Report 143
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson
Volume 12, Number 11, 2002
RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Abstracts database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval.
Source of original article Title
Item 1 Macromolecules
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.
Location
GOODRICH B.F. USA
Authors and affiliation
Abstract
Companies or organisations mentioned
Accession no.771897
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Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson (Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Loughborough University)
ISBN 1-85957-323-1
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3
2.
Principles .................................................................................................................................................. 4
3.
4.
5.
2.1
Theories of Adhesion ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.2
Wettability ....................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3
Diffusion ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Methods Used to Study Surfaces ............................................................................................................ 6 3.1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS ....................................................................................... 6
3.3
Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ....................................................................................... 9
3.4
Reflection IR ................................................................................................................................... 9
Pretreatments and Primers for Polyolefin Plastics ............................................................................ 10 4.1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2
Flame Treatment ............................................................................................................................11
4.3
Corona Treatment ......................................................................................................................... 13
4.4
Low Pressure Plasma Treatment ................................................................................................... 13
4.5
Chromic Acid Treatment ............................................................................................................... 14
Pretreatments and Primers for Polyolefin Elastomers ...................................................................... 15 5.1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2
Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers .................................................................................................. 15
5.3
Butyl Rubber ................................................................................................................................. 16
5.4
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Elastomers .......................................................................................... 16 5.4.1 Natural Rubber ................................................................................................................. 16 5.4.2 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers ........................................................................................ 18
6.
Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 19
7.
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 23
References ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... 25 Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 27 Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 121
1
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
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2
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Abstract
1 Introduction
Polyolefins have many applications. Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic and in tonnage terms olefinic elastomers such as styrene-butadiene copolymers, dominate applications such as tyres.
Polyolefins are among the most widely used of all polymers finding many applications in packaging, building, transport and other industries. It is often necessary to join polyolefins to other substrates, including metals and other polymers in order to combine the properties of the two materials. An example is a laminate of polyethylene and aluminium foil used in the food and drinks industries; the polyethylene provides heat-sealing properties while the aluminium provides excellent barrier properties. While some applications require joining polyolefins to other substrates, other applications require the polyolefins to be painted, printed upon or metallised. The polyolefins that must be bonded may be in the form of plastics, elastomers (EPDM, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), etc.) and fibres (especially polypropylene). Important examples where it is necessary to paint polyolefins include car bumpers and other automotive components. Good print adhesion to film, bottles and jars is clearly essential. Likewise, good adhesion of metal, deposited via solution or vacuum, to polyolefins is often required.
It is often necessary to join a polyolefinic substrate to another substrate. A pretreatment will normally be required unless a diffusion mechanism operates. Diffusion mechanisms operate during welding together of two pieces of polyolefin, bonding a polyethylene with a hot melt adhesive based on ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, and using an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer as a tie layer when extruding two incompatible polymers. A wide range of pretreatments for polymers exists. However, there are usually preferred methods for plastics and elastomers. The most common methods for pretreating plastics are corona discharge, flame, and low pressure plasma treatments whereas the most common method for olefinic elastomers is the use of an organic chlorine donor. It is now possible to determine the surface chemical changes caused by pretreatments. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is especially useful in this respect providing quantitative information on the first few nanometres on the surface of a material. Much research has been carried out on pretreatments for plastics where changes in surface chemistry have been determined and in some cases related to adhesion performance. However, few such studies have been carried out with elastomers partly because of the complexity of their formulations. Several compounding ingredients migrate to the surfaces of elastomers making it difficult to differentiate between changes to these additives and changes to the underlying polymer chains. There has been considerable controversy on whether pretreatments for polyolefins are effective by removing potential weak boundary layers or by introducing functionality in the form of carbonyl and other groups. The present authors believe that if a diffusion mechanism is not operating then such groups are necessary to improve wetting and increase interaction across interfaces. That is not to say that ‘small molecules’ do not sometimes affect adhesion. If these small molecules are not absorbed, for example by the adhesive, then a weak boundary layer will exist with resulting poor adhesion. Also, additives on polyolefins will affect pretreatments such as the corona discharge method as there will be a tendency to chemically modify the additive rather than the underlying polymer chains.
Adhesion failures occurring in service can be very expensive to rectify. For example poor paint adhesion to polypropylene bumpers could involve recall of many thousands of cars. Even when identified at the production stage, poor adhesion can be very expensive to rectify. It is not uncommon for several days’ production to be lost while an adhesion problem is being solved. When it is necessary to join two pieces of the same polyolefin, heat sealing can be used; several welding options exist, including electrofusion, ultrasonic, hot gas, hot plate and infrared techniques (a.1). If it is necessary to join a polyolefin to another substrate, options include coextrusion, adhesive bonding and mechanical fastening. To achieve satisfactory adhesion when bonding with an adhesive, printing, painting or metallising it is usually necessary to pretreat the polyolefin. Pretreatments of polyolefins have been the subject of a great amount of research and development (377) and these treatments form a major part of this review. Exceptions where a pretreatment is not required are noted in Section 2.3. This review explores the joining of polyolefins to a variety of substrates especially by means of adhesive bonding and the coating of polyolefins with printing inks, paints and metals. The use of mechanical fasteners is not covered and the use of thermal methods is only briefly discussed (see Section 2.3). The various types
3
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and ethylenepropylene (EP) polymers, together with elastomers based on dienes, will be examined. Our understanding of adhesion to polyolefins has been greatly helped by the development of techniques which provide information on surface chemistry. These include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) and reflection infrared (IR) analysis. The principles of these techniques are outlined in Section 3 and examples of their use are given in Sections 4 and 5 which cover plastics and elastomers respectively.
2 Principles 2.1 Theories of Adhesion It is first necessary to consider why materials adhere to each other. There are four main theories of adhesion, namely adsorption, electrostatic, diffusion and mechanical keying. According to the adsorption theory, macromolecules of the mobile phase (adhesive, printing ink, etc.) are adsorbed onto the substrate and held there by forces ranging from weak dispersion forces to chemical bonds; an interface exists. In the electrostatic theory there is a transfer of charge between the mobile phase and the substrate such that they are held together by electrostatic forces. The third theory requires the diffusion of macromolecules of the mobile phase into the substrate, thereby eliminating an interface. With the mechanical keying theory, the mobile phase flows into the irregularities (pits and troughs) of the substrate surface and after hardening, a keying action occurs. These theories will each be important with particular systems, but the adsorption theory is likely to be the most generally applicable. Aspects of joining polyolefins by a diffusion mechanism are briefly discussed in Section 2.3. To these four theories should be added a theory of nonadhesion, due to the existence of regions of low cohesive strength in the interfacial region. Bikerman (a.2) first suggested that adhesion problems associated with polyethylene are due to weak boundary layers. He suggested that molecules of low molecular weight, that are normally present in commercial polyethylenes separate from the melt and create a region of low strength on the surface.
4
The weak boundary theory received considerable support from other research work and some of this is outlined below. It is certainly easy to envisage various possible sources of weak boundary layers on polyolefin surfaces, namely: •
impurities arising from the polymerisation process;
•
the low molecular weight tail of a polymer;
•
additives, e.g., antioxidants and slip agents;
•
external processing aids, e.g., mould release agents;
•
contamination after processing.
Schonhorn and co-workers have put forward evidence in favour of the weak boundary concept using polyethylene as the substrate. In 1966, Hansen and Schonhorn (a.3) reported work in which they bombarded polyethylene and certain other polymers with activated inert gases and found that the adhesion of an epoxide adhesive to the polymers greatly increased, although the critical surface tensions of the polymers were unchanged. Also, using reflection infrared analysis they were unable to detect any chemical changes in the surface. They therefore proposed that regions of low molecular weight on the surface had been crosslinked to the long polymer chains thereby eliminating weak boundary layers. In fact, Hansen and Schonhorn suggested that surface treatments in general act primarily by eliminating weak boundary layers. In some later work Schonhorn and Ryan (401) exposed polyethylene to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. They found joint strengths with an epoxide adhesive much increased, but there was no evidence of oxidation using reflection IR and contact angle measurements. They concluded that crosslinking at the surface occurred thereby eliminating a potential weak boundary layer. The work of Schonhorn and co-workers will be discussed further in Section 6. Before any adhesion mechanism can operate, good contact between the two materials is necessary. The question of wettability is therefore of crucial importance and this topic will now be briefly considered.
2.2 Wettability A satisfactory level of contact between the mobile phase, for example an adhesive, and the substrate is essential for good adhesion.
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
A direct measure of wettability may be carried out via a contact angle measurement (θ).
γs is the SFE of the solid γsp is the polar component of the solid SFE
This is the tangent a drop of liquid makes when placed on a substrate surface. Viz:
γsd is the dispersion component of the solid SFE This is the equation of a straight line where (1+Cos θ) /2γl (γld)1/2 is plotted against (γlp/γld)1/2. Hence the square of the gradient is γs p , i.e., the polar component of the surface free energy of the solid and the square of the γ intercept is γsd, i.e., the dispersion component of the surface free energy of the solid.
When there is a strong attraction between the liquid and the solid, θ will be small (or zero for perfect wetting). Conversely when the attraction between liquid and solid is poor a large contact angle is obtained, possibly greater than 90° as illustrated below.
Although the greatest contribution to the surface free energy of a polymer comes from the dispersion component, the polarity of the surface is more easily altered with a pretreatment. For example, an untreated low density polyethylene (LDPE) sample with a zero polar component and a 31.9 mJ m -2 dispersion component, shows an increase in the polar component to 8.0 mJ m-2 after a flame treatment. The dispersion component stayed fairly constant at 30.7 mJ m-2 (a.4). Typically a ten-fold increase in adhesion may be observed from such a treatment. Adhesion improvement comes from better wetting and stronger interfacial attraction due to the new functionality. Hence surface free energy estimation can be a useful tool to assess adhesion performance.
Such is the case with polyolefins; the water contact angle on high density polyethylene (HDPE) is around 104°. The poor wetting is due to relatively low attractive forces between water, which is a very polar molecule, and PE that has no polarity within its molecule. Contact angle values from various pure liquids may be used to estimate the surface free energy of a substrate via various thermodynamic theories; a review of which is given elsewhere (378). One example is the Owens, Wendt and Kaelble approach which enables the polar and dispersion components of the surface free energy (SFE) to be evaluated from a knowledge of the contact angle of various liquids of known polar and dispersion values. The equation employed is as follows: (1+ cos θ) γl/2(γld)1/2 = (γsp)1/2 (γlp/γld)1/2 + (γsd)1/2 where: γl
is the SFE of the liquid
γlp is the polar component of the liquid SFE γld is the dispersion component of the liquid SFE
2.3 Diffusion If two pieces of the same polymer are heated to a sufficiently high temperature and brought together under pressure, then chain segments from the two pieces will interpenetrate and the interface will be eliminated. This process is often termed autohesion. There is no dispute that this process will occur when two pieces of the same polymer are involved as in heat sealing, although ethylene-propylene copolymers are known to exhibit relatively poor autohesion. Whether diffusion between two different polymers occurs will depend on a number of factors including temperature, time available and chemical compatibility. It is often desirable to combine the properties of two or more polymers and this can be achieved by coextrusion. If two polymers A and B are insufficiently compatible to achieve good adhesion, then a tie-layer, often a copolymer, may be used. This is a polymer that is compatible with both A and B. A tie-layer may also be used to join a polyolefin to a metal; for example,
5
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
ethylene-carboxylic acid copolymers have been used to bond LDPE to aluminium (391). There is evidence that chlorinated polypropylene (CPP) primers diffuse into polypropylene; for example Tomasetti and co-workers (91) used radioactive labelling to demonstrate the diffusion of CPP into PP and PP/EP blends. Other primers used in conjunction with cyanoacrylates also diffuse into polyolefins (see for example (384)). Hot melt adhesives may be used to bond untreated polyolefins apparently by a diffusion mechanism. The most common type of hot melt is based on ethylenevinyl acetate copolymers and these may be used to bond polyethylenes (for an example see (325)). Such hot melts have been commercially available for nearly forty years. More recently a number of reaction-setting adhesives which can bond untreated polyolefins have been developed. For example, Fields and co-workers (375) using an acrylic resin with an anaerobic curing system achieved good adhesion to untreated LDPE. The joining of PE, PP and other plastics in pipelines has been described (127); both fusion and electrofusion welding are included. Details of fusion methods to join polyolefins and other plastics are given in reference (a.1).
3 Methods Used to Study Surfaces
3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS In this technique a solid, e.g., a plastic film, is bombarded with X-rays of known energy under high vacuum. Photoelectrons from different core levels are ejected. Photoelectrons from the first few atomic layers have a characteristic kinetic energy depending on the elements present in the surface regions. The binding energy of a photoelectron from a particular core level is given by the following equation. EK = hν – EB – φ where: EK is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron EB is the binding energy of the photoelectron hν is the X-ray energy φ is the constant for a given instrument A schematic diagram of the equipment used is shown in Figure 1. By scanning different energies, a spectrum is obtained; an example is given in Figure 2. The elements present in the first few atomic layers can be readily identified from their characteristic binding energies. The percentage concentration of each element can be calculated from the following equation.
3.1 Introduction A knowledge of the surface chemistry of substrates is important in our understanding of adhesion. There are a number of techniques which provide information on the surface chemistry of plastics of which the following are the most important: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis)
Ix Cx =
∑
Sx × 100 ⎛ In ⎞ ⎝ Sn ⎠
where: Cx = percentage concentration of element X
XPS
Ix = quantity of photoelectrons from element X
(ESCA)
Sx = sensitivity factor for element X
Static secondary ion mass spectrometry SSIMS
Σ(In/Sn) = summation of I/S for all elements
reflection IR
It is thus a routine matter to obtain a quantitative elemental analysis of the surface regions of a solid.
As far as polyolefins are concerned these techniques are especially useful for determining the chemical changes that have occurred after a pretreatment, revealing the true locus of failure of a structure and identifying small molecules, including contaminants, on surfaces. The three techniques listed above are now outlined.
For a given element, there are small differences in binding energies depending on the chemical environment of the element. Thus for carbon the bonding energy for C1s varies depending on the neighbouring atoms (see Table 1).
Reflection infrared analysis
6
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of an XPS instrument
Figure 2 Broad scan XPS spectrum of treated polypropylene
Table 1 Binding energies for the C1s peak in various chemical environments Structure
Binding energy eV
C-C, C-H
285.0
C-O
286.5
C-O-O
287.1
C=O
288.1
COOH
288.9
It is therefore possible, by obtaining a high resolution spectrum, to determine which chemical groups are present in the surface regions of a polymer. In Figure 3, the C1s peak for corona treated polypropylene is shown (a.5). The concentrations of the various chemical groups present are given in Table 2. The concentration of different chemical groups in the surface of a polymer may also be determined using derivitisation reactions. These are reactions specific
7
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Figure 3 High resolution C1s spectrum of corona-treated PP showing separation of the ‘shoulder’ into component contributions
Table 2 Assignment of peaks for corona-treated polypropylene (a.5) Position (eV)
Area (%)
Assignment
285.0
91.7
C-C, C-H
286.5
1.2
C-O
287.1
2.3
288.1
Table 3 Concentration of different chemical groups after CD treatment of polyethylene (393) Concentration* Initial
Water-washed
Peroxide
1.2
0.9
C-O-O
Hydroxyl
1.7
1.1
2.3
C=O
Carbonyl
1.8
0.9
288.9
1.2
COOH
Epoxide
2.3
1.1
289.5
1.3
O=C-O-C=O ?
Carboxylic acid
1.6
0.8
-NO3
0.8
0.4
to a particular group and which introduce a new element to the surface. Such reactions are illustrated in Figure 4. Some results for corona treated polyethylene (393) are given in Table 3. In an earlier study (395), Briggs and Kendall used derivitisation reactions to study the discharge treatment of LDPE. They converted keto groups in corona treated polyethylene to the corresponding pentafluorophenylhydrazone. They found that the
8
Group
* Moles of functional species per initial unreacted carbon atom (x102) Reprinted from L.J. Gerenser, J.F. Elman, M.G. Mason and J.M. Pochan, E.s.c.a. studies of corona-discharge-treated polyethylene surfaces by use of gas-phase derivatization, Polymer, 1985, 26, 1162, with permission from Elsevier Science.
autoadhesion between two pieces of the treated PE was very low, thus confirming the mechanism for autoadhesion in terms of keto-enol interactions.
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Figure 4 Derivatisation reactions used to quantify the groups introduced into a polyolefin by a corona discharge (CD) treatment (Reprinted from L.J. Gerenser, J.F. Elman, M.G. Mason and J.M. Pochan, E.s.c.a. studies of corona-discharge-treated polyethylene surfaces by use of gas-phase derivatization, Polymer, 1985, 26, 1162, with permission from Elsevier Science.)
3.3 Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry XPS is limited in the molecular information it provides and its surface sensitivity. Static SIMS is especially good in these respects. However, it does not normally give quantitative information. The basic principles of SSIMS are as follows. The sample is bombarded under high vacuum by a beam of ions, causing the ejection of ions and neutrals from the surface. The ions may be due to elemental species (e.g., Cu+, O-) or to ‘cluster’ ions (e.g., MgO+, C6H5O-). The positive and negative ions may be separated and two mass spectra obtained. By carefully limiting the ion beam current density, the information obtained can be limited to the first 2-3 atomic layers; this is the basis of static SIMS. From the fragment pattern of ions it is often possible to determine the chemical nature of the surface. For example, polydimethylsiloxane (dimethysilicone) is readily identified from the fragment pattern (73, 133, 147, 207, 221) from the positive SSIMS spectrum.
3.4 Reflection IR Infrared spectroscopy is a method of detecting chemical groups. It depends on the fact that different chemical groups absorb radiation at characteristic wavelengths. For examples, a C=O group in a saturated aliphatic
ketone, absorbs in the region 5.80-5.86 μm. The location of the absorption is usually expressed as a wave number, i.e., waves per centimetre, in this case 1725-1715 cm-1. Most modern instruments use Fourier transform analysis and are termed FTIR. Information on plastic surfaces can be obtained by using reflection techniques. The sample, typically in the form of a plastic film, is placed in close contact with a prism of either germanium or KRS-5 (a mixed TlBr-TlI crystal). The sampling depth is given by the Harrick equation. dp =
λo 2 πn1[sin θ − ( 2
n2
2 n1 ) ]
1
2
where: dp is the distance below the surface at which the amplitude of the electric field is 1/e of its initial value
θ is the angle of incidence between the IR beam and the surface normal n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the reflection element and sample λo is the wavelength of the radiation Some typical values of dp are given in Table 4.
9
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Table 4 Multiple reflection infrared (MIR) conditions and depths of penetration (a.6) Reflection element
n2/n1a
Angle of incidence
dp/λo
dp at 1723 cm-1 (μm)
Ge
0.378
45
0.067
0.39
KRS-5
0.631
60
0.122
0.65
KRS-5
0.631
45
0.208
1.21
a Ratio
of refractive index of PE (1.515) to that of reflection element (Ge=4.0, KRS-5=2.4)
D. Briggs, V.J.I. Zichy, D.M. Brewis, J. Comyn, R.H. Dahm, M.A. Green and M.B. Konieczko, Surface and Interface Analysis, 1980, 2, 3, 107. ©John Wiley and Sons Limited. Reproduced with permission.
Figure 5 The reflection IR spectra of low density polyethylene treated with chromic acid at 70 °C for various times (a.7)
The use of reflection IR is illustrated by the results shown in Figure 5. The spectra show that various functional groups are introduced into polyethylene on treatment for the different times with chromic acid.
4 Pretreatments and Primers for Polyolefin Plastics 4.1 Introduction The pretreatments used for plastics and elastomers are generally different and the two groups of materials
10
will be examined separately; plastics will be examined in this section and elastomers in Section 5. Over the last 50 years a number of pretreatments have been developed to improve adhesion to polyolefins. Much of the early work was directed towards improving the printability of polyethylene. Around 1950, the methods that were developed included treatment with corona discharge, flame, chromic acid immersion and chlorine gas activated by UV. The first three methods became firmly established for the treatment of polyethylene and later polypropylene. Corona discharge, which involves breaking down air into active species including oxygen atoms, ozone and ions, by the application of a high voltage, is still the
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
preferred method for treating film. Flame treatment, which involves exposing the plastic to a flame for less than one second, is still favoured for treating cylindrical objects such as bottles. Chromic acid is very effective for treating three-dimensional objects but is being phased out for environmental reasons. Around 1960, a number of workers studied the effect of low pressure plasmas on polyolefins and other plastics. Workers at Bell Laboratories found that large improvements in bondability were achieved if polyethylene and other plastics were exposed to a radiofrequency (RF) plasma, they termed this process CASING (Crosslinking by Activated Species of INert Gases) as they believed the process was effective by crosslinking low molecular weight material to long polymer chains rather than introducing new functional groups. This work has led to considerable controversy (see Section 6). In the 1980s interest was renewed in the use of halogen gases to pretreat polyolefins and there is significant commercial interest in this approach; treatment of polyolefins for a few seconds with mixtures of fluorine and inert gases gives large improvements in bondability. Chlorinated polypropylene primers are sometimes used commercially instead of a pretreatment, e.g., they are applied to polypropylene bumpers prior to painting. A number of other pretreatments have been examined although they have not found widespread industrial use.
These include organic peroxides (a.8), ammonium peroxydisulphate (a.9), sodium hypochlorite (388) and an electrochemical method (74). Some of the important pretreatments are now described in more detail.
4.2 Flame Treatment The object to be treated, e.g., a bottle, is passed over one or more burners, each of which possesses a large number of closely-spaced jets. The burners are fed with an air-hydrocarbon gas mixture, whose proportions are controlled within definite limits. The treatment time is usually in the region of 0.04-0.1 seconds (Figure 6). The ratio of air-to-hydrocarbon for complete combustion is known as the stoichiometric ratio. For example, the complete combustion of one volume of methane requires 9.55 volumes of air, so the stoichiometric ratio for an air: methane flame is 9.55:1. In one of the first detailed studies of the flame treatment Ayers and Shofner (402) examined most of the key variables namely: the nature of the gas, the air-to-gas ratio, the effect of contact time and the distance of the polymer from the flame. The nature of the polyolefin used was not stated. The effectiveness of the treatments was assessed using a tape peel-test and the adsorption of a dye. The authors found that higher levels of treatment were achieved
Figure 6 Schematic representation of flame treatment
11
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Sutherland and co-workers carried out a detailed study of the pretreatment of various PP types (see for example a.10). Improvements in adhesion were assessed by means of a butt test. In some cases the adhesion to an epoxide adhesive was assessed, but in many cases the PPs were first coated with a polyurethane paint so that improvements in paint adhesion could be determined. Changes in adhesion to a PP homopolymer after flame treatment under a variety of conditions are given in Table 5. It can be seen that good adhesion is obtained under a broad range of conditions.
with an excess of air over the stoichiometric requirements to burn all the propane; this was also true with methane and butane. The authors concluded that the optimum treatment time was about 0.02 s and that the optimum distance between the polymer and the top of the inner cone was about 10 mm. The study of Ayres and Shofner (402) was carried out without access to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS, a technique which, as stated earlier, enables a quantitative elemental analysis of the surface regions of a polymer to be carried out.
For comparison the tensile strength of the control involving PP wiped with trichloroethane was 2 MPa.
Garbassi and co-workers (390) found that the flame treatment of polypropylene resulted in large increases in the adhesion of polyurethane and acrylic paints to the polymer. Curve fitting of the C1s spectra indicated that hydroxyl and carbonyl were the predominant groups formed, although some carboxyl groups were formed after repeated flame treatment.
A study of the flame treatment of low-density polyethylene showed very high levels of oxidation (Table 6), although the oxidised layer was less than 10 nm thick.
Table 5 Adhesion tests of polyurethane-painted flame-treated polypropylene (a.10)
Air-to-gas ratioa
Total flow
rateb
(l
min-1)
Distance of polymer surface from inner cone tipc (mm)
I interfacial between paint and polymer C complex failure including cohesive within PP a Total flow rate 24 l min-1; distance 10 mm b Air-to-gas ratio 11:l; distance 10 mm c Air-to-gas ratio 11:l; total flow rate 24 l min-1
12
Tensile strength (MPa)
Locus of failure
8:1
24.7
C
9:1
25.4
C
11:1
26.4
C
13:1
26.7
C
14:1
25.8
C
12
26.0
I
18
25.6
C
24
26.4
C
36
27.2
C
48
24.0
C
2.5
22.8
C
10
26.4
C
20
22.1
C
40
6.5
I
60
4.2
I
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Table 6 XPS and joint strength data for flame treated low density polyethylene (397) Polymera
Time (s)b
O:C (atom %)
Lap shear strengthc (MPa)
X
0
0.25
0.6
X
0.1
16.9
6.6
X
0.4
31.0
7.2
Y
0
<0.25
0.4
Y
0.1
20.5
5.6
Y
0.4
33.4
7.2
a
X is a polymer with no additives whereas Y contains 10 times the normal level of antioxidant. It is clear that the antioxidant does not diminish the effectiveness of the treatment.
b
The abnormally high treatment time increases the surface oxygen concentration, but does not cause a further increase in adhesion because material failure within the PE had already occurred at 0.1 s.
cA
composite lap shear test was used in which PE film was bonded to two strips of aluminium with an epoxide adhesive.
4.3 Corona Treatment The main application of corona treatment is film for the packaging industry. Film is passed, typically at 2 m s-1 over an earthed metal electrode (Figure 7). The distance between the electrode and the film is usually 1-2 mm. A high frequency (10-20 kHz) generator and step-up transformer produce a high voltage, which causes the electrical breakdown of the air with the formation of atoms, ions, electrons and other active species. Practical aspects of corona treatment have been discussed by Lawson and Greig (259).
Factors which determine the effectiveness of the treatment include the power input, line speed, the magnitude of the air gap, the relative humidity, the chemical nature of the polymer, the additives used and the time between processing the polymer and the treatment. Adhesion is also affected by the time between the treatment and the bonding, printing or painting operation. Surface analysis has shown that the corona discharge treatment introduces various groups, such as carbonyl, into the polymer surface. Typically 5 atomic percent of oxygen is introduced into a polyolefin film. Many studies have been carried out on the corona treatment of polyolefins . These include studies on corona treatment of four different polyethylene films for effects on wettability and adhesion (392), and posttreatment with a silane which was claimed to further enhance adhesion (112). It is known that additives such as slip agents and antioxidants can adversely affect corona treatment if this is not done in-line, i.e., immediately after processing. If the additives migrate to the surface before the treatment is carried out, then inferior adhesion may result. This is because there will be a tendency to chemically modify the additives rather than the underlying polymer chains.
4.4 Low Pressure Plasma Treatment Figure 7 Schematic representation of corona discharge treatment
In this method, power is applied to a gas or a monomer at low pressure (typically 1 torr) and a plasma
13
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
consisting of ions, electrons, atoms and free radicals is formed. There are several parameters which control the effect of a plasma on a polymer including: •
the nature of the gas
•
the gas pressure and flow rate
•
the discharge power
•
the excitation frequency
•
the nature of the polymer
•
the temperature of the polymer.
Many studies on plasma treatment of polyolefinic plastics have been carried out, often involving surface analysis. These studies include: •
the treatment of PP in a nitrogen or ammonia plasma to improve the adhesion of vacuumdeposited aluminium (385)
•
improved epoxide-PP adhesion attributed to CO functionalities introduced by air, oxygen or nitrogen plasma treatments (383)
•
halogenation of PP with a chlorotrifluoromethane plasma (381) and
•
the treatment of PE fibres with an oxygen plasma (380).
Improved adhesion may be due to a variety of mechanisms:
4.5 Chromic Acid Treatment •
removal of contaminants by ablation
•
crosslinking
•
grafting of monomers to a polymer surface
•
introduction of functional groups.
For complex shapes, or if etching is required, oxidative solutions may be used to treat polymers. Chromic acid has been the most commonly-used reagent, but for environmental reasons it is avoided where possible.
The last effect can take place during exposure to a plasma or upon exposure to the atmosphere when free radicals can react with oxygen or water. The improvements in adhesion for a wide variety of polymers are shown in Table 7.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to study the chemical changes caused by chromic acid treatments (see Table 8). Even very mild treatment conditions (e.g., 5 s at room temperature) result in substantial oxidation of polyolefins and large increases in adhesion.
Table 7 Effect of plasma treatment on the lap shear strengths of polymers (386) Polymer
Lap shear strength (MPa) Before treatment
After treatment
Polyimide
2.9
17.9
HDPE
2.2
21.6
LDPE
2.5
10.0
PP
2.5
21.3
Polycarbonate
2.8
6.4
Nylon
5.9
27.6
Polystyrene
3.9
27.6
Polyvinylidene fluoride
1.9
9.0
Polytetrafluoroethylene
0.5
5.0
14
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Table 8 XPS data for polyolefins treated with chromic acid (398) Polymer
LDPE
PP
Treatment
Surface composition (atom %) C
O
S
None
99.8
0.2
-
1 min / 20 °C
94.4
5.2
0.4
6 h / 70 °C
85.8
13.1
1.1
None
99.8
0.2
-
1 min / 20 °C
93.4
6.3
0.3
6 h / 70 °C
94.0
5.7
0.3
5 Pretreatments and Primers for Polyolefin Elastomers 5.1 Introduction In many cases, elastomers are joined to other materials during the process of vulcanisation. However, in other cases, elastomers are joined to other materials after vulcanisation. With this second group, it is often necessary to pretreat the elastomers before bonding. Pretreatments range from physical methods such as a solvent wipe or abrasion to chemical methods such as treatment with trichloroisocyanuric acid. Physical methods can be used to remove cohesively weak layers from the polymer. This is essential to good bonding unless these layers can be absorbed by the adhesive. However, physical methods will only be effective if the underlying elastomer possesses suitable functional groups or if a diffusion mechanism operates in a subsequent adhesion operation, e.g., bonding. Chemical methods may also remove weak layers or chemically modify them so that they are more compatible with the adhesive; in addition chemical methods may roughen a surface. However, an effective chemical method will also modify the chemistry of the elastomer so that the interaction with the adhesive is increased. This will usually be essential with olefinic elastomers. In general, elastomers contain a greater variety and quantity of additives than plastics; fifteen or more components in a particular formulation is quite common. These additives, or compounding ingredients as they are often called, may well create a cohesively weak layer on the elastomer surface. On the other hand, plastics usually contain a small number of additives and in relatively low concentration.
Over the last 50 years many methods have been developed to pretreat plastics and elastomers. Partly because of the much simpler formulations, pretreatments for plastics have been the subject of much greater scientific interest. Our understanding of pretreatments for plastics is therefore much greater than that for elastomers. Pretreatments for elastomers have been developed on an empirical basis but some scientific studies of successful pretreatments have been undertaken. Different olefinic elastomers vary much more than olefinic plastics in their response to various pretreatments and different types are therefore treated separately here.
5.2 Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers Ethylene-propylene elastomers (EP) have low total surface energies with small polar components. As would be expected, the adhesion of paints and adhesives to untreated EP is poor. To achieve good adhesion to EP, the introduction of suitable functional groups is required unless a diffusion mechanism can operate. Bragole (399) found that UV treatment of EPDM coated with a thin layer of benzophenone resulted in large increases in the adhesion of acrylic, epoxy and urethane paints to the polymer. Ellul and Hazelton (376) subjected EPDM, polypropylene and natural rubber/polypropylene blends to various halogenation treatments, namely fluorine/carbon dioxide, sodium hypochlorite/acetic acid and bromine water. With the natural rubber blend, there was a substantial uptake of fluorine, chlorine and bromine in the surface regions as indicated by energy dispersive X-ray analysis and with all three pretreatments the adhesion to an acrylic tape was greatly enhanced. In contrast, with the EPDM blend, fluorine was the only reagent which reacted with the
15
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
polymer and only this treatment resulted in a significant increase in adhesion to the acrylic tape. The above results can be explained in terms of the different concentrations of carbon-carbon double bonds in the two blends. Substantial incorporation of chlorine and bromine could occur with the natural rubberpolypropylene blend but not with the EPDM blend. However, fluorine gas will readily react with saturated hydrocarbon (a.11) and therefore the incorporation of fluorine into the EPDM blend is not surprising. Lawson and co-workers (349) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) found that trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) in ethyl acetate did not chemically modify EPDM. Lawson (a.12) found that a corona treatment improved the wettability of EPDM as indicated by glycerol contact angles and the use of a series of formamide/2ethoxyethanol mixtures (ASTM D2578 (a.13)). However, the contact angles increased significantly over a period of one hour, indicating molecular rearrangement, with the polar groups introduced by the pretreatment tending to move to the bulk of the elastomer. No improvement in a peel test involving a polyurethane coating was observed. Minagura and co-workers (324) treated an EP elastomer with UV and sputter etching. Large increases in adhesion were reported. However, the treatment times were long, being 10 minutes for ion etching and one hour for the UV treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the two methods caused considerable roughening of the surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) indicated the introduction of substantial quantities of oxygen-containing functional groups. Kondyurin and Klyachtin (343) noted only modest improvements, at best, after treating EPDM with UV, despite clear infrared evidence for the formation of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups after treatment.
5.3 Butyl Rubber Butyl rubber consists of ≥95% of isobutylene units with a small quantity of isoprene which permits crosslinking via sulphur vulcanisation. Butyl rubber has a low surface energy and in addition organic components with a low cohesive strength may exist on the surface. In one study (389), butyl rubber was subjected to several treatments which normally cause substantial chemical modification to polymer surfaces. The treatments included chromic acid etching, corona discharges, flames, bromination, UV radiation and potassium
16
permanganate. Most of the treatments had little effect on the adhesion to an epoxide. It was concluded that much chain scission occurred with the result that suitable functional groups were not introduced in sufficient quantity into long polymer chains. Such chemical modification is necessary for good adhesion unless a diffusion mechanism is operating.
5.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Elastomers 5.4.1 Natural Rubber Natural rubber (NR), being essentially a hydrocarbon, has a low surface energy. Some of the components in a formulated elastomer, such as zinc oxide and carbon black, may substantially increase the surface energy whereas organic additives such as extender oil and antioxidants may migrate to the surface and create a potentially weak boundary layer. Pettit and Carter (400) found that chlorine gas, acidic sodium hypochlorite and an organic chlorine donor in an organic solvent, all much improved the peel strengths of joints involving natural rubber and a polyurethane adhesive. Oldfield and Symes (379, 394) found that aqueous or organic-based chlorination gave much higher joint strengths than a solvent-wipe, abrasion or treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid (Table 9). Oldfield and Symes used X-ray fluorescence, infrared analysis and contact angle measurement to study the TCICA treatment. X-ray fluorescence showed the amount of chlorine introduced into the polymer increased with the TCICA concentration; with a 3% TCICA solution, they estimated the chlorine content in the NR was 16.7% w/w. Reflection infrared analysis indicated that chlorine substituted at allylic positions in the polymer backbone. Substantial improvements in wettability were achieved, especially if the concentration of trichloroisocyanuric acid was at least 0.8%. Lawson and co-workers (349) pretreated various elastomers including natural rubber with a 3% w/v solution of TCICA in ethyl acetate. They used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to study the chemical changes caused by the pretreatment. In agreement with Oldfield and Symes, they concluded that the chemical modification was mainly substitution rather than addition at the carbon-carbon double bond. The basis of this conclusion is as follows: TCICA may either add to the double bond in natural rubber or cause substitution in the allylic position. Consider the structure of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) in Figure 8, i.e., equal quantities of chlorine, nitrogen and oxygen would
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Table 9 Effect of pretreatment on the peel strengths (N mm-1) of NR-epoxide-NR (394) Pretreatment
Peel strength
Locus of failure
Toluene wipe
0.1
I
Abrasion on grinding wheel
1
I
Acidified hypochlorite
10
R
Concentrated sulphuric acid
1
I
TCICA in ethyl acetate
18
R
I - apparent interfacial R - cohesive in rubber
if the structure is represented simply by
TCICA
then with addition
+
Figure 8 Addition reaction of TCICA with natural rubber
be introduced into the elastomers. With substitution, only chlorine is introduced. By determining the quantities of these elements by XPS it is possible to deduce whether substitution or addition has occurred.
and used contact angle measurements and reflection FTIR to study the changes caused by the chlorination. They studied ‘pure’ natural rubber, a peroxide cured formulation and a conventionally cured formulation. Contact angles of glycerol on the rubber surfaces reduced after chlorination as shown in Table 10.
Extrand and Gent (387) treated natural rubber surfaces in an acidified sodium hypochlorite solution
Table 10 Effect of chlorination on the contact angles between ethylene glycol and various rubber surfaces (387) Contact angle (°)
Substrate Before treatment
After treatment
‘Pure’ rubber
64
11
Peroxide cured
46
30
Conventionally cured
82
30
17
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
With regard to the infrared study, bands occurring at 660, 750 and 1260 cm -1 were assigned to the effects of chlorination. In addition, bands at 780, 916 and 1410 cm -1 are almost certainly also due to chlorination.
Oldfield and Symes (394) found that physical treatments were inferior to three chemical methods (Table 11). Using X-ray fluorescence, they estimated the chlorine concentration in the first few microns of the SBR after treatment with TCICA at various concentrations. With a 3% solution, the resulting chlorine concentration was 16.1% w/w.
Kusano and co-workers (362) found that neither corona nor plasma treatments improved peel strength with a polyurethane adhesive despite improved wettability as indicated by water contact angles. FTIR indicated substantial oxidation after the corona treatment but only minor oxidation after the plasma treatment.
Pastor-Blas and co-workers (a.14) found that physical treatments such as abrasion did not result in significant increases in the peel strengths obtained with a polyurethane adhesive. On the other hand, treatment with TCICA in ethyl acetate resulted in large increases in peel strength.
5.4.2 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) has a low surface energy, but this may be considerably increased by the incorporation of various components. Organic additives such as antioxidants will tend to migrate to the surface thus creating a potential weak boundary layer.
On the basis of the relative amounts of chlorine and nitrogen introduced into SBR, Lawson and coworkers (349) concluded that both substitution and addition reactions were significant when this elastomer was treated with TCICA in ethyl acetate. Similar results were obtained with polybutadiene (see Section 5.4.1).
Pettit and Carter (400) found that treatment of SBR with chlorine gas, acidified sodium hypochlorite or an organic chlorine donor in an organic solvent resulted in large increases in peel strength for SBRpolyurethane-SBR joints.
Pastor-Blas and co-workers (302) studied the effect of the TCICA concentration in ethyl acetate. For solutions
Table 11 Effect of pretreatments on the peel strengths (N mm-1) of SBR-epoxide-SBR joints (394) Pretreatment
Peel strength
Locus of failure
Toluene wipe
0.2
I
Abrasion on grinding wheel
1
I
Acidified hypochlorite
12
R
Treatment with conc H2SO4
12
R
TCICA in ethyl acetate
11
R
I - apparent interfacial R - cohesive within rubber
Table 12 XPS studies of SBR treated with solutions of TCICA in ethyl acetate (310) Concentration of TCICA (wt%)
Surface analysis (atom %) C
O
Si
N
Cl
S
0
95.7
2.8
1.5
-
-
-
2
92.7
4.3
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.2
7
91.5
4.6
0.7
1.9
0.9
0.4
18
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
up to 2% w/w mainly chlorinated hydrocarbon and CO species were reported. At between 2 and 5% w/w an excess of unreacted TCICA was indicated while above 5% w/w there was a detrimental effect on adhesion due to a weak boundary layer forming consisting of isocyanuric acid. Pastor-Blas and co-workers (310) treated an SBR formulation with TCICA solutions in ethyl acetate having concentrations ranging from 0.5-7% by weight. The chemical changes caused by the pretreatments are shown in Table 12. Rubber strips were bonded with a solvent-based polyurethane (PU) and the joint strengths determined in a T-peel test. After peeling, the test pieces were examined using a variety of techniques; XPS and FTIR confirmed that the treatment introduced various chemical groups. The peel strengths were obtained after treatments with 0.5, 2 and 7% w/w. The highest peel strength was obtained with the 2% solution. In a related publication, treatment with fumaric acid in a butan-2-ol/ethanol mixture and TCICA in butan-2-ol were compared (352). In general, the TCICA was more effective at enhancing the peel strength achieved with a solvent-based PU adhesive. Infrared analysis indicated that the treatments were probably effective by removing zinc stearate (reduction in peak at 1540 cm -1 ) and by introducing carbon-oxide functionalities (seen as peaks at 1704 cm-1 and 1670 cm-1 for the TCICA and fumaric acid respectively). With TCICA, C-Cl bonds were also observed. Pastor-Sempere and co-workers (373) treated two styrene-butadiene rubbers with fumaric acid in a butan2-ol/ethanol mixture. This resulted in improved adhesion in both cases, but the improvement with one formulation was significantly greater than with the other. The lower peel strength was attributed to the presence of paraffin wax and zinc stearate. Roughening prior to treatment with fumaric acid resulted in additional improvements with both rubbers. Infrared analysis indicated that the fumaric acid was effective by introducing C=O bonds and by reducing the concentration of zinc stearate. In addition, the fumaric acid caused a roughening of both rubbers. A later publication (313) demonstrated that high concentrations of TCICA could lead to the formation of weak boundary layers. Treatment of two SBR materials with a 7 wt% solution of TCICA in ethyl acetate resulted in poor peel strengths unless the treated surfaces were vacuum dried for one hour at 10-2 Torr.
Other methods have been shown to considerably improve the bondability of SBR materials. Aqueous solutions of an organic chlorine donor or the use of an electrochemical method resulted in large increases in peel strength with a water-based polyurethane adhesive (a.15). Kusano and co-workers (362) found that corona and plasma treatments resulted in large increases in peel strength with a polyurethane adhesive. Lawson (a.12) reported that a 10 s corona treatment improved the water wettability of an SBR. He also reported cracking of the elastomer which he ascribed to the ozone generated in the discharge. Styrene-butadiene block copolymers (SBS thermoplastic elastomers) have a low surface energy. Therefore, to achieve good adhesion to SBS a chemical pretreatment may be necessary. A complicating factor is that migratory organic additives may lead to a weak layer. Pettit and Carter (400) found that treatment of SBS with chlorine gas, acidified sodium hypochlorite or an organic donor in an organic solvent resulted in large increases in peel strength with a polyurethane adhesive. As with SBR, aqueous solutions of an organic chlorine donor and an electrochemical method were also effective with SBS (a.15). Pastor-Blas and co-workers (304) treated SBS with TCICA solutions (0.5, 2 and 7 wt%) in ethyl acetate. The SBS was bonded with a polyurethane and the joint strengths determined in a T-peel test. The failed surfaces, after peeling, were examined by a variety of techniques including XPS and FTIR. The highest strength (3.3 N mm-1) was obtained with the 0.5% solution. It was concluded that the stronger solutions weakened the surface regions. FTIR and XPS showed that the treatment introduced chlorine and oxygen functionalities.
6 Discussion Polyolefins usually require pretreatment to achieve satisfactory adhesion. Physical methods such as solvent wiping are normally ineffective, one exception is described below (a.16). However, pretreatments can be avoided if a diffusion mechanism operates. Thus, polyolefins can be bonded to other substrates with hot-melt adhesives such as those based on ethylenevinyl acetate co-polymers (325) or with certain reaction setting adhesives based on acrylics (374). If two pieces of the same polyolefin are to be joined
19
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
then fusion methods may be used (see for example, (127)). Another exception, which is likely to be rare, is where surface topography is dominant, e.g., the large increase in adhesion resulting from the trichloroethylene vapour treatment of PP (a.16) is probably due to mechanical keying. However, changes in topography caused by commercial pretreatments of polyolefins are likely to be of secondary importance. Large increases in adhesion can be obtained, using for example a corona discharge, without any noticeable changes in topography. The remaining discussion centres on pretreatments of polyolefins, in particular the options available and the mechanisms by which the treatments operate. The effects of additives are also considered. There has been considerable debate over the last 40 years regarding the mechanism by which pretreatments enhance adhesion. Some workers have favoured the view that improved wetting caused by the introduction of functional groups is vital whereas others believe that pretreatments remove potential weak boundary layers. Hansen and Schonhorn (a.3) have argued that the main function of surface treatments is to eliminate potential weak boundary layers and that any oxidation is of secondary importance. It is certainly true that some pretreatments, e.g., CASING (a.3) can cause crosslinking, and in principle any small molecules on a surface may be incorporated into a network by crosslinking or alternatively they may be ablated. Also with an etching treatment, such as chromic acid, small molecules could be washed away from the surface. One key question is, therefore, whether it is necessary to introduce chemical functionality into a polyolefin surface to achieve good adhesion. It can be calculated that provided wetting is complete, dispersion forces are more than sufficient to account for the highest adhesion levels that have been observed in direct tension. However, on a sub-microscopic level real surfaces may be highly irregular and the degree of wetting may be far from complete. This will certainly be true if the viscosity of the ‘mobile phase’ is high and the ‘setting time’ is low. It is unknown what degree of wetting is required to give satisfactory adhesion. The overall interaction between the polyolefin surface and the ‘mobile phase’ will depend on the degree of contact achieved and the magnitude of the intermolecular forces involved. The commercial pretreatments for polyolefins will certainly increase the surface energies of polyolefins.
20
This may lead to a substantially higher degree of wetting. Also, the intermolecular forces will be stronger and stress concentrations due to voids will be reduced. Although reflection IR has failed to detect any chemical changes with several different treatments of polyolefins, XPS has detected substantial surface oxidation in all cases examined. In the CASING process Hansen and Schonhorn claimed no chemical changes occurred but this has been disputed by Sowell and co-workers (403) and by Malpass and Bright (a.17). Using reflection IR, Blais and co-workers (382) could detect no changes in surface chemistry after treating PP with chromic acid. They concluded that a weak layer had been washed away by the chromic acid and that this was the reason for the improved adhesion that they had observed. However, Briggs and co-workers (398) using XPS clearly showed that chromic acid introduced substantial quantities of functional groups into PP. The introduction of polar groups into a polyolefin surface will lead to improved wetting which should result in improved adhesion provided no weak boundary layers are present. Functionalisation can sometimes lead to improved adhesion with increasing surface energy. When Schonhorn and Hansen (a.3) used the CASING process with fluorine a decrease in the critical surface tension of LDPE occurred, although adhesion increased and this was taken as evidence in favour of the weak boundary concept. However, it is possible to explain this result because when the PE surfaces are fluorinated the hydrogen bonding capability is increased. The polar component of the surface energy of poly(vinyl fluoride) is similar to that of a typical flame treated PP surface. The present authors suggest that the balance of evidence favours the following general view. Perfect wetting of a polyolefin surface would lead to high levels of adhesion even if only dispersion forces were involved. Therefore, wetting with untreated polyolefins must be inadequate and surface pretreatments which result in chemical modifications will either increase the degree of wetting and/or lead to interactions across the interface that are stronger than dispersion forces. Usually, both processes will occur due to the introduction of polar functions, some of which are capable of participating in relatively strong specific hydrogen bonding interactions. Much more work is required to identify the role of strong interactions, but the importance of such interactions has been demonstrated directly by the interaction of discharge treated PE with a nitrocellulose ink (396) and directly by the adhesion levels between partially fluorinated but untreated polyolefins and epoxide adhesives (a.18).
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Another piece of evidence in favour of the need to introduce functional groups into polyolefins, is the fact that polymers already possessing functional groups, such as poly(vinyl chloride) and nitrile rubber (394) are easy to adhere to in their untreated state provided that ‘small molecules’ are not present on the surface. Weak boundary layers (WBLs) will be important in some cases but much evidence has been presented against the idea that WBLs are the main reason for adhesion problems involving polyolefins. However, it is important to understand the role of low molecular weight species on polyolefin surfaces. In the context of this review we can distinguish 6 possible cases as shown in Figure 9. Examples of these cases include: (A) this represents the view of those who believe that the poor adhesion of polyolefins is due to the lack of functional groups (B) chromic acid etched and washed PE (C) untreated PE with low molecular weight polymer on surface (D) chromic acid etched PE contaminated with a hydrocarbon oil or grease (E) untreated PE with a high level of slip agent (F) discharged treated PE with anti-static or slip agent.
A
C
E
N
N
N
n
n
n
N
N
N
p
p
p
N
N
N
Case C represents the weak boundary explanation for lack of adhesion to polyolefins. However, Briggs and co-workers (398) showed that this mechanism did not operate for the LDPE they studied. They followed the chromic acid etching of LDPE under very mild conditions and did not observe the expected discontinuity in either oxidation level or adhesion at low etching time. The joint strength between untreated LDPE and an epoxide adhesive was low but there was no evidence of transfer of hydrocarbon to the epoxide. Case D has been studied by Brewis (a.8). The chromic acid etching of HDPE increased the joint strength from 1.8 to 17.6 MPa in a lap shear test. Spreading a layer of petroleum jelly (approx 2 x 103 nm thick) over the etched surface prior to bonding only reduced the bond strength to 12.7 MPa, as all or most of the petroleum jelly was absorbed by the adhesive. This indicates the importance of a displacement or absorption mechanism. Case E is well known to PE converters. Migration of polar additives required for surface properties such as low friction or low static charging cause problems in discharge treating for printing or laminating. In particular, the additive rather than the underlying polymer chains tend to be chemically modified. Case F is relevant to several situations. It well known that printing or bonding discharge treated LDPE or PP film containing some additives (particularly slip and anti-static) becomes more difficult as the film ages due to additive bloom. Overtreatment of polyolefin surfaces by discharge treatment (and probably some other treatments) causes low molecular weight oxidised material to be produced by degradation. This may or
B
D
F
P
P
P
n
n
n
P
P
P
p
p
p
P
P
P
Figure 9 Simplified cases of low molecular weight species on polyolefin surfaces where N and P refer to non-polar and polar high molecular weight (strong) material, and n and p refer to the corresponding low molecular weight (weak) material
21
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
may not affect subsequent adhesion. Some systems are tolerant to high levels of such material, presumably because it can be incorporated into the ink or adhesive layer. However, lamination or heat sealing operations may be hindered. The existence of small molecules on the polyolefin surface is probably common, but, low molecular weight material will not behave as a WBL if the interaction between substrate and adhesive (etc.) is sufficiently strong to cause displacement or if an absorption mechanism occurs as noted by Brewis (a.8). It is also important to remember that a potential WBL can be created by a pretreatment, e.g., the corona discharge method. As noted in Section 4, there have been many detailed studies relating to the pretreatment of plastics. Much is now known about these pretreatments including the chemical groups introduced, their concentrations and the depth of chemical modification. In contrast, the number of studies involving elastomers is much lower and in general the studies have been much less informative. One of the reasons for this is that elastomers usually contain several additives often in relatively high concentrations. These additives make an understanding of the pretreatments much more difficult. Because of the wide range of formulations for a particular elastomer, it is also more difficult to generalise about pretreatments than it is with plastics. For example, it is known that some formulations of SBR are considerably easier to pretreat than others. Another important difference between olefinic plastics and olefinic elastomers is that most elastomers possess carbon-carbon double bonds whereas the plastics (LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE and PP) do not. With elastomers reagents which react with carbon-carbon double bonds are used whereas with plastics the pretreatments must break C-C and C-H bonds. Hydrocarbon materials with few carbon-carbon double bonds will first be considered. The most important examples in this group are ethylene-propylene elastomers which may be crosslinked with peroxides or sulphur systems; in the latter case small quantities of dienes are polymerised with ethylene and propylene (EPDM). As EP rubbers contain no polar groups it will normally be necessary to chemically modify the polymers to enable them to interact strongly with polar adhesives such as epoxides and polyurethanes. In the case of plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, large increases in adhesion can be achieved by treating with a flame, corona, plasma, reactive gases such as fluorine or etching solutions. It would be expected that EP rubbers would respond in
22
the same way to these pretreatments. However, this is not always the case. Thus, Lawson (a.12), found that a corona treatment of an EPDM did not improve the peel strength to a polyurethane coating. It is probable that the reason for the poor adhesion is a layer of low molecular weight material on the EPDM. During corona treatment this layer, rather than the underlying polymer, would be oxidised. Hence, the polyurethane coating would not be able to interact strongly with the EPDM. Even if the EPDM was oxidised by the corona treatment, there would still be a cohesively weak layer on its surface. Where elastomers possess carbon-carbon double bonds there is the possibility that pretreatment may be effective by addition or substitution reactions. Thus some reagents may be effective with unsaturated hydrocarbons such as SBR and SBS but not with EP elastomers. This is demonstrated by the work of Lawson and co-workers (349) who found that treatment with trichloroisocyanuric acid in ethyl acetate resulted in the introduction of substantial quantities of chlorine into SBR, polybutadiene and natural rubber, but not into EPDM. Several methods have been shown to be effective at pretreating unsaturated hydrocarbon elastomers. These include treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid, acidified sodium hypochlorite and trichloroisocyanuric acid in ethyl acetate. The last method is the most commonly used commercially but in many countries legislation is being introduced to reduce the use of organic solvents. Promising results have been obtained with new solvent-free methods (a.15). An electrochemical method involving the highly reactive complex ion AgNO3+ has been found to be effective with polyolefins (PP, SBS, SBR); Ag2+ is continuously regenerated electrochemically and in principle only electricity and water are consumed (a.15). Another method involving the use of an aqueous acidified suspension of N-chloroparatoluene sulphonamide, has been found to greatly enhance adhesion to SBS (a.19). The preferred commercial methods for pretreating different polyolefins can be summarised as follows:
Polymer
Pretreatment Method
Film (PE, PP)
Corona
Bottles (PE)
Flame
Mouldings (PE, PP)
Flame, plasma, primers
EPDM
Grafting, primers
SBS, SBR
TCICA
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
7 Conclusions •
•
It is normally necessary to pretreat polyolefins to achieve satisfactory adhesion for bonding, printing, painting and metallising operations. In particular, it is necessary to introduce a small quantity of functional groups such as carbonyl into the polyolefin surface. An exception is where a very rough surface has been created permitting mechanical keying, for example, the treatment of polypropylene with a chlorinated solvent vapour. It is also not necessary to pretreat polyolefin surfaces if a diffusion mechanism operates. Thus it is possible to heat weld two pieces of the same polyolefin and sometimes two pieces of dissimilar, but compatible polyolefins. Tie layers, which are often copolymers of ethylene and a polar comonomer may be used to bond a polyolefin to an incompatible substrate. This procedure is often used in the production of laminates by co-extrusion.
•
It appears that certain reaction setting acrylic adhesives can diffuse into untreated polyolefins and achieve good adhesion.
•
Where a pretreatment is necessary, a wide range of options exists. The treatments may be divided into gas phase and liquid phase methods. The former include the use of corona discharges, plasmas, flames and reactive gases such as fluorine. The liquid phase methods include chromic acid and halogen donors such as trichloroisocyanuric acid. Primers including chloropolypropylenes and isocyanates are sometimes used with polyolefins as an alternative to a pretreatment.
•
The pretreatments used for polyolefinic elastomers and polyolefinic plastics are generally quite different. The favoured methods for plastics are the corona discharge, flame and plasma treatments. However, these methods are not usually effective with elastomers probably due to the presence of molecules and compounds of low cohesive strength on the surfaces. At present, the use of a chlorine donor, e.g., trichloroisocyanuric acid applied from an organic solvent is the most widely used method, although it is not effective unless the elastomer has a substantial number of carbon-carbon double bonds. Further, legislation restricting the use of organic solvents is being introduced in many countries. Promising new pretreatments include the use of water-soluble organic chlorine donors and an electrochemical method in which a highly active complex ion is generated on an aqueous medium.
•
Additives which migrate to the surfaces of polyolefins can have a major adverse effect on the benefits of pretreatments especially gas phase methods. This is because there is a tendency to chemically modify the additives rather than the underlying polymer chains during the pretreatments.
•
Surface analytical techniques, in particular Xray photoelectron spectroscopy, have provided much information on the chemical changes cause by pretreatments. It is now a routine matter to obtain a quantitative analysis in terms of the elements present in the surface region. Good adhesion to polyolefins can be obtained when as little as three atom% of oxygen is introduced into a polyolefin surface.
•
It is possible to identify particular chemical groups using reflection IR, SSIMS or XPS. In the case of XPS, the groups may be quantified using either high resolution analysis or the use of derivitisation reagents. SSIMS is especially useful for identifying specific molecules on surfaces, e.g., lubricants such as dimethysiloxane, but this method is not quantitative. Changes in topography after treatment may be studied by electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy.
•
There has been considerable controversy regarding the effect of ‘small molecules’ on polymer surfaces. Some workers have favoured the idea that the basic reason for poor adhesion with polyolefins is the presence of these molecules and the subsequent formation of a weak boundary layer. Chemical changes caused by pretreatments are regarded by these workers as of secondary importance. The present authors believe that it is necessary to chemically modify polyolefins to achieve good adhesion if a diffusion mechanism does not operate. They agree that ‘small molecules’ on polymer surface are probably common but support the view that if these weak layers are not removed by the pretreatment, they can often be absorbed by the adhesive, printing ink or paint.
References a.1
Handbook of Plastics Joining, Plastics Design Library, 1997, New York.
a.2
J.J. Bikerman, Adhesives Age, 1959, 2, 2, 23.
23
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
a.3
H. Schonhorn and R.H. Hansen, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1967, 11, 1461.
a.4
I. Sutherland, Loughborough University, personal communication.
a.13
ASTM D2578-99a, Standard test method for wetting tension of polyethylene and polypropylene films, 1999.
a.14
M.M. Pastor-Blas, M.S. Sánchez-Adsuar, J.M. Martín-Martínez, Polymer Surface Modification, Ed., K.L. Mittal, VSP, Utrecht, 1996, 379.
a.15
D.M. Brewis and I. Mathieson, Proceedings of 22nd Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society, Panama City Beach, USA, 21-24 February 1999, 4.
a.16
E.W. Garnish and C.G. Haskins in Aspects of Adhesion-5, Ed., D.J. Alner, University of London Press, London, 1969, 259.
a.17
K. Bright and B.W. Malpass, European Polymer Journal, 1968, 4, 431.
a.5
G. Beamson (Central Laboratory of the Research Council), D.M. Brewis (Loughborough University) and J.F. Watts (Surrey University), unpublished work.
a.6
D. Briggs, V.J.I. Zichy, D.M. Brewis, J. Comyn, R.H. Dahm, M.A. Green and M.B. Konieczko, Surf. Int. Anal., 1980, 2, 3, 107.
a.7
M.B. Konieczko, Ph.D. Thesis, De Montfort University, 1979.
a.8
D.M. Brewis, Journal of Materials Science, 1968, 3, 262.
a.9
C.E.M. Morris, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1970, 14, 2171.
a.10
I. Sutherland, D.M. Brewis, R.J. Heath and E. Sheng, Surf. Int. Anal., 1991, 17, 507.
a.18
M. Levine, G.A. Ilkka and P.J. Weiss, Journal of Polymer Science, 1964, B4, 915.
a.11
I. Brass, D.M. Brewis, I. Sutherland and R. Wiktorowicz, Int. J. Adhes.& Adhes., 1991, 11, 150.
a.19
a.12
D.F. Lawson, Rubber Chem. & Tech., 1987, 60, 102.
D.M. Brewis, R.H. Dahm, I. Mathieson and J.L. Tegg, Pretreatment of elastomers to enhance adhesion in Proceedings of RubberChem 2002, Munich, Germany, Rapra Technology Ltd, 11-12 June 2002.
24
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
Abbreviations and Acronyms θ
contact angle measurement
CASING
Crosslinking by Activated Species of INert Gases
CD
corona discharge
CPP
chlorinated polypropylene
EP
ethylene-propylene
EPDM
elastomeric terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a non-conjugated diene
ESCA
electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
FTIR
Fourier transform infrared analysis
HDPE
high density polyethylene
HT
high tension
IR
infrared
LDPE
low density polyethylene
MIR
multiple reflection infrared
NR
natural rubber
PE
polyethylene
PP
polypropylene
PU
polyurethane
RF
radiofrequency
SBR
styrene-butadiene rubber
SBS
styrene-butadiene-styrene
SEM
scanning electron microscopy
SFE
surface free energy
SSIMS
static secondary ion mass spectrometry
TCICA
trichloroisocyanuric acid
UV
ultraviolet
WBL
weak boundary layer
XPS
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
25
Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins
26
References and Abstracts
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database Item 1 Polymer Engineering and Science 41, No.10, Oct.2001, p.1752-61 ADHESION ENHANCEMENT OF EVAPORATED COPPER ON HDPE SURFACE MODIFIED BY PLASMA POLYMERIZATION OF GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE Zou X P; Kang E T; Neoh K G Singapore,National University
to be covered with grafted acrylic acid chains. After grafting for 3 h in 20% aqueous solution of acrylic acid, the depth of the grafted layer was more than 10 nm. A grain structure was observed on the grafted surfaces, but the surfaces of grafted films were smoother than that of the ungrafted film. With increasing graft copolymerisation time, the amount of adsorbed water on PE film increased. When the graft copolymerisation time reached 3 h, a different crystal form was formed. 11 refs.
Surface modification of HDPE surfaces by plasma polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate(GMA)(ppGMA-HDPE surfaces), in the absence and presence of argon plasma pre-activation of the HDPE surfaces, was carried out with the aim of enhancing the adhesion of the polymer with evaporated copper. FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic results suggested that the epoxide functional groups on the pp-GMA-HDPE surfaces had been preserved to various extents, depending on the radiofrequency(RF) power used during plasma polymerisation. Argon plasma pre-activation of the HDPE surface led to the strong interaction of the pp-GMA layer with the HDPE substrate. GMA plasma polymerisation at low RF powers and in the presence of argon plasma pre-activation was shown to be an effective method for enhancing the adhesion of HDPE with the evaporated copper. An optimum adhesion strength of about 16 N/cm was achieved between the evaporated copper and the ppGMA-HDPE surface prepared by plasma polymerisation of GMA at 5W, 100 Pa, 20 sccm for 5 s on the HDPE surface pre-activated by argon plasma at 35W, 100 Pa, 20 sccm for 20 s. The adhesion enhancement of the copper/pp-GMA-HDPE assemblies in the presence of argon plasma pre-activation of the HDPE substrate was attributed to the covalent bonding of the plasmapolymerised GMA layer with the HDPE surface, the preservation of the epoxide functional groups in the ppGMA layer and the spatial interactions of pp-GMA chains with the evaporated copper matrix. 34 refs.
CHINA
SINGAPORE
Accession no.836283 Item 3 ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering Fall Meeting.Volume 85. Chicago, IL, 26th-30th August 2001, p..012 ELECTROWETTING ON DIELECTRICS (EWOD): REDUCING VOLTAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR MICROFLUIDICS Saeki F; Baum J; Hyejin Moon; Jeong-Yeol Yoon; Chang-Jin Kim; Garrell R L California,University at Los Angeles (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The application of a critical potential between a conducting liquid on an insulating layer and a counterelectrode below the insulating layer results in change of the liquid wetting angle. Dielectrics consisting of layers of PTFE of various thicknesses and self-assembled monolayers of parylene were studied. Wetting of the PTFE surface was achieved with an applied voltage of only 6 V for film of 13 nm thickness. This was a 5-fold lowering of the threshold voltage compared with literature values. The low voltage was attributed to the use of extremely thin dielectric layers, smoothing of the dielectric surface by the application of silicone oil, and to the use of reduced droplet sizes. 8 refs. USA
Accession no.835100
Accession no.836358 Item 2 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 15, No.8, 2001, p.993-9 SURFACE STRUCTURE OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS GRAFTED WITH ACRYLIC ACID USING CORONA DISCHARGE Jingxin Lei; Xia Liao; Jun Gao Sichuan,University
Item 4 Polymer Bulletin 47, No.2, Oct.2001, p.199-205 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HDPE POWDERS BY OXYGEN PLASMA IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDISED BED REACTOR Jung S H; Park S H; Lee D H; Kim S D Korea,Advanced Institute of Science & Technology; Korea,Woosuk University
Chemical composition, morphology and crystalline structure of LDPE films surface-grafted with acrylic acid using corona discharge were studied by ATR IR spectroscopy, ESCA, SEM, DSC and wide-angle X-ray diffraction techniques. The grafted film surface was found
Surface modification of HDPE powders by oxygen plasma is carried out in a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) reactor. The effects of solid hold-up, treatment time and radio frequency (rf) power of oxygen plasma on the surface composition and hydrophilicity of HDPE powders
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
27
References and Abstracts
are determined. The solid hold-up in the plasma reaction zone mainly governs the stability of plasma glow and surface property of the powders. The hydrophobic surface can be transformed to hydrophilic of HDPE powder and the oxygen functionalities are formed including C=O and C(O)O-, which reach 12% and 8% respectively of the total carbon elements by the oxygen plasma treatment. The CFB reactor outperforms 3.4 times to obtain the similar level of hydrophilicity compared to that in a bubbling fluidised bed based on the composite parameter. The present CFB reactor can be utilised to modify the polymeric surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic with high-energy efficiency. 18 refs. KOREA
Accession no.835045 Item 5 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 82, No.7, 14th Nov.2001, p.1677-90 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE) FILM AND IMPROVEMENT OF ADHESION BETWEEN EVAPORATED COPPER METAL FILM AND LDPE Ju-Shik Kong; Dong-Jin Lee; Han-Do Kim Pusan,National University The effects of chromic acid treatment for periods of time between 1 and 60 minutes and oxygen plasma treatment for periods of time between 30 and 90 seconds on the surface of low density polyethylene films were examined by attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), scanning electron microscopy and water contact angle. The effect of chromic acid treatment on the tensile strength of the samples was evaluated and tensile strength reduced with increasing treatment time. Adhesion of copper film to the treated surface was evaluated by a scratch test. It was found that both surface roughness and number of polar groups on the surface increased with increasing treatment times of both chromic acid and oxygen plasma, resulting in lowered water contact angle. Blackening of a film sample occurred after 30 minutes treatment in chromic acid. Adhesion of copper film initially increased with increasing treatment times, but optimum adhesion properties consistent with tensile strength retention were established with 30 minutes chromic acid treatment followed by 30 seconds oxygen plasma treatment. 14 refs. KOREA
Accession no.834851 Item 6 Journal of Coatings Technology 73, No.921, Oct. 2001, p.107-15 MEASURING ADHESION TO POLYOLEFINS. THE ROLE OF ADHESION PROMOTER AND SUBSTRATE
28
Ryntz R A; Britz D; Mihora D M; Pierce R Visteon Corp.; Red Spot Paint & Varnish Co.Inc. Details are given of an in situ compressive shear delamination test to quantify the adhesive/cohesive properties of coatings to a variety of polyolefins. The effect of solvent type and chlorinated polyolefin adhesion promoting resin on adhesion/cohesion is described. Potential applications in automotive applications are mentioned. 21 refs. USA
Accession no.834044 Item 7 Polymer Bulletin 47, No.1, Sept.2001, p.99-104 HYDROPHILICITY AND SURFACE ENERGY OF POLYETHYLENE MODIFIED BY RADIATION GRAFTING OF ACRYLAMIDE Aliev R Mexico,Universidad Nacional Autonoma LDPE films were modified by gamma-radiation grafting of acrylamide from a 30 percent aqueous solution of acrylamide. The modification of the films was accompanied by changes in hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties and surface energy. Hydrophilicity of the films was characterised by immersing the films in distilled water at room temperature until equilibrium swelling was reached. The films were taken out of the water and excess water removed. The degree of swelling was calculated and contact angles determined. Equilibrium swelling of the grafted films occurred at 3-10 minutes. The starting LDPE hardly swells at all, but when modified the polymer absorbed considerable amounts of water. The modification is carried out in order to increase the biocompatibility of the films for use in medical applications. 23 refs. MEXICO
Accession no.833649 Item 8 Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference proceedings. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1207-8 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE-COHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE (FEP) BY ADSORPTION OF POLY(L-LYSINE) AND POLYACRYLIC ACID Chen W; Evangelista M E; Yeung R M Y Mount Holyoke,College (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) Being among the most chemically inert and hydrophobic commercial polymers, polytetrafluoroethylenecohexafluoropropylene (FEP) has been the subject of numerous surface chemistry studies directed at increasing its surface energy, primarily to promote adhesion. A
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
homopolymer poly(L-lysine) has previously been reported to adsorb to FEP from aqueous solution. It has been pointed out that it is the reduction of interfacial free energy that drives polymer or biopolymer adsorption. This approach is to take advantage of the high-energy water-FEP interface and adsorb polymers with discrete functional groups. Polyacrylic acid (PAA) and poly(L-lysine) (PLL) are the initial targets. These polymers adsorb to FEP from water under conditions. A significant number of experiments is carried out to determine adsorption behaviour. The pH of the solutions is important for PAA and PLL, and these polymers should be more adsorptive at low and high pH pines, respectively. The effects of the ionic strength of solutions are also studied. Solution ionic strength is an important issue. Ions both increase the surface tension of water, increasing the FEP-water interfacial free energy, and screen repulsive interactions between ionic groups. These studies are carried out with the objective of controlling the amount of adsorbed polymer, and consequently the functional group density. 1 ref. USA
Accession no.833539 Item 9 Journal of Physics D 34, No.18, 21st Sept.2001, p.2754-60 ADHESION ENHANCEMENT OF POLYMER SURFACES BY ATMOSPHERIC PLASMA TREATMENT Shenton M J; Lovell-Hoare M C; Stevens G C Surrey,University An atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasma (APNEP) developed by EA Technology is currently being investigated in collaboration with Surrey University. Of the many applications of surface modification that can be induced using plasmas, adhesion enhancement is one of the most commercially important. The use of an atmospheric plasma to enhance the adhesion characteristics of LDPE and PETP is illustrated. The polymers are treated in the remote afterglow region of an atmospheric pressure plasma to avoid the thermal effects that can cause degradation for thermally sensitive materials when placed in direct contact with the plasma. Reactive and inert atmospheric plasmas rapidly impart adhesion enhancement by a factor of two to ten as measured by 180 deg. peel tests. However, extended exposure to the atmospheric plasma does not impart additional adhesion enhancement as the surface is ablated revealing the underlying polymer with poor adhesive characteristics. In contrast, vacuum plasma treated LDPE and PETP show increased adhesion with extended plasma treatment. Adhesion enhancement in excess of two to three orders of magnitude is found to be achievable for vacuum plasma treatment times greater than 10 min. 36 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.831666
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 10 Journal of Materials Science Letters 20, No.14, 15th July 2001, p.1289-91 INVESTIGATION OF HYDROPHILICITY OF POLYETHYLENE MODIFIED BY ELECTRIC DISCHARGE IN THE COURSE OF AGING Novak I; Florian S Slovak Academy of Sciences Details are given of the effect of ageing on adhesive properties of an LDPE modified by corona discharge in the presence or absence of additives. Investigations were performed by means of goniometric experiments consisting of measuring contact angles of 12 different testing liquids. The surface free energy and its polar component were calculated. 10 refs. SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.831147 Item 11 Applied Spectroscopy 55, No.8, Aug. 2001, p.984-91 RAMAN AND INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPIC MAPPING OF PLASMA-TREATED AND GRAFTED POLYMER SURFACES Keen I; Rintoul L; Fredericks P M Queensland,University of Technology A section of the surface of a predominantly PP substrate containing a small amount of PE copolymer and a small amount of blended EPM was characterised before and after plasma treatment and after graft copolymerisation with PS by means of Raman and ATR/IR mapping. The maps constructed indicated variations in crystallinity across the surface, the distribution of EPM and the distribution of hydroxy groups introduced onto the surface by plasma treatment. 24 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.830453 Item 12 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 671 ADHESION BETWEEN PP-BASED ELASTOMER AND PVDF IN LAYERED STRUCTURES BY INTERLEAVING A GRAFTED COPOLYMER Brassine C Liege,University (SPE) Interfacial adhesion between films of polypropylene (PP)based thermoplastic elastomer and poly(vinylidene fluoride) was enhanced by the use of thin interlayers of a compatibiliser containing PP and poly(methyl methacrylate) sequences. Two precursors were used for the synthesis of the compatibiliser: polypropylene-graftpoly(maleic anhydride) and poly(methyl methacrylate-
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References and Abstracts
co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (MMA-HEMA). Peel tests were used to determine the effectiveness of the compatibiliser. The fracture energy without compatibiliser was approximately 60 J/sq m, whilst values of 300-2000 J/sq m were obtained with a compatibiliser. The compatibiliser efficiency increased with increasing (MMA-HEMA) molecular weight, and decreased with increasing crosslinking. 6 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.830103 Item 13 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 21, No.4, 2001, p.325-37 ADHESION IMPROVEMENT OF SBR RUBBER BY TREATMENT WITH TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID SOLUTIONS IN DIFFERENT ESTERS Romero-Sanchez M D; Pastor-Blas M M; MartinMartinez J M Alicante,University Ethyl, propyl and butyl acetates were used as solvents for trichloroisocyanuric acid in the chlorination of SBR. The treated surfaces were characterised using ATR-IR spectroscopy, SEM and contact angle measurements. Stress-strain measurements were also carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the treated rubber. Adhesion properties were studied using a PU adhesive and the failed surfaces obtained after performing T-peel tests were analysed in order precisely to locate the joint failure. 16 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.829495 Item 14 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 81, No.10, 6th Sept.2001, p.2531-44 MECHANISM OF MORPHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN DYNAMICALLY CURED EPDM/PP TPES. 1. EFFECTS OF STATE OF CURE Goharpey F; Katbab A A; Nazockdast H Amirkabir,University Development of the morphology of a dynamically cured ethylene propylene diene(EPDM) and polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic elastomer during internal mixing was followed by sampling the process at various times and quenching some samples immediately in liquid nitrogen. Samples were then examined using scanning electron microscopy, and thermal properties were examined using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and calorimetry. Surface energy of the components was estimated from contact angle measurement. The development of morphology was related to the mixer torque curve and state of cure, with causes for the observed changes in
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torque explained in terms of state of cure and surface energy. A four-stage model for morphological development during mixing was proposed. 24 refs. IRAN
Accession no.829351 Item 15 Journal of Physics D 34, No.16, 21st Aug. 2001, p.2482-8 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF THE GAS IN THE VOIDS DURING CORONA CHARGING OF CELLULAR ELECTRET FILMS. A WAY TO ENHANCE THEIR PIEZOELECTRICITY Paajanen M; Wegener M; Gerhard-Multhaupt R VTT Chemical Technology; Potsdam,Universitat The influence of the corona-charging process on the piezoelectric transducer coefficient of a cellular electret PP film was investigated. The effect of the gas inside the voids was also studied. 21 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; GERMANY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.828143 Item 16 Advanced Composites Letters 10, No.3, 2001, p.135-9 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE HELIUM PLASMA TREATMENT OF ULTRAHIGH MODULUS POLYETHYLENE FIBRES Qiu Y; Anantharamaiah N; Xie S; Vaidya N P; Zhang C North Carolina,State University Ultrahigh modulus PE fibres were treated for 0, 1 and 2 min, respectively, by atmospheric pressure helium plasma on a capacitively-coupled device at a frequency of 7.5 kHz and helium pressure of 3430 Pa. The 2 min helium plasma treatment was shown to etch the surface of the fibre, resulting in a 70% increase of fibre/epoxy resin interfacial shear strength(IFSS) over the control and 1 min treated group. The increase of IFSS was mainly due to the etching of the fibre surface that created grooves of about 200 nm width. 14 refs. USA
Accession no.827460 Item 17 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 445 ADHESION OF POLYETHYLENE TO POLYPROPYLENE IN MULTI-LAYER FILMS Poon B; Chang A; Chum S P; Tau L; Volkenburgh W R; Hiltner A; Baer E Case Western Reserve University; Dow Chemical Co. (SPE) An isotactic polypropylene, which had been impact modified by addition of an ethylene-propylene rubber,
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Substrate preparation methods; Rubber to metal bonding; Rubber to metal and other substrate bonding; Bonding rubber to metals with waterborne adhesive systems; Rubber to rubber bonding; Rubber to Brass bonding; Review of tyre cord adhesion; Rubber to metal bonding using metallic coagents; Rubber to fabric bonding; Bonding rubber with cyanoacrylates; Bonding silicone rubber to various substrates; failures in rubber bonding to substrates. Each chapter is well referenced.
was used to prepare film by coextrusion with three different Ziegler-Natta linear low density ethylene (LLDPE) copolymers, and with a metallocene ethyleneoctene linear low density copolymer. Tapes of 1.7 mm thickness, consisting of 32 alternating layers of PP and LLDPE, were produced and the peel strength measured over a range of speeds at room temperature. The metallocene system exhibited significantly higher levels of adhesion between the PP and the LLDPE compared to the Ziegler-Natta systems. This was attributed to the presence of a weak amorphous interfacial layer. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; INDIA; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
USA
Accession no.826525
Accession no.827072 Item 18 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 81, No.12, 19th Sept.2001, p.2881-7 SURFACE GRAFT POLYMERIZATION OF 2HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE ONTO LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILM THROUGH CORONA DISCHARGE IN AIR Jingxin Lei; Xia Liao Sichuan,University The active species produced on forming chemically active sites on low density polyethylene (LDPE) by atmospheric pressure corona discharge were used to induce copolymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) onto LDPE film in aqueous solution. The results showed that the degree of grafting was directly proportional to the corona discharge and reaction times and the HEMA concentration in the reaction solution, and attained the high value of 158.0 microgram per sq. cm. after treatment for 72 seconds at a voltage of 15 kV at 50 Hz. Attenuated total reflectance IR spectroscopy revealed some characteristic peaks for the grafted LDPE at 1719 cm to the power -1, and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) revealed a peak at 531 eV. The hydrophilicity of the grafted LDPE film is greatly increased compared with that of the ungrafted film. 13 refs. CHINA
Accession no.826894 Item 19 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, pp.x, 386, 25cm, 9(12)4 HANDBOOK OF RUBBER BONDING Edited by: Crowther B This book is the first for many years to be solely devoted to the subject of rubber bonding. The book presents a series of papers written by a variety of authors with practical expertise within the field who have been engaged in improving the bonded product to meet the ever increasing demands placed on composites and components manufactured from rubbers bonded to metals, fabrics, fibres and plastic substrates. Chapter titles include:
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 20 POLYMERS FOR THE MEDICAL INDUSTRY INNOVATIONS IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY. Proceedings of a conference held Brussels, 14th-15th May 2001. Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, Paper 19, p.18, 012 ROUTINE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF MODIFIED POLYMER SURFACES Eccles J; Williams R; Markkula T; Hird S Millbrook Instruments Ltd.; Liverpool,University (Rapra Technology Ltd.) The range of biomedical applications for polymers where surface properties are extremely important is indicated and the growing trend towards secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the chemical analyses of medical polymers is highlighted. A case study, which shows how the surface of a PTFE prosthesis for the repair of damaged blood vessels can be modified in a controlled manner by plasma treatment to make the surface more hydrophilic, is presented. Chemical changes induced in the PTFE surface were identified using XPS and SIMS and the data obtained compared with changes in wettability observed by means of contact angle measurements. 39 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.826446 Item 21 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 38 USE OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE-CONTAINING CONCENTRATES TO AFFECT ADHESION BETWEEN POLYETHYLENE AND ETHYLENEVINYL ALCOHOL Kamykowski G W Rohm & Haas Co. (SPE) Adhesion between the layers of five-layer coextruded cast films was investigated. The films comprised a central layer of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), outer layers of high density polyethylene, and tie layers consisting of
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References and Abstracts
varying amounts of maleic anhydride-modified polyethylene-containing concentrates with various diluting resins. Peel strength was determined according to ASTM D 1876. Adhesion increased with increasing film thickness and concentrate level. It was also influenced by the diluent composition and the ethylene content of the EVOH. Adhesion was independent of the extrusion temperature. 7 refs. USA
Accession no.825434 Item 22 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 24 THE CASE AGAINST OXIDATION AS A PRIMARY FACTOR FOR BONDING ACID COPOLYMERS TO FOIL Morris B A; Suzuki N DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.; Mitsui-DuPont Polychemicals Co.Ltd. (SPE) It has previously been proposed that oxidation of linear low density polyethylene, by heating the polymer to high temperatures, enhances the adhesion to polar substrates such as aluminium foil during the extrusion coating process. The peel strength increases with increasing time in the air gap, attributed to increased oxidation of the melt curtain. Acid copolymers behave similarly. Experiments were conducted to clarify the mechanism: acid copolymers and LDPE were treated with ozone as they were coated onto foil, and the peel strength determined; the influence of antioxidant additions to the peel strength of LDPE was studied; the influence of processing temperature on peel strength was evaluated; and the influence of orientation on peel strength was measured. It was concluded that although oxidation was an important factor, and the most important factor for LDPE, the primary factors influencing the bonding of acid copolymers were acid level and thickness. 14 refs.
master curves using shift factors in accordance with the universal WLF equation. When peeled at intermediate reduced rates, failure was cohesive within the SBR 1502, while at sufficiently high or low rates interfacial separation between the rubber and PETP occurred. The results were in marked contrast with those of Gent and Petrich using similar test pieces with another type of rubber, SBR 1513. They found cohesive failure at sufficiently low reduced rates and interfacial failure when the rate was high. The differing behaviour of the two elastomers was attributed to stronger interfacial attraction with SBR 1513 and its lower strength. General considerations governing the locus of failure during peel adhesion testing are discussed. 2 refs. AMERIPOL USA
Accession no.824934 Item 24 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 234 EPOXY ADHESIVES: EFFECT OF PLASMA TREATMENT AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON EPOXY TO POLYETHYLENE BOND STRENGTH Petrie S P; Bardsley E F Massachusetts,University (SPE)
JAPAN; USA
The influence of surface treatment and ageing on the bond strength of epoxy bonded polyethylene was investigated. Coupons were subjected to surface roughening and/or plasma treatment prior to bonding with FDA-2 epoxy, which is commonly used for medical applications. Strength under shear loading was measured before and after accelerated ageing. Samples were aged by placing them in lactated Ringers solution, to simulate biomedical applications. Both surface roughening and plasma treatment enhanced the bond strength, the strongest samples being those subjected to both treatments. Ageing degraded the bond strength, the degradation being reduced by plasma treatment. 5 refs.
Accession no.825420
USA
Item 23 159th ACS RUBBER DIVISION MEETING SPRING 2001. Held Rhode Island. 24th-27th April 2001.. Akron,Oh., 2001, Paper No.14, pp.25. 012 PEEL STRENGTH OF UNCROSSLINKED STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER ADHERED TO POLYESTER FILM Hamed G R; Preechatiwong W Akron,University (ACS,Rubber Div.) Test pieces consisting of a fabric-backed SBR 1502 layer bonded directly to PETP film were T-peel tested at various rates and temps. Peel energies were superposed to form
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Accession no.823733 Item 25 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 15, No.6, 2001, p.727-46 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) FILMS BY PLASMA POLYMERISATION AND UVINDUCED GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION ENHANCEMENT WITH ELECTROLESSLY-DEPOSITED COPPER Yang G H; Kang E T; Neoh K G Singapore,National University Hydrogen plasma-pretreated PTFE films were surface modified either by plasma polymerisation and deposition
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
of glycidyl methacrylate or by UV-induced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate. The chemical composition and structure of the modified films were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy and the adhesive strength of electrolessly deposited copper to the modified surfaces evaluated by T-peel adhesion strength measurements. Adhesion strength data revealed that the plasma polymerised and UV-graft copolymerised glycidyl methacrylate polymer chains were covalently bonded to the plasma pretreated PTFE and were spatially distributed in the copper matrix. 39 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.823103 Item 26 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 15, No.6, 2001, p.653-64 IMPROVEMENT OF PAINT ADHESION TO A POLYPROPYLENE BUMPER BY PLASMA TREATMENT Cho D L; Shin K H; Lee W-J; Kim D-H Chonnam,National University The primerless surface of a PP bumper was treated with oxygen, water and acetylene plasmas and the adhesion of a paint thereto investigated in both dry and wet conditions. The chemical structures of the untreated and treated bumpers were investigated by FTIR/ATR spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy and their hydrophilicity was determined by water contact angle measurements. Acetylene plasma treated surfaces were found to adhere particularly well to the paint. 13 refs. KOREA
Accession no.823099 Item 27 Polymer 42, No.18, 2001, p.7879-85 SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROPOROUS POLYPROPYLENE MEMBRANES MODIFIED BY PLASMA TREATMENT Bae B; Chun B-H; Kim D Sung Kyun Kwan University; Yonsei,University The surface of commercial PP membranes was modified by plasma treatment using several different reagents. The morphology and the wetting properties were affected differently according to the reagent used. Acrylic acid, water and the graft polymerisable monomer allylamine decreased the contact angle but the C-F bond inducing hexafluoroethane gas increased it and its inclination was increased with plasma treatment time. The wetting behaviour of the plasma treated PP membrane was explained with reference to the morphology and chemical structure. 19 refs. SOUTH KOREA
Accession no.822069
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 28 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 81, No.3, 18th July 2001, p.701-9 USE OF SILANE AGENTS AND POLY(PROPYLENE-G-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE) COPOLYMER AS ADHESION PROMOTERS IN GLASS FIBER/POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES Bikiaris D; Matzinos P; Larena A; Flaris V; Panayiotou C Thessaloniki,University; Madrid,Universidad Politecnica; Huntsman Corp. Two organofunctional silanes and a functionalised propylene-maleic anhydride copolymer were used to improve the interfacial adhesion in glass fibre polypropylene reinforced composites. The performance of the glass coupling agents was evaluated by the measurement of mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated increased adhesion which was confirmed by the improved properties achieved during mechanical testing. It was shown that, although using the copolymer by itself was a better adhesion promoter than the individual silane coupling agents, the combination of all three gave the greatest adhesion. Full details of the test procedures are given and the results discussed. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.821953 Item 29 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, No.8, 23rd May 2001, p.1140-9 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HDPE AND PP BY MECHANICAL POLISHING AND DC GLOW DISCHARGE AND THEIR ADHESIVE JOINING TO STEEL Bhowmik S; Ghosh P K; Ray S Roorkee,University The preparation of the surfaces of HDPE and PP for adhesive bonding has been examined using mechanical polishing followed by DC glow discharge techniques. Although mechanical polishing only improved the adhesion by 10%, when followed by the DC glow discharge the adhesion increased by some five to seven times when this technique was applied to ‘as received’ samples. 23 refs. INDIA
Accession no.821527 Item 30 ACS Polymeric Materials Science & Engng. Volume 75. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., Fall 1996, p.480-1 EFFECT OF GRAFTED INTERFACIAL CHAINS ON THE ADHESION BETWEEN GLASS AND
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References and Abstracts
SEMI CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS Gerard J F; Chabert B; Guyot A; Spitz R UMR CNRS (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) An investigation was carried out into the effects of grafted interfacial chains on the adhesion between glass and the semi-crystalline polymers, polypropylene and polyethylene. Silane functionalised polyethylene and polypropylene were synthesised from the copolymerisation of a diene with ethylene or propene, respectively, followed by hydrosilylation. The silanol groups of the surface react with the chlorosilane or alkoxysilane groups introduced at the chain ends or as side chain groups. Studies were carried out on the interfacial adhesion by using an asymmetric double cantilever beam and microbond tests for the polyethylene/ glass and polypropylene/glass interfaces, respectively. It was possible to design the connecting side chains so that a given value for the fracture energy of the interface could be obtained. 17 refs. USA
Accession no.820830 Item 31 Polymer Engineering and Science 41, No.5, May 2001, p.782-5 SURFACE STRUCTURE AND ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF BIAXIALLY ORIENTED POLYPROPYLENE FILM GRAFTED WITH POLY(ACRYLIC AMIDE) USING CORONA DISCHARGE Jingxin Lei; Guangjian He; Qiman Li; Xiaohong Lin Sichuan,University The use of corona discharge as a means of forming chemically active sites on the surface of biaxially oriented PP film was assessed. The active species formed in air was used to induce graft copolymerisation of acrylic amide(AAM) in aqueous solution. The surface structure, hydrophilicity and adhesion of the grafted BOPP film were characterised by the extent of grafting, ESCA, SEM, peel strength and contact angle measurements. Surface graft copolymerisation of AAM onto BOPP film by corona discharge in air could be carried out with high efficiency. With increasing copolymerisation time, the degree of grafting of AAM onto BOPP increased. The degree of grafting achieved a relatively high value of 2.13 wt % for the conditions of 1 min corona discharge and a copolymerisation reaction time of 2.5 h in 20% AAM aqueous solution at 70C. After corona discharge grafting, the contact angle of water on the BOPP film decreased and the peel strength increased compared with those for ungrafted BOPP film. The hydrophilicity and adhesion of BOPP were improved by surface graft copolymerisation with AAM induced by corona discharge. 9 refs. CHINA
Accession no.817913
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Item 32 Luntai Gongye 21, No.4, 2001, p.215-9 Chinese EFFECT OF COBALT SALT ON ADHESION STRENGTH BETWEEN CORD COMPOUND AND BRASS-PLATED STEEL CORD IN RADIAL TIRE Liang Li; Guo Yang Anhui Kaiyuan Tire Co.Ltd. The effect of type and concentration of cobalt salt on the properties of NR compound and the adhesion strength between the cord compound and the brass-plated steel cord in radial tyres was investigated. The results obtained showed that the cobalt type had little effect on the compound properties. The adhesion strength between the cobalt naphthenate-containing compound or cobalt stearate-containing compound and the brass-plated steel cord decreased significantly as the overcure time increased. The compounds with different types of cobalt salts had better heat resistance after hot air ageing and the compounds with cobalt neodecanoate or cobalt boroacylate had higher adhesion strength retention after steam ageing. A higher original adhesion strength could be obtained, but the hot air ageing properties and steam ageing properties decreased significantly as the level of cobalt neodecanoate increased and the optimum balanced adhesion properties were obtained when 0.7 to 1.2 phr of cobalt salt was used. CHINA
Accession no.817785 Item 33 Macromolecules 34, No.9, 24th April 2001, p.3007-17 SELF-ADHESION OF POLYETHYLENE IN THE MELT. II. COMPARISON OF HETEROGENEOUS AND HOMOGENEOUS COPOLYMERS Qureshi N Z; Rogunova M; Stepanov E V; Capaccio G; Hiltner A; Baer E Case Western Reserve University; BP Amoco Chemicals The hypothesis of a surface layer on heterogeneous ethylene copolymers was tested by comparison with the melt adhesion of metallocene ethylene-olefin copolymers, which had homogeneous comonomer content distribution and narrower MWD. Whereas the time dependence for melt adhesion of heterogeneous copolymers was two orders of magnitude longer than the time for complete interdigitation of the surface chains, ascribed to the presence of a surface layer that needed to resolve in order for bulk chains to reach the interface and for maximum adhesion strength to develop, full adhesion of homogeneous copolymers was achieved instantly on the experimental time scale. Furthermore, homogeneous copolymers could exhibit an order of magnitude higher peel strength in the melt due to the possibility for strain-
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
induced crystallisation. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy confirmed the existence of an amorphous surface layer on heterogeneous copolymers. The surface of homogeneous copolymers, on the other hand, exhibited the same densely packed lamellar morphology as the bulk. 30 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.817722 Item 34 Macromolecules 34, No.9, 24th April 2001, p.2932-6 ROLE OF THE INTERFACIAL ORIENTATION IN ADHESION BETWEEN SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYMERS Laurens C; Ober R; Creton C; Leger L College de France; ESPCI In order to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the adhesion between isotactic PP(iPP) and polyamide-6(PA6) in the presence of the iPP-PA6 diblock copolymer, thin film assemblies with a typical thickness of 115 nm were prepared. The crystalline orientation of the iPP and of the PA6 close to the interface was investigated by X-ray diffraction. An epitaxial crystallisation of iPP on PA6 was observed. As in the case of adhesive strength, the epitaxy was enhanced when increasing the copolymer surface density or the length of the PP block and further enhanced when the samples were annealed above the m.p. of PA6. 22 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.817713 Item 35 Polymers & Polymer Composites 9, No.3, 2001, p.175-84 EFFECTS OF COLLOIDAL SILICA ON ADHESION OF GLASS FIBRES TO POLYPROPYLENE Chou S; Lin L-S Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology Colloidal silica was used to treat glass fibres to improve their adhesion to PP resin. The fibres were also treated with a coupling agent and maleic anhydride modified PP emulsion to enhance their interfacial bonding. Surfaces of the glass fibres were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The colloidal silica made the surfaces of the glass fibre rougher, and thereby allowed PP to anchor on the surface of the fibres to improve the fibre/PP bonding which was tested by means of a microbonding pull-out test. Tensile and flexural strengths of the composites were determined, and the fracture surfaces were observed by SEM to establish the effect of the surface treatment. 9 refs. CHINA
Accession no.817537
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 36 International Polymer Science and Technology 28, No.3, 2001, p.T/92-7 OXIDATION AND DESORPTION OF OXYGEN IN THE UPPER LAYER OF ACTIVATED POLYPROPYLENE FILM Zenkiewicz M Metalchem Plastics Processing Institute The aim of this study is to further investigate the nature of oxidation which takes place during activation of biaxially oriented PP films, by use of photon electron spectroscopy, and with reference to the oxygen content in the outer layer of samples of active film. The influence of X-ray radiation and ultra high vacuum on the results of measurements of the oxidation of the outer layer of activated BOPP film is discussed. During investigations of activated BOPP film by photoelectron spectroscopy, a desorption of oxygen contained in its outer layer is noted, which constitutes one of the sources of error of this method. 6 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, No.10, 2000, p.701). EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.817335 Item 37 Polimery 45, Nos.11-12, 2000, p.802-7 Polish EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE PROCESS OF DECOHESION OF ADHESIVE JOINTS WITH POLYMER FILMS Zenkiewicz M; Dzwonkowski J The objects studied were adhesive joints of an acrylic adhesive and polyethylene film. The film was preactivated by corona discharge. The measure of the strength of the adhesive joints is the work of separation, consisting of several factors, the most important being the work of adhesion and the work of deformation or removal of the film by pulling. As the treatment energy increases, the measurements become more subject to error. The error can be kept down to within 9% by avoiding energy values greater than 2 KJ/square metre. 11 refs. Accession no.816533 Item 38 Journal of Polymer Engineering 20, No.5, Sept./Oct.2000, p.313-28 APPROACH USING CF4/CH4 PLASMA INDUCED SURFACE MODIFICATION TO IMPART FLAME RETARDANCY TO POLYPROPYLENE Shi L Shandong,University of Technology The flammability of PP film treated with CF4/CH4 plasma is partially increased compared with that of untreated PP.
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References and Abstracts
In PP film, pretreated with CH4 plasma to deposit a barrier layer and then with CF4/CH4 plasma, flame retardancy is improved. The surface flame retardancy of surface crosslinking by CH4 plasma is confirmed by the burning rate and TGA analysis. According to the change in burning rate over the entire range of %CF4 in the CF4/CH4 mixture, the whole range can be divided into three regions. The regions are distinguished by their mechanistic aspects of flame retardancy, which is due to the different mechanistic aspects of PP surfaces exposed to CF4/CH4 plasmas. 12 refs. CHINA
Accession no.816056 Item 39 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, No.14, 28th June 2001, p.2865-76 STYRENE-ETHYLENE/BUTYLENE-STYRENE BLENDS FOR IMPROVED CONSTRAINEDLAYER DAMPING Oborn J; Bertilsson H; Rigdahl M Chalmers,University of Technology The adhesion to metal surfaces and the damping properties of a variety of styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block copolymers, modified by thermoplastic additions, were investigated. Grafting of maleic anhydride to the ethylenebutylene block enhanced adhesion to metal surfaces without affecting the damping properties, as determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. The composite loss factor for a laminate consisting of two steel plates with a centre polymer layer was calculated according to the RossUngar-Kerwin theory. The results compared with measured values from vibrating beam tests, giving reasonable agreement. 38 refs. EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.813729 Item 40 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, No.14, 28th June 2001, p.2647-61 MACROMOLECULAR MODIFICATION OF EPDM: WETTABILITY, MISCIBILITY, AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY Ginic-Markovic M; Choudhury N R; Dimopoulos M; Matisons J; Kumudinie C South Australia,University; Cincinnati,University Ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) was blended with maleated EPDM (0.5 and 1% maleation) to enhance bonding to polar surfaces. The blends were characterised by wettability, miscibility and morphological studies. Wettability, determined by dynamic contact angle measurements, was improved by the maleated EPDM additions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed an increase in oxygen with increasing grafted EPDM content. The domain size also decreased with increasing maleic
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anhydride content. The blends were heterogeneous, with the glass transition temperature increasing with increasing interaction. 42 refs. AUSTRALIA; USA
Accession no.813703 Item 41 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 15, No.1, 2001, p.63-70 INVESTIGATION ON THE OXIDATION OF SURFACE LAYERS OF POLYOLEFINS TREATED WITH CORONA DISCHARGE Zenkiewicz M Metalchem The results of an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of the oxidation of surface layers of LDPE and biaxially-oriented PP (BOPP) films are presented. Analysis is performed using different take-off angles, i.e. 10, 30 and 90 deg., and thus the depths of the examined layers are 0.6, 1.9 and 3.7 nm respectively. It is found that the course of the oxidation process in the surface layers is similar for both polymer films. However, for treatment energies lower than 5 kJ/sq.m, the extent of the oxidation is higher for the LDPE film, whereas for above this value, the BOPP film is more oxidised. As detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, desorption of oxygen from the film surface occurs for both polymers during the treatment. 35 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.810998 Item 42 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 15, No.1, 2001, p.1-21 GAS-PHASE MODELLING OF IMPINGING FLAMES USED FOR THE FLAME SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE FILM Strobel M; Sullivan N; Branch M C; Jones V; Park J; Ulsh M; Strobel J M; Lyons C S 3M Co.; Colorado,University Contact-angle measurements, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to characterise flame treated biaxially oriented PP films. While the surface of PP treated in a fuel-lean flame is highly oxidised, no water-soluble low-molecular-weight oxidised material is formed by the flame treatment. A new computational model, SPIN, is used to determine the chemical composition of the impinging flames used to modify the PP. The SPIN model indicates that the species primarily responsible for the surface oxidation of the PP are OH, HO2, H2O2 and O2. Because the concentration of atomic O in the flame is low, there is little scission of the PP chains and no formation of LMWOM. AFM indicates that a nodular surface topography is generated during the flame oxidation of the PP. The surface topographical features generated by flame treatment are
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References and Abstracts
probably the result of the agglomeration of intermediatemolecular-weight materials. 51 refs. USA
Accession no.810995 Item 43 Macromolecules 34, No.5, 27th Feb.2001, p.1358-64 SELF-ADHESION OF POLYETHYLENE IN THE MELT. I. HETEROGENEOUS COPOLYMERS Qureshi N Z; Stepanov E V; Capaccio G; Hiltner A; Baer E Case Western Reserve University; BP Amoco Chemicals Heterogeneous ethylene copolymer films were melt sealed over a range of temperatures, for sealing times of 0.5-25 s, and the peel strength determined at the sealing temperature, using various peel rates, to study the molecular mechanisms and kinetics of self-adhesion in copolymers with broad molecular weight distributions. The peel strength had a square root dependence on contact time up to a saturation at the maximum strength. The time to achieve maximum strength was shorter for the copolymer with a more homogeneous composition, although the maximum strength was the same for all copolymers for a given test temperature. The saturation time for all copolymers was 2 orders of magnitude longer than the time for complete interdigitation of the surface chains. This was attributed to the presence of a surface layer of low molecular weight, higher branch content copolymer. 46 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.810710 Item 44 Journal of Macromolecular Science A A38, No.1, 2001, p.11-8 ADHESIVE BEHAVIOR OF UV SENSITIZER MODIFIED LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE Novak I; Chodak I Slovak Academy of Sciences The adhesive behaviour of PE (Bralen RA 2-19 from Slovnaft) modified by UV irradiation and phosphoryl chloride was investigated. A non-linear increase of the surface energy and its polar component against time of UV exposure was observed. The efficiency of PE modification depended significantly on the degree of crystallinity of the polymer, the intensity of the UV radiation and the time of modification. The measured values of the mechanical work of adhesion to PVAc corresponded with the level of hydrophilicity of the modified polymer. The relation between the mechanical work of adhesion and polar component of the surface free energy was found. 16 refs. SLOVNAFT SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.810671
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Item 45 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 21, No.2, 2001, p.161-72 INFLUENCE OF THE STYRENE CONTENT OF THERMOPLASTIC STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBERS IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TREATMENT WITH SULFURIC ACID Cepeda-Jimenez C M; Pastor-Blas M M; FerrandizGomez T P; Martin-Martinez J M Alicante,University Three block SBS thermoplastic elastomers with different styrene contents were treated with sulphuric acid to improve their adhesion to PU adhesives. T-peel test, SEM, contact angle measurements, ATR IR spectroscopy and stress-strain experiments were used to analyse the nature of surface modifications produced in the rubber. The length of the treatment and the neutralisation procedure (with and without ammonium hydroxide) were considered. The treatment with sulphuric acid resulted in the sulphonation of the butadiene units of the rubber and the creation of highly conjugated C:C bonds, which produced a change in colour of the thermoplastic elastomers. The treatment also produced a decrease in the TS and the EB of the rubbers. This indicated that the treatment with sulphuric acid was not restricted to the rubber surface but also produced a bulk modification. The sulphuric acid treatment increased the T-peel strength of two of the rubber/PU adhesive joints and produced a mixed failure mode (adhesion and cohesive failure in the rubber). 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.810653 Item 46 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 21, No.2, 2001, p.101-6 DURABILITY OF THE HALOGENATION IN SYNTHETIC RUBBER Romero-Sanchez M D; Pastor-Blas M M; FerrandizGomez T D P; Martin-Martinez J M Alicante,University A vulcanised SBR was chlorinated with 0.5 wt % trichloroisocyanuric acid(TCI) solutions in butanone. The durability of the effect of the halogenation treatment on the surface properties of the rubber was assessed using contact angle measurements, ATR IR spectroscopy and SEM. Adhesion was obtained from T-peel tests of treated rubber/PU adhesive joints. The failed surfaces (after the peel test was carried out) were characterised using ATR IR spectroscopy. For halogenation times lower than 2 h, improved wettability was obtained and the effects produced on the rubber surface were mainly due to the solvent. After 48 h, there was a high degree of surface modification and the reaction of TCI with the rubber was the dominant effect. After long periods (up to 1 year), there was evidence for the migration of the wax to the
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References and Abstracts
surface and for increased roughness. Although the increase in time produced a decrease in water contact angle, therefore, the peel strength remained high because of the chemical and morphological modifications on the rubber surface. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.810648 Item 47 Polymer Engineering and Science 41, No.3, March 2001, p.440-8 QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF ADHESION BETWEEN POLYPROPYLENE BLENDS AND PAINTS BY TENSILE MECHANICAL TESTING Houxiang Tang; Foran B; Martin D C Michigan,University A tensile mechanical test suitable for measuring the adhesion between brittle coatings and ductile substrates was used to measure the adhesion of painted layers on PP blends. The test involved the tensile deformation of the painted assembly, resulting in the periodic cracking of the brittle coating on the ductile substrate. The interfacial shear strength was determined by measuring the strength of the coating, the thickness of the coating and the average width of paint fragment after the crack density reached saturation. Apparent interfacial shear strength was obtained for different paints on the same type of blend, which gave consistent results over the experimental strain rate range from 0.0001 to 0.001/sec. Interfacial delamination was studied by optical microscopy and TEM. The delamination was observed to occur mainly near the adhesion promoter and substrate interface. 23 refs. USA
Accession no.810408 Item 48 Journal of Adhesion 73, Nos.2-3, 2000, p.135-60 SURFACE CHARACTERISATION OF VULCANISED RUBBER TREATED WITH SULPHURIC ACID AND ITS ADHESION TO POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE Cepeda-Jimenez C M; Pastor-Blas M M; FerrandizGomez T P; Martin-Martinez J M Alicante,University Modifications produced on a vulcanised SBR surface by treatment with sulphuric acid are studied and several experimental variables considered. The treatment of R1 rubber with sulphuric acid produces a noticeable decrease in contact angle, which is mainly ascribed to an increase in surface energy due to the formation of sulphonic acid moieties and C=O bonds, and the removal of zinc stearate. The rubber surface swells and becomes brittle as a result of the treatment, and when flexed microcracks are created.
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A rubber surface layer modification is produced with a consequent decrease in tensile strength and elongationat-break values. The treatment enhances the T-peel strength of RI rubber/PU adhesive joints and the locus of failure is cohesive in the rubber. The optimum immersion time in H2SO4 solution is less than 1 min., and the reaction time in air is not found to be critical; the neutralisation with ammonium hydroxide and the high concentration of the sulphuric acid (95 wt.%) are essential to produce adequate effectiveness of the treatment. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.810150 Item 49 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, No.3, 18th April 2001, p.388-97 STUDIES ON THE SURFACE PROPERTIES AND THE ADHESION TO METAL OF POLYETHYLENE COATINGS MODIFIED WITH PRIMARY AROMATIC AMINES Starostina I A; Stoyanov O V; Bogdanova S A; Deberdeev Ja; Kurnosov V V; Zaikov G E Kazan,State Technological University; Moscow,Institute of Biochemical Physics Polyethylenes (high density and low density), mechanically mixed with primary aromatic amines and wetting agents, were applied to a variety of steel substrates, followed by pressing and heating at 225 C. The coatings were characterised by the measurements on water resistance, catalytic peeling resistance, contact angle measurements, surface free energy determinations and infrared spectroscopy. The amine addition increased the coating adhesion, attributed to chemical and physical bonding, and a corresponding increase in the free surface energy of the coatings was also observed. The adhesion was dependent upon acid-base interactions. 12 refs. RUSSIA
Accession no.808689 Item 50 Rubber Technology International 2000, p.44-7 TEXTILE REINFORCEMENTS: ADHESION TO EPDM COMPOUNDS Kiesewetter J Mehler Engineered Poducts GmbH The use of textile-reinforced rubber in automobiles is reviewed. Raw materials for textile reinforcement include polyesters, polyamide, aramid polymers, PVAL, glass and rayon. Many fibres show poor adhesion to most common rubber compounds, so adhesive systems must be developed for textiles to give good bonding to a wide range of common rubber compounds and other polymers. Particular emphasis is put upon the development of
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References and Abstracts
adhesion systems for EPDM compounds; for each newly developed EPDM compound, an optimal adhesive system must be found by means of extensive testing and trials. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.807889 Item 51 2000 TAPPI Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference: Volume 1. Conference proceedings. Chicago, Il, 27th-31st Aug.2000, p.161-200 ADHESION PROMOTERS - CORONA FLAME AND OZONE. A TECHNOLOGY UPDATE Greig S; Sherman P B; Pitman R; Barley C Sherman Treaters Ltd. (TAPPI) The manufacture of polyolefin films by extrusion almost certainly includes as part of the processing line adhesion promotion. For cast and blown extrusion this means corona as the adhesion promoter, and for extrusion coating/laminating corona and ozone. Continued downgauging throughout the extrusion process means significant increases in production outputs and thus the need for the corona pre-treatment systems to be reevaluated. In extrusion coating, the manufacture of many sophisticated packages, there is an interest in optimum adhesion being achieved between laminates of various materials. This update in ozonisation will pay particular attention to today’s criteria regarding the use of ozone on extrusion coating lines, such as reductions in melt temperatures, improvements in production speeds and the safe use of ozone on a production line. Advanced control systems and a move towards water based inks and adhesives has led to increasing demands for better treatment performance and sparked a resurgence of popularity and new applications for flame treating plastic films and profiles. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.807549 Item 52 Adhasion Kleben & Dichten 42, No.5, 1998, p.31-4 German PLASTIC-METAL BONDING WITHOUT USING ADHESIVE Krueger G; Meyer U IFAM Direct bonding of copper or aluminium with polyolefins (LDPE, PP) has not been possible without using plastics and active heat application. On the other hand, if the metal surfaces and/or the polyolefin surfaces are treated in advance with an atmospheric plasma, bonding capability is very much increased so that flowing and cohesive
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rupture occur in the material with LDPE and with PP the force of the rupture corresponds to a load factor of 45%. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.807533 Item 53 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 79, No.10, 7th March 2001, p.1802-8 POLYETHYLENE GRAFTED MALEIC ANHYDRIDE TO IMPROVE WETTABILITY OF LIQUID ON POLYETHYLENE FILMS Sanchez-Valdes S; Picazo-Rada C J; Lopez-Quintanilla M L Mexico,Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplic.; Coahuila,Universidad Autonoma Blends of LLDPE and LLDPE grafted with maleic anhydride(MA) were prepared by melt mixing. The surfaces of cast films with different contents and types of maleated PE were characterised through contact angle and wetting tension measurements, as well as ATR IR spectroscopy. The tensile properties and light transmission of extruded films were studied and the performance of these films was compared with that of commercial ‘antifog’ films for use in greenhouses. The carbonyl polar groups on the surface of LLDPE/LLDPE-g-MA blends increased and the equilibrium contact angles of water and DMF decreased when the content of maleated PE increased. Films made with these blends showed a noticeable reduction in water drop formation as the MA content was increased and when using LLDPE-g-MA of lower molec.wt. The light transmission through these films under condensation was improved when using increased contents of MA, which promoted better wetting of the water on the surface. 16 refs. MEXICO
Accession no.807236 Item 54 Progress in Organic Coatings 40, Nos.1-4, Dec.2000, p.49-54 COATING OF UNTREATED POLYPROPYLENE WITH HALOGEN FREE AQUEOUS MATERIALS Hintze-Bruening H; Borgholte H BASF Coatings AG An attempt was made to develop a halogen-free aqueous adhesion promoter for coatings for exterior automotive parts made from PP or PP/ethylene-propylene copolymer blends. It was found that, while chemical bonding via catalytic oxidation of the unactivated C-H bonds as well as via insertion of a nitrene into the C-H bonds proved to be ineffective, high adhesion strengths similar to those in the literature could be obtained via physical interactions with polyacrylic-grafted polyolefins which had been applied as aqueous dispersions. The correlation of adhesive strengths with process parameters and analytical results obtained from
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model systems led to the assumption that the adhesion was effected by amphiphilic polymers interacting with the outermost PP at the surface rather than by penetrating deeply into the substrate. 17 refs. (25th Athens Conference on Organic Coatings, Vouliagmeni, Greece, July 1999) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.805121 Item 55 Polymer International 50,No.1,Jan.2001,p.49-52 INFLUENCE OF AGEING ON ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE MODIFIED BY DISCHARGE PLASMA Novak I; Florian S The adhesive properties of isotactic polypropylene having various degress of crystallinity with surfaces modified by a corona plasma discharge are studied during ageing. A considerable decrease in the surface free energy and its polar component was noted, and the correlation between the mechanical work of adhesion to polyvinyl acetate and the polar fraction during ageing was significant. It was confirmed that polymer crystallinity affects the adhesion parameters of aged polypropylene foil. 10 refs. SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.804417 Item 56 Macromolecular Symposia Vol.159, Oct.2000, p.151-61 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS BY REMOTE PLASMA TREATMENT Inagaki N Shizuoka,University Remote plasma treatment is proposed as a special technique to modify polymer surfaces. A concept for remote plasma treatment rises from the anticipation that radicals rather than electrons and ions in plasma contribute to introduction reactions of functional groups and the radicals have longer lifetime than electrons and ions. As a result, effective surface modification at a position far from the plasma zone (remote plasma treatment) will be done because radicals rather than electrons and ions become a predominant species for the modification. Fluoropolymers, PTFE, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and tetrafluoroethyleneperfluoroalkylvinylether copolymer, are modified by the remote hydrogen plasma. Their surface morphology and surface chemistry are demonstrated. An application of the remote hydrogen plasma treatment for improvement of adhesion between copper metal and the fluoropolymers is also demonstrated. 12 refs.
Item 57 Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 526 ANALYSIS OF ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS TO ELASTOMERS BY A TWO-SHOT INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS Patel S; Makadia C; Guan Q; Mehta S; McCarthy S P Massachusetts,University (SPE) Adhesion between a hard core and the soft skin of materials intended for automotive interior applications, produced using the two-shot injection moulding process, was investigated. Filled polypropylene and two thermoplastic polyolefins (containing ethylene, propylene, and EPDM) were tested with two thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) (containing ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene, propylene and EPDM). In addition, polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and an alloy of PC and ABS were tested with thermoplastic polyurethane. Bond strengths were determined by shear and peel testing. In the first group the strongest bond was between polypropylene and a lower density TPE containing ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene and propylene. The bond strength could be increased by adding skin material to the core material and/ or by adding core material to the skin material, resulting in increased compatibility. In the second group thematerials could not be ranked as no adhesive failure was observed. USA
Accession no.803373 Item 58 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83. Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.307-8 PLASMA POLYMERISED FLUOROPOLYMER THIN FILMS Silverstein M; Chen R; Sacher E; Sandrin L Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; ESPCI (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Fluorocarbon plasmas fluorinate substrate surfaces and reduce hydrophilicity, sometimes through the formation of a PP fluoropolymer film. The advantages of PP fluoropolymer films include low coefficient of friction, low surface tension, thermal stability, biocompatibility and chemical resistance. The structures and properties of PP films depend on the feed composition as well as the plasma environment. PP fluoropolymer films synthesised from fluorinated monomers are investigated, as is the influence of adding a non-polymerisable gas to the feed. The addition of a second gas is expected to alter the nature of the deposition, the molecular structure and the surface tension. 13 refs.
JAPAN
ISRAEL
Accession no.803512
Accession no.802787
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References and Abstracts
Item 59 Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering 39, No.5, 2000, p.793-806 EFFECT OF BONDING SYSTEMS ON THE ADHESION OF NITRILE RUBBER TO NYLON CORD Darwish N A; Lawandy S N; El-Shazly S A; AbouKandil A I Egypt,National Institute for Standards; Alexandria,University A tri-component system composed of resorcinol, hexamethylene tetramine (HMT) and hydrated silica is used as an adhesion promoter with an NBR mix. The resorcinol is replaced by o-aminophenol, maminophenol, p-aminophenol or m-phenylene diamine. The rubber-textile cord samples are subjected to ageing or exposed to ionising, radiation and their adhesions are examined. The effect of the crosslink density of different NBR mixes on the adhesion is also studied. The results show that aminophenols and m-phenylene diamine used have an effect on adhesion. However, their adhesion levels are lower than those obtained by resorcinol. The results also show that, on ageing, naminophenol and m-phenylene diamine have either better stability or enhancement of adhesion levels than other bonding systems. On exposure to radiation, the results show that the bonds formed between NBR mixes, containing different types of bonding material and undipped nylon cords are more stable than those formed with dipped ones. 13 refs. EGYPT
Accession no.802531 Item 60 Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference proceedings. Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.431-6 PLASMA MODIFICATION OF SISAL AND HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES: EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Martin A R; Manolache S; Mattoso L H C; Rowell R M; Denes F Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; WisconsinMadison,University; EMBRAPA Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E (EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP) Sisal fibres and finely powdered HDPE are surface functionalised using dichlorosilane under R-F plasma conditions to improve interfacial adhesion between the two dissimilar substrates. The functionalised PE (70%) and sisal (30%) are compounded in four different ways using a thermokinetic mixer and injected moulded into composites specimens for testing. Some improvements in mechanical properties of the composites due to the plasma treatments are achieved. Scanning electronic microscopy data indicate that some compatibilisation of
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the two plasma modified phases has taken place as compared to non-plasma treated composite. 14 refs. BRAZIL; USA
Accession no.802315 Item 61 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 79, No.525, March 2000, p.252/4 Spanish POLARISED FLAME TREATMENT The application of polarised flame treatment as a means for promoting the adhesion of biaxially oriented PP films is discussed. Equipment used in the treatment process is described, and the advantages of a double burner system developed by Esse-Ci are examined. ESSE-CI SPA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.800842 Item 62 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 78, No.13, 20th Dec. 2000, p. 2389-97 PREPARATION OF OXYGEN GAS BARRIER POLYPROPYLENE FILMS BY DEPOSITION OF SIOX FILMS PLASMA-POLYMERIZED FROM MIXTURE OF TETRAMETHOXYSILANE AND OXYGEN Inagaki N; Tasaka S; Nakajima T Shizuoka,University Film deposition of silica oxide was carried out on the surface of oriented polypropylene (OPP) films in order to form a new oxygen gas barrier material using plasma polymerisation of the tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) mixture. It was found that due to poor adhesion at the interface, the deposition of SiOx did not improve the oxygen gas barrier properties. If the OPP film underwent surface modification prior to SiOx deposition stronger adhesion resulted leading to success in the deposition and improvement in the oxygen barrier ability. The surface modification comprised argon plasma treatment and TMOS coupling treatment. The oxygen permeation rate through the SiOx deposited OPP film was decreased from 2230 to 37-52 cm3/m2/day/atm.12 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.800147 Item 63 European Plastics News 28, No.1, Jan.2001, p.38-9 TURNING OUT A PROFIT Vink D Rhein-Bonar, part of Bonar Plastics Europe, consumes 3,000 t/y of plastics, mainly LDPE, for its rotational mouldings. Rhein-Bonar is a BPE competence centre,
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which often makes first prototype mouldings for other group companies. The mouldings are mainly complex technical parts with high degrees of integration, varying wall thicknesses, sharp corners and undercuts. The latest large rotational mouldings made by the company since mid-2000 are the 3.2m long parts for the enclosure of the Velotaxi used by tourists in Berlin. Rhein-Bonar faced the problem of needing different sized autoclaves to plasma treat rotational mouldings for improved paintability by developing a method of treating the PE powder instead. RHEIN-BONAR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.799230 Item 64 Polymer Preprints. Volume 40. Number 2. August 1999. Conference proceedings. New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.563-4 ULTRAHYDROPHOBIC POLYMER SURFACES PREPARED BY SIMULTANEOUS ABLATION OF POLYPROPYLENE AND SPUTTERING OF POL POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) USING RADIO FREQUENCY PLASMA Youngblood J P; McCarthy T J Amherst,Massachusetts University (ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry) The preparation of ultrahydrophobic surfaces exhibiting both high advancing and high receding water contact angles, by simultaneous etching of PP and sputtering of PTFE using inductively coupled radio frequency argon plasmas, is reported. Plasma sputtering of polymers has been widely studied and is a momentum transfer process from the gas to the target, which dislodges molecular fragments that redeposit on the substrate. Sputtering of PTFE is anomalous and progresses by decomposition to monomer, which re-polymerises. 10 refs. USA
Accession no.797480 Item 65 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.11, 2000, p.1451-68 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION ENHANCEMENT WITH ELECTROLESSLY DEPOSITED COPPER Wu S; Kang E T; Neoh K G Singapore,National University The surface modification of Ar plasma-pretreated PTFE films via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with either 3(trimethoxysilyl)propylene methacrylate (TMSPMA) or glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is carried out to enhance their adhesion to electrolessly deposited copper. The surface
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compositions of the PTFE films at various stages of surface modification and electroless plating are studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adhesion strength of the graft-copolymerised PTFE film to the electrolessly deposited copper is affected by the type of monomer used for graft copolymerisation, the graft concentration, the plasma post-treatment time after graft copolymerisation and the extent of thermal post-treatment after metallisation. The maximum T-peel strength achieved between the electrolessly deposited copper and the GMA graft-copolymerised PTFE film is about 11 N/cm. This adhesion strength represents a more than 20-fold increase over what can be achieved when the PTFE film is treated by Ar plasma alone. The mechanisms of the adhesion strength enhancement and the failure mode in the metal-polymer laminates are also investigated. It is found that the failure is cohesive in nature within the PTFE film. 32 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.796831 Item 66 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.12, 2000, p.1485-98 PLASMA TREATMENT OF PET AND ACRYLIC COATING SURFACES-I.IN-SITU XPS MEASUREMENTS Shi M K; Dunham G; Gross M E; Graff G L; Martin P M Battelle Memorial Institute The surface modification of PETP and UV-cured tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (acrylic) films induced by remote N2 and Ar microwave plasmas (2.45 GHz) is compared by in-situ XPS measurements. Both N2 and Ar plasma treatments led to destruction of the initial oxygencontaining groups. The destruction of ester groups is much faster for the acrylic than for the PETP film and the destruction of other groups was much faster than that of ester groups within the acrylic. Among the plasma gases, N2, was more effective than Ar in the case of PETP, but their difference is negligible in the case of the acrylic film. The higher stability of the PETP surface is attributed to the presence of a rigid aromatic backbone, which protects the ester groups from plasma UV irradiation and stabilised the free radicals. The lower stability of the acrylic film is associated with the presence of weak ether groups. New functional groups are created, attributed to carbonyl in the case of Ar and carbonyl/amide and amine in the case of N2 plasma treatments. The formation of these new functional groups is very small compared with the loss of ether and ester groups suggesting that the destruction of these oxygen-containing groups proceeds mainly through elimination of the entire groups. 35 refs. USA
Accession no.796799 Item 67 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 20, No.6, 2000, p.467-76
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References and Abstracts
MODIFICATION OF POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) AND COPPER FOIL SURFACES BY GRAFT POLYMERISATION FOR ADHESION IMPROVEMENT Wu J Z; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Cui C Q; Lim T B Singapore,National University; Singapore,Institute of Microelectronics Laminates of copper foil and PTFE were produced by the surface graft polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate on a PTFE film, which had been pretreated with an argon plasma with simultaneous thermal lamination to a surface modified copper foil either in the presence of an epoxy resin adhesive or in the presence of a mixture of glycidyl methacrylate and hexamethylene diamine. The copper foil surfaces were treated with a silane coupling agent followed by argon plasma activation and UV-induced graft polymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements were used to characterise the treated surfaces and the adhesion of the laminates was determined by T-peel testing. 30 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.796639 Item 68 Polymer Degradation and Stability 70, No.3, 2000, p.325-32 SURFACE CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY CORONA DISCHARGE TREATMENT OF POLYETHYLENE FILM AND THE EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT MICROBIAL COLONISATION Matsunaga M; Whitney P J Surrey,University The effect of corona discharge treatment on the initial colonisation and possible biodegradation of LDPE films suitable for food packaging was investigated and the results obtained compared with those for UV exposed LDPE films. The surface energy of the films was determined by water contact angle measurements and degradation was evaluated by tensiometry. Attenuated total reflectance-FTIR spectroscopy was used to follow changes of the chemical components on the surfaces of the films. The pretreated films were exposed to bioactive conditions in compost and in the laboratory and SEM was utilised to study microbial growth or attachment on the surfaces of the films. 20 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.794705 Item 69 Macromolecules 33, No.19, 19th Sept.2000, p.7084-7 WELDING BEHAVIOR OF SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYMERS. 2. EFFECT OF COCRYSTALLIZATION ON AUTOADHESION
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Xue Y-Q; Tervoort T A; Rastogi S; Lemstra P J Eindhoven,University of Technology; ETH Zurich The effect of cocrystallisation on the welding behaviour of semicrystalline polymers was studied using UHMWPE as a model polymer. Solution cast films of UHMWPE were prepared, which consisted of regularly stacked 107 Angstroms thick lamellae which exactly doubled their thickness when annealed for 15 min below the melting point at 125C. To introduce a well-defined amount of cocrystallisation across the interface, two stacked, completely wetted solution cast films were annealed and it was found that doubling of the lamellae across the interface enhanced the peel energy to the extent that the films could not be separated any more. Samples in which cocrystallisation across the interface was prevented by preannealing on side of the film could still be separated easily. Thus, cocrystallisation across he interface was very effective in enhancing the adhesive fracture energy. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.794401 Item 70 158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000. Conference preprints. Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 6 CHLORINATION OF NATURAL RUBBER: SURFACE AND FAILURE ANALYSES IN A POSTVULCANIZED BONDED COMPOSITE Moore M J Freudenberg-NOK General Partnership (ACS,Rubber Div.) The use is examined of chlorination techniques as a pretreatment for post vulcanisation bonding. Chlorination with trichloroisocyanuric acid on to the surface of natural rubber took place prior to the bonding of the rubber to a glass filled polyamide. Three surface techniques were employed to investigate the chlorination process: contact angle measurements, reflective FTIR and electron microscopy with x-ray analysis. Progressive changes in the thermodynamic, chemical and morphological properties of the surface were observed. SEM/EDS mapping of cross-sections was used to estimate the penetration of the treatment. Migration of sulphurcontaining species to the chlorinated/non-chlorinated boundary during extended treatment times was observed, which is offered as an explanation for the degradation of bond in a composite assembly during fatigue testing. USA
Accession no.794118 Item 71 Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 76 FACTORS AFFECTING ADHESION OF TIE LAYERS BETWEEN POLYPROPYLENE AND
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References and Abstracts
POLYAMIDES Kamykowski G W Rohm & Haas Co.; Morton International Inc. (SPE)
fluorinated polymer and a partially fluorinated polymer was investigated and differing mechanisms for the two polymers (PTFE and PVF) were proposed. Results are tabulated.
The adhesion of polypropylene (PP)-based tie layers and the polyamide (PA) layer of five-layer co-extruded cast films was investigated. The tie layers were blends of concentrates (blends of PP and maleic anhydride-grafted PP) and selected diluents. Adhesion increased with increasing film thickness and increasing level of maleic anhydride-grafted PP, with the molecular weight of the grafted polymer having little influence. Superior results were obtained from homopolymer diluents compared with random copolymers. Adhesion was little influenced by the type of PA used as the centre layer, but PA gave much greater adhesion compared with an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
USA
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to detect major changes to the surface chemistry of PP, HDPE and SBS caused by electrochemical treatment using dilute nitric acid as electrolyte. Large increases in adhesion levels are observed with PP and HDPE. The method has the potential to be a commercial pretreatment that is inexpensive and safe. Further treatments are carried out in which the complex ion (AgNO3)+ is generated electrochemically. Effective pretreatment is achieved even with dilute solutions (0.001 M w.r.t. silver nitrate). Mechanisms are tentatively proposed for the electrochemical treatment when simply using an electrolyte of dilute nitric acid or where the analyte consists of a solution of silver nitrate in dilute nitric acid. 22 refs.
Accession no.793807 Item 72 Journal of Adhesion 73, No.1, 2000, p.43-63 ADHESION BETWEEN RUBBER COMPOUNDS AND COPPER-FILM-COATED STEEL PLATES Pyong Lae Cho; Gon Seo; Gyung Soo Jeon; Seung Kyun Ryu Chonnam,National University; Damyang,Provincial College; MicroTech Three copper film-coated steel plates with different thicknesses of copper film (30-90 nm) were prepared and their adhesion properties to natural rubber compounds were examined. The high adhesion of copper-coated plates to the rubber compound containing resinous bonding additives was obtained at normal and over-cure conditions. The copper-coated plate containing an amount of copper coating sufficient to plate the surface with a uniform copper layer showed better adhesion that that having a small amount of copper coating on its surface. The stability against green humidity ageing and the cause of the high adhesion of the copper-coated plate were studied in comparison with those of the brass plate. 14 refs. SOUTH KOREA
Accession no.793679 Item 73 Advances in Polymer Technology 19, No.4, Winter 2000, p.333 SURFACE TREATMENT OF FLUOROPOLYMERS Loughborough,University The pretreatment of fluoropolymers is briefly reported with reference to research into the enhancement of adhesion at Loughborough University. The effects of the Tetra-Etch treatment on the joint strength of a fully
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Accession no.791806 Item 74 Journal of Adhesion 72, Nos.3-4, 2000, p.373-86 ELECTROCHEMICAL PRETREATMENT OF POLYMERS WITH DILUTE NITRIC ACID EITHER ALONE OR IN THE PRESENCE OF SILVER IONS Brewis D M; Dahm R H; Mathieson I Loughborough,University
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.791457 Item 75 ICAC 99. Conference proceedings. Bristol, UK, 23rd-24th Sept.1999, p.221-7 DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE ON DAMAGE ACCUMULATIVE INTERFACE UNDER FATIGUE STRESS Sako N; Matsuoka T; Sakaguchi K Doshisha,University (IOM Communications Ltd.; Ulster,University; IMechE) Interface modified FRPP (fibre-reinforced PP) is used investigate the performance of voids accumulative interface as predamage on the fatigue properties. The interface is modified using oxygen plasma, which is able to improve T-peel interlaminar strength by 40%. The stress limit in the fatigue limit increases with improvement in static strength. The fracture mode as Weibull plots presents the typical two case. It is clear from the micrographs that a higher stress level and a higher interface strength provide
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References and Abstracts
brittle fracture, non-treated specimens provide ductile or viscous fracture. 5 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.790068 Item 76 Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference. Volume 2. Conference proceedings. Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.747-52 METALLISED BIAXIALLY ORIENTED POLYPROPYLENE - ADVANCES IN BARRIER INTEGRITY Kullberg M L; Mueller T R QPF LLC (TAPPI) A study of different surface treatments on biaxially oriented PP (BOPP) demonstrates a correlation between high surface functionalisation, treat stability and improved metal adhesion to PP film. Flame treatment produces a higher surface functionalisation and treat stability than air corona treatment and this leads to improved metal lamination bond strengths. Barrier loss in metallised film structures after package formation has been perceived as inevitable. To demonstrate the improvements in metal adhesion through flame treatment, laminations are fabricated utilising both LDPE and adhesive, and barriers tested both flat sheet and after bag converting. The packages are also nitrogen gas flushed and the oxygen level within the package monitored over time. It is demonstrated that improved metal adhesion through flame treatment provides improved barrier integrity after lamination and package formation. 4 refs. USA
Accession no.786976 Item 77 Macromolecules 33, No.15, 25th July 2000, p.5638-43 SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF EXPANDED POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) SHEETS ASSISTED BY CARBON DIOXIDE ANTENNA COUPLING MICROWAVE PLASMA Chen-Yang Y W; Liao J D; Kau J Y; Huang J; Chang W T; Chen C W Chung-Yuan Christian University; Yeu Ming Tai Chemical Industrial Co.Ltd.; Taiwan,Central Police University The surfaces of expanded PTFE(ePTFE) sheets were chemically modified using carbon dioxide cold plasma generated by antenna coupling guided microwave. The plasma-pretreated ePTFE surface did not obviously change in terms of morphology of node structure but increased surface tension and promoted subsequent capability to graft polymerise with acrylic acid. The modified ePTFE were then characterised using FTIR-ATR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphologies
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of ePTFE surfaces and the cross-sectioned side of acrylic acid-grafted ePTFE were examined by SEM and FTIR microscopy. Experimental results indicated that acrylic acid penetrated to a depth of about 60 micrometres and bonded on the surfaces of nodes and fibrils. Generation of COF species on the ePTFE surfaces by carbon dioxide plasma contributed to this initiation effect. The present data also supported the theory that plasma generated by the carbon dioxide antenna-coupling microwave system could efficiently activate the exposed ePTFE surfaces of interior fibrils and nodes. 22 refs. TAIWAN
Accession no.786008 Item 78 Journal of Adhesion 72, No.1, 2000, p.17-36 KINETICS OF ADHESION INTERACTION OF POLYOLEFINS WITH METALS UNDER CONDITIONS OF CONTACT THERMOOXIDATION. IV. ORIGINATION OF GRADIENTS OF MACROMOLECULAR TRANSFORMATIONS Kalnins M; Ozolins J Riga,Technical University The formation of gradients of macromolecular transformations (scission and crosslinking) at contact oxidation in the adhesive layer during formation of adhesive joints of pure and peroxide-containing polyolefins with steel was studied. The gradients were shown to result from the catalytic effect produced by the steel surface on the peroxide-induced crosslinking of polymers under conditions of contact oxidation. In the case of catalytically-inactive substrate (Cellophane), there was no gradient at all. A gradient of macromolecular transformations also originated upon adhesive contact with steel of PE and EVA which did not contain peroxide. In the adhesive layers located near the adhesive interface with the steel substrate, catalysed oxidative crosslinking prevailed. Within the adhesive layers located sufficiently far from the interface, oxidative destruction was dominant. For a catalytically-inert substrate (Teflon), the oxidative destruction prevailed over the whole thickness of the polymer layer. 5 refs. LATVIA
Accession no.785711 Item 79 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 77, No.9, 29th Aug.2000, p.1913-20 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILM BY CHEMICAL ETCHING, PLASMA AND ION BEAM TREATMENTS Kim S R Samyang Central R & D Center
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References and Abstracts
Chemical etching, plasma and ion beam treatments are used to modify the surface of PTFE. Each surface treatment method develops different surface characteristics. In addition to morphological observation, contact angle, atomic chemical composition and adhesion strength are measured after treatment with various methods. The different adhesion strengths are explained based on the morphology and atomic chemical composition of the treated PTFE surfaces. The chemical etching shows substantial defluorination, and the adhesion strength is fairly high. The argon plasma treatment introduces very large amounts of oxygen into the surface, and the surface is very smooth with a crater-like structure. Ion beam treatment induces a form of spires whose dimensions are of several micrometers, depending on the ion dose, whereas the oxygen plasma-treated samples show short spires with spherical particles on the top. The spire-like surface morphology and increased surface area during bonding by ion beam treatment appear to be the reason for a higher adhesion strength than that of the oxygen plasma-treated PTFE. 19 refs. KOREA
Accession no.784193 Item 80 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 32, No.3, July 2000, p.194-210 STUDIES ON THE MODIFICATION OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFINS (TPOS). I. EFFECT OF VARIOUS MODIFIERS ON THE ADHESION OF A TWO-COMPONENT (2K) POLYURETHANE COATING TO THE MODIFIED TPOS Hailat M; Xiao H X; Frisch K C Detroit,Mercy University Thermoplastic polyolefins (TPOs) have low energy surfaces, therefore, they adhere with difficulty to adhesive and coating systems. Various modifiers, namely, polycaprolactone, polyvinyl acetate, polyoxyethylene glycol and polyamides are incorporated into the matrix of TPOs to modify and enhance their surface energy in order to improve adhesion of two component (2K) urethane coatings to their surface. Adhesion is investigated by using the crosshatch adhesion test. Good adhesion of 2K PU coatings to the modified TPOs is achieved by using polyamides based on maleated PP (MPP) and polyetheramine (PEA) (ED4000). The adhesion is found to be dependent on the modifier percentage and the equivalent ratio of MPP to PEA (ED4000). 23 refs. USA
Accession no.784051 Item 81 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.8, 2000, p.1071-83 AGEING EFFECTS OF REPEATED OXYGEN
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PLASMA TREATMENT ON THE SURFACE REARRANGEMENT AND ADHESION OF LDPE TO ALUMINIUM Cho C K; Kim B K; Park C E Pohang,University of Science & Technology The effects of oxygen plasma treatment of LDPE and ageing on the adhesion of plasma treated LDPE to aluminium were investigated using peel strength tests, water contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of ageing time and temperature on the surface rearrangement and migration of LDPE molecules containing polar functional groups were examined and the influence of repeated oxygen plasma treatment on the concentration of polar functional groups at the surface investigated by varying the number of plasma treatments and time of ageing between plasma treatments. 25 refs. KOREA
Accession no.783451 Item 82 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume 82.Conference proceedings. San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.125-7 STRESS-STRAIN, VISCOELASTIC AND HOTMELT-ADHESIVE BEHAVIOR OF BLENDS OF METALLOCENE ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS Tse M F Exxon Chemical Co. (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The stress-strain, viscoelastic and hot melt adhesive properties of binary and ternary blends of poly(ethyleneco-butylene)s, containing 2.9-9.9 mol% butylene-1, with additions of tackifiers, were studied. The individual copolymers were characterised by their molecular weight and an index which described the compositional range. Blends of copolymers with unimodal composition distributions and similar melting temperatures recrystallised within a narrow temperature range, giving compatible blends with good tensile properties, whilst blends of copolymers with bimodal distributions had poor compatibility and inferior tensile fracture toughness. Cole-Cole plots of the loss modulus versus the storage modulus suggested that the melts of the copolymers with lower butylene-1 content were more viscous, and that all blends were miscible within the temperature range 150-200 C. It was concluded that the adhesive and tensile properties of hot melt adhesives based on ethylene-butylene copolymers are improved by the addition of a small fraction of high molecular weight poly(ethylene-butylene) copolymer of suitable composition to a low molecular weight copolymer in the presence of tackifiers. 5 refs. USA
Accession no.783278
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References and Abstracts
Item 83 International Journal of Polymeric Materials 45, Nos. 1-2, 2000, p. 21-7. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF STYRENE-ETHYLENE-BUTYLENE-STYRENE HOT MELTS Manero F; Cruz M A; Uresti M; Martinez-Madrid M; Castano V M UNAM; GIRSA; UNAM By mixing styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene rubber with tackifying resins, hot melt type adhesives were prepared, to produce a solvent free adhesive with good loop tack, shear and peeling properties. 4 refs. MEXICO
Accession no.783013 Item 84 Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference.Volume 1.Conference proceedings. Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.513-6 COMPARISON OF PRIMER COATING AND CALCIUM CARBONATE ADDITION METHODS OF ACHIEVING LDPE COATING ADHESION TO CLAY-COATED BOARD Ruiz F A Heritage Plastics Inc. (TAPPI) A low density polyethylene (LDPE)-based pelleted calcium carbonate concentrate was used to add 30 wt% of finely ground, surface-treated mineral to LDPE, and the dry blend was extrusion-coated onto flame-treated clay-coated board. The results of this coating process were compared with those of LDPE coatings applied to the board using a conventional aqueous-based polyethylenimine primer. The combination of flame treatment in conjunction with the addition of calcium carbonate to the coating polymer resulted in a fibre-tear adhesion comparable to that achieved using the primer coating. The calcium carbonate addition reduced the coating coefficient of friction, increased the coating surface energy, and permitted a reduction in the melt temperature of 5 C. 8 refs. USA
Accession no.782707 Item 85 Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference.Volume 1.Conference proceedings. Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.445-50 HIGH VELOCITY FLAME SURFACE TREATMENT: EFFECT OF INTENSITY, FUEL MIX AND WEB SPEED ON SURFACE ENERGY Douglas C H; Demeter J A; Sanchez G W Wise Corp. (TAPPI)
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High velocity flame surface treatment is used for the pretreatment of substrates prior to extrusion coating, and in the post-treatment of the polymer prior to printing. Benefits gained from its use include: removal of fibres which cause pinholing; removal of surface contaminants which may inhibit wet-out and adhesion; surface oxidation to enhance adhesion; preheating the substrate; and primer drying. The influence of intensity, fuel mix, and web speed on surface treatment was investigated using an extruded polypropylene sheet substrate, changes in surface energy being measured using calibrated solutions. At moderate line speeds, effective treatment was achieved across wide range of fuel mixes, the maximum being achieved using an approximately stoichiometric mix. The most significant factor affecting treatment level was line speed. It was possible to adjust the flame energy output, to achieve a specified level of treatment, at a given line speed. Fuel/ air analysis equipment can be used to control the burner energy and hence the level of substrate treatment. 14 refs. USA
Accession no.782703 Item 86 ACS, Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering Fall Meeting 1999. Volume 81. Conference proceedings. New Orleans, La., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.440 ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS OF THE COHESIVE AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE Ross R B; Reeves M S 3M Co.; Tuskegee,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) PE and PP are important commercial polymers with many applications for which an understanding of bulk cohesive and surface properties are important. Atomistic molecular modelling of bulk amorphous polymers and polymer surfaces can provide increased insight and understanding into these properties. In addition, calculated properties can be compared to experiment to calibrate the computational models and yield increased confidence in their use for further applications. Such applications could include for example the analysis and characterisation of free volume of the polymers or the characterisation of compounds adhering to polymer surfaces. Free volume analysis, for example, can yield insight into observed behaviour and properties of polymers blended with additives. The characterisation of the interactions of compounds with polymer surfaces can yield molecular level insights into chemi- and physi-sorption mechanisms of adsorbates. 8 refs. USA
Accession no.780786 Item 87 Machine Design 72, No.12, 15th June 2000, p.118-20
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References and Abstracts
BONDING LOW SURFACE ENERGY PLASTICS Kostyk B W 3M Bonding Solutions The bonding of low surface energy plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene is discussed, with reference to 3M Scotch-Weld Structural Plastic Adhesive DP-8005. The nature of surface energy is described, and its effect on the bondability of plastics and the adhesion strength. The new product allows structural bonding of low surface energy plastics without primer or other pretreatment steps. It is based on a two-part, solvent-free acrylic adhesive technology. The technology is available as an adhesive transfer tape and as a double-coated tape. USA
Accession no.779721 Item 88 Journal of Rubber Research 3, No.1, 2000, p.1-13 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADHESION BETWEEN UNVULCANISED ELASTOMERS Ansarifar M A; Fuller K N G; Lake G J; Raveendran B Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre; Loughborough,University; East London,University Samples of unvulcanised polymers (synthetic polyisoprene (IR), filled and unfilled natural rubber (NR), filled and unfilled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and epoxidised natural rubber (ENR)), were studied for both self-adhesion between similar elastomers and mutual adhesion between dissimilar elastomers, using 90 degree peel tests. Effects of both contact time and temperature were examined, as was the effect of the molecular weight of the IR and NR samples. Very short contact times were found for unfilled NR, and IR with molecular weight less than 500000, but for IR with molecular weight greater than 700000 peel strength was found to increase with time. Longer contact times were required for development of adhesion with unfilled SBR as may be expected from the influence of higher glass transition temperature, addition of fillers to SBR increased contact times further but increased the level of self-adhesion. Some evidence was noted of effect of type of black on self-adhesion of NR samples. Improvement of mutual adhesion with time was noted for both NR or ENR to SBR, and for IR with ENR, although levels of adhesion were surprisingly high having regard to differences in solubility parameters or lack of effect of polar groups in these polymer pairs. Adhesion levels were sufficient for peel failure to occur in the weaker polymer rather than at the adhesion interface at long contact times. 18 refs.
PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN POLYPROPYLENE/(ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE) COPOLYMER BLEND DURING PAINT DEBONDING Tomasetti E; Legras R; Henri-Mazeaud B; Nysten B Louvain,Universite Catholique; Renault Polypropylene (PP), and blends of PP with poly(ethyleneco-propylene) were treated with a chlorinated PP (CPO) adhesion promoter prior to spray painting. Three-point bending and cross cut adhesion tests showed that the paint adhesion was better on the blend than on PP. Studies of the failed three-point bend test surfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the Cl atomic fraction was less than 0.5% on the polymer side and almost 4% on the paint side, confirming that the fracture was located at the CPO-polymer interface. Force modulation microscopy showed that the paint debonding occurred with plastic deformations located in the copolymer elastomer phase, the magnitude of the deformation being dependent upon the depth of the nodules below the surface. The adherence improvement associated with the presence of the copolymer nodules was attributed to the energy dissipation occurring during the copolymer deformation. 20 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.778361 Item 90 Elastomery 4, No.1, 2000, p.15-22 Polish ADHESION OF ELASTOMERS TO FIBRES Marasek T; Slusarski L; Zaborski M; Parasiewicz W Instytut Polimerow Politechniki Lodzkiej; Instytut Przemyslu Gumowego Stomil Piastow
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
The effect of promoters with epoxy groups on the adhesion of polyester and polyamide cords to the typical rubber mix applied in tyre technology has been studied. The mix was modified with epoxidised NR or epoxy resin. Different hardeners were used. For the purpose of comparision, cords were also impregnated with an RFL bath. A positive effect of the promoters, particularly of the epoxidised NR, on adhesion of cords to the vulcanisates was observed. An increase in pulling force in the “H” test in the case of polyester cord reached 68%. After impregnation with the RFL bath it was possible to obtain an increase in pulling force in the range 112%. However, the modification of a rubber mix is a much simpler operation in comparison to the impregnation of cords with an RFL bath. 8 refs.
Accession no.779448
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Item 89 Polymer 41, No.17, Aug.2000, p.6597-602
Item 91 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
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Accession no.777203
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References and Abstracts
14, No.6, 2000, p.779-89 DIFFUSION OF AN ADHESION PROMOTER (CHLORINATED POLYPROPYLENE) INTO POLYPROPYLENE/ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER BLENDS. METHOD OF QUANTIFICATION Tomasetti E; Vandorpe S; Daoust D; Boxus T; Marchand-Brynaert J; Poleunis C; Bertrand P; Legras R; Rouxhet P G Louvain,Universite Catholique The diffusion of chlorinated PP into polymer substrates was quantified using radiolabelled chlorinated PP and monitoring its dissolution subsequent to application. Characterisation was undertaken using size exclusion chromatography, and DSC. 15 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.776476 Item 92 Polymer Engineering and Science 40, No.5, May 2000, p.1047-55 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF PLASMAPRETREATED HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION FOR ADHESION IMPROVEMENT WITH EVAPORATED COPPER Ng C M; Oei H P; Wu S Y; Zhang M C; Kang E T; Neoh K G Singapore,National University Surface modification of argon plasma-pretreated HDPE film via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate was carried out to improve the adhesion to evaporated copper. The surface compositions of the modified HDPE surfaces were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adhesion strengths of evaporated copper with the graftcopolymerised HDPE films were affected by the argon plasma pretreatment time, the monomer concentration used for graft copolymerisation and the graft concentration. Post-treatments, such as plasma posttreatments after graft copolymerisation and thermal treatment (curing) after metallisation, further enhanced the adhesion strength of the Cu/HDPE laminates. The Ttype peel strengths of the laminates involving the graftmodified and plasma post-treated HDPE films were greater than 15 N/cm. The enhanced adhesion strength resulted from the strong affinity of the graft chains for copper and the fact that the graft chains were covalently tethered on the HDPE surface. XPS characterisation of the delaminated surfaces of the Cu/HDPE laminates revealed that the failure mode of the laminates with Tpeel adhesion strengths greater than 5 N/cm was cohesive in nature. 24 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.776359
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Item 93 Macromolecular Symposia 149, Jan.2000, p.207-17 REACTIVE COMPATIBILIZATION OF SAN/EPR BLENDS: EFFECT OF THE KINETICS OF THE COMPATIBILIZATION REACTION ON THE INTERFACIAL ADHESION Pagnoulle C; Jerome R Liege,University The adhesion between films of poly(styrene-ranacrylonitrile) (SAN) and polypropylene-g-maleic anhydride, with a thin intermediate layer of SAN bearing groups (carbamate and amine) reactive towards maleic anhydride, was measured using the asymmetric dual cantilever beam technique. The rate of the interfacial reaction, which was controlled by the reactive groups attached to the intermediate film, and by the method of assembling the layers, determined the effectiveness of the SAN-g-PP graft copolymer formed at the interface in improving the fracture toughness. Higher interfacial adhesion was achieved by the use of carbamate groups, as the grafted SAN-carbamate chains were tethered to the interface and entangled within the bulky SAN, whilst the SAN-amine chains grafted through multiple bonding to the PP, giving a flat conformation which was less suited to physical anchoring to the bulk. 13 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.775702 Item 94 Polymers & Polymer Composites 8, No.4, 2000, p.267-79 EFFECT OF PLASMA POLYMERISATION OF MONOMERS ON GLASS FIBRE SURFACES ON ADHESION TO POLYPROPYLENE Chou S; Chen S Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology Plasma polymerisation was used to treat glass fibres to improve their interfacial bond to polypropylene. After the glass fibres were treated with a coupling agent, four different monomers were polymerised onto the fibre surfaces with a plasma. The plasma polymers changed the surface morphology and surface free energy of the fibres. The experimental results indicate that a particlelike surface induces a transcrystalline layer to form on the fibre surface and improves the PP/glass fibre interfacial shear strength relative to glass fibres treated with coupling agent alone. 37 refs. TAIWAN
Accession no.773599 Item 95 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 76, No.3, 18th April 2000, p.401-7 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FILM BY
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References and Abstracts
CARBON DIOXIDE LASER-INDUCED GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLAMIDE Dadsetan M; Mirzadeh H; Sharifi-Sanjani N Iran,Atomic Energy Organisation; Iran,Polymer Institute; Tehran,University Graft copolymerisation of acrylamide on to PETP film, to improve the water wettability of PETP, was carried out using a carbon dioxide pulsed laser. The graft copolymerisation was initiated by peroxide formation upon laser treatment. The peroxides were formed in the surface region. The concentration of polyacrylamide grafted on to the PETP surfaces increased with increasing concentration of the monomer solution. The contact angle of the PETP surface decreased with increasing laser pulses without grafting. Then, it reached 27.6 degrees as a result of graft copolymerisation of acrylamide and then increased with increasing graft density. ATR-IR spectra showed the characteristic bands of primary amide at 1650 and 1601/cm, which was consistent with SEM and optical microscopy observations of the surface graft polymerisation. 24 refs. IRAN
Accession no.773424 Item 96 Macromolecules 33, No.7, 4th April 2000, p.2680-7 POLYMER ADHESION VS SUBSTRATE RECEPTOR GROUP DENSITY Lee I; Wool R P Delaware,University The relationship between the substrate receptor group density and polymer adhesion was investigated. Model substrates with varying -NH2 density were prepared by the self-assembly of mixed amine-terminated silanes and methyl-terminated silanes on alumina, and the model polymer was carboxylated polybutadiene. The fracture energy of the polymer/substrate interface (G) was determined using a T-peel test. Measured over short time periods, G increased with increasing substrate receptor group density, but over longer time periods, G increased with increasing receptor group coverage up to 30% and then decreased with further coverage. The occurrence of a maximum in G was attributed to the fact that whilst the adhesive interface strength between the solid surface and the adsorbed chains increased as density increased, the cohesive interface strength between the adsorbed chains and the neighbouring free chains decreased, and failure occurred at the weaker of the two interface strengths. It was concluded that G had a complicated dependence upon sticker group concentration, receptor group concentration, their interaction strength, molecular weight, bonding time, and temperature. 48 refs. USA
Accession no.773212
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Item 97 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 76, No.10, 6th June 2000, p.1529-41 SURFACE CHANGES OF CORONADISCHARGE-TREATED POLYETHYLENE FILMS Foldes E; Toth A; Kalman E; Fekete E; TomasovszkyBobak A Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Tisza Chemical Works Co. Morphological and chemical changes of the surface of LDPE, linear medium-density PE(L-MDPE) and their 80/ 20 blend were studied by different techniques after corona discharge treatment in air and subsequent annealing. The surface tension was determined by wetting, the roughness by atomic force microscopy and the surface chemical composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while the low molec.wt. fraction washed off by chloroform was studied by FTIR. The surface tension of the films increased with the electrode current. The surface roughness depended primarily on the polymer type and was less affected by the corona treatment. At the initial stage of annealing, post-treatment type oxidation and hydrophobic recovery competed. The former was more marked in L-MDPE, the latter in LDPE. After annealing at 50C for 160 days, hydrophobic recovery became predominant in each film studied, which was accompanied by significant smoothening of the surface. XPS and FTIR resulted indicated that this was due to the migration of low molec.wt. components (oligomers, oxidised polymer fractions and additives) to the surface. 20 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.772570 Item 98 Biomaterials 21, No.10, 2000, p.1057-65 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYETHYLENE BALLOON CATHETERS FOR LOCAL DRUG DELIVERY Richey T; Iwata H; Oowaki H; Uchida E; Matsuda S; Ikada Y Kyoto,University; Kacho Junior College Local drug delivery is an attractive approach to the associated problems of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), including arterial injury. The objective is to deliver a high concentration of a potent anti-thrombin agent, argatroban (ARG), to the vessel wall in order to reduce arterial injury. Local delivery is accomplished by the ionic attachment of drug particles, to a modified balloon surface. Surface graft polymerisation of ionic monomers to a HDPE substrate is performed using UV methods. Acrylic acid (AAc) and 2(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) are successfully grafted onto PE surfaces. Surface grafting is verified by contact angle, X-ray photoelectron
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements. The amount of ARG adsorbed onto the modified PE surface is highly dependent on the pH of the drug media for both anionic and cationic grafted monomers. The efficacy of local drug delivery to the arterial wall is analysed using drug-immobilised PE balloon catheters in the rabbit common carotid artery model. High concentrations of ARG (280 nmol/g tissue) are found within the ballooned arterial segment immediately after angioplasty, followed by a decrease after blood flow is restored. 34 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.772288 Item 99 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.4, 2000, p.561-81 CHLORINATION OF VULCANISED STYRENEBUTADIENE RUBBER USING SOLUTIONS OF TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS Paster Blas M M; Ferrandiz-Gomez T P; MartinMartinez J M Alicante,University The chlorination of vulcanised SBRs with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) is studied. The solvent used to apply the TCI chlorinating solutions on the rubber plays an important role in the effectiveness of the treatment since the solvent determines the degree of penetration of TCI into the rubber and also different chlorinating species are produced depending on the nature of the solvent. Surface modifications produced on a synthetic sulphur-vulcanised SBR using TCI solutions in ethyl acetate (EA), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and EA + MEK mixtures are compared. Furthermore, the effects of a solvent wipe with EA or MEK prior to the chlorination process are also considered. Surface modifications produced by the treatments are analysed using ATR-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Adhesion is obtained from the T-peel strength of treated rubber/PU adhesive joints. TCI/MEK solutions produce a higher degree of surface modification than TCI/EA solutions, but TCI/EA solutions are more effective in removing zinc stearate from the rubber surface. When high TCI percentages (5-7 wt.%) in EA solutions are used, a weak boundary layer (WBL) is created on the rubber surface as a consequence of the deposition of an excess of chlorinating agent on the rubber surface and of byproducts (cyanuric and/or isocyanuric acid). The formation of the WBL leads to a lack of adhesion in the rubber towards the PU adhesive. When MEK is used as a solvent for TCI, this WBL is not produced on the rubber surface, and thus adhesion is considerably higher even when high concentrations of TCI/MEK are used. Similar effects are produced using EA + MEK mixtures as the solvent for TCI. The wiping of the rubber surface with MEK prior to the chlorination treatment leads to good
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adhesion, irrespective of the percentage of TCI and the solvent used in the chlorinating solution. 31 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.772226 Item 100 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.4, 2000, p.493-506 ROLE OF ADDITIONAL SILANE COUPLING AGENT TREATMENT IN OXYGEN PLASMATREATED UHMPE FIBRE/VINYL ESTER COMPOSITES Moon S I; Jang J Seoul,National University Ultra-high modulus PE (UHMPE) fibre is treated with oxygen plasma and a silane coupling agent in order to improve the interfacial adhesion between the UHMPE fibre and vinyl ester resin. The oxygen plasma and gamma-methyl methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (gamma-MPS)-treated UHMPE fibre/vinyl ester composites show a slightly higher interlaminar shear strength than the oxygen plasma-treated UHMPE fibre/ vinyl ester composites. The interfacial adhesion of the oxygen plasma-treated UHMPE fibre/vinyl ester composites is mainly due to mechanical interlocking between the micropits formed by the oxygen plasma treatment and the vinyl ester resin. The gamma-MPS molecules adsorbed onto the UHMPE fibre surface neither affect the morphology of the UHMPE fibre surface, nor reduce the extent of mechanical interlocking. The improved interfacial adhesion by the gamma-MPS treatment is due to enhanced wettability and chemical interaction through the chemically adsorbed gamma-MPS molecules, as detected by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The gamma-MPS molecules adsorbed onto the ultra-high molecular weight PE (UHMWPE) plate surface also reduce the ageing effect of the oxygen plasma-treated UHMWPE surface. 28 refs. KOREA
Accession no.772222 Item 101 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 76, No.8, 23rd May 2000, p.1359-65 INFLUENCE OF FUNCTIONALISED POLYOLEFIN ON INTERFACIAL ADHESION OF GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE Zhou X; Dai G; Guo W; Lin Q East China,University of Science & Technology Glass fibres were surface treated with functionalised polyolefins grafted with maleic anhydride and the treated fibres used as reinforcement in a PP matrix. The interfacial shear strengths of the composites were measured using a single-filament fragmentation technique. The effects of
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References and Abstracts
the type of fibre coating, degree of grafting, compounding time and temperature, coupling agent and cooling procedure on interfacial adhesion were assessed and the benefits of using this treatment indicated. 22 refs. CHINA
Accession no.772095 Item 102 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 76, No.8, 23rd May 2000, p.1207-16 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE WITH TETRAETHOXYSILANE BY USING REMOTE ARGON/DINITROGEN OXIDE MICROWAVE PLASMA Chun T I; Choi S C; Taschner C; Leonhardt A; Kaufmann R; Rehwinkel C; Rossbach V Dong-eui University; Pusan,National University; Dresden,Institute for Solid State & Material Research; Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut; Dresden,Technische Universitat The results are reported of a study of the use of remote microwave plasma for the polymerisation and deposition of tetraethoxysilane on the surface of PTFE. The effect of microwave power on the deposition rate of the tetraethoxysilane and the structure of the interface between the deposited polymer film and the PTFE surface, as determined using SEM equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, are discussed. The chemical composition of the surface of the organosilicone polymer, as determined using ATR-FTIR and XPS is also considered. 24 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.772080 Item 103 Popular Plastics and Packaging 45, No.3, March 2000, p.80-1 POLARIZED FLAME TREATMENT DMT It is explained that BOPP packaging films need an increase of surface adhesion for printing, lamination, metallisation, and coating. The required level of adhesion can be obtained efficiently by a process known as polarised flame treatment. This article fully describes the process and its benefits. ESSECI INDIA
Accession no.771987 Item 104 Polimery 45, No.2, 2000, p.81-8 Polish
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FLAME MODIFICATION OF THE SURFACE LAYER OF PLASTICS PRODUCTS Zenkiewicz M A review is presented covering the general objectives of surface modification of plastics articles with particular reference to the flame modification technique. Hydrocarbon combustion conditions and the flame modification parameters are described. Flame modification effects exercised on various, mostly polyolefinic, (PE and PP) products are synthetically analysed. The flame technique is shown to be advantageous and complementary to the corona-discharge technique. The effects of the polypropylene modification conditions on the oxygen content, the wetting angle for water, the free surface energy and the resistance of adhesion bonds are described. 33 refs. Accession no.771858 Item 105 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 53, No.4, April 2000, p.194-9 INFLUENCE OF MOULDING TEMPERATURE ON THE STRENGTH OF NATURAL RUBBER TO METAL BONDED JOINTS Fernando M S D; Cudby P E F; Cook S Malaysian Rubber Producers’Research Assn. The influence of moulding temperature on the peel strength of a bonded joint is investigated for a sulphur cured semi-EV NR vulcanisate. A higher peel force is recorded at the higher moulding temperature. The effect of vulcanisation temperature on peel strength is thought to arise from a change in the physical properties of the rubber and modifications of the rubber near the bonded interface as a result of active species migration during vulcanisation. A series of parallel investigations are conducted to find supporting evidence for these findings. From these studies it is concluded that it is a combination of changes in the mechanical properties of the NR vulcanisate and any changes induced by the migration mechanisms that determines the final strength of the bonded assembly. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.771760 Item 106 Polymers & Polymer Composites 8, No.2, 2000, p.131-8 EFFECT OF SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS FIBRES ON ADHESION TO POLYPROPYLENE RESIN Chou S; Lin L; Yeh J Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology A study is made of the treatment of glass fibres to improve their adhesion to PP resin. The glass fibres were treated with four types of coupling agents and then with maleic
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
anhydride grafted PP, (MAPP) emulsion. The surface characteristics and bond strength were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and a microbonding pull-out test. Mechanical properties of the composites were also tested. The coupling agent molecules reacted with the glass fibre surface and the MAPP emulsion respectively to form chemical bonds, and since the MAPP emulsion possesses good compatibility with the PP, an interphase was formed while melt blending, which improved the glass fibre/PP bonding. Test results indicate that the tensile strength of those composites reinforced with glass fibres treated with coupling agent and MAPP emulsion was 38% higher than that of the composites reinforced by untreated glass fibres. 12 refs. TAIWAN
Accession no.768268 Item 107 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 14, No.5, 2000, p.619-34 DIFFERENT SURFACE TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE THE ADHESION OF POLYPROPYLENE Zeiler T; Kellermann S; Muenstedt H Erlangen-Nurnberg,University Specimens of injection moulded PP were subjected to oxygen plasma and sandblasting/coating surface treatments and the effect of these treatments on the adhesion behaviour of the PP investigated. The treated surfaces were analysed by ESCA, contact angle measurements and SEM and the stability of the pretreatments evaluated by examining ageing, storage in air or water and environmental testing. The lap shear strength and failure mode of single lap shear joints produced using an epoxy resin adhesive as was the adhesion strength of an acrylic lacquer to the PP. The results for the two different treatments are compared. 22 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.767749 Item 108 Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.407-12 SOLVENT-FREE SURFACE MODIFICATIONS FOR BONDING RUBBER MATERIALS Abbott S G; Brewis D M; Dahm R H; Mathieson I; Oliver N E; Thompson D J Loughborough,University; SATRA Technology Centre (IOM Communications Ltd.) Details are given of two solvent-free surface modification techniques developed for the adhesion promotion of rubbers in footwear manufacture, one consisting of an electrochemical oxidation process and the other involving the application of a water-based solution containing an organic chlorine donor. The application of these
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techniques in the treatment of SBR and styrene-butadienestyrene block copolymer samples for bonding with waterbased PU adhesives is described. Surface analysis showed that the pretreatments introduced oxygen and chlorine into the rubber surface, allowing satisfactory bonding with the PU adhesives. Correlation was established between the results of adhesion tests and chemical changes introduced to the surfaces. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.765333 Item 109 Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.395-400 CHANGES AND CONTROL OF PLASMA MODIFIED SURFACE ENERGY OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH AGING TIME AND TEMPERATURE Sako N; Matsuoka T; Sakaguchi K Doshisha,University (IOM Communications Ltd.) Interfacial adhesion in glass fibre-reinforced PP was improved by the oxygen plasma treatment of PP sheet prior to its lamination to glass cloth. The deterioration of surface energy with ageing time and temperature was studied and modelled on the basis of Arrhenius’s law. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.765331 Item 110 Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.375-9 SURFACE PRETREATMENTS FOR HYPALON Tod D A; Wylie P D DERA (IOM Communications Ltd.) Chlorosulphonated PE was exposed to different levels of corona discharge and UV/ozone treatment to promote its adhesion to propellants in rocket motor construction. Butt and peel tests showed that 5 minutes’ exposure to UV/ ozone treatment gave a superior initial bond to a typical propellant compared to the other surface treatments considered. Even though ageing at 60C for 10 weeks caused a significant reduction in the bond’s performance, it still maintained the greatest bond strength. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.765327 Item 111 Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 15, No.3, July 1999, p.235-55 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMER WEBS BY OXYFLUORINATION
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Hruska Z; Lepot X Solvay SA; Alkor Draka SNC An industrial application of the oxyfluorination process to polymer webs is described. Controlled oxyfluorination of polymer surfaces is a solventless, highly efficient and cost-effective technique of surface modification. The adhesive properties of oxyfluorinated PP films are largely improved so that a variety of solvent- and water-based printing inks used in contact printing technology can be used. It is confirmed that, in many cases, the necessity to employ an expensive top-coating process that uses acrylic primers to optimise the film printability, can be avoided. The oxyfluorination process with its long lasting effect is a competitive alternative to the simple corona discharge treatment. The oxyfluorination Alkor Surfox process can be described as an environmentally responsible technology that delivers a broad range of products possessing many exceptional surface properties. 16 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.765212 Item 112 SPE Automotive TPO. Conference proceedings. Troy, Mi., 20th-22nd Sept.1999, paper 37 PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS FOR TREATMENT OF TPOS FOR ENHANCED ADHESION OF PAINTS, SEALANTS AND ADHESIVES Gutowski W S; Wu D Y; Li S CSIRO (SPE,Detroit Section) A range of engineering and automotive TPO substrates is treated using a novel surface treatment process SICOR (Silane-on-CORona treated polymer) in order to enhance the adhesion with a range of structural adhesives, sealants, self-adhesive tapes and automotive paints. The process comprises two steps, i.e. surface oxidation implemented by corona discharge, flame or other type of oxidative treatment followed by application of an organofunctional graft chemical, e.g. silane or other polyfunctional chemical. The incorporation of surface hydroxyl groups onto the polymer surface enables graft chemical to create the hydrogen or covalent bonds with the oxidised surface. The enhancement of the strength, and in particular the durability, of adhesion in bonding with adhesives, tapes and sealants with the new process, is significant. Frequently the strength increases more than 200% when compared with the more common processes, such as corona discharge, flame treatment or chlorinated TPO primer. The adhesion and durability of automotive paints is comparable to that of currently used chlorinated primers, and significantly better than after flame treatment. The process is also shown to be as good as, or better than, plasma treatment. 12 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.764219
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Item 113 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 75, No.1, 3rd Jan.2000, p.10-5 SURFACE ENERGY ANALYSIS OF POLYESTER FIBRES MODIFIED BY GRAFT FLUORINATION Chenaim A; Elachari A; Louati M; Caze C Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts & Ind.Text. PETP fibres were modified by the grafting (using benzoyl peroxide as initiator) of 2-perfluorooctylethyl acrylate monomer (AC8) as described in another article. This modification of the PETP fibre surface to render as higher degree of hydrophobicity by graft fluorination involved a surface layer of only a few nanometers thickness. The relatively low fraction of the modified surface layer presents difficulties in surface analysis. However, surface free energy characterisation is of high importance in the evaluation of the degree of water repellency. A discussion is given of the advantages of using wettability studies according to the Wilhelmy method to evaluate the degree of surface graft modification and its effects on the wetting properties. Surface free energies and contact angle data were obtained for the liquids water, glycerol, polyethylene glycol 400, tricresyl phosphate and 1-bromonaphthalene using a microbalance and fine monofilaments of length 5-6 mm. The investigations showed that wettability studies according to the Wilhelmy method can give qualitative and quantitative indications about the degree of water repellency and of the surface free energy distribution in a graft-modified surface. The variability in wetting force, the calculated averages of the advancing and receding forces, and the hysteresis between these values provide information on the surface heterogeneities and on the extent of the graft yield on the fibre surface. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.764049 Item 114 Journal of Materials Science 34, No.24, 15th Dec.1999, p.6189-99 SURFACE MODIFICATION AND ADHESION MECHANISM IN WOODFIBERPOLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES Kazayawoko M; Balatinecz J J; Matuana L M Huber J.M.,Corp.; Toronto,University; Michigan,Technological University Results are presented of studies conducted with the aim of elucidating the interaction between the anhydride groups of maleated PP and the hydroxyl groups of wood fibre and to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the interfacial adhesion between wood fibre and PP matrix. Modification techniques used were bulk treatment in a thermokinetic reactive processor and solution coating in xylene. The observed effectiveness of maleated PP in improving the mechanical properties (particularly TS) of the composites was attributed to the compatibilisation
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
effect which was accomplished by reducing the total wood fibre surface free energy, improving the polymer matrix impregnation, improving fibre dispersion, improving fibre orientation and enhancing the interfacial adhesion through mechanical interlocking. There was no conclusive evidence of the effects of ester links on the mechanical properties of the composites. 22 refs.
The adhesive strength between LDPE and PETP was evaluated by a 180 degree peel test, and the contribution of functional groups to adhesion was determined by multivariate analysis. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.761639
CANADA; USA
Accession no.761943 Item 115 Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.251-6 FRACTURE MECHANICS APPROACH TO FAILURE OF RUBBER-RIGID SUBSTRATE JOINTS Fernando M S D; Lake G J; Lawrence C C; Ostman E; Persson S; Southern E; Thomas A G Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre; East London,University; Svedala-Skega AB; SK Bearings (IOM Communications Ltd.) A fracture mechanics approach based on strain energy release rate was applied to the study of failure in NR/ steel joints bonded with solvent-, water- and isocyanatebased adhesives. The effects of different bonding systems, metal surface treatments, test geometries and environmental conditions were examined. Constant force peel tests at different peel angles in the range of 10-90 degrees showed peel rate-energy relationships that varied with angle, and the rate showed a strong dependence on energy at all angles. Constant deformation tests in simple shear gave results lying mainly towards the lower end of the range, while tests in pure shear showed the opposite trend. Variations in failure locus and fracture surface roughness with test geometry broadly paralleled the energy variations. Immersion in water had some effect on failure rate at room temperature and a much larger effect at elevated temperature. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.761656 Item 116 Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.149-54 CHARGE DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO ADHESION PROPERTIES Ogawa T; Sato T; Osawa S Kanazawa,Institute of Technology (IOM Communications Ltd.) A study was made of the contribution of functional groups on oxygen plasma treated LDPE sheet to its adhesion to a PETP film. The treated LDPE surface was analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the content of carboxyl, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups was determined.
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Item 117 Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.19-24 WETTABILITY AND ADHESION REVISITED Sharpe L H Journal of Adhesion (IOM Communications Ltd.) The relationship between adhesion and wettability is examined on the basis of work undertaken by Schonhorn et al to investigate the influence of different oxidative and non-oxidative surface treatments of PE films on their adhesion to aluminium using an epoxy resin adhesive. The results suggested that the strength of the adhesive joints was governed by the mechanical properties of surface layers or interphases produced in PE by different processes, and not by wettability as measured by the critical surface tension of the material. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.761617 Item 118 Journal of Materials Science Letters 18, No.24, 15th Dec.1999, p.2007-8 ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE PLASMA TREATMENT OF ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE FIBRES Stefecka M; Rahel J; Cernak M; Hudec I; Mikula M; Mazur M Comenius,University; Slovak Technical University Ultra-high-molecular-weight PE fibres were treated with a nitrogen plasma at atmospheric pressure and the effect of plasma treatment on the adhesion of treated and untreated fibres to a BR blend was investigated using the H-peel test. Zeta potential measurements were also performed on the treated fibres to provide further insight into adhesion behaviour and EPR spectrometry used to verify the formation of free radicals on the surface of the treated fibres. 14 refs. SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.760998 Item 119 Macromolecules 32, No.24, 30th Nov.1999, p.8183-8 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) FILM BY
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CONSECUTIVE GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION WITH 4-VINYLANILINE AND ANILINE Ji L Y; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L Singapore,National University
TEMPERATURE CASCADE ARC TORCH AND RADIO-FREQUENCY PLASMAS Yu Q S; Reddy C M; Meives M F; Yasuda H K Missouri,University
Surface modification of argon plasma-pretreated PTFE film, by UV-induced graft copolymerisation with 4vinylaniline(4-VAn), followed by oxidative copolymerisation of the aniline moiety of the grafted 4VAn polymer with aniline, was carried out to render the PTFE surface-conductive. The surface compositions of the graft-modified PTFE films were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The yield of the initially grafted 4-VAn polymer increased with increasing monomer concentration and UV graft copolymerisation time. The efficiency of the subsequent surface oxidative copolymerisation with aniline (and thus the resulting surface conductivity) was enhanced by the high concentration of the 4-VAn polymer from the initial graft copolymerisation. The surface resistivity of the PTFE films was reduced to the order of 1,000,000 ohm/square by the two consecutive surface graft copolymerisation processes. The doping-undoping behaviour of the surface graft copolymerised aniline polymers was similar to that of the aniline homopolymer or polyaniline. 44 refs.
PTFE films are treated with a low-temperature cascade are torch (LTCAT) and radio-frequency (RF) plasmas of argon and hydrogen. The plasma treatment effect on the PTFE surface was studied with contact angle measurement and scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM). LTCAT argon plasma, which is recognised as a beam of excited argon neutrals, is very efficient at improving the surface hydrophilicity of PTFE. For both the LTCAT and RF operation, argon plasma is more effective at modifying the surface wettability of PTFE films than hydrogen plasma. Furthermore, the sample positions (inside or beyond the glow region) have a strong impact on the efficiency of the plasma treatment. SEM surface images indicate that no significant morphology change is induced on the PTFE films exposed to a LTCAT and RF argon plasmas. 14 refs.
SINGAPORE
Accession no.760883 Item 120 Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 12, No.6, Nov.1999, p.477-97 BAGASSE FIBER-POLYPROPYLENE BASED COMPOSITES Vazquez A; Dominguez V A; Kenny J M Mardel Plata,University; Perugia,University The processing and properties of bagasse fibrepolypropylene composites are studied and the effect of surface modification of the fibres with different treatments, on the interfacial adhesion to the polypropylene matrix, is reported. The effect of the treatment reactions on the chemical structure of the fibres is analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The effects of the fibre chemical treatment on the tensile properties of the moulded composite, produced by different processing routes, is also analysed and creep measurements are discussed. 30 refs. ARGENTINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760392 Item 121 Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 37, No.23, 1st Dec.1999, p.4432-41 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE BY A LOW-
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Accession no.760369 Item 122 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.11, 1999, p.1331-42 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH POLYETHYLENE FIBRES FOR ENHANCED ADHESION TO EPOXY RESINS USING INTENSE PULSED HIGH-POWER ION BEAM Netravali A N; Caceres J M; Thompson M O; Renk T J Cornell University; Sandia National Laboratories The effects of intense pulsed high power ion beam treatment of ultra-high strength PE (UHSPE) fibres on the fibre/epoxy resin interface strength are studied. Argon ions are used to treat Spectra 1000 (UHSPE) fibres in vacuum. Chemical and topographical changes of the fibre surfaces are characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic wettability measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fibre/epoxy resin interfacial strength (IFSS) is evaluated by the single fibre pull-out test. The FTIR-ATR and XPS data indicate that oxygen is incorporated onto the fibre surface as a result of the HPIB treatment. The wettability data indicate that the fibres became more polar after HPIB treatment and also more wettable. Although the total surface energy increases only slightly after treatment, the dispersive component decreases significantly while the acid-base component increases by a similar amount. SEM photomicrographs reveal that the surface roughness of the fibres increases following the HPIB treatment. The single fibre pull-out test result indicate that HPIB treatment significantly improves the IFSS of UHSPE fibres with epoxy resin. This enhancement in IFSS is
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References and Abstracts
attributed to increased roughness of the fibre surface, resulting in mechanical bonding and in increased interface area, increased polar nature and wettability, and an improvement in the acid-base component of the surface energy after HPIB treatment. 26 refs. USA
Accession no.760202 Item 123 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. Conference preprints. Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 82 SURFACE CHARACTERISATION OF VULCANISED SBR RUBBER TREATED WITH SULPHURIC ACID: INCIDENCE ON ADHESION TO POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE Cepeda-Jimenez C; Pastor-Blas M M; Torro-Palau A M; Martin-Martinez J M Alicante,Universidad; INESCOP (ACS,Rubber Div.) Modifications produced on a vulcanised SBR surface by treatment with sulphuric acid are assessed using contact angle measurements, IR-ATR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Adhesion is obtained from T-peel tests of surface treated R1 rubber/PU adhesive joints. The incidence of several experimental variables are considered on the effectiveness of the treatment, such as length of treatment (immersion time), reaction time, neutralisation with and without ammonium hydroxide and concentration of sulphuric acid. The treatment of R1 rubber with sulphuric acid produces a noticeable decrease in contact angle which is mainly ascribed to an increase in surface energy due to the formation of sulphonic acid moieties and C=C bonds, and the removal of zinc stearate. The rubber surface swells and becomes brittle by the treatment and when flexed microcracks are created. Treatment with sulphuric acid is not restricted to the surface but bulk modification is produced with a consequent decrease in tensile strength and elongation at break values. The treatment enhances the T-peel strength of R1 rubber/PU adhesive joints and the locus of failure is cohesive in the rubber. The optimum immersion time is less than 1 min., and the reaction time is not found to be critical. Neutralisation with ammonium hydroxide and the high concentration of the sulphuric acid (95 wt.%) are essential to produce adequate effectiveness of the treatment. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.759677 Item 124 International Polymer Science and Technology 26, No.7, 1999, p. T/47-9 ADHESION OF ETHYLENE-ACETYLENE COPOLYMERS TO RUBBERS
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Anfimov B N; Belov G P Lomonosov,Academy of Fine Chemical Technology; Russian Academy of Sciences The introduction of active functional groups into macromolecules of an adhesives on quantities not appreciably affecting the properties is demonstrated to be an effective method for improving adhesion interaction in polyolefins. Ethylene was copolymerised with a small quantity of acetylene, thereby introducing double bonds into the polyolefin chain. The polyacetylene part of the macromolecule was capable of entering into chemical reactions of a radical nature and as a result, adhesive joints of copolymers with rubbers, vulcanised with either sulphur or peroxide, were capable of being formed. 4 refs. RUSSIA
Accession no.759581 Item 125 Polymer 40, No.26, 1999, p.7417-22 SOME PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASMA SURFACE MODIFIED CARBON BLACK IN THE (SBR) MATRIX Akovali G; Ulkem I Middle East,Technical University Performance of carbon black reinforced elastomers strongly depend on the adhesion at the filler-matrix interface. Surface characteristics of carbon blacks can be changed by use of a number of different techniques each with certain advantages and disadvantages and as regards to these. Plasma surface modification is a novel one. The limits of applicability of plasma surface modification of carbon black to be used in the tyre manufacturing industry are checked. For this purpose, RF range cold plasma is used in styrene or butadiene atmospheres. Tensile strengths and percent elongations of vulcanisates are found to respond differently if modified fillers are used as compared with those prepared by the unmodified fillers. Glass transition temperatures of vulcanisates are found to correlate well with the results of mechanical properties. Findings are also supported by the SEM pictures. 18 refs. TURKEY
Accession no.758995 Item 126 Addcon World ’99. Conference proceedings. Prague, 27th-29th Oct.1999, paper 1, pp.16 DEVELOPMENTS IN HINDERED AMINE CHEMISTRY PROMOTE POLYOLEFIN GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES Solera P; Capocci G Ciba Speciality Chemicals Corp. (RAPRA Technology Ltd.) A combination of experimental data and cited information are used to highlight some of the more recent
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References and Abstracts
developments in hindered amine chemistry (as heat and light stabilisers) that impact the growth of polyolefins. Topics discussed include (a) the development of synergistic blends of hindered amines for maximum UV protection of thick section parts and high surface area applications, (b) techniques to minimise loss of colour strength and increase light stability in pigmented formulations, (c) the elimination of hindered amine deactivation with the use of low basicity hindered amines (performance of tertiary amines and secondary amines are compared and the advantages of N-alkoxy groups are pointed out), and (d) improvements in light stability (particularly with dialkylhydroxylamine co-stabilisers) and ancillary properties (such as adhesion of paints to pigmented polyolefins and acid rain resistance of TPO surfaces) with the latest hindered amine stabiliser developments. Data refers to thick sections of TPO (PP/ EPDM thermoplastic olefinic elastomer), pigmented PP fibres, PE greenhouse film and TPO automotive trim. Chemical structures and Trade Names are tabulated for a number of phenolic, hydroxylamine and hindered amine compounds (low molecular weight and polymeric) that are used in stabilisation. 23 refs. USA
Accession no.758459 Item 127 Joining and Repair of Plastics and Composites. Conference Proceedings. London, 16th-17th March 1999, p.185-92 PLASTICS PIPELINE JOINTING METHODS IN THE UTILITIES Hill D J Durapipe Ltd. (Institution of Mechanical Engineers) Techniques used by the gas and water industries to join and repair pipelines are discussed. The main jointing methods for PE, PP, rigid PVC, ABS and GRP are listed. Listed too are the main techniques for welding and mechanical joints. Detailed descriptions and evaluations are given of butt fusion, electrofusion socket welding, spigot and socket jointing (with elastomeric O-rings or lip seals as sealing means) and flange adaptors. It is pointed out that techniques used at installation are not always suitable for repairing pipes. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.758456 Item 128 Joining and Repair of Plastics and Composites. Conference Proceedings. London, 16th-17th March 1999, p.87-98 DURABILITY TESTS. WHAT DO THEY TELL US McCarthy J; Eckold G AEA Technology Plc (Institution of Mechanical Engineers)
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Brief details are given of a project which assessed nine different test methods used to evaluate the durability of adhesive bonded joints. Three of these methods are commonly used for composite and plastic adherends and are reported here. They are single lap shear, T peel and wedge cleavage test. Adherends used were (a)polyester GRP subjected to abrasion, washing, grit blasting and blow cleaning pretreatments and (b) PP as thick moulded plates, film or sheets and subjected to chromic acid treatment, water washing and oven drying. Some PP was treated with Hardlen chlorinated polyolefin primer in toluene solution. Adhesives were a two-component PU (Scotch-Weld 3532 B/A from 3M), a toughened acrylic adhesive (Permabond F241 from Permabond Adhesives Ltd) and a two-part epoxy adhesive (Araldite 2001 from Ciba). It was concluded that although the tests were reliable indicators of the efficacy of surface preparation techniques, they did not always reflect true long term performance of adhesive and adherend combinations. Adhesives which have been proved to give good long term performance in practice sometimes gave poor results in short term tests. Simple tests, i.e. single lap shear, were able to distinguish between a durable joint and a not durable joint, but could not distinguish between a durable joint and a very durable joint. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.758449 Item 129 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. Conference preprints. Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 26 EFFECT OF CURE SYSTEM ON NATURAL RUBBER BONDING Halladay J R; Krakowski F J Lord Corp. (ACS,Rubber Div.) It is perceived within the rubber industry that the choice of cure system may have an influence on the ease of bonding of general-purpose elastomers. The effect on bonding of varying sulphur level combined with accelerator level and type in a NR formulation is investigated using designed experiments. Bond integrity is evaluated using ASTM D 429 Method B and buffer specimens (proposed Method F) with various commercial solvent based and aqueous adhesives. The results contradict some conventional wisdom with respect to bonding. 13 refs. USA
Accession no.758324 Item 130 Pitture e Vernici 75, No.19, 15th-30th Nov.1999, p.55-8 Italian; English
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References and Abstracts
CHALLENGES OF FORMULATING HOT MELT ADHESIVES FOR LABELLING APPLICATIONS Cole I; Costello C There are many demands placed on today’s hot melt bottle labelling adhesive. PP labels are typically used to label PETP bottles. Many factors can affect the adhesive’s ability to adhere a label to a container. These factors include the substrate, labeller, machinability of the adhesive, the labelling conditions and the end-use conditions. The product must be tested under conditions that are representative of production. The lab labeller allows for the parameters of open time, set time, and application amount and pattern to be adjusted. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.758054 Item 131 Macromolecules 32, No.20, 5th Oct.1999, p.6800-6 ULTRAHYDROPHOBIC POLYMER SURFACES PREPARED BY SIMULTANEOUS ABLATION OF POLYPROPYLENE AND SPUTTERING OF POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) USING RADIO FREQUENCY PLASMA Youngblood J P; McCarthy T J Massachusetts,University The preparation of ultrahydrophobic surfaces exhibiting high advancing and high receding water contact angles, by simultaneous etching of PP and sputtering of PTFE using inductively coupled radio frequency argon plasmas is described. The toughened and fluorinated PP surfaces were characterised by water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, SEM and atomic force microscopy. The surface chemistry and topography of the treated samples are discussed and the relevance of these surface properties to hydrophobicity is considered. 34 refs. USA
Accession no.756394 Item 132 1998 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Book 2. Conference proceedings. San Francisco, Ca., 30th Aug.-3rd Sept.1998, p.119-25 SURVEY OF COMMON PROCESS AND PRODUCT PARAMETERS DESIGNED TO IMPROVE ADHESION OF POLYETHYLENE Krame B; Jerdee G Chevron Chemical Co.LLC (TAPPI) Over the past several years, various auxiliary items have been designed to increase adhesion of PE to various substrates. Most notably these include corona and flame treaters, ozone applicators and priming systems. Many of these systems have been perfected so that installation
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is relatively simple. There are also several substrate polymer products designed for use in coextrusions and blends that give the line operator, foreman, or plant process engineer several items to examine when faced with an adhesion issue or when developing an adhesion specification for a new or existing application. Emphasis is placed on the products and process techniques associated with those products available today to improve adhesion. Some troubleshooting solutions to obtaining adhesion to the more difficult substrates increasingly used today are presented, including clay-coated recycled board, foil or metallised film, and non-surface modified OPP or PETP. 12 refs. USA
Accession no.756324 Item 133 1998 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Book 2. Conference proceedings. San Francisco, Ca., 30th Aug.-3rd Sept.1998, p.769-77 STUDY OF RHEOLOGY AND ADHESION IN EXTRUSION COATING OF DIFFERENT POLYETHYLENES Kuusipalo J; Savolainen A; Vaha-Nissi M Tampere,University of Technology (TAPPI) An attempt is made to compare more or less linear PEs (HDPE and LLDPE) and branched LDPEs in extrusion coating. Adhesion, water vapour barrier and rheological properties are studied. Rheological properties, in this context, include draw down and neck-in in extrusion coating and rheological determinations with a slit-die rheometer. Rheological parameters, such as viscosity and Power law constant n, are determined at the same temperatures (295 and 315 deg.C) as the resin melt temperatures in the extrusion coating experiments. The results indicate that the linear polymers used (HDPE and LLDPE) provide much broader neck-in and higher viscosity than the three LDPEs. Clearly, linear LLDPE and HDPE show much greater draw ratios than branched LDPEs. This enables faster line speeds with thinner coatings. Both corona and corona and ozone pretreatments improve substantially adhesion between PE and paper. The improvement of corona is more pronounced at higher (315 deg.C) temperatures whereas the ozone promotes adhesion best at lower (295 deg.C) temperatures. These results are caused by the oxidation of the polymer films. 10 refs. FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.756287 Item 134 International Polymer Science and Technology 26, No.3, 1999, p.71-4 IMPROVEMENT IN ADHESIVE CAPACITY OF POLYETHYLENE BY OZONISATION Nikitina N; Viikna A
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References and Abstracts
Tallinn,Technical University Low density polyethylene (LDPE) powder was characterised by measurements of melting point and degree of swelling in toluene, following ozonisation. The adhesive strength of the LDPE, applied to fabric strips and pressurebonded, was determined by tensile tests. Short-term ozonisation (1-5 min) increased the adhesion by a factor of 1.5-2, whilst retaining essential physicochemical properties and the structural integrity of the initial polymer. 9 refs. Translation of Plasticheskie Massy, No.7, 1998, p.42. ESTONIA
Accession no.756165 Item 135 Polymer Engineering and Science 39, No.9, Sept.1999, p.1597-603 PERFORMANCE OF POLYETHYLENE/ ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER/ POLYETHYLENE MULTILAYER FILMS USING MALEATED POLYETHYLENE BLENDS Villapando-Olmos J; Sanchez-Valdes S; Yanez-Flores I G CIQA Blends of LLDPE and LLDPE grafted with maleic anhydride (LMPE-gMA) are used to promote adhesion between LLDPE and EVOH in a coextruded three layer flat film, trying to avoid the use of a tie layer. These particular films could be an option when equipment for a five-layer system is not available. The effect of the modified polymer on the surface of cast films is characterised through contact angle measurements. T-peel strength, and oxygen and water vapour transmission rate of the multi-layer films are measured as a function of LLDPE-gMA content. Compressed films with 0%, 0.03% and 0.08% of maleic anhydride (MA) are also analysed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The increased T-peel strength observed when using MA contents higher than 0.08% suggests good interfacial adhesion between layers. This increase could be associated with specific interactions between the LLDPE-gMA and the EVOH, as the development of covalent bonds through the reaction of the anhydride with the EVOH hydroxyl groups across the interface. This is proved by IR analysis that shows an increase in the ester band absorbance with an increase on the maleated polymer content and bonding time indicating that a chemical reaction occurred, at the interface. The observed changes in the oxygen and water vapour barrier properties of the films are not significant. 13 refs. MEXICO
Accession no.755453 Item 136 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74, No.7, 14th Nov.1999, p.1846-50 XPS AND WATER CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENTS ON AGED AND CORONATREATED PP
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Suezer S; Argun A; Vatansever O; Aral O Bilkent,University; Polinas AS The effects of corona treatment and ageing on coronadischarged PP films were followed by surface-sensitive roughness analysis by atomic force microscopy(AFM), water contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic(XPS) measurements. Roughness analysis by AFM gave similar results for both untreated and corona-treated samples. The measured water contact angle decreased after corona treatment but increased with ageing. XPS results showed that corona treatment caused an increase in the O-containing species on the surface of the films, but the measured O/C atomic ratio decreased with ageing. The angle dependence of the observed XPS O/C atomic ratio further revealed that surface modifications by the corona treatment were buried into the polymer away from the surface as a function of ageing. This was attributed to a surface rearrangement of the macromolecules in agreement with the results obtained by Garnessi et al. on oxygen-plasma-treated PP. 14 refs. TURKEY
Accession no.754169 Item 137 Adhesives Age 42, No.10, Oct.1999, p.29/32 DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD Chen G Ashland Specialty Chemical Co. Adhesion to low energy polyolefin surfaces is examined with reference to the technical and practical challenges it presents. This paper discusses the thermodynamic aspects of adhesion to polyolefin surfaces, with the aim of finding the most favourable thermodynamic terms to give maximum adhesion. The Young equation is considered, and the relationship between surface tensions redefined. New equations are formulated which take into account the reversible work of adhesion of liquid and solid phases. 12 refs. USA
Accession no.753340 Item 138 Industria della Gomma 43, No.6, July/Aug.1999, p.16-20 Italian NEW THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS Delanaye J L Advanced Elastomer Systems NV/SA A review is presented of developments by Advanced Elastomer Systems in Santoprene EPDM/PP thermoplastic elastomers, including grades with enhanced adhesion to EPDM and polyamides, low moisture absorption and improved colourability, and high flow for
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
the production of complex injection moulded parts. Details are also given of a robotised extrusion process and a coextrusion process for water blown foams, respectively developed in collaboration with Gepoc Verfahrenstechnik and Berstorff. 8 refs. GEPOC VERFAHRENSTECHNIK GMBH; BERSTORFF H.,MASCHINENBAU GMBH; ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.752775 Item 139 Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) No.2, 1999, p.18-20 Russian DEVELOPMENT OF WEATHER-RESISTANT VULCANISATES WITH IMPROVED LOWTEMPERATURE AND ADHESION PROPERTIES Govorova O A; Vishnitskii A S; Chubarova G V; Morozov Yu L The development is described of weather-resistant rubbers for application in roofing materials and for weatherresistant rubber-metal dampers. The rubbers tested were ethylene-propylene, butyl rubber, polychloroprene and propylene oxide rubbers. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA
Accession no.751630 Item 140 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74, No.4, 24th Oct.1999, p.1009-16 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF INTERFACE OF POLYETHYLENE MODIFIED IN BULK Hojko P; Cifra P; Bleha T; Chodak I Slovak Academy of Sciences The fracture toughness of the interface of self-healed joints of PE (Bralen RA 2-19) was measured using the wedge method. The samples of PE modified by mixing with three prototypes of additives were investigated. By welding at a temp. close to the PE m.p., the results showed that the concepts derived for interface fracture toughness of glassy polymers were transferable to the semicrystalline PE. In the partially-healed joints of weak and intermediate strength, the presence of an additive in all cases enhanced the fracture toughness of a joint for a given welding time and the rate of development of adhesion strength. The interface strength appeared to be controlled by two mechanisms, i.e. the chain interpenetration represented by the fracture toughness of the interface versus square root of time and the (co)crystallisation influenced primarily by the rate of cooling. 16 refs. SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.751531
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Item 141 Polyolefins XI. Conference proceedings. Houston, Tx., 21st-24th Feb.1999, p.705-12 SLIP AGENTS FOR POLYOLEFIN FILMS PRINTED WITH WATER-BASED INKS Chen B L Witco Corp. (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers & Additives Div.) New slip agents, N-erucyl lactamide and N-(2-hydroxyethyl) erucamide, have been developed for polyolefin films. These new slip agents provide greatly improved ink adhesion compared to the conventional slip agent such as erucamide, as well as good slip properties for polyolefin films, particularly for printing with water-based inks. The new slip agents are evaluated in polyolefin films for slip, printability and ink adhesion properties with water-based ink. In addition, coefficient of friction and surface tension measurements are used to correlate the surface changes induced by slip agents and corona treatment in PE films with respect to water-based ink adhesion and printability. These new slip agents are found to migrate to the PE surface at slower rates than erucamide, resulting in more effective corona treatment and better waterbased ink adhesion while maintaining good slip properties. The slip agents can also be used in combination with a finely divided inorganic filler for enhanced results. 6 refs. USA
Accession no.751146 Item 142 Journal of Materials Science Letters 18, No.15, 1st Aug.1999, p.1205-8 CHARACTERIZATION OF ADHESION OF COPPER TO POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) Sonwane C G; Bhatgadde L G; Bellare J R; Li Q Queensland,University Results are presented of a study in which the electroplating of copper onto PTFE was conducted with simultaneous monitoring of the properties of the sample at each deposition stage by means of techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, SEM, surface roughness measurement, inductively-coupled plasma technique and adhesive strength measurement. Correlations between the various surface properties are discussed. 5 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.750966 Item 143 155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999. Conference Preprints. Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 58, pp.7 DEVELOPMENT OF VOC COMPLIANT FLOCK ADHESIVE FOR EPDM WEATHERSTRIP Alwani D W; Klapsinos G M
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References and Abstracts
Lord Corp. (ACS,Rubber Div.) An account is presented of the development by Lord of Flock-Lok 501/502, a high-solids, two-part PU adhesive of low VOC content for use in bonding flock to EPDM weather stripping. Experiments undertaken to assess the influence on adhesion of adhesive composition, corona treatment of EPDM, processing parameters, heat ageing and water exposure are reported. USA
Accession no.749871 Item 144 Antec ’99. Volume II. Conference proceedings. New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.1849-53. 012 POLYMER-POLYMER ADHESION IN MELTPROCESSED LAYERED STRUCTURES Cole P J; Macosko C W Minnesