Authors Holliday • Luchin • Cuevas • Carter Marks • Day • Casey • Hayek
About the Cover On a clear day, visitors to th...
1483 downloads
6966 Views
57MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
Authors Holliday • Luchin • Cuevas • Carter Marks • Day • Casey • Hayek
About the Cover On a clear day, visitors to the top of the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri, can see up to thirty miles to the east or west. The Arch, towering 630 feet (192 meters) above the banks of the Mississippi River, commemorates the westward expansion of the United States in the 19th century. It takes the shape of a catenary curve, which can be approximated using a quadratic function. You will study quadratic functions in Chapter 5. About the Graphics 3-D Lissajous curve. Created with Mathematica. A 3-D Lissajous figure is constructed as a tube around a trigonometric space curve. The radius of the tube is made proportional to the distance to the nearest self-intersection. For more information and for programs to construct such graphics, see: www.wolfram.com/r/textbook.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-873830-2 MHID: 0-07-873830-X Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 043/079 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06
Contents in
Brief
Unit 1 First-Degree Equations and Inequalities 1
Equations and Inequalities
2
Linear Relations and Functions
3
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
4
Matrices
Unit 2 Quadratic, Polynomial, and Radical Equations and Inequalities 5
Quadratic Functions and Inequalities
6
Polynomial Functions
7
Radical Equations and Inequalities
Unit 3 Advanced Functions and Relations 8
Rational Expressions and Equations
9
Exponential and Logarithmic Relations
10
Conic Sections
Unit 4 Discrete Mathematics 11
Sequences and Series
12
Probability and Statistics
Unit 5 Trigonometry 13
Trigonometric Functions
14
Trigonometric Graphs and Identities iii
Authors
Berchie Holliday, Ed.D. National Mathematics Consultant Silver Spring, MD
Gilbert J. Cuevas, Ph.D. Professor of Mathematics Education University of Miami Miami, FL
Beatrice Luchin Mathematics Consultant League City, TX
John A. Carter, Ph.D. Director of Mathematics Adlai E. Stevenson High School Lincolnshire, IL
Daniel Marks, Ed.D Professor Emeritus of Mathematics Auburn University at Montgomery Mongomery, AL
Roger Day, Ph.D. Mathematics Department Chairperson Pontiac Township High School Pontiac, IL
iv
Ruth M. Casey Mathematics Teacher Department Chair Anderson County High School Lawrenceburg, KY
Linda M. Hayek Mathematics Teacher Ralston Public Schools Omaha, NE
Contributing Authors
Carol E. Malloy, Ph.D Associate Professor University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC
Meet the Authors at algebra2.com
Viken Hovsepian Professor of Mathematics Rio Hondo College Whittier, CA
Dinah Zike Educational Consultant, Dinah-Might Activities, Inc. San Antonio, TX
v
Consultants Glencoe/McGraw-Hill wishes to thank the following professionals for their feedback. They were instrumental in providing valuable input toward the development of this program in these specific areas.
Mathematical Content
Graphing Calculator
Bob McCollum Associate Principal Curriculum and Instruction Glenbrook South High School Glenview, Illinois
Ruth M. Casey Mathematics Teacher Department Chair Anderson County High School Lawrenceburg, Kentucky
Differentiated Instruction
Jerry Cummins Former President National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics Western Springs, Illinois
Nancy Frey, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Literacy San Diego State University San Diego, California
English Language Learners Mary Avalos, Ph.D. Assistant Chair, Teaching and Learning Assistant Research Professor University of Miami, School of Education Coral Gables, Florida Jana Echevarria, Ph.D. Professor, College of Education California State University, Long Beach Long Beach, California Josefina V. Tinajero, Ph.D. Dean, College of Educatifon The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, Texas
Gifted and Talented Ed Zaccaro Author Mathematics and science books for gifted children Bellevue, Iowa
Learning Disabilities Kate Garnett, Ph.D. Chairperson, Coordinator Learning Disabilities School of Education Department of Special Education Hunter College, CUNY New York, New York
Mathematical Fluency Jason Mutford Mathematics Instructor Coxsackie-Athens Central School District Coxsackie, New York
Pre-AP Dixie Ross AP Calculus Teacher Pflugerville High School Pflugerville, Texas
Reading and Vocabulary Douglas Fisher, Ph.D. Director of Professional Development and Professor City Heights Educational Collaborative San Diego State University San Diego, California Lynn T. Havens Director of Project CRISS Kalispell School District Kalispell, Montana
vi
Teacher Reviewers
Each Reviewer reviewed at least two chapters of the Student Edition, giving feedback and suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the mathematics instruction. Chrissy Aldridge Teacher Charlotte Latin School Charlotte, North Carolina Harriette Neely Baker Mathematics Teacher South Mecklenburg High School Charlotte, North Carolina Danny L. Barnes, NBCT Mathematics Teacher Speight Middle School Stantonsburg, North Carolina Aimee Barrette Special Education Teacher Sedgefield Middle School Charlotte, North Carolina Karen J. Blackert Mathematics Teacher Myers Park High School Charlotte, North Carolina Patricia R. Blackwell Mathematics Department Chair East Mecklenburg High School Charlotte, North Carolina Rebecca B. Caison Mathematics Teacher Walter M. Williams High School Burlington, North Carolina Myra Cannon Mathematics Department Chair East Davidson High School Thomasville, North Carolina Peter K. Christensen Mathematics/AP Teacher Central High School Macon, Georgia Rebecca Claiborne Mathematics Department Chairperson George Washington Carver High School Columbus, Georgia
Angela S. Davis Mathematics Teacher Bishop Spaugh Community Academy Charlotte, North Carolina
M. Kathleen Kroh Mathematics Teacher Z. B. Vance High School Charlotte, North Carolina
Tracey Shaw Mathematics Teacher Chatham Central High School Bear Creek, North Carolina
Tosha S. Lamar Mathematics Instructor Phoenix High School Lawrenceville, Georgia
Marjorie Smith Mathematics Teacher Eastern Randolph High School Ramseur, North Carolina
LaVonna M. Felton Mathematics Dept. Chair/8th Grade Lead Teacher James Martin Middle School Charlotte, North Carolina
Kay S. Laster 8th Grade Pre-Algebra/ Algebra Teacher Rockingham County Middle School Reidsville, North Carolina
McCoy Smith, III Mathematics Department Chair Sedgefield Middle School Charlotte, North Carolina
Susan M. Fritsch Mathematics Teacher, NBCT David W. Butler High School Matthews, North Carolina
Marcie Lebowitz Teacher Quail Hollow Middle School Charlotte, North Carolina
Dr. Jesse R. Gassaway Teacher Northwest Guilford Middle School Greensboro, North Carolina
Joyce M. Lee Lead Mathematics Teacher National Teachers Teaching with Technology Instructor George Washington Carver High School Columbus, Georgia
Sheri Dunn-Ulm Teacher Bainbridge High School Bainbridge, Georgia
Matt Gowdy Mathematics Teacher Grimsley High School Greensboro, North Carolina Wendy Hancuff Teacher Jack Britt High School Fayetteville, North Carolina Ernest A. Hoke Jr. Mathematics Teacher E. B. Aycock Middle School Greenville, North Carolina Carol B. Huss Mathematics Teacher Independence High School Charlotte, North Carolina Deborah Ivy Mathematics Teacher Marie G. Davis Middle School Charlotte, North Carolina
Laura Crook Mathematics Department Chair Middle Creek High School Apex, North Carolina
Lynda B. (Lucy) Kay Mathematics Department Chair Martin Middle School Raleigh, North Carolina
Dayl F. Cutts Teacher Northwest Guilford High School Greensboro, North Carolina
Julia Kolb Mathematics Teacher/ Department Chair Leesville Road High School Raleigh, North Carolina
Susan Marshall Mathematics Chairperson Kernodle Middle School Greensboro, North Carolina Alice D. McLean Mathematics Coach West Charlotte High School Charlotte, North Carolina Portia Mouton Mathematics Teacher Westside High School Macon, Georgia Elaine Pappas Mathematics Department Chair Cedar Shoals High School Athens, Georgia Susan M. Peeples Retired 8th Grade Mathematics Teacher Richland School District Two Columbia, South Carolina Carolyn G. Randolph Mathematics Department Chair Kendrick High School Columbus, Georgia
Bridget Sullivan 8th Grade Mathematics Teacher Northeast Middle School Charlotte, North Carolina Marilyn R. Thompson Geometry/Mathematics Vertical Team Consultant Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools Charlotte, North Carolina Gwen Turner Mathematics Teacher Clarke Central High School Athens, Georgia Elizabeth Webb Mathematics Department Chair Myers Park High School Charlotte, North Carolina Jack Whittemore C & I Resource Teacher Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools Charlotte, North Carolina Angela Whittington Mathematics Teacher North Forsyth High School Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Kentucky Consultants Amy Adams Cash Mathematics Educator/ Department Chair Bowling Green High School Bowling Green, Kentucky Susan Hack, NBCT Mathematics Teacher Oldham County High School Buckner, Kentucky Kimberly L. Henderson Hockney Mathematics Educator Larry A. Ryle High School Union, Kentucky
vii
Unit 1 CH
APTER
1
Equations and Inequalities 1-1 Expressions and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1-2 Properties of Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1-3 Solving Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1-4 Solving Absolute Value Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1-5 Solving Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Reading Math: Interval Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1-6 Solving Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities . . . . . . . . . 41 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 1 5 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 10, 17, 26, 31, 39
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Reading Math 40 • Vocabulary Link 19, 41, 42 • Writing in Math 10, 17, 26, 31, 39, 47 • Reading Math Tips 12, 35, 43
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 10, 17, 21, 23, 26, 31, 32, 39, 48, 53, 54, 55
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • • • •
Challenge 10, 17, 26, 31, 38, 47 Find the Error 25, 47 Open Ended 10, 17, 26, 30, 38, 47 Reasoning 10, 17, 26, 38
viii Rudi Von Briel/PhotoEdit
CH
APTER
2
Linear Relations and Functions
2-1 Relations and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Reading Math: Discrete and Continuous Functions in the Real World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2-2 Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2-3 Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Extend 2-3
Graphing Calculator Lab: The Family of Linear Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2-4 Writing Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2-5 Statistics: Using Scatter Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Extend 2-5
Graphing Calculator Lab: Lines of Regression . . . . . 92
2-6 Special Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2-7 Graphing Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Table of Contents
ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 2 57 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 64, 70, 77, 84, 91, 101
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Reading Math 65 • Writing in Math 64, 70, 76, 84, 91, 101, 105 • Reading Math Tips 61, 74, 87
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 64, 70, 77, 82, 84, 85, 91, 101, 105, 111, 112, 113 • Worked Out Example 80
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 64, 70, 76, 84, 90, 100, 105 • Find the Error 64, 76 • Open Ended 64, 70, 76, 84, 91, 100 • Reasoning 70, 76, 84, 100, 105
ix
CH
APTER
3
Systems of Equations and Inequalities 3-1 Solving Systems of Equations by Graphing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 3-2 Solving Systems of Equations Algebraically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3-3 Solving Systems of Inequalities by Graphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Extend 3-3
Graphing Calculator Lab: Systems of Linear Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 3-4 Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 3-5 Solving Systems of Equations in Three Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 3 115 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 122, 129, 135, 144
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Writing in Math 122, 129, 135, 144, 151 • Reading Math Tips 131, 138
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 122, 127, 129, 135, 137, 144, 151, 157, 158, 159 • Worked Out Example 124
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 122, 128, 135, 144, 151 • Find the Error 128, 151 • Open Ended 121, 128, 134, 143, 151 • Reasoning 121, 128, 134, 143, 151 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 144
x Telegraph Colour Library/Getty Images
CH
APTER
4
Matrices
4-1 Introduction to Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Extend 4-1
Spreadsheet Lab: Organizing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4-2 Operations with Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4-3 Multiplying Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4-4 Transformations with Matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 4-5 Determinants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 4-6 Cramer’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 4-7 Identity and Inverse Matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 4-8 Using Matrices to Solve Systems of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Extend 4-8
Graphing Calculator Lab: Augmented Matrices . . . 223
ASSESSMENT
Table of Contents
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 4 161 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 167, 176, 184, 192, 200, 207, 215
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Writing in Math 166, 175, 183, 191, 199, 206, 214, 221 • Reading Math Tips 162, 163, 185
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 167, 176, 184, 189, 192, 193, 200, 207, 215, 222, 229, 230, 231 • Worked Out Example 186
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 166, 175, 183, 191, 199, 206, 214, 221 • Find the Error 199, 221 • Open Ended 166, 175, 183, 191, 206, 214, 221 • Reasoning 183, 191, 199, 206, 214, 221
xi
Unit 2 CH
APTER
5
Quadratic Functions and Inequalities 5-1 Graphing Quadratic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Reading Math: Roots of Equations and Zeros of Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 5-2 Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Extend 5-2
Graphing Calculator Lab: Modeling Using Quadratic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
5-3 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 5-4 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 5 235 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 244, 251, 258, 266, 275, 283, 292
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Reading Math 245 • Writing in Math 243, 251, 258, 266, 275, 282, 292, 300 • Reading Math Tips 246, 260, 261, 276, 279
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 5-5 Completing the Square. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 5-6 The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Explore 5-7 Graphing Calculator Lab: Families of Parabolas. . . 284
5-7 Analyzing Graphs of Quadratic Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Extend 5-7
Graphing Calculator Lab: Modeling Motion . . . . . . 293
5-8 Graphing and Solving Quadratic Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 ASSESSMENT
Standardized Test Practice
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
• Multiple Choice 243, 251, 258, 266, 267, 275, 283, 289, 292, 300, 307, 308, 309 • Worked Out Example 288
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 243, 251, 258, 265, 275, 282, 292, 300 • Find the Error 257, 274, 292 • Open Ended 243, 250, 258, 265, 274, 282, 292, 300 • Reasoning 250, 265, 274, 282, 300 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 265
xii Donovan Reese/Getty Images
Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
CH
APTER
6
Polynomial Functions
6-1 Properties of Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Reading Math: Dimensional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 6-2 Operations with Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 6-3 Dividing Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 6-4 Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 6-5 Analyzing Graphs of Polynomial Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Extend 6-5
Graphing Calculator Lab: Modeling Data using Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 6-6 Solving Polynomial Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 6-7 The Remainder and Factor Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 6-8 Roots and Zeros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 6-9 Rational Zero Theorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Table of Contents
ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Prerequisite Skills
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
• Get Ready for Chapter 6 311 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 318, 324, 330, 338, 345, 355, 361, 368
Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Reading Math 319 • Writing in Math 317, 323, 330, 337, 344, 354, 361, 368, 373 • Reading Math Tips 340, 363
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 317, 324, 329, 330, 338, 345, 348, 355, 361, 368, 373, 379, 380, 381 • Worked Out Example 326
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 317, 323, 330, 337, 344, 354, 361, 368, 373 • Find the Error 317, 330, 373 • Open Ended 317, 323, 330, 337, 344, 354, 360, 368, 373 • Reasoning 317, 330, 337, 344, 354, 360, 368 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 323
xiii
CH
APTER
7
Radical Equations and Inequalities 7-1 Operations on Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 7-2 Inverse Functions and Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 7-3 Square Root Functions & Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 7-4 nth Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 7-5 Operations with Radical Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 7-6 Rational Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 7-7 Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Extend 7-7
Graphing Calculator Lab: Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 7 383 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 390, 396, 401, 406, 414, 421
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Writing in Math 390, 396, 401, 406, 414, 421, 426 • Reading Math Tips 392
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 390, 396, 401, 406, 407, 414, 419, 421, 426, 435, 436, 437 • Worked Out Example 418
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 390, 395, 401, 406, 420, 426 • Find the Error 390, 414 • Open Ended 390, 395, 401, 405, 413, 420, 426 • Reasoning 395, 401, 405, 406, 413, 420, 421, 426 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 426
xiv Andrea Comas/Reuters/CORBIS
Unit 3 CH
APTER
8
Rational Expressions and Equations
8-1 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 8-2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 8-3 Graphing Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Extend 8-3
Graphing Calculator Lab: Analyze Graphs of Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
8-4 Direct, Joint, and Inverse Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 8-5 Classes of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Table of Contents
8-6 Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Extend 8-6
Graphing Calculator Lab: Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities with Graphs and Tables . . . . . . . 487
ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 8 441 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 449, 456, 463, 471, 478
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Writing in Math 448, 456, 463, 471, 478, 486
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 443, 446, 449, 456, 463, 471, 472, 478, 486, 493, 494, 495 • Worked Out Example 443
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 448, 455, 462, 463, 471, 477, 478, 485 • Find the Error 455, 485 • Open Ended 448, 455, 462, 471, 477, 485 • Reasoning 448, 455, 462 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 448
xv
CH
APTER
9
Exponential and Logarithmic Relations 9-1 Exponential Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 Extend 9-1
Graphing Calculator Lab: Solving Exponential Equations and Inequalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
9-2 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Graphing Calculator Lab: Modeling Data using Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Extend 9-2
9-3 Properties of Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 9-4 Common Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 Graphing Calculator Lab: Solving Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Extend 9-4
9-5 Base e and Natural Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 Reading Math: Double Meanings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 9-6 Exponential Growth and Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Extend 9-6
Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 9 497 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 506, 517, 526, 533, 542
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Reading Math 543 • Writing in Math 506, 517, 526, 533, 542, 549
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 506, 517, 526, 527, 533, 542, 547, 548, 550, 557, 558, 559 • Worked Out Example 546
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 506, 516, 525, 526, 533, 541, 549 • Find the Error 516, 541 • Open Ended 505, 516, 533, 541, 549 • Reasoning 506, 525, 526, 533, 549 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 516
xvi Richard Cummins/CORBIS
Graphing Calculator Lab: Cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
CH
APTER
10 Conic Sections
10-1 Midpoint and Distance Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 10-2 Parabolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 10-3 Circles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Explore 10-4 Algebra Lab: Investigating Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
10-4 Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 10-5 Hyperbolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 10-6 Conic Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 10-7 Solving Quadratic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Table of Contents
Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 10 561 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 566, 573, 579, 588, 597, 602
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Writing in Math 566, 573, 579, 588, 596, 601, 608 • Reading Math Tips 591, 598
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 564, 566, 573, 579, 588, 589, 597, 602, 608, 615, 616, 617 • Worked Out Example 564
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 566, 573, 579, 588, 596, 601, 607 • Find the Error 573, 579 • Open Ended 566, 573, 579, 587, 596, 601, 607 • Reasoning 566, 573, 579, 587, 596, 601, 607 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 608
xvii
Unit 4 CH
APTER
11
Sequences and Series 11-1 Arithmetic Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 11-2 Arithmetic Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 11-3 Geometric Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 Extend 11-3 Graphing Calculator Lab: Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
11-4 Geometric Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 11-5 Infinite Geometric Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656 Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 11 621 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 628, 635, 641, 649, 655, 662, 669
Explore 11-6 Spreadsheet Lab: Amortizing Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
11-6 Recursion and Special Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658 Extend 11-6 Algebra Lab: Fractals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Reading and Writing Mathematics
11-7 The Binomial Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
• Writing in Math 627, 634, 641, 648, 654, 662, 668, 673
11-8 Proof and Mathematical Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 ASSESSMENT
Standardized Test Practice
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
• Multiple Choice 628, 635, 639, 641, 648, 655, 656, 662, 669, 673, 679, 680, 681 • Worked Out Example 636
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 627, 634, 641, 648, 654, 662, 668, 673 • Find the Error 640, 654 • Open Ended 627, 634, 640, 648, 654, 662, 668, 673 • Reasoning 627, 648, 654, 662 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 640
xviii Allen Matheson/photohome.com
Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
CH
APTER
12 Probability and Statistics
12-1 The Counting Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 12-2 Permutations and Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 Reading Math: Permutations and Combinations. . . . . . . . . . . 696 12-3 Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 12-4 Multiplying Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 12-5 Adding Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 12-6 Statistical Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 12-7 The Normal Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 12-8 Exponential and Binomial Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 Extend 12-8 Algebra Lab: Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
12-9 Binomial Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
12-10 Sampling and Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 ASSESSMENT
Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 12 683 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 689, 695, 702, 709, 715, 723, 728, 733, 739
Table of Contents
Explore 12-10 Algebra Lab: Testing Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Reading Math 696 • Vocabulary Link • Writing in Math 689, 694, 702, 709, 714, 723, 728, 733, 739, 744 • Reading Math Tips 685, 690, 697, 699, 718
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 687, 689, 695, 702, 709, 715, 716, 723, 728, 733, 739, 744, 751, 752, 753 • Worked Out Example 685
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 688, 694, 702, 709, 714, 722, 728, 733, 739 • Find the Error 708 • Open Ended 688, 694, 701, 708, 714, 722, 728, 733, 738, 744 • Reasoning 688, 694, 714, 722, 733, 739, 744 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 722
xix
Unit 5 CH
APTER
13
Trigonometric Functions Explore 13-1 Spreadsheet Lab: Special Right Triangles . . . . . . . . . 758
13-1 Right Triangle Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 13-2 Angles and Angle Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 Extend 13-2 Algebra Lab: Investigating Regular Polygons
Using Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 13-3 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 13-4 Law of Sines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 13-5 Law of Cosines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 13-6 Circular Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 13 757 • Getting Ready for the Next Lesson 767, 774, 783, 792, 798, 805
Reading and Writing Mathematics • Reading Math 759, 768, 770, 778, 740 • Writing in Math 767, 773, 783, 792, 798, 805, 811
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 761, 764, 767, 774, 783, 792, 798, 805, 811, 818, 819 • Worked Out Example 760
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 767, 773, 783, 797, 805, 811 • Find the Error 792, 798 • Open Ended 767, 773, 783, 792, 797, 805, 811 • Reasoning 767, 773, 783, 792, 797 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 805
xx
13-7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
CH
APTER
14 Trigonometric Graphs and Identities
14-1 Graphing Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 14-2 Translations of Trigonometric Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 14-3 Trigonometric Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 14-4 Verifying Trigonometric Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842 Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847 14-5 Sum and Difference of Angles Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 14-6 Double-Angle and Half-Angle Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 Explore 14-7 Graphing Calculator Lab: Solving
Trigonometric Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 14-7 Solving Trigonometric Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 ASSESSMENT Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Table of Contents
Standardized Test Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872
Student Handbook Built-In Workbooks Prerequisite Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
Prerequisite Skills • Get Ready for Chapter 14 821 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 828, 836, 841, 846, 852, 859
Extra Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Reading and Writing Mathematics
Mixed Problem Solving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
• Reading Math 848, 850 • Writing in Math 828, 836, 841, 845, 852, 858, 866
Preparing for Standardized Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 Reference English-Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R2 Selected Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R28 Photo Credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R103 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R104
Standardized Test Practice • Multiple Choice 828, 836, 841, 843, 846, 847, 852, 859, 866 • Worked Out Example 843
H.O.T. Problems Higher Order Thinking • Challenge 827, 835, 841, 845, 852, 866 • Find the Error 828 • Open Ended 827, 835, 841, 845, 852, 858, 866 • Reasoning 827, 841, 852, 858, 866 • Which One Doesn’t Belong? 845
1
First-Degree Equations and Inequalities Focus Use algebraic concepts and the relationships among them to better understand the structure of algebra.
CHAPTER 1 Equations and Inequalities Manipulate symbols in order to solve problems and use algebraic skills to solve equations and inequalities in problem situations.
CHAPTER 2 Linear Relations and Functions Use properties and attributes of functions and apply functions to problem situations. Connect algebraic and geometric representations of functions.
CHAPTER 3 Systems of Equations and Inequalities Formulate systems of equations and inequalities from problem situations, use a variety of methods to solve them, and analyze the solutions in terms of the situations.
CHAPTER 4 Matrices Use matrices to organize data and solve systems of equations from problem situations. 2 Unit 1
Algebra and Consumer Science What Does it Take to Buy a House? Would you like to buy your own house some day? Many people look forward to owning their own homes. In 2000, the U.S. Census Bureau found that the home ownership rate for the entire country was 66.2%. In this project, you will be exploring how functions and equations relate to buying a home and your income. Log on to algebra2.com to begin.
Unit 1 First-Degree Equations and Inequalities Bryan Peterson/Getty Images
3
Equations and Inequalities
1 •
Simplify and evaluate algebraic expressions.
•
Solve linear and absolute value equations.
•
Solve and graph inequalities
Key Vocabulary counterexample (p. 17) equation (p. 18) formula (p. 8) solution (p. 19)
Real-World Link Cell Phone Charges For a cell phone plan that charges a monthly fee of $10 plus $0.10 for each minute used, you can use the equation C = 10 + 0.10m to calculate the monthly charges for using m minutes.
Equations and Inequalities Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with one sheet of 11” by 17” paper.
1 Fold 2” tabs on each of the short sides.
2 Then fold in half in both directions. Open and cut as shown.
3 Refold along the width. Staple each pocket. Label pockets as Algebraic Expressions, Properties of Real Numbers, Solving Equations and Absolute Value Equations, and Solve and Graph Inequalities. Place index cards for notes in each pocket.
4 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities Hurewitz Creative/CORBIS
GET READY for Chapter 1 Diagnose Readiness You have two options for checking Prerequisite Skills.
Option 2 Take the Online Readiness Quiz at algebra2.com.
Option 1
Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for help.
Simplify. (Prerequisite Skill) 1. 20 – 0.16 2. 12.2 + (-8.45) 3 1 2 _ _ 3. 4. _ + (-6) 3
4
5
1 1 + 5_ 5. -7_ 2 3
5 3 6. -11_ - -4_
7. (0.15)(3.2)
8. 2 ÷ (-0.4)
3 9. -4 ÷ _ 2
)(
7
)
( )( )
1 12. 7_ ÷ (-2) 8
)
Evaluate each power. (Prerequisite Skill) 14. 2 3 15. 5 3 16. (-7)2 17. (-1)3 18. (-0.8)2 19. -(1.2)2 2
()
5 21. _ 9
2
4 22. -_
()
( 11 )
3(13) 13 = -_ (-_35 )(_ 15 ) 5(15)
2
23. GENEALOGY In a family tree, you are generation “now.” One generation ago, your 2 parents were born. Two generations ago your 4 grandparents were born. How many ancestors were born five generations ago? (Prerequisite Skill)
Multiply the numerators and denominators.
39 = -_
Simplify.
39 ÷ 3 = -_
Divide the numerator and denominator by their GCF, 3.
13 = -_
Simplify.
75 ÷ 3
13. LUNCH Angela has $11.56. She spends $4.25 on lunch. How much money does Angela have left? (Prerequisite Skill)
2 20. _ 3
13 . ( _5 )(_ 15 )
Simplify - 3
75
5 3 10. _ -_ 4 10
3 1 -3_ 11. -2_ 5 4
(
(
8
EXAMPLE 1
25
EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate -(-10)3. -(-10)3 = -[(-10)(-10)(-10)]
= -[-1000]
Evaluate inside the brackets.
= 1000
Simplify.
Identify each statement as true or false.
EXAMPLE 3
(Prerequisite Skill)
Identify 2 < 8 as true or false.
24. -5 < -7
25. 6 > -8
26. -2 ≥ -2
27. -3 ≥ -3.01
28. -1 < -2
1 1 29. _ <_
16 2 30. _ ≥_ 5 40
3 31. _ > 0.8 4
5
8
(-10) 3 means -10 is a factor 3 times.
_ _
7 28 8 ÷ 4 2 _ _ Divide 8 and 28 by their GCF, 4. 7 28 ÷ 4 _2 ≮ _2 Simplify. 7 7 8 8 2 2 False, _ ≮ _ because _ = _. 7 7 28 28
Chapter 1 Get Ready For Chapter 1
5
1-1
Expressions and Formulas
Main Ideas • Use the order of operations to evaluate expressions. • Use formulas.
New Vocabulary variable algebraic expression order of operations monomial constant coefficient degree power
Nurses setting up intravenous or IV fluids must control the flow rate F, in drops per minute. V×d They use the formula F = _ , t where V is the volume of the solution in milliliters, d is the drop factor in drops per milliliter, and t is the time in minutes. Suppose 1500 milliliters of saline are to be given over 12 hours. Using a drop factor of 15 drops per milliliter, the expression 1500 × 15 _ gives the correct IV flow rate. 12 × 60
polynomial term like terms trinomial binomial formula
Order of Operations Variables are symbols, usually letters, used to represent unknown quantities. Expressions that contain at least one variable are called algebraic expressions. You can evaluate an algebraic expression by replacing each variable with a number and then applying the order of operations. Order of Operations Step 1 Evaluate expressions inside grouping symbols. Step 2 Evaluate all powers. Step 3 Multiply and/or divide from left to right. Step 4 Add and/or subtract from left to right.
An algebraic expression that is a number, a variable, or the product of a number and one or more variables is called a monomial. Monomials cannot contain variables in denominators, variables with exponents that are negative, or variables under radicals. Monomials
Not Monomials
5b
_1
-w 23 x2
_1 x 3y 4 3
6 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities Mark Harmel/Getty Images
n4
3
√x
x+8 a -1
Constants are monomials that contain no variables, like 23 or -1. The numerical factor of a monomial is the coefficient of the variable(s). For example, the coefficient of m in -6m is -6. The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of its variables. For example, the degree of 12g7h4 is 7 + 4 or 11. The degree of a constant is 0. A power is an expression of the form xn. The word power is also used to refer to the exponent itself.
A polynomial is a monomial or a sum of monomials. The monomials that make up a polynomial are called the terms of the polynomial. In a polynomial such as x2 + 2x + x + 1, the two monomials 2x and x can be combined because they are like terms. The result is x2 + 3x + 1. The polynomial x2 + 3x + 1 is a trinomial because it has three unlike terms. A polynomial such as xy + z3 is a binomial because it has two unlike terms.
EXAMPLE
Evaluate Algebraic Expressions
a. Evaluate m + (n - 1)2 if m = 3 and n = -4. m + (n - 1)2 = 3 + (-4 - 1)2 Replace m with 3 and n with -4. = 3 + (-5)2
Add -4 and -1.
= 3 + 25
Find (-5)2.
= 28
Add 3 and 25.
b. Evaluate x2 - y(x + y) if x = 8 and y = 1.5. x2 - y(x + y) = 82 - 1.5(8 + 1.5) Replace x with 8 and y with 1.5.
c. Evaluate Fraction Bar The fraction bar acts as both an operation symbol, indicating division, and as a grouping symbol. Evaluate the expressions in the numerator and denominator separately before dividing.
= 82 - 1.5(9.5)
Add 8 and 1.5.
= 64 - 1.5(9.5)
Find 82.
= 64 - 14.25
Multiply 1.5 and 9.5.
= 49.75
Subtract 14.25 from 64.
a + 2bc _ if a = 2, b = -4, and c = -3. 3
c2 - 5
23 + 2(-4)(-3) a3 + 2bc _ __ = 2 2 c -5
(-3) - 5
8 + (-8)(-3) 9-5
a = 2, b = -4, and c = -3
= __
Evaluate the numerator and the denominator separately.
=_
Multiply -8 by -3.
32 =_ or 8
Simplify the numerator and the denominator. Then divide.
8 + 24 9-5 4
1A. Evaluate m + (3 - n)2 if m = 12 and n = -1. 1B. Evaluate x2y + x(x - y) if x = 4 and y = 0.5. 2
2
b - 3a c 1C. Evaluate _ if a = -1, b = 2, and c = 8. 3 b +2
Extra Examples at algebra2.com
Lesson 1-1 Expressions and Formulas
7
Formulas A formula is a mathematical sentence that expresses the relationship between certain quantities. If you know the value of every variable in the formula except one, you can find the value of the remaining variable.
EXAMPLE
Use a Formula
GEOMETRY The formula for the area A of a trapezoid is
_
A = 1 h(b1 + b2), where h represents the height, and b1 and b2 2
represent the measures of the bases. Find the area of the trapezoid shown below. £ÈÊ° £äÊ° xÓÊ°
The height is 10 inches. The bases are 16 inches and 52 inches. Substitute each value given into the formula. Then evaluate the expression using the order of operations. 1 h(b1 + b2) A=_ 2
Area of a trapezoid
1 =_ (10)(16 + 52) Replace h with 10, b1 with 16, and b2 with 52. 2
1 =_ (10)(68) 2
= 5(68) = 340
Add 16 and 52. Multiply _ and 10. 1 2
Multiply 5 by 68.
The area of the trapezoid is 340 square inches.
2. The formula for the volume V of a rectangular prism is V = wh, where represents the length, w represents the width, and h represents the height. Find the volume of a rectangular prism with a length of 4 feet, a width of 2 feet, and a height of 3.5 feet. Personal Tutor at algebra2.com
Example 1 (p. 7)
Evaluate each expression if x = 4, y = -2, and z = 3.5. 3. x + [3(y + z) - y] 1. z - x + y 2. x + (y - 1) 3 2
x -y 4. _ z + 2.5
Example 2 (p. 8)
2
x + 2y 5. _ x-z
3
y + 2xz 6. _ 2 x -z
BANKING For Exercises 7 and 8, use the following information. Simple interest is calculated using the formula I = prt, where p represents the principal in dollars, r represents the annual interest rate, and t represents the time in years. Find the simple interest I given each set of values. 7. p = $1800, r = 6%, t = 4 years
8 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
1 %, t = 18 months 8. p = $31,000, r = 2_ 2
HOMEWORK
HELP
For See Exercises Examples 9–22 1 23, 24 2
_
Evaluate each expression if w = 6, x = 0.4, y = 1 , and z = -3. 2 9. w + x + z 10. w + 12 ÷ z 11. w(8 - y) 12. z(x + 1) 13. w - 3x + y 14. 5x + 2z
_
Evaluate each expression if a = 3, b = 0.3, c = 1 , and d = -1. a-d 15. _
a+d 16. _ c
a - 10b 18. _ 2 2
d+4 19. _ 2
bc
3
a2c2 17. _ d
1-b 20. _ 3c - 3b
a +3
cd
21. NURSING Determine the IV flow rate for the patient described at the 1500 × 15 . beginning of the lesson by finding the value of _ 12 × 60
22. BICYCLING Air pollution can be reduced by riding a bicycle rather than driving a car. To find the number of pounds of pollutants created by starting a typical car 10 times and driving it for 50 miles, find the value of (52.84 × 10) + (5.955 × 50) 454
the expression ___. 23. GEOMETRY The formula for the area A of a circle with Y ÊÊx®
d 2 diameter d is A = π _ . Write an expression to
(2)
represent the area of the circle. 24. GEOMETRY The formula for the volume V of a right 1 2 circular cone with radius r and height h is V = _ πr h. 3
Write an expression for the volume of a cone with r = 3x and h = 2x.
_
Evaluate each expression if a = 2 , b = -3, c = 0.5, and d = 6. 5
25.
b4
5ad 27. _
26. (5 - d)2 + a
-d
2b - 15a 28. _ 3c
b 1 1 30. _ + _ d c
29. (a - c)2 - 2bd
1 . 31. Find the value of abn if n = 3, a = 2000, and b = -_ 5
Real-World Link To estimate the width w in feet of a firework burst, use the formula w = 20At. In this formula, A is the estimated viewing angle of the fireworks display, and t is the time in seconds from the instant you see the light until you hear the sound. Source: efg2.com
32. FIREWORKS Suppose you are about a mile from a fireworks display. You count 5 seconds between seeing the light and hearing the sound of the fireworks display. You estimate the viewing angle is about 4°. Using the information at the left, estimate the width of the firework display. 33. MONEY In 1960, the average price of a car was about $2500. This may sound inexpensive, but the average income in 1960 was much less than it A C, is now. To compare dollar amounts over time, use the formula V = _ S
where A is the old dollar amount, S is the starting year’s Consumer Price Index (CPI), C is the converting year’s CPI, and V is the current value of the old dollar amount. Buying a car for $2500 in 1960 was like buying a car for how much money in 2004? Year
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2004
Average CPI
29.6
38.8
82.4
130.7
172.2
188.9
Source: U.S. Department of Labor
Lesson 1-1 Expressions and Formulas
9
EXTRA
PRACTICE
See pages 765, 891, 926. 794. Self-Check Quiz at algebra2.com
34. MEDICINE A patient must take blood pressure medication that is dispensed in 125-milligram tablets. The dosage is 15 milligrams per kilogram of body weight and is given every 8 hours. If the patient weighs 25 kilograms, how many tablets would be needed for a 30-day supply? Use the formula n = [15b ÷ (125 × 8)] × 24d, where n is the number of tablets, d is the number of days the supply should last, and b is body weight in kilograms. 35. QB RATING The formula for quarterback efficiency rating in the National
(
C __
Y __
T __
I __
)
- 0.3 -3 0.095 - A 100 A A A +_ +_ +_ ×_ , where C is Football League is _ 0.2 0.05 6 4 0.04
the number of passes completed, A is the number of passes attempted, Y is passing yardage, T is the number of touchdown passes, and I is the number of interceptions. In 2005, Ben Roethlisberger of the Pittsburgh Steelers completed 168 of the 268 passes he attempted for 2385 yards. He threw 17 touchdowns and 9 interceptions. Find his efficiency rating for 2005.
H.O.T. Problems
36. OPEN ENDED Write an algebraic expression in which subtraction is performed before division, and the symbols ( ), [ ], or { } are not used. 37. CHALLENGE Write expressions having values from one to ten using exactly four 4s. You may use any combination of the operation symbols +, -, ×, ÷, and/or grouping symbols, but no other digits are allowed. An example of such an expression with a value of zero is (4 + 4) - (4 + 4). 38. REASONING Explain how to evaluate a + b[(c + d) ÷ e], if you were given the values for a, b, c, d, and e. 39.
Writing in Math Use the information about IV flow rates on page 6 to explain how formulas are used by nurses. Explain why a formula for the flow rate of an IV is more useful than a table of specific IV flow rates and describe the impact of using a formula, such as the one for IV flow rate, incorrectly.
40. ACT/SAT The following are the dimensions of four rectangles. Which rectangle has the same area as the triangle at the right?
10 ft
4 ft
41. REVIEW How many cubes that are 3 inches on each edge can be placed completely inside a box that is 9 inches long, 6 inches wide, and 27 inches tall?
A 1.6 ft by 25 ft
C 3.5 ft by 4 ft
F 12
H 54
B 5 ft by 16 ft
D 0.4 ft by 50 ft
G 36
J 72
PREREQUISITE SKILL Evaluate each expression. 42. √ 9
43. √ 16
44. √ 100
46. - √4
47. - √ 25
48.
10 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
√_49
45. √ 169 49.
36 √_ 49
1-2
Properties of Real Numbers
Main Ideas • Classify real numbers. • Use the properties of real numbers to evaluate expressions.
New Vocabulary real numbers rational numbers irrational numbers
Manufacturers often offer coupons to get consumers to try their products. Some grocery stores try to attract customers by doubling the value of manufacturers’ coupons. You can use the Distributive Property to calculate these savings.
Real Numbers The numbers that you use in everyday life are real numbers. Each real number corresponds to exactly one point on the number line, and every point on the number line represents exactly one real number.
x
£
{
Ó Ó
{
Î Ó
X qÓ £
ä
£
û Ó
Î
{
x
Real numbers can be classified as either rational or irrational.
Review Vocabulary Ratio the comparison of two numbers by division
Real Numbers Words
m A rational number can be expressed as a ratio _, where m and n n
are integers and n is not zero. The decimal form of a rational number is either a terminating or repeating decimal. Examples Words
1 _ , 1.9, 2.575757…, -3, √ 4, 0 6
A real number that is not rational is irrational. The decimal form of an irrational number neither terminates nor repeats.
, π, 0.010010001… Examples √5
The sets of natural numbers, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}, whole numbers, {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}, and integers, {…, -3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, …} are all subsets of the rational numbers. The whole numbers are a subset of the rational n numbers because every whole number n is equal to _ . 1
Lesson 1-2 Properties of Real Numbers
11
The Venn diagram shows the relationships among these sets of numbers.
RR Q Z W
I
N
R = reals
Q = rationals
I = irrationals
Z = integers
W = wholes
N = naturals
The square root of any whole number is either a whole number or it 36 is a whole number, but √ 35 is irrational and is irrational. For example, √ lies between 5 and 6.
EXAMPLE Common Misconception Do not assume that a number is irrational because it is expressed using the square root symbol. Find its value first.
Classify Numbers
Name the sets of numbers to which each number belongs. a. √ 16 √16 =4
naturals (N), wholes (W), integers (Z), rationals (Q), reals (R)
b. -18
integers (Z), rationals (Q), and reals (R)
20 c. √
irrationals (I) and reals (R) √ 20 lies between 4 and 5 so it is not a whole number.
_
d. - 7
rationals (Q) and reals (R)
−− e. 0.45
rationals (Q) and reals (R)
8
The bar over the 45 indicates that those digits repeat forever.
1B. - √ 49
1A. -185
1C. √ 95
Properties of Real Numbers Some of the properties of real numbers are summarized below. Real Number Properties For any real numbers a, b, and c: Property
Addition
Multiplication
Commutative
a+b=b+a
a·b=b·a
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(a · b) · c = a · (b · c) a·1=1·a
Associative
Reading Math
Identity
a+0=a=0+a
Opposites -a is read the opposite of a.
Inverse
a + (-a) = 0 = (-a) + a
Distributive
12 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
_1
_1
If a ≠ 0, then a · a = 1 = a · a.
a(b + c) = ab + ac and (b + c)a = ba + ca
EXAMPLE
Identify Properties of Real Numbers
Name the property illustrated by (5 + 7) + 8 = 8 + (5 + 7). Commutative Property of Addition The Commutative Property says that the order in which you add does not change the sum.
2. Name the property illustrated by 2(x + 3) = 2x + 6.
EXAMPLE
Additive and Multiplicative Inverses
3 Identify the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse for -1_ . 4
( )
3 3 3 3 + 1_ = 0, the additive inverse of -1_ is 1_ . Since -1_ 4 4 4 4
( 4 )( 7 )
3 7 7 4 Since -1_ = -_ and -_ -_ = 1, the multiplicative inverse of 4 3 4 . -1_ is -_ 4 7
4
Identify the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse for each number. 1 3B. 2_
3A. 1.25
Animation algebra2.com
2
You can model the Distributive Property using algebra tiles.
ALGEBRA LAB Distributive Property Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
A 1-tile is a square that is 1 unit wide and 1 unit long. Its area is 1 square unit. An x-tile is a rectangle that is 1 unit wide and x units long. Its area is x square units.
£ £ £ £
To find the product 3(x + 1), model a rectangle with a width of 3 and a length of x + 1. Use your algebra tiles to mark off the dimensions on a product mat. Then make the rectangle with algebra tiles.
X Ý
X ʣ
Î
The rectangle has 3 x-tiles and 3 1-tiles. The area of the rectangle is x + x + x + 1 + 1 + 1 or 3x + 3. Thus, 3(x + 1) = 3x + 3.
X X X
£ £ £
MODEL AND ANALYZE Tell whether each statement is true or false. Justify your answer with algebra tiles and a drawing.
1. 4(x + 2) = 4x + 2 3. 2(3x + 5) = 6x + 10 Extra Examples at algebra2.com
2. 3(2x + 4) = 6x + 7 4. (4x + 1)5 = 4x + 5 Lesson 1-2 Properties of Real Numbers
13
FOOD SERVICE A restaurant adds a 20% tip to the bills of parties of 6 or more people. Suppose a server waits on five such tables. The bill without the tip for each party is listed in the table. How much did the server make in tips during this shift? Party 1
Party 2
Party 3
Party 4
Party 5
$185.45
$205.20
$195.05
$245.80
$262.00
There are two ways to find the total amount of tips received. Method 1 Multiply each dollar amount by 20% or 0.2 and then add. T = 0.2(185.45) + 0.2(205.20) + 0.2(195.05) + 0.2(245.80) + 0.2(262) = 37.09 + 41.04 + 39.01 + 49.16 + 52.40 = 218.70 Real-World Link Leaving a “tip” began in 18th century English coffee houses and is believed to have originally stood for “To Insure Promptness.” Today, the American Automobile Association suggests leaving a 15% tip.
Method 2 Add all of the bills and then multiply the total by 0.2. T = 0.2(185.45 + 205.20 + 195.05 + 245.80 + 262) = 0.2(1093.50) = 218.70 The server made $218.70 during this shift. Notice that both methods result in the same answer.
Source: Market Facts, Inc.
4. Kayla makes $8 per hour working at a grocery store. The number of hours Kayla worked each day in one week are 3, 2.5, 2, 1, and 4. How much money did Kayla earn this week? Personal Tutor at algebra2.com
The properties of real numbers can be used to simplify algebraic expressions.
EXAMPLE
Simplify an Expression
Simplify 2(5m + n) + 3(2m - 4n). 2(5m + n) + 3(2m - 4n) = 2(5m) + 2(n) + 3(2m) - 3(4n) Distributive Property = 10m + 2n + 6m - 12n
Multiply.
= 10m + 6m + 2n - 12n
Commutative Property (+)
= (10 + 6)m + (2 - 12)n
Distributive Property
= 16m - 10n
Simplify.
5. Simplify 3(4x - 2y) - 2(3x + y). 14 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities Amy C. Etra/PhotoEdit
Example 1 (p. 12)
Example 2 (p. 13)
Name the sets of numbers to which each number belongs. 1. -4
Name the property illustrated by each question. 2 _ 4. _ · 3 =1 3
Example 3 (p. 13)
Example 4 (p. 14)
Example 5 (p. 14)
−− 3. 6.23
2. 45
5. (a + 4) + 2 = a + (4 + 2) 6. 4x + 0 = 4x
2
Identify the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse for each number. 1 8. _
7. -8
9. 1.5
3
FUND-RAISING For Exercises 10 and 11, use the table. Catalina is selling candy for $1.50 each to raise money for the band. 10. Write an expression to represent the total amount of money Catalina raised during this week. 11. Evaluate the expression from Exercise 10 by using the Distributive Property. Simplify each expression.
:XkXc`eXËjJXc\j]fiFe\N\\b >Þ
>ÀÃÊ-`
-ONDAY
£ä
4UESDAY
£x
7EDNESDAY
£Ó
4HURSDAY
n
&RIDAY
£
3ATURDAY
ÓÓ
3UNDAY
Σ
12. 3(5c + 4d) + 6(d - 2c) 3 1 (16 - 4a) - _ (12 + 20a) 13. _ 2
HOMEWORK
HELP
For See Exercises Examples 14–21 1 22–27 2 28–33 3 34, 35 4 36–43 5
4
Name the sets of numbers to which each number belongs. 2 14. -_
15. -4.55
16. - √ 10
17. √ 19
18. -31
12 19. _
20. √ 121
21. - √ 36
9
2
Name the property illustrated by each equation. 22. 5a + (-5a) = 0 24. [5 + (-2)] + (-4) = 5 + [-2 + (-4)]
( 7 )( 9 )
2 _ 7 =1 26. 1_
23. -6xy + 0 = -6xy 25. (2 + 14) + 3 = 3 + (2 + 14) 27. 2 √ 3 + 5 √3 = (2 + 5) √ 3
Identify the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse for each number. 28. -10
29. 2.5
30. -0.125
5 31. -_ 8
4 32. _ 3
3 33. -4_
34. BASKETBALL Illustrate the Distributive Property by writing two expressions for the area of the NCAA basketball court. Then find the area of the basketball court.
5
50 ft
47 ft
47 ft
Lesson 1-2 Properties of Real Numbers
15
35. BAKING Mitena is making two types of cookies. The first recipe calls for 1 1 2_ cups of flour, and the second calls for 1_ cups of flour. If she wants to 8
4
make 3 batches of the first recipe and 2 batches of the second recipe, how many cups of flour will she need? Use the properties of real numbers to show how Mitena could compute this amount mentally. Justify each step.
Real-World Link Pythagoras (572–497 b.c.) was a Greek philosopher whose followers came to be known as the Pythagoreans. It was their knowledge of what is called the Pythagorean Theorem that led to the first discovery of irrational numbers. Source: A History of Mathematics
EXTRA
PRACTICE
See pages 891, 926. Self-Check Quiz at algebra2.com
Simplify each expression. 36. 7a + 3b - 4a - 5b
37. 3x + 5y + 7x - 3y
38. 3(15x - 9y) + 5(4y - x)
39. 2(10m - 7a) + 3(8a - 3m)
40. 8(r + 7t) - 4(13t + 5r)
41. 4(14c - 10d) - 6(d + 4c)
42. 4(0.2m - 0.3n) - 6(0.7m - 0.5n)
43. 7(0.2p + 0.3q) + 5(0.6p - q)
WORK For Exercises 44 and 45, use the information below and in the graph. Andrea works in a restaurant and is paid every two weeks. 44. If Andrea earns $6.50 an hour, illustrate the Distributive Property by writing two expressions representing Andrea’s pay last week. 45. Find the mean or average number of hours Andrea worked each day, to the nearest tenth of an hour. Then use this average to predict her pay for a two-week pay period.
Hours Worked 4.5 0 M
4.25
5.25
6.5 5.0
0 T
W T F S Days of the week
S
NUMBER THEORY For Exercises 46–49, use the properties of real numbers to answer each question. 46. If m + n = m, what is the value of n? 47. If m + n = 0, what is the value of n? What is n’s relationship to m? 48. If mn = 1, what is the value of n? What is n’s relationship to m? 49. If mn = m and m ≠ 0, what is the value of n? MATH HISTORY For Exercises 50–52, use the following information. The Greek mathematician Pythagoras believed that all things could be described by numbers. By number he meant a positive integer. 50. To what set of numbers was Pythagoras referring when he spoke of numbers? c 2s2 to calculate the length of the 51. Use the formula c = √ hypotenuse c, or longest side, of this right triangle using 1 unit s, the length of one leg. 52. Explain why Pythagoras could not find a “number” for the value of c.
1 unit
Name the sets of numbers to which each number belongs. 53. 0
3π 54. _ 2
55. -2 √7
56. Name the sets of numbers to which all of the following numbers belong. Then arrange the numbers in order from least to greatest. −− − − 2.49, 2.49, 2.4, 2.49, 2.9
16 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS
Andrea’s Hours
H.O.T. Problems
OPEN ENDED Give an example of a number that satisfies each condition. 57. integer, but not a natural number 58. integer with a multiplicative inverse that is an integer CHALLENGE Determine whether each statement is true or false. If false, give a counterexample. A counterexample is a specific case that shows that a statement is false. 59. Every whole number is an integer. 60. Every integer is a whole number. 61. Every real number is irrational. 62. Every integer is a rational number. 63. REASONING Is the Distributive Property also true for division? In other
_b _c words, does _ a = a + a , a ≠ 0? If so, give an example and explain why it is true. If not true, give a counterexample. b+c
64.
Writing in Math
Use the information about coupons on page 11 to explain how the Distributive Property is useful in calculating store savings. Include an explanation of how the Distributive Property could be used to calculate the coupon savings listed on a grocery receipt.
65. ACT/SAT If a and b are natural numbers, then which of the following must also be a natural number?
66. REVIEW Which equation is equivalent to 4(9 - 3x) = 7 - 2(6 - 5x)?
III. _a
I. a - b
II. ab
A I only
C III only
B II only
D I and II only
b
F 8x = 41
H 22x = 41
G 8x = 24
J 22x = 24
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-1) 67. 9(4 - 3)5
68. 5 + 9 ÷ 3(3) - 8
1 Evaluate each expression if a = -5, b = 0.25, c = _ , and d = 4. (Lesson 1-1) 2
70. b + 3(a + d)3
69. a + 2b - c
71. GEOMETRY The formula for the surface area SA of a rectangular prism is SA = 2w + 2h + 2wh, where represents the length, w represents the width, and h represents the height. Find the surface area of the rectangular prism. (Lesson 1-1)
ÇÊ° xÊ° £ÓÊ°
3 PREREQUISITE SKILL Evaluate each expression if a = 2, b = -_ , and c = 1.8. (Lesson 1-1)
72. 8b - 5
2 73. _ b+1 5
4
74. 1.5c - 7
75. -9(a - 6)
Lesson 1-2 Properties of Real Numbers
17
1-3
Solving Equations
Main Ideas • Translate verbal expressions into algebraic expressions and equations, and vice versa. • Solve equations using the properties of equality.
An important statistic for pitchers is the earned run average (ERA). To find the ERA, divide the number of earned runs allowed R by the number of innings pitched I. Then multiply the quotient by 9. 9 innings I innings 1 game 9R = _ runs per game I
R runs ×_ ERA = _
New Vocabulary open sentence equation solution
Verbal Expressions to Algebraic Expressions Verbal expressions can be translated into algebraic or mathematical expressions. Any letter can be used as a variable to represent a number that is not known.
EXAMPLE
Verbal to Algebraic Expression
Write an algebraic expression to represent each verbal expression. a. three times the square of a number
3x2
b. twice the sum of a number and 5
2(y + 5)
1A. the cube of a number increased by 4 times the same number 1B. three times the difference of a number and 8 A mathematical sentence containing one or more variables is called an open sentence. A mathematical sentence stating that two mathematical expressions are equal is called an equation.
EXAMPLE
Algebraic to Verbal Sentence
Write a verbal sentence to represent each equation. a. n + (-8) = -9 The sum of a number and -8 is -9. n b. _ = n2 6
2A. g - 5 = -2 18 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities Andy Lyons/Getty Images
A number divided by 6 is equal to that number squared.
2B. 2c = c2 - 4
Open sentences are neither true nor false until the variables have been replaced by numbers. Each replacement that results in a true sentence is called a solution of the open sentence.
Properties of Equality To solve equations, we can use properties of equality. Some of these properties are listed below. Properties of Equality Property Vocabulary Link Symmetric Everyday Use having two identical sides Math Use The two sides of an equation are equal, so the sides can be switched.
Symbols
Examples
Reflexive
For any real number a, a = a.
-7 + n = -7 + n
Symmetric
For all real numbers a and b, if a = b, then b = a.
If 3 = 5x - 6, then 5x - 6 = 3.
Transitive
For all real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b and b = c, then a = c.
If 2x + 1 = 7 and 7 = 5x - 8, then 2x + 1 = 5x - 8.
If a = b, then a may be replaced by b and b may be replaced by a.
If (4 + 5)m = 18, then 9m = 18.
Substitution
EXAMPLE
Identify Properties of Equality
Name the property illustrated by each statement. a. If 3m = 5n and 5n = 10p, then 3m = 10p. Transitive Property of Equality b. If 12m = 24, then (2 · 6)m = 24. Substitution
3. If -11a + 2 = -3a, then -3a = -11a + 2.
Sometimes an equation can be solved by adding the same number to each side, or by subtracting the same number from each side, or by multiplying or dividing each side by the same number. Properties of Equality
Addition and Subtraction Symbols For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a + c = b + c and a - c = b - c. Examples If x - 4 = 5, then x - 4 + 4 = 5 + 4. If n + 3 = -11, then n + 3 - 3 = -11 - 3.
Multiplication and Division Symbols For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then a · c = b · c, and a b _ if c ≠ 0, _ c = c . -3y 6 m m Examples If _ = 6, then 4 · _ = 4 · 6. If -3y = 6, then _ = _ . 4
Extra Examples at algebra2.com
4
-3
-3
Lesson 1-3 Solving Equations
19
EXAMPLE
Solve One-Step Equations
Solve each equation. Check your solution. a. a + 4.39 = 76 a + 4.39 = 76
Original equation
a + 4.39 - 4.39 = 76 - 4.39 a = 71.61
Subtract 4.39 from each side. Simplify.
The solution is 71.61. CHECK
a + 4.39 = 76
Original equation
71.61 + 4.39 76
Substitute 71.61 for a.
76 = 76 Multiplication and Division Properties of Equality Example 4b could also have been solved using the Division Property of Equality. Note that dividing each side of 3 the equation by -_ is 5
the same as multiplying 5 . each side by -_ 3
3 b. -_ d = 18 5 3 -_ d = 18 5 3 5 5 -_ -_ d = -_ (18) 3 3 5
(
)
d = -30
Simplify.
Original equation Multiply each side by -_5 , the multiplicative inverse of -_3 . 3
Simplify.
The solution is -30. 3 -_ d = 18
CHECK
5
3 -_ (-30) 18 5
18 = 18
Substitute -30 for d. Simplify.
2 4B. _ y = -18
4A. x - 14.29 = 25
EXAMPLE
Original equation
3
Solve a Multi-Step Equation
Solve 2(2x + 3) - 3(4x - 5) = 22. 2(2x + 3) - 3(4x - 5) = 22 4x + 6 - 12x + 15 = 22 -8x + 21 = 22 -8x = 1 1 x = -_ 8
Original equation Apply the Distributive Property. Simplify the left side. Subtract 21 from each side to isolate the variable. Divide each side by -8.
1 The solution is -_ . 8
Solve each equation. 5A. -10x + 3(4x - 2) = 6 20 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
5B. 2(2x - 1) - 4(3x + 1) = 2
5
You can use properties to solve an equation or formula for a variable.
EXAMPLE
Solve for a Variable
GEOMETRY The formula for the surface area S of a cone is S = πr + πr2, where is the slant height of the cone and r is the radius of the base. Solve the formula for . S = πr + πr2
Surface area formula
R
S - πr2 = πr + πr2 - πr2
Subtract πr2 from each side.
S - πr2 = πr
Simplify.
S - πr2 πr _ =_
Divide each side by πr.
S - πr2 _ =
Simplify.
πr
πr
πr
6. The formula for the surface area S of a cylinder is S = 2πr2 + 2πrh, where r is the radius of the base, and h is the height of the cylinder. Solve the formula for h.
Apply Properties of Equality
_
If 3n - 8 = 9 , what is the value of 3n -3? 5
34 A_
49 B_
5
Using Properties If a problem seems to require lengthy calculations, look for a shortcut. There may be a quicker way to solve it. Try using properties of equality.
16 C -_
15
5
27 D -_ 5
Read the Test Item You are asked to find the value of 3n - 3. Your first thought might be to find the value of n and then evaluate the expression using this value. Notice that you are not required to find the value of n. Instead, you can use the Addition Property of Equality. Solve the Test Item 9 3n - 8 = _ 5
Original equation
9 3n - 8 + 5 = _ + 5 Add 5 to each side. 5 34 3n - 3 = _ 5
25 _ 34 _9 + 5 = _9 + _ or 5
5
5
5
The answer is A.
8 7. If 5y + 2 = _ , what is the value of 5y - 6? 3
-20 F _ 3
-16 G _ 3
16 H _ 3
32 J _ 3
Personal Tutor at algebra2.com Lesson 1-3 Solving Equations
21
To solve a word problem, it is often necessary to define a variable and write an equation. Then solve by applying the properties of equality.
Write an Equation HOME IMPROVEMENT Josh spent $425 of his $1685 budget for home improvements. He would like to replace six interior doors next. What can he afford to spend on each door? Explore
Let c represent the cost to replace each door.
Plan
Write and solve an equation to find the value of c.
Real-World Link Previously occupied homes account for approximately 85% of all U.S. home sales. Most homeowners remodel within 18 months of purchase. The top two remodeling projects are kitchens and baths.
The number of doors
6 Solve
times
the cost to replace each door
plus
previous expenses
equals
the total cost.
·
c
+
425
=
1685
6c + 425 = 1685
Original equation
6c + 425 - 425 = 1685 - 425 Subtract 425 from each side. 6c = 1260
Simplify.
6c 1260 _ =_
Divide each side by 6.
6
Source: National Association of Remodeling Industry
6
c = 210
Simplify.
Josh can afford to spend $210 on each door. Check
The total cost to replace six doors at $210 each is 6(210) or $1260. Add the other expenses of $425 to that, and the total home improvement bill is 1260 + 425 or $1685. Thus, the answer is correct.
8. A radio station had 300 concert tickets to give to its listeners as prizes. After 1 week, the station had given away 108 tickets. If the radio station wants to give away the same number of tickets each day for the next 8 days, how many tickets must be given away each day? Problem Solving Handbook at algebra2.com
Example 1 (p. 18)
Write an algebraic expression to represent each verbal expression. 1. five increased by four times a number 2. twice a number decreased by the cube of the same number
Example 2 (p. 18)
Example 3 (p. 19)
Write a verbal expression to represent each equation. 3. 9n - 3 = 6
Name the property illustrated by each statement. 5. (3x + 2) - 5 = (3x + 2) - 5
22 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
4. 5 + 3x2 = 2x
6. If 4c = 15, then 4c + 2 = 15 + 2.
Examples 4–5 (p. 20)
Example 6 (p. 21)
Example 7 (p. 21)
Example 8 (p. 22)
HOMEWORK
HELP
For See Exercises Examples 17–22 1 23–26 2 27–30 3 31, 32 4 33–36 5 37–40 6 41 7 42, 43 8
Solve each equation. Check your solution. 7. y + 14 = -7 8. 3x = 42 10. 4(q - 1) - 3(q + 2) = 25 11. 1.8a - 5 = -2.3
9. 16 = -4b 3 12. -_ n + 1 = -11 4
Solve each equation or formula for the specified variable. 13. 4y - 2n = 9, for y
14. I = prt, for p
15. STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE If 4x + 7 = 18, what is the value of 12x + 21? A 2.75 B 32 C 33 D 54 16. BASEBALL During the 2005 season, Jacque Jones and Matthew LeCroy of the Minnesota Twins hit a combined total of 40 home runs. Jones hit 6 more home runs than LeCroy. How many home runs did each player hit? Define a variable, write an equation, and solve the problem.
Write an algebraic expression to represent each verbal expression. 17. the sum of 5 and three times a number 18. seven more than the product of a number and 10 19. four less than the square of a number 20. the product of the cube of a number and -6 21. five times the sum of 9 and a number 22. twice the sum of a number and 8 Write a verbal expression to represent each equation. 23. x - 5 = 12
24. 2n + 3 = -1
25. y2 = 4y
26. 3a3 = a + 4
Name the property illustrated by each statement. 27. If [3(-2)]z = 24, then -6z = 24. 28. If 5 + b = 13, then b = 8. 29. If 2x = 3d and 3d = -4, then 2x = -4. 30. If y - 2 = -8, then 3(y - 2) = 3(8). Solve each equation. Check your solution. 31. 2p = 14
32. -14 + n = -6
33. 7a - 3a + 2a - a = 16
34. x + 9x - 6x + 4x = 20
35. 27 = -9(y + 5) + 6(y + 8)
36. -7(p + 7) + 3(p - 4) = -17
Solve each equation or formula for the specified variable. -b 38. x = _ , for a
37. d = rt, for r 1 2 πr h, for h 39. V = _ 3
2a 1 40. A = _ h(a + b), for b 2
13 , what is the value of 3a - 3? 41. If 3a + 1 = _ 3
Lesson 1-3 Solving Equations
23
For Exercises 42 and 43, define a variable, write an equation, and solve the problem. 42. BOWLING Omar and Morgan arrive at Sunnybrook Lanes with $16.75. What is the total number of games they can afford if they each rent shoes? 43. GEOMETRY The perimeter of a regular octagon is 124 inches. Find the length of each side.
SUNNYBROOK LANES Shoe Rental: $1.50 Games: $2.50 each
Write an algebraic expression to represent each verbal expression. 44. the square of the quotient of a number and 4 45. the cube of the difference of a number and 7 GEOMETRY For Exercises 46 and 47, use the following information. The formula for the surface area of a cylinder with radius r and height h is π times twice the product of the radius and height plus twice the product of π and the square of the radius. 46. Write this as an algebraic expression. 47. Write an equivalent expression using the Distributive Property.
R
Write a verbal expression to represent each equation. b = 2(b + 1) 48. _ 4
3 1 49. 7 - _ x=_ 2 2
x
Solve each equation or formula for the specified variable. a(b - 2) 50. _ = x, for b c-3
y y+4
51. x = _, for y
Solve each equation. Check your solution. 1 2 1 52. _ -_ b=_
53. 3f - 2 = 4f + 5
54. 4(k + 3) + 2 = 4.5(k + 1)
55. 4.3n + 1 = 7 - 1.7n
3 7 a-1=_ a+9 56. _
3 2 4 57. _ x+_ =1-_ x
9
11
You can write and solve equations to determine the monthly payment for a home. Visit algebra2.com to continue work on your project.
3
18
11
5
7
7
For Exercises 58–63, define a variable, write an equation, and solve the problem. 58. CAR EXPENSES Benito spent $1837 to operate his car last year. Some of these expenses are listed at the right. Benito’s only other expense was for gasoline. If he drove 7600 miles, what was the average cost of the gasoline per mile?
/ODQ@SHMF %WODMRDR )NSURANCE 2EGISTRATION -AINTENANCE
59. SCHOOL A school conference room can seat a maximum of 83 people. The principal and two counselors need to meet with the school’s student athletes to discuss eligibility requirements. If each student must bring a parent with them, how many students can attend each meeting? 24 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
H
60. AGES Chun-Wei’s mother is 8 more than twice his age. His father is three years older than his mother is. If the three family members have lived a total of 94 years, how old is each family member? 61. SCHOOL TRIP A Parent Teacher Organization has raised $1800 to help pay for a trip to an amusement park. They ask that there be one adult for every five students attending. Adult tickets are $45 and student tickets are $30. If the group wants to take 50 students, how much will each student need to pay so that adults agreeing to chaperone pay nothing?
Real-World Career Industrial Design Industrial designers use research on product use, marketing, materials, and production methods to create functional and appealing packaging designs.
62. BUSINESS A trucking company is hired to deliver 125 lamps for $12 each. The company agrees to pay $45 for each lamp that is broken during transport. If the trucking company needs to receive a minimum payment of $1364 for the shipment to cover their expenses, find the maximum number of lamps they can afford to break during the trip. 1.2
63. PACKAGING Two designs for a soup can are shown at the right. If each can holds the same amount of soup, what is the height of can A?
2 h 3
For more information, go to algebra2.com. Can A
Can B
RAILROADS For Exercises 64–66, use the following information. The First Transcontinental Railroad was built by two companies. The Central Pacific began building eastward from Sacramento, California, while the Union Pacific built westward from Omaha, Nebraska. The two lines met at Promontory, Utah, in 1869, approximately 6 years after construction began. 64. The Central Pacific Company laid an average of 9.6 miles of track per month. Together the two companies laid a total of 1775 miles of track. Determine the average number of miles of track laid per month by the Union Pacific Company. 65. About how many miles of track did each company lay? 66. Why do you think the Union Pacific was able to lay track so much more quickly than the Central Pacific? EXTRA
PRACTICE
67. MONEY Allison is saving money to buy a video game system. In the first
See pages 891, 926.
2 the price of the system. In the second week, her savings were $8 less than _
Self-Check Quiz at algebra2.com
1 the price of the system. She was still week, she saved 50 cents more than _
5
2
$37 short. Find the price of the system.
H.O.T. Problems
5 68. FIND THE ERROR Crystal and Jamal are solving C = _ (F - 32) for F. Who is 9 correct? Explain your reasoning.
Crystal C = _5 (F - 32) 9 C + 32 = _5 F 9
_9(C + 32) = F 5
Jamal 5 C=_ (F - 32) 9
_9 C = F - 32 5
_9 C + 32 = F 5
Lesson 1-3 Solving Equations Robert Llewellyn/Imagestate
25
69. OPEN ENDED Write a two-step equation with a solution of -7. 70. REASONING Determine whether the following statement is sometimes, always, or never true. Explain your reasoning. Dividing each side of an equation by the same expression produces an equivalent equation. 71. CHALLENGE Compare and contrast the Symmetric Property of Equality and the Commutative Property of Addition. 72.
Writing in Math Use the information about ERA on page 18 to find the number of earned runs allowed for a pitcher who has an ERA of 2.00 and who has pitched 180 innings. Explain when it would be desirable to solve a formula like the one given for a specified variable.
−− −− 73. ACT/SAT In triangle PQR, QS and SR are angle bisectors and angle P = 74°. How many degrees are there in angle QSR? P
74. REVIEW Which of the following best describes the graph of the equations below? 8y = 2x + 13 24y = 6x + 13
74˚
S
F The lines have the same y-intercept. G The lines have the same x-intercept.
Q
R
A 106
C 125
B 121
D 127
H The lines are perpendicular. J The lines are parallel.
Simplify each expression. (Lesson 1-2) 75. 2x + 9y + 4z - y - 8x
76. 4(2a + 5b) - 3(4b - a)
Evaluate each expression if a = 3, b = -2, and c = 1.2. (Lesson 1-1) 78. c2 - ab
77. a - [b(a - c)]
79. GEOMETRY The formula for the surface area S of a regular pyramid 1 P + B, where P is the perimeter of the base, is the slant is S = _ 2
nÊV
height, and B is the area of the base. Find the surface area of the square pyramid at the right. (Lesson 1-1)
xÊV
PREREQUISITE SKILL Identify the additive inverse for each number or expression. (Lesson 1-2) 80. 2.5
1 81. _ 4
26 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
82. -3x
83. 5 - 6y
1-4
Solving Absolute Value Equations
Main Ideas • Evaluate expressions involving absolute values. • Solve absolute value equations.
New Vocabulary absolute value empty set
Seismologists use the Richter scale to express the magnitudes of earthquakes. This scale ranges from 1 to 10, with 10 being the highest. The uncertainty in the estimate of a magnitude E is about plus or minus 0.3 unit. This means that an earthquake with a magnitude estimated at 6.1 on the Richter scale might actually have a magnitude as low as 5.8 or as high as 6.4. These extremes can be described by the absolute value equation E - 6.1 = 0.3.
Absolute Value Expressions The absolute value of a number is its distance from 0 on the number line. Since distance is nonnegative, the absolute value of a number is always nonnegative. The symbol x is used to represent the absolute value of a number x. Absolute Value Words
For any real number a, if a is positive or zero, the absolute value of a is a. If a is negative, the absolute value of a is the opposite of a.
Symbols For any real number a, a = a if a ≥ 0, and a = -a if a < 0.
When evaluating expressions, absolute value bars act as a grouping symbol. Perform any operations inside the absolute value bars first.
EXAMPLE
Evaluate an Expression with Absolute Value
Evaluate 1.4 + 5y - 7 if y = -3. 1.4 + 5y - 7 = 1.4 + 5(-3) - 7
Replace y with -3.
= 1.4 + -15 - 7
Simplify 5(-3) first.
= 1.4 + -22
Subtract 7 from -15.
= 1.4 + 22
-22 = 22
= 23.4
Add.
1 1A. Evaluate 4x + 3 - 3_ if x = -2. 2
1B.
1 Evaluate 1_ 2y + 1 if y = -_2 . 3
3
Lesson 1-4 Solving Absolute Value Equations Robert Yager/Getty Images
27
Absolute Value Equations Some equations contain absolute value expressions. The definition of absolute value is used in solving these equations. For any real numbers a and b, where b ≥ 0, if a = b, then a = b or -a = b. This second case is often written as a = -b.
EXAMPLE
Solve an Absolute Value Equation
Solve x - 18 = 5. Check your solutions. a=b
Case 1
or
a = -b
Case 2
x - 18 = 5
x - 18 = -5
x - 18 + 18 = 5 + 18
x - 18 + 18 = -5 + 18
x = 23 CHECK
x = 13
x - 18 = 5 23 - 18 5 5 5
x - 18 = 5 13 - 18 5 -5 5
5=5
5=5
The solutions are 23 and 13. Thus, the solution set is {13, 23}. On the number line, we can see that each answer is 5 units away from 18. xÊÕÌÃ
£Î
£{
£x
£È
xÊÕÌÃ
£Ç
£n
£
Óä
Ó£
ÓÓ
ÓÎ
Solve each equation. Check your solutions. 2A. 9 = x + 12 2B. 8 = y + 5
Symbols The empty set is symbolized by { } or .
Because the absolute value of a number is always positive or zero, an equation like x = -5 is never true. Thus, it has no solution. The solution set for this type of equation is the empty set.
EXAMPLE
No Solution
Solve 5x - 6 + 9 = 0.
5x - 6 + 9 = 0 5x - 6 = - 9
Original equation Subtract 9 from each side.
This sentence is never true. So the solution set is .
3A. Solve -2 3a - 2 = 6.
3B. Solve 4b + 1 + 8 = 0.
It is important to check your answers when solving absolute value equations. Even if the correct procedure for solving the equation is used, the answers may not be actual solutions of the original equation. 28 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
EXAMPLE
One Solution
Solve x + 6 = 3x - 2. Check your solutions. Case 1
a=b x + 6 = 3x - 2 6 = 2x - 2 8 = 2x 4=x
or
a = -b x + 6 = -(3x - 2) x + 6 = -3x + 2 4x + 6 = 2 4x = -4 x = -1
Case 2
There appear to be two solutions, 4 and -1. CHECK
Substitute each value in the original equation.
x + 6 = 3x - 2 4 + 6 3(4) - 2 10 12 - 2 10 = 10
x + 6 = 3x - 2 -1 + 6 3(-1) - 2 5 -3 - 2 5 = -5
Since 5 ≠ -5, the only solution is 4. Thus, the solution set is {4}.
