America and World War I: A Selected Annotated Biblography of English-Language Sources (Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies)

RT8955Z.indb 1

2/5/07 9:14:58 PM

Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies America and World War I David R. Woodward

RT8955Z.indb 2

2/5/07 9:15:00 PM

David R. Woodward

New York London

RT8955Z.indb 3

2/5/07 9:15:00 PM

Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016

Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 2 Park Square Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number‑10: 0‑415‑97895‑5 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑0‑415‑97895‑8 (Hardcover) No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Woodward, David R., 1939‑ America and World War I : a selected annotated bibliography of English‑language sources / David R. Woodward. p. cm. ‑‑ (Routledge research guides to American military studies) Revision of the 1985 Garland Press edition. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0‑415‑97895‑5 (alk. paper) 1. World War, 1914‑1918‑‑United States‑‑Bibliography. 2. World War, 1914‑1918‑‑Social aspects‑‑United States‑‑Bibliography. 3. United States‑‑History, Military‑‑20th century‑‑Bibliography. I. Title. II. Title: America and World War 1. III. Title: America and World War One. Z6207.E8W67 2007 [D570] 016.9403’73‑‑dc22

2006028995

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the Routledge Web site at http://www.routledge.com

RT8955Z.indb 4

2/5/07 9:15:00 PM

To Robert Franklin Maddox

RT8955Z.indb 5

2/5/07 9:15:00 PM

RT8955Z.indb 6

2/5/07 9:15:00 PM

Contents Preface

ix



I

Reference Works and Internet A. Internet Sites B. Bibliographies, Catalogs, Guides, and Bibliographical Essays C. Atlases D. Biographical Dictionaries and Encyclopedias E. Statistics and Almanacs F. Battlefields



II Manuscript Depositories and Libraries



III Origins and Outbreak of the War



IV Military Aspects of the War A. General Sources of the European War, 1914–1918 B. General Sources of American Participation, 1917–1919 C. Specific Aspects D. Campaigns and Operations





V Home Front A. General and Comparative Sources B. Civilian Leadership (Including Manuscript Collections) C. Congress and National Politics D. State and Local Studies E. Enemy Espionage F. European Home Fronts G. Mobilization H. The Economy I. Demobilization VI Social and Cultural Impact of the War A. General and Comparative Sources B. Prisoners of War C. Religious and Moral Aspects D. Education in War E. Reporting the War

1 1 1 12 13 16 16 19 23 33 33 42 48 130 169 169 173 195 197 205 207 215 244 252 255 255 258 260 264 266 vii

RT8955Z.indb 7

2/5/07 9:15:00 PM

viii

Contents

F. Women and the War G. War Relief Agencies H. War Songs, Poetry, Ballads, and Slang I. Humor and Caricature J. War Posters K. Literature and the War L. Film M. African Americans and Native Americans N. Radicalism O. Civil Liberties

270 274 278 280 282 283 290 294 298 300

VII Diplomacy of the War 303 A. General Sources 303 B. Diplomats (Including Manuscript Collections) 312 C. American Neutrality and Origins of American Belligerency 327 D. Propaganda and U.S. Public Opinion 337 E. Hyphenated Americans and Foreign Policy 341 F. War Objectives and Peace Diplomacy, 1914–1918 344 G. Coalition Warmaking 356 H. Armistice 363 I. Russo-American Relations (Including U.S. and Allied Military Roles in the Russian Civil War) 365

VIII The Peace Settlement 379 A. General Accounts and Critical Evaluations of the Peacemaking 379 B. The Big Four and Other Leading Peacemakers 384 C. Specific Countries, Areas, and Issues 388 D. Reparations 393 E. The League of Nations and Its Rejection by the United States 395 Journal Abbreviations

401

Author Index

403

Subject Index

421

RT8955Z.indb 8

2/5/07 9:15:00 PM

Preface The purpose of this volume is to bring up to date the annotated bibliography published in 1985. The organization, with some minor revision, and scope remain the same. The statement I made in the preface is as appropriate in 2006 as it was in 1984 when it was written. Not surprisingly, the sources and literature for the Great War, as it was frequently called before it was surpassed in ferocity and destruction by World War II, are vast. No comparable period in modern history has been so thoroughly written about, from personal accounts to official histories, or documented in sources ranging from the voluminous British Cabinet Papers to the holdings of the National Archives and the Hoover Institution of War, Revolution and Peace Library. Nor have reference works been lacking, as a glance at the first chapter of this volume will attest. The compilers of this bibliography recognize and are greatly indebted to the many existing bibliographies, catalogs, guides, and bibliographical essays on either the war or related aspects of the conflict. This bibliography differs from these reference sources in one or more important ways. The annotations to entries frequently offer a critical evaluation. The bibliography also reflects the current broader interpretation of military history because it examines the war’s impact on society, institutions, and thought and goes beyond military operations. Its coverage ranges from war films and literature to civil-military relations to women and the war. As Michael Howard has written, “once war was conducted by governments rather than by generals and fought by—and against—entire peoples rather than by professional armies, the boundary between ‘military’ and ‘general’ history became very difficult to trace. The one merged almost imperceptibly into the other.”1 In a war that lasted 1,563 days, the United States was at war for 19 months and was involved in large-scale military operations for some 110 days. American involvement in the war is the primary focus of this bibliography, but the compilers believe that the part played by the United States would be presented in a vacuum if only sources and literature directly pertaining to America and the war were included. Some of the best accounts of American neutrality and belligerency have been the product of research in foreign archives; any study of American war objectives, for example, is incomplete if the war aims of the European belligerents are not fully understood and taken into account; and the military historian who writes a history of the American Expeditionary Forces’ fight against the German army will benefit immeasurably from a knowledge of British and European literature and sources on military operations. The war was largely a European ix

RT8955Z.indb 9

2/5/07 9:15:01 PM



Preface

war, and this bibliography recognizes that predominance in its selection of subjects and entries. The original bibliography was compiled by two historians: David R. Woodward, PhD, a Modern European historian with a research interest in the diplomatic and military history of World War I, and Robert Franklin Maddox, PhD, a Twentieth-Century American historian who has research interests on the “home front.” Although there was inevitably some overlapping, the rough division of labor was as follows. Dr. Woodward prepared chapters I, II, III, IV, VII, and VIII. There was equal collaboration on Chapter VI. Dr. Maddox was responsible for Chapter V. Dr. Woodward’s emphasis was on diplomacy and “over there,” including military operations, and Dr. Maddox concentrated on “over here.” Dr. Maddox, my colleague and golfing buddy, passed away in 2002. I wish to dedicate this revised bibliography to him. His scholarly advice and friendship are very much missed. The policy of the original series, Wars of the United States, was to use only English-language sources. Given the volume of publication on World War I and the English-language audience to which this bibliography is directed, this restriction seems reasonable and is continued in the present volume. When possible, English editions of foreign works have been included. The annotated entries include books, published documents, articles, review essays, doctoral dissertations, private papers, libraries and repositories, film, and oral history. With rare exceptions, books published after 2005 are not included. The arrangement is by subject. My objective remains the same: to give wide coverage, including both landmark works and a sampling of the literature for a particular subject. Some of the entries will be of more interest to the history buff than to the scholar. But this is as Dr. Maddox and I originally planned it. It would be surprising if every World War I specialist concurs with our choice of subjects or our treatment of them. Either by design or because of the compilers’ special interests, some subjects have been given more extensive coverage than others. I also recognize that someone’s favorite subject or book may not have been included. This compiler is impressed with the number, quality, and variety of recent works published about the Great War since 1984. There has always been an intense interest in the war by the European nations that largely waged it. But one can discern a growing interest in the United States, especially during the last decade or so. In 1993, on the 75th anniversary of the AEF’s first offensive action at Cantigny, the distinguished historian, Edward M. Coffman, delivered a banquet speech to a military history conference at the First Division Museum at Cantigny, Wheaton, Illinois. His topic was “Why We Are Not Interested in World War I and Should Be.” To illustrate the general indifference in World War I studies in the United States, he told the story of what happened to a fellow historian who was trying to interest a director of a university press in his manuscript on a World War I topic. The director informed the professor that “you couldn’t sell a

RT8955Z.indb 10

2/5/07 9:15:01 PM

Preface

xi

book on World War I for $4.95 if you slipped a $5 bill inside the cover.” Happily, this does not seem the case today as the reader of this volume will discover. Acknowledgment is gratefully made to the Graduate College of Marshall University which made possible a reduction of my teaching load from 12 to 9 hours during the 2006 spring semester. D.R.W. August 2006 Notes

RT8955Z.indb 11

1. Michael Howard, “World War One: The Crisis in European History, The Role of the Military Historian.” Journal of Military History 57 (October 1993): 128.

2/5/07 9:15:01 PM

RT8955Z.indb 12

2/5/07 9:15:01 PM

I Reference Works and Internet

A. Internet Sites The Great War Society’s 1914–1918 Super Search engine at www.worldwar1. com is a one-stop Website for investigating Word War I subjects on the Internet. Click on the “Reference Library” or “1914–1918 Super Search Facility” boxes. It includes the materials of the Great War Society, WFA-USA, and Trenches on the Web as well as many other World War I Websites. See also Len’s Bookshelf on the Western Front Association’s Website at www.wfa-usa.org/new/books.htm for a comprehensive and annotated listing of recent publications on the Great War. B. Bibliographies, Catalogs, Guides, and Bibliographical Essays 1. General 1.

America: History and Life: A Guide to Periodical Literature. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1963–. This guide offers the researcher a quick reference to articles concerning American participation in the Great War. The value of the abstracts, however, depends upon the skill of individual abstracters.

2.

Bayliss, Gwyn M. Bibliographic Guide to the Two World Wars: An Annotated Survey of English-Language Reference Materials. New York: R.R. Bowker, 1977. 587 pp.



RT8955Z.indb 1

2/5/07 9:15:01 PM



America and World War I

This is a valuable guide to essential reference works up to 1976, including general guides, directories, encyclopedias, theses, yearbooks, biographies, periodicals, chronologies, and government publications. All aspects of the war are covered. There are title, author, regional and country, and subject indexes. 3.

Enser, A. G. S. A Subject Bibliography of the First World War: Books in English 1914–1978. London: Andre Deutsch, 1979. 485 pp. Enser, who has also prepared a bibliography on World War II, has compiled a massive bibliography of some 5,800 entries under 340 subject headings. The compilation has a strong British flavor and the home front receives far less emphasis than the war on land and sea and in the air. In a work of this magnitude, it is perhaps not surprising that there are some embarrassing mistakes. For example, Alan Clark’s blast against the strategy and tactics of British generals, The Donkeys, is listed under the subject heading “Animals.”

4.

Falls, Cyril, comp. War Books: A Critical Guide. London: Peter Davies, 1930. 318 pp. The compiler has little use for antiwar novels and reminiscences and makes no attempt to be comprehensive. Diplomatic works, for example, are not included. Still, this is an extremely valuable annotated guide because of Falls’ vast knowledge of the war. Some German and French works are included. There is no index.

5.

Foreign Affairs Bibliography: A Selected and Annotated List of Books on International Relations. Various chief compilers, publishers, and publication years. 5 vols. Prepared under the auspices of the Council on Foreign Relations, this important reference work on international affairs includes an annotated section on World War I. The first volume covers the period 1919–1932, and the fifth and most recent volume covers the period 1962–1972.

6.

The Foreign Affairs 50-Year Bibliography: New Evaluations of Significant Books on International Relations 1920–1970. New York: R.R. Bowker, 1972. 936 pp. This volume attempts to single out those works in international affairs from 1920 to 1970 that, although not necessarily the “best” books, were the “landmark” books. There is a chapter on World War I.

7.

RT8955Z.indb 2

Heyman, Neil N., comp. World War I. Guides of Historic Events of the Twentieth Century. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. 257 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:01 PM

Reference Works and Internet



Analysis, biographical entries, and primary documents are used to give a broad history of the war. Emphasis is given to America’s role in the war. 8.

Higham, Robin, ed. A Guide to the Sources of United States Military History. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1975. 559 pp. Many distinguished historians contributed to this essential annotated bibliographical work. The chapter “World War I and the Peacetime Army, 1917–1941” was written by Daniel R. Beaver. Other contributors deal with topics relevant to World War I, such as science and technology and military and naval medicine. A supplement appeared in 1981.

9.

Higham, Robin, and Donald J. Mrozek, eds. A Guide to the Sources of United States Military History: Supplement I. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1981. 300 pp. This volume includes additional and more recent sources of U.S. military history. New chapters treat such areas as U.S. government documents and the U.S. Marine Corps. A quinquennial supplement is planned.

10.

Higham, Robin, and Dennis Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. 472 pp. This is a wide-ranging guide for World War I researchers, especially those who are looking for foreign-language sources. Most essays also include a section, “Suggestions for Further Research.” Some of the topics have usually not received the attention that they deserve, for example, the Middle East, Africa, Japan, Canada, the Balkans, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece. The volume’s purpose is “to enable the neophyte, the graduate student, or the professional needing guidance in a tangential field to get his or her bearings in the literature.”

11.

International Commission for the Teaching of History. The Two World Wars: Selective Bibliography. New York: Pergamon Press, 1965. 246 pp. This is a translation of the 1964 French edition. It is especially useful for locating French- and German-language sources on World War I.

12.

Jessup, John E., Jr., and Robert W. Coakley, eds. A Guide to the Study and Use of Military History. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1979. 506 pp. This is a collection of essays on such topics as “A Perspective on Military History,” “Military Museums and Collections,” “Military History and Army Records,” and “The Place of Unit History.” The student of World War I will find valuable the bibliographical essay by Charles B. MacDonald and the chapter on the holdings of the U.S. Army Military History Institute by Coakley and MacDonald.

RT8955Z.indb 3

2/5/07 9:15:01 PM



13.

America and World War I

Leary, William M., Jr., and Arthur S. Link, comps. The Progressive Era and the Great War of 1896–1920. Arlington Heights, IL: AHM Publishing, 1978. 106 pp. The organization of this important bibliography is topical and there are frequent cross-references. This is one of the volumes in the Goldentree Bibliographies in American History.

14.

Millett, Allan R., and Benjamin Franklin Cooling, III, eds. Doctoral Dissertations in Military Affairs: A Bibliography. Manhattan: Kansas State University Library, 1972. 153 pp. This is a useful bibliography of dissertations in military affairs in the English language. It does not cover international affairs, and, alas, there is no index.

15.

New York Public Library. Dictionary Catalog of the Research Libraries of the New York Public Library, 1911–1971. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1979. This is a massive catalog of books, periodicals, and other printed materials in the New York Public Library up to 1971. Volumes 241– 246 cover the World War I period. More than 500 personal American narratives are listed. For holdings added since 1972, some of them with imprints before 1972, see the Dictionary Catalog of the Research Libraries, 1972–.

16.

———. Subject Catalog of the World War I Collection. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1961. 4 vols. The many rare books and the general comprehensiveness of the World War I collection in the New York Public Library make it a very rich mine indeed for any Great War prospector.

17.

Prothero, George W., comp. A Select Analytical List of Books Concerning the Great War. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1923. 431 pp. This is an unusually comprehensive pioneer bibliography on the Great War, including sections on such topics as “Humour and Satire,” “Dictionaries and Vocabularies,” “Medicine and Surgery,” and “Religion.”

18.

Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1905–. Issued twice a month, the Readers’ Guide serves as the standard index to some 100 important and frequently used periodicals. There are subject and author indexes.

19.

RT8955Z.indb 4

Schaffer, Ronald, comp. The United States in World War I: A Selected Bibliography. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1978. 224 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:02 PM

Reference Works and Internet 

This is an excellent reference work, perhaps the best of its kind for the American home front during the Great War. Extremely well organized, it is comprehensive in its coverage of subject areas. 20.

Writings on American History, 1902–1961. Various chief compilers, publishers, and publication years. Published by the American Historical Association, this bibliography includes books and articles on American and Canadian history, with some brief annotations. This is a particularly good source for articles and unit histories immediately after World War I. There is an author-title-subject index.

21.

Writings on American History: A Subject Bibliography of Articles, 1962–. Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson, 1974–. James J. Dougherty is the compiler-editor of this series published under the auspices of the American Historical Association. Its purpose is to provide a current list of article-length studies in American history. There is an author index.

2. Specific Subjects 22.

Albion, Robert Greenhalgh, comp. Maritime and Naval History: An Annotated Bibliography. 4th ed. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles, 1973. 370 pp. This standard English-language bibliography on maritime and naval history includes a section on World War I. There is an author-subject index. The first edition was published in 1951.

23.

Allard, Dean C., et al., comps. U.S. Naval History Sources in the United States. Washington, DC: Naval History Division, Department of the Navy, 1979. 235 pp. This work surveys manuscript, archival, and other special collections pertaining to naval history in some 250 U.S. archives and libraries. In addition, the volume includes the papers of relevant congressmen, records of naval contractors, and official U.S. Navy records. This indispensable reference source has an unusually comprehensive index.

24.

Anderson, Martin, comp. Conscription: A Select and Annotated Bibliography. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1976. 452 pp. Assisted by Valerie Bloom, Anderson has compiled a thorough guide to the literature, including unpublished manuscripts, on conscription in the United States and elsewhere. This volume includes both author and title indexes.

RT8955Z.indb 5

2/5/07 9:15:02 PM



25.

America and World War I

Binkley, R. C. “Ten Years of Peace Conference History.” J Mod Hist 1 (December 1929): 607–629. This bibliographical essay concentrates on the opening stages of the peace conference when procedures and organization were the central issues.

26.

Birdsall, Paul. “The Second Decade of Peace Conference History.” J Mod Hist 11 (September 1939): 362–378. This bibliographical essay updates Binkley’s earlier survey and focuses on the give and take of the Supreme Council over territorial and economic questions.

27.

Bradshaw, Marion J. The War and Religion: A Preliminary Bibliography of Material in English, Prior to January 1st 1919. New York: Association Press, 1919. 136 pp. The Committee on the War and the Religious Outlook was responsible for this bibliography.

28.

Coletta, Paolo E. A Bibliography of American Naval History. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1981. 453 pp. Of the 23 chapters, Chapter 10, “Naval Power and World War I: Europe, 1914–1917,” and Chapter 11, “The U.S. Navy in World War I, 1917–1919,” are pertinent. There is an especially useful list of articles.

29.

Cresswell, Mary Ann, and Carl Berger. United States Air Force History: An Annotated Bibliography. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1971. 106 pp. The compilers include a section on World War I. See also the section “Aircraft.” There are subject and author indexes.

30.

Davis, Henry Blaine, Jr. Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, NC: Pentland Press, 1999. 411 pp. Brief biographies of every general officer who served in the U.S. Army in World War I can be found in this reference work.

31.

Dollen, Charles. Bibliography of the United States Marine Corps. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1963. 115 pp. Although the focus of this bibliography is on the years 1940–1960, one can find many World War I sources in the some 1,000 entries. There is a subject index.

32.

RT8955Z.indb 6

Evans, Alun. Brassey’s Guide to War Films. Dulles, VA: Brassey’s, 2000. 256 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:02 PM

Reference Works and Internet 

This is an extremely valuable annotated guide to war movies. More than 3,000 titles are included in this combination dictionary/guide. There is an index by period and another by director. 33.

Hager, Philip E., and Desmond Taylor. The Novels of World War I: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1981. 513 pp. Hager and Taylor have compiled an annotated bibliography of American and foreign novels in English. Nine hundred adult and 370 juvenile novels are surveyed.

34.

Higham, Robin, ed. Official Histories. Manhattan: Kansas State University Library Bibliography Series, 1970. 644 pp. This work includes a discussion of the official World War I histories of America, Australia, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. The essays vary in quality; the essay by Jay Luvaas evaluating the British official history is outstanding.

35.

Hilliard, Jack B., comp. An Annotated Bibliography of the United States Marine Corps in the First World War. Washington, DC: Historical Branch, G-3 Division Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1967. 16 pp. This is a useful bibliography.

36.

Johnson, Alexander L. P. “Military Histories of the Great War.” J Mod Hist 3 (June 1931): 266–286. This is an excellent review essay on the progress and direction of the official military histories of the Great War.

37.

Killen, Linda, and Richard Lael. Versailles and After: An Annotated Bibliography of American Diplomatic Relations, 1919–1933. New York: Garland, 1983. 469 pp. This bibliography, which serves as a good reference work for the peace settlement, is cross-referenced and has an author-subject index. The section on manuscript collections is outstanding.

38.

Leland, Waldo G., and Newton D. Mereness, comps. Introduction to the American Official Sources for the Economic and Social History of the World War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1926. 532 pp. This is an excellent summary of the records and official publications of the U.S. government in the sphere of social and economic history from April 1917 to demobilization in 1920 (although in some cases the period covered is from 1914 to 1922).

RT8955Z.indb 7

2/5/07 9:15:02 PM



39.

America and World War I

Lengel, Edward G. World War I Memories: An Annotated Bibliography of Personal Accounts Published in English Since 1919. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2004. 334 pp. There are more than 1,400 references to memoirs, diaries, and letters written by soldiers and civilians in the Great War. There is an excellent index.

40.

Leopold, Richard W. “The Problem of American Intervention, 1917: An Historical Retrospect.” World Politics 2 (April 1950): 405–425. In this insightful survey of the literature on American intervention, Leopold is critical of the “witch-hunting tactics” of the early revisionists.

41.

Library of Congress. A List of Atlases and Maps Applicable to the World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918. 202 pp. There are author and subject indexes in this work, which includes 784 atlases and maps arranged by country and by year.

42.

Lutz, Ralph H. “Studies of World War Propaganda, 1914–1933.” J Mod Hist 5 (December 1933): 496–516. Some 100 sources on World War I propaganda are surveyed in this bibliographical article.

43.

Nims, Marion R. Women in the War: A Bibliography. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918. 77 pp. The Women’s Committee of the American Council of National Defense was responsible for this bibliography.

44.

Pappas, George S. United States Army Unit Histories. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army Military History Research Collection, 1971. 405 pp. A supplement to this comprehensive bibliography was issued in 1974.

45.

Schmitt, Bernadotte E. “American Neutrality, 1914–1917.” J Mod Hist 8 (June 1936): 200–211. This is an enlightening review article, with emphasis on the conclusions of Ray Stannard Baker and Charles Seymour.

46.

Slonaker, John. The US Army and the Negro. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army Military History Research Collection, 1971. 116 pp. This annotated bibliography includes a section on World War I.

47.

RT8955Z.indb 8

Smith, Daniel M. “National Interest and American Intervention, 1917: An Historiographical Appraisal.” J Amer Hist 52 (June 1965): 5–24.

2/5/07 9:15:02 PM

Reference Works and Internet 

Smith focuses on some major post-World War II assessments of the American decision for war, with emphasis on the influence of national interest on American statesmen. He concludes that many factors, especially moral and idealistic considerations, were responsible for American intervention and that “the hypothesis that the United States went to war in 1917 to protect its security against an immediate German threat lacks persuasiveness.” 48.

Smith, Myron J., Jr. American Naval Bibliography. Vol. 4, The American Navy, 1865–1918: A Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1974. 372 pp. Smith includes a section on World War I in his unusually thorough bibliography. There is a subject index.

49.

———. World War I in the Air: A Bibliography and Chronology. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1977. 271 pp. This is an essential reference work of more than 2,000 entries. The sources are arranged alphabetically by author and there is a subject index. Some of the sources are annotated and there is an excellent chronology.

50.

Smythe, Donald. “Literary Salvos: James G. Harbord and the PershingMarch Controversy.” Mid-Amer 57 (July 1975): 173–183. This article offers a behind-the-scenes glimpse of the “battle of the books” among three World War I generals. Smythe focuses on Harbord’s response to March’s account of Pershing’s part in the war.

51.

United States, National Archives. Handbook of Federal War Agencies and Their Records, 1917–1921. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1943. 666 pp. The alphabetical list of agencies includes inter-allied organizations in which the U.S. participated as well as federal war agencies.

3. Guides to U.S. Collections and Archives 52.

Burdick, Charles B. “Foreign Military Records of World War I in the National Archives.” Prologue 7 (Winter 1975): 213–220. Burdick notes that the historical section of the army general staff has acquired a large number of German (96,000), French (66,000), and British (12,000) military documents.

53.

Carnegie Institution. Guides to Manuscript Materials for the History of the United States, 1906–1943. New York: Kraus Reprint, 1965. 23 vols. A fundamental research tool includes European as well as American archives.

RT8955Z.indb 9

2/5/07 9:15:03 PM

10

54.

America and World War I

Hamer, Philip M., ed. A Guide to Archives and Manuscripts in the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961. 775 pp. This standard guide, which surveys 1,300 depositories, has a name-subject index.

55.

Hayes, John D. “The Papers of Naval Officers: Where Are They.” Mil Affairs 20 (Summer 1956): 102–103. This article covers the personal papers of naval officers in the Naval Historical Foundation (Library of Congress), the New York Public Library, and other depositories.

56.

Library of Congress. The National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections. Various publishers, 1962–. This inventory of manuscript collections has indexes by name, subject, and repository; and a full annotation of the nature of the collections. Additional volumes have appeared since the first one in 1962.

57.

Lutz, Ralph H. “The World War in History.” Amer Mil Inst 1 (Spring 1937): 18–21. Lutz surveys source materials housed in the Hoover War Library at Stanford University.

4. Guides to Foreign Collections and Archives 58.

Beckett, Ian, F. W., comp. The First World War: The Essential Guide to Sources in the UK National Archives. Richmond, U.K.: National Archives Public Record Office, 2002. 288 pp. With his usual thoroughness, Beckett provides the researcher with a valuable tool to find his way around the National Archives (formally known as the Public Record Office). He has placed the document holdings (according to department, series, and piece numbers) in chapters with subheadings. His work represents a significant contribution to researching many aspects of World War I, including Anglo-American relations.

59.

A Catalogue of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives, 1867–1920. Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1959. 1,290 pp. This valuable catalog enables the researcher to make his way through the massive German diplomatic records with dispatch and assurance. An AHA committee for the study of war documents compiled this work.

60.

RT8955Z.indb 10

Great Britain. Public Record Office. List of Cabinet Papers 1880–1914. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1964. 143 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:03 PM

Reference Works and Internet 11

Cabinet papers for the first months of the war can be located in this guide. 61.

———.The Records of the Cabinet Office to 1922. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1966. 52 pp. This invaluable guide to the important and voluminous Cabinet Papers in the Public Record Office at Kew is useful to the historian of the American as well as the British role in the Great War.

62.

———. The Records of the Foreign Office 1782–1939. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1969. 180 pp. One should master the relevant sections in this guide before researching the records of the British Foreign Office for the war years.

63.

Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, comp. Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the USSR: Moscow and Leningrad. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972. 466 pp. This is an essential reference source on the archives and manuscript repositories in the USSR. There is a 1976 supplement of 218 pages.

64.

Herwig, Holger H. “An Introduction to Military Archives in West Germany.” Mil Affairs 36 (December 1982): 121–124. Although not confined to World War I sources, this article serves as a valuable introduction to war materials in the military archives of West Germany.

65.

Kennett, Lee. “Military History in France.” Mil Affairs 42 (October 1978): 144–146. Kennett makes some “practical suggestions” for researching French military history.

66.

———. “World War I Materials in the French Military Archives.” Mil Affairs 37 (April 1973): 60–62. Kennett provides a valuable survey of French military sources (the N series), many of which are relevant to the military role of the United States.

67.

Koenig, Duane. “Archival Research in Italy.” Mil Affairs 35 (February 1971): 11–12. Koenig includes in this article a few valuable tips for World War I researchers in Italian archives.

68.

RT8955Z.indb 11

May, William Edward. “Notes for Historical Research on the Royal Navy.” Mil Affairs 40 (December 1976): 186–187.

2/5/07 9:15:03 PM

12

America and World War I

In this article, May discusses the location of important naval archives and official naval records in Great Britain. 69.

Mayer, S. L., and W. J. Koenig, comps. The Two World Wars: A Guide to Manuscript Collections in the United Kingdom. London: Bowker Publishing, 1976. 317 pp. This is an important reference for Anglo-American relations. The compilers more often than not surveyed the included collections in situ. The libraries and repositories are arranged alphabetically by location. There is a subject index.

70.

Scott, Peter T. “Records of the Great War at the PRO. Pt. 1 and 2.” Stand To! (Winter 1982–Spring 1983): 16–17, 9. Of particular interest to those interested in the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) is the brief discussion of the class WO 106: Directorate of Military Operations and Intelligence Papers, which includes much material relating to the AEF, including British efforts to brigade American soldiers with the BEF. It should also be noted that a copy of Haig’s diaries can be found in WO 256, information that could make a trip to Edinburgh unnecessary.

71.

Skidmore, Thomas E. “Survey of Unpublished Sources on the Central Government and Politics of the German Empire, 1871–1918.” Amer Hist Rev 65 (July 1960): 848–859. Skidmore discusses the availability and location of official and unofficial papers concerning the Bismarckian and Wilhelmian government and politics. He makes no claim to being exhaustive and emphasizes domestic rather than foreign policy.

72.

Welsch, Edwin K., ed. Libraries and Archives in France: A Handbook. Pittsburgh: Council for European Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1973. 78 pp. Researchers are directed to guides to various collections of sources in diplomatic, military, and naval history. Welsch also provides information on gaining access to these holdings.

C. Atlases 73.

Banks, Arthur. A Military Atlas of the First World War. New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1975. 338 pp. This remains an extremely useful atlas of World War I. The illustrations and charts, which cover topics from the organization of armies to weapons, are exceptional in their clarity. A commentary by Alan Palmer and a superior index complete the volume.

RT8955Z.indb 12

2/5/07 9:15:03 PM

Reference Works and Internet 13

74.

Esposito, Vincent J., ed. The West Point Atlas of American Wars. Vol. 2, 1900–1953. New York: Henry Holt, 1997. 160 pp. This comprehensive collection of maps focuses on land warfare. The volume includes a recommended reading list and a narrative of military operations for each war. World War I is represented by 71 maps. There are no page numbers; rather, the contents are arranged by section and by map. There is an updated edition.

75.

Gilbert, Martin. First World War Atlas. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 164 pp. This handy atlas can be carried without resort to a trolley. It is truly an atlas of World War I; military operations from Mesopotamia to the Pacific are given appropriate attention. Diagrams of trench warfare are also included in this extremely well-planned and reliable atlas.

76.

McEntee, Girard L. Military History of the World War: A Complete Account of the Campaigns on All Fronts, Accompanied by 456 Maps and Diagrams. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1937. 583 pp. The maps and diagrams make this more an atlas than a narrative of the military and naval campaigns. The author was a retired colonel in the U.S. Army.

D. Biographical Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 77.

Bourne, J. M. Who’s Who in World War One. New York: Routledge, 2001. 316 pp. Bourne, the author of a succinct and readable history of British involvement in World War I, has produced a superb biographical dictionary of some 1,000 entries. His comments often have bite, and his command of the latest scholarship gives him a decided point of view on the conduct of the war.

78.

Chambers, John Whiteclay, II, ed. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 916 pp. Chambers is joined by editors Fred Anderson, Lynn Eden, Joseph T. Glatthaar, and Ronald H. Spector in producing this outstanding reference work. The following essays are on World War I: Volker R. Berghahn on the origins of the war, Chambers on U.S. entry, David R. Woodward on the military and diplomatic course, and Ronald Schaffer on the home front.

79.

RT8955Z.indb 13

Cogar, William B. Dictionaries of Admirals of the U.S. Navy. Vol. 2, 1901–1918. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989. 416 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:03 PM

14

America and World War I

This thorough volume provides information on U.S. Navy admirals, including personal information and dates when military ranks were achieved. 80.

Herwig, Holger H., and Neil M. Heyman, comps. Biographical Dictionary of World War I. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982. 480 pp. This is an important guide to the major political, military, and revolutionary personalities of World War I. The bibliography, with works in six languages, includes 324 biographies. Maps, a brief narrative, and a chronology are included.

81.

Hogg, Ian V. Historical Dictionary of World War I. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997. 322 pp. Maps, chronologies, and even casualty figures are provided in this biographical dictionary written by a retired British army officer.

82.

Jessup, John E., ed. Encyclopedia of the American Military. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1994. 3 vols. This encyclopedia focuses on the U.S. Army. The essay on American participation in World War I is written by David R. Woodward.

83.

The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. Freeport, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1984. 12 vols. This comprehensive encyclopedia, which covers the pre-1914 period to the Treaty of Versailles and the election of Warren G. Harding as president, contains more than 3,600 pages of text and illustrations. The more than 5,000 illustrations include maps, weapons, uniforms, cartoons and posters, photographs, and period paintings. Published in cooperation with the Imperial War Museum, the encyclopedia has a foreword by Arthur S. Link and articles by authorities written in a popular style. This encyclopedia contains much material relevant to America and World War I.

84.

Paxson, Frederic L., et al. War Encyclopedia: A Handbook for Ready Reference on the Great War. Washington, DC: Committee on Public Information, 1918. 321 pp. This encyclopedia published by the Creel Committee is an excellent example of how that committee provided propaganda instead of information. For example, “fright of fullness” is a term used to describe the German method of warfare. On the other hand, the encyclopedia does contain some useful information on, for example, the draft laws. Generally speaking, the information provided has a progressive slant. Because it was edited by scholars, it is a good example of how professors prostituted their craft during the war.

RT8955Z.indb 14

2/5/07 9:15:03 PM

Reference Works and Internet 15

85.

Pope, Stephen, and Elizabeth Anne Wheal. The Dictionary of the First World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. 561 pp. Although compiled by a British team, this dictionary avoids an anglocentric approach. The emphasis, however, is on the war at sea and land rather than the home fronts of the belligerents. A brief history of the war is included.

86.

Silverstone, Paul. The New Navy, 1883–1922. Vol. 3, The U.S. Navy Warship Series. New York: Routledge, 2006. 304 pp. This encyclopedia includes every ship in the history of the navy. This volume is enhanced by 200 black-and-white photographs. The “New Navy” began when Congress in 1883 authorized the construction of three cruisers and the removal from service of all obsolete ships.

87.

Tucker, Spencer C., ed. The Encyclopedia of World War I. A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005. 5 vols. This is a wide-ranging encyclopedia of more than 1,200 entries by 175 contributors. Volume five, edited by Priscilla Mary Roberts, is a primary sources volume with more than 200 official documents, diary entries, and letters. Ten short essays examine the major controversies of the war. The foreword is written by John S. D. Eisenhower.

88.

———, ed. The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1996. 783 pp. This is the companion to Garland’s The United States in the First World War. Its coverage ranges far beyond the western front in France and Flanders. Sir Douglas Haig, for example, receives no more ink than the Russian general A. A. Brusilov.

89.

Venzon, Anne Cipriano, ed. The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1995. 830 pp. This encyclopedia was compiled by 230 contributors and the coverage is broad with many substantial entries. A paperback edition was published in 1999.

90.

Webster’s American Military Biographies. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1978. 548 pp. This excellent biographical source provides a chronology of military engagements that makes it easy to find references to the U.S. officers who fought on land, in the air, and at sea in the Great War.

91.

RT8955Z.indb 15

Whitehouse, Arch. Heroes of the Sunlit Sky. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967. 384 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:04 PM

16

America and World War I

This reference work on the aviators of World War I offers biographical vignettes of 134 fliers, with emphasis on those who flew under the American flag. A glossary, bibliography, and numerous photographs are included. E. Statistics and Almanacs 92.

Ayres, Colonel Leonard P. The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919. 154 pp. This is the most important statistical study of American involvement in World War I. The student can find here such disparate information as the cost of the war to the United States ($1 million an hour) and American losses to influenza. As with most statistical information, the numbers should be double-checked whenever possible.

93.

Burg, David F., and L. Edward Purcell, comps. Almanac of World War I. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998. 320 pp. Entries are divided geographically in this day-by-day account of World War I. Maps and pictures are included, and there is extensive comment on the military aspects of the war.

94.

Great Britain, War Office. Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War, 1914–1920. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1922. 880 pp. This volume constitutes one of the most important statistical sources on military aspects of World War I. It contains material that relates to the American role in the war.

95.

United States, Navy Department, Office of Naval Records and Library, Historical Section. American Ship Casualties of the World War, Including Naval Vessels, Merchant Ships, Sailing Vessels, and Fishing Craft. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1923. 23 pp. This is an important statistical source for the American war at sea.

F. Battlefields 96.

RT8955Z.indb 16

American Battle Monuments Commission. American Armies and Battlefields in Europe. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1938. 547 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:04 PM

Reference Works and Internet 17

This magnificent work serves as the Baedeker guidebook to European fields drenched in American blood. The superb maps, drawings, photographs, descriptive detail, and directions enable one to retrace the march of American arms. 97.

Coombs, Rose E. B. Before Endeavours Fade: A Guide to the Battlefields of the First World War. London: Battle of Britain Prints International, 1983. 160 pp. The title is somewhat misleading because this guide is limited to the battlefields of the western front. Nevertheless, this is an indispensable source for any tour of the battlefields of France and Flanders. The author was until 1982 a special collections officer in the Imperial War Museum; her knowledge of World War I is extensive. The photographs are numerous and generally good, especially those that show the battlefields as they appeared then and appear now. The American war front receives some attention but not in the same depth as can be found in the American Battle Monuments Commission’s American Armies and Battlefields in Europe.

98.

Homsher, David. American Battlefields of World War I: Château-Thierry—Then and Now. San Mateo, CA: Battlefield Productions, 2006. 304 pp. This books contains 285 photographs, 58 drawings and illustrations, and 22 maps. Battlefield accounts of those who served are also included.

99.

Johnson, Douglas Wilson. Battlefields of the World War: Western and Southern Fronts; a Study in Military Geography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1921. 648 pp. This is a more successful and complete analysis of the geography of the military campaigns in France, Italy, and the Balkans than his earlier Topography and Strategy in the War. Many photographs, diagrams, and maps are featured.

100.

———. Topography and Strategy in the War. New York: Henry Holt, 1917. 211 pp. The author discusses the terrain of each theater and attempts to show through the use of texts, maps, and photographs how the surface features influenced the strategies and outcomes of various campaigns. Published in September 1917, this work is useful only for the 1914–1916 phase of the war. Johnson was a professor of physiography at Columbia University.

101.

RT8955Z.indb 17

Jones, Nigel H. The War Walk: A Journey Along the Western Front. London: Robert Hall, 1983. 228 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:04 PM

18

America and World War I

Jones, whose father was on Haig’s staff, has written an account of his 400-mile walk along the western front. Maps, illustrations, and interviews and correspondence with 35 veterans add to the worth of this guide to the battlefields of the western front. 102.

Michelin Illustrated Guides to the Battlefields: The Americans in the Great War. Milltown, NJ: Michelin, 1920. 3 vols. The Second Battle of the Marne and the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives are covered in these illustrated volumes. The battlefields, however, are now much changed by man and nature; therefore, more modern guides are recommended.

103.

Moss, James A., and Harry S. Howland. America in Battle: With Guide to the American Battlefields in France and Belgium. Menasha, WI: G. Banta Publishing, 1920. 615 pp. This is a comprehensive and useful source on the AEF.

RT8955Z.indb 18

2/5/07 9:15:04 PM

II Manuscript Depositories and Libraries

104.

British Library, St Pancras, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, U.K. The Department of Manuscripts in the British Library (St Pancras, 96 Euston Road) and the National Archives (item 109) at Kew are the two major British repositories for manuscripts. In addition, the book holdings of the British Library are vast. Intending researchers should bring with them a letter of reference to both institutions.

105.

Hoover Institution of War, Revolution and Peace Library, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. Founded in 1919, this institution began as a repository of World War I documents. It has an exceptional collection pertaining to social, political, and economic changes during the era of World War I. Its holdings range from the records of the American Relief Administration to extensive materials on Russo-American relations.

106.

Imperial War Museum, Lambeth Road, London SE1 6HZ, U.K. The private papers, oral history collection, photographs, war posters, printed sources, and other records make this one of the most important research centers pertaining to the Great War. Inquiries concerning any restrictions on the use of the collections should be addressed to Keeper of the Department of Documents. The important World War I oral history collection is organized into five main groups: military and naval aviation, 1914–1918; western front: life and operations, 1914–1918; Royal Navy: 19

RT8955Z.indb 19

2/5/07 9:15:04 PM

20

America and World War I

lower deck, 1910–1922; the antiwar movement, 1914–1918; and war work, 1914–1918. The researcher should make arrangements with the museum’s staff prior to his or her arrival. 107.

Library of Congress, 101 Independence Ave SE, Washington, DC 20540. The Library of Congress and the National Archives are the two most important centers for researching American military history. The book holdings of the LOC are vast and the Manuscript Division (which is the repository for many of the papers of the Naval Historical Foundation) has the papers of many American civil and military leaders, including General Pershing, Admiral Sims, Edward House, and President Wilson. The papers of the American peace commission to Versailles are also deposited in the LOC.

108.

National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740. The National Archives documents the history of the United States. In World War I American military history, all roads lead to the National Archives. Its records include detailed information on most of the major World War I agencies and the records of the American Expeditionary Forces (Record Group 120) and the Army Mobile Units, 1821–1942 (Record Group 391). In addition, audio-visual materials, photographs, and other war-related materials can be found there. The Guide to the National Archives of the United States is the starting point for research in these archives.

109.

National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU, U.K. The World War I records of the Royal Navy, Army, and Air Force, the War and Foreign Offices, and the Cabinet are deposited in the National Archives (formally the Public Record Office and the Historical Manuscripts Commission). U.S. citizens need a letter of reference to secure a reader’s ticket.

110.

Navy Department Library, 805 Kidder Breese, SE, Building 44, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC 20374. The Navy Department Library with some 140,000 volumes has substantial holdings relevant to World War I. Along with an excellent collection of naval periodicals, the library is very rich in graduate theses and dissertations in naval history. The library has an open-shelf system.

111.

New York Public Library, Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street, New York, NY 10018. The holdings of this great library include many books which are classified as rare books and are readily available only in this library. The library, for example, has more than 500 personal American narratives of the war, many of which are not in the Library of Congress.

RT8955Z.indb 20

2/5/07 9:15:04 PM

Manuscript Depositories and Libraries

112.

21

United States Air Force, Air University Library, 600 Chennault Circle, Building 1405, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112. The holdings of the Historical Research Agency (formerly the Albert F. Simpson Historical Research Center) include printed works, manuscript collections and oral history pertaining to the history of the U.S. Air Force. The extensive book holdings of the Air University Library are located in the Muir S. Fairchild Research Center.

113.

United States Army Military History Institute, 950 Soldiers Drive, Carlisle, PA 17013. The institute’s holdings have rapidly expanded since its beginning in 1967; the institute now has one of the best collections of World War I materials in the United States. The holdings best support research on the Army, but the Navy and Air Force have not been neglected in acquisitions. The archives contain the papers of generals Harry Bandholtz, Tasker Bliss, William Carey Brown, Reynolds Burt, Charles Gerhardt, Johnson Hagood II, Guy V. Henry, Jr., John L. Hines, Lyman Kennon, Michael Lenihan, Robert Mearns, Benjamin Poore, Henry Reilly, Fred Sladen, and Ralph VanDeman. The Oral History Branch of this institute has a fine collection of interviews with a focus on senior officers, a number of which touch upon World War I. Tapes and transcripts do not circulate and must be used in the archives. Inquiries should be made by email: [email protected].

114.

United States Marine Corps Historical Division, 3079 Morrell Avenue, Quantico, VA 22134. This comprehensive repository of Marine materials includes music, art, photographs, operational records, personal papers, and oral history. It is the center for the Marine Corps Oral History Program. This oral history program broadly interprets oral history to mean the spoken history. Thus, for example, its collection contains debriefings and speeches as well as interviews. Many of the interviews concern World War I. World War I materials in special collections include the papers of Major General Smedley D. Butler and a large collection of World War I diaries.

115.

United States Naval Academy, Nimitz Library, 589 McNair Road, Annapolis, MD 21402. There is a substantial collection of works pertaining to World War I naval history in this library of some 500,000 books. The library is a depository for transcripts of the interviews prepared by the Oral History Office at the U.S. Naval Institute. Although this oral history primarily concerns the post-World War I period, some material is pertinent to the Great War.

RT8955Z.indb 21

2/5/07 9:15:04 PM

22

116.

America and World War I

United States Naval War College Library, Naval Historical Collection, 686 Cushing Road, Newport, RI 02841. World War I materials include attaché reports concerning military capabilities, preparedness, and social and economic conditions of the European powers; compilations on submarine and anti-submarine activities; and war planning for a possible war with Germany. The holdings of the Naval War College Library emphasize theory, tactics, and training.

RT8955Z.indb 22

2/5/07 9:15:05 PM

III Origins and Outbreak of the War

117.

Albertini, Luigi. The Origins of the War of 1914. New York: Oxford University Press, 1952–1957. 3 vols. Originally published in Italian (1942–1943), this study broke new ground. Exhaustively researched, including many interviews, this work has become a standard analysis of the background of the war. Italian diplomacy is given special emphasis.

118.

Barnes, Harry Elmer. The Genesis of the World War: An Introduction to the Problem of War Guilt. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1929. 754 pp. This pioneer revisionist study of the origins of the war, which includes a chapter on American intervention, attempts to debunk the thesis that Germany bore the major responsibility for the war. Barnes points the finger of blame at France and Russia. He also contends that the “turnip winter” of 1916–1917 forced Berlin to resort to unrestricted submarine warfare to save the German people from starvation. Barnes’s research is now much dated and his conclusions are in disrepute.

119.

Berghahn, V. R. Germany and the Approach of War in 1914. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973. 260 pp. This work provides an excellent summary of recent scholarship on German responsibility for the outbreak of war. The author also makes an original contribution in his treatment of German armaments policy and the distorted political perception of German leaders. There are chapter notes, and the bibliography is especially strong in German sources. 23

RT8955Z.indb 23

2/5/07 9:15:05 PM

24

120.

America and World War I

Bloch, Camille. The Causes of the World War: An Historical Summary. London: Allen & Unwin, 1935. 224 pp. Bloch, a professor of modern history at the Sorbonne, attempts to reinforce the verdict of the Versailles Treaty with his analysis. This is a good example of the French point of view between the wars.

121.

Dedijer, Vladimir. The Road to Sarajevo. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966. 550 pp. This is a deeply researched and exhaustive evaluation of the events leading to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand at Sarajevo. It is superior to Remak’s 1959 treatment of the same subject.

122.

Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. The Origins of the World War. New York: Macmillan, 1928. 2 vols. Based largely on German sources, this classic revisionist study, which stresses collective responsibility, deals with both the underlying and immediate causes of the war. The unavailability of many sources distorts somewhat Fay’s portrayal of Serbian and Russian actions. Austria and Russia are assigned more responsibility than Germany for the outbreak of war.

123.

Fischer, Fritz. Germany’s Aims in the First World War. New York: W.W. Norton, 1967. 652 pp. The author’s controversial examination of the origins of the war and German war objectives started afresh the debate over Germany’s responsibility for the war. Fischer asserts that Germany practiced brinkmanship in July 1914 to break out of the encirclement created by the Triple Entente. Perhaps his most valuable contribution is his linking of German domestic policy to foreign policy. The expansionist war aims of Germany that emerge from this study are breathtaking in their scope. Many previously unexplored German archival resources are utilized.

124.

———. War of Illusions: German Policies from 1911 to 1914. London: Chatto & Windus, 1975. 578 pp. This single-minded work is a harsh indictment of Germany. The author argues that Germany sought hegemony in Europe and that many of her policy makers considered war as a means of gaining this objective.

125.

Fromkin, David. Europe’s Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914. New York: Knopf, 2004. 368 pp. Anyone who has kept up with modern scholarship on the origins of the Great War will not be surprised by the thesis of this entertaining account of the July Crisis in 1914. Fromkin argues that the finger of blame points directly at Berlin.

RT8955Z.indb 24

2/5/07 9:15:05 PM

Origins and Outbreak of the War

126.

25

Geiss, Imanuel. July 1914. The Outbreak of the First World War: Selected Documents. London: B.T. Batsford, 1967. 400 pp. Geiss presents documents and commentary which serve to strengthen the case of Fischer against his critics. The original German edition appeared in two volumes.

127.

Gooch, G. P., and H. Temperley. British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898–1914. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1927–1938. 11 vols. in 13. Most of these volumes are arranged by subject. The important Vol. 11, which concerns the immediate causes for the outbreak of war is, however, arranged chronologically. These official volumes were prepared without any censorship or manipulation by the British government.

128.

Hamann, Brigitte. Bertha von Suttner: A Life for Peace. Translated by Ann Dubsky. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996. 360 pp. Suttner, arguably Europe’s leading peace activist of the prewar period, died a week before Sarajevo. Her famous novel, Die Waffen nieder!, sold millions of copies; and she also played a vital role in the creation of the Nobel Peace Prize, which she received in 1905.

129.

Hamilton, Richard F., and Holger H. Herwig. Decisions for War, 1914– 1917. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 266 pp. This is an unusual account of the origins of the war because it also covers countries such as Italy, the Balkan states, and the United States, who came into the war in 1917. In contrast to many recent accounts, Herwig and Hamilton assign major responsibility to Austria rather than Germany for the outbreak of war.

130.

———, eds. The Origins of World War I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 537 pp. Nine other contributors join Hamilton and Herwig in examining the key decision makers and their motivation in going to war. They conclude that strategic considerations dominated their thinking.

131.

Herrmann, David G. The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. 307 pp. Herrmann’s well-researched work focuses on the role of technology and the arms race in destabilizing Europe and setting the stage for war. In his view many leaders connected the security of their country to alterations in what he describes as the balance-of-force rather than the balance-of-power.

RT8955Z.indb 25

2/5/07 9:15:05 PM

26

132.

America and World War I

Herwig, Holger H. “Germany and the ‘Short-War’ Illusion: Toward a New Interpretation.” J Mil Hist 66 (July 2002): 681–694. Herwig examines recent scholarship that questions the prevailing view that Germany went to war thinking that the conflict would be fought to a conclusion in months rather than in years.

133.

Holmes, Terence M. “‘One Throw of the Gambler’s Dice’: A Comment on Holger Herwig’s View of the Schlieffen Plan.” J Mil Hist 67 (April 2003): 513–516. Holmes takes issue with Herwig’s description of the Schlieffen Plan. It is his contention that Germany’s war plan was originally designed for a onefront war. Hence the six-week window of opportunity (which would apply only to a two-front war) is unfairly used to demonstrate that the Schlieffen Plan was reckless.

134.

Joll, James. The Origins of the First World War. New York: Longman, 1984. 228 pp. In his much praised examination of the origins of World War I, Joll attempts to explain why each country reacted as it did during the July Crisis. His paperback is an excellent introduction to the debate on the origins of the Great War.

135.

Kaiser, David E. “Germany and the Origins of the First World War.” J Mod Hist 55 (September 1983): 442–474. Kaiser argues that much of the recent literature “has distorted the domestic aims which foreign policy was designed to achieve before 1914, misunderstood the goals of Weltpolitik…and obscured the real reasons for the 1914 decisions that helped unleash a world war.”

136.

Keiger, John F. V. France and the Origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983. 201 pp. This work debunks the postwar revisionist view that a vengeful Poincaré was bent on war with Germany. The French statesman is pictured as favoring detente but not rapprochement with Germany. This solidly researched volume is an important addition to the literature on the origins of the war.

137.

Kennedy, Paul. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914. London: Allen & Unwin, 1980. 604 pp. This is a masterful analysis of this important topic. The research is thorough and the conclusions balanced. Kennedy emphasizes the rapid growth of German power rather than the clumsiness of Berlin’s diplomacy after Bismarck as the primary cause of the deterioration of Anglo-German relations.

RT8955Z.indb 26

2/5/07 9:15:05 PM

Origins and Outbreak of the War

138.

27

Koch, H. W., ed. The Origins of the First World War: Great Power Rivalry and German War Aims. London: Macmillan Press, 1972. 374 pp. This book brings together differing views on Fritz Fischer’s interpretation of German policy. The contributors are Epstein, Fischer, Geiss, Hatton, Janssen, Joll, Koch, and Zechlin.

139.

Lafore, Laurence. The Long Fuse: An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1971. 284 pp. The author emphasizes Slav nationalism and the ramshackle nature of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy as causes for World War I. This is an unusually well-written and concise study. A useful annotated bibliography is included.

140.

Langhorne, Richard. The Collapse of the Concert of Europe: International Politics, 1890–1914. London: Macmillan Press, 1981. 137 pp. This work provided a fresh approach to the origins of World War I. The principal features of international politics from 1890 to 1914 are discussed thematically. Among other topics, the author examines the role of domestic pressures on diplomacy and the impact of technological and demographic changes. Chapter notes are included, but there is no bibliography.

141.

Lieven, D. C. B. Russia and the Origins of the First Word War. New York: St. Martin’s, 1983. 213 pp. A volume in the The Making of the Twentieth Century series, this slim work is the product of multiarchival research, including Russian sources in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Lieven rejects the notion that public pressure had a decisive influence on the Russian decision for war.

142.

Luntinen, Pertti. French Information on the Russian War Plans, 1880– 1914. Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1984. 259 pp. The focus of this book is on a narrow but important subject. Soviet archives were still closed when the author did his research, so he concentrated on French archives. He discovered that the French were aware of Russian war planning and that both countries accepted the illusion of a short war.

143.

Massie, Robert K. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War. New York: Random House, 1991. 1,007 pp. This is a detailed and fascinating account of the growing tension between London and Berlin over Germany’s determination to construct a great battle fleet. It is written in the style of Barbara Tuchman’s Guns of August.

RT8955Z.indb 27

2/5/07 9:15:05 PM

28

144.

America and World War I

May, Ernest R., ed. Knowing One’s Enemies: Intelligence Assessment Before the Two World Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984. 561 pp. This is a collection of essays from conference papers (1980) on prewar intelligence. Although this is not true of May’s essay, most of the contributors emphasize the failure of decision makers to anticipate a long war of attrition.

145.

Montgelas, Count Max. The Case for the Central Powers. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1925. 255 pp. Count Montgelas, a member of the German delegation sent to Versailles to examine the question of responsibility for the war, makes as strong a case as possible for German and Austrian “innocence.” This pioneer revisionist study has not stood the test of recent scholarship.

146.

Remak, Joachim. The Origins of World War I. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967. 162 pp. A skillful and thought-provoking synthesis of the causes of World War I, this volume in the Berkshire Studies in European History series contends that the war “was a twentieth century diplomatic crisis gone wrong.”

147.

———. Sarajevo: The Story of a Political Murder. New York: Criterion Books, 1959. 301 pp. This is a popular retelling of Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination. Remak’s account of the trial of the young assassins breaks new ground, but Dedijer’s work in 1966 is based on more recent and more revealing sources.

148.

Renouvin, Pierre. The Immediate Origins of the War: 28th June–4th August, 1914. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1928. 395 pp. This work, which attempts to refute studies that seek to diminish or remove German and Austrian responsibility for the war, is of interest primarily because it was written by France’s leading authority of the World War I period. Renouvin was professor of history of World War I at the University of Paris, the editor of the Revue d’histoire de la guerre mondiale, and the director of the French War Library. French accounts of the outbreak of the war are not numerous, but the French role can be followed in Documents diplomatiques français 1871–1914, one of the best collections of official documents for the prewar period; and in Keiger (item 136).

149.

RT8955Z.indb 28

Ritter, Gerhard. The Sword and the Scepter. The Problem of Militarism in Germany. Vol. 2, The European Powers and the Wilhelminian Empire, 1890–1914. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1970. 328 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:06 PM

Origins and Outbreak of the War

29

This is a readable translation of Ritter’s important study of prewar planning and civil-military relations in France, Russia, Britain, and especially Germany. The Schlieffen Plan, Ritter argues, was shaped far too much by military rather than by political considerations. Ritter’s interpretation of German motives is often at odds with Fritz Fischer. 150.

Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly. The Coming of the War: 1914. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1930. 2 vols. This solid study, which concentrates on the July Crisis, is the best antirevisionist study produced during the interwar period. See Schmitt’s later article in the Journal of Modern History in which he revises some of his views because of new material.

151.

———. “July 1914: Thirty Years After.” J Mod Hist 16 (September 1944): 169–204. The author, taking into account new material, revises his interpretation of the July Crisis found in his The Coming of the War: 1914.

152.

Sontag, Raymond J. “The German Diplomatic Papers: Publication after Two World Wars.” Amer Hist Rev 68 (October 1962): 57–68. Sontag argues that Friedrich Thimme’s editing of Die grosse Politik der europäischen Kabinette, 1871–1914 was honest and balanced. This 54volume collection of German diplomatic documents remains an essential source for studying the origins of World War I.

153.

Steiner, Zara S. Britain and the Origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977. 305 pp. This well-researched study examines the role played by external and internal factors in pushing Britain into war. Steiner concludes that the former proved more important. Her work demonstrates that the Fischer model, which stresses domestic tensions as the determining factor in decision making, does not apply in the case of Britain. She argues that “British action was the response to outward events and that these responses were made by a few men who are easily identifiable.”

154.

———. The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1969. 262 pp. This is an important evaluation of the influence of permanent Foreign Office officials such as Hardinge, Tyrrell, Nicolson, and Crowe. Steiner concludes that the anti-German sentiment of Crowe and others has been exaggerated as a factor in Britain’s decision to join the antiGerman coalition.

RT8955Z.indb 29

2/5/07 9:15:06 PM

30

155.

America and World War I

Stevenson, David. Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914. New York: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press. 1996. 463 pp. This impressive research effort, with all of the relevant archives being consulted, should be read alongside David G. Herrmann’s book on the same subject. Stevenson makes a convincing case that the dramatic arms buildup in Europe played the key role in the outbreak of war. Moreover, the impetus for this arms race in the immediate years before war came from the civilians and not the military. He is especially critical of Bethmann-Hollweg’s role during the July Crisis.

156.

Taylor, A. J. P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960. 638 pp. Many a graduate student studying European diplomatic history has cut his teeth on this masterful and provocative work. Taylor takes exception with the revisionists who have attempted to shift the blame for the war away from Germany. There is an excellent annotated bibliography.

157.

———. War by Time-Table: How the First World War Began. London: Macdonald, 1969. 126 pp. This is a stimulating and well-illustrated little book which makes connection between the war plans and the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914. Primary attention is given to the Schlieffen Plan, which served to tie the hands of German statesmen during the July Crisis. As Taylor writes, diplomacy “became the servant of strategy.”

158.

Tomaszewski, Fiona K. A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905 to 1914. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002. 208 pp. The strength of this monograph is its use of sources from the Soviet archives that have previously been kept under lock and key.

159.

Turner, L. C. F. Origins of the First World War. New York: W.W. Norton, 1970. 120 pp. This survey by a historian from the Royal Military College of Australia is valuable because it discusses the diplomatic ramifications of the war plans of the great powers. Turner rejects the extreme arguments of the Fischer school and maintains that a “tragedy of miscalculation” is the best explanation of the outbreak of war.

160.

RT8955Z.indb 30

Williamson, Samuel R. The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904–1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969. 409 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:06 PM

Origins and Outbreak of the War 31

Williamson, utilizing archival sources in Britain, Belgium, and France, has thoroughly researched the politics of the Entente Cordiale and its strategic consequences. How Britain was drawn into participating in a land war in Europe is one subject of this balanced study. 161.

Wilson, Keith, ed. Forging the Collective Memory: Government and International Historians Through Two World Wars. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1996. 300 pp. This collection of nine essays focuses on the role of government publications in influencing popular opinion on the causes of war. Emphasis is placed on the German effort to reverse the verdict of the Paris Peace Conference.

162.

Woodward, E. L. Great Britain and the German Navy. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1964. 524 pp. Recognized as an outstanding work of scholarship, this has become a classic account of the Anglo-German naval rivalry in the years before 1914. This is a reprint of the 1935 edition.

163.

Zuber, Terence. German War Planning. 1891–1914: Sources and Interpretations. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2004. 312 pp. Zuber provides many documents to sustain his thesis that previous works have given a distorted view of the so-called Schlieffen Plan. These documents support the view that Gerhard Ritter’s standard work is wrong in many respects. But they do not conclusively prove Zuber’s thesis that Schlieffen’s 1905 memorandum was not a war plan. The destruction of the Potsdam archives by Allied bombers created a void in the record that still leaves important questions unanswered.

164.

———. Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning, 1871– 1914. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 340 pp. This revisionist work attempts to demolish prevailing views on the famous Schlieffen Plan. According to Zuber there was no Schlieffen Plan. The Chief of the German General Staff’s 1905 memorandum was not a “plan”; it was rather a “concept,” designed primarily to give the army more men. The author of Germany’s war plan in 1914 was actually von Moltke.

RT8955Z.indb 31

2/5/07 9:15:06 PM

RT8955Z.indb 32

2/5/07 9:15:06 PM

IV Military Aspects of the War

A. General Sources of the European War, 1914–1918 165.

Adams, R. J. Q., ed. The Great War, 1914–1918: Essays on the Military, Political and Social History of the First World War. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1990. 195 pp. This collection includes essays by Charles Shrader on the logistical support of American forces serving with the British; Edward M. Coffman on the role of the school of Leavenworth and the War College in preparing American officers for the war; and Paolo E. Coletta on the U.S. Navy during the period of neutrality.

166.

Albrecht-Carrié, René. The Meaning of the First World War. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1965. 181 pp. The author attempts to assess the significance of the Great War for the twentieth century. There is a brief bibliography.

167.

Aron, Raymond. The Century of Total War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1954. 379 pp. A central thesis of Aron’s thought-provoking study is that World War I was the catalyst for ruinous forces which have reshaped the world, especially in the area of human behavior.

168.

Baldwin, Hanson W. World War I: An Outline History. New York: Harper & Row, 1962. 181 pp. 33

RT8955Z.indb 33

2/5/07 9:15:06 PM

34

America and World War I

Written in a clear and dramatic style, this short work by the distinguished military analyst for the New York Times ranks with Barnett’s, Taylor’s, and Marshall’s illustrated histories as a brief introduction to the war general reader. 169.

Barnett, Correlli. The Great War. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1979. 192 pp. This illustrated history of World War I is written by a distinguished British historian. The illustrations and maps, many of them in color, are outstanding. And the commentary is frequently full of insight. This is more than a survey of military operations because the aims of war and the impact of total war, among other topics, are touched upon.

170.

Beckett, Ian F. W. The Great War: 1914–1918. Harlow, U.K.: Pearson Education, 2001. 508 pp. Beckett uses a thematic approach in this extremely well-researched history of the Great War. The “Notes and References” sections that accompany each chapter are worth the price of the book.

171.

Best, Geoffrey. Humanity in Warfare. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. 400 pp. The author traces efforts to humanize war as the machine age and the advent of total war raised the price in blood which belligerents paid and produced “uncivilized” weapons such as poison gas and policies such as strategic bombing. The Red Cross and the Hague Convention are shown to have been two of the positive results of this movement prior to the Great War.

172.

Bond, Brian, ed. The First World War and British Military History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. 330 pp. This collection of essays is a reaction to the “butchers and bunglers” school. Reflecting modern scholarship on Britain’s involvement in the Great War, it is tailor made for use in a graduate seminar.

173.

Buchan, John. A History of the Great War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922. 4 vols. These volumes are chiefly of interest because they constitute one of the first serious efforts to cover the history of the war. However, they suffer from the serious defect of having been written before many essential sources were available to the author. The style is colorful, but the author’s interpretations are frequently neither fair nor balanced.

174.

RT8955Z.indb 34

Cameron, James. 1914. New York: Rinehart, 1959. 278 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:06 PM

Military Aspects of the War 35

The public mood in 1914 was almost carefree when compared to 1939. “Business as usual,” for example, continued in Great Britain. This British journalist succeeds very well in his depiction of the reaction of the French, Germans, and especially the British to the outbreak of general war. 175.

Chickering, Roger, and Stig Förster, eds. Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 521 pp. This collection of 25 essays focuses on the western front from the perspective of society, command, and culture. An extensive bibliography provides an overview of recent scholarship.

176.

Churchill, Winston S. The World Crisis, 1911–1918. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1927–1930. 4 vols. Churchill begins his account with the 1911 Agadir Crisis and concludes with the collapse of Germany in 1918. This is very personal history because it was written by one of the leading participants in the war. The literary quality of this wide-ranging narrative is outstanding.

177.

Clayton, Anthony. Paths of Glory: The French Army 1914–18. London: Cassell, 2003. 238 pp. The French Army’s contributions to Germany’s defeat are well described by Clayton. This work has not been footnoted but a comprehensive annotated bibliography is provided. For a more impressive work of scholarship on French military operations, see Robert A. Doughty.

178.

Coffman, Edward M., et al. Cantigny at Seventy-Five: A Professional Discussion. Chicago: Robert R. McCormick Tribune Foundation, 1994. 146 pp. The interesting papers in this slim volume are a result of a symposium to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Cantigny. Topics range from an examination of Pershing’s key staff officers to the emergence of American armor.

179.

Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. A History of the Great War 1914–1918. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964. 655 pp. Of considerable literary merit, this history of the war by an Oxford University historian is a classic. This broad and comprehensive survey treats diplomatic, political, and military aspects of the war. Because it was written for an English audience, the easterner-westerner strategical debate is given extensive coverage, as is the war in the outer theaters. First published in 1934, it remains one of the most readable accounts of the war.

RT8955Z.indb 35

2/5/07 9:15:07 PM

36

180.

America and World War I

De Groot, Gerard J. The First World War. Houndsmills, U.K., and New York: Palgrave, 2000. 225 pp. This readable summary of the Great War is one of the volumes in a series on twentieth-century wars, edited by Jeremy Black.

181.

Doughty, Robert A. Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. 578 pp. This long-awaited study of the French Army during 1914–1918 does not disappoint. Years in the making, this volume fills a huge void in English-language literature on the Great War. This thoroughly researched and balanced account provides insight on Joffre’s leadership and many other topics.

182.

Edmonds, Brig.-Gen. Sir James E. A Short History of World War I. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951. 454 pp. Written by one of the leading authorities on the war, this volume concentrates on the western front and is full of the insight of a man who has seriously studied the war for more than 30 years. Edmonds, however, is often an apologist for the generals. An extreme westerner, he, like Terraine, argues that the war in the outer theaters had no military effect on the outcome of war other than to weaken the British effort in the “principal theatre” which was in France.

183.

Esposito, Brig.-Gen. Vincent J., ed. A Concise History of World War I. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964. 414 pp. Esposito, with the assistance of eight other authorities, has compiled a valuable collection of essays on various aspects of the war, such as the “Comparative Strength of the Belligerents” and “The War at Sea.” There is an annotated bibliography, and the appendices include important statistical material. Ernest R. May and Cyril Falls are among the distinguished contributors.

184.

Falls, Cyril. The Great War 1914–1918. New York: Capricorn Books, 1961. 447 pp. Written by a decorated veteran and a member of the team of historians who wrote the British official history of the war, this volume remains one of the best general histories of the war. Captain Falls’ purpose is to demolish “a myth as preposterous as it is widely believed”: that the generals on both sides were generally incompetent, displaying little tactical or strategic brilliance. This book is exceptionally well written.

185.

RT8955Z.indb 36

Ferguson, Niall. The Pity of War. New York: Basic Books, 1999. 563 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:07 PM

Military Aspects of the War 37

Although frequently insightful on such subjects as war finance and why men fought, this book is really not a history of the war. Ferguson, an economist, adopts a counter-factual approach. This is interesting but not always helpful in shedding light on some of the great issues of the war. He has been much criticized for his view that Britain would have been better served by sitting out the conflict. 186.

Ferro, Marc. The Great War 1914–1918. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973. 239 pp. This is the English translation of the 1969 French edition. It is a different history of World War I that focuses on economic, political, and social forces. One should look elsewhere for a treatment of military operations. There is a limited bibliography and no footnotes.

187.

Fuller, J. F. C. The Conduct of War, 1789–1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial, and Russian Revolutions on War and Its Conduct. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1961. 352 pp. This single-minded work by a British military historian and advocate of the tank offers insight into the conduct of total war during 1914–1918.

188.

Gilbert, Martin. The First World War: A Complete History. New York: Henry Holt, 1994. 615 pp. Gilbert includes personal accounts to enliven his narrative. Many maps and illustrations add to the worth of this broad-ranging account.

189.

Halsey, Francis Whitling. The Literary Digest History of the World War. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1919–1920. 10 vols. These volumes, which are based on American and foreign sources, are valuable for their contemporary treatment of the important events and personalities of the war. Vol. 4 discusses both the American decision for war and preparations for war. There are numerous maps and illustrations. Halsey died as he was finishing the tenth and final volume of this series.

190.

Hardach, Gerd. The First World War, 1914–1918. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. 328 pp. This is the English translation of a pioneer economic survey of the war (“the ‘crisis’ of the capitalist world economy”) by a European Marxist. Not surprisingly, Hardach sees the war as an imperialistic conflict. It would seem that in his lights the most important and hopeful event of the war was the Bolshevik Revolution. This study is well documented, has an extensive bibliography, and provides numerous tables.

191.

RT8955Z.indb 37

Hayes, Carlton J. H. Brief History of the Great War. New York: Macmillan, 1920. 461 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:07 PM

38

America and World War I

Of the general histories of the war rushed into print during the immediate postwar period, this was the best produced by an American academic. It is, of course, now much dated. 192.

Herwig, Holger H. The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997. 490 pp. Herwig makes a real contribution by describing events on the Austro-German side of the front. He mines archives to provide the reader with a new perspective on how the war looked in Vienna and Berlin as well as the relations between these two powers.

193.

Horne, John, ed. State, Society and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 292 pp. This collection of essays focuses on the social as opposed to military aspects of the mobilization of the European powers. Hence, the mobilization of the hearts and minds of citizens is given particular attention.

194.

Keegan, John. The First World War. New York: Knopf, 1999. 475 pp. Written by one of Britain’s best-known military historians, this narrative history focuses on the western front. There is little to be said, for example, about the Turkish theaters.

195.

King, Jere Clemens, ed. The First World War. New York: Walker, 1972. 350 pp. King has collected documents which deal with military and naval operations, diplomacy, and the impact of war on intellectuals, women, poets, and soldiers. This book is divided into three parts: “Martial Glory: The Conduct of Operations,” “The War’s Misery: Attitudes Toward the War,” and “The War’s Diplomacy.” There is a selected bibliography.

196.

Liddell Hart, Captain B. H. The Real War 1914–1918. Boston: Little, Brown, 1930. 508 pp. Until his death Liddell Hart was widely recognized as Britain’s foremost military historian. This work is critical of the generals’ conduct of the war. Liddell Hart believed that what he considered were the tactical and strategic mistakes of the war must be underlined to prevent them from being repeated. An opponent of the westerners, who wanted to concentrate most military resources on the western front, he is sympathetic to the easterners, who sought an indirect route to victory over the Central Powers. This remains one of the better general histories of the war despite its at times polemical nature.

197.

RT8955Z.indb 38

London Times. The Times History of the War. 1914–1920. 22 vols.

2/5/07 9:15:07 PM

Military Aspects of the War 39

All phases of the Great War are covered in this running account of the conflict. The first volume was published in August 1914. The illustrations are uniformly excellent. 198.

Millett, Allan, and Williamson Murray, eds. Military Effectiveness. Vol. 1, The First World War. New York: Routledge, 1988. 361 pp. This collection of essays analyzes the military effectiveness of the major belligerents in World War I: France, Britain, Germany, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States. The focus is on political, strategic, operational, and tactical questions. Timothy Nenninger covers the U.S. war effort.

199.

Morrow, John H., Jr. The Great War: An Imperial History. New York: Routledge, 2004, 352 pp. This ambitious effort to cover World War I in such areas as Asia and Africa as well as Europe is written with passion when such topics as race and gender are involved. The research is based on secondary sources.

200. Mosier, John. The Myth of the Great War: A New Military History of World War I. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. 381 pp. Mosier, an English professor from Loyola University in New Orleans, has written a controversial account of the war. He expresses disdain for previous historians of the war and their reliance on archival sources. In his view the great myth of the war is that “Great Britain and France won it.” He asserts that the Germans won the war but that the United States turned this victory into defeat. He is frequently long on assertion and short on evidence. 201.

Neiberg, Michael, ed. World War I. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing, 2005. 604 pp. This collection of articles constitutes one of the volumes in The International Library of Essays on Military History. The essays are broad ranging. The western front receives attention but the home fronts, eastern front, and other fronts are not ignored. There is, however, only one article that deals directly with U.S. involvement: an essay on the flawed tactics of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) by Timothy K. Nenninger.

202. New York Times Current History of the European War. Various authors. 1914–1918. Published bimonthly by the New York Times, this is a valuable serial record of the war. It contains many contemporary documents and articles by some of the leading figures of the day. 203.

RT8955Z.indb 39

Offer, Avner. The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. 449 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:07 PM

40

America and World War I

This is an original treatment that links the supply of food to naval power. One result of this approach is to provide a strong rationale for Germany’s construction of a powerful war fleet prior to the war. Offer also is insightful in his discussion of the blockade’s impact on Germany during both the war and the peace negotiations that followed. 204. Passingham, Jan. All the Kaiser’s Men: The Imperial Army on the Western Front, 1914–1918. Gloucestershire, U.K: Sutton Publishing, 2003. 288 pp. Passingham examines the impact of the Allied blockade on the German Army as well as on the life of the ordinary German soldier. 205.

Schmitt, Bernadotte E., and Harold C. Vedeler. The World in the Crucible 1914–1919. New York: Harper & Row, 1984. 553 pp. The authors’ intent is to write “not a history of the Great War but of Europe, and in certain aspects of the world, during the period of the war.” This is the latest volume in the Rise of Modern Europe series. Vedeler has incorporated materials produced by Schmitt, who died in 1968, in many of the chapters. Vedeler’s chapters on revolution, however, are his work alone. There is a chapter on “Crisis at Sea and American Involvement,” and a thorough annotated bibliography.

206. Sheffield, Gary. Forgotten Victory: The First World War, Myths and Realities. London: Headline Book Publishing, 2001. 320 pp. In a series of essays Sheffield takes on many of the shibboleths of World War I, including the view that Britain made a mistake in entering the war. Sheffield’s views reflect modern scholarship on the war as he takes on the “butchers and bunglers” school of thought. 207.

Smith, Leonard V., et al. France and the Great War, 1914–1918. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 202 pp. This collaborative effort provides a much needed survey of France’s extraordinary effort in World War I.

208. Stallings, Laurence, ed. The First World War: A Photographic History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1933. 298 pp. Almost three years of research in America and Europe went into the production of this book. The some 500 pictures are generally arranged chronologically and must speak for themselves because there is no commentary. 209.

RT8955Z.indb 40

Stevenson, David. Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy. New York: Basic Books, 2004. 564 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:08 PM

Military Aspects of the War

41

This global account of the war is more original and comprehensive than most of the recent volumes on the Great War. Its origins, course, and aftermath are deftly handled. Diplomacy is given extensive coverage but the battlefields and home fronts are not ignored. This splendid history will long retain its place in the historiography of the war. 210.

Stokesbury, James L. A Short History of World War I. New York: William Morrow, 1981. 348 pp. This traditional history of World War I, which is designed for classroom use, was the first general history of the war written in almost two decades.

211.

Strachan, Hew. The First World War. Vol. 1, To Arms. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 1,227 pp. Strachan originally intended to supersede C. R. M. F. Crutwell’s one-volume history of World War I. He is now, however, one-third of the way to completing a three-volume history. His first volume covers the origins and first year of the war. Many chapters constitute a monograph. Individual chapters, in fact, are now being published in book form. A great strength of this work in addition to its depth and extensive research is that it is not anglocentric. When completed, this history of the war may surpass Stevenson’s volume.

212.

Taylor, A. J. P. The First World War: An Illustrated History. New York: Capricorn Books, 1972. 296 pp. Taylor is as stimulating as he is controversial. The student of the war will almost certainly question some of his interpretations, but will also profit from Taylor’s flashes of insight. The some 220 photographs are outstanding. This volume is highly recommended to anyone who desires a quick and thought-provoking introduction to the Great War.

213.

Tuchman, Barbara W. The Guns of August. New York: Macmillan, 1962. 511 pp. This is a spirited, colorful, and well-written account of the opening battles of the war, based on thorough research in published sources.

214.

Vagts, Alfred. A History of Militarism: Romance and Realities of a Profession. New York: W.W. Norton, 1937. 510 pp. This is a standard account of militarism in Europe prior to World War I. The author, a German officer during World War I, focuses on the social and political features of militarism. There are illustrations and chapter notes but no bibliography.

215.

RT8955Z.indb 41

Winter, Jay, et al. The Great War and the Twentieth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. 366 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:08 PM

42

America and World War I

This collection of essays, a product of a Yale University lecture series, provides a comprehensive account of the war from a comparative international perspective. B. General Sources of American Participation, 1917–1919 216.

Bassett, John Spencer. Our War with Germany. A History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1919. 386 pp. This matter-of-fact history by a Smith College historian avoids controversy. Approximately three-fourths of the volume concerns the period of American belligerency and the Paris Peace Conference. The research, which depends heavily on newspaper accounts, is superficial.

217.

Chambrun, Colonel de, and Captain de Marenches. The American Army in the European Conflict. New York: Macmillan, 1919. 436 pp. This controversy-free account of the AEF’s role in defeating the German army was written for the general public. The authors, French officers, do not, however, fail to point out the important assistance given the Americans by their French and British allies.

218.

Coffman, Edward M. The Regulars: The American Army, 1898–1941. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004. 525 pp. This volume takes the U.S. Army from the Spanish-American War to Pearl Harbor and completes Coffman’s outstanding social history of the U.S. Army. A strength of this work is the many interviews that Coffman includes. An earlier volume covered the period 1784–1898.

219.

———. The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. 412 pp. Coffman succeeds brilliantly in his objective: to describe the war as experienced in the training camps and trenches as well as in the War Department and General Pershing’s general headquarters. This most readable history is a standard account. There are no footnotes but there is an outstanding “essay on the sources.”

220.

Dawson, Coningsby W. Out to Win: The Story of America in France. New York: John Lane, 1918. 206 pp. This is an account of Dawson’s visit to the American army. Dawson was working for the British government, and his work falls into the category of “morale boosting” books on the war.

RT8955Z.indb 42

2/5/07 9:15:08 PM

Military Aspects of the War

221.

43

DeWeerd, Harvey A. President Wilson Fights His War: World War I and the American Intervention. New York: Macmillan, 1968. 457 pp. This general account of American involvement in the Great War is unusual because it does not view the war from a limited American perspective. The origins of the war and especially the course of the war before U.S. intervention are not slighted. The view given is that of generals and statesmen and not that of the Doughboy or Tommy. There is little coverage of the naval and air war.

222.

Dos Passos, John. Mr. Wilson’s War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962. 517 pp. Directed toward the layman rather than the scholar, this is one of the most readable surveys of the United States and World War I. Footnotes are absent, but there are brief “notes on sources.”

223.

Eisenhower, John S. D., and Joanne T. Eisenhower. Yanks. The Epic Story of the American Army in World War I. New York: Touchstone, 2002. 353 pp. This volume, which concentrates on the leadership of the AEF, paints a more positive picture of Pershing’s command than many recent accounts. The U.S. Army is shown as playing a decisive role in Germany’s defeat.

224.

Ford, Nancy Gentile. Americans All: Foreign-Born Soldiers in World War I. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001. 194 pp. Nearly one-fifth of the men drafted were foreign born and much more at home with their native tongue than the English language; perhaps one in four were functionally illiterate. Ford describes how the authorities generally followed enlightened policies in assimilating numerous ethnic groups into army life.

225.

Fredericks, Pierce G. The Great Adventure: America in the First World War. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1960. 253 pp. This is an impressionist account written for the general public, treating both the home front and U.S. military and naval participation in the war. American intervention in Russia is also discussed.

226.

Freidel, Frank. Over There: The Story of America’s First Great Overseas Crusade. Boston: Little, Brown, 1964. 385 pp. The real value of this work can be found in the excellent photographs and the discerning quotations from diaries, letters, and memoirs. America’s military involvement is described in glowing terms.

227.

RT8955Z.indb 43

Harries, Meirion, and Susie Harries. The Last Days of Innocence: America at War, 1917–1918. New York: Random House, 1997. 573 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:08 PM

44

America and World War I

The home and war fronts receive equal treatment in this wide-ranging account of America’s emergence as a global military power. The British authors also cover the Paris Peace Conference and the disillusionment that came with peace. They contend that American support in men, cash, and material saved the Allies from “near-certain” defeat. 228. Hoehling, Adolph A. The Fierce Lambs. Boston: Little, Brown, 1960. 210 pp. This is a descriptive and detailed history of the first months of American involvement in the war. The deaths of the first four U.S. soldiers is given special attention. This is a book for the layman, not the scholar. 229.

Johnson, Thomas M. Without Censor: New Light on Our Greatest World War Battles. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1928. 411 pp. The author, a war correspondent who covered the AEF for the New York Sun, tends toward sensationalism. Still there is merit in this provocative and at times perceptive study.

230.

Johnston, R. M. First Reflections on the Campaign of 1918. New York: Henry Holt, 1920. 79 pp. Johnston was attached to Pershing’s staff for 12 months. He combines the experience of a soldier with his professional skill as a former Harvard historian to evaluate critically the American military effort. Many of his proposals for reform, however, were not practicable.

231.

Keene, Jennifer D. Doughboys, the Great War and the Remaking of America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. 294 pp. Keene fills a gap in the literature with her treatment of what happened when the doughboys came home. Among topics covered are the creation of the American Legion, the effort to obtain a bonus from the government, and racial attitudes.

232.

———. The United States and the First World War. Harlow, U.K.: Pearson Education, 2000. 136 pp. Published by Pearson Education in its Seminar Studies in History series, this volume is designed for classroom use. It includes a substantial bibliography and a selection of documents.

233.

Kennett, Lee. “The A.E.F. Through French Eyes.” Mil Rev 52 (November 1972): 3–11. The author uses secret French reports on the AEF to show that the French were as impressed by the courage and determination of the doughboy as they were horrified by Pershing’s wasteful tactics.

RT8955Z.indb 44

2/5/07 9:15:08 PM

Military Aspects of the War

234.

45

McMaster, John Bach. The United States in the World War. New York: D. Appleton, 1918–1920. 2 vols. This detailed narrative by a University of Pennsylvania historian shows signs of having been rushed into print. There is a heavy reliance on newspaper accounts, and only a single chapter, “Fighting in France,” is devoted to American military operations.

235.

Marshall, Brig.-Gen. S. L. A. The American Heritage History of World War I. New York: American Heritage Publishing, 1964. 384 pp. Beautifully illustrated and written by a distinguished military historian, this book is an excellent introduction to the war for the layman. More than half of this work concerns the struggle prior to American intervention. The many maps are exceptional and enhance the reader’s comprehension of campaigns.

236.

Mead, Gary. The Doughboys: America and the First World War. Woodstock and New York: Overlook Press, 2000. 494 pp. A strength of this account by a British author is the use of many personal accounts. Mead agrees with those who argue that the United States played a key role in Germany’s defeat.

237.

Moore, William E., and James C. Russell. U.S. Official Pictures of the World War: Showing America’s Participation. Washington, DC: Pictorial Bureau, 1920. 576 pp. War Department photographs along with some unofficial photographs by the compilers were used in this comprehensive pictorial record. Bound with this volume is the authors’ The United States Navy in the World War (Washington, DC: Pictorial Bureau, 1921), a collection of photographs of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps taken for the most part from official sources, i.e., the files of the Navy and War Departments and the Marine Corps.

238.

Page, Arthur W. Our 110 Days’ Fighting. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/ Page, 1920. 283 pp. This is a succinct and generally balanced account of the part played by U.S. arms on the western front. There are numerous maps and diagrams. The appendix contains many interesting facts and figures.

239.

Palmer, Frederick. America in France: The Story of the Making of an Army. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1918. 479 pp. Palmer was a war correspondent with unique access to the nerve center of the U.S. Army because he was a member of Pershing’s staff. This book was written when Palmer still wore the uniform of an American officer and

RT8955Z.indb 45

2/5/07 9:15:08 PM

46

America and World War I

perhaps did not enjoy all the freedom to relate events and judge military leaders that he would have had as a civilian. Nonetheless, this work remains an important source for the creation of an independent American army in France and the role of each American division in the line. 240. ———. Our Gallant Madness. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Doran, 1937. 320 pp. Palmer, in reaction to those who would “belittle” the U.S. war effort, attempts to set the record straight. He offers no documentation. 241.

Paxson, Frederic L. American Democracy and the World War. Vol. 2, America at War, 1917–1918. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939. 465 pp. Before books by DeWeerd and especially Coffman, this was the standard account of America’s participation in World War I. Military operations, American relations with the allies, and the development of the AEF are examined. This is a very scholarly work despite the omission of documentation and a bibliography. Several useful tables and maps are provided.

242. Powell, E. Alexander. The Army Behind the Army. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919. 470 pp. The role of the signal corps, engineers, chemical warfare service, quartermaster corps, army ordnance, air service, military intelligence, tank corps, transportation corps, and the medical department is highlighted to give them the credit they deserve. 243.

Stallings, Laurence. The Doughboys: The Story of the A.E.F., 1917–1918. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. 404 pp. The author, a marine in the 2nd Division who was wounded at Belleau Wood, gives a superb portrait of war up close rather than at the high command level. His intention is to chronicle the wartime experiences of the doughboy: “what he was, how he looked, and with what arms and over what fields he fought.” He notes that he spares the reader the “ordeal of footnotes” but he provides an excellent annotated bibliography with a strong emphasis on personal accounts and unit histories.

244. Thomas, Captain Shipley. The History of the A.E.F. New York: George H. Doran, 1920. 540 pp. In this solid pioneer work, the author, who served in the 1st Division as an intelligence officer of the 26th Infantry Regiment, provides a broad survey of the training and war record of the AEF. 245.

RT8955Z.indb 46

United States Army. Order of Battle of United States Land Forces in the World War. Vol. 2, American Expeditionary Forces Divisions. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1931. 451 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:09 PM

Military Aspects of the War

47

Prepared by the historical section of the Army War College and based on original sources, this indispensable source pinpoints the command, composition, and operations of American units at the front at any particular time. 246. ———. Order of Battle of United States Land Forces in the World War. Vol. 1, American Expeditionary Forces, General Headquarters, Army Corps, Services of Supply, and Separate Forces. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1937. 412 pp. This volume deals with the participation of U.S. military organizations larger than a division. When published this volume was designated as the first volume and the 1931 volume pertaining to divisions was designated as the second volume. 247.

———. Order of Battle of United States Land Forces in the World War. Vol. 3, Zone of Interior. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1949. 992 pp. This is an important documentary source for the organization and activities of the War Department, territorial departments, and the posts, camps, and stations of the army. Twelve maps are included.

248. United States Department of the Army. Office of Military History. The United States Army in the World War 1917–1919. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1948. 17 vols. Approximately three decades in the making, these volumes constitute a representative selection of the records, both American and foreign, of the AEF overseas. Originally the historical branch of the general staff planned to describe the United States at war, including both civilian as well as military activities. Seven of the projected 17 volumes were to be devoted to diplomatic relations and economic mobilization. The scope, however, was narrowed first to only the American army, and then to the American army “overseas.” Despite their limited horizon and uncritical nature, these volumes are a basic documentary source on such topics as the amalgamation controversy. Vol. 1 is a summary narrative of events with tables of organization; Vol. 2 concerns the interior administration of the AEF and its relations with the Allies; Vol. 3 is devoted to training with British and French forces; Vols. 4–9 concern combat operations; Vol. 10 concerns the Armistice; Vol. 11 is on the occupation of Germany; Vols. 12–15 are devoted to documents, including the preliminary and final reports of Pershing; and Vols. 16 and 17 cover the general orders and bulletins issued by general headquarters, AEF. An archival copy on CD-ROM can be ordered from Paperless Archives for $20.00.

RT8955Z.indb 47

2/5/07 9:15:09 PM

48

249.

America and World War I

Van Every, Dale. The A.E.F. in Battle. New York: D. Appleton, 1928. 385 pp. This detailed record of American fighting forces does not always live up to Major General Hanson Ely’s introduction which promised that its principal theme was the “experiences of the soldiers.” Giving a complete combat record of the AEF and describing the day-to-day life of the doughboy were at times conflicting aims.

250.

Viereck, George S., and A. Paul Maerker-Branden. As They Saw Us: Foch, Ludendorff and Other Leaders Write Our War History. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Doran, 1929. 379 pp. This volume does not always reveal the true feelings of some European leaders toward the American military effort. In sum, there is more diplomacy than candor.

251.

Votaw, John F. The American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005. 96 pp. This is a splendid source on the training, equipment, doctrine, organization, and command of the AEF’s 42 divisions. It is written by a West Point graduate who is an authority on the subject.

252.

Weigley, Russell F. History of the United States Army. New York: Macmillan, 1967. 688 pp. This is not a drum-and-bugle history of battles but a scholarly examination of the institutional development of the American army. It is an indispensable source for any examination of the development of the American army, from its beginnings to the wars of the twentieth century.

253.

Zieger, Robert H. America’s Great War: World War I and the American Experience. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. 272 pp. Zieger’s focus is much more on the home front than military operations. He has interesting and revealing things to say about the war’s impact on labor, civil rights, and women. Wilson’s wartime leadership receives attention and there is a good description of military and industrial mobilization and the projection of U.S. military abroad.

C. Specific Aspects 1. Military and Naval Leadership (Including Manuscript Collections) a. General Sources 254.

RT8955Z.indb 48

Abrahamson, James L. America Arms for a New Century: The Making of a Great Military Power. New York: Macmillan, 1981. 253 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:09 PM

Military Aspects of the War

49

This volume traces the evolution of the military thought of such officers as Hunter Liggett, William S. Sims, Peyton March, and John Pershing from 1880 to 1920. These naval and military leaders came to the conclusion that U.S. arms needed to be more like European arms. 255.

Barnett, Correlli. The Swordbearers: Studies in Supreme Command in the First World War. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1963. 387 pp. Barnett is one of the most perceptive historians of the two world wars. In this volume, he focuses on the “decisive effect of individual human character on history” by examining four World War I commanders in chief: von Moltke, Jellicoe, Pétain, and Ludendorff. His treatment of Ludendorff includes a brilliant analysis of the failure of the German gamble for victory in 1918. Numerous photographs and more than 40 maps enhance the value of this work. Documentation is provided, along with a selected bibliography of German, English, and French sources.

256.

Bullard, Robert L. Fighting Generals. Ann Arbor, MI: J.W. Edwards, 1944. 329 pp. Bullard provides illustrated biographical sketches of the following generals who were his comrades in arms in World War I: Joseph T. Dickman, Hanson E. Ely, Henry Allen, Ulysses G. McAlexander, Preston Brown, William G. Haan, and John F. O’Ryan.

257.

Carver, Field Marshal Sir Michael, ed. The War Lords: Military Commanders of the Twentieth Century. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976. 624 pp. Fourteen World War I military figures are featured in this volume, including Pershing, Hindenburg, Haig, Foch, and Ludendorff. The contributors are authorities on their subjects. Donald Smythe’s biographical sketch of Pershing is outstanding. There are no footnotes or bibliography.

258.

Goerlitz, Walter. History of the German General Staff, 1657–1945. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1953. 508 pp. Excellent biographical profiles of Schlieffen, the younger Moltke, Falkenhayn, Hindenburg, and Ludendorff are drawn in this first-rate study of the German General Staff, the “brains” of the German army. Neither notes nor a bibliography accompanies the text.

259.

Hewes, James. “The United States Army General Staff, 1900–1917.” Mil Affairs 38 (April 1974): 67–72. This is a brief administrative history of the formative years of the army general staff by a military historian in the center of military history. Edward M. Coffman provides a brief but insightful commentary.

RT8955Z.indb 49

2/5/07 9:15:09 PM

50

America and World War I

260. Hunter, Francis T. Beatty, Jellicoe, Sims, and Rodman: Yankee Gobs and British Tars, as Seen by an Anglomaniac. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/ Page, 1919. 204 pp. Lieutenant Hunter served under Rear-Admiral Rodman, and his personal views of four leading naval commanders are of some interest. 261.

Liddell Hart, B. H. Reputations. London: John Murray, 1928. 327 pp. This is a tactful but critical evaluation of generalship during the war. Pershing and Liggett are the two Americans discussed by this gadfly to the military establishment.

262.

Nenninger, Timothy K. The Leavenworth Schools and the Old Army: Education, Professionalism, and the Officers Corps of the United States Army, 1881–1918. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978. 173 pp. The Leavenworth influence on the creation of the AEF and its operational planning and tactics is examined in this work which relies heavily on the papers and memoirs of officers trained at Fort Leavenworth and on official army records. This is a revision of the author’s 1974 Wisconsin doctoral dissertation.

263.

———. “‘Unsystematic as a Mode of Command’: Commanders and the Process of Command in the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917–1918.” Jour Mil Hist 64 (July 2000): 739–768. Nenninger focuses on the process of command rather than commanders as he describes how the AEF learned to fight a modern war on foreign soil. As General Harbord noted in a lecture at the Army War College: “It was a war of another age than the one in which our fathers fought.”

264. Prior, Robin, and Trevor Wilson. Command on the Western Front. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. 421 pp. The formidable partnership of Prior and Wilson has written an important operational history that focuses of the command of Sir Henry Rawlinson. They emphasize the technical problems facing the British Expeditionary Forces (BEF) in the trench warfare of the western front. 265.

Samuels, Martin. Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918. Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1995. Samuels has written a comparative study of German and British methods in the Great War.

266. Travers, Tim. How the War Was Won: Command and Technology in the British Army on the Western Front, 1917–1918. New York: Routledge, 1992. 232 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 50

2/5/07 9:15:09 PM

Military Aspects of the War

51

Travers emphasizes the role of artillery and a somewhat decentralized command in the British triumph over the Germany army. He concentrates on the British command during the last 15 months of the war. 267.

———. The Killing Ground: The British Army, the Western Front, and the Emergence of Modern Warfare, 1900–1918. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987. 309 pp. This is a groundbreaking work, one of the most important recent books on British military leadership (especially Sir Douglas Haig) and methods in France and Flanders during the Great War. Chapter titles such as “The Cult of the Offensive and the Psychological Battlefield” reflect Travers’ novel approach.

268.

———. “Learning and Decision-Making on the Western Front, 1915– 1916.” Can J Hist 18 (April 1983): 87–97. This article constitutes an innovative approach to World War I generalship and has some important things to say about the inability of many British generals to adapt within a reasonable period to trench warfare.

b. United States Alexander 269.

Alexander, Robert. Memories of the World War, 1917–1918. New York: Macmillan, 1931. Unlike Pershing’s account of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, this detailed tactical account by General Alexander, who commanded the 77th Division, gives a very frank appraisal of the failures as well as successes of American generalship. Alexander was a Fort Leavenworth man.

Allen 270.

Allen, Henry T. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Major General Allen’s papers consist of some 15,000 items in 78 boxes.

271.

———. My Rhineland Journal. London: Hutchinson, 1924. 611 pp. Allen’s remarks about American relations with the British and French are especially interesting.

272.

———. The Rhineland Occupation. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1927. 347 pp. Allen commanded the American forces on the Rhine.

RT8955Z.indb 51

2/5/07 9:15:09 PM

52

America and World War I

273.

Twichell, Heath, Jr. Allen: The Biography of an American Officer 1859– 1930. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1974. 359 pp. This volume constitutes a scholarly and balanced treatment of this important U.S. general.

Benson 274.

Benson, William S. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Admiral Benson was chief of naval operations and played a key role in establishing the inter-allied naval council. After the Armistice he served as a naval expert for the American peace commission. There are more than 17,000 items in this collection.

275.

Klachko, Mary. Admiral William Shepherd Benson: First Chief of Naval Operations. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. 268 pp. Arleigh A. Burke wrote the foreword and David F. Trask provided assistance. Benson, in his position as first chief of naval operations, was suspicious of Anglo-American naval cooperation. Unlike William S. Sims, Benson did not believe that American and British naval cooperation was in the self-interest of both countries.

Bingham 276.

Bingham, Hiram. An Explorer in the Air Service, U.S.A. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1920. 260 pp. Bingham, a Yale history professor, served as chief of “air personnel” in Washington before becoming commandant of the most important American aviation instruction base overseas at Issoudun. He has written a valuable personal account of his service, emphasizing the selection and training of American pilots. Lieutenant-Colonel Bingham is often critical of the direction and policy of the American Air Service.

Bliss 277. Bliss, Tasker H. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Bliss’ papers are especially valuable for any examination of America’s relations with her allies. Bliss was the U.S. representative on the Allied general staff of the Supreme War Council. Much of the Supreme War Council’s time was taken up with questions of strategy and armed intervention in Russia.

RT8955Z.indb 52

2/5/07 9:15:10 PM

Military Aspects of the War

278.

53

———. “The Evolution of the Unified Command.” Foreign Affairs 1 (December 1922): 1–30. Bliss, a strong defender of the Allied experiment in a unified command and the American military representative on the Supreme War Council, describes the birth and growing pains of this organization. The opponents of this scheme gave way, as he correctly notes, “only when it was manifest that every other course had been tried—and had failed.”

279.

———. “Report of General T.H. Bliss on the Supreme War Council.” 1920. 121 pp. This is an unpublished copy of Bliss’ report to the secretary of war on the Supreme War Council. It can be found in the U.S. Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks.

280.

Palmer, Frederick. Bliss, Peacemaker: The Life and Letters of General Tasker Howard Bliss. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1934. 477 pp. This work includes excerpts from many of Bliss’ letters and reports. The theme of this volume is that Bliss, although a distinguished soldier, was essentially a man of peace.

281.

Roberts, Priscilla. “Tasker H. Bliss and the Evolution of Allied Unified Command, 1918: A Note on Old Battles Revisited.” J Mil Hist 65 (July 2001): 671–696. Bliss is shown to have magnified the U.S. role in the creation of a form of unity of command in 1918.

282. Trask, David F. General Tasker Howard Bliss and the “Sessions of the World,” 1919. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1966. 80 pp. This short monograph describes the activities of General Bliss. Bristol 283.

Bristol, Mark L. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. The papers of this rear admiral and diplomat include correspondence with Admiral Sims and Josephus Daniels.

Bullard 284.

RT8955Z.indb 53

Bullard, Robert Lee. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

2/5/07 9:15:10 PM

54

America and World War I

In this collection of some 3,250 items, General Bullard’s diaries, which cover his career from the Philippine campaigns through World War I, are of special importance. * Bullard, Robert L. Fighting Generals. Cited above as item 256. 285.

———. Personalities and Reminiscences of the War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1925. 347 pp. These memories and impressions serve as the memoirs of the popular commander of the first U.S. division to go into the line. The memoir is written with honesty and without rancor; for Bullard, unlike many World War I generals, apparently had no axes to grind.

286.

Bullard, Robert L., and Earl Reeves. American Soldiers Also Fought. New York: Longman, Green, 1936. 118 pp. Assisted by Reeves, Bullard attempts to highlight the part played by the United States in the defeat of Germany to counter the view that the United States played only a minor role in the war.

287.

Millett, Allan R. The General: Robert L. Bullard and Officership in the United States Army, 1881–1925. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1975. 499 pp. The military career of the Alabamian Bullard, who rose from the command of the 1st Division to the head of the III Corps during the war, is examined in this well-researched account. Millett also provides an astute treatment of American military leadership in war and peace. Butler

288.

Butler, Smedley D. Collection in Marine Corps Personal Papers Collection, U.S. Marine Corps History Division. There are some 3,000 items in this large collection of holograph and typescript material pertaining to General Butler’s long service in the Marines.

289.

Carr, Stephen M. “Smedley Butler: Hero or Demagogue.” Amer Hist Illus 15 (April 1980): 31–38. This is a sympathetic review of Butler’s remarkable career, with Carr concluding that this controversial marine was a first-rate, albeit maverick, officer.

290.

Thomas, Lowell. Old Gimlet Eye: The Adventures of Smedley D. Butler. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933. 310 pp. The exploits of this colorful and outspoken marine, twice the recipient of the Medal of Honor, are told in the first person. To Butler’s great disappointment he saw no combat in France during the Great War. Instead, he

RT8955Z.indb 54

2/5/07 9:15:10 PM

Military Aspects of the War

55

commanded a base at Brest, America’s chief port of entry. The Haiti phase of Butler’s World War I tour of duty is also examined. There are illustrations, but no bibliography, notes, or index. Crowder 291.

Crowder, Enoch H. Collection in the Western Historical Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia. The 12 boxes of material include papers relating to General Crowder’s service as judge advocate general.

292. Lockmiller, David A. Enoch H. Crowder: Soldier, Lawyer, and Statesman. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1955. 286 pp. This is a thoroughly researched biography of General Crowder, who was judge advocate general when America became a belligerent. Crowder was primarily responsible for administering the draft. A graduate of West Point, Crowder was an exceptional army administrator, holding many important positions. Dickman 293.

Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T. The Great Crusade: A Narrative of the World War. New York: D. Appleton, 1927. 313 pp. This matter-of-fact account is an important source for the AEF because Dickman, a former cavalryman, served as a division and corps commander and was in the thick of the fighting from Chateau-Thierry to the Argonne Forest.

Fiske 294.

Fiske, Rear-Admiral Bradley A. From Midshipman to Rear-Admiral. New York: Century, 1919. 694 pp. Fiske, a naval officer and inventor whose career spanned 49 years, has written an interesting and revealing account of the obstacles placed by hidebound administrators, including Daniels, the secretary of the navy, in the way of those who wished to make necessary changes in naval administration and weaponry.

295.

Coletta, Paolo E. Admiral Bradley A. Fiske and the American Navy. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1979. 306 pp. Coletta argues that Fiske could have done a better job in preparing the navy for World War I if he had not had to deal with civilian superiors. This work concludes that the navy was ill prepared for World War I.

RT8955Z.indb 55

2/5/07 9:15:10 PM

56

America and World War I

Gleaves 296.

Gleaves, Albert. Collection in the Naval Historical Foundation, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. The some 6,000 items in this collection shed light on Gleaves’ career as a naval officer and historian.

297.

———. A History of the Transport Service: Adventures and Experiences of United States Transports and Cruisers in the World War. New York: George H. Doran, 1921. 284 pp. Vice-Admiral Gleaves, the commander of convoy operations in the Atlantic, was the first American since John Paul Jones to receive the French Legion of Honor. His popular history tells the story of the struggle with German submarines and the transporting of a vast army to Europe to seal the fate of the Central Powers.

Graves 298.

Graves, William Sidney. Collection in the Archives, Hoover Institution of War, Revolution and Peace. This collection of three boxes includes correspondence, reports, monographs, and other materials pertaining to Allied intervention in Russia and Graves’ role as commander of the AEF in Siberia, 1918–1919.

299.

———. America’s Siberian Adventure. New York: Peter Smith, 1941. 363 pp. This is an account by the commander of the AEF in Siberia. Graves opposed intervention initially and never saw any reason to change his mind. This volume describes very well the differing motives and tensions between the interventionist nations.

Harbord 300. Harbord, James G. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This collection includes personal diaries, records of conversations, printed matter, confidential cables, and other materials relating to Harbord’s service. These papers are especially helpful for Harbord’s activities as head of the services of supply, 1918–1919. 301.

———. America in the World War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1933. 111 pp. Harbord’s lecture on the achievements of American arms and the lessons learned which he delivered at Merton Academy in 1932 is printed in this volume.

RT8955Z.indb 56

2/5/07 9:15:10 PM

Military Aspects of the War

57

302. ———. The American Army in France, 1917–1919. Boston: Little, Brown, 1936. 632 pp. Harbord was chief of staff of the AEF, 1917–1918, and commander of the services of supply, 1918. This work contains information on the activities of the services of supply, the amalgamation controversy, and the combat role of the AEF. Harbord sided with Pershing in the latter’s tug of war with March. This book, in fact, was largely prompted by March’s memoirs, which presented his side of this controversy. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker reviewed the typescript and contributed an anonymous footnote (pp. 110–111) that is critical of March. 303.

———. The American Expeditionary Forces: Its Organization and Accomplishments. Evanston, IL: Evanston Publishing, 1929. 95 pp. This work includes a short biography of Harbord and a discussion of his work as chief of staff and commander of the services of supply.

304. ———. Leaves from a War Diary. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925. 407 pp. This work is of special interest because Harbord was both Pershing’s chief of staff and his friend. It gives a revealing record of the thinking of Pershing and his staff about many important subjects. Johnson 305.

Ohl, John K. “Hugh S. Johnson and the Draft, 1917–1918.” Prologue 8 (Summer 1976): 85–96. Johnson is shown as an able and hard-driving organizer, yet with certain personality flaws that limited his usefulness.

306.

———. “‘Old Iron Pants’: The Wartime Career of General Hugh S. Johnson 1917–1918.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 1971. 214 pp. Johnson was a member of the general staff and the Office of the Provost Marshal General. This dissertation focuses on his role in mobilizing American manpower and materiel for war and how this experience later shaped his views during the New Deal.

