
~he. v'S.::: ,,+ :a
e~t;bll?l1es
elert1ent.t?),
ft'rme~
,
:a ·hxd, neu&r)1 (excq-t
fJeLd etf Gp.ac~ 2'nJ d ,£?-trd~)ut~.J ·
In
A ?1rlJ t1f ot?lvmn-s or rt'~1;6 corree>pJnd? J • pf the. Int~rlor ?raceS j tnc;re \0 ~ cltJ~e ?truc.t!Jre
J44
-tw.?
lIt v?tr ;;Jt.~d;
1. A C<7llJmn-gnd clrcul~tl"n Jare fre~~
r~ulremenbf7.
fage,
~r'~
;aY1,j
to
?f?3t8,
whl&V1
Irrf;erl~r
cICl~el'y If"
l-rrt
11
. 1,.,:_,1'
ft1r' the t?rJl4~S
to the ha/out
bteiween
..
l~lJJ.JlJ l'11~S 11~ i/fF
I
-.-rM"
---
~IEID!!~~ · H L11 -iD.:,; .. x~
1.) 2
g
:l,.!,l.:
'H· P1L0i'~.'-""~::;~·;~ Ii W ~ :IU JO
~" ~.-.,.,',.::::.J
f.. ,_~": ..jl.,.;,i.'.i,;.l.•i,·,,,j':'~~:"~l·.""""' .. _~.'.•~:.' ~ .,'.•.-.. I
~.i
n~f!(}I1~~~~:'~±~~
;
~'I·
~~~::~~!~J
146
/\
0; ri{j!e-
veri; Ical
.J
Vluald:~I'e'& Jl free?t~n)lnft ~
h1l0
af
~12H1e.J
I
un
'/I~l})l
A fl~y.t-e
0t;3nd!n?1 { alot1£;
different
In
~pi
frdrn
e
tlCJt:~/
tht1~&
column,
hAt? frt7nt;a1
~1valitlee? 11::0 ~wo 0ur+;ac~~ or U-F~cc;:;, u fraY1t on Al1d e?t:J b II~Vt ihe eJ qe 5 two ~er;arate vc.?lumes of 8.r~ce.
a-r
. .,Ih e. ~vvVO f·iJ c.e?. ort-·I ;;;; I~ ~ne C;Jn t16 eeqvi v,J ,'j....en ~ ;andfrt?nt slmli"r "7r';3ces, Or they C,;in be tMf6'rel'1- . tL?lt.ed;n f&1rtY'11 caL1r t1r t~xture, to re6ponJ 1::0 or 21rl:lcui;;lt:~ different sptl;;i condd:j;ns, A j. I.'" , 11,.. . .l- If I f7;ane ... y(leret&I"'e, C:?1n n,ave r;wo rr'~n~s/ V'r.J II J. 11 I rdnt ~n~ sa III~a~ K. il, I
I
tI
1
l
1-
I
1
I
The field of er:ace ;a rLane frorrt':2: t1r1 II? nt11; welld efl ne~~L A f! ~t1e c;JH e~t; ~ tp!lt7 ~i tJ rlly ane of d:.~ eJ~e~, Tv de·hne a v~lvme of 0r.a':;C',/ ;a rl;;an~ J
tr1LJ~t
14~
IYit:er~c{;
with ather el e menf;,s
1f
ft?rm, .
:
-,
lne
I."
!
nelt:)rlt
I
pnJ eye-Ievel/
o
ft-.
r, I
I
'
I
I.,,!
~ :;J116 r'el~tjvc: to Ovr neltjrltI~ 1:;ne crd:lcat f;1ctClr th::Jt. ~ffeuts I
1
the piJlnel5 aJ?dl'i::y to VIGu,ally descrlPe 0j7ace. Wr1en tWt7- reet hIgh; ~ rl&n~ can defIne the Ilctle or n~ -sen~~ t1f ~t1clt1~ure f-t?r -the tiC! Id~ WherJ wJ,'St~level hl~r11 I"t t:?etjIVl~ to rr:'.'Jv·ld~ .a ~en~e; of eY1cl.1Gure while :al!oWlrlt/l J for V'I::'U;l! C..1I1blt1VI~y WI-t11 slJr'raUl'ldlJ11 ~ -sract:8; When rb ;drrr'o~ches our ey~-lev~l IV! hef1~tl It ~egIJ1? to JlvlJe .111r!,· e;;p;3ce t~orr1 :aY1trf;~er, A1?avb OlJr he'5Vtl1 ~ plane jYlbcr~uf'b 5 VI£>u;;l1 .1ll'ld 0r;Jtl~! COt1t.IY1Vtty betweeVl tw~ fIeLds tHl~ frovIAe~.~ 6+ ~t1n~ 0ense of eV1closure, cAge
",
t'f
;8.
fieLd ~ut. .rrc:?vlde6
/~
i
1 !
'1'
k'.>':·Y;1
r..~£V',i'.
"
t.h)};'
_\
X'
':11
\.
I;
""'\;:''';~:~~
v
l
'v
The COl00 tey--b-ure 2vtd rat-tern of:tJ pl;1i1e~ ?ur+.2ce~ will :affeot our percert:IOt'1 tJf It? VI S' 1I:a1 wel~rrtl rrart1rtI Ot1; ;ar1d dIVr1eY15Jc?tl6, l
When rel:lteJ -bt; :a deflY1ed vcJlvrne df tSr..acel r1;Jr16 c~n ~~ ~rtlculat~d h be the prlm~ry -face of the 5p ace ;3J11 t1 ,gIve Ii, a 'S r~olfl c. t?rleni;tJtlvn# It C~t1 be tlrtlc.lu:at:eJ t;t1 11~ -bhe,
\i-r'
~
h"<1yr/; of the 'Srac6 :PVld defiy/? -a rl;an8 A eVitry rt, 1-1; can l?e 23 free~tJnd In~ elemerl-b WJ-cM IYl a ?r.a.ce to dlVld~ rt lr1to ~wo '8er'~r;rte ~tJt rel21te'J are;3S or 0e.rv~ .as rts fG1C1J5 ~r VI?upl feature. l¥lit?
147
.....
,
Thee.,e exarnrles Illu-0trAte front
facatl&
of
t3 blJtljH1~,
-the u~e
a
t't
:Jatcw;a)'~
vertlc.al
f'!ane~
1;0 defJVle,'
"
~
..
~
.and 'Ulnee wlt.hlVl .a t?racc;,
'.'
..
...
':,.
',
of .a
An eX;3rYJr1e
a s e r' I e s
IIA GAtt.rr.;~Ie-JfUI/BNf Jartles
t7
f
VJAL-.{_.
of
ct?rrJrO~ltlon
!r1te r L.1c k r Ii tj
e;UiL-OIN&
efa
vertic;l
c 6?
rlanes
JeflYllf11
#
/1
A f)\l<~n'y1Br.rr'5: Selwy;'l ;31'1.::1 .j_:3wiC"::C Gaw.avl
140
11
r.. n
II,
j.
II
I
.
r-
1-
\
I
!
f
c~Qn 19ura-Clon or ver-r::-Icai Flar'1e5 t)e Ines p fl~ltl vf 0b''(lCe alar'l#;J :a ~Ia?l?in;! frdtr1 d;s corner outw.ar-d.tA/hrle tnl0 f~el.d IS ~tbrongJy defln~d and enc/cJseJ ~y the Cl7rner of the contlgvratlol1/ It tdtssq?~tes r~r!dly 23? It m~ves ?lvvay trt?trl the carner,V/hde t~1e .fl~ld 1'7 ;?n Introverced t>n~ ;at d;s Ir1'Slde corne~ Ii:; becan1~? extroverte.J .al~n~ L.. -
i
I
J
d;~ t7uter eJ~e~,
Whde ~wo eed~et8 at the fIeld are defined two
rt~ne6 tlf
will
remaWl
am0iquc?U'6:>
If :a
Vdld
IYltrtJdu&ed
-the
Covltl~uratlorl,
d:;s other
!?y the. -edges
unle-ss further ar'bc!)l;Jt~d ~y ;3ddlt:lOn;;Ji vertlcpl elcl1'1ent-s, m.<>nJrul~bt1Y1'S i~e i?as6 rfanel Or' ar1 overht?ad r1t3ne/
I~
Ctlr1+I~uratlorll
v+
~t; tVt(~ corner at th& tne deflnltltJn tlt the field will ~&
The twa fLanee- will ~~ isclated tr~rYJ e.~c;y, t?-t~'ler, ;1rtd t?ne will to slide ~,Y .;and vl~u.;tlly )amI1'1~te t,h~ ot~er,
we~keneJ,
~rre.ar
If neither pf ;;lYle exteri~?, more- .dynamic.
will l?e.c.om~ It;~elf
~1(lV18 -bhe.. d!~0?,r'1,;;l!
to the cornet) ~he- field In M.:ature- pnd or~;;lvllzet1t the configuration,
C~t1t!t1Vr~tl c1n pr1d ~e 6U~J~Ot ttJ tl16 f;1l0Wli10 re';:;Alng 6, One ot -the ~rrr16 tit th~ c.onhgur;;r!;ltln carl b~ a linea r fJrrn ih ~t rncort?orate-s the corner With i n !t~ I ~tJunJ~rl~~whil-e, t~e ot~er ~rm 16 0een a.~ .ely; ~t?reY1d ~g& tP It, Or the Uirner c;aVl l?e ~rt:lcul~-ted :a~ an In~ependent eleJ1t1ent th ~t JOin? twt? IU1e;lr t-drrr1t8 rt1~ether. I~
k?U1IJIY1try
A
~UI
itd
f~rm
C~t1
h~ve
~Y1
IILIl_.
have ~VJ 11l,1~ ~onfltturJi,t Ion 1.:0' est.2 l111t?h a corner ot d;'S :;'lt~1 eYlclt1~e a fieLd of· o~+Joi7r sr.;:;ce t17 whivl1 It'S Inter/or' ?f.i3ce-s ~elpt~, or to 6~elt~r ~ ftJrtltJt1 dt ovtd&or ~f1.at6 frdm uYlt1e.6lr~~te. cond d;lc1n~ an:7vnd rt., InV!
C:aV1
or
1.'l,.H_ contL~ur~tlons
~YlJ c~n ?t~Y1d ,;-
tl1ey ~re flexible
,
In ctJtnbJlnatlorl I"~
ft'rm
•
",
;1 '
to ~etlne
r1pr1es;
;3re
,'n 5r~ce. 5p~ce-Jeflnlnj
altJYle ~'\llt-~ p
CJl1e
anather&r
Gt~~le
t3-Yld
e-ecaus>e. they elemeY'lt6,
vvd:~ other
rich v;rJet.Y cf ~rt3ce?
~~It- ?Vrr/rt/t1~, ~r~ or(;;n-eY1d~.J,
r~e.y
C.?Yl
element£;
t?e used ~}
.
The 0he-lter!!1g a~rect ?'f -an "L"_ shared con-fig t)rat Ion I'S eXFt'1e:;)::;eJ lrvelJ IV1 thi"S ex.arrirL~, wnere Jjr~r1e?~ f.;armers coaxed , "'1 I fine "t;reeS b 0rvw lr1to thick; nlgrl; L - sh~fe.?1 hedges t.p -shlelJ their nouses I?nd l~nJ from wInter' wlnJs ;and snt.?vvsCorms, I
152
','.
BA'3
UNIT..
SITe; FLAN ~
KIN60 HOU~lNG; r::SfArr:: l:1e~r E:/Slnore,.. Denm~rK !~&;f?
~f;~
Jorn Uf;.Zdrt
HouSE
A CCJmmpn IS ~he ";".
theme, Jmong corlfl~vt~.2t
lar!
-J'
A-
rotJrrls
ot
reSidential arCVW~ecture.t3r1?Und ~Yf outdotJr !IV/f1ti1 e!:1,8ce.
eX~rYlf?!e6
.
cpnt~!n~ t~e. :jrou IIVIt1~ otber CdWt.JJI116prlV;1t:e, 1r!.dlvl.du~1 '~faces, Tfi", ubi
TYric :¢lly, l',t
iUFfJ<EY
IN }
t?t1e
r
wln~
,u6u~1I1y o~c;vrY :t1 corner l?.a ck Side t1t one of t.kJ 0 W I VI ~'8 •
sppce6
.
~
:ill1,d 5erVlOe,
or I~ tStrurl~
r0'SI-tlon;
~
vV~lde.. 1;ne"
7
t~e~
;alc?r1ti
...)
of' -th!~ tyre of I:aYt?ut
Th~ pJvpnt~~·c::
1-5
0
d:.s rrtJv!~/on
by ihe~u!ldjnP1 t1rrn aVld 0f:;;>ces C;ln .Jlrectlyl"ei;3-l;ed. It1 the '-'1<1t1~O HOUSIVl~ t~lrly hlgll1 de~ree 0+ concevrt l"':atltJt1 j~ aCt11 lr'Vlt-h of Uf'lIt e.at:h Wlt~1 d:s ownrrlvJ csrace. Ol)tJoor
l
t8rpC~,
ve
6~elt;ereJ
j
of ~ rnvate WYI!:;;h
Inter'IO(~
e, t~115
.;:l
t\lre
RI?::!f3H BAUM Fr',Jf1k
HOU::>E.:
U.?yJ Wr'l~ht
Flor'er1cej
AI2b;1"t'i;a,
1~~'9
J.J. SI-L\Pl~]) I)I~l\1~l~S
i
I
HISTORY C~tyi ~r!d1& 1~6.f~&1
Jame'O
AF\CHlreCr'0
FACUt.-TY B[)!~DING UrI! ver?I1;Y, Enql~YiJ
STUDiO:
H~I~I~l<1.
It?~~~~~
Alv.ar A~lto
wi
'S-twlln~
to
the rrecedn1~
ragel t~ese, bl)lId'V1~? use 1;nelr element?, Tr1e HI?tt?ry F:acu1by Bvddln~ :at: C~m ~rl~g6 Uge? :a 0eVef1~:7tory, "L"_ 0n;1r'ed blt'~k ta functlon31ly aNd -syrnb?ollc.3l\y ct1clo~e I~r~el' rppf-Ift. ilt?rarYI t.r1e mo~t lmpG1r-t:ant tSface 111-bhe bvddlr1J,
0lmd:3r 1I~1_
~h~~.j
the re~ldentL431
ftmrl~
~r~ce
ex~rrtf?les
.iJf;> 6~el-terIVi~
Qt'
otl
enclo?IY1':J
;;a
ed/1CI"?e!d ~y the, 'P1chd;~ctk, 0tU~IO Wl He.I?lrlkl 17 u8cd :a~ ;an :;3rrJpni1;neJter lecbvres .aYld 60011.1\ OCC&3~IOt'l? It It;; n~t I3fa~'?lv-e ~rac,e W~iJ~6 ft'rrr1 1?'de-bermlneJ~y -the;, }Judj lJ1j that. enuio'Se5 It.. R:atY1er, Ii:. -a'??~rt:? ,.t:7 ro<Sjtlve form ?1Vl.J rre~sure'? the f~rm dt d:? eYlC lCi~l)re,
ThetJut.dO'dr +01'"
18>4
..
'
.~
_.
II
_:.
•
6UNTOf' HOMe~ FAMII.,Y HOtJSING UNlf?)
(fOUR-
ArJm(.?rc;,
F'enM:7yl F~~r1k U ay.J Wrt~r1t
varna,
1~3~
DO DO
~ep!u~J ~UiL.t7ING SxPO$illt?N Mie-s v;;;l)1 der R.1he......
····-'-....·-~---~1
~--- - - -"_ --4--·r I
I
II : !
I :
t
, ·,·,,-,-,,_,",-,~·_J·..
?y ;
i
:
[:
I. .. ,.__ .. ,-.---i-J - _." ,,-- 4---- _,_"--~
&x.amr1es
h!1us'Ylj
~ HL"_
a~gijn
23? WI1:.VlIY1 ;
0~:ar~J
Lt;;aildY1;
n?iPttL
wall? e erpratlYlj the urllts ilV1J defIVllr1:J ~r.aces {fIlth lVl i
tlf a 1yaJrvrlex '2.1
0u! t?ilr1j :a~ well
Hl1U&f,
T "-::·~:~··r~~-=---> I f---
-_ .... --1
. f-------
.:=~-~== 1
A 0et of- r~rJ!lol vertlc~! pl:?ne~ detlr1eS a fieLd df 5p;3ce betltveen them. THe 0re.n eriJS of tke f,eLd, e'St;i1i1-?hd 19y tl-le vertlc;l edg&S of the rl?trle!7, give the ?race i3 7trtJn~ dtr~c;tlt~f1.,a! qvald::y, It~ rrlmpry orleni;4tl,?n I? a!al-1~ ih ~ ,aXIS ~bt1vt "VMI ch the. f'f;3Y1e~ .art~ 5Jmrncd;,rlc~L SU1C~ i.ne rar;allel r'1~n6s do ~"t I. ,.. , \ tt1ec:i:: 1;# trJrrr1 p corner ;i3j1iJ eVloL,se ~ ~orf;Jt1n cJf the I
tiel,;!, the .;;.r.aC&
I£>
ukavertc:J
111 l1 ..
I
t~re.
or
T~e )efIt11~!t1n t'f the ~rR1;t;a1 fl~ld ~1C'r1g the eVl end? t1t ih e ct?nf-I~uratlan c,an ~e VI ?val~ relt1 ft'rceJ. b! m~t11 ~u !9~!ntl) tMe ~;a{;e ~1~Yle or ;3dd 1t11 c1verhe;aJ ! v I ....,. elemeVlts -be::? the. cc7mros,tltln. The "7f~-bt.aJ
turn; 2nd
.can
~6
VI-?U;3lly
eXrpYldeJ kJj
the b.a5e rL:at1e ~etV'nd W~ G?t7CI1 eVld? I ;hl? exrancL~.d fleLJ c.an, 1r1 ~e krmln~t-ed ~y ~ vertlc?'1 rl..:ane/ who~e width
extentlln
t'f the
fIeld ~
..J
I
ct1Vlflgur;;d1;II"r1.
he i~ht
16
e~t.u;albJ
that of ih.e fieLd.
If orle p+ the f9rR! lei fl.av1es 1'5 j:ffererrtltiteJfn;1rr1 the r.1~Mer boy ;3 chal1~e. In -FO'rrJ1, calor, ar textvr~1 :;J 5et/t?Ytpi~rl' ~XI ~ perre¥ldrc;.u l;ar i:rJ the fldVI t'f t~1~ ?r~ce,.1 wI/I bG e?1;;Jbll::,>l1eJ ftl-tVlIf'l we h~IJ. 0r~Vllrl~6 IVl C7I1e.aY' b&1trl t1f iJ1~ pl;aVlt:-e; will ;;a!"St' IVltr?'d vee sectJ~1dary axes to 018 field ~vLA mOdul;be t~~ dlrectldr1.;a/" qv;fJi,y ~ the :;iface,
,
11,1'
"l "T]''71 ~~~ S'~1 1 ~j-~l ),1"
V-;ar!ou~? r;ar~ljel C;3Vl be
e!err1
ih;a!; deFIne,
rl:aV1e~~
wa1 t? ~r fac~.Je~ of ctJlonnaJe coivtI1Yl?;
qr
or
n:a{:vf ..;.d
;3
ine
tW&
,pJr.:allel
w~1l
I
t'f
r:Jr,rl;3!!el
~ vVld~ V;3I 1 C9Yi l1e related r1
.'
t't then'"
:~,
pl,
:
~
•
~
'_
.
t
~~"
IVl
tab
?(?J3ce,
t~e
;a
tre~6 tJrheJ1~?' me. lavi.dq,C.are,
rl;aY1~0
-er;3Y1S
t3crt1£jS
16
otter1 a~'Ocl~teJ
0Y:5tew1/ vVhereln
twv Jr
~Y1
e
aVl
dr
ctJt'1flcJ1Uratlt'Vls
ot.he:r~ thr-6'v~ Vi tMe"
thrt.1ugn
then1~6Iv66,
r1peVllr1t76 I
l_ _j
~ _ _j
\lv~ll~,
can be trfoV1 t'f vC'nfl::;ura·btJV1s. Th&lr ~r.atL~1 -bo
~
Yr1c.1re.
v
pLaties
wall
Tht~y
ex-ter'JtJr'
~
vertl~a! .:?trvc-turJl
+ 1 dor
V'r rtJtif ?t~vuture,. t?~rJjll~11 la~J~ be';ir/J1~
ftJr'YY1
0eev1
~ulldfl'1ti'7l
rtJYlJs!t
toragr~rl-1It;;a!
wd;,h -the ~e~rJ\irltl-
:?')8'CS
.aJJ ace-Vlt:,
tl-AIO
of
t1
,
tJr
Im~0b
o:aYl be
a ,fieLd ~tJ"JIJ1:)1
tJf
0/311s
Ivd:'601ar
t~1C:
:tirc~l"tect!Jre
W1
'N"
lVltv
•
.fIelds
•
•
0reVi eVld6
•
In the~
v
..
• • • •
•
I •
I I I
II II
•
•
•••
•••
•••
• ••
... ••
ill.