Solve each equation. Check your solutions. 4A. 2x + 1 - x = 3x - 4 4B. 32x + 2 - 2x = x + 3 Personal Tutor at algebra2.com
Example 1 (p. 27)
Example 2 (p. 28)
Examples 2–4 (pp. 28–29)
Evaluate each expression if a = -4 and b = 1.5. 1. a + 12 2. -6b
3. -a + 21 + 6.2
FOOD For Exercises 4–6, use the following information. Most meat thermometers are accurate to within plus or minus 2°F. 4. If a meat thermometer reads 160°F, write an equation to determine the least and greatest possible temperatures of the meat. 5. Solve the equation you wrote in Exercise 4. 6. Ham needs to reach an internal temperature of 160°F to be fully cooked. To what temperature reading should you cook a ham to ensure that the minimum temperature is reached? Explain. Solve each equation. Check your solutions. 8. b + 15 = 3 7. x + 4 = 17 9. 20 = a - 9
10. 34 = y - 2
11. 2w + 3 + 6 = 2
12. 3n + 2 + 4 = 0
13. c - 2 = 2c - 10
14. h - 5 = 3h - 7
Extra Examples at algebra2.com
Lesson 1-4 Solving Absolute Value Equations
29
HOMEWORK
HELP
For See Exercises Examples 15–22 1 23–32 2–4 33–34 2
Evaluate each expression if a = -5, b = 6, and c = 2.8. 16. -4b 17. a + 5 15. -3a
18. 2 - b
19. 2b - 15
22. -2c - a
20. 4a + 7
21. -18 - 5c
Solve each equation. Check your solutions. 24. y + 9 = 21 23. x - 25 = 17 25. 33 = a + 12
26. 11 = 3x + 5
27. 8 w - 7 = 72
28. 2 b + 4 = 48
29. 0 = 2z - 3
30. 6c - 1 = 0
31. -12 9x + 1 = 144
32. 1 = 5x + 9 + 6
33. COFFEE Some say that to brew an excellent cup of coffee, you must have a brewing temperature of 200°F, plus or minus 5 degrees. Write and solve an equation describing the maximum and minimum brewing temperatures for an excellent cup of coffee. 34. SURVEYS Before an election, a company conducts a telephone survey of likely voters. Based on their survey data, the polling company states that an amendment to the state constitution is supported by 59% of the state’s residents and that 41% of the state’s residents do not approve of the amendment. According to the company, the results of their survey have a margin of error of 3%. Write and solve an equation describing the maximum and minimum percent of the state’s residents that support the amendment. Solve each equation. Check your solutions. 36. -9 = -3 2n + 5 35. 35 = 7 4x - 13 37. -6 = a - 3 -14
38. 3 p - 5 = 2p
39. 3 2a + 7 = 3a + 12
40. 3x - 7 - 5 = -3
41. 16t = 4 3t + 8
42. -2m + 3 = 15 + m
Evaluate each expression if x = 6, y = 2.8, and z = -5. 44. 3 z - 10 + 2z 45. z - x - 10y - z 43. 9 - -2x + 8 46. MANUFACTURING A machine fills bags with about 16 ounces of sugar each. After the bags are filled, another machine weighs them. If the bag weighs 0.3 ounce more or less than the desired weight, the bag is rejected. Write an equation to find the heaviest and lightest bags the machine will approve. EXTRA
PRACTICE
See pages 892, 926. Self-Check Quiz at algebra2.com
47. METEOROLOGY The troposphere is the layer of atmosphere closest to Earth. The average upper boundary of the layer is about 13 kilometers above Earth’s surface. This height varies with latitude and with the seasons by as much as 5 kilometers. Write and solve an equation describing the maximum and minimum heights of the upper bound of the troposphere.
30 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
H.O.T. Problems
48. OPEN ENDED Write an absolute value equation and graph the solution set. CHALLENGE For Exercises 49–51, determine whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true. Explain your reasoning. 49. If a and b are real numbers, then a + b = a + b. 50. If a, b, and c are real numbers, then ca + b = ca + cb. 51. For all real numbers a and b, a ≠ 0, the equation ax + b = 0 will have exactly one solution. 52.
Writing in Math Use the information on page 27 to explain how an absolute value equation can describe the magnitude of an earthquake. Include a verbal and graphical explanation of how E - 6.1 = 0.3 describes the possible magnitudes.
53. ACT/SAT Which graph represents the solution set for x - 3 - 4 = 0? A B C D
⫺4
⫺2
0
2
4
6
8
⫺4
⫺2
0
2
4
6
8
⫺4
⫺2
0
2
4
6
8
⫺4
⫺2
0
2
4
6
8
54. REVIEW For a party, Lenora bought several pounds of cashews and several pounds of almonds. The cashews cost $8 per pound, and the almonds cost $6 per pound. Lenora bought a total of 7 pounds and paid a total of $48. How many pounds of cashews did she buy? F 2 pounds
H 4 pounds
G 3 pounds
J
5 pounds
Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 1-3) 55. 3x + 6 = 22
56. 7p - 4 = 3(4 + 5p)
5 3 57. _ y-3=_ y+1 7
7
Name the property illustrated by each equation. (Lesson 1-2) 58. (5 + 9) + 13 = 13 + (5 + 9)
59. m(4 - 3) = m · 4 - m · 3
GEOMETRY For Exercises 60 and 61, use the following information. 1 bh, where b is the The formula for the area A of a triangle is A = _ 2
measure of the base and h is the measure of the height. (Lesson 1-1) 60. Write an expression to represent the area of the triangle.
ÝÊÊÎÊvÌ
61. Evaluate the expression you wrote in Exercise 60 for x = 23. ÝÊÊxÊvÌ
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. (Lesson 1-3) 62. 14y - 3 = 25
63. 4.2x + 6.4 = 40
64. 7w + 2 = 3w - 6
65. 2(a - 1) = 8a - 6
Lesson 1-4 Solving Absolute Value Equations
31
CH
APTER
1
Mid-Chapter Quiz Lessons 1-1 through 1-4
1 Evaluate each expression if a = -2, b = _ , and 3 c = -12. (Lesson 1-1) 1. a3 + b(9 - c) 2. b(a2 - c) 3ab 3. _ c a3
-c 5. _ 2 b
Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 1-3)
18. -2(a + 4) = 2
a-c 4. _ a+c
19. 2d + 5 = 8d + 2
c+3 6. _
10
1 4 = 3y + _ 20. 4y - _
ab
5
1 2 21. Solve s = _ gt for g. (Lesson 1-3) 2
7. ELECTRICITY Find the amount of current I (in amperes) produced if the electromotive force E is 2.5 volts, the circuit resistance R is 1.05 ohms, and the resistance r within a battery is E 0.2 ohm. Use the formula I = _ . R+r
(Lesson 1-1)
22. MULTIPLE CHOICE Karissa has $10 per month to spend text messaging on her cell phone. The phone company charges $4.95 for the first 100 messages and $0.10 for each additional message. How many text messages can Karissa afford to send each month? (Lesson 1-3)
Name the sets of numbers to which each number belongs. (Lesson 1-2) 8. 3.5 9. √ 100
Name the property illustrated by each equation. (Lesson 1-2)
A 50
C 150
B 100
D 151
23. GEOMETRY Use the information in the figure to find the value of x. Then state the degree measures of the three angles of the triangle. (Lesson 1-3)
10. bc + (-bc) = 0
ÎXÊÊÓ®
( 7 )( 4 )
4 3 =1 11. _ 1_
XÊÊ®
ÓXÊÊ£®
12. 3 + (x - 1) = (3 + x) + (-1) Solve each equation. Check your solutions. Name the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse for each number. (Lesson 1-2) 6 13. _ 7
4 14. -_ 3
(Lesson 1-4)
24. a + 4 = 3
25. 3x + 2 = 1
26. 3m - 2 = -4
27. 2x + 5 - 7 = 4
28. h + 6 + 9 = 8
29. 5x - 2 - 6 = -3
15. Simplify 4(14x - 10y) - 6(x + 4y). (Lesson 1-2)
Write an algebraic expression to represent each verbal expression. (Lesson 1-3) 16. twice the difference of a number and 11 17. the product of the square of a number and 5 32 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
30. CARNIVAL GAMES Julian will win a prize if the carnival worker cannot guess his weight to within 3 pounds. Julian weighs 128 pounds. Write an equation to find the highest and lowest weights that the carnival guesser can guess to keep Julian from winning a prize. (Lesson 1-4)
1-5
Solving Inequalities
Main Ideas • Solve inequalities with one operation.
Kuni is trying to decide between two rate plans offered by a wireless phone company.
• Solve multi-step inequalities.
*>Ê£
*>ÊÓ
fÎx°ää
fxx°ää
ÕÌiÃÊVÕ`i`
{ää
Èxä
``Ì>ÊÕÌiÃ
{äZ
ÎxZ
Ì
ÞÊVViÃÃÊii
New Vocabulary set-builder notation
To compare these two rate plans, we can use inequalities. The monthly access fee for Plan 1 is less than the fee for Plan 2, $35 < $55. However, the additional minutes fee for Plan 1 is greater than that of Plan 2, $0.40 > $0.35.
Solve Inequalities with One Operation For any two real numbers, a and b, exactly one of the following statements is true. a
a=b
a>b
This is known as the Trichotomy Property. Adding the same number to, or subtracting the same number from, each side of an inequality does not change the truth of the inequality. Properties of Inequality
Addition Property of Inequality Words
For any real numbers, a, b, and c:
3<5
Example
If a > b, then a + c > b + c. If a < b, then a + c < b + c.
3 + (-4) < 5 + (-4) -1 < 1
Subtraction Property of Inequality Words For any real numbers, a, b, and c: If a > b, then a - c > b - c. If a < b, then a - c < b - c.
2 > -7
Example
2 - 8 > -7 - 8 -6 > -15
These properties are also true for ≤, ≥, and ≠.
These properties can be used to solve inequalities. The solution sets of inequalities in one variable can then be graphed on number lines. Graph using a circle with an arrow to the left for < and an arrow to the right for >. Graph using a dot with an arrow to the left for ≤ and an arrow to the right for ≥. Lesson 1-5 Solving Inequalities
33
EXAMPLE
Solve an Inequality Using Addition or Subtraction
Solve 7x - 5 > 6x + 4. Graph the solution set on a number line. 7x - 5 > 6x + 4
Original inequality
7x - 5 + (-6x) > 6x + 4 + (-6x)
Add -6x to each side.
x-5>4
Simplify.
x-5+5>4+5
Add 5 to each side.
x>9
Simplify.
Any real number greater than 9 is a solution of this inequality. The graph of the solution set is shown at the right.
A circle means that this point is not included in the solution set.
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
CHECK Substitute a number greater than 9 for x in 7x - 5 > 6x + 4. The inequality should be true.
1. Solve 4x + 7 ≤ 3x + 9. Graph the solution set on a number line. Multiplying or dividing each side of an inequality by a positive number does not change the truth of the inequality. However, multiplying or dividing each side of an inequality by a negative number requires that the order of the inequality be reversed. For example, to reverse ≤, replace it with ≥. Properties of Inequality
Multiplication Property of Inequality Words For any real numbers, a, b, and c, where if a > b, then ac > bc. c is positive:
if a < b, then ac < bc. if a > b, then ac < bc.
c is negative:
if a < b, then ac > bc.
Examples -2 4(-2) -8 5 (-3)(5) -15
< < < > < <
3 4(3) 12 -1 (-3)(21) 3
Division Property of Inequality Words For any real numbers, a, b, and c, where c is positive:
Examples
a b _ if a > b, then _ c > c.
-18 < -9
_ if a < b, then _ c < c.
-18 -9 _ <_
a
b
3
3
-6 < -3 a b if a > b, then _ < _.
c is negative:
c
c
_ if a < b, then _ c > c. a
b
12 > 8 8 12 _ <_ -2
-2
-6 < -4 These properties are also true for ≤, ≥, and ≠.
34 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
Reading Math Set-Builder Notation {x | x > 9} is read the set of all numbers x such that x is greater than 9.
The solution set of an inequality can be expressed by using set-builder notation. For example, the solution set in Example 1 can be expressed as {x x > 9}.
EXAMPLE
Solve an Inequality Using Multiplication or Division
Solve -0.25y ≥ 2. Graph the solution set on a number line. -0.25y ≥ 2
Original inequality
-0.25y 2 _ ≤_ -0.25
-0.25
y ≤ -8
Divide each side by -0.25, reversing the inequality symbol. Simplify.
The solution set is {y y ≤ -8}. The graph of the solution set is shown below. A dot means that this point is included in the solution set.
⫺11
⫺10
⫺9
⫺8
⫺7
⫺6
⫺5
⫺4
1 2. Solve -_ x < 1. Graph the solution set on a number line. 3
Solutions to Inequalities When solving an inequality, • if you arrive at a false statement, such as 3 > 5, then the solution set for that inequality is the empty set, Ø. • if you arrive at a true statement such as 3 > -1, then the solution set for that inequality is the set of all real numbers.
Solve Multi-Step Inequalities Solving multi-step inequalities is similar to solving multi-step equations.
EXAMPLE Solve -m ≤
Solve a Multi-Step Inequality m+4 _ . Graph the solution set on a number line. 9
-m ≤ _ Original inequality m+4 9
-9m ≤ m + 4 -10m ≤ 4
Multiply each side by 9. Add -m to each side.
4 m ≥ -_
Divide each side by -10, reversing the inequality symbol.
2 m ≥ -_
Simplify.
10 5
2 The solution set is m m ≥ -_ and is graphed below. 5 ⫺1
0
1
2
3. Solve 3(2q - 4) > 6. Graph the solution set on a number line. Extra Examples at algebra2.com
Lesson 1-5 Solving Inequalities
35
Write an Inequality DELIVERIES Craig is delivering boxes of paper. Each box weighs 64 pounds, and Craig weighs 160 pounds. If the maximum capacity of the elevator is 2000 pounds, how many boxes can Craig safely take on each trip?
Math Symbols < is less than; is fewer than
Explore
Let b = the number of boxes Craig can safely take on each trip. A maximum capacity of 2000 pounds means that the total weight must be less than or equal to 2000.
Plan
The total weight of the boxes is 64b. Craig’s weight plus the total weight of the boxes must be less than or equal to 2000. Write an inequality.
> is greater than; is more than ≤ is at most; is no more than; is less than or equal to ≥ is at least; is no less than; is greater than or equal to
Solve
Craig’s weight
plus
the weight of the boxes
is less than or equal to
2000.
160
+
64b
≤
2000
160 + 64b ≤ 2000 64b ≤ 1840 b ≤ 28.75
Check
Original inequality Subtract 160 from each side. Divide each side by 64.
Since Craig cannot take a fraction of a box, he can take no more than 28 boxes per trip and still meet the safety requirements.
4. Sophia’s goal is to score at least 200 points this basketball season. If she has already scored 122 points, how many points does Sophia have to score on average for the last 6 games to reach her goal? Personal Tutor at algebra2.com
You can use a graphing calculator to solve inequalities.
GRAPHING CALCULATOR LAB Solving Inequalities The inequality symbols in the TEST menu on the TI-83/84 Plus are called relational operators. They compare values and return 1 if the test is true or 0 if the test is false. You can use these relational operators to solve an inequality in one variable.
THINK AND DISCUSS 1. Clear the Y= list. Enter 11x + 3 ≥ 2x - 6 as Y1. Put your calculator in DOT mode. Then, graph in the standard viewing window. Describe the graph.
2. Using the TRACE function, investigate the graph. What values of x are on the graph? What values of y are on the graph?
3. Based on your investigation, what inequality is graphed? 4. Solve 11x + 3 ≥ 2x - 6 algebraically. How does your solution compare to the inequality you wrote in Exercise 3?
36 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
Examples 1–3 (pp. 34–35)
Example 4 (p. 36)
HOMEWORK
HELP
For See Exercises Examples 10, 11 1 12–15 2 16–26 3 27–32 4
Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution set on a number line. 1. a + 2 < 3.5 2. 11 - c ≤ 8 3. 5 ≥ 3x
4. -0.6p < -9
5. 2w + 19 < 5
6. 4y + 7 > 31
n-4 7. n ≤ _ 5
3z + 6 8. _ < z 11
9. SCHOOL The final grade for a class is calculated by taking 75% of the average test score and adding 25% of the score on the final exam. If all scores are out of 100 and a student has a 76 test average, what score does the student need on the final exam to have a final grade of at least 80?
Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution set on a number line. 10. n + 4 ≥ -7 11. b - 3 ≤ 15 12. 5x < 35 d > -4 13. _
g 14. _ ≥ -9
15. -8p ≥ 24
16. 13 - 4k ≤ 27
17. 14 > 7y - 21
18. -27 < 8m + 5
19. 6b + 11 ≥ 15
20. 2(4t + 9) ≤ 18
21. 90 ≥ 5(2r + 6)
3t + 6 22. _ < 3t + 6
k+7 23. _ - 1 < 0
2n - 6 24. _ +1>0
2
2
-3
3
5
25. PART-TIME JOB David earns $6.40 an hour working at Box Office Videos. Each week 25% of his total pay is deducted for taxes. If David wants his take-home pay to be at least $120 a week, solve 6.4x - 0.25(6.4x) ≥ 120 to determine how many hours he must work. 26. STATE FAIR Admission to a state fair is $12 per person. Bus parking costs $20. Solve 12n + 20 ≤ 600 to determine how many people can go to the fair if a group has $600 and uses only one bus. Define a variable and write an inequality for each problem. Then solve. 27. The product of 12 and a number is greater than 36. 28. Three less than twice a number is at most 5. 29. The sum of a number and 8 is more than 2. 30. The product of -4 and a number is at least 35. 31. The difference of one half of a number and 7 is greater than or equal to 5. 32. One more than the product of -3 and a number is less than 16. Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution set on a number line. 33. 14 - 8n ≤ 0 34. -4(5w - 8) < 33 35. 0.02x + 5.58 < 0 36. 1.5 - 0.25c < 6
37. 6d + 3 ≥ 5d - 2
38. 9z + 2 > 4z + 15
39. 2(g + 4) < 3g - 2(g - 5)
40. 3(a + 4) - 2(3a + 4) ≤ 4a - 1
-y + 2 41. y < _ 9 4x + 2 2x + 1 _ <_ 43. 6 3
1 - 4p 42. _ < 0.2 5
n 1 44. 12 _ -_ ≤ -6n
(4
3
)
Lesson 1-5 Solving Inequalities
37
CAR SALES For Exercises 45 and 46, use the following information. Mrs. Lucas earns a salary of $34,000 per year plus 1.5% commission on her sales. If the average price of a car she sells is $30,500, about how many cars must she sell to make an annual income of at least $50,000? 45. Write an inequality to describe this situation. 46. Solve the inequality and interpret the solution. Define a variable and write an inequality for each problem. Then solve. 47. Twice the sum of a number and 5 is no more than 3 times that same number increased by 11. 48. 9 less than a number is at most that same number divided by 2. 49. CHILD CARE By Ohio law, when children are napping, the number of children per childcare staff member may be as many as twice the maximum listed at the right. Write and solve an inequality to determine how many staff members are required to be present in a room where 17 children are napping and the youngest child is 18 months old. EXTRA
PRACTICE
See pages 892, 926. Self-Check Quiz at algebra2.com
Graphing Calculator H.O.T. Problems
Maximum Number of Children Per Child Care Staff Member At least one child care staff member caring for: Every 5 infants less than 12 months old (or 2 for every 12) Every 6 infants who are at least 12 months old, but less than 18 months old Every 7 toddlers who are at least 18 months old, but less than 30 months old Every 8 toddlers who are at least 30 months old, but less than 3 years old Source: Ohio Department of Job and Family Services
TEST GRADES For Exercises 50 and 51, use the following information. Flavio’s scores on the first four of five 100-point history tests were 85, 91, 89, and 94. 50. If a grade of at least 90 is an A, write an inequality to find the score Flavio must receive on the fifth test to have an A test average. 51. Solve the inequality and interpret the solution. Use a graphing calculator to solve each inequality. 52. -5x - 8 < 7 53. -4(6x - 3)≤ 60
54. 3(x + 3) ≥ 2(x + 4)
55. OPEN ENDED Write an inequality for which the solution set is the empty set. 56. REASONING Explain why it is not necessary to state a division property for inequalities. 57. CHALLENGE Which of the following properties hold for inequalities? Explain your reasoning or give a counterexample. a. Reflexive b. Symmetric c. Transitive 58. CHALLENGE Write a multi-step inequality requiring multiplication or division, the solution set is graphed below. ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1
38 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
0
1
2
3
4
5
59.
Writing in Math Use the information about phone rate plans on page 33 to explain how inequalities can be used to compare phone plans. Include an explanation of how Kuni might determine when Plan 2 might be cheaper than Plan 1 if she typically uses more than 400 but less than 650 minutes.
60. ACT/SAT If a < b and c < 0, which of the following are true? I. ac > bc
61. REVIEW What is the complete solution to the equation 8 - 4x = 40? F x = 8; x = 12
II. a + c < b + c
G x = 8; x = -12
III. a - c > b - c
H x = -8; x = -12
A I only
J x = -8; x = 12
B II only C III only D I and II only
Solve each equation. Check your solutions. (Lesson 1-4) 62. x - 3 = 17
63. 84x - 3 = 64
64. x + 1 = x
65. E-COMMERCE On average, by how much did the amount spent on online purchases increase each year from 2000 to 2004? Define a variable, write an equation, and solve the problem. (Lesson 1-3)
<$:fdd\iZ\
1 hours on 69. BABY-SITTING Jenny baby-sat for 5_ 2
Friday night and 8 hours on Saturday. She charges $4.25 per hour. Use the Distributive Property to write two equivalent expressions that represent how much money Jenny earned.
$OLLARS "ILLIONS
Name the sets of numbers to which each number belongs. (Lesson 1-2) − 66. 31 67. -4.2 68. √ 7
9EAR
(Lesson 1-2)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. Check your solutions. (Lesson 1-4) 70. x = 7
71. x + 5 = 18
72. 5y - 8 = 12
73. 14 = 2x - 36
74. 10 = 2w + 6
75. x + 4 + 3 = 17
Lesson 1-5 Solving Inequalities
39
Interval Notation The solution set of an inequality can be described by using interval notation. The infinity symbols below are used to indicate that a set is unbounded in the positive or negative direction, respectively. Read as positive infinity.
+∞
Read as negative infinity.
-∞
To indicate that an endpoint is not included in the set, a parenthesis, ( or ), is used. x<2 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
5
interval notation (-∞, 2) A bracket is used to indicate that the endpoint, -2, is included in the solution set below. Parentheses are always used with the symbols +∞ and -∞, because they do not include endpoints. x ≥ -2 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
5
interval notation [-2, +∞) In interval notation, the symbol for the union of the two sets is . The solution set of the compound inequality y ≤ -7 or y > - 1 is written as (-∞, -7] (-1, +∞).
Reading to Learn Describe each set using interval notation. 1. {a|a ≤ -3}
2. {n|n > -8}
3. {y|y < 2 or y ≥ 14}
4. {b|b ≤ -9 or b > 1}
5.
6. x
È
Ç
n
£ä
££
£Ó
£Î
£x £ä x
ä
x
£ä
£x
Óä
Óx
Îä
Îx
Graph each solution set on a number line. 7. (–1, +∞)
8. (-∞, 4]
9. (-∞, 5] (7, +∞)
10. Write in words the meaning of (-∞, 3) [10, +∞). Then write the compound inequality that has this solution set.
40 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
1-6
Solving Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities
Main Ideas • Solve compound inequalities. • Solve absolute value inequalities.
One test used to determine whether a patient is diabetic is a glucose tolerance test. Patients start the test in a fasting state, meaning they have had no food or drink except water for at least 10, but no more than 16, hours. The acceptable number of hours h for fasting can be described by the following compound inequality.
New Vocabulary h ≥ 10 and h ≤ 16
compound inequality intersection union
Compound Inequalities A compound inequality consists of two inequalities joined by the word and or the word or. To solve a compound inequality, you must solve each part of the inequality. The graph of a compound inequality containing and is the intersection of the solution sets of the two inequalities. Compound inequalities involving the word and are called conjunctions. Compound inequalities involving the word or are called disjunctions.
“And” Compound Inequalities Vocabulary Link Intersection Everyday Use the place where two streets meet Math Use the set of elements common to two sets
Words
A compound inequality containing the word and is true if and only if both inequalities are true.
Example x ≥ -1 ⫺4
⫺3
⫺2
⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
⫺4
⫺3
⫺2
⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
⫺4
⫺3
⫺2
⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
x<2 x ≥ -1 and x < 2
Another way of writing x ≥ -1 and x < 2 is -1 ≤ x < 2. Both forms are read x is greater than or equal to -1 and less than 2.
EXAMPLE
Solve an “and” Compound Inequality
Solve 13 < 2x + 7 ≤ 17. Graph the solution set on a number line. Method 1
Method 2
Write the compound inequality using the word and. Then solve each inequality.
Solve both parts at the same time by subtracting 7 from each part. Then divide each part by 2.
13 < 2x + 7 and 2x + 7 ≤ 17 6 < 2x 2x ≤ 10 3<x x≤5 3<x≤5
13 < 2x + 7 ≤ 17 6 < 2x ≤ 10 3<x ≤5 (continued on the next page)
Lesson 1-6 Solving Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities
41
Graph the solution set for each inequality and find their intersection. x>3
Animation algebra2.com
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
x≤5 3<x≤5 The solution set is {x|3 < x ≤ 5}.
1. Solve 8 ≤ 3x - 4 < 11. Graph the solution set on a number line. The graph of a compound inequality containing or is the union of the solution sets of the two inequalities.
“Or” Compound Inequalities A compound inequality containing the word or is true if one or more of the inequalities is true.
Words
Examples x ≤ 1 Vocabulary Link Union Everyday Use something formed by combining parts or members Math Use the set of elements belonging to one or more of a group of sets
⫺2
⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
⫺2
⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
⫺2
⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x>4 x ≤ 1 or x > 4
EXAMPLE
Solve an “or” Compound Inequality
Solve y - 2 > -3 or y + 4 ≤ -3. Graph the solution set on a number line. Solve each inequality separately. y - 2 > -3
y + 4 ≤ -3
or
y > -1
y ≤ -7 y > -1
⫺9
⫺8
⫺7
⫺6
⫺5
⫺4
⫺3
⫺2
⫺1
0
1
⫺9
⫺8
⫺7
⫺6
⫺5
⫺4
⫺3
⫺2
⫺1
0
1
⫺9
⫺8
⫺7
⫺6
⫺5
⫺4
⫺3
⫺2
⫺1
0
1
y ≤ -7 y > -1 or y ≤ -7
The solution set is {y|y > -1 or y ≤ -7}.
2. Solve y + 5 ≤ 7 or y - 6 > 2. Graph the solution set on a number line. 42 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
Reading Math When solving problems involving inequalities, • within is meant to be inclusive. Use ≤ or ≥. • between is meant to be exclusive. Use < or >.
Absolute Value Inequalities In Lesson 1-4, you learned that the absolute value of a number is its distance from 0 on the number line. You can use this definition to solve inequalities involving absolute value.
EXAMPLE
Solve an Absolute Value Inequality (<)
Solve a < 4. Graph the solution set on a number line. a < 4 means that the distance between a and 0 on a number line is less than 4 units. To make a < 4 true, substitute numbers for a that are fewer
than 4 units from 0. 4 units ⫺5
⫺4
⫺3
⫺2
⫺1
4 units
0
1
2
3
4
5
Notice that the graph of a < 4 is the same as the graph of a > -4 and a < 4.
All of the numbers between -4 and 4 are less than 4 units from 0. The solution set is {a | -4 < a < 4}.
3. Solve x ≤ 3. Graph the solution set on a number line.
EXAMPLE
Solve an Absolute Value Inequality (>)
Absolute Value Inequalities
Solve a > 4. Graph the solution set on a number line.
Because the absolute value of a number is never negative,
a > 4 means that the distance between a and 0 on a number line is greater
• the solution of an inequality like a < -4 is the empty set. • the solution of an inequality like a > -4 is the set of all real numbers.
than 4 units. 4 units ⫺5
⫺4
⫺3
⫺2
⫺1
4 units
0
1
2
3
4
5
Notice that the graph of a > 4 is the same as the graph of {a > 4 or a < -4}.
The solution set is {a | a > 4 or a < -4}.
4. Solve x ≥ 3. Graph the solution set on a number line.
An absolute value inequality can be solved by rewriting it as a compound inequality. Absolute Value Inequalities Symbols
For all real numbers a and b, b > 0, the following statements are true. 1. If a < b, then -b < a < b. 2. If a > b, then a > b or a < -b
Examples If 2x + 1 < 5, then -5 < 2x + 1 < 5 If 2x + 1 > 5, then 2x + 1 > 5 or 2x + 1 < -5. These statements are also true for ≤ and ≥, respectively. Extra Examples at algebra2.com
Lesson 1-6 Solving Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities
43
EXAMPLE
Solve a Multi-Step Absolute Value Inequality
Solve 3x - 12 ≥ 6. Graph the solution set on a number line.
3x - 12 ≥ 6 is equivalent to 3x - 12 ≥ 6 or 3x - 12 ≤ -6. Solve the inequality. 3x - 12 ≥ 6
3x - 12 ≤ -6 Rewrite the inequality.
or
3x ≥ 18
3x ≤ 6
x≥6
x≤2
Add 12. Divide by 3.
The solution set is {x | x ≥ 6 or x ≤ 2}. xⱖ6
xⱕ2 ⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5. Solve 3x + 4 < 10. Graph the solution set on a number line.
Write an Absolute Value Inequality JOB HUNTING To prepare for a job interview, Megan researches the position’s requirements and pay. She discovers that the average starting salary for the position is $38,500, but her actual starting salary could differ from the average by as much as $2450. a. Write an absolute value inequality to describe this situation. Let x equal Megan’s starting salary. Her starting salary could differ from the average Real-World Link When executives in a recent survey were asked to name one quality that impressed them the most about a candidate during a job interview, 32 percent said honesty and integrity. Source: careerexplorer.net
38,500 - x
by as much as
$2450.
≤
2450
b. Solve the inequality to find the range of Megan’s starting salary. Rewrite the absolute value inequality as a compound inequality. Then solve for x. -2450 ≤
38,500 - x
≤ 2450
-2450 - 38,500 ≤ 38,500 - x - 38,500 ≤ 2450 - 38,500 -40,950 ≤ 40,950 ≥
-x x
≤ -36,050 ≥ 36,050
The solution set is {x | 36,050 ≤ x ≤ 40,950}. Thus, Megan’s starting salary will fall within $36,050 and $40,950.
6. The ideal pH value for water in a swimming pool is 7.5. However, the pH may differ from the ideal by as much as 0.3 before the water will cause discomfort to swimmers or damage to the pool. Write an absolute value inequality to describe this situation. Then solve the inequality to find the range of acceptable pH values for the water. Personal Tutor at algebra2.com
44 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities Andrew Ward/Life File/Getty Images
Examples 1–5 (pp. 41–44)
Solve each inequality. Graph the solution set on a number line. 1. 3 < d + 5 < 8
2. -4 ≤ 3x -1 < 14
3. y - 3 > 1 or y + 2 < 1
4. p + 6 < 8 or p - 3 > 1
5. a ≥ 5
6. w ≥ -2
7. h < 3
8. b < -2
9. 4k -8 < 20 Example 6 (p. 44)
10. g + 4 ≤ 9
11. FLOORING Deion is considering several types of flooring for his kitchen. He estimates that he will need between 55 and 60 12-inch by 12-inch tiles to retile the floor. The table below shows the price per tile for each type of tile Deion is considering. Tile Type Vinyl Slate Porcelain Marble
Price per Tile $0.99 $2.34 $3.88 $5.98
Write a compound inequality to determine how much he could be spending.
HOMEWORK
HELP
For See Exercises Examples 12, 13 1 14, 15 2 16, 17 3 18, 19 4 20, 21 5 22, 23 6
Solve each inequality. Graph the solution set on a number line. 12. 9 < 3t + 6 < 15
13. -11 < - 4x + 5 < 13
14. 3p + 1 ≤ 7 or 2p - 9 ≥ 7
15. 2c - 1 < - 5 or 3c + 2 ≥ 5
16. g ≤ 9
17. 3k < 0
18. 2m ≥ 8
19. b - 4 > 6
20. 3w + 2 ≤ 5
21. 6r - 3 < 21
SPEED LIMITS For Exercises 22 and 23, use the following information. On some interstate highways, the maximum speed a car may drive is 65 miles per hour. A tractor-trailer may not drive more than 55 miles per hour. The minimum speed for all vehicles is 45 miles per hour. 22. Write an inequality to represent the allowable speed for a car on an interstate highway. 23. Write an inequality to represent the speed at which a tractor-trailer may travel on an interstate highway. Solve each inequality. Graph the solution set on a number line. 24. -4 < 4f + 24 < 4
25. a + 2 > -2 or a - 8 < 1
26. -5y < 35
27. 7x + 4 < 0
28. n ≥ n 2n - 7 30. _ ≤ 0
29. n ≤ n n - 3 31. _ < n
3
2
Lesson 1-6 Solving Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities
45
32. FISH A Siamese Fighting Fish, better known as a Betta fish, is one of the most recognized and colorful fish kept as a pet. Using the information at the left, write a compound inequality to describe the acceptable range of water pH levels for a male Betta. Write an absolute value inequality for each graph. 33. ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1
Real-World Link Adult Male Size: 3 inches Water pH: 6.8–7.4
Tank Level: top dweller Difficulty of Care: easy to intermediate Life Span: 2–3 years Source: www.about.com
1
2
3
4
5
34. ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
5
35. ⫺2
Temperature: 75–86°F Diet: omnivore, prefers live foods
0
⫺1
0
1
2
36. n
{
ä
{
n
37. ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
5
38. ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1
0
1
2
3
4
5
39. HEALTH Hypothermia and hyperthermia are similar words but have opposite meanings. Hypothermia is defined as a lowered body temperature. Hyperthermia means an extremely high body temperature. Both conditions are potentially dangerous and occur when a person's body temperature fluctuates by more than 8° from the normal body temperature of 98.6°F. Write and solve an absolute value inequality to describe body temperatures that are considered potentially dangerous. MAIL For Exercises 40 and 41, use the following information. The U.S. Postal Service defines an oversized package as one for which the length L of its longest side plus the distance D around its thickest part is more than 108 inches and less than or equal to 130 inches. 40. Write a compound inequality to describe this situation. 41. If the distance around the thickest part of a package you want to mail is 24 inches, describe the range of lengths that would classify your package as oversized.
D
L
AUTO RACING For Exercises 42 and 43, use the following information. The shape of a car used in NASCAR races is determined by NASCAR rules. The rules stipulate that a car must conform to a set of 32 templates, each shaped to fit a different contour of the car. The biggest template fits over the center of the car from front to back. When a template is placed on a car, the gap between it and the car cannot exceed the specified tolerance. Each template is marked on its edge with a colored line that indicates the tolerance for the template. 42. Suppose a certain template is 24.42 inches long. Tolerance Line Color Use the information in the table at the right to (in.) write an absolute value inequality for templates Red 0.07 with each line color. Blue 0.25 43. Find the acceptable lengths for that part of a car Green 0.5 if the template has each line color. 46 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities Rudi Von Briel/PhotoEdit
A GEOMETRY For Exercises 44 and 45, use the following information. The Triangle Inequality Theorem states that the sum of the measures of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the c b measure of the third side. 44. Write three inequalities to express the relationships a B C among the sides of ABC. 45. Write a compound inequality to describe the range of possible measures for side c in terms of a and b. Assume that a > b > c. (Hint: Solve each inequality you wrote in Exercise 44 for c.)
Graphing LOGIC MENU For Exercises 46–49, use the following information. Calculator You can use the operators in the LOGIC menu on the TI-83/84 Plus to graph
EXTRA
PRACTICE
See pages 892, 926. Self-Check Quiz at algebra2.com
H.O.T. Problems
compound and absolute value inequalities. To display the LOGIC menu, press . 2nd [TEST] 46. Clear the Y= list. Enter (5x + 2 > 12) and (3x - 8 < 1) as Y1. With your calculator in DOT mode and using the standard viewing window, press GRAPH . Make a sketch of the graph displayed. 47. Using the TRACE function, investigate the graph. Based on your investigation, what inequality is graphed? 48. Write the expression you would enter for Y1 to find the solution set of the compound inequality 5x + 2 ≥ 3 or 5x + 2 ≤ - 3. Then use the graphing calculator to find the solution set. 49. A graphing calculator can also be used to solve absolute value inequalities. Write the expression you would enter for Y1 to find the solution set of the inequality 2x - 6 > 10. Then use the graphing calculator to find the solution set. (Hint: The absolute value operator is item 1 on the MATH NUM menu.)
50. OPEN ENDED Write a compound inequality for which the graph is the empty set. 51. FIND THE ERROR Sabrina and Isaac are solving 3x + 7 > 2. Who is correct? Explain your reasoning. Sabrina 3y + 7 > 2 3y + 7 > 2 ps 3y + 7 < -2 3y > -5 3y < -9 y > -_ 3 5
y < -3
Isaac
3x + 7 > 2 -2 < 3x +7 < 2 -9 < 3x < -5 -3 <
x < - _5 3
52. CHALLENGE Graph each set on a number line. a. -2 < x < 4 b. x < -1 or x > 3 c. (-2 < x < 4) and (x < -1 or x > 3) (Hint: This is the intersection of the graphs in part a and part b.) d. Solve 3 < x + 2 ≤ 8. Explain your reasoning and graph the solution set. 53.
Writing in Math
Use the information about fasting on page 41 to explain how compound inequalities are used in medicine. Include an explanation of an acceptable number of hours for this fasting state and a graph to support your answer. Lesson 1-6 Solving Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities
47
54. ACT/SAT If 5 < a < 7 < b < 14, then which of the following best describes _a ?
55. REVIEW What is the solution set of the inequality -20 < 4x - 8 < 12? F -7 < x < 1
b
5 1 < _a < _ A _ 7
b
G -3 < x < 5
2
5 1 < _a < _ B _ 2 14
H -7 < x < 5
b 5 a C _<_<1 7 b 5 < _a < 1 D _ 14 b
J -3 < x < 1
Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution set on a number line. (Lesson 1-5) 56. 2d + 15 ≥ 3 57. 7x + 11 > 9x + 3 58. 3n + 4 (n + 3) < 5(n + 2) 59. CONTESTS To get a chance to win a car, you must guess the number of keys in a jar to within 5 of the actual number. Those who are within this range are given a key to try in the ignition of the car. Suppose there are 587 keys in the jar. Write and solve an equation to determine the highest and lowest guesses that will give contestants a chance to win the car. (Lesson 1-4) Solve each equation. Check your solutions. (Lesson 1-4) 60. 5 x - 3 = 65 61. 2x + 7 = 15
62. 8c + 7 = -4
Name the property illustrated by each statement. (Lesson 1-3) 63. If 3x = 10, then 3x + 7 = 10 + 7. 64. If -5 = 4y - 8, then 4y - 8 = -5. 65. If -2x - 5 = 9 and 9 = 6x + 1, then -2x - 5 = 6x + 1. SCHOOL For Exercises 66 and 67, use the graph at the right. 66. Illustrate the Distributive Property by writing two expressions to represent the number of students at a high school who missed 5 or fewer days of school if the school enrollment is 743.
>ÞÃÊvÊ-V
ÊÃÃi`
67. Evaluate the expressions from Exercise 66.
-ÕÀVi\Ê iÌiÀÃÊvÀÊ Ãi>ÃiÊ ÌÀÊ>`Ê*ÀiÛiÌ
Simplify each expression. (Lesson 1-2) 68. 6a -2b - 3a + 9b Find the value of each expression. (Lesson 1-1) 70. 6(5 - 8) ÷ 9 + 4 71. (3 + 7)2 - 16 ÷ 2 48 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
ÈÊÌÊ£ä ££¯
£ÊÌÊx xx¯ i Ón¯
69. -2(m - 4n) - 3(5n + 6) 7(1 - 4) 72. _ 8- 5
££ÊÀÊÀi ȯ
CH
APTER
1
Study Guide and Review
Download Vocabulary Review from algebra2.com
Key Vocabulary Be sure the following Key Concepts are noted in your Foldable.
Key Concepts Expressions and Formulas
(Lesson 1-1)
• Use the order of operations and the properties of equality to solve equations.
Properties of Real Numbers
(Lesson 1-2)
• Real numbers can be classified as rational (Q) or irrational (I). Rational numbers can be classified as natural numbers (N), whole numbers (W), integers (Z), and/or quotients of these.
Solving Equations
(Lesson 1-3 and 1-4)
• Verbal expressions can be translated into algebraic expressions. • The absolute value of a number is the number of units it is from 0 on a number line. • For any real numbers a and b, where b ≥ 0, if a = b, then a = b or -a = b.
Solving Inequalities
(Lessons 1-5 and 1-6)
• Adding or subtracting the same number from each side of an inequality does not change the truth of the inequality. • When you multiply or divide each side of an inequality by a negative number, the direction of the inequality symbol must be reversed. • The graph of an and compound inequality is the intersection of the solution sets of the two inequalities. The graph of an or compound inequality is the union of the solution sets of the two inequalities. • An and compound inequality can be expressed in two different ways. For example, -2 ≤ x ≤ 3 is equivalent to x ≥ -2 and x ≤ 3. • For all real numbers a and b, where b > 0, the following statements are true. 1. If a < b then -b < a < b. 2. If a > b then a > b or a < -b.
Vocabulary Review at algebra2.com
absolute value (p. 27) algebraic expression (p. 6) coefficient (p. 7) counterexample (p. 17) empty set (p. 28) equation (p. 18) formula (p. 8) intersection (p. 41) irrational numbers (p. 11)
like terms (p. 7) monomial (p. 6) polynomial (p. 7) rational numbers (p. 11) real numbers (p. 11) solution (p. 19) trinomial (p. 7) union (p. 42)
Vocabulary Check Choose the term from the list above that best completes each statement. contains no elements. 1. The 2. A polynomial with exactly three terms is called a . 3. The set of includes terminating and repeating decimals but does not include π. 4.
can be combined by adding or subtracting their coefficients.
5. The negative.
of a number is never
6. The set of contains the rational and the irrational numbers. 7. The
of the term -6xy is -6.
8. A(n) to an equation is a value that makes the equation true. 9. A(n) is a statement that two expressions have the same value. 10. √2 belongs to the set of
but
_1 does not. 2
Chapter 1 Study Guide and Review
49
CH
A PT ER
1
Study Guide and Review
Lesson-by-Lesson Review 1–1
Expressions and Formulas
(pp. 6–10)
Evaluate each expression.
Example 1 Evaluate (10 - 2) ÷ 22.
11. 10 + 16 ÷ 4 + 8 12. [21 - (9 - 2)] ÷ 2
(10 - 2) ÷ 22 = 8 ÷ 22
1 2 13. _ (5 + 3) 2
14(8 - 15) 14. _ 2
Evaluate each expression if a = 12, 1 . b = 0.5, c = -3, and d = _ 3
15. 6b - 5c
16. c3 + ad
9c + ab 17. _ c
18. a[b2(b + a)]
1–2
Properties of Real Numbers
Then square 2.
=2
Finally, divide 8 by 4.
y3 3ab + 2
a = -2, and b = -5. 3
y 43 _ = __ 3(-2)(-5) + 2
y = 4, a = -2, and b = -5
64 =_
Evaluate the numerator and denominator separately.
64 =_ or 2
Simplify.
3(10) + 2 32
(pp. 11–17)
Name the sets of numbers to which each value belongs. − 20. - √ 9 21. 1.6 22. √ 18 Simplify each expression. 23. 2m + 7n - 6m - 5n 24. -5(a - 4b) + 4b 25. 2(5x + 4y) - 3(x + 8y) CLOTHING For Exercises 26 and 27, use the following information. A department store sells shirts for $12.50 each. Dalila buys 2, Latisha buys 3, and Pilar buys 1. 26. Illustrate the Distributive Property by writing two expressions to represent the cost of these shirts. 27. Use the Distributive Property to find how much money the store received from selling these shirts. 50 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
=8÷4
Example 2 Evaluate _ if y = 4,
3ab + 2
19. DISTANCE The formula to evaluate distance is d = r × t, where d is distance, r is rate, and t is time. How far can Tosha drive in 4 hours if she is driving at 65 miles per hour?
First subtract 2 from 10.
Example 3 Name the sets of numbers to 25 belongs. which √ √ 25 = 5
naturals (N), wholes (W), integers (Z), rationals (Q), and reals (R)
Example 4 Simplify 3(x + 2) + 4x - 3y. 3(x + 2) + 4x - 3y = 3(x) + 3(2) + 4x - 3y Distributive Property = 3x + 6 + 4x - 3y
Multiply.
= 7x - 3y + 6
Simplify.
Mixed Problem Solving
For mixed problem-solving practice, see page 926.
1–3
Solving Equations
(pp. 18–26)
Example 5 Solve 4(a + 5) - 2(a + 6) = 3.
Solve each equation. Check your solution. 28. x - 6 = -20
2 29. -_ a = 14
30. 7 + 5n = -58
31. 3w + 14 = 7w + 2
n n 1 32. _ +_ =_
33. 5y + 4 = 2(y - 4)
4
3
2
3
4(a + 5) - 2(a + 6) = 3 Original equation 4a + 20 - 2a - 12 = 3
Distributive Property
4a - 2a + 20 - 12 = 3
Commutative Property
2a + 8 = 3
34. MONEY If Tabitha has 98 cents and you know she has 2 quarters, 1 dime, and 3 pennies, how many nickels does she have? Solve each equation or formula for the specified variable.
2a = -5
2c
1–4
Solving Absolute Value Equations
2A = h (a + b)
2 Multiply each side by 2.
2A _ =a+b
Divide each side by h.
h
2A _ -a=b h
Subtract a from each side.
(pp. 27–31)
Solve each equation. Check your solution. 41. 3 x + 6 = 36 40. x + 11 = 42 42. 4x - 5 = -25
Division Property
h(a + b) Example 6 Solve A = _ for b.
35. Ax + By = C for x 36. _ = d for a
39. GEOMETRY Alex wants to find the radius of the circular base of a cone. He knows the height of the cone is 8 inches and the volume of the cone is 18.84 cubic inches. Use the formula for 1 2 πr h, to find volume of a cone, V = _ 3 the radius.
Subtraction Property
a = -2.5
a - 4b2
37. A = p + prt for p 38. d = b2 - 4ac for c
Distributive and Substitution Properties
43. x + 7 = 3x - 5
44. y - 5 - 2 = 10 45. 4 3x + 4 = 4x + 8 46. BIKING Paloma’s training goal is to ride four miles on her bicycle in 15 minutes. If her actual time is always within plus or minus 3 minutes of her preferred time, how long are her shortest and longest rides?
Example 7 Solve 2x + 9 = 11. Case 1: a = b Case 2: a = -b 2x + 9 = 11
2x + 9 = -11
2x = 2
2x = -20
x=1
x = -10
The solutions are 1 and -10.
Chapter 1 Study Guide and Review
51
CH
A PT ER
1 1–5
Study Guide and Review
Solving Inequalities
(pp. 33–39)
Solve each inequality. Describe the solution set using set builder notation. Then graph the solution set on a number line. 47. -7w > 28 48. 3x + 4 ≥ 19 n +5≤7 49. _ 12
Example 8 Solve 5 - 4a > 8. Graph the solution set on a number line. 5 - 4a > 8 -4a > 3
1–6
55. -1 < 3a + 2 < 14
3 . The solution set is a a < -_
|
4
The graph of the solution set is shown below. Î
Solving Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities Solve each inequality. Graph the solution set on a number line. 54. 4x + 3 < 11 or 2x - 1 > 9
Divide each side by -4, reversing the inequality symbol.
4
51. 2 - 3z ≥ 7(8 - 2z) + 12
53. PIZZA A group has $75 to order 6 large pizzas each with the same amount of toppings. Each pizza costs $9 plus $1.25 per topping. Write and solve an inequality to determine how many toppings the group can order on each pizza.
Subtract 5 from each side.
3 a < -_
50. 3(6 - 5a) < 12a - 36
52. 8(2x - 1) > 11x - 17
Original inequality
Ó
£
ä
(pp. 41–48)
Example 9 Solve each inequality. Graph the solution set on a number line. a. -19 < 4d - 7 ≤ 13 -19 < 4d - 7 ≤ 13 Original inequality
56. -1 < 3(d - 2) ≤ 9 57. 5y - 4 > 16 or 3y + 2 < 1 58. x + 1 > 12
59. 2y - 9 ≤ 27
60. 5n - 8 > -4
61. 3b + 11 > 1
62. FENCING Don is building a fence around a rectangular plot and wants the perimeter to be between 17 and 20 yards. The width of the plot is 5 yards. Write and solve a compound inequality to describe the range of possible measures for the length of the fence.
-12 <
4d
≤ 20 Add 7 to each part.
-3 <
d
≤5
Divide each part by 4.
The solution set is {d | -3 < d ≤ 5}. { Î Ó £
ä
£
Ó
Î
{
x
È
b. |2x + 4| ≥ 12
2x + 4 ≥ 12 is equivalent to 2x + 4 ≥ 12 or 2x + 4 ≤ -12. 2x + 4 ≥ 12 or 2x + 4 ≤ -12 2x ≥ 8
2x ≤ -16
x≥4
x ≤ -8
Subtract. Divide.
The solution set is {x | x ≥ 4 or x ≤ -8}. £Ó £ä n È { Ó
52 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
ä
Ó
{
È
n
CH
A PT ER
1
Practice Test
Find the value of each expression. 1. (3 +
6)2
Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution set on a number line.
÷ 3 × 4
20 + 4 × 3 2. _ 11 - 3
25. 3y - 1 > 5 26. 5(3x - 5) + x < 2(4x - 1) + 1
3. 0.5(2.3 + 25) ÷ 1.5 2 , Evaluate each expression if a = -9, b = _ 3 c = 8, and d = -6. db + 4c 4. _ a
a 5. _2 + c b
Name the sets of numbers to which each number belongs. 17 6. √
7. 0.86
8. √ 64
Name the property illustrated by each equation or statement. 9. (7 · s) · t = 7 · (s · t) 10. If (r + s)t = rt + st, then rt + st = (r + s)t.
( )
( )
1 1 ·7= 3·_ ·7 11. 3 · _ 3 3
12. (6 - 2)a - 3b = 4a - 3b 13. (4 + x) + y = y + (4 + x) 14. If 5(3) + 7 = 15 + 7 and 15 + 7 = 22, then 5(3) + 7 = 22. Solve each equation. Check your solution(s). 15. 5t - 3 = -2t + 10
For Exercises 27 and 28, define a variable, write an equation or inequality, and solve the problem. 27. CAR RENTAL Ms. Denney is renting a car that gets 35 miles per gallon. The rental charge is $19.50 a day plus 18¢ per mile. Her company will reimburse her for $33 of this portion of her travel expenses. Suppose Ms. Denney rents the car for 1 day. Find the maximum number of miles that will be paid for by her company. 28. SCHOOL To receive a B in his English class, Nick must have an average score of at least 80 on five tests. What must he score on the last test to receive a B in the class?
Test
Score
1
87
2
89
3
76
4
77
29. MULTIPLE CHOICE If _a = 8 and b ac - 5 = 11, then bc = A 93 B 2
16. 2x - 7 - (x - 5) = 0
5 C _
17. 5m - (5 + 4m) = (3 + m) - 8
D cannot be determined
8
18. 8w + 2 + 2 = 0 1 y+3 =6 19. 12 _
2
20. 2 2y - 6 + 4 = 8 Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution set on a number line. 21. 4 > b + 1 22. 3q + 7 ≥ 13 23. 5 + k ≤ 8 24. -12 < 7d - 5 ≤ 9 Chapter Test at algebra2.com
30. MULTIPLE CHOICE At a veterinarian’s office, 2 cats and 4 dogs are seen in a random order. What is the probability that the 2 cats are seen in a row? 1 F _ 3 2 G _ 3 1 H _ 2 3 J _ 5
Chapter 1 Practice Test
53
CH
A PT ER
1
Standardized Test Practice Chapter 1
Read each question. Then fill in the correct answer on the answer document provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper. 1. Lucas determined that the total cost C to rent a car for the weekend could be represented by the equation C = 0.35m + 125, where m is the number of miles that he drives. If the total cost to rent the car was $363, how many miles did he drive? A 125 B 238 C 520 D 680
Question 1 On multiple choice questions, try to compute the answer first. Then compare your answer to the given answer choices. If you don’t find your answer among the choices, check your calculations.
2. Leo sells T-shirts at a local swim meet. It costs him $250 to set up the stand and rent the machine. It costs him an additional $5 to make each T-shirt. If he sells each T-shirt for $15, how many T-shirts does he have to sell before he can make a profit? F 10 G 15 H 25 J 50
4. If the surface area of a cube is increased by a factor of 9, what is the change in the length of the sides of the cube? A The length is 2 times the original length. B The length is 3 times the original length. C The length is 6 times the original length. D The length is 9 times the original length. 5. The profit p that Selena’s Shirt store makes in a day can be represented by the inequality 10t + 200 < p < 15t + 250, where t represents the number of shirts sold. If the store sold 45 shirts on Friday, which of the following is a reasonable amount that the store made? F $200.00 G $625.00 H $850.00 J $950.00
6. Solve the equation 4x - 5 = 2x + 5 - 3x for x. A -2 B -1 C 1 D2 7. Which set of dimensions corresponds to a rectangular prism that is similar to the one shown below?
È
3. GRIDDABLE Malea sells engraved necklaces over the Internet. She purchases 50 necklaces for $400, and it costs her an additional $3 for each personalized engraving. If she charges $20 each, how many necklaces will she need to sell in order to make a profit of at least $225? 54 Chapter 1 Equations and Inequalities
{
F G H J
12 units by 18 units by 27 units 12 units by 18 units by 18 units 8 units by 12 units by 9 units 8 units by 10 units by 18 units Standardardized Test Practice at algebra2.com
Preparing for Standardized Tests For test-taking strategies and more practice, see pages 941–956.
8. Which of the following best represents the side view of the solid shown below?
A
11. Marvin and his younger brother like to bike together. Marvin rides his bike at a speed of 21 miles per hour and can ride his training loop 10 times in the time that it takes his younger brother to complete the training loop 8 times. Which is a reasonable estimate for Marvin’s younger brother’s speed? F between 14 mph and 15 mph G between 15 mph and 16 mph H between 16 mph and 17 mph J between 17 mph and 18 mph
C
Pre-AP B
D
Record your answers on a sheet of paper Show your work. 12. Amanda’s hours at her summer job for one week are listed in the table below. She earns $6 per hour.
9. Given: Two angles are complementary. The measure of one angle is 10 less than the measure of the other angle. Conclusion: The measures of the angles are 85 degrees and 95 degrees. This conclusion: F is contradicted by the first statement given. G is verified by the first statement given. H invalidates itself because there is no angle complementary to an 85 degree angle J verifies itself because one angle is 10 degrees less than the other
Amanda’s Work Hours Sunday 0 Monday 6 Tuesday 4 Wednesday 0 Thursday 2 Friday 6 Saturday 8
a. Write an expression for Amanda’s total weekly earnings. b. Evaluate the expression from Part a by using the Distributive Property. c. Michael works with Amanda and also earns $6 per hour. If Michael’s earnings were $192 this week, write and solve an equation to find how many more hours Michael worked than Amanda.
10. A rectangle has a width of 8 inches and a perimeter of 30 inches. What is the perimeter, in inches, of a similar rectangle with a width of 12 inches? A 40 C 48 B 45 D 360
NEED EXTRA HELP? If You Missed Question...
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Go to Lesson...
1-3
1-3
1-5
1-2
1-5
1-3
1-1
1-1
1-3
1-1
1-3
1-3
Chapter 1 Standardized Test Practice
55
Linear Relations and Functions
2 • •
Analyze relations and functions.
• •
Find the slope of a line.
•
Graph special functions, linear inequalities, and absolute value inequalities.
Identify, graph, and write linear equations.
Draw scatter plots and find prediction equations.
Key Vocabulary dependent variable (p. 61) domain (p. 58) function (p. 58) independent variable (p. 61) relation (p. 58)
Real-World Link Underground Temperature Linear equations can be used to model relationships between many real-world quantities. The equations can then be used to make predictions such as the temperature of underground rocks.
Linear Relations and Functions Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with four sheets of grid paper.
1 Fold in half along the width and staple along the fold.
56 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions Jack Dykinga/Getty Images
2 Turn the fold to the left and write the title of the chapter on the front. On each left-hand page of the booklet, write the title of a lesson from the chapter.
-INEAR 3ELATIONS AND 'UNCTIONS
GET READY for Chapter 2 Diagnose Readiness You have two options for checking Prerequisite Skills.
Option 2 Take the Online Readiness Quiz at algebra2.com.
Option 1
Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for help.
Example 1 Write the ordered pair for point G.
Write the ordered pair for each point. (Prerequisite Skill)
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D
y
A
B D
C
x
O
F
5. E 6. F
E
ANIMALS A blue whale’s heart beats 9 times a minute.
7. Make a table of ordered pairs in which the x-coordinate represents the number of minutes and the y-coordinate represents the number of heartbeats. (Prerequisite Skill) 8. Graph the ordered pairs. (Prerequisite Skill)
Evaluate each expression if a = -1, b = 3, c = -2, and d = 0. (Prerequisite Skill) 9. c + d 10. 4c - b 2 12. 2b2 + b + 7 11. a - 5a + 3 a-b 13. _ c-d
a+c 14. _ b+c
Simplify each expression. (Prerequisite Skill) 15. x - (-1) 16. x - (-5) 17. 2[x - (-3)] 18. 4[x - (-2)] 19. TRAVEL Joan travels 65 miles per hour for x hours on Monday. On Tuesday she drives 55 miles per hour for (x + 3) hours. Write a simplified expression for the sum of the distances traveled. (Prerequisite Skill)
Step 1 Follow a vertical line through the point to find the x-coordinate on the x-axis. The x-coordinate is 7.
1 1 O
y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
2 3 4 5 6 7
G
Step 2 Follow a horizontal line through the point to find the y-coordinate on the y-axis. The y-coordinate is -5. Step 3 The ordered pair for point G is (7, -5). It can also be written as G(7, -5). Example 2 Evaluate d(a2 + 2ab + b2) - c if a = -1, b = 3, c = -2, and d = 0.
0 [(-1)2 + 2 (-1)(3) + 32] - (-2) = 0 - (-2)
Substitute -1 for a, 3 for b, -2 for c, and 0 for d.
Multiplication Property of Zero.
=2
Subtract. 2 Example 3 Simplify _ [x - (-10)]. 5 _2 [x - (-10)] 5 2 = _(x + 10) Simplify. 5 2 2 = _(x) + _ (10) Distributive Property 5 5 2 = _x + 4 Simplify. 5
Chapter 2 Get Ready For Chapter 2
57
2-1
Relations and Functions
Main Ideas
• Find functional values.
New Vocabulary ordered pair Cartesian coordinate plane quadrant relation domain range function mapping one-to-one function discrete function continuous function vertical line test independent variable dependent variable function notation
The table shows average and maximum lifetimes for some animals. The data can also be represented as the ordered pairs (12, 28), Average Maximum (15, 30), (8, 20), (12, 20), and Animal Lifetime Lifetime (20, 50). The first number in (years) (years) each ordered pair is the Cat 12 28 average lifetime, and the Cow 15 30 second number is the Deer 8 20 maximum lifetime. Dog 12 20 (12, 28) average lifetime
Horse
maximum lifetime
20
50
Source: The World Almanac
Graph Relations You can graph the ordered pairs above on a coordinate system. Remember that each point in the coordinate plane can be named by exactly one ordered pair and every ordered pair names exactly one point in the coordinate plane.
Animal Lifetimes Maximum Lifetime
• Analyze and graph relations.
60
y
50 40 30
20 The graph of the animal lifetime data lies 10 in the part of the Cartesian coordinate x plane with all positive coordinates. The 5 10 15 20 25 O is composed Average Lifetime of the x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical), which meet at the origin (0, 0) and divide the plane into four In general, any ordered pair in the coordinate plane can be written in the form (x, y).
A is a set of ordered pairs, such as the one for the longevity of animals. The of a relation is the set of all first coordinates (x-coordinates) from the ordered pairs, and the is the set of all second coordinates (y-coordinates) from the ordered pairs. The domain of the function above is {8, 12, 15, 20}, and the range is {20, 30, 28, 50}. A is a special type of relation in {(12, 28), (15, 30), (8, 20)} which each element of the domain is paired Domain Range with exactly one element of the range. A pp g shows how the members are paired. A function 12 28 like the one represented by the mapping in 15 30 which each element of the range is paired with 8 20 exactly one element of the domain is called a mapping
58 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions William J. Weber
The first two relations shown below are functions. The third relation is not a function because the -3 in the domain is paired with both 0 and 6 in the range. {(-3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 4)}
{(-1, 5), (1, 3), (4, 5)}
{(5, 6), (-3, 0), (1, 1), (-3, 6)}
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
⫺3 0 2
1 2 4
⫺1 1 4
3 5
⫺3 1 5
0 1 6
function
not a function
function
EXAMPLE
Domain and Range y
State the domain and range of the relation shown in the graph. Is the relation a function?
(⫺4, 3)
The relation is {(-4, 3), (-1, -2), (0, -4), (2, 3), (3, -3)}. The domain is {-4, -1, 0, 2, 3}. The range is {-4, -3, -2, 3}.
(2, 3)
x
O (⫺1, ⫺2)
Each member of the domain is paired with exactly one member of the range, so this relation is a function.
(3, ⫺3)
(0, ⫺4)
1. State the domain and range of the relation {(-2, 2), (1, 4), (3, 0), (-2, -4), (0, 3)}. Is the relation a function? Y Y A relation in which the domain is a set of individual points, like the relation in Example 1, is said to be discrete. Notice X X / / that its graph consists of points that are not connected. When the domain of a relation has an infinite number of $ISCRETE 2ELATION #ONTINUOUS 2ELATION elements and the relation can be graphed with a line or smooth curve, the relation is continuous. With both discrete and continuous graphs, you can use the vertical line test to determine whether the relation is a function.
Vertical Line Test Words
Continuous Relations You can draw the graph of a continuous relation without lifting your pencil from the paper.
Models
If no vertical line intersects a graph in more than one point, the graph represents a function.
If some vertical line intersects a graph in two or more points, the graph does not represent a function.
y
y
O x
O
x
In Example 1, there is no vertical line that contains more than one of the points. Therefore, the relation is a function. Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions
59
EXAMPLE
Vertical Line Test
GEOGRAPHY The table shows the population of the state of Kentucky over the last several decades. Graph this information and determine whether it represents a function. Is the relation discrete or continuous?
Vertical Line Test You can use a pencil to represent a vertical line. Slowly move the pencil to the right across the graph to see if it intersects the graph at more than one point.
0OPULATION MILLIONS
0OPULATION OF +ENTUCKY
Use the vertical line test. Notice that no vertical line can be drawn that contains more than one of the data points. Therefore, this relation is a function. Because the graph consists of distinct points, the relation is discrete.
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Population (millions) 3.0 3.2 3.7 3.7 4.0
Year
9EAR
2. The number of employees a company had in each year from 1999 to 2004 were 25, 28, 34, 31, 27, and 29. Graph this information and determine whether it represents a function. Is the relation discrete or continuous?
Equations of Functions and Relations Relations and functions can also be represented by equations. The solutions of an equation in x and y are the set of ordered pairs (x, y) that make the equation true. Consider the equation y = 2x - 6. Since x can be any real number, the domain has an infinite number of elements. To determine whether an equation represents a function, it is often simplest to look at the graph of the relation.
EXAMPLE
Graph a Relation
Graph each equation and find the domain and range. Then determine whether the equation is a function and state whether it is discrete or continuous. a. y = 2x + 1 Make a table of values to find ordered pairs that satisfy the equation. Choose values for x and find the corresponding values for y. Then graph the ordered pairs.
x
y
⫺1
⫺1
0
1
1
3
2
5
y (2, 5) (1, 3) (0, 1) (⫺1, ⫺1)
O
Since x can be any real number, there is an infinite number of ordered pairs that can be graphed. All of them lie on the line shown. Notice that every real number is the x-coordinate of some point on the line. Also, every real number is the y-coordinate of some point on the line. So the domain and range are both all real numbers, and the relation is continuous. This graph passes the vertical line test. For each x-value, there is exactly one y-value, so the equation y = 2x + 1 represents a function. 60 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
x
b. x = y2 - 2 Make a table. In this case, it is easier to choose y values and then find the corresponding values for x. Then sketch the graph, connecting the points with a smooth curve.
x
y
y
2
⫺2
⫺1
⫺1
⫺2
0
(⫺1, 1)
(2, 2)
(⫺2, 0) x
O
1 ⫺1 (⫺1, ⫺1) Every real number is the y-coordinate (2,⫺2) 2 2 of some point on the graph, so the range is all real numbers. But, only real numbers greater than or equal to -2 are x-coordinates of points on the graph. So the domain is {x|x ≥ -2}. The relation is continuous.
You can see from the table and the vertical line test that there are two y values for each x value except x = -2. Therefore, the equation x = y2 - 2 does not represent a function.
3A. Graph the relation represented by y = x2 + 1. 3B. Find the domain and range. Determine if the relation is discrete or continuous. 3C. Determine whether the relation is a function. Personal Tutor at algebra2.com
Reading Math Functions Suppose you have a job that pays by the hour. Since your pay depends on the number of hours you work, you might say that your pay is a function of the number of hours you work.
When an equation represents a function, the variable, usually x, whose values make up the domain is called the independent variable. The other variable, usually y, is called the dependent variable because its values depend on x. Equations that represent functions are often written in function notation. The equation y = 2x + 1 can be written as f(x) = 2x + 1. The symbol f(x) replaces the y and is read “f of x.” The f is just the name of the function. It is not a variable that is multiplied by x. Suppose you want to find the value in the range that corresponds to the element 4 in the domain of the function. This is written as f(4) and is read “f of 4.” The value f(4) is found by substituting 4 for each x in the equation. Therefore, f(4) = 2(4) + 1 or 9. Letters other than f can be used to represent a function. For example, g(x) = 2x + 1.
EXAMPLE
Evaluate a Function
Given f(x) = x2 + 2 , find each value. b. f(3z)
a. f(-3) f(x) = x2 + 2 f(-3) =
(-3)2
+2
= 9 + 2 or 11
Original function Substitute. Simplify.
f(x) = x2 + 2 f(3z) =
(3z)2
Original function
+ 2 Substitute.
= 9z2 + 2
(ab)2 = a2b2
Given g(x) = 0.5x2 - 5x + 3.5, find each value. 4A. g(2.8) 4B. g(4a) Extra Examples at algebra2.com
Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions
61
Examples 1, 2 (pp. 59–60)
State the domain and range of each relation. Then determine whether each relation is a function. Write yes or no. 1.
D
R
3 2 ⫺6
1 5
2.
x
3.
y
5
2
10
⫺2
15
⫺2
(᎐1 , 4) (2, 3) (2, 2) (3 , 1)
⫺2
20
(pp. 60–61)
State California Illinois North Carolina Texas
Jan. 97 78 86 98
July 134 117 109 119
Source: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine whether the relation or equation is a function and state whether it is discrete or continuous. 7. {(7, 8), (7, 5), (7, 2), (7, -1)}
8. {(6, 2.5), (3, 2.5), (4, 2.5)} 10. x = y2
9. y = -2x + 1 Example 4
x
O
WEATHER For Exercises 4–6, use the table that shows the record high temperatures (°F) for January and July for four states. 4. Identify the domain and range. Assume that the January temperatures are the domain. 5. Write a relation of ordered pairs for the data. 6. Graph the relation. Is this relation a function? Examples 2, 3
y
11. Find f(5) if f(x) = x2 - 3x.
12. Find h(-2) if h(x) = x3 + 1.
(p. 61)
HOMEWORK
HELP
For See Exercises Examples 13–28 1, 2 29–34 3 35–42 4
State the domain and range of each relation. Then determine whether each relation is a function. Write yes or no. D
R
10 20 30
1 2 3
13.
16.
x
y
2000
$4000
2001
$4300
2002
$4600
2003
$4500
14.
D
R
15.
1 3 5 7
3 2 ⫺1
17.
y
0.5
⫺3
2
0.8
0.5
8
18.
y
O
x
x O
Determine whether each function is discrete or continuous. 19.
20.
f (x )
O
f(x)
x O
21. {(-3, 0), (-1, 1), (1, 3)} 62 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
y
22. y = -x + 4
x
x
Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine whether the relation or equation is a function and state whether it is discrete or continuous. 23. {(2, 1), (-3, 0), (1, 5)}
24. {(4, 5), (6, 5), (3, 5)}
25. {(-2, 5), (3, 7), (-2, 8)}
26. {(3, 4), (4, 3), (6, 5), (5, 6)}
27. {(0, -1.1), (2, -3), (1.4, 2), (-3.6, 8)}
28. {(-2.5, 1), (-1, -1), (0, 1), (-1, 1)}
29. y = -5x
30. y = 3x
32. y = 7x - 6
33. y =
31. y = 3x - 4
x2
34. x = 2y2 - 3
Find each value if f(x) = 3x - 5 and g(x) = x 2 - x. 35. f(-3)
36. g(3)
1 37. g _
2 38. f _ 3
39. f(a)
40. g(5n)
()
(3)
41. Find the value of f(x) = -3x + 2 when x = 2. 42. What is g(4) if g(x) = x2 - 5? SPORTS For Exercises 43–45, use the table that shows the leading home run and runs batted in totals in the National League for 2000 –2004. Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
HR
50
73
49
47
48
RBI
147
160
128
141
131
Source: The World Almanac
43. Make a graph of the data with home runs on the horizontal axis and runs batted in on the vertical axis. 44. Identify the domain and range. 45. Does the graph represent a function? Explain your reasoning. Real-World Link The major league record for runs batted in (RBIs) is 191 by Hack Wilson. Source: www.baseballalmanac.com
STOCKS For Exercises 46–49, use the table that shows a company’s stock price in recent years. 46. Write a relation to represent the data. 47. Graph the relation. 48. Identify the domain and range. 49. Is the relation a function? Explain your reasoning.
Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Price $39 $43 $48 $55 $61 $52
GOVERNMENT For Exercises 50–53, use the table below that shows the number of members of the U.S. House of Representatives with 30 or more consecutive years of service in Congress from 1991 to 2003. Year Representatives
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
11
12
9
6
3
7
9
Source: Congressional Directory
EXTRA
PRACTICE
See pages 893, 927. Self-Check Quiz at algebra2.com
50. Write a relation to represent the data. 51. Graph the relation. 52. Identify the domain and range. Determine whether the relation is discrete or continuous. 53. Is the relation a function? Explain your reasoning. 54. AUDIO BOOK DOWNLOADS Chaz has a collection of 15 audio books. After he gets a part-time job, he decides to download 3 more audio books each month. The function A(t) = 15 + 3t counts the number of audio books A(t) he has after t months. How many audio books will he have after 8 months? Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions
Bettmann/CORBIS
63
H.O.T. Problems
55. OPEN ENDED Write a relation of four ordered pairs that is not a function. Explain why it is not a function. 56. FIND THE ERROR Teisha and Molly are finding g(2a) for the function g(x) = x2 + x - 1. Who is correct? Explain your reasoning. Teisha g(2a) = 2(a2 + a - 1) = 2a2 + 2a - 2
Molly g(2a) = (2a)2 + 2a - 1 = 4a2 + 2a - 1
57. CHALLENGE If f(3a - 1) = 12a - 7, find one possible expression for f(x). 58.
Writing in Math Use the information about animal lifetimes on page 58 to explain how relations and functions apply to biology. Include an explanation of how a relation can be used to represent data and a sentence that includes the words average lifetime, maximum lifetime, and function.
59. ACT/SAT If g(x) = x 2, which expression is equal to g(x + 1)?
60. REVIEW Which set of dimensions represent a triangle similar to the triangle shown below?
A 1 B x2 + 1
13
12
C x2 + 2x + 1 D x2 - x
5
F 7 units, 11 units, 12 units G 10 units, 23 units, 24 units H 20 units, 48 units, 52 units J 1 unit, 2 units, 3 units
Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6) 61. y + 1 < 7
62. 5 - m < 1
63. x - 5 < 0.1
64. SHOPPING Javier had $25.04 when he went to the mall. His friend Sally had $32.67. Javier wanted to buy a shirt for $27.89. How much money did Javier borrow from Sally? How much money did that leave Sally? (Lesson 1-3) Simplify each expression. (Lessons 1-1 and 1-2) 65. 32(22 - 12) + 42
66. 3(5a + 6b) + 8(2a - b)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 1-3) 67. x + 3 = 2
68. -4 + 2y = 0
64 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
1 69. 0 = _ x-3 2
1 70. _ x-4=1 3
Discrete and Continuous Functions in the Real World "UYING &ROZEN