Lejeune 307.

Lejeune, John A. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This collection includes some information on Major General Lejeune’s command of the 2nd Division, AEF, 1918–1919, and his correspondence with Josephus Daniels.

RT8955Z.indb 57

2/5/07 9:15:10 PM

58

America and World War I

308. ———. The Reminiscences of a Marine. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1930. 488 pp. Lejeune’s account is probably the best personal source for the adventures of the Marines in World War I. Following World War I, Lejeune was appointed full Marine Corps Commandant. He performed a great service for Marine Corps historiography by creating a historical section at Headquarters Marine Corps. Liggett 309.

Liggett, Hunter. A. E. F. Ten Years Ago in France. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1928. 335 pp. The writing is superior to Liggett’s earlier effort. This revision of seven articles which appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in 1927 offers considerable insight into the activities and personalities of some of the leading military figures of the day.

310.

———. Commanding an American Army: Recollections of the World War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925. 208 pp. Liggett, the commander of the 1st Corps, was one of the most respected American generals. His rather pedestrian memoirs describe the American offensives at St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne. An interesting section concerns his study in 1917 of French and British tactics. He also discusses the American Army of Occupation, which he briefly commanded.

McCully 311.

McCully, Newton Alexander. Collection in the Naval Historical Foundation, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This collection contains two personal diaries.

312.

Weeks, Charles J., Jr. “The Life and Career of Admiral Newton A. McCully, 1867–1951.” Doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University, 1975. 325 pp. Vice Admiral Newton A. McCully, who served as the U.S. naval attaché in Petrograd, 1914–1917, commander of the U.S. naval forces in northern Russian waters, 1920, and special agent for the State Department in South Russia, 1920, was in a good position to observe events in Russia during the Great War and the Russian Civil War. Weeks points out, however, that McCully’s usually sound advice was often ignored by the State Department.

RT8955Z.indb 58

2/5/07 9:15:11 PM

Military Aspects of the War

59

March 313.

March, Peyton C. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Coffman made good use of these papers in his biography of General March. The bulk of March’s correspondence is from the 1930s.

314.

———. The Nation at War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Doran, 1932. 407 pp. March’s memoirs tell us almost as much about his strong disagreements with Pershing as they do about the activities of the War Department where he was chief of staff. This is also an excellent source for the creation of a great American fighting force and its dispatch overseas.

315.

Coffman, Edward M. The Hilt of the Sword: The Career of Peyton C. March. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966. 346 pp. This detailed, thoroughly researched biography of the chief of staff emphasizes the evolution of the modern military manager. Written from March’s perspective, the study, which contains an extensive bibliography, treats the general’s debates with Pershing and his insistence upon the prerogatives of the chief of staff.

Marshall 316.

Marshall, George C. Memoirs of My Service in the World War, 1917–1918. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976. 268 pp. This is a valuable narrative of, first, Marshall’s overseas service in the 1st Division and, second, his position as operations officer in the First Army. Written soon after World War I, Marshall’s memoirs provide an illuminating examination of the American military effort in the European war.

317.

Pogue, Forrest C. George C. Marshall: Education of a General, 1880– 1939. New York: Viking Press, 1963. 421 pp. This meticulously researched and well-written volume is a first-rate study of American military history for the first 50 years of the twentieth century. Marshall’s staff work during the Great War receives attention. Mitchell

318.

Mitchell, William. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. There is a subject file pertaining to operations by the Air Service, AEF. Many of Mitchell’s unpublished writings can be found in this large collection of some 19,000 items.

RT8955Z.indb 59

2/5/07 9:15:11 PM

60

America and World War I

319.

———. Memoirs of World War I: “From Start to Finish of Our Greatest War.” New York: Random House, 1960. 312 pp. “Billy” Mitchell’s World War I diary, which has either been lost or destroyed, is the basis of this often one-sided work, which provides a personal glimpse of the birth of American air power and a portrait of one of America’s most famous aviators. The original manuscript, which includes technical information and official documents omitted in the published volume, is in the Library of Congress.

320.

———. Our Air Force: The Keystone of National Defense. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1921. 223 pp. This book is helpful in understanding the pronounced views of Mitchell on the future of air power, but adds little to our understanding of the role of U.S. air power in World War I.

321.

Hurley, Alfred F. Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power. New York: Franklin Watts, 1964. 180 pp. This is a balanced study of Mitchell by a historian who is also an officer in the Air Force. The research is thorough and the author makes use of oral history.

322.

Levine, Isaac Don. Mitchell: Pioneer of Air Power. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1943. 420 pp. Two chapters in this uncritical biography are devoted to Mitchell’s service in Europe. A valuable five-page list of Mitchell’s published and unpublished writings can be found at the end of this volume.

Mott 323.

Mott, Colonel T. Bentley. Twenty Years as Military Attaché. New York: Oxford University Press, 1937. 342 pp. Mott was an American officer with an extensive knowledge of the French, having been sent to Paris in 1900 as the American military attaché. During the war he served as a liaison officer between Foch and Pershing, later translating Foch’s war memoirs into English. His work includes some general information on Pershing’s fight for an independent American army and his relations with Clemenceau and Foch.

Palmer 324.

Holley, I. B., Jr. General John M. Palmer, Citizen Soldiers, and the Army of a Democracy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982. 814 pp. Palmer served for a time as the first operations officer for the AEF. He was also was a key figure in writing the Draft Act of 1917.

RT8955Z.indb 60

2/5/07 9:15:11 PM

Military Aspects of the War

61

Patrick 325.

Patrick, Maj.-Gen. Mason M. Final Report of the Air Service, A.E.F. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921. 85 pp. Patrick’s final report, which includes charts, serves as the official history of the U.S. Air Service during the Great War.

326.

———. The United States in the Air. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Doran, 1928. 191 pp. Patrick, an engineer with no flying experience, was plucked from his position as chief engineer, lines of communication, by Pershing in May 1918 to head the Air Service, AEF. Following the war, Patrick served as chief of the Air Service, U.S. Army, publishing this volume the year after he retired. Although most of this work concerns the postwar period, it is revealing on the organization of the American Air Service, its birth pains, and its war with the German air force.

Patton 327.

[Patton, George S.] The Patton Papers. Vol. 1, 1885–1940. Edited by Martin Blumenson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972. 966 pp. Patton’s service in the AEF is revealed through his diary, family letters, memoranda, and official and unofficial army correspondence. Blumenson provides an excellent commentary to assist the reader.

328.

Blumenson, Martin. Patton: The Man Behind the Legend, 1885–1945. New York: William Morrow, 1985. 320 pp. Pershing’s relationship with Patton was one of mutual admiration.

Pershing 329.

Pershing, John J. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This large (more than 440 file boxes) and important collection has recently received new Pershing materials which shed light on his personal life. His diary, 1917–1925, ranks with Haig’s diary as one of the best personal sources produced by an officer during the war. The entire collection is beautifully organized for the researcher.

330.

———. My Experiences in the World War. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1931. 2 vols. This is a basic source for any study of the AEF. A central theme is Pershing’s resistance to amalgamation and his successful effort to create an independent American army. This account also reveals that the

RT8955Z.indb 61

2/5/07 9:15:11 PM

62

America and World War I

iron-willed Pershing often differed with the War Department as well as his allies on many fundamental issues. Pershing’s wartime diary serves as the framework for the detailed narrative. 331.

United States Army, A.E.F., 1917–1920. Final Report of Gen. John J. Pershing, Commander-in-Chief American Expeditionary Forces. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920. 96 pp. This is an important source for the activities and military operations of the AEF.

332.

Andrews, Avery Delano. My Friend and Classmate John J. Pershing: With Notes from My War Diary. Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing, 1939. 291 pp. Andrews’ long friendship with Pershing began in 1882 at a preparatory school. During the war, Andrews served as Pershing’s assistant chief of staff. Unfortunately there are few nuggets in the commonplace wartime diary kept by Andrews. This work contains some information on the organizational and administrative problems of the AEF. * Carver, Field Marshal Sir Michael, ed. The War Lords: Military Commanders of the Twentieth Century. Cited above as item 257.

333.

Cooke, James J. Pershing and His Generals: Command and Staff in the AEF. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1977. 192 pp. Cooke examines aspects of the AEF’s general headquarters which have previously received little attention, including intelligence activities and the evaluation of and classification of officers. The author also frequently finds merit where others have found fault in the AEF’s leadership.

334.

Goldhurst, Richard. Pipe Clay and Drill: John J. Pershing. The Classic American Soldier. New York: Reader’s Digest Press, distributed by Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977. 343 pp. Pershing’s command of the AEF receives superficial treatment in this popular work which has no footnotes, other than explanatory notes, and a very, very selective bibliography. Goldhurst’s study has been dismissed by Allan R. Millett with the following statement: “this is a superfluous book of no value with the possible exception that its errors are good for some hearty laughs.” * Liddell Hart, B. H. Reputations. Cited above as item 261.

335.

RT8955Z.indb 62

Palmer, Frederick. John J. Pershing, General of the Armies: A Biography. Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing, 1948. 380 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:11 PM

Military Aspects of the War

63

The author, a war correspondent close to Pershing, finished this biography in 1940 but withheld publication until the commander of the AEF was dead. This volume is valuable because of its revealing human interest detail about Pershing. 336.

Smythe, Donald. Guerilla Warrior: The Early Life of John J. Pershing. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973. 370 pp. This is the first attempt at a scholarly biography of Pershing. It treats his career to 1917. The question of the role of political influence in his appointment as head of the AEF receives attention. Very candid and objective, this volume narrowly focuses on Pershing.

337.

———. “Over There: The Pershing Story.” Army 30 (December 1980): 34–38. Smythe explains why a film of Pershing’s command of the AEF never became a reality.

338.

———. Pershing: General of the Armies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986. 399 pp. This is not just the best biography of Pershing, it is also an outstanding treatment of the AEF’s role in the war. Smythe’s conclusions are balanced, his research unsurpassed, and the writing style superior.

339.

———. “The Pershing-March Conflict in World War I.” Parameters 11 (December 1981): 53–62. The numerous disagreements between Pershing and March are critically examined in this well-documented article.

340. ———. “You Dear Old Jack Pershing.” Amer Hist Illus 7 (October 1972): 18–24. A new dimension is added to Pershing’s personality by this examination of his courtship. 341.

———. “‘Your Authority in France Will Be Supreme!’: The Baker-Pershing Relationship in World War I.” Parameters 9 (September 1979): 38–45. Pershing’s independence from Washington as commander of the AEF is described. Pershing was forced to back down only on his position concerning the Armistice.

342.

RT8955Z.indb 63

Tomlinson, E. T. The Story of General Pershing. New York: D. Appleton, 1919. 260 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:11 PM

64

America and World War I

This popular work focuses on the personality of the commander of the AEF and provides many details on his early years. Those interested in a scholarly and comprehensive biography, however, should look to Smythe and Vandiver. 343.

Vandiver, Frank E. Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1977. 2 vols. A product of multinational archival research, this detailed biography gives a comprehensive account of the life of General Pershing. Among other topics, his role in the creation of an independent American army in Europe is thoroughly examined. There is also valuable commentary on the course of the war in 1917–1918. Vol. 2 covers the Punitive Expedition and World War I. There are five chapters on Pershing’s command of the AEF.

Pratt 344. Pratt, William V. Collection in Naval Historical Foundation, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Admiral Pratt, as assistant chief of naval operations, worked closely with Admiral Sims in London. In 1919 he attended the Paris Peace Conference as President Wilson’s naval advisor. 345.

Wheeler, G. E. Admiral William Veazie Pratt, U.S. Navy: A Sailor’s Life. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1974. 456 pp. This biography has an extensive bibliography.

Rickenbacker 346. Rickenbacker, Edward V. Fighting the Flying Circus. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1919. 371 pp. This is an action-filled personal account of the heroics of America’s leading World War I ace and the 94th (Hat-in-the-Ring) pursuit squadron he commanded. There is a useful glossary of airmen’s terms. 347.

Lewis, David. Eddie Rickenbacker: An American Hero in the Twentieth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. 624 pp. America’s top ace went to Europe as Pershing’s personal driver. This is a well-written biography.

348.

Maurer, Maurer. “Another Victory for Rickenbacker.” Air Power Hist 7 (April 1960): 117–124. This article validates another victory for Rickenbacker, the famous commander of the 94th Aero Squadron, bringing his total to 26 (22 airplanes and 4 balloons).

RT8955Z.indb 64

2/5/07 9:15:12 PM

Military Aspects of the War

65

Rodman 349.

Rodman, Hugh. Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1928. 320 pp. Rodman commanded all U.S. battleships in the Atlantic. His battle squadron served as a unit of the British Grand Fleet. He deserves much of the credit for the harmonious relationship between British and U.S. naval officers. This is an interesting and informal biography which is spiced with many amusing anecdotes.

Scott 350.

Scott, Hugh L. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Major General Scott, a cavalryman, was chief of staff in the War Department and a strong supporter of General Pershing. There are some 30,000 items in this collection.

Sims 351.

Sims, William S. Collection in Naval Historical Foundation, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This collection of some 40,000 items contains correspondence, memoranda, reports, notes, and other materials. There is much information on Admiral Sims’ interest in naval reforms.

352.

———, and Burton J. Hendrick. Victory at Sea. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1920. 410 pp. The “victory” to which Sims refers in his title was the Allied triumph over the German submarine. This is a valuable and informative work by one of America’s most distinguished naval officers, whose fame in World War I rests on his success as a naval administrator in London rather than as a battle commander on the high seas.

353.

Allard, Dean C. “Admiral William S. Sims and United States Naval Policy in World War I.” American Neptune 35 (April 1975): 97–110. This is a well-documented article on the part played by Sims in the Great War. His criticisms of U.S. naval policy receive particular attention.

354.

Baldridge, Harry A. “Sims the Iconoclast.” USNI Proc 63 (February 1937): 183–90. Sims’ prewar career is also examined in this general essay by someone who knew him.

RT8955Z.indb 65

2/5/07 9:15:12 PM

66

America and World War I

* Hunter, Francis T. Beatty, Jellicoe, Sims, and Rodman: Yankee Gobs and British Tars, as Seen by an Anglomaniac. Cited above as item 260. 355.

Kittredge, Tracy B. Naval Lessons of the Great War: A Review of the Senate Naval Investigation of the Criticisms of Admiral Sims of the Policies and Methods of Josephus Daniels. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1921. 472 pp. In 1920, the naval affairs committee of the U.S. Congress investigated the lack of preparedness of the U.S. Navy on the eve of World War I. Kittredge has given Sims’ side of his argument with Josephus Daniels. This is an important, though partisan, source.

356.

Leighton, John Langdon. Simsadus: London. New York: Henry Holt, 1920. 169 pp. The author served on the intelligence staff of Admiral Sims. “Simsadus” was the admiral’s cable address in London. This firsthand account provides some interesting general information on Sims’ role in coordinating American and Allied naval operations.

357.

Morison, Elting E. Admiral Sims and the Modern American Navy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942. 547 pp. This is an outstanding biography of one of America’s most able and strong-willed naval leaders. Sims’ papers were consulted by the author. Although he sheds light on both the career of Sims and the navy of his time, the author did not have access to many government records when he wrote his biography.

Summerall 358.

Summerall, Charles Pelot. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This collection of some 10,000 items, which include correspondence, diaries, orders, and memoranda, is especially strong for the period of World War I.

359.

Pratt, Fletcher. Eleven Generals: Studies in American Command. New York: William Sloane Associates, 1949. 355 pp. Among the generals Pratt discusses is Summerall, who was a great believer in artillery and one of the better officers in the AEF.

Wood 360.

RT8955Z.indb 66

Wood, Leonard. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

2/5/07 9:15:12 PM

Military Aspects of the War

67

This collection includes correspondence, diaries, speeches, military papers, and scrapbooks. General Wood’s friendship with Theodore Roosevelt, which went back to their Rough Rider days, helped eliminate him from consideration for the command of the AEF. 361.

Hagedorn, Hermann. Leonard Wood: A Biography. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1931. 2 vols. This illustrated biography of Wood sheds light on his differences with President Wilson and General Pershing. Wood’s voluminous papers have been mined in this superior portrait of one of America’s leading military figures at the beginning of the twentieth century.

362.

Lane, Jack C. Armed Progressive: General Leonard Wood. San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press, 1978. 329 pp. This is a solid study which well describes Wood’s rise to the position of chief of staff and the important role he played in the preparedness movement.

c. Europe Allenby 363.

Wavell, General Sir Archibald. Allenby: A Study in Greatness: The Biography of Field-Marshal Viscount Allenby of Megiddo and Felixstowe, G. C. B., G. C. M. G. New York: Oxford University Press, 1941. 311 pp. This biography rightly gives “Bull” Allenby high marks for his brilliantly successful campaign against Turkey in 1918, but not everyone will agree with the author’s contention that Allenby was “the best British general of the Great War.” * Hughes, Matthew. Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919. Cited below as item 809.

364.

Hughes, Matthew, ed. Allenby in Palestine. The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby. London: Sutton Publishing/ Army Records Society, 2004. 370 pp. This substantial piece of scholarship is an essential source for any examination of Allenby’s command in the Middle East. Allenby left no personal papers.

Beatty 365.

RT8955Z.indb 67

[Beatty, David]. The Beatty Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty. Vol. 1, 1902– 1918. Edited by B. McL. Ranft. Hampshire, U.K.: Scholar Press for the Navy Records Society, 1989. 640 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:12 PM

68

America and World War I

This volume is for the most part based on the Beatty papers at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. See also the second volume of the Beatty papers published by the same press in 1993. This second volume, also edited by Ranft, covers the period 1919–1936 and is based on Beatty material from many sources. 366.

Roskill, Stephen. Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty: The Last Naval Hero. New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1981. 430 pp. Britain’s official naval historian of World War II has written a masterful biography of Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty, who commanded the battle cruisers during the greatest naval battle of the war, Jutland. As always, Roskill’s research is thorough and his style clear. Roskill was given access to the Beatty papers and to Beatty’s personal correspondence with Mrs. George Godfrey-Faussett.

Brusilov 367.

Brusilov, General A. A. A Soldier’s Note Book, 1914–1918. London: Macmillan, 1930. 340 pp. This memoir of the architect of the Brusilov offensive, the only successful offensive of the war to be named after a general, sheds light on Russian military operations. General Brusilov was often frustrated by the stupidity of his fellow officers and with the Tsarist government, which may explain his later decision to join the Red Army.

Chair 368.

Chair, Dudley de. Collection in the Department of Documents, Imperial War Museum, London. Admiral de Chair was the naval advisor for Balfour’s 1917 mission to the United States and naval advisor to the Foreign Office on blockade affairs, 1916–1917. His collection includes his war diary and papers on the blockade.

Duff 369.

Duff, Alexander Ludovic. Collection in the Manuscript Division, National Maritime Museum, London. Admiral Duff was director of the anti-submarine division, 1917, and assistant chief of naval staff, 1918–1919. His papers include a diary of his service on the American mission, September–October 1918.

Falkenhayn 370.

RT8955Z.indb 68

Falkenhayn, General Erich von. General Headquarters, 1914–1916, and Its Critical Decisions. London: Hutchinson, 1919. 299 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:12 PM

Military Aspects of the War

69

Following the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, Falkenhayn directed the German war effort until his fall from grace because of his costly offensive against Verdun in 1916. Although at times self-serving, this is an extremely valuable source. The American title is German General Staff and Its Decisions, 1914–16 (Ayer, 1977). 371.

Foley, Robert T. German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 316 pp. Foley puts Falkenhayn’s acceptance of attrition in context by studying German military practices since the Franco-Prussian War, 1870–1871.

Fisher 372.

Hough, Richard. Admiral of the Fleet: The Life of John Fisher. New York: Macmillan, 1970. 392 pp. This is the first major biography, since Admiral Bacon’s study, of John Arbuthnot Fisher, who devised the dreadnought, a new type of battleship, and was first sea lord, 1904–1910, 1914–1915. This is a sympathetic study of one of Britain’s greatest naval figures.

373.

Morris, Jan. Fisher’s Face: or, Getting to Know the Admiral. New York: Random House, 1995. 300 pp. This is both an interesting and a revealing account by a travel writer/historian.

Foch 374.

[Foch, Ferdinand.] The Memoirs of Marshal Foch. Translated by Colonel Bentley T. Mott. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Doran, 1931. 517 pp. This is the American edition of Foch’s two volumes of war memoirs. The excellent translation is by Colonel Mott, who served as liaison officer between Foch and Pershing. This important source concentrates on the battles of 1914 and 1918 with little material on the intervening years. It is especially valuable for its firsthand treatment of the period when Foch was generalissimo.

375.

Aston, Maj.-Gen. Sir George. The Biography of the Late Marshal Foch. New York: Macmillan, 1929. 483 pp. When published, this biography was superior to other Foch biographies which had been rushed into print in 1918–1919. The author, however, did not have access to Foch’s papers. A more perceptive, and certainly more critical, study is the one by Liddell Hart.

RT8955Z.indb 69

2/5/07 9:15:12 PM

70

America and World War I

376.

Hunter, T. M. Marshal Foch: A Study in Leadership. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1961. 250 pp. Hunter, a Canadian army officer, praises Foch’s dynamism and drive but faults his inability to comprehend fully the military significance of airpower, tanks, sea power, and logistics.

377.

Liddell Hart, B. H. Foch: The Man of Orleans. Boston: Little, Brown, 1932. 480 pp. This is a perceptive study of Foch’s conduct of military operations during World War I. Liddell Hart, one of the war’s most knowledgeable interpreters, is often critical of Foch’s generalship. He writes that “Foch’s handicap was that he had to forget so much before he could learn. And the end of his opportunity came before the lesson was complete.” On the other hand, Liddell Hart gives Foch high marks for his magnetism and optimism as generalissimo.

378.

Marshall-Cornwall, General Sir James. Foch as Military Commander. New York: Crane, Russak, 1972. 268 pp. The author points out that Foch, a serious student of war, began the war “with a totally erroneous conception of the conduct of war under modern conditions.” But Foch grew as both a strategist and tactician. By 1918, firmly committed to the principle of a unified command, he was the ideal choice as generalissimo. Footnotes and a bibliography are included, but very little new light is shed on Foch’s career.

379.

Neiberg, Michael S. Foch: Supreme War Commander in the Great War. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2003. 120 pp. This slim biography is one of Brassey’s military profiles. Neiberg provides an overview of Foch’s important role in the Great War.

Gourko 380.

Gourko, General Basil. War and Revolution in Russia, 1914–1917. New York: Macmillan, 1919. 420 pp. General Gourko was chief of the Russian Imperial General Staff, November 1916–March 1917, and commander-in-chief of the western armies, March–June 1917. His account is colorful but not always reliable.

Haig 381.

RT8955Z.indb 70

Haig, Douglas (later 1st earl). Collection in the Department of Manuscripts, National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh.

2/5/07 9:15:13 PM

Military Aspects of the War

71

This is an essential collection for any serious student of World War I. Field-Marshal Haig was a meticulous collector and recorder, and his papers include letters, diaries, military notebooks and textbooks, maps, and orders. A copy of his diary is in the National Archives at Kew. 382.

[Haig, Douglas.] Sir Douglas Haig’s Despatches, December 1915–April 1919. Edited by Lieut.-Col. J. H. Boraston. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1919. 379 pp. This serves as Haig’s own account of the war. Edited by his private secretary, it is an important source. The many maps and sketch plans which accompany this volume are also valuable.

383.

[———.] The Private Papers of Douglas Haig, 1914–1919. Edited by Robert Blake. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1952. 383 pp. The publication of excerpts from Haig’s diary and his correspondence created a sensation. The private Haig as revealed in his papers shocked many: he appeared petty and small-minded. The real value of this work, however, is the record it provides of Haig’s command. Blake’s introduction remains one of the best descriptions of civil-military relations during the war.

384.

[———.] The Haig Diaries: The Diaries of Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters, 1914–1918. Edited by Gary Sheffield and John Bourne. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2005. 480 pp. Blake did a superb job of editing Haig’s papers in one volume, but he could not include much that would add to our understanding of Haig’s personality and his conduct of operations. This is a long overdue publication of additional material from Haig’s diaries and letters by two prominent World War I historians.

385.

Bond, Brian, and Nigel Cave, eds. Haig: A Reappraisal 70 Years On. Barnsley, U.K.: Leo Cooper, 1999. 271 pp. This collection of 14 essays by different authors reflects some of the latest scholarship on Haig’s controversial career. David R. Woodward describes Haig’s relations with Sir William Robertson, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS).

386.

Charteris, Brig.-Gen. John. Field-Marshal Earl Haig. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929. 407 pp. The author knew Haig intimately, having served with him in India and at Aldershot. During the Great War, he was the controversial chief of intelligence. Not surprisingly, this is an uncritical biography. Nonetheless, it offers insight into the personality and actions of the commander-in-chief of the British forces on the western front.

RT8955Z.indb 71

2/5/07 9:15:14 PM

72

387.

America and World War I

Cooper, Duff. Haig. London: Faber & Faber, 1935–1936. 2 vols. Cooper was given access to Haig’s diary, from which he quotes extensively. This is a well-written defense of Haig’s conduct of military operations. Before Terraine’s biography, it was considered the best study of Haig’s generalship.

388.

Davidson, Maj.-Gen. John. Haig: Master of the Field. London: P. Nevill, 1953. 158 pp. This is a sympathetic treatment of Haig which perpetuates the myth that he continued his 1917 Flanders offensive until November because the French were insistent that he occupy the German army to give the warweary French forces time to recover.

389.

De Groot, Gerard J. Douglas Haig, 1861–1928. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988. 441 pp. This biography is especially valuable in its discussion of Haig’s life and career prior to World War I.

390.

Sixssmith, E. K. G. Douglas Haig. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976. 212 pp. This biography makes use of some unpublished materials, such as the Robertson papers, which were unavailable to previous biographers. It is sympathetic in tone, but the author asserts that Haig was not “a master of the weapons and tactics of his day.”

391.

Terraine, John. Ordeal of Victory. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1963. 508 pp. Published in Britain under the descriptive title Douglas Haig: The Educated Soldier, this biography established Terraine as one of Britain’s foremost authorities on the Great War. This is a forceful, although at times dogmatic, defense of Haig’s strategy and tactics. Extremely well written, it remains the best study of Haig’s generalship. It succeeds very well in demonstrating that he was neither a dunce nor a callous butcher.

392.

Winter, Denis. Haig’s Command: A Reassessment. New York: Viking Press, 1991. 362 pp. Winter’s spirited attack on Haig has become even more controversial than his subject. Winter has misused his primary sources and his citations are misleading. This is a work that must be handled with great care. As one reviewer (John Ferris) has written: Winter “seems to have convinced not one historian who has actually studied the documents.”

RT8955Z.indb 72

2/5/07 9:15:15 PM

Military Aspects of the War

73

Hindenburg 393.

Hindenburg, Paul von. Out of My Life. London: Cassell, 1920. 458 pp. Hindenburg describes his entire military career, including his part in the Seven Weeks and Franco-Prussian wars. Of primary interest is his discussion of World War I, during which he became the commander of the German army. His treatment of his command is often more notable for what it omits than for what it reveals.

394.

Wheeler-Bennett, J. W. Wooden Titan: Hindenburg in Twenty Years of German History, 1914–1934. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1963. 491 pp. This remains the best biography of Hindenburg in English. As the title indicates, the author is critical in his approach to the commander of the German forces, 1916–1918. This is a reprint of the 1936 edition.

Hoffman 395.

Hoffman, Max. War Diaries and Other Papers. Translated by Eric Sutton. London: Martin Seeker, 1929. 2 vols. The first volume is Hoffman’s diary; the second volume is divided into two parts: “The War of Lost Opportunities” and “The Truth About Tannenberg.” Critical of Ludendorff, this is an important source for the war on the eastern front.

396.

———. War of Lost Opportunities. New York: International Publishers, 1925. 246 pp. The author, the able chief of the German general staff on the eastern front, gives his views on the mistakes of both the Germans and Russians in this theater. This account is especially useful for the first two years of the war.

Jellicoe 397.

Jellicoe, Viscount John Rushworth. The Grand Fleet, 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development and Work. London: Cassell, 1919. 499 pp. This volume covers the period when Jellicoe was commander-in-chief of the Grand Fleet.

398.

[———.] The Jellicoe Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Earl Jellicoe. Edited by A. Temple Patterson. London: Publications of the Navy Records Society, 1966– 1968. 2 vols. Most of this collection of papers concerns the war years.

RT8955Z.indb 73

2/5/07 9:15:15 PM

74

America and World War I

399.

———. The Submarine Peril: The Admiralty Policy in 1917. London: Cassell, 1934. 240 pp. As first sea lord in 1917, Jellicoe was considered by some civilians to be an alarmist on the submarine menace.

400. Bacon, Admiral Sir Reginald H. The Life of John Rushworth, Earl Jellicoe. London: Cassell, 1936. 565 pp. This is a most sympathetic biography by a friend. The Battle of Jutland is given extensive treatment and Bacon takes great pains to defend Jellicoe against his critics. There are many maps and diagrams. Joffre 401.

[Joffre, Joseph.] The Personal Memoirs of Joffre, Field Marshal of the French Army. Translated by T. Bentley Mott. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1932. 2 vols. These two volumes cover French prewar planning and the campaigns in the west from 1914 to 1916. The author’s account is generally fair and balanced. Many unpublished documents are included. The translation by Colonel Mott is excellent.

Kitchener 402. Cassar, George H. Kitchener: Architect of Victory. London: W. Kimber, 1977. 573 pp. This biography attempts to rehabilitate Kitchener’s reputation as a war leader during the first half of World War I. The research is impressive and the conclusions deserve consideration. 403.

———. Kitchener’s War: British Strategy from 1914 to 1916. Washington, DC: Brassey’s. 2004. 362 pp. Cassar asserts that “Kitchener did more than any other individual to bring about the defeat of Germany.”

Ludendorff 404. Ludendorff, General Erich. My War Memoirs, 1914–1918. London: Hutchinson, 1919. 2 vols. Because the brilliant and often unstable Ludendorff was the architect of the German offensive of 1918, this detailed work is of great value. It is not, however, always reliable and contains more than its fair share of self-justification. In the United States it was published under the title Ludendorff’s Own Story (Ayer, 1977).

RT8955Z.indb 74

2/5/07 9:15:15 PM

Military Aspects of the War

405.

75

Goodspeed, Donald J. Ludendorff: Genius of World War I. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966. 335 pp. The author, a Canadian officer and military historian, emphasizes that Ludendorff was as inept in politics as he was brilliant in conducting a campaign. There are numerous insights into German strategy in 1918.

406. Parkinson, Roger. Tormented Warrior: Ludendorff and the Supreme Command. New York: Stein & Day, 1979. 256 pp. This is a readable retelling of Ludendorff’s part in the German war effort by a former war correspondent specializing in military history. This study, based primarily on published sources, does not break new ground. A definitive biography of this brilliant and unstable general remains to be written. 407.

Tschuppik, Karl. Ludendorff: The Tragedy of a Military Mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1932. 282 pp. The “tragedy” referred to by this writer of popular biographies is that Ludendorff became the virtual dictator of Germany without possessing the necessary political skills. Tschuppik’s account of the campaign of 1918 has its moments, but the subject has been examined with more expertise by Correlli Barnett.

Pétain 408. Pétain, Henri Philippe. Verdun. Translated by Margaret MacVeagh. New York: Dial Press, 1930. 235 pp. This is an objective account of one of the most important battles of the Great War. 409.

Ryan, Stephen. Pétain the Soldier. South Brunswick, NJ: A.S. Barnes, 1969. 315 pp. This is a defense of Marshal Pétain. The first half of this volume examines his early military career and his role during the Great War. Pétain is defended against the charge of “defeatism” in 1917–1918 and is characterized as one of the leading strategists of his day. There is no bibliography and scant documentation.

Robertson 410.

Robertson, William R. Collection in Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London. Robertson’s and Haig’s papers constitute the most important private collections of papers for the study of British military operations. As chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field-Marshal Robertson dominated British strategy from 1915 until his forced resignation in early 1918.

RT8955Z.indb 75

2/5/07 9:15:15 PM

76

America and World War I

411.

———. From Private to Field-Marshal. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921. 396 pp. Robertson, whose remarkable rise from private to field-marshal was without parallel in the British army, discusses his early military career as well as his tenure as CIGS. His Soldiers and Statesmen 1914–1918 is more valuable for historians of the Great War.

412.

———. Soldiers and Statesmen 1914–1918. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926. 2 vols. Robertson more often than not was in conflict with Lloyd George over the higher strategy of the war. He has written a staunch defense of the western strategic school of thought. These volumes are valuable to anyone studying civil-military relations in Great Britain. Robertson also touches on topics pertaining to American participation in the war such as amalgamation.

413.

Bonham-Carter, Victor. The Strategy of Victory, 1914–1918: The Life and Times of the Master Strategist of World War I: Field-Marshal Sir William Robertson. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1964. 417 pp. Using Robertson’s papers, the author attempts to rehabilitate the military reputation of Robertson. He does not always succeed, but his points deserve careful consideration. Many documents are published here for the first time, and the author’s style is clear and interesting.

414.

Woodward, David R. Field Marshal Sir William Robertson: Chief of the Imperial General Staff in the Great War. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. 248 pp. This study concentrates on Robertson’s war leadership as chief of the Imperial General Staff from December 1915 to February 1918.

415.

———, ed. The Military Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir William Robertson, Chief Imperial General Staff, December 1915–February 1918. London: Bodley Head/Army Records Society, 1989. 384 pp. Robertson was skeptical of the military role an independent U.S. force might play on the European battlefields in 1917–1918. He had no success in persuading Pershing to accept amalgamation with British divisions.

Sarrail 416.

Tannenbaum, Jan Karl. General Maurice Sarrail, 1856–1929. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1974. 300 pp. This examination of the career of the political French general who commanded the Allied forces in the Balkans sheds light on military operations in the Balkans and the influence of French domestic politics on military policy. The author researched both French and British archives.

RT8955Z.indb 76

2/5/07 9:15:15 PM

Military Aspects of the War

77

Scheer 417.

Scheer, Admiral Reinhard. Germany’s High Sea Fleet in the World War. London: Cassell, 1920. 375 pp. German naval operations are analyzed for the entire war in this work by the German admiral who commanded at the Battle of Jutland. Tirpitz

418.

Tirpitz, A. P. F. My Memoirs. London: Hurst & Blackett, 1919. 2 vols. Tirpitz was the motive force in the construction of Germany’s battle fleet and a strong advocate of unrestricted submarine warfare. He has much of interest to say on both of these topics in his memoirs.

Wilson 419.

Wilson, Henry. Collection in the Department of Documents, Imperial War Museum, London. This important collection consists of Filed-Marshal Wilson’s diaries and his correspondence. There is much of interest pertaining to the question of unity of command and civil-military relations.

420.

Callwell, Maj.-Gen. C. E. Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries. London: Cassell, 1927. 2 vols. This publication of Wilson’s diaries tarnished his reputation. Wilson, who replaced Robertson as chief of the Imperial General Staff in 1918, included many self-serving and critical comments about the leading figures of his day, including President Woodrow Wilson, or “my cousin,” as Sir Henry facetiously called him. This is a bowdlerized version of Wilson’s diary because Callwell does not always quote faithfully from the original.

421.

Jeffrey, Keith. Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, A Political Soldier. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 344 pp. This is a balanced biography that focuses on Wilson’s tenure as CIGS by a scholar who earlier edited Wilson’s papers for the British Army Records Society.

422.

———, ed. The Military Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 1918–1922. London: Bodley Head/Army Records Society, 1985. 438 pp. This is a model for editing papers.

RT8955Z.indb 77

2/5/07 9:15:16 PM

78

America and World War I

2. Civil-Military Relations 423.

Beaverbrook, Lord. Men and Power, 1917–1918. London: Hutchinson, 1956. 447 pp. Beaverbrook served in Lloyd George’s ministry as chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and minister of information. This is a vivid account of the politics of the period and the difficulties that Lloyd George had with his generals over strategy.

424.

———. Politicians & the War 1914–1916. London: Collins, 1960. 556 pp. This is a fascinating chronicle of ambition and intrigue in British wartime politics by someone who knew many of the leading figures of the day. There is much material on civil-military relations. It must be noted that Beaverbrook was not always a dispassionate chronicler, and more recent works have questioned some of his conclusions. This work was originally published in two volumes (1928–1932). See also A. J. P. Taylor’s Beaverbrook (Simon & Schuster, 1972), which brings out differences in Beaverbrook’s various drafts on the political crisis in late 1916 which destroyed Asquith’s ministry.

425.

Dutton, David. The Politics of Diplomacy: Britain and France in the Balkans in the First World War. The International Library of Historical Studies, No. 13. London: I. B. Tauris, 1998. 248 pp. Dutton argues that domestic political considerations, along with the desire to dominate the area commercially after the war, determined French policy in the Balkans.

426.

Graham, Dominick, and Shelford Bidwell. Coalitions, Politicians, and Generals. Some Aspects of Command in Two World Wars. London: Brassey’s, 1994. 323 pp. This is a collection of analytical essays. Seven of the 15 essays are on World War I topics.

427.

Guinn, Paul. British Strategy and Politics 1914–1918. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965. 359 pp. This scholarly examination of British military operations, politics, and war direction is still valuable, although it has been dated in some respects by the opening of new archival materials. Extremely well written, this book is often harsh in its characterization of British military and political leaders. This work was awarded the George Louis Beer Prize by the American Historical Association.

428.

RT8955Z.indb 78

Hammond, Paul Y. Organizing for Defense: The American Military Establishment in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961. 403 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:16 PM

Military Aspects of the War

79

The first part of this work discusses military preparation and organization prior to World War I. There was progress, but not enough to prepare America for participation in a modern war. Coordination between civil and military authorities and departments was especially lacking. Hammond, a political scientist, writes from an administrative or organizational point of view. 429.

King, Jere Clemens. Generals and Politicians: Conflict Between France’s High Command, Parliament and Government 1914–1918. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951. 294 pp. Civil-military relations in wartime France are carefully examined in this important monograph, a revised 1946 University of California, Berkeley, doctoral dissertation. The relationship between the French civil and military authorities was frequently acrimonious, but unlike the German experience, the civilians under the fierce-tempered Clemenceau emerged triumphant. Newly opened private and official papers have, however, somewhat dated this study. See, for example, the biography of Clemenceau by Donald R. Watson (David McKay, 1976).

430.

May, Ernest R. “The Development of Political-Military Consultation in the United States.” Pol Sci Q 70 (June 1955): 161–180. May discusses the haphazard and not particularly successful efforts before, during, and after World War I to coordinate the efforts of the State, War, and Navy departments.

431.

———, ed. The Ultimate Decision: The President as Commander in Chief. New York: George Braziller, 1960. 290 pp. May discusses Wilson’s noninterventionist approach to military questions in one of the essays in this collection, arguing that Wilson chose to stand aside from military disputes because he feared that he would be drawn into French and British political decisions.

432.

Pohl, James W. “The General Staff and American Defense Policy: The Formative Period, 1898–1917.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1967. 427 pp. This is a civil-military study, based for the most part on unpublished sources, of the development of the American general staff. Attention is given to the often critical posture of Congress to the expanding role of the general staff.

433.

RT8955Z.indb 79

Ritter, Gerhard. The Sword and the Scepter: The Problem of Militarism in Germany. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1969–1973. 4 vols.

2/5/07 9:15:16 PM

80

America and World War I

This monumental work provides a thorough view of civil-military relations in Germany from 1890 to 1918. 434.

Woodward, David R. “Britain in a Continental War: The Civil-Military Debate over the Strategical Direction of the Great War of 1914–1918.” Albion 12 (Spring 1980): 37–65. This article centers on the at-times furious debate over the extent of the British commitment to the western front.

435.

———. “Britain’s ‘Brass Hats’ and the Question of a Compromise Peace, 1916–1918.” Mil Affairs 35 (April 1971): 63–67. This article analyzes the position of Sir William Robertson and other leading British military figures on a negotiated peace.

436.

———. Lloyd George and the Generals. Newark: University of Delaware Press/London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1983. 367 pp. Archival sources shed light on the conflict between the military and civil authorities in Great Britain during the war. Woodward examines military, political, and diplomatic questions to demonstrate the often differing perspectives of the politicians and generals. Frank Cass reprinted this work in 2004.

437.

———. Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993. 276 pp. President Wilson’s use of force to support his diplomatic objectives and his relationship with the U.S. naval and army leadership is examined in this monograph.

3. Strategy, Doctrine, and Tactics 438.

Allard, Dean C. “Anglo-American Naval Differences During World War I.” Mil Affairs 45 (April 1980): 75–81. This article centers on Anglo-American strategic and operational differences rather than on maritime and mercantile rivalry.

439.

Arnold, Joseph C. “French Tactical Doctrine 1870–1914.” Mil Affairs 42 (April 1978): 61–67. Arnold examines the development of the French offensive à outrance.

440. Clendenen, Clarence C. Blood on the Border: The United States Army and the Mexican Irregulars. New York: Macmillan, 1969. 390 pp. This excellent volume treats Pershing’s Mexican intervention. It focuses attention on Pershing’s rigorous efforts to train the U.S. Army in the use of airplanes, trucks, and railroads.

RT8955Z.indb 80

2/5/07 9:15:16 PM

Military Aspects of the War

441.

81

Coffman, Edward M. “Conflicts in American Planning: An Aspect of World War I Strategy.” Mil Rev 43 (June 1963): 78–90. Coffman examines the obstacles (for example, the conflict between Pershing and March) to efficient and orderly war planning.

442. Collier, Basil. The Lion and the Eagle: British and Anglo-American Strategy, 1900–1950. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972. 499 pp. Using widely printed, many of them secondary, sources, the author gives a general account of the strategic background of Anglo-American relations during the first half of the twentieth century. America, however, often receives only peripheral attention in the eight chapters which concern World War I, Allied intervention in Russia, and the peace settlement. 443.

Cook, George L. “Sir Robert Borden, Lloyd George and British Military Policy, 1917–1918.” Historical J 14 (March 1971): 371–395. This thoroughly documented article well describes the grand strategic discussions of the leaders of the British Empire, with special emphasis given to the relationship between the British and Canadian prime ministers.

444. Cooper, Malcolm. “The Development of Air Policy and Doctrine on the Western Front, 1914–1918.” Aerospace Hist 28 (March 1981): 38–50. Unlike many studies that concentrate on the heroism of aviators or the development of strategic bombing, this scholarly piece examines the cooperation between air and land forces in World War I. 445.

Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. The Role of British Strategy in the Great War. London: Cambridge University Press, 1936. 99 pp. This slim volume discusses the growing British commitment to the western front. The easterners, or exponents of an indirect strategy, are treated sympathetically. The volume is also valuable for its treatment of the oftendominant French influence on British strategic thinking.

446. Finney, Robert T. “Early Air Corps Training and Tactics.” Mil Affairs 20 (Fall 1956): 154–161. The impact of World War I on the development of the American air arm is the subject of this article. * Foley, Robert T. German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916. Cited above as item 371. 447.

RT8955Z.indb 81

French, David. British Economic and Strategic Planning, 1905–1915. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1982. 191 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:16 PM

82

America and World War I

French rejects A. J. P. Taylor’s “freedom versus control” thesis as an explanation of the debate among British politicians as they adjusted to total war. 448. ———. British Strategy and War Aims, 1914–1916. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986. 274 pp. French argues that the divisions within the British policy makers, both military and civil, cannot be explained by the traditional “Easterners vs. Westerners” approach. He believes that Britain’s leaders fell into two camps: wage all-out war or limit as much as possible Britain’s commitment to the war on the continent. 449.

———. The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916–1918. New York: Clarendon Press of Oxford University, 1995. 332 pp. This book completes French’s three-volume examination of British strategy and war aims during the Great War. All three volumes are based on impressive archival research.

450.

Frothingham, Thomas G. “The Strategy of the World War, and the Lessons of the Effort of the United States.” USNI Proc 47 (May 1921): 669–683. This is a survey of the strategy of World War I with emphasis on the part played by the United States. An assertion that probably raised the eyebrows of European war leaders is that the United States demonstrated “the quickest turnover of manpower in the world, especially adapted to receive training through contact with an infusion of skilled officers and men.”

451.

Gilmore, Russell. “‘The New Courage’: Rifles and Soldier Individualism, 1876–1918.” Mil Affairs 40 (October 1976): 97–102. Emphasis on marksmanship in the U.S. Army, according to the author, was intended to enhance soldiers’ individualism. Pershing’s influence in this respect receives particular attention.

452.

Gooch, John. The Plans of War: The General Staff and British Military Strategy c. 1900–1916. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974. 348 pp. This is an outstanding work of scholarship which provides many penetrating insights. Gooch demonstrates, for example, that the Dardanelles venture was launched without the British Imperial General Staff playing its proper role in the development of strategy. The research is impressive and the analysis balanced.

453.

RT8955Z.indb 82

Gorrell, Colonel Edgar S. “An American Proposal for Strategic Bombing in World War I.” Air Power Hist 5 (April 1958): 102–117.

2/5/07 9:15:16 PM

Military Aspects of the War

83

This 1917 proposal by Gorrell for strategic bombing has been called the “earliest, clearest and least known statement of the American conception of air power.” 454.

Greenhous, Brereton. “Evolution of a Close Ground-Support Role for Aircraft in World War I.” Mil Affairs 39 (February 1975): 22–28. This article, based primarily on research in the British National Archives, points out that British airpower may have played an important part in slowing the momentum of the German offensive of March 21, 1918.

455.

Greer, Thomas H. “Air Army Doctrinal Roots, 1917–1918.” Mil Affairs 20 (Winter 1956): 202–216. This is a sound article on the influence of World War I on the development of American air arm doctrine.

456.

Griffith, Paddy. Battle Tactics of the Western Front. The British Army’s Art of Attack, 1916–1918. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994. 258 pp. Griffith succeeds in his effort to demonstrate that British tactics on the western front were not static, but at times he overstates his case. He is especially hard on non-British scholars who have criticized the performance of the BEF.

457.

Holley, I. B., Jr. Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by the United States During World War I: A Study of the Relationship of Technological Advance, Military Doctrine, and the Development of Weapons. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953. 222 pp. American policy makers are found wanting in this administrative history. The United States not only failed to produce acceptable war plans, it also developed no coherent doctrine of air power. Extensive use has been made of material in the National Archives. This monograph was an outgrowth of Holley’s 1947 Yale University doctoral dissertation.

458.

House, Jonathan M. “The Decisive Attack: A New Look at French Infantry Tactics on the Eve of World War I.” Mil Affairs 40 (December 1976): 164–165. This is a revisionist examination of French massed infantry tactics prior to the Great War.

459.

RT8955Z.indb 83

Howard, Michael. The Continental Commitment: The Dilemma of British Defence Policy in the Era of the Two World Wars. London: Temple Smith, 1972. 176 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:17 PM

84

America and World War I

This is a collection of lectures delivered by Howard at Oxford University in the spring of 1971. As Howard freely admits, his conclusions must be treated as tentative until further research is done in private and official papers. Chapters 2 and 3 offer flashes of insight into British prewar planning and grand strategy during the war. 460. Hunt, Barry, and Adrian Preston, eds. War Aims and Strategic Policy in the Great War 1914–1918. London: Croom Helm, 1977. 131 pp. Most of the essays in this collection were presented to the Third Annual Military Symposium held at the Royal Military College of Canada in 1976. The war aims and strategic policy of Britain, France, Canada, America, Italy, and Germany are discussed, respectively, by John Gooch, Douglas Johnson, Robert Craig Brown, Edward M. Coffman, John Whittam, and Fritz Fischer. Chapter notes are included. 461.

Kennedy, Paul, ed. The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880–1914. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979. 282 pp. This is a useful collection of previously published articles on prewar planning. These articles, however, do not represent a comprehensive treatment of the subject. Grenville is the author of “Diplomacy and War Plans in the USA, 1890–1917,” and Herwig and Trask have contributed a study on “Naval Operations Plans Between Germany and the USA, 1898–1913: A Study of Strategic Planning in the Age of Imperialism.”

462. Liddell Hart, B. H. Strategy. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967. 430 pp. This broad survey of strategy over the centuries includes a section on World War I in which Liddell Hart critically evaluates the generals’ strategy. This volume is in outline form and lacks a bibliography and footnotes. The title of the 1954 edition, Strategy: The Indirect Approach, accurately reflects Liddell Hart’s bias. 463.

Lucas, Pascal Marie Henri. The Evolution of Tactical Ideas in France and Germany During the War of 1914–1918. Fort Leavenworth, KS: General Service Schools, 1925. 332 pp. Written by a lieutenant-colonel in the French army and published in Paris in 1925, this study of tactics was translated by Maj. P. V. Kieffer. A copy can be found at the U.S. Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks, PA.

464. Lupfer, Timothy T. The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1981. 73 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 84

2/5/07 9:15:17 PM

Military Aspects of the War

85

This enlightening little volume was issued by the Combat Studies Institute as one of the Leavenworth Papers. It is a well-documented study of the profound changes in German defensive and offensive tactics. Of special interest is Lupfer’s analysis of German elastic defense-in-depth in 1917 and offensive tactics of 1918. Lupfer emphasizes that the new German tactical concepts had a corporative origin and that von Lossberg (defensive tactics) and von Hutier (offensive tactics) have previously been given too much individual credit. 465.

McKenna, Charles D. “The Forgotten Reform: Field Maneuvers in the Development of the United States Army, 1902–1920.” Doctoral dissertation, Duke University, 1981. 279 pp. McKenna argues that the system of army field maneuvers was a central feature in Root’s reforms and played a key role in the development of the army from 1902 to 1920.

466. Porch, Douglas. “The Marne and After: A Reappraisal of French Strategy in the First World War.” J Mil Hist 53 (October 1989): 363–385. In an even-handed treatment of French generalship during the Great War, with emphasis on Plan XVII, Porch questions recent attempts to rehabilitate the reputations of the French generals. He argues that France was saved in 1914 more by problems with the so-called Schlieffen Plan than through any part played by the French Army’s leadership. 467.

Rainey, James W. “Ambivalent Warfare: The Tactical Doctrine of the AEF in World War I.” Parameters 13 (September 1983): 34–36. The gulf between the way Pershing wanted to train his soldiers (open warfare) and “the way their instincts told them to fight” is highlighted in this study.

468. Ritter, Gerhard, ed. The Schlieffen Plan: Critique of a Myth. London: Oswald Wolff, 1958. 195 pp. The texts of this famous war plan, its variants, addenda, and maps are published for the first time in this volume, which is accompanied by Ritter’s commentary which stresses that political considerations were either ignored or subordinated to military expediency. See also the important revelations about the so-called Schlieffen Plan by Terence Zuber (Oxford University Press, 2003). 469.

Sargent, Herbert Rowland. The Strategy on the Western Front (1914– 1918). Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1920. 263 pp. Colonel Sargent was a member of the War Department general staff, 1917– 1918. In that position he prepared memoranda for the chief of staff on the higher strategy of the war. His strongly held view that the German defenses

RT8955Z.indb 85

2/5/07 9:15:17 PM

86

America and World War I

on the western front could not be broken would have pleased many British civilian leaders. Sargent wanted the AEF to fight in the Balkans. This work is an unbalanced defense of his wartime strategic views and an attack on Allied and German generals for their alleged strategic blunders. 470.

Schilling, Warner Roller. “Admirals and Foreign Policy 1913–1919.” Doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1953. 375 pp. Schilling argues that American naval officers linked commercial supremacy to naval dominance in formulating a world policy, overlooking in the process noncommercial factors and the political and strategic significance of land powers.

471.

Setzen, Joel A. “Background to the French Failures of August 1914: Civilian and Military Dimensions.” Mil Affairs 42 (April 1978): 87–90. The mistakes of the civilians as well as the generals in the formulation of Plan VII are highlighted in this article.

472.

Snyder, Jack. The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1984. 267 pp. Snyder, ignoring possible social and cultural influences, concentrates on the military architects of the war plans of Russia, France, and Germany.

473.

Spector, Ronald. “‘You’re Not Going to Send Soldiers Over There Are You!’: The American Search for an Alternative to the Western Front 1916–1917.” Mil Affairs 36 (February 1972): 1–4. This is an important and fascinating examination of American strategic thinking, or the lack thereof. There was such a strong reluctance on the part of many Americans to avoid the human holocaust on the western front that the United States entered the war without any coherent general strategy.

474.

Vigman, Fred K. “The Theoretical Evaluation of Artillery After World War I.” Mil Affairs 16 (Fall 1952): 115–118. This article asserts that writers such as J. F. C. Fuller unfairly derogated the utilization of artillery in World War I to support their particular viewpoints on how future wars should be fought.

475.

Woodward, David R. “The Imperial Strategist: Jan Christian Smuts and British Military Policy, 1917–1918.” Mil Hist J 5 (December 1981): 131– 145, 148, 153. This article touches upon Smuts’ fears that America’s expanding diplomatic and military power was detrimental to the future interests of the British Empire.

RT8955Z.indb 86

2/5/07 9:15:17 PM

Military Aspects of the War

476.

87

Wynne, Captain G. C. If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West. London: Faber & Faber Ltd., 1940. 343 pp. Written by a British officer involved in the production of the British official history of the war, this study provides a comprehensive and intelligent review of German tactics, especially changes in German defensive tactics on the western front. It is often critical of the failure of British generals to understand German tactics, either in mastering or imitating them. Greenwood Press reprinted this work in 1976.

4. Life and Experiences of Ordinary Men in Uniform (See also IV:C:5, Trench Warfare; VI:K, Literature and the War) 477.

Abbey, Edwin A. An American Soldier: Letters of Edwin Austin Abbey. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1918. 173 pp. This is a collection of letters from an American who fought with the 4th Canadian Mounted Rifles until he was killed at Vimy Ridge.

478.

Baldwin, Fred D. “The American Enlisted Men in World War I.” Doctoral dissertation, Princeton University, 1964. 261 pp. This superior dissertation takes a sociological approach in its examination of the noncombat aspects of being an enlisted man in the U.S. Army. Soldiers’ letters, government reports, camp newspapers, and records in the National Archives are used. Generally of below-average economic and social status, the soldier was trained in camps which emphasized middleclass values. The study concludes that ultimately the soldiers retained their own social and moral values.

479.

Berry, Henry. Make the Kaiser Dance. New York: Doubleday, 1978. 455 pp. Berry has compiled a most valuable collection of personal reminiscences from some 100 interviews of World War I veterans from all walks of life and from all branches of service. The photographs are quite good.

480.

Biddle, Charles J. The Way of the Eagle. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919. 297 pp. Biddle, who flew with the Lafayette Escadrille, was credited with seven kills. This volume contains a number of his wartime letters and is a classic work in aerial operations.

481.

Blackford, Charles Minor. Torpedoboat Sailor. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1968. 156 pp. This is a first-hand account of a World War I seaman serving aboard a destroyer. It is revealing on the life of the Navy’s enlisted men.

RT8955Z.indb 87

2/5/07 9:15:17 PM

88

482.

America and World War I

[Brannen, Carl Andrew.] Over There. A Marine in the Great War. Preface and annotations by Rolfe L. Hillman, Jr. and Peter F. Owen. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1996. 192 pp. The annotations enhance this realistic picture of frontline fighting. Brannen left Texas A&M University to fight with the 6th Marine Regiment.

483.

Brown, J. Douglas. “In Action with the Rainbow Division, 1918–19.” Mil Rev 58 (January 1978): 35–46. This is an extract from the memoirs of a Princeton premed student who served with the 42nd Infantry Division.

484.

[Browne, George.] An American Soldier in World War I. Edited by David L. Snead. Omaha: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 224 pp. George “Brownie” Browne, a civil engineer, fought with the 42nd Division. His letters to his fiancée constitute an excellent overview of the experiences of members of the AEF.

485.

Codman, Charles R. Contact. Boston: Little, Brown, 1937. 248 pp. This is an entertaining account by a U.S. pilot who was shot down behind enemy lines during the St. Mihiel offensive. Codman was sent to the German prison camp at Landshut.

486.

Cole, Sarah. Modernism, Male Friendship, and the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 297 pp. Although this work of literary criticism on male friendship focuses on British men at war, it may have some relevance for those interested in gaining a new perspective on American soldiers in the Great War.

487.

Cornebise, Alfred E. Soldier-Scholars. Higher Education in the AEF, 1917–1919. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997. 200 pp. This is an interesting study of U.S. soldiers who were given the chance to study abroad. With approximately 2 million men in Europe after the Armistice, some soldiers were given the chance to study in French and British universities as well as at the AEF’s own university.

488.

Depew, Albert N. Gunner Depew. Chicago: Reilly & Britton, 1918. 312 pp. This colorful narrative was written by a U.S. citizen who served in the French Foreign Legion on the western front and on an Allied dreadnought. He was taken prisoner by the Germans but U.S. Ambassador Gerard gained his release.

489.

RT8955Z.indb 88

Empey, Arthur Guy. First Call: Guide Posts to Berlin. New York: Putnam & Sons, 1918. 369 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:17 PM

Military Aspects of the War

89

Empey, an American volunteer in the BEF, followed his smash success, “Over the Top,” with this attempt to inform the novice American soldier about the conditions he would encounter on European battlefields. This volume includes much information concerning the adjustment from civilian to military life, including a definition of army terms. 490.

———. “Over the Top” by an American Soldier Who Went. New York: Putnam & Sons, 1917. 315 pp. This is an interesting autobiographical account by a New Jersey boy who fought with the BEF as a machine gunner. Some 350,000 copies were sold the first year and the book was made into a popular movie. There are 16 illustrations and diagrams.

491.

Evans, H. Marix. American Voices of World War I: Primary Source Documents, 1917–1920. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2001. 300 pp. A broad selection of documents on all aspects of America’s involvement on the battlefields of Europe, including U.S. intervention in Russia.

492.

Flammer, Philip M. “Tragedy and Triumph: The Story of Edmond C. C. Genet.” Air Power Hist 11 (April 1964): 39–44. The war letters of Genet constitute the chief source of this account of his career.

493.

Flight (pseud.). Flying Yankee. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1918. 248 pp. This narrative tells of the experiences of an American volunteer who joined the Royal Flying Corps after his parents went down on the Lusitania.

494.

Ford, Torrey. Cheer-Up Letters: From a Private with Pershing. New York: E.J. Clode, 1918. 192 pp. This volume of correspondence is filled with positive and unrealistic news from the front by someone who drove an army ambulance. Ford does, however, note that censorship prevented him from being more candid.

495.

Frantzen, Allen J. Bloody Good: Chivalry, Sacrifice, and the Great War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. 355 pp. This ambitious work, which examines postwar memorials and soldiers’ postcards and letters for the concept of chivalry and self-sacrifice, has a British focus.

496.

RT8955Z.indb 89

[Genet, Edmond C. C.] An American for Lafayette: The Diaries of E. C. C. Genet, Lafayette Escadrille. Edited by Walt Brown, Jr. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981. 288 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:18 PM

90

America and World War I

Genet has the dubious distinction of being the first American killed in combat after the U.S. entered the war. His diaries, letters, and flight log constitute one of the best day-to-day records of the Lafayette Escadrille. 497.

———. War Letters of Edmond Genet. Edited by Grace E. Channing. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918. 330 pp. Genet, a descendant of the controversial Citizen Genet who was the French minister to the United States, 1793–1794, was killed in action.

498.

Genthe, Charles V. American War Narratives, 1917–1918: A Study and Bibliography. New York: David Lewis, 1969. 194 pp. This study serves as a corrective to the notion that all soldiers were disillusioned by their experiences in the trenches. This may have been true of many European soldiers, but Genthe’s survey of American war narratives reveals gung-ho patriotism and muscular idealism. There is a 65-page annotated bibliography.

499.

Gibson, Preston. Battering the Boche. New York: Century, 1918. 120 pp. This narrative is by a U.S. graduate of Yale who served initially with the French and then later with an American ambulance corps. He comments on the future course of the war as well as his personal experiences.

500. Gordon, Dennis, ed. Quartered in Hell: The Story of American North Russian Expeditionary Force, 1918–1919. Missoula, MT: The Doughboy Historical Society and G.O.S., 1982. 320 pp. Gordon, with the research assistance of Hayes Otoupalik, has compiled an important collection of primary documents dealing with the involvement of U.S. soldiers in the international expeditionary force in North Russia, 1918– 1919. Many excellent photographs are included in this valuable record of the reaction of doughboys to a campaign which many did not like or understand. 501.

[Grider, John McGavock.] War Birds: Diary of an Unknown Aviator. New York: Grosset & Dunlop, c1926. 227 pp. According to Elliott Springs, the playboy from Princeton who was a World War I aviator, the anonymous author of this illustrated diary was Grider of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. This volume, first published in magazine form, helped create great public interest in the air war in the late 1920s.

502. Hall, Bert. “En l’air!” (In the Air): Three Years On and Above Three Fronts. New York: New Library, 1918. 153 pp. This work tells of the experiences of an American in the Lafayette Escadrille. Hall also flew on the eastern front in Russia and Romania. After the Russian Revolution he returned to America by way of Siberia and Japan.

RT8955Z.indb 90

2/5/07 9:15:18 PM

Military Aspects of the War

503.

91

Hallas, James H., ed. Doughboy War: The American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000. 346 pp. Personal documents such as letters and memoirs are included in this edited volume.

504. Harrod, Frederick S. “Enlisted Men in the United States Navy, 1899– 1939.” Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, 1973. 511 pp. This superior dissertation sheds light on Navy personnel and policies during World War I. 505.

Hartney, Harold E. Up and At ’Em. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Sons, 1940. 333 pp. This is one of the best personal accounts by a World War I pilot. Hartney commanded the famous First Pursuit Group, U.S. Air Service, which brought down 285 German planes and balloons unofficially and 201 officially.

506. Hermanns, William. The Holocaust: From a Survivor of Verdun. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. 141 pp. A veteran provides a graphic account of the longest battle of World War I from the perspective of a German foot soldier. 507.

Hocking, W. E. “Personal Problems of the Soldier.” Yale Rev 7 (July 1918): 712–726. This contemporary article calls for accurate information and broad psychological understanding of personal problems of the soldier. Hocking argues that most U.S. soldiers will maintain their basic morality.

508.

Hudson, James J. “Reed G. Landis: America’s SE–5 Ace.” Aerospace Hist 18 (December 1971): 195–199. This article describes the distinguished service of the son of Kenesaw Mountain Landis, who was attached to an RAF unit.

509.

Keegan, John. The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme. New York: Vintage Books, 1977. 354 pp. The author’s treatment of the first day of the Somme is the best and most original account of perhaps the darkest day in British military history. Keegan, then a senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, focuses on the impact of war on the individual soldier.

510.

Kelly, Russell Anthony. Kelly of the Foreign Legion. New York: M. Kennerley, 1917. 145 pp. This volume of letters by a U.S. volunteer in the French Foreign Legion deals with the glory and gore of war. In 1916 Kelly was recorded as “missing.”

RT8955Z.indb 91

2/5/07 9:15:18 PM

92

511.

America and World War I

Laurie, Clayton D. “‘The Chanting of Crusaders’; Captain Heber Blankenhorn and AEF Combat Propaganda in World War I.” J Mil Hist 59 (July 1995): 457–482. Blankenhorn commanded the U.S. Army Propaganda Subsection (G2-D) at AEF headquarters in Chaumont, France. He did pioneer work for the AEF in psychological warfare during the some 10 months that his subsection existed. The first propaganda leaflets were released in late August 1918.

512.

[Lawrence, Joseph Douglas.] Fighting Soldier: The AEF in 1918. Edited by Robert H. Ferrell. Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1985. 165 pp. This fascinating memoir follows Lawrence from his training in the United States to his service with the 29th Division during America’s greatest battle in the war, Meuse-Argonne.

513.

Leach, George E. War Diary. Minneapolis: Pioneer Printers, 1923. 205 pp. This book concerns the war history of the 151st Field Artillery in the 42nd Rainbow Division. Leach commanded the regiment and kept two diaries which are combined in this volume.

514.

Lee, David D. Sergeant York: An American Hero. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985, 162 pp. Lee bases his account on German as well as American sources. Having killed 25 and captured 132 German soldiers, York won the Medal of Honor and became a national hero, in part, because of an article in the Saturday Evening Post. York’s life before and after the war receives attention.

515.

[Libby, Frederick.] Horses Don’t Fly: A Memoir of World War I. Introduction and notes by Winston Groom. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2000. 274 pp. A cowboy from Colorado, Libby first joined the Canadian army and then later transferred to the Royal Flying Corps. He fought against Manfred von Richthofen, became America’s first ace, and was the first pilot to fly the American flag over enemy lines. There is an afterword by Sally Ann Marsh.

516.

McConnell, James Rogers. Flying for France: With the American Escadrille at Verdun. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1917. 157 pp. This is the personal account of an American who switched from driving an ambulance to serving in the Lafayette Escadrille.

RT8955Z.indb 92

2/5/07 9:15:18 PM

Military Aspects of the War

517.

93

[Macklin, Elton.] Suddenly We Didn’t Want to Die: Memoirs of a World War I Marine. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1993. 264 pp. After the war, “Slim” Macklin, a private in the 67th Company, 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, recorded his battlefield impressions at Belleau Wood, Sossions, Meuse-Argonne, and elsewhere. His family originally published this book in 1974.

518.

MacQuarrie, Hector. How to Live at the Front: Tips for American Soldiers. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1917. 269 pp. This volume by a British officer of the Royal Field Artillery tells of his experiences for the benefit of U.S. soldiers. Among other dangers overseas facing the doughboy, MacQuarrie warns of the temptations of prostitutes.

519.

Meigs, Mark. Optimism at Armageddon: Voices of American Participants in the First World War. New York: New York University Press, 1997. 269 pp. This is the first book that one should read to understand the American experience abroad in World War I. Meigs examines the motivation of the nearly 2 million men sent to France. The greater the education, the greater the enthusiasm, it seems. One fascinating chapter discusses the memorialization of the dead.

520.

[Merrill, Wainright.] A College Man in Khaki: Letters of an American in the British Artillery. Edited by Charles M. Stearns. New York: George H. Doran, 1918. 234 pp. Merrill describes the training that he received in England and the campaign in the mud and blood of Flanders in 1917, which claimed his life.

521.

Minder, Charles Frank. This Man’s War: The Day-by-Day Record of an American Private on the Western Front. New York: Pevensey Press, 1931. 368 pp. This contemporary record of an American private on the western front captures his pacifistic views and his horror of war. Minder wrote his mother almost every day. Gaps in these letters caused by censorship have been filled in by the diary he kept. The period covered is from Minder’s arrival in France in April 1918 to his gassing in October.

522.

Moore, J. R., et al., eds. History of the American Expedition Fighting the Bolsheviki: Campaigning in North Russia, 1918–1919. Hillsdale, MI: Polar Bear Publishing, 1920. 303 pp. This is the story of intervention in the subzero climate of North Russia seen through the eyes of the participants.

RT8955Z.indb 93

2/5/07 9:15:18 PM

94

523.

America and World War I

Palmer, Svetlana, and Sarah Wallis, eds. Intimate Voices from the First World War. New York: HarperCollins, 2004. 381 pp. The voices of American participants are included in this bestselling book which was first published in the U.K. in 2003. The home front as well as the battlefield is covered in the letters and diaries from both sides.

524.

[Pellisier, Robert.] A Good Idea of Hell: Letters from a Chasseur-à-Pied. Edited by Joshua Brown. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003. 221 pp. The author of this memoir (really a collection of letters to his fiancée and relatives), although born in France, was raised and educated in the U.S. He left his position as a French teacher at Stanford University to join the French army. He was killed in action on the Somme in 1916.

525.

Pope, Steven W. “An Army of Athletes: Playing Fields, Battlefields, and the American Sporting Experience, 1890–1920.” J Mil Hist 59 (July 1995): 435–456. Concerned about the fitness of many recruits, the military turned to sports, creating an army of athletics as well as an army of soldiers. The military’s emphasis on sports played a decisive role in the popularity of boxing after the war with many states legalizing prizefighting.

526.

Rizzi, Joseph N. Joe’s War: Memoirs of a Doughboy. Edited by Richard A. Baumgartner. Huntington, WV: Der Angriff Publications, 1983. 160 pp. Rizzi served in France with Company A, 110th Engineers, 35th Division. During the Meuse-Argonne offensive, he and his comrades found themselves in the thick of things. This book is nicely edited and the photographs are excellent.

527.

Roberts, Lieutenant E. M. A Flying Fighter: An American Above the Lines in France. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1918. 338 pp. This narrative by an adventurer who fought in the British army and flying service contains some exciting descriptions of battle.

528.

Rose, Harold W. Brittany Patrol: The Story of the Suicide Fleet. New York: W.W. Norton, 1937. 367 pp. An American naval officer describes his adventures in the so-called Suicide Fleet.

529.

RT8955Z.indb 94

[Sheely, Irving Edward.] Sailor of the Air: The 1917–1919 Letters and Diary of USN CMM/A Irving Edward Sheely. Edited by Lawrence D. Sheely. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993. 240 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:19 PM

Military Aspects of the War

95

Sheely’s letters and correspondence provide an intimate glimpse of naval aviation. 530.

Skeyhill, Thomas J. Sergeant York: Last of the Long Hunters. Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1930. 240 pp. York’s return to his Tennessee hills as well as his much-publicized war heroics during the Meuse-Argonne offensive are recounted.

531.

Smith, Vice Admiral Allan E. “The Sixth Battle Squadron, A Reminiscence.” American Neptune 40 (January 1980): 50–62. These are the reminiscences of a then junior officer aboard the U.S.S. New York.

532.

Smith, Joseph L. Over There and Back in Three Uniforms: Being the Experiences of an American Boy in the Canadian, British and American Armies at the Front and Through No Man’s Land. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1918. 122 pp. Inspired by atrocity stories, the narrator enthusiastically joined up to fight the Hun in 1914. He has written a matter-of-fact but readable personal account.

533.

Smith, Leonard V. Between Mutiny and Obedience; The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War I. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. 296 pp. Smith employs an innovative approach, which unfortunately includes social science jargon, in his study of the French 5th Division. He convincingly argues that the higher-ups were forced to negotiate orders with their men. In a comparative section, Smith compares the French soldier to his British, Russian, and German counterparts. This comparative section does not include American soldiers (perhaps because of the AEF’s brief stint in the trenches of the western front).

534.

[Spring, Harry.] An Engineer’s Diary of the Great War. Edited by Terry M. Bareither. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2002. 259 pp. Spring served in the 36th Engineers in the AEF from September 1917 to April 1919. * Stallings, Laurence. The Doughboys: The Story of the A.E.F., 1917– 1918. Cited above as item 243.

535.

Stars and Stripes. February 8, 1918–June 13, 1919. This famous AEF newspaper is a valuable source for the humor, interests, and characteristics of the Doughboy. Seventy-one issues of eight pages each, 14½ by 18½ inches, were published in regular sequence in Paris on

RT8955Z.indb 95

2/5/07 9:15:19 PM

96

America and World War I

the presses of the Continental edition of the London Daily Mail. Several prominent literary figures such as Alexander Woollcott and Harold Ross were on the staff. Stars and Stripes is now available on microfilm through Kraus International Publications/Kraus Microform. 536.

Straub, Elmer Frank. A Sergeant’s Diary in the World War. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Commission, 1923. 356 pp. This is the diary, both excerpts and a summary, of an enlisted member of the 150th Field Artillery in the 42nd Rainbow Division.

537.

Thomason, John W., Jr. Fix Bayonets! New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926. 245 pp. Thomason, a lieutenant in the 1st Battalion, 5th Regiment, U.S. Marine Corps, who fought at Belleau Wood, has written a colorful and actionfilled account of considerable literary merit. His drawings are also of a very high quality. Although this work is a mixture of fact and fiction, Cyril Falls, the distinguished British military historian, considered it “the best American book on the War” produced during the first decade of the postwar period.

538.

[Triplet, William S.] A Youth in the Meuse-Argonne: A Memoir, 1917– 1918. Edited by Robert H. Ferrell. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000. 352 pp. Professor Ferrell, a noted American historian, adds to the worth of this fascinating memoir with his introduction.

539.

Trounce, Harry Davis. Fighting the Boche Underground. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918. 236 pp. Trounce served with the Royal British Engineers before becoming an officer and sapper in the AEF. His narrative is a solid description of the dangerous underground mining operations.

540. Walcott, Stuart. Above the French Lines: Letters of Stuart Walcott, American Aviator, July 4, 1917 to December 8, 1917. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1918. 93 pp. Walcott was killed in action as 1917 came to an end. His father, Dr. Charles D. Walcott, the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, contributes a short biography of his son. 541.

Westall, Virginia Cooper. “AEF Siberia—The Forgotten Army.” Mil Rev 48 (March 1968): 11–18. This article is taken from the unpublished recollections of General Robert L. Eichelberger, who served in Asiatic Russia.

RT8955Z.indb 96

2/5/07 9:15:19 PM

Military Aspects of the War

542.

97

Wheeler, Curtis. Letters from an American Soldier to His Father. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1918. 113 pp. A young American officer writes his father, the editor of Current Opinion, 14 letters about his experiences in France.

543.

Winslow, Carroll Dana. With the French Flying Corps. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916. 226 pp. This American volunteer flying for France describes his view of flying. This account succeeds in relating the training an aviator received in the French flying corps.

544. Winter, Denis. Death’s Men: Soldiers of the Great War. London: Allen Lane, 1978. 283 pp. Based largely on published and unpublished British memoirs and diaries, this illustrated work describes what life was really like for soldiers, especially the Tommy, on the western front. This superior study is comprehensive, scholarly, and readable, describing well the training of British soldiers, life at the front and in reserve, and home leave. 545.

———. The First of the Few: Fighter Pilots of the First World War. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983. 223 pp. This important work by a British author takes a different approach to the war in the air. Instead of concentrating on World War I aces or giving a superficial survey of the air war, Winter describes what the war was really like for the pilot from his enlistment to demobilization.

546. World War I Survey, U.S. Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA. In the mid-1970s, the Military History Institute began to collect the personal papers and military experiences of World War I veterans. Appeals were made for personal World War I materials and a lengthy questionnaire was sent through the mails. By August 1983, some 6,500 responses had been received and catalogued by armies and army corps, divisions, branches of service, and camps. In addition, diaries, letters, photographs, and items of this nature had been collected and catalogued, including a manuscript history of the 80th Division, more than 1,000 pages long, prepared by the divisional veterans association but never published. This remarkable collection, the largest of its kind in the United States, also includes some material from Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine veterans. 547.

RT8955Z.indb 97

Wortman, Marc. The Millionaires’ Unit: The Aristocratic Flyboys Who Fought the Great War and Invented America’s Air Power. New York: Macmillan, 2006. 356 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:19 PM

98

America and World War I

In 1916, 28 students formed a campus flying club in anticipation of America’s entry into World War I. These young men, nearly all from Yale, represented the American elite and included a Rockefeller. 548.

[Wright, Jack M.] A Poet of the Air: Letters of Jack Morris Wright… April–January 1918. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1918. 246 pp. These letters by an American pilot are of an especially high literary quality.

549.

[York, Alvin C.] Sergeant York: His Own Life Story and War Diary. Edited by Thomas Skeyhill. New York: Doubleday, 1928. 309 pp. The war diary of Alvin York is supplemented with an account in mountain dialect of this war hero’s life as a farmer and lay preacher.

5. Trench Warfare (See also IV:C:4, Life and Experiences of Ordinary Men in Uniform) 550.

Ashworth, Tony. Trench Warfare, 1914–1918: The Live and Let Live System. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1980. 266 pp. A new perspective is gained from this sociological examination of the society that developed in the trenches. The “live and let live” system which appears in the title refers to the unofficial truces that developed along certain sectors of the front. The author, a teacher at University College, Cardiff, used diaries, memoirs, autobiographical fiction, and interviews and correspondence with veterans. The emphasis is British. There is extensive documentation but no bibliography.

551.

Ellis, John. Eye-Deep in Hell: Trench Warfare in World War I. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976. 215 pp. This is one of the best general accounts of trench warfare. Written by a former member of the department of military studies at the University of Manchester, this volume effectively portrays life on the western front. The photographs are excellent. One can gain, however, the false impression from this and other popular accounts of trench warfare that World War I soldiers went underground only on the western front. The treatment of strategy and tactics is superficial.

552.

Holmes, Richard. Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front, 1914–1918. London: HarperCollins, 2004, 717 pp. Although the focus is on the British Tommy, this is an excellent account of the war on the western front. It serves as a corrective to some overly dramatic accounts of conditions for the common soldier in trench warfare.

RT8955Z.indb 98

2/5/07 9:15:19 PM

Military Aspects of the War

553.

99

Hoobler, Dorothy, and Thomas Hoobler. The Trenches: Fighting on the Western Front in World War I. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1978. 191 pp. The AEF is virtually ignored in this popular account of trench warfare. There is an annotated bibliography. A majority of the photographs are from the National Archives.

554.

Houlihan, Michael. World War I Trench Warfare. London: Ward Lock, 1974. 144 pp. Tactics, both infantry and artillery, conditions in the trenches, the defensive systems, and weapons and equipment are some of the topics discussed in this straightforward and well-organized work. This volume serves as an easy-to-grasp introduction to trench warfare for the general reader. The maps and photographs are quite good.

555.

Leed, Eric. J. No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979. 257 pp. The author makes clear his intention not to write a military history, analysis of the war literature, or psychohistory. Rather, he attempts in an original way to “provide a cultural history of the First World War through men who participated in it.” His research includes American sources.

556. Lindley, John M. “A Soldier Is Also a Citizen”: The Controversy over Military Justice, 1917–1920. New York: Garland Publishing, 1990. 248 pp. This work on justice in the U.S. military follows the efforts of Samuel T. Ansell, a West Pointer, who argued that a soldier had the right to have an objective judge review his case. This put Ansell in conflict with Enoch H. Crowder, the judge advocate general, the secretary of war, and the chief of staff. 557.

Lloyd, Alan. The War in the Trenches. New York: David McKay, 1976. 200 pp. Many excellent photographs and paintings by war artists, most from the Imperial War Museum, are included in this popular account of trench warfare. There is a strong British emphasis.

558.

Oram, Gerard Christopher. Military Executions During World War I. New York: Palgrave, 2004. 228 pp. The focus is on British executions (361), but important comparisons are made with other armies, including the AEF. This is a scholarly and balanced approach to a subject fraught with emotion.

RT8955Z.indb 99

2/5/07 9:15:19 PM

100

559.

America and World War I

Sheffield, G. D. Leadership in the Trenches: Officer-Man Relations, Morale, and Discipline in the British Army in the Era of the First World War. New York: Palgrave, 2000. 270 pp. This deeply researched study sheds light on leadership and obedience in the BEF, but it could serve as a model for the examination of other armies.

560.

Todd, Frederick P. “The Knife and Club in Trench Warfare, 1914–1918.” Amer Mil Inst 2 (Fall 1938): 139–153. Todd demonstrates in this illustrated article that men in the trenches showed considerable enterprise in developing weapons for hand-to-hand combat in a war dominated by the machine gun and artillery.

6. Weapons Technology (See also IV:D:2, War in the Air; IV:D:3, Naval Power and World War I) 561.

Addison, James Thayer. The Story of the First Gas Regiment. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919. 326 pp. The training, transportation, and combat role of the First Gas Regiment during its 18-month existence is related. Appendix D provides a brief description of weapons used for this new form of warfare.

562.

Armstrong, David A. Bullets and Bureaucrats: The Machine Gun and the United States Army, 1861–1916. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982. 239 pp. This scholarly monograph seeks an explanation for the general lack of interest in the machine gun by military authorities from 1861 to 1916. The Ordnance Department is the focal point of this institutional and technological history. There is a lengthy and valuable bibliography. See also the author’s 1976 Duke University doctoral dissertation.

563.

Bidwell, Shelford, and Dominick Graham. Firepower: British Army Weapons and Theories of War 1904–1945. Winchester, MA: Allen & Unwin, 1982. 320 pp. This examination of technology’s impact on the tactics of the British army is as critical of the advocates of the indirect approach of warfare as it is supportive of the views of John Terraine. The utilization of artillery during World War I receives considerable attention.

564.

Brodie, Bernard. Sea Power in the Machine Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1943. 462 pp. This illuminating work examines the impact of the new naval technology on naval strategy and the balance of power on the high seas.

RT8955Z.indb 100

2/5/07 9:15:20 PM

Military Aspects of the War 101

565.

Brophy, Leo P. “Origins of the Chemical Corps.” Mil Affairs 20 (Winter 1956): 217–226. The War Department is shown to be quite hidebound in its approach to chemical warfare. Only reluctantly did it establish the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS).

566.

Brown, Frederic J. Chemical Warfare: A Study in Restraints. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968. 355 pp. Drawing largely upon American sources, including the War Department archives, Brown has written an important study on poison gas policy that is well documented and has a thorough bibliography. The first part of this work examines the history of chemical warfare during the Great War.

567.

Chinn, George Morgan. The Machine Gun. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1951. 688 pp. Prepared for the Bureau of Ordnance, U.S. Navy, this is an authoritative and profusely illustrated work on the development and use of automatic weapons. The author was a lieutenant-colonel in the marines.

568.

Cianflone, Frank A. “The Eagle Boats of World War I.” USNI Proc 99 (June 1973): 76–80. The development of the antisubmarine Eagle boats, called “pickle boats” or “cheese boxes” by those who served in them, is well described in this article.

569.

Dooly, William G., Jr. Great Weapons of World War I. New York: Walker, 1969. 340 pp. This extensively illustrated survey of World War I weapons is divided into three parts: the land war, the war in the air, and the war at sea. It is written for the popular market.

570.

Ellis, John. The Social History of the Machine Gun. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975. 186 pp. This entertaining and well-illustrated work attempts to link the manufacture and use of the machine gun to social history.

571.

Emme, Eugene M. “Technical Change and Western Military Thought, 1914–1945.” Mil Affairs 24 (Spring 1960): 6–19. Emme makes some good points about the way in which new weaponry in World War I led to the development of some questionable postwar theories about how technical changes had altered the art of warfare.

572.

RT8955Z.indb 101

Farrow, Edward S. Gas Warfare. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1920. 253 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:20 PM

102

America and World War I

Farrow was an instructor of tactics at West Point and a military historian of some note. This work, which is especially strong on the tactical use of poison gas, was written to instruct U.S. officers on the importance of chemical warfare. 573.

Fries, Amos A., and Clarence J. West. Chemical Warfare. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1921. 445 pp. Fries was a brigadier-general who served as chief of the U.S. Chemical Warfare Service, and West was a major in the CWS Reserve Corps. The authors’ personal experiences and their ready access to the files of the CWS make this an important source. The volume includes many charts, tables, and illustrations.

574.

Fuller, J. F. C. Memoirs of an Unconventional Soldier. London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1936. 494 pp. Fuller’s differences with GHQ while he was chief of the general staff of the British Tank Corps are fully aired. Diagrams and several fold-out maps add to the value of this volume.

575.

———. Tanks in the Great War, 1914–1918. London: John Murray, 1920. 331 pp. There was no stronger advocate of the tank than Fuller, and he is critical of hidebound officers who did not agree with him. Terraine’s often conflicting views of the importance of the tank in The Smoke and the Fire (item 586) should be read in conjunction with this work.

576.

Haber, L. F. The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War. New York: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1986. 415 pp. The author is an economic historian whose father played a key role in developing chemical warfare for the German army. Haber makes the point that the operational effect of chemical warfare in World War I was more psychological than deadly. Most victims of a gas attack survived and went on to live normal lives. James Kendall (item 580) presents a very different picture.

577.

Hessel, F. A., et al. Chemistry in Warfare: Its Strategical Importance. New York: Hastings House, 1940. 164 pp. F. A. Hessel was a chemist and W. J. Martin, an ex-Army officer, inspected the German chemical plants after the war. An informative chapter, “Crucibles of Death,” concerns the gases used during the Great War.

578.

RT8955Z.indb 102

Jones, Daniel Patrick. “The Role of Chemists in Research on War Gases in the United States During World War I.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1969. 279 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:20 PM

Military Aspects of the War 103

The cooperation of scientists with their government is examined through a history of the largest war-related science project, the research division of the Chemical Warfare Service, which had its center at American University. 579.

Jones, Ralph E. The Fighting Tanks Since 1916. Washington, DC: National Service Publishing, 1933. 325 pp. This is one of the best between-the-wars accounts of the development of the tank after it made its first appearance on the Somme battlefield in 1916. Photographs and specifications add to the usefulness of this volume.

580.

Kendall, James. Breathe Freely! The Truth About Poison Gas. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1938. 179 pp. Part two of this work is a good survey of the use of gas in the Great War. According to the author, chemical warfare was responsible for 100,000 deaths and 1,200,000 injuries. Kendall, a lieutenant-commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve, acted as liaison officer with Allied services on chemical warfare.

581.

Langer, William L. Gas and Flame in World War I. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. 120 pp. Few American units had a chronicler as able as Company “E” of the 1st Gas Regiment of the Chemical Warfare Service. Sergeant Langer later became a distinguished professor of diplomatic history at Harvard. This work was originally published in 1919 under the title With “E” of the First Gas.

582.

Liddell Hart, B. H. The Tanks: The History of the Royal Tank Regiment…1914–1945. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. 2 vols. The first half of Vol. 1 of this instructive study concerns World War I. This remains a standard work for the development of the tank.

583.

Nenninger, Timothy K. “The Development of American Armor, 1917– 1940: The World War I Experience.” Armor 78 (January–February 1969): 46–51. Materials in the National Archives are used in this article focusing on 1917–1918.

584.

Orgill, Douglas. Armoured Onslaught: 8th August 1918. New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. 160 pp. Although primarily concerned with the use of the tank in achieving a victory over the German army on August 8 (Ludendorff’s “Black Day” for German forces), this volume also offers a solid introduction to its development. It is richly illustrated.

RT8955Z.indb 103

2/5/07 9:15:20 PM

104

585.

America and World War I

Richter, Donald. Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. 282 pp. Richter agrees with Haber: the effectiveness of chemical warfare in World War I has been overrated. He takes strong exception to the views expressed by Brigadier General Charles H. Foulkes in Gas! The Story of the Special Brigade (1938; reprint by Naval & Military Press, 2001).

586.

Terraine, John. The Smoke and the Fire: Myths and Anti-Myths of War, 1861–1945. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1980. 240 pp. Terraine’s focal point as a military historian remains World War I. In this volume he attempts once again to correct what he considers are misconceptions about this war: the machine-gun myth, the indirect approach myth, the tank myth, the unimaginative general myth, and so on. It is the rare reader who will not be forced to rethink some of his views on World War I.

587.

———. White Heat: The New Warfare 1914–1918. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1982. 352 pp. Terraine evaluates the weaponry, strategy, and tactics of the Great War, which he views as the first war in which all of the consequences of the machine age were manifested. Sea and air warfare as well as land warfare are examined. There are maps, illustrations, and annotations. * Travers, Tim. How the War Was Won: Command and Technology in the British Army on the Western Front, 1917–1918. Cited above as item 266.

588.

Trumpener, Ulrich. “The Road to Ypres: The Beginnings of Gas Warfare in World War I.” J Mod Hist 47 (September 1975): 460–480. This is an important revisionist study of chemical warfare during the Great War. Among the many interesting assertions in this solid piece of research is that “gas warfare did not begin at Ypres.” As early as 1914, according to Trumpener, the French used “small gas-diffusing projectiles.”

589.

United States Army, Chemical Corps, 1st Gas Regiment. “History of the First Gas Regiment.” 1919. This unpublished typescript can be found in the holdings of the U.S. Army Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks, PA.

590.

United States Infantry School, Fort Benning, GA. Compilation of Extracts from Personal Experience Reports of Tank Officers in the First World War. Fort Benning, GA: The Infantry School, 1918. 121 pp. This collection includes Colonel Patton’s report of his experiences in the tank corps.

RT8955Z.indb 104

2/5/07 9:15:20 PM

Military Aspects of the War 105

591.

United States War Department. Gas Warfare. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918. 4 vols. This is an important official source on the use of chemical warfare.

592.

———.The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War. Vol. 14, Medical Aspects of Gas Warfare. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1925. 876 pp. This is an important official source on chemical warfare.

593.

———. The Residual Effects of Warfare Gases. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1933. 93 pp. Two doctors, Harry L. Gilchrist and Philip B. Matz, examine the “last symptomatic effects” of chlorine and mustard gases.

594.

Wilson, Dale E. Treat ’Em Rough: The Birth of American Armor, 1917– 20. Novato: CA: Presidio Press, 1989. 257 pp. Patton’s role in the deployment of tanks receives high praise. Wilson believes that America’s greatest failure in this new form of warfare was in not producing enough tanks. Hence, the Americans had to train in Europe with French tanks.

595.

Woollcombe, Robert. The First Tank Battle: Cambrai 1917. London: Arthur Barker, 1967. 232 pp. This scholarly monograph has been called by Liddell Hart “the fullest and best account of this epoch-making battle.” Woollcombe conducted extensive research in British archives.

7. Medical and Sanitary Aspects 596.

Barry, John M. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Viking Penguin, 2004. 560 pp. Troop transports became “floating caskets,” and the U.S. government had to suspend the sea transport of troops to Europe because of the flu epidemic that killed millions. A revised edition appeared in 2005.

597.

Bayne, Joseph Breckinridge. Bugs and Bullets. New York: R.R. Smith, 1944. 256 pp. This is a vivid account of an American doctor’s adventures in Romania during the Great War.

598.

RT8955Z.indb 105

Clarke, Walter. “The Promotion of Social Hygiene in War Time.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 178–189.

2/5/07 9:15:20 PM

106

America and World War I

This essay explains the work of the Sanitary Corps in its attempts to control venereal disease. 599.

Cushing, Harvey W. From a Surgeon’s Journal, 1915–1918. Boston: Little, Brown, 1936. 534 pp. The atmosphere of the operating room with all of its horror and courage emerges from this journal of an American neurosurgeon who served in a number of capacities on the western front, 1915–1918. Maps and illustrations are included.

600. Gorgas, William Crawford. Inspection of Medical Services with American Expeditionary Forces. Confidential Report to Secretary of War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919. 48 pp. Gorgas was a retired army general who toured the western front in September–October 1918 to report on AEF medical services. 601.

Grissinger, Colonel J. W. Medical Field Service in France. Washington, DC: Association of Military Surgeons, 1928. 149 pp. This is a detailed personal account by a member of the medical corps of the American army.

602. Hutchinson, Woods. The Doctor in War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1918. 481 pp. Hutchinson was given the freedom to roam the Allied side of the western front in 1917 to survey the activities of medical and sanitary forces. His observations are usually astute, and his writing is of a high quality. 603.

Moran, Lord Charles M. The Anatomy of Courage. London: Constable, 1945. 216 pp. This is recognized as a classic account of the infantry of World War I as seen through the medical experiences of a doctor. Lord Moran served with the BEF.

604. Perry, J. C. “Military Health Dependent on Civil Health.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 34–40. Written by an assistant surgeon-general of the U.S. Public Health Service, this article discusses the problem of civilian health outbreaks and the potential for spreading to soldiers in camps. Perry treats measures taken to ensure public health, treatment of disease, health of workers in war industries, and the health of school children. 605.

RT8955Z.indb 106

Pottle, Frederick A. Stretchers: The Story of a Hospital Unit on the Western Front. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1929. 366 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:21 PM

Military Aspects of the War 107

This is an account of the hospital unit “Evacuation Eight,” which gives an excellent picture of frontline surgery. 606. Seymour, Gertrude. “The Health of Soldier and Citizen.” Survey 1 (December 1917): 227–232. The author treats the basic Europe health situation from 1915 until 1917, with emphasis on diseases such as typhus, smallpox, dysentery, trench foot, cerebrospinal fever, trench fever, “soldier’s heart,” and meningitis. The Germans did a good job in terms of sanitation. The nature of trench warfare, however, contributed greatly to the health problems. 607.

———. “Health of Soldier and Civilian. II. Venereal Disease Abroad.” Survey 29 (December 1917): 363–367. This article surveys health problems during the war involving venereal disease. Its control was as much a moral question as it was a physical problem. The author examines the problem in England, Germany, and Italy. Alcohol received much of the blame for the spread of the disease.

608. Shay, Michael E. A. Grateful Heart: The History of a World War I Field Hospital. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. 288 pp. The focus of this work is the 103rd Field Hospital in the 26th (“Yankee”) Division. This unit spent about a year and a half in France. Photographs are included. 609.

Shockley, M. A. W. An Outline of the Medical Service of the Theater of Operations. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Sons, 1922. 230 pp. This work is based on the postwar conferences and lectures of a lieutenant-colonel in the medical corps of the American Army.

610.

Strott, George G. The Medical Department of the United States Navy with the Army and Marine Corps in France in World War I. Washington, DC: Navy Department, 1947. 322 pp. This is an official account of the important work of doctors, hospital corpsmen, and dentists of the Navy medical units who treated soldiers and marines in France during World War I.

611.

RT8955Z.indb 107

United States Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Report on the MedicoMilitary Aspects of the European War from Observations Taken Behind the Allied Armies in France. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1915. 146 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:21 PM

108

America and World War I

This 1914 survey was prepared by surgeon A. M. Fauntleroy, instructor in surgery, U.S. Naval Medical School, under the direction of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. There are many illustrations of wounds, some of them quite horrific. 612.

United States Surgeon-General’s Office. The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921–1929. 15 vols. in 17. Begun in 1917 in the surgeon general’s Office, this monumental official history approaches its subject from both scientific and administrative viewpoints. A wide range of topics is covered, including the medical aspects of gas warfare, sanitation, the nurse corps, field operations, physical reconstruction, and vocational education. Statistics, maps, charts, and illustrations abound. The chief compiler was Major-General M. W. Ireland.

613.

———. Principles of War Surgery Based on the Conclusions Adopted at the Various Interallied Surgical Conferences. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918. 80 pp. This official source may be useful to the specialist. * U.S. War Department. The Residual Effects of Warfare Gases. Cited above as item 593.

614.

Walker, George. Venereal Disease in the American Expeditionary Forces. Baltimore: Medical Standard Book, 1922. 237 pp. This is a detailed and important study of venereal disease in the AEF. This volume deals with the attempt by military authorities to control venereal disease and evaluates successful methods of prevention. The author argues that the use of prophylactics reduced transmission. The AEF’s practice of hospitalizing infected soldiers proved superior to all other methods used to combat and treat venereal disease.

615.

Walsh, Joseph. “Tuberculosis and the War.” Ann AAPSS 80 (November 1918): 23–28. This essay examines the steps taken by the medical corps to combat tuberculosis.

616.

Young, Hugh H. Hugh Young: A Surgeon’s Autobiography. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1940. 554 pp. This is a well-illustrated autobiography by the famous American urologist who played a major role in introducing the Doughboy to prophylactics.

RT8955Z.indb 108

2/5/07 9:15:21 PM

Military Aspects of the War 109

8. Intelligence Operations 617.

Beesly, Patrick. Room 40: British Naval Intelligence. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982. 338 pp. Among other claims, Beesly argues that the intelligence gathered by Hall and his British intelligence group in Room 40 in the Old Admiralty Building helped bring about U.S. belligerency.

618.

Blankenhorn, Heber. Adventures in Propaganda: Letters from an Intelligence Officer in France. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919. 166 pp. This volume of letters from Blankenhorn to his wife captures the contemporary atmosphere of the AEF in France. It is well written but reveals no secrets of American intelligence. The illustrations give examples of both Allied and enemy propaganda.

619.

Coulter, Captain C. S. “Intelligence Service in the World War.” Infantry J 20 (April 1922): 376–383. This is a worthwhile article on the development and hardships of the intelligence section of the 18th Infantry, 1st Division.

620.

Dorwart, Jeffrey M. The Office of Naval Intelligence: The Birth of America’s First Intelligence Agency, 1865–1918. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1979. 173 pp. This volume traces the development of the Office of Naval Intelligence from its beginnings through World War I. At first collecting technical data on other navies, the organization by 1900 had enlarged its covert activities. Approximately one-third of this monograph concerns World War I when the ONI experienced considerable expansion, even engaging in domestic surveillance.

621.

Grant, Robert M. U-Boat Intelligence, 1914–1918. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1969. 192 pp. This is an important work on the Allied intelligence campaign against German submarines, notwithstanding the scant documentation and absence of an index. Charts and photographs are included.

622.

Jensen, Joan M. Army Surveillance in America, 1775–1980. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991. 325 pp. This is an important treatment of the Military Intelligence Division (MID) which was created in 1917 to spy on what the army deemed subversive individuals and groups.

623.

RT8955Z.indb 109

Johnson, Thomas M. Our Secret War: True American Spy Stories 1917– 1919. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1929. 340 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:21 PM

110

America and World War I

The author concentrates on the activities of the American secret service (G-2) in Europe during the war. Johnson promises many “nuggets of virgin gold” but he has neither notes nor a bibliography and admits that there are “international inaccuracies” to “protect American secret agents.” 624.

Sweeney, Walter C. Military Intelligence: A New Weapon in War. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1924. 259 pp. Sweeney, a veteran of military intelligence, does not attempt a comprehensive history. Rather, drawing on his personal experiences and study, he discusses the organization and role of military intelligence.

625.

Talbert, Roy, Jr. Negative Intelligence: The Army and the American Left, 1917–1941. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1991. 303 pp. The MID, formed in 1917, concerned itself with many domestic groups, including African Americans, immigrants, pacifists, and radical unions, among others. This intelligence work involved the army in illegal raids and searches.

626.

United States Army, AEF, 1917–1920. G.H.Q., General Staff, Second Section. Chaumont?, 1918? 2 vols. This is a collection of intelligence summaries from January–November 1918, which may be researched by date of publication. A copy is in the U.S. Army Military History Institute at Carlisle.

627.

United States War Department, General Staff. United States Military Intelligence, 1917–1927. New York: Garland Publishing, 1978. 30 vols. There are 26 volumes of weekly intelligence summaries and 4 of daily summaries. These summaries are broad in their scope, covering political, economic, and social developments as well as military events. The four volumes of daily summaries provide extensive information on the American military role on the western front. Richard D. Challener has written the introduction to this collection.

628.

Wood, Eric Fisher. The Note-Book of an Intelligence Officer. New York: Century, 1917. 346 pp. Major Wood reports on conditions in England in 1917 and the Battle of Arras. Wood, who went to Britain to strengthen ties between the United States and her European allies, was given a staff appointment which enabled him to have something of an insider’s view.

629.

RT8955Z.indb 110

Yardley, Herbert O. American Black Chamber. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931. 370 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:21 PM

Military Aspects of the War 111

This solid illustrated work reveals the activities of the “Black Chamber,” or U.S. cryptographic bureau, which was officially known as Section 8 of the military intelligence division. 9. African American Troops, AEF (See also VI:M, African Americans and Native Americans) 630.

“The American Negro in World Wars I and II.” J Negro Educ 12 (Summer 1943): 263–584. Thirty essays by such prominent African American writers as Emmett J. Scott and W. E. B. Du Bois are included in this yearbook issue devoted to “a comparative analysis of the status and participation of the American Negro in World War I and World War II.” The yearbook is divided into three parts. Part one has two sections: the African American in American wars prior to World War I and the African American’s status in the armed services in the two world wars. Part two is also divided into two sections: “The Negro in War Industries and Government War Agencies in World Wars I and II” and “The Role of Morale Agencies Among Negroes in World Wars I and II.” Part three is devoted to “The Negro in Post-War Reconstruction in World Wars I and II.” A valuable bibliography includes selected references on the part played by African Americans in the two world wars.

631.

Barbeau, Arthur E., and Florette Henri. The Unknown Soldiers: Black Troops in World War I. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974. 279 pp. This is a passionate indictment of the army’s treatment of African American soldiers, supported by thorough research in the official military records and the personal papers of the soldiers. The authors convincingly demonstrate that African Americans made surprisingly good soldiers given their sordid treatment and the smear campaign directed against them. The racist “Disposal of the Colored Drafted Men” of the operations branch of the U.S. Army General Staff is reprinted in an appendix. There is an excellent selection of photographs. See also Barbeau’s lengthy 1970 University of Pittsburgh doctoral dissertation.

632.

Fletcher, Marvin. The Black Soldier and Officer in the United States Army 1819–1917. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1974. 205 pp. This monograph, which emphasizes the racial views of the army leadership, delineates the role of the African American in the army in both peace and war from 1891 to 1917.

633.

RT8955Z.indb 111

Giffin, William W. “Mobilization of Black Militiamen in World War 1: Ohio’s Ninth Battalion.” Historian 40 (August 1978): 686–703.

2/5/07 9:15:22 PM

112

America and World War I

Giffin examines the prevailing views about African American soldiers through this study of the mobilization of Ohio’s 9th Battalion. The policy of Newton D. Baker, who had been mayor of Cleveland before becoming secretary of state for war in 1916, receives special attention. 634.

Harris, Stephen L. Harlem’s Hell Fighters: The African-American 369th Infantry in World War I. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2003. 301 pp. This book succeeds in describing the experiences of African American soldiers who served in the 369th Infantry Regiment. After being trained the so-called Harlem’s Hell Fighters fought in the line with the French army.

635.

Henri, Florette. Bitter Victory: A History of Black Soldiers in World War I. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Zenith Books, 1970. 120 pp. Written with high school students in mind, this slim monograph offers a summary of the role of black soldiers in World War I. The photographs are excellent.

636.

Heywood, Chester D. Negro Combat Troops in the World War: The Story of the 371st Infantry. New York: Negro Universities Press (a division of Greenwood Press), 1969. 310 pp. Heywood, a captain in the 371st Infantry, hoped to counter the prevalent though distorted picture of the African American soldier “always hot footin’ it to the rear” with his account of the role of his unit in the war. This is a reprint of the 1928 edition. This volume is well illustrated with many original documents.

637.

Little, Arthur W. From Harlem to the Rhine: The Story of New York’s Colored Volunteers. New York: Covici Friede, 1936. 382 pp. The author was a white officer with the 15th New York Colored Regiment which went into action as part of a French division.

638.

Patton, Gerald W. War and Race: The Black Officer in the American Military, 1915–1941. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981. 214 pp. This monograph, which focuses on the years 1917–1920, provides insight into the trials and tribulations of African American officers in the U.S. Army. The bibliography reflects extensive research, and tables and appendices are included.

639.

RT8955Z.indb 112

Roberts, Frank E. The American Legion: Black Soldiers of the 93rd in World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004. 259 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:22 PM

Military Aspects of the War 113

This work examines the 369th, 370th, 371st, and 372nd Infantry Regiments who fought with the French 157th Infantry Division when the incomplete 93rd Division was assigned to the French army. Called “black devils” by the Germans, the African American soldiers of the 93rd Division received more than 600 decorations, including the Medal of Honor. 640. Scott, Emmett J. Scott’s Official History of the American Negro in the World War. Chicago: Homewood, 1919. 512 pp. Scott, who received the assistance of many other African Americans in producing this work, was the special assistant to the secretary of war. A wide variety of sources were used, but there are no footnotes or bibliography. In addition to the text, there are 96 pages of illustrations, including many official photographs. 641.

Sweeney, W. Allison. History of the American Negro in the Great World War: His Splendid Record in the Battle Zones of Europe. New York: Negro Universities Press (a division of Greenwood Press), 1969. 307 pp. This is a reprint of the 1919 edition. There are no footnotes or bibliography but the author succeeds in showing the perseverance of African American soldiers in the face of the rampant racism of the period. Numerous photographs enhance this volume. Barbeau and Henri have produced a much more scholarly treatment of the same subject.

642. Unites States Army War College, Historical Section. The Ninety-Second Division 1917–1918. N.p., 1923. The “Buffalo” Division was composed of African American recruits from across the United States. It sailed for France in June 1918. Spending two days in active sectors, it captured 38 prisoners and suffered 176 battle deaths and 1,466 wounded. This confidential report critically evaluates its training and combat performance. The pages are not numbered consecutively. The U.S. Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks, PA, has a copy. 643.

Williams, Charles H. Sidelights on Negro Soldiers. Boston: B.J. Brimmer, 1923. 248 pp. This is one of the better contemporary accounts of the part played by the African American soldier in the war.

10. Engineers, AEF 644. Collins, Francis A. The Fighting Engineers: The Minute Men of Our Industrial Army. New York: Century, 1918. 200 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 113

2/5/07 9:15:22 PM

114

America and World War I

This is a popular, even breathless, account of the achievements of American engineers, especially the “Famous 11th Engineers,” who fought at Cambrai in late 1917. There are 32 illustrations but no bibliography, notes, or index. 645.

Parsons, W. B. The American Engineers in France. New York: D. Appleton, 1920. 429 pp. This is a detailed examination of the vital work of some 174,000 American engineers who served overseas. Parsons was a colonel who served in the 11th U.S. Engineers, which was with the first American forces to participate in active fighting in France.

646. Trounce, Harry Davis. Notes on Military Mining. Washington Barracks, DC: Press of the Engineer School, 1918. 88 pp. This study is by a captain in the U.S. Engineers who knew his subject. See also his personal account (item 539). 647.

United States Army, AEF, Chief Engineer. Historical Report of the Chief Engineer American Expeditionary Forces 1917–1919. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919. 437 pp. This detailed official history includes appendices and a great many illustrations.

648. United States Army, AEF, Engineer Department. Report of the Chief Engineer First Army American Expeditionary Forces on the Engineer Operations in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives, 1918. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1929. 151 pp. This illustrated volume was the collective effort of numerous engineering officers. 11. Artillery, AEF * Bidwell, Shelford, and Dominick Graham. Firepower: British Army Weapons and Theories of War 1904–1945. Cited above as item 563. 649.

De Varila, Osborne. The First Shot for Liberty: The Story of an American Who Went Over with the First Expeditionary Force. Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1918. 223 pp. De Varila served with the 6th U.S. Field Artillery and is given credit for firing the first shot of the American army. His work is one of the more interesting accounts of Americans in the trenches of the western front.

650.

RT8955Z.indb 114

DeWeerd, H.A. “American Adoption of French Artillery 1917–1919.” Amer Mil Inst 3 (Summer 1939): 104–116.

2/5/07 9:15:22 PM

Military Aspects of the War 115

DeWeerd discusses the lessons learned from and the long-lasting influences of U.S. dependence on French artillery during the Great War. 651.

Farrow, Edward S. American Guns in the War with Germany. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1920. 223 pp. This work by an instructor of tactics at West Point concerns U.S. production of munitions rather than the role of artillery on the western front. There is no documentation or discussion of sources.

652. Grotelueschen, Mark E. Doctrine Under Trial: American Artillery Employment in World War I. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. 174 pp. Based on archival research, this work demonstrates the critical importance of artillery to successful American offensives on the western front. The conclusions are very much in conformity with modern scholarship on the use of artillery in the Great War. 653.

Hogg, Ian V. Barrage: The Guns in Action. New York: Ballantine Books, 1970. 160 pp. A master gunner in the Royal Artillery examines artillery tactics in the two world wars.

654.

Olson, Ronald E. “The American ‘Schneider.’” Field Artillery J 48 (November–December 1980): 48–49. A U.S. gun, a 155-mm “Schneider,” called “Calamity Jane,” is said to have fired the last artillery shell of World War I.

655.

———. “The 123rd Field Artillery 1917–1919.” Field Artillery J 50 (November–December 1982): 33–35. This illustrated article describes the varied adventures of this national guard regiment.

656. Ottosen, Major P. H., chief comp. Trench Artillery, A. E. F.: The Personal Experiences of Lieutenants and Captains of Artillery Who Served with Trench Mortars. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1931. 367 pp. This represents a very personal history of those artillerymen who shared the fate of the Doughboy. This volume was completed by Ottosen, who served in the trench artillery or “suicide club” as it was sometimes called. 657.

RT8955Z.indb 115

United States Navy Department, Office of Naval Records and Library, Historical Section. The United States Naval Railway Batteries in France. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1922. 97 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:22 PM

116

America and World War I

This is an important source for the often overlooked part played by the U.S. Naval railway batteries in the European theater. 12. Supplies and Transportation, AEF 658.

Crowell, Benedict, and Robert Forrest Wilson. How America Went to War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1921. 6 vols. Crowell, who was assistant secretary of war and director of munitions, 1917–1920, provides an insider’s view of American mobilization for war with emphasis on war industry, manpower policy, and the transport and supply of the AEF. The last volume concerns military and industrial demobilization, 1918–1920. The authors conducted interviews with leading administrators. Although an important source, these volumes are marred by errors of fact and an uncritical approach. Wilson, the co-author, was an American officer.

659.

Cuff, Robert D. “Newton D. Baker, Frank A. Scott, and ‘The American Reinforcement in the World War.’” Mil Affairs 34 (February 1970): 11–13. This is a survey of the literature on American industrial mobilization which highlights the differing interpretations of the military and civilian authorities. The civilian or business point of view is represented by Crowell and Clarkson and the War Department’s perspective is put forward by Baker and Scott.

660. Dawes, Charles G. A Journal of the Great War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921. 2 vols. These volumes focus on General Dawes’ activities as the purchasing agent in Europe for the AEF. The first volume contains Dawes’ wartime diary. 661.

Frothingham, Thomas G. The American Reinforcement in the World War. New York: Doubleday/Page, 1927. 388 pp. This is a broad account of American mobilization for war, the transport of the AEF, naval operations, and the American military effort overseas. * Gleaves, Albert. A History of the Transport Service: Adventures and Experiences of United States Transports and Cruisers in the World War. Cited above as item 297.

662.

Hagood, Johnson. The Services of Supply: A Memoir of the Great War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927. 403 pp. The memoirs of the chief of staff, services of supply, AEF, constitute an important source for any examination of the logistical efforts of the AEF in France and the creation of an independent American army. The author makes extensive use of his wartime journal and copies of letters and memoranda he saved. This volume is illustrated.

RT8955Z.indb 116

2/5/07 9:15:22 PM

Military Aspects of the War 117

* Harbord, James G. The American Army in France, 1917–1919. Cited above as item 302. * ———. The American Expeditionary Forces: Its Organization and Accomplishments. Cited above as item 303. 663.

Henniker, Colonel A. M., comp. Transportation on the Western Front, 1914–1918. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1937. 531 pp. This volume contains some information, not always accurate, on American lines of communication and transportation on the western front. The index in this British official history is inadequate but there are many helpful maps.

664. Hurley, Edward N. The Bridge to France. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1927. 338 pp. A machine tool and appliance manufacturer, Hurley became the chairman of the United States Shipping Board. He recounts, with emphasis on his own views, the massive American effort to build troop and supply ships to support the AEF. He notes that Pershing’s goal of 80 divisions in 1919, if met, could not have been transported and supplied by American shipping that would then have been available. 665. Huston, James A. The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775–1953. Washington, DC: U.S. Army, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1966. 789 pp. This is a work of scholarship by a professor of history at Purdue University. Five chapters, “World War I: Industrialization and Procurement,” “Interallied Coordination,” “The Road to France,” “Services of Supply in France,” and “Demobilization,” concern American participation in the war. The shortcomings of the logistical efforts of the AEF are not whitewashed. 666. McClean, Ross H. “Troop Movements on the American Railroads During the Great War.” Amer Hist Rev 26 (April 1921): 464–488. The solid achievements of those who organized and directed American railroads in transporting soldiers to training camps and embarkation ports are described in this article. 667.

Mattox, W. C. Building the Emergency Fleet. Cleveland: Pepton Publishing, 1920. 279 pp. The author, who was head of the publication section of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, describes the American crash program to build ships to transport and supply the AEF.

RT8955Z.indb 117

2/5/07 9:15:23 PM

118

668.

America and World War I

Risch, Erna. Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775–1939. Washington, DC: Office of the Quartermaster General, Quartermaster Historian’s Office, 1962. 796 pp. Approximately one-sixth of this scholarly history concerns the conversion of the quartermaster’s department into the quartermaster corps and its role in the Great War. The corps is shown to be as unprepared for war in 1917 as it had been for the Spanish-American War. Both supply in the zone of interior, 1917–1918, and U.S. operations overseas, 1917–1918, are examined.

669.

Shanks, Maj.-Gen. David C. As They Passed Through the Port. Washington, DC: Cary Publishing, 1927. 351 pp. Shanks was the commander of the port of embarkation, Hoboken, New Jersey, which saw almost 1.8 million U.S. soldiers pass through on their way to the European war.

670.

Sharpe, Henry G. The Quartermaster Corps in the Year 1917 in the World War. New York: Century, 1921. 424 pp. The author was quartermaster general of the U.S. Army.

671.

Stubbs, Kevin D. Race to the Front: The Material Foundations of Coalition Strategy in the Great War. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002. 373 pp. Stubbs reminds us that the war was won on the home as well as the war front with his attention to the material mobilization of the belligerents during World War I. Stubbs concludes that American manpower and its industrial might played the key role in an Entente victory.

672.

United States General Staff, War Plans Division, Historical Branch. Organization of the Services of Supply: American Expeditionary Forces. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921. 130 pp. Charts, maps, and appendices are included in this official history.

673.

Wilgus, William J. Transporting the A. E. F. in Western Europe, 1917– 1919. New York: Columbia University Press, 1931. 612 pp. The problems and inadequacies of the transportation corps, AEF, along with the almost superhuman efforts to overcome them, are well described in this work by the director of military railways and deputy director general of transportation, AEF.

674.

RT8955Z.indb 118

Zimmerman, Phyllis A. The Neck of the Bottle: George W. Goethals and the Reorganization of the U.S. Army Supply System, 1917–1918. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992. 201 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:23 PM

Military Aspects of the War 119

This revisionist study debunks the role of General George W. Goethals, who was given the awesome responsibility of procuring, storing, and shipping supplies to the AEF. Zimmerman argues that Goethals’ reorganizations created the illusion of success. The reality in her view was frequently confusion and inefficiency. 13. Division Histories, AEF The following division histories are grouped together by division number in ascending order with the exception of the first two entries, James T. Controvich’s essential bibliography and a collection of 28 division histories. 675.

Controvich, James T. United States Army Unit and Organizational Histories: A Bibliography. Vol. 2, World War I to the Present. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2003. 633 pp. This superb bibliography won a Society for Military History’s Distinguished Book Award in 2005. No stone has been left unturned by this industrious researcher. The result is the most complete bibliographic compilation of United States Army units in existence. Memoirs of soldiers who have written about their units are also included.

676.

American Battle Monuments Commission. Summary of Operations in the World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1944. 28 vols. This is an invaluable source for the study of tactical operations of the AEF, providing detailed treatment of the operations of the 28 divisions that served in the frontlines. Bound in fabrikoid with detailed fold-out maps in a pocket, these slim booklets contain a bibliography, index, table of organization, and list of casualties.

677.

History of the First Division During the World War: 1917–1919. Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1922. 450 pp. This admirable detailed history, prepared by the Society of the First Division, is particularly valuable for studying the attack on the small village of Cantigny in late May, the Marne, and the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. First in combat, the 1st Division was the last complete division to return home.

678.

Miller, H. R. First Division. Pittsburgh, PA: Crescent, 1920. 49 pp. This slim volume on the “Big Red One,” as it was unofficially known, does not compare to the more detailed work by the Society of the First Division.

679.

RT8955Z.indb 119

Spaulding, Oliver L., and John W. Wright. The Second Division, American Expeditionary Force in France: 1917–1918. New York: Hillman Press, 1937. 412 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:23 PM

120

America and World War I

This is a solid piece of historical work. Spaulding served for five years as the chief of the historical section of the Army War College. Along with McClellan’s official history, this is a basic source for the Marines in France. The so-called Indianhead Division was organized in France, spent 66 days in active sectors, and won more Distinguished Service Crosses than any other division. 680.

Hemenway, Frederic V. History of the Third Division, United States Army in the World War for the Period December 1, 1917 to January 1, 1919. Cologne, Germany: Schauberg, 1919. 397 pp. Called the “Marne” Division after it helped stop the last major German offensive of the war, this division also participated in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. It was commanded by former cavalryman Major General Joseph T. Dickman.

681.

Bach, Christian A., and Henry Noble Hall. The Fourth Division, Its Services and Achievements in the World War. Issued by the Division, 1920. 368 pp. This is a superior history of a regular Army division, the 4th Division or “Ivy” Division. It initially fought in battalions under French command, but went into action as a complete unit during the St. Mihiel and MeuseArgonne offensives. Bach, who was chief of staff of the 4th Division, and Hall, who was a London Times correspondent attached to the AEF, have succeeded well in describing at the division level the role played by America in the war.

682.

Official History of the Fifth Division. U. S. A. Washington, DC: Society of the Fifth Division, 1919. 423 pp. The chief compiler of this well-written division history was Kenyon Stevenson. The 5th Division, organized at Camp Logan, Texas, was called the “Red Diamond” Division. It participated in the St. Mihiel and MeuseArgonne offensives.

683.

Fell, Captain Edgar Tremlett. History of the Seventh Division, United States Army 1917–1919. Philadelphia: Seventh Division Officers’ Association, 1927. 261 pp. This volume includes such disparate information as the number of court martials and the win-loss record of the division’s basketball team. Dispatched to Europe in August 1918, the “Hourglass” Division spent only two days in active sectors.

684.

RT8955Z.indb 120

[Densen, G. L. Van, and W. G. Muller.] Official History of the Thirteenth Division, 1918–1919. Tacoma, WA: Robert W. Hulbert, 1919. 40 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:23 PM

Military Aspects of the War 121

Because this division was not organized until July 1918 and was not an official division, the slimness of this volume is not surprising. 685.

Benwell, Harry A. History of the Yankee Division. Boston: Cornhill, 1919. 283 pp. The part played by New Englanders in the 26th Division at Seicheprey, the first combat which involved Americans in large numbers, is well commemorated in this account. See also the excellent accounts by Sibley and Taylor.

686.

Ford, Bert. The Fighting Yankees Overseas. Boston: Norman E. McPhail, 1919. 259 pp. The author bills himself as “New England’s ‘own’ war correspondent.”

687.

George, A. E., and E. H. Cooper. Pictorial History of the Twenty-Sixth Division, United States Army. Boston: Ball, 1920. 320 pp. This is a good pictorial history of the first national guard division to go into the line.

688.

Sibley, Frank P. With the Yankee Division in France. Boston: Little, Brown, 1919. 365 pp. This history of the 26th Division, which was commanded by Major General Clarence R. Edwards from February 6–October 25, 1918, was written by an American war correspondent with decided views.

689.

Taylor, Emerson Gifford. New England in France, 1917–1919: A History of the Twenty-Sixth Division, U. S. A. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920. 324 pp. This important division history by a national guardsman and the acting chief of staff of the 26th Division tells the story of the first complete division in France. The “Yankee” Division was created from New England contingents in July 1917 and by November was organized as a complete division overseas. This is probably the best single account of the 26th Division.

690.

Clarke, William F. Over There with O’Ryan’s Roughnecks. Seattle, WA: Superior Publishing, 1968. 176 pp. These are the illustrated reminiscences of a private who served in the 27th Division.

691.

O’Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F. History of the 27th Division: New York’s Own. New York: Bennett & Churchill, 1919. 80 pp. This thumbnail sketch does not compare with the author’s more thorough two-volume history. Citations and names and addresses are included.

RT8955Z.indb 121

2/5/07 9:15:23 PM

122

America and World War I

692. ———. The Story of the 27th Division. New York: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck & Crawford, 1921. 2 vols. The commander of the 27th Division has written a thorough and exemplary unit history. The 27th was attached to the BEF and played a role in the breaching of the Hindenburg line. 693.

Starlight, Alexander, comp. The Pictorial Record of the 27th Division. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919. This pictorial history starts with the “send off” parade in New York and concludes with the “welcome home” parade. There is no pagination.

694.

Swetland, Maurice J. “These Men”: “For Conspicuous Bravery Above and Beyond the Call of Duty.” Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing, 1940. 312 pp. Two-thirds of this volume concerns the 27th Division, in which Maurice Swetland served in the Great War.

695.

Gilbert, Eugene. The 28th Division in France. Nancy, France: BergerLevrault, 1919. This is a slim volume of drawings. There is no pagination.

696.

Martin, Col. Edward. The Twenty-Eighth Division: Pennsylvania’s Guard in the World War. Pittsburgh, PA: 28th Division Publishing, 1923–1924. 5 vols. This division history also gives the “History and Traditions of the Pennsylvania National Guard and Its Predecessor the Pennsylvania Militia.”

697.

Pennsylvania in the World War: An Illustrated History of the Twenty-Eighth Division. Pittsburgh, PA: States Publications Society, 1921. 2 vols. The photographs in this pictorial usually do justice to the exploits of the “Keystone” Division, which spent 49 days in active sectors.

698.

Proctor, Henry G. The Iron Division: National Guard of Pennsylvania in the World War. Philadelphia: Winston, 1919. 296 pp. This is the story of the 28th Division, which was commanded in order by Major General Charles H. Muir, Brigadier General Frank H. Albright (temporary), and Major General William H. Hay.

699.

Warner, Frank A. Journal of Operations. Twenty-Eighth Division, A. E. F. August 5, 1917–November 30, 1918. N.p., 1919. 71 pp. This is “a complete chronological record of events pertaining to this Division from date of embarkation overseas.” The 28th Division fought at Chateau Thierry, the Marne, the Vesle and Thiaucourt sectors, and at Meuse-Argonne.

RT8955Z.indb 122

2/5/07 9:15:24 PM

Military Aspects of the War 123

700.

Cutchins, Lieut.-Col. John A. History of the Twenty-Ninth Division: “Blue and Grey,” 1917–1919. Philadelphia: MacCalla, 1921. 493 pp. The 29th Division saw heavy action in Vosges and at Verdun, sustaining more than 5,000 casualties. The appendix contains a roster of all officers and enlisted men who served in the 29th.

701.

United States Army, 29th Infantry Division. Operations of the 29th Division, East of the Meuse River, October 8th to 30th, 1918. Fort Monroe, VA: Coast Artillery School, 1922. 410 pp. This volume contains operations reports and field orders.

702.

Murphy, Elmer A., and Robert S. Thomas. The Thirtieth Division in the World War. Lepanto, AK: Old Hickory Publishing, 1936. 342 pp. This volume sheds light on the U.S. assault against the Saint-Quentin Tunnel complex. Attached to the British, this unit was called the “Old Hickory” Division.

703.

Garlock, G. W. Tales of the Thirty-Second. West Salem, WI: Badger Publishing, 1927. 275 pp. The author of this illustrated history was a lieutenant colonel in the “Red Arrow” Division.

704.

Wisconsin War History Commission. The 32nd Division in the World War, 1917–1919. Milwaukee: Wisconsin Printing, 1920. 319 pp. Commanded by Major General William G. Haan, this division was composed of national guardsmen from Michigan and Wisconsin. In the Amiens sector, some of its detachments served with the Australians.

705.

Harris, Barnett W. 33rd Division Across No-Man’s Land. Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Sons, 1919. 92 pp. In addition to the photographs, there are illustrations by Dudley J. Nelson, a private in the 132nd Infantry.

706. Huidekoper, Frederic L. Illinois in the World War: The History of the 33rd Division, A. E. F. Springfield: Illinois State Historical Society, 1921. 4 vols. Vols. 2–4 of this division history consist of appendices and maps. The author, the division adjutant of the “Prairie” Division, has done a thorough job of relating the activities of his division. 707.

RT8955Z.indb 123

Illinois in the World War: An Illustrated History of the Thirty-Third Division. Chicago: States Publications Society, 1921. 2 vols.

2/5/07 9:15:24 PM

124

America and World War I

This solid unit history was written either by or under the supervision of the officers of the 33rd Division. Donald F. Biggs of the States Publication Society was the general editor. 708.

Carter, Robert L. Pictorial History of the 35th Division. Kansas City, MO, 1933. Most of the photographs are from the U.S. Signal Corps. There is no pagination.

709.

Ferrell, Robert H. Collapse at Meuse-Argonne. The Failure of the MissouriKansas Division. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004. 160 pp. In four days of fighting, the 35th Division suffered horrendous casualties. Professor Ferrell explains why. Poor leadership and operational failures top his list.

710.

Hoyt, Charles B. Heroes of the Argonne: An Authentic History of the Thirty-Fifth Division. Kansas City, MO: Franklin Hudson Publishing, 1919. 259 pp. The narrative, written in a popular style, is accompanied by photographs and maps.

711.

Kenamore, Clair. From Vauquois Hill to Exermont: A History of the Thirty-Fifth Division of the United States Army. St. Louis: Guard Publishing, 1919. 435 pp. Not always written with balance, this work is nevertheless useful for any examination of the Meuse-Argonne offensive. The 35th also served in brigades in the Vosges sector and as a division in the Gerardmer and Sommedieu sectors.

712.

Chastaine, Capt. Ben H. Story of the 36th: The Experiences of the 36th Division in the World War: 1917–1918. Oklahoma City: Harlow Publishing, 1920. 291 pp. After its training at Camp Bowie, Texas, this division sailed for France in July 1918, and as a division spent 23 days in active sectors.

713.

Cole, Ralph D., and W. C. Howells. The Thirty-Seventh Division in the World War 1917–1918. Columbus, OH: Thirty-Seventh Division Veterans Association, 1926–1929. 2 vols. Organized from Ohio and West Virginia national guardsmen, the “Buckeye” Division had varied experiences on the western front in 1918. The authors were division historians.

714.

RT8955Z.indb 124

Koons, Jack, and Don Palmer. Billets and Bullets of the 37th Division: Cartoons and Ragtime. Cincinnati: Bacharach Press, 1919. 79 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:24 PM

Military Aspects of the War 125

This volume offers a representative example of Doughboy humor. 715.

The Thirty-Seventh’s Bit in the World War of 1914–1918: A Brief Story. N.p., 1918. 16 pp. This brief account includes maps.

716.

History of the Fortieth (Sunshine) Division. . . 1917–1919. Los Angeles: C.S. Hutson, 1920. 179 pp. The “Sunshine” Division, which sailed for Europe in August, never made it into the line. It served as a depot division, filling the ranks of depleted units.

717.

Cooke, James J. The Rainbow Division in the Great War 1917–1919. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994. 280 pp. Cooke pays particular attention to Douglas MacArthur, W. J. “Wild Bill” Donovan, and George S. Patton.

718.

Reilly, Henry J. Americans All. The Rainbow at War: Official History of the 42nd Rainbow Division in the World War. Columbus, OH: F.J. Herr, 1936. 888 pp. The author was an officer in both the infantry and artillery in the “Rainbow” Division, which got its name because it included national guardsmen from 26 states and Washington, DC, covering the country, so it was said, like a rainbow. This division arrived in France in November and spent 39 days in active sectors and 125 days in quiet sectors.

719.

Sherwood, Elmer W. Diary of a Rainbow Veteran. Terre Haute, IN: Moore-Langen, 1929. 217 pp. General Charles P. Summerall contributed the foreword to this volume, which was first published by a newspaper syndicate under the title “Ten Years Ago with the Rainbow Division.”

720.

[Thompson, Hugh S.] Trench Knives and Mustard Gas: With the 42nd Rainbow Division in France. Edited by Robert H. Ferrell. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004. 205 pp. Ferrell writes an introduction in this account of the exploits of Second Lieutenant Hugh S. Thompson. This is an excellent first-person account.

721.

Tompkins, Raymond S. The Story of the Rainbow Division. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1919. 264 pp. This history is one of the most readable of the division histories. The author, a correspondent for a Baltimore newspaper, includes many anecdotes.

722.

RT8955Z.indb 125

Wolf, Walter B. A Brief Story of the Rainbow Division. New York: Rand, McNally, 1919. 61 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:24 PM

126

America and World War I

This brief history was rushed into print to enable the members of the division to have a copy when they returned to the United States. 723.

Harris, Stephen L. Duffy’s War: Fr. Francis Duffy, Wild Bill Donovan, and the Irish Fighting 69th in World War I. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2006. 440 pp. This is an interesting account of the Irish Division, popularized by the 1940 movie, The Fighting 69th, starring James Cagney. Members of the 69th included “Wild Bill” Donovan, the future head of the OSS, and Father Francis Duffy (whose statue stands in Times Square).

724.

History of the Seventy-Seventh Division, August 25, 1917–November 11, 1918. New York: W.H. Crawford Printers, 1919. 228 pp. Designed and written in the field, this unit history was the work of several division historians, but the primary compiler was the chief editor, Major Julius Ochs Adler. Sailing for Europe in April 1918, the 77th was the first national army division to arrive in France. Its 66 days in active sectors, including the Meuse-Argonne offensive, were surpassed only by the 1st and 3rd Divisions.

725.

Milham, Charles G. “‘Atta Boy!’: The Story of New York’s 77th Division.” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, January 26, 1919. This extensive newspaper article describes the contributions to victory made by the “Liberty” Division. The 77th Division was one of the few U.S. divisions that both started and finished the Meuse-Argonne offensive.

726.

Rainsford, W. Kerr. From Upton to the Meuse with the Three Hundred and Seventh Infantry. New York: D. Appleton, 1920. 298 pp. Written with a sense of humor, this volume examines the role of the 307th Infantry and 77th Division. The sketches are especially good. The foreword is by General Robert Alexander.

727.

Meehan, Thomas F., ed. History of the Seventy-Eighth Division in the World War, 1917–18–19. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1921. 243 pp. Composed of recruits from New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, the “White Lightning” Division covered itself with glory when it took Grandpre in house-to-house fighting.

728.

History of the Seventy-Ninth Division, A. E. F., During the World War, 1917–1919. Lancaster, PA: Steinman & Steinman, 1922. 509 pp. The history of the 79th Division, which is said to have captured the two highest points during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, was prepared by the history committee of the 79th Division Association. The division is covered from its training at Camp Meade, Maryland, to its demobilization. The 79th sailed for France in July 1918.

RT8955Z.indb 126

2/5/07 9:15:24 PM

Military Aspects of the War 127

729.

Young, Rush Stephenson. Over the Top with the 80th by a Buck Private, 1917–1919. Washington, DC, 1933. There is no pagination in this brief history of the “Blue Ridge” Division, which was made up of draftees from West Virginia, Virginia, and western Pennsylvania. This division served with the British at Artois and participated in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. It sailed for France in May 1918.

730. Official History of 82nd Division American Expeditionary Forces, “All American” Division, 1917–1919. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1919. 310 pp. The history of this division from its training to the St. Mihiel and MeuseArgonne offensives to its role after the armistice is covered in this superior division history. A thorough account of Alvin York’s heroism is included. Made up of men from Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia, this division sailed for France in May 1918. The principal author is Lieutenant-Colonel G. Edward Buxton, Jr. 731.

Cooke, James J. The All-Americans at War: The 82nd Division in the Great War, 1917–1918. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. 142 pp. The author gives a very positive account of the development and capability of the 82nd Division.

732.

The Official History of the Eighty-Sixth Division. Chicago: States Publications Society, 1921. 319 pp. Although the 86th Division did not make it into the line, many of its officers and men saw action during the Meuse-Argonne offensive. The “Black Hawk” Division, composed of recruits from Illinois, sailed for France in September 1918.

733.

The 88th Division in the World War of 1914–1918. New York: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Company, 1919. 236 pp. The history of the 88th Division is divided into four parts: training and transportation to France; life in the trenches; post-Armistice service abroad and demobilization; and a roster of all who served in this division abroad. Sailing for France in August 1918, the 88th spent its time in quiet sectors.

734.

Larson, E. J. D. Memoirs of France and the Eighty-Eighth Division. Minneapolis: Webb, 1920. 172 pp. This history includes a section of personal narratives and a photographic album section of many of the members of the division.

RT8955Z.indb 127

2/5/07 9:15:24 PM

128

735.

America and World War I

English, George H., Jr. History of the 89th Division, U. S. A. Denver, CO: The War Society of the 89th Division, 1920. 511 pp. Maps, photographs, official reports, and honor and casualty lists are included in this unit history. The “Middle West” Division sailed for Europe in June 1918 and participated in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives.

736.

Masseck, C. J., comp. Official Brief History of the 89th Division, U. S. A., 1917–1918–1919. N.p., 1919. 48 pp. Major General Leonard Wood was this division’s first commander, but he was removed before it sailed for France.

737.

Report on St. Mihiel Offensive, 89th Division, September 12–13, 1918. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Service Schools Press, 1919. 72 pp. Some of the problems associated with the 89th Division’s role in the St. Mihiel offensive, especially those problems relating to communications and transportation, are discussed in official reports written following this operation.

738.

[Wright, William M.] Meuse-Argonne Diary: A Division Commander in World War I. Edited by Robert H. Ferrell. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004. 174 pp. This is the first diary by a World War I division commander to be published. Wright emerges as a first-rate commander.

739.

Operations 90th Division, A. E. F., August 18th 1918–November 11th 1918. Fort Leavenworth, KS: General Services Schools, n.d. This volume of documents, compiled and issued by the operations section of the general staff of the 90th Division, constitutes an important source for the study of the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. The pages are not numbered consecutively.

740.

Wythe, Maj. George. A History of the 90th Division. New York: Ninetieth Division Association, 1920. 259 pp. Most of the text concerns the “battle period” of the 90th Division which spent 26 days in active sectors. The author was the division historian.

741.

Henderson, Alice Palmer. The Ninety-First. The First at Camp Lewis. Tacoma, WA: John C. Barr, 1918. 510 pp. This is a good source for U.S. training camps.

742.

RT8955Z.indb 128

The Story of the 91st Division. San Francisco: 91st Division Publication Committee, 1919. 177 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:25 PM

Military Aspects of the War 129

The “Evergreen” Division sailed for Europe in July 1918 and participated in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. This history gives a blow-by-blow account of the combat role of the 91st. * U.S. Army War College, Historical Section. The Ninety-Second Division 1917–1918. Cited above as item 642. * Roberts, Frank E. The American Foreign Legion: Black Soldiers of the 93rd in World War I. Cited above as item 639. 14. Uniforms 743.

Henry, Mark R. The U.S. Army of World War I. Oxford: Osprey, 2003. 48 pp. This work includes color drawings of AEF officers and men in uniform.

744.

Mollo, Andrew. Army Uniforms of World War I: European and United States Armies and Aviation Services. New York: Arco Publishing, 1978. 219 pp. The illustrations are in color, the coverage comprehensive, and the commentary erudite. There is also a section on “personal equipment.”

745.

Schulz, Paul J., et al. World War One: Collectors Handbook. Missoula, MT: GOS Incorporated, 1977. 50 pp. This is a useful illustrated reference work on the uniforms, insignia, equipment, and weapons of the AEF.

15. Other Aspects 746.

Haycock, Ronald G. “The American Legion in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1917: A Study in Failure.” Mil Affairs 43 (October 1979): 115–119. Haycock concludes that the American Legion in the CEF was “a military, political, and diplomatic embarrassment to all concerned.”

747.

Journal of Forest History 22 (October 1978): 180–234. The use of forest resources in World War I is the unifying theme of this issue. Articles of special interest are: “All Wooden on the Western Front” by Frank N. Schubert; “The Biggest Regiment in the Army” and “The Woodsmen of the AEF: A Bibliographical Note” by David A. Clary; “The National Park Service and the First World War” by Marcella M. Sherfy; and “The Deterioration of Forest Grazing Land: A Wider Context for the Effects of World War I” by Daniel E. Mortensen.

RT8955Z.indb 129

2/5/07 9:15:25 PM

130

748.

America and World War I

Lishchiner, Jacob B. “Origin of the Military Police: Provost Marshall General’s Department, A. E. F., World War I.” Mil Affairs 11 (Summer 1947): 67–79. This is a solid administrative study.

749.

Pease, Theodore Calvin. “Notes and Suggestions: A Caution Regarding Military Documents.” Amer Hist Rev (January 1921): 282–284. Pease discusses “certain characteristics of military documents that necessitate the application to them of the most careful critique.”

750.

Ryan, Garry D. “Disposition of AEF Records of World War I.” Mil Affairs 30 (Winter 1966–1967): 212–219. Ryan faults the War Department for its records management during the Great War.

751.

Silverman, Albert J. “Kidnapping the Kaiser.” Amer Hist Illus 14 (January 1980): 36–43. This is an interesting account of the curious postwar attempt by four American soldiers to kidnap the former German emperor from his place of refuge in Holland.

752.

Van Dam, T., ed. The Postal History of the AEF, 1917–1923. State College, PA: American Philatelic Society, 1980. 242 pp. This superbly illustrated work is a valuable contribution to the historiography of the war. Numerous individuals have contributed chapters on subjects ranging from the north Russian campaign to the postal markings of the AEF.

D. Campaigns and Operations 1. Land War a. France and Flanders (See also IV:C:13, Division Histories, AEF; VII:G, Coalition Warmaking) 753.

Asprey, Robert B. At Belleau Wood. Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1996. 376 pp. Many first-hand accounts are used in this popular history.

754.

Bean, C. E. W., gen. ed. and principal author. The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1921–1942. 12 vols. Bean, who was the official war correspondent with the Australian Imperial Force, has written an outstanding official history of the Australian part in the war in France and Flanders. Given wide latitude by his government,

RT8955Z.indb 130

2/5/07 9:15:25 PM

Military Aspects of the War 131

Bean writes with balance and intellectual honesty. The result is probably the most dispassionate account of the war by an official historian. Vols. 3–6 cover the AIF in France, 1916–1918. Six of the 12 volumes were written by Bean. 755.

Beckett, Ian F. W. Ypres: The First Battle, 1914. Harlow, U.K.: Pearson Education, 2004. 221 pp. First Ypres marked the first battle on the western front once the war of movement in northern France and Belgium was over. This work of scholarship supplants the earlier account by Farrar-Hockley (item 762).

756.

Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. November 1918. Boston: Little, Brown, 1981. 461 pp. This narrative by a British journalist takes a different approach from most of the recent accounts of Germany’s defeat in late 1918. Rather than focusing almost exclusively on the western front, Brook-Shepherd analyzes the cumulative effect of Allied military efforts in all theaters.

757.

Coffman, Edward M. “The Second Battle of the Marne.” In Transformation of a Continent: Europe in the Twentieth Century, edited by Gerhard L. Weinberg, pp. 11–58. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing, 1975. The part played by American troops in this crucial 1918 battle is given special emphasis in this clearly written article which includes numerous unpublished documents in a “Sources” section.

758.

Cotton, Major R. C. “A Study of the St. Mihiel Offensive.” Infantry J 17 (July 1920): 43–59. This is a generally laudatory account of the planning and execution of the St. Mihiel offensive.

759.

Edmonds, Brig.-Gen. J. E., general ed. and chief comp. Official History of First World War; Military Operations, France and Belgium. London: Macmillan, 1922–1949. 14 vols. The British official history, prepared under the direction of the historical section of the Committee of Imperial Defence, is a monumental achievement. Years in the making—the last volume was published in 1949—this is an essential source for the study of military operations on the western front. These volumes combine factual material, buttressed by official documents, with many astute observations. Edmonds, however, views events from an extreme westerner point of view; his revision upward of German casualties to defend the attrition strategy of British generals is a case in point. The reader should be aware that Edmonds made corrections concerning earlier volumes, usually of no

RT8955Z.indb 131

2/5/07 9:15:25 PM

132

America and World War I

great significance, in each new volume. The three volumes for 1917 and the five volumes for 1918 are of particular interest to the student of American participation in the war. 760.

Essame, H. The Battle for Europe 1918. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972. 216 pp. Essame served with the British 8th Division in 1918, and this volume reflects his extensive military experience. He does not merely recycle the views of those who preceded him in describing and evaluating the last campaigns of the war. Essame is more complimentary of Pershing and his staff than many British and French observers in 1918 or later. Maps, illustrations, and a short bibliography are provided, but there is no documentation.

761.

Evarts, Jeremiah M. Cantigny: A Corner of the War. Privately printed, 1938. 96 pp. Evarts, a captain in the 18th Infantry, 1st Division, has written a lively account of the capture of Cantigny. General Robert Lee Bullard wrote the preface.

762.

Farrar-Hockley, Anthony. Death of an Army. New York: William Morrow, 1968. 195 pp. At the end of 1914, few members of the original BEF were still on their feet. The author, a professional soldier, has written a balanced and wellresearched account of the BEF’s first encounter with trench warfare during the First Battle of Ypres. Sir John French’s generalship is criticized, but this is not a polemic against the army leadership. It is much more an account of ordinary soldiers in war. See also Beckett’s more recent treatment (item 755).

763.

Ferrell, Robert H. Five Days in October: The Lost Battalion of World War I. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2005. 130 pp. Members of the 77th Division, the so-called “lost” battalion, were encircled by the Germans for five days. Only 146 of these Doughboys who were entrapped walked away. This is a well-researched account of this famous incident. See also the recent account by Graff (item 764).

764.

Graff, Alan D. Blood in the Argonne: The “Lost Battalion” of World War I. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. 368 pp. This is the most thorough treatment of the myth of the “lost” battalion which was invented by a correspondent. Graff does not stop his account with the end of this episode. He follows the survivors into civilian life to assess how this combat experience affected them in later life.

RT8955Z.indb 132

2/5/07 9:15:25 PM

Military Aspects of the War 133

765.

Gregory, Barry. Argonne 1918: The AEF in France. New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. 160 pp. An introduction to the role of the AEF with emphasis on the Argonne offensive can be gained from this slim but well-illustrated volume in the Ballantine series, The Illustrated History of the Violent Century. Attention is given to German as well as Allied and U.S. strategy. A very brief bibliography is included.

766.

Hallas, James H. Squandered Victory: The American First Army at St. Mihiel. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995. 320 pp. Hallas takes the controversial position that the American First Army threw away a great victory by halting the St. Mihiel offensive to participate in a combined Allied offensive.

767.

Horne, Alistair. The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1963. 371 pp. This is a popular account of the longest battle of World War I. Many German, French, and English sources were used, and the author also interviewed survivors of Verdun. This work remains one of the best English-language accounts of this 1916 German offensive against the fortress town of Verdun.

768.

Johnson, Douglas V. II, and Rolfe L. Hillman, Jr. Soissons 1918. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1999. 213 pp. The authors, both soldier-intellectuals, employ their Leavenworth School method of analyzing operations. They chose Soisson because it was the AEF’s first major offensive. The result is the best tactical study yet written about an American operation in the First World War.

769.

Johnson, Thomas M., and Fletcher Pratt. The Lost Battalion. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938. 338 pp. The stand of the “Lost Battalion” in the Argonne Forest has become an American legend. Fact is separated from fiction in this solid and interesting joint effort by a “sometime war correspondent” and a military historian. This book was reissued in 2000 by the University of Nebraska Press with an introduction by Edward M. Coffman.

770.

Maddox, Robert J. “The Saint-Mihiel Salient. Pershing’s ‘Magnificent’ Victory.” Amer Hist Illus 16 (April 1981): 43–50. Maddox argues that Pershing’s staff developed an “almost flawless plan of operations.” The mistakes made were mistakes of execution, especially in the area of communications and transportation.

RT8955Z.indb 133

2/5/07 9:15:25 PM

134

771.

America and World War I

Middlebrook, Martin. The First Day on the Somme, 1 July 1916. New York: W.W. Norton, 1972. 346 pp. The greatest value of this volume is that it is written from the perspective of the ordinary soldier. Middlebrook’s focus is on the first day of this prolonged British offensive, but his final three chapters, “Aftermath,” “Cost,” and “An Analysis,” help to provide a comprehensive analysis.

772.

Miles, L. Wardlow. History of the 308th Infantry 1917–1919. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1927. 357 pp. This is one of the basic sources for the so-called Lost Battalion.

773.

Ousby, Ian. The Road to Verdun: World War I’s Most Momentous Battle and the Folly of Nationalism. New York: Doubleday, 2002. 416 pp. There is little on the German side but this is a most readable account of this 10-month battle.

774.

Palmer, Frederick. Our Greatest Battle: The Meuse-Argonne. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1919. 629 pp. This is an insider’s account by a journalist of the Meuse-Argonne offensive in which more than a million Americans participated. Palmer does not ignore the transportation difficulties and the inevitable problems caused by inexperienced staff officers. Robert Ferrell has written the most recent account of this great American battle. His book, America’s Deadliest Battle: Meuse-Argonne, 1918, will be published in February 2007 by the University Press of Kansas.

775.

Paschall, Rod. The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994. 247 pp. Paschall, a former Green Beret, has written a perceptive account of the last two years of fighting in Europe. His treatment of the military leadership on both sides is balanced and nuanced. This is the first volume of the Great Battles series of the Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.

776.

Smythe, Donald. “St. Mihiel: The Birth of an American Army.” Parameters 13 (June 1983): 47–57. This well-documented article addresses the problems associated with this American offensive.

777.

Spears, Brig.-Gen. E. L. Prelude to Victory. London: Jonathan Cape, 1939. 640 pp. Spears gives a superior account of the planning and launching of the Allied spring attacks of 1917; his work is of the highest literary quality. Spears, fluent in French, was a British liaison officer with an intimate

RT8955Z.indb 134

2/5/07 9:15:26 PM

Military Aspects of the War 135

knowledge and understanding of both the French and British positions. His work remains one of the best English-language sources for the controversial Calais conference and the ill-fated Nivelle offensive. It is based on research in primary materials and personal experiences but there is neither documentation nor a bibliography. 778.

Sweitzer, Captain J. S., Jr. “The Champagne-Marne Defensive.” Infantry J 1920 (December 1921–June 1922): 653–658, 34–40, 184–191, 263–269, 401–407, 526–531, 653–659. This seven-part series by an infantry officer provides detail on this significant battle. The part played by U.S. soldiers is emphasized.

779.

Terraine, John. To Win a War: 1918, The Year of Victory. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981. 268 pp. This pithy account of the last year of the war, although its primary focus is on the successful British offensives, is superior to more voluminous studies such as the one by Toland (item 781). Terraine’s central objective is to show the greatness of Haig and the magnitude of the achievements of his army, but there are flashes of insight on many other subjects, including the role of the AEF and the tank in the defeat of the German Army.

780.

———, ed. The Road to Passchendaele. The Flanders Offensive of 1917: A Study in Inevitability. London: Leo Cooper, 1977. 365 pp. On the 60th anniversary of the controversial Passchendaele offensive, or the Third Battle of Ypres as it was officially known, Terraine published this volume of largely primary documents. Terraine has always defended Haig’s Flanders offensive. His method this time is to let the record speak for itself, although his explanatory footnotes, introduction, and short conclusion make his point of view very clear. Terraine includes a note on German and British casualty figures, a subject on which there remains little agreement.

781.

Toland, John. No Man’s Land: 1918—The Last Year of the Great War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980. 651 pp. Toland, no stranger to military history, does not always succeed in this retelling of the last year of the war. The reader can lose his way in the mass of detail. His use of firsthand accounts of soldiers, however, is to be applauded.

782.

RT8955Z.indb 135

United States Army, AEF, General Staff, Intelligence Section. The German and American Combined Daily Order of Battle, 25 September, 1918 to 11 November, 1918, Including the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Chaumont, 1919. 26 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:26 PM

136

America and World War I

The tables and graphs make this a useful source. 783.

Watt, Richard M. Dare Call It Treason. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963. 344 pp. The French army mutiny after the failure of the Nivelle offensive certainly deserves attention. Unfortunately this work by an amateur historian, although good on military operations and the morale of the French soldier, does not deal satisfactorily with the often Byzantine character of French politics in 1917. But, then, there exists no Englishlanguage source that gives comprehensive treatment to French politics during the war.

784.

Wilson, Trevor, and Robin Prior. Passchendaele: The Untold Story. New Haven: CT: Yale University Press, 1996. 237 pp. This is the best account yet written about the origins, course, and conduct of one of the most controversial British offensives in history.

785.

———. The Somme. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005. 358 pp. With this volume the formidable team of Wilson and Prior have written the best accounts of Britain’s two most costly offensives in the history of the British army.

786.

Wise, Jennings C. The Turn of the Tide: American Operations at Cantigny, Chateau Thierry, and the Second Battle of the Marne. New York: Henry Holt, 1920. 255 pp. This American officer generally lives up to his promise of avoiding “the all too common error of overrating our physical contribution to the result.”

787.

Wolff, Leon. In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign. New York: Viking Press, 1958. 308 pp. This is a gripping account of the 1917 British offensive which has become known as the Passchendaele offensive. Wolff is critical of Haig and his staff. Notes and a bibliography are provided. For another perspective see the collection of documents compiled by Terraine in The Road to Passchendaele (item 780) and the new study by Wilson and Prior (item 785).

788.

Woodward, David R. “Did Lloyd George Starve the British Army of Men Prior to the German Offensive of 21 March 1918?” Historical J 27 (March 1984): 241–252. This article serves as a corrective to the standard interpretation of Lloyd George’s utilization of British reserves on the eve of the March 21 German offensive.

RT8955Z.indb 136

2/5/07 9:15:26 PM

Military Aspects of the War 137

b. Russian Front 789.

Churchill, Winston S. The Unknown War: The Eastern Front. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1931. 396 pp. The war on the eastern front remained “unknown” for so long because the military operations there received little attention from English-language writers. This remains one of the few comprehensive treatments by a British or American writer of Russia’s struggle with the Central Powers. Churchill’s primary focus is on the battles of 1914–1915. Stone’s The Eastern Front, 1914– 1917, published in 1975, is more comprehensive and up to date (item 798).

790.

Clark, Alan. Suicide of the Empires: The Battles on the Eastern Front 1914–1918. New York: American Heritage Press, 1971. 127 pp. This is a popular and richly illustrated account by a British author.

791.

Golovin, Lieut.-Gen. Nicholas N. The Russian Army in the World War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1931. 287 pp. Golovin was a professor in the Russian Imperial General Staff College and chief of staff of the Russian armies on the Romanian front. He takes a sociological approach in analyzing the impact of the war on the Tsarist army. Along with military operations, he describes the organization of the army and the morale of the ordinary soldier.

792.

Ironside, Sir Edmund. Tannenberg: The First Thirty Days in East Prussia. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1925. 306 pp. The crushing defeat, a modern-day Cannae, suffered by the Tsarist army in East Prussia is described in this work.

793.

Jukes, Geoffrey. Carpathian Disaster: Death of an Army. New York: Ballantine Books, 1971. 160 pp. The Russian army made a surprising recovery in 1916 from its defeats of the previous year. A great offensive led by General Brusilov against Austria-Hungary in the region of the Carpathian Mountains at first showed great promise. In the end, however, massive losses led to widespread defeatism both in the army and on the home front. Written for the layman rather than the scholar, this book discusses military operations and their impact on Russian morale.

794.

Knox, Maj.-Gen. Sir Alfred. With the Russian Army, 1914–1917. London: Hutchinson, 1921. 2 vols. Knox was the British military attaché in Russia before the war. Fluent in Russian, he spent much of the war at the front; most of these volumes consist of extracts from the diary he kept. His evaluation of Russian arms

RT8955Z.indb 137

2/5/07 9:15:26 PM

138

America and World War I

is one of the best by a foreigner. Following the overthrow of the Tsar, he became one of London’s best intelligence sources about events in Russia. Numerous photographs taken by the author are included. 795.

Pares, Sir Bernard. Day by Day with the Russian Army. London: Constable, 1915. 287 pp. During the Great War, Pares, a noted Russianist, served as an officer with the Russian army. He was with the Third Caucasian Corps in Galicia when it was almost annihilated by an Austro-German offensive in the spring of 1915. His comments reflect a rare understanding of Russian conditions by someone from the west.

796.

Rutherford, Ward. The Russian Army in World War I. London: Gordon Cremonisi Publishers, 1975. 303 pp. This volume is a convenient and easy-to-read account of the war on the eastern front by a writer of novels and popular military history. There is documentation, but this work does not reflect much depth of scholarship. Russian prewar planning receives some attention.

797.

Showalter, Dennis E. Tannenberg: Clash of Empires. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1991. 419 pp. This is an insightful account of the Tsarist army’s disastrous beginning in World War I, highlighted by the loss of an entire army at Tannenberg. Based on years of research, this account also provides historical background for this famous clash of German and Russian arms.

798.

Stone, Norman. The Eastern Front, 1914–1917. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975. 348 pp. This is a revisionist account of the Tsarist army’s performance in the Great War. Stone differs from the standard interpretation of Russian manpower and war industry. He argues that the Russian army was actually short of men (the per capita strength of the army was below that of her allies), and that Russian industry was capable of supplying the needs of the army. He concludes that the inefficiency and incompetence of the generals and bureaucrats were largely responsible for the decline of the army. This is a well-researched work that includes maps.

799.

Wildman, Allan K. The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and the Soldiers’ Revolt (March–April 1917). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980. 402 pp. This impressively researched work, which makes use of Soviet sources, is the best examination of the impact of revolution on the Tsarist army. It complements Stone’s examination of the army from 1914 to 1916. A sequel is planned.

RT8955Z.indb 138

2/5/07 9:15:26 PM

Military Aspects of the War 139

c. Turkish Theaters (Gallipoli, Palestine, and Mesopotamia) 800. Aspinall-Oglander, Brig.-Gen. C. F. Official History of First World War, 1914–1918: Gallipoli. London: William Heinemann, 1929–1932. 2 vols. Aspinall-Oglander comes closest to Bean as an official historian who speaks his mind. His often critical evaluation of the Gallipoli campaign remains the starting point for all other accounts of that military venture. Still, as Aspinall-Oglander admitted in a private letter, “I was not a free agent, and could not say exactly what I liked. Many happenings had to be omitted altogether, and many (as I thought) fair criticisms were deleted by the official blue pencil.” 801.

Barker, A. J. The Bastard War: The Mesopotamian Campaign of 1914– 1918. New York: Dial Press, 1967. 449 pp. Cyril Falls views this work as the best treatment of the Mesopotamian conflict since Moberly’s official history. This study provides numerous examples of British military blunders as Britain fought with the Turks for control of the Persian Gulf and the oil fields of Mesopotamia.

802. Brown, Malcolm. T. E. Lawrence. New York: New York University Press, 2003. 160 pp. This is a superior introduction to the life of Lawrence of Arabia. Many illustrations enhance this work. 803.

Bruce, Anthony. The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray, 2002. 299 pp. Bruce presents a detailed account of the capture of Jerusalem in 1917 and the defeat of the Turkish Army in 1918. This work is essentially a condensation of the British official history of the campaign.

804. Carver, Field Marshall Lord. National Army Museum Book of the Turkish Front, 1914–1918: The Campaigns in Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine. London: Pan Macmillan, 2004. 294 pp. This is a survey, which uses personal accounts from the National Army Museum, of all the Turkish fronts. Sadly, Lord Carver died as he was completing his history. 805.

Cassar, George H. The French and the Dardanelles: A Study of Failure in the Conduct of War. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971. 276 pp. There have been many studies of the controversial Dardanelles campaign, but until Cassar’s work, none had examined in depth the role of the French. This valuable study is based on thorough research in private and official French documents, some of which the author has omitted citing

RT8955Z.indb 139

2/5/07 9:15:27 PM

140

America and World War I

at the request of literary executors. Cassar’s work is illuminating on the growing conflict over strategy among Joffre and the French politicians and the inability of the French and British to develop a truly common plan for the Dardanelles campaign. 806. Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. 304 pp. This is an important work because it uses Turkish sources that fill in some of the blanks about the Ottoman army’s role in the Great War. 807.

Falls, Cyril. Armageddon: 1918. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1964. 200 pp. This is the standard account of Allenby’s brilliant campaign against the Turks in 1918. The Battle of Megiddo (which is Armageddon in Hebrew) and the exploits of Allenby’s cavalry are highlighted.

808. Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: Avon Books, 1989. 635 pp. This work is especially good on the political and diplomatic aspects of the defeat and consequent collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War. 809.

Hughes, Matthew. Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917– 1919. London: Frank Cass, 1999. 224 pp. A work of considerable scholarship, this work examines the politics of British policy in the Middle East. Hughes also provides a critical evaluation of Allenby’s campaigning.

810.

James, Robert Rhodes. Gallipoli. New York: Macmillan, 1965. 384 pp. In his classic account of the eight-and-a-half month Gallipoli campaign of 1915, James is critical of Churchill’s part in this ill-fated venture. If he had had access to unpublished sources that were available to Churchill’s biographer, Martin Gilbert, he might have moderated some of his criticism of the then First Lord of the Admiralty.

811.

Lawrence, T. E. Revolt in the Desert. New York: George H. Doran, 1927. 335 pp. Lawrence claimed that his first account of his part in the Arab revolt was stolen in the Reading train station, and that he had to write this account from memory. A great story, but almost certainly not true. This is an abridgement of his personal account.

812.

RT8955Z.indb 140

———. Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1936. 672 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:27 PM

Military Aspects of the War 141

This work, considered a literary tour de force by many, served to reinforce the Lawrence legend. 813.

Liman von Sanders, Otto. Five Years in Turkey. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1927. 326 pp. This is an excellent source for both German assistance to Turkey and the state of that country’s armed forces. Von Sanders, a German cavalryman who had fought in the Gallipoli Peninsula, succeeded General Falkenhayn as commander of the Turkish forces in Palestine in 1918. He had no chance against the much larger and better equipped British force commanded by Allenby.

814.

MacMunn, Lieut.-Gen. Sir George, and Captain Cyril Falls. Official History of First World War, 1914–1918: Egypt and Palestine. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1928–1930. 2 vols. Vol. 1 covers the history of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force from August 1914 to June 1917. Vol. 2 (in two parts) examines the capture of Jerusalem and Allenby’s spectacular victory over the Turks in September–October 1918.

815.

Moberly, Brig.-Gen. F. J. Official History of the Great War: The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914–1918. 4 vols. Reprint, Nashville, TN: Battery Press, 1997. This is an essential source for the campaign that resulted in the capture of Baghdad. Indian troops played a key role in this imperial triumph.

816.

Moorehead, Alan. Gallipoli. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956. 384 pp. The publication of this lucid and entertaining study of the Gallipoli campaign revived interest in this controversial military operation. Moorehead, who relied almost exclusively on published sources, has been superseded by more recent accounts.

817.

Townshend, Sir C. V. F. My Campaign in Mesopotamia. London: T. Butterworth, 1920. 400 pp. This is the personal account of the controversial British general who was forced to surrender his army at Kut-el-Amara to the Turks in 1916. His comfortable experiences in captivity were quite different from that of his men.

818.

Travers, Tim. Gallipoli, 1915. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2001. 287 pp. This account by a distinguished historian is valuable because it covers the Ottoman side and uses Turkish sources.

RT8955Z.indb 141

2/5/07 9:15:27 PM

142

America and World War I

* Wavell, General Sir Archibald. Allenby: A Study in Greatness: The Biography of Field-Marshal Viscount Allenby of Megiddo and Felixstowe, G. C. B., G. C. M. G. Cited above as item 363. 819.

Wilcox, Ron. Battles on the Tigris: The Mesopotamian Campaign in the First World War. Barnsley, U.K.: Pen and Sword/Leo Cooper, 2006. 224 pp. This is the first general account of the Mesopotamian account since A. J. Barker’s work.

820.

Wilson, Jeremy. Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence. New York: Antheneum, 1990. 1000 pp. This thoroughly researched biography of Lawrence of Arabia demolishes many myths about his controversial and extraordinary career. An understanding of Lawrence’s character and personality starts with this book.

821.

Woodward, David R. Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2006. 253 pp. This narrative account of ordinary British soldiers who fought in Egypt and Palestine is based on their letters, diaries, and personal accounts, many of which are deposited in the Department of Documents at the Imperial War Museum. The British edition (Tempus Publishing) is entitled Forgotten Soldiers of the First World War: Lost Voices from the Middle Eastern Front. The higher direction of the war in this “sideshow” is also examined.

d. Italian Theater 822.

Cassar, George H. The Forgotten Front: The British Campaign in Italy 1917–18. London and Rio Grande: Hambledon Press, 2003. 269 pp. Following the Austro-German defeat of the Italian Army at Caporetto, the British and French had to dispatch troops from the western front to salvage the Italian front. Cassar, with attention to both the battlefield and political/strategic considerations, examines the British role in this frequently overlooked theater.

823.

Edmonds, Brig.-Gen. Sir James E., and H. R. Davies. Official History of First World War, 1914–1918: Italy, 1915–1919. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1949. 450 pp. This is the basic English-language source for military operations on the Italian front.

824.

RT8955Z.indb 142

Falls, Cyril. Caporetto, 1917. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966. 200 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:27 PM

Military Aspects of the War 143

This is a solid and interesting account of the Austro-German breakthrough at Caporetto in October 1917. 825.

McEntee, G. L. Italy’s Part in Winning the World War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1934. 114 pp. This is one of the few English-language sources on Italy’s role in the war. The author was an American army officer.

826.

McLaughlin, Patrick D. “Doughboy Diplomats: The U.S. Army in Italy, 1917–19.” Army 21 (January 1971): 30–37. The Americans are shown to have raised Italian morale with their limited participation on the Italian front. Fiorello La Guardia’s role is given special attention.

827.

Rothenberg, Gunther E. The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1976. 298 pp. Political, diplomatic, economic, and social forces are considered in this scholarly examination of the Austro-Hungarian army. Approximately one-fourth of the text concerns World War I. Contrary to some other accounts, Rothenberg contends that the morale of the multinational army was reasonably good until the last year of the war. The war on the AustroHungarian side of the Italian front can be followed in this volume.

828.

Schindler, John R. Isonso: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. 409 pp. The Italians from May 1915 to October 1917 fought 12 battles on the Isonso River. Although the Italians suffered 1.1 million casualties, their sacrifices have largely been forgotten because of the futility of their effort. Schindler tells his story well, and the battlefield enthusiast will be pleased by his chapter on what visitors to this battlefield can expect to find today.

829.

Villari, Luigi. The War on the Italian Front. London: Cobden-Sanderson, 1932. 308 pp. The chief value of this work is that it is one of the very few Englishlanguage surveys of the war on the Italian front. The author, a bilingual Italian, gives particular emphasis to the Italian contributions to victory. Advocates of increased emphasis on the Italian front as an alternative to the western front will find support for their views in this volume. There is documentation but no bibliography.

e. Other Theaters 830.

RT8955Z.indb 143

Anderson, Ross. The Forgotten Front: The East African Campaign, 1914–1918. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2004. 351 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:27 PM

144

America and World War I

Few stones if any were left unturned in this superbly researched narrative account of this overlooked imperial campaign to end German rule of East Africa. Anderson has explored Belgian, Portuguese, and South African sources as well as German and British. 831.

Burdick, Charles B. Japanese Siege of Tsingtau: World War I in Asia. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1976. 274 pp. This work of considerable scholarship examines the Japanese conquest of Tsingtau in 1914 which, according to the author, “destroyed Germany’s colonial aspirations and empire.” There is extensive documentation.

832.

Foden, Giles. Mimi and Toutou’s Big Adventure: The Bizarre Battle of Lake Tanganyika. New York: Knopf, 2005. 272 pp. This entertaining book covers British naval action against the Germans in Central Africa.

833.

Hiery, Hermann Joseph. The Neglected War: The German South Pacific and the Influence of World War I. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995. 364 pp. Japanese, Australian, and New Zealand forces took the German South Pacific colonies in 1914.

834.

Hordern, Lt.-Col. Charles. Official History of First World War: Military Operations in East Africa, August 1914–September 1916. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1941. 603 pp. This official history was based on a draft by Major H. Fitz Stacke. A second volume was planned but never published.

835.

Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul Emil von. East African Campaigns. New York: Speller, 1957. 303 pp. John Gunther is the author of the foreword.

836.

———. My Reminiscences of East Africa. London: Hurst & Blackett, 1920. 335 pp. Lettow-Vorbeck conducted a classic campaign of guerilla warfare against superior Allied forces in East Africa. Against all odds, he held out until November 25, 1918, some two weeks after the Armistice. His accounts represent the best German source of the war in German East Africa. Twenty-two maps and sketch maps and 13 drawings by Lettow-Vorbeck’s adjutant are included.

837.

RT8955Z.indb 144

Miller, Charles. Battle for Bundu: The First World War in East Africa. New York: Macmillan, 1974. 353 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:27 PM

Military Aspects of the War 145

This is a fast-moving account of Major-General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck’s brilliant campaign against the Allies in East Africa. This book was written for a popular audience and the research is based on printed sources. 838.

Moberly, Brig.-Gen. F. J. Official History of First World War: Togoland and the Cameroons, 1914–1916. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1931. 469 pp. This official history provides a solid treatment of one of the war’s “sideshows.” It was compiled by arrangement with the British Colonial Office.

839.

Palmer, Alan. The Gardeners of Salonika. London: Andre Deutsch, 1965. 288 pp. This is a fascinating examination of a generally overlooked World War I theater.

840. Wakefield, Alan, and Simon Moody. Under the Devil’s Eye: Britain’s Forgotten Army at Salonika, 1915–1918. Gloucestershire, U.K.: Sutton, 2004. 288 pp. The Devil’s Eye was a famous Bulgarian observation post. Sir William Robertson, the British CIGS, viewed this theater as a “hideous nightmare” and sought without success to eliminate this Allied campaign which required troops and supplies but achieved nothing until the last weeks of the war. 2. War in the Air a. General Sources 841.

Bright, Charles D. “Air Power in World War I: Sideshow or Decisive Factor.” Aerospace Hist 18 (June 1971): 58–62. The author argues that airpower at the very least “was a decisive factor in creating and maintaining the stalemate which was characteristic of the Great War.” See also the more thorough study by Cooper (item 844).

842.

Brown, Charles R. “The Development of Fleet Aviation During the World War.” USNI Proc 64 (September 1938): 1297–1303. This article emphasizes the British experience in fleet aviation.

843.

Clark, Alan. Aces High: The War in the Air over the Western Front 1914– 1918. New York: Ballantine Books, 1974. 216 pp. This is a useful and competent survey of the men and their machines who fought in the skies over the western front. Richthofen, Guynemer, Mannock, and Rickenbacker are some of the aces featured. There is a chapter on the Lafayette Escadrille. More than 100 illustrations and some useful appendices are included.

RT8955Z.indb 145

2/5/07 9:15:28 PM

146

America and World War I

844. Cooper, Malcolm. The Birth of Independent Air Power: British Air Policy in the First World War. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986. 169 pp. This slim volume provides many examples of the British muddling through. The civilian panic that followed Germany’s bombing of London with the Gotha, however, forced the British government to create an independent air force in 1918. 845.

Cuneo, John R. Winged Mars. Vol. 2, The Air Weapon, 1914–1916. Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing, 1947. 503 pp. This is a competent and thorough treatment of the role and significance of air power during the first half of the war. The many maps and charts are excellent and there is an extensive bibliography.

846. Fischer, William Edward, Jr. The Development of Military Night Aviation to 1919. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 1998. 172 pp. Emphasis is placed on night flying on the western front, namely by France, Britain, Germany, and the United States. 847.

Kennett, Lee. The First Air War, 1914–1918. New York: Free Press, 1991. 275 pp. Kennett, a prolific writer on many subjects, has written a clear and comprehensive account of air power in World War I. Strategic bombing was born in this war, and Kennett discusses similarities in the bombing campaigns conducted in both world wars.

848. Morrow, John H., Jr. The Great War in the Air: Military Aviation from 1909 to 1921. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1993. 458 pp. This important study examines both the origins of the air war and its immediate aftermath. Social, cultural, and political questions are examined as well as the technical and industrial aspects. 849.

Norman, Aaron. The Great War: The Men, the Planes, the Saga of Military Aviation, 1914–1918. New York: Macmillan, 1968. 558 pp. This is a comprehensive history which destroys some of the myths concerning World War I aviation. The U.S. air role is not slighted in this wellillustrated work, which has documentation and a bibliography.

850.

Reynolds, Quentin. They Fought for the Sky: The Dramatic Story of the First War in the Air. New York: Rinehart, 1957. 304 pp. This is a dramatic account of the war in the air written for the general public. There is a bibliography but no documentation.

RT8955Z.indb 146

2/5/07 9:15:28 PM

Military Aspects of the War 147

851.

Whitehouse, Arch. The Years of the Sky Kings. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959. 336 pp. German aviators in 1917–1918. It includes an interesting glossary of the popular terms used by World War I pilots. Chapter 6 concerns the U.S. part in the air war.

852.

———. “The Years of the Yammering Guns.” Aerospace Hist 15 (Spring 1968): 12–15. Whitehouse examines the reasons for the sudden interest by the American public in the late 1920s in World War I aviators.

853.

Wohl, Robert. A Passion for Wings: Aviation and the Western Imagination, 1908–1918. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994. 320 pp. This cultural history, as one would expect, pays attention to the cult of the ace, but it also examines the impact of the air war on intellectuals, writers, and artists. Excellent illustrations enhance this work.

b. American Air Role 854.

Bolling, Maj. R. C. “A Lesson in Timing.” Air Power Hist 7 (October 1960): 222–232. The 1917 report of the aeronautical commission is published in full. This report by Bolling is interesting for its contemporary view of the problems that must be dealt with in the development of an American air arm.

855.

Edwards, W. Atlee. “The U.S. Naval Air Force in Action, 1917–1918.” USNI Proc 48 (November 1922): 1863–1882. This is a valuable account by a naval officer of the combat role of the U.S. Naval Air Force.

856.

Felice, Maj. Carmen P. “The Men and the Machines. Part V, Air Operations in World War I.” Air Power Hist 5 (January 1958): 37–52. A short biography of Gorrell can be found in this survey which concentrates on U.S. air operations.

857.

Frey, Royal D. “Setting the Record Straight: The First of Many American Air-to-Air Victories.” Aerospace Hist 21 (Fall 1974): 156–159. Lieutenant Stephen Thompson is given credit for being the first American to destroy an enemy plane while wearing the uniform of his country.

858.

RT8955Z.indb 147

Gorrell, Edgar S., comp. “History of the U.S. Army Air Services.” Unpublished manuscript in National Archives. 286 vols. (58 microfilm rolls.)

2/5/07 9:15:28 PM

148

America and World War I

Often referred to as the “Gorrell Histories,” this unpublished typescript provides an exhaustive history of the American Air Service in World War I. It includes unit histories, statistics, combat reports, pictures, and other materials. Gorrell was a colonel in the air service. There was little or no organization until the National Archives prepared a thorough guide to this important collection in 1975. See also the first volume of Maurer’s The U.S. Air Service in World War (item 868). 859.

Gross, Charles J. “George Owen Squier and the Origins of American Military Aviation.” J Mil Hist 54 (July 1990): 281–305. This article traces the key role played by Major General George W. Squier, one of the pioneer military technocrats in the army and navy, in establishing an American aviation industry. * Hartney, Harold E. Up and At ’Em. Cited above as item 505.

860.

Herbert, Craig. “Gasbags Preferred: The American Balloon Service in World War I.” Aerospace Hist 15 (Summer 1968): 26, 39–51. The tables and photographs add considerably to the worth of this article.

861.

Hooper, Bruce C. “American Day Bombardment in World War I.” Air Power Hist 4 (April 1957): 87–97. The 94th Aero Squadron is followed from its formation at Kelly Field in 1917 to its participation in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives.

862.

Hudson, James J. American Airmen Who Flew with the British during the Great War. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1990. 290 pp. This work describes the exploits of 28 American aces (those who destroyed 25 enemy airplanes or balloons) who served exclusively with the British.

863.

———. Hostile Skies: A Combat History of the American Air Service in World War I. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1968. 338 pp. This scholarly work remains one of the best treatments of the American Air Service in World War I. In addition to footnotes and a bibliography, there are illustrations, maps, and tables. Although the author examines the American squadrons that fought on the British front and the American aviators who served with the French and Italians, he omits the achievements of U.S. naval pilots.

864.

Johnson, Lieut.-Col. Edward C, and Graham A. Cosmos. Marine Corps Aviation: The Early Years, 1912–1940. Washington, DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1977. 106 pp. This official history includes bibliographical notes.

RT8955Z.indb 148

2/5/07 9:15:28 PM

Military Aspects of the War 149

865.

Johnson, Herbert H. Wingless Eagle: U.S. Army Aviation through World War I. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. 298 pp. The many failures of the U.S. Army aviation program, including the failure of Congress to initially provide adequate funding and the army’s use of unreliable Wright machines, are highlighted.

866.

La Guardia, Fiorello H. The Making of an Insurgent: An Autobiography, 1882–1919. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1948. 222 pp. La Guardia’s colorful career included a period when he was a congressman-officer in the American Air Service in Italy. In fact, he was largely responsible for American aviators serving with the Italians. His biography was dictated just before he died.

867.

Mason, Herbert Molloy, Jr. The United States Air Force: A Turbulent History, 1907–1975. New York: Mason/Carter, 1976. 287 pp. The first five chapters are pertinent to the air role of the United States in the Great War. Mitchell receives particular attention. The author was a marine in World War II, serving on both battleships and aircraft carriers.

868.

Maurer, Maurer, ed. The U.S. Air Service in World War I. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1978–1979. 4 vols. This is an indispensable collection of documents with commentary on the part played by the United States in the air war. The result of extensive research, these volumes contain much hitherto unpublished material. Vol. 1, which includes “Gorrell’s History,” concerns the final report of the chief of Air Service, AEF, and a tactical history; Vol. 2 focuses on early concepts of military aviation; Vol. 3 contains documents relating to the St. Mihiel offensive; and Vol. 4 provides a postwar review, with emphasis on “lessons learned” and intelligence reports on the effects of bombing.

869.

Robertson, Linda R. The Dream of Civilized Warfare: World War I Flying Aces and the American Imagination. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003. 481 pp. This cultural history makes some provocative assertions, including the view that strategic bombing was connected to the cult of the chivalrous knights of the air because it focused attention on civilians rather the battlefield. See also Wohl’s A Passion for Wings (item 853).

870.

[Rogers, Bogart.] A Yankee Ace in the RAF. The World War I Letters of Captain Bogart Rogers. Edited by John H. Morrow, Jr., and Earl Rogers. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996. 264 pp. The editors provide an introduction and an interesting “After the War” chapter.

RT8955Z.indb 149

2/5/07 9:15:28 PM

150

871.

America and World War I

Sweetser, Arthur. The American Air Service: A Record of Its Problems, Its Difficulties, Its Failures, and Its Achievements. New York: D. Appleton, 1919. 384 pp. Although dated, Captain Sweetser’s account is still an important source on the American Air Service. He labors in most respects to defend the record of the American Air Service against its critics in this well-illustrated volume. Although this study is often technical in nature, it was intended for the general reader.

872.

Toulmin, H. A., Jr. Air Service, American Expeditionary Force, 1918. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1926. 388 pp. Toulmin, a lieutenant-colonel who served in the American Air Service as chief of the coordination staff, has written a worthwhile study of the growth and organization of the American Air Service. Many charts and tables are provided.

873.

Turnbull, Archibald D., and Clifford L. Lord. History of United States Naval Aviation. London: Oxford University Press, 1949. 345 pp. Although not an official history, this is an authoritative account by Turnbull, the deputy director of naval records and history, and Lord, the former head of the naval aviation history unit. The authors were given free access with no limitations to the Navy Department records.

874.

Van Wyen, Adrian O. Naval Aviation in World War I. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1969. 90 pp. This is a collection of articles published previously in Naval Aviation News.

875.

Williams, Edwin L., Jr. “Legislative History of the Air Arm.” Mil Affairs 20 (Summer 1956): 81–93. The legislative enactments that made possible the development of an American air force are chronicled. Approximately half of this article concerns World War I.

c. European Air Services (Including Lafayette Escadrille) * Biddle, Charles J. The Way of the Eagle. Cited above as item 480. 876.

Flammer, Philip M. “Lufbery: Ace of the Lafayette Escadrille.” Air Power Hist 8 (January 1961): 13–22. The colorful, mysterious, and varied life of Gervais Raoul Lufbery is detailed in this documented article.

877.

RT8955Z.indb 150

———. “The Myth of the Lafayette Escadrille.” Aerospace Hist 22 (March 1975): 23–28.

2/5/07 9:15:29 PM

Military Aspects of the War 151

The author examines some of the reasons for the many distortions about the famed Lafayette Escadrille. 878.

———. The Vivid Air: The Lafayette Escadrille. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981. 249 pp. This work by a historian and former Air Force officer is the best study of the American volunteer unit that fought with the French. Many interviews were used and there is an excellent annotated bibliography. See also Flammer’s 1963 Yale University dissertation, “Primus Inter Pares: A History of Lafayette Escadrille.” * [Genet, Edmond C. C.] An American for Lafayette: The Diaries of E. C. C. Genet, Lafayette Escadrille. Cited above as item 496.

879.

Hall, Captain James N., and Lieutenant Charles B. Nordhoff. The Lafayette Flying Corps. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920. 2 vols. This is the authorized history of the Lafayette Escadrille.

880.

Hennessy, Juliette A. “The Lafayette Escadrille: Past and Present.” Air Power Hist 4 (July 1957): 150–161. This article carries the history of the 94th Squadron up to 1955.

881.

Longacre, Edward G. “The Lafayette Escadrille.” Amer Hist Illus 17 (September 1982): 16–27. This is an entertaining retelling of the exploits of the Lafayette Escadrille, which Longacre views as a “living symbol of American idealism.”

882.

Mason, Herbert Molloy, Jr. The Lafayette Escadrille. New York: Random House, 1964. 340 pp. The author’s extensive research includes a tour in the air and on the land of the western front. The result is a popular history that reads quite well. There is a brief essay on the sources used.

883.

Morrow, John H., Jr. German Air Power in World War I. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982. 267 pp. This is not a history of the German war in the air. Rather this scholarly monograph focuses on German aircraft production.

884.

Neumann, Georg Paul. The German Air Force in the Great War. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1921. 297 pp. This is a translation of the history of the German air force by a German officer. It was published in Germany in 1920.

RT8955Z.indb 151

2/5/07 9:15:29 PM

152

America and World War I

885. Raleigh, Walter, and H. A. Jones. Official History of First World War, 1914–1918: The War in the Air. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922–1937. 6 vols. This history is full of important information, but it is really not independent history. Its principal author, Jones, is an unbalanced advocate for an independent air force. Raleigh, a university professor, was the author of the first volume. Following his death, his pen passed to another professor, D. G. Hogarth, but he, too, died. The last five volumes are the work of Jones. Vol. 1, which contains a summary of the history of aviation, was reissued in 1939. 886.

Robinson, Douglas H. The Zeppelin in Combat: A History of the German Naval Airship Division, 1912–1918. London: G.T. Foulis, 1962. 417 pp. This superior treatment of the development and use of the German rigid airship uses German and British primary sources.

887.

Whitehouse, Arch. Legion of the Lafayette. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962. 338 pp. This is a most readable and very personal examination of the American volunteers who served with the Lafayette Escadrille. A short bibliography is included.

888.

Woodward, David R. “Zeppelins over London.” Brit Hist Illus 2 (June 1975): 40–51. This illustrated article provides a general treatment of the German bombing of London with zeppelins.

3. Naval Power a. Background 889.

Braisted, William Reynolds. The United States Navy in the Pacific, 1909– 1922. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971. 741 pp. This massive work is a study of naval policy rather than naval operations in the Pacific. Braisted demonstrates that nonmilitary factors often determined naval policy. American, Japanese, and some British sources were consulted. There is a 22-page bibliography.

890.

Challener, Richard D. Admirals, Generals and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973. 433 pp. The influence of the military, especially the navy, on American policy in Asia and Latin America is explored in this monograph, which is solidly based on archival research.

RT8955Z.indb 152

2/5/07 9:15:29 PM

Military Aspects of the War 153

891.

Clinard, Outten J. Japan’s Influence on American Naval Power 1897– 1917. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1947. 235 pp. This is a pioneering study of American naval policy in the Pacific. The basic naval archival sources, however, were not consulted.

892. Davis, George T. A Navy Second to None: The Development of Modern American Naval Policy. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1940. 508 pp. This work examines the fluctuations of American public opinion toward the navy, especially in regard to naval appropriations. 893.

Dingman, Roger. Power in the Pacific: The Origins of Naval Arms Limitation, 1914–1922. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. 318 pp. Dingman presents a fresh interpretation of American, British, and Japanese naval politics based on multiarchival research. He focuses on the reasons why naval limitations replaced the tremendous naval expansion of the prewar era. A strength of this volume is that it shows the connection between domestic politics and foreign policy.

894.

Halpern, Paul G. The Mediterranean Naval Situation, 1908–1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971. 415 pp. The naval situation in the Mediterranean just prior to World War I is given comprehensive treatment in this monograph which is based on multiarchival research. Each great naval power receives its own chapter. The last chapter carries the story into the first weeks of the war in the Mediterranean.

895. Healy, David. Gunboat Diplomacy in the Wilson Era: The U.S. Navy in Haiti, 1915–1916. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976. 268 pp. The author of this well-researched monograph contends that American policy in the Caribbean was shaped by the army and navy. The focus is on naval officers in Haiti rather than on policy makers in Washington. But, then, Healy’s point is that American policy largely originated in Haiti rather than in the White House or State Department. 896.

Herwig, Holger H. “Luxury” Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888– 1918. Rev. ed. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Ashfield, 1987. 316 pp. This is an important revisionist examination of the German navy, including an excellent treatment of its personnel. Naval operations during the war are not treated in depth. There are many excellent photographs.

RT8955Z.indb 153

2/5/07 9:15:29 PM

154

897.

America and World War I

Lambert, Nicholas. Sir John Fisher’s Naval Revolution. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999. 410 pp. This is a spirited defense of British naval policy prior to World War II and should be read in tandem with Jon Tetsuro Sumida’s In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Limitation, Technological Innovation and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914 (Unwin Hyman, 1989).

898.

Livermore, S. W. “The American Navy as a Factor in World Politics, 1903–1913.” Amer Hist Rev 63 (July 1958): 863–879. The U.S. Navy with its tilt toward the Entente powers is shown to have moved the United States away from isolation and into international politics.

899.

Lumby, E. W. R., ed. Policy and Operations in the Mediterranean, 1912– 1914. London: Publications of the Navy Records Society, 1970. 481 pp. This documentary work focuses on the British response to the naval situation in the Mediterranean during a three-year period. The papers of the Cabinet, Foreign Office, and Admiralty make up the bulk of the collection.

900. Mitchell, Donald W. History of the Modern American Navy, from 1883 Through Pearl Harbor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. 334 pp. This expanded doctoral dissertation is a comprehensive and detailed history of the U.S. Navy from 1883 to 1941. It ranges from ship construction to policy to diplomacy. 901.

Rappaport, Armin. The Navy League of the United States. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1962. 271 pp. This well-researched study of the Navy League traces the history of that pro-navy lobbying group to 1952. Prior to World War I, the Navy League worked hard to promote a strong navy. With the advent of war, it pushed even harder and did contribute to the passage of the Naval Act of 1916. The author disagrees with the assertion that the Navy League was the mouthpiece for the munitions makers.

902. Sprout, Harold, and Margaret Sprout. The Rise of American Naval Power, 1776–1918. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1939. 398 pp. This volume remains the best introduction to the role of the U.S. Navy in World War I. The authors correctly point out that the naval bill of 1916 did not meet the needs of the American navy. Little attention was paid to antisubmarine warfare. Although naval authorities recognized that a German invasion of the United States was out of the question, the construction of capital ships was emphasized.

RT8955Z.indb 154

2/5/07 9:15:29 PM

Military Aspects of the War 155

903.

———. Toward a New Order of Sea Power: American Naval Policy and the World Scene, 1918–1922. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1946. 336 pp. The “changing role of sea power, especially American sea power,” is the primary subject of this first-rate interpretative study. The 1946 edition differs in some significant ways from the original 1940 edition.

904. Still, William N., Jr. American Sea Power in the Old World: The United States Navy in European and Near Eastern Waters, 1865–1917. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980. 291 pp. This detailed treatment of the activities of the U.S. Navy in European and Near Eastern waters from the end of the Civil War until U.S. intervention in World War I illustrates how the navy was used as an adjunct of foreign policy. 905.

Weir, Gary E. Building the Kaiser’s Navy: The Imperial Navy Office and German Industry in the von Tirpitz Era, 1890–1919. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1992. The German naval-industrial complex is examined through meticulous research in German naval records and private papers. Von Tirpitz is faulted for favoring the battleship over the submarine.

b. War on the Sea 906. Bennett, Geoffrey. Naval Battles of the First World War. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969. 319 pp. This is a popular account of the Anglo-German confrontation on the high seas during the Great War. It does not compare in scope or scholarship with Marder’s account (item 920). 907.

Breckel, H. F. “The Suicide Flotilla.” USNI Proc 53 (June 1927): 661–670. The “Suicide Flotilla” was a fleet of sea-going yachts sent to patrol French waters. The author served on the yacht U.S.S. Corsair, which was owned by J. P. Morgan.

908. Coletta, Paolo E. Allied and American Naval Operation in the European Theater, World War I. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996. 588 pp. Coletta’s synthesis covers the war in European, Mediterranean, and Adriatic waters as well as naval activity in North Russia and the Baltic. This book can be read with profit for the U.S. Navy’s role in the war but numerous errors do exist.

RT8955Z.indb 155

2/5/07 9:15:29 PM

156

909.

America and World War I

Corbett, Sir Julian S., and Sir Henry Newbolt. Official History of First World War, 1914–1918: Naval Operations. London: Longmans, Green, 1920–1931. 5 vols. Like many official histories, this naval history could not escape certain restraints placed on it by the service department concerned. The first three volumes were written by Corbett, a successful barrister, who, despite having had no active naval experience, was a naval authority. When Corbett died in 1922, Newbolt, a poet and well-known writer, completed the work. The revised edition of Vol. 3, published in 1940, should be used instead of the original 1923 edition for it contains new Jutland material on that controversial naval battle.

910.

Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. Warships and Sea Battles of World War I. London: BPC Publishing, 1973. 160 pp. Richly illustrated and with a historical narrative written by numerous authorities, this is an excellent introduction to the war at sea, 1914–1918. Not surprisingly, primary attention is given to submarine warfare and the Battle of Jutland. There is no index or bibliography, but most chapters have a section on suggestions for further reading.

911.

Frothingham, Thomas G. The Naval History of the World War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1924–1926. 3 vols. Captain Frothingham’s account of Jutland, among other topics, is controversial, and new information has dated some of his interpretations. The historical section of the U.S. Navy, it has been suggested, provided the author with some of his material and also perhaps influenced his interpretations. Still, Vol. 3, which examines America’s role in the war, remains a standard work.

912.

Gill, C. C. Naval Power in the War (1914–1918). New York: George H. Doran, 1919. 302 pp. Gill, a U.S. naval officer, provides a clear and nontechnical account of some of the major naval battles of the war. Eleven of the 12 chapters were published in Current History. The appendices contain a section on America’s part in the development of naval weapons and tactics.

913.

Goldrick, James. The King’s Ships Were at Sea: The War in the North Sea, August 1914 – February 1915. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984. 356 pp. This work covers the opening naval moves between Berlin and London prior to the Dardanelles venture. A lesson learned in this theater was that the deployment of dreadnoughts was limited by mines, submarines, and aircraft.

RT8955Z.indb 156

2/5/07 9:15:30 PM

Military Aspects of the War 157

914.

Gordon, Andrew. The Rules of the Game: Jutland and British Naval Command. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997. 708 pp. Gordon emphasizes the importance of signaling by comparing Jellicoe’s controlling style with Beatty’s emphasis on individual initiative during the Battle of Jutland.

915.

Halpern, Paul G. The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. 186 pp. This volume, part of a series entitled Twentieth-Century Battles, examines the running naval battle in 1917 that involved warships from Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France. Halpern in this thoroughly researched work notes the differences and similarities between this naval engagement and Jutland.

916.

———. A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994. 591 pp. This is a comprehensive account of the role of navies in World War I that includes the prewar naval race and the evolution of new forms of naval warfare. Naval campaigns are organized by region and maps enhance the value of this important history.

917.

———. The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1914–1918. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. 631 pp. This is a sequel to Halpern’s prewar study of the naval situation in the Mediterranean. All aspects of this important area of naval operations are examined, including the failed Dardanelles campaign, attempts to control the submarine threat posed by the Central Powers, and the containment of the Austrian fleet.

918.

Hoehling, Adolph A. The Great War at Sea: A History of Naval Action, 1914–1918. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1965. 336 pp. Although the author uses numerous primary sources, he wrote for the general public rather than for the naval authority. The maps contribute to the reader’s understanding of the war at sea.

919.

Hough, Richard. The Great War at Sea. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. 353 pp. This study focuses on the naval conflict between Germany and Great Britain. Hough argues that Britain’s naval power ultimately decided the fate of the Central Powers. Eleven maps are provided.

RT8955Z.indb 157

2/5/07 9:15:30 PM

158

920.

America and World War I

Marder, Arthur J. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1914–1919. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961– 1970. 5 vols. A model of balanced scholarship, this is an indispensable study, perhaps the best of its kind, of the Royal Navy during the World War I period. Fleet operations, leadership in the Admiralty, and the convoy system are some of the subjects given detailed treatment. This American naval historian’s mastery of the sources is unrivalled.

921.

Massie, Robert K. Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Random House, 2003. 880 pp. The naval leadership, tactics, and weapons are well described in this popular account. As one would expect, Massie provides much interesting personal detail.

922. Newbolt, Henry. A Naval History of the War, 1914–1918. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1920. 350 pp. This popular survey was written before Newbolt became the official naval historian. It, of course, cannot compare with his later naval history based on official records (item 909). 923.

Perry, Lawrence. Our Navy in the War. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918. 279 pp. This is a general description of the naval role of the United States in the Great War.

924. Potter, Elmer B., ed. Sea Power: A Naval History. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1960. 932 pp. This broad survey places the U.S. Navy in the context of world naval history. An earlier edition (1955) was published under the title The United States and World Sea Power. * Sims, William Snowden, and Burton J. Hendrick. Victory at Sea. Cited above as item 352. 925.

Taussig, Joseph K. “Destroyer Experiences During the Great War.” USNI Proc 48 (December 1922): 2015–2040, 2049; (January–March 1923): 39– 69, 221–248, 393–408. The activities of the destroyer division sent abroad to operate from Brest against enemy submarines receive a detailed examination by a U.S. Navy officer.

926.

RT8955Z.indb 158

United States Congress, Senate Committee on Naval Affairs. Naval Investigation: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Naval Affairs. 66th Cong., 2nd Sess. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920. 2 vols.

2/5/07 9:15:30 PM

Military Aspects of the War 159

These hearings into the lack of preparedness of the U.S. Navy prior to participation in World War I constitute an important source for the American navy during the Great War. Many documents are included. 927.

Wilson, Henry B. An Account of Operations of the American Navy in France During the War with Germany. N.p., 1919. 176 pp. Vice-Admiral Wilson commanded American naval forces in France from Brest, overseeing operations and the convoy system.

c. War Beneath the Sea 928.

Alden, Carroll S. “American Submarine Operations in the War.” USNI Proc 46 (June 1920): 811–850; 47 (July 1920): 1013–1048. A thorough accounting of U.S. submarine activity is given by a professor of English at the U.S. Naval Academy.

929.

Cope, Harley F. “U.S. Submarines in the War Zone.” USNI Proc 56 (August 1930): 711–716. That the U.S. was not prepared for submarine warfare against Germany is abundantly demonstrated in this essay.

930.

Fayle, Charles Ernest. Official History of First World War, 1914–1918: Seaborne Trade. London: John Murray, 1920–1924. 3 vols. These important volumes serve as a supplement to the volumes on naval operations by Corbett and Newbolt (item 909). Vol. 1 covers the enemy’s surface attacks during the first eight months of the war. Vol. 2 covers the period from the opening of the submarine campaign to the appointment of a shipping controller in December 1916. Vol. 3 covers the period of unrestricted submarine warfare.

931.

Feuer, A. B. The U.S. Navy in World War I: Combat at Sea and in the Air. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999, 224 pp. Emphasis is on the role played by individuals in the U.S. Navy in 1917–1918.

932.

Frost, Wesley. German Submarine Warfare: A Study of Its Methods and Spirit, Including the Crime of the Lusitania. New York: D. Appleton, 1918. 243 pp. Frost, the U.S. consul at Queenstown, has recorded detailed testimony of survivors of more than 50 torpedoed ships. This work indicates how German submarines shelled defenseless ships, including passenger liners, along the southern Irish coast. This work captures the contemporary view of the submarine.

RT8955Z.indb 159

2/5/07 9:15:30 PM

160

933.

America and World War I

Gibson, Richard H., and Maurice Prendergast. The German Submarine War, 1914–1918. London: Constable, 1931. 438 pp. This is one of the most complete and authoritative British studies of the U-boat menace in the Great War.

934.

Grant, Robert M. “Aircraft Against U-Boats.” USNI Proc 65 (June 1939): 824–828. The author examines attempts to utilize aircraft against U-boats, a tactic which was not tried until the later stages of the war. This article makes especially interesting reading in view of the extensive use of air planes against submarines during World War II.

935.

———. U-Boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914–1918. London: Putnam, 1964. 172 pp. The convoy system and the employment of new and old weapons in greater quantity and often in new ways are given credit for the Allied success against undersea assault.

936.

Gray, Edwyn A. The Killing Time: The U-Boat War 1914–1918. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972. 280 pp. This is a fast-moving narrative by a British author that makes extensive use of interviews with former U-boat captains. Several useful appendices are provided.

937.

Herwig, Holger H., and David F. Trask. “The Failure of Germany’s Undersea Offensive Against World Shipping, February 1917–October 1918.” Historian 33 (August 1971): 611–636. Using material recently made available, the authors try to answer questions concerning unrestricted German U-boat warfare during the last stages of World War I.

938.

Hurd, Archibald. Official History of First World War, 1914–1918: Merchant Navy. London: John Murray, 1921–1929. 3 vols. This is the official history of the merchant navy. It provides extensive treatment of the German campaign of underseas assault. The sinking of the Lusitania is covered in the first volume.

939.

James, Henry J. German Submarines in Yankee Waters: First World War. New York: Gotham House, 1940. 208 pp. This is an account of the U.S. Navy’s war against German submarines in American waters. There is no bibliography or footnotes, but it is apparent that considerable research went into the production of this volume.

RT8955Z.indb 160

2/5/07 9:15:30 PM

Military Aspects of the War 161

940. Ludeberg, Philip K. “The German Naval Critique of the U-Boat Campaign, 1915–1918.” Mil Affairs 27 (Fall 1963): 105–118. This is a valuable survey of how German naval writers viewed their country’s U-boat strategy during the Great War. 941.

Merrill, James M. “Submarine Scare, 1918.” Mil Affairs 17 (Winter 1953): 181–190. The U-boat campaign in American waters which began in the spring of 1918 demonstrated that the United States was now subject to attack by a power thousands of miles away. Although this brought into serious question any future American isolationist policy, this lesson was not always remembered in the postwar period.

942.

Messimer, Dwight R. Find and Destroy: Antisubmarine Warfare in World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2001. 298 pp. Many maps and diagrams are included in this chronicling of the advance in methods and weapons in combating U-boat warfare.

943.

Millholland, Ray. The Splinter Fleet at the Otranto Barrage. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1936. 307 pp. This interesting book concerns the activities of an American subchaser, including the attack against the Austrian port of Durazzo.

944. Nutting, William W. The Cinderellas of the Fleet. Jersey City, NJ: Standard Motor Construction Company, 1920. 178 pp. This volume concerns American subchasers. 945.

United States Navy Department, Office of Naval Records and Library, Historical Section. German Submarine Activities on the Atlantic Coast of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920. 163 pp. This is an important source for any study of the German campaign of undersea assault against Allied and American shipping.

946. Whitaker, Herman. Hunting the German Shark: The American Navy in the Underseas War. New York: Century, 1918. 310 pp. The writer, the author of several novels, spent nearly a year with the British Grand Fleet and a week aboard a U.S. submarine. His anecdotal narrative describes the experiences of chasing U-boats. 947.

RT8955Z.indb 161

Yates, Keith. Flawed Victory: Jutland, 1916. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000. 352 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:30 PM

162

America and World War I

Yates has written a clear account of the events that led up to this Anglo-German naval engagement, the battle itself, and the key individuals involved. d. Blockade of the Central Powers 948.

Arnold-Forster, Lieutenant Commander W. E. The Economic Blockade, 1914–1919, Before the Armistice—and After. London: Oxford University Press, 1939. 40 pp. Among the topics covered are the visit and search of ships and controls over various commodities. In 1920, the author, the Admiralty’s representative on various committees concerned with economic warfare, prepared a naval staff monograph, The Economic Blockade, 1914–1919, which was not declassified until 1942.

949.

Belknap, Reginald R. The Yankee Mining Squadron: or, Laying the North Sea Mine Barrage. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute, 1920. 110 pp. Captain Belknap commanded the Americans who were involved in the dangerous work of laying mines in the North Sea. The author has avoided technical language to inform the nonexpert of what has been called the “biggest ‘mine planting stunt’ in the world’s history.”

950.

Bell, A. C. A History of the Blockade of Germany and of the Countries Associated with Her in the Great War: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, 1914–1918. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1937. 845 pp. This official history, written by Bell, a member of the historical section of the Committee of Imperial Defence, was kept secret until 1961 when it was released for public sale. This volume is based on extensive research in official papers. Unfortunately there is little documentation to guide to researcher to the original source. There are, however, many long citations from unpublished materials.

951.

Clapp, Edwin J. Economic Aspects of the War: Neutrals Rights, Belligerent Claims, and American Commerce in the Years 1914–1915. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1915. 340 pp. This contemporary book focuses on the British attempt to limit with their orders in council trade between Germany and neutral states.

952.

Consett, Rear-Admiral M. W. W. P. The Triumph of Unarmed Forces (1914– 1918): An Account of the Transactions by Which Germany During the Great War Was Able to Obtain Supplies Prior to Her Collapse Under the Pressure of Economic Forces. London: Williams & Norgate, 1923. 344 pp. Consett, the British naval attaché in Scandinavia during the war, gives an interesting account of how Britain bungled her economic warfare against Germany in Scandinavia. The author received the assistance of Captain O. H. Daniel.

RT8955Z.indb 162

2/5/07 9:15:31 PM

Military Aspects of the War 163

953.

Davis, H. W. Carless. History of the Blockade, Emergency Departments. N.p., 1920?. 217 pp. The preface is dated June 1, 1920, but this official history, a copy of which is deposited in the British Library, was not made available until the late 1950s. The author was a historian who served as the vice chairman of the war trade intelligence department. The theme of this study is the organization of the blockade.

954.

Guichard, Lieutenant Louis. The Naval Blockade, 1914–1918. London: Philip Allan, 1930. 324 pp. This is the English translation of an important French study written by a member of the historical section of the French ministry of marine troops.

955.

Hawkins, Nigel. The Starvation Blockades: Naval Blockades of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003. 224 pp. This well-illustrated book examines the attempts by Britain and Germany to starve each other out of the war.

956.

Osborne, Eric W. Britain’s Economic Blockade of Germany. London: Frank Cass, 2004. 215 pp. Osborne, a noted naval historian, provides a thorough accounting of Britain’s blockading measures as they changed during the course of the war.

957.

Riste, Olav. The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1965. 295 pp. Riste traces Norway’s ultimately unsuccessful attempt to be genuinely neutral in a war between Germany and Britain. The British blockade undermined the Norwegian economy and forced Norway to become Britain’s “neutral ally” during the last years of the war. Extensive use has been made of unpublished German and Norwegian sources.

958.

Savage, Carlton. Policy of the United States Toward Maritime Commerce in War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1934–1936. 2 vols. The second volume covers the 1914–1918 period.

959.

Siney, Marion Celestria. The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1914–1916. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957. 339 pp. The legal, political, and diplomatic aspects of the blockade (or more accurately economic warfare) against Germany are carefully examined in this excellent monograph. This volume is solidly based on archival research in the United States, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and the Scandinavian countries. New light is shed on the negotiations with the border neutrals.

RT8955Z.indb 163

2/5/07 9:15:31 PM

164

America and World War I

960. ———. “British Negotiations with American Meat Packers, 1915–1916: A Study of Belligerent Trade Controls.” J Mod Hist 23 (December 1951): 343–353. This article is based on the files of Henry Veeder, who was the counsel for Swift and Company. 961.

———. “British Official Histories of the Blockade of the Central Powers During the First World War.” Amer Hist Rev 68 (January 1963): 392–401. This article discusses the official histories by Bell, Davis, and ArnoldForster which were classified between the wars.

962.

United States Navy Department, Office of Naval Records and Library, Historical Section. The Northern Barrage and Other Mining Activities. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920. 146 pp. The role of the American mining force in mining the strait between Scotland and Norway receives particular attention in this official history.

963.

Vandenbosch, Amry. The Neutrality of the Netherlands During the World War. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1927. 349 pp. This scholarly work by a political scientist delineates the efforts of the Dutch government to protect its neutral rights. Many official Dutch documents are used.

964. Vincent, C. Paul. The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915–1919. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985. 191 pp. This work focuses on the political aspects of the continuation of the Allied blockade of Germany after the Armistice and the horrifying consequences of the blockade for the civilian population. Thousands of Germans died in what could be termed the first political famine of the twentieth century. e. Other Subjects 965.

Andrade, Ernest. “The Battle Cruiser in the United States Navy.” Mil Affairs 45 (February 1980): 18–22. This article examines the debate during the Great War over the construction of U.S. battle cruisers.

966. Beers, Henry P. “The Development of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Part II and III.” Mil Affairs 10 (Fall 1946): 10–38; 11 (Summer 1947): 88–99. Parts II and III of Beers’ study cover the period of World War I. 967.

RT8955Z.indb 164

DeNovo, John A. “Petroleum and the United States Navy before World War I.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 41 (March 1955): 641–656.

2/5/07 9:15:31 PM

Military Aspects of the War 165

The decision to convert the U.S. Navy from coal fuel to oil is elucidated in this article. 968.

Dyer, George P. “A Navy Supply Department in War Time.” USNI Proc 46 (March 1920): 379–392. The author was the commander of the U.S. Navy supply corps.

969.

Horn, Daniel. The German Naval Mutinies of World War I. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969. 346 pp. The origins of the mutiny in the German navy, which served as a spark for the German Revolution, 1918–1919, have been the subject of considerable controversy. Horn’s thorough research reveals that the mutinous sailors were not motivated by any desire to create a communist state in Germany. Longstanding grievances of the sailors against their officers and opposition to a suicide mission by the German navy against the British were the factors largely responsible for the revolt.

970.

Larzelere, Alex R. The Coast Guard in World War I: An Untold Story. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2003. 326 pp. The Coast Guard’s “untold history” during the Great War is partially due to its integration into the U.S. Navy. The author’s research is thorough and his account of the wartime activities of the Coast Guard personnel is interesting.

971.

Melhorn, Charles M. Two-Block Fox: The Rise of the Aircraft Carrier, 1911–1929. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1974. 181 pp. This volume examines the origins of aircraft carriers during the World War I era. The debate within the general board and in congressional hearings is carefully followed.

972.

Saul, Norman E. Sailors in Revolt: The Russian Baltic Fleet in 1917. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1978. 312 pp. This volume centers on the growth of revolutionary sentiment among sailors of the Baltic Fleet and their role in the Russian Revolution. Like Horn’s work on the German naval mutinies, this book is an excellent study of the relationship between war and revolution.

973.

Simpson, Michael, ed. Anglo-American Naval Relations, 1917–19. Brookfield, VT: Gower Publishing, 1991. 648 pp. Simpson’s spadework on both sides of the Atlantic has resulted in the publication of a valuable collection of primary documents (459 in all) written by British and American naval officials from 1917–1919.

974.

RT8955Z.indb 165

Sumrall, Robert F. “Ship Camouflage (WW I): Deceptive Art.” USNI Proc 97 (July 1971): 57–77.

2/5/07 9:15:32 PM

166

America and World War I

Commentary accompanies this profusely illustrated pictorial. The compiler makes the point that less than 1 percent of the camouflaged ships were sunk by U-boats. 975.

United States Navy Department Bureau of Engineering. History of the Bureau of Engineering Navy Department During the World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1922. 176 pp. This official source has an index and includes numerous photographs and tables.

976.

Williams, William J. “Josephus Daniels and the U.S. Navy’s Shipbuilding Program During World War I.” J Mil Hst 60 (January 1996): 7–38. A former North Carolina newspaper publisher, Daniels seemed ill equipped to be the Navy secretary. Williams, however, demonstrates that Daniels was a competent war leader and played the leading role in switching from the construction of battleships to the destroyers that were desperately needed to combat German submarines.

4. U.S. Marines 977.

Asprey, Robert B. At Belleau Wood. New York: Putnam, 1965. 375 pp. Numerous interviews with participants are used in this detailed and solid history of the offensive of the 2nd Division at Belleau Wood. Excellent maps enable the reader to follow the action.

978.

Edwards, Lieut.-Col. H. W. “Harbord and Lejeune: A Command Precedent.” Marine Corps Gazette 37 (July 1953): 12–15. The relationship of Harbord, who commanded the 4th Brigade (Marines), and Lejeune, who commanded the 2nd Division (Army), is discussed.

979.

Gatlin, Albertus W., and Walter A. Dyer. “With the Help of God and a Few Marines.” Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1919. 425 pp. Gatlin commanded the 6th Regiment of marines and was wounded at Belleau Wood. This volume focuses on that battle and Château Thierry.

980.

Hewitt, Captain Linda L. Women Marines in World War I. Washington, DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1974. 80 pp. This is the official history of the often overlooked part played by women marines in the Great War. * Lejeune, John A. The Reminiscences of a Marine. Cited above as item 308.

RT8955Z.indb 166

2/5/07 9:15:32 PM

Military Aspects of the War 167

981.

McClellan, Edwin N. “The Aisne-Marne Offensive.” Marine Corps Gazette 6 (March–June 1921): 66–84, 188–232. In this two-part account, McClellan makes a good case for treating as a single battle the part played by the marines and other troops of the 2nd Division in the Aisne defensive and the Second Battle of the Marne. This study is illustrated and features fold-out maps.

982.

———. “American Marines in Siberia During the World War.” Marine Corps Gazette 5 (June 1920): 173–181. This article describes the part played by U.S. Marines from the Brooklyn in Allied intervention.

983.

———. “The Fourth Brigade of Marines in the Training Areas and the Operations in the Verdun Sector.” Marine Corps Gazette 5 (March 1920): 81–110. McClellan offers a detailed account of the activities of the 4th Brigade from its days at the Gondrecourt training area to its dispatch to the Château-Thierry sector.

984.

———. “Operations of the Fourth Brigade of Marines in the Aisne Defensive.” Marine Corps Gazette 5 (June 1920): 182–214. A blow-by-blow account of marine operations during the so-called Aisne defensive is given in this article.

985.

———. “The St. Mihiel Offensive.” Marine Corps Gazette 6 (December 1921): 375–377. This is a detailed account of the part played by the marines in the St. Mihiel offensive. A fold-out map and tables of marine casualties are included.

986.

———. The United States Marine Corps in the World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920. 108 pp. This slim official history offers a good introduction to the rapid wartime expansion of the U.S. Marine Corps and its part in the war in Europe. Numerous statistical tables are included.

987.

Millett, Allan R. Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps. New York: Macmillan, 1980. 782 pp. This solid work is one of the volumes in the Macmillan Wars of the United States series. Chapters 10 and 11 are pertinent to World War I. There is an excellent annotated bibliography.

988.

RT8955Z.indb 167

Moskin, J. Robert. The U.S. Marine Corps Story. New York: McGrawHill, 1977. 807 pp.

2/5/07 9:15:33 PM

168

America and World War I

Based on considerable research, this fast-moving history provides an excellent introduction for the general public to the U.S. Marine Corps. There is a good annotated bibliography. This volume, however, is not as comprehensive as the recent study by Millett (item 987). 989.

Shulimson, Jack. “The First to Fight: Marine Corps Expansion, 1914– 1918.” Prologue 8 (Spring 1976): 5–16. The wartime expansion of the marines and its efforts to play a role on the European battlefields are described in this article. * Spaulding, Oliver L., and John W. Wright. The Second Division, American Expeditionary Force in France: 1917–1918. Cited above as item 679.

990. Suskind, Richard. Do You Want to Live Forever? New York: Bantam Books, 1964. 147 pp. This narrative succeeds in giving a succinct history of the exploits of the marines at Belleau Wood. An abridged edition with numerous illustrations was published by Macmillan in 1969 under the title The Battle of Belleau Wood: The Marines Stand Fast. * Thomason, John W., Jr. Fix Bayonets! Cited above as item 537. 991.

———. “The Marine Brigade.” USNI Proc 54 (November 1928): 963–968. Captain Thomason illustrates this account of the part played by the 4th Marine Brigade at Belleau Wood with his own drawings.

992. Wise, Frederic M., and Meigs O. Frost. A Marine Tells It to You. New York: J.H. Sears, 1929. 366 pp. Colonel Wise related the adventures and heroism of the marines on the battlefields of Europe and elsewhere to Frost, who then put Wise’s words into writing.

RT8955Z.indb 168

2/5/07 9:15:33 PM

V Home Front

A. General and Comparative Sources (See also V:F:1, Entente; V:F:2, Central Powers) 993.

Cashman, Sean Dennis. America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I. New York: New York University Press, 1988. 605 pp. Although lacking footnotes and marred by numerous errors this survey is still useful for its broad coverage.

994.

Chambers, Frank P. The War Behind the War 1914–1918: A History of the Political and Civilian Fronts. New York: Arno Press, 1972. 620 pp. Where can the World War I historian turn to find the ministers and their respective responsibilities in the numerous French wartime governments or a concise summary of Belgium under German occupation? The answer to this and many other questions concerning the home front can be found in this comprehensive account, which succeeds admirably in its ambitious task of surveying the political, social, and economic conditions of the major belligerents. This is a reprint of the 1939 edition.

995.

Churchill, Allen. Over Here!: An Informal Re-Creation of the Home Front in World War I. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1968. 240 pp.

169

RT8955Z.indb 169

2/5/07 9:15:33 PM

170

America and World War I

This is a general, popular work on the American home front during the Great War. This volume is well written, but it is obviously based on secondary sources and adds nothing new to the historiography of the home front. The author does not include documentation. 996. Eisner, Marc Allen. From Warfare State to Welfare State: World War I, Compensatory State Building, and the Limits of the Modern Order. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. 371 pp. The title of this book well describes Eisner’s thesis. Eisner finds the antecedents of the New Deal in many government programs and actions to mobilize the home front for total war. The wartime regulation of agriculture and the activities of the Council on National Defense and the War Industries Board are emphasized. 997.

Ellis, Edward Robb. Echoes of Distant Thunder—Life in the United States, 1914–1918. New York: Kodansha America, 1996. 510 pp. This is an easy-to-read survey of the wartime American home front. It is a reprint of the 1976 edition.

998.

Hale, Oron J. The Great Illusion, 1900–1914. New York: Harper & Row, 1971. 361 pp. This is a masterful synthesis of European politics, culture, and economics on the eve of war. Hale argues that war was not inevitable or predestined by conditions in Europe and that the period from 1900 to 1914 belongs more to the 20th than to the 19th century.

999.

Hawley, Ellis W. The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917–1933. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979. 264 pp. This survey of the years 1917–1933 concludes that the theme of that period was the evolution of new managerial and bureaucratic institutions concerned with solving peacetime problems. The wartime experience proved to be the guide for the development of that evolution.

1000. Horne, John, ed. State, Society and Mobilization During the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 292 pp. This impressive collection of essays in social history covers both the Entente and Central Powers. The Entente powers are shown to be more effective in mobilizing for total war than the Central Powers. 1001. Jantzen, Steven. Hooray for Peace. Hurrah for War. The United States During World War I. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971. 327 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 170

2/5/07 9:15:33 PM

Home Front 171

This is an entertaining history of the impact of World War I on America. It contains extensive quotations, including many of the songs of the day, and is illustrated. There is an annotated bibliography. 1002. Karp, Walter. The Politics of War: The Story of Two Wars Which Altered Forever the Political Life of the American Republic. New York: Franklin Square Press, 2003. 300 pp. This is a reprint of the 1979 edition. By focusing on the Spanish-American War and World War I, the author is critical of the ways in which American participation shaped American politics in the 20th century. 1003. Kennedy, David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. 404 pp. This is a wide-ranging, interpretative, committed, and well-written volume that treats American participation in World War I as a turning point in American history. The emphasis is on the home front, but Chapter 4 centers on the American Expeditionary Forces’ fight with the German army. Kennedy’s research in both primary and secondary sources is impressive. This is an indispensable source for understanding the American wartime experience. 1004. Lauzanne, Stéphane. Great Men and Great Days. New York: D. Appleton, 1921. 262 pp. Lauzanne, the editor of Le Matin and a member of a French mission to the United States, has written sketches of some of the leading figures of the war, including House, Wilson, and Roosevelt. He also comments on the mood of America in 1918. 1005. Paxson, Frederic L. American Democracy and the World War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1936–1939. 2 vols. This well-written narrative of the World War I period focuses attention on Wilson’s policies at home and abroad. Paxson treats the major questions of intervention with a favorable view of the Wilson administration. Although this work does not contain footnotes or a bibliography, it remains a classic. 1006. Roth, Jack J., ed. World War I: A Turning Point in Modern History: Essays on the Significance of the War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967. 137 pp. This is a valuable collection of lectures by Gordon Craig, Friedrich, Kohn, and Charles Hirschfield which were delivered at Roosevelt University. Craig examines how total war influenced diplomacy and the conduct of war; Friedrich discusses the connection, or lack thereof, between war and totalitarianism; Kohn looks at the cultural environment; and Hirschfield analyzes the impact of the war on the American home front.

RT8955Z.indb 171

2/5/07 9:15:33 PM

172

America and World War I

1007. Schaffer, Ronald. America in the Great War: The Rise of the War Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. 244 pp. This book focuses on two themes: “the government’s effort to manage the American people, encouraging and enabling them to support and fight a massive war in Europe; and the use Americans made of that war.” Written primarily for the general reader, this book has no footnotes. A fully cited copy, however, can be found in the Oviatt Library at California State University, Northridge. 1008. Slosson, Preston William. The Great Crusade and After 1914–1928. New York: Macmillan, 1931. 486 pp. In a well-written volume, Slosson examines the impact of World War I, including the great moral decline which resulted from the war. Moreover, he emphasizes how temporary the economic prosperity was. Slosson concludes that the United States learned much about organization from the experiences of war. 1009. Trask, David F., ed. World War I at Home: Readings on American Life, 1914–1920. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1970. 212 pp. This useful collection of 44 articles from magazines such as the Independent and the New Republic treats certain aspects of the home front. The articles are organized into three sections: neutrality, 1914–1917; belligerency, 1917–1918; and peacemaking, 1919–1920. 1010. Williams, John. The Other Battleground. The Home Fronts: Britain, France, and Germany, 1914–1918. London: Constable, 1972. 326 pp. This is a well-written, interesting, but at times impressionistic attempt at comparative history of the home fronts of three belligerents. It does not, however, supplant the standard work by Chambers on the war behind the frontlines (item 994). 1011. Winter, Jay, and Jean-Louis Robert. Capital Cities at War: London, Paris, Berlin, 1914–1919. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 622 pp. The product of 13 scholars, this social history challenges many previous assumptions about the home fronts of Britain, Germany, and France. A strength of this work is its use of data to support its revisionist conclusions on such subjects as income redistribution and the economic advancement of women. 1012. Wynn, Neil A. From Progressivism to Prosperity: World War I and American Society. New York: Holmes and Meier. 1986. 268 pp. Although written for a general audience, this is an important work of scholarship. A strength of this book is the attention it gives to ordinary citizens rather than to the elites.

RT8955Z.indb 172

2/5/07 9:15:33 PM

Home Front 173

1013. Zieger, Robert. America’s Great War: World War I and the American Experience. Landham, MD: Bowman and Littlefield, 2002. 297 pp. This is an important addition to the social history of America during the war. B. Civilian Leadership (Including Manuscript Collections) 1. United States Baker, Newton D. 1014. Baker, Newton D. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This collection includes Baker’s correspondence when he was secretary of war. Palmer made extensive use of these papers when he prepared his biography of Baker. Some of the papers of Ralph Hayes, Baker’s secretary, are included in this collection. 1015. ———.“Invisible Armor.” Survey 17 (November 1917): 159–160. In this speech before a national conference on war-camp community recreation, the secretary of war argues that soldiers going to war must have an “invisible armor” of positive and clean social habits. 1016. Beaver, Daniel R. Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, 1917– 1919. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966. 273 pp. This is a well-researched, stimulating study of Woodrow Wilson’s World War I secretary of war. Written from Baker’s perspective, this volume examines the major controversies of the War Department as well as Baker’s contributions to the war effort. A good essay on sources and an outstanding bibliography add to the value of this study. See also Beaver’s 1962 Northwestern University doctoral dissertation. 1017. Cramer, C. H. Newton D. Baker: A Biography. Cleveland, OH: World Publishing, 1961. 310 pp. This is a fascinating but somewhat impressionistic biography of Baker. 1018. Hayes, Ralph A. Secretary Baker at the Front. New York: Century, 1918. 185 pp. This volume, written by the war secretary’s secretary, tells of Baker’s experiences during a visit to the front. 1019. Palmer, Frederick. Newton D. Baker: America at War. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1931. 2 vols. This is a running narrative of Baker’s role as secretary of war. Based on Baker’s papers, this work shows how a pacifist developed into a capable war leader who helped the mobilization process and stood solidly behind General Pershing.

RT8955Z.indb 173

2/5/07 9:15:34 PM

174

America and World War I

Baker, Ray Stannard 1020. Baker, Ray Stannard. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This collection includes the valuable interviews which Baker conducted with intimates of the president when he prepared his biography of Wilson. Baruch 1021. Baruch, Bernard Mannes. Collection in Princeton University Library. This rich collection contains Baruch’s papers from 1905 to 1965. Valuable information may be gleaned from his work on the War Industries Board, his position as advisor at Versailles, his role on the Council of National Defense, and his role in the National Industrial Conference. 1022. ———. American Industry in the War: A Report of the War Industries Board. New York: Prentice Hall, 1941. 498 pp. This report on the activities of the War Industries Board was ghostwritten for Baruch, and it focuses attention on the accomplishments of the board rather than on the personalities involved. The report represents an important synthesis of how the board worked during World War I. Of course, it also makes the person who chaired the board look good. 1023. Coit, Margaret L. Mr. Baruch. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957. 784 pp. Based on solid documentary evidence, including the Baruch Papers, this sympathetic biography of Baruch carries him into the period after World War II. It focuses much attention on Baruch’s activities during World War I. Coit sees Baruch as the man who had the best understanding of the economy and who as head of the War Industries Board mobilized the American economy during World War I. 1024. Schwarz, Jordan A. The Speculator: Bernard M. Baruch in Washington, 1917–1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981. 679 pp. This is the standard biography of Bernard M. Baruch. This well-researched, analytical work focuses attention on Baruch’s relationship with Woodrow Wilson and his successful role as head of the War Industries Board during World War I. Baruch was converted to Wilson’s practical idealism and remained a Wilson spokesman for the rest of his career. Beck 1025. Keller, Morton. In Defense of Yesterday: James M. Beck and the Politics of Conservatism, 1861–1936. New York: Coward, McCann, 1958. 320 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 174

2/5/07 9:15:34 PM

Home Front 175

This well-written work deals with a conservative corporate lawyer who held a number of important high-level government positions. It presents a good example of right-wing thought in the period from 1900 to 1936. Beveridge 1026. Beveridge, Albert J. What Is Back of the War. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1915. 430 pp. Senator Albert Beveridge’s opposition to U.S. intervention was strengthened by his visit to the western front. Borah 1027. Borah, William Edgar. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Borah’s papers from 1907 to 1940 represent an extensive collection on his senatorial career. A few other papers can be found at the Idaho State Historical Society. Brandeis 1028. Mason, Alpheus Thomas. Brandeis: Lawyer and Judge in the Modern State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1933. 203 pp. Well written and well researched, this study examines the public welfare activities, ideology, and constitutional principles of Brandeis. 1029. Urofsky, Melvin I. Louis D. Brandeis and the Progressive Tradition. Boston: Little, Brown, 1981. 183 pp. This well-written biography of Brandeis traces the career of one of the foremost legal minds of the 20th century. Urofsky treats the WilsonBrandeis relationship and Brandeis’ role in the “New Freedom” philosophy, his appointment to the Supreme Court, and his role in World War I. Wilson frequently turned to Brandeis for advice during the war, and ­Urofsky concludes that Brandeis played a major role in the appointments of Hoover and Baruch. Creel 1030. Creel, George. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This collection contains some correspondence, scrapbooks, and bound volumes of writings. 1031. ———. How We Advertised America. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920. 467 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 175

2/5/07 9:15:34 PM

176

America and World War I

This book details the activities of the Committee on Public Information during World War I. Written by the committee’s chairman, this work shows how the committee attempted to mobilize world opinion in terms of U.S. participation in the war. The author treats: censorship, relations with Congress, news division, four-minute men, films, war expositions, speaking, advertising, women’s war work, world news service, enemy censorship, work in various countries, and demobilization. This book is essential to an understanding of the war’s propaganda effort. 1032. ———. “Public Opinion in War Time.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 185–191. The chairman of the Committee on Public Information points out that the mobilization of public opinion is part of any military program. He explains in general how the committee is functioning; he emphasizes that his job is to sell America. 1033. ———. The War, the World and Wilson. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920. 366 pp. Creel presents a one-sided lawyer’s brief in support of the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Crowell 1034. Crowell, Benedict. Collection in Case Western Reserve University Library. This collection includes correspondence, papers, and printed matter relating to Crowell’s activities as assistant secretary of war and director of munitions. These papers shed light on war mobilization. * ———, and Robert Forrest Wilson. How America Went to War. Cited above as item 658. Daniels 1035. Daniels, Josephus. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. The researcher has a monumental task in separating the wheat from the chaff in the papers of the frequently controversial secretary of the navy. His voluminous correspondence and his diary, which has been superbly edited by E. David Cronon, constitute the most important part of the partially indexed collection. 1036. ———. The Wilson Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944–1946. 2 vols.

RT8955Z.indb 176

2/5/07 9:15:34 PM

Home Front 177

The important memoirs of Daniels cover the Wilson period. Daniels compares Bryan favorably to Lansing as secretary of state. Other personal evaluations of the leading figures of the day are interesting and valuable. 1037. Cronon, E. David, ed. The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels, 1913– 1921. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963. 648 pp. This is an important and useful account of the Wilson years through the eyes of the secretary of the navy. The diary sheds light on Wilson’s cabinet meetings as well as the relationship between Daniels and his abrasive assistant secretary, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Frankfurter 1038. Frankfurter, Felix. Collection in Harvard Law School Library. Frankfurter’s personal papers, memoranda, speeches, and other items can be found in this important collection. Gompers 1039. Gompers, Samuel. Collection in Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library. This collection contains much documentation on Gompers’ career during World War I. 1040. [———.] The Samuel Gompers Papers. Edited by Stuart B. Kaufman, et al. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 1986–. Vols. 1–. The first volume of this projected 12-volume set was published in 1986 under the brilliant guidance of Stuart B. Kaufman. The very high editorial standard that Kaufman established has been continued by other editors following his untimely death. The latest volume, which covers the period of American belligerency, 1917–1918, is scheduled for publication in 2006. 1041. ———. Seventy Years of Life and Labor. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1967. 2 vols. This memoir of the founder of the American Federation of Labor includes several chapters dealing with his role during World War I. 1042. Grubbs, Frank L., Jr. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty: Gompers, the A. F. of L. and the Pacifists, 1917–1920. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968. 172 pp. This narrowly focused, well-researched book argues that Gompers and the American Federation of Labor worked to suppress radical opposition to the war. Gompers’ American Alliance for Labor and Democracy,

RT8955Z.indb 177

2/5/07 9:15:34 PM

178

America and World War I

financed by the Creel Committee, was used to counter the more radical People’s Council. The reader should take into account some basic errors when examining the book. 1043. Livesay, Harold C. Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America. Reprint ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 1993. 195 pp. Gompers’ union activities and the social and economic conditions of his day are chronicled. 1044. Mandel, Bernard. Samuel Gompers: A Biography. Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch Press, 1963. 566 pp. This general biography of Gompers documents his role during World War I as he supported the restraint of civil liberties. Hay 1045. Herring, George C., Jr. “James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy, 1915–1916.” J So Hist 30 (November 1964): 383–404. This article examines James Hay’s attempt to get a preparedness measure through Congress at a time when public opinion opposed any preparedness. Hay claimed partial credit when a proposal to nationalize and upgrade the National Guard was passed. Hoover 1046. Hoover, Herbert Clark. Collection at Hoover Institution of War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University. Hoover’s papers on his World War I career are located here. 1047. ———. America’s First Crusade. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1942. 81 pp. Hoover wrote his memoirs of the Great War in 1934–1935, intending that they be published following his death. Another world war and promptings from the Saturday Evening Post led him to publish his views on peacemaking in 1919, first in the Saturday Evening Post, and then later, in a more complete fashion, in this slim volume. 1048. ———. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874–1920. New York: Macmillan, 1953. 496 pp. These memoirs are especially rich in revealing Hoover’s World War I experiences. 1049. ———. The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958. 318 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 178

2/5/07 9:15:34 PM

Home Front 179

This is an extremely important work because of Hoover’s position and insight. Much of the study is devoted to Wilson and Versailles, including the failure of the treaty to be ratified. Hoover, loyal to Wilson, sees the president losing politically but winning a moral victory. This book is a must for those wanting to gain an understanding of the economic problems of the peace. 1050. Burner, David. Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979. 433 pp. This biography, aimed at the general and scholarly audience, deals with a very complex figure. Three chapters are devoted to Hoover’s World War I activities in Belgium, his work as war food administrator, and his hungerrelief activities after the war. 1051. Gelfand, Lawrence E. ed. Herbert Hoover: The Great War and Its Aftermath, 1914–23. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1979. 242 pp. This is a collection of papers presented at the Herbert Hoover Centennial Seminar in 1974. Papers range from “Herbert Hoover, Launching the American Food Administration, 1917” to “Herbert Hoover and the Russian Revolution.” 1052. Nash, George H. The Life of Herbert Hoover. Vol. 2, The Humanitarian, 1914–1917. New York: W.W. Norton, 1988. 497 pp. This volume focuses on Hoover’s direction of the Commission for Relief in Belgium prior to American belligerency. Nash is surely right in portraying Hoover as the first American civilian hero produced by the war. 1053. ———. The Life of Herbert Hoover. Vol. 3, Master of Emergencies, 1917–1918. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996. 656 pp. The third volume of this impressive biography describes one of the most successful stages in Hoover’s career when he served as U.S. food administrator. 1054. O’Brien, Francis William, ed. The Hoover-Wilson Wartime Correspondence, September 24, 1914 to November 11, 1918. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1974. 297 pp. Gleaned from four depositories, this correspondence reveals a good relationship between Hoover and Wilson. Evidence exists in these letters that Wilson sought Hoover’s advice in foreign affairs. This volume is important to understanding the Hoover-Wilson relationship. 1055. Vincent, Charles Paul. “The Post-World War I Blockade of Germany: An Aspect in the Tragedy of a Nation.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado, 1980. 300 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 179

2/5/07 9:15:35 PM

180

America and World War I

This dissertation devotes considerable space to the activities of Hoover, the U.S. food administrator. 1056. Willis, Edward F. Herbert Hoover and the Russian Prisoners of World War I: A Study in Diplomacy and Relief, 1918–1919. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1951. 67 pp. This slim volume actually focuses on the negotiations concerning Russian prisoners in Germany rather than on Hoover. 1057. Wilson, Joan Hoff. Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975. 307 pp. This biography synthesizes the career of Herbert Hoover. The author concludes that in foreign affairs Hoover emerged as a figure who opposed U.S. military interventions as a matter of routine policy. Houston 1058. Houston, David F. Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet: 1913 to 1920. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1926. 2 vols. This memoir is an important and useful account of the Wilson administration through the eyes of the secretary of agriculture. It reveals his views on major events from his perspective. Hughes 1059. Perkins, Dexter. Charles Evans Hughes and American Democratic Statesmanship. Boston: Little, Brown, 1956. 200 pp. Hughes played a number of successful roles as a lawyer, governor, presidential candidate, secretary of state, and chief justice of the Supreme Court. Perkins, in an interpretative biography, sees his subject as a statesman. His chapters on the 1916 election and the fight over the League of Nations are useful to those interested in World War I. Hurley 1060. Hurley, Edward Nash. Collection in University of Notre Dame Archives. This brief collection concentrates on Hurley’s work on the U.S. Shipping Board. * ———. The Bridge to France. Cited above as item 664. Johnson 1061. Johnson, Hiram W. Collection in Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

RT8955Z.indb 180

2/5/07 9:15:35 PM

Home Front 181

The bulk of Johnson’s official and personal papers are contained in this collection. Other papers can be found in other collections. 1062. DeWitt, Howard A. “Hiram Johnson and World War I: A Progressive in Transition.” South California Quarterly 61 (Fall 1974): 295–305. This essay examines the impact of World War I on the foreign policy attitudes of Senator Hiram W. Johnson of California. Ultimately Johnson emerged as a strong isolationist who opposed Wilsonian internationalism. Kitchen 1063. Kitchen, Claude. Collection in Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina. This collection is rich in materials documenting Kitchen’s role on the House Ways and Means Committee during World War I. 1064. Arnett, Alex Mathews. Claude Kitchen and the Wilson War Policies. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1937. 341 pp. This volume examines the antiwar efforts of Representative Kitchen of North Carolina. Extensive use is made of the Kitchen papers. LaFollette 1065. LaFollette, Belle Case, and Fola LaFollette. Robert M. LaFollette, June 14, 1855–June 18, 1925. New York: Macmillan, 1953. 2 vols. This sympathetic biography, based in large part on manuscript sources, is valuable despite the fact that it was coauthored by the wife and daughter of the subject. LaFollette opposed U.S. intervention in the war and voted against the Wilson declaration of war. Because of this stand, he was charged with disloyalty and his opponents tried to get him removed from the Senate. He also opposed the Treaty of Versailles as being unjust. Lodge 1066. Lodge, Henry Cabot. Collection in Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. The bulk of Lodge’s official and personal correspondence is included in this collection. However, other Lodge documents are scattered in other collections. 1067. Fischer, Robert James. “Henry Cabot Lodge’s Concept of Foreign Policy and the League of Nations.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1971. 254 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 181

2/5/07 9:15:35 PM

182

America and World War I

This is a revisionist treatment of Lodge’s opposition to the League of Nations. Fischer emphasizes Lodge’s long and genuine commitment to the position he took during the debate. If a Republican had been president, Fischer argues, Lodge’s opposition, which was based on principle, would have been just as strong. 1068. Francesconi, Robert A. “A Burkeian Analysis of Selected Speeches of Woodrow Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge on the League of Nations.” Doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University, 1975. 269 pp. Kenneth Burke’s analytic method is employed in this speech dissertation to analyze the speeches of Wilson and Lodge. Wilson, it is asserted, exhibited “characteristics of a mystic” while Lodge displayed “a pragmatic ideology.” 1069. Garraty, John A. Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968. 433 pp. Garraty’s biography of Lodge is one of the best political biographies in existence. Written from Lodge’s point of view, this book is balanced and well written. It reveals Lodge’s role in the fight over the Versailles Treaty. Lodge’s reservations prove that he was a responsible, constructive critic who wanted workable collective security. 1070. Widenor, William C. Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. 389 pp. This study of Lodge’s impact on U.S. foreign policy argues that both Lodge and Wilson were internationalists. Wilson believed that U.S. interests would be best served through an international system, while Lodge placed more emphasis on nationalism in an international setting. Ultimately each man blocked the other’s course of action. McAdoo 1071. McAdoo, William Gibbs. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This rich collection provides much information on McAdoo’s career during the war. Likewise, it helps provide a different view of Wilson’s career. 1072. ———. Crowded Years: The Reminiscences of William G. McAdoo. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931. 542 pp. This well-written memoir of Wilson’s treasury secretary during World War I is valuable for providing a view of the part played by both McAdoo and others in the Wilson cabinet. Interestingly, he compares Wilson with Robert E. Lee.

RT8955Z.indb 182

2/5/07 9:15:35 PM

Home Front 183

Norris 1073. Norris, George W. Fighting Liberal. New York: Macmillan, 1945. 419 pp. This well-written autobiography surveys the political career of one of the most important senators of the 20th century. Norris presents his views on U.S. involvement in World War I and outlines his opposition to the Versailles Treaty. 1074. Lowitt, Richard. George W. Norris: The Persistence of a Progressive, 1913–1933. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971. 590 pp. This superior volume concerns Norris’ opposition to U.S. involvement in World War I. This important progressive opposed the armed-ship bill, the war resolution, war profiteering, and the Versailles Treaty. Palmer 1075. Coben, Stanley. A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. 351 pp. This important biography of Wilson’s attorney general reveals a progressive reformer who violated civil liberties on an unprecedented scale during World War I. Palmer subordinated his idealism to his powerful political ambition. His hope for national attention motivated his persecution of socialists during the “Red Scare.” Rainey 1076. Waller, Robert A. Rainey of Illinois: A Political Biography, 1903–34. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977. 260 pp. This biography is important to those interested in World War I because Rainey, a member of the House Ways and Means Committee, played an important role in the passage of Wilson’s tax measures during the war. Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1077. Freidel, Frank. Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship. Boston: Little, Brown, 1952. 456 pp. The first volume of this outstanding multivolume biography treats FDR’s role during World War I. In a definitive way, Freidel examines Roosevelt’s disagreements with Navy Secretary Daniels, his militancy as World War I broke out, his work in the Caribbean, his role as war administrator, and his trip to Paris after the war. This work is essential to an understanding of the activities of the Navy Department during the Wilson years. 1078. Marolda, Edward J., ed. FDR and the U.S. Navy. New York: St Martin’s, 1998. 176 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 183

2/5/07 9:15:35 PM

184

America and World War I

This is a collection of conference papers on Roosevelt’s considerable impact on the development of a modern U.S. Navy. It is one of the volumes in The Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute series on diplomatic and economic history. David Trask contributes an article, “FDR at War, 1913–1921.” The editor was then the senior historian of the Naval Historical Center. 1079. Ward, Geoffrey. A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. 889 pp. This popular account covers Roosevelt’s years as assistant secretary of the navy. Roosevelt, Theodore 1080. Roosevelt, Theodore. Fear God and Take Your Own Part. New York: George H. Doran, 1916. 414 pp. This collection of Roosevelt’s prewar magazine articles reflects vividly his concern for preparedness. The colorful articles are pure Roosevelt. 1081. Brands, H. W. T.R.: The Last Romantic. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. 897 pp. The author uses many of Roosevelt’s letters which gives this biography a personal touch. 1082. Cooper, John Milton, Jr. The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983. 442 pp. This is an outstanding joint biography which points out similarities as well as many obvious differences between the two men. Cooper contends that Roosevelt by 1914 was more idealistic on both domestic affairs and the war than Wilson. 1083. Dalton, Kathleen. Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life. New York: Knopf, 2002. 752 pp. This biography is generally more critical of T.R. than other biographers. 1084. [Leary, John J., Jr.] Talks with T.R.: From the Diaries of John J. Leary, Jr. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920. 334 pp. Leary was a journalist whom Roosevelt took into his confidence. The extracts published from his diary for the most part concern the war and reveal T.R.’s low regard for Wilson. 1085. Morison, Elting E., ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–1954. 8 vols.

RT8955Z.indb 184

2/5/07 9:15:35 PM

Home Front 185

Vol. 8 of this set concentrates on Roosevelt’s World War I correspondence. The letters are filled with his strong anti-German and anti-Wilson attitudes. Scott 1086. Scott, Frank. Collection in the Manuscript Library, Princeton University. These papers, which include correspondence and minutes of meetings, relate to Scott’s founding and leadership of the U.S. War Industries Board. Stone 1087. Stone, William Joel. Collection in the Manuscript Collections, University of Missouri. This collection contains information on Stone’s World War I activities. 1088. Towne, Ruth Warner. Senator William J. Stone and the Politics of Compromise. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1979. 278 pp. In April 1917, Stone, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, cast the lone dissenting vote against getting the war resolution out of committee. He was considered disloyal even though he later supported war measures. This biography traces his role in national politics. Tumulty 1089. Tumulty, Joseph Patrick. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This collection contains important communications with President Wilson while he was in Europe as well as correspondence with Mrs. Wilson. 1090. Blum, John Morton. Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951. 337 pp. Based on rich primary sources, including the Tumulty papers, this biography deals with the single politician who stood close to Wilson throughout his political career. The primary political relationship is chronicled; during the war Tumulty’s role increased as a buffer, a political manipulator, and loyal friend. Blum gives Tumulty some credit for Wilson’s unsuccessful political intervention in the 1918 election. Wilson 1091. Wilson, Woodrow. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

RT8955Z.indb 185

2/5/07 9:15:36 PM

186

America and World War I

This important collection of the president’s private papers is arranged chronologically. The extracts found in Ray Stannard Baker’s Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters represent only a fraction of this voluminous collection. 1092. Bell, H. C. F. Woodrow Wilson and the People. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Doran, 1945. 392 pp. The intention of this popular work is to show how Wilson attempted to reach the people and draw strength from them. It offers interesting discussions of Wilson’s appeals to the people by making American intervention a people’s war, as well as his appeal to get the Treaty of Versailles approved. 1093. Blum, John Morton. Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality. Boston: Little, Brown, 1956. 275 pp. This work surveys Wilson’s career from the perspective of the impact of Calvinistic morality on his decision-making process. Blum places the blame for Wilson’s unwillingness at times to compromise on his adherence to moral precepts. Convinced that he was morally right, he often was unyielding. Well written, this work has been outdated by subsequent research. 1094. Clements, Kendrick A. The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. 303 pp. This is a volume in the impressive American Presidency Series published by the University Press of Kansas that focuses on Wilson’s presidency. See also Clements’ excellent Woodrow Wilson, World Statesman (Macmillan, 1987). * Cooper, John Milton. The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. Cited above as item 1082. 1095. Cronon, E. David, ed. The Political Thought of Woodrow Wilson. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. 559 pp. In a series of edited documents, the author attempts to reveal Wilson’s political thought. About half of the volume deals with World War I. 1096. Diamond, William. The Economic Thought of Woodrow Wilson. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1943. 195 pp. This systematic approach to Wilson’s economic thinking reveals a middle-class, progressive approach to industrialization. Wilson’s thinking at Versailles receives special attention. 1097. Dodd, William E. Woodrow Wilson and His Work. New York: Doubleday/Page, 1920. 369 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 186

2/5/07 9:15:36 PM

Home Front 187

A contemporary defense of Wilson and his policies, this volume underlines Wilson’s moralistic approach to politics. 1098. Dudden, Arthur P., ed. Woodrow Wilson and the World of Today: Essays by Arthur S. Link, William L. Langer, Eric F. Goldman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957. 96 pp. This is a collection of lectures given at Bryn Mawr College. Link discussed Wilson the political leader; Goldman spoke on his management of the war; and Langer evaluated certain aspects of Wilsonian diplomacy. 1099. Ferrell, Robert H. Woodrow Wilson and World War I, 1917–1921. New York: Harper & Row, 1985. 346 pp. This is a most readable volume in Harper & Row’s New American National Series. It examines Wilson’s war leadership by focusing on military matters, politics, and diplomacy. Ferrell argues that Wilson was “unneutral” from the beginning of the war. 1100. Freud, Sigmund, and William C. Bullitt. Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Twenty-Eighth President of the United States: A Psychological Study. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967. 307 pp. This “psychological study” is pure character assassination by an elderly Freud and a disillusioned Bullitt. 1101. Grayson, Rear Admiral Cary T. Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1960. 143 pp. Grayson served as Wilson’s doctor for nearly 10 years, and the publication of this manuscript, which was found in his papers, gives an intimate glimpse of Wilson during the period of World War I. 1102. Heckscher, August. Woodrow Wilson. New York: Scribner, 1991. 743 pp. This biography has much to say on Wilson’s personality and character. Heckscher’s treatment of Wilson’s stance on U.S. neutrality is noteworthy. 1103. Levin, Phyllis Lee. Edith and Woodrow: A White House Story. New York: Scribner, 2001. 606 pp. The author, a journalist, examines the key role played by Wilson’s second wife, Edith Bolling Galt. 1104. Link, Arthur S., ed. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979–1993. 69 vols. The publication of Wilson’s papers under the direction of Arthur Link is one of the most important historical publication events of this or any other century in American history. Volume 69, the last volume, includes

RT8955Z.indb 187

2/5/07 9:15:36 PM

188

America and World War I

a retrospective essay by Link as well as a cumulative contents and index for Vols. 53 to 68. All the transcripts of Wilson’s press conferences can be found in Vol. 50. Vol. 66 completes the documentary record of Wilson’s presidency. 1105. ———. “That Cobb Interview,” J Amer Hist 72 (June 1985): 7–17. Link comments on the famous conversation that Wilson is alleged to have had with Frank Irving Cobb, the editor of the New York World, on the day that Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. Link corrects the date. It was probably March 19 rather than April 2, the day that American went to war. But Link concludes that much of what Cobb later said about his conversation with Wilson is probably true, especially what Wilson said about his desire to avoid war. 1106. ———. Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916–1917. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965. 464 pp. This book treats Wilson and his era from the 1916 election to the passage of the war resolution against Germany. Link’s sympathetic portrayal sees Wilson as the leader of a new progressive coalition which carried him to victory in 1916, and as an international leader who saw the role which the United States must play in international affairs. Moreover, Link concludes that Wilson was truly neutral in his policies. In addition, he argues that Wilson went to war to protect American rights on the high seas and to hasten the war’s end in Europe. 1107. ———. Wilson: Confusions and Crises, 1915–1916. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964. 386 pp. This volume of Wilson’s biography deals with preparedness, a second Lusitania problem, and the House-Grey Memorandum. Link sees Wilson as vacillating on many issues in 1915 and 1916. Moreover, Link blames Colonel House for the problems which resulted from the House-Grey Memorandum. He concludes that Wilson’s policies were guided too much by public opinion. 1108. ———. Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914–1915. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960. 736 pp. This superb volume in Link’s multivolume biography of Wilson concentrates on the first 15 months of World War I. It focuses attention on the foundations of U.S. neutrality policy, and it examines problems in Mexico, the Caribbean, and the Far East. Throughout, Wilson emerges as an embattled president who attempted to keep the United States free from involvement in the European war.

RT8955Z.indb 188

2/5/07 9:15:36 PM

Home Front 189

1109. ———. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954. 331 pp. This important survey in the New American Nation Series examines progressivism and the question of U.S. entrance into World War I. Link concludes that Wilson was influenced by the question of unrestricted submarine warfare and the public’s response to it. 1110. Nordholt, Jan William Schulte. Woodrow Wilson: A Life for World Peace. Translated by Herbert H. Rowen. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991. 495 pp. This volume by a Dutch scholar concentrates on Wilson’s diplomacy and is often critical of other scholars. For example, he considers the foremost Wilsonian scholar, Arthur Link, an apologist. With some justification he accuses Arno Mayer and N. Gordon Levin, Jr., of not considering Wilson’s policies in the round when his thoughts and action do not fit their particular thesis. 1111. Reid, Edith Gittings. Woodrow Wilson: The Caricature, the Myth, and the Man. New York: Oxford University Press, 1934. 242 pp. This is a most sympathetic biography by a friend of Wilson since their student days. 1112. Saunders, Frances Wright. Ellen Axson Wilson: First Lady Between Two Worlds. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. 359 pp. Ellen Axson Wilson, the president’s first wife, who died in 1914, made great sacrifices to protect her husband’s reputation and manage his mood fluctuations. Her self-sacrifice came to include the acceptance of his affair with another woman and incorporating her into their lives. 1113. Seymour, Charles. Woodrow Wilson and the World War. New Haven. CT: Yale University Press, 1921. 382 pp. Seymour critically examines Wilson’s provincialism in dealing with the European war. Yet he points out the importance of Wilson’s idealism. The treatment of the peace conference is very strong. 1114. Tumulty, Joseph P. Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him. New York: Doubleday/Page, 1921. 553 pp. This favorable portrait of Wilson by his secretary emerges as a narrative on events with Wilson as the focus. There is much of interest in Tumulty’s views of events from 1913 to 1921. 1115. Walworth, Arthur. Woodrow Wilson, American Prophet. New York: Longmans, Green, 1958. 2 vols.

RT8955Z.indb 189

2/5/07 9:15:36 PM

190

America and World War I

This sympathetic biography of Wilson won the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1959. A high-minded Wilson who sees himself as a prophet emerges from the pages of this work. Concerning the debate over the Versailles Treaty, Walworth sees Wilson as beset on all sides by enemies, and he captures well the failure of Wilson to compromise. 1116. Watson, Richard L., Jr. “Woodrow Wilson and His Interpreters, 1947– 1957.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 44 (September 1957): 207–236. This important bibliographical essay treats a decade of debate concerning Wilson. 1117. Weinstein, Edwin A. Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981. 399 pp. The author, a professor of neurology, claims that President Wilson was afflicted as early as 1906 by a brain-damaging stroke that was not diagnosed as such. He reveals that after 1906 Wilson’s behavior patterns changed. 1118. White, William Allen. Woodrow Wilson, the Man, His Times, and His Task. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1924. 527 pp. Part III of this well-written biography is devoted to the war. White is very favorable to the president. 1119. Wilson, Edith Boiling. My Memoir. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1939. 386 pp. This memoir reveals little that is new, but it does contain some intimate portraits of important people. This work contains the details of the attempt to prevent the Wilson-Gait marriage. Mrs. Wilson is extremely critical of House, Lansing, Balfour, and Clemenceau. This volume is strongest in its discussion of the ratification crusade and Wilson’s subsequent collapse. 2. Europe Asquith 1120. Asquith, Herbert H. (later 1st earl of Oxford and Asquith). Collection in the Department of Western Manuscripts, Bodleian Library, Oxford University. The papers of the British prime minister shed light on certain aspects of Anglo-American relations, 1914–1916, and have been used with profit by such scholars as Link. 1121. Cassar, George. Asquith as War Leader. Rio Grande and London: Hambledon, 2003. 288 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 190

2/5/07 9:15:36 PM

Home Front 191

Cassar makes a spirited defense of Asquith’s war leadership. 1122. Jenkins, Roy. Asquith. London: Collins, 1964. 572 pp. This is an outstanding biography of Asquith, who was replaced by Lloyd George as prime minister in December 1916. The portrait which the author, a prominent British politician and writer, paints is a sympathetic one based on extensive research and a thorough knowledge of the politics of the period. Bethmann Hollweg 1123. Jarausch, Konrad H. The Enigmatic Chancellor: Bethmann Hollweg and the Hubris of Imperial Germany. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973. 560 pp. This important biography of “the last imperial chancellor who actually governed” is a good source for German-American relations during the first years of the Great War. 1124. Ritter, Gerhard. The Sword and the Scepter. The Problem of Militarism in Germany. Vol. 3, The Tragedy of Statesmanship—Bethmann Hollweg as War Chancellor (1914–1917). Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1972. 611 pp. Ritter portrays Bethmann Hollweg as a “good” German, a characterization that not all historians will accept. However, his view of Ludendorff as an aggressive expansionist is the standard view. This is a very valuable study of wartime German politics. Churchill 1125. Gilbert, Martin. Churchill and America. New York: Free Press, 2005. 528 pp. Some of Gilbert’s early chapters that concern World War I are as follows: “Churchill at War, and Neutral America” and “1918: ‘Come Over as Quickly as Possible.’” Clemenceau 1126. Clemenceau, Georges. Grandeur and Misery of Victory. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930. 432 pp. Clemenceau’s pugnacious personality is well revealed in his autobiography. But one should look elsewhere for a balanced view. There are numerous errors of fact and many questionable interpretations. 1127. Bruun, Geoffrey. Clemenceau. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1962. 219 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 191

2/5/07 9:15:37 PM

192

America and World War I

This excellent biography of Clemenceau’s long and turbulent political career was until recently the standard work on the “Tiger” in the English language. It has now, however, been superseded in some respects by the more recent biography by Watson which uses many sources not available to Bruun. This is a reprint of the 1943 edition. 1128. Watson, David Robin. Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography. New York: David McKay, 1974. 463 pp. This is a first-rate biography of Clemenceau based on original documentary research in French and British private and official papers. Chapters 13–18 cover the war years, intervention in Russia, and the peace settlement. 1129. Williams, Wythe. The Tiger of France: Conversations with Clemenceau. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1949. 315 pp. The dynamism of Clemenceau is apparent in these interviews which the French leader had with an American journalist. Williams’ approach is uncritical, but the result is both entertaining and enlightening, especially concerning Clemenceau’s personality. Hankey 1130. Hankey, Maurice (later 1st baron). Collection in Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, University of Cambridge. Hankey was at the center of policy making in Britain during the war. His papers consist of 135 boxes of official and personal papers. His diary is an important source, but most of it has been published in either Hankey’s memoirs or Roskill’s biography. 1131. ———. The Supreme Command 1914–1918. London: Allen & Unwin, 1961. 2 vols. This remains an indispensable source for the study of the wartime government of Great Britain. Written by the most important behind-the-scenes figure in the government, this work contains valuable material on AngloAmerican relations. Lord Hankey, however, does not tell all that he knows and the first volume of Roskill’s biography should be used as a corrective on many important questions. 1132. Roskill, Stephen. Hankey, Man of Secrets. Vol. 1, 1877–1918. London: Collins, 1970. 672 pp. This excellent biography of the record keeper of the British government and confidant of prime ministers Asquith and Lloyd George is an essential source. Roskill was one of Britain’s most outstanding historians and his understanding of Britain’s war policies on the diplomatic and military front is rarely equaled. This account should be used to supplement Hankey’s memoirs.

RT8955Z.indb 192

2/5/07 9:15:37 PM

Home Front 193

Lloyd George 1133. Lloyd George, David (later 1st earl). Collection in House of Lords Records Office, London. This voluminous and beautifully catalogued collection is an extremely important source for Anglo-American relations during the war and at the peace conference. These papers serve as a corrective to the Welshman’s misleading memoirs. 1134. ———. War Memoirs of David Lloyd George. London: Odhams Press, 1938. 2 vols. Many official documents and his own papers are used by Lloyd George in this spirited defense of his actions and policies during World War I. The opening of Lloyd George’s papers in the 1960s confirmed what many suspected about these memoirs: they should be used with care. Lloyd George’s account of the British response to Wilson’s attempt at mediation in 1916 is only one example of his distortion. 1135. Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff. David Lloyd George: A Political Life; Organizer of Victory 1912–1916. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1992. 523 pp. Gilbert has written a thoroughly researched study of Lloyd George’s role in the war before becoming prime minister. An earlier volume was A Political Life; the Architect of Change, 1863–1912 (1987). One eagerly awaits the third volume which will treat his prime ministership. 1136. Grigg, John. Lloyd George: From Peace to War, 1912–1916. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985. 527 pp. This is an evenhanded examination of the Welshman’s role during the first half of the Great War that succeeds in describing the real Lloyd George. 1137. ———. Lloyd George: War Leader 1916–1918. London: Allan Lane, 2002. 670 pp. This is the last volume of John Grigg’s monumental biography of Lloyd George. It is a sympathetic and beautifully written account of the Welshman’s wartime leadership. Grigg was working on the present volume just weeks before he died on December 31, 2001. When he realized that he would fall just short of completing this last volume, he agreed that Margaret MacMillan, Lloyd George’s great-granddaughter, should write the afterword which takes the account to the Armistice. 1138. Jones, Thomas. Lloyd George. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951. 330 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 193

2/5/07 9:15:37 PM

194

America and World War I

This is the best early biography of one of Britain’s greatest prime ministers. It is remarkable that Jones was able to portray Lloyd George so well in only 330 pages. His publisher made him scale down his original manuscript (an ordeal known to many authors) and thus many important topics could not be expanded upon. Jones was the assistant secretary to the Cabinet and War Cabinet during the last half of the war. 1139. Rowland, Peter. David Lloyd George: A Biography. New York: Macmillan, 1975. 872 pp. This is a well-written and stimulating biography based on many sources that were unavailable to earlier biographers of Lloyd George. About onefourth of this work covers the war years and the peace settlement. * Woodward, David R. Lloyd George and the Generals. Cited above as item 436. Pétain 1140. Williams, Charles. Pétain: How the Hero of France Became a Convicted Traitor and Changed the Course of History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. 298 pp. Williams provides a balanced account of the French commander-in-chief who restored the morale of the French army in 1916 but sullied his record by becoming the leader of Vichy France. Poincaré 1141. Poincaré, Raymond. The Memoirs of Raymond Poincaré. London: William Heinemann, 1926–1929. 3 vols. It is a shame that the memoirs of this French statesman do not cover the entire war. Only Vol. 3 concerns the war, and then only 1914. This work is most useful for its insight into prewar diplomacy and politics. 1142. Keiger, J. F. V. Raymond Poincaré. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 413 pp. Poincaré is shown to have had little influence over war or peacemaking as president of the Third Republic. His constitutionally weak position contributed to his strong feelings against Clemenceau. Wilhelm II 1143. Wilhelm II. My Memoirs: 1878–1918. London: Cassell, 1922. 348 pp. This apologia by the Hohenzollern ruler who lost his throne because of the Great War is of some interest.

RT8955Z.indb 194

2/5/07 9:15:37 PM

Home Front 195

1144. Balfour, Michael. The Kaiser and His Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964. 524 pp. The last chapters of this standard biography shed light on American-German relations during the war. 1145. Cecil, Lamar. Wilhelm II. Vol. 2, Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. 503 pp. Wilhelm II is shown by the author to be a national disaster as emperor, without “virtue or accomplishment.” Cecil devotes much attention to the Kaiser’s diplomatic role. C. Congress and National Politics 1146. Burner, David. The Politics of Provincialism: The Democratic Party in Transition, 1918–1932. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968. 293 pp. This excellent study of the Democratic party from World War I until the Roosevelt election in 1932 examines the period when the party moved from being a rural party to an urban party. The book contains a good discussion of the Wilson coalition in the party. 1147. Edwards, John Carver. “The Price of Political Innocence: The Role of the National Security League in the 1918 Congressional Election.” Mil Affairs 42 (December 1978): 190–195. Carver analyzes the NSL’s attempt to unseat representatives who were unsupportive of preparedness. The role of Charles D. Orth receives special attention. 1148. Grantham, Dewey W., Jr. “Southern Congressional Leaders and the New Freedom, 1913–1917.” J So Hist 13 (November 1947): 439–459. This well-researched article shows the role played by southern congressional leaders in getting Wilson’s reform bills through Congress. It reveals that there was close cooperation between the president and Congress. 1149. Livermore, Seward W. Politics Is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 1916–1918. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966. 324 pp. This well-documented study challenges the idea that there was bipartisan cooperation during World War I. The author argues that partisan Republican politicians worked behind the scenes to undermine Wilson’s policies. The Democratic failure to maintain control of Congress in 1918 was caused by Democratic ineptness and Republican astuteness.

RT8955Z.indb 195

2/5/07 9:15:37 PM

196

America and World War I

1150. ———. “The Sectional Issue in the 1918 Elections.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 35 (June 1948): 29–60. This significant article on the surprising defeat of the Democratic party in the 1918 congressional elections concludes that the defeat was caused by Democratic overconfidence on the war issue and the issue of cotton regulation. 1151. Lovell, S. D. The Presidential Election of 1916. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980. 229 pp. Lovell contends that the peace issue was not decisive in this closely contested campaign. Wilson’s liberal legislations passed by Congress were just as important to the election outcome. Another factor according to the author was that the Democrats simply ran a much better campaign than the Republicans. 1152. Morlan, Robert L. Political Prairie Fire: The Nonpartisan League, 1915– 1922. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955. 408 pp. This work examines the political history of an organization which was formed to call upon government intervention in the economy on behalf of farmers. Unfortunately, Morlan fails to examine in depth some of the League’s state enterprises. 1153. Ryley, Thomas W. A Little Group of Willful Men: A Study of Congressional-Presidential Authority. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1975. This competent narrative examines the armed-ship controversy which concerned President Wilson’s failure to get Congress to approve the arming of American merchant ships. Wilson was blocked by a handful of antiwar progressive senators. 1154. Thompson, J. A. “American Progressive Publicists and the First World War, 1914–1917.” J Amer Hist 58 (September 1971): 363–383. This important article examines how various progressives related to World War I. Different progressives reacted in different ways and some even modified their ideas along the way. There existed some relationship between a concern for social reform and the hope that there would be a lasting peace. Because the stakes were high, failure could lead to “disillusionment and guilt.” 1155. Ward, Robert D. “The Origin and Activities of the National Security League, 1914–1919.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 47 (June 1960): 51–65. This article treats the development of an organization that was concerned about preparedness.

RT8955Z.indb 196

2/5/07 9:15:37 PM

Home Front 197

1156. Watson, Richard L., Jr. “A Testing Time for Southern Congressional Leadership: The War Crisis of 1917–1918.” J So Hist 48 (February 1978): 3–40. This article examines how the southern congressional leadership responded to the crisis of World War I. Despite political differences between northern and southern congressmen, they worked together during the period of American participation in the war. D. State and Local Studies 1157. Alabama, State Council of Defense. Report of the Alabama Council of Defense Covering Its Activities from May 17, 1917 to December 31, 1918. Montgomery, AL: Brown Printing, 1919. 116 pp. This report surveys the activities of the Alabama Council of Defense, which, among other things, attempted to coordinate the local defense councils. It also worked to promulgate government policies, to detect deserters, to establish a speaker’s bureau, to organize a livestock conservation campaign, to organize an illiteracy campaign, to help in administering the selective service law, to create a state highway transport committee, to establish a committee on African American organization, and to cooperate with many other facets of the war program. The report also deals with the woman’s committee. 1158. Anderson, Claude H. “The Civic Work of State Councils of Defense.” Nat Mun Rev 7 (September 1918): 472–483. The State Councils of Defense contributed to national cohesion by emphasizing the ideals of self-government, a free economy, and industrial well-being. 1159. Arizona, State Council of Defense. A Report of the Activities of the Arizona State Council of Defense from Formation April 8, 1917 to Dissolution June 1919. Phoenix, AZ: Republican Print Shop, 1919. 50 pp. This slim report outlines the activities of the Arizona State Council of Defense. The report is bare-bones and gives only a superficial account of the work of the council. It is not as thorough as many other reports of state councils. 1160. Arkansas, State Council of Defense. Report of the Arkansas State Council of Defense, May 22, 1917 to July 1, 1919. Little Rock, AR, 1919. 88 pp. This report outlines the activities of the Arkansas State Council of Defense. It treats, among other things: the organization of the council, its meetings, county and community councils, patriotic education, war con-

RT8955Z.indb 197

2/5/07 9:15:38 PM

198

America and World War I

ferences, conservation activities, state protection, welfare work, shipbuilding, selective service boards, government activities, services for military men, food administration, fuel administration, Liberty Loan campaigns, Arkansas war history, the Red Cross, the YMCA, U.S. Employment Service, explosives regulation, and historical records work. 1161. Baines, May, ed. Houston’s Part in the World War. Houston, TX, 1919. 205 pp. This privately printed volume is a survey of the war activities of Houston. Among the topics discussed are: the War Mothers, Houston’s Gold Stars, the Red Cross, librarians, the Salvation Army, the National League of Women’s Service, the Lutheran Brotherhood of America, the preachers, the YMCA, the YWCA, officers, nurses, War Camp Community Service, clubs and organizations, the Chamber of Commerce, entertainers, schools, Boy Scouts, chronology, League of Nations, and the Houston Ship Channel. 1162. Bickelhaupt, W. G. “South Dakota Fuel Administration.” So Dak Hist Collect 10 (1921): 279–288. South Dakota coal and the conservation campaign which resulted from wartime shortages receive attention in this article. 1163. Blackmar, Frank W., ed. History of the Kansas State Council of Defense. Topeka, KS: State Printing Plant, 1921. 137 pp. This history is limited in value because of the paucity of records. It lists the activities of the council, and shows how various committees which dealt with agricultural problems functioned. Brief reports in various councils are also included. 1164. Blatt, Heimank K., comp. Sons of Men: Evansville’s War Record. Evansville, IN: A.P. Madison, 1920. 316 pp. This volume contains sketches of the Evansville soldiers who were killed during the war. These sketches of the “Gold Stars” are very well done. It also includes an honor roll, a section on the war mothers, a chapter on the local war organizations, and a look at activities of the Red Cross and the American Legion. 1165. Brown, Earl S. A History of Switzerland County’s Part in the World War. Connersville, IN: Express Printing, 1919. 142 pp. This volume focuses attention on the war activities of Switzerland County, Indiana, at home and overseas. Like most works of this type, biographical sketches of native sons who lost their lives receive much attention. What is positive about this book is that it captures the daily impact of the

RT8955Z.indb 198

2/5/07 9:15:38 PM

Home Front 199

war on this county. Outline treatments of the various war agencies are also included. Of major significance, the volume contains accounts of a number of firsthand experiences of World War I veterans. This is a good work. 1166. Chrislock, Carl H. Watchdog of Loyalty: The Minnesota Commission of Public Safety during World War I. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1991. 387 pp. This is a well-written and well-researched institutional history of the repressive activities of the MCP during World War I. Many undercover agents conducted a coordinated campaign against supposed threats that ranged from the IWW to the use of German in the state’s schools. 1167. Connecticut, State Council of Defense. Report of the Connecticut State Council of Defense, December 1918. Hartford, CT, 1919. 236 pp. This report outlines the activities of the Connecticut State Council of Defense during World War I. It deals with: the Connecticut Council of Defense, the Executive Department, publicity, food supply, transportation, the Americanization Department, child welfare, health and recreation, nonwar construction, historical records, industrial surveys, commercial economy and relations, employment service, coal committee, fuel conservation, education, Military and Naval Committee, sanitation medicine, manpower and labor, war savings, the Woman’s Division, and the committee’s financial support. 1168. Costrell, Edwin. How Maine Viewed the War, 1914–1917. Orono: Published at the University of Maine Press, 1940. 101 pp. This slender volume, well written and well documented, purports to examine Maine’s public opinion on the subject of the war. However, it actually examines the opinion of the newspaper editors who supported the war when it came. 1169. Cottman, George S. Jefferson County in the World War. Madison, IN: Jefferson County Historical Society, 1920. 127 pp. This volume examines the war-related activities of Jefferson County, Indiana. It outlines the military functions of the county as it treats the organization of the county’s companies and the work of the draft board. In addition, civilian activities such as fundraising and Red Cross work, and the impact of war on business, are examined. This volume also includes a section of letters from soldiers. 1170. Cram, Ralph W., ed. History of the War Activities of Scott County, Iowa, 1917–1918. Davenport, IA: State Council of National Defense, 1919. 145 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 199

2/5/07 9:15:38 PM

200

America and World War I

This volume examines the activities of the Scott County Council of National Defense, the Medical Advisory Board, and the Registration Board, recruitment of soldiers, the Red Cross, Liberty Loans, the various service clubs, the fuel committees, activities of professionals, housing, Rock Island Arsenal, and the honor roll. It gives a good account of the local wartime activities in middle America. 1171. Davis, Arthur K., ed. Virginia War History in Newspaper Clippings. Richmond: Virginia War History Commission, 1924. 32 pp. Virginia’s war history is given from a selection of some 30,000 newspaper clippings. Some of the topics include: distilled newspapers, facts intrinsic and composite, newspapers as history, Virginia editorials, political contributions, draft law and Virginia organizations, economic conditions, Virginia communities in wartime, the Chesapeake Bay area, soldiers and sailors overseas, the Red Cross, and war relief. 1172. Dennis, Roger L. “War Savings Stamp Campaign in South Dakota for Year 1918.” So Dak Hist Collect 10 (1921): 269–278. This article outlines the 1918 war bond sale in South Dakota. 1173. Eilers, Tom D., ed. Buena Vista’s Part in the World War: One Iowa County’s Record of Service and Sacrifice. Storm Lake, IA: T.D. Eilers, 1920. 770 pp. This rather detailed volume treats the war activities of a rural county in northwestern Iowa. More than 200 pages treat those who died during the war. Photographs of local dignitaries abound along with battlefield photographs. The strength of this work is that the editor, in some detail, carefully weaves the story of the local county’s activities into the national and international story of the war. 1174. Fraser, Bruce. “Yankees at War: Social Mobilization on the Connecticut Home Front, 1917–1918.” Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1976. 375 pp. Connecticut was selected because it had a major munitions industry and was rich in primary materials for the war period. Fraser concludes that ideological characteristics resulted from the old elites rather than from propaganda, that the old line establishment controlled the Council of Defense and its activities, and that the dominant influence on Connecticut mobilization was local rather than federal. 1175. Gibbs, C. Cochran. The Great Silent Majority: Missouri’s Resistance to World War I. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988. 174 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 200

2/5/07 9:15:38 PM

Home Front

201

This book is a revised doctoral dissertation (University of Missouri, 1980) that examines the impact of the war on local communities in Missouri and explores the reasons why a majority of Missourians opposed American involvement in the war. 1176. Glad, Paul W. War, a New Era and Depression, 1914–1940. Vol. 5, The History of Wisconsin. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1990. 462 pp. William Fletcher Thompson is the editor of this series. The first section of Glad’s volume, Part 1, is entitled “The Great War and Its Aftermath.” 1177. Greenough, Walter. The War Purse of Indiana: The Five Liberty Loans and War Savings and Thrift Campaigns in Indiana During the World War. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Commission, 1922. 278 pp. This work chronicles the process by which Indiana raised $5 million in war bonds. 1178. Hancock County, Indiana, Council of Defense. Hancock County, Indiana, in the World War. Greenfield, IN: Board of Commissioners of Hancock County, 1921. 368 pp. This county historical work is a cut above the average. It includes coverage of the local Council of Defense, the county food administration, the county fuel administration, public improvements, Liberty Bonds, the Red Cross, the YMCA, the draft board, those from the county who were killed, and an interesting sampling of letters from soldiers. 1179. Hansen, Marcus L. Welfare Campaigns in Iowa. Iowa City: State Historical Society in Iowa, 1920. 297 pp. This volume chronicles Iowa’s war welfare campaigns. Hansen uses newspapers, bulletins, letters, and interviews. 1180. Hart, Hastings H. Social Problems of Alabama: A Study of the Social Institutions and Agencies of the State of Alabama as Related to Its War Activities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1918. 87 pp. This general survey of social problems in Alabama during the war is an excellent beginning on the topic and points the way to further research. It treats: war work and social work, problems in state institutions, the state debt, the convict system, education, State Council of Defense, woman’s division of the Council of Defense, state war historian, the deficiency in support of state institutions, hospitals for the insane, reformatories, public health and sanitation, public education, welfare board, child welfare institutions, social work, and social work of corporations.

RT8955Z.indb 201

2/5/07 9:15:38 PM

202

America and World War I

1181. ———. The War Program of the State of South Carolina. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1918. 61 pp. This brief report on the social agencies and institutions of South Carolina came about as a result of a two-week study by Hart. It treats the 1917 mobilization, the governor’s actions, the State Council of Defense, the future of the war program, the state board of charities and corrections, the work of the Red Cross, care of various groups, and the quality of recruits and education. This pamphlet reveals some interesting facts. The average white teacher, for example, was paid $935 per year while the typical black teacher received $116 per year. 1182. Hayworth, Clarence U. History of Howard County in the World War. Indianapolis: W.B. Burford, 1920. 352 pp. This excellent volume treats the impact of war on Howard County, Indiana. It includes biographical sketches of many of the county’s leading participants in the war. It also touches on the activities of the militia, activities at home, conscription, munitions, the food administration, the Liberty Loan drive, the fuel administration, the work of relief organizations, and the Howard County war organizations. 1183. Hennen, John C. The Americanization of West Virginia: Creating a Modern Industrial State, 1916–1925. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996. 217 pp. Hennen argues that West Virginia elites (educators, coal owners, and government officials) emulated the methods of the Committee on Public Information to get workers to express loyalty to their employers as well as to the state and nation. This book won the 1995 Appalachian Studies Award. 1184. Henson, Joseph M. South Dakota in the World War, 1917–1919. Pierre, SD: State Historical Society, 1940. 447 pp. This is one of the best state histories in print. It includes a well-written account of the training and military activities of South Dakota units. This account is well researched and well organized. 1185. Herreid, Charles N. “The Federal Food Administration in South Dakota During the World War.” So Dak Hist Collect 10 (1921): 295–314. This is an account by the head of federal food administration in South Dakota during the war. 1186. Hilton, Ola A. The Minnesota Commission of Public Safety in World War I, 1917–1919. Stillwater: Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1951. 44 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 202

2/5/07 9:15:38 PM

Home Front

203

This pamphlet chronicles the activities of the Minnesota Commission of Public Safety during World War I. It discusses the commission’s activities in propaganda, promotion of loyalty, and Liberty Bond and war savings campaigns, as well as other war-related drives. It also reveals the antilabor attitude of the commission in its treatment of the IWW. It is a good basic study of a midwestern state in the war. 1187. Hodges, Leroy. “Virginia War Economy and Budget System.” Proc APS 8 (1918–1920): 50–53. This brief discussion of the Virginia budget shows that it was modernized during the war. 1188. Holbrook, Franklin F. “The Collection of State War Service Records.” Amer Hist Rev 25 (October 1919): 72–78. Holbrook gives a progress report on the collecting and preserving of state records relating to American participation in the war. 1189. ———, and Livia Appel. Minnesota in the War with Germany. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1928. 374 pp. Well documented, this state study treats some of the problems of a state in which the war was controversial due to its ethnic composition. Minnesota had a very strong peace movement which was overridden by a pro-war Commission of Public Safety. The chapters dealing with training camps are strong. 1190. Holmes, Frederick L. Wisconsin’s War Record. Madison, WI: Capitol Publishing, 1919. 191 pp. Among the topics examined in this competent history are: the National Guard in service, draft registration, legislative support, the State Council of Defense, women’s war work, help for soldiers’ dependents, the Red Cross and Liberty Loans, the school system, the role of farmers, the food and fuel administrations, health care, and the war history commission. Wisconsin was the first state to organize a Council of Defense. 1191. Hornik, Anna. Danbury and Our Boys in the World War. Danbury, CT, 1923. 37 pp. This privately published booklet briefly examines Danbury’s contribution to the war effort. It contains lists of those who contributed in various ways with a special emphasis on the activities of the American Legion. This work is not very useful to the serious scholar.

RT8955Z.indb 203

2/5/07 9:15:39 PM

204

America and World War I

1192. Iowa, State Council of Defense. The Alleged “Reign of Terror,” the NonPartisan League, the Expulsion of Mr. Pierce, Full Proceedings of the Council of Defense upon the Foregoing Important Subject, “There Is Only One Question Now Before the People of Iowa—How Best to Win the War.” Des Moines, IA, 1918. 8 pp. This report attacks the attempt to establish a nonpartisan league, arguing that such a movement would be divisive and attacking former congressman Charles A. Lindbergh, a leader of the nonpartisan league. 1193. Jenison, Marguerite Edith, ed. War Documents and Addresses. Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1923. 522 pp. This volume in the series Illinois in the World War surveys documents relevant to Illinois and World War I. 1194. Koch, Felix J. Cincinnati Sees It Thru: The Camera’s Story of How the Great World War Came to the Queen of the West. Cincinnati, OH: Meyer Engraving, 1917. 55 pp. This little volume contains about six or seven small photographs per page. It deals primarily with the activities of the home front. 1195. Lovin, Hugh T. “World War Vigilantes in Idaho, 1917–1918.” Idaho Yesterdays 18 (Fall 1974): 2–11. This article surveys the anti-German attitudes of the councils of defense and illustrates the ways in which they harassed some German immigrants. 1196. Ohio, State Council of Defense. A History of the Activities of the Ohio Branch, Council of National Defense, 1917–1919: How Ohio Mobilized Her Resources for the War. Columbus, OH: F.J. Heer, 1919. 205 pp. This report treats the activities of the Ohio Council of National Defense. It deals with county and community organizations, the Woman’s Committee, industrial relations and employment, postwar activities, food supply and conservation, and other activities. This volume should be the starting point for any research on the home front in Ohio during World War I. 1197. Philadelphia, War History Committee. Philadelphia in the World War, 1914–1919. New York: Wynkoup Hallenbeck, 1922. 785 pp. This detailed volume is one of the most thorough treatments of World War I on the local level. It deals with the Philadelphia war chronology, the various war committees, the 28th Division, draft boards, casualty lists, marines, the navy, wartime industries, the newspapers’ role in the war, the Red Cross, relief work, religious works, women’s and men’s clubs, the

RT8955Z.indb 204

2/5/07 9:15:39 PM

Home Front

205

return of the troops, and the service flag. This is one of the superior local treatments and it is must reading for scholars interested in Philadelphia and the war. 1198. Smith, George W. “New Mexico’s Wartime Food Problems, 1917–1918: A Case Study in Emergency Administration.” New Mexico Historical Review 18 (October 1943): 349–385; 19 (January 1944): 1–54. This is an excellent analysis of the problems of the mobilization of agricultural products. It also shows the impact of the policies of the food administration. 1199. Whitney, Nathaniel R. The Sale of War Bonds in Iowa. Iowa City: State Historical Society, 1919. 236 pp. This volume treats: Iowa as a field for sales, the bonds, machinery of sales, the campaigns, resistance to sales, and the success of the drives. Despite the state’s large foreign-born population, the Iowa bond sales campaign was successful. A statistical breakdown on a county-by-county basis is included. 1200. Wycoff, Minnie E., ed. Ripley County’s Part in the World War 1917–1918: Compiled under the Direction and Censorship of the Ripley County Historical Society. Batesville, IN, 1920. 388 pp. This volume represents a good case study of the war’s impact on a local area. This volume is divided into two parts. Part one deals with the home front and the second deals with the boys “over there.” Part one concerns the Red Cross, loan drives, food conservation, service organizations, and the draft board. Part two examines the various divisions which included soldiers from Ripley County. E. Enemy Espionage 1201. Goltz, Capt. Horst von der. My Adventures as a German Secret Agent. New York: Robert McBride, 1917. 288 pp. These are the adventures of an admitted German agent, who describes himself as the “sometime confidential aide to Captain von Papen.” 1202. Hall, Admiral Sir W. Reginald, and Amon J. Peaslee. Three Wars with Germany. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1944. 309 pp Hall headed British intelligence and Peaslee directed the American Courier Service (called the “Silver greyhounds”) during the Great War. Their correspondence, especially as it relates to the Black Tom-Kingsland case, constitutes an important source on counterespionage activities during the war. Joseph P. Sims has edited and illustrated this work.

RT8955Z.indb 205

2/5/07 9:15:39 PM

206

America and World War I

1203. Hough, Emerson. The Web. Chicago: Reilly & Lee, 1919. 511 pp. This volume is the authorized history of the American Protective League. It surveys the work of the League during the war with an emphasis on propaganda, the spy cases, disloyal aliens, the IWW trial, slacker raids, and the arts of the operatives. It also details the League’s activities in different sections of the country. In a rather melodramatic way, the League’s activities are described as good versus the evil German influence. 1204. Jensen, Joan M. The Prince of Vigilance. New York: Rand McNally, 1968. 367 pp. This study of the American Protective League during World War I is based primarily on private papers, Justice Department files, and military records. This organization kept a vigilant eye on the patriotism of thousands of people but failed to catch a single spy. 1205. Jones, John Price, and Paul Merrick Hollister. The German Secret Service in America. Boston: Small, Maynard, 1918. 340 pp. Jones, the author of America Entangled (1917), an account of German spying in the United States, and Hollister have written a careful and generally well-researched study of German espionage in the United States. Like other spy books of this genre, it is written in a popular style and is directed toward the general public. 1206. Landau, Captain Henry. The Enemy Within: The Inside Story of German Sabotage in America. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1937. 323 pp. The author, a former member of the British secret service during the war, focuses on the destruction of munitions by alleged German sabotage in 1916 and 1917 in the United States. The book jacket contends that “no fiction can match this story.” 1207. Pintelen, Captain von. The Dark Invader: Wartime Reminiscences of a German Naval Intelligence Officer. London: Lovat Dickson, 1933. 288 pp. This is the story of a German officer who was engaged in espionage in America during the period of American neutrality. 1208. Skaggs, William H. German Conspiracies in America: From an American Point of View by an American. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1915. 332 pp. This study is interesting only because of its polemical nature and antiGerman passion. The author was a native of Alabama. 1209. Strother, French. Fighting Germany’s Spies. New York: Doubleday/Page, 1918. 275 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 206

2/5/07 9:15:39 PM

Home Front

207

Seven articles written by the managing editor of The World’s Work, which appeared in that magazine in 1918, make up the bulk of this book. The last chapter by Dr. Scheele is new. Strother claims that much of his information was gained from the bureau of investigation of the Justice Department. 1210. Tunney, Thomas J. Throttled! The Detection of the German and Anarchist Bomb Plotters. Boston: Small, Maynard, 1919. 277 pp. Tunney, a New York Police Department inspector, has written an interesting account of his detective work in thwarting would-be bombers. Paul Merrick Hollister assisted Tunney in putting his story on paper. F. European Home Fronts 1. Entente 1211. Adams, R. J. Q., and Philip P. Poirier. The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900–18. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1987. 295 pp. Following Poirier’s death, Adams brought this volume to completion. The importance of the manpower issue to political parties, their leaders, labor, the economy, and ultimately success on the battlefield is skillfully elucidated. 1212. Barnett, L. Margaret. British Food Policy During the First World War. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1985. 241 pp. The British government’s control of food during the war is well described. Barnett also discusses the attempt by Hoover and the United States Food Administration to force the British to abandon their stockpiling of food supplies. * Beaverbrook, Lord. Men and Power, 1917–1918. Cited above as item 423. * ———. Politicians & the War 1914–1916. Cited above as item 424. 1213. Browder, Robert Paul, and Alexander F. Kerensky, eds. The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1961. 3 vols. Fourteen hundred primary documents have been selected and translated in this important source for the brief life of the Russian Provisional Government. The editors provide commentary and notes. Kerensky was the premier when the Bolsheviks destroyed the Provisional Government. 1214. Carr, E. H. The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1923. London: Macmillan, 1950–1953. 3 vols.

RT8955Z.indb 207

2/5/07 9:15:39 PM

208

America and World War I

This monumental work remains the standard analysis of “the political, social and economic order” which developed after the Bolshevik Revolution. Carr, a British authority on Russian affairs, takes a more sympathetic approach to the development of the Soviet system than is usually found in western historiography. 1215. Chamberlin, William Henry. The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1965. 2 vols. Although there are more recent histories of the Russian Revolution by such Western scholars as Daniels (item 1216), Katkov (items 1225, 1226), and Rabinowitch (item 1231), these volumes, originally published in the mid-1930s, still give perhaps the best overall view of the tumultuous and confusing events of this period of history. Written by an American journalist who was close to the events that he describes, this remains an essential background source for any examination of Russo-American relations from 1917 to 1921. 1216. Daniels, Robert V. Red October: The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1967. 269 pp. Daniels gives considerable credit to luck and accident for the successful Bolshevik coup d’état in 1917 in this well-written and scholarly narrative. 1217. De Groot, Gerard J. Blightly: British Society in the Era of the Great War. London and New York: Longman, 1996. 357 pp. De Groot corrects many popular perceptions about the war’s impact on the British people on the home front. 1218. Gatrell, Peter. Russia’s First World War: A Social and Economic History. Harlow, Essex, U.K.: Pearson Education, 2005. 318 pp. This is a solid social and economic history of Russia’s first great war in the 20th century. Gatrell’s last chapter is an especially interesting comparative perspective where social and economic conditions in Russia are placed in the broad context of the warring nations on the Continent. 1219. Gide, Charles, ed. The Effects of the War upon French Economic Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923. 197 pp. This volume is a collection of five monographs dealing with the war’s impact on the French merchant marine, textile industry, finance, commercial policy, and labor. The war’s impact was obviously negative in all these areas. 1220. Hazlehurst, Cameron. Politicians at War, July 1914 to May 1915: A Prologue to the Triumph of Lloyd George. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971. 346 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 208

2/5/07 9:15:40 PM

Home Front

209

This is an original and comprehensive treatment of British politics from the “July Crisis” to the formation of a coalition government in May 1915. It presents Lloyd George in a sympathetic light and takes exception with Koss’s conspiracy thesis. The Cabinet Papers and many private papers were examined. Two documents on military planning prior to the war are reprinted in an appendix. 1221. Hirst, Francis W. The Consequences of the War to Great Britain. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968. 311 pp. This is a reprint of Hirst’s volume in the British series Economic and Social History of the World War, which was first published by Yale University Press in 1934. Although some of the chapters, such as the one on conscription and pacifism, are dated by more recent research, this work still contains much useful information. See, for example, the chapter “Losses in Killed and Wounded.” 1222. Horne, John N. Labour at War: France and Britain 1914–1918. New York: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1991. 463 pp. French labor is given priority in Horne’s discussion of how the war strengthened “reformism” in French and British labor. 1223. Hurwitz, Samuel J. State Intervention in Great Britain: A Study of Economic Control and Social Response, 1914–1919. New York: Columbia University Press, 1949. 321 pp. This is a scholarly monograph which traces the British government’s transition from “business as usual” in 1914 to massive state intervention in its relations with labor and industry. Section III focuses on labor’s reaction to increased state intervention. 1224. Johnson, Paul Barton. Land Fit for Heroes: The Planning of British Reconstruction, 1916–1919. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968. 540 pp. The effort to build a more just society in Britain following the war was a failure for the most part. But Johnson’s thorough research in the British National Archives demonstrates that this failure was not the fault of the planners, who, sincere in their efforts, were unable to overcome Britain’s extensive postwar economic problems. This is superior and fair-minded institutional history. 1225. Katkov, George. Russia 1917: The February Revolution. New York: Harper & Row, 1967. 489 pp. This is a revisionist study of the February Revolution which attempts to debunk the view that the revolution was spontaneous and leaderless. Katkov argues that German agents and Russian Freemasons combined to provoke the February riots which led to the abdication of Nicholas II.

RT8955Z.indb 209

2/5/07 9:15:40 PM

210

America and World War I

1226. ———. Russia 1917: The Kornilov Affair, Kerensky and the Break-Up of the Russian Army. London: Longman, 1980. 210 pp. This is, by and large, a defense of Kornilov’s actions and an attack on the head of the Provisional Government, Kerensky, whom Katkov charges with having manufactured the so-called Kornilov affair. Not everyone will be convinced by Katkov’s argument, and a better account of the collapse of the Tsarist army is found in Wildman’s monograph (item 799). 1227. Kernez, Peter. Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. 351 pp. This masterful monograph, which centers on the Volunteer Army and its Cossack allies, is the best examination of an anti-Bolshevik army, especially its leaders, during the Russian Civil War. The research is impressive and the style clear. 1228. Millman, Brock. Managing Domestic Dissent in First Word War Britain. Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2000. 335 pp. Millman makes the startling assertion that Lloyd George’s government made secret preparations for a military counterstroke against revolutionary elements. Territorial divisions were kept at home to suppress any revolutionary demonstrations such as the ones that occurred in Russia in 1917 and in Germany in 1918. Millman also admits that he does not have the evidence to support this contention. 1229. Page, Thomas Nelson. Italy and the World War. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920. 422 pp. Page was the American ambassador to Italy from 1913 to 1919. He provides some insight into Italian diplomacy and military operations. There is some mention, not always accurate, of American forces operating in Italy. 1230. Pares, Bernard. The Fall of the Russian Monarchy: A Study of the Evidence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1939. 510 pp. This is a narrative of the last years of the Romanov dynasty by a distinguished British historian with an intimate knowledge of the Russian scene. Pares concludes that Nicholas II and his inept officials were largely responsible for the collapse of the Russian monarchy in 1917. 1231. Rabinowitch, Alexander. The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolutions of 1917 in Petrograd. New York: W.W. Norton, 1976. 393 pp. This detailed monograph takes exception to many basic assumptions of Soviet historians about the Bolshevik seizure of power and makes an outstanding contribution to the historiography of the Bolshevik Revolution.

RT8955Z.indb 210

2/5/07 9:15:40 PM

Home Front

211

1232. Taylor, A. J. P. English History 1914–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. 708 pp. There probably exists no better brief account of Britain at war, 1914–1918, than the first three chapters of this volume. The explanatory footnotes are a joy to read and the annotated bibliography is erudite and thorough. 1233. Thayer, John A. Italy and the Great War: Politics and Culture, 1870– 1915. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1964. 463 pp. This work is especially helpful to an understanding of Italian politics on the eve of Italian belligerency. 1234. Waites, Bernard. A Class Society at War: England, 1914–1918. New York: Berg; distributed by St. Martin’s, 1987. 303 pp. By focusing on the English part of the United Kingdom, Waits argues that the Great War contributed to greater economic and cultural homogeneity for all classes, not only the working class. 1235. Wilson, Trevor. The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1986. 864 pp. Twelve years in the research and writing, this history of Britain in the First World War is the most complete and best of its kind. There is much on the war front but the home front is covered in detail as well. 1236. ———, ed. The Political Diaries of C. P. Scott 1911–1928. London: Collins, 1970. 509 pp. This book, which serves as a model of scholarly editing, offers an enlightening glimpse into the thinking of one of Britain’s foremost liberals, the editor of the Manchester Guardian. There is useful information also on British war objectives. 1237. Winter, J. M. The Great War and the British People. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986. 360 pp. One reviewer has noted that a more accurate title for this book would be “The Great War and the Health and Living Standards of the British Working Class.” Winter contends that the working class saw a significant improvement in its health and living standards during the war. Their improved condition helped Britain outlast the Germans. 1238. Woodward, Sir Llewellyn. Great Britain and the War of 1914–1918. London: Methuen, 1967. 610 pp. Woodward, a World War I veteran and one of Britain’s most distinguished historians, has written a general history of Britain’s involvement in the Great War that goes well beyond the coverage of military operations.

RT8955Z.indb 211

2/5/07 9:15:40 PM

212

America and World War I

It is, however, unfortunate that the writing and production of this book coincided with the opening of many official and private papers and the publication of many scholarly articles. Woodward was unable to utilize these new sources or the most recent scholarship. Hence his work is now surpassed by Trevor Wilson’s history (item 1235). 2. Central Powers 1239. Bartholdy, Albrecht Mendolssohn. The War and German Society: The Testament of a Liberal. New York: Howard Fertig, 1971. 299 pp. First published in 1937, this study examines the general impact of the war on Germany. This book was written by a German liberal who saw much development during the war, but also much moral decay. 1240. Bloxham, Donald. The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 344 pp. This study provides an international context for one of the great tragedies of the 20th century. 1241. Craig, Gordon A. The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964. 538 pp. Craig discusses prewar operational planning, the political effects of the Schlieffen Plan, the supreme command, war objectives, the German army, and the German Revolution, 1918–1919. 1242. Emin, Ahmed. Turkey in the World War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1930. 310 pp. This is a standard work on the politics, economy, and diplomacy of Turkey during the era of the Great War. There is a bibliography but no index. 1243. Feldman, Gerald D. Army, Industry and Labor in Germany, 1914–1918. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966. 572 pp. Military and socioeconomic history are brought together in this excellent account of the confrontation of army, labor, and industry in Germany during the war. Feldman demonstrates that the German high command, despite its dictatorship during the last two years of the war, was often unable to master internal affairs. The research in German sources is impressive and there is extensive documentation. 1244. Healy, Maureen. Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 333 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 212

2/5/07 9:15:40 PM

Home Front

213

This is a valuable social-cultural history. 1245. Holborn, Hajo. A History of Modern Germany, 1840–1945. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969. 818 pp. This is an outstanding history of Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries. The author embraces Fritz Fischer’s view on German responsibility for the war and the expansionist nature of German war objectives. An introduction to the German home front can be obtained in this superior work of scholarship. 1246. Jászi, Oscar. The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929. 488 pp. This impressive analysis argues that the Habsburg monarchy was doomed because of the shortsightedness of political leaders who refused to grant autonomy to the numerous subject nationalities. According to Jászi, this, rather than the war, was the basic cause for the collapse of the Dual Monarchy. 1247. Kann, Robert A., et al. The Habsburg Empire in World War I: Essays on the Intellectual, Military, Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort. Boulder, CO: East European Quarterly, 1977. 247 pp. Most of the papers published in this book were the product of conferences sponsored by the East European section of the center for European studies at the graduate school and university center, CUNY. Of special interest to those interested in the performance of the Austro-Hungarian army during World War I are the contributions by Gunther Rothenberg and Jay Luvaas. 1248. Lincoln, W. Bruce. Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. 637 pp. Many Russian sources are exploited in this readable account of the collapse of the Romanov monarchy and the chaos that followed. Russia mobilized 15,000,000 men during its participation in the war. Yet roughly 25 percent of those conscripted could not be equipped with boots or rifles. 1249. Lutz, Ralph Haswell, comp. Fall of the German Empire, 1914–1918. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1932. 2 vols. Some 500 documents concerning every aspect of the German war effort are published in these volumes. This work is based on the rich collection of German materials in the Hoover War Library. 1250. May, Arthur J. The Passing of the Hapsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966. 2 vols.

RT8955Z.indb 213

2/5/07 9:15:40 PM

214

America and World War I

May provides a detailed account based on exhaustive research on the last years of the Habsburg monarchy. This work is also useful for understanding the diplomacy and military campaigns of Austria-Hungary during the war. 1251. Mitrany, David. The Effect of the War in Southeastern Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1936. 282 pp. This volume provides a historical background and examines the impact of war on the governments and economies of southeastern Europe. In his epilogue, the author criticizes some aspects of the peace settlement. 1252. Müller, Georg Alexander von. The Kaiser and His Court: The Diaries, Note Books and Letters of Admiral Georg Alexander von Müller, Chief of the Naval Cabinet, 1914–1918. Edited by Walter Goerlitz. London: Macdonald, 1961. 430 pp. This is one of the few English-language sources that provides a revealing behind-the-scenes account of the German government and of the Kaiser’s circle. It is especially useful in examining American-German relations and the U-boat issue. * Ritter, Gerhard. The Sword and the Scepter. The Problem of Militarism in Germany. Vol. 3, The Tragedy of Statesmanship—Bethmann Hollweg as War Chancellor (1914–1917). Cited above as item 1124. 1253. ———. The Sword and the Scepter. The Problem of Militarism in Germany. Vol. 4, The Reign of German Militarism and the Disaster of 1918. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1973. 496 pp. Ritter died as he was finishing the fourth and final volume of his study of militarism in Germany. This volume covers the period from Bethmann Hollweg’s fall to the defeat of the German army and the beginning of the German Revolution. Ritter has been criticized for generally attempting to limit German responsibility for the outbreak of war and grandiose war objectives to the generals. 1254. Rosenberg, Arthur. Imperial Germany: The Birth of the German Republic 1871–1918. Boston: Beacon Press, 1964. 286 pp. This remains one of the best surveys of internal developments in Germany during the war. The author was a member of the Reichstag committee of inquiry into the causes of Germany’s defeat. There is no bibliography in this English edition but there are notes at the end of each chapter. The first English edition was published in 1931. 1255. Sachar, Howard M. The Emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969. 518 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 214

2/5/07 9:15:41 PM

Home Front

215

This excellent history sheds light on the convulsions of the Middle East and the emergence of modern Turkey out of the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. 1256. Seton-Watson, Hugh, and Christopher Seton-Watson. The Making of a New Europe: R. W. Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981. 470 pp. This is an important study of the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy. The central figure is the elder Seton-Watson, who influenced British perceptions of the subject nationalities during the war as an expert in the British government on East-Central Europe. Seton-Watson also attended the Peace Conference in an unofficial capacity as a lobbyist and consultant to the various peace delegations. 1257. Tauber, Eliezer. The Arab Movements in World War I. London: Frank Cass, 1999. 333 pp. This is a much needed study of the secret Arab societies and the Arab revolt in 1916. 1258. Verhey, Jeffrey. The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth, and Mobilization in Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 268 pp. Verhey brings into question the so-called “spirit of 1914” that appeared to unite the German nation at the outbreak of war. 1259. Zeman, Z. A. B. The Break-up of the Habsburg Empire, 1914–1918: A Study in National and Social Revolution. London: Oxford University Press, 1961. 274 pp. Zeman researched the Vienna archives to analyze the factors responsible for the destruction of the Dual Monarchy. One controversial question that receives particular attention is: Was the Habsburg Empire destroyed by internal forces or was its demise a result of Entente policy? Military developments are dealt with only peripherally. G. Mobilization 1. General Sources 1260. Baker, Charles Whiting. Government Control and Operation of Industry in Great Britain and the United States During the World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1921. 138 pp. This Carnegie Endowment study examines governmental administration of industry in Britain and the United States during the war. It treats efficiency in government-operated industries, organization, railways in

RT8955Z.indb 215

2/5/07 9:15:41 PM

216

America and World War I

Great Britain and the United States, public utilities in the United States, shipping, labor, capital, food, popular views, and executive and legislative conflict. 1261. Bogart, Ernest L. Direct and Indirect Costs of the Great World War. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1919. 330 pp. Bogart, an economist, puts the direct and indirect cost of the war at the mind-boggling figure of $337,946,179,657. Given the inexact nature of such a study, however, this dollar figure is certainly open to question. 1262. Borden, Penn. Civilian Indoctrination of the Military: World War I and Future Implications for the Military-Industrial Complex. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1989. 165 pp. It is Borden’s contention that the origins of the military-industrial complex in the United States can be found in World War I. 1263. Carnegie, David. The History of Munitions Supply in Canada, 1914–1918. New York: Longmans, Green, 1925. 336 pp. The author was intimately involved during the war in the Canadian supply of munitions to Britain. There is some material on Canadian cooperation with the United States. 1264. Clark, J. Maurice, et al., eds. Readings in the Economics of War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1918. 676 pp. This is a broad and extensive collection of writings on the economics of World War I which focuses most on the economic and fiscal mobilization of the United States for the war. 1265. Coffman, Edward M. “The Battle Against Red Tape: Business Methods of the War Department General Staff, 1917–1918.” Mil Affairs 26 (Spring 1962): 1–10. Peyton C. March’s gifts as an administrator receive special emphasis in this well-written article. 1266. Cooling, Benjamin Franklin. Gray Steel and Blue Water Navy: The Formative Years of America’s Military-Industrial Complex, 1881–1917. Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1979. 286 pp. This important, well-written, and well-researched book argues that the U.S. military-industrial complex was started with the construction of the modern steel navy in the post-Civil War period. The study explores the relationship between the government and the steel industry as disputes arose over the price of armor plating and gun forgings. Cooling approaches his subject from the government’s perspective.

RT8955Z.indb 216

2/5/07 9:15:41 PM

Home Front

217

1267. Cuff, Robert D. “The Dollar-a-Year-Men of the Great War.” Princeton Library Chronicle 30 (Autumn 1968): 10–24. This well-written article samples and surveys the attitudes and work of the World War I dollar-a-year-men. They learned that with a mandate to plan without being hindered by the antitrust laws, industry could achieve great things. 1268. ———. “Organizing for War: Canada and the United States During World War I.” In Historical Papers, 1969, pp. 141–156. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1969. This paper examines World War I industrial mobilization in Canada and the United States. Generally, Canadian mobilization moved more slowly than U.S. mobilization. In fact, the United States quickly overtook Canada in war production. 1269. ———. “We Band of Brothers—Woodrow Wilson’s War Managers.” Canadian Review of American Studies 5 (Fall 1974): 135–148. This well-thought-out article analyzes Wilson’s war managers. Cuff concludes that idealism sets the Wilson war machine off from more recent war management situations. 1270. Edwards, John Carver. Patriots in Pinstripe: Men of the National Security League. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1982. 236 pp. This book on the National Security League adds to the growing literature of the preparedness movement. 1271. Fesler, James W. “Areas for Industrial Mobilization, 1917–1938.” Pub Admin Rev 1 (Winter 1941):149–166. This article traces the evolution of industrial mobilization concepts and organization from World War I until 1938, and discusses the organizational structure and problem areas during that period. 1272. Finnegan, John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon: The Campaign for American Military Preparedness, 1914–1917. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1975. 252 pp. This well-researched and sprightly work is the best study of American military preparedness. The preparedness movement, whose impetus came primarily from isolationism, did not result in a military establishment capable of fighting a war in Europe, but it did, according to the author, create, “almost accidentally, the necessary preconditions for a full-scale effort.” One important point Finnegan emphasizes is the lack

RT8955Z.indb 217

2/5/07 9:15:41 PM

218

America and World War I

of coordination between military policy and U.S. foreign policy. An excellent annotated bibliography is included. See also the author’s 1969 University of Wisconsin doctoral dissertation. 1273. Gray, Howard L. Wartime Control of Industry. New York: Macmillan, 1919. 307 pp. This study examines the British control of industry during World War I. Control came in three phases: the first involved 10 months of tentative action; the second involved a year and a half of regulation; and the third dealt with determined control. This work details the various stages of government control of industry, from railroad control to the fixing of consumer prices, and contains a brief comparison with the United States. 1274. Hull, William I. Preparedness: The American Versus the Military Programme. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1916. 271 pp. This work, written from a pacifistic point of view, attacks the inadequacy of the military preparedness programs, but it points out the evils of an adequate military preparedness system. This is a clearly stated, critical view of the prewar preparedness movement. It questions the argument that the United States must be the world’s policeman. Moreover, the book contains a useful description of the period’s military hardware. 1275. Kaufman, Burton I. Efficiency and Expansion: Foreign Trade Organization in the Wilson Administration. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974. 300 pp. This study is an insightful analysis of Wilson’s foreign trade policy. Wilson brought government and business together in promoting foreign trade—a policy followed by subsequent administrations. During World War I, the wartime agencies continued to promote overseas trade. The volume is thoroughly researched and based on manuscript sources. 1276. Knoeppel, C. E. Industrial Preparedness. New York: Engineering Magazine, 1916. 145 pp. This contemporary work examines German military and industrial preparedness with the intent of pointing the way toward preparedness in the United States. The book treats the condition of industrial preparedness in the United States, German military accomplishments, German military principles, German industrial efficiency, lessons from German industrial preparedness, and how those lessons should be implemented. 1277. Koistinen, Paul A. C. “The ‘Industrial-Military Complex’ in Historical Perspective: World War I.” Business Hist Rev 41 (Winter 1967): 378–403.

RT8955Z.indb 218

2/5/07 9:15:41 PM

Home Front

219

This article examines the origins of “the industrial-military complex” in World War I. Ultimately the War Industries Board brought industry, government, and the military together. Industry generally experienced selfrule because of the emergency situation and the military’s dependence on it. Private businessmen worked hand-in-hand with army personnel to modernize military supply procedures. 1278. ———. Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1865–1919. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997. 391 pp. This promises to be a standard account of U.S. mobilization during the Great War. Koistinen has chapters on preparedness, the pre-1917 attempts at mobilization, the Advisory Commission of the Council of National Defense, and the War Industries Board. There is also a chapter on other wartime agencies. 1279. Kreidberg, Marvin A., and Merton G. Henry. The History of Mobilization in the U.S. Army, 1775–1945. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1948. 721 pp. Many charts and tables appear in this comprehensive examination of the use of American manpower in war from the American Revolution to World War II. 1280. Magoffin, Ralph Van Deman. “Historical Work by Army General Staffs.” Amer Hist Rev 24 (July 1919): 630–636. Magoffin notes the broadening of general staff histories to include civilian activities. 1281. Meulen, Jacob A. Vander. The Politics of Aircraft: Building an American Military Industry. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991. 292 pp. The search for the seeds of the military-industrial complex continues. Some have found it in the prewar construction of a steel navy, others in the general industrial mobilization of the war years. Meulen, in his wellresearched monograph, focuses on aircraft production from World War I to World War II. 1282. Paxson, Frederic L. “The American War Government, 1917–1918.” Amer Hist Rev 26 (October 1920): 54–76. The author surveys the creation and activities of emergency boards and administrations to enable America to fight a total war. By September 1918 the state had achieved an astonishing degree of intervention in social and economic matters.

RT8955Z.indb 219

2/5/07 9:15:41 PM

220

America and World War I

1283. Pearlman, Michael. To Make Democracy Safe for America: Patricians and Preparedness in the Progressive Era. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984. 297 pp. Pearlman differs from those who have analyzed preparedness by linking it to America’s military stance. He focuses on the motive of its leaders such as Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt, and Henry Stimson. These patricians hoped to improve society through the national unity and discipline that might develop among young men being trained as soldiers. 1284. Scherer, James A. B. The Nation at War. New York: George H. Doran, 1918. 285 pp. This volume, written in a popular style, is a personal account by a field agent of the Council of National Defense. It treats U.S. entrance into the war, the Council of Defense, experiences in northern and southern states, the experiences of dealing with western states, the Research Council and Shipping Board, various personalities encountered, Paul Petrigard, and America’s future. The work captures the contemporary flavor and feeling of the war. 1285. Urofsky, Melvin I. Big Steel and the Wilson Administration: A Study in Business-Government Relations. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1969. 364 pp. This study, a narrative of the relationship between the steel industry and the Wilson administration, is important for those who are interested in understanding how the industrial war machine operated. 1286. Van Dorn, Harold Archer. Government Owned Corporations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926. 311 pp. This study traces the evolution of government-owned corporations. It also attempts to predict the future value of such organizations. Among others, it looks at Federal Land Banks, the Emergency Fleet Corporation, the War Finance Corporation, the United States Housing Corporation, the United States Sugar Equalization Board, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Inland Waterways Corporation, and various minor corporations. Van Dorn concludes that government-owned corporations represented a major advance in governmental administration. 1287. Willoughby, William Franklin. Government Organization in War Time and After: A Survey of the Federal Civil Agencies Created for the Prosecution of the War. New York: D. Appleton, 1919. 370 pp. This contemporary work examines in a general way the federal civil agencies utilized during World War I.

RT8955Z.indb 220

2/5/07 9:15:42 PM

Home Front

221

1288. Wright, Chester W. “American Economic Preparation for War, 1914–1917. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 8 (May 1942): 157–175. This article illustrates how the United States had learned from the World War I experience as it prepared for World War II. Much emphasis is placed on the organizational structure before the world wars. 2. Agencies a. Aircraft 1289. “The Aircraft Production Board.” Proc APS 7 (February 1918): 104–114. This board came into existence to act in an advisory way to help create an industry where none existed. The main focus of the board was to provide support for training in the United States and support for combat activities in France. 1290. Knappen, Theodore M. Wings of War: An Account of the Important Contribution of the United States to Aircraft Invention, Engineering, Development and Production During the World War. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1920. 289 pp. The author tries to refute the view that the U.S. aircraft production was the “outstanding industrial fiasco of America’s part in the World War.” b. Council of National Defense 1291. Martin, Franklin H. Digest of the Proceedings of the Council of National Defense during the World War: Prepared in Narrative Form. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1934. 700 pp. Based on the experiences of Franklin Martin as a member of the Council of National Defense, this work summarizes the work of that important body. It should be treated as a primary document with good insights on the medical side of World War I. c. Food 1292. “The Battle of the Plow.” Outlook 116 (2 May 1917): 11–12. This essay is an excellent example of an attempt to influence American public opinion to mobilize its food resources. 1293. Bernhardt, Joshua. “Government Control of Sugar During the War.” Q J Econ 33 (August 1919): 672–713. This article examines the four periods of government control, sugar crop problems in 1918–1919, price problems, supply and distribution problems, the United States Sugar Equalization Board, sugar agreements, and solutions. The author concludes that the sugar program was a success.

RT8955Z.indb 221

2/5/07 9:15:42 PM

222

America and World War I

1294. Brand, Charles J. “Truth About the Food Situation.” Forum 59 (January 1918): 43–50. In this article the chief of the United States Bureau of Markets asserts that there will be no food shortages in the United States. Nevertheless, he warns the people to conserve food. 1295. Cooke, Jay. “The Work of the Federal Food Administration.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 175–184. This article outlines the work of the Federal Food Administration in terms of basic commodities. It also treats market and distribution problems. 1296. Coville, Frederick V. “War, Patriotism, and the Food Supply.” National Geographic 31 (March 1917): 254–256. The author equates patriotism with food conservation and increased production. 1297. Cuff, Robert D. “Herbert Hoover, the Ideology of Voluntarism and War Organization During the Great War.” J Amer Hist 64 (September 1977): 358–372. This important article examines the concept of voluntarism during World War I with a particular focus on Herbert Hoover. Basically, the author sees voluntarism as conservative, and that Hoover did not want to change the governmental structure as it responded to the stress of war. The voluntarists viewed the war as temporary, and argued that the response during the emergency must lead only to temporary measures. 1298. Dewey, John. Enlistment for the Farm. New York: Columbia University Division of Intelligence and Publicity, 1917. 10 pp. This very brief essay is primarily a statement to school boards, principals, and teachers to show how schoolchildren can help the war program. 1299. Dickson, Maxcy R. The Food Front in World War I. Washington, DC: American on Public Affairs, 1944. 194 pp. This book synthesizes the national activities of the World War I food program. It deals with propaganda aimed at the conservation of food. It contains little information on the activities of the agencies, but it does shed light on the problems and policies of the period. 1300. Edgar, William C. “Bureaucracy and Food Control.” American Review of Reviews (June 1917): 626–628. The editor of the Northwestern Miller warns against government functionaries who were scaring the populace with tales of grain scarcity.

RT8955Z.indb 222

2/5/07 9:15:42 PM

Home Front

223

1301. Eldred, Wilfred. “The Wheat and Flour Trade Under Food Administration Control: 1917–1918.” Q J Econ 33 (November 1918): 1–70. This article examines the commercial situation and prices for 1916–1917. It treats the necessity for government control, the wheat price committee, the resentment of the wheat millers, the stabilization of the market, the decline in milling activity, evasions, and conclusions. The author concludes that the program worked well. 1302. Gilman, Charlotte P. “The Housekeeper and the Food Problem.” Ann AAPSS 74 (November 1917): 123–131. This practical look at the food problem sees it as being threefold: first, the problem of production at a minimum cost; second, the problem of distribution in a fast and efficient manner; and third, the problem of economy of preparation. The article argues for practical solutions for the management and preparation of food in the home. 1303. Houston, David F. “The Department of Agriculture and the Food Situation.” Science 46 (23 November 1917): 528–529. The secretary of agriculture indicates how the various agencies concerning agriculture can cooperate for the common good in increasing food production. 1304. ———. “Soldiers of the Soil.” National Geographic 31 (March 1917): 273–279. In this essay the secretary of agriculture calls for an increase of food production in all areas. 1305. Merrill, Sara. “What Retail Merchants Are Doing for Food Conservation.” Journal of Home Economics 10 (June 1918): 264–265. This article explains how local retailers, especially through advertising, were encouraging people to conserve food. 1306. Mullendore, William C. History of the United States Food Administration, 1917–1919. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1941. 399 pp. This official history of the U.S. Food Administration focuses much attention on the role of Herbert C. Hoover. Basically, it views the agency’s response to great problems as a record of much accomplishment. 1307. Pack, Charles Lathrop. The War Garden Victorious. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1919. 174 pp. This contemporary volume treats the story of the war garden in World War I. It examines: the establishment of the National War Garden Commission, how the garden helped, the types of war gardens, the

RT8955Z.indb 223

2/5/07 9:15:42 PM

224

America and World War I

first war garden, the role of big business, the role of the railroads, school gardens, community gardens, cooperative gardening, war gardens as city assets, the role of daylight saving time, the future of war gardens, conserving the surplus, community conservation, the future of dehydration, and the support of the press. The appendix contains manuals on the home storage of vegetables and canning and drying of vegetables and fruits. 1308. Pollock, Ivan L. The Food Administration in Iowa. Iowa City: State Historical Society, 1923. 2 vols. These volumes chronicle the work of the people of Iowa as they contributed to the war effort by conserving food. By war’s end the organization to conserve food functioned smoothly. 1309. Powell, G. Harold. “Regulation of the Perishable Food Industries After the War.” Ann AAPSS 82 (March 1919): 183–188. This article calls for the extension of the concept of regulation of the perishable food industry into the postwar period. The author offers suggestions as to how that could be accomplished. 1310. Stoddard, Ralph G. “Mobilizing Unused Land and Forces to Meet an Unprecedented Crisis.” American City 16 (May 1917): 471–481. The author outlines methods which could be employed in growing food on vacant lots and on people’s lawns in order to combat the food shortage created by the war. 1311. Surface, Franklin, and Raymond L. Bland. American Food in the World War and Reconstruction Period: Operations of the Organizations under the Direction of Herbert Hoover, 1914–1924. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1931. 1,033 pp. This volume treats the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the United States Food Administration, the Armistice period, and the Reconstruction period. Basically statistical, the study shows the organizational genius of Herbert Hoover as the relief program spent more than $5 billion. d. Fuel 1312. Garfield, Harry A. “The Task of the Fuel Administration.” Proc APS 7 (February 1918): 50–54. Written by the head of the fuel administration, this article emphasizes the importance of bringing order out of the chaos in Washington through cooperation among the various agencies.

RT8955Z.indb 224

2/5/07 9:15:42 PM

Home Front

225

1313. Johnson, James P. The Politics of Soft Coal: The Bituminous Industry from World War I Through the New Deal. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1979. 258 pp. A well-researched study of the relations between management, labor, and government, this book shows that the failure of the mine operators to stabilize the soft coal industry forced the government to create the U.S. Fuel Administration during World War I. Thus, the government intervened in labor disputes and fixed prices. However, this wartime cooperation failed to carry over into the postwar period. e. Housing 1314. Childs, Richard S. “The Government’s Model Villages.” Survey 1 (February 1919): 584–592. The author, the secretary of the committee on new industrial towns, explains the development of model villages during World War I. Photographs and general plans complement the article, which touches on such towns as Buckmer Village, Yorkship Village, Gloucester, Union Park Gardens, Sun Village, and other planned communities. Basically, the communities were well planned and attractive. 1315. Hitchcock, Curtice N. “The War Housing Program and Its Future.” J Pol Econ 27 (April 1919): 241–279. This article examines the problems in the housing program which developed during the war. The basic problem was that there existed no single agency which had responsibility for housing. Ultimately, the Housing Corporation took over the construction and management of many housing projects. It dealt with nonshipping industrial projects, while a division of the emergency fleet corporation dealt with housing in the shipping industry. The war ended before the housing projects were completed. 1316. National Housing Association. A Symposium on War Housing. New York: National Housing Association, 1918. 141 pp. This interesting document contains the proceedings of a meeting on war housing. Among other items examined were: the question of housing war workers, the ownership of this housing, housing for women war workers, and discussions of the housing situation in a number of northeastern cities. This is a good starting point for researchers who are interested in examining the housing question during World War I. 1317. Veiller, Lawrence. “The Housing of the Mobilized Population.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 19–24.

RT8955Z.indb 225

2/5/07 9:15:43 PM

226

America and World War I

The director of the national housing association treats the housing problems brought on by World War I mobilization. For soldiers, the solution was small barracks to house around 66 men. The housing of the industrial army presented greater problems and would be solved by building small houses and even small communities to handle the war workers. f. Labor 1318. Bing, A. M. War-Time Strikes and Their Adjustment. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1921. 329 pp. The organization and role of government agencies responsible for mediating industrial disputes are examined in this work. 1319. Conner, Valerie Jean. The National War Labor Board: Stability, Social Justice, and the Voluntary State in World War I. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983. 234 pp. This well-written volume focuses attention on the National War Labor Board as a good example of cooperation between management and labor. The board set important precedents by supporting the minimum wage concept and the eight-hour day. The author feels that the board turned voluntarism toward a social orientation. However, the book breaks little new ground. 1320. Frankfurter, Felix. “The Conservation of the New Federal Standards.” Survey 7 (December 1918): 291–293. The author, the chairman of the United States Labor Policies Board, discusses the labor standards which emerged from World War I. The standards included hours, wages, safeguards against industrial accidents, employment of women and children, arbitration of disputes, labor organizations, and community standards. He argues that in the period after the war the government should act only as a moderator in labor relations. 1321. Lindsay, Samuel M. “Purpose and Scope of War Risk Insurance.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 52–68. This essay treats the War Risk Insurance Act and its ramifications. Basically, the U.S. government was in the business of underwriting the insurance for the merchant marine. 1322. Love, Thomas B. “The Social Significance of War Risk Insurance.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 46–51. This article examines the social impact of war risk insurance. It shows the concept of insurance was an important part of the relationship between the United States government and all of its workers.

RT8955Z.indb 226

2/5/07 9:15:43 PM

Home Front

227

1323. Macy, V. Everit. “Labor Policies That Will Win the War.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 74–80. The article argues against national conscription of war workers as a means of mobilizing labor. The author calls for cooperation, a national wage, working standards, and the cooperation of labor boards. * Mandel, Bernard. Samuel Gompers: A Biography. Cited above as item 1044. 1324. Marshall, L. C. “The War Labor Program and Its Administration.” J Pol Econ 26 (May 1918): 425–460. This important contemporary article deals with some of the problems coming out of the war labor program and its administration. It treats the establishment of the War Labor Board and outlines its structure. This is a good starting point for an examination of the war labor program. 1325. Nash, Gerald D. “Franklin D. Roosevelt and Labor: The World War I Origins of the Early New Deal Policy.” Labor History 1 (Winter 1960): 39–52. This important article shows how Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt through the Committee of Labor and the National War Labor Board helped keep production moving forward in the shipyards. This experience influenced him as president in his handling of labor problems. 1326. Rayback, Joseph G. A History of American Labor. New York: Free Press, 1966. 491 pp. This survey of the American labor movement as an integral part of American history deals with World War I’s impact on labor in both a positive and negative way. 1327. Sullivan, J. W. “The Maintenance of Labor Standards.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 90–96. This article discusses some of the work of the Council of National Defense and the question of labor standards. Written from the perspective of labor, it points out ways in which labor is still being treated unfairly. 1328. Wehle, Louis B. “The Adjustment of Labor Disputes Incident to Production for War in the United States.” Q J Econ 32 (November 1917): 122–141. This article examines labor problems in contracts for cantonments, adjustments, emergency shipbuilding in private yards, adjustment with longshoremen, and conclusions. It also contains some basic documents dealing with labor adjustments.