•
I
I 107
After adv;ardAHen,
© Mxr:
I
ef\J...L.ef~IA
\iITTOF
SMANLJE:u.E: rr;
J3~1d
M d3Y1, It)!y_
fldw of tMe. 5~'ace defined tt?Vvr16
~ra,::;65
c.;an be
l
)eflr1ed
~yY
';Itles.l
tMe taCa.dC0
J.;y/
1Y1 the,lr
t'if
~.aral;et
i
v
1
is
~'J3(1dS I
str,~et~ - :pr1d bout ?)UtldiVlt1~
5/;one 5he/-teJ tf;/
!g~~1
f"reS-3
fr;,rd.-;Ir1~
~
ev;r··.J6, 't~lefY;
I
Tne-se/ well:Js
tl_:S
or mpvemevd:. wdJtlYl ~ ~U"dlr1'31
The raih~ g~lter,eG
rt~ nall'Sl
C<1rr!dt?r~ 2'1~& exrr'~?G i/t1~ n;.atur~! ~f;3ce vleF'Vled ~y rar-plle:: r!;artes,
l1Vl~
-fL~w tif i~c:
th~t J~t""e, ~ vlrvlJif1tL1Y1 -8f'tlCe. -arld t)f':a1U~ to rr&vlJe:. rrll/~c'y ftJr -t)1b .alcJV1g the clruvl;.1tlon r~th, The rl:;)V1~<S caVl
The rRrtl!lelr'a.Yl~s CaM
·~6 St?(ld
?r~ces
;a I t7tJ ~e. e?c.:a l:? II -50e.d Dlrculatlt1Y1
~t:C<1vYle~
ttv I
;a
rc?w
Jf c?'1iJWWl
'?
Ij()
t~t1 b bhb
rat-hi oren or1 OY1~ dr J?;t.1~11 vt l't? 0JJ~S, rtirb G?t t~1e- S'face5 It ra~se'S -thr,vgJti,
!Q .......•. ..(.:",.., ..
.
.
:
~~
'. i
:.
~
•..
;
;
The ~a~aiLel sye)te,n< C~r1
I .:
Ii T
l
I~ I J t?L)I,dlr1.~t?
forty1
rattern
r.····:·j
..···:::::-::~::~;::·::::.:c1::::::==1
;?Y1J lfy
L"
b~ the
f
i
cav) ~;e
-l'
'-"-"'-1' ;.-L:_····~ll..·..----- ..
. /lffll
Clrcul;a1;
··=r=··t
t
c ..•••,)
~y v~rYIVl_g WitHin
VOL;!:':'
t¥l6
j
.' L ref7et!1:.1VD
tVJ6'lr
lev)g~hl
pi~Hle?
bo
.
.
." -'
~.
or
r&~!)lrerr1eY1t~
t1iYl!eV10Iorl~1
:also deflVJ& e-st;1 ~110V1 VJ ~)uAI rela t lor]-C-~n
V::)!d<S>
S
rerfeVldiC-LJI~r
'?~1Ir5
T'nelr'l
j""""
VI; I I
-be?
rl~Ylo6,
I,
L___.
_1
1'"1 l
ne
I!
6ic?-v6
r/aVles 0paclng
.-jC ...C.'cl
rr1vd
T~e5e.~
p:a~h
101'1
ifr--:::91 '"
-:aVL;l tlr')~.;;1Vilt:atiClvL
iVie
?rac~~,
fvrc& behlt'ld
t3~(1erJ3tu11) I
IVlt:r-!1dUulY1~
~cc()rnrrJoJ.9telar}~k~
0trvvtur..;3;
wall? of ;a 0'e.ar-1IV1~-WJI[ J
j
or ~rac~
!;~t1
l'
I
t-
?1et"!r1t:~tj
~I?v t16 m
aViJ c(:JV1-hg()r.JtltlVl
I
I" I!! V)/ rt3rr:a,lel
UIt3-r:,ed of the
by
wa; I'
2t/terIi1~
the-
rl~ne?,
·l!
•
r
".
_"::
I I I I I . ~cc·=t~~·,,-11t--·-..····~..---·----·------~I I
u-·
L------.---.-.--------------.
, '.
ARNHelM AIJo v-~~
1&;0
f'AVIj,!·ON.:
Eyck
The Net-hcrlands. I%~
I
. •
\.
~.
____ =:1
~r-'-~'--------:========~ ,/
Cl( /
i
c===
.~
/
tV/
''''''''_
~.·-rt5t-Ytt'W_· ....... .-t;trlJ~i:vr.JJ
~.$y6s
__
• ?6c;;bt?Vl~ :11 u~tr;tH1~1 the -sd1eme's ?iJ;ap,J;Jbdd:y, to v.artg'v~ Site .;Ioreol
V!t,LAGc
Upper !..evel
CreJltH X) I~~.
FKo.JSc;r ~ Jt3me-5 ?tirllrtj
r~rallel
be~rl}/]~
~evelorment'01 . ., "
"
'-I
.. w.a118
~re
r~el ndt
tJftt;Vl
used
0111\>1 rrOVJJ6
In 11'1ult,lf;~16
faw1dy
V}O{)51r1~
rr 1Wl,ary
7!Jrrorb t?'r ~vb 0e~ve to 1
i~e fladrt? ;?Vl.J (Pof.s 61+ e;)c~ HeJlJ51n0 UYllC/ Isolate. -the unIts frt1v}~ Ol1eZlV1otner for -;ac"llsiIC;pi :aVlJ flr& ot?t1t.rt1L Tne fat~6rJ1 t?f par.afle! l:?e~rln~"wRI16 IS> rart,cularly
a~pr"rrl ;ate fIr eat>t1 unit
l?
r~W~10tl~!ntJ
rrovlJe~
~JltV}
2?r1J
1;?1Vt/Y1l·1&V-'?e.
SC~1eme!)
lA,/klere
tvva orleV1ttitIOr15.
lGI
IJ • SI-L\P]~])(]()NlfI(~IJl\il'l'I()N
()lr. PI.JJ\J~]~S
A 'V-i:?h;apeJ C&nfl~urat.lt>n of verbc;ll r1ar1t'-5 adl Vic:;, ;a fie IJ t7f ?f21ce that haB an In w.arJ fa~lJs a5 we/las ;JV1 outwcard 'or'leYl-tat.IPt1, At the re~r ot tVle Cot1tI1uratIOYJ/ the field l!;>erlclo~e.d:at1d well-Je~,rte~L Tow~r.d ti1e "ren end df the conf(~Ur;3tlt?n, t.he f,elJ ~ec;ome6, c:xt,.-,overteJlrJ
nEture,
The oren evJd 10 the rrlrn.ary a?re~-b tlf +'11e.. conflfjur"",-ban 1-1)' VlrtlJe t7f Its unu'lUet1e~6 fA~l;atlve to the othe.r tnr'C"e.. fl~t1e?, It ~lIdW5 the'" fIeld to h:a V6 vl,?v31 ~H1A ?f'Jl-PIAI CdYltwlud;y Wlt.~ tke ;;adJl1It1lng 6r~ce, The extt!nslt.?rI ~f the ?rail~1 helJ Into' the aJj£?U1~ .f;5face C;;J1 ~e vl?ually relY1t?rCed ~y continul n~ -eYre. b?.a?~ rl~ne, ~6/t)nd th~ art:V1 eV1d t7f
t.~e,
conf'1ur;atlt'rl,
If the f'~ne af the ()f'enlr1~ I? furiher JetlYle,d WIt-V! colvmn-s or' overhead elemerrcs, the ~eflnltlon of the fIeLd vvdl be rClnftJrceJ .and .adJ~It1If1~ ?r~ce \lvll! ~~ Int~rrLJrteJ,
orIginal
If
I
t~e
Cc?rli't1Ulty
wd~n t~v
c-onf'gl)r;3tl~n tP-r rl~r1 e6 10 rec;tt3fij ul;ar aJl1d o~141 n~ In ftI r 1t1; 1:;11e .?p en c t1J C tJl1 11e ~ I" 11~ I t~11tl r r a hi or ,w/tie glde, 1~1efther ctIse.l the oreY1 ~V1J wtfl retr1~1t1 t~G pruYl~rl "f .ace U af t~8 6Ftlt'JI fleI dl .avld t~1e- p I,n?e" CrrCJS>lte bhe oren ,end will b~ -the rrlnolf'JI elemerlt ~Wlu'rlj tVle three tJt t~e CCJt1flgUrJtlcJVl,
r'aVle~
!~2
IJ· SlIi\_P]~I) PI_li\N J~ S Utc:d :at tVle tarYierG &f thc~ u?r1fl~ur~tl~nl ~etCJY1J~r,Y :t~ne:;, wi! I be oreateJ wltnJV1 tHe flcdJ, taY1.JWe fIeld vvlll kJeCOrrl6 mtJltIJlrc:.ct.l?'n~1 ;a V1J Jyn ~tyuc, tn nat llr8·
It oren1ng
0
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~:1 r~· ->:
',,······ ..·.... ·0··-:···-;-0-
.If the tleld If; enterel~( throv~ ~ -b~ ~ G?reVl eVld ~f t~e.. CtJ~1f,~ ur;tlt1i'1, tke re~r rl.aYld or a fdY'rY1 placeJ H1 frt1r1t; Jf It, will tet"trl1Y1%~ our VI~W ~t t~e sr~ce.J Ir iJt~ fIeld 16 eVlt:ered ihrCiv~~~ :1VI 0r~V11Y1~1 IVl OYle .?f tVl& rl~r1e~, t~6 View tJt wh~t ll~:? k?eyt'Vld t~6 opeVl"'end wrl I dra vV our ~bteY1 t! t?V\ aV1d terYY11 n ~-Ce tf.1e. Se4ueMG6, t...
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~r1d b6 C(JVlJucIVC: eve.JI1t6, If ~11e, tid.:! I~ '51U;lre, '5t;ptlv &1YlJ h~v~ t~e.. G~Aract~r ~r~ce -to m~ve -th~'?v~hJ If- t~e t~e 5j?ac:e will b~ ~USc8rt!~!e trJt7VeJ116vrt
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to deflr1e
?~r¥~
;;xl~1 OO;1JI'i:'It'rl, Th~'y Ca~ al~o focv~ wlthu1 -bt-1elr fl~IJ5. When an e-lemcnt ~ f(3C~
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tlelJ
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i?U!lJIt1g wrtHH1 ;1
r#rmC;3Y1 I~
forecourt eVlir;i~1C~
al?o ~erve.
field ~ clu$t~r
f()r :a 17ulld IY1~ Wltl1IVl
;3;
;l
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:art't}V1J :3 60 Y1't.raI
at
The Hot.el for ?tudeV1t"S
II
Thev
er1?L
'Srace
-/;0
10M,
ot3rilemll'
U7e· af
h,~Hle a.
~y ,Alv~r AJlt2,
U 11_ 0Vi.a.rej ev1v!~sur"e!>
-to Je;.t,r'h8 ~a-?Ic UYllt ;f- :7p'a.ce lvi da()~I~-la.aJed ?cl1emes tor d"rmltarl~71 ~f;3rtrrk~>vr!:J ;3~ f1otel!?, The~e Uf1rt~ .are extrov~rte.~~~t T}'1ey t.urn their kt~~k Or1 tMeGJrndar't
-SfACf? t?~
of
~r.ace
!t'1-ter/Or-
or0pVj izat
~M Ir1troverted
...11!
r~::::~.=~:~:: ·~.~. ·:.::.::::.::::~,::__.J
of
er1Clo5ures,
t'V1J
ortent
iL1em56ivCi?
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exterl,9r,
hpU~b.
5kc:v.Jtl
~f
;3}1
-I:J1e .or~;aVH"5n1
Ov~1
t?f
ChVY&~1!
0a~1 C~rlo
~y t?arr.Jtt1!Vii Aile? alj~t;tro
_. G.er110i£, F(2r1't~H16,
A
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II
.U -
I ~nare')
f('1tJYV1
~
nl?V1~
dt'rm d:ory thAt-
rottfllli
or~:an Izes
I
tJ-?uref, IVi ;a w;afl
eV1C
~Vlj ~Vl
t.
t'T
(?f
"r..ace.,
on tt/ ar1
can
i&
~rt1Jl1'l,
r'.?WI~& ;J
In
ht1te r
'SC;iJ~
ar
:ar.:::ad eJ aut.dat'r' '?race
entlrte c,tJr11rl~x
of blJdJu1~~i
lc;7
FOUiAvertIC;J!
r'I.ane6
ct?mr!et.el)/
enC!001n~ 'k1
fIeld # 'Srace
I~ frc'~;;i~~ tke. mtJ5t. typlc;l; :anJ 0ert~IV11>"' the, ~r?1n~e~J ~Yre. af ?r.at1al Aef,nlt:l§n in ,an-::h;tx-tur'e, Sirlce the -FIeld 15 completel;/ enclot?eJ, Jts oS~ace I? Int.rovarbetL '-,_"
-srat!;8i
No
Bpace~
v!~u~l
or
canbnUlty
Oretllng-s
w!t:holJb
In
1t3
rtJ~~fblew,!,l;h
{ke rl(E!~e7
~JJllcent
ehc;Jo5In~
the fl~ltL
At the 0;(3rr18 time these 0rCnit1~8 Frov1de cOt1tlnud~'y wlt;Y1 ;adJ a cet1t sf;;3ce?1 the}' C;lYl, tLeretidil1 ~ on t~elt"?lzel nurn~eti 3t"J ft'C;J-tIOI1, beg WI -to we~ken the enc-JO'5ur~ t7f il1e srace, These 0F'enln~~ wll! ~I~D -;affect. tMe. OrleYlt.atl~n anJ flow of the sracel rt-s ~pal,~y t1f II~ht, It0 Vlew-s, ~nJ t~e ra~tern at Use iilnd rno'{et'Y1eV1t: within It,
If t'ren In~s:are
IntrC'.dU(;.cJ betvleen the erIG!os!n~ fl~nes <1f t~1e space tt,e InJ IVI dv~l IJ evd:"~l" ~f t.V1e. pLane? wi! I b6' relnft'rced, .and dl~'jan~1 or flrl ~/heel rt3tterns t1:f 0race, use .and movement will ~e et1COura~ed,
JJt
i;YJe OOrrU!rs
l
l
.,'
".e ». ',
To Itb
;acnleve
V!SI)~!
rrlm~r1y f;ace,
differentiated t3t*tl
GLJlatl~n,
&1ott'llt1anc,e, o,'le
tit
tVle
wd:,nIY1
we <space,
eVlcl tis/ME
r!;;1V18S
or ~ecott1e.
can ~e
froni the otV1ers ~y It~lizel fot"tf1, 5UrtaG& t'r the t1~tur~ ?7f the afen n~ ~ wd;h In Ii:;, f
.,',
IG8
.
V'lfe! l-defJneJ, C;3n be tountd In arc
etA fleld~ ~ld: e cture
levels / frorfi :;; I,~rtje
;at e:ever~: to
UrV;'.lM
courtj;;ard wIthin ~ budJ In~J t,:? ::d room Wlthl n t~e ~udjlntl!~ ..... ar~;3nl z:ai:lon. .J The eX;;Ynr'es arl this ?3nd the toll.1rvl n:1 rage'S ,llusir.ate the. uses erlc1oGe.& f1eLd0 ~f <space In !)rkan ~nJ rui/dlrlP1 ~ Gcale 01tIJ9tlot1'S. 1~1ela-::Jt geutioYl c7f ;:J
1
-_I.
.:
-::
tnl~ Ch~r1;er enclot),e.d
J
111 J!-sc-u'S0e-s at, tVi~ ~c;a!~ tJt ~
-Sf'ecl·hc~
-0f'~ce~
YVh~re t~'ie n:ature of t~e O~6Ylint1~ wd:.hln ±l-1e rdoms eY1cI06LJ~elS ~ major +.aGtJr 1Y1 J~t,ermln In'4 th,~ jfuallt,v ot Its roo ttl
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f-
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f-
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Four rJ~nes or
t3IGO
-l-
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exclude
---t
,',
t
derl ne ~ ,,?Fa·bal and V/-?U;1! flelJ ttJr ~ ~;acred th~t 0ta)-1ds ;;a0 .JV1 O~jeo-L wl"l:,hln -the. an urJ#J>.Vl oOYltext/ t~e dehy,eJ fieLd t?f ~p;3Ce.,
t'r~~vllze
t~e
I
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C.;3tbe/
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C~n
?1~nltlc;aYrb
enclosure-,In c~V\
-·~-·t
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eY1c!oSlVljrl.aVles
svrroul1~~hng
~
d:s ~erlrYleler, In t~e 'fl~t ~re fevlves or 1"1;115 t~.;at
-aIOVl~ v
elel1'lorrt>&
frt7ty1
i
-theIr
tcrrltory~
in the,
0eoand c tJ'Se; the eVlc}o,£_--,ure. C·a.Vi U)v1'SI-st t'f tar~2j6s ar ~~Ilery '3raCe7 t~;at rrc1mote -c~e lV1clu?J~n df 5urrc/VY1dlr1~ i?vd d 1t1~6..; IVlW in~lr flelel, ~,y~1de. the flr~t eYlclo'Sure l~ol-a.te5 Ib~
01Ylc.e
&fjo A·r?
~
.
170
-
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r1
171 ;, i
TI'le
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;II u~tr.p{;e.
a
~v!/dH1g~
tJ'1e
Uc_?&
Sf7aces
of -encICts\~d c;;lVi
b~
fJeJcA~'
0(1
Vt7! limes
ar1d
j'f
Or~aY1i2edJ
0r3D~;-/
T0ese ...
tjenerally be c~l;ira;;-t;enzed by th~lr cevd;r;Jld;y vVltVlWi ~ ~udd'rl:1IS. Clr0:flYlIZa h?Yl, their CI.iH"lty of .Jetlnli;'I?'i1, thew re"lul-,Jrjiy at f,mri, .anJ their .dotnJna~1I10 Site. T~1ey .11re j11i1Y}ife?1; ed her'e 1V1 the t3trlvn''t ~f'.ace~ ~~u?e?/ -t~,~ ;tr"c:?t.L~J G-s?rbie. ~v1 It~II~Y1 ralaz2o/ the clt1l-'7ter Jf ~ mOVl2.tS-Cery/ ~Y1J tV1~ c??l)rty·.ar:.d &f ~ Flnr1l~h t~wYlh~JI. vrr~anlZlt1cq
sracef:-
C~(!
tJt
House: Ur of -the Ch~ldee5.
C,'200tl
t'r
f;,c,
.;,.,
,.'
CH INESf
172
fAiIO HotJ5t::.
TOW~',1 HALt-.~
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174
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detl nlY1 tf eleWlcnt5, ..:
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of J..I....
:at"I:2:edln
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If! de
the matrix
corrfI0UratJr?t16 iYled
1-
k?£H7!V
to
t.ne
COI1SlsteJ
~ener;dll'
and rl.an~r of .sra.:::e, Vc?tuttle.-s
!lrlear I.!
reC+"~Y1tiul.ar
I ne-
_1
"tu.3id:.les of an :arC-~lbe&t.ur~1 ""j?.,ce, hdvvever; :;are WI[)vh rl&ner t~.an wh2t t~e dt:'Lgra»:1sdluoSi.rJte. These *Sratl;al ~u~il'be? tif ft1rm, rr&rart1t?V1, tGu:a!e, flgi1t., e-t;c, !;vill ult,matey ~erend on the ftilldWIV1~ friJfc:rth~G tlf the erk::-,((15ure~r.aoe,
or·~
1)ll()I)]~lr11Il~SOli1
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•
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trJrYl
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t~lC-
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r'rJOtv1
l It,
tAlI t'.l,Y' /\ f (1" !fV~"" p _.
-to
'J I i '/ ,':'.II,OV
-the- e.x-i:,enor~
! I::;/I ,,/ lA+
i
I
CSt;
L~ tz>
hl,::/Yi
ra.)n1, .",
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:
, ~10 VlJ "
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osunr · t·
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170
,'
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D]~ (}IU~]~
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I~N (JI-1()S IJl{1~ d~ree of encLJ~ure -bV1e vOt1h~vr.ai!t?n A- rts
"?r.ace, as Jeterrolned ~y .deflV11i1~ e1emer1t:s arid the pJtterY1 ~f It=, tJfenlf1-jsl h~~ ~ ~11V11t-IC~Yrc Imract tJy1 our rer¢pilc?Vi t1f the orl eAAbatloYl Z5V\J overall f&rm ~ tV1e ~race.
, The.
o
of ~
tlrenrJ1~:? !y!n~ V'/hally vllthn1 t~~ ekfclt'~lnj rl~Yle6 of a ~rac~ )0 ~?t W~Jlker1 we eJge deflYlI tl tiff nor -the Set1~8 "f eY1Qltl~l)re A -bhe. <SFacc: ..., The form gf th~ ~rac& ~etY1tJlnG Intact aYlJ rerc/6rf,t~Ie.-.
'\ I
\ I
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0feY1lY1g~ ItJC;{.3teJ ~lpf1j the eJ~es ~ t11e eVloJ~Slvt:J plaY1e~ of a ~rac& yvd! vl~u.:alll weaken the corner k?ound ,ilY'fes 6'+ ike srace. l'Vhde tt1ese 0reYllv1~S C:Jn erade -/;n~ £il/6ralf f~rry) of a ?race, wei wdl al~c7
.""
--,.,-----.~-.---~--~~
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~etween tl1e f'1?l}/}e~
vrdv~l,ty, 5~l!e,
I
~dJ~cerli cVlcll1SIrt1
~erlVled
the vl~v;?tlly
As these t'Ylc?r6
dlffu~el
Th~
~rac:es.
FI~Y1~6
eVlc;IC1~tY1~
~vlJ
0reY1rflj?
tV1e. Srao& l~?es
!?ect?rn~~
178
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r
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t~te tn~'r,
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1060-6S.
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A New AY'vnd;~;;tur8"
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archItecture, 0+ J.aYJ
t~e,
C;h~t1t1IV1t/;
tr;Y1$(I1lt~
to tJ16
c~L1r6 and mtitJd~
0u;t:a~ee
:?Htd fdrm:,
~
It
t~1e 0kJ
i/lvrlilr1:lbe5,
ihe t.v.all rl.aH&/ or tl1rc>vgh 5K/' Iqt1t-6 I~ tt?e rtJ&t- rl~Y1e ovar~e~d, tl1e -sun ~ 111~rt f)ll6t &V1.6urf..aces vll.f;.hin th& rt7t?rYJ; eyd'Ve¥1~ theIr colors, tJY1d art!C!lI.3~e5 their textures If'/tJ;h the-- chaV1'31r1~ r;att~rr10 tJf IlaY1t aVid -sn;3d6 tk~i rb C(le~te.6~ iJl~ sun ;a Ylir(i ~ie5 -b~~ ~r;ace .1f t.h~ rat1(rJ, aY1d ~rilcut ~t-e5 iMe..+t1~W15 ~/lt~tVl rCI By d;t7 Ir1r.ev10lby ~0J J!strl~vblo"1 wrthlVi -thef""tJt?Yf1, tVIe. '5,l)V1~ light ca VI CIIJr'lfy tl1~ f-tJrrt1 of the ;Jce c1r Erd~er'V!~
.....
e:r
tk~ time
, ::JnJ tVte w8~t~er
... 't
SourC6
.:a
r*@(i'1
thrdU~Vl
VvIYlJc1YiS
10
I
,
.J
~r
dl&tt'rb I't3t caVl c..reate ~ te?t:lvC! ;at/Wi6'?pnere or IVIstdl WI~t-JIt'l It; 2 GtJmj1&r r(jcJ~tL
0/1tl1lV1
-tVJ&
roorti
of- the light t~e.. ,;,V'Yi tlff~rG uS I~ fair!; d !I'~&/-tt ()V1 Fr,~.J1 c1;.a~le;., the. de-berm I naYit s Irflf.aot c?Y1 -tY1e 6U r't:aC~1 r~rrr1 ~ ;3r1d ?race A- .a I II Sl%-e/ OC:atlt>Vij avld Orlev,-ca"CltJJIi at -r:vl.e.- r~prt1?
SWlce t~1e rVl-beYl~lb)l Gt?rl~,t ;avl·t~Y1.d
tor :t~ l/lfJu,a1 rt'om J2f e 1.1 -",Vle A
VVIVI.JOWS
it-0
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SeCOYiJ . ~-\;tiry we~t. ;'edr~"m I<'AUFM,AN ~4 H OJ.:0E, nF.~~~INGy./,..r~RP Ct>I1V1d$YIfI~1 P.,a. ,"'3&-37 F (J v1 K ~L1y.J Vlrl~ ~t.
~Yld '5kyll~~t6,
N
!81
-r'h I ,&
~12/~~
C;
arl1ot/fl/;
cJt
~1/a If or
(!?df
t;autc?rs
tr- ;3
or 0 kYilqr IA
;
I
WI V1dt;lw
a
~a!llgklt
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other" thJYl /"t7c?t
rl~i1e:1
C.?H1
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!
VVII i.)
r'CIc?,Yi receives,
rlaHe, ~1dvvever,
of the w;
L
f["
d-
F
r~le ~!te
covr~el O'r?1V1
~e- det-erlll ,ned a!? ihe m:aterl~!
re.qYJremeVlt/;,
f-",...
CaY!
I J_ I.. t rtJ,t,.rte, !
operllY15
Ivi
~y -a-dJ ,t't/vip ~h1d
a
I
ct'Vl?truC/tl(i;1
vl";'IJ;a1 rrlV.;lC)",
VC;V1tl-
I»-l;IV'Vl, ar1.J erICitJ8Urc, of tk1~ srace, or th~ 0ret1 H1'j6 effe::;t ~Vl the };?UdJIVljS extertt7r tcJrrnaHd arf'e~r'avtoet TY1e l~c;,~ttoY1 ~nJ orl8vitJtlt7Vl ?'f ;a v1/IVJde/yt) or ?ky'IIIjH-tj -li~1er~F(}rel O;lJ'1 !?e mt'r~ IrY'lr61r~~H1~ 1:~I~n rts t?rze IV1 detei-~t'Y1lnIYl1 t~e 1t1alr6y t1t d~'yIJgyr/; -;a ('~t7¥Yl
An
r!~celve6~
to receive dlrec;,t 7uY'1"~ht Jvrli'1~ cert~lY1 r~riltl)ll-G ~f t~,~ J;ll' D,nxt 01JJ1it1Ht fr~vlde:; ;3 h'~h de0ree v~ :Ilvrt1lrlatl&Y1 ·b~l.at IS eSre61;)/!y IVlteV1se dUr!r1g mldJay nUlVr"8l It e-reate5 'S~1.arr rattel"'Yl~ t1f ligHt aVld Jark ?iV) t~8 0renlr1~
carl b6 orIented
t1 a
~rtJoul:abes the +cirn15 wlthlVl the -space-. PO:?~lble Jet:'rlt-118t1tJI effeots of J!r,::::~t ?UYlII~htl '8vcA1 a~ ~I~re .aVid eXCeS5(V~ he.at 0:aIYl; CJ3Yi ~e c.·orrtral!eJ ~y s~"1aJ lf11 devl~e? ~tJd1; 1V1t-O tVlCi -tt?rm t1f th~ 0re.rllr1jl or rrovi ded by t~~ B?J'~1-e tJf ne.ar~y trees or a,JJ~Qej/}t .;7trvot{)re~, ~!)rtpGe's
~t7dml
;Jr1.d
Drl~rly
beo.~iel1te.J -;aWJY frt?W1 Jlr&c;-t t>vrdl1~t ~Vld r'ece~\Ve. 1V1?te~c1 1J1~.' .d,ffu!7e; .arnbleYlt IlgYtt trt'm 1;~16 0kyIt L~ 1 V;3Vi~ dv,;;r~eadl 'TIA ne IIS kr: VRV1'I L II I? -a veV1e IGI;a! source f'_ .da.yhg~lt SIYlce rt retl1?3lv1S falr~ DtJ~1sr.av1b/ evevJ on clautly d;ay~ :anJ C~Vl heir to 0t?tteY1 {J1e. ~'ar7~"~les$. o..f Jlrevt s!)nll~Y1t .avId balance-bhe JI~vr~' level WI{:,VHV1 ~ 7r~ce,
AY) oferlll1j cal1
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It?C;J-C!O~1 t1t alr1 t?peY11l'1~ wd I :affec;i -U'L~ manner H1 w !tIlC ~ ll~ ht er1 ters a rot?¥H t3Vld "I VrJlHYl :aces l't S t&rrY1':S '2Y1d sur+.ace~1 When JacaceJ WYlt7l1y \Nlthn1 :a w.?111 rfaVl~, :a n l? f' e n1t1~ r :a f' ~;a r a ~ til 11r '0 J11:: ~ tJ t df I, g n t oYl a .J:prker svrfdcel Tn!6 covld ItlOrl C3J.1 ve: ~ ~()v0ce ;r gLare
Th e.
w" r
'~ . i :
".
r
J
It fke ofenlntj S ~rl~l1tne.t;~ c,tJY1tr~?ts qreatly wd;V) , the d~rk ~vrfa ce s vrrtJvVld I V1~ Ii; CtJVf d If/tiMe t1f ')' tar&/ cav~e.J by exceSSIve, ~ntjfltYle'S>~ r~tlo6 i1etweeV1 ~.JJ;atev)i I
GUd;aCe0
,hy 111~.J;
pr
be .aWlellOr~d:~ -1:0 6Hter tl1e ""'1" :ace. tr-tlVl1 ~ le.aGl: -bwo are..%
IVl
Ifj
C;3V1
;aIlQI'JIYlj
d IredICl;'r~.
".J.
l;_r'
Whe:r1 ~VJ 0fe.~11V15 IS l~{.;:at~d ;;3loH:1 -b~e ed~e af a w~IL L?("' ~t -tVle c,.tirMer t?f ;a t"t10t1'1; t~6' d:a1111~rt ev}'6erlV1.~ thrt1Vjt'1It will W.a?Vl t~e ?urf.ace. A t~e wall aJJ;::lcei1t tlVld rerreVi-
b
JIGul)r fpc.&
-f;~e.
w III It.~elf
t~1e 11~~1t
l~ve(
A.JJIf/lt?n~t
at
wlthlVl
t~e
tyl-;ay
~ r~~rrtj
The
wIll ~e. retleoted
rh'6
the ()re.vlln~
l1eUJnl& :a
facior.s
Ilqht wlthln t1reV11J1~
rt-;lV1~
0ournoe
illuminated
of I J~ vd:: ~ v1.d
5U(-
eVi h~Vlce
?f:aC6~
iY1e qyald;y
~I~o ~ffect
?h~re IV)
.anJ
of
ar·bcLJI~tlorl
-the 00.adt>flJ
rattern
of ::an
It c~··t-s
T~6 eralor ~Y1J teXtur~ of the?e ?Vt"'tace6 will r.arte?-t theIr reflectivity ~H1d, -t~~e.for\~., tMe ;lVv1bfc?V1·b Ilqhi level wlthwl -tVl~ 6ftlce, Vit1
,
r
t0~ ~I}rface~
ttf th~
rt't7rYL
, .
evk::,!a-s ut"e 0+ ~ ltr6~1')c.xe, i
a TI1 c/ 5eer1
A
ot?urs-&-j
;H1d
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r
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I ,derervy,!Y1
,.
C6,
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elJr'1-
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n t-li;vr"e. ?'It ·t.V16
e,
Vlev,/ ',
51'Yl;.J1i df"en 11111
e 0Cerle
P.0/IrlJ!JV;)
te.l;
t,;?
L A 1~11~1 n:a rrri« df'en vI'" tV' ;a ~y",,ad VI
ft'"..;ame ;a view 0(J
c.;;n hmlr1:ilte..
e-;a/l
~Vwh HI,;:l{:' a Vie view';' enevi..!r.age.
.f.
.a svam
thrav~ h it: I
wd I 1IVe ?'vily ~ /h'i1t: 0+ what lie.? ~eyaYd ·H,e
IB4
tn/l'S~'11
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"
)J&
1c1~.at,eJ
VI C;JVl ;3v1,J
at'"
;a
c;orrJ~r
IVI
fr,1Y'i4 "'11 ~(
s~eY1
Hie \ti/lt~lfM
?ky. A -a
5eev
as
rdtlWL
1\ Ifor"1e
;J
t?'
af dM
ra.&rfi
ftfsil;IOVl
"f
Wll1d&W5
!Vi
give·
the C;iHl
a
rtilMbw~
oP ;;) w.;:;1
a r.1V'w1
d!"'evll/l1"'i
tt ~ )1~~C7V').a( Y'drfWi.
It C;3Vi ~e oneV1ted
~e -0b1yer1ced
rt
orI6V1-t;3tlay1,
~o
t
c;a¥l
~e Ic?uabd
lJf" W)rd i:;? offer :a
r.a1»1el<1t
;a SCeVle..
.
An openIng can ~e wholl,i lv)t the 6ur}.;ace Cit the rl:ari e.
•
~1!t;rH Vi a \1'/;;\1
or
cedIYl.1;
.I
vr1\~¥ie,
aV'iJ i1e tSurr-\oun.ded
I ',~
&ROUP'E:D
t\t1
Oren!r1
I n e i t; \1 ere as e/ '
~ L.1 i"1 C1
g c;;n ~e
..;
1:7 n f;:
the
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.
~
VlINOow- WALL.
l\tl Oreh'(l'0 Carl VI~I);3!17 ~ietvveen -bvu' V'J~ll f?l~nee!,
0~aYl
v~rt:'lc.>l!y
it c.;W!~ruw In
-?Ize
tin
An
it'cateJ
0ren1nj
.a vv~\\ or
vv'f1olly Vll-th!Yl
celllY1~
r{~ne
WI{\ ;3tpfe.ar~
z» ~ ~rJ?-1ht fJ4ut~e vl'1 a c~rltra?tl¥i;q field 2r-' ~aoi
det:-1ree J
r1arie. The
V!7v~1
t't the
iDDDDDI
L~
_#_ .._.
...
_____.l
D
r=:
L_J
D
betwe~i1the. .
0rer1!n~!
rr
;t the 0fey'llr1~
;Jlgo ~e
In.d;vldu~l'ty
-6
?jrrlll~r
a redVVld;rtt.
wdl cre;;ce.. It?
o~eYi H1~~ I
.
aY1d the
e~J e!G
at
tV1~
It IS tllQVeJ.
It I!-~ loc~ted,
m;ay
DO DO
tiYl
or {?rlent..JtltJn etr1rh3?IZe
r=---~~
Y"IY1lok
rprl;Jt""d
'?hp(?e.
tens!
m~y ~6
~
r~t.C}rvL
c(}mrtlSJtldJ1pl
whltY1 fne ~h3re, l.3ne tv
f'~H1e
1Y1
r
wlih the -eYlulC'5In:j Tne Il1dlvrAv.altty a~ 3V1 t'1reY1111~ he~vy trAme,
CtOVltr.a'7t,
fl1u~el
reln-r~rced wlt~a
V15V.any
of tke
+tIe ?h~re
~v1vlbq;;'le t'renIt1~S m2y V~ clv~tereJ -to +-1rm ~ vnlf'I~J cOmrO!;d-b,on YVlt111V1 :a rl.aVlC!; er }1-e ?t~~tJ en~J or AI?rer~eJ to cre~te vl~v~1 movement al&Yk1 tHe- 5urrace t1t the t7lane., ~
I
A~ -;n tJrenlr1:) with,n :? rl:al1~ IVlC;(ea~e6 1V1 '7J2.e It will, ~t ?~I11e,., r&,yH;;, cea~e t-t' be ~ tl~!}re wlt~lln pYi enclt?sli15 fl~I.J/ and 1?ecame ;:l rtO-;?ltlv~ ~I~ment In Itself; a iraV1Sf;?reni: i.an8 btJvnd~J k?y ~ l
r
~e~vy 0re'n
fr.ame,
in1t3? wl+hln pl;3riC:~
surf scee, bec(7rrle~ s&vrC~ -to cre~te
I.t
tM.e
eXDeS?IV~/
!rl
q,urt;acetG
t~~
0rtlt~,
II I UrYlln~teJ
th~ ?urrt?vnd't1j
b~/\I~yrbt1e5~
tVle
}r-~Wi wd:,hu1 pl;ane.
brl'8Ylcer
at?f'e~r
vV! /I
lV1termc:d
I
c~V1
;JIC?I1~
tJ1)V)
~~elr
aJJ:ace~t
iJ1e ed~es tit .f;n& ~re;r1lrtj?
kPe IIlurY1ln,ted
by ~
5eO~Y1d
'1r1Y1!;
or' ;a. tdeef ...q,et orernng C.JV1 l?~ f&rf11r!d
ate..
?urf~ce'!;
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open
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t ....-.,
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I
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tYJ:Jt :?re Itic,Jlt~J
0rL~y1IY1~~
rb1,t7&s
IV"
l-VhlC.0 t~ey
~ffect mgy be tc1r
....
VI6Vv't
;31: Ct1rners vvill ~lve
~re I t'c:.a-Ced
ct'mrt1SltloVl;11
&r ttl ~~lg~1ter1
a
.J~rk
p
J ItJ gdVlal
reastJt1'S1
a
coryu~'r of
a s~~ce
orleV1t;tIOr1.
to c~rtvre
aY1d th& rhl~ Jlrec,tlo'1al
a d~?!rJ3ble
?F.8C~,
-_" ..__ "-,-A curner CJr~YlH1~ w III vl5v~11y erC1~e. t~e eJges of i~e r1aV16 111 whlc;n It io Ip?~teJ, ;aY1J ~rtl?ulate th:; e~~e ~t t.he rl~t1e. aJJ~c~rd; and rert1enJlculllr ~ It. Th~ Lar~er the o~enlt1~1 f;he. w~pket" will ~e the " f I ..; ,# dC'tln d: len ttf i~ e c&rner. It the Clfen i n~ ~v~r6 -to turn -C~1e.corl1 e.r; tn-t: Corr1er t?t 1;~e ?p~ce would be, Imrll~J r;+:her ih.an re.?ll aV1d tHe, sratlalfic:lJ V'ltJulj extel1J ~eyov0 It~ entlo?lY1j rlan80f t,hr-Ol/~h a Cc7rf'1er 0reYlIf1~ will w;a~h the ?urf.ace ~ t~ie t'vlJ:acevd; 3rlJ rerf'~Vldlc;u{;3r to the. 0rc;l'1In~i' Thl:; dlurrllnated 5UrrJCe will ~ecc?r;,1e lb~elf a ~otJrce t?f IkJY1t d3V1J eVl ~1~Y1C~ -b~1e 0rl'5 htnc;s~ level the srace, This ~rl~ht nes? level wt'llJ be eVlV1.anced furth6r' ~y II tur-rHt1~ the corr1er i\ with the 0feYl't1~1 or ~JdtY1tf a 'SKyllt1ht a~l1ve -bkie ?1fen I n~. The lIght tVlllt
eYlter-s
2
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tJ1e tlorJr tt:> tl1e
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sept;1rate
It
eS
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A
ine vertl Cjl! "fcn! r1~ w!!! eWde the: Jeti n I'!;,an t?f tl-1~ sr.ace;and :allt'vv it: to ext~n~ ~eyovtd -t.~1~ Ctit'ner -tG1 tV1~ ~~J ~ceYlt 6r.;a C~. 11; wd I ~I~t? ~nt'vV I!1C£1W1JYlj llg ~Jt 1;0 w.a~~ -bk~ ~ur+ace- ot t-V16 wall ~.'I I~~~ F1~rf'-e~1dICul ~r to rt, ~V1J Artlc,UI;1te t,~~ rrrmpoy ~ tn~t r!ln~ IVI t;~e :;rpc~. If ~IIQwed -tP lit-urn th,~ otJr'ner;1 the vet-tieR! oreYl1nt1 will -furbHer erode ih~ ·deflf1ltlon of -the. ~r;3Ce.1 ;;d! ?vv Ii; to in ter I ?'ck VVltv;'. ;adJ ~c.ei1t 0pac e.s/ 'P\'id emf'h ~~I:2e. -b~? i nd IVI Ju; [rb,Y t1F' t,ne eI>1clos1n':J rl~nesl A
I
I' ...
j:?!ane
W)lt f'1;3y1e:>f
loc;aie.J
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er
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ihe ed~
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nt1rl.~~?'i1t.a1 oren fn~ thpt
e)(t;e~1J:.7 a.cro'Ss
~t IYlto 21 l1vrn ~er ~ hcPrlz~Y1t;l1 wIll ntrt er-odt3 -t!1e lY1begrl~y t?f Incr'e~$e:s to -bi1e. POH1C whe-re:. belt'V'1 rei t~eVl twe oreYlI VI~ Vld! It£;.
tar ~nd
1?tJet(;/m
(
~y h,e:avy
wall rl;;aY1~
a
will ~z::;r.ar;at&
I~yere, If the. areVlIVl~ I~ t1ot; v~ry d~e-r) It th? vv;ali ri~V1e, If Ii:;? Jerid,,/ ~ovvever: It IS gre;Jter- ihAr) i~e ~~V1J=:; .al1tJVC:; ~VL.d
l1eCOn1e. ~
r&0d:!ve elemey,1:
~ovV1Je~
;J t
fr)rnes,
tt1rner \tv!tk ~ hV'rlzoY1t:Jl ~~enl\At1 yvdi relr1ta'rce i:k& ~()rlwY1t.a! !;;lycrIl11 If ~ sp;ace-, ,md Pr-a.;3Jel'1 ~he r"'~<1rl3YY1IC VIew fri?1'l1 wd;vlll1lk~ esf' ac~, If -bh e &!?et1lrifJ1 C.c7HtII1Ve.S j3t?lUr1d the -:?fac6, It wrl] V\ 7l);a1 ~ 11ft t~e. Cedlr1~ rJ~Y1e. Jrt1tH ike wall rl-aH~GI 1~<Ji~~e I'C'I ~nd ~IV~ rb ~ feehVt.:J Tun1lrt6l
~
J
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J
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Ilghtne6S1
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J
:;a lH1e;r'
-skyll1~t ~
tal?1r1P;~ -bhe ed~-e ~
yj~1~r~
~
~J)I\
~VlJ
cedlVlOl
J
<
meet wIll ;JUe1lAl H1ct?mlH~ llg~t -/;0 VV~S~ t~e ~l)r+~ce of t~e wtall dlumln:ared;, aVid e~V1RI'lCe tk~ brl'1htnef:!S lev61 df- .the. ~rAce. The-Farm Cl} -bke Gkyh1~t C-;1Vi ~e mt3Y1lrul13ted tt' c~rtllre. Jtrec;;t -SUVdl~~t..f \Yldlrevt Jayll~~t:; ?'r &3 GaY't1~It1~tl?'n 1f ~athf rl~ne,
l
PI..u\l II are ;11r18 S ar(1 OVr1 t 6'1' II~ ~lt to VVutd 0 VV -
exal41fl~s
suyd'~yrl;, ~I~r'le.
de
VI,a
aVld
If
0r6YlJn~~,
SUIft-
-:::7Y1ddn-l~
nea·t
eXCe~GIVe
vv;11
vVhde ~ ~Jll1dovv-
It -bh~y deVIc,~6
:ar-e
be vvd:,hltl t~je YV1.dji
tjawl
,l:Jle ver-b
vve~kel'16
-srace, If; ere-atee, -bh~ ro.ceY1t:lal ftfr" t3race. ~eY&V1J I-ts r~1y~lc;;.1 Vc7UVJJ.arles, r
:
GtW1l7lnln:j
wd I treate ~etweerl
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e ~nJ
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tSr:ace,
II"Y
VI~:U.{J
a Ilar1e
L..
0!'-,Y
1(1 ~vhjcM
??ut,8!deb?ec:?tne"
of
~ound;2irl~-S 1V1~i
(3,
the~
I !1Y1t- overY!e~~ r. 1
I
iJ'1e. ~}ouY1?Lpr,es
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ter11J"'US,
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-
p, lar'ge -space can -en ve!c2f? -an j cCintJ IV} wlthwl rt5 vol!)rr1 e., a sracel Vi8v;;i1 .and -sra'b;a! Ctlr1tlY1UIt.y l-7etwe·c:n tne. ~rvo -srEcee CaV1 kJe. ~.a7dy ac.comrr1oJ~t;e.dl ~Ut the sm;Jllt:r; Ilcont~lned II ~f13c;e ~erer1J~ an ~he l-;ar~et; envelor'rr~ ~rac& }or re,l.at,ol1,:;"hrf va ovtdoar 0face,.
In ihl<S ~Jl'e ?if ?rpt!~I' relptl?1rl~~ I f" the, L~r~er, envel?'f?I.t11 t:;;er'l/e~ a~ ~ three-drmeVlSIOr1~J fIeld tJr ti1e sra~ G~yrbalned vVl~nln It. For+~It? Ct1f1cer-t -bt? k;e perceIved, a clepr £,hff~revd:;l~tL~r1 1V1t?IU I? Y1ece'S~~ry betwe~V! t~e. ~/O Sp'ace6~ If CClVl-t;iIVlZ;:!d t?r.ace wer6 to IIt1Cre~?e IVl ?Ize 'bke ~r~k:.,e
j
l21rger $raDe f&r;YL
It th~
-Co !O?~ its IVnf14l?t a'b ~V1 eV1velt?r'r1~ ?race c.orll;lnve) ft? grav~ t~e re5IJU;J)
~e'JlYi
VldULd
C~V't~IY1~d
::ardVr1d rt wt1!JLd ~r1 eViveLoflnt3 '?f~ce, r-b ·~/ti!JLd
b
0r~~e. I~yc;r
?'r
I V1S-k.aJ
~&c;c1rY,e
to '?erve .as mer6ly;a
t~lv1
Tne. orlgH131 n61tlon
t~1e Cc?ViC;IrJe:d-?race,
;ar'otlrld
~klT1
00mrre0seJ
wc?<JIJ ~~ Je~1;rtye.J,
To'el1davl rbt3elf 5r,~ce I Y1
rr1ay tSh~re'
:a Jlftererl1;
,3 "Jet
valve;
WI1~V1 ~ nl~MDr
1;0& (/jV1t2Ine.d
the envelC>f'1 n~ snarej l1ut be orlt:V1ted TPH~ WdlJJJ crept-6 '0 gecCJt1dar)' ~r'ld 3n'J ':>("tlceo wl-bhIV) t,~el;:Jr~er' ?f.aC6.
t~1e farrr1
manner:;
A dyn;ilrvtl<:;
/'
T~e:t.?'w!::.alne.J ~r:ace, ~v1d
Cc1rltr.a.t?t f0c:. tw?,
IYl
-s("ace
Wlay~l""o
0-trevltjir1ev1
f~rrr1 yV1~y
0rac.es"
of'"
,Mh::r
I"t;~-, IWlt31e
Ind !c.a::e
the
~ymJt;c:?IIc.
as
1M tor--m t?
trclVYJ -b~e eYlV6/"f'II1:;l fre-e~t~Vld,~~ o~ec;f;/ 1111?
-a functlOfl?!l 'rfirtJr-t~r1c-t:.
dJFfe~er'i(:;e
t1t i~e
~eb,vC:CJ/7
t:a I
COYI
,",
.
er--'--"--'1 fa I 1"
I
!
-:
e
GlA!.?S HOl,?!:~· New C.aV1.~)l'1/ Cdnnec);i&tJt fhlll r Joh rl e.or1 l'?~
i
\i
L--'"'"--.
.-4
8
~rai:IJI
/\[1 lvterlocklng
gra6et::)
fields ,Jv~rlar to tt?rrt1 a UYICJ of ~hared 0face, Vv'~1en -bvvo -:;lrac.e'S I Y1rerlV'?k their vo-! umes I n tnl~ m ~n n er; e.auh ret2il'1? :tit3 Idet1b-d:~y and dehrn·boYl a6 a 0f:ace, But, -bJle reS!) It; it1?i oantlVluratlv(i t'f t~~ -/;"''/0 IVlter!?'al vltry ~race-? ...I
.!//~\
i'\,
tlf -tvVO
relabiOt'1~?~1!r' Cu'Y101<st~
",_ .--/
ltv"
I
ve
v'
..;
-su~J~&t
1;0 ;a num~er
t1f
!nlet~rret2tionsl
k"
"The
;Ylt-et"icJ&-klV1Cl
for-bIOr1 tf t~e
tWt1
vdlvme?
caV1 ~e
vV:.ared &~:J.al~ "'~y e~c-h &face.
r--~ I
r----·~
[] /_.'~r (
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-
,
f>
nk~ as
100
;J
lyli;c;rlo&K!(k4
~r;ac8
rtJrtion
t~'J;ttServ-e:-;,
C;lv1
Je'/elt?p ,to
f;fJ Ilvd<.
tV!O
OWYl
iVltegr-!t,l'
orlVjln;;;1
1·'1\
\ i~
t
•
VH:f(Za-tNHt::IL.l ~Eirf!l6f(AM.AGE CHU~t1 ne;ir B'.3~lP.e 17-4?~7.z. ~;a!'C.}'''a5;U··
"
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COtyq110n -tYl'e of 0rJtlai It a! I ovv~> eaC~T1 ~race~ {;o ~e cl early' defIned ~V1.d tt1 re"3poY1J1 ea?~1 IYI tJVIM W~'Yi -/;0 ItS fvnciltlr1.a1 tJr f;ymJ1oi!(/ reqtJlretrlerte~. The de~ree.
AjJa.cency rel,at
df
tne m{)~t
!~
!O('I::'~1Ir'
~0d
Vi47VAI
~~t-1131
0~yd;l~1Ulhy
t~1ar OCQur'~
~etvveer'l two aJ!~cent 0t7aCe~ will de~eYLJ ./ f n~t()rc:,. JF the. rl~r16 thi:: kJobM csepart3!:-e? bl nd? them -bo~ether:
0,1 tk&
!
:an~
..i
• Ilmrt. v!~~!/~l:anJ 3.dJ~Ce14t.
each
[_____..
0Fac;c~J
• flff'e;r
of
pV1ytSlc~1 ;aCC~% ~etv'jeeV1 -bwo re In -rtJr'ce tMe,· lVid I Vi J v.alrt..)( ;and ;accc?n1rn o~;:;be t~elr ~I ffereY1cee;"
or
?r~ce?1
21 free<:5-bandIY1j
~?
rl.aVk:~
IYI
'.d
~lr1~\e
YjlUrvjc~
6F.ac.e .
•...•.• ~ .•.•
• '~e I
degree
Q
1 IL----,n--,_J1 zoo
!
:
tV/CI
~/1t.V1 r'
Ir
VI0U;1
;;;t rt7W I
~Vld
I
&f
colu ,I
?t?;1t;~1
rrH1S
thtab ;)llovvs L
?V'~~-r:;!n
I
.. nn__j
':3
b?etwec:y)
h,~~ '
'CV18
6races,
• be rnereiy Irrlrlled with .9 c.~I~Y11e In level
fir,· .
'h1
defl rl~
Ir
?vrfJc~
artlcularltiYlb1e::'Yleev: 'f::.~e ·tv"v sraces, Thj~ ;aVid t;~e/ ~e reJJ :2S ~'lrt:qle. ~receA JY1t} two c~y?e~~ C.aV1 Vt1l ume:) af ~(e dl'vldeJ Into t~'/o re I
..-'
,.)
l\_JJJj\'(jl~l~' I'
-
I __ .. _ ':':~,
L;.,:~.
•,
••
,
.t,
The
~re
?race<;;. !Y1 ,these two ~JvtlJH'1g!? IVI] iVIJ ()a II$t iD IVl 71ze ~ yd +&Y'r'i'i i
lhe w.aIIG t~C:1r torVA:;:.' dlft'--ereVtc.e6 ~r2G.b$,
(),
t:!rl L..e·l~!
CH!SWICI<.
HOUc;fe;
C~li'?WI?I<,;
Lart::i Burltl-1-jt?f'l'
L.evel Tun:1?ull
Twa
ar r,elabeJ to each The- rela the
1/1 ?'n0V1 i~
tit
n~tlJr~
~y thst;:anc.e
that .are 5erar~~ej
5raC;8S
~/.9
othe(,
t~e
~e,tweeVl
tkle thlrJ ?F~ce
com «un1 re l;at IjV}'0
~
f
r
-third;
srace..
wll! der~VlJ
ikey ?~~re
Vj~ll~~
Ilnk~d/
~6
late
lY1terW1eJ
two ?f;3Ces
-ttl
t:.,;3Vi
?1Y1
;l
I
T~e ~Yd;ermeJI~t~ q;p.ace caVl dlffc;,r 1V1 tt?rm ;a,vld or,entation f.rt'·rr1tJlc;, -two 0races ~cJ eXrre6~s It? IlYkll1~ func..c/t?Y1,
TI1e two ?fac~s,
ki'e
evtulvaler11;
~t
!'e~ltu ence
- J
-------------------L__J
I
:'3?
well
IVI ~~1~re
2l?
~Y1j
1V11;c:rm&d I~I/e -6rac~1
t,~~ ?It'~
~Vld
c;;JVl
fttrwi ~ 1H'1e.;ar
t5pace!?~
\Vle IYibermeJ late ~r;lce cavl I~elf ~eCdr(1e Ilne~r IYl form -to IWlk twt? -?j?.ace6 tkat ;J"1~ dl'?t.;H1t. fravif1 eac,v; otJle t; or J~IV1 :a wncJle -Se1le5 i:,f ~ra,:;e.ej tM;a-c h.aV6 Y7t? dlre~t; r~I~tlt?V1:;,0If
te?
cJ~1e
~r'1c~-1;~er;
lhe Irltermc;:J l:at.e -Sf~;ac.e {he; )£1WlIVl;avlt ac,e, 1~1tk~
0r
~
!"
tlr&~vllt!n~
~
L nV;t!j;p-er
ctlVl;
,if lartjc: e.n~v1h,
rel.a~ltiV1>sv1Ir>
fl' SraC~6 tJ
;3~OlJt
~e~0Y111e
1ge
"3V1J
c~r~01?
r IL-"Selfi
'1.
I
T~e f&rm ~ t~6 wd:,errr?edl:ate 6ra,~6 rt1~y ~e Jeb~rmiy)eJ ~7alely ~y il1e farm:? ~Vl.J {,-7rlet1tt3t:IOY1S jf t~e- -two 6f;3c,es b?6J V1~...; II t1 ked Jr rtJl ;aied,
202
l( '):18"''1 81). 1-~..1 4~.
k i
L; _..--_.......
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.
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il ni!
II ONE "'HA~F
Ij
j~hYl
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ii
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il
HOUSE;
HeJJuk
(rY~Jc;ct.)
1{i~b1
~
_l L'_
i:.,:Ft:.er @)tv'\,!,T;
l,
('("')."I\/J-~II'(' A 1, I, )·.INf 1
,(. ,,_ '1' J1-~,4
"J". ~
The
I~y~
~evt.lo~1
ftJjfoWli1~
aut the. ~.a~I~
w3y~
we
~ulldIYl.1s
?race~, Ir1 ~ tYf"IC3! ,k::'Uddlr1~ prd~r.aVlI1I t~1er~ arc u?v.allj re1.u1remer1t~ far Vilr, ou~ klV}d~ "5f'~ce~.. There tyl,ay ~e, 21Y1d
C~Y1 ;;3t'rtlJllge
:J
&rq~~1Ize
?'r
•
h,ve
•
tJre flexd11e IV!
•
tire,.
&re.u,ftc,
U7e
PYlJ Col1 l?e freely
h ~H'e, SIJ1t1 fvV'ctl
orrereaceJ
GJv$t~r
mv~t
be ~~~dy
The, m~nner £,t)V} cl~rlf>,
In ~
j
1
•
I
I I II !
L._-
204
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IV!
~rec.,flc
JeWla.r1dtG fVVlcbtoVitll
.-.-.. -.-.___j ...
t~e~e
rel;ltlVe IV)
.t3
~p'tlce~
~re,
l¥Y1roriJrlce:
~udJ lY1g~
VI~W) ..
-
~ ..
~IJIfJn1~
rn7)(,md;'Gt?/ G'~t?tSlftc:atlaV1
fO'r
aCce0~
;Jrr.aV1~ej
av1d fUJ1ctlon.a.l T~6
or~aVllZ;3tloV1,
what
c?f the
rlier-ar~~Ic.al
081ueVlce.,/ ~~lc1V1/
rrlVac.x
type ·ct org ~r1I~ -?d:,u3t,OVl will Jere-vILl (/~:
a& to
rc;qlJJr~rYler1t~
•
whlc,Vt
role
far
3
~cce~~t~l-c:,
t~elr
~yrYlk;o"c
Aec.I'bIOVl
1V1 2J IIVl~3r
exr(J~ urc:, for 111Y1tJ V~V1ttl -to oUtdopr ~face. 0,
~xte~lor'
• mu~t ~e t?eqre(_3~ted
r I
m.3rllful~teGd;
;C3vtJ ut'lfqye 1J1 i~~lr rUYlct.Ic?J1 or ~1~VlI~t~t: bvdJH1~t7rga¥1I:z.atlaV1/ d3r ftH1c1;I0Y1? :.aV1J c;aYJ ~~ ~r(}v red I vd;,o
or aGee?:?
or
forms/
~rec.lflc
-bo
re&f})lr~
•
or reqy,re
funC1;lan~
61Y1~L.Jf~r
!cal1ce
•
tJ1;;~t~
far ~race!7
req,uIt4emeY1t~
-bo use.
~tl£7¥1
rro~rpm; el!c~ 3:;' 41J11t;.¥1?IOrJ,a1
of
t~e
Jlg~tl
or
r'qulremeY1t'?; ?Faces
l
~!Y1d
View)
exter Ifir COr1.J d;ltJV1~ of the 01i~ t~at W11 g~t {1f)1It il1G ortJpV1f;t~tlt.?v1$ fV'rm pr ~rowt~l~r t~;at trl/1ht eVlcourat1e -t~e or~ Z1VlIZ ~ tltlV1 -bo ~Jdres? certt3lr1 fe2tUre~ ;;1f It~ ~,te. 'at1A tVr'r1 JIw.3y frt1»1 t1tV1~~,
.: :-
..
e~c.h C131i egoryat Ivd::r-oduceJ~y
ft'rWl~1
a
~r;ablj,1 ~ectloVl
cM21racter
l~t tC5,
Cir1~ Y11~-at ICiY1 ~~21i Jlt;cu<sse~
~f1.at
ot
'I
J~
ihe,
reSr~r1?e~ A r~~~e. t1f e'X3vnpl e5 . theY1 III u5tr3te -t~e. ~a71 c r~lY1t S rY1 aJ e I~ tk~ IVlt rod uc.t I an, r: ~~Y1 of tV1~ QX~rr1ple6 ~ht?vLd b~ ,?tVd leJ IVl tenr1? If: ;3!1J
t/t1Y1fex~().?1
• vvh3t klY1d6 tJt ~raGes 2nA •
WHe:;re
w~.3t
~
HdW
rel~tlt'Vlt7{;1
q~s
-the. sraces, one to •
where
16
tne,
WY1~t 16 -tHe
tdoe~
21
;aVld
t~le clrcul~tlt1V1
-&raCt:;!s
2Jr6 grofJreJ.
1
I
-sraces .. I
1~
__
------.J
a¥1d vJhat tJ~tn h:3v~ ~
1
form ?If the OYdf:aV1lt9tIPVl d:· re-e-paVld -b.? 11;:7 Co Y1t~x't
e)(teriOI.A
;;;!Vl:d kow rl111 ~t
t1r -?ecOr0.iry
.a
~
eJ aW1t?v1.<j to t~~ exterior ~
e¥1t~red
a~out VVhi~h
5f'JCe.
ODOOOODO
;Jre e>:St:a b111~V1
a.VJotV1e~
Jr1.aVJlz.ailt7~
Ct't1tlgvr3tloi1
•
num~er
:are accoWlrvL~d..?teJ
.ar~ t~ey defll1ed
dOI1"ilnarrt
P", centr.a(
re\ ptiOVl~~! f'?1 t~e t?r'1 oVi JzatJ~t11
131
A
r
cevd;('.at
:
.
or~ tiYi!t.:atlons
rad I ~l
rt.?1
YO r
'\.
v/
·1
DODD DO[JL]
DDD[~J
V'/~'n0'!
of "?p:'ace
,_.
c::. Jp'ace5
~(dVfed
snarlrt~
t1t
rel:>t:1 t>Y1?~
I
UYle;r
e)(te(~J
a
IYr
n (l e,r',
____
4
to.
6rac.etram
-
I
I~
~y
--4
.!,
F'r~x!tYiI1::Y
a com mOM
tJ
r
I!
-vr1e
tr:alt t'r
ir'
cmn 5race~ .struut,ur;(
org.::3t1iZed Or'
other
rVlthlV1
i~e .fIeld
t}1ree-dlmert<3lV'n;:3{
~ ?jlfd,
DDO[]
205
t~
zed
ceni,r~ll
orgt?nl2::atlt7M
!G a ?t.a~Ie"
c~nc,entr.aceJ
ih.at' c~ne'10t0 of ~ rturr1!1er ~f ~ecdVlJ;ry tJroUred err't?unJ :a !;ar1e/ d&mln~tltl cer1ir.al
c~mpoGl'tlt?Yl
6fJce?
&r~c.e,·
we,
The centrat unlfl'ln~ ~racet1f t'rq~Ylt-z.;at/?'r1 l~ ~en~r.aH,Y r~1vj~r IYl tt?rm, ~Y1J l._ar~e ~Y1tiugh 1t1 ~I-Z~ to ~atk6r ~ number df seco14d~rl -sr.aces ;akttivr Ib~ ft?rm,
t-----'
T~e
I I
e1,vfvalent
! ')
I
l
n L_j
tSectJr1);ary
;aVld I
I
J
~f th~
6fac~5
c7rg;3Y1I"Z-P1:It1r1
m~y ~~
~n?'bh~r IVl tunct.lt'n; farm, .aVld Site; ,over;;111 ctlvifl1ur~tlt:?n i~~t I~ 0et?t1-1cd:t3V1d 5yml"l'1ebrlca! :;a~t?ut two or t11t1r~
i','
',,:
.f;tJ one
create
;3n
rlcallY r~uf;ar axes,
",
,"
The SeC&VlJ;ary In t~lelr
ft'rrYl ~r 5l:ze a&
re1lJlremerl'l;~
context. .;5races
~f
(3 re?raYl7C
functlOY1( re.labve.
tt'dt1'1
t-1ne 2lridther
-bo theIr
to
varYI
- . '<
IVldlVldVJI
1I11fort;H1CB,
or ,
Thie AlffereVltt:atltif1 amat1g the ~ectPnd~ry 3110ws tJ1e tOt'1tyi c7f ~ ceM br.a/lzed t7r~ ;3rll t;3
to re?f'orJd
20(;7
0f?aces rv1~y differ
r1~
conJlc 1t?11~tl'f d;s
~Ibe"
tlOYI
'.:,t-
Since
the
fal-1YVl
er1try
lYiVS-b
[zed
tlrgfini::..aiJ?,t'J
by
It'S
61t~
~atterns YVltn1r1 ;j ceY1tl";31Izc::'2i :;3tIOY1 may 11e radlp!_,. I tlt/fJ u>r ~rlr.al
Clrc!)l:atiOV1
::;iY1d
tSp~ceG
f;~e 0,~&tJVid~rl
t'1t?t'Jever;
IVl
-b~1e rJ.'~t:ern
q;r.ac~.
zed t'r~anlz~t'ltJ~
I
• est~~li~h ralnt:; ar Ilr!:aces!l ., term,rt~be a>nal CtJmpc7~ltlt'n5:) •
<serve.
~S'
aV1
def!t'le~J -FIeld
,
~,
-;at?
I
farm.lY1 almCl~t every C;3~ej wilt -t~rmln:at,e IYl t~e. ceVlt~.a1 CevrbY'af
IS
£1f :aprroauY1
condltlcw16
~e ~reclfled
of OYle tit farm,
IH~tlC;i)latlon :aV\ en-trance
orgaVtIZ
a
non .. dlrectlon~t
lnherevd;li
~V1d
of
?' klJe~t eJr'
IV! 0raC6j
...+.;1(' r'll wi1JlIrt ~
va/t)rr~e
af
~r;ac6.
!
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ii···tj 11
RU:'~",:~~!~~\)!l:"'-}/~ (1 D
~ A;'~:~~~;~=S:~· A #/\ /'
L-.1VI~
- kahYi
21! j!
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Prlt'r to actually .1'
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In his newe5t hand-lettered volume" francs Dt(, Chlnt1) exam/neb the pnnclp!es of +Or~, 0pJCC"-, and orjer ur,derl:e arcnd::.ectura! design. He Interpre-ts form ae· the des!tJnc:~r5 ba?Jc tool .antd analyze5 J wide ral168 t?f ~rchltevtur-al m~dvl£.,ih.at rerresen~
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EX;3mlr1ln~ each rt10de! ~_~od Its Srec.l.t.rc- Ar'pllca-bons In history, the. author demonstra-ceG -bhJ' -hmeJ~e'ssnes~'ot ba6Jc arch It-eciura! elements .and rrlnC-lp! e5. Cr)'!,.l;.al- cie~r ustratlt'ns and Irl-d h ~_,?cU%ItJns cover' pOint, Iltlc rl;;3n~ vblume, rroportlon, scale, Cl rcula-tlon ;and the InterJe re,nJence ot- -F-t1ftrl anJ 0rac~,
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VAN- NOSTRAt~D REINHOL.D COMPANY NEWYORK
CINCINNATt" LONDON
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ATLANTA TORONTO
DALL~S
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FRANCISCO
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