RT8955Z.indb 227

2/5/07 9:15:43 PM

228

America and World War I

1329. Wolfe, S. H. “Eight Months of War Risk Insurance Work.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 68–79. In this essay an official of the Quartermaster Corps analyzes the warrisk insurance plan after its first eight months of operation. The bureau which administers the act broke new ground because it had no precedents to follow. g. Railroads 1330. Crennan, C. H., and W. E. Warrington, comps. “Documents and Statistics Pertinent to Current Railroad Problems.” Ann AAPSS 76 (March 1918): 272–304. This section consists of legislation and proclamations dealing with the railroads during World War I. In addition, it contains basic statistics about railroads in the United States and other countries as well. Of more importance to the researcher, it includes a statistical bibliography. 1331. Cunningham, William J. American Railroads: Government Controls and Reconstruction Policies. Chicago: A.W. Shaw, 1922. 409 pp. This work focuses attention on the period from January 1, 1918, to March 1, 1920. The author served on the staff of the director general of the railroads. After a brief survey of railroad history to 1916, the author examines a number of topics, including: the railroad’s war board, unification under federal control, contracts between the government and the railroads, unification policies, standardization, accounting and statistical innovations, passenger and freight service in 1918, operating results in 1918, relations with state commissions, upkeep of physical property, financial results, political influence, and the Transportation Act of 1920. 1332. Dixon, Frank H. “Federal Operation of Railroads During the War.” Q J Econ 33 (August 1919): 577–631. This article treats the reasons why roads were taken over by the government, the contract, federal operation, labor, rate increases, financing, relations with other agencies, and speculation on the future. This essay indicates that the system worked for the public good and that a call for total nationalization might be in the future. 1333. ———. Railroads and Government: Their Relations in the United States, 1910–1921. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922. 384 pp. This work deals with the federal regulation of railroads from 1910 to 1921. This competent volume treats: rate regulation, the long and short haul, commerce court, administration, railroad water lines, labor problems, war board, federal control, federal operation, state regulation, government and

RT8955Z.indb 228

2/5/07 9:15:43 PM

Home Front

229

labor financial results, reconstruction, postwar rate problems, jurisdictional conflicts, railroad consolidation, capitalization, regulation of wages and working conditions, water traffic, and future specialization. 1334. ———, and Julius H. Parmelee. War Administration of the Railways in the United States and Great Britain. New York: Oxford University Press, 1918. 155 pp. This monograph examines the historical background of the railroads and their wartime usage. It focuses attention on the period when the U.S. entered the war and railroads had to move from a period of competition to a period of voluntary cooperation. It examines the war organization of railroads, the attempts to achieve operating efficiency, growing cooperation of government and railways, and the end of voluntary cooperation. The work also surveys the British railway system during the war. 1335. Dunn, Samuel O. “The Railways in Peace and War.” Yale Review 7 (January 1918): 362–381. This essay treats questions of ownership of the railroads. It argues for government regulation and against government ownership. 1336. Godfrey, Aaron A. Government Operation of the Railroads: Its Necessity, Success, and Consequences, 1918–1920. Austin, TX: Jenkins Publishing, 1974. 190 pp. This well-researched study examines how the government took over the railroads during the war and ran them in a monopolistic way. The war measures upset shippers and management. However, labor made significant financial gains and thus was the only group to complement the system in the period after the war. 1337. Kerr, K. Austin. American Railroad Politics, 1914–1920: Rates, Wages, and Efficiency. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968. 250 pp. This book examines the way in which various special-interest groups attempted to influence federal railroad policy during World War I. The author points out that the shippers lost their prewar influence during the war. Yet in the postwar period, the shippers regained their influence. 1338. ———. “Decision for Federal Control: Wilson, McAdoo, and the Railroads, 1917.” J Amer Hist 54 (December 1967): 550–560. This competently researched essay deals with the takeover of the railroad system by the government during World War I. Political, rate, and labor problems forced Wilson to nationalize the railroads under the pressure of

RT8955Z.indb 229

2/5/07 9:15:43 PM

230

America and World War I

a war. Much pressure came from McAdoo and the railroads themselves. Kerr concludes that the nationalization sharpened the political conflict but that it was the best solution available at the time. 1339. Parmalee, Julius H. “Physical Needs of the Railways Under Government Control.” Ann AAPSS 76 (March 1918): 47–58. This essay concerns congestion caused by an inadequate supply of equipment as well as improper utilization of equipment. It surveys railroad traffic and projects the traffic problems and physical needs of the railroads. The author predicts that more than $500 million of capital improvements would be needed on an annual basis. 1340. Smith, Alexander W. “A Suggested Plan for Permanent Governmental Supervision of Railroad Operation After the War.” Ann AAPSS 76 (March 1918): 142–156. This article offers a proposal for the government supervision of railroads on a permanent basis. The plan involves the establishment of a government department for the operation of railroads. Thus, political meddling should be kept to a minimum. 1341. Thelen, Max. “Federal Control of Railroads in War Time.” Ann AAPSS 76 (March 1918): 14–24. This article surveys all facets of government control of the railroads during the war. The article concludes that William Gibbs McAdoo would successfully handle the operations of the railroads as a single system. 1342. Thorne, Clifford. “Government Operation of American Railroads.” Ann AAPSS 76 (March 1918): 84–110. Thorne treats the operation of the railroads by the government in light of legal and public policy questions. The article concludes that railroads would retain ownership and that railroad stockholders would be protected from loss of investment while other industries were in danger of getting into financial difficulty. h. Shipping 1343. Adams, John W. “The Influences Affecting Naval Shipbuilding Legislation, 1910–1916.” Naval War College Review 22 (December 1969): 41–70. Adams surveys the naval building programs from 1910 to 1916. Likewise, he examines the influence of the politicians and government agencies. Ultimately, the government apparatus reflected the will of the people. 1344. Smith, J. Russell. Influence of the Great War upon Shipping. New York: Oxford University Press, 1919. 357 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 230

2/5/07 9:15:43 PM

Home Front

231

This report, published under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, examines the impact of the war on commercial shipping. The author treats the organization of world shipping before and during the war with a look at topics from freight rates to shipbuilding in the United States and Great Britain. 1345. Stevens, Raymond B. “Problems Before the Shipping Board.” Proc APS 1 (February 1918): 93–99. This article argues that the shipping board faced two major problems. One concerned creating the shipping necessary to get supplies to the Allies and to transport the American Expeditionary Force to Europe. The other involved the proper utilization of the shipping which was already in existence. 1346. Still, William N., Jr. “Shipbuilding in North Carolina: The World War I Experience.” American Neptune 41 (July 1981): 188–207. This is a well-documented case study of the rapid expansion of shipbuilding after the United States entered the war. 1347. Webb, William J. “The United States Wooden Steamship Program During World War I.” American Neptune 35 (October 1975): 275–288. As a result of the war, the Fleet Corporation decided that wooden vessels could be used in coastwise shipping. Ultimately, more than 60 wooden or composition ships were put into service during the war. 1348. Williams, William J. The Wilson Administration and the Shipbuilding Crisis of 1917. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992. 220 pp. When the United States entered the war, the Entente was running out of both money and ships. Chaos rather than success characterized the initial attempts by the Shipping Board to meet this shipping crisis. A key question was: Should steel or wooden ships be built? i. War Finance Corporation 1349. Goldman, Michael Abbot. “The War Finance Corporation in the Politics of War and Reconstruction 1917–23.” Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, 1971. 416 pp. This well-researched volume examines the War Finance Corporation as a case study of the relations between the government and private economic groups from World War I through the early 1920s. Corporate banking reformers led the fight in war finances, foreign trade financing, and rural credits to rationalize the American economy in a progressive way. This agency served as a precedent for the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

RT8955Z.indb 231

2/5/07 9:15:44 PM

232

America and World War I

j. War Industries Board 1350. Beaver, Daniel R. “Newton D. Baker and the Genesis of the War Industries Board, 1917–1918.” J Amer Hist 52 (June 1965): 43–48. From late March to mid-June of 1917, Newton D. Baker helped to make three decisions that shaped American industry’s part in World War I. These dealt with raising, training, and dispatching American troops to France. Baker believed that the military should have the final authority in industrial mobilization. Treasury secretary William G. McAdoo believed that the power should be in the hands of a civilian. This conflict led to the appointment of Bernard Baruch as head of the War Industries Board with strong central powers. Baker stayed on with the War Department after threatening to resign. * Coit, Margaret L. Mr. Baruch. Cited above as item 1023. 1351. Crissey, Forrest. Alexander Legge, 1866–1933. Chicago: Alexander Legge Memorial Committee, 1936. 232 pp. This “memorial” biography of Alexander Legge treats the career of an important agriculturalist and industrialist with the McCormick Company. During World War I, he served as vice chairman of the War Industries Board under Bernard Baruch. He served well as a practical economist, and he was taken to the Paris Peace Conference as an economic expert. The biography is not footnoted and is based to some degree on oral history. This work is important in that it reveals some insights into a key, but little-known, World War I figure on the economic scene. 1352. Cuff, Robert D. “Bernard Baruch: Symbol and Myth in Industrial Mobilization.” Business Hist Rev 43 (Summer 1969): 115–133. This essay examines Bernard Baruch’s role in industrial mobilization during World War I. Cuff attacks the importance given to Baruch in Grosvenor B. Clarkson’s 1923 work Industrial America in the World War: The Strategy Behind the Line, 1917–1918. Giving credit to Newton D. Baker for helping to shape the War Industries Board, Cuff sees Baruch as a symbol of stability for the nation during a period of relentless uncertainty. Baruch made the change from the private to the public sector, but he failed to achieve all his goals. 1353. ———. “A ‘Dollar-a-Year-Man’ in Government: George N. Peek and the War Industries Board.” Business Hist Rev 41 (Winter 1967): 404–420. This well-researched essay examines George N. Peek’s role with the WIB during World War I. Peek, unable to free himself from his business ties to the private sector, based many decisions on his

RT8955Z.indb 232

2/5/07 9:15:44 PM

Home Front

233

connection with the farm implements industry. However, some decisions he made were based on the good of the country as a whole. Cuff concludes that Peek aided the war effort by protecting and stabilizing industry. 1354. ———. The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations During World War I. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. 304 pp. In a major study, Robert Cuff examines the role of the WIB during the war and analyzes the impact of the businessmen who worked on it during the war. Cuff concludes that the businessmen failed in their goal to protect business interests in the period after the war. 1355. DeWeerd, Harvey A. “American Industrial Mobilization for War, 1917– 1918.” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 49 (July–September 1940): 249–261. This article surveys the background to U.S. mobilization. It highlights some of the major organizational and technical developments. A major development was the adoption of the Springfield rifle and its interchangeable parts. It was 11 months before the War Industries Board had sufficient power to mobilize truly. The author argues that a history of British mobilization would have been useful to the United States. 1356. Himmelberg, Robert F. “The War Industries Board and the Anti Trust Question in November 1918.” J Amer Hist 52 (June 1965): 59–74. This well-researched article deals with the War Industries Board’s perceived power to set policies for demobilization and reconstruction. During the war the WIB had abandoned the antitrust policy and engaged in price fixing, a practice industry wanted continued into the postwar period to prevent deflation. The simplest way to continue the policy would be the continuation of the WIB. However, President Wilson opposed this plan and the WIB accepted it, thus preserving its image as an impartial and honorable agency serving the national interest during the war. 1357. Ohl, John K. “The Navy, the War Industries Board, and the Industrial Mobilization for War, 1917–1918.” Mil Affairs 40 (February 1976): 17–22. This article analyzes the expansion of the so-called military-industrial complex during the time of America’s involvement in World War I. * Schwarz, Jordan A. The Speculator: Bernard M. Baruch in Washington, 1917–1965. Cited above as item 1024.

RT8955Z.indb 233

2/5/07 9:15:44 PM

234

America and World War I

3. Manpower and Training Camps 1358. Besch, Michael D. A Navy Second to None: The History of U.S. Naval Training in World War I. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. 256 pp. In 19 months more than 400,000 men and women were trained for the U.S. Navy. 1359. Bristow, Nancy K. Making Men Moral: Social Engineering During the Great War. New York: New York University Press, 1996. 298 pp. This is a social history of the Commission on Training Camp Activities (CTCA), a federal agency created by Woodrow Wilson two weeks after the United States became a belligerent. Both education and coercion were employed in the training camps in an effort to make men moral in such areas as the consumption of alcohol and venereal disease. 1360. Camfield, Thomas M. ‘“Will to Win’—The U.S. Army Troop Morale Program of World War I.” Mil Affairs 41 (October 1977): 125–128. Based almost exclusively on archival research, this article examines the “first systematic troop morale program” in the U.S. Army. 1361. Chambers, John Whiteclay, II. To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America. New York: Free Press, 1987. 386 pp. This superior study about America’s first successful national conscription program won the American Military Institute’s “Best Book Award” in 1988. Chambers puts the draft into proper historical context by examining both previous and later attempts by the government to find the manpower for its armed forces. A surprising point raised by Chambers is that fully 12 percent of the Americans drafted (337,649 men) “deserted” by not showing up for induction or by leaving training camps. 1362. Clifford, John Garry. The Citizen Soldiers: The Plattsburg Training Camp Movement, 1913–1920. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1972. 386 pp. This well-researched study of the Plattsburg Training Camp movement focuses attention on Grenville Clark as the man behind the training camp movement. Moreover, Clifford analyzes Leonard Wood’s role in getting the movement started and pushing diligently for it to come to fruition. 1363. Dickinson, John Moore. Building of an Army: A Detailed Account of Legislation, Administration and Opinion in the United States, 1915–1920. New York: Century, 1922. 398 pp. This is a useful reference source because of its mass of facts and figures.

RT8955Z.indb 234

2/5/07 9:15:44 PM

Home Front

235

1364. Durham, Weldon. “‘Big Brother’ and the ‘Seven Sisters’: Camp Life Reforms in World War I.” Mil Affairs 42 (April 1978): 57–60. The author describes the activities of the CTCA. 1365. Durr, Ernest. “The Training of Recruits.” USNI Proc 43 (January 1917): 99–123. Some suggestions for the improvement of the training of naval recruits can be found in this article. 1366. Fosdick, Raymond B. “The Commission of Training Camp Activities.” Proc APS 7 (February 1918): 163–170. This article explains why the CTCA was formed and how the War Department used it to improve the environment in camps and training centers. Basically, the commission attempted to establish recreational facilities, and to utilize organizations such as the Young Men’s Christian Association. 1367. ———. “The War and Navy Departments, Commissions on Training Camp Activities.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 130–142. This essay details the activities of service organizations such as the YMCA in helping to improve the life of the soldier in the training camps. 1368. Keith, Jeanette. “The Politics of Southern Draft Resistance, 1917–1918: Class, Race, and Conscription in the Rural South.” J Amer Hist 87 (March 2001): 1335–1361. Keith points out that opposition to conscription in the South became so intense that governors in three states asked for federal troops to suppress armed bands of deserters. 1369. Mooney, Chase C., and Martha E. Layman. “Some Phase of the Compulsory Military Training Movements, 1914–1920.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 38 (March 1952): 633–657. This examination of the compulsory military training movement from the perspective of Congress reveals the tendency of congressmen to avoid politically explosive issues such as the compulsory training movement. Thus, the process of adding amendments and engaging in filibusters reflects an attempt to avoid controversy. 1370. Ruml, Beardsley. “The Extension of Selective Tests to Industry.” Ann AAPSS 81 (January 1919): 38–46. This article examines the way in which the army used testing to place men in the proper jobs. It concludes that testing should be utilized by private industry in the placement of men in industry.

RT8955Z.indb 235

2/5/07 9:15:44 PM

236

America and World War I

1371. Segal, David R. Recruiting for Uncle Sam: Citizenship and Military Manpower Policy. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989. 221 pp. Segal, a sociologist, argues that the all-volunteer force undermines citizenship or the social cohesion of American society. He also makes the questionable assertion that the volunteer system serves to undermine the effectiveness of the armed forces. 1372. United States War Department. Home Reading Course for Citizen Soldiers. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1917. 62 pp. This pamphlet contains 30 daily lessons for U.S. soldiers. They include lessons on making a good soldier, preparing for camp, camp cleanliness, good health, marching, equipment, recreation, teamwork, branches of the service, training systems, and the soldier in battle. 4. Finance 1373. Adams, George P., Jr. Wartime Price Control. Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs, 1942. 153 pp. This volume examines the price control effort of World War I and concludes that it is surprising it “succeeded as well as it did.” 1374. Clark, John Maurice. The Costs of the World War to the American People. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1931. 316 pp. The gigantic cost of the war is subjected to a statistical and social analysis by an economist. This is one of the volumes in the massive Economic and Social History of the World War series. 1375. Davies, Joseph E. “Price Control.” Ann AAPSS 74 (November 1917): 288–293. This article surveys the wartime price rise and explains the legislation which had recently been passed to deal with the problem. The author argues that the fixed price should be based on a production cost that would not starve production. 1376. Fisher, Irving. “How the Public Should Pay for the War.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 112–117. This article argues that war bonds should be held to the end of the war and that savings and thrift must be encouraged. 1377. Gilbert, Charles. American Financing of World War I. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1970. 256 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 236

2/5/07 9:15:44 PM

Home Front

237

This study deals with federal financial policies during the war. The work focuses attention on taxation as well as economic and political factors in the determination of economic policies. Based on printed sources, this book concludes that the Treasury Department did as well as it could have under the circumstances. 1378. Hillje, John W. “New York Progressives and War Revenue Act of 1917.” New York History 53 (October 1972): 437–459. Amos Pinchot and other New York progressives provided leadership to the American Committee on War Finance, which lobbied successfully that the war revenue acts should tax the wealthy. Thus, the progressive impulse did not die with the war. 1379. Seligman, Edwin R. A. “Loans Versus Taxes in War Finance.” Ann AAPSS 75 (January 1918): 52–82. This well-written article analyzes the pros and cons of loans and taxes in war finance. The author concludes that government loans are necessary for sound finance. 1380. Taussig, Frank W. “Price Fixing as Seen by a Price-Fixer.” Q J Econ 33 (February 1919): 205–241. This article examines the three agencies which fixed prices, their different methods, the price-fixing committee, commodities regulated by the committee, cost of production as the basis, proposals for an average or pooled price, and objections to these methods. 1381. Vanderlip, Frank A. “Financing with War Savings Certificates.” Ann AAPSS 75 (January 1918): 31–37. This essay by the president of the National City Bank of New York City explains the process and mechanism of how war savings certificates can be utilized in financing the war. It captures the contemporary view of how these certificates can be used. 1382. Van Hise, Charles R. “The Necessity for Government Regulation of Prices in War Time,” Ann AAPSS 74 (November 1917): 224–235. Written by the president of the University of Wisconsin, this article presents an argument favoring price regulation. It surveys major industries and the upward spiral of prices fueled by the war. It concludes that businesses took advantage of the war to increase prices, and therefore price regulation was imperative. 1383. Whitney, Nathaniel R. The Sale of War Bonds in Iowa. Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1923. 236 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 237

2/5/07 9:15:45 PM

238

America and World War I

This well-written and well-organized work details the methods by which a rural state was sold on the idea of war bonds. 1384. Zoller, J. F. “A Criticism of the War Revenue Act of 1917.” Ann State Historical Society of Iowa 75 (January 1918): 182–190. Written by a tax attorney for General Electric, this essay attacks the War Revenue Act of 1917 as being discriminatory against corporations. Zoller expresses concern that this tax could upset the financial and business structure of the country. 5. Science and Medicine (See also IV:C:7, Medical and Sanitary Aspects) 1385. Andrews, John B. “National Effectiveness and Health Insurance.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 50–57. This article examines the question of a national health insurance program. The author argues that the returning soldiers will demand some sort of health program. 1386. Berry, John M. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History. New York: Viking Penguin, 2004. 560 pp. This is a timely account of the world’s greatest plague, the 1918–1919 pandemic known as the “Spanish flu.” Many U.S. soldiers in Europe and half a million Americans at home died. Worldwide more than 20 million died. 1387. Brackett, Elliot G. “Rehabilitation of Diseased and Injured Soldiers Due to the War.” American Journal of Public Health 8 (January 1918): 11–13. This address before a meeting of the American Public Health Association examines the question of the treatment of casualties in World War I. It calls for giving these men a chance after the war. 1388. Burnham, John C. Psychoanalysis and American Medicine, 1894–1918. New York: International Universities Press, 1967. 249 pp. This well-researched monograph analyzes the impact of psychoanalysis on the medical profession. The author concludes that by the time of World War I there existed a body of full-time analysts in the United States. There is a brief discussion of the impact of World War I in enhancing the stature of psychoanalysis and in the concept of “shell shock.” 1389. Camfield, Thomas Marley. “Psychologists at War: The History of American Psychology and the First World War.” Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 1969. 334 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 238

2/5/07 9:15:45 PM

Home Front

239

This study traces the development of psychology in the United States from the 1870s to 1918. It focuses attention on the concentrated effort of the discipline to aid the war effort with the army and navy. Ultimately, psychology emerged from the war with an enhanced position and broad acceptance. 1390. Coffin, Howard E. “The Automobile Engineer and Preparedness.” Society for the Anthropology of Europe Bulletin 10 (July 1916): 461–474. Coffin, in this essay, preferred the term “prearrangement” to preparedness. He called for industrial preparedness, standardization of munitions, and for engineers to solve the problems of preparedness. 1391. Costello, Charles A. “The Principal Defects Found in Persons Examined for Service in the United States Navy.” American Journal of Public Health 7 (May 1917): 489–492. The major defect in persons examined for the navy was problems with vision. 1392. Crosby, Alfred W., Jr. Epidemic and Peace, 1918. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976. 337 pp. This interesting study surveys the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. More than half a million people died in the United States and 43,000 died in the military. Despite this, the epidemic took second place to the war in the public mind. 1393. Devine, Edward T., and Lilian Brandt. Disabled Soldiers and Sailors Pensions and Training. New York: Oxford University Press, 1919. 471 pp. This preliminary study of how the disabled soldiers should be dealt with was completed in October of 1918, before the war was over. This important work surveys the disabilities caused by the war, how disabled veterans have coped in the past, and developments in Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany and Austria, and the United States. It also examines in some detail the proposed new program in the United States. Artillery fire caused more casualties than anything else. 1394. Fleming, Winston. “Testing the Brains of Our Naval Fighters.” Illustrated World 29 (August 1918): 897–900. This brief article treats psychological tests for naval personnel. 1395. Galishoff, Stuart. “Newark and the Great Influenza Epidemic of 1918.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 43 (May–June 1969): 246–258. This study outlines the impact of the influenza epidemic on Newark, Delaware, which stimulated the public health movement.

RT8955Z.indb 239

2/5/07 9:15:45 PM

240

America and World War I

1396. Haynes, William. American Chemical Industry. Vol. 5, Decade of New Products. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1954. 622 pp. Written by a top historian of chemistry, this volume examines in a chronological fashion the major developments, men, and processes in the chemical industry. The chemical role during World War I is discussed as is the chemical industry’s development as a depression-proof industry by 1940. 1397. Jones, Daniel Patrick. “The Role of Chemists in Research on War Cases in the United States During World War I.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1967. 279 pp. This important study examines the cooperation between scientists and the government during World War I. Well researched, the work deals primarily with the activities of the research division of the Chemical Warfare Service at American University in Washington, DC to show that scientists from many different disciplines could work together and that peacetime chemical warfare research was relevant to the war effort. 1398. Kevles, Daniel H. “Testing the Army’s Intelligence: Psychologists and the Military in World War I.” J Amer Hist 55 (December 1968): 565–582. This article examines the impact of the intelligence test on the army in 1917. Robert M. Yerkes, president of the American Psychological Association in 1917, pushed a testing program on the military which was modified in line with a proposal being developed by Walter D. Scott and Walter V. Bingham. By 1918 the program had been approved and was in operation. The author concludes that the program made testing more acceptable and that it was ended after the war due to military objections. The author is too dependent on Yerkes for his sources. 1399. Layton, Edwin T., Jr. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession. Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1971. 285 pp. This competent study of engineering progressivism from 1900 to 1940 shows that the engineering profession led by Herbert Hoover tried to apply engineering expertise to the great problems of the day. It peaked during and immediately after World War I. The emphasis on planning during World War I stimulated the reform thrust of engineering into the postwar period. 1400. Macmahon, Arthur W. “Health Activities of State Councils of Defense.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 239–245. This article explains the activities of the State Councils of Defense in an attempt to improve the health status of civilians.

RT8955Z.indb 240

2/5/07 9:15:45 PM

Home Front

241

1401. Scott, Lloyd N. Naval Consulting Board of the United States. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920. 288 pp. This report details the civilian contribution of the naval consulting board headed by Thomas A. Edison. Basically made up of engineers, the board came into being in 1915 to study naval problems. The board put its scientific and engineering talents to work to tackle naval problems during the war. The special problems committee dealt with submarine detection, while the ship protection committee devised ways to make it more difficult to sink a ship. The work outlines the numerous naval inventions developed by this board and underlines the war work of Edison. 1402. Shryock, Richard H. American Medical Research Past and Present. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1947. 350 pp. This pioneering study surveys American medical roots with emphasis on British, French, and German development. Moreover, it examines the influence of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and William Welch in influencing medical research and teaching traditions. In the broad context of the work, the author emphasizes that World War I showed the superiority of German science. 1403. ———. The Development of Modern Medicine: An Interpretation of the Social and Scientific Factors Involved. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979. 473 pp. First published in 1936, this work portrays medical development in its intellectual and social aspects. The work discusses in a broad sense the impact of World War I on the American experience. 1404. Silk, Leonard S. The Research Revolution. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960. 244 pp. Silk’s well-written study examines the impact of technological innovation on the American economy. Devoid of footnotes and bibliography, the book concentrates on the economy in the 20th century. 1405. Talbot, Henry P. “Chemistry at the Front.” Atlantic Monthly 122 (August 1918): 265–274. This article surveys the use of chemistry on the battlefield. 1406. ———. “Chemistry Behind the Front.” Atlantic Monthly 122 (November 1918): 651–663. This article discusses some of the research procedures developed during the war in the field of chemistry.

RT8955Z.indb 241

2/5/07 9:15:45 PM

242

America and World War I

1407. Tobey, James A. The National Government and Public Health. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1926. 423 pp. This book examines the history of the American public health movement through World War I. It is especially good at outlining public health activities in the various government agencies. Tobey’s discussion of the war and navy departments and public health organizations is relevant to World War I. 1408. Yerkes, Robert M., ed. The New World of Science: Its Development During the War. New York: Century, 1920. 443 pp. This important volume, edited by the chairman of the research information service of the National Research Council, deals with science mobilization during the war. It contains important articles dealing with “Science and War,” “War Services of the National Research Council,” “Contributions of Physical Science,” “Some Scientific Aspects of the Meteorological Work of the United States Army,” “Sound Ranging in the American Expeditionary Forces,” “War-Time Photography,” “Optical Glass for War Needs,” “The Supply of Nitrogen Products for the Manufacture of Explosives,” “The Chemical Warfare Service,” “Contributions of Geography,” “Contributions of Geology,” and articles on the role of engineering, biology and medicine, psychology, and the relations of war to scientific progress. 1409. ———. Psychological Examining in the United States Army. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921. 890 pp. This detailed volume explains in an excellent fashion the role, process, and methodology of psychological testing during World War I. It deals with the history and organization of psychological examining, testing materials, and preliminary results, and presents a detailed breakdown of the intelligence results during the war. There is an abundance of statistical data concerning a comparison of kinds of materials gathered. This report represents a milestone in the history of psychological testing. 1410. Yoakum, Clarence S., and Robert M. Yerkes. Army Mental Tests. New York: Henry Holt, 1920. 303 pp. This handbook helps toward understanding and utilizing the War Department’s mental tests. The basic purposes for the testing were to identify the mentally incompetent, to aid in the classification of the men, and to identify competent men for responsible positions. The work treats the way the tests were made, the results and methods, the examiner’s guide, students’ tests, practical application, and blanks and forms. This work spells out the state-of-the-art in psychological testing during World War I.

RT8955Z.indb 242

2/5/07 9:15:45 PM

Home Front

243

6. Other Sources 1411. DeNovo, John A. “The Movement for an Aggressive American Oil Policy Abroad, 1918–1920.” Amer Hist Rev 61 (July 1956): 854–876. The shift in American policy toward foreign oil sources from apathy to intense interest and anxiety is examined in this article. By 1920, DeNovo concludes, it was “established dogma” in the oil industry and Washington that the national interest was involved in the aggressive exploitation of foreign oil fields. 1412. Ise, John. The United States Oil Policy. New York: Arno Press, 1972. 547 pp. This reprint of a 1926 study discusses the history of oil from its early years of development to the early 1920s. 1413. Keller, Charles. “Electric Power During the World War.” Military Engineer 17 (November–December 1925): 462–468. This article surveys the electric power situation in western Pennsylvania during the war. It shows how the demands of the war created power shortages. 1414. ———. The Power Situation During the War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921. 300 pp. This Corps of Engineers report surveys the electric power situation during World War I. Complete with maps and graphs, this volume treats public power development nationally and shows where shortages existed during the war. It is important to the understanding of the state of electric power during the war. 1415. Kelsey, Carl. Foreword to “Mobilizing America’s Resources for the War.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): vii–x. This brief overview discusses the role of education of the public as part of the mobilization process. Kelsey calls for the passage of a law requiring that all immigrants learn English. 1416. Loos, John L. Oil On Steam!: A History of Interstate Oil Pipe Line Company, 1909–1959. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. 411 pp. This is a well-researched and well-written study of Interstate Oil Pipe Line Company. During World War I the pipeline’s operations became important for the national defense program. Thus, the work on the line was accelerated. 1417. Smith, George Otis. The Strategy of Minerals: A Study of the Mineral Factor in the World Position of America in War and in Peace. New York: D. Appleton, 1919. 372 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 243

2/5/07 9:15:46 PM

244

America and World War I

This interesting volume surveys minerals as an important element in the war and postwar periods. It treats: mineral fuels, shipping, power production, iron, copper, lead and zinc, the minor metals, the chemical industries, and other industrial minerals. In addition, the volume examines the position of the United States and Germany. H. The Economy 1. General Sources 1418. Ayres, Leonard P. Business in Two War Periods. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland Trust, 1945. 33 pp. This pamphlet, replete with 10 diagrams and sets of tables, illustrates the impact of the two world wars on U.S. business. 1419. Cooling, Benjamin Franklin, ed. War, Business, and American Society: Historical Perspectives on the Military-Industrial Complex. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1977. 205 pp. This volume contains several important articles on the military-industrial complex. Several of these articles deal with World War I. They include: “Armor Plate,” “Nickel and Steel,” “Monopoly and Profit,” “Regional Rivalries, Congress, and the MIC,” “The Norfolk and Charleston Navy Yards, 1913–20,” “The Problem of American Military Supply, 1890– 1920,” “Development of the Merchants of Death Theory,” and “The Naval Military-Industrial Complex, 1918–41.” 1420. Culbertson, William Smith. Commercial Policy in War Time and After: A Study of the Application of Democratic Ideas to International Commercial Relations. New York: D. Appleton, 1919. 479 pp. This book examines the permanent changes brought about by World War I on industry and trade. It surveys: the influences of change on U.S. and foreign industrial conditions, national commercial problems, trade practices on an international basis, and proposals for international economic cooperation through the League of Nations. Basically, the author argues for some form of international economic government. 1421. Eddy, Arthur Jerome. The New Competition. Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1913. 379 pp. This contemporary work in the pre-World War I period pragmatically examines the economic system in the United States. It deals with competition, cooperation, brutal competition, old competition, new competition, open-price policy, open-price association, harmony, customer relations, seller relations, public relations, vanishing industries, fair price, the trust

RT8955Z.indb 244

2/5/07 9:15:46 PM

Home Front

245

problem, labor problem, class legislation and discrimination, and constructive legislation. Written in a light vein, the work captures the popular view of economics at the time. 1422. Fabricant, Soloman. The Output of Manufacturing Industries, 1899–1937. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1940. 685 pp. Replete with tables, statistics, reports, and other data, this study chronicles the long-term changes in the production and make-up of American manufacturers between 1899 and 1937. The book documents World War I’s impact on the growth of manufacturers. 1423. Hoyt, Homer. “Standardization and Its Relation to Industrial Concentration.” Ann Am. AAPSS 82 (March 1919): 271–277. This article argues that standardization leads to concentration of industrial entities. 1424. Investigation of Economic Power, Temporary National Economic Power. Monograph No. 22, Technology in Our Economy, U.S. Senate, 76th Congress, 3rd Sess. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1941. 313 pp. This monograph produced by a special senate committee examines the impact of technology on the evolution of the concentration of economic power. 1425. Leland, Ottilie M., and Minnie Dubbs Millbrook. Master of Precision: Henry M. Leland. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1966. 296 pp. This sympathetic biography examines the career of one of the key leaders in the development of the automotive industry. During World War I, Leland developed the Liberty airplane engine. 1426. Moore, Geoffrey H. Production of Industrial Materials in World Wars I and II. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1944. 81 pp. This brief monograph, filled with graphs and charts, examines industrial production from 1939 to 1944 in comparison with the record of World War I. The report concludes that between 1914 and 1917 the rate of industrial expansion was 32 percent while between 1939 and 1942 the rate was 35 percent. In both conflicts the rate of increase decreased after two to three years. 1427. Nevins, Allan. Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953. 2 vols. This superb study of John D. Rockefeller, based on rich primary materials including oral interviews, concludes that without the rapid business growth stimulated by the organizational genius of men like Rockefeller, the United States might have lost World War II.

RT8955Z.indb 245

2/5/07 9:15:46 PM

246

America and World War I

1428. ———, and Frank Ernest Hill. Ford: Expansion and Challenge. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1957. 714 pp. This second volume of a masterful biography of Henry Ford contains the experiences of this very important man during World War I. Ford’s plan for a peace ship to end the war, his war production activity, and his support of Woodrow Wilson are detailed. 1429. Scheiber, Harry N. “World War I as Entrepreneurial Opportunity: Willard Straight and the American International Corporation.” Pol Sci Q 84 (September 1969): 486–511. This article examines the attempt by the leading officers of the nation’s largest banking and industrial interests to put the United States among the top nations in world commerce and finance. In his generally balanced account, Scheiber concludes that Straight and the AIC saw World War I as a way to make money and to expand the American market. 2. Profiteering 1430. Berglund, Abraham. “Price Fixing in the Iron and Steel Industry.” Q J Econ 32 (August 1918): 597–620. This article treats the rise of iron and steel prices in 1916 and 1917, a comparison with conditions in 1899–1900, problems involved in government regulation, announcement of September 1917, other announcements, and prices in early 1918. Berglund concludes that price fixing did not reduce production. 1431. Engelbrecht, H. C., and F. C. Hanighen. Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1934. 308 pp. This propaganda work blames the munitions makers for World War I. The book treats systematically the science and technology of the munitions industry, the organization and sales methods of the industry, and the history of armaments. It looks at DuPont, Krupp, Seigneur, DeSchnerder, the war in Europe, U.S. intervention, and postwar questions. 1432. Meyers, Eugene, Jr. War Profiteering: Some Practical Aspects of Its Control. Washington, DC, 1917. 17 pp. This brief essay examines some of the Wilson administration’s main areas of concern regarding war profiteering. The work points out that war profiteering must include the possibility of fair profits, and that the policy concerning profiteering must not be radical. The author argues for taxation rather than price fixing as a means of controlling profiteering.

RT8955Z.indb 246

2/5/07 9:15:46 PM

Home Front

247

1433. Morse, Lewis K. “The Price Fixing of Copper.” Q J Econ 33 (November 1918): 71–106. This essay deals with the price fixing of a basic item necessary for war, the uniqueness of the industry, the expanded demand for copper, copper as a “cornered” metal, the cooperative committee on copper, the need for price fixing, supply sources, risks in expanding production, and increased cost due to the war. 3. Finance 1434. Abrahams, Paul P. “American Bankers and the Economic Tactics of Peace: 1919.” J Amer Hist 56 (December 1969): 572–583. The Federal Reserve Act and the economic impact of World War I thrust the U.S. banking community into the center of international banking activities. Thus, bankers pushed the government to assume an international role in finance. 1435. Adams, T. S. “Principles of Excess Profit Taxation.” Ann AAPSS 75 (January 1918): 147–158. This paper treats excess profits taxation, its scope, and the principles on which it must function. The author argues in favor of a valuation of capital assets, and maintains that the excess profits tax must be only temporary. 1436. Blakely, Roy G. “Shifting the War Burden upon the Future.” Ann AAPSS 75 (January 1917): 90–104. This article argues against the practice of putting the financial burden of the war on the postwar period. It calls for adequate taxation and proper economization. 1437. Bogart, Ernest Ludlow. War Costs and Their Financing: A Study of the Financing of the War and the After-War Problems of Debt and Taxation. New York: D. Appleton, 1921. 510 pp. This book examines in outline form the procedures used in war finance in the United States, and it treats some of the major financial problems facing the United States and Europe in the period after the war. It concludes that the most significant result of the war was that the United States had become a creditor nation. After analyzing the financing of the war, the work focuses attention on financial reconstruction, inflation, taxation, and the war debt. 1438. Burk, Kathleen. Britain, America, and the Sinews of War, 1914–1918. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1985. 286 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 247

2/5/07 9:15:46 PM

248

America and World War I

Written primarily from a British perspective and heavily based on British sources, Burk convincingly demonstrates how critical American financial support for the British war effort had become by 1917. 1439. Hollander, Jacob H. War Borrowing: A Study of Treasury Certificates of Indebtedness of the United States. New York: Macmillan, 1919. 215 pp. This contemporary work treats the question of financing U.S. participation in World War I. The work treats: the background of war borrowing, the present borrowing situation, the role of the Treasury Department, the money market, the price level, and future speculation. Basically, the author sees the methods used for financing the war as successful. 1440. Horn, Martin. Britain, France, and the Financing of the First World War. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002. 249 pp. Burk has suggested that Britain would have been bankrupted without the financial relief provided by America’s entry into the war. Horn asserts that the French financial situation was even more desperate. It is his view that Britain could have continued to fight on if Washington had stayed on the sidelines in 1917. France could not. 1441. Miller, A. C. “War Finance and Inflation.” Ann AAPSS 75 (January 1918): 113–134. Written by a member of the Federal Reserve Board, this essay emphasizes that war finance needs to be concerned less with the dollar than with what it would purchase. Miller argues that the national financial process must produce the wartime needs while encouraging the reduction of consumer goods. This essay reflects well the contemporary feelings of the war period and its propaganda. 1442. Noyes, Alexander D. The War Period of American Finance, 1908–1925. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926. 459 pp. A narrative based on original sources, this study examines in a broad context the economic impact of World War I on the American economy. As a result of the war, the United States emerged as the credit center of the world. 1443. Patten, S. N. “The Fallacy of Price Bidding.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 129–143. This article explains price bidding and traces its history in the United States to the war’s background. Patten argues for price regulation. 1444. ———. “Liquidation Taxes.” Ann AAPSS 75 (January 1918): 165–181.

RT8955Z.indb 248

2/5/07 9:15:46 PM

Home Front

249

This essay argues against the use of large bond issues as a way of financing the war. The author favors a liquidation tax process to bring inflated values in line with physical valuations. 1445. ———. “Problems of War Finance.” Yale Review 7 (October 1917): 73–89. This essay discusses problems in financing the war and calls for taxes on unearned increment. 1446. Patterson, E. M. “Some Tendencies in the Federal Reserve System.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 118–129. This essay discusses the functioning of the Federal Reserve System as fiscal agent for the government, as issuer of notes, and as loaner to public and private entities. The author recommends deflationary measures such as tax increases and the shifting of the war’s financial burden from financial machinery to productivity. 1447. Schiff, Mortimer L. “War Time Borrowing by the Government.” Ann AAPSS 75 (January 1918): 38–51. This essay discusses borrowing by the government and outlines factors to be considered in war finance. It also suggests certain principles to ensure a positive public response to bond sales. Basically, it concludes that the public should be taught to save. 4. Agriculture 1448. Benedict, Murray R. Farm Policies of the United States, 1790–1950. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1953. 548 pp. This rather detailed and well-documented survey of American farm policies has a well-organized chapter dealing with the Wilson administration and reform and war and agriculture policies. 1449. Danborn, David B. “The Agricultural Extension System and the First World War.” Historian 41 (February 1979): 315–331. The home and extension agents played an important role during World War I in helping to mobilize rural public opinion. Agents were given much power as they sat on draft boards and treasury boards and were in charge of local distribution of seeds, fertilizers, and implements. Even though they were basically successful, the agents did have problems because they were overworked and treading on unfamiliar ground. 1450. Pinchot, Gifford. “Essentials to a Food Program for Next Year.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 156–163.

RT8955Z.indb 249

2/5/07 9:15:47 PM

250

America and World War I

Seeing food as the greatest U.S. contribution to the war effort, the author argues that production should be increased while usage should be reduced. Pinchot emphasizes that the farmer should be brought into the mainstream of planning and regulation. 1451. Shideler, James H. Farm Crisis, 1919–1923. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957. 345 pp. This well-researched work deals with a very frustrating period of agricultural history. Basically, it treats farm problems which resulted from the World War I period. 1452. Taylor, Alonzo F. “International and National Food Control.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 149–156. The author sees the food problem as a problem of priorities. Among those on the priority list are: the Allies, European neutrals, hemispheric neutrals, and the United States. He calls for the unification of agencies so that there would be one export buyer. 1453. Weld, L. D. H. “The Livestock and Meat Situation.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 168–175. An executive from the meatpacking industry examines the contribution made by that entity to the war effort. He defends the interests of the large packer and the practice of price speculation. He questions the value of price regulation. 5. Labor 1454. Abell, Aaron I. American Catholicism and Social Action: A Search for Social Justice 1865–1950. Garden City, NY: Hanover House, 1960. 306 pp. This survey of the Catholic social reform movement in the United States explores the church’s attitude toward labor during and after World War I. Generally, the church supported the labor movement instead of a socialistic approach. 1455. Bing, Alexander M. War-Time Strikes and Their Adjustment. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1921. 329 pp. This older study examines the labor problems of World War I as well as the attempts to ameliorate them. Based on the author’s experiences during the war as well as relevant government documents, the work concludes that the wartime labor problems had their roots in prewar problems. 1456. Blackman, John L., Jr. “Navy Policy Toward the Labor Relations of Its War Contractors.” Mil Affairs 18 (Winter 1954): 176–187.

RT8955Z.indb 250

2/5/07 9:15:47 PM

Home Front

251

The first half of this article examines the navy’s eventual emulation during World War I of the army’s labor-relations sections to provide for industrial harmony. 1457. Brody, David. Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1965. 208 pp. Well written, this book examines all facets of the steel strike of 1919. It contains a good synthesis of labor problems during World War I. 1458. Carter, W. S. “Effect of Federal Control on Railway Labor.” Proc APS 8 (1920): 64–76. The director of the labor division of the U.S. Railroad Administration points out that it was possible to ameliorate conflicts between labor and management under the wartime structure. He warns that the manipulators of opinion may hurt the cause of peace between labor and management. 1459. Conner, Valerie Jean. The National War Labor Board: Stability, Social Justice and the Voluntary State in World War I. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983. 234 pp. Conner pays particular attention to the role played by William Howard Taft and Frank Walsh, the cochairmen of the NWLB. 1460. Dick, William M. Labor and Socialism in America: The Gompers Era. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1974. 211 pp. Dick argues that Gompers was more to the left than most historians have portrayed him. Socialism was factionalized and managed to take an extremely antiwar stand during World War I, which hurt it with most people in the United States. 1461. Feiss, Richard A. “Stimulating Labor Efficiency in War Time.” Ann AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 106–111. This article argues for public education to improve labor efficiency. * Gompers, Samuel. Seventy Years of Life and Labor. Cited above as item 1041. 1462. Green, Marguerite. The National Civic Federation and the American Labor Movement, 1900–1925. Washington, DC: Catholic University Press, 1956. 537 pp. The National Civic Federation served as a forum for the discussion of national affairs. Led by Ralph M. Easly, a Kansas journalist, the NCF influenced the development of progressivism. Generally pro-labor, and with Samuel Gompers serving in a leadership role, the organization

RT8955Z.indb 251

2/5/07 9:15:47 PM

252

America and World War I

became ultra conservative during World War I as it attempted to stamp out radicalism during and after the war. The book is well written and thoroughly documented. * Grubbs, Frank L., Jr. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty: Gompers, the A. F. of L. and the Pacifists, 1917–1920. Cited above as item 1042. 1463. Krivy, Leonard Phillip. “American Organized Labor and the First World War, 1917–1918: A History of Labor Problems and the Development of a Government War Labor Program.” Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1965. 375 pp. In 1917, as the United States was drawn into World War I, the government discovered that it had no mechanism to pull labor into the mobilization program. This dissertation, based on primary documentation, treats the attempts by the government to deal with labor problems by leaving them in the hands of those who dealt with prewar labor problems. However, their failure led to government intervention by the National War Labor Board and the War Labor Policies Board, which standardized the basic labor policies of all war industries. This centralization with equal standards for all saved much waste. 1464. McCartin, Joseph A. The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations, 1912–1921. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. 303 pp. This work describes the profound ways in which labor was transformed by the federal policies of the Great War. I. Demobilization 1465. Hersey, Harold B. When the Boys Come Home. New York: Brittan Publishing, 1919. 204 pp. This interesting volume by a World War I American officer is a kind of memoir and view of what the civilians might expect of the soldiers when they came home. The author emphasizes that the soldiers had undergone a radical physical and psychological change, and that it would be difficult for the soldiers to settle into civilian life. Yet these soldiers have developed a greater appreciation for civilian life. This is a good contemporary view of what the soldiers would be like when they returned home. 1466. Howenstine, E. Jay, Jr. “Lessons of World War I.” Ann AAPSS 238 (March 1945): 180–187.

RT8955Z.indb 252

2/5/07 9:15:47 PM

Home Front

253

This article deals with the lessons learned from World War I concerning rapid demobilization. It concludes that: there was a great demand for rapid demobilization; some special preparations and inducements would be necessary to maintain an occupation army of high morale; a strong public employment service would be needed; and a public works program would be necessary to help provide jobs for the temporarily unemployed. 1467. Mock, James R., and Evangeline Thruber. Report on Demobilization. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1944. 257 pp. This is a well-written, balanced account of the failure of many postwar reconstruction programs. 1468. Paxson, Frederic L. “The Great Demobilization.” Amer Hist Rev 44 (January 1939): 237–251. Paxson’s view of demobilization can be summed up with this quotation from his enlightening article: “There are moments in the history of mobilization in which the government of the United States looked like a madhouse; but in demobilization there was lacking even the madhouse in which the crazy might be incarcerated. They were at large.” 1469. Rasmussen, John Curtis. “The American Forces in Germany and Civil Affairs, July 1919–January 1923.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1972. 266 pp. This dissertation examines the solid administrative achievements of the American forces that occupied a part of the Rhineland for four years. 1470. Reid, Bill G. “Proposed American Plans for Soldier Settlement During the World War I Period.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1963. 239 pp. Faced with the problem of what to do with 450,000 returning soldiers, some in the United States, led by Interior Secretary Franklin K. Lane, proposed putting the veterans on unused land for development as farm land. Due to the questionable support of reclamators and speculators, the plan was never enacted. Farm colonies were, however, established in six states with preference going to veterans, but the Depression caused these to fail. 1471. Shaw, Albert. “The Demobilization of Labor in War Industries and in Military Service.” Proc APS 8 (1920): 127–134. This article surveys the problems concerning the demobilization of the economy at the end of World War I.

RT8955Z.indb 253

2/5/07 9:15:47 PM

254

America and World War I

1472. Van Meter, Robert Hardin, Jr. “The United States and European Recovery 1918–1923: A Study of Public Policy and Private Finance.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1971. 491 pp. This well-researched study treats the efforts of presidents Wilson and Harding in the economic recovery of Europe after World War I. Wilson hoped that postwar political stability would result in increased American private investment in Europe. However, the treaty’s rejection, reparations, and hostile feeling in Europe doomed this plan. 1473. Warburg, Paul M. “Same Phases of Financial Reconstruction.” Ann AAPSS 82 (March 1919): 347–373. A former member of the Federal Reserve Board examines financial factors in the postwar period. They include: world trade financing, a peace finance corporation, government bonds and inflation, and the financial role of the United States in the world. 1474. Woll, Matthew. “American Labor Readjustment Proposals.” Proc APS 8 (1920): 47–58. The president of a labor organization examines the question of labor and demobilization and offers some suggestions. They include: national control of services and industries vital to national security, mediation and conciliation, and education.

RT8955Z.indb 254

2/5/07 9:15:47 PM

VI Social and Cultural Impact of the War

A. General and Comparative Sources 1475. Adams, Michael C. C. The Great Adventure: Male Desire and the Coming of World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. 168 pp. Adams attempts to explain the enthusiasm for war found in soldiers from the Anglo-American culture. His analysis is based on literary sources and focuses on the upper-middle class. * Albrecht-Carrié, René. The Meaning of the First World War. Cited above as item 166. 1476. Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane, and Annette Becker. 14–18: Understanding the Great War. New York: Hill & Wang, 2002. 280 pp. This is a provocative and didactic attempt to understand the Great War. The essays focus on “violence,” “crusade,” and “mourning.” The authors are the directors of a World War I museum and research center in France. 1477. Bourke, Joanna. Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain, and the Great War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 336 pp. How were British men changed by the Great War? That is the question that Bourke addresses. Recognizing that the war in many instances may have only sped up changes already under way, she does not claim too much in her conclusion. 255

RT8955Z.indb 255

2/5/07 9:15:48 PM

256

America and World War I

* Ferro, Marc. The Great War 1914–1918. Cited above as item 186. 1478. Frantzen, Allen J. Bloody Good: Chivalry, Sacrifice, and the Great War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. 335 pp. Frantzen attempt to examine the role that chivalry (which originated in the Middle Ages) played on the battlefields of World War I. Among other sources are the postcards and propaganda posters of the war years. * King, Jere Clemens, ed. The First World War. Cited above as item 195. 1479. Macleod, Jenny, and Pierre Purseigle, eds. Uncovered Fields: Perspectives in First World War Studies. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2004. 302 pp. The genesis of this book was an international conference in Lyon, France, in 2001. The only essay that concerns the United States is one by Michael Neiberg on civil-military relations in France, Britain, and the United States. 1480. Marchand, C. Roland. The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898–1918. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973. 441 pp. Marchand’s study of the peace movement shows how diverse it was. The author successfully illustrates how the various peace groups responded to World War I. This is first-rate social history. 1481. Marwick, Arthur. Britain in the Century of Total War: War, Peace and Social Change, 1900–1967. Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1968. 511 pp. This social history is an extension of Marwick’s earlier work, The Deluge, on the impact of World War I on the British home front. Marwick’s research covers a wide variety of printed sources. 1482. ———. The Deluge: British Society and the First World War. London: Bodley Head, 1965. 336 pp. The author, a Scottish historian, has written a first-rate study which offers fresh insight into the impact of war on British society. 1483. ———. War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1975. 258 pp. This is a general but stimulating survey of the impact of war on the home fronts of some of the major belligerents in World War I. Among the many sources used in this superior comparative social history are contemporary films. 1484. May, Henry F. The End of American Innocence: A Study of the First Years of Our Own Time, 1917–1919. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959. 413 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 256

2/5/07 9:15:48 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

257

One of the major studies in cultural and intellectual his­tory, this work looks at the roots of the cultural revolution prior to the war and then analyzes the impact of the conflict on the American mind. May concludes that the revolt started before the war and that ultimately it involved the loss of optimism. This loss of American “innocence” was a tragedy but not a disaster. 1485. Mayer, Arno J. The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War. New York: Pantheon Books, 1981. 368 pp. This is a provocative analysis of the perseverance of the old regime in the six major European powers. Based on secondary sources, it is, in the author’s words, “a Marxist history from the top down, not the bottom up, with the focus on the upper rather than the lower classes.” 1486. Mosse, George L. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. 264 pp. This is an engaging work by a prominent scholar on how total war with its destruction and huge casualty figures shaped both individuals and nations. The mythology of the war helped make mass death for the victor tolerable, but it also was used by the defeated for national regeneration. 1487. Roshwald, Aviel, et al., eds. European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment, and Propaganda, 1914–1918. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 430 pp. This is one of the volumes in the Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare series under the editorial leadership of Jay Winter. There are 14 essays with emphasis being given to the generally neglected eastern front. 1488. Shotwell, James T. “The Social History of the War.” Columbia University Quarterly 21 (October 1919): 284–297. In this article, based on a lecture at the University of Paris in 1919, an internationally recognized historian delivers a word of advice to historians who will be dealing with the social history of the war. He urges that “history must become social in outlook and social sciences historical, in order to cooperate effectively.” 1489. Sullivan, Mark. Over Here, 1914–1918. Vol. 5, Our Times: The United States 1900–1925. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933. 676 pp. This sprightly volume is a narrative social survey of the United States from 1914 to 1918. Despite outdated interpre­tations, this work captures the spirit of the home front and can be used by instructors to enliven their classroom lectures.

RT8955Z.indb 257

2/5/07 9:15:48 PM

258

America and World War I

1490. Watson, Janet S. K. Fighting Different Wars: Experience, Memory, and the First World War in Britain. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 333 pp. This is another volume in the Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare. It serves as a corrective to how the war is often viewed by the present generation, especially in popular culture. Watson argues (I think correctly) that much of the talk of useless sacrifice occurred after the guns were silent. This disillusionment was largely the result of the many postwar memoirs and novels that were written. 1491. Winter, Jay. Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 310 pp. This is the first volume in the Studies in the Social and History of Modern Warfare series. The author, a leading memory historian, examines how survivors struggled to accept the loss of loved ones. He notes that some arranged to have the dead clandestinely returned from their official battlefield graves to village cemeteries. 1492. Wohl, Robert. The Generation of 1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979. 307 pp. Wohl’s purpose is a laudable one: “to rescue the generation of 1914 from the shadowland of myth and to restore it to the realm of history.” Using an impressive variety of sources, the author assesses the impact of World War I on the French, Germans, English, Spanish, and Italians. This is superior intellectual history. B. Prisoners of War 1493. Dennett, Carl P. Prisoners of the Great War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919. 236 pp. Dennett, a deputy Red Cross commissioner who was sent to Switzerland to provide for the proper care of American prisoners of war, gives an authoritative statement on conditions in Ger­man prison camps. 1494. Glidden, William B. “Internment Camps in America, 1917–1920.” Mil Affairs 37 (December 1973): 137–141. The records of the War Department were researched to enable the author to answer certain questions about the treatment of alien prisoners in the United States during the war. 1495. Hoffman, Conrad. In the Prison Camps of Germany. New York: Association Press, 1920. 279 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 258

2/5/07 9:15:48 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

259

Hoffman provides an insider’s view for he served throughout much of the war as the secretary of the war prisoners’ aid committee of the YMCA. One chapter is entitled “Visiting the First American Prisoners.” 1496. Isaacs, Edouard V. M. Prisoner of the U-90. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1919. 184 pp. This is an interesting account, written by the only U.S. Navy line officer to be captured during the war. Isaacs, after a brief stay in German prison camps, escaped to Switzer­land. 1497. Messimer, Dwight R. Escape from Villingen, 1918. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000. 195 pp. First Lieutenant George Puryear, an American pilot, shot down a German observation plane and then landed to capture the enemy aviator. Unfortunately he landed behind German lines and was himself captured. He later, however, led a mass escape from the prison camp at Villingen, Germany. 1498. McCarthy, Daniel J. The Prisoner of War in Germany: The Care and Treatment of the Prisoner with a History of the Develop­ment of Neutral Inspection and Control. London: Skeffington, 1918. 256 pp. McCarthy, a University of Pennsylvania professor, relates what he discovered about conditions in German prisons as a representative of the American embassy in Berlin. 1499. O’Brien, Pat. Outwitting the Hun: My Escape from a German Prison Camp. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1918. 283 pp. This fascinating narrative tells of a U.S. lieutenant’s es­cape from a German prison camp. He was shot down while flying for the British. 1500. Rachamimov, Alon. POWs and the Great War: Captivity on the Eastern Front. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2002. 256 pp. See also the study by Richard B. Speed. 1501. Speed, Richard B., III. Prisoners, Diplomats, and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1990. 244 pp. Speed contends that, with the exception of Russia, POWs received humanitarian treatment from the major belligerent powers. Russia’s political and economic collapse largely explains why many POWs died in captivity in Russian prison camps. The difference between the way Imperial and Nazi Germany treated its Slavic prisoners is extraordinary. Fewer than 5 percent of Imperial Germany’s prisoners, most of whom were from the Tsarist army, died in captivity.

RT8955Z.indb 259

2/5/07 9:15:48 PM

260

America and World War I

* Willis, Edward F. Herbert Hoover and the Russian Prisoners of World War I: A Study in Diplomacy and Relief, 1918–1919. Cited above as item 1056. C. Religious and Moral Aspects 1502. Abrams, Ray H. Preachers Present Arms: The Role of the Ameri­can Churches and Clergy in World Wars I and II, with Some Observations on the War in Vietnam. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1969. 330 pp. This is a revised edition of a 1933 thesis which focuses on the Great War. The author, a professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, takes a sociological approach. This work in important respects reflects the isolationist sentiment in the United States in the 1930s and Abrams’ pacificism. His bibliography serves as a good guide to the sources. 1503. Bittle, Celestine N. Soldiering for Cross and Flag: Impressions of a War Chaplain. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1929. 331 pp. Father Bittle served with the America Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in 1918–1919. The story he relates is a very personal one. 1504. Committee on the War and the Religious Outlook. The Missionary Outlook in the Light of the War. New York: Associated Press, 1920. 329 pp. The committee argues that the Great War made missionary work more significant and more urgent. Among other things, Wilson’s “new diplomacy” made the foreign efforts of Christians more relevant on a global basis. 1505. ———. Religion Among American Men, as Revealed by a Study of Conditions in the Army. New York: Associated Press, 1920. 155 pp. The committee responsible for the publication of this volume was created by the federal council of the Churches of Christ in America and the general wartime commissions of the churches. Based on questionnaires, interviews, letters, articles, and the personal experiences of members of the committee and its secretaries, this work is divided into three parts: “The State of Religion as Revealed in the Army,” “The Effect of the War on Religion in the Army,” and “Lessons for the Church.” 1506. Furniss, Norman F. The Fundamentalist Controversy, 1918–1931. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1963. 199 pp. This work on fundamentalism in the 1920s traces its roots to World War I. There is a brief discussion of the war’s impact on fundamentalism.

RT8955Z.indb 260

2/5/07 9:15:48 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

261

1507. [Gray, Harold S.] Character “Bad”: The Story of a Conscientious Objector, as Told in the Letters of Harold Studley Gray. Edited by Kenneth I. Brown. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1934. 258 pp. This volume contains the letters of a conscientious objector to his family. They reveal the everyday affairs of a young man away from home and the influences which caused Gray to learn and live the “will of God in the face of war.” Ultimately, Gray’s stand caused him to spend time behind bars at Fort Riley, Fort Leavenworth, and Alcatraz before he was given a dishonorable discharge. 1508. Honeywell, Roy J. Chaplains of the United States Army. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Department of the Army, 1958. 376 pp. This valuable general survey has an extremely thorough bib­liography. There are two chapters on World War I. 1509. Hoover, A. J. God, Germany, and Britain in the Great War: A Study in Clerical Nationalism. New York: Praeger, 1989. 156 pp. This is a comparative study of how German and British clergy reacted to the horror of mass death and destruction in World War I. Nationalism apparently made any common ground impossible for these men of God. 1510. Hurtzler, J. S. Mennonites in the World War: Or Nonresistance Under Test. Scottdale, PA: Mennonite Publishing House, 1922. 246 pp. This work represents the official Mennonite view of their experiences during World War I. It traces the history of nonviolence in the Mennonite religion down through World War I, describing the Mennonite attempt to present their perspective to the U.S. and Canadian governments. It also treats the experiences of some of the conscientious objectors and describes the church’s relief work. 1511. Jorgensen, Daniel P. The Service of Chaplains to Army Air Units, 1917–1946. Washington, DC: U.S. Office, Chief of Air Force Chaplains, 1961. 344 pp. The genesis of the air chaplaincy is described in this official history. 1512. McKim, R. H. For God and Country; Or, the Christian Pulpit in WarTime. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1918. 129 pp. This volume consists of the wartime addresses of McKim, the rector of the Church of the Epiphany, Washington, DC, most of which were delivered prior to American belligerency. 1513. McMahan, Russell Samuel, Jr. “The Protestant Churches During World War I: The Home Front, 1917–1918.” Doctoral disser­tation, Saint Louis University, 1968. 305 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 261

2/5/07 9:15:49 PM

262

America and World War I

This competent study deals with the role of Protestant churches in the war effort. It examines the propaganda role of Protestant churches in such activities as the Liberty Loans and food and fuel conservation. In return for their support of the war effort, the churches demanded reforms in prohibi­tion, labor, and race relations. 1514. Mathews, Shailer. Patriotism and Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1918. 161 pp. Mathews attempts to reconcile the American military effort against Germany with religion in a series of lectures at the University of North Carolina in 1918. 1515. Meyer, Ernest L. “Hey! Yellowbacks!” The War Diary of a Conscientious Objector. New York: John Day, 1930. 209 pp. This record of Meyer’s experiences during World War I re­veals the problems of being a pacifist during war. Meyer was a political pacifist of German descent who was expelled from the University of Wisconsin for being a draft evader. This book details his treatment in the army at Camp Taylor, Camp Sherman, Fort Leavenworth, and Fort Riley. He generally re­ceived good treatment. Ultimately he was discharged. 1516. Morgan, David T. “The Revivalist as Patriot: Billy Sunday and World War I.” Journal of Presbyterian History 51 (Summer 1973): 199–215. The Presbyterian evangelist’s mixing of patriotism and religion is examined in this extremely interesting article. Sunday often let himself go in his sermons, once referring to Germany’s wartime leadership as “Kaiser Bill and his dirty bunch of pretzel-chewing, limburger-eating highbinders.” 1517. Oxenham, John. High Altars. New York: George H. Doran, 1918. 63 pp. An observer who got permission to visit the western front writes of the religious attitudes of the soldiers. The sec­tions are separated by verse. 1518. Piper, John F., Jr. The American Churches in World War I. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985. 230 pp. Piper compares the approach of Protestantism and Catholicism to American participation in the Great War. He concentrates on two national religious groups, the General War-Time Commission of the Federal Council of Churches, an ecumenical organization, and the National Catholic War Council. More balanced in his approach, Piper serves as a corrective to Ray H. Abrams’ critical view of the American clergy. 1519. Schweitzer, Richard. The Cross and the Trenches: Religious Faith and Doubt among British and American Great War Soldiers. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. 311 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 262

2/5/07 9:15:49 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

263

It may be true that there are no atheists in the trenches, but it is also true that fighting men, even devout soldiers, seldom write about their faith. Schweitzer, however, has done considerable spade work in British and American archives to document the religious faith of American and British soldiers in World War I. 1520. Stearns, Gustav. From Army Camps and Battlefields. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1919. 281 pp. Stearns took a sabbatical from his church to join American troops during the war, writing 76 weekly letters to his congregation at the Church of Ascension in Milwaukee. Numerous illustrations are included. 1521. Stephens, D. Owen. With Quakers in France. London: C.W. Daniel, 1921. 336 pp. Stephens was a Quaker pacifist who helped the French repair the destruction caused by the German withdrawal in 1916 to their Hindenburg line. 1522. Stover, Earl F. The United States Army Chaplaincy. Vol. 3, Up from Handymen, 1865–1920. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Department of the Army, 1977. 302 pp. This is a scholarly and enlightening account. About one-fourth of this volume focuses on the period of World War I. 1523. United States Catholic Chaplains in the World War. New York: Army and Navy Chaplains Ordinariate, 1924. 359 pp. This is a register of the war records rather than a his­torical narrative of the Catholic army and navy chaplains during the Great War. 1524. United States War Department. Statement Concerning the Treatment of Conscientious Objectors in the Army. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919. 71 pp. This brief but thorough pamphlet contains much essential information concerning the army’s official position regarding conscientious objectors. The army’s position was that conscientious objectors were fairly treated. 1525. Williams, Michael. American Catholics in the War: National Catholic Council, 1917–1921. New York: Macmillan, 1921. 467 pp. This pioneer work, which applauds Catholic patriotism in the war, is at odds with the approach taken by Abrams (item 1502) in his history of religious leadership during the war.

RT8955Z.indb 263

2/5/07 9:15:49 PM

264

America and World War I

D. Education in War 1526. Gruber, Carol S. Mars and Minerva: World War I and the Uses of the Higher Learning in America. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975. 293 pp. This work treats the failures of teachers in higher education to serve the interests of truth, serving instead the interests of power. This wellresearched volume critically examines the inadequate defense of academic freedom and the use of higher education by the government in propaganda. See also the author’s 1968 Columbia University doctoral dissertation. 1527. Hanna, Martha. The Mobilization of Intellect: French Scholars and Writers during the Great War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. 292 pp. French scholars and writers as well as other young men were mobilized to defend their country against the German invasion in 1914. The “intellectual nationalism” provoked by the war, according to Hanna, assisted the rise of the right in France in the 1920s. 1528. Howe, M. A. DeWolfe. Memoirs of the Harvard Dead in the War Against Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1920. 200 pp. Howe, the author of several war books, gives the memoirs of 30 Harvard men who died in the war prior to American belligerency. Extracts from letters and diaries are used. 1529. Kolbe, Parke R. The Colleges in War-Time and After: A Contemporary Account of the Effect of the War upon Higher Education in America. New York: D. Appleton, 1919. 320 pp. Kolbe, the president of the Municipal University of Akron, has written a contemporary account of higher education during the Great War. Topics covered include college women and the war, the war’s effect on academic conditions and the college curriculum, ROTC, and the Students’ Army Training Corps. 1530. Lyons, Gene M., and John W. Masland. “The Origins of the ROTC.” Mil Affairs 23 (Spring 1959): 1–12. An ROTC program on college campuses was viewed by the general staff during the Great War as a realistic alternative to a greatly expanded military academy. 1531. Nicholas, William Elmer, III. “Academic Dissent in World War I, 1917– 1918.” Doctoral dissertation, Tulane University, 1970. 264 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 264

2/5/07 9:15:49 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

265

The impact of World War I on the academic community changed the atmosphere of the nation’s universities from one of tolerance to a narrow-minded subservience to national purpose. Professors were dismissed for pacifism or disloyal utterances. Despite this “witch hunt,” the American Association of University Professors made little attempt to defend academic freedom. 1532. Perry, Ralph Barton. The Plattsburgh Movement: A Chapter of America’s Participation in the World War. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1921. 275 pp. This is a valuable, sympathetic study of the development of the Military Training Campus Association. 1533. Rudy, Willis. Total War and Twentieth-Century Higher Learning: Universities of the Western World in the First and Second World War. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1991. 133 pp. This overly ambitious work serves as an introduction to the subject. American universities are included in the author’s survey. 1534. Summerscales, William. Affirmation and Dissent: Columbia’s Response to the Crisis of World War I. New York: Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1970. 159 pp. This narrowly focused study examines the impact of World War I on Columbia University. Details of the presidency of Nicholas Murray Butler, faculty dissent, and the hope that the war would advance progressivism are revealed. 1535. Technology’s War Record: An Interpretation of the Contribution Made by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology…in the Great War, 1914–1919. Cambridge, MA: Alumni Association of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1920. 747 pp. This is an unusually thorough (and valuable) accounting of the contributions made by the staff, students, and alumni of MIT. 1536. Thwing, Charles F. The American Colleges and Universities in the Great War, 1914–1919: A History. New York: Macmillan, 1920. 276 pp. According to the preface, Thwing, the president of Western Reserve University, prepared this volume to elucidate the important contributions made by higher education to the war effort. 1537. Todd, Lewis Paul. Wartime Relations of the Federal Government and the Public Schools, 1917–1918. New York: Columbia University Teachers College, 1945. 240 pp. This monograph is concerned with the wartime federal activities in the public elementary and secondary schools. Chapter headings range from “Stimulating Patriotism in the Schools” to “Schoolboys in Uniform.”

RT8955Z.indb 265

2/5/07 9:15:49 PM

266

America and World War I

1538. United States War Department. Committee on Education and Special Training: A Review of Its Work During 1918 by the Advisory Board. Washington, DC: War Department, 1918. 144 pp. This is an important primary source on the War Department’s relationship with educational institutions. 1539. Zimmerman, Norman Allan. “A Triumph for Orthodoxy: The University of Wisconsin During World War I.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1971. 243 pp. This well-documented study examines the impact of the war on a distinguished state university. Prior to World War I, the University of Wisconsin fostered innovation and experimentation, but during the war hysterical intolerance pervaded the university. This dissertation analyzes why the change occurred on all levels of the university. E. Reporting the War 1540. American Chronicle: The Autobiography of Ray Stannard Baker. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1945. 531 pp. This autobiography by a prominent muckraker includes a lengthy section on World War I. Baker joined Creel on the Committee on Public Information, represented the State Department on a fact-finding mission to Europe in 1918, and headed the press department of the American peace commission to Paris. He was also an intimate of President Wilson. 1541. Broun, Heywood C. The A. E. F.: With General Pershing and the American Forces. New York: D. Appleton, 1918. 297 pp. This volume contains many of Broun’s New York Tribune columns. Broun was one of seven American journalists who was allowed to accompany the 1st Division into the line. His account is full of American firsts in the battle against the German army. 1542. Chisolm, Anne, and Michael Davies. Lord Beaverbrook: A Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. 589 pp. This press magnate played an important role with his exploitation of mass journalism during the Great War. Lord Beaverbrook (Sir William Maxwell Aitken) purchased control of the Daily Express in 1916 and later served in Lloyd George’s government. 1543. Cornebise, Alfred E. The Stars and Stripes: Doughboy Journalism in World War I. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984. 221 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 266

2/5/07 9:15:50 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

267

This eight-page newspaper, which sold for about 10 cents, had a peak circulation of 526,000. It is a valuable source on the reaction of young American soldiers to the war and their environment in France. 1544. Crozier, Emmet. American Reporters on the Western Front 1914–1918. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959. 299 pp. Although documentation is lacking, this is a solid piece of work on American war correspondents who covered the war in France and Flanders, both before and after American interven­tion. Pershing is shown as being particularly maladroit in his handling of the press. The appendix includes a list of the reporters who covered the AEF and the newspapers that they represented. 1545. Dorr, Rheta. Soldier’s Mother in France. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1918. 248 pp. This volume was written by a newspaper correspondent whose son was in the AEF to give assurance to other U.S. mothers who had sons in France. 1546. Dunn, Robert. Five Fronts: On the Firing-Lines with English-French, Austrian, German and Russian Troops. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1915. 308 pp. Some vivid and unbiased glimpses of the war can be found in this volume by a reporter for the New York Evening Post. 1547. Green, Horace. The Log of a Noncombatant. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1915. 169 pp. Green relates his experiences and impressions of the first year of the war. The alleged German atrocities in Belgium re­ceive some attention. The author was the correspondent for the New York Evening Post and the Boston Journal. 1548. Hilderbrand, Robert C., ed. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. Vol. 50, The Complete Press Conferences, 1913–1919. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985. President Wilson was the first president to hold regular press conferences. Hilderbrand’s superbly edited volume of the more than 150 transcripts of his meetings with a not always sympathetic press is a valuable contribution to the documentation of Wilson’s presidency. 1549. ———. Power and the People: Executive Management of Public Opinion in Foreign Affairs, 1897–1921. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981. 262 pp. This valuable study chronicles White House attempts from McKinley to Woodrow Wilson to manipulate the press.

RT8955Z.indb 267

2/5/07 9:15:50 PM

268

America and World War I

1550. Johnson, Walter. William Allen White’s America. New York: Henry Holt, 1947. 621 pp. This sympathetic biography of one of the most highly respected journalists of the first half of the 19th century devotes four chapters to the war as seen through the eyes of a small town journalist. White traveled to Europe to investigate Red Cross war work and also covered the peace conference at Paris. He warned that the German republic was a facade behind which the militarists would rearm. 1551. Juergens, George. News from the White House: The Presidential-Press Relationship in the Progressive Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. 338 pp. Juergens argues that Wilson, who wanted to speak to the public directly, was hostile to the role played by the national press corps that emerged in World War I. His relations with the press reached its nadir during peace making. He excluded the press from the deliberations at the Paris Peace Conference and then failed to enlist its support during the fight over ratification. 1552. McEwen, J. M. ‘“Brass-Hats’ and the British Press During the First World War.” Can J Hist 18 (April 1983): 43–67. This enlightening article examines attempts by generals and admirals to use the influential national press as a weapon against their civilian masters. Often the military and naval leaders who trafficked with Fleet Street discovered to their dismay that the use of the press was a double-edged sword. Among other sources, the author uses the papers of H. A. Gwynne (Morning Post) and Leo Maxse (National Review). 1553. Mathews, Joseph J. Reporting the Wars. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1957. 322 pp. This general survey includes some information on the activi­ties of war correspondents during the Great War. 1554. Mock, James R. Censorship, 1917. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1941. 250 pp. The author’s primary purpose is to emphasize the wartime violations of the first amendment of the constitution. It was no accident that this volume was published in 1941, only months before the United States was drawn into another great world war. 1555. Palmer, Frederick. My Second Year of the War. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1917. 404 pp. This is an interesting, though impressionistic, account by one of America’s most noted war correspondents.

RT8955Z.indb 268

2/5/07 9:15:50 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

269

1556. ———. My Year of the Great War. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1915. 390 pp. Palmer was the only accredited American war correspondent with the British Expeditionary Forces (BEF). 1557. ———. With My Own Eyes: A Personal Story of Battle Years. London: Jarrolds, 1934. 350 pp. Palmer gives his firsthand observations of the Great War. 1558. Powell, E. Alexander. Vive la France! New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915. 254 pp. This American reporter describes life in the British and French sectors during the mid-years of the war. His account of field hospitals is both realistic and noteworthy. 1559. Reed, John. War in Eastern Europe. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916. 334 pp. Reed’s unfortunate timing for his tour of Russia and Serbia prevented him from seeing much of the actual fighting, but his views of life behind the lines are valuable nonetheless. Cartoons by Boardman Robinson are included. 1560. Ruhl, Arthur. Antwerp to Gallipoli: A Year of War on Many Fronts—and Behind Them. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916. 304 pp. The views of an American reporter, based on travel on both sides of the front, are given in this illustrated volume. Ruhl covered the war from many vantage points, including Paris, the Russian front, the Dardanelles, and German prison camps. * Stars and Stripes. Cited above as item 535. 1561. Sweetser, Arthur. Roadside Glimpses of the Great War. New York: Macmillan, 1916. 272 pp. This work concerns the experiences of a Boston reporter who covered the opening battles of the war on a bicycle in Belgium. Sweetser was at different times the prisoner of the French and the Germans. 1562. Thompson, John A. Reformers and War: American Progressive Publicists and the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 300 pp. This work examines the effect of World War I on some 20 prominent editors, publicists, and journalists who had important links to progressivism before the war. 1563. Waldo, Fullerton L. America at the Front. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1918. 170 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 269

2/5/07 9:15:50 PM

270

America and World War I

Written by a Philadelphia reporter, this narrative tells of Waldo’s observations of the AEF. This illustrated narrative begins in June 1918. 1564. Wile, Frederic William. Assault: Germany Before the Outbreak and England in War-Time. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1916. 413 pp. Wile had been reporting on events in Germany for 13 years when the war came. Accused of being a spy, he was forced to leave Berlin. He then covered the war from London. 1565. Williams, Wythe. Passed by the Censor. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1916. 270 pp. Williams, a New York Times reporter, joined the Red Cross in 1914 in order to cover the war in the front lines. By 1915 he was allowed by the French to visit the front as a reporter. F. Women and the War 1566. Addams, Jane. Peace and Bread in Time of War. New York: Mac­millan, 1922. 257 pp. This volume is a brief history of the women’s peace movement during World War I. It is basically an autobiographical account of the role of Jane Addams in that movement. It treats the war’s beginning, the neutral conference and the Ford Peace Ship, Wilson’s policies and the Woman’s Peace Party, the bread rations and women’s tradition, a speculation on bread labor and war slogans, the U.S. entry into the war, Addams’ reactions to the war, the armistice, and the aftermath of war. 1567. ———, et al. Women at the Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results. New York: Macmillan, 1915. 171 pp. Written by three American delegates, this volume presents the story of the International Congress of Women in 1915. It is a good and somewhat journalistic account of European peace sentiment in 1915. The impressions of the war from the war capitals are especially interesting. In addition to examining antiwar sentiment as well as the reasons for the continuation of the war, this work reveals the growing political importance of women. 1568. Braybon, Gail. Women Workers in the First World War. London: Croom Helm, 1981. 244 pp. This examination of attitudes toward working-class women in British industry during World War I will be valuable to anyone interested in comparing American and British women factory workers.

RT8955Z.indb 270

2/5/07 9:15:50 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

271

1569. Braybon, Gail, and Penny Summerfield. Out of the Cage: Women’s Experiences in Two World Wars. New York: Pandora, 1987. 330 pp. Nicely illustrated, this general study relies heavily on oral history. Among the topics covered is the attempt by governments to hide from the public the serious health risk of TNT poisoning for women working in munitions factories. 1570. Brown, Carrie. Rosie’s Mom: Forgotten Women Workers of the First World War. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002. 240 pp. This richly illustrated book examines working-class immigrant women during the Great War and the female reformers who attempted to prevent their exploitation in industry and commerce. 1571. Early, Frances H. A World without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997. 265 pp. Early focuses on the Bureau of Legal Advice, an organization run by women, to argue that women played a key role in creating a “peace culture” that continued after the war. 1572. Falconer, Martha P. “The Segregation of Delinquent Women and Girls as a War Problem.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 160–167. This article concerns the problem of the treatment of female delinquents. It deals with the question of institutional treatment and calls for the development of modern reformatories for girls and women. 1573. Gavin, Lettie. American Women in World War I: They Also Served. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1997. 295 pp. Gavin makes good use of oral history, memoirs, and other primary sources to describe the contributions women made to the war effort by serving in a variety of roles such as Red Cross volunteers, women Marines, Army nurses, AEF Signal Corps telephone operators, navy yeomen (F), and Salvation Army overseas. 1574. Graham, Judith S. “Out Here at the Front”: The World War I Letters of Nora Saltonstall. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2004. 296 pp. Nora Saltonstall, a young woman from a prominent Boston family, worked with the Red Cross and other volunteer organizations in France before joining a mobile field hospital behind the British front just prior to the start of the powerful German offensives in 1918 to win the war. 1575. Greenwald, Maurine Weiner. Women, War, and Work: The Impact of World War I on Women Workers in the United States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980. 309 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 271

2/5/07 9:15:50 PM

272

America and World War I

A thoroughly documented analysis of World War I women street­car workers, railroad workers, and telephone operators, this study concludes that even though the war failed to liberate women, it did provide the opportunity for advancement. Green­wald points out that unions tended to oppose women’s taking nontraditional jobs. 1576. Higonnet, Margaret Randolph, et al., eds. Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987. 310 pp. This is an anthology of revised conference papers and one previously published essay. 1577. Hitchcock, Nevada D. “The Mobilization of Women.” AAPSS 78 (July 1918): 24–31. This interesting article by an official of the National League for Woman’s Service surveys the role of women during the war. 1578. Kennedy, Kathleen. Disloyal Mothers and Scurrilous Citizens: Women and Subversion During World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. 170 pp. Some 20 women were arrested and put on trial for subversion in the United States during World War I. Kenney researches each case and argues that the way in which the wartime emergency laws were administered was deeply gendered when it came to women defendants. 1579. Lane, W. D. “Girls and Khaki.” Survey 1 (December 1917): 236–240. This article, based on the findings of an institute conducted at the New York School of Philanthropy, outlines a program for protecting young women during the war. The program includes: the formation of a girls’ protective bureau, a house of detention, a female probation officer, better laws for the protection of girls, and the promotion of educational work. 1580. McGovern, James R. “The American Woman’s Pre-World War I Freedom in Manners and Morals.” J Amer Hist 55 (September 1968): 315–333. McGovern argues in this interesting article that the changes in manners and morals often attributed to World War I were actually under way by 1910. 1581. Morgan, David. Suffragists and Democrats: The Politics of Woman Suffrage in America. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1972. 225 pp. This is a valuable synthesis by an English political scientist of the political struggle of American women for the right to vote from 1912 to 1920. The excellent bibliography includes the manuscript collections of the leading suffragists. 1582. Morton, Marion J. Emma Goldman and the American Left: “Nowhere at Home.” New York: Twayne of Macmillan, 1992. 183 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 272

2/5/07 9:15:51 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

273

This is a volume in the Twayne’s Twentieth-Century American Biography Series. Because of her activism on such issues as war and conscription, Goldman was deported to Bolshevik Russia in 1919. 1583. Pegen, Mary Louise. The History of the Woman’s Peace Party. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1939. 266 pp. This important monograph treats the development of the Woman’s Peace Party, giving particular attention to the part played by Jane Addams. Henry Ford’s role in the peace movement, wartime pacifism, and the attempts to influence the peace treaties are also examined. 1584. Steinson, Barbara J. America’s Women’s Activism in World War I. New York: Garland Publishing, 1982. 440 pp. This study examines the various women’s relief, military preparedness, and peace organizations of World War I. Based on primary sources, it treats the methods employed by the groups to achieve their goals as well as how the groups reacted to the suffrage movement. 1585. Van Kleeck, Mary. “Women’s Invasion of Industry and Changes in Protective Standards.” Proc APS 8 (1918–1920): 141–146. This article treats the new occupations which opened to women during the war. It argues that women should play a role in production after the war, and it examines the question of protective standards for female workers. 1586. Van Rensselaer, Coffin. “The National League for Woman’s Service.” AAPSS 79 (Sep­tember 1918): 275–282. This article discusses the work of the National League for Woman’s Service, which cooperated with many other service organizations. 1587. Woollacott, Angela. On Her Their Lives Depend: Munitions Workers in the Great War. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994. 241 pp. The experiences of some one million female munitions workers in Great Britain are examined. 1588. Zeiger, Susan. In Uncle Sam’s Service: Women Workers with the American Expeditionary Force, 1917–1919. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. 211 pp. Zeiger makes the point that, although the 16,500 women who participated in the AEF were not considered soldiers, this was still “the first U.S. war in which women were mobilized on a large scale.” This is a deeply researched study but it has no bibliography.

RT8955Z.indb 273

2/5/07 9:15:51 PM

274

America and World War I

G. War Relief Agencies This section includes the following organizations: the Red Cross, YMCA, American Field Service, American Relief Administration, and Civilian Relief. 1589. American Catholics in the War: National Catholic War Council, 1917– 1921. New York: Macmillan, 1921. 467 pp. This book surveys the work of the Catholic war council, made up of 14 archbishops. The work focuses attention on the activities of the committee on special war activities, which was a subcommittee of the war council. 1590. An American in the Army and YMCA, 1917–1920: The Diary of David Lee Shillinglaw. Edited by Glen E. Holt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. 219 pp. This volume tells of the war experiences of the head of the construction services for the YMCA. Shillinglaw presents an interesting portrait of U.S. attitudes toward France during the war. 1591. Bane, Suda Lorena, and Ralph Haswell Lutz, eds. Organization of American Relief in Europe, 1918–1919, Including Negotia­tions Leading up to the Establishment of the Office of Direc­tor General of Relief at Paris by the Allied and Associated Powers. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1943. 745 pp. This is a valuable documentary history despite the absence of any explanatory notes or commentary with the exception of Hoover’s brief introduction. 1592. Brooks, Sidney. America and Germany, 1918–1925. New York: Macmillan, 1925. 191 pp. This work contains some interesting material on American and Allied efforts to get food to the starving German population after the war. There is no index. 1593. Bryan, Julien H. Ambulance 464: Encore des Blessés. New York: Macmillan, 1918. 220 pp. This is an interesting account by a 17-year-old Princeton student who drove an ambulance in the French sector of the western front. 1594. Byington, Margaret F. “The Scope and Organization of the Department of Civilian Relief.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 88–96. This brief article explains in general the operation of the department of civilian relief. Basically, this department attempted to help servicemen’s families maintain their normal standard of living 1595. Cornebise, Alfred E. Typhus and Doughboys: The American Polish Typhus Relief Expedition, 1919–1921. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1982. 192 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 274

2/5/07 9:15:51 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

275

Some 500 men and 30 officers commanded by Colonel Harry L. Gilchrist were sent to Poland to contain a terrible typhus epidemic. This is their story. 1596. Coyle, Edward R. Ambulancing on the French Front. New York: Britton Publishing, 1918. 243 pp. An American ambulance volunteer gives his experiences serving in the Verdun sector. His views of trench warfare are realistic. 1597. Davis, Donald E., and Eugene P. Trani. “The American YMCA and the Russian Revolution.” Slavic Review 33 (September 1974): 469–491. The YMCA’s difficulties with both the Red and White factions are examined. Its Christian purpose and foreign roots made it impossible for it to continue in Russia once the Bolsheviks had consolidated their position. 1598. Davison, Henry P. The American Red Cross in the Great War. New York: Macmillan, 1919. 303 pp. Utilizing the files of the national headquarters, Davison, who directed the activities of the Red Cross during the con­flict, surveys all aspects of the work of that organization. The article is strong in describing relief work, but is weak in including too many anecdotes and commendations for workers. 1599. Douglas, Paul H. “The War Risk Insurance Act.” J Pol Econ 26 (May 1918): 461–583. This excellent analysis of the War Risk Insurance Act re­veals that it was the most comprehensive of any of the acts passed by the warring countries to protect the soldier and his family through a plan of compensation. 1600. Dulles, Foster Rhea. The American Red Cross: A History. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950. 554 pp. The activities of the American Red Cross in both world wars are chronicled in this work. There is a bibliographical essay but no footnotes. 1601. Egan, Maurice F., and John B. Kennedy. Knights of Columbus in Peace and War. New Haven, CT: Knights of Columbus, 1920. 2 vols. This two-volume work details the activities of the Knights of Columbus during World War I. It treats the relief work at the front, which included hospital work and letter writing. Moreover, this monograph examines the war fund campaign, home work, and the activities of some frontline priests. Vol. 2 is filled with commendations and the honor roll. 1602. Friends of France: The Field Service of the American Ambulance Described by Its Members. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916. 297 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 275

2/5/07 9:15:51 PM

276

America and World War I

Three more volumes were later published to fill in the gaps left by these firsthand accounts. See History of the American Field Service in France: Friends of France, 1914–1917. 1603. Glenn, Mary W. “Purpose and Methods of a Home Service Sec­tion.” Ann AAPSS 79 (Septem­ber 1918): 97–105. This facet of Red Cross activities is treated in this article, which explains how the home service section attempted to help preserve the homes which the soldiers left behind. 1604. Gray, Andrew. “The American Field Service.” American Heritage 26 (December 1974): 58–63, 88–92. This is a well-written and succinct account of the American Field Service in the Great War. 1605. Gulick, Luther H. Morals and Morale. New York: Association Press, 1919. 192 pp. This study of the factors which influenced the morale of the U.S. Army during the war focuses attention on the work of the Young Men’s Christian Association. This is basically a first-hand account by a physician who was quite concerned with morals and morale. It also attempts to put forth an educational program for morale and morals after the war. 1606. Harding, Priscilla M. “An American Red Cross Nurse in Belgrade.” Amer Hist Illus 17 (March 1982): 41–47. The diary of Mary Gladwin was used to describe her work as a Red Cross nurse in the American Military Hospital in Belgrade. 1607. History of the American Field Service in France: Friends of France, 1914–1917. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920. 3 vols. The story of the American Field Service, which was organized and paid for by Americans prior to American entry into the war, is told by its members in articles, diaries, letters, verse, and frequently humorous sketches. Many of the accounts found in the 1916 volume, entitled Friends of France, are here reproduced. 1608. Hopkins, C. Howard. John R. Mott, 1865–1955: A Biography. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1980. 816 pp. This biography of a lay minister who played a major role in the development of the YMCA and other Christian organizations sheds light on the humanitarian side of World War I. Woodrow Wilson utilized Mott’s advice in humanitarian affairs, and Mott raised huge sums of money for relief activities.

RT8955Z.indb 276

2/5/07 9:15:51 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

277

1609. Howe, Mark Anthony DeWolfe, ed. The Harvard Volunteers in France: Personal Records of Experience in Military, Ambulance, and Hospital Service. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1916. 263 pp. This volume is made up of letters of Harvard men who served abroad in military and relief capacities. 1610. Hunton, Addie D., and Kathryn M. Johnson. Two Colored Women with the American Expeditionary Forces. New York: Brooklyn Eagle Press, 1920. 256 pp. Two black women with the YMCA in France tell their story. 1611. Kellogg, Paul U. “The Expanding Demands for War Relief in Europe.” Ann AAPSS 79 (Sep­tember 1918): 9–23. This article treats the expanded need to provide relief for Europeans after the war. It emphasizes the activities of the Red Cross, as well as the role it would be called upon to play. 1612. Keough, Frederic W. “The Employment of Disabled Service Men.” Ann AAPSS 80 (November 1918): 84–94. This essay sees the problem of the employment of the handicapped as an individual problem. It surveys industries where the disabled veteran can be employed and emphasizes that it is up to the individual veteran to find and be successful at employment. 1613. Lakeman, Curtis E. “The After-Care of Our Disabled Soldiers and Sailors.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 114–129. This informative article examines factors which would affect the treatment of disabled veterans. They include: the voca­tional rehabilitation law, psychological factors, family in­fluence, financial provisions, and special problems. 1614. Lathrop, Julia C. “Provisions for the Care of the Families and Dependents of Soldiers and Sailors.” Proc APS 7 (February 1918): 140–151. The chief of the United States Children’s Bureau explains the provisions of the Military and Naval Insurance Act relating to care of families and dependents of soldiers and sailors. 1615. Mock, Harry E. “Reclamation of the Disabled from the Industrial Army.” Ann Am. AAPSS 80 (November 1918): 29–34. This essay argues for a program of rehabilitation for those who have become handicapped as a result of industrial accidents. 1616. Orcutt, Philip D. The White Road of Mystery. New York: John Lane, 1918. 173 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 277

2/5/07 9:15:52 PM

278

America and World War I

This personal record of an American who served with the am­bulance field service is of a high literary quality. There are photographs and a glossary of war terms in this volume. 1617. Persons, W. Frank. “The Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Families.” Ann AAPSS 77 (May 1918): 171–184. Written by the director of civilian relief for the American Red Cross, this essay explains how the home service operates. 1618. Toland, Edward D. The Aftermath of Battle: With the Red Cross in France. New York: Macmillan, 1916. 175 pp. This is the diary of a Princeton graduate who went to France and worked in a French hospital before joining a unit of the American Field Service. 1619. Zinsser, William H. “Working with Men Outside the Camps.” Ann AAPSS 79 (September 1918): 194–203. This article discusses the attempts to keep civilian young men away from the evils of alcohol and prostitution. H. War Songs, Poetry, Ballads, and Slang 1620. Braley, Berton. In Camp and Trench: Songs of the Fighting Forces. New York: George H. Doran, 1918. 84 pp. This volume includes songs of national guardsmen, “Plattsburgers,” draftees in training camps and at the front, and sailors. 1621. Brophy, John, and Eric Partridge. The Long Trail: What the British Soldier Sang and Said in the Great War of 1914–1918. London: Andre Deutsch, 1965. 239 pp. This is a revision of the 1931 edition entitled Songs and Slang of the British Soldier 1914–1918. It gives songs, chants, sayings, and the slang of the British soldier. The extensive “Glossary of Soldiers’ Slang,” one of the best of its kind, is useful for a study of the AEF because the doughboy adopted some of the slang of his British counterpart. 1622. Cary, Melbert B., Jr. Mademoiselle from Armentières. New York: Press of the Woolly Wale, 1930–1935. 2 vols. It took two slim volumes to collect the frequently ribald verses of this popular song sung by both American and British soldiers. The volumes are nicely illustrated by Alban B. Butler, Jr. 1623. Garrett, Erwin Clarkson. Trench Ballads and Other Verses. Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1919. 134 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 278

2/5/07 9:15:52 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

279

Part one consists of 40 Doughboy ballads, most of them composed in France. The compiler was a private in the 16th Infantry, 1st Division. 1624. Gibbons, Herbert Adams, comp. Songs from the Trenches: The Soul of the A. E. F. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1918. 207 pp. This collection by Gibbons consists of verses submitted to the New York Herald’s literary competition. It was intended to be “a message from the American soldiers abroad to the home folks, written on the decks of transports, in French villages, in muddy camps, in the trenches, beside cannon or camion, in hospitals.” 1625. Kahn, Nosheen. Women’s Poetry of the First World War. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988. 226 pp. This serves as an introduction of poetry by women during World War I. 1626. Lighter, Jonathan. “The Slang of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe, 1917–1919: An Historical Glossary.” American Speech 47 (Spring–Summer 1972): 5–143. This lengthy and scholarly article gives army and marine slang used during World War I. An impressive bibliography of more than 20 pages is included. 1627. McCollum, L. C. History and Rhymes of the Lost Battalion. New York: Bucklee Publishers, 1919. 140 pp. The work of a private in the “Lost Battalion,” this collection of McCollum’s poems, usually humorous, and accounts con­tributed by others went through several editions and is claimed to have sold some 600,000 copies. 1628. Niles, John Jacob, ed. Singing Soldiers. Detroit, MI: Singing Tree Press, 1968. 171 pp. This is a reissue of the 1927 edition of the songs and anec­dotes of black soldiers which was published by Charles Scribner’s Sons. Illustrations were produced by Margaret Thorniley and a new introduction was written by Leslie Shepard. Niles, a Kentuckian, was already a considerable authority on American folk song before serving as a ferry pilot in the U.S. Air Service in France. 1629. ———, et al. The Songs My Mother Never Taught Me. New York: Macaulay, 1929. 227 pp. This standard work is an important collection of many of the songs sung on land and at sea by U.S. servicemen. Some of the songs submitted to the compilers, however, were not included because they “were so hot they melted the type every time the linotypers set ’em up.” “Wally” Wallgren, the official cartoonist of the Stars and Stripes, illustrated this work.

RT8955Z.indb 279

2/5/07 9:15:52 PM

280

America and World War I

1630. Pack Up Your Troubles—Songs of Two World Wars. RCA Victor, n.d. Many of the popular songs of the Great War are sung in this recording by the Carl Tapscott Male Chorus. 1631. Quips and Memories of the Corps. Washington, DC: QMC Souvenir Book Committee, 1919. 256 pp. This illustrated work, which includes a good deal of verse, was prepared by a committee of the QMC. Some of the subject matter concerns service in the QMC “over here.” 1632. Silken, Jon, ed. The Penguin Book of First World War Poetry. New York: Penguin Books, 1982. 270 pp. This handy collection brings together the works of 38 British, American, and European writers. A revised edition was published in 1997. 1633. Spaeth, Sigmund. A History of Popular Music in America. New York: Random House, 1948. 729 pp. This survey of popular music contains a very extensive list of popular music, which reflects the beliefs and emotions of the majority of the American people. This volume shows how the popular music of the war period captured the feelings of the American public and it analyzes the song “Over There.” 1634. Stokes, Will. Songs of the Services: Army, Navy and Marine Corps. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1919. 235 pp. Many long-forgotten poems are included in this collection by a chief yeoman of the U.S. Navy. 1635. The Wordsworth Book of First World War Poetry. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC/ Contemporary Publishing Company, 1999. 160 pp. This slim volume serves as an introduction to Great War poetry. 1636. Yanks: A. E. F. Verse. New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1919. 157 pp. This volume consists entirely of selections from the Stars and Stripes. I. Humor and Caricature 1637. Graves, Charles Larcom. Mr. Punch’s History of the Great War. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1919. 303 pp. This is a volume of selected cartoons and commentary from the important British publication Punch. Despite its humorous vein, Punch had the serious purpose of keeping the British public behind the war.

RT8955Z.indb 280

2/5/07 9:15:52 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

281

1638. Hecht, George J., comp. and ed. The War in Cartoons: A History of the War in 100 Cartoons by 27 of the Most Prominent American Cartoonists. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1919. 207 pp. Hecht was the founder of the bureau of cartoons, Committee on Public Information, which suggested subject matter to American cartoonists in 1918. A review of this collection of cartoons from the American press demonstrates that the pen in the hand of a cartoonist was a potent weapon against the Cen­tral Powers. Each cartoon is accompanied by quotations from war leaders to describe the events drawn by the cartoonist. 1639. Raemaekers, Louis. America in the War. New York: Century, 1918. 207 pp. Each cartoon is accompanied by a page of comment from such American notables as William Jennings Bryan and Albert Bushnell Hart. 1640. [———.] Raemaekers’ Cartoons: With Accompanying Notes by WellKnown English Writers. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1916. 305 pp. A German newspaper once proclaimed that the Dutch cartoonist Louis Raemaekers’ work was “worth at least two Army Corps to the Allies.” This was no doubt hyperbole. Nevertheless, many of his cartoons from the Amsterdam Telegraaf are truly devastating in their treatment of German words and actions. 1641. Reinert, Frederick George. With the 332 Reg. in Italy 1918. N.p., 1919. There are some quite good comics and sketches in this pri­vately published volume with no pagination. 1642. Rogers, W. A., ed. America’s Black and White Book: One Hundred Pictured Reasons Why We Are at War. New York: Cupples & Leon, 1917. 100 pp. The title is a play on words and refers to the so-called colored books issued by the European belligerents to justify their participation in the war. These often powerful cartoons are a reflection of the growing importance of political cartoons in the U.S. press and their effectiveness as propaganda. There is a brief explanation of each cartoon. 1643. Streeter, Edward. Dere Mable: Love Letters of a Rookie. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1918. 61 pp. Streeter, a lieutenant in the 27th Division, composed humorous letters from a fictitious “Bill” to his girl Mable describing his strange new life in uniform. This pocket-size book sold an astonishing 550,000 copies in eight months, prompting the author to publish more letters from “Bill.” G. William Breck provided 35 black-and-white illustrations. This amusing book appeared in paperback in 2005.

RT8955Z.indb 281

2/5/07 9:15:52 PM

282

America and World War I

1644. ———. Same Old Bill, eh Mable! New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1919. 120 pp. “Bill” finally makes it to the trenches to send his im­pressions home to Mable. G. William Breck provided 27 black-and-white illustrations. 1645. ———. That’s Me All Over, Mable. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1919. 69 pp. This “simple” soldier continues to write his girl back home as he finishes his basic training and departs for Europe. G. William Breck drew 25 black-and-white illustra­tions. 1646. Wallgren, A. A. Wally: His Cartoons of the A.E.F. N.p., n.d. The famous cartoons of a USMC private (“Wally”) are reprinted from the Stars and Stripes. This booklet was sold in France for 5 francs, with the profits going to the Stars and Stripes French War Orphans’ Fund. J. War Posters 1647. Darracott, Joseph, and Belinda Loftus, eds. First World War Posters. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1972. 72 pp. This beautifully illustrated survey of World War I posters includes a brief but excellent introduction and a select bib­liography. Information on each artist is provided. The com­pilers were members of the art department at the Imperial War Museum. The two best collections of American war posters are at the National Archives and the Hoover Institution of War, Revolution and Peace. 1648. Hardie, Martin, and Arthur K. Sabin, eds. War Posters Issued by Belligerent and Neutral Nations, 1914–1919. New York: Macmillan, 1920. 275 pp. This volume reproduces many of the important war posters, and includes an artist index. The circumstances behind some of the war posters are given. 1649. Pennell, Joseph. Joseph Pennell’s Liberty-Loan Poster. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1918. 47 pp. This fascinating little volume traces the artistic and graphic evolution of the Liberty Loan poster. It contains a description of the poster’s development and five illustrations showing how the poster began as a sketch and ended as a printed poster. 1650. Recruiting Posters Issued by the U.S. Navy Since the Declaration of the War. Washington, DC: U.S. Navy Recruiting Bureau, 1918.

RT8955Z.indb 282

2/5/07 9:15:52 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

283

This booklet of 30 posters has no pagination. One of the most used posters was by Howard Chandler Christy, who simply portrayed a pretty girl in a CPO uniform without any accompanying message. 1651. “Recruiting Posters WW I.” USNI Proc 98 (February 1972): 68–82. This pictorial includes the most popular U.S. Navy recruiting posters in the war. 1652. Rickards, Maurice, ed. Posters of the First World War. New York: Walker, 1968. 32 pp. This volume contains a representative selection of the more than 30,000 posters and proclamations issued during the Great War. 1653. Roetter, Charles. The Art of Psychological Warfare 1914–1945. New York: Stein & Day, 1974. 199 pp. Part one, “First World War 1914–1918,” includes the chapter “Courting the United States.” Some of the best-known propa­ganda posters are included in this undocumented work. K. Literature and the War 1654. Aichinger, Peter. The American Soldier in Fiction, 1880–1963: A History of Attitudes Toward Warfare and the Military Es­tablishment. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1975. 143 pp. This work surveys the views of war and the military reflected in American war novels written between 1880 and 1963. Besides looking at the World War I novels, Aichinger examines various themes reflected in these novels. 1655. Barbusse, Henri. Under Fire: The Story of a Squad. Translated by Fitzwater Wray. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1917. 344 pp. This powerful indictment of the war by a Frenchman was a bestseller in France. Although not of the same literary quality as All Quiet on the Western Front, its impact was similar. 1656. Binding, Rudolf. A Fatalist at War. London: Allen & Unwin, 1928. 246 pp. The reminiscences of this famous German literary figure con­stitute one of the most important firsthand accounts of the war on the German side of the trenches. 1657. Binns, Archie. The Laurels Are Cut Down. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1937. 332 pp. This novel is about a young man’s service with his brother in Siberia and his resultant disillusionment with the war.

RT8955Z.indb 283

2/5/07 9:15:53 PM

284

America and World War I

1658. Blunden, Edmund. Undertones of War. London: Oxford University Press, 1956. 366 pp. This classic work by a British poet is divided into two sections: first a narrative and then the author’s poems. This reprint of the 1928 edition has a new preface. 1659. Bond, Brian. The Unquiet Western Front: Britain’s Role in Literature and History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 128 pp. Bond suggests that literature has become history for the present generation in its understanding of World War I. It is his view the “butchers and bunglers” image of the war emerged in the 1960s and remains dominant today despite the differing perspective found in most recent historical works. 1660. Boyd, Thomas A. Through the Wheat. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926. 266 pp. William Hicks, the central figure in the novel, is a good soldier who performs his duty well. Yet in a heavy attack his experiences during war render him zombie-like. The horror of war is vividly portrayed in this novel. 1661. Brittain, Vera. Testament of Youth: An Autographical Study of the Years 1900–1925. New York: Penguin Classics, 1994, 672 pp. Vera Brittain joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment as a nurse after the death from war wounds of the man she loved. In 1917–1918, she tended the wounded in France. In 1933 she published this memoir of her experiences. It quickly became a classic. 1662. Cather, Willa S. One of Ours. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1922. 459 pp. This Pulitzer Prize-winning novel describes the experiences of a young man who leaves a narrow-minded small town atmosphere to expand his horizons through his activities in France during World War I. 1663. Cobb, Humphrey. Paths of Glory. New York: Viking Press, 1935. 265 pp. This important World War I novel, replete with all the typi­cal battlefront experiences, concentrates on the unbridgeable class differences between French officers and men on the western front. 1664. Conner, James Richard. “Pen and Sword, World War I Novels in America 1916–1941.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1961. 415 pp. Connor analyzes several hundred novels written about World War I, dividing them into three categories. The first category concerns the attempt to treat the war in the early 1920s as a “great crusade” to save the oppressed.

RT8955Z.indb 284

2/5/07 9:15:53 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

285

The second category examines the view in the mid-1920s that the war was a “great tragedy.” The final category is concerned with novels that view the war as a “great adventure.” 1665. Cooperman, Stanley R. World War I and the American Novel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967. 273 pp. This important work argues that the horrors of World War I influenced a generation of American literature because of its emotional impact on American soldiers and writers of war novels. 1666. Cummings, E. E. The Enormous Room. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1922. 271 pp. The “enormous room” of the title refers to a French prison camp in which the author was unjustly confined. Cummings served with the NortonHarjes ambulance corps. This volume is one of the greatest World War I narratives produced by an American writer. 1667. Dos Passos, John R. First Encounter. New York: Philosophical Library, 1945. 160 pp. This novel about an ambulance driver was partially based on the author’s World War I experiences. It reflects his generation’s disillusionment with the war. 1668. ———. 1929. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1932. 473 pp. This second novel in the trilogy U.S.A. focuses attention on the decay of American civilization which was based on commercialism and exploitation. Numerous historical events of the war period provide the backdrop for episodes involving various characters. 1669. ———. Three Soldiers. New York: George H. Doran, 1921. 433 pp. World War I’s impact on the lives of three ordinary American privates is the focus of this work, which shows how each reacted to the war and reflects the tragic way the war influenced the lives of individuals. 1670. Edmonds, Charles. A Subaltern’s War. London: Peter Davies, 1929. 224 pp. This classic account of war in the trenches by Charles Carrington (who used the nom de plume of Charles Edmonds) demonstrates that war can bring out both the best and the worst in men. The diarist takes the commonsense position that one should expect modern war to be horrible. His experiences during the Somme and Third Ypres battles certainly strengthened this conviction. 1671. Eksteins, Modris. “All Quiet on the Western Front and the Fate of a War.” Journal of Contemporary History 15 (April 1980): 345–366.

RT8955Z.indb 285

2/5/07 9:15:53 PM

286

America and World War I

This is an enlightening article on both Erich Remarque and the reaction to his famous antiwar novel, All Quiet on the Western Front. Eksteins notes: “All Quiet was not ‘the truth about the war’: it was, first and foremost, the truth about Erich Maria Remarque in 1928. But equally, most of his critics were no nearer ‘the truth about the war.’ They expressed merely the tenor of their own endeavors.” 1672. Faulkner, William. Soldiers’ Pay. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1926. 319 pp. This first novel by Faulkner concerns the homecoming of a dying soldier. It offers a good example of the postwar disillusionment with World War I. 1673. Fenton, Charles A. “Ambulance Drivers in France and Italy, 1914–1918.” American Quarterly 3 (Winter 1951): 326–343. Fenton probes the motives and reactions of the members of the American Ambulance Field Service. He argues that disillusioned writers such as Dos Passos and Hemingway have distorted the way in which the typical American ambulance driver viewed his wartime experiences. 1674. Fisher, Dorothea Canfield. Home Fires in France. New York: Henry Holt, 1918. 306 pp. The author’s 11 short stories about life behind the lines in France have been described as “fiction in form, but fact in essence.” 1675. Fussell, Paul. The Great War and Modern Memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. 363 pp. This is an analysis of the British experience on the western front as expressed in British literature. The great war memoirs by Sassoon, Graves, and Blunden as well as the memoirs of ordinary soldiers are used to portray the horrors of trench warfare. Fussell’s much acclaimed work, however, contains many errors of fact about the war and is out of touch with recent scholarship. Fussell ignores the Allied victories in 1918. 1676. Giddings, Robert. The War Poets: The Lives and Writings of Rupert Brooke, Robert Graves, Wilfred Owens, Siegfried Sassoon, Edmund Blunden, and the Other Great Poets of the 1914–1918 War. New York: Orion Books, 1988. 192 pp. The verse of Britain’s most popular war poets appear in this yearbook/anthology. 1677. Graves, Robert. Good-Bye to All That. London: J. Cape, 1929. 446 pp. Graves must be included among the great war memoirists. An officer in the BEF, he gives a vivid representation of combat on the western front.

RT8955Z.indb 286

2/5/07 9:15:53 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

287

* Hager, Philip E., and Desmond Taylor. The Novels of World War I: An Annotated Bibliography. Cited above as item 33. 1678. Hannah, James, ed. The Great War Reader. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000. 512 pp. Memoirs, short stories, novels, letters, histories, and poems are included in this collection of often forgotten “voices” from the Great War. Frank E. Vandiver has written a foreword. 1679. Hašek, Jaroslav. The Good Soldier Švejk and His Fortunes in the World War. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1974. 752 pp. This novel concerning a Czech soldier in the Austro-Hungarian army has become a classic. It has been used somewhat unfairly by some to characterize the multinational Austro-Hungarian army. Cecil Parrott provides a new and unabridged translation, and there are many original illustrations by Josef Lada in this edition. 1680. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919. 355 pp. This poignant novel deals with the love between Frederic Henry, an American national in the Italian ambulance service, and Catherine Barkley, an English nurse. Their affair leads to Catherine’s pregnancy and Henry’s desertion to be with her. Ultimately, the affair ends tragically. An ambulance driver on the Piave front, Hemingway was the first American to be wounded in Italy. This novel was based on his Italian experiences. 1681. Higonnet, Margaret R., ed. Lines of Fire: Women Writers of World War I. New York: Penguin Group/Plume, 1999. 592 pp. Some very prominent women writers such as Virginia Woolf and Edith Wharton have been included in this anthology of some 100 women “voices” from many different nationalities and perspectives. 1682. Joyner, Charles Winston. “John Dos Passos and World War I: The Literary Use of Historical Experience.” Doctoral dis­sertation, University of South Carolina, 1968. 312 pp. Dos Passos’ three novels about World War I reflect his theme of revolt against the established order. This disserta­tion attempts to explain how his World War I experiences helped influence Dos Passos’ writings and social attitudes. 1683. Klein, Holger, ed. The First World War in Fiction: A Collection of Critical Essays. London: Macmillan, 1976. 246 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 287

2/5/07 9:15:53 PM

288

America and World War I

This series of 18 essays analyzes a work or group of works dealing with World War I. Using the comparative ap­proach, the contributors to this collection examine literature from Britain, France, Germany, Italy, AustriaHungary, and the United States. For those interested in understanding the im­pact of the war on literature, this work is a must. 1684. Manning, Frederick. Her Privates We. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Serpent’s Tail Publishing, 1999. 288 pp. Manning was an Australian who served as a private in the 7th Battalion King’s Shropshire Light Infantry in France and Flanders. Her Privates We, published in 1930, is a revised version of this two-volume war novel entitled The Middle Parts of Fortune, which first appeared in 1922. Many consider this work one of the greatest novels ever written about the bond between ordinary soldiers at war. 1685. Paris, Michael. Over the Top: The Great War and Juvenile Literature in Britain. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004. 191 pp. This is an examination of the upbeat treatment of the war in juvenile literature. It is interesting that the characterization of the war despite its duration and mounting cost changed little from 1914 to 1918. 1686. Paul, Eliot. Impromptu: A Novel in Four Movements. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1924. 356 pp. Written by an expatriate, this novel deals with how World War I changed a young couple’s lives. 1687. Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. Translated by A. W. Wheen. Boston: Little, Brown, 1929. 291 pp. When published in German in 1928, this powerful antiwar novel became an instant bestseller, with some 1.2 million copies being sold in Germany alone. Written in only six weeks, this work remains the best known of the antiwar novels concerning World War I. Remarque, who was drafted in late 1916, never actually served in the trenches. 1688. Sassoon, Siegfried. The Memoirs of an Infantry Officer. New York: Doubleday/Doran, 1938. 334 pp. This is widely recognized as one of the greatest memoirs produced by a participant in the Great War. 1689. ———. Sherston’s Progress. New York: Doubleday/Doran, 1936. 245 pp. This is the concluding volume of Sassoon’s biographical trilogy, the last two volumes being primarily concerned with Sassoon’s combat experiences and recovery from “shell-shock.”

RT8955Z.indb 288

2/5/07 9:15:54 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

289

1690. Sherry, Vincent, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 344 pp. The war’s impact on literature is reviewed. 1691. Sinclair, Upton. Jimmie Higgins. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1919. 282 pp. This is a socialistic novel with pacifistic overtones. 1692. Stallings, Laurence. Plumes. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1924. 348 pp. This Georgia-born author writes a personal indictment of war as seen through the eyes of Richard Plume, a southerner whose misguided patriotism resulted in a painfully crippling injury during the war. 1693. Stevens, James. Mattock. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927. 320 pp. Best known for his Paul Bunyan tales, Stevens also wrote this semi-autobiographical novel about the wartime experiences of a Midwestern farmer, Marvin Mattock. 1694. Train, Arthur. Earthquake. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918. 307 pp. Nationalistic in tone, this work focuses attention on the war’s impact on an American family. 1695. Trumbo, Dalton. Johnny Got His Gun. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1939. 309 pp. This novel, published two days after World War II began, tells the story of Joe Bonham, a soldier who lost his arms, legs, and face. Joe discovers that the only thing he can do is think, and he survives by using his mind to keep him in touch with reality. The novel is depressing and antiwar in flavor. 1696. Van Wienen, Mark W. Rendezvous with Death: American Poems of the Great War. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2002. 368 pp. Van Wienen, by arranging his collection of poetry chronologically, shows the evolution of the reactions of Americans poets to the war and their attempts to shape the public view. 1697. Wharton, Edith. The Marne: A Story of the War. New York: D. Appleton, 1918. 128 pp. This novel focuses attention on Troy Belknap, a Francophile, and how he managed to get into the war. He is wounded and believes he is saved from death by the spirit of his French tutor who was buried close to the Marne battlefield. 1698. ———. A Son at the Front. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923. 426 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 289

2/5/07 9:15:54 PM

290

America and World War I

This rather weak novel deals with an American painter’s son who serves in the French Army. Basically, the work addresses the question of American participation in the war. Ultimately the son is killed. 1699. Young, Arthur P. Books for Sammies: The American Library Association and World War I. Pittsburgh: Beta Phi Mu, 1981. 149 pp. Young notes that the American Library Association was very much in tune with the American public as the mood changed from neutrality to muscular patriotism and support of Allied war objectives. Millions were raised to send books to U.S. military bases at home and abroad. 1700. Zweig, Arnold. The Case of Sergeant Grischa. Translated by Eric Sutton. New York: Viking Press, 1928. 449 pp. This German novel was quickly proclaimed by critics as one of the best European war novels. The central character is a peasant in the Tsarist army who is captured by the Germans and then escapes. Man’s inhumanity to man emerges from the pages of this well-written book. L. Film 1701. All Quiet on the Western Front. Universal, 1930. This is the best-known film about World War I. Based on the pacifistic novel by Erich Maria Remarque, the movie portrays war in all its brutality. Lew Ayres gave an excellent performance in this film directed by Lewis Milestone. This film portrays the efficiency of killing machines such as the machine gun with depressing vividness. Nazis demonstrated outside German theaters when this film was shown and it was later banned when the Nazis came to power. It should be noted that Remarque, although wounded by shrapnel, had no personal experience with trench warfare. 1702. America’s Answer. Committee on Public Information, 1918. This Creel Committee film is one of the best examples of an American feature propaganda film. Germany is depicted as the aggressor and the AEF led by Pershing as the savior of Western civilization. This documentary attempts to inspire war workers to increase their production. 1703. The Battle of the Somme. Great Britain, 1916. This famous one-hour documentary, produced by the British filmmaker Geoffrey Mallins, created a sensation in Britain and was praised by David Lloyd George. Its most famous scene, the back view of British soldiers advancing, was actually filmed behind the frontlines.

RT8955Z.indb 290

2/5/07 9:15:54 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

291

1704. Bauer, K. Jack. List of World War I Signal Corps Films. Washington, DC: National Archives, 1957. 68 pp. This excellent guide describes the films under the control of the Signal Corps, and contains an excellent pictorial history of the war. Most of the films indexed are available for use at the archives. The films are not confined to military operations; a good collection of films on civilian activities is also listed. 1705. The Big Parade. MGM, 1925. Based on a Laurence Stallings story, the film realistically deals with the standard war themes. The battle scenes are first rate. An upper-class youth joins the army and becomes friendly with two working-class comrades. The hero avenges the death of one of his friends, is wounded, and falls in love with a French girl. The film was directed by King Vidor and produced by Irving Thalberg. 1706. Dealers in Death. Topical Films, 1934. This semi-documentary film, reflecting the isolationism of the betweenthe-war period, blames the munitions makers for World War I. 1707. DeBauche, Leslie Midkiff. Reel Patriotism: The Movies and World War I. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997. 244 pp. Hollywood was classified as an “essential” industry during the war and its films gave strong support to American participation in the war. Movie theaters, with their display of the flag and use of the government’s “Four Minute” lectures, also fostered patriotism. 1708. The Fighting 69th. Warner Brothers, 1940. Featuring James Cagney and Pat O’Brien, this movie focuses attention on the exploits of a New York city unit. Patriotism is emphasized throughout. 1709. The First World War. Fox, 1934. Using some Signal Corps footage, this film stresses the horror of war while projecting an Allied bias. 1710. Gallipoli. Paramount, 1981. This powerful antiwar film focuses on the part played by Australians in the 1915 Gallipoli campaign. The director is Peter Weir. 1711. Goodbye Billy—America Goes to War, 1917–1918. Churchill Films, 1972. A historian uses music and film footage to contrast the views of combatants and noncombatants.

RT8955Z.indb 291

2/5/07 9:15:54 PM

292

America and World War I

1712. The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century. PBS Home Video, 1996. The social historian Jay Winter is the lead scriptwriter and his scholarly interests are reflected in the “talking heads” on this program. David Kennedy contributes his expertise on the American home front. Viewers should, however, look elsewhere for an understanding of the conduct of military operations and the causes of the war. 1713. The Guns of August. Universal, 1965. This documentary was based on Barbara Tuchman’s book on prewar society and the opening battles of World War I. 1714. Hell’s Angels. United Artists, 1930. With its air scenes directed by Howard Hughes, this film stands as one of the very best at portraying the glory of the air war. Hughes used his own stunt pilots. This movie, featuring Jean Harlow, became a sound film although it started production in the silent era. 1715. Isenberg, Michael T. War on Film: The American Cinema and World War I, 1914–1941. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981. 273 pp. This is a survey of how World War I was presented on film. It attempts to show that film is an important source for understanding American history. Film was often used for promotion and propaganda as well as for entertainment. Parts of this work have been published earlier in essay form. 1716. Kelly, Andrew. “All Quiet on the Western Front”: The Story of a Film. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2002. 212 pp. This book gives a revealing look at how this film was produced and then used by some for propaganda purposes. 1717. The Lighthorsemen. Australian, 1988. This film gives an account of the famous Australian cavalry (really mounted infantry brandishing bayonets) charge against Turkish defenses at Beersheba in 1917. 1718. Men of Bronze. Killiam Shows/Films, 1977. This film portrays the experiences of the black 369th Regiment which fought with a French division. 1719. The Moving Picture Boys in the Great War. Black Hawk Films, 1975. Hollywood’s part in the Great War is the theme of this film which makes use of some excellent contemporary footage.

RT8955Z.indb 292

2/5/07 9:15:54 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

293

1720. Nicholas and Alexandra. Columbia Pictures, 1972. The origins and course of the Russian Revolution can be followed in this film. 1721. The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson. NBC/Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1965. This black-and-white film is excellent for classroom use. 1722. Paths of Glory. United Artists, 1957. Kirk Douglas stars in this Stanley Kubrick film, which is critical of French military leadership. 1723. Reeves, Nicholas. “Film Propaganda and Its Audience: The Example of Britain’s Official Films During the First World War.” Journal of Contemporary History 18 (July 1983): 463–494. Reeves suggests that film propaganda was “better suited in every way to strengthening and reinforcing existing attitudes than to creating new ones.” 1724. Rollins, Peter C., and John E. O’Conner, eds. Hollywood’s World War I: Motion Picture Images. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1997. 304 pp. This collection of 14 essays, many of which were presented at the 1993 conference of the International Association for Media and History, provides a valuable perspective for instructors who use war films as a teaching tool. 1725. Sergeant York. Warner Brothers, 1941. A Hollywood classic starring Gary Cooper, this film examines the life of a Tennessee mountaineer who captured 132 German soldiers in 1918. It emphasizes the heroic exploits of a rural American who had pacifist leanings. 1726. Soderbergh, Peter A. “‘Aux Armes!’: The Rise of the Hollywood War Film, 1916–1930.” South Atlantic Quarterly 65 (Autumn 1966): 509–522. This interesting article surveys the birth and rise of the Hollywood war film from 1916 to 1930. Initially Hollywood had a restricted view of the war, but the Creel Committee saw film as a tool to sell the war. Nonetheless, Hollywood remained generally indifferent. However, between 1925 and 1930 several superior war films were produced, including The Big Parade and All Quiet on the Western Front. War was pictured as being a result more of destructive “forces” than of the aggressive Hun. 1727. The Soviet Union, 1918–1920: The Civil War and Allied Intervention. CBS Films, 1961. This 17-minute film is part of the World in Turmoil series.

RT8955Z.indb 293

2/5/07 9:15:54 PM

294

America and World War I

1728. The Unbeliever. Edison, 1918. This film portrays Germans as Huns and barbarians. Eric von Stroheim plays the typical German. 1729. Versailles: The Lost Peace. Allan Landsburg Productions, 1978. This 22-minute film is part of the Between the Wars series. 1730. Ward, Larry W. “The Motion Picture Goes to War: A Political History of the U.S. Government’s Film Effort in the World War, 1914–1918.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, 1981. 303 pp. This study analyzes the wartime collaboration between filmmakers and the government. Ward, however, does not attempt “to assess the effectiveness of film propaganda.” U.S. Army Signal Corps films, CPI films, and privately produced films are discussed. 1731. Wings. Paramount, 1927. The strength of this film is the classic aerial footage. Two American heroes take on a German “flying circus.” Medieval chivalry lives in the aerial dueling which is prominent in the film. William Wellman directed this significant movie. M. African Americans and Native Americans (See also IV:C:9, African American Troops, AEF) 1732. Britten, Thomas A. American Indians in World War I: At Home and at War. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997. 254 pp. More than 12,000 Native Americans served in the military during World War I in integrated units with white soldiers. They fought in every major battle in France. To confuse the enemy, a Choctaw Telephone Squad was formed that communicated in its native language. It was during the First World War that many Native Americans escaped the isolation of the reservation. 1733. Christian, Garna L. Black Soldiers in Jim Crow Texas, 1899–1917. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995. 223 pp. Christian, in this well-researched book, chronicles the conflict in Texas between whites and black soldiers when the latter stood up for their rights. The violent affairs at Houston (1917) and Brownsville (1906) are examined, but the author also documents six other lesser-known incidents in places such as El Paso and Laredo. 1734. Contee, Clarence G. “Du Bois, the NAACP, and the Pan-African Congress of 1919.” Journal of Negro History 57 (January 1972): 13–28.

RT8955Z.indb 294

2/5/07 9:15:55 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

295

This article focuses attention on Du Bois’ role in the 1919 Pan-African independence movement. Du Bois pressured Woodrow Wilson and used the power of the NAACP to see that the Pan-African Conference of 1919 was held. 1735. Cronon, Edmund David. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955. 278 pp. This first-rate work traces the career of Marcus Garvey and his impact on blacks during and after World War I. Garvey worked hard to uplift blacks and improve their image. His re­ward was deportation. 1736. Ellis, Mark. Race, War, and Surveillance: African Americans and the United States Government during World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. 325 pp. Researched in depth, this monograph is an important addition to the history of the Wilson administration’s sorry treatment of African Americans who supported their country during World War I. Its focus is on the wartime surveillance of African Americans. 1737. Finney, John Dustin. “A Study of Negro Labor During and After World War I.” Doctoral dissertation, Georgetown University, 1967. 425 pp. This study examines the Negro migration northward to work in the northern industrial labor market. The government’s role, the attitude of the American Federation of Labor, and black leadership are scrutinized. Finney points out that blacks entered the market under temporary circumstances and that the government failed to protect them. Moreover, organized labor did not welcome them and they failed to achieve strong unioni­zation for their own interests. 1738. Haynes, George E. “The Effect of War Conditions on Negro Labor.” Proc APS 8 (February 1919): 165–178. This important article surveys the impact of the war on African American labor. Blacks wanted fair pay, education, an end to racial discrimination, and the right to participate in the political process. 1739. Haynes, Robert V. A Night of Violence: The Houston Riot of 1917. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976. 338 pp. This detailed study examines the reaction of the black 24th Infantry to the racism which led to the Houston riot of August 23, 1917. Nineteen soldiers were hanged. 1740. Kornweibel, Theodore, Jr. “Investigate Everything”: Federal Efforts to Compel Black Loyalty during World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. 323 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 295

2/5/07 9:15:55 PM

296

America and World War I

Konrweibel has unearthed a great deal of material from the files of the FBI and Military Intelligence to document the misguided belief of the authorities that German agents were responsible for what was perceived as “disloyalty” on the part of some African Americans. Many African Americans, of course, were unhappy with their treatment during the war, but the Germans are shown to have had little if anything to do with their discontent. 1741. Marks, Carole. Farewell—We’re Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. 209 pp. Marks contends that most of the southern blacks who migrated to northern cities during the war and in the 1920s were city rather than country people. 1742. Miller, Sally M. “The Socialist Party and the Negro, 1901–20.” Journal of Negro History 56 (July 1971): 222–229. This article deals with the treatment of African Americans by the Socialist Party from 1901 to 1920. Even though the Socialist Party never downgraded African Americans, it never admitted that they were equals. Some Socialists, however, fought to gain equal rights for the African American, but failed in their attempts. 1743. Newby, I. A. Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America 1900– 1930. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965. This study concentrates on the body of ideas which argued for the racial inferiority of the African American. Newby concludes that World War I led to a racial migration to northern cities, more opportunities, and a concern about these changes. 1744. Patton, Gerald W. War and Race: The Black Officer in the Military, 1915– 1941. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981. 214 pp. The title of this work is somewhat misleading. The focus is on the period between 1917 and 1920 and African American officers in the U.S. Navy are not examined. Patton contends that the leaders of the U.S. Army did not want African American officers and consequently gave them unfair evaluations. 1745. Ross, B. Joyce. J. E. Spingarn and the Rise of the NAACP, 1911–1939. New York: Atheneum, 1972. 305 pp. This study focuses attention on a white liberal who played a leadership role in a minority-group organization for 28 years. Based on primary sources and topically organized, this work deals with the problems of the organization and how it dealt with those problems. During World War I, the NAACP fought successfully for an African American officers’ training camp.

RT8955Z.indb 296

2/5/07 9:15:55 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

297

1746. Rudwick, Elliott M. Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1964. 300 pp. This volume treats the background and events of the East St. Louis riots of 1917. 1747. Scheiber, Jane Lang, and Harry N. Scheiber. “The Wilson Administration and the Wartime Mobilization of Black Americans, 1917–18.” Labor History 10 (Summer 1969): 433–458. This article examines the wartime mobilization of African Americans to see if Wilson used them or took advantage of their situation. Before the war Wilson had failed to live up to many of his promises to African Americans. After the war began, however, Wilson catered to African Americans and they made many contributions to the war effort. Yet Wilson refused to ally himself with African American leaders for fear that this would identify him with their demands for equality in exchange for their war efforts. 1748. Scott, Emmett J. Negro Migration During the War. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969. 189 pp. First published in 1920 with funding by the Carnegie Endowment for Peace, this study traces the migration of more than 400,000 African Americans northward during World War I. The exodus, basically economic, depopulated some southern areas. Scott looks at the causes and at the cities where the impact was the greatest, St. Louis and Chicago. This important work is a must for a study of the war’s impact on the social fabric of the country. 1749. Sochen, June. The Unbridgeable Gap: Blacks and Their Quest for the American Dream, 1900–1930. Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing, 1972. 136 pp. Sochen surveys the intellectual history of African Americans from 1900 to 1930 and attempts to bring together myth and fact as treated by African American intellectuals. Even though the study is well researched and written, it focuses little attention on the impact of World War I on the thought of black intellectuals. 1750. Speer, Allan H. Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto 1890– 1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967. 254 pp. Speer, in this well-documented and well-written book illustrates in fine fashion the great migration of African Americans from the south to Chicago during World War I. The African Americans who arrived to work in war-related industries found a well-developed African American ghetto. Considerable attention is given to the resultant racial tensions.

RT8955Z.indb 297

2/5/07 9:15:55 PM

298

America and World War I

N. Radicalism 1751. Bindler, Norman. “American Socialism and the First World War.” Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1970. 181 pp. This well-researched study analyzes the motives, ideology, and influences which determined the role of the American Socialist movement from 1914 to 1918. The socialists responded to the European war by calling for U.S. mediation as well as an embargo. During the war the socialists split into pro- and antiwar factions. The general public and the government harassed the socialists, and several leaders ended up in jail for violating the espionage and sedition acts. 1752. Brissenden, Paul F. The I. W. W.: A Study of American Syndicalism. New York: Russell & Russell, 1957. 438 pp. An early survey of the Industrial Workers of the World, this book seeks to put the movement in perspective as it downplays the more radical side of this radical labor force. A brief discussion of the war’s negative impact on the IWW is included. 1753. Carsten, F. L. War Against War: British and German Radical Movements in the First World War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. 285 pp. Much familiar ground is covered in this monograph, but it is valuable because it offers a comparative view of antiwar activities of the socialist left in Britain and Germany. 1754. Coben, Stanley. “A Study in Nativism: The American Red Scare of 1919– 20.” Pol Sci Q 74 (March 1964): 52–75. Coben examines the roots of the U.S. fears of Communism as well as the fears themselves. Many psychologists felt that many Americans were insecure and that they sought security in the nation. Thus, they perceived Communism as an outside threat to their own security and they resorted to violence. Politicians such as A. Mitchell Palmer inflamed the public even more. Coben concludes that Communism was a threat, but that postwar America overreacted to that threat. 1755. Conlin, Joseph R. Big Bill Haywood and the Radical Union Movement. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1969. 244 pp. This book, which is not based on manuscript collections, examines Haywood’s relationship to the IWW and Socialism. Conlin argues that the socialistic split with the IWW in 1912 ruined Socialism in America. World War I and the resulting repression destroyed the IWW. Haywood was exiled to Russia, where he lived until 1928.

RT8955Z.indb 298

2/5/07 9:15:55 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War

299

1756. ———, ed. The American Radical Press, 1880–1960. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974. 2 vols. This collection of 100 essays (with elaborate notes) on 119 periodicals provides a thorough look at the U.S. radical press. Several essays reflect the reaction of the radical press to the Great War. 1757. DeWitt, Howard A. Images of Ethnic and Radical Violence in California Politics, 1917–1930: A Survey. San Francisco: R & E Research Associates, 1975. 136 pp. This is an important, well-documented case study of anti-radicalism coming out of the World War I experience. 1758. Draper, Theodore. The Roots of American Communism. New York: Viking Press, 1963. 498 pp. This work reconstructs the birth and early years of American Communism. It is especially good at examining the impact of World War I on the movement, which actually led to the real birth of American Communism as it became an arm of the Russian movement. 1759. Jaffe, Julian F. Crusade Against Radicalism: New York During the Red Scare. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1972. 265 pp. In this completely researched volume, Jaffe examines the main aspects of the Red Scare in New York. The major radical groups are discussed and anti-radical activities are analyzed. Jaffe concludes that the harassment of radicals provided a training ground for postwar anti-radicalism activities. 1760. McCormick, Charles H. See Reds: Federal Surveillance of Radicals in the Pittsburgh Mill District, 1917–1921. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997. 244 pp. This monograph focuses on the surveillance activities conducted by the recently created FBI against the Socialist party, the Industrial Workers of the World, and the emerging Communist movement in the Pittsburgh mill district. 1761. Miller, Sally M. Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism, 1910–1920. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973. 274 pp. This superior study examines how Victor Berger attempted to achieve socialist principles by working within the system through political action. Miller focuses much attention on the war’s impact on Socialism in the United States. 1762. Murray, Robert K. Red Scare: A Study of National Hysteria, 1919–1920. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955. 337 pp. Murray sees the Red Scare as a phenomenon with roots in World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution.

RT8955Z.indb 299

2/5/07 9:15:56 PM

300

America and World War I

1763. Shannon, David A. The Socialist Party of America: A History. New York: Macmillan, 1955. 320 pp. Objective and well researched, this volume argues that the socialists in World War I hoped to gain power by working within the political system. The failure to work out its internal differences caused the party to change from being pragmatic to doctrinaire. Shannon’s approach is institutional, and he treats the decline of American Socialism in the context of its failure to adapt to the two-party system. 1764. Shepperson, Wilbur S., and John G. Folkes. Retreat to Nevada: A Socialist Colony of World War I. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1966. 244 pp. This study examines a socialist experiment in cooperative living in the Lahonton Valley in Nevada. Midwestern society saw the colony as a way of avoiding both the consequences of American participation in World War I and the decaying capitalistic system. 1765. Szajkowski, Zosa. Jews, Wars, and Communism. New York: KTAV, 1973–1974. 2 vols. This is the first attempt to document the attitude of American Jews in the World War I period. The second volume emphasizes the impact of the Red Scare on American Jewish life. 1766. Weinstein, James. “Anti–War Sentiment and the Socialist Party, 1917– 1918.” Pol Sci Q (June 1959): 215–239. The belief that President Wilson could keep America out of the war contributed to his reelection in 1916. Only five months after the election, however, the United States was at war. The American Socialist Party’s antiwar push led to verbal attacks, physical violence, and combat with U.S. troops. 1767. ———. The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967. 367 pp. Weinstein examines the socialist movement in the United States before, during, and after World War I. He concludes that repression and division resulting from the war and the Russian Revolution caused the decline of Socialism in America. O. Civil Liberties 1768. Capozzola, Christopher. “The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor: Vigilance, Coercion, and the Law in World War I America.” J Amer Hist 88 (March 2002): 1354–1382.

RT8955Z.indb 300

2/5/07 9:15:56 PM

Social and Cultural Impact of the War 301

This article suggests that the government condemned mob violence (President Woodrow Wilson’s July 26, 1918 speech) but condoned “the vast structures of citizen vigilance” that evolved during the war. 1769. Dunning, W. A. “Disloyalty in Two Wars.” Amer Hist Rev 24 (July 1919): 625–630. This essay compares the treatment of disloyal citizens in World War I and the American Civil War. 1770. Johnson, Donald. Challenge to American Freedoms: World War I and the Rise of American Civil Liberties Union. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1963. 243 pp. This important work, the winner of the 1962 MVHA award, focuses on the ACLU and its predecessor, the National Civil Liberties Bureau. Johnson argues that the hysteria generated by the war was responsible for the start of a true civil liberties movement in the United States. 1771. Murphy, Paul L. The Meaning of Freedom of Speech: First Amendment Freedoms from Wilson to FDR. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1972. 401 pp. Murphy’s legalistic examination of free speech during World War I shows that the government restricted many basic freedoms and attempted to propagandize the American people. This circumstance developed without any major protest, and represented a sharp break with past traditions. 1772. ———. World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States. New York: W.W. Norton, 1979. 285 pp. This work attempts to examine why serious violations of civil liberties occurred during the war. Murphy concludes that the roots of the problem can be found in progressivism which emphasized the strengthening of the government and the failure of the administration to see the need of preserving civil liberties. Moreover, Murphy feels that Americans saw nothing wrong in harassing dissenters. 1773. Scheiber, Harry N. The Wilson Administration and Civil Liberties 1917– 1921. Ithaca: NY: Cornell University Press, 1960. 69 pp. This slim monograph, which is based on a master’s thesis, examines the period from 1917 to 1921. Scheiber concludes that civil liberties were sacrificed heavily during the war, particularly with the passage of the Sedition Act. Government officials and vigilantes were enthusiastic about enforcing conformity. Wilson is criticized for not attempting to moderate public opinion.

RT8955Z.indb 301

2/5/07 9:15:56 PM

RT8955Z.indb 302

2/5/07 9:15:56 PM

VII Diplomacy of the War

A. General Sources 1774. Allison, William. American Diplomats in Russia: Case Studies in Orphan Diplomacy, 1916–1919. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 190 pp. In an effort to explain the difficult relationship between Bolshevik Russia and Washington, Allison examines the role played by five American diplomats in Russia, including Ambassador David R. Francis. Woodrow Wilson, of course, ignored these men in developing his Russian policy. 1775. Ambrosius, Lloyd E. Wilsonian Statecraft: Theory and Practice of Liberal Internationalism during World War I. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1991. 170 pp. Ambrosius focuses on Wilson’s ambivalence toward American self-interest and internationalism. He faults Wilson for his inability or unwillingness to connect ends and means in formulating foreign policy. 1776. Anderson, George L., ed. Issues and Conflicts: Studies in Twentieth Century American Diplomacy. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1959. 374 pp. Included in this collection are essays by Stromberg on collective security, 1916–1920; by Ferrell on Wilson’s views of open diplomacy; and by Lilienthal on the Balfour Declaration.

303

RT8955Z.indb 303

2/5/07 9:15:56 PM

304

America and World War I

1777. Bailey, Thomas A. The Policy of the United States Toward the Neutrals, 1917–1918. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1942. 520 pp. After entering the war, Bailey points out, the United States drove a hard bargain with the neutrals. This policy of limiting neutral goods to the Central Powers shortened the war. Bailey argues that the United States did not violate international law in a sweeping way. 1778. Buehrig, Edward H., ed. Wilson’s Foreign Policy in Perspective. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957. 176 pp. This is a collection of lectures given at Indiana University during the Wilson centennial year. Some of the topics covered by distinguished scholars are the role that House played in Wilson’s diplomacy, the origins of Wilson’s views on collective security, Wilson’s regional policies, and an evaluation of Keynes’ hostile portrayal of Wilson. 1779. Calhoun, Frederick S. Uses of Force and Wilsonian Foreign Policy. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1993. 172 pp. Although Wilson professed to be against war and for internationalism, no president made more use of military force outside the United States. Calhoun examines this conundrum in a shorter version of his monograph, Power and Principle: Armed Intervention in Wilsonian Foreign Policy (1986). 1780. Conyne, G. R. Woodrow Wilson: British Perspectives, 1912–21. London: Macmillan, 1992. 246 pp. Conyne challenges the view that British leaders thought Wilson naïve and idealistic in this monograph that draws heavily on British archives. 1781. Curry, Roy Watson. Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy, 1913–1921. New York: Bookman Associates, 1957. 411 pp. This important piece of scholarship emphasizes three aspects of Wilson’s Far East policy: “Wilson himself, the particular situation, and the tradition of American policy.” There is an especially thorough bibliography. 1782. Eisenhower, John S. D. Intervention!: The United States and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1917. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993. 393 pp. Eisenhower, who has a lively writing style, has written a good overview of the affair at Tampico and the use of U.S. military force at Veracruz and later in the attempt to capture Pancho Villa. He is best at describing the military aspects of this American misadventure. 1783. Ershkowitz, Herbert. The Attitude of Business Toward American Foreign Policy, 1900–1916. University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1967. 77 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 304

2/5/07 9:15:56 PM

Diplomacy of the War 305

In the early part of the 20th century, some U.S. intellectual and commercial leaders concluded that the country was overproducing. Thus, in order to prevent potential economic problems, business leaders looked to new markets in the Far East and Latin America. The author concludes that this concern over overproduction was groundless and the China market proved to be a dream. Yet the United States did develop an important market in Latin America. 1784. Fleming, Thomas J. The Illusion of Victory: America in World War I. New York: Basic Books, 2003. 512 pp. This is a harsh and unbalanced attack on Woodrow Wilson’s leadership with a bias for Berlin and against London. Much attention is paid to what the author sees as Wilson’s diplomatic blunders. This polemical treatment is marred by many serious errors of fact. 1785. Gilderhus, Mark T. Pan American Visions: Woodrow Wilson in the Western Hemisphere, 1913–1921. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1986. 194 pp. This study describes America’s growing influence in the Western Hemisphere during the war years. 1786. Griswold, A. Whitney. The Far Eastern Policy of the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962. 530 pp. First published in 1938, this volume has become a classic even though the archives of the State Department beyond 1906 were not available to the author at the time of his research. This work provides a sound introduction to American policy in Asia prior to World War I. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 cover the period of the Great War and the peace settlement. 1787. Hannigan, Robert E. The New World Power: American Foreign Policy, 1898–1917. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. 365 pp. The policies of McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft are covered as well as Wilson’s. Extensive archival work has been done in surveying the rise of American power in such areas as Mexico, the Caribbean, and China prior to involvement in World War I. 1788. Healy, David. Drive to Hegemony: The United States in the Caribbean, 1898–1917. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. 370 pp. Based on extensive research, this study does an outstanding job of explaining U.S. expansionist policy in the Caribbean. 1789. Herman, Sondra. Eleven Against War: Studies in American Internationalist Thought, 1898–1921. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1969. 264 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 305

2/5/07 9:15:56 PM

306

America and World War I

This is an interesting study of Americans who wished to launch a new era in international politics. Some, such as Elihu Root and Hamilton Holt, saw a world court or a league of nations as the answer. Still others, for example, Thorstein Veblen, placed their hopes in a new world economic and social order. 1790. Hill, Larry D. Emissaries to a Revolution: Woodrow Wilson’s Executive Agents in Mexico. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974. 394 pp. Based primarily on materials in the state archives and manuscript collections in the United States and Mexico, this study focuses attention on the relations of the United States and Mexico from 1913 to the U.S. recognition of the Carranza government. Wilson’s actions prior to Carranza’s recognition created bad relations between the two countries. 1791. Iriye, Akira. The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations. Vol. 3, The Globalizing of America, 1913–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 240 pp. Iriye takes a very positive view of America’s rise as a global power under Wilson’s leadership. He, for example, defends Wilson’s aggressive policies in Latin America because, unlike European imperialism, their primary purpose was political reform. 1792. Katz, Friedrich. The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. 659 pp. Katz examines the Mexican Revolution in its many facets as well as the motives of foreign powers who intervened. This is a much expanded version of an earlier book in German that focused on Germany and the Mexican Revolution. 1793. Kawamura, J. Noriko. Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-U.S. Relations during World War I. Westport, CT: Praeger, 200. 185 pp. Although engaged in a war against a common enemy, Tokyo and Washington saw their relationship deteriorate over such issues as the former’s Twenty-One Demands. 1794. Kennan, George F. American Diplomacy 1900–1950. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951. 154 pp. One of the six lectures published in this collection concerns American involvement in World War I. Wilson and other American leaders are faulted for their moralistic slogans and their determination to make the American military and diplomatic effort a crusade.

RT8955Z.indb 306

2/5/07 9:15:57 PM

Diplomacy of the War 307

1795. Knock, Thomas J. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 381 pp. This book by a student of Arthur S. Link examines the ideological origins of Wilson’s attempt to create a new international system. The link between domestic politics and Wilson’s approach to international affairs is highlighted but Knock shies away from any economic interpretation of Wilson’s motives. 1796. Komarnicki, Titus. Rebirth of the Polish Republic: A Study in the Diplomatic History of Europe, 1914–1920. London: W. Heinemann, 1957. 776 pp. This massively documented study is still useful for the study of both wartime diplomacy and the Paris Peace Conference. The author, however, does give a highly Polish view of events. 1797. Langley, Lester D. The Banana Wars: An Inner History of American Empire, 1900–1934. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. 255 pp. Langley reviews the United States military intervention in Cuba, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. He has looked at the papers of officers as well as the official military records. 1798. Leuchtenburg, William E. “Progressivism and Imperialism: The Progressive Movement and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1916.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 39 (December 1952): 483–504. Leuchtenburg argues that progressives generally supported U.S. imperialism and preparedness. 1799. Levin, N. Gordon, Jr. Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. 340 pp. In this well-researched and balanced study, Levin examines the theory and practice of Wilsonian diplomacy during American belligerency, intervention in Russia, and the peace settlement. He argues that the primary objective of Wilson’s diplomacy was to make the world safe for liberal capitalism. This made Wilson an opponent of both traditional imperialism and revolutionary socialism. Although the American people rejected the League of Nations, Wilson’s worldview eventually came to dominate American foreign policy. 1800. Lewis, Cleona. America’s Stake in International Investments. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1938. 710 pp. This study traces America’s transition from a debtor to a creditor country. The author’s purpose is to show “the complex character of lending and investment transactions by which American capital moves abroad while

RT8955Z.indb 307

2/5/07 9:15:57 PM

308

America and World War I

foreign capital in large amounts comes into the United States.” Karl T. Schlotterbeck assisted the author. Numerous charts and statistical tables are included. 1801. Link, Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist: A Look at His Major Foreign Policies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1957. 165 pp. Link’s Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History are published herein. Link contends that Wilson was genuinely committed to neutrality, 1914– 1917, but that the German decision to embark on a policy of unrestricted warfare forced his hand. It should also be noted that Link made several changes, some of them major, in the second edition, which appeared in 1963. 1802. ———, ed. Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World, 1913–1921. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982. 241 pp. Various aspects of Wilson’s diplomacy are discussed by scholars such as Lloyd C. Gardner, Betty Miller Unterberger, Jay Lundgreen-Nielsen, Inga Floto, Kurt Wimer, Herbert G. Nichols, and Whittle Johnston. Among the topics covered are Wilson’s approach to revolution in Mexico and Russia, his policy toward Poland, and his efforts to construct a new world order. 1803. Lippmann, Walter. United States Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic. Boston: Little, Brown, 1943. 177 pp. This noted American journalist argues that the continuation of 19thcentury American diplomacy into the 20th century ill served the nation and was “dangerously inadequate.” Lippmann also argues that national self-interest rather than Wilson’s idealistic explanations was the best justification for American belligerency. 1804. Lowe, Cedric James, and F. Marzari. Italian Foreign Policy, 1870–1940. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975. 476 pp. This general survey fills a void in English-language literature on Italian diplomacy. Chapter 8 concerns Italy at the Paris Peace Conference. 1805. McFadden, David W. Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans, 1917– 1920. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 448 pp. McFadden studies the attempts by diplomats, military representatives, Red Cross officials, and Soviet representatives to come to an accommodation on various issues that separated the two governments. 1806. Martin, Percy Alvin. Latin America and the War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1925. 582 pp. This highly interpretative volume examines how the 20 Latin American nations reacted to the Great War.

RT8955Z.indb 308

2/5/07 9:15:57 PM

Diplomacy of the War 309

1807. Morgenthau, Hans J. In Defense of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1951. 283 pp. Morgenthau, a political scientist, has prepared a standard brief in support of the “realist” as opposed to the “idealist” approach to international relations. Although concerned more with Cold War politics, this work also attempts to serve as a corrective to Wilsonian diplomacy. 1808. Munro, Dana G. Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean, 1900–1921. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964. 553 pp. Based primarily on state department records, this detailed study of U.S. policy in the Caribbean explains how an interventionist policy developed and why the United States acted as it did. The interventions seemed to have been motivated by the feeling that the United States had a responsibility to help its neighbors and the fear of possible European intervention. American interventionist policy served to undermine the U.S. position in the area. 1809. Osgood, Robert E. Ideals and Self-Interest in American Foreign Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953. 491 pp. A revision of the author’s thesis, this important work is critical of President Wilson for allowing abstract moral and idealistic considerations to shape his views of world politics. A basic problem examined by Osgood is the conflict between what is ideal and what is practical in international affairs. There are chapter notes but no bibliography. 1810. Powell, Jim. Wilson’s War: How Woodrow Wilson’s Great Blunder Led to Hitler, Lenin, Stalin and World War II. New York: Crown Forum, 2005. 352 pp. So much for Woodrow Wilson’s attempts to reform international politics. Powell makes the provocative claim as his title suggests that his decision to go to war with Germany was responsible for some of the worst evils of the 20th century. Powell’s treatment of his subject represents a classic example of reading history backward. 1811. Renouvin, Pierre. War and Aftermath: 1914–1929. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. 369 pp. This volume is a major contribution to diplomatic history by one of France’s foremost historians. The French edition was published in 1957. 1812. Schmidt, Hans. The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1971. 303 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 309

2/5/07 9:15:57 PM

310

America and World War I

This well-written and well-documented study examines U.S. policy in regard to Haiti. Ironically, intervention came when American policy emphasized human rights and respect for smaller countries. The occupation emphasized the materialistic rather than the idealistic. The realities of World War I, fear of the Germans, and the strategic importance of Haiti to the United States prompted the intervention. 1813. Schulz, Gerhard. Revolutions and Peace Treaties, 1917–1920. London: Methuen, 1972. 258 pp. This is the translation of the German edition which was published in 1967. Schulz’s purpose is to examine the diplomacy and revolutions of World War I and their effects as part of the history of the world. President Wilson, who is pictured as a well-meaning victim of circumstances, receives sympathetic treatment. 1814. Seymour, Charles. American Diplomacy During the World War. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1964. 417 pp. Between the wars Seymour emerged as Wilson’s most important defender among professional historians. He stressed American determination to protect life and property against Germany’s undersea assault and argued that the political and economic factors stressed by the revisionists were secondary considerations for Wilson and his advisors. This well-documented work, which has an extensive bibliography, is a reprint of the 1934 edition. 1815. Silberstein, Gerard E. The Troubled Alliance: German-Austrian Relations, 1914–1917. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970. 366 pp. This work includes an analysis of the relationship between the German and Austrian high commands, with the conflict between Falkenhayn and Conrad von Hotzendorff being highlighted. There is also a comprehensive account of the Dual Alliance’s attempts to win Balkan allies. The research in German and Austrian sources is thorough and there is extensive documentation. 1816. Smith, Daniel M. The Great Departure: The United States and World War I, 1914–1920. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965. 221 pp. This is a scholarly synthesis of American neutrality, belligerency, and peacemaking based on extensive research in unpublished sources and the latest literature. Wilson’s diplomacy is treated with sympathy and understanding. 1817. Stevenson, David. The First World War and International Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. 392 pp. This is the best survey of the diplomacy of World War I. Woodrow Wilson emerges in the last half of the book as a central figure. Extensive research, including archival work, has gone into this study.

RT8955Z.indb 310

2/5/07 9:15:57 PM

Diplomacy of the War 311

1818. Surface, Frank M. The Grain Trade During the World War. New York: Macmillan, 1928. 679 pp. The roles of the Food Administration Grain Corporation and the United States Grain Corporation receive detailed treatment. The humanitarian effort to feed the starving people of Europe is also covered. Relevant documents are included in the lengthy appendices and there are numerous statistics and graphs in the text. * Taylor, A. J. P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918. Cited above as item 156. 1819. Trow, Clifford W. “Woodrow Wilson and the Mexican Interventionist Movement of 1919.” J Amer Hist 58 (June 1971): 46–72. This article examines the 1919 Mexican interventionist movement headed by Republican senator Albert Fall of New Mexico. Motivated by oil interests and other investments, Fall, backed by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, urged President Wilson to establish a protectorate over Mexico. Wilson, however, refused to go along and reasserted his control over foreign affairs by forcing Secretary of State Lansing to resign. Trow defends Wilson’s actions throughout. 1820. Tulchin, Joseph S. The Aftermath of War: World War I and U.S. Policy Toward Latin America. New York: New York University Press, 1971. 287 pp. This well-written and competently researched volume argues that U.S. Latin American policy, 1918–1919, was determined by U.S. experiences during World War I. Disillusioned Americans lost interest in interfering in the affairs of other nations and were little inclined to get involved in hemispheric disputes. U.S. policy was formulated without regard to hemispheric government. 1821. United States Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1914–1918: Supplement, The World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1928–1933. 9 vols. This collection of State Department papers covers a wide range of subjects from prisoners of war to neutral rights. 1822. Vagts, Alfred. Defense and Diplomacy: The Soldier and the Conduct of Foreign Relations. New York: King’s Crown Press, 1956. 547 pp. This series of essays sheds light on the role of the military expert in formulating and conducting foreign relations. The author’s organization is thematic rather than chronological. 1823. Ward, Alan J. Ireland and Anglo-American Relations, 1899–1921. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969. 291 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 311

2/5/07 9:15:58 PM

312

America and World War I

Ward examines the role played by Ireland in driving a wedge between Britain and the United States during World War I. He also delineates the part played by Irish-Americans in defeating the Treaty of Versailles. 1824. West, Rachel. The Department of State on the Eve of the First World War. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1978. 183 pp. This study shows that the State Department was unprepared to deal with the crisis of World War I. Critical of Bryan and Wilson, the author feels that the department had Europe at too low a priority. See also her 1972 Indiana University doctoral dissertation. 1825. Williams, Benjamin H. Economic Foreign Policy of the United States. New York: Howard Fertig, 1967. 426 pp. This book, originally published in 1927, examines U.S. economic foreign policy from its prewar roots into the mid-1920s. Williams examines basic U.S. cornerstone policies, such as the Open Door Policy, in light of economics. This study shows how World War I transformed the United States from a debtor into a creditor nation. 1826. Zeman, Z. A. B. The Gentleman Negotiators: A Diplomatic History of World War I. New York: Macmillan, 1971. 402 pp. An attempt at a general diplomatic history of World War I, this volume relates the strategy of the war to diplomacy. Zeman moves from capital to capital of the belligerents as he describes the formulation of war aims and the attempts to enlist allies or detach members of the enemy coalition. Chapter 5, “Washington,” examines America’s road to war. B. Diplomats (Including Manuscript Collections) 1. United States Bryan 1827. Bryan, William Jennings. Collection in the National Archives. This collection consists of four volumes of Bryan’s correspondence. Many of Wilson’s letters are included. 1828. ———. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Bryan’s generally disappointing papers are arranged chronologically. It has been alleged that Bryan destroyed many important papers. 1829. Ashby, LeRoy. William Jennings Bryan: Champion of Democracy. Boston: Twayne, 1987. 245 pp. Bryan’s good points as well as the contradictions of some of his positions are well described in this succinct study.

RT8955Z.indb 312

2/5/07 9:15:58 PM

Diplomacy of the War 313

1830. Clements, Kendrick A. William Jennings Bryan: Missionary Isolationist. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982. 214 pp. This book includes a thorough account of Bryan’s reasons for resigning. It also notes that Bryan came to agree with Woodrow Wilson that the U.S. should participate in the war to further the goals of liberal diplomacy, or in his view, Christian democracy. 1831. Coletta, Paolo E. William Jennings Bryan. Vol. 2, Progressive Politician and Moral Statesman, 1909–1915. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969. 380 pp. This second volume of Coletta’s three-volume biography of Bryan devotes most of its attention to his career in the Wilson administration. The author concludes that Bryan was not a great secretary of state, but that his peace proposals influenced the League Covenant, the Kellogg-Briand pact, and the United Nations. 1832. Curti, Merle Eugene. Bryan and World Peace. Smith College Studies in History, 16, nos. 3–4 (April–July 1931): 113–260. Bryan’s peace efforts during World War I receive attention in this solid study. 1833. Levine, Lawrence W. Defender of the Faith. William Jennings Bryan: The Last Decade, 1915–1925. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. 386 pp. This scholarly biography is a masterful reinterpretation of Bryan’s final years. Although it is not a study of Bryan’s World War I diplomacy, it sheds light on Bryan’s fundamental beliefs. Bullitt 1834. Bullitt, William Christian. Collection in Yale University Library. This collection of 750 items includes materials concerning Germany in World War I, the Paris Peace Conference, and Bullitt’s mission to Russia in 1919. It also includes Bullitt’s correspondence with President Wilson. 1835. ———. The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. New York: B.W. Heubsch, 1919. 151 pp. Bullitt used the Committee on Foreign Relations in September 1919 as a forum to attack President Wilson’s Russian policy. Bullitt mistakenly believed that Wilson had thrown away the opportunity to end the civil war in Russia. 1836. Farnsworth, Beatrice. William C. Bullitt and the Soviet Union. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967. 244 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 313

2/5/07 9:15:58 PM

314

America and World War I

This volume, based on some hitherto unavailable sources, sheds new light on Bullitt’s role at the Paris Peace Conference and his controversial mission to Russia to negotiate with the Soviet leaders. Bullitt’s sympathetic attitude toward the Soviet regime during the Wilson presidency was not to survive his ambassadorship in the USSR during the 1930s. Egan 1837. Egan, Maurice Francis. Ten Years Near the German Frontier: A Retrospect and a Warning. New York: George H. Doran, 1919. 364 pp. Egan was the U.S. minister to Denmark from 1907 until 1918. His book is a lively discussion of the German threat to Europe. Francis 1838. Francis, David Rowland. Collection in Missouri Historical Society Library and Research Center. Francis’ ambassadorship in Russia is well covered in this collection of some 50,000 items. 1839. ———. Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921. 361 pp. This rambling and often disappointing account by the American ambassador in Petrograd who succeeded Marye is still useful for any examination of Russo-American relations during the Great War. Francis, however, played little role in American intervention. 1840. [———.] Dollars and Diplomacy: Ambassador David Rowland Francis and the Fall of Tsarism, 1916–1917. Edited by Jamie H. Cockfield. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1981. 149 pp. The correspondence, personal and official, of Francis, largely from his papers held by the Missouri Historical Society, but also including documents from the National Archives, is arranged in chronological order. Cockfield covers the period before the abdication of Nicholas II. Francis’ correspondence after the February (or March) Revolution is excluded because Kennan made extensive use of it in his study. Commentary and footnotes are included. Gerard 1841. Gerard, James W. Collection in University of Montana Library. These papers include Gerard’s general correspondence. 1842. ———. My Four Years in Germany. New York: George H. Doran, 1917. 448 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 314

2/5/07 9:15:58 PM

Diplomacy of the War 315

This is an interesting account by the American ambassador in Berlin. Gerard, who had been a Tammany Hall politician, often displeased President Wilson who thought little of his advice and once minuted one of his dispatches: “Who can fathom this? I wish they would hand this idiot his passports!” There is much of interest in Gerard’s reminiscences, but the volume does not live up to its advertisement as “the most important contribution to the literature of great present-day events.” 1843. Barthold, Theodore Richard. “Assignment to Berlin: The Embassy of James W. Gerard, 1913–1917.” Doctoral dissertation, Temple University, 1981. 445 pp. The newly available papers of Gerard were used in this diplomatic biography of Gerard’s years in Berlin. The author contends that Gerard was a more able representative of American interests than is usually thought. Gibson 1844. Gibson, Hugh. A Journal from Our Legation in Belgium. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1917. 362 pp. Written by the first secretary of the American legation in Brussels, this diary chronicles the outbreak of war and the German conquest of Belgium (July 4 to December 31). There are numerous illustrations, including a portrait of Miss Cavell. Grew 1845. Grew, Joseph C. Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904–1945. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. 2 vols. These memoirs contain some information on Grew’s service in the American embassy in Berlin from 1912 to 1917. 1846. Heinrichs, Waldo H., Jr. American Ambassador Joseph C. Grew and the Development of the United States Diplomatic Tradition. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966. 460 pp. This biography of Grew examines the development of the professional diplomatic corps in the United States. During World War I, Grew served as executive officer for the American embassy in Berlin; he also played a minor role at the Paris Peace Conference. House 1847. House, Edward M. Collection in Yale University Library.

RT8955Z.indb 315

2/5/07 9:15:58 PM

316

America and World War I

The Wilson-House correspondence is bound separately in this important manuscript collection. Many of the key documents have been published in Seymour’s Intimate Papers of Colonel House. 1848. [———.] The Intimate Papers of Colonel House. Edited by Charles Seymour. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1926–1928. 4 vols. The papers of House are arranged in a historical narrative by a distinguished professor of history. This is an indispensable source because of House’s close relationship with President Wilson and his important role in formulating American diplomatic policy. House was a historian’s dream because he kept extensive and careful records, including a daily journal. His views of events, however, must often be examined with a critical eye. Moreover, Seymour is biased in his favor. Vols. 3 and 4 cover the period of American belligerency and the peace conference. 1849. Floto, Inga. Colonel House in Paris: A Study of American Policy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981. 374 pp. This is a superior analysis of House’s influence and activities at the peace conference. House is blamed for some of Wilson’s shortcomings during the peace negotiations. Floto argues that House pushed upon Wilson policies which he could not accept, thus causing the break between the two men. 1850. George, Alexander L., and Juliette L. George. Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study. New York: John Day, 1956. 362 pp. Extensive research went into this psychological study of what one biographer has called the “perfect friendship” between President Wilson and his friend and advisor Colonel House. The two authors are political scientists. 1851. Hodgson, Godfrey. Woodrow Wilson’s Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. 372 pp. This new biography makes a real contribution to understanding House’s influence in diplomacy during the Great War period when the United States rose to global prominence. 1852. Smith, A. D. H. Mr. House of Texas. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1940. 381 pp. This sympathetic biography has much to say about House’s part in the politics and international diplomacy of the Great War and the Paris Peace Conference. Smith, a close friend of House, would not publish this work while House still lived.

RT8955Z.indb 316

2/5/07 9:15:59 PM

Diplomacy of the War 317

1853. Williams, Joyce Grigsby. Colonel House and Sir Edward Grey: A Study in Anglo-American Diplomacy. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984. 174 pp. This study has its origins as a 1971 doctoral dissertation at Indiana University. Anglo-American relations are studied through the relationship between House and Grey. The House-Grey Memorandum and the development of the League of Nations receive particular attention. Williams suggests that House was manipulated by Grey to the betterment of Anglo-American relations. Lansing 1854. Lansing, Robert. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Lansing’s official correspondence in the records of the State Department should be used in conjunction with this collection. These papers include Lansing’s personal diary and his appointment or desk diary. The papers are arranged chronologically. 1855. ———. The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921. 328 pp. Lansing tries to give his side of his numerous differences with President Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference. Photographs and excerpts from previously unpublished documents are included. 1856. ———. War Memoirs of Robert Lansing, Secretary of State. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935. 383 pp. The title of this work is rather misleading. Lansing begins his memoirs when he becomes secretary of state in 1915 and concludes shortly after American intervention in the war. Lansing readily admits his pro-British sympathies and attempts to explain why Wilson waited so long before going to war with Germany. There are excerpts from the Lansing diaries and war memoranda. 1857. Barany, George. “Wilsonian Central Europe: Lansing’s Contribution.” Historian 28 (February 1966): 224–251. Barany examines Lansing’s influence on American policy toward Central Europe. 1858. Beers, Burton F. Vain Endeavor: Robert Lansing’s Attempts to End the American-Japanese Rivalry. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1962. 207 pp. This study highlights the often differing approaches of Wilson and Lansing to Far East problems, which were especially prominent at the Paris Peace Conference. Beers seems to suggest that if Wilson had accepted Lansing’s position on several critical issues, America’s relations with Japan might have been better.

RT8955Z.indb 317

2/5/07 9:15:59 PM

318

America and World War I

1859. Smith, Daniel M. Robert Lansing and American Neutrality, 1914–1917. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958. 241 pp. This well-documented study highlights the differences between Wilson and Lansing on American neutrality. Lansing, more conscious of national security concerns than Wilson, concluded before Wilson that war against Germany was inevitable. 1860. ———. “Robert Lansing and the Formulation of American Neutrality Policies, 1914–1915.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 43 (June 1956): 59–81. Smith concludes that Lansing was one of the “principal architects of the 1914–1917 neutrality structure.” 1861. ———. “Robert Lansing (1915–1920).” In An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the 20th Century, edited by Norman A. Graebner, pp. 101–127. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961. Smith offers a solid and succinct account of Lansing’s tenure as Secretary of State, emphasizing his important contributions to U.S. diplomacy. “In retrospect,” Smith asserts, “one of the many tragedies of the Wilson years was the president’s failure to avail himself more fully of Lansing’s talents. 1862. United States Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1940. 2 vols. The papers of the secretary of state reveal, among other things, that there was no coherent American policy toward Russia and that decisions were made essentially on a day-to-day basis. 1863. Živojinovic, Dragan. “Robert Lansing’s Comments on the Pontifical Peace Note of August 1, 1917.” J Amer Hist 56 (December 1969): 556–571. This Yugoslavian historian reproduces Lansing’s comments in full and analyzes the views of the secretary of state who believed that the Vatican desired the survival of Austria-Hungary as a great state. Long 1864. Long, Breckinridge. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Long was an assistant secretary of state in charge of Far East affairs from 1917 to 1920. His papers are especially useful for any examination of American intervention in Siberia.

RT8955Z.indb 318

2/5/07 9:15:59 PM

Diplomacy of the War 319

Marye 1865. Marye, George T. Nearing the End in Imperial Russia. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1929. 479 pp. Marye kept a journal of his daily activities and impressions during his 16 months as the American ambassador to Russia. McCully 1866. Weeks, Charles J., Jr. An American Naval Diplomat in Revolutionary Russia: The Life and Time of Vice Admiral Newton A. McCully. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1993. 348 pp. McCully was the naval attaché in Petrograd during World War I. After the Bolshevik Revolution, he found himself in charge of American intervention in North Russia. This biography is an important contribution to the literature on American-Russian relations during this period. Meriwether 1867. Meriwether, Lee. The War Diary of a Diplomat. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1919. 303 pp. Meriwether was the special assistant to the U.S. ambassador to France from 1916 to 1918. One of his responsibilities was to inspect prison camps. Morgenthau 1868. Morgenthau, Henry. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. These papers include materials relating to Morgenthau’s service as U.S. ambassador to Turkey during the Great War. 1869. ———. Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/ Page, 1919. 407 pp. Assisted by Burton J. Hendrick, Morgenthau, the former American ambassador to Turkey, has written an interesting account which is revealing on Turkish and German diplomacy. Many illustrations are included. 1870. ———. Secrets of the Bosphorus. London: Hutchinson, 1918. 275 pp. Morgenthau was the American ambassador to Turkey, 1913–1916. He has written an account of the Turkish capital in the throes of war. Particular attention is given to the Allied land and naval campaign at the straits in 1915. Page, Thomas Nelson 1871. Page, Thomas Nelson. Collection in Duke University Library.

RT8955Z.indb 319

2/5/07 9:15:59 PM

320

America and World War I

This collection includes copies of Page’s diplomatic correspondence with the State Department and President Wilson. Page was the U.S. ambassador to Italy during the Great War. * ———. Italy and the World War. Cited above as item 1229. Page, Walter Hines 1872. Page, Walter Hines. Collection in Houghton Library, Harvard University. Most of the important material in these papers has been published in the books of Hendrick, Gregory, and Cooper. 1873. Cooper, John Milton. Walter Hines Page: The Southerner as American, 1855–1918. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977. 457 pp. Cooper consulted many private papers in the United States and Great Britain in preparing this excellent biography of Page, who was appointed U.S. ambassador to the Court of St. James’s in 1913. Cooper makes a persuasive case that Page’s southern roots (“southerner as American on the international scene”) had a dominating influence on his perceptions of Anglo-American relations. This led to misunderstandings with both Wilson and the British. 1874. Gregory, Ross. Walter Hines Page: Ambassador to the Court of St. James’s. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970. 236 pp. Anglo-American relations prior to American intervention as well as the proBritish diplomacy of Page are analyzed in this well-researched monograph. 1875. Hendrick, Burton J. The Life and Letters of Walter Hines Page. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1923–1926. 3 vols. This biography of the pro-British U.S. ambassador to Britain in World War I was a tremendous publishing success. The two-volume edition in 1923 was the third biggest American nonfiction bestseller of that year. A third volume, which contained letters to President Wilson, was almost as well received. These volumes remain a valuable source for studying Anglo-American relations during the war despite Wilson’s and House’s tendency to ignore the advice offered by Page. The studies by Gregory and Cooper serve as a corrective to some of Hendrick’s conclusions. 1876. Kihl, Mary R. “A Failure of Ambassadorial Diplomacy.” J Amer Hist 57 (December 1970): 636–653. Kihl concludes that House’s influence in foreign affairs and his low opinion of British Ambassador Spring-Rice in Washington and U.S. Ambassador Page in London helps explain why both ambassadors were generally ineffective in serving American policy makers. See also her 1968 Pennsylvania State University doctoral dissertation.

RT8955Z.indb 320

2/5/07 9:15:59 PM

Diplomacy of the War 321

Polk 1877. Polk, Frank L. Collection in Yale University Library. Polk was under secretary of state, 1919, and secretary of state ad interim, 1920. His diary and letters provide insight into some of the views of the State Department. 1878. Mitchell, Kell, Jr. “Frank L. Polk and the Paris Peace Conference, 1919.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1966. 312 pp. Mitchell analyzes Polk’s activities and influence as the head of the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, concluding that he had little influence in shaping U.S. policy, in part because of his lack of confidence in his own views. Robins 1879. Salzman, Neil V. Reform and Revolution: The Life and Times of Raymond Robins. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991. 472 pp. In 1917–1918, Robins served as the chief American liaison with the Soviet government. This biography covers his remarkable career. Sharp 1880. Sharp, William Graves. The War Memoirs of William Graves Sharp, American Minister to France, 1914–1919. London: Constable, 1931. 431 pp. The preface of this volume was written by Marshal Joffre. Van Dyke 1881. Van Dyke, Henry. Fighting for Peace. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1917. 256 pp. Written by the U.S. ambassador to Holland, this volume portrays the Great War as a morality play. Whitlock 1882. Whitlock, Brand. Collection in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. This large collection of some 40,000 items contains extensive materials on wartime conditions in Belgium and American relief work there. Whitlock was U.S. minister and ambassador to Belgium, 1913–1922. 1883. ———. Belgium: A Personal Narrative. New York: D. Appleton, 1919. 2 vols.

RT8955Z.indb 321

2/5/07 9:15:59 PM

322

America and World War I

Whitlock’s experiences in Belgium during the German invasion in 1914 and the subsequent harsh occupation period are described in this interesting personal narrative. 1884. Crunden, Robert M. A Hero in Spite of Himself: Brand Whitlock in Art, Politics, & War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969. 479 pp. The value of this biography to those interested in World War I is its treatment of Whitlock as U.S. minister to Belgium during the Great War. Wood 1885. Wood, Eric Fisher. The Note-Book of an Attaché: Seven Months in the War Zone. New York: Century, 1915. 345 pp. Fifteen of the author’s photographs illustrate this narrative by a member of the U.S. embassy staff in Paris. 2. Europe Andrássy 1886. Andrássy, Count Julius. Diplomacy and War. Translated by J. H. Reece. London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, 1921. 323 pp. This work is especially valuable for its treatment of the collapse of the Dual Monarchy in 1918 and Austro-Hungarian efforts to sign a separate peace with the Allies. Andrássy was the Austro-Hungarian foreign minister. Balfour 1887. Balfour, Arthur James (later 1st earl). Collection in FO 800, National Archives, Kew. Balfour was foreign secretary during the last half of the war and headed a British mission to the United States shortly after the United States came into the war. 1888. ———. Collection in the Department of Manuscripts, British Library, London. These papers shed light on Anglo-American relations. 1889. Dugdale, Blanche E. C. Arthur James Balfour, First Earl of Balfour, K.G., O.M., F.R.S. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970. Vol. 2, 450 pp. This is a reprint of the 1936 edition. The author was Balfour’s niece. The chapters “Enter the United States, 1917” and “Treaty Making” are especially relevant to Anglo-American relations during the era of the Great War. This volume is based to a large degree on Balfour’s voluminous papers.

RT8955Z.indb 322

2/5/07 9:16:00 PM

Diplomacy of the War 323

1890. Mackay, Ruddock F. Balfour: Intellectual Statesman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. 388 pp. Mackay emphasizes Balfour’s role in defense policy and foreign affairs. 1891. Young, Kenneth. Arthur James Balfour: The Happy Life of the Politician, Prime Minister, Statesman and Philosopher, 1848–1930. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1963. This was the first biography to appear on Balfour since 1936. It generally does justice to his long and distinguished career. In 1917 Balfour was the first member of Lloyd George’s ministry to meet Wilson. 1892. Zebel, Sydney H. Balfour: A Political Biography. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1973. 312 pp. This biography includes unpublished materials that had been unavailable to previous biographers. Bernstorff 1893. Bernstorff, Count. My Three Years in America. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920. 428 pp. This volume is an important source for the study of Wilson’s efforts to mediate the war. It also includes an effective statement of the German case against what was considered America’s double standard toward Germany. British violations of American neutrality were generally accepted while Germany’s were resisted. The former German ambassador to the United States, however, is not as convincing in defending the German embassy from charges of illegal acts during the war. 1894. Doerries, Reinhard R. Imperial Challenge: Ambassador Count Bernstorff and German-American Relations, 1908–1917. Translated by Christa D. Shannon. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. 442 pp. This is a revised edition of Washington-Berlin 1908–1917 which was published in 1975. This is the essential work on American-German relations during 1914–1917. Doerries, among other revelations, demonstrates that German political intrigue, sabotage, and espionage were even more extensive than thought. Cecil 1895. Cecil, Robert (later 1st viscount). Collection in the Department of Manuscripts, British Library, London. These papers are useful in any study of civil-military relations and British diplomacy during the war and at the Paris Peace Conference.

RT8955Z.indb 323

2/5/07 9:16:00 PM

324

America and World War I

1896. ———. Collection in FO 800, Public Record Office, Kew. Cecil was a key member of the British Foreign Office, serving as minister of blockade, February 1916–July 1918. 1897. ———. A Great Experiment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1941. 390 pp. Cecil, a prominent Foreign Office official, was one of Britain’s leading advocates of the League of Nations, and his autobiography gives a revealing glimpse of his happy working relationship with House and President Wilson during the drafting of the Covenant. Czernin 1898. Czernin, Count Ottokar. In the World War. London: Cassell, 1919. 387 pp. This is an extremely valuable source for the study of war aims and peace diplomacy during the Great War. Czernin was the Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, 1916–1918. Some extracts from the author’s diary are published here. Drummond 1899. Drummond, Eric (later 16th earl of Perth). Collection in FO 800, National Archives, Kew. This influential diplomat was successively private secretary to Asquith, Grey, and Balfour. Dumba 1900. Dumba, Konstantin Theodor. Memoirs of a Diplomat. Translanted by Ian F. D. Morrow. Boston: Little, Brown, 1932. 347 pp. Dumba, the Austrian ambassador, was forced to hand in his passport because of acts of sabotage. In this volume, he attempts to defend the legality of his position. His comments on official Washington during the first years of the war are of interest. Grey 1901. Grey, Edward (later 1st viscount). Collection in F0 800, National Archives, Kew. The prospector can find some nuggets on Anglo-American relations in these papers, including material on Grey’s view of Wilson’s efforts to mediate the war.

RT8955Z.indb 324

2/5/07 9:16:00 PM

Diplomacy of the War 325

1902. ———. Twenty-Five Years, 1892–1916. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1925. 2 vols. Vol. 2 covers the period of Grey’s wartime tenure as foreign secretary and is still useful to any study of Anglo-American relations. 1903. Robbins, Keith. Sir Edward Grey: A Biography of Lord Grey of Fallodon. London: Cassell, 1971. 438 pp. The opening of official sources enabled Robbins to improve in some respects on previous treatments of Grey’s diplomacy during the Great War. The most thorough accounting of Grey’s wartime diplomacy, however, is found in the collection of articles in F. H. Hinsky, ed., British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge University Press, 1977). 1904. Trevelyan, George Macaulay. Grey of Fallodon: The Life and Letters of Sir Edward Grey, Afterwards Viscount Grey of Fallodon. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1937. 433 pp. This sympathetic examination of Grey’s diplomacy emphasizes that the British foreign secretary believed that his country’s “most vital interest of all” was to stay on good terms with the United States. Murray 1905. Murray, Arthur Cecil (later 3rd viscount Elibank). Collection in the Department of Manuscripts, National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. Murray was assistant military attaché in Washington, 1917–1918. This collection consists of his correspondence and papers. 1906. ———. At Close Quarters, A Sidelight on Anglo-American Relations. London: J. Murray, 1946. 106 pp. Murray served as one of Wiseman’s contacts. Reading 1907. Isaacs, Rufus Daniel (later 1st marquess of Reading). Collection in European Manuscripts, India Office Library and India Office Records, British Library, London. This collection includes papers relating to his U.S. mission, correspondence with Lloyd George, and British competition with the French over the use of U.S. troops. 1908. ———. Collection in FO 800, National Archives, Kew.

RT8955Z.indb 325

2/5/07 9:16:00 PM

326

America and World War I

Reading served as high commissioner and special ambassador to the United States in 1918. He and Wiseman had much closer relations with Wilson than Spring-Rice had. Spring-Rice 1909. Burton, David H. Cecil Spring Rice: A Diplomat’s Life. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990. 232 pp. Burton, in this sympathetic study, attempts to explain why Rice failed to play a meaningful role in Anglo-American relations from 1914 to 1917. He questions the conventional wisdom that Rice’s relationship with some leading Republicans undermined his ability to represent the British view in Washington. 1910. Spring-Rice, Cecil. Collection in FO 800, National Archives, Kew. Spring-Rice was the British ambassador to Washington from 1912 to 1918, but was never able to win the confidence of President Wilson. 1911. ———. The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring-Rice: A Record. Edited by Stephen Gwynn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929. 2 vols. Spring-Rice, a career diplomat, was replaced by Lord Reading in early 1918 because of failing health and mental instability. Although little of his official correspondence is printed, his informal and private letters constitute a valuable primary source for Anglo-American relations both before and after America entered the war. Wiseman 1912. Wiseman, William George Eden. Collection in Yale University Library. This important collection of 131 folders on the period 1917–1919 includes Wiseman’s official telegrams to the British Foreign Office and his correspondence with Colonel House. Wiseman’s papers are especially helpful for any study of Anglo-American relations and U.S. intervention in Russia. 1913. Fowler, Wilton B. British-American Relations, 1917–1918: The Role of Sir William Wiseman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969. 334 pp. This is a revision of a 1966 Yale University dissertation. Wiseman was a liaison between his government and Wilson and House. Fowler makes extensive use of the Wiseman papers in this superior study. Many of Wiseman’s notes on interviews with the president and his impressions of Wilson’s views are included in the appendix. There is an excellent chapter dealing with intervention in Russia.

RT8955Z.indb 326

2/5/07 9:16:00 PM

Diplomacy of the War 327

C. American Neutrality and Origins of American Belligerency (See also IV:D:3:c, War Beneath the Sea; IV:D:3:d, Blockade of the Central Powers; VII:D, Propaganda and U.S. Public Opinion; VII:E, Hyphenated Americans and Foreign Policy) 1914. Auerbach, Jerold S. “Woodrow Wilson’s ‘Prediction’ to Cobb: Words Historians Should Doubt Ever Got Spoken.” J Amer Hist 54 (December 1967): 608–617. Prior to his speech to Congress to ask for a war declaration, President Wilson supposedly discussed his fears about the war’s impact on the United States with Frank Cobb of the New York World. Auerbach, however, argues that the conversation never took place and that it was created by Maxwell Anderson and Laurence Stallings in 1924. This article should be compared to the one written by Arthur Link (item 1105). 1915. Bailey, Thomas A. “German Documents Relating to the ‘Lusitania.’” J Mod Hist 8 (September 1936): 320–337. Bailey reproduces in the original German excerpts from the diary of Fregattenkapitän Herman Bauer, the commander of the high seas U-boat fleet, and the diary of Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger, the captain of the U-boat which sank the Lusitania. 1916. ———. “The Sinking of the Lusitania.” Amer Hist Rev 41 (October 1935): 54–73. The debate over the sinking of the Lusitania is examined in this article. Bailey rejects most of the German arguments. 1917. ———. “The United States and the Blacklist During the Great War.” J Mod Hist 6 (March 1934): 14–35. This is a brief survey of the American reaction to the use of a blacklist during World War I. Although the British blacklist caused considerable friction between Washington and London, the United States quickly adopted this form of economic warfare when it joined the antiGerman coalition. 1918. ———. “World War Analogues of the Trent Affair.” Amer Hist Rev 38 (January 1933): 286–290. Bailey points out that the principles of the Trent case were not in all cases being accepted by the belligerents between 1914 and 1917. 1919. ———, and Paul B. Ryan. The Lusitania Disaster: An Episode in Modern Warfare and Diplomacy. New York: Free Press, 1975. 383 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 327

2/5/07 9:16:00 PM

328

America and World War I

The British journalist Colin Simpson’s conspiracy thesis concerning the sinking of the Lusitania is challenged in this cogently argued and well-researched work by Bailey, one of America’s best-known diplomatic historians, and Ryan, a retired U.S. Navy captain. Winston Churchill, then the First Lord of the Admiralty, is cleared of Simpson’s charge that he attempted to create an incident that would bring the United States into the war. Many other myths concerning the Lusitania affair are also demolished. 1920. Baker, Newton D. Why We Went to War. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1936. 199 pp. Baker attempts to set the record straight according to his lights in this thinly researched and generally disappointing volume. * Barnes, Harry Elmer. The Genesis of the World War: An Introduction to the Problem of War Guilt. Cited above as item 118. 1921. Beard, Charles A. The Devil Theory of War: An Inquiry into the Nature of History and the Possibility of Keeping Out of War. New York: Greenwood Press, 1969. 124 pp. Beard debunks the “devil theory” or the theory that wicked men make war in this discussion of causation. Economic factors receive primary attention in his discussion of America’s involvement in World War I. The first edition appeared in 1935 during the renewed debate over American intervention brought on by the approaching war in Europe. 1922. Birnbaum, Karl E. Peace Moves and U-Boat Warfare: A Study of Imperial Germany’s Policy Toward the United States, April 18, 1916–January 9, 1917. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell, 1958. 388 pp. The tug-of-war between Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg and the military “experts” over the unrestricted use of U-boats is described. Based on extensive archival research, this study concludes that profound German skepticism about Wilson’s motives and the ascendancy of Ludendorff and Hindenburg in late 1916 brought American-German relations to the breaking point at the beginning of 1917. 1923. Borchard, Edwin M., and William P. Lage. Neutrality for the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937. 380 pp. The authors trace the history of neutrality prior to World War I and then concentrate on the “errors in the administration of American neutrality” from 1914 to 1917. A concluding section treats postwar developments concerning American neutrality. President Wilson is criticized for his lack of concern with maintaining U.S. neutrality.

RT8955Z.indb 328

2/5/07 9:16:01 PM

Diplomacy of the War 329

1924. Brunauer, Esther C. “The Peace Proposals of December 1916–January 1917.” J Mod Hist 4 (December 1932): 544–571. Brunauer analyzes the part played by Berlin’s December 12, 1916, peace proposal and Wilson’s mediation efforts in bringing about U.S. entry into the war. 1925. Buchanan, A. Russell. “Theodore Roosevelt and American Neutrality, 1914–1917.” Amer Hist Rev 43 (July 1938): 775–790. Buchanan surveys the speeches and personal letters of Theodore Roosevelt and concludes that this influential American statesman decided very early that the United States should stand with the Allies in World War I and that he attempted to influence American opinion in this direction. 1926. Buehrig, Edward H. Woodrow Wilson and the Balance of Power. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1968. 325 pp. The author, a political scientist, examines Wilson’s policies and concludes that he and his circle of advisors were motivated to a degree by concern that a victory by the Central Powers would be against American national interests. Buehrig, however, puts Wilson’s idealism and world view ahead of national security as reasons for American belligerency. This work is documented but there is no bibliography. 1927. Chatfield, Charles. For Peace and Justice: Pacifism in America, 1914– 1941. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1971. 447 pp. This excellently researched survey of the American peace movement details how all types of pacifists failed to keep the United States out of World War I and how the movement suffered great repression until 1920. By the 1930s the movement had reached its strong point. This work is important for those interested in understanding pacifism in the United States during World War I. 1928. Cohen, Warren I. The American Revisionists: The Lessons of Intervention in World War I. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967. 252 pp. The evolution of revisionist thinking is described in this informative book which focuses on five American historians, Harry Barnes, C. Hartley Grattan, Charles Beard, Walter Millis, and Charles Tansill. These historians attempted to use their views of the past to influence contemporary foreign policy. Cohen’s research concentrates on books, articles, speeches, and book reviews. 1929. ———, ed. Intervention, 1917: Why America Fought. Lexington, MA: DC Heath, 1966. 118 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 329

2/5/07 9:16:01 PM

330

America and World War I

This volume in the Problems in American Civilization series is a collection of differing views on American intervention. It includes, among others, excerpts from the works of “revisionists” such as Harry Barnes and C. Hartley Grattan and the proponents of the submarine thesis such as Charles Seymour and Newton Baker. There is a short essay on suggestions for additional reading. 1930. Coogan, John W. The End of Neutrality: The United States, Britain and Maritime Rights, 1899–1915. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981. 284 pp. This solid work of scholarship offers a provocative challenge to the standard interpretations of Anglo-American difficulties over maritime rights. Coogan contends that American policy makers, most notably President Wilson, went beyond British expectations in acquiescing to British blockade measures. In sum, America’s policy clearly violated her professed neutrality. See also Coogan’s 1976 Yale University dissertation of the same title. 1931. Cooper, John Milton, Jr. Causes and Consequences of World War I. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972. 360 pp. This excellent collection of articles by distinguished historians concerns America’s entry into the war and its consequences. Cooper contributes a valuable historiographical essay. 1932. ———. The Vanity of Power: American Isolation and the First World War, 1914–1917. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1969. 271 pp. This study provides a fuller insight into American “isolationism” by examining its neglected period, the years just prior to American belligerency in World War I. The author asserts that the isolationist position that emerged during this period “remained intact over the next twenty-five years.” This is a well-documented study with an annotated bibliography. 1933. Davis, Gerald H. “The Ancona Affair: A Case of Preventive Diplomacy.” J Mod Hist 38 (September 1966): 267–277. This article reveals that Austria-Hungary falsely accepted the responsibility for the German sinking of an Italian passenger ship (with the loss of nine American lives) in late 1915. 1934. DeBennetti, Charles. The Peace Reform in American History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980. 245 pp. This first-rate survey of the American peace reform movement traces it from 1920 through the 1970s. The author sees the period from 1901 to 1914 as an era of practical reform, but World War I ruined the hopes

RT8955Z.indb 330

2/5/07 9:16:01 PM

Diplomacy of the War 331

concerning the effectiveness of a peacemaking machinery. During and after World War I the multifaceted movement turned to preventing another war. 1935. Devlin, Patrick. Too Proud to Fight: Woodrow Wilson’s Neutrality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. 731 pp. This British jurist focuses on how Wilson’s character shaped American policy toward the Allies and Central Powers. Well written, with flashes of insight, this work is flawed by too much reliance on published sources. The same subject is better covered by Arthur Link’s multivolume biography of Wilson, a work of immense scholarship (items 1106–1108). 1936. Doerries, Reinhard R. “Imperial Berlin and Washington: New Light on Germany’s Foreign Policy and America’s Entry into World War I.” Central Eur Hist 11 (March 1978): 23–49. Doerries argues that Germany’s diplomatic stance during the war “left the United States with no other alternative but to enter the conflict on the side of the Entente.” See also his important book on Count Bernstorff (Imperial Challenge, University of North Carolina Press, 1989). 1937. Fenwick, Charles G. American Neutrality: Trial and Failure. New York: New York University Press, 1940. 190 pp. This professor of political science argues that any neutrality policy is “an inherently illogical and paradoxical system which had neither the facts of history to justify it nor the logic of practical politics.” American neutrality during World War I receives considerable attention. * Frost, Wesley. German Submarine Warfare: A Study of Its Methods and Spirit, Including the Crime of the Lusitania. Cited above as item 932. 1938. Frothingham, Thomas G. “The Entrance of the United States into the First World War.” USNI Proc 53 (April 1927): 399–402. Frothingham takes on the revisionists with considerable zeal, asserting that “there can be no question of the fact that the United States was driven into the war by the hostile acts of the German Imperial Government.” 1939. Fuller, Joseph V. “The Genesis of the Munitions Traffic.” J Mod Hist 6 (September 1934): 280–293. Fuller asserts that Wilson’s failure to restrict arms shipments opened the way to American belligerency. 1940. Garner, James Wilford. International Law and the World War. New York: Longmans, Green, 1920. 2 vols.

RT8955Z.indb 331

2/5/07 9:16:01 PM

332

America and World War I

This is a comprehensive and balanced legal history of World War I by an American political scientist. Undersea assault against merchant ships is one of many topics covered. 1941. Giffin, Frederick C. Six Who Protested: Radical Opposition to the First World War. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1977. 158 pp. The radicals, Eugene V. Debs, Morris Hillquit, Max Eastman, John Reed, Emma Goldman, and William D. Haywood, are the subject of this book because they opposed World War I. The background and rationale for war opposition come under the author’s scrutiny. This volume captures well the different positions taken by six radicals. 1942. Graham, Otis L., Jr. The Great Campaigns: Reform and War in America, 1900–1928. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1971. 386 pp. A central part of this interpretative synthesis is the neutral rights policy of President Wilson. Graham believes that Wilson could have kept the United States out of the war. 1943. Grattan, C. Hartley. Why We Fought. New York: Vanguard Press, 1929. 453 pp. This pioneer revisionist work supports Barnes’ view that America was not forced into the war by German actions. Attention is given to America’s economic stake in an Allied victory and to the effectiveness of Allied propaganda on American public opinion. This study is documented and contains a bibliography. 1944. Gregory, Ross. “A New Look at the Case of the Dacia.” J Amer Hist 55 (September 1968): 292–296. It has been thought that the French, encouraged by the British and Walter Hines Page, the U.S. ambassador in London, intercepted the German merchant ship Dacia to avoid a shock to Anglo-American relations. Gregory demonstrates, however, that the interception was done routinely by the French. 1945. ———. The Origins of the American Intervention in the First World War. New York: W.W. Norton, 1971. 162 pp. Designed largely for classroom use, this work traces Wilson’s unsuccessful effort to keep America out of the war, concluding that American intervention was a result more of American than of German policies. There is a useful annotated bibliography which in 1971 was generally up to date. During the last decade, however, much new light has been shed on, among other subjects, the diplomacy and politics of the major European states. 1946. Hershey, Burnet. The Odyssey of Henry Ford and the Great Peace Ship. New York: Taplinger, 1967. 212 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 332

2/5/07 9:16:01 PM

Diplomacy of the War 333

This illustrated work is based primarily on the memory of the author, who covered the peace voyage of the Oscar II as a young reporter. Handled in a light manner, this adventure in peacemaking is characterized by the author as being foolish. 1947. Hoehling, A. A., and Mary Hoehling. The Last Voyage of the Lusitania. New York: Holt, 1956. 255 pp. This popular history of the sinking of the Lusitania focuses on life aboard the ill-fated ocean liner. Photographs are included. * Link, Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist: A Look at His Major Foreign Policies. Cited above as item 1801. 1948. Lochner, Louis P. America’s Don Quixote: Henry Ford’s Attempt to Save Europe. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1924. 240 pp. This is a sympathetic, detailed, illustrated account of the Ford Peace Ship in 1915. The author was the secretary of the expedition. Maxim Gorki contributed a preface. 1949. Lowitt, Richard. “The Armed-Ship Bill Controversy: A Legislative View.” Mid-America 46 (January 1964): 38–47. This article gives a new perspective on the Senate filibuster on Wilson’s request for the authority to arm American merchant ships. Lowitt contends that many congressmen, not just the so-called 11 willful men in the Senate, were concerned about the direction of Wilson’s policies and desired a special session of Congress to check his actions. 1950. Martin, Edward S. Diary of a Nation: The War and How We Got Into It. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1917. 407 pp. This volume of Life editorials covers a three-year period during the war. It reflects the changing attitudes and moods of the American people as they were forced into war. 1951. May, Ernest Richard. The World War and American Isolation, 1914–1917. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959. 482 pp. May’s impressive multiarchival approach has produced the best onevolume examination of American neutrality and the decision for war. There is much enlightening material on German policy, with May concluding that Berlin’s actions made American intervention inevitable. 1952. Millis, Walter. Road to War: America 1914–1917. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935. 466 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 333

2/5/07 9:16:02 PM

334

America and World War I

The author makes his intention clear in his preface when he writes that this volume “was designedly undertaken as an effort in interpretation rather than research.” Agreeing with the pioneer revisionist C. Hartley Grattan, Millis concludes that pro-Allied sentiment and economic factors drew America into the war. There is a brief discussion of sources but no documentation. 1953. Morrissey, Alice M. The American Defense of Neutral Rights, 1914–1917. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939. 230 pp. This narrative falls generally in the camp of the revisionists C. Hartley Grattan, Walter Millis, Charles Tansill, and others. Morrissey contrasts the soft executive response to British violations of American neutrality to the hard and unyielding approach to Germany. 1954. Patterson, David S. Toward a Warless World: The Travail of the American Peace Movement, 1887–1914. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976. 339 pp. Filled with detailed information, this work treats the evolution of the American peace movement as part of the general reform impulses of the late 19th century. Patterson is concerned with the Olney-Paunceforte arbitration treaty, the Spanish-American War, the National Arbitration Conference, and the role of Andrew Carnegie. 1955. Ramay, David. Lusitania: Saga and Myth. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001. 308 pp. The most recent attempt to separate fact from fiction in the sinking of this liner and the consequences that followed. 1956. Rappaport, Armin. The British Press and Wilsonian Neutrality. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1951. 162 pp. Rappaport has thoroughly researched the British press, 1914–1917, to give the British view of Wilsonian neutrality. 1957. Robinson, Edgar E., and Victor J. West. The Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson, 1913–1917. New York: Macmillan, 1917. 428 pp. The authors’ attempts to interpret Wilson’s foreign policy during the first years of the war are unsatisfactory. The collection of almost every significant public statement by Wilson on foreign policy, which makes up one-half of this book, is valuable, however. 1958. Ryan, Paul B. “The Great Lusitania Whitewash.” American Neptune 35 (January 1975): 36–48. Ryan examines the motives of the official British court of inquiry in covering up the incompetence of the master of the Lusitania.

RT8955Z.indb 334

2/5/07 9:16:02 PM

Diplomacy of the War 335

1959. Seymour, Charles. American Neutrality 1914–1917: Essays on the Causes of American Intervention in the World War. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1967. This is a reprint of a work which was published in 1935 by the Yale University Press. In seven interpretative essays Seymour defends Wilson’s diplomacy against revisionist attacks, arguing that the submarine was the primary cause for intervention. There is scanty documentation and no bibliography. 1960. Simpson, Colin. Lusitania. Boston: Little, Brown, 1973. 303 pp. The author of this controversial work attempts to implicate the British government in the sinking of the Lusitania. His evidence is circumstantial and his conclusions are most questionable. See the works by Bailey and Ryan (items 1915, 1916, 1919), which challenge Simpson’s findings. * Smith, Daniel M. “National Interest and American Intervention, 1917: An Historiographical Appraisal.” Cited above as item 47. * ———. Robert Lansing and American Neutrality, 1914–1917. Cited above as item 1859. * ———. “Robert Lansing and the Formulation of American Neutrality Policies, 1914–1915.” Cited above as item 1860. 1961. ———, ed. American Intervention, 1917: Sentiment, Self-Interest, or Ideals? Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966. 260 pp. This is a collection of documents and interpretative secondary sources which would be especially valuable to a graduate student seeking knowledge of the debate over American intervention in the war. Smith provides a three-page guide to further reading. 1962. Smith, Dean. “The Zimmermann Telegram, 1917.” Amer Hist Ill 13 (June 1978): 28–37. Smith argues that the Zimmermann note, although not the primary cause of U.S. belligerency, did provide the “last fateful push over the precipice.” 1963. Smith, Gaddis. Britain’s Clandestine Submarines, 1914–1915. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964. 155 pp. This volume concerns the manufacture of 10 submarines by Charles M. Schwab of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation under contract with the British Admiralty in a Canadian plant. This is a solidly researched monograph concerning a little-known episode in Anglo-American-Canadian relations. 1964. Spencer, Samuel J., Jr. Decision for War, 1917: The Laconia Sinking and the Zimmermann Telegram as Key Factors in the Public Reaction Against Germany. Rindge, NH: Richard R. Smith, 1953. 109 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 335

2/5/07 9:16:02 PM

336

America and World War I

In this brief tome, Spencer argues that the sinking of the Laconia and the publishing of the Zimmermann telegram were the major factors in causing the United States to go to war. 1965. Syrett, Harold C. “The Business Press and American Neutrality, 1914– 1917.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 32 (September 1945): 215–230. After surveying the business press from 1914 to 1917, the author concludes that businessmen could not be charged with “war mongering before 1917.” The U.S. businessman made up his mind with the profit motive as his guide. 1966. Tansill, Charles C. America Goes to War. Boston: Little, Brown, 1938. 731 pp. This is an exhaustively researched study of the reasons why America entered the war. Tansill writes that he “has no thesis to prove nor any viewpoint to exploit.” However, he clearly sides with the revisionists, portraying American entrance into the war as an avoidable tragedy. Tansill is especially harsh in his treatment of House and Lansing. 1967. Tuchman, Barbara W. The Zimmermann Telegram. New York: Macmillan, 1966. 244 pp. This account of the Zimmermann Telegram reads like a detective novel. Tuchman demonstrates that it is possible to be scholarly and entertaining at the same time. A bibliography and notes are included. The 1966 edition includes a short essay on new facts that had come to light since the first edition in 1958. 1968. Tuttle, Peter Guertin. “The Ford Peace Ship: Volunteer Diplomacy in the 20th Century.” Doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1958. 257 pp. This dissertation covers the development of a scheme to end the war through a neutral conference, the voyage of the Ford Peace Ship, the journey through Scandinavia, and the establishment of the unsuccessful neutral peace conference. 1969. Vagts, Alfred. “Hopes and Fears of an American-German War, 1870– 1915.” Pol Sci Q 54 (December 1939): 514–535; 55 (March 1940): 53–76. Vagts examines world opinion and the emerging German-American conflict. 1970. Van Alstyne, Richard W. “The Policy of the United States Regarding the Declaration of London at the Outbreak of the Great War.” J Mod Hist 7 (December 1935): 434–447. This article examines the British blockade of the North Sea during the early stages of World War I and the British seizure of war contraband. The United States wanted a firm commitment from the British concerning

RT8955Z.indb 336

2/5/07 9:16:02 PM

Diplomacy of the War 337

seizures in line with the 1909 Declaration of London, which the United States had not yet ratified. Although Walter H. Page received credit for the successful negotiations, Robert Lansing deserves most of the credit. 1971. Wreszin, Michael. Oswald Garrison Villard: Pacifist at War. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965. 342 pp. Editor of The Nation, Villard was the leading liberal spokesman of the 1920s and 1930s. Feeling that liberalism and war were incompatible, he spoke out strongly against U.S. participation in World War I. After he opposed the preparedness program, Villard, although friendly with Wilson, was shut out of the administration. Villard also opposed the Treaty of Versailles. D. Propaganda and U.S. Public Opinion (See also VI:I, Humor and Caricature; VI:J, War Posters; and VI:L, Film) 1972. Bailey, Thomas A. The Man in the Street: The Impact of American Public Opinion on Foreign Policy. New York: Macmillan, 1948. 334 pp. This classic work examines the role of public opinion in the formation of American foreign policy. It looks at a wide variety of factors which have influenced American public opinion, including tradition, religion, xenophobia, isolationism, propaganda, apathy, and democracy. 1973. Blakey, George T. Historians on the Homefront: American Propagandists for the Great War. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970. 168 pp. Blakey, in a well-written book, examines whether a historian during a national crisis can serve his country as well as his profession. J. Franklin Jameson, a leading historian, receives particular attention. The war work of historians represented a major break with previous scholarly standards. 1974. Bonadio, Felice A. “The Failure of German Propaganda in the United States, 1914–1917.” Mid-America 41 (January 1959): 40–57. Bonadio explains why German propaganda had little impact on American public opinion. 1975. Bruntz, George G. Allied Propaganda and the Collapse of the German Empire in 1918. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1938. 246 pp. The impact on Germany of “paper bullets” or propaganda is analyzed in this balanced study. The author carefully avoids claiming too much for the part played by propaganda in Germany’s collapse, but he argues that it was a factor that historians must take into account. * Creel, George. How We Advertised America. Cited above as item 1031.

RT8955Z.indb 337

2/5/07 9:16:02 PM

338

America and World War I

* ———. “Public Opinion in War Time.” Cited above as item 1032. 1976. Crighton, John Clark. Missouri and the World War, 1914–1917: A Study in Public Opinion. Columbia: University of Missouri, 1947. 199 pp. This monograph is an analysis of Midwestern opinion during World War I with Missouri as its focus. Anglo-Saxon ties, economic considerations, propaganda, and the nature of the war itself were major factors in persuading the people of Missouri to favor American participation. 1977. Cummins, Cedric C. Indiana Public Opinion and the World War, 1914– 1917. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1945. 254 pp. This well-written volume surveys Indiana public opinion until the United States intervened in World War I. Ultimately Indiana was converted to the cause by a fear that the war would spread beyond Europe. 1978. Curti, Merle. The Roots of American Loyalty. New York: Columbia University Press, 1946. 267 pp. This history of American patriotism, based on primary sources, examines with broad strokes the various facets of American loyalty. Curti concludes that patriotic thought and feeling during the war were heightened by hatred of an external foe, the coupling of military power and loyalty, and an increased emotional insistence on unity. 1979. Hazen, Charles D. The Government of Germany. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1917. 16 pp. This propaganda piece places a great deal of emphasis on the fact that the German government was not democratic in nature. 1980. Hirst, David Wayne. “German Propaganda in the United States, 1914– 1917.” Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, 1962. 281 pp. The German propagandists, their varied activities in the United States, and the propaganda message they delivered are examined in this dissertation directed by Arthur Link. The magnitude of the German propaganda is fully developed. 1981. Horn, John, and Alan Kramer. German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. 622 pp. This prize-winning study puts paid to the view that German atrocities were made up by Allied propagandists. 1982. Hutchinson, William T. “The American Historian in Wartime.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 29 (September 1942): 163–186.

RT8955Z.indb 338

2/5/07 9:16:03 PM

Diplomacy of the War 339

This article examines the historian as a professional man, a businessman, and a citizen during war. Hutchinson focuses attention on the World War I experience and treats the dilemma faced by scholars as they attempted to play out their roles under the pressure of war. 1983. Lansing, Robert, and Louis F. Post. A War of Self-Defense. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1917. 22 pp. This government publication contains two short essays. The one by Secretary of State Lansing, entitled “America’s Future at Stake,” argues that the future of American democracy is at peril. The other, by the assistant secretary of labor, entitled “The German Attack,” points out that the United States is fighting for self-defense. 1984. Lasswell, Harold D. Propaganda Technique in the World War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927. 239 pp. This judicious, solid study by an American political scientist concerns the propaganda conducted at home and abroad by the major belligerents. The author’s combination of common sense and exhaustive research makes this book a classic. 1985. McLaughlin, Andrew C. The Great War: From Spectator to Participant. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1917. 16 pp. This propaganda piece portrays the Germans as militarists who caused World War I. 1986. Military Intelligence Branch, Executive Division, General Staff. Propaganda in Its Military and Legal Aspects. Washington, DC: Military Intelligence Branch, 1918? 187 pp. Chapter 4 is entitled “German Propaganda in America.” Numerous illustrations of propaganda, from both the Allies and Central Powers, are included. 1987. Mock, James R., and Cedric Larson. Words That Won the War: The Story of the Committee on Public Information, 1917–1919. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1939. 372 pp. Records in the National Archives are used to tell the story of the Committee on Public Information, which was established in 1917 to mobilize the American people for war. All in all, the American propaganda effort, directed by George Creel, was a great success in creating a collective enthusiasm for war. As the war continued, the CPI also played an important role in influencing worldwide opinion in favor of Wilson’s world view. 1988. Peterson, H. C. Propaganda for War: The Campaign Against American Neutrality, 1914–1917. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939. 357 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 339

2/5/07 9:16:03 PM

340

America and World War I

This volume traces the impact of British propaganda on American public opinion during the neutrality period. In the author’s lights, British propaganda had a decisive influence in moving America away from true neutrality. This work is extensively documented and contains appendices and a bibliography. 1989. Read, James Morgan. Atrocity Propaganda, 1914–1919. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1941. 319 pp. The author gives comprehensive treatment to the use of atrocities in war propaganda and attempts to separate atrocities from atrocity stories. Read also shows how atrocity propaganda had an impact on the peace conference by provoking the effort to punish those who engaged in atrocities. * Roetter, Charles. The Art of Psychological Warfare 1914–1945. Cited above as item 1653. 1990. Sanders, M. L., and Philip M. Taylor. British Propaganda During the First World War, 1914–1918. London: Macmillan, 1982. 320 pp. This scholarly and detailed work has some important things to say about British propaganda in the United States. 1991. Scott, Jonathan French. Five Weeks: The Surge of Public Opinion on the Eve of the Great War. New York: John Day, 1921. 305 pp. Using a wide survey of newspapers representing all shades of opinion, Scott analyzes the public’s reaction to the European war from the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand to the entry of Great Britain into the war. Scott concludes that public opinion forced the governments to take the actions they did. However, he fails to deal with the question of governmental manipulation of public opinion. 1992. Squires, James Duane. British Propaganda at Home and in the United States from 1914–1917. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935. 113 pp. This slim but admirable volume focuses on the activities of the British propaganda bureau, which was headed by Charles F. G. Masterman, and its agents in the United States. Squires gives very high marks to the effectiveness of British propaganda, arguing that propaganda was one of the most important reasons for the involvement of the United States in the war. 1993. Stuart, Sir Campbell. Secrets of Crewe House: The Story of a Famous Campaign. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1920. 240 pp. Stuart was second in command in Lord Northcliffe’s propaganda department at Crewe House. He provides a history of the British propaganda offensive in enemy countries from February 1918 until the end of the war.

RT8955Z.indb 340

2/5/07 9:16:03 PM

Diplomacy of the War 341

1994. Tatlock, John S. P. Why America Fights Germany. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918. 16 pp. In this propaganda pamphlet issued by the Committee on Public Information, the author argues that the United States went to war because Germany aggressively attacked the United States. War is seen as being necessary to preserve democracy. 1995. United States Committee on Public Information. Complete Report of the Chairman of the Committee on Public Information. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920. 290 pp. This report on the activities of the Creel Committee is a must for those interested in the work of the CPI. It is the starting point for any study of U.S. propaganda activities during the war. This report reveals that the committee touched every area of American life and employed all possible methods to sell the war. It also sums up the committee’s work in other countries. 1996. Vaughn, Stephen. Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the Committee on Public Information. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980. 397 pp. This well-researched monograph examines this important World War I propaganda agency. Vaughn concludes that Creel engaged in some censorship, but that his record was generally good in the area of civil liberties. 1997. Viereck, George Sylvester. Spreading Germs of Hate. New York: Horace Liveright, 1930. 327 pp. Viereck interviewed Allied propagandists in researching this study which focuses on propaganda in the United States. Colonel House has written the foreword. 1998. Zuckerman, Larry. The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I. New York: New York University Press, 2004. 348 pp. Zuckerman goes beyond the horror and destruction of the German invasion of Belgium. He covers as well the long German occupation and the mistreatment of the Belgian people. E. Hyphenated Americans and Foreign Policy (See also V:D, State and Local Studies) 1999. Capps, Finis Herbert. From Isolationism to Involvement: The Swedish Immigrant Press in America, 1914–1945. Chicago: Swedish Pioneer Historical Society, 1968. 338 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 341

2/5/07 9:16:03 PM

342

America and World War I

This volume surveys the opinion of an important immigrant group from 1914 to 1945. The Swedish press distrusted Russia and was critical of Great Britain and France. 2000. Carroll, F. M. American Opinion and the Irish Question, 1910–1923: A Study in Opinion and Policy. New York: St. Martin’s, 1978. 319 pp. This monograph concerns U.S. opinion and the Irish question during the period of World War I. Utilizing sources in the United States and Great Britain, Carroll concludes that various Irish-American groups took positions after 1914 which would lead to Irish independence. Ultimately, IrishAmerican opinion concluded that the United States would intervene on Ireland’s behalf. The United States, however, would not let the Irish question upset either the peace conference or U.S. relations with Britain. 2001. Child, Clifton James. The German-Americans in Politics, 1914–1917. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1939. 193 pp. Based on wide use of the German-language press as well as other primary sources, this monograph examines the German-American reaction to the war in Europe. It focuses attention on the National German-American Alliance as it denounced the “pro-British policy” of the American government, protested loans to the Allies, attempted to prevent the loss of German culture, opposed Wilson in 1916, and fell in influence as the United States entered the war. 2002. Chrislock, Carl R. Ethnicity Challenged: The Upper Midwest Norwegian-American Experience in World War I. Northfield, MN: NorwegianAmerican Historical Association, 1981. 174 pp. This is a well-researched study of Scandinavian-American nativism in the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, North and South Dakota during and after the Great War. 2003. Gerson, Louis L. Woodrow Wilson and the Rebirth of Poland, 1914–1920: A Study in the Influence on American Policy of Minority Groups of Foreign Origin. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953. 166 pp. This well-documented work discusses the political pressure brought by Polish-Americans for an independent Poland. There is a superior bibliographical essay. 2004. Hartley, Stephen. The Irish Question as a Problem in British Foreign Policy, 1914–18. New York: St. Martin’s, 1987. 243 pp. This monograph focuses on the British government’s reaction to America’s response to the Irish question. Hartley is especially good in revealing the values and assumptions concerning Irish nationalism found in civil servants in the foreign office and ministry of information.

RT8955Z.indb 342

2/5/07 9:16:03 PM

Diplomacy of the War 343

2005. Jeffery, Keith. Ireland and the Great War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 208 pp. This examination of the war’s impact on Ireland is good background reading for the role that Ireland played in Anglo-American relations during this period. 2006. Johnson, Niel M. George Sylvester Viereck: German-American Propagandist. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972. 282 pp. This biography of a German-American propagandist contains two chapters on World War I. Johnson concludes that Viereck did not have much influence on U.S. opinion. 2007. Keller, Phyllis. States of Belonging: German-American Intellectuals and the First World War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979. 324 pp. This volume is a comparative biography of three German-American intellectuals during World War I. Based on manuscript sources and applying psychology, this work shows that the three reacted in different ways to the stress of war: one attempted to mediate conflicting loyalties, another advocated the German cause, and the third became a super patriot. Also see Keller’s 1969 University of Pennsylvania doctoral dissertation. 2008. Kerr, Thomas J. “German-Americans and Neutrality in the 1916 Elections.” Mid-America 43 (April 1961): 95–105. The election of 1916 is examined to show how Berlin’s efforts to manipulate German-Americans backfired. 2009. Leary, William M., Jr. “Woodrow Wilson, Irish-Americans, and the Election of 1916.” J Amer Hist 54 (June 1967): 57–72. Leary argues that the Irish, despite the influence of international questions which should have caused them to oppose Wilson’s election in 1916, paid more attention to American issues and thus voted for Wilson. 2010. Luebke, Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans and World War I. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974. 366 pp. A volume in a series on minorities in American history, this narrative history attempts to explain why many Americans reacted so violently against the German element in American society. There is a useful annotated bibliography. 2011. Nelson, Clifford L. German-American Political Behavior in Nebraska and Wisconsin 1916–1920. Lincoln: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Publication no. 217, 1972. 114 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 343

2/5/07 9:16:04 PM

344

America and World War I

This study, which focuses on the reaction of German-Americans in two states to World War I, concludes that those sections which tended to vote Democratic turned against Wilson in 1916 and 1918 because of his stand on the war. Based on rich primary materials, this study is limited by the narrow approach used. 2012. O’Grady, Joseph P., ed. The Immigrants’ Influence on Wilson’s Peace Policies. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1967. 329 pp. This is an important collection of essays by authorities on the influence of 10 “hyphenated” American groups. Many foreign-language papers have been researched to increase our understanding of ethnic politics during World War I. O’Grady concludes that only the Poles and Jews were able to influence Wilson. 2013. Sterba, Christopher M. Good Americans: Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 271 pp. Sterba compares the wartime experiences of the Jewish and Italian immigrants. After the war, these immigrants, who had played an important part in the war effort, were once again treated as foreigners, which tended to politicize them. 2014. Wittke, Carl. German-Americans in the World War, with Special Emphasis on Ohio’s German-Language Press. Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1936. 223 pp. Based to a great degree on the German-language press in Ohio, this book deals with the way German-Americans responded to the war as well as the way they were treated by Americans. It is especially good at giving examples of harassment of German-Americans. There is thorough documentation. 2015. ———. The German-Language Press in America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1957. 311 pp. This survey of the American German-language press begins in 1732 and goes through the mid-1950s. The German press was allowed to develop in its own way until World War I. Wittke sees the German-language press as a way of keeping in contact with the old country. Its most acute crisis came during World War I when it opposed U.S. intervention. When the United States became a belligerent, the German-language press had to withstand charges of being unpatriotic. F. War Objectives and Peace Diplomacy, 1914–1918 (See also VIII:E The League of Nations and Its Rejection by the United States)

RT8955Z.indb 344

2/5/07 9:16:04 PM

Diplomacy of the War 345

1. General and Comparative Sources 2016. Dahlin, Ebba. French and German Public Opinion on Declared War Aims, 1914–1918. New York: AMS Press, 1971. 168 pp. Dahlin researches in the contemporary press of France and Germany to make the argument that the people of France and Germany wanted peace, but that their imperialistic governments prevented any negotiated settlement. 2017. Elke, Frank W. “Japanese-German Peace Negotiations During World War I.” Amer Hist Rev 71 (October 1965): 62–76. This examination of this little-known episode reveals that the Japanese leaked news of their negotiations with the Germans to gain concessions from their allies. 2018. Forster, Kent. The Failures of Peace: The Search for a Negotiated Peace During the First World War. Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs, 1941. 159 pp. This solid work is now dated, but it still provides a valuable outline of attempts at a negotiated peace. See also Forster’s 1941 University of Pennsylvania doctoral dissertation. 2019. Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis, eds. Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967. 825 pp. This collection of papers delivered at a Yale University conference in 1965 examines both the diplomatic and administrative policies of Germany and Great Britain. Alison Smith assisted the editors. 2020. Gottlieb, W. W. Studies in Secret Diplomacy During the First World War. London: Allen & Unwin, 1957. 430 pp. This work focuses on the most important “secret treaties” of the Great War. Turkey’s intervention in the war, Allied plans to partition that state, and competition between the Allies and Central Powers for Italian support are examined in detail. The author used published collections of official documents in English, Italian, Russian, and German and researched extensively the records of the German foreign ministry that were captured during World War II. This remains an important study, although recently opened papers and archives and more current research have dated it in some important respects. 2021. Howard, Harry N. The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913– 1923. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1931. 486 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 345

2/5/07 9:16:04 PM

346

America and World War I

This is a pioneer work of considerable scholarly merit on war and peace objectives. 2022. Kent, Marian, ed. The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. London: Allen & Unwin, 1984. 240 pp. This collection of seven essays assesses the role of the Great Powers in the demise of the Ottoman Empire. 2023. La Fargue, Thomas Edward. China and the World War. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1937. 278 pp. American-Japanese rivalry over China during the war and at the Paris Peace Conference is a central theme in this scholarly account. 2024. Martin, Laurence W. Peace Without Victory: Woodrow Wilson and the British Liberals. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1958. 230 pp. A revision of a Yale dissertation (1955), this volume, now dated by the availability of many primary sources, examines the similarities between the peace program of British radicals such as Norman Angell and E. D. Morel and that of President Wilson. The British press, with emphasis on the Nation, is surveyed. 2025. ———. “Woodrow Wilson’s Appeals to the People of Europe: British Radical Influence on the President’s Strategy.” Pol Sci Q 74 (December 1959): 498–516. The interchange between Wilson and British liberals during World War I is examined in detail. 2026. Mayer, Arno J. Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1959. 435 pp. This interpretative study examines how the war objectives of the belligerents were affected by pressures from the left. The period covered is from March 1917 to January 1918 when the continued stalemate in the trenches, the Russian Revolution, and American intervention changed the shape of the war. This volume is especially valuable in its treatment of Wilson’s competition with Lenin’s peace program. A weakness is that many important public and private papers became available after its publication. 2. United States * Barany, George. “Wilsonian Central Europe: Lansing’s Contribution.” Cited above as item 1857. 2027. Bell, Sidney. Righteous Conquest: Woodrow Wilson and the Evolution of the New Diplomacy. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1972. 209 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 346

2/5/07 9:16:04 PM

Diplomacy of the War 347

Bell, a professor of history at Concord College in West Virginia, treats Wilson as a pragmatic politician attempting to expand American global economic interests. In sum, American economic self-interest shaped Wilson’s world view to a great degree. See also his 1969 University of Wisconsin dissertation. 2028. Boothe, Leon E. “Anglo-Ameican Pro-League Groups Lead Wilson 1915–1918.” Mid-America 51 (April 1969): 92–107. Boothe maintains that President Wilson initially was not a whole hearted supporter of a world organization. 2029. Daniel, Robert L. “The Armenian Question and American-Turkish Relations, 1914–1927.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 46 (September 1959): 252–275. Daniel, with emphasis on the Armenian question, examines the evolution of American policy toward Turkey as that nation emerged as a modern political state. 2030. Devasia, Arackal Thomas. “The United States and the Formation of Greater Romania, 1914–1918: A Study in Diplomacy and Propaganda.” Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 1970. 432 pp. The author’s purpose is “to analyze the changing American attitude toward the Greater Romania problem and to study the forces and events that made the change possible.” 2031. Evans, Laurence. United States Policy and the Partition of Turkey, 1914– 1924. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965. 437 pp. This is a thoroughly researched and detailed treatment of the evolution of U.S. policy toward Turkey from 1914 to 1924. American policy went full circle from nonintervention to involvement to nonintervention. 2032. Fike, Claude E. “The United States and Russian Territorial Problems, 1917–1920.” Historian 24 (May 1962): 331–346. Fike emphasizes Washington’s efforts to protect the territorial integrity of Russia. 2033. Gelfand, Lawrence E. The Inquiry: American Preparations for Peace, 1917–1919. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963. 387 pp. This is a first-rate and impressively researched account of the work and influence of the body of scholars and publicists of the Inquiry who attempted to give President Wilson the depth and knowledge of global affairs to establish a just peace. Private papers, the files of the State Department, and records of the Inquiry are researched. 2034. Howard, Harry N. Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974. 337 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 347

2/5/07 9:16:04 PM

348

America and World War I

Chapter 2, “The Turkish Problem During World War I (1914–1918),” and Chapter 3, “The Question of Constantinople and the Straits at the Paris Peace Conference (1919),” are of interest to the World War I scholar. 2035. Lebow, Richard Ned. “Woodrow Wilson and the Balfour Declaration.” J Mod Hist 40 (December 1968): 501–523. Lebow discusses the reasons for Wilson’s decision to acquiesce in this famous British proclamation; in the process, challenging the views of such scholars as Selig Adler who have written on the subject. 2036. Mamatey, Victor S. “The United States and Bulgaria in World War I.” American Slavic and East European Review 12 (1953): 233–257. Mamatey examines the curious state of affairs that existed between the United States and Bulgaria. Although on opposite sides, the two countries maintained normal relations. Wilson hoped to detach Bulgaria from the Central Powers by treating her as a “victim” rather than as an “accomplice” of Germany. This policy of expediency failed. 2037. ———. “The United States and the Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.” J Central Eur Affairs 10 (October 1950): 256–270. Mamatey examines this question from the American side, focusing on the declaration of May 29, 1918. He takes exception with the conventional interpretation of T. G. Masaryk’s influence on President Wilson. 2038. ———. The United States and East Central Europe, 1914–1918: A Study in Wilsonian Diplomacy and Propaganda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957. 431 pp. This is a meticulous, scholarly, and balanced examination of how the United States came to support independence for the subject minorities of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy. Wilson’s influence on Allied policy toward southeastern Europe is also assessed. Many non-English sources have been used. 2039. May, Ernest R. “American Policy and Japan’s Entrance into World War I.” Miss Valley Hist Rev 40 (September 1953): 279–290. May shows that Washington’s concern for China was central to its response to Japan’s joining the anti-German coalition. He also suggests that the future balance of power and strategic considerations of the situation were not always understood by U.S. policy makers. * O’Grady, Joseph P., ed. The Immigrants’ Influence on Wilson’s Peace Policies. Cited above as item 2012.

RT8955Z.indb 348

2/5/07 9:16:05 PM

Diplomacy of the War 349

2040. Patterson, David S. “Woodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement, 1914–1917.” Historian 33 (August 1971): 535–556. Patterson focuses on the efforts of “peace workers outside the administration” who put pressure on President Wilson to mediate the war. Wilson handled these peace advocates with tact but thought little of their understanding of questions concerning war and peace. 2041. Stafford, Jeffrey J. “Edward Hurley and American Shipping Policy: An Elaboration on Wilsonian Diplomacy, 1918–1919.” Historian 35 (August 1973): 568–586. Stafford contends that Hurley, the head of the shipping board, generally supported President Wilson’s “plan to reconstruct and reorganize the post-war world along lines of a moral and market-oriented capitalistic” order. 2042. ———. Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy 1913–1921. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1978. 282 pp. Stafford’s theme is that Wilson used the dramatic expansion of the American merchant fleet during the war to challenge British commercial supremacy on the seas and to help him lobby for a Wilsonian peace. Stafford’s use of American sources is impressive, but he would have been even more persuasive in his conclusions if he had ventured across the Atlantic to consult archival sources in Great Britain. * Živojinovic, Dragan. “Robert Lansing’s Comments on the Pontifical Peace Note of August 1, 1917.” Cited above as item 1863. 2043. ———. “The Vatican, Woodrow Wilson and the Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy 1914–1918.” East European Quarterly 3 (March 1969): 31–70. The author gives a detailed treatment of this little-known episode. 3. Entente 2044. Andrew, Christopher M., and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. France Overseas: The Great War and the Climax of French Imperial Expansion. London: Thames & Hudson, 1981. 302 pp. The authors fill a void by focusing on the neglected topic of French imperialism during the war years. There is also a chapter on the Paris Peace Conference. A multiarchival approach is taken, with extensive research having been conducted in British and French depositories. There is extensive documentation and a lengthy bibliography.

RT8955Z.indb 349

2/5/07 9:16:05 PM

350

America and World War I

2045. Brand, Carl F. “The Reaction of British Labor to the Policies of President Wilson During the World War.” Amer Hist Rev 38 (January 1933): 263–285. The materials used by the author are in the Hoover War Library. His survey of the British press, especially the pro-labor organs, constitutes his most valuable contribution. 2046. Cooper, John Milton, Jr. “The British Response to the House-Grey Memorandum: New Evidence and New Questions.” J Amer Hist 59 (March 1973): 958–971. Published as a “note,” this valuable examination of British motives for rejecting the so-called House-Grey Memorandum includes the minutes of the War Committee of March 21, 1916, which are reprinted in full with Grey’s deletions and insertions. For a further discussion of Grey’s motives based on his papers, see also Woodward’s article (item 2066). * Dutton, David. The Politics of Diplomacy: Britain and France in the Balkans in the First World War. Cited above as item 425. * French, David. British Strategy and War Aims, 1914–1916 and The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916–1918. Cited above as items 448 and 449. 2047. Fry, Michael G. Lloyd George and Foreign Policy. Vol. 1, The Education of a Statesman, 1890–1916. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1977. 314 pp. This is the first volume of a projected two-volume examination of the foreign policy views and actions of Lloyd George. The research in manuscript and official sources is extensive. Students of American diplomacy will be interested in Fry’s treatment of the British rejection of the HouseGrey Memorandum. * Guinn, Paul. British Strategy and Politics 1914–1918. Cited above as item 427. 2048. Hanak, Harry. Great Britain and Austria-Hungary During the First World War: A Study in the Formation of Public Opinion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1962. 312 pp. This volume traces the ultimate triumph in Britain of those who believed that the Dual Monarchy was doomed because of the strength of Slav nationalism. 2049. Jaffe, Lorna S. The Decision to Disarm Germany: British Policy towards Postwar German Disarmament, 1914–1919. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1985. 286 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 350

2/5/07 9:16:05 PM

Diplomacy of the War 351

Jaffe, in his well-researched monograph, describes how British policy moved from ending German militarism during the war to disarmament at the peace conference. He is critical of Lloyd George’s consideration of British domestic politics in taking this stand. 2050. Kernek, Sterling J. “The British Government’s Reaction to President Wilson’s ‘Peace’ Note of December, 1916.” Historical J 13 (December 1970): 721–766. Kernek argues that Arthur Link has exaggerated Lloyd George’s willingness to consider a compromise peace in late 1916. 2051. ———. Distractions of Peace During War: The Lloyd George Government’s Reactions to Woodrow Wilson December, 1916–November, 1918. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1975. 117 pp. Kernek has made a painstaking examination of the reaction of Lloyd George’s ministry to Wilson’s peace moves and war objectives. The research in American and British archival sources is impressive. Kernek makes the point that “the basic similarity between British and American attitudes toward peace terms in one sense aggravated antagonism because it set the stage for a contest between two powers who wanted to preside over their common values.” 2052. Lederer, Ivo J., ed. Russian Foreign Policy: Essays in Historical Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962. 620 pp. A new perspective on Tsarist war aims during the Great War is often gained in this collection of essays. 2053. Louis, William Roger. Great Britain and Germany’s Lost Colonies, 1914–1919. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967. 165 pp. This is an important and succinct study of one aspect of British war objectives that is solidly grounded on archival sources. Many British statesmen believed that the future security of the British Empire depended on the destruction of the German position in Africa. 2054. McTague, John J. British Policy in Palestine, 1917–1922. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1983. 276 pp. McTague contends that the Arabs were misled about British intentions in Palestine, and that as early as 1922 when the mandate was approved, the future conflict between Arabs and Jews over the Holy Land was clear. 2055. Renzi, William A. “Great Britain, Russia, and the Straits, 1914–1915.” J Mod Hist 42 (March 1970): 1–20.

RT8955Z.indb 351

2/5/07 9:16:05 PM

352

America and World War I

Renzi takes a fresh look at the motives of the French and especially of the British in signing the Straits Agreement, one of the most important of the “secret treaties” which Wilson first learned of in 1917. 2056. ———. “Italy’s Neutrality and Entrance into the Great War: A Re-Examination.” Amer Hist Rev 73 (June 1968): 1414–1432. Renzi takes the position that Italian diplomacy, 1914–1915, was “no more deceitful or ‘Machiavellian’” than the diplomacy of the other great powers. 2057. ———. “Who Composed ‘Sazanov’s Thirteen Points’? A Re-Examination of Russia’s War Aims of 1914.” Amer Hist Rev 88 (April 1983): 347–354. Renzi casts doubt on the importance to the Tsarist government and even the authorship of “Sazanov’s Thirteen Points,” which hitherto has been accepted as one of the two attempts by an Allied leader to propose a specific list of war objectives. Wilson’s Fourteen Points was the other attempt. 2058. Rothwell, V. H. British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy 1914–1918. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971. 315 pp. This impressively researched volume makes an original contribution to the understanding of the development of British war aims, considerations of a compromise peace with Germany, and efforts to detach members of the Central Powers. Rothwell concentrates on the period after the formation of Lloyd George’s ministry in December 1916. He argues that the growing commitment of the United States to the war strengthened the British resolve in 1918 to reject a negotiated peace and seek total victory over the enemy. 2059. Smith, C. Jay, Jr. “Great Britain and the 1914–1915 Straits Agreement with Russia: The British Promise of November 1914.” Amer Hist Rev 70 (July 1965): 1015–1034. Smith contends that a central motive of Sir Edward Grey in concluding the Straits Agreement with Russia was to divert Russian war aims from Eastern Europe to the Near East. The Asquith papers are extensively used. 2060. ———. The Russian Struggle for Power, 1914–1917: A Study of Russian Foreign Policy During the First World War. New York: Philosophical Library, 1956. 553 pp. This is the first English-language examination of Tsarist war objectives, based on thorough research in Russian sources. Smith argues that Tsarist diplomacy, 1914–1917, is similar in many respects to Stalin’s diplomacy, 1941–1948. A more recent examination of Tsarist diplomacy can be found in Lederer (item 2052).

RT8955Z.indb 352

2/5/07 9:16:05 PM

Diplomacy of the War 353

2061. Stein, Leonard. The Balfour Declaration. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1961. 681 pp. This is a comprehensive examination of the origins of the Balfour Declaration of November 2, 1917. The author is an English lawyer. 2062. Stevenson, David. French War Aims Against Germany 1914–1919. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. 320 pp. This well-researched monograph is the first systematic treatment of French war objectives against Germany during and immediately after World War I. The development of French war aims toward Germany, the consideration of a negotiated settlement, and the French approach to containing Germany at the Paris Peace Conference are examined. 2063. Swartz, Marvin. The Union of Democratic Control in British Politics During the First World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. 267 pp. The UDC was formed by nonpacifist critics of Britain’s entry into the war. Opposed to annexationist war objectives, the UDC championed parliamentary control of diplomacy. This well-documented monograph examines the UDC’s impact on both British war aims and the unity of the liberal party. There is information on the British liberals’ view of President Wilson’s peace diplomacy and war objectives. See also the author’s 1969 Yale University dissertation. 2064. The War of Democracy: The Allies’ Statement. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1917. 441 pp. This volume does not really contain the official war aims statements of the Allied governments. Rather the views of 15 statesmen and publicists such as Balfour, Lord Bryce, and G. M. Trevelyan are published in the form of interviews, speeches, and essays. * Woodward, David R. “Britain’s ‘Brass Hats’ and the Question of a Compromise Peace, 1916–1918.” Cited above as item 435. 2065. ———. “David Lloyd George, A Negotiated Peace with Germany, and the Kühlmann Peace Kite of September, 1917.” Can J Hist 6 (March 1971): 75–93. Lloyd George’s consideration of a negotiated peace with Germany at Russia’s expense is considered in this article. 2066. ———. “Great Britain and President Wilson’s Efforts to End World War I in 1916.” Maryland Historian 1 (Spring 1970): 45–58. This article, based on research in British archives, focuses on the HouseGrey Memorandum. It should be read in conjunction with the Cooper article (item 2046).

RT8955Z.indb 353

2/5/07 9:16:05 PM

354

America and World War I

2067. ———. “The Origins and Intent of David Lloyd George’s January 5 War Aims Speech.” Historian 34 (November 1971): 22–39. In this article based on the papers of Britain’s war leaders and the Cabinet Papers, the author asserts that one of Lloyd George’s motives in making this liberal interpretation of British war objectives was to give his government the flexibility to seek a negotiated peace. 4. Central Powers 2068. Epstein, Klaus. “The Development of German-Austrian War Aims in the Spring of 1917.” J Central Eur Affairs 17 (April 1957): 24–47. General Ludendorff’s dominant diplomatic influence over the civilians is emphasized by Epstein. 2069. Farrar, L. L., Jr. Divide and Conquer: German Efforts to Conclude a Separate Peace, 1914–1918. Boulder, CO: East European Quarterly, distributed by Columbia University Press, New York, 1978. 180 pp. Farrar makes a questionable attack on the Fischer school, arguing that German efforts to divide the Entente offer a better explanation of German wartime policy than do German expansionist goals. 2070. ———. “Opening to the West: German Efforts to Conclude a Separate Peace with England, July 1917–March 1918.” Can J Hist 10 (April 1975): 73–90. This well-researched article gives the German side of the peace discussion in Berlin and London in late 1917 and early 1918. For the British side, see Woodward (item 2065) and Rothwell (item 2058). Farrar’s article is also revealing on civil-military relations in Germany. 2071. Fedyshyn, Oleh S. Germany’s Drive to the East and the Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1918. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1971. 401 pp. The first third of this volume is a careful examination of the development of German policy toward the Ukraine. In opposition to Fritz Fischer, Fedyshyn concludes that German objectives in southern Russia were a product of the war rather than a result of long-range plans of expansionism. Russian, German, and Ukrainian sources are used. 2072. Feldman, Gerald D. German Imperialism, 1914–1918: The Development of a Historical Debate. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1972. 221 pp. This book, one of the volumes in the Major Issues in History series, presents raw source materials and then interprets these primary sources. Part one deals with pre-1945 documents and interpretations, and part two concerns post-1945 documents and interpretations of German imperialism during the Great War.

RT8955Z.indb 354

2/5/07 9:16:06 PM

Diplomacy of the War 355

* Fischer, Fritz. Germany’s Aims in the First World War. Cited above as item 123. 2073. ———. World Power or Decline: The Controversy over Germany’s Aims in the First World War. New York: W.W. Norton, 1974. 131 pp. Critics of Fischer’s Germany’s Aims in the First World War and War of Illusions are answered on substantive and methodological levels by the author himself. Fischer’s counterattack is especially directed against Egmont Zechlin and Gerhard Ritter, two German historians in considerable disagreement with Fischer’s views on German responsibility for the war and the nature of German war objectives. 2074. Gatzke, Hans W. Germany’s Drive to the West (Drang Nach Westen): A Study of Germany’s Western War Aims During the First World War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1950. 316 pp. German western expansionism during World War I receives detailed treatment in this scholarly monograph. Gatzke relates domestic politics to war objectives, arguing that drang nach westen was more popular in Germany than drang nach osten. The more recent works of Fischer and others, which are based on archival sources denied the author, have gone beyond Gatzke’s findings. See also his 1947 Harvard University doctoral dissertation. 2075. Herwig, Holger H. “Admirals Versus Generals: The War Aims of the Imperial German Navy, 1914–1918.” Central Eur Hist 5 (September 1972): 208–233. The conflicting war aims of the army and navy are revealed in this welldocumented article. 2076. Koehl, Robert Lewis. “A Prelude to Hitler’s Greater Germany.” Amer Hist Rev 59 (October 1953): 43–65. The German false start in creating a greater Germany during World War I is critically examined in this article. 2077. Pribran, Alfred Francis. Austrian Foreign Policy, 1908–1918. London: Allen & Unwin, 1923. 128 pp. Despite its age, this volume remains a standard source. G. P. Gooch has written the foreword. * Ritter, Gerhard. The Sword and the Scepter: The Problem of Militarism in Germany. Cited above as item 433. 2078. Shanafelt, Gary W. The Secret Enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German Alliance, 1914–1918. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs; distributed by Columbia University Press, New York, 1985. 272 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 355

2/5/07 9:16:06 PM

356

America and World War I

The often overlooked Austrian perspective in the Dual Alliance is analyzed throughout the war. Differences emerged between Berlin and Vienna on such subjects as the future of Poland and a compromise peace. 2079. Silberstein, Gerard E. “The Serbian Campaign of 1915: Its Diplomatic Background.” Amer Hist Rev 73 (October 1967): 51–69. This article probes the connection between the Serbian campaign and Berlin’s desire to win Bulgaria as an ally. 2080. Trumpener, Ulrich. Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1918. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968. 433 pp. This is a solid analysis of the German-Ottoman alliance, describing the political and diplomatic aspects of this at times uneasy alliance. Unfortunately the author was denied access to the Turkish state archives. 2081. Weber, Frank G. Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance, 1914–1918. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970. 284 pp. The author conducted extensive research in Austrian and German archives. 2082. Wheeler-Bennett, John W. Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918. London: Macmillan, 1938. 478 pp. This remains the standard work on the first peace treaty of World War I. It is superbly written and is based on official documents, the memoirs and diaries of the participants, and the contemporary press. WheelerBennett’s purpose is to examine Soviet-German relations in the context of the Brest-Litovsk negotiations, to explain the motives of both sides, and to establish the very prominent place which the “Forgotten Peace holds in world history.” G. Coalition Warmaking 1. U.S. Relations With Allies (See also VII:F, War Objectives and Peace Diplomacy, 1914–1918) 2083. Bridges, Sir Tom. Alarms & Excursions: Reminiscences of a Soldier. London: Longmans, Green, 1938. 361 pp. Bridges includes information on the Balfour mission to Washington in 1917 and British efforts to brigade American soldiers with British divisions. 2084. Bruce, Robert B. A Fraternity of Arms: America and France in the Great War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003. 380 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 356

2/5/07 9:16:06 PM

Diplomacy of the War 357

Bruce confronts the Anglocentric point of view that dominates American historiography of World War I. He argues that the Franco-American relationship was of greater significance than the wartime cooperation forged between London and Washington. He makes some good points, but is guilty of ignoring scholarship that does not support his thesis. 2085. Burk, Kathleen. “Great Britain in the United States, 1917–1918: The Turning Point.” International History Review 1 (April 1979): 228–245. The growing dependence of Great Britain on the United States is the theme of this first-rate article. This thoroughly researched and enlightening study analyzes the work of the British war missions concerning supply and finance. See also Burk’s 1976 Oxford University DPhil thesis, “British War Missions to the United States 1914–1918.” * Conyne, G. R. Woodrow Wilson: British Perspectives, 1912–21. Cited above as item 1780. 2086. Davenport, E. H., and Sidney Russell Cooke. The Oil Trusts and AngloAmerican Relations. New York: Macmillan, 1924. 272 pp. The authors attempt to trace and analyze the influence of oil on AngloAmerican relations. They carry their examination into the postwar period. * Fowler, Wilton B. British-American Relations, 1917–1918: The Role of Sir William Wiseman. Cited above as item 1913. 2087. Fry, M. G. “The Imperial War Cabinet, the United States, and the Freedom of the Seas.” Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 110 (November 1965): 353–362. The issue of freedom of the seas, which served to divide Washington and London over maritime policy, is examined in this balanced and wellresearched article. 2088. Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. Victory through Coalition: Britain and France during the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 320 pp. The author discusses Anglo-French civil-military relations as well as the maritime and industrial collaborative efforts that made victory possible. It is her view that Germany was defeated because of and not despite the Anglo-French alignment. 2089. Halsey, Francis W., ed. Balfour, Viviani and Joffre: Their Speeches and Other Public Utterances in America. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1917. 369 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 357

2/5/07 9:16:06 PM

358

America and World War I

Using contemporary accounts, the compiler describes the activities and records the speeches of the Allied leaders who journeyed to the United States to encourage rapid American mobilization. He also describes the arrival of the first American forces in Europe. The period April 21–July 4, 1917 is covered. 2090. Kaufman, B. I. Efficiency and Expansion: Foreign Trade Organization in the Wilson Administration, 1913–1921. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974. 300 pp. This is an important source on financial and commercial conflict between the United States and Great Britain during the period of the Great War. 2091. Klachko, Mary. “Anglo-American Naval Competition, 1918–1922.” Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1962. 406 pp. Among other topics, Klachko examines how Wilson used the potential of the U.S. Navy to gain support for his peace program. Anglo-American economic rivalry also receives some attention. 2092. Lyddon, W. G. British War Missions to the United States 1914–1918. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938. 233 pp. The great number and variety of British war missions to the United States are reflected in this matter-of-fact unofficial history. The British war missions ranged from timber to purchasing to tanks. For a more critical evaluation of the same subject, see Burk (item 2085). 2093. MacVeagh, Ewen Cameron, and Lee D. Brown. The Yankees in the British Zone. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1920. 418 pp. Two former U.S. officers record the history of the few U.S. divisions which fought alongside the British Expeditionary Forces in the British sector on the western front. 2094. Parrini, Carl P., Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916–1923. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1969. 303 pp. Well researched and competently written, this volume attempts to examine the economic motives in American foreign policy. Prior to and during World War I, the British considered the United States to be a competitor in world trade, but after the war, they proposed an economic alliance in world trade. See also Parrini’s 1963 University of Wisconsin doctoral dissertation directed by William A. Williams. 2095. Parsons, Edward B. Wilsonian Diplomacy: Allied-American Rivalries in War and Peace. St. Louis, MO: Forum Press, 1978. 213 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 358

2/5/07 9:16:06 PM

Diplomacy of the War 359

This controversial book does not bring into question Wilson’s high ideals. But it places emphasis on his anti-British sentiment and “Machiavellian strategic thinking,” with the author arguing that Wilson often viewed the Allies as economic and maritime rivals. American and British archives were researched. See also Parsons’ 1971 SUNY, Buffalo, doctoral dissertation, “Admiral Sims’ Mission in Europe in 1917–1919 and Some Aspects of United States Naval and Foreign Wartime Policy.” 2096. Philpott, William James. Anglo-French Relations and Strategy on the Western Front, 1914–1918. New York: St. Martin’s, 1996. 227 pp. Philpott highlights London’s conflict with Paris caused by conflicting pressures: the necessity of supporting France with massive attacks on the western front and the traditional British Continental objective of keeping the Channel ports secure. He is at odds with Greenhalgh’s interpretation (item 2088). 2097. Réquin, E. J. America’s Race to Victory. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1919. 211 pp. This account by a French officer who accompanied Joffre to America in 1917 offers some insight into the activities of the French mission. 2098. Salter, James A. Allied Shipping Control: An Experiment in International Administration. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. 372 pp. This valuable work focuses on the activities of the Allied Maritime Transport Council and its permanent organization, the Allied Maritime Transport Executive. Salter covers the peace conference as well as the war years. * Simpson, Michael, ed. Anglo-American Naval Relations, 1917–19. Cited above as item 973. 2099. Smith, Gaddis George. “Nation and Empire: Canadian Diplomacy During the First World War.” Doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1960. 389 pp. This is a detailed examination of Canadian relations with Great Britain and the United States during the war. Smith shows in this superior dissertation that a major Canadian foreign objective was to improve communications with the United States. 2100. Stafford, Jeffrey J. “Anglo-American Maritime Relations During the Two World Wars: A Comparative Analysis.” American Neptune 41 (October 1981): 262–279. Anglo-American maritime relations are shown to have been far stormier during World War I than during World War II.

RT8955Z.indb 359

2/5/07 9:16:07 PM

360

America and World War I

2101. ———. “Experiment in Containment: The U.S. Steel Embargo and Japan, 1917–18.” Pacific Historical Review 39 (November 1970): 439–451. This article concerns the Wilson administration’s attempt to thwart Japanese imperial growth and to support Chinese integrity through economic means. This American policy failed. Japan became convinced that it needed iron and steel from other sources, a decision that could only result in further territorial expansion. 2102. Stevenson, David. “French War Aims and the American Challenge, 1914– 1918.” Historical J (December 1979): 877–894. This article by a British scholar examines the growing tension between Washington and Paris over the European settlement as the French to their unease became more and more dependent on American economic and military assistance. 2103. Trask, David F. Captains & Cabinets: Anglo-American Naval Relations, 1917–1918. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1972. 396 pp. Trask’s examination of Anglo-American naval-political relations is solidly based on recently opened archival material. There was often conflict between British and American policy and tactics, but in the end cooperation more often than not prevailed. Admiral William S. Sims emerges as a central figure in these pages. 2104. United States Navy Department, Office of Naval Records and Library, Historical Section. The American Planning Section, London. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1923. 537 pp. In November 1917 a planning section was created in London to enable U.S. naval officers to have more effective communications with the British Admiralty. This volume provides a detailed history of the important activities and plans of this body. 2105. Wallach, Jehuda L. Uneasy Coalition: The Entente Experience in World War I. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. 192 pp. This is in some respects a case study of coalition warfare using the experience of World War I as the model. One can get a good overview of the questions faced by the war-winning coalition, but Wallach’s research is dated and relies far too much on the published memoirs and diaries of the leaders of Britain and the United States. 2106. Willert, Arthur. The Road to Safety: A Study in Anglo-American Relations. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1953. 184 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 360

2/5/07 9:16:07 PM

Diplomacy of the War 361

Willert was the London Times correspondent in Washington during World War I and he has some interesting comments to make about President Wilson, Lord Northcliffe, Wiseman, Spring-Rice, and Lord Reading. This work is an essential source for any study of Anglo-American relations during and immediately after the war. 2107. Woodward, David R. Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993. 276 pp. The author connects President Wilson’s diplomatic objectives with the strategic and political implications of the creation of a great U.S. military force on the Continent. The interplay of the British and American political and military leadership is analyzed based on thorough archival research in both the United States and Great Britain. 2. The Supreme War Council, the Generalissimo, and the Creation of an Independent American Army in Europe 2108. Beadon, Lieut.-Col. R. H. “The Supreme War Council of the Allied Associated Nations: Its Origins, Organization, and Work.” Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 65 (February 1920): 105–115. Beadon vigorously defends the creation and work of the SWC and provides a convenient summary of its organization. “If the Supreme War Council never fulfilled any other purpose than that of a mere stepping stone to unified command—subsequently so brilliantly justified by results—it would have more than rewarded those who were responsible for its creation,” he writes. * Bliss, Tasker H. “The Evolution of the Unified Command.” Cited above as item 278. * ———. “Report of General T. H. Bliss on the Supreme War Council.” Cited above as item 279. 2109. The Genesis of the American First Army. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1928. 81 pp. This slim monograph was prepared in the historical section of the Army War College. Based on records in the archives of the War Department, it traces the evolution of an independent American army in Europe. The principal author, according to the preface, was Major Julian F. Barnes. 2110. Graham, Dominick, and Shelford Bidwell. Coalitions, Politicians, and Generals: Some Aspects of Command in Two World Wars. London: Brassey’s, 1994. 323 pp. This is really a series of essays on both world wars. There are seven interpretative chapters on World War I.

RT8955Z.indb 361

2/5/07 9:16:07 PM

362

America and World War I

2111. Grant, Colonel C. J. C. “Marshal Foch: 26th of March to the 11th of November, 1918.” Army Quarterly 1 (January 1921): 263–289. This is a rather perceptive article on the personality and practices of Foch as the Allied generalissimo. * Harbord, James G. The American Army in France, 1917–1919. Cited above as item 302. 2112. Lonergan, Thomas C. It Might Have Been Lost! A Chronicle from Alien Sources of the Struggle to Preserve the National Identity of the A.E.F. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1929. 327 pp. This is a very valuable documentary record of the conflict over the creation of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) by a member of its general staff. Lonergan was able to gain access to many sensitive documents, especially from the British. 2113. Maurice, Sir Frederick. Lessons of Allied Co-Operation: Naval, Military and Air, 1914–1918. New York: Oxford University Press, 1942. 195 pp. Maurice was the director of military operations on the Imperial General Staff and the alter ego of Sir William Robertson, who was hostile to the concept of the Supreme War Council. This is not a balanced or comprehensive account of the controversial and ultimately successful struggle to achieve a unified command, but Maurice is right in faulting the machinery of the SWC when it was first created. Naval and air cooperation are also discussed. 2114. ———. “The Versailles Supreme War Council.” Army Quarterly 1 (January 1921): 232–240. Maurice is not always fair in this account of the creation of the Supreme War Council and the generalissimo. He does, however, correctly emphasize the often overlooked achievements of the SWC after Foch became generalissimo. 2115. Ohl, John Kennedy. “The Keystone Division in the Great War.” Prologue 10 (Summer 1978): 82–99. French misuse of the Keystone or 28th Division in three operations during the summer of 1918, Ohl contends, demonstrates the fallacy of the AngloFrench position that American forces would be better served by amalgamation than by the creation of an independent American army. * Palmer, Frederick. America in France: The Story of the Making of an Army. Cited above as item 239. * Roberts, Priscilla. “Tasker H. Bliss and the Evolution of Allied Unified Command, 1918: A Note on Old Battles Revisited.” Cited above as item 281.

RT8955Z.indb 362

2/5/07 9:16:07 PM

Diplomacy of the War 363

2116. Shumate, Thomas D., Jr. “The Allied Supreme War Council, 1917–1918.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, 1952. 247 pp. This pioneering study of the attempt to wage coalition warfare more effectively has been superseded by Trask’s account. 2117. Trask, David F. The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, 1917–1918. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993. 235 pp. This is an important revisionist study of the U.S. role in the anti-German coalition. The decisive 1918 campaign is viewed through the roles played by the field commanders, with Pershing coming in for critical review for his opposition to integrating American arms into the Entente military forces. 2118. ———. The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917–1918. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1961. 244 pp. This well-researched study is the best examination of the relationship between Wilsonian diplomacy and American military strategy. The focus is on the SWC, which was created in late 1917. Allied intervention in Russia was a major topic of deliberation by this body. * Woodward, David R. Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918. Cited above as item 2107. 2119. Wright, Captain Peter E. At the Supreme War Council. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1921. 201 pp. Anyone wanting to discover the inside story of the Supreme War Council will have to look elsewhere. Wright includes some interesting anecdotes, but he has nothing to say of great significance about either the leading personalities or the decisions of the SWC. Wright served as an interpreter for this Allied body at Versailles. H. Armistice 2120. Barclay, C. N. Armistice 1918. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1968. 155 pp. Barclay, a veteran of both world wars and a prolific writer on military subjects, makes clear that this study, which has no bibliography or footnotes, was written with the general reader rather than the scholar in mind. The result is a book which makes no contribution to our understanding of the course of the armistice negotiations. Much of this volume, in fact, concentrates on military operations leading up to the armistice negotiations. President Wilson’s role in the armistice negotiations is almost ignored.

RT8955Z.indb 363

2/5/07 9:16:07 PM

364

America and World War I

2121. Halperin, S. William. “Anatomy of an Armistice.” J Mod Hist 43 (March 1971): 107–112. This is a review essay of Pierre Renouvin’s important L’Armistice de Rethondes: 11 November 1918 (Paris, 1968). Renouvin exploits previously unresearched material in the French archives and questions basic assumptions made about the armistice. Renouvin argues that the specter of Bolshevism influenced equally the supporters of a soft or a harsh armistice. 2122. Lowry, Bullitt. Armistice 1918. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1996. 245 pp. A strength of this monograph is that the author researched the relevant government records in France, Great Britain, and the United States, as well as the private papers of the key individuals. Lowry emphasizes the important role played by Foch in the armistice negotiations. He also examines the AngloFrench reaction to Wilson’s attempts to dominate the peace negotiations. 2123. Maurice, Sir Frederick. The Armistices of 1918. New York: Oxford University Press, 1943. 104 pp. Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, this slim volume when published brought together the most recent material on the Allied side of the armistice negotiations. Maurice’s conclusions, although worthy of careful consideration, have been superseded by Lowry’s study (item 2122). 2124. Nelson, Keith L. “What Colonel House Overlooked in the Armistice.” Mid-America 51 (April 1968): 75–91. Nelson maintains that Colonel House unwittingly undermined Wilson’s peace plan by accepting certain military clauses in the armistice which supported the war objectives of the Allies. 2125. Persico, Joseph E. Eleventh Month, Eleventh Day, Eleventh Hour: Armistice Day, 1918. World War I and Its Violent Climax. New York: Random House, 2004. 456 pp. This is an engrossing account that gives particular attention to the death of American soldiers in the hours and even minutes before the Armistice went into effect on November 11, 1918. 2126. Ritter, Gerhard. The Sword and the Scepter: The Problem of Militarism in Germany. Vol. 4, The Reign of German Militarism and the Disaster of 1918. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1973. 496 pp. The German side of the armistice negotiations is thoroughly examined in this exhaustively researched study. President Wilson’s policies in October are characterized as “not only wavering but downright contradictory.”

RT8955Z.indb 364

2/5/07 9:16:08 PM

Diplomacy of the War 365

2127. Rudin, Harry Rudolph. Armistice 1918. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1944. 442 pp. This exhaustive monograph serves as a corrective to the “stab in the back” legend promoted by the German military. Lengthy excerpts from unpublished sources are included. 2128. Snell, John L. “Wilson on Germany and the Fourteen Points.” J Mod Hist 26 (December 1954): 364–369. Snell comments on and quotes in full a Wilson-Wiseman interview which sheds light on Wilson’s views on constitutional reforms in Germany and his interpretation of his Fourteen Points in October when Germany began its search for peace. I. Russo-American Relations (Including U.S. and Allied Military Roles in the Russian Civil War) 1. Background and Allied Intervention in Russia * Allison, William. American Diplomats in Russia: Case Studies in Orphan Diplomacy, 1916–1919. Cited above as item 1774. 2129. Bailey, Thomas A. America Faces Russia: Russian-American Relations from Early Times to Our Day. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1950. 375 pp. Approximately two-thirds of this survey of American-Russian relations is concerned with the Tsarist period. Bailey demonstrates that there were many differences between Russia and America prior to the creation of the Soviet regime in 1917. 2130. Bradley, John. Allied Intervention in Russia. New York: Basic Books, 1968. 251 pp. Bradley counters the one-dimensional view found in Soviet and some western literature that fear of Communism was the motive force of Allied intervention. He argues that there was little that the Allies could agree upon in this deeply researched study. 2131. Brinkley, George. The Volunteer Army and Allied Intervention in South Russia 1917–1921: A Study in the Politics and Diplomacy of the Russian Civil War. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966. 446 pp. This scholarly study, based on extensive research in the U.S. and Soviet Union, gives a comprehensive political history of the first White army to take the field against Bolshevism.

RT8955Z.indb 365

2/5/07 9:16:08 PM

366

America and World War I

2132. Carley, Michael Jabara. Revolution and Intervention: The French Government and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1919. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, distributed by University of Toronto Press, 1983. 280 pp. British intervention in Russia has been extensively treated by scholars, but the same cannot be said about French intervention. This scholarly study fills that void, answering many questions about French motivation and anti-Bolshevik strategy. 2133. Cummings, C. K., and Walter W. Pettit, comps. and eds. Russian-American Relations March, 1917–March, 1920. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1920. 375 pp. This volume contains published documents in English, translations of Russian official and unofficial newspapers, and previously unpublished documents. One of the compilers, Pettit, was with Bullitt on his famous mission to Petrograd in March 1919. 2134. Davis, Donald E., and Eugene P. Trani. The First Cold War: The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson in U.S.-Soviet Relations. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002. 329 pp. There is nothing ambivalent about the thesis of this book. According to Davis and Trani, Wilson and his advisors started the first cold war. They even go so far as to assert that “it is possible to draw a relatively straight line from Wilson and his collaborators down to Kennan and Reagan.” 2135. Debo, Richard K. Revolution and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1917–1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979. 462 pp. This volume sheds new light on such topics as Allied intervention and the Brest-Litovsk negotiations. This work is based on extensive archival research in Washington, London, Paris, and Bonn, but the Kremlin archives remained tightly sealed during this period. 2136. ———. Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1992. 502 pp. Debo emphasizes the failure of Western leaders to understand or come to grips with the emergence of a Communist government in Russia. On the other hand, Soviet leaders such as Lenin and Chicherin (the Soviet Foreign Commissar) demonstrated surprising skill in defending the interests of the new Soviet regime as it struggled to survive civil war and foreign intervention. 2137. Degras, Jane, ed. Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy. Vol. 1, 1917–1924. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951. 501 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 366

2/5/07 9:16:08 PM

Diplomacy of the War 367

Treaties, speeches, newspaper interviews, and other items are arranged in chronological order. There is no commentary on the documents. The year 1918 receives the most attention. 2138. Dobson, Christopher, and John Miller. The Day They Almost Bombed Moscow: The Allied War in Russia 1918–1920. New York: Atheneum, 1986. 288 pp. This a very readable account by two British journalists. There are no footnotes. 2139. Fike, Claude E. “The Influence of the Creel Committee and the American Red Cross on Russian-American Relations, 1917–1919.” J Mod Hist 31 (June 1959): 93–109. This article examines the activities of the Creel Committee and the American Red Cross in Russia. The author concludes that the activities of this “ad hoc diplomatic corps of undiplomatic Americans” were generally detrimental to Russian-American relations. * ———. “The United States and Russian Territorial Problems, 1917– 1920.” Cited above as item 2032. 2140. Filene, Peter G. Americans and the Soviet Experiment, 1917–1933. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967. 389 pp. Filene attempts to examine American attitudes toward the Soviet Union rather than Communism in general. Only the first two chapters in this welldocumented volume deal with the period of World War I. Many diverse sources, including official papers, newspapers, and journals, are used. 2141. Fischer, Louis. The Soviets in World Affairs: A History of Relations Between the Soviet Union and the Rest of the World, 1917–1929. New York: Cape & Smith, 1930. 2 vols. This work covers the period of the revolution, civil war, and the New Economic Policy and is based on considerable research and an intimate knowledge of Russian affairs. Fischer, a journalist, conducted numerous interviews with Soviet leaders such as Chicherin and Litvinov. The result is an account generally sympathetic to the Soviets. The first six chapters are pertinent to Russo-American relations during the war. 2142. Foglesong, David S. America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. 386 pp. This extensively researched book (which includes material from the recently opened Soviet archives) challenges the dominant interpretation of the American role in Allied intervention in Russia. Foglesong reveals

RT8955Z.indb 367

2/5/07 9:16:08 PM

368

America and World War I

that Wilson and other U.S. officials were actively involved in attempting to undermine the new Soviet regime prior to military intervention. Compare this work to Saul’s treatment of the same period (item 2158). 2143. Footman, David. Civil War in Russia. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962. 328 pp. This work does not provide a comprehensive treatment of either Allied intervention or the Russian Civil War. Rather, it focuses in depth on selected aspects of this complex episode. Footnotes are not provided but sources used, some of them Russian, are listed at the end of chapters. * Fowler, Wilton B. British-American Relations, 1917–1918: The Role of Sir William Wiseman. Cited above as item 1913. * Francis, David R. Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916– November 1918. Cited above as item 1839. 2144. Gankin, Olga Hess, and H. H. Fisher, eds. The Bolsheviks and the World War: The Origin of the Third International. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1940. 856 pp. This is a collection of documents on the Bolsheviks and World War I and on the origin of the Third International. This study concludes with the meeting of European leftists at the Stockholm Conference in the summer of 1917. The editors provide a very judicious commentary on the documents. 2145. Gardner, Lloyd C. The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913– 1923. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. 383 pp. Gardner, with his eye firmly on economic factors, examines how Woodrow Wilson and David Lloyd George reacted to the emergence of the first Communist government in the world. 2146. ———. Wilson and Revolutions: 1913–1921. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1976. 149 pp. This study emphasizes anti-Bolshevism as the primary reason for Wilson’s decision to send an American force to Siberia. 2147. Kennan, George F. Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin. Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1961. 411 pp. The first half of this work provides a thought-provoking interpretation of Western relations with Russia during the Russian Revolution and Civil War and the Paris Peace Conference. Kennan argues that it was a great tragedy for Western civilization that a negotiated settlement of the war was not possible in 1917. He is also critical of Allied pressure on the Russian

RT8955Z.indb 368

2/5/07 9:16:08 PM

Diplomacy of the War 369

Provisional Government to continue the war. The result of this pressure, he argues, was the triumph of Bolshevism. This study is especially noteworthy for its clarity and boldness of interpretation. 2148. ———. Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1956–1958. 2 vols. This is a judicious study of the origins of Allied intervention in Russia and of how the United States came to be drawn into that controversial episode. The first volume, Russia Leaves the War, won the Bancroft Prize and the Pulitzer Prize. Certain aspects of Kennan’s brilliant study are now somewhat dated by the availability of many new archival sources, especially in France and Great Britain. 2149. ———. “Soviet Historiography and America’s Role in the Intervention.” Amer Hist Rev 65 (January 1960): 302–322. This former American ambassador to the USSR and distinguished historian shows the blatant distortions and Marxist orthodoxy of the Soviet historian S. F. Naida in his treatment of American intervention in Russia. In one 35-page chapter, for example, Naida uses the phrase “American imperialists” some 80 times. 2150. Kernez, Peter. Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. 378 pp. Kernez succeeds in his attempt to fill a large gap in the literature on the Russian Civil War. Much had been written on the triumph of the Reds; but almost nothing had been published on their rivals, the Whites. One should look elsewhere for an account of Allied intervention, but this scholarly and clearly written monograph helps explain why Allied intervention failed. 2151. Killen, Linda. The Russian Bureau: A Case Study in Wilsonian Diplomacy. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. 216 pp. This scholarly work focuses on the Russian Bureau of the War Trade Board, October 1918 to June 1919, which sought trade with Russia. American misconceptions about Russia are emphasized and corrected. 2152. Lasch, Christopher. The American Liberals and the Russian Revolution. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972. 290 pp. Lasch, a specialist in American social history, examines the influence of the Russian Revolution on American liberals in this well-documented volume. Attention is given to the divisions in American liberalism caused by events in Russia. 2153. Lincoln, W. Bruce. Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. 637 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 369

2/5/07 9:16:08 PM

370

America and World War I

This is a thoroughly researched account (with many Russian sources) of the Russian Civil War. * McFadden, David W. Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans, 1917– 1920. Cited above as item 1805. * Marye, George T. Nearing the End in Imperial Russia. Cited above as item 1865. 2154. Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 351 pp. This is a scholarly synthesis of Russia’s destructive civil war. 2155. Radosh, Ronald. “John Spargo and Wilson’s Russian Policy.” J Amer Hist 52 (December 1965): 548–565. This is a well-documented analysis of the support that John Spargo, an American pro-war socialist, gave to Wilson’s anti-Bolshevik policies in Russia. 2156. Rothstein, Andrew. The Soldiers’ Strikes of 1919. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1980. 114 pp. This pithy study of the little-known protests of British soldiers in early 1919 is pertinent to the larger topic of Allied intervention in Russia. Fearing that their demobilization might be delayed by involvement in the Russian Civil War, some soldiers struck. It is no wonder that Winston Churchill, then secretary of state for war, looked to the United States for the necessary manpower to crush Bolshevism. 2157. Ruotsila, Markku. British and American Anticommunism before the Cold War. London: Frank Cass, 2001. 274 pp. This Finnish historian focuses on the period 1917–1921 and is interested in “ideas” rather than “policy.” 2158. Saul, Norman E. War and Revolution: The United States and Russia, 1914–1921. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001. 483 pp. This is the third and arguably the most important volume in Norman Saul’s ongoing and magisterial examination of Russo-American relations. Saul is at his best in describing the actions and motives of the Americans who dealt with Russia during this period. He has no axe to grind and the result is a sympathetic account of the Wilson administration’s attempts to deal with the emergence of a Communist regime in Russia. 2159. Schild, Georg. Between Ideology and Realpolitik: Woodrow Wilson and the Russian Revolution, 1917–1921. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. 192 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 370

2/5/07 9:16:09 PM

Diplomacy of the War 371

Schild argues that Wilson’s decision to involve the United States in the Anglo-French intervention in 1918 in the Russian Civil War was based on pragmatic considerations rather than ideology. 2160. Sisson, Edgar Grant. One Hundred Red Days: A Personal Chronicle of the Bolshevik Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1931. 502 pp. Sisson, who was sent to Russia by Wilson as his special representative to Kerensky’s Provisional Government, arrived after the Bolsheviks had seized power. His personal and detailed account constitutes an important source on the American embassy in Petrograd during this confused period. The appendix includes a copy of the discredited Sisson report, which attempted to prove a German-Bolshevik conspiracy. 2161. Smele, Jonathan D. Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 759 pp. This is an exhaustive and balanced study of the self-destructive nature of Kolchak’s White government in Siberia. Smele has done for the White movement in Siberia what Peter Kenez earlier did for the White armies in southern Russia. Admiral Kolchak emerges in these pages as a weak and incompetent leader. 2162. Somin, Ilya. Stillborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of Western Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1919–1920. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996. 236 pp. Somin argues that Wilson and Lloyd George were largely responsible for the defeat of the White armies. Smele’s work (item 2161), which suggests that the Whites were their own worst enemy, would seem to refute Somin’s thesis that the Whites could have won if properly supported by the British and Americans. 2163. Strakhovsky, Leonid I. American Opinion About Russia, 1917–1920. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961. 135 pp. The editorials of the New York Times and the Washington Evening Star are emphasized in this well-researched and well-documented monograph. Strakhovsky contends that policy makers in Washington had very little reliable information about Russia on which to base their decisions. The press had many misconceptions, and American representatives were amateurs. 2164. Trani, Eugene P. “Woodrow Wilson and the Decision to Intervene in Russia: A Reconsideration.” J Mod Hist 48 (September 1976): 440–461.

RT8955Z.indb 371

2/5/07 9:16:09 PM

372

America and World War I

This article, based on archival research in both Great Britain and the United States, contends that Wilson accepted intervention in Russia largely because of pressure applied by the British and French. 2165. Ullman, Richard H. Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961–1972. 3 vols. Vol. 1 of this standard study includes information on London’s efforts to involve the United States in intervention in Russia. This volume is based on thorough research in available primary and secondary sources, but was published before the opening of British state papers and many important private manuscript collections. Vol. 2 makes excellent use of this new material and includes a detailed account of the Prinkipo proposal, the Bullitt mission, and the steps leading to the recognition of Kolchak. Vol. 3 examines how the two powers eventually came to terms. 2166. United States Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1918, Russia. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1931–1932. 3 vols. These volumes, the single most important collection of documents concerning America’s role in intervention in Russia, cover political questions and diplomatic relations (Vol. 1); the Allies and the White movement (Vol. 2); and economic questions such as loans to the Provisional Government and the Soviet repudiation of the Tsarist debt (Vol. 3). 2167. ———. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1919, Russia. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1937. 807 pp. This volume covers the last year of America’s involvement in the Russian Civil War. * ———. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920. Cited above as item 1857. 2168. Unterberger, Betty Miller, ed. American Intervention in the Russian Civil War. Lexington, MA: DC Heath, 1969. 113 pp. This volume in the Problems in American Civilization series includes a collection of official documents. This is an excellent source for the conflicting interpretations of American intervention. 2169. ———. The United States: Revolutionary Russia and the Rise of Czechoslovakia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. 463 pp. The curious and engaging story of the Czechoslovak Legion is well told by Unterberger, who argues that Wilson’s decision to intervene in 1918 was largely determined by his desire to rescue the Czechs. This is also a wide-ranging examination of the establishment of Czechoslovakia.

RT8955Z.indb 372

2/5/07 9:16:09 PM

Diplomacy of the War 373

2170. Wade, Rex A. The Russian Search for Peace: February–October 1917. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969. 196 pp. This book focuses on the moderate, as opposed to Bolshevik, socialists in Soviet Petrograd. The failure of the moderates to liberalize the war aims of the belligerents and open general peace negotiations was catastrophic to their political fortunes. This well-documented study sheds light on Allied attempts to keep Russia in the war. See also Wade’s 1963 University of Nebraska-Lincoln doctoral dissertation. 2171. Warth, Robert D. The Allies and the Russian Revolution: From the Fall of the Monarchy to the Peace of Brest-Litovsk. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1954. 294 pp. Based on many manuscript sources and printed works in the relevant languages, this volume examines the efforts of the Allies and the “associated” United States to keep Russia in the war. Particular attention is given to the anti-German coalition’s reaction to Russian efforts to liberalize war objectives. 2172. Weeks, Charles J., Jr., and Joseph O. Baylen. “Admiral Kolchak’s Mission to the United States, 10 September–9 November 1917.” Mil Affairs 40 (April 1976): 63–67. This examination of Kolchak’s three-month visit to the United States makes clear that his visit had little impact on American-Russian relations. 2173. Williams, William Appleman. “American Intervention in Russia: 1917– 1920.” In Containment and Revolution, edited by David Horowitz, pp. 26–75. Boston: Beacon Press, 1967. Williams argues that “American intervention in Russia was a long-debated and long-delayed tactical move in support of the basic anti-Bolshevik strategy that had been established in December 1917.” 2174. ———. American Russian Relations, 1781–1947. New York: Rinehart, 1952. 367 pp. The author contends that the roots of the Soviet-American conflict can be found during the 1917–1920 period. Williams is critical of President Wilson’s approach to the new Soviet regime which Williams characterizes as misguided and vacillating. Approximately one-half of the text is devoted to World War I and the Russian Revolution. 2175. Woodward, David R. “British Intervention in Russia During the First World War.” Mil Affairs 41 (December 1977): 171–175. The role of the British military authorities in armed intervention in Russia is explored in this article which is based on unpublished sources.

RT8955Z.indb 373

2/5/07 9:16:09 PM

374

America and World War I

2. U.S. Intervention in North Russia 2176. “Chronicler.” Archangel, The American War with Russia. Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1924. 216 pp. The author, who wished to remain anonymous, attacks his government for sending U.S. soldiers to fight in Russia. This is not good scholarship, but it is an accurate reflection of the views of many of the U.S. soldiers who served in North Russia. * Gordon, Dennis, ed. Quartered in Hell: The Story of American North Russian Expeditionary Force, 1918–1919. Cited above as item 500. 2177. Halliday, E. M. The Ignorant Armies. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958. 232 pp. This is a dramatic narrative of Allied intervention in North Russia with emphasis on the role of the American North Russian Expeditionary Force. Brief and inadequate notes concerning sources are included. The author’s interviews with participants are especially valuable. The foreword is by S. L. A. Marshall. * Moore, J. R., et al., eds. History of the American Expedition Fighting the Bolsheviki: Campaigning in North Russia, 1918–1919. Cited above as item 522. 2178. Shapiro, Sumner. “Intervention in Russia (1918–1919).” USNI Proc 99 (April 1973): 52–61. This article agrees in the main with the critical assessment of American intervention in North Russia found in Tolley’s 1969 article in this journal (item 2181). As was the case with Tolley, the author served as an assistant U.S. naval attaché in Moscow. 2179. Strakhovsky, Leonid J. Intervention at Archangel: The Story of Allied Intervention and Russian Counter-Revolution in North Russia, 1918– 1920. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1944. 336 pp. A sequel to Strakhovsky’s 1937 study on the origins of American involvement, this well-documented and detailed study offers insight into Allied diplomacy and the interworkings of the White government in North Russia. Strakhovsky served with the Whites in the Russian Civil War and his work is perhaps not without bias. 2180. ———. The Origins of American Intervention in North Russia, 1918. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1937. 140 pp. This is a pioneering study with documentation by a Russian émigré historian.

RT8955Z.indb 374

2/5/07 9:16:09 PM

Diplomacy of the War 375

2181. Tolley, Kemp. “Our Russian War of 1918–1919.” USNI Proc 95 (February 1969): 58–72. Tolley, a retired rear admiral who at one time served as an assistant naval attaché in Moscow, is critical of American involvement in Allied intervention in North Russia. Rear Admiral Newton McCully, however, is singled out for special praise for his understanding of Russian conditions. * Weeks, Charles J., Jr. An American Naval Diplomat in Revolutionary Russia: The Life and Times of Vice Admiral Newton A. McCully. Cited above as item 1866. 3. U.S. Intervention in Siberia 2182. Bacino, Leo J. Reconstructing Russia: U.S. Policy in Revolutionary Russia, 1917–1922. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999. 244 pp. Bacino focuses on an overlooked aspect of U.S. intervention in Siberia: the attempts at the social and economic reconstruction of Siberia. 2183. Dupuy, R. Ernest. Perish by the Sword: The Czechoslovakian Anabasis and Our Supporting Campaigns in North Russia and Siberia. Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing, 1939. 302 pp. The Czechoslovak Legion played an important role in Wilson’s decision to send American troops to Siberia in 1918. The author, an American officer with experience as a war correspondent, examines the political and military aspects of the Czech and Slovak prisoners of war in Russia. Footnotes and a short bibliography are included, but errors of fact and interpretation abound. The 89 photographs which illustrate the work are very good. 2184. Feist, Joe Michael. “Theirs Not to Reason Why: The Case of the Russian Railway Service Corps.” Mil Affairs 42 (February 1978): 1–6. Feist presents the history of the RRSC, including the court fight by some of its members to gain recognition that they were serving in the AEF in Siberia. * Graves, William S. America’s Siberian Adventure. Cited above as item 299. 2185. Guins, George C. “The Siberian Intervention, 1918–1919.” Russian Review 28 (October 1969): 428–440. This article provides a general account of intervention in Asiatic Russia by a strongly anti-Soviet Russian émigré who was deputy minister of foreign affairs in Kolchak’s White government.

RT8955Z.indb 375

2/5/07 9:16:10 PM

376

America and World War I

2186. Hosoya, Chihiro. “Japanese Documents on the Siberian Intervention, 1917–1922. Part 1, November, 1917–January, 1919.” Hitotsubashi Journal of Law and Politics 1 (April 1960): 30–53. This valuable collection of unpublished documents helps make sense of Japanese policy in Siberia. 2187. ———. “Origin of the Siberian Intervention, 1917–1918.” Annals of the Hitotsubashi Academy 9 (October 1958): 91–108. Materials in the Japanese Foreign Office archives are used in this article which the author originally prepared for a seminar at the Russian Institute at Columbia University in 1956. 2188. Kindall, Sylvian G. American Soldiers in Siberia. New York: R.R. Smith, 1945. 251 pp. This is a personal account by a member of the AEF in Siberia rather than a history of that intervention. The hostility of American soldiers toward the Japanese is a thread running through this account. 2189. Lasch, Christopher. “American Intervention in Siberia: A Reinterpretation.” Pol Sci Q 77 (June 1962): 205–223. This critical examination of American intervention in Siberia argues that the primary justification was based on an illusion: that the Bolsheviks were agents of Berlin rather than true revolutionaries. Lasch also rejects the interpretation that President Wilson sent troops to Siberia to restrain the Japanese. * McClellan, Edwin N. “American Marines in Siberia During the World War.” Cited above as item 982. 2190. Maddox, Robert J. The Unknown War with Russia: Wilson’s Siberian Intervention. San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press, 1977. 156 pp. This is an interpretative study of Wilson’s motives in intervening in Siberia which presents new evidence from the War Trade Board. Maddox argues that Wilson’s opposition to Bolshevism and his desire to strengthen liberal or democratic forces in Russia were central to his decision to intervene. The open door and concern for the plight of the Czechoslovak Legion were minor issues. 2191. ———. “Woodrow Wilson, the Russian Embassy, and Siberian Intervention.” Pacific Historical Review 36 (November 1967): 435–448. Maddox argues that Wilson, instead of following a policy of nonintervention in Russian domestic affairs, sought to destroy the Bolshevik regime. A transcript of an oral recording (Columbia University Library) of Boris Bakhmetev, the Provisional Government’s ambassador to the United States, is used.

RT8955Z.indb 376

2/5/07 9:16:10 PM

Diplomacy of the War 377

2192. Manning, Clarence A. The Siberian Fiasco. New York: Library Publishers, 1952. 210 pp. This volume is helpful in understanding the objectives of the multinational people of Siberia, but Allied intervention is better treated in the works of Unterberger (item 2197) and White (item 2198). 2193. Melton, Carol Willcox. Between War and Peace: Woodrow Wilson and the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia, 1918–1919. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001. 269 pp. The delicate role played by General William S. Graves, the commander of the American expedition in Siberia, is highlighted. Newton D. Baker warned Graves that he would be walking “on eggs loaded with dynamite,” given the dynamics of the situation in Siberia. And he was right. Graves was pressured from all sides, by the Japanese, the British, and White Cossack leaders. 2194. Morley, James William. The Japanese Thrust into Siberia, 1918. London: Oxford University Press, 1957. 395 pp. This book by a leading authority on Japanese-American relations is one of the best examinations of Japanese motives in intervention in Asiatic Russia. Morley illuminates the structure of Japanese decision making. Japanese, Chinese, Russian, and American sources are used. 2195. Smith, Canfield F. Vladivostock Under Red and White Rule: Revolution and Counterrevolution in the Russian Far East, 1920–1922. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976. 304 pp. This volume provides valuable background material for the conflict between the Soviets, Japanese, and Americans in the Maritime Province during the immediate post-Kolchak period. 2196. Smith, Gaddis. “Canada and the Siberian Intervention, 1918–1919.” Amer Hist Rev 64 (July 1959): 866–877. This article reveals that Canada, following an independent policy in Siberian intervention, acted as a “buffer” between Great Britain and the United States. The Borden papers were extensively used. 2197. Unterberger, Betty Miller. America’s Siberian Expedition, 1918–1919: A Study of National Policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1956. 271 pp. This thorough, extensively researched study stresses that Wilson’s primary and hitherto misunderstood motive in agreeing to intervention in Siberia was to restrain Japanese imperialist designs and to protect the open door in Siberia and North Manchuria. Unterberger’s work offers a fuller picture of American policy than White’s The Siberian Intervention (1950).

RT8955Z.indb 377

2/5/07 9:16:10 PM

378

America and World War I

2198. White, John Albert. The Siberian Intervention. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950. 471 pp. This volume covers Allied intervention in Siberia, including the period after U.S. forces were withdrawn. It is a superior work based on American, Japanese, and Russian sources. 2199. Woodward, David R. “The British Government and Japanese Intervention in Russia During World War I.” J Mod Hist 46 (December 1974): 663–685. Based on new sources, this article demonstrates that British statesmen were often as skeptical as Wilson about Japanese motives. 4. Russia and the Paris Peace Conference * Bullitt, William C. The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. Cited above as item 1835. * Farnsworth, Beatrice. William C. Bullitt and the Soviet Union. Cited above as item 1836. 2200. Mayer, Arno J. Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967. 893 pp. This is a sequel to his Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918. It includes much material on the West’s attempts to contain Bolshevik Russia. The relationship between domestic and international politics is thoroughly delineated in this unconventional history, with Mayer asserting the primacy of the former. His view of the influence of Bolshevism on the peacemaking of the victor powers is challenged by John Thompson. 2201. Thompson, John M. Russia, Bolshevism and the Versailles Peace. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966. 429 pp. The manner in which the Russian Revolution and the threat of Bolshevism influenced the peace settlement is judiciously examined. This volume is well documented with Russian as well as English-language sources. The author argues that, although U.S. and Allied policy toward Russia was often misguided and a failure, it probably exercised little influence on the creation of a totalitarian socialist regime hostile to the West. Thompson makes a case that Arno J. Mayer is wrong in his contention that the Bolshevik threat dominated the proceedings of the peace conference.

RT8955Z.indb 378

2/5/07 9:16:10 PM

VIII The Peace Settlement

(See also VII:F, War Objectives and Peace Diplomacy, 1914–1918) A. General Accounts and Critical Evaluations of the Peacemaking 2202. Birdsall, Paul. Versailles Twenty Years After. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941. 350 pp. This is an outstanding history of the making of peace which is sympathetic to President Wilson, who the author asserts fought heroically for his principles, succeeding far more often in living up to his Fourteen Points than his critics have conceded. This volume serves as a corrective to the critical accounts of Keynes and others. 2203. Churchill, Winston S. The Aftermath, 1918–1928. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929. 502 pp. The first half of this volume focuses on the peace settlement and the Russian question. Churchill discusses the opportunities missed at the peace conference and during Allied intervention in Russia during which he attempted to lead an anti-Communist crusade. Neither notes nor a bibliography are included. 2204. Czernin, Ferdinand. Versailles, 1919: The Forces, Events and Personalities That Shaped the Treaty. New York: Capricorn Books, 1965. 437 pp.

379

RT8955Z.indb 379

2/5/07 9:16:10 PM

380

America and World War I

This documentary account focuses on the evolution of the five main clauses of the Treaty of Versailles, allowing the peacemakers to speak for themselves. Except for his conclusion, the author expresses no opinions. 2205. Dallas, Gregor. 1918: War and Peace. New York: Overlook, 2001. 614 pp. Dallas examines the transition from war to peace, with roughly half of this book devoted to the period from 1919 to 1922. 2206. Dillon, E. J. The Inside Story of the Peace Conference. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919. 513 pp. Dillon promises more than he can deliver because he was often on the outside of the peace negotiations looking in. Dillon was a graduate of two Russian universities, a university professor, the editor of two Russian newspapers, and a contributor to Contemporary Review. 2207. Goemans, H. E. War and Punishment: The Causes of War Termination and the First World War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 296 pp. The case studies by Goemans concerning the war aims of and the peace considerations by the European powers help explain why the war lasted as long as it did. 2208. Haskins, Charles Homer, and Robert Howard Lord. Some Problems of the Peace Conference. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1920. 307 pp. The “problems” referred to by the authors concern the territorial settlement in Europe. This is the publication of a series of lectures at the Lowell Institute in 1920. This work is of special interest because both Lord and Haskins were members of the American peace commission. * Hoover, Herbert C. America’s First Crusade. Cited above as item 1047. 2209. House, Edward M., and Charles Seymour, eds. What Really Happened at Paris. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921. 528 pp. Based on a series of lectures by American delegates to Versailles, this book provides a firsthand discussion of the problems and debates of the peace conference. 2210. Israel, Fred L., ed. Major Peace Treaties of Modern History, 1648–1967. New York: Chelsea House Publishers in association with McGraw-Hill, 1967. 4 vols. Some 1,000 pages are devoted to the treaties of 1919. Emanuel Chill provides commentaries. Colored maps are included.

RT8955Z.indb 380

2/5/07 9:16:11 PM

The Peace Settlement 381

* Link, Arthur S., ed. The Papers of Woodrow Wilson. Cited above as item 1104. Vols. 53–61. The first of these nine volumes devoted to the Paris Peace Conference begins on the eve of the Armistice. Vol. 61 ends with Wilson’s return from Paris to the United States to fight for Senate approval of the Versailles Treaty. 2211. MacMillan, Margaret. Paris 1919 Six Months That Changed the World. Westminster, MA: Random House, 2002. 624 pp. MacMillan succeeds brilliantly in her narrative history, the first general account of the Paris Peace Conference in almost two decades. MacMillan is sympathetic to the peacemakers who sought to put the world back together, arguing that the Big Four has often been blamed and given the responsibility for mistakes that were made by future leaders. She also argues that reparations did not play a central role in causing the next war. This view receives support from Steiner’s study of European international history (item 2219). 2212. Mee, Charles L., Jr. The End of Order: Versailles, 1919. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1980. 301 pp. This is an impressionistic account of the peacemaking written in a dramatic fashion by a freelance writer. The leading personalities come alive on these pages. But the author’s anecdotal approach often entertains more than it enlightens. This work is based primarily on published sources. 2213. Miller, David H. My Diary at the Conference of Paris, with Documents. New York: Appeal Printing, 1924. 21 vols. Miller was a legal expert who served on The Inquiry. His diary and collection of documents constitute one of the most important sources for studying peacemaking in 1919, especially the discussions concerning reparations and the League of Nations. Vol. 1 consists of Miller’s valuable diary. 2214. Nicolson, Harold. Peacemaking, 1919. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1933. 378 pp. This volume is divided into two parts: part one concerns Nicolson’s analysis of the peace negotiations and part two is composed of excerpts from the diary he kept during the peace conference. A central thesis of this veteran British diplomat is that the hysteria provoked by the long war made a balanced and moderate peace settlement impossible. He is also critical of those who would portray Wilson as the leader of the “Powers of Light” against Clemenceau and the “Powers of Darkness.” 2215. Nowak, Karl Friederich. Versailles. Translated by N. M. Thomas and E. W. Dickes. New York: Payson & Clarke, 1929. 287 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 381

2/5/07 9:16:11 PM

382

America and World War I

This English translation gives the German view of the peace settlement and Wilsonian diplomacy. Wilson, according to Nowak, was “a child in all European problems” who “advanced into territory as strange to him as the mountains of the moon.” 2216. Schmitt, Bernadotte E. “The Peace Conference of 1919.” J Mod Hist 16 (March 1944): 49–59. Schmitt both assesses the importance of and previews the publication of the U.S. diplomatic record of the peace conference found in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. 2217. Scott, Arthur Pearson. An Introduction to the Peace Treaties. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1920. 292 pp. Scott gives an evenhanded appraisal of the peace treaties, with emphasis on the Treaty of Versailles. His sources, however, are primarily newspapers and magazines. 2218. Shotwell, James T. At the Paris Peace Conference. New York: Macmillan, 1937. 444 pp. This is a valuable and revealing description and analysis of peacemaking by a historian and former member of The Inquiry. This volume is divided into two parts: Shotwell’s attempt to explain what went awry in the negotiations and his diary while at the peace conference. 2219. Steiner, Zara. The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 954 pp. Steiner rejects the received wisdom that the Versailles Treaty was largely responsible for the outbreak of a new world war in 1939. She plans a future volume to cover later years. 2220. Tardieu, André. The Truth About the Treaty. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1921. 473 pp. This volume is especially valuable in providing the French view of American statesmanship at the Paris Peace Conference. Tardieu was a conservative and nationalist French politician who was involved in the creation of the League of Nations. 2221. Temperley, H. W. V., ed. A History of the Peace Conference. London: Henry Frowde, and Hodder & Stoughton, 1920–1924. 6 vols. This massive and monumental work remains a basic source for the peace conference. Published under the auspices of the Institute of International Affairs, it is a mine of information and documentary material. Temperley did not compile these volumes with a particu-

RT8955Z.indb 382

2/5/07 9:16:11 PM

The Peace Settlement 383

lar point of view; rather, he presents the material both topically and chronologically in such a way that the reader can reach his own conclusions. 2222. Thompson, Charles Thaddeus. Peace Conference Day by Day: A Presidential Pilgrimage Leading to the Discovery of Europe. New York: Brentano’s, 1920. 423 pp. Thompson, an American reporter who covered the peace negotiations, has written an entertaining and at times enlightening account of the negotiations and leading personalities. 2223. Tillman, Seth P. Anglo-American Relations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961. 442 pp. This is a balanced and thoroughly researched study of the mutual interests and differences between Anglo-American peacemakers at the Paris Peace Conference. The two world powers were more often than not in agreement on important issues; the relationship would have been even closer, Tillman concludes, if the chemistry between Lloyd George and Wilson had been better. 2224. United States Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1919, The Paris Peace Conference. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942–1947. 13 vols. These volumes, published by the Department of State, are essential to any study of the peace settlement. They contain material from the private papers of such participants as Wilson, House, and Lansing, the official minutes of the Council of Ten and Council of Four, and documents from the files of the Department of State and the American commission to negotiate peace. 2225. Walworth, Arthur. America’s Moment: 1918, American Diplomacy at the End of World War I. New York: W.W. Norton, 1977. 309 pp. Walworth, a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian for his biography of Wilson, describes the often neglected period between the Armistice and the beginning of the peace conference. This is an original contribution and the research is impressive. Walworth conducted his research in the United States, Britain, France, and Canada. He also makes use of the recollections, either oral or in writing, of the peacemakers. 2226. ———. Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. New York: W.W. Norton, 1986. 618 pp. This is a detailed and balanced account of the peace conference that focuses on Wilson and his peacemakers. Walworth gives Wilson his due but he is also critical of his leadership. Wilson lost control of his peace agenda, first in Paris, and later at home as well.

RT8955Z.indb 383

2/5/07 9:16:11 PM

384

America and World War I

2227. Woodward, E. L., and Rohan Butler, eds. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939. First Series. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1947– 1966. Vols. 1–14. The official British record of the peace settlement can be found in these volumes, which should be used to supplement Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. B. The Big Four and Other Leading Peacemakers 2228. Bailey, Thomas A. Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace. New York: Macmillan, 1944. 325 pp. This is a major work on Wilson at Versailles. It is balanced and points out Wilson’s mistakes as well as his triumphs. Bailey thoroughly approves of Wilson’s war aims, but is concerned by his losing of the peace. He concludes that Wilson’s mistakes are overstated by his opponents. 2229. Baker, Ray Stannard. Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Page, 1922. 3 vols. These volumes, written from Wilson’s unpublished and personal material, provide a narrative of Wilson’s work at Versailles. Topically organized, these volumes contain many important Wilson documents. 2230. Bonsal, Stephen. Unfinished Business. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/ Doran, 1944. 313 pp. This is the diary of the multilingual Bonsal, who often served as an interpreter for House and Wilson in their meetings with statesmen at the Paris Peace Conference. It gives an insider’s view of the often complex negotiations and brings to life the leading participants. 2231. Curry, George. “Woodrow Wilson, Jan Smuts, and the Versailles Settlement.” Amer Hist Rev 66 (July 1961): 968–986. This article, based primarily on printed sources, delineates Smuts’s influence, both positive and negative, on Wilson during the Paris Peace Conference. The papers of Lansing and Wilson are used. 2232. Elcock, Howard. Portrait of a Decision: The Council of Four and the Treaty of Versailles. London: Eyre Methuen, 1972. 386 pp. The passage of time and availability of new papers and documents are given as justification for this new study of the making of the Treaty of Versailles. This is good narrative history supported by research in published English-language sources and the British archives.

RT8955Z.indb 384

2/5/07 9:16:11 PM

The Peace Settlement 385

2233. Ferrell, R. H. “Woodrow Wilson and Open Diplomacy.” In Issues and Conflicts, edited by G. L. Anderson, pp. 193–209. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1959. Ferrell argues that although Wilson believed in closed negotiations, he wanted the results published. * Floto, Inga. Colonel House in Paris: A Study of American Policy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Cited above as item 1849. 2234. Goldstein, Erik. Winning the Peace: British Diplomatic Strategy, Peace Planning, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1916–1920. New York: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1991. 307 pp. Goldstein suggests that the British held an advantageous position during negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference because of wartime preparation for a future peace. Leopold Amery and Lord Hardinge of Penshurst played key roles in these peace preparations. 2235. Hankey, Lord. The Supreme Control at the Paris Peace Conference 1919: A Commentary. London: Allen & Unwin, 1963. 206 pp. This work is valuable for its treatment of the procedure of the Paris Peace Conference. It is a sequel to Hankey’s more important work on the war years, The Supreme Command, 1914–1918. 2236. Harris, H. Wilson. The Peace in the Making. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1920. 235 pp. The author, a correspondent for the London Daily News at the peace conference, is especially good in his treatment of the key peacemakers. 2237. Headlam-Morley, Sir James. A Memoir of the Paris Peace Conference 1919. London: Methuen, 1972. 230 pp. Extracts from Headlam-Morley’s diary, notes, letters, and memoranda have been brought together by Agnes Headlam-Morley, Russell Bryant, and Anna Cienciala. This volume concerns many aspects of the peacemaking, including Anglo-American relations. 2238. Holt, W. Stull. “What Wilson Sent and What House Received: Or Scholars Need to Check Carefully.” Amer Hist Rev 65 (April 1960): 569–571. Holt points out that there were at times substantial differences between the wording of the cables sent by Wilson and the decoded versions at House’s end in Paris. 2239. King, Jere Clemens. Foch Versus Clemenceau: France and German Dismemberment, 1918–1919. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960. 137 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 385

2/5/07 9:16:11 PM

386

America and World War I

King extends his early study of French civil-military relations during the war with this slim volume focusing on the different approaches of Foch and Clemenceau toward the German question at the peace conference. Both men sought a peace that would guarantee French security, but Clemenceau, unlike Foch, was sensitive to the possibility that France might drive a wedge between herself and her wartime allies if the demand for an independent Rhineland was pressed too hard. 2240. Lansing, Robert. The Big Four and Others of the Peace Conference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921. 213 pp. Lansing’s pen-portraits of the character and personality, foibles included, of the leading figures at the peace conferences make for fascinating reading. The reader, however, may not always agree with the pictures painted by Lansing. See also Lansing’s general account of the peace negotiations. 2241. Lentin, A. Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, and Guilt of Germany: An Essay in the Pre-History of Appeasement. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984. 193 pp. Lentin points the finger of blame at Lloyd George because he succumbed to political expediency on the war guilt question and reparations. Wilson is faulted because he allowed the British to include pensions in the reparations assessment. The result was a flawed treaty that the British were not prepared to go to war in the 1930s to support. 2242. Lloyd George, David. Memoirs of the Peace Conference. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1939. 2 vols. This is the U.S. edition of The Truth About the Treaties. The British title more accurately reflects the intent of the author. These volumes constitute a valuable source for peacemaking and the treaties, but Lloyd George often magnified his own role at the expense of Wilson and others. The work contains numerous inconsistencies and distortions of the historical record. 2243. Mantoux, Paul. Paris Peace Conference, 1919: Proceedings of the Council of Four, March 24–April 18. Translated by John Boardman Whitton. Publications de l’Institut Universitaire de Hautes Études Internationales, Genève, No. 43. Geneva: Droz, 1964. 227 pp. This is the English translation of Mantoux’s work, which was originally published in two volumes in 1955. It is an important source for the decisions of the Council of Four during the period when no official minutes were taken. Mantoux, the official interpreter for the Council of Four, kept daily personal notes. 2244. Nevins, Allan. Henry White: Thirty Years of American Diplomacy. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1930. 518 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 386

2/5/07 9:16:12 PM

The Peace Settlement 387

The part played by and the perspective of this important U.S. diplomat at the peace conference are revealed through his letters and diaries. This is a superior biography by a distinguished historian. 2245. [Riddel, George.] Lord Riddel’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, 1918–1923. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934. 435 pp. Riddell, an intimate of Lloyd George, provides some inside information. Only about one-fourth of this volume concerns the Paris Peace Conference. 2246. Schwabe, Klaus. Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany and Peacemaking, 1918–1919: Missionary Diplomacy and the Realities of Power. Translated by Rita Kimber and Robert Kimber. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. 365 pp. This is the abridgement and updating of a book first published in 1971. Schwabe has done extensive archival research in American and German sources. He argues that Wilson betrayed the emerging democratic system in Germany with his involvement in the making of a punitive peace. 2247. [Seymour, Charles.] Letters from the Paris Peace Conference. Edited by Harold B. Whiteman, Jr. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965. 289 pp. These letters by Charles Seymour are an important source on Wilson’s diplomacy and the activities of the peace conference. Seymour, a specialist on Austro-Hungarian questions, sheds light on the House-Wilson relationship. 2248. Startt, James Dill. “American Editorial Opinion of Woodrow Wilson and the Main Problems of Peacemaking in 1919.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, 1965. 360 pp. One hundred and seventy-four newspapers and 34 magazines are examined in this analysis of the treatment accorded President Wilson’s peacemaking by the American press. 2249. ———. “The Uneasy Partnership: Wilson and the Press at Paris.” MidAmerica 52 (January 1970): 55–69. Startt discusses the reasons for Wilson’s less-than-happy relationship with the press at the Paris Peace Conference. 2250. ———. “Wilson’s Mission to Paris: The Making of a Decision.” Historian 30 (August 1968): 599–616. The author contends that Wilson’s compassion for war-torn Europe and his moralistic ideas were essential to his decision to lead the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference.

RT8955Z.indb 387

2/5/07 9:16:12 PM

388

America and World War I

C. Specific Countries, Areas, and Issues 2251. Albrecht-Carrié, René. Italy at the Paris Peace Conference. New York: Columbia University Press, 1938. 575 pp. This remains an important work on Italy’s negotiations with the other powers at the Paris Peace Conference despite its paucity of Italian sources. Twelve maps and more than 200 pages of documents are included. 2252. Almond, Nina, and Ralph Haswell Lutz, comps. The Treaty of St. Germain: A Documentary History of Its Territorial and Political Clauses with a Survey of the Documents of the Supreme Council of the Paris Peace Conference. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1935. 712 pp. This is a valuable collection of documents concerning the making of peace with Austria. The organization is topical rather than chronological. 2253. Ambrosius, Lloyd Eugene. “The United States and the Weimar Republic 1918–1923: From the Armistice to the Ruhr Occupation.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, 1967. 426 pp. Focusing attention on relations between the United States and Germany in the postwar period, this study underlines problems stemming from debates over postwar policy toward Germany. 2254. ———. “Wilson, the Republicans, and French Security After World War I.” J Amer Hist 59 (September 1972): 341–352. This article deals with Wilson’s conflict with the Republican “Irreconcilables” and the French security question. He argues that the Republicans offered a reasonable plan for French security apart from the League of Nations. However, President Wilson refused to compromise in his belief that the League of Nations would guarantee French security. 2255. Bane, Suda Lorena, and Ralph Haswell Lutz, eds. The Blockade of Germany After the Armistice, 1918–1919: Selected Documents of the Supreme Economic Council, Superior Blockade Council, American Relief Administration, and Other Wartime Organizations. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1942. 874 pp. This is a comprehensive documentary history of the food blockade, published by the Hoover Library on War, Revolution and Peace. The arrangement is chronological and no attempt has been made to interpret the documents. 2256. Beer, George Louis. African Questions at the Paris Peace Conference. New York: Macmillan, 1923. 628 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 388

2/5/07 9:16:12 PM

The Peace Settlement 389

This is an especially valuable source because Beer headed the colonial division of the American delegation at Paris and served on the commission on mandates. Many of the author’s papers are included. 2257. Bethlen, Count Steven. The Treaty of Trianon and European Peace. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1971. 187 pp. This is a collection of the lectures of the former prime minister of Hungary which were delivered in London in 1933. This is a reprint of the 1934 edition. 2258. Bonsal, Stephen. Suitors and Suppliants: The Little Nations at Versailles. New York: Prentice Hall, 1946. 301 pp. Bonsal, Colonel House’s assistant, was involved in many interviews with the representatives of small nations at Versailles. His diary entries make interesting reading, but provide little significant information on the diplomacy of the small countries. 2259. Burgwyn, H. James. The Legend of the Mutilated Victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915–1919. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. 343 pp. Burgwyn examines, among other topics, the clash between Wilson’s idealism and Italian war aims. His research includes visits to archives in Italy, France, the United States, and Great Britain. 2260. Cobban, Alfred. National Self-Determination. London: Oxford University Press, 1945. 186 pp. This balanced historical analysis of the development of the concept of national self-determination sheds light on the European peace settlement in 1919. It was issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. 2261. Crosby, Gerda Richards. Disarmament and Peace in British Politics, 1914–1919. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957. 192 pp. Two of the six chapters focus on disarmament and peace in British politics. The remainder of the book examines efforts at arms limitations following the Armistice and has much to say about American and French policy. 2262. Deák, Francis. Hungary at the Paris Peace Conference: The Diplomatic History of the Treaty of Trianon. New York: Columbia University Press, 1942. 594 pp. The numerous new materials unearthed by Professor Deák in Hungarian archives make this work especially valuable. The Hungarian delegation to the peace conference is pictured in a most favorable light by the author.

RT8955Z.indb 389

2/5/07 9:16:12 PM

390

America and World War I

2263. Dockrill, Michael, and Douglas J. Goold. Peace Without Promise: Britain and the Peace Conference, 1919–1923. Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1981. 287 pp. This useful volume examines all of the treaties signed by Great Britain between 1919 and 1923. Each treaty is evaluated by the authors in a separate section. The first half of the book covers the Paris Peace Conference. 2264. Elleman, Bruce. Wilson and China: A Revised History of the Shandong Question. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002. 227 pp. Elleman defends Wilson’s approach to the Shandong question and finds Chinese diplomacy inept. 2265. Fifield, Russell H. Woodrow Wilson and the Far East: The Diplomacy of the Shantung Question. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1952. 383 pp. This is a balanced study of the Shantung question based on unpublished sources which concentrates on negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference. This issue helped bring Wilson into conflict with the Japanese, who had seized German-controlled Shantung during the war. To gain Japan’s support for the League of Nations, Wilson ultimately gave way. * Gerson, Louis L. Woodrow Wilson and the Rebirth of Poland, 1914– 1920: A Study in the Influence on American Policy of Minority Groups of Foreign Origin. Cited above as item 2003. 2266. Glazebrook, G. P. de T. Canada at the Paris Peace Conference. London: Oxford University Press, 1942. 156 pp. This slim volume fills a gap in the historical literature of the peace conference. 2267. Helmreich, Paul C. From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974. 376 pp. This expanded version of the author’s doctoral dissertation is a first-rate description and analysis of both the drafting of the peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire and its partition. Although the United States was obviously not as involved in these negotiations as Britain and France, the question of an American mandate in Armenia is scrutinized. 2268. Huston, James A. “The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1918–1919.” J Central Eur Affairs 10 (July 1950):145–166. Huston examines the reasons behind the continuation of the blockade of Germany for eight months after the Armistice.

RT8955Z.indb 390

2/5/07 9:16:12 PM

The Peace Settlement 391

2269. Lederer, Ivo J. Yugoslavia at the Paris Peace Conference: A Study in Frontiermaking. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963. 351 pp. This is an important, scholarly, and detailed examination of the Yugoslavian delegation’s efforts at the Paris Peace Conference to achieve a nationstate for the South Slavs. Among many other primary sources, the papers of the Yugoslav foreign minister and the minutes of the Yugoslav delegation have been used. 2270. Louis, William Roger. “Great Britain and the African Peace Settlement of 1919.” Amer Hist Rev (April 1966): 875–892. This article examines the British decision to accept a system of mandates rather than outright annexation of territory in Africa. Extensive use was made of the Milner papers. * Lowe, Cedric James, and F. Marzari. Italian Foreign Policy, 1870–1940. Cited above as item 1804. 2271. Luckau, Alma. The German Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference. New York: Columbia University Press, 1941. 522 pp. This is a collection of documents that pertain to a subject broader than the title would indicate. The documents begin with Wilson’s Fourteen Points in January 1918 and conclude with German acceptance of the Versailles Treaty in June 1919. Luckau provides a balanced introduction to the documents. 2272. ———. “Unconditional Acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles by the German Government, June 22–28, 1919.” J Mod Hist 17 (September 1945): 215–220. Luckau publishes an important memorandum which was not included in his The German Delegation at the Paris Peace Conference. 2273. McDougall, Walter A. France’s Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914–1924: The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978. 410 pp. This scholarly reassessment of French motives includes some provocative comparisons of French and American policy at the Paris Peace Conference. 2274. Maier, Charles S. “The Truth About the Treaties?” J Mod Hist 51 (March 1979): 56–67. Maier discusses some of the more recent studies of the Treaty of Versailles by such revisionists as Walter McDougall and Marc Trachtenberg. 2275. Marks, Sally. Innocent Abroad: Belgium at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981. 461 pp.

RT8955Z.indb 391

2/5/07 9:16:13 PM

392

America and World War I

This well-researched and thoughtful study of a neglected topic is a model for the writing of traditional diplomatic history. It received the 1981 George Louis Beer Prize. 2276. Morrow, I. F. D. The Peace Settlement in the German-Polish Borderlands. London: Oxford University Press, 1936. 558 pp. This is a scholarly and balanced treatment of the controversial peace settlement in the German-Polish borderlands. It is published under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. Morrow was assisted by L. M. Sieveking. 2277. Nelson, Harold I. Land and Power: British and Allied Policy on Germany’s Frontiers, 1916–1919. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963. 402 pp. The focus of this monograph is on the British position, but the French and American role in determining Germany’s frontiers also receives considerable attention. Some surprising conclusions about Wilson’s peacemaking emerge in this well-documented study. 2278. Nelson, Keith L. Victors Divided: America and the Allies in Germany, 1918–1923. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. 441 pp. The author uses the American presence on the Rhine, 1918–1923, as a case study to reveal how American policy makers, especially during the Harding administration, dealt with the questions not resolved by the Paris Peace Conference. Will Rogers once said that American forces remained in Europe until 1923 “because two of them weren’t married yet.” Nelson, of course, improves on this facetious interpretation, noting that many factors were involved. His multiarchival research is impressive. See also his 1965 University of California, Berkeley, dissertation. 2279. Noble, George Bernard. Policies and Opinions at Paris, 1919: Wilsonian Diplomacy, the Versailles Peace, and French Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan, 1935. 465 pp. This is a solid account of certain aspects of the diplomacy of peacemaking as well as French public opinion. Professor Noble’s role during the peace conference was to furnish the American delegation with a daily summary of the reaction of the French press to the decisions of the peacemakers. 2280. Page, Stanley W. The Formation of the Baltic States: A Study of the Effects of Great Power Politics upon the Emergence of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959. 193 pp. This scholarly monograph criticizes the diplomacy of the Paris peacemakers for its lack of candor and inconsistency toward the Baltic states.

RT8955Z.indb 392

2/5/07 9:16:13 PM

The Peace Settlement 393

2281. Passivirta, Juhani. The Victors in World War I and Finland: Finland’s Relations with the British, French and United States Governments in 1918–1919. Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society, 1965. 198 pp. This work was originally published in Finnish. It is based on extensive research in unpublished sources and gives a balanced treatment of Finland’s quest for recognition and her relationship to Allied intervention in Russia. 2282. Spector, Sherman D. Rumania at the Paris Peace Conference: A Study of the Diplomacy of Ioan I.C. Bratianu. New York: Bookman Associates, 1962. 368 pp. Romanian-American relations at the peace conference receive considerable attention in this scholarly monograph. 2283. Tarulis, Albert N. American-Baltic Relations 1918–1922: The Struggle Over Recognition. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1965. 386 pp. Wilson’s approach to the Baltic peoples, who were struggling for their independence from Russia, is strongly criticized by this Lithuanian scholar. Many foreign archives were explored in researching this work. 2284. Yates, Louis A. R. United States and French Security, 1917–1921: A Study in American Diplomatic History. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1957. 252 pp. The abortive Guarantee Treaties and their role in determining the peace settlement are examined in this scholarly monograph. Unlike some historians, Yates argues that Wilson negotiated the treaties in good faith. D. Reparations 2285. Baruch, Bernard M. The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections of the Treaty. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920. 353 pp. Baruch was an economic advisor to the American Peace Commission and a member of the Economic Drafting Committee, the Reparations Commission, and the Economic Commission. He gives his views of the reparation and economic sections of the peace treaty, which have been reprinted verbatim in the back of this volume. 2286. Bergmann, Karl. History of Reparations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927. 333 pp. Bergmann was the German representative on the Reparations Commission; he gives an insider’s and surprisingly objective point of view. His organization is chronological.

RT8955Z.indb 393

2/5/07 9:16:13 PM

394

America and World War I

2287. Bunselmeyer, Robert E. The Cost of the War, 1914–1919: British Economic War Aims and the Origins of Reparation. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1975. 249 pp. The evolution of British economic war aims which culminated in Article 231 in the Treaty of Versailles is traced in this scholarly monograph which is solidly grounded in archival research. The escalating tension between Washington and London during the war over economic questions also receives some attention. See also his 1968 Yale University dissertation. 2288. Burnett, Philip Mason. Reparation at the Paris Peace Conference from the Standpoint of the American Delegation. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. 2 vols. This is an exhaustive examination, with many important documents, of the American side of the reparations issue at the peace conference. American sources were researched. 2289. Feis, Herbert. “Keynes in Retrospect.” Foreign Affairs 29 (July 1951): 564–577. This is a thoughtful analysis of the impact of Keynes’ polemic against the Treaty of Versailles and the peacemaking of Woodrow Wilson. 2290. Keynes, John Maynard. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. London: Macmillan, 1919. 279 pp. Keynes, a famous English monetary authority, makes a blistering attack on the reparations settlement, arguing that it created an impossible economic situation for Germany. His one-sided views, in fact, helped defeat the Treaty of Versailles in the American Senate. 2291. Mantoux, Étienne. The Carthaginian Peace, or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952. 210 pp. Mantoux raises serious questions about Keynes’ critical interpretation of the reparation settlement by demonstrating that the English economist used faulty statistical methods. Mantoux argues that the Germans could actually have paid the reparations demanded of them. 2292. Marks, Sally. “The Myths of Reparations.” Central Eur Hist 11 (September 1978): 231–255. Marks takes a fresh look at an old controversy and offers some provocative conclusions. She faults many historians for concentrating on Germany’s “capacity to pay” rather than on her “will” to pay.

RT8955Z.indb 394

2/5/07 9:16:13 PM

The Peace Settlement 395

2293. Trachtenberg, Marc. Reparation in World Politics: France and European Diplomacy, 1916–1923. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. 423 pp. Based on extensive research in British and French archives, this volume challenges the traditional interpretations of the French approach to reparations. The French, Trachtenberg argues, were much more reasonable about collecting reparations from Germany than their public position often indicated. E. The League of Nations and Its Rejection by the United States 2294. Ambrosius, Lloyd E. Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition: The Treaty Fight in Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 323 pp. This work is especially valuable for its treatment of the opponents of the Versailles peace treaty and its League of Nations. 2295. Bagby, Wesley M. The Road to Normalcy: The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962. 206 pp. The election of 1920, which resulted in the rejection of membership in the League of Nations, receives scholarly attention from a history professor at West Virginia University. 2296. Bailey, Thomas A. Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1963. 429 pp. Bailey gives an outstanding account of the supreme tragedy of U.S. rejection of the Versailles Treaty. This work is written from the American point of view. Bailey concludes that Senator Lodge by himself did not keep the United States out of the League of Nations, and that some kind of an agreement on the Republican reservations should have been worked out. See also the survey by D. F. Fleming (item 2306). 2297. Bartlett, Ruhl J. The League to Enforce the Peace. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944. 214 pp. Early in World War I a group was formed in the United States to develop policies to prevent another war of such magnitude. This bipartisan movement gained much public support during the war. Yet most of the Republicans who supported a “league” turned their backs on it during the election of 1918. Bartlett speculates that if the organization had been active when Wilson collapsed, the United States would have ratified the treaty.

RT8955Z.indb 395

2/5/07 9:16:13 PM

396

America and World War I

2298. Boothe, Leon. “A Fettered Envoy: Lord Grey’s Special Mission to the United States, 1919–1920.” Review of Politics 33 (January 1971): 78–94. Boothe examines Grey’s often neglected mission to the United States on behalf of the League of Nations, assigning “heroic” status to the British statesman for his efforts. 2299. Brand, Carl F. “The Attitude of British Labor Toward President Wilson During the Peace Conference.” Amer Hist Rev 42 (January 1937): 244–255. Newspapers such as the Daily Herald and Labour Leader constitute the chief source for this article. Labor’s support for Wilson’s peace program was an important element in his popular support. 2300. Cooper, John Milton, Jr. Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 454 pp. Cooper focuses on the conflict between the Republicans and an uncompromising Wilson. Much attention is given to Wilson’s failing health which Cooper connects to his inability to win public support or compromise with his opponents. 2301. Cranston, Alan M. The Killing of the Peace. New York: Viking Press, 1945. 304 pp. Written in diary form, this narrative is interesting and at times enlightening. It covers the period from 1916 to 1923. * Creel, George. The War, the World and Wilson. Cited above as item 1033. 2302. Duff, John B. “The Versailles Treaty and the Irish-Americans.” J Amer Hist 55 (December 1968): 582–598. This article examines the attempts by Irish-Americans to gain Irish freedom through the Paris peace negotiations. President Wilson felt that the peace conference was not the place to air the Irish situation. Duff criticizes Wilson for alienating Irish-Americans from his administration. 2303. Egerton, George W. “Britain and the ‘Great Betrayal’: Anglo-American Relations and the Struggle for United States Ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.” Historical J 21 (December 1978): 885–911. The failure of Sir Edward Grey’s mission to the United States to encourage the ratification of the Versailles Treaty is viewed by Egerton as a great failure for “British strategy and foreign policy.”

RT8955Z.indb 396

2/5/07 9:16:13 PM

The Peace Settlement 397

2304. ———. Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations: Strategy, Politics, and International Organization, 1914–1919. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979. 273 pp. This well-researched and balanced account sheds some new light on the British approach to the Covenant. Lloyd George’s position is particularly well treated. 2305. ———. “The Lloyd George Government and the Creation of the League of Nations.” Amer Hist Rev 79 (April 1974): 419–444. The generally neglected British side of the creation of the League of Nations is well described in this article based on extensive research in unpublished British materials. * Fischer, Robert James. “Henry Cabot Lodge’s Concept of Foreign Policy and the League of Nations.” Cited above as item 1067. 2306. Fleming, Denna F. The United States and the League of Nations 1918– 1920. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1932. 559 pp. This scholarly and balanced treatment has retained its value over the years. There is extensive documentation but only a one-page select bibliography. * Francesconi, Robert A. “A Burkeian Analysis of Selected Speeches of Woodrow Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge on the League of Nations.” Cited above as item 1068. 2307. Garvin, J. L. The Economic Foundations of Peace: Or World-Partnership as the True Basis of the League of Nations. London: Macmillan, 1919. 574 pp. This volume places emphasis on economic factors in causing war and peace. The author sees the war as one of food and raw materials, and as an effort by Germany to become master of her oceanic fate. The war forced the Allies to cooperate with one another. Garvin hopes that this cooperation will continue into the period of peace. He urges the formation of a council to examine questions that might cause disputes. 2308. Grubbs, Frank L. “Organized Labor and the League to Enforce Peace.” Labor History 14 (Spring 1973): 247–258. American labor’s cooperation with the LTEP is examined, including its struggle to get the Treaty of Versailles ratified by the Senate. 2309. Helbich, Wolfgang J. “American Liberals in the League of Nations Controversy.” Pub Opin Q 31 (Winter 1967–1968): 568–596.

RT8955Z.indb 397

2/5/07 9:16:14 PM

398

America and World War I

By focusing on the views and activities of a liberal committee (known by different names), which was initiated by Paul Kellogg, the editor of Survey, the author concludes that “the lack of liberal ardor for the Versailles Treaty should not have come as a surprise to anyone.” * Herman, Sondra R. Eleven Against War: Studies in American Internationalist Thought, 1898–1921. Cited above as item 1789. 2310. Holt, W. Stull. Treaties Defeated by the Senate: A Study of the Struggle Between President and Senate over the Conduct of Foreign Relations. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964. 328 pp. Holt’s competent study of rejected treaties ends with the Versailles Treaty. He concludes that the most persistent factors in the treaty’s rejection were the Senate’s determination to assert its power and the general American desire to return to isolationism. 2311. Howard-Ellis, Charles. The Origins, Structure and Working of the League of Nations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928. 528 pp. This journalistic account by an Englishman was well received by reviewers when published, and rightly so. It remains a valuable and very readable survey. * Knock, Thomas J. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. Cited above as item 1795. 2312. Kuehl, Warren F. Seeking World Order: The United States and International Organization to 1920. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1969. 385 pp. This well-researched monograph traces the growth in the United States from 1890 to 1920 of internationalist sentiment and the desire for a world league or association. The internationalists, although they agreed on the merits of an international organization, could not reach agreement on the machinery or nature of the new body. 2313. Lancaster, James L. “The Protestant Churches and the Fight for Ratification of the Versailles Treaty.” Pub Opin Q 31 (Winter 1967–1968): 597–619. The role of the Protestant churches in the League fight is carefully analyzed in this scholarly article. 2314. Marburg, Theodore. Development of the League of Nations Idea: Documents and Correspondence. Edited by John H. Latane. New York: Macmillan, 1932. 2 vols.

RT8955Z.indb 398

2/5/07 9:16:14 PM

The Peace Settlement 399

The extensive papers of the chairman of the foreign organization committee of the League to Enforce Peace provide background for the origins of the League of Nations. John H. Latane has done a competent job of editing. 2315. Maxwell, Kenneth R. “Irish-Americans and the Fight for Treaty Ratification.” Pub Opin Q 31 (Winter 1967–1968): 620–641. How Irish-Americans “organized and manipulated public opinion in opposition to the president’s program” is the subject of this article. 2316. Miller, David Hunter. The Drafting of the Covenant. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928. 2 vols. Miller, a member of the Inquiry and one of the legal advisors to the American delegation at the peace conference, has written a solid interpretative history of the drafting of the Covenant. His insider background makes his comments on the motives of the supporters of the Covenant especially valuable. The second volume contains a valuable collection of documents. A subject index and an index of the articles of the Covenant are included. 2317. Schwabe, Klaus. “Woodrow Wilson and Germany’s Membership in the League of Nations, 1918–1919.” Central Eur Hist 8 (March 1975): 3–22. President Wilson’s views on including Germany in the League are examined from their origins. 2318. Stone, Ralph. The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970. 208 pp. This monograph, based on a thorough use of primary and secondary sources, focuses attention on the 16 senators who fought for the total rejection of the Versailles Treaty. Stone concludes that the senators were wise to question the League as a cure-all for the diplomatic ills of the world. 2319. ———, ed. Wilson and the League of Nations: Why America’s Rejection? New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1967. 122 pp. This is a useful collection of readings on such topics as “The Role of Woodrow Wilson,” “The Constitutional Interpretation,” and “Wilson and the Lessons of History.” There is an annotated bibliography. 2320. Vinson, J. Chalmers. Referendum for Isolation: Defeat of Article Ten of the League of Nations Covenant. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1961. 148 pp. Vinson succeeds in reviewing the logical rather than the emotional reasons for the rejection of the League in the United States in this scholarly monograph. He focuses on the “honest difference of opinion” concerning Article 10.

RT8955Z.indb 399

2/5/07 9:16:14 PM

400

America and World War I

2321. Walters, Francis Paul. A History of the League of Nations. London: Oxford University Press, 1960. 833 pp. The birth of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference receives some attention in this standard history. It was originally published in two volumes in 1952. * Widenor, William C. Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy. Cited above as item 1070.

RT8955Z.indb 400

2/5/07 9:16:14 PM

Journal Abbreviations Aerospace Hist  Aerospace Historian Air Power Hist  Air Power History Amer Hist Illus  American History Illustrated Amer Hist Rev  American Historical Review Amer Mil Inst  American Military Institute Ann AAPSS  Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Brit Hist Illus  British History Illustrated Business Hist Rev  Business History Review Can J Hist  Canadian Journal of History Central Eur Hist  Central European History Field Artillery J  Field Artillery Journal Historical J  Historical Journal Infantry J  Infantry Journal J Amer Hist  Journal of American History J Central Eur Affairs  Journal of Central European Affairs J Mil Hist  Journal of Military History J Mod Hist  Journal of Modern History J Negro Educ  Journal of Negro Education J Pol Econ  Journal of Political Economy J So Hist  Journal of Southern History Mil Affairs  Military Affairs Mil Rev  Military Review Miss Valley Hist Rev  Mississippi Valley Historical Review Nat Mun Rev  National Municipal Review 401

RT8955Z.indb 401

2/5/07 9:16:14 PM

402

Journal Abbreviations

Pol Sci Q  Political Science Quarterly Proc APS  Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science Pub Admin Rev  Public Administration Review Pub Opin Q  Public Opinion Quarterly Q J Econ  Quarterly Journal of Economics So Dak Hist Collect  South Dakota History Collections USNI Proc  United States Naval Institute, Proceedings

RT8955Z.indb 402

2/5/07 9:16:14 PM

Author index Numbers refer to book entries.

A Abbey, Edwin A., 477 Abell, Aaron I., 1454 Abrahams, Paul P., 1434 Abrahamson, James L., 254 Abrams, Ray H., 1502 Adams, George P., Jr., 1374 Adams, John W., 1343 Adams, Michael C. C., 1475 Adams, R. J. Q., 165, 1211 Adams, T. S., 1435 Addams, Jane, 1566, 1567 Addison, James Thayer, 561 Aichinger, Peter, 1654 Albertini, Luigi, 117 Albion, Robert Greenhalgh, 22 Albrecht-Carrié, René, 166, 2251 Alden, Carroll S., 928 Alexander, Robert, 269 Allard, Dean C., 23, 353, 438 Allen, Henry T., 270–272 Allison, William, 1774 Almond, Nina, 2252 Ambrosius, Lloyd Eugene, 1775, 2253, 2254, 2294 Anderson, Claude H., 1158 Anderson, George L., 1776 Anderson, Martin, 24 Anderson, Ross, 830 Andrade, Ernest, 965 Andrássy, Julius, 1886 Andrew, Christopher M., 2044 Andrews, Avery Delano, 332 Andrews, John B., 1385 Armstrong, David A., 562 Arnett, Alex Mathews, 1064 Arnold, Joseph C., 439, 948 Arnold-Forster, W. E., 948 Aron, Raymond, 167 Ashby, LeRoy, 1829 Ashworth, Tony, 550

Aspinall-Oglander, C. F., 800 Asprey, Robert B., 753, 977 Asquith, Herbert H., 1120 Aston, George, 375 Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane, 1476 Auerbach, Jerold S., 1914 Ayres, Leonard P., 92, 1418

B Bach, Christian A., 681 Bacino, Leo J., 2182 Bacon, Reginald H., 400 Bagby, Wesley M., 2295 Bailey, Thomas A., 1777, 1915–1919, 1972, 2129, 2228, 2296 Baines, May, 1161 Baker, Charles Whiting, 1260 Baker, Newton D., 1014, 1015, 1920 Baker, Ray Stannard, 1020, 1540, 2229 Baldridge, Harry A., 354 Baldwin, Fred D., 478 Baldwin, Hanson W., 168 Balfour, Arthur James, 1887, 1888 Balfour, Michael, 1144 Bane, Suda Lorena, 1591, 2255 Banks, Arthur, 73 Barany, George, 1857 Barbeau, Arthur E., 631 Barbusse, Henri, 1655 Barclay, C. N., 2120 Bareither, Terry M., 534 Barker, A. J., 801 Barnes, Harry Elmer, 118 Barnett, Correlli, 169, 255 Barnett, L. Margaret, 1212 Barry, John M., 596 Barthold, Theodore Richard, 1843 Bartholdy, Albrecht Mendolssohn, 1239 Bartlett, Ruhl J., 2297 Baruch, Bernard M., 1021, 1022, 2285 Bassett, John Spencer, 216 Bauer, K. Jack, 1704 Baylen, Joseph O., 2172

403

RT8955Z.indb 403

2/5/07 9:16:15 PM

404 Bayliss, Gwyn M., 2 Bayne, Joseph Breckinridge, 597 Beadon, R. H., 2108 Bean, C. E. W., 754 Beard, Charles A., 1921 Beatty, David, 365 Beaver, Daniel R., 1016, 1350 Beaverbrook, Lord, 423, 424 Becker, Annette, 1476 Beckett, Ian F. W., 58, 170, 755 Beer, George Louis, 2256 Beers, Burton F., 1858 Beers, Henry P., 966 Beesly, Patrick, 617 Belknap, Reginald R., 949 Bell, A. C., 950 Bell, H. C. F., 1092 Bell, Sidney, 2027 Benedict, Murray R., 1448 Bennett, Geoffrey, 906 Benson, William S., 274 Benwell, Harry A., 685 Berger, Carl, 29 Berghahn, V. R., 119 Berglund, Abraham, 1430 Bergmann, Karl, 2286 Bernhardt, Joshua, 1293 Bernstorff, Count, 1893 Berry, Henry, 479 Berry, John M., 1386 Besch, Michael D., 1358 Best, Geoffrey, 171 Bethlen, Steven, 2257 Beveridge, Albert J., 1026 Bickelhaupt, W. G., 1162 Biddle, Charles J., 480 Bidwell, Shelford, 426, 563, 2110 Binding, Rudolf, 1656 Bindler, Norman, 1751 Bing, Alexander M., 1318, 1455 Bingham, Hiram, 276 Binkley, R. C., 25 Binns, Archie, 1657 Birdsall, Paul, 26, 2202 Birnbaum, Karl E., 1922 Bittle, Celestine N., 1503 Blackford, Charles Minor, 481 Blackman, John L., Jr., 1456 Blackmar, Frank W., 1163 Blake, Robert, 383 Blakely, Roy G., 1436 Blakey, George T., 1973

RT8955Z.indb 404

Author Index Bland, Raymond L., 1311 Blankenhorn, Heber, 618 Blatt, Heimank K., 1164 Bliss, Tasker H., 277–279 Bloch, Camille, 120 Bloxham, Donald, 1240 Blum, John Morton, 1090, 1093 Blumenson, Martin, 327, 328 Blunden, Edmund, 1658 Bogart, Ernest Ludlow, 1261, 1437 Bolling, R. C., 854 Bonadio, Felice A., 1974 Bond, Brian, 172, 385, 1659 Bonham-Carter, Victor, 413 Bonsal, Stephen, 2230, 2258 Boothe, Leon E., 2028, 2298 Borah, William Edgar, 1027 Boraston, J. H., 382 Borchard, Edwin M., 1923 Borden, Penn, 1262 Bourke, Joanna, 1477 Bourne, J. M., 77, 384 Boyd, Thomas A., 1660 Brackett, Elliot G., 1387 Bradley, John, 2130 Bradshaw, Marion J., 27 Braisted, William Reynolds, 889 Braley, Berton, 1620 Brand, Carl F., 2045, 2299 Brand, Charles J., 1294 Brands, H. W., 1081 Brandt, Lilian, 1393 Brannen, Carl Andrew, 482 Braybon, Gail, 1568, 1569 Breckel, H. F., 907 Bridges, Tom, 2083 Bright, Charles D., 841 Brinkley, George, 2131 Brissenden, Paul F., 1752 Bristol, Mark L., 283 Bristow, Nancy K., 1359 Brittain, Vera, 1661 Britten, Thomas A., 1732 Brodie, Bernard, 564 Brody, David, 1457 Brook-Shepherd, Gordon, 756 Brooks, Sidney, 1592 Brophy, John, 1621 Brophy, Leo P., 565 Broun, Heywood C., 1541 Browder, Robert Paul, 1213 Brown, Carrie, 1570

2/5/07 9:16:15 PM

Author Index Brown, Charles R., 842 Brown, Earl S., 1165 Brown, Frederic J., 566 Brown, J. Douglas, 483 Brown, Joshua, 524 Brown, Kenneth I., 1507 Brown, Lee D., 2093 Brown, Malcolm, 802 Brown, Walt, Jr., 496 Browne, George, 484 Bruce, Anthony, 803 Bruce, Robert B., 2084 Brunauer, Esther C., 1924 Bruntz, George G., 1975 Brusilov, A. A., 367 Bruun, Geoffrey, 1127 Bryan, Julien H., 1593 Bryan, William Jennings, 1827, 1828 Buchan, John, 173 Buchanan, A. Russell, 1925 Buehrig, Edward H., 1778, 1926 Bullard, Robert Lee, 256, 284–286 Bullitt, William Christian, 1100, 1834, 1835 Bunselmeyer, Robert E., 2287 Burdick, Charles B., 52, 831 Burg, David F., 93 Burgwyn, H. James, 2259 Burk, Kathleen, 1438, 2085 Burner, David, 1050, 1146 Burnett, Philip Mason, 2288 Burnham, John C., 1388 Burton, David H., 1909 Butler, Rohan, 2227 Butler, Smedley D., 288 Byington, Margaret F., 1594

C Calhoun, Frederick S., 1779 Callwell, C. E., 420 Cameron, James, 174 Camfield, Thomas Marley, 1360, 1389 Capozzola, Christopher, 1768 Capps, Finis Herbert, 1999 Carley, Michael Jabara, 2132 Carnegie, David, 1263 Carr, E. H., 1214 Carr, Stephen M., 289 Carroll, F. M., 2000 Carsten, F. L., 1753 Carter, Robert L., 708 Carter, W. S., 1458

RT8955Z.indb 405

405 Carver, Michael, 257, 804 Cary, Melbert B., Jr., 1622 Cashman, Sean Dennis, 993 Cassar, George H., 402, 403, 805, 822, 1121 Cather, Willa S., 1662 Cave, Nigel, 385 Cecil, Lamar, 1145 Cecil, Robert, 1895, 1896, 1897 Chair, Dudley de, 368 Challener, Richard D., 890 Chamberlin, William Henry, 1215 Chambers, Frank P., 993 Chambers, John Whiteclay, II, 78, 1361 Chambrun, Colonel de, 217 Channing, Grace E., 497 Charteris, John, 386 Chastaine, Ben H., 712 Chatfield, Charles, 1927 Chickering, Roger, 175 Child, Clifton James, 2001 Childs, Richard S., 1314 Chinn, George Morgan, 567 Chisolm, Anne, 1542 Chrislock, Carl H., 1166, 2002 Christian, Garna L., 1733 Churchill, Allen, 995 Churchill, Winston S., 176, 789, 2203 Cianflone, Frank A., 568 Clapp, Edwin J., 951 Clark, Alan, 790, 843 Clark, John Maurice, 1264, 1374 Clarke, Walter, 598 Clarke, William F., 690 Clayton, Anthony, 177 Clemenceau, Georges, 1126 Clements, Kendrick A., 1094, 1830 Clendenen, Clarence C., 440 Clifford, John Garry, 1362 Clinard, Outten J., 891 Coakley, Robert W., 12 Cobb, Humphrey, 1663 Cobban, Alfred, 2260 Coben, Stanley, 1075, 1754 Cockfield, James H., 1840 Codman, Charles R., 485 Coffin, Howard E., 1390 Coffman, Edward M., 178, 218, 219, 315, 441, 757, 1265 Cogar, William B., 79 Cohen, Warren I., 1928, 1929 Coit, Margaret L., 1023 Cole, Ralph D., 713

2/5/07 9:16:15 PM

406 Cole, Sarah, 486 Coletta, Paolo E., 28, 295, 908, 1831 Collier, Basil, 442 Collins, Francis A., 644 Conlin, Joseph R., 1755, 1756 Conner, James Richard, 1664 Conner, Valerie Jean, 1319, 1459 Consett, M. W. W. P., 952 Contee, Clarence G., 1734 Controvich, James T., 675 Conyne, G. R., 1780 Coogan, John W., 1930 Cook, George L., 443 Cooke, James J., 333, 717, 731 Cooke, Jay, 1295 Cooke, Sidney Russell, 2086 Cooling, Benjamin Franklin, III, 14, 1266, 1419 Coombs, Rose E. B., 97 Cooper, Duff, 387 Cooper, E. H., 687 Cooper, John Milton, Jr., 1082, 1873, 1931, 1932, 2046, 2300 Cooper, Malcolm, 444, 844 Cooperman, Stanley R., 1665 Cope, Harley F., 929 Corbett, Julian S., 909 Cornebise, Alfred E., 487, 1543, 1595 Cosmos, Graham A., 864 Costello, Charles A., 1391 Costrell, Edwin, 1168 Cottman, George S., 1169 Cotton, R. C., 758 Coulter, C. S., 619 Coville, Frederick V., 1296 Coyle, Edward R., 1596 Craig, Gordon A., 1241 Cram, Ralph W., 1170 Cramer, C. H., 1017 Cranston, Alan M., 2301 Creel, George, 1030–1033 Crennan, C. H., 1330 Cresswell, Mary Ann, 29 Crighton, John Clark, 1976 Crissey, Forrest, 1351 Cronon, Edmund David, 1037, 1095, 1735 Crosby, Alfred W., Jr., 1392 Crosby, Gerda Richards, 2261 Crowder, Enoch H., 291 Crowell, Benedict, 658, 1034 Crozier, Emmet, 1544 Crunden, Robert M., 1884 Cruttwell, C. R. M. F., 179, 445

RT8955Z.indb 406

Author Index Cuff, Robert D., 659, 1267–1269, 1297, 1352–1354 Culbertson, William Smith, 1420 Cummings, C. K., 2133 Cummings, E. E., 1666 Cummins, Cedric C., 1977 Cuneo, John R., 845 Cunningham, William J., 1331 Curry, George, 2231 Curry, Roy Watson, 1781 Curti, Merle Eugene, 1832, 1978 Cushing, Harvey W., 599 Cutchins, John A., 700 Czernin, Ferdinand, 2204 Czernin, Ottokar, 1898

D Dahlin, Ebba, 2016 Dallas, Gregor, 2205 Dalton, Kathleen, 1083 Danborn, David B., 1449 Daniel, Robert L., 2029 Daniels, Josephus, 1035, 1036 Daniels, Robert V., 1216 Darracott, Joseph, 1647 Davenport, E. H., 2086 Davidson, John, 388 Davies, H. R., 823 Davies, Joseph E., 1375 Davies, Michael, 1542 Davis, Arthur K., 1171 Davis, Donald E., 1597, 2134 Davis, George T., 892 Davis, Gerald H., 1933 Davis, H. W. Carless, 953 Davis, Henry Blaine, Jr., 30 Davison, Henry P., 1598 Dawes, Charles G., 660 Dawson Coningsby W., 220 De Groot, Gerald J., 180, 389, 1217 De Varila, Osborne, 649 Deák, Francis, 2262 DeBauche, Leslie Midkiff, 1707 DeBennetti, Charles, 1934 Debo, Richard K., 2135, 2136 Dedijer, Vladimir, 121 Degras, Jane, 2137 Dennett, Carl P., 1493 Dennis, Roger L., 1172 DeNovo, John A., 967, 1411 Densen, G. L., 684

2/5/07 9:16:15 PM

Author Index Depew, Albert N., 488 Devasia, Arackal Thomas, 2030 Devine, Edward T., 1393 Devlin, Patrick, 1935 DeWeerd, Harvey A., 221, 650, 1355 Dewey, John, 1298 DeWitt, Howard A., 1062, 1757 Diamond, William, 1096 Dick, William M., 1460 Dickinson, John Moore, 1363 Dickman, Joseph T., 293 Dickson, Maxcy R., 1299 Dillon, E. J., 2206 Dingman, Roger, 893 Dixon, Frank H., 1332–1334 Dobson, Christopher, 2138 Dockrill, Michael, 2263 Dodd, William E., 1097 Doerries, Reinhard R., 1894, 1936 Dollen, Charles, 31 Dooly, William G., Jr., 569 Dorr, Rheta, 1545 Dorwart, Jeffrey M., 620 Dos Passos, John, 222, 1667–1669 Doughty, Robert A., 181 Douglas, Paul H., 1599 Draper, Theodore, 1758 Drummond, Eric, 1899 Dudden, Arthur P., 1098 Duff, Alexander Ludovic, 369 Duff, John B., 2302 Dugdale, Blanche E. C., 1889 Dulles, Foster Rhea, 1600 Dumba, Konstantin Theodor, 1900 Dunn, Robert, 1546 Dunn, Samuel O., 1335 Dunning, W. A., 1769 Dupuy, R. Ernest, 2183 Durham, Weldon, 1364 Durr, Ernest, 1365 Dutton, David, 425 Dyer, George P., 968 Dyer, Walter A., 979

E Early, Frances H., 1571 Eddy, Arthur Jerome, 1421 Edgar, William C., 1300 Edmonds, Charles, 1670 Edmonds, James E., 182, 759, 823 Edwards, H. W., 978

RT8955Z.indb 407

407 Edwards, John Carver, 1147, 1270 Edwards, W. Atlee, 855 Egan, Maurice Francis, 1601, 1837 Egerton, George W., 2303–2305 Eilers, Tom D., 1173 Eisenhower, Joanne T., 223 Eisenhower, John S. D., 223, 1782 Eisner, Marc Allen, 996 Eksteins, Modris, 1671 Elcock, Howard, 2232 Eldred, Wilfred, 1301 Elke, Frank W., 2017 Elleman, Bruce, 2264 Ellis, Edward Robb, 997 Ellis, John, 551, 570 Ellis, Mark, 1736 Emin, Ahmed, 1242 Emme, Eugene M., 571 Empey, Arthur Guy, 489, 490 Engelbrecht, H. C., 1431 English, George H., Jr., 735 Enser, A. G. S., 3 Epstein, Klaus, 2068 Erickson, Edward J., 806 Ershkowitz, Herbert, 1783 Esposito, Vincent J., 74, 183 Essame, H., 760 Evans, Alun, 32 Evans, H. Marix, 491 Evans, Laurence, 2031 Evarts, Jeremiah M., 761

F Fabricant, Soloman, 1422 Falconer, Martha P., 1572 Falkenhayn, Erich von, 370 Falls, Cyril, 4, 184, 807, 814, 824 Farnsworth, Beatrice, 1836 Farrar-Hockley, Anthony, 762 Farrar, L. L., Jr., 2069 Farrow, Edward S., 572, 651 Faulkner, William, 1672 Fay, Sidney Bradshaw, 122 Fayle, Charles Ernest, 930 Fedyshyn, Oleh S., 2071 Feis, Herbert, 2289 Feiss, Richard A., 1461 Feist, Joe Michael, 2184 Feldman, Gerald D., 1243, 2072, 2073 Felice, Carmen P., 856 Fell, Edgar Tremlett, 683

2/5/07 9:16:16 PM

408 Fenton, Charles A., 1673 Fenwick, Charles G., 1937 Ferguson, Niall, 185 Ferrell, Robert H., 512, 538, 709, 720, 738, 763, 1099, 2233 Ferro, Marc, 186 Fesler, James W., 1271 Feuer, A. B., 931 Fifield, Russell H., 2265 Fike, Claude E., 2032, 2139 Filene, Peter G., 2140 Finnegan, John P., 1272 Finney, John Dustin, 1737 Finney, Robert T., 446 Fischer, Fritz, 123, 124 Fischer, Louis, 2141 Fischer, Robert James, 1067 Fischer, William Edward, Jr., 846 Fisher, Dorothea Canfield, 1674 Fisher, H. H., 2144 Fisher, Irving, 1376 Fiske, Bradley A., 294 Fitzsimons, Bernard, 910 Flammer, Philip M., 492, 876–878 Fleming, Denna F., 2306 Fleming, Thomas J., 1784 Fleming, Winston, 1394 Fletcher, Marvin, 632 Floto, Inga, 1849 Foch, Ferdinand, 374 Foden, Giles, 832 Foglesong, David S., 2142 Foley, Robert T., 371 Folkes, John G., 1764 Footman, David, 2143 Ford, Bert, 686 Ford, Nancy Gentile, 224 Ford, Torrey, 494 Forster, Kent, 2018 Förster, Stig, 175 Fosdick, Raymond B., 1366, 1367 Fowler, Wilton B., 1913 Francesconi, Robert A., 1068 Francis, David Rowland, 1838–1840 Frankfurter, Felix, 1038, 1320 Frantzen, Allen J., 495, 1478 Fraser, Bruce, 1174 Fredericks, Pierce G., 225 Freidel, Frank, 226, 1077 French, David, 447–449 Freud, Sigmund, 1100 Frey, Royal D., 857

RT8955Z.indb 408

Author Index Fries, Amos A., 573 Fromkin, David, 125, 808 Frost, Wesley, 932 Frothingham, Thomas G., 450, 661, 911, 1938 Fry, Michael G., 2047, 2087 Fuller, J. F. C., 187, 574, 575 Fuller, Joseph V., 1939 Furniss, Norman F., 1506 Fussell, Paul, 1675

G Galishoff, Stuart, 1395 Gankin, Olga Hess, 2144 Gardner, Lloyd C., 2145, 2146 Garfield, Harry A., 1312 Garlock, G. W., 703 Garner, James Wilford, 1940 Garraty, John A., 1068 Garrett, Erwin Clarkson, 1623 Garvin, J. L., 2307 Gatlin, Albertus W., 979 Gatrell, Peter, 1218 Gatzke, Hans W., 2074 Gavin, Lettie, 1573 Geiss, Imanuel, 126 Gelfand, Lawrence E., 1051, 2033 Genet, Edmond C. C., 496, 497 Genthe, Charles V., 498 George, A. E., 687 George, Alexander L., 1850 George, Juliette L., 1850 Gerard, James W., 1841, 1842 Gerson, Louis L., 2003 Gibbons, Herbert Adams, 1624 Gibbs, C. Cochran, 1175 Gibson, Hugh, 1844 Gibson, Preston, 499 Gibson, Richard H., 933 Giddings, Robert, 1676 Gide, Charles, 1219 Giffin, Frederick C., 1941 Giffin, William W., 633 Gifford, Prosser, 2019 Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff, 1135 Gilbert, Charles, 1377 Gilbert, Eugene, 695 Gilbert, Martin, 75, 188, 1125 Gilderhus, Mark T., 1785 Gill, C. C., 912 Gilman, Charlotte P., 1302 Gilmore, Russell, 451

2/5/07 9:16:16 PM

Author Index Glad, Paul W., 1176 Glazebrook, G. P. de T., 2266 Gleaves, Albert, 296, 297 Glenn, Mary W., 1603 Glidden, William B., 1494 Godfrey, Aaron A., 1336 Goemans, H. E., 2207 Goerlitz, Walter, 258, 1252 Goldhurst, Richard, 334 Goldman, Michael Abbot, 1349 Goldrick, James, 913 Goldstein, Erik, 2234 Golovin, Nicholas N., 791 Goltz, Horst von der, 1201 Gompers, Samuel, 1039–1041 Gooch, G. P., 127 Gooch, John, 452 Goodspeed, Donald J., 405 Goold, Douglas J., 2263 Gordon, Andrew, 914, 915 Gordon, Dennis, 500 Gorgas, William Crawford, 600 Gorrell, Edgar S., 453, 858 Gottlieb, W. W., 2020 Gourko, Basil, 380 Graebner, Norman A., 1861 Graff, Alan D., 764 Graham, Dominick, 426, 563, 2110 Graham, Judith S., 1574 Graham, Otis L., Jr., 1942 Grant, C. J. C., 2111 Grant, Robert M., 621, 934, 935 Grantham, Dewey W., Jr., 1148 Grattan, C. Hartley, 1943 Graves, Charles Larcom, 1637 Graves, Robert, 1677 Graves, William Sidney, 298, 299 Gray, Andrew, 1604 Gray, Edwyn A., 936 Gray, Harold S., 1507 Gray, Howard L., 1273 Grayson, Cary T., 1101 Green, Horace, 1547 Green, Marguerite, 1462 Greenhalgh, Elizabeth, 2088 Greenhous, Brereton, 454 Greenough, Walter, 1177 Greenwald, Maurine Weiner, 1575 Greer, Thomas H., 455 Gregory, Barry, 765 Gregory, Ross, 1874, 1944, 1945 Grew, Joseph C., 1845

RT8955Z.indb 409

409 Grey, Edward, 1901, 1902 Grider, John McGavock, 501 Griffith, Paddy, 456 Grigg, John, 1136, 1137 Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, 63 Grissinger, J. W., 601 Griswold, A. Whitney, 1786 Gross, Charles J., 859 Grotelueschen, Mark E., 652 Grubbs, Frank L., Jr., 1042, 2308 Gruber, Carol S., 1526 Guichard, Louis, 954 Guinn, Paul, 427 Guins, George C., 2185 Gulick, Luther H., 1605 Gwynn, Stephen, 1911

H Haber, L. F., 576 Hagedorn, Hermann, 361 Hager, Philip E., 33 Hagood, Johnson, 662 Haig, Douglas, 381–384 Hale, Oron J., 998 Hall, Bert, 502 Hall, Henry Noble, 681 Hall, James N., 879 Hall, W. Reginald, 1202 Hallas, James H., 503, 766 Halliday, E. M., 2177 Halperin, S. William, 2121 Halpern, Paul G., 894, 916–917 Halsey, Francis Whitling, 189, 2089 Hamann, Brigitte, 128 Hamer, Philip M., 54 Hamilton, Richard F., 129, 130 Hammond, Paul Y., 428 Hanak, Harry, 2048 Hanighen, F. C., 1431 Hankey, Maurice, 1130, 1131, 2235 Hanna, Martha, 1527 Hannah, James, 1678 Hannigan, Robert E., 1787 Hansen, Marcus L., 1179 Harbord, James G., 300–304 Hardach, Gerd, 190 Hardie, Martin, 1648 Harding, Priscilla M., 1606 Harries, Meirion, 227 Harries, Susie, 227 Harris, Barnett W., 705

2/5/07 9:16:16 PM

410 Harris, H. Wilson, 2236 Harris, Stephen L., 634, 723 Harrod, Frederick S., 504 Hart, Hastings H., 1180, 1181 Hartley, Stephen, 2004 Hartney, Harold E., 505 Hasek, Jaroslav, 1679 Haskins, Charles Homer, 2208 Hawkins, Nigel, 955 Hawley, Ellis W., 999 Haycock, Ronald G., 746 Hayes, Carlton J. H., 191 Hayes, John D., 55 Hayes, Ralph A., 1018 Haynes, George E., 1738 Haynes, Robert V., 1739 Haynes, William, 1396 Hayworth, Clarence U., 1182 Hazen, Charles D., 1979 Hazlehurst, Cameron, 1220 Headlam-Morley, James, 2237 Healy, David, 895, 1788 Healy, Maureen, 1244 Hecht, George J., 1638 Heckscher, August, 1102 Heinrichs, Waldo H., Jr., 1846 Helbich, Wolfgang J., 2309 Helmreich, Paul C., 2267 Hemenway, Frederic V., 680 Hemingway, Ernest, 1680 Henderson, Alice Palmer, 741 Hendrick, Burton J., 352, 1875 Hennen, John C., 1183 Hennessy, Juliette A., 880 Henniker, A. M., 663 Henri, Florette, 631, 635 Henry, Mark R., 743 Henry, Merton G., 1279 Henson, Joseph M., 1184 Herbert, Craig, 860 Herman, Sondra, 1789 Hermanns, William, 506 Herreid, Charles N., 1185 Herring, George C., Jr., 1045 Herrmann, David G., 131 Hersey, Harold B., 1465 Hershey, Burnet, 1946 Herwig, Holger H., 64, 80, 129, 130, 132, 192, 896, 937, 2075 Hessel, F. A., 577 Hewes, James, 259 Hewitt, Linda L., 980

RT8955Z.indb 410

Author Index Heyman, Neil M., 7, 80 Heywood, Chester D., 636 Hiery, Hermann Joseph, 833 Higham, Robin, 8–10, 34 Higonnet, Margaret Randolph, 1576, 1681 Hilderbrand, Robert C., 1548, 1549 Hill, Frank Ernest, 1428 Hill, Larry D., 1790 Hilliard, Jack B., 35 Hillje, John W., 1378 Hillman, Rolfe L., 768 Hilton, Ola A., 1186 Himmelberg, Robert F., 1356 Hindenburg, Paul von, 393 Hirst, David Wayne, 1980 Hirst, Francis W., 1221 Hitchcock, Curtice N., 1315 Hitchcock, Nevada D., 1577 Hocking, W. E., 507 Hodges, Leroy, 1187 Hodgson, Godfrey, 1851 Hoehling, Adolph A., 228, 918, 1947 Hoehling, Mary, 1947 Hoffman, Conrad, 1495 Hoffman, Max, 395, 396 Hogg, Ian V., 81, 653 Holborn, Hajo, 1245 Holbrook, Franklin F., 1188, 1189 Hollander, Jacob H., 1439 Holley, I. B., Jr., 324, 457 Hollister, Paul Merrick, 1205 Holmes, Frederick L., 1190 Holmes, Richard, 552 Holmes, Terence M., 133 Holt, Glen E., 1590 Holt, W. Stull, 2238, 2310 Homsher, David, 98 Honeywell, Roy J., 1508 Hoobler, Dorothy, 553 Hoobler, Thomas, 553 Hooper, Bruce C., 861 Hoover, A. J., 1509 Hoover, Herbert Clark, 1046–1049 Hopkins, C. Howard, 1608 Hordern, Charles, 834 Horn, Daniel, 969 Horn, John, 1981 Horn, Martin, 1440 Horne, Alistair, 767 Horne, John N., 193, 1000, 1222 Hornik, Anna, 1191 Hosoya, Chihiro, 2186, 2187

2/5/07 9:16:16 PM

Author Index Hough, Emerson, 1203 Hough, Richard, 372, 919 Houlihan, Michael, 554 House, Edward M., 1847, 1848 House, Jonathan M., 458 Houston, David F., 1058, 1303, 1304 Howard, aHarry N., 2021, 2034 Howard, aMichael, 459 Howard-Ellis, Charles, 2311 Howe, Mark Anthony DeWolfe, 1528, 1609 Howells, W. C., 713 Howenstine, E. Jay, Jr., 1466 Howland, Harry S., 103 Hoyt, Charles B., 710 Hoyt, Homer, 1423 Hudson, James J., 508, 862, 863 Hughes, Matthew, 364, 809 Huidekoper, Frederic L., 706 Hull, William I., 1274 Hunt, Barry, 460 Hunter, Francis T., 260 Hunter, T. M., 376 Hunton, Addie D., 1610 Hurd, Archibald, 938 Hurley, Alfred F., 321 Hurley, Edward Nash, 664, 1060 Hurtzler, J. S., 1510 Hurwitz, Samuel J., 1223 Huston, James A., 665, 2268 Hutchinson, William T., 1982 Hutchinson, Woods, 602

I Iriye, Akira, 1791 Ironside, Edmund, 792 Isaacs, Edouard V. M., 1496 Isaacs, Rufus Daniel, 1907, 1908 Ise, John, 1412 Isenberg, Michael T., 1715 Israel, Fred L., 2210

J Jaffe, Julian F., 1759 Jaffe, Lorna S., 2049 James, Henry J., 939 James, Robert Rhodes, 810 Jantzen, Steven, 1001 Jarausch, Konrad H., 1123 Jászi, Oscar, 1246

RT8955Z.indb 411

411 Jeffery, Keith, 421, 422, 2005 Jellicoe, John Rushworth, 397–399 Jenison, Marguerite Edith, 1193 Jenkins, Roy, 1122 Jensen, Joan M., 622, 1204 Jessup, John E., Jr., 12, 82 Joffre, Joseph, 401 Johnson, Alexander L. P., 36 Johnson, Donald, 1770 Johnson, Douglas V., II, 768 Johnson, Douglas Wilson, 99, 100 Johnson, Edward C., 864 Johnson, Herbert H., 865 Johnson, Hiram W., 1061 Johnson, James P., 1313 Johnson, Kathryn M., 1610 Johnson, Niel M., 2006 Johnson, Paul Barton, 1224 Johnson, Thomas M., 229, 623, 769 Johnson, Walter, 1550 Johnston, R. M., 230 Joll, James, 134 Jones, Daniel Patrick, 578, 1397 Jones, H. A., 885 Jones, John Price, 1205 Jones, Nigel H., 101 Jones, Ralph E., 579 Jones, Thomas, 1138 Jorgensen, Daniel P., 1511 Joyner, Charles Winston, 1682 Juergens, George, 1551 Jukes, Geoffrey, 793

K Kahn, Nosheen, 1625 Kaiser, David E., 135 Kann, Robert A., 1247 Kanya-Forstner, A. S., 2044 Karp, Walter, 1002 Katkov, George, 1225, 1226 Katz, Friedrich, 1792 Kaufman, Burton I., 1275, 2090 Kaufman, Stuart B., 1040 Kawamura, J. Noriko, 1793 Keegan, John, 194, 509 Keene, Jennifer D., 231, 232 Keiger, John F. V., 136, 1142 Keith, Jeanette, 1368 Keller, Charles, 1413, 1414 Keller, Morton, 1025 Keller, Phyllis, 2007

2/5/07 9:16:16 PM

412 Kellogg, Paul U., 1611 Kelly, Andrew, 1716 Kelly, Russell Anthony, 510 Kelsey, Carl, 1415 Kenamore, Clair, 711 Kendall, James, 580 Kennan, George F., 1794, 2147–2149 Kennedy, David M., 1003 Kennedy, John B., 1601 Kennedy, Kathleen, 1578 Kennedy, Paul, 137, 461 Kennett, Lee, 65, 66, 233, 847 Kent, Marian, 2022 Keough, Frederic W., 1612 Kerensky, Alexander F., 1213 Kernek, Sterling J., 2050, 2051 Kernez, Peter, 1227, 2150 Kerr, K. Austin, 1337, 1338 Kerr, Thomas J., 2008 Kevles, Daniel H., 1398 Keynes, John Maynard, 2290 Kihl, Mary R., 1876 Killen, Linda, 37, 2151 Kindall, Sylvian G., 2188 King, Jere Clemens, 195, 429, 2239 Kitchen, Claude, 1063 Kittredge, Tracy B., 355 Klachko, Mary, 275, 2091 Klein, Holger, 1683 Knappen, Theodore M., 1290 Knock, Thomas J., 1795 Knoeppel, Charles E., 1276 Knox, Alfred, 794 Koch, Felix J., 1194 Koch, H. W., 138 Koehl, Robert Lewis, 2076 Koenig, Duane, 67 Koenig, W. J., 69 Koistinen, Paul A. C., 1277, 1278 Kolbe, Parke R., 1529 Komarnicki, Titus, 1796 Koons, Jack, 714 Kornweibel, Theodore, Jr., 1740 Kramer, Alan, 1981 Kreidberg, Marvin A., 1279 Krivy, Leonard Phillip, 1463 Kuehl, Warren F., 2312

L La Fargue, Thomas Edward, 2023 La Guardia, Fiorello H., 866

RT8955Z.indb 412

Author Index Lael, Richard, 37 LaFollette, Belle Case, 1065 LaFollette, Fola, 1065 Lafore, Laurence, 139 Lage, William P., 1923 Lakeman, Curtis E., 1613 Lambert, Nicholas, 897 Lancaster, James L., 2313 Landau, Henry, 1206 Lane, Jack C., 362 Lane, W. D., 1579 Langer, William L., 581 Langhorne, Richard, 140 Langley, Lester D., 1797 Lansing, Robert, 1854–1856, 1983, 2240 Larson, Cedric, 1987 Larson, E. J. D., 734 Larzelere, Alex R., 970 Lasch, Christopher, 2152, 2189 Lasswell, Harold D., 1984 Lathrop, Julia C., 1614 Laurie, Clayton D., 511 Lauzanne, Stéphane, 1004 Lawrence, Joseph Douglas, 512 Lawrence, T. E., 811, 812 Layman, Martha E., 1369 Layton, Edwin T., Jr., 1399 Leach, George E., 513 Leary, John J., Jr., 1084 Leary, William M., Jr., 13, 2009 Lebow, Richard Ned, 2035 Lederer, Ivo J., 2052, 2269 Lee, David D., 514 Leed, Eric J., 555 Leighton, John Langdon, 356 Lejeune, John A., 307, 308 Leland, Ottilie M., 1425 Leland, Waldo G., 38 Lengel, Edward G., 39 Lentin, A., 2241 Leopold, Richard W., 40 Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul Emil von, 835, 836 Leuchtenburg, William E., 1798 Levin, N. Gordon, Jr., 1799 Levin, Phyllis Lee, 1103 Levine, Isaac Don, 322 Levine, Lawrence W., 1833 Lewis, Cleona, 1800 Lewis, David, 347 Libby, Frederick, 515 Liddell Hart, B. H., 196, 261, 377, 462, 582 Lieven, D. C. B., 141

2/5/07 9:16:17 PM

Author Index Liggett, Hunter, 309, 310 Lighter, Jonathan, 1626 Liman von Sanders, Otto, 813 Lincoln, W. Bruce, 1248, 2153 Lindley, John M., 556 Lindsay, Samuel M., 1321 Link, Arthur S., 13, 1104–1109, 1801, 1802 Lippmann, Walter, 1803 Lishchiner, Jacob B., 748 Little, Arthur W., 637 Livermore, S. W., 898, 1149, 1150 Livesay, Harold C., 1043 Lloyd, Alan, 557 Lloyd George, David, 1133, 1134, 2242 Lochner, Louis P., 1948 Lockmiller, David A., 292 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1066 Loftus, Belinda, 1647 Lonergan, Thomas C., 2112 Long, Breckinridge, 1864 Longacre, Edward G., 881 Loos, John L., 1416 Lord, Clifford L., 873 Lord, Robert Howard, 2208 Louis, William Roger, 2019, 2053, 2270 Love, Thomas B., 1322 Lovell, S. D., 1151 Lovin, Hugh T., 1195 Lowe, Cedric James, 1804 Lowitt, Richard, 1074, 1949 Lowry, Bullitt, 2122 Lucas, Pascal Marie Henri, 463 Luckau, Alma, 2271, 2272 Ludeberg, Philip K., 940 Ludendorff, Erich, 404 Luebke, Frederick C., 2010 Lumby, E. W. R., 899 Luntinen, Pertti, 142 Lupfer, Timothy T., 464 Lutz, Ralph Haswell, 42, 57, 1249, 1591, 2252, 2255 Lyddon, W. G., 2092 Lyons, Gene M., 1530

M McAdoo, William Gibbs, 1071, 1072 McCarthy, Daniel J., 1498 McCartin, Joseph A., 1464 McClean, Ross H., 666 McClellan, Edwin N., 981–986 McCollum, L. C., 1627

RT8955Z.indb 413

413 McConnell, James Rogers, 516 McCormick, Charles H., 1760 McCully, Newton Alexander, 311 McDougall, Walter A., 2273 McEntee, Girard L., 76, 825 McEwen, J. M., 1552 McFadden, David W., 1805 McGovern, James R., 1580 Mackay, Ruddock F., 1890 McKenna, Charles D., 465 McKim, R. H., 1512 Macklin, Elton, 517 McLaughlin, Andrew C., 1985 McLaughlin, Patrick D., 826 Macleod, Jenny, 1479 McMahan, Russell Samuel, Jr., 1513 Macmahon, Arthur W., 1400 McMaster, John Bach, 234 MacMillan, Margaret, 2211 MacMunn, George, 814 MacQuarrie, Hector, 518 McTague, John L., 2054 MacVeagh, Ewen Cameron, 2093 Macy, V. Everit, 1323 Maddox, Robert J., 770, 2190, 2191 Maerker-Branden, A. Paul, 250 Magoffin, Ralph Van Deman, 1280 Maier, Charles S., 2274 Mamatey, Victor S., 2036–2038 Mandel, Bernard, 1044 Manning, Clarence A., 2192 Manning, Frederick, 1684 Mantoux, Etienne, 2291 Mantoux, Paul, 2243 Marburg, Theodore, 2314 March, Peyton C., 313, 314 Marchand, C. Roland, 1480 Marder, Arthur J., 920 Marenches, Captain de, 217 Marks, Carole, 1741 Marks, Sally, 2275, 2292 Marolda, Edward J., 1078 Marshall, George C., 316 Marshall, L. C., 1324 Marshall, S. L. A., 235 Marshall-Cornwall, James, 378 Martin, Edward S., 696, 1950 Martin, Franklin H., 1291 Martin, Laurence W., 2024, 2025 Martin, Percy Alvin, 1806 Marwick, Arthur, 1481–1483 Marye, George T., 1865

2/5/07 9:16:17 PM

414 Marzari, F., 1804 Masland, John W., 1530 Mason, Alpheus Thomas, 1028 Mason, Herbert Molloy, Jr., 867, 882 Masseck, C. J., 736 Massie, Robert K., 143, 921 Mathews, Joseph J., 1553 Mathews, Shailer, 1514 Mattox, W. C., 667 Maurer, Maurer, 348, 868 Maurice, Frederick, 2113, 2114, 2123 Mawdsley, Evan, 2154 Maxwell, Kenneth R., 2315 May, Arthur J., 1250 May, Ernest Richard, 144, 430, 431, 1951, 2039 May, Henry F., 1484 May, William Edward, 68 Mayer, Arno J., 1485, 2026, 2200 Mayer, S. L., 69 Mead, Gary, 236 Mee, Charles L., Jr., 2212 Meehan, Thomas F., 727 Meigs, Marx, 519 Melhorn, Charles M., 971 Melton, Carol Willcox, 2193 Mereness, Newton D., 38 Meriwether, Lee, 1867 Merrill, James M., 941 Merrill, Sara, 1305 Merrill, Wainright, 520 Messimer, Dwight R., 942, 1497 Meulen, Jacob A. Vander, 1281 Meyer, Ernest L., 1515 Meyers, Eugene, Jr., 1432 Middlebrook, Martin, 771 Miles, L. Wardlow, 772 Milham, Charles G., 725 Millbrook, Minnie Dubbs, 1425 Miller, A. C., 1441 Miller, Charles, 837 Miller, David Hunter, 2213, 2316 Miller, H. R., 678 Miller, John, 2138 Miller, Sally M., 1742, 1761 Millett, Allan R., 14, 198, 287, 987 Millholland, Ray, 943 Millis, Walter, 1952 Millman, Brock, 1228 Minder, Charles Frank, 521 Mitchell, Donald W., 900 Mitchell, Kell, Jr., 1878 Mitchell, William, 318–320

RT8955Z.indb 414

Author Index Mitrany, David, 1251 Moberly, F. J., 815, 838 Mock, Harry E., 1554, 1615 Mock, James R., 1467, 1987 Mollo, Andrew, 744 Montgelas, Max, 145 Moody, Simon, 840 Mooney, Chase C., 1369 Moore, Geoffrey H., 1426 Moore, J. R., 522 Moore, William E., 237 Moorehead, Alan, 816 Moran, Charles M., 603 Morgan, David T., 1516, 1581 Morgenthau, Hans J., 1807 Morgenthau, Henry, 1868–1870 Morison, Elting E., 357, 1085 Morlan, Robert L., 1152 Morley, James William, 2194 Morris, Jan, 373 Morrissey, Alice M., 1953 Morrow, I. F. D., 2276 Morrow, John H., Jr., 199, 848, 870, 883 Morse, Lewis K., 1433 Morton, Marion J., 1582 Mosier, John, 200 Moskin, J. Robert, 988 Moss, James A., 103 Mosse, George L., 1486 Mott, T. Bentley, 323 Mrozek, Donald J., 9 Mullendore, William C., 1306 Müller, Georg Alexander von, 1252 Muller, W. G., 684 Munro, Dana G., 1808 Murphy, Elmer A., 702 Murphy, Paul L., 1771, 1772 Murray, Arthur Cecil, 1905, 1906 Murray, Robert K., 1762 Murray, Williamson, 198

N Nash, George H., 1052, 1053 Nash, Gerald D., 1325 Neiberg, Michael, 201, 379 Nelson, Clifford L., 2011 Nelson, Harold I., 2277 Nelson, Keith L., 2124, 2278 Nenninger, Timothy K., 262, 263, 583 Neumann, Georg Paul, 884 Nevins, Allan, 1427, 1428, 2244

2/5/07 9:16:17 PM

Author Index Newbolt, Henry, 909, 922 Newby, I. A., 1743 Nicholas, William Elmer, III, 1531 Nicolson, Harold, 2214 Niles, John Jacob, 1628, 1629 Nims, Marion R., 43 Noble, George Bernard, 2279 Nordhoff, Charles B., 879 Nordholt, Jan William Schulte, 1110 Norman, Aaron, 849 Norris, George W., 1073 Nowak, Karl Friederich, 2215 Noyes, Alexander D., 1442 Nutting, William W., 944

O O’Brien, Francis William, 1054 O’Brien, Pat, 1499 O’Conner, John E., 1724 Offer, Avner, 203 O’Grady, Joseph P., 2012 Ohl, John Kennedy, 305, 306, 1357, 2115 Olson, Ronald E., 654, 655 Oram, Gerard Christopher, 558 Orcutt, Philip D., 1616 Orgill, Douglas, 584 O’Ryan, John F., 691, 692 Osborne, Eric W., 956 Osgood, Robert E., 1809 Ottosen, P. H., 656 Ousby, Ian, 773 Oxenham, John, 1517

P Pack, Charles Lathrop, 1307 Page, Arthur W., 238 Page, Stanley W., 2280 Page, Thomas Nelson, 1229, 1871 Page, Walter Hines, 1872 Palmer, Alan, 839 Palmer, Don, 714 Palmer, Frederick, 239, 240, 280, 335, 774, 1019, 1555–1557 Palmer, Svetlana, 523 Pappas, George S., 44 Pares, Bernard, 795, 1230 Paris, Michael, 1685 Parkinson, Roger, 406 Parmalee, Julius H., 1334, 1339

RT8955Z.indb 415

415 Parrini, Carl P., 2094 Parsons, Edward B., 2095 Parsons, W. B., 645 Partridge, Eric, 1621 Paschall, Rod, 775 Passingham, Jan, 204 Passivirta, Juhani, 2281 Patrick, Mason M., 325, 326 Patten, S. N., 1443–1445 Patterson, A. Temple, 398 Patterson, David S., 1954, 2040 Patterson, E. M., 1446 Patton, George S., 327 Patton, Gerald W., 638, 1744 Paul, Eliot, 1686 Paxson, Frederic L., 84, 241, 1005, 1282, 1468 Pearlman, Michael, 1283 Pease, Theodore Calvin, 749 Peaslee, Amon J., 1202 Pegen, Mary Louise, 1583 Pellisier, Robert, 524 Pennell, Joseph, 1649 Perkins, Dexter, 1059 Perry, J. C., 604 Perry, Lawrence, 923 Perry, Ralph Barton, 1532 Pershing, John J., 329–331 Persico, Joseph E., 2125 Persons, W. Frank, 1617 Pétain, Henri Philippe, 408 Peterson, H. C., 1988 Pettit, Walter W., 2133 Philpott, William James, 2096 Pinchot, Gifford, 1450 Pintelen, von, 1207 Piper, John F., Jr., 1518 Pogue, Forrest C., 317 Pohl, James W., 432 Poincaré, Raymond, 1141 Poirier, Philip P., 1211 Polk, Frank L., 1877 Pollock, Ivan L., 1308 Pope, Stephen, 85 Pope, Steven W., 525 Porch, Douglas, 466 Post, Louis F., 1983 Potter, Elmer B., 924 Pottle, Frederick A., 605 Powell, E. Alexander, 242, 1558 Powell, G. Harold, 1309 Powell, Jim, 1810 Pratt, Fletcher, 359, 769

2/5/07 9:16:17 PM

416 Pratt, William V., 344 Prendergast, Maurice, 933 Preston, Adrian, 460 Pribran, Alfred Francis, 2077 Prior, Robin, 264, 784, 785 Proctor, Henry G., 698 Prothero, George W., 17 Purcell, L. Edward, 93 Purseigle, Pierre, 1478

R Rabinowitch, Alexander, 1231 Rachamimov, Alon, 1500 Radosh, Ronald, 2155 Raemaekers, Louis, 1639, 1640 Rainey, James W., 467 Rainsford, W. Kerr, 726 Raleigh, Walter, 885 Ramay, David, 1955 Ranft, B. McL., 365 Rappaport, Armin, 901, 1956 Rasmussen, John Curtis, 1469 Rayback, Joseph G., 1326 Read, James Morgan, 1989 Reed, John, 1559 Reeves, Earl, 286 Reeves, Nicholas, 1723 Reid, Bill G., 1470 Reid, Edith Gittings, 1111 Reilly, Henry J., 718 Reinert, Frederick George, 1641 Remak, Joachim, 146, 147 Remarque, Erich Maria, 1687 Renouvin, Pierre, 148, 1811 Renzi, William A., 2055–2057 Réquin, E. J., 2097 Reynolds, Quentin, 850 Richter, Donald, 585 Rickards, Maurice, 1652 Rickenbacker, Edward V., 346 Riddel, George, 2245 Risch, Erna, 668 Riste, Olav, 957 Ritter, Gerhard, 149, 433, 468, 1124, 1253, 2126 Rizzi, Joseph N., 526 Robbins, Keith, 1903 Robert, Jean-Louis, 1011 Roberts, E. M., 527 Roberts, Frank E., 639 Roberts, Priscilla, 281 Robertson, Linda R., 869

RT8955Z.indb 416

Author Index Robertson, William R., 410–412 Robinson, Douglas H., 886 Robinson, Edgar E., 1957 Rodman, Hugh, 349 Roetter, Charles, 1653 Rogers, Bogart, 870 Rogers, Earl, 870 Rogers, W. A., 1642 Rollins, Peter C., 1724 Roosevelt, Theodore, 1080 Rose, Harold W., 528 Rosenberg, Arthur, 1254 Roshwald, Aviel, 1487 Roskill, Stephen, 366, 1132 Ross, B. Joyce, 1745 Roth, Jack J., 1006 Rothenberg, Gunther E., 827 Rothstein, Andrew, 2156 Rothwell, V. H., 2058 Rowland, Peter, 1139 Rudin, Harry Rudolph, 2127 Rudwick, Elliott M., 1746 Rudy, Willis, 1533 Ruhl, Arthur, 1560 Ruml, Beardsley, 1370 Ruotsila, Markku, 2157 Russell, James C., 237 Rutherford, Ward, 796 Ryan, Garry D., 750 Ryan, Paul B., 1919, 1958 Ryan, Stephen, 409 Ryley, Thomas W., 1153

S Sabin, Arthur K., 1648 Sachar, Howard M., 1255 Salter, James A., 2098 Salzman, Neil V., 1879 Samuels, Martin, 265 Sanders, M. L., 1990 Sargent, Herbert Rowland, 469 Sassoon, Siegfried, 1688, 1689 Saul, Norman E., 972, 2158 Saunders, Frances Wright, 1112 Savage, Carlton, 958 Schaffer, Ronald, 19, 1008 Scheer, Reinhard, 417 Scheiber, Harry N., 1429, 1747, 1773 Scheiber, Jane Lang, 1747 Scherer, James A. B., 1284 Schiff, Mortimer L., 1447

2/5/07 9:16:18 PM

Author Index Schild, Georg, 2159 Schilling, Warner Roller, 470 Schindler, John R., 828 Schmidt, Hans, 1812 Schmitt, Bernadotte E., 45, 150, 151, 205, 2216 Schulz, Gerhard, 1813 Schulz, Paul J., 745 Schwabe, Klaus, 2246, 2317 Schwarz, Jordan A., 1024 Schweitzer, Richard, 1519 Scott, Arthur Pearson, 2217 Scott, Emmett J., 640, 1748 Scott, Frank, 1086 Scott, Hugh L., 350 Scott, Jonathan French, 1991 Scott, Lloyd N., 1401 Scott, Peter T., 70 Segal, David R., 1371 Seligman, Edwin R. A., 1378 Seton-Watson, Christopher, 1256 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 1256 Setzen, Joel A., 471 Seymour, Charles, 1113, 1814, 1848, 1959, 2209, 2247 Seymour, Gertrude, 606, 607 Shanafelt, Gary W., 2078 Shanks, David C., 669 Shannon, David A., 1763 Shapiro, Sumner, 2178 Sharp, William Graves, 1880 Sharpe, Henry G., 670 Shaw, Albert, 1471 Shay, Michael E., 608 Sheely, Irving Edward, 529 Sheely, Lawrence D., 529 Sheffield, Gary D., 206, 384, 559 Shepperson, Wilbur S., 1764 Sherry, Vincent, 1690 Sherwood, Elmer W., 719 Shideler, James H., 1451 Shockley, M. A. W., 609 Shotwell, James T., 1488, 2218 Showalter, Dennis, 10, 797 Shryock, Richard H., 1402, 1403 Shulimson, Jack, 989 Shumate, Thomas D., Jr., 2116 Sibley, Frank P., 688 Silberstein, Gerard E., 1815, 2079 Silk, Leonard S., 1404 Silken, Jon, 1632 Silverman, Albert J., 751 Silverstone, Paul, 86

RT8955Z.indb 417

417 Simpson, Colin, 1960 Simpson, Michael, 973 Sims, William S., 351, 352 Sinclair, Upton, 1691 Siney, Marion Celestria, 959–961 Sisson, Edgar Grant, 2160 Sixssmith, E. K. G., 390 Skaggs, William H., 1208 Skeyhill, Thomas J., 530, 549 Skidmore, Thomas E., 71 Slonaker, John, 46 Slosson, Preston William, 1008 Smele, Jonathan D., 2161 Smith, A. D. H., 1852 Smith, Alexander W., 1340 Smith, Allan E., 531 Smith, C. Jay, Jr., 2059, 2060 Smith, Canfield F., 2195 Smith, Daniel M., 47, 1816, 1859–1861, 1961 Smith, Dean, 1962 Smith, Gaddis George, 1963, 2099, 2196 Smith, George Otis, 1417 Smith, George W., 1198 Smith, J. Russell, 1344 Smith, Joseph L., 532 Smith, Leonard V., 207, 533 Smith, Myron J., Jr., 48, 49 Smythe, Donald, 50, 336–341, 776 Snead, David L., 484 Snell, John L., 2128 Snyder, Jack, 472 Sochen, June, 1749 Soderbergh, Peter A., 1726 Somin, Ilya, 2162 Sontag, Raymond J., 152 Spaeth, Sigmund, 1633 Spaulding, Oliver L., 679 Spears, E. L., 777 Spector, Ronald, 473 Spector, Sherman D., 2282 Speed, Richard B. , III, 1501 Speer, Allan H., 1750 Spencer, Samuel J., Jr., 1964 Spring, Harry, 534 Spring-Rice, Cecil, 1910, 1911 Sprout, Harold, 902, 903 Sprout, Margaret, 902, 903 Squires, James Duane, 1992 Stafford, Jeffrey J., 2041, 2042, 2100, 2101 Stallings, Laurence, 208, 243, 1692 Starlight, Alexander, 693 Startt, James Dill, 2248–2250

2/5/07 9:16:18 PM

418 Stearns, Gustav, 1520 Stein, Leonard, 2061 Steiner, Zara S., 153, 154, 2219 Steinson, Barbara J., 1584 Stephens, D. Owen, 1521 Sterba, Christopher M., 2013 Stevens, James, 1693 Stevens, Raymond B., 1345 Stevenson, David, 155, 209, 1817, 2062, 2102 Still, William N., Jr., 904, 1346 Stoddard, Ralph G., 1310 Stokes, Will, 1634 Stokesbury, James L., 210 Stone, Norman, 798 Stone, Ralph, 2318, 2319 Stone, William Joel, 1087 Stover, Earl F., 1522 Strachan, Hew, 211 Strakhovsky, Leonid I., 2163, 2179, 2180 Straub, Elmer Frank, 536 Streeter, Edward, 1643–1645 Strother, French, 1209 Strott, George G., 610 Stuart, Campbell, 1993 Stubbs, Kevin D., 671 Sullivan, J. W., 1327 Sullivan, Mark, 1489 Summerall, Charles Pelot, 358 Summerfield, Penny, 1569 Summerscales, William, 1534 Sumrall, Robert F., 974 Surface, Franklin M., 1311, 1818 Suskind, Richard, 990 Swartz, Marvin, 2063 Sweeney, W. Allison, 641 Sweeney, Walter C., 624 Sweetser, Arthur, 871, 1561 Sweitzer, J. S., Jr., 778 Swetland, Maurice J., 694 Syrett, Harold C., 1965 Szajkowski, Zosa, 1765

T Talbert, Roy, Jr., 625 Talbot, Henry P., 1405, 1406 Tannenbaum, Jan Karl, 416 Tansill, Charles C., 1965 Tardieu, André, 2220 Tarulis, Albert N., 2283 Tatlock, John S. P., 1994 Tauber, Eliezer, 1257

RT8955Z.indb 418

Author Index Taussig, Frank W., 1380 Taussig, Joseph K., 925 Taylor, A. J. P., 156, 157, 212, 1232 Taylor, Alonzo F., 1452 Taylor, Desmond, 33 Taylor, Emerson Gifford, 689 Taylor, Philip M., 1990 Temperley, H. W. V., 127, 2221 Terraine, John, 391, 586, 587, 779, 780 Thayer, J. A., 1233 Thelen, Max, 1341 Thomas, Lowell, 290 Thomas, Robert S., 702 Thomas, Shipley, 244 Thomason, John W., Jr., 537, 991 Thompson, Charles Thaddeus, 2222 Thompson, Hugh S., 720 Thompson, J. A., 1154 Thompson, John A., 1562 Thompson, John M., 2201 Thorne, Clifford, 1342 Thruber, Evangeline, 1467 Thwing, Charles F., 1536 Tillman, Seth P., 2223 Tirpitz, A. P. F., 418 Tobey, James A., 1407 Todd, Frederick P., 560 Todd, Lewis Paul, 1537 Toland, Edward D., 1618 Toland, John, 781 Tolley, Kemp, 2181 Tomaszewski, Fiona, K., 158 Tomlinson, E. T., 342 Tompkins, Raymond S., 721 Toulmin, H. A., Jr., 872 Towne, Ruth Warner, 1088 Townshend, C. V. F., 817 Trachtenberg, Marc, 2293 Train, Arthur, 1694 Trani, Eugene P., 1597, 2134, 2164 Trask, David F., 282, 937, 1009, 2103, 2117, 2118 Travers, Tim, 266–268, 818 Trevelyan, George Macaulay, 1904 Triplet, William S., 538 Trounce, Harry Davis, 539, 646 Trow, Clifford W., 1819 Trumbo, Dalton, 1695 Trumpener, Ulrich, 588, 2080 Tschuppik, Karl, 407 Tuchman, Barbara W., 213, 1967 Tucker, Spencer C., 87, 88

2/5/07 9:16:18 PM

Author Index Tulchin, Joseph S., 1820 Tumulty, Joseph Patrick, 1089, 1114 Tunney, Thomas J., 1210 Turnbull, Archibald D., 873 Turner, L. C. F., 159 Tuttle, Peter Guertin, 1968 Twichell, Heath, Jr., 273

U Ullman, Richard H., 2165 Unterberger, Betty Miller, 2168, 2169, 2197 Urofsky, Melvin I., 1029, 1285

V Vagts, Alfred, 214, 1822, 1969 Van Alstyne, Richard W., 1970 Van Dam, T., 752 Van Dorn, Harold Archer, 1286 Van Dyke, Henry, 1881 Van Every, Dale, 249 Van Hise, Charles R., 1382 Van Kleeck, Mary, 1585 Van Meter, Robert Hardin, Jr., 1472 Van Rensselaer, Coffin, 1586 Van Wienen, Mark W., 1696 Van Wyen, Adrian O., 874 Vandenbosch, Amry, 963 Vanderlip, Frank A., 1381 Vandiver, Frank E., 343 Vaughn, Stephen, 1996 Vedeler, Harold C., 205 Veiller, Lawrence, 1317 Venzon, Anne Cipriano, 89 Verhey, Jeffrey, 1258 Viereck, George Sylvester, 250, 1997 Vigman, Fred K., 474 Villari, Luigi, 829 Vincent, Charles Paul, 964, 1055 Vinson, J. Chalmers, 2320 Votaw, John F., 251

W Wade, Rex A., 2170 Waites, Bernard, 1234 Wakefield, Alan, 840 Walcott, Stuart, 540 Waldo, Fullerton L., 1563 Walker, George, 614

RT8955Z.indb 419

419 Wallach, Jehuda L., 2105 Waller, Robert A., 1076 Wallgren, A. A., 1646 Wallis, Sarah, 523 Walsh, Joseph, 615 Walters, Francis Paul, 2321 Walworth, Arthur, 1115, 2225, 2226 Warburg, Paul M., 1473 Ward, Alan J., 1823 Ward, Geoffrey, 1079 Ward, Larry W., 1730 Ward, Robert D., 1155 Warner, Frank A., 699 Warrington, W. E., 1330 Warth, Robert D., 2171 Watson, David Robin, 1128 Watson, Janet S. K., 1490 Watson, Richard L., Jr., 1116, 1156 Watt, Richard M., 783 Wavell, Archibald, 363 Webb, William J., 1347 Weber, Frank G., 2081 Weeks, Charles J., Jr., 312, 1866, 2172 Wehle, Louis B., 1328 Weigley, Russell F., 252 Weinstein, Edwin A., 1117 Weinstein, James, 1766, 1767 Weir, Gary E., 905 Weld, L. D. H., 1453 Welsch, Edwin K., 72 West, Clarence J., 573 West, Rachel, 1824 West, Victor J., 1957 Westall, Virginia Cooper, 541 Wharton, Edith, 1697, 1698 Wheal, Elizabeth Anne, 85 Wheeler, Curtis, 542 Wheeler, G. E., 345 Wheeler-Bennett, John W., 394, 2082 Whitaker, Herman, 946 White, John Albert, 2198 White, William Allen, 1118 Whitehouse, Arch, 91, 851, 852, 887 Whitlock, Brand, 1882, 1883 Whitney, Nathaniel R., 1199, 1383 Widenor, William C., 1070 Wilcox, Ron, 819 Wildman, Allan K., 799 Wile, Frederic William, 1564 Wilgus, William J., 673 Wilhelm II, 1143 Willert, Arthur, 2106

2/5/07 9:16:18 PM

420 Williams, Benjamin H., 1825 Williams, Charles H., 643, 1140 Williams, Edwin L., Jr., 875 Williams, John, 1010 Williams, Joyce Grigsby, 1853 Williams, Michael, 1525 Williams, William Appleman, 2173, 2174 Williams, William J., 976, 1348 Williams, Wythe, 1129, 1565 Williamson, Samuel R., 160 Willis, Edward F., 1056 Willoughby, William Franklin, 1287 Wilson, Dale E., 594 Wilson, Edith Boiling, 1119 Wilson, Henry B., 419, 927 Wilson, Jeremy, 820 Wilson, Joan Hoff, 1057 Wilson, Keith, 161 Wilson, Robert Forrest, 658 Wilson, Trevor, 264, 784, 785, 1235, 1236 Wilson, Woodrow, 1091 Winslow, Carroll Dana, 543 Winter, Denis, 392, 544, 545 Winter, Jay M., 215, 1011, 1237, 1491 Wise, Frederic M., 992 Wise, Jennings C., 786 Wiseman, William George Eden, 1912 Wittke, Carl, 2014, 2015 Wohl, Robert, 853, 1492 Wolf, Walter B., 722 Wolfe, S. H., 1329 Wolff, Leon, 787 Woll, Matthew, 1474 Wood, Eric Fisher, 628, 1885 Wood, Leonard, 360 Woodward, David R., 414, 415, 434–437, 475, 788, 821, 888, 2065–2067, 2107, 2175, 2199 Woodward, E. Llewellyn, 162, 1238, 2227 Woollacott, Angela, 1587 Woollcombe, Robert, 595

RT8955Z.indb 420

Author Index Wortman, Marc, 547 Wreszin, Michael, 1971 Wright, Chester W., 1288 Wright, Jack M., 548 Wright, John W., 679 Wright, Peter E., 2119 Wright, William M., 738 Wycoff, Minnie E., 1200 Wynn, Neil A., 1012 Wynne, G. C., 476 Wythe, George, 740

Y Yardley, Herbert O., 629 Yates, Keith, 947 Yates, Louis A. R., 2284 Yerkes, Robert M., 1408, 1409, 1410 Yoakum, Clarence S., 1410 York, Alvin C., 549 Young, Arthur P., 1699 Young, Hugh H., 616 Young, Kenneth, 1891 Young, Rush Stephenson, 729

Z Zebel, Sydney H., 1892 Zeiger, Susan, 1588 Zeman, Z. A. B., 1259, 1826 Zieger, Robert H., 253, 1013 Zimmerman, Norman Allan, 1539 Zimmerman, Phyllis A., 674 Zinsser, William H., 1619 Zivojinovic, Dragan, 1863, 2043 Zoller, J. F., 1384

Zuber, Terence, 163, 164 Zuckerman, Larry, 1998 Zweig, Arnold, 1700

2/5/07 9:16:19 PM

Subject Index A Academic freedom, 264–265 Addams, Jane, 270, 273 Adler, Julius Ochs, 126 Africa, 39, 351, 388, 391 African Americans, 111–113, 294–297 Agadir Crisis, 35 Agencies, 9, 221–233, 274–278 Agriculture, 40, 170, 249 Aircraft, 6, 219, 221 Aircraft carriers, 165 Aircraft Production Board, 221 Airmen’s terms, 64 Air service, 16, 19, 46, 52, 59–61, 97, 147–152 Air war, 6, 70, 83, 145–147 Aisne defensive, 167 Alabama’s war efforts, 197, 201 Albright, Frank H., 122 Alcohol, 107 Alexander, Robert, 51, 126 Allenby, Viscount, 67, 140–141 Allen, Henry T., 49, 51 Amalgamation, 57, 61, 76 American Air Service, 52, 150 American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, 177 American Army of Occupation, 58 American Association of University Professors, 265 American Balloon Service, 148 American Battle Monuments Commission, 17 American belligerency, origins of, 327–337 American Courier Service, 205 American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), 12, 20, 39, 42, 46–48, 57, 61, 95, 171 African American troops, 111–113 artillery, 114–116 division histories, 119–129 engineers, 113–114 Leavenworth School, 50 supplies and transportation, 116–119, 231 American Federation of Labor, 177, 295 American Field Service, 274, 276–277

American Historical Association, 5, 10, 78 American immigrants, 327–337, 341–344 American International Corporation, 246 American intervention, 1, 3, 8–9, 23, 42–48 American Labor Movement, 251 American Legion, 44, 129 American neutrality, 8, 172, 308, 310, 327–337 American Protective League, 206 American Psychological Association, 240 American Relief Administration, 19, 274 American secret service, 110 Amery, Leopold, 385 Amiens sector, 123 Ancona affair, 330 Andrássy, Count Julius, 322 Angell, Norman, 346 Anglo-American relations, 10, 12, 80–81, 357, 360 Ansell, Samuel T., 99 Anti-German sentiment, 204 Anti-radicalism, 299 Antisubmarine warfare, 101, 161 Anti-trust issues, 233 Antiwar movement, 20 Antiwar novels, 2 Arab movements, 215, 351 Archduke Ferdinand assassination, 24, 28 Argonne offensive, 55, 124, 133; see also Meuse-Argonne Arizona State Council of Defense, 197 Arkansas State Council of Defense, 197 Armenian genocide, 212, 347 Armistice, 47, 62, 363–365 Armor, 35, 105, 246 Arms buildups, 25, 30 Artillery, 51, 66, 100, 114–116 Artois, 127 Asia, 39 Asquith, Herbert H., 78, 190–192 Atlases and maps, 8, 12–13 Attrition strategy, 69, 81, 131 Australia, 7 Australian Imperial Force, 130, 144 Austria, 24–25, 28 Austria-Hungary, 7, 137, 143, 318, 387

421

RT8955Z.indb 421

2/5/07 9:16:19 PM

422 Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, 27, 213, 215, 310, 322, 348, 350, 356

B Baghdad, 141 Baker, Newton D., 57, 112, 173, 232 Baker, Ray Stannard, 8, 174, 186, 266 Balfour, Arthur James, 322–323, 356 Balfour Declaration, 303, 348, 353 Balkans, 17, 25, 76, 78, 86 Baltic states, 392–393 Bandholtz, Harry, 21 Baruch, Bernard M., 174, 232, 393 Battle cruisers, 164 Battlefields, 16–18 Beatty, David, 50, 67–68, 157 Beaverbrook, Lord, 78, 266 Beaver, Daniel R., 3 Beck, James M., 174 Belgium, 131, 169, 321–322, 391 Belleau Wood, 46, 93, 96, 130, 166, 168 Belligerency, 172, 310, 327–337 Benson, William S., 52 Berger, Victor, 299 Berghahn, Volker R., 13 Bernstorff, Count, 323, 331 Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 335 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, 30, 191, 214, 328 Beveridge, Albert J., 175 Bibliographies/bibliographical essays, 1–12 Bingham, Hiram, 52 Biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias, 13–16 Bismarckian government, 12, 26 Bituminous industry, 225 “Black Chamber” (cryptographic bureau), 111 Black Tom-Kingsland case, 205 Bliss, Tasker H., 21, 52–53 Blockade, 40, 162–164, 179, 330, 336, 388 Bloom, Valerie, 5 Blunden, Edmund, 286 Bolshevik Revolution, 37, 207–208, 210, 275, 299, 303, 365, 367–369, 376 Borah, William Edgar, 175 Boxing, 94 Brandeis, Louis D., 175 Brest-Litovsk negotiations, 55, 356, 366 Bristol, Mark L., 53 Britain, 9, 39–40, 84, 211 air force, 146

RT8955Z.indb 422

Subject Index Anglo-German relations, 26 Cabinet Papers, 10–11 conscription, 207 effects of war, 209 food supply, 207 Foreign Office, 11, 29 generals, 2 official history, 7, 12 Royal Flying Corps, 89, 92 Royal Navy, 11–12, 19, 158 society and social changes, 256 British Expeditionary Forces (BEF), 50, 89, 100, 106, 122, 132 British Library, 19 Brown, Preston, 49 Brown, Robert Craig, 84 Brown, William Carey, 21 Brusilov, A. A., 15, 67, 137 Buena Vista, Iowa, 200 “Buffalo” Division, 113 Bulgaria, 145, 348, 356 Bullard, Robert Lee, 53–54, 152 Bullitt, William Christian, 313–314 Burt, Reynolds, 21 “Butchers and bunglers” school, 34, 40, 284 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 265 Butler, Smedley D., 21, 54 Buxton, G. Edward, Jr., 127 Byron, William Jennings, 312–313

C Calais conference, 135 Cambrai, Battle of, 114 Cameroons, 145 Campaigns and operations, 130–168; see also specific battles air war, 145–147 American air role, 147–150 blockade of central powers, 162–164 East Africa, 143–144 European air services, 150–152 France and Flanders, 130–136 Italian theater, 142–143 naval power, 152–155 other theaters, 143–145 Russian front, 137–138 sea warfare, 155–159 submarine warfare, 159–162 Turkish theaters, 139–142 U.S. Marines, 166–168 Canada, 5, 81, 84, 216, 359

2/5/07 9:16:19 PM

Subject Index Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), 129 Cantigny, Battle of, 35, 119, 132, 136 Caporetto, 142–143 Caribbean, 153, 305, 309 Caricature and cartoons, 4, 280–282 Carlisle Barracks, 52 Carnegie, Andrew, 334 Carpathian Mountains, 137 Casualties, 238 Catalogs, 1–12 Catholicism/Catholic social reform movement, 250, 262–263, 274 Cecil, Robert, 323–324 Central Africa, 144 Central Powers, 38, 56, 157, 170, 212–215, 304, 329, 348, 354–356 Chair, Dudley de, 68 Chambers, John Whiteclay, II, 13 Champagne-Marne defensive, 135 Chaplains, 261 Chateau-Thierry, Battle of, 17, 55, 122, 136, 166–167 Chemical industry, 240 Chemical warfare, 46, 100–105, 108 Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), 101, 103, 240 Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), 71, 76 China, 305, 346, 348 Chivalry, 256 Chlorine gas, 105 Christy, Howard Chandler, 283 Churchill, Winston, 140, 191, 328 Cincinnati, Ohio’s war efforts, 204 Civilian leadership, 173–195 Civilian Relief, 274 Civil liberties, 183, 300–301, 341 Civil-military relations, 76, 78–80 Clark, Alan, 2 Clark, Grenville, 234 Clary, David A., 129 Clemenceau, Georges, 60, 79, 190–192, 194, 381, 386 Coalition warmaking, 356–363 the Generalissimo, 361–363 independent American Army in Europe, 361–363 Supreme War Council, 6, 52–53, 361–363 U.S. and allies, 356–361 Coast Guard, 165 Cobb, Frank Irving, 188

RT8955Z.indb 423

423 Coffman, Edward M., 33, 49, 84, 133 Coletta, Paolo E., 33 Commission for Relief, 179, 224 Commission on Training Camp Activities (CTCA), 234–235 Committee of Imperial Defence, 131 Committee of Labor, 227 Committee on Public Information (CPI), 176, 341 Committee on the War and the Religious Outlook, 6 Communication, 117, 133 Communism, 298–299, 368 Congress and national politics, 5, 9, 195–197 Connecticut State Council of Defense, 199–200 Conscription, 5, 207, 227, 235 Convoy system, 159 Council on Foreign Relations, 2 Council of Four, 384–387 Council of National Defense, 170, 174, 219–221, 227 Council of Ten, 383 Counterespionage activities, 205 Craig, Gordon, 171 Creel, George, 175, 266, 339, 341 Creel Committee, 14, 178, 290, 341, 367 Crowder, Enoch H., 55, 99 Crowe, Eyre, 29 Crowell, Benedict, 176 Crutwell, C. R. M. F., 41 Cryptographic bureau, 111 Cuba, 307 Cultural impacts of war. see Social and cultural impacts Czechoslovak Legion, 375–376 Czernin, Ottokar, 324

D Dacia case, 332 Danbury’s Connecticut’s war efforts, 203 Daniels, Josephus, 53, 55, 57, 66, 166, 176–177, 183 Dardanelles campaign, 82, 139–140, 156–157 Dawes, Charles G., 116 Debs, Eugene V., 332 Demobilization, 7, 116, 252–254 Democratic Party, 195–196 Devil’s Eye (Bulgarian observation post), 145 “Devil theory,” 328 Dickman, Joseph T., 49, 55, 120 Dictionaries and vocabularies, 4

2/5/07 9:16:19 PM

424 Diplomacy, 7, 38, 41; see also Peace settlement; War objectives and peace diplomacy American belligerency, origins of, 327–337 American immigrants and, 341–344 American neutrality, 327–337 armistice, 47, 62, 363–365 coalition warmaking, 356–363 foreign policy, 341–344 general sources, 303–312 leading diplomats, 9, 312–316 propaganda and public opinion, 337–341 Russo-American relations, 365–378 Disabled soldiers, 239, 277 Disarmament, 350–351 Division histories, 119–129 Dominican Republic, 307 Donovan, W. J. “Wild Bill,” 125–126 Doughboys, 44–46, 87–98 Dougherty, James J., 5 Draft Act of 1917, 60 Drummond, Eric, 324 Du Bois, W. E.B., 111, 294–295 Duchy of Lancaster, 78 Duff, Alexander Ludovic, 68 Duffy, Fr. Francis, 126 Dumba, Konstantin Theodor, 324 Durazzo, 161

E Eagle boats, 101 Easly, Ralph M., 251 East African campaign, 143–145 Easterners vs. Westerners approach, 82 Eastern front, 137–138, 257 Eastman, Max, 332 East Prussia, 137 Economy, 7, 244–252 agriculture, 249–250 economic blockade, 162–164 finance, 247–249 general sources, 244–246 labor, 250–252 profiteering, 246–247 Edison, Thomas A., 241 Education in war, 264–266 Edwards, Clarence R., 121 Egan, Maurice Francis, 314 Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 141 Eichelberger, Robert L., 96 Eightieth (“Blue Ridge”) Division, 127 Eighty-Eighth Division, 127

RT8955Z.indb 424

Subject Index Eighty-Ninth (“Middle West”) Division, 128 Eighty-Second Division, 127 Eighty-Sixth (“Black Hawk”) Division, 127 Eisenhower, John S. D., 15 Ely, Hanson E., 48–49 Emergency Fleet Corporation, 117, 220 Enemy espionage, 205–297 Entente, 31, 154, 170, 231, 349–354 European air services, 150–152 European home front, 170, 207–215 Central Powers, 212–215 civilian leadership, 190–195 Entente, 207–212 European War, 33–42 Evansville soldiers, 198

F Falkenhayn, Erich von, 49, 68–69, 141, 310 Fall, Albert, 311 Falls, Cyril, 36, 96 Fauntleroy, A. M., 108 Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, 220 Federal Land Banks, 220 Federal Reserve Act, 247 Federal Reserve System, 248–249 Federal war agencies, 9 Ferrell, Robert, 134 Fifth (“Red Diamond”) Division, 120 Film, 6–7, 290–294 Finance, 236–238 Finland, 393 First Division (“Big Red One”), 119 First Gas Regiment, 100 First Pursuit Group, U.S. Air Service, 91 Fischer, Fritz, 27, 29–30, 84, 213, 354–355 Fisher, John Arbuthnot, 69 Fiske, Bradley A., 55 Flanders, 17, 72, 93, 130–136 Flying aces, 64, 92, 97, 147–149 Foch, Ferdinand, 48–49, 60, 69–70, 362, 364, 386; see also Generalissimo Food Administration Grain Corporation, 311 Food supply, 23, 40, 136, 164, 179–180, 202, 205, 207, 221–224, 388 Ford, Henry, 246, 332–333 Ford Peace Ship, 333, 336 Foreign-language sources, 3 Foreign trade policy, 218 Fortieth (“Sunshine”) Division, 125 Forty-Second (“Rainbow”) Division, 92, 125 Foulkes, Charles H., 104

2/5/07 9:16:20 PM

Subject Index Fourteen Points, 365, 379 Fourth (“Ivy”) Division, 120 France, 12, 23, 28, 36, 39, 79, 353, 388 battlefields, 17 campaigns and operations, 35, 130–136 effect of war, 208 intellectual nationalism of, 264 military campaigns, 17 offensive à outrance, 80 official histories, 7, 9, 11 politics of, 136, 140 strategic/tactical plans, 83–84, 86 wartime government, 169 Francis, David R., 303, 314 Franco-Prussian War, 69, 73 Frankfurter, Felix, 177 Freedom vs. control thesis, 82 Free speech, 301 French, John, 132 French Foreign Legion, 88, 91 French-language sources, 2–3 Fuel, 224–225 Fuller, J. F. C., 86 Fundamentalism, 260

G Gallipoli, 139–141; see also Dardanelles campaign Garvey, Marcus, 295 Generalissimo, 70, 361–363 Generals. see Military and naval leadership Genet, Edmond C. C., 89–90, 151 George, Lloyd, 76, 78, 136, 191–194, 208–210, 266, 350–354, 368, 371, 383, 386–387, 397 Gerard, James W., 88, 314–315 Gerardmer, 124 Gerhardt, Charles, 21 German-Americans, 342–344 German aviators, 147, 151 German General Staff, 49 German-language sources, 2–3 German Revolution, 165, 212, 214 German South Pacific colonies, 144 Germany, 38–39, 84, 212, 355 Anglo-German relations, 26, 31 armaments policy, 23 diplomatic records, 10 elastic defense-in-depth, 85 general staff, 49 militarism of, 214

RT8955Z.indb 425

425 military archives, 9, 11 military/industrial preparedness, 218 military tactics, 86–87 official histories, 7 outbreak of war, 23–24, 28–20 postwar period, 388, 391–392 social-cultural history, 213 Gibson, Hugh A., 315 Gilchrist, Harry L., 275 Gleaves, Albert, 56 Godfrey-Faussett, Mrs. George, 67 Goethals, George W., 118–119 Goldman, Emma, 272–273, 332 Gompers, Samuel, 177, 251–252 Gooch, John, 84 Gorrell, Edgar S., 83, 147–148 Gorrell Histories, 148–149 Gourko, Basil, 70 Government-operated industries, 215 Government-owned corporations, 220 Grand Fleet, 73 Graves, Robert, 286 Graves, William Sidney, 56, 377 Great War Society, 1 Grew, Joseph C., 315 Grey, Edward, 317, 324–325, 396 Guerilla warfare, 144 Guynemer, Georges, 145 Gwynne, H. A., 268

H Haan, William G., 49, 123 Habsburg monarchy, 212–215 Hagood, Johnson, II, 21 Hague Convention, 34 Haig, Douglas, 12, 15, 18, 49, 51, 61, 70–72, 75, 135–136 Haiti, 55, 153, 307, 309–310 Hancock County, Indiana’s war effort, 201 Hand-to-hand combat, 100 Hankey, Maurice, 192 Harbord, James G., 9, 50, 56–57, 166 Hardinge, Lord (of Penshurst), 29, 385 Harding, Warren G., 14 Harlem’s Hell Fighters, 112 Hart, Liddell, 69–70, 84, 105 Hayes, Ralph, 173 Hay, James, 178 Hay, William H., 122 Haywood, William D., 332 Henry, Guy V., Jr., 21

2/5/07 9:16:20 PM

426 Herrmann, David G., 30 Herwig, Holger H., 25–26, 84 Hillquit, Morris, 332 Hindenburg, Paul von, 49, 73, 328 Hindenburg line, 122 Hines, John L., 21 Hirschfield, Charles, 171 Historical Research Agency, 21 Hoboken, NJ as embarkation port, 118 Hoffman, Max, 73 Holt, Hamilton, 306 Home front, 2, 5; see also Economy; Mobilization civilian leadership, 173–195 Congress and national politics, 195–197 demobilization, 7, 252–254 enemy espionage, 205–297 European home front, 207–215 general/comparative sources, 169–173 state and local studies, 197–205 Hoover, Herbert C., 178–180, 222–224, 240 Hoover Institution of War, Revolution and Peace Library, 10, 19, 282 Hotzendorff, Conrad von, 310 House, Edward M., 20, 171, 188, 190, 315–317, 336, 364 House-Grey Memorandum, 188, 317, 350, 353 Housing, 225–226 Houston, David F., 180 Houston’s war effort, 198 Howard County, Indiana’s war effort, 202 Hughes, Charles Evans, 180 Humor and caricature, 4, 280–282 Hungary, 389 Hurley, Edward Nash, 180, 349

Subject Index Intelligence operations, 109–111 Inter-allied organizations, 9 International affairs, 2 International Congress of Women, 270 Internationalism, 181 International politics, 27 International relations, 2, 309 Internet sites, 1 Iowa’s war effort, 199–201, 204–205, 224 Irish-Americans, 312, 342–343, 396, 399 Isolationism, 161, 181, 217, 330 Isonso River, 143 Issoudun, 52 Italian-Americans, 344 Italy, 25, 39, 84, 210–211, 352, 388–389 Italian diplomacy, 23, 308 Italian theater, 142–143 military archives, 11 military campaigns, 17 official histories, 7

J Jameson, J. Franklin, 337 Japan, 39, 144, 153, 306, 346, 360, 376 Jefferson County, Indiana’s war effort, 199 Jellicoe, John Rushworth, 49–50, 73–74, 157 Jerusalem, 139, 141 Jewish-Americans, 300, 344 Joffre, Joseph, 36, 74, 140 Johnson, Douglas, 84 Johnson, Hiram W., 180–181 Johnson, Hugh S., 57 July Crisis (1914), 24, 26, 29–30, 209 Jutland, Battle of, 68, 74, 77, 156–157

I Idaho, 204 Illinois, 123, 204 Immigrants, 327–337, 341–344 Imperial German Navy, 153, 155 Imperialism, 212, 306–307 Imperial War Museum, 14, 17, 19, 99, 142, 282 Indiana, 198–199, 201–202, 338 Indianhead Division, 120 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 298–299 Influenza epidemic (Spanish flu), 16, 105, 238–239 Inland Waterways Corporation, 220 Insignia, 129

RT8955Z.indb 426

K Kansas State Council of Defense, 198 Kaufman, Stuart B., 177 Kellogg, Paul, 398 Kellogg-Briand pact, 313 Kennon, Lyman, 21 Keynes, John Maynard, 394 Kitchen, Claude, 181 Kitchener, George H., 74 Knights of Columbus, 275 Kohn, Friedrich, 171 Kornilov affair, 210 Kut-el-Amara, 141

2/5/07 9:16:20 PM

Subject Index

L Labor, 226–228, 250, 397 Laconia sinking, 335–336 Lafayette Escadrille, 87, 90, 92, 145, 150–152 LaFollette, Robert M., 181 La Guardia, Fiorello, 143, 149 Landshut prison camp, 88 Land warfare, 13 Lane, Franklin K., 253 Lansing, Robert, 311, 317–318, 335–337, 339, 349, 384, 386 Latin America, 305, 308, 311 Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of Arabia), 139–142 League Covenant, 313 League of Nations, 180–182, 244, 307, 324, 381, 388, 395–400 Leavenworth school, 33, 50–51, 85, 133 Legge, Alexander, 232 Lejeune, John A., 57–58, 166 Lenihan, Michael, 21 Len’s Bookshelf (internet site), 1 Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von, 145 Libby, Frederick, 92 Liberty Loans, 198, 200–203, 262, 282 Library of Congress, 20 Liggett, Hunter, 49–50, 58 Lindbergh, Charles A., 204 Link, Arthur S., 14 Literature and war, 7, 283–290 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 181–182, 311, 395, 397, 400 Logistics, 33, 70, 116–117 Long, Breckinridge, 318 “Lost Battalion,” 132–134, 279 Ludendorff, Erich, 48–49, 73–75, 103, 191, 328, 354 Lufbery, Gervais Raoul, 150 Lusitania, 89, 160, 188, 327–328, 333–335 Luvaas, Jay, 6

M McAdoo, William Gibbs, 182, 229–230, 232 McAlexander, Ulysses G., 49 MacArthur, Douglas, 125 McClellan, Edwin N., 120, 167 McCormick Company, 232 McCully, Newton A., 58, 319, 375 MacDonald, Charles B., 3 Machine age, 104 Machine gun, 100–101, 104

RT8955Z.indb 427

427 McKinley, William, 305 Maine’s war efforts, 199 Mannock, Edward (“Mike”), 145 Manpower and training camps, 234–236 Manuscript depositories and libraries, 19–22 March, Peyton C., 49, 57, 59, 62, 81, 216 Maritime history, 5 Maritime rights, 330 Marne, 18, 119–120, 122, 131, 136 Marshall, George C., 59 Marye, George T., 319 Masterman, Charles F. G., 340 May, Ernest R., 36 Mearns, Robert, 21 Medical and sanitary aspects, 3–4, 46, 105–108, 238–242 Megiddo, Battle of, 140 Mennonite religion, 261 Men in uniforms, 44–46, 87–98 Meriwether, Lee, 319 Mesopotamia, 139, 141–142 Meuse-Argonne, Battle of, 18, 51, 58, 92–95, 119–120, 122, 124, 126–129, 134–135, 148 Mexican Revolution, 304, 306 Mexico, 80, 307, 311 Middle East, 67, 214–215 Migration, 295, 297 Militarism, 41 Military affairs, 4 Military aspects of war; see also Campaigns and operations; Military and naval leadership American participation, 42–48 European War, 33–42 land warfare, 13 strategy, doctrine, tactics, 80–87 weapons technology, 100–106 Military documents, 130 Military executions, 99 Military history, 3, 7 Military History Institute, 97 Military-industrial complex, 216–219, 244 Military intelligence, 46, 109–111 Military Intelligence Division (MID), 109–111 Military justice, 99 Military and Naval Insurance Act, 277 Military and naval leadership, 6, 9, 48–77 Europe, 67–77 general sources, 48–51 United States, 51–67 Military police, 130

2/5/07 9:16:20 PM

428 Millett, Allan R., 62 Mining operations, 96, 162, 164 Minnesota Commission of Public Safety, 199 Minnesota’s war efforts, 202–203 Missouri’s war efforts, 200–201 Mitchell, William, 59–60, 149 Mobilization, 116, 176, 215–244 agencies, 221–233 aircraft, 221 Council of National Defense, 221 finance, 236–238 food, 221–224 fuel, 224–225 general sources, 215–221 housing, 225–226 labor, 226–228 manpower and training camps, 57, 234–236 other services, 243–244 railroads, 228–230 science and medicine, 238–242 shipping, 230–231 War Finance Corporation, 231 War Industries Board, 232–233 Moltke, Helmuth von, 31, 49 Morale, 42, 100 Morel, E D., 346 Morgenthau, Henry, 319 Mortensen, Daniel E., 129 Mott, Bentley T., 60 Mott, John R., 276 Muir, Charles H., 122 Munitions, 115–116, 216 Murray, Arthur Cecil, 325 Mustard gas, 105

Subject Index Native Americans, 294 Naval Act of 1916, 154 Naval contractors, 5 Naval Historical Foundation, 10, 20 Naval power, 6, 15, 40, 152–155; see also United States Navy background, 152–155 blockade of central powers, 162–164 submarine warfare, 22–23, 56, 65, 74, 109, 159–162, 335 war on the sea, 155–159 Naval rivalry, 31 Navy Department Library, 20 Navy League, 154 Nenninger, Timothy K., 39 Netherlands, 164 Neutrality, 8, 164, 172, 308, 310, 327–337 New Deal, 57, 170, 225 “New Freedom” philosophy, 175 New Mexico, 205 New York Public Library, 4, 10, 20 New Zealand forces, 144 Nicaragua, 307 Nicolson, Arthur, 29 Night flying, 146 Ninetieth Division, 128 Ninety-First (“Evergreen”) Division, 128–129 Ninety-Fourth Aero Squadron, 64 Ninety-Second (“Buffalo”) Division, 113, 129 Ninety-Third Division, 129 Nivelle offensive, 135–136 Noninterventionist approach, 79 Nonpartisan League, 196, 204 Norris, George W., 183 North Russia, 374–375 Norwegian-Americans, 342 Nurse corps, 108

N NAACP, 295–296 National Arbitration Conference, 334 National Archives, 10, 20, 282, 339 National Archives (U.K.), 20 National Civic Federation, 251 National Guard, 178 National Industrial Conference, 174 Nationalism, 134, 212, 261, 264 National League for Woman’s Service, 272–273 National politics, 9, 195–197 National Security League, 195, 217 National War Gardens Commission, 223 National War Labor Board (NWLB), 226–227, 251–252

RT8955Z.indb 428

O Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 109 Officer-enlisted man relations, 100 Official histories, 7 Ohio’s war effort, 112, 204 Oil policy, 243 Olney-Paunceforte arbitration treaty, 334 Open Door Policy, 312 Oral histories, 4, 8, 19, 21, 87–88, 97 Orth, Charles D., 195 O’Ryan, John F., 49, 121 Ottoman Empire. see Turkey and Turkish theaters

2/5/07 9:16:21 PM

Subject Index

P Pacifism, 262, 265 Page, Thomas Nelson, 319–320 Page, Walter Hines, 320, 332, 337 Palestine, 139, 141–142 Palmer, Alan, 12 Palmer, A. Mitchell, 183, 298 Palmer, Frederick, 268–269 Palmer, John M., 60 Pan-African Conference, 295 Paris Peace Conference, 6–7, 20, 31, 42, 44, 64, 232, 268, 307–308, 314, 317, 349, 353, 368, 378, 381, 384–385 Passchendaele (Third Ypres) offensive, 135–136 Patrick, Mason M., 61 Patriotism, 171, 291, 338 Patton, George S., 61, 104–105, 125, 296 Peace movement, 25, 256, 270, 273, 329, 334, 346, 349 Peace settlement; see also League of Nations Council of Four, 384–387 countries, areas, and issues, 388–393 critical evaluations, 379–384 general accounts, 379–384 leading peacemakers, 384–387 reparations, 393–395 Peek, George N., 232–233 People’s Council, 178 Pershing, John J., 9, 20, 35, 42–44, 47, 49–50, 57, 59–65, 67, 69, 76, 80–82, 85, 117, 132–133, 173, 266–267, 363 Persian Gulf, 139 Personal equipment, 129 Personal narratives, 4, 8, 19, 21, 87–88, 97 Pétain, Henri Philippe, 49, 75, 194 Petrigard, Paul, 220 Petrograd, 58 Petroleum, 164 Philadelphia, PA’s war effort, 204–205 Physical reconstruction, 108 Pinchot, Amos, 237 Plattsburg Training Camp, 234 Poetry, 278–280 Poincaré, Raymond, 26, 194 Poison gas, 34, 100–102, 108 Poland, 356, 392 Polish-Americans, 342 Polk, Frank L., 321 Poore, Benjamin, 21 Post-WWI histories, 5, 44 Potsdam archives, 31

RT8955Z.indb 429

429 Pratt, William V., 64 Prewar intelligence, 28 Prisoners of war, 88, 258–260 Profiteering, 246–247 Progressivism, 4, 189, 220, 265, 307 Propaganda, 8, 14, 92, 109, 264, 337–341 Prostitutes, 93 Protestant churches, 262, 398 Psychological warfare, 92, 102 Psychology and mental testing, 238–239, 242 Public health, 106, 239, 242 Public opinion, 337–341 Punch, 280

Q Quakers, 262 Quartermaster corps, 46, 118

R Racism, 111, 113 Radicalism, 298–300, 332 Raemaekers, Louis, 281 Railroads, 228–230 Rainey, Henry T., 183 Rawlinson, Henry, 50 Reading, Rufus Daniel (Isaacs), 325 Red Cross, 34, 198–205, 258, 268, 270, 274–277, 308, 367 Red Scare, 183, 299–300 Reed, John, 332 Reilly, Henry, 21 Relief agencies, 274–278 Religious/moral aspects of war, 4, 6, 260–263 Remarque, Erich Maria, 285, 290 Renouvin, Pierre, 364 Reparations, 381, 393–395 Reporting the war, 270–274, 387 Republican Party, 195 Rickenbacker, Edward V., 64, 145 Ripley County’s war effort, 205 Ritter, Gerhard, 31, 85, 355 Robertson, William R., 71–72, 75–77, 80, 145, 362 Roberts, Priscilla Mary, 15 Robinson, Boardman, 269 Robins, Raymond, 321 Rockefeller, John D., 245 Rodman, Hugh, 50, 65 Romania, 105, 137, 347, 393

2/5/07 9:16:21 PM

430 Romanov dynasty, 210, 213 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 171, 177, 183–184, 195, 227 Roosevelt, Theodore, 67, 184–185, 220, 305, 329 Root, Elihuu, 85, 306 Roskill, Stephen, 192 Ross, Harold, 96 ROTC program, 264 Royal Flying Corps, 89, 92 Royal Navy, 11–12, 19, 158 Russia, 23–24, 27, 39, 43, 52, 56, 58, 67, 81, 86, 89–90, 93, 130, 209–210, 313, 352, 379 Russian Civil War, 58, 210, 369 Russian front, 137–138 Russian prisoners, 180 Russian Provisional Government, 207 Russian Revolution, 165, 207–208, 300, 346, 368 Russo-American relations, 19, 365–378 background, 365–373 U.S. in North Russia, 374–375 U.S. in Siberia, 375–378

S St. Mihiel, Battle of, 18, 58, 88, 119–120, 127– 128, 131, 133–134, 148–149, 167 Saint-Quentin Tunnel complex, 123 Salonika, 145 Sanitary Corps, 106 Sarrail, Maurice, 76 Sassoon, Siegfried, 286 Sazanov’s Thirteen Points, 352 Schaffer, Ronald, 13 Scheer, Reinhard, 77 Schlieffen Plan, 26, 29–31, 69, 85, 212 Schubert, Frank N., 129 Schwab, Charles M., 335 Scott, Emmett J., 111, 113 Scott, Frank, 185 199–185 200 Scott, Hugh L., 65 Scott County, Iowa’s war effort, 199–200 Sea warfare, 70, 155–159 Second Battle of the Marne, 18 Second Division (“Indianhead”), 120 Seicheprey, 121 Serbians, 24, 356 Seventh (“Hourglass”) Division, 120 Seventy-Eighth (“White Lightning”) Division, 126

RT8955Z.indb 430

Subject Index Seventy-Ninth Division, 126 Seventy-Seventh (“Liberty”) Division, 51, 126, 132 Seven Weeks war, 73 Seymour, Charles, 8 Sharp, William Graves, 321 Shell shock, 238 Sherfy, Marcella M., 129 Shillinglaw, David Lee, 274 Shipbuilding, 166, 231 Shipping, 230–231, 349, 359 Shrader, Charles, 33 Siberia, 56, 375–378 Signal corps, 46, 291 Sims, William S., 20, 49–50, 52–53, 64–66, 360 Sixty-Ninth (“Irish”) Division, 126 Sladen, Fred, 21 Slang, 278–280 Slav nationalism, 27 Smuts, Jan Christian, 86, 384 Smythe, Donald, 9, 49 Social and cultural impacts, 7, 38, 48, 101 African Americans/Native Americans, 294–297 civil liberties, 300–301 education in war, 264–266 film, 290–294 general/comparative sources, 255–258 humor and caricature, 280–282 literature and war, 283–290 prisoners of war, 258–260 radicalism, 298–300 religious/moral aspects, 260–263 reporting the war, 266–270 war posters, 282–283 war relief agencies, 274–278 war songs, poetry, ballads, slang, 278–280 women and war, 270–274 Socialist movement, 296, 298–300 Social reform, 256 Society of the First Division, 119 Soisson, 93, 133 Somme, Battle of, 91, 94, 103, 134, 136 Songs, 171, 277–280 South Carolina’s war effort, 202 South Dakota’s war effort, 198, 200, 202 Spanish-American War, 42, 118, 171, 334 Spargo, John, 370 Sports, 94 Springfield rifle, 233

2/5/07 9:16:21 PM

Subject Index Spring-Rice, Cecil, 326 Squier, George W., 148 Stars and Stripes, 95–96 State Councils of Defense, 197, 240 Statesmen, 9 Statistics/almanacs, 16 Steel industry, 220, 360 Stimson, Henry, 220 Stockholm Conference, 368 Stone, William Joel, 185 Straight, Willard, 246 Straits Agreement, 352 Strategic bombing, 34, 82–83, 146 Submarine warfare, 22–23, 56, 65, 74, 109, 156, 159–162, 335 Suffrage movement, 272–273 Suicide Fleet, 94 “Suicide Flotilla,” 155 Summerall, Charles Pelot, 66, 125 Supplies and transportation, 57, 116–119 Supreme War Council, 6, 52–53, 361–363 Suttner, Bertha von, 25 Swedish Immigrant press, 341–342 Switzerland County, Indiana’s war effort, 198

T Taft, William Howard, 251, 305 Tanks, 37, 46, 102–105 Tannenberg, 137–138 Technology, 3, 25 Terraine, John, 36, 100, 102, 104, 135–136 Thiaucourt, 122 Thimme, Friedrich, 29 Third Battle of Ypres, 135 Third (“Marne”) Division, 120 Thirteenth Division, 120–121 Thirtieth (“Old Hickory”) Division, 123 Thirty-Fifth (“Missouri-Kansas”) Division, 124 Thirty-Second (“Red Arrow”) Division, 123 Thirty-Seventh (“Buckeye”) Division, 124–125 Thirty-Sixth Division, 124 Thirty-Third (“Prairie”) Division, 123–124 Thompson, Stephen, 147 Togoland, 145 Transportation, 46, 56, 117, 133 Transportation Act of 1920, 228 Treasury Department, 248 Treaty of St. Germain, 388 Treaty of Trianon, 389 Treaty of Versailles, 14, 176, 181–182, 186, 312, 380, 382

RT8955Z.indb 431

431 Trench warfare, 1, 13, 50, 90, 98–100, 107, 115 Triple Entente, 24 Tsingtau, 144 Tuberculosis, 108 Tumulty, Joseph Patrick, 185 Turkey and Turkish theaters, 38, 67, 139–142, 212, 215, 319, 345, 347–348 Turkish Army, 139–141 Twenth-Sixth (“Yankee”) Division, 121 Twenty-Eighth (“Pennsylvania’s Guard”) Division, 122 Twenty-Ninth Division, 92, 123 Twenty-Seventh Division, 121–122 Twenty-sixty (“Yankee”) Division, 121 Typhus epidemic, 275 Tyrrell, William, 29

U U-Boats, 160–161, 166, 327–328 Ukraine, 354 Uniforms, 129 United Nations, 313 United States Air Force Air University Library, 21 American Air Service, 52, 150 history, 6, 9, 21 United States Army; see also American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) African American forces, 8 generals/officers, 6, 10 history of, 3, 42 peacetime army, 3 unit histories, 8 United States Army Engineers (AEF), 46, 113–114 United States Army Mobile Units, 20 United States Army Ordinance, 46 United States Army War College, 47, 50 United States Bureau of Markets, 222 United States Food Administration, 222–224 United States Fuel Administration, 225 United States Grain Corporation, 311 United States Housing Corporation, 220 United States Labor Policies Board, 226 United States Marine Corps Historical Division, 21 United States Marines, 3, 7, 58, 166–168 campaigns and operations, 166–168 women marines, 166 United States Military History Institute, 3, 21, 52, 97, 113

2/5/07 9:16:21 PM

432 United States Naval Academy, 21 United States Naval War College Library, 22 United States Navy, 5–6, 9, 66 admirals, 14 period of neutrality, 33 ships in war, 15–16 United States Public Health Service, 106 United States Railroad Administration, 251 United States Shipping Board, 117, 180 United States Sugar Equalization Board, 220–221 Unity of command. see Supreme War Council University of Wisconsin, 266

V VanDeman, Ralph, 21 Van Dyke, Henry, 321 Vatican, 318, 349 Veblen, Thorstein, 306 Veeder, Henry, 164 Venereal disease, 106–108 Verdun, Battle of, 69, 91, 123, 133–134 Versailles Treaty, 24, 179, 183 Vesle, 122 Virginia’s war effort, 200, 203 Von Hutier (offensive tactics), 85 Von Lossberg (defensive tactics), 85 Von Richthofen, Manfred, 92, 145 Von Tirpitz, A. P. F., 77, 154 Vosges, 123–124

Subject Index War posters, 282–283 War relief agencies, 274–278 War Revenue Act (1917), 238 War Risk Insurance Act, 226, 275 War songs, poetry, ballads, slang, 278–280 War Trade Board, 376 Weapons technology, 100–106 Weltpolitik, 26 Western front, 19, 38, 80, 83, 86, 98, 106 Western Front Association, 1 West Virginia, 202 White, William Allen, 268 Whitlock, Brand, 321–322 Whittam, John, 84 Wilhelm II, 12, 130, 194–195, 214 Wilson, Edith Bolling, 187, 190 Wilson, Ellen Axson, 189 Wilson, Henry B., 77, 159 Wilson, Woodrow, 20, 64, 67, 77, 79–80, 171, 173–175, 179, 182, 184–190, 195, 218, 229, 234, 266–268, 276, 295, 297, 301, 303–305, 307–308, 310, 316–317, 329, 346–347, 381, 384, 397 Wisconsin’s war effort, 201, 203 Wiseman, William, 326, 365 Women’s Committee of the American Council of National Defense, 8 Women and war, 8, 166, 270–274 Wood, Eric Fisher, 322 Wood, Leonard, 66–67, 128, 220, 234 Woodward, David R., 13–14 Woollcott, Alexander, 96, 105

W Walcott, Stuart, 96 Walsh, Frank, 251 War College, 33 War Department, 42, 59, 62, 65, 85, 266 War Finance Corporation, 37, 220, 231 War gardens, 223–224 War Industries Board, 170, 174, 185, 219, 232–233 War Labor Board, 227, 252 War objectives and peace diplomacy Central powers, 354–356 entente, 349–354 general/comparative sources, 345–346 in U.S., 346–349

RT8955Z.indb 432

Y Yerkes, Robert M., 240 YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association), 198, 201, 235, 259, 274–277

York, Alvin C., 92, 95, 98, 127, 293 Ypres, 104, 131–132, 135 Yugoslavia, 391 Z

Zeppelins, 152 Zimmerman Telegram, 335–336 Zuber, Terence, 85

2/5/07 9:16:21 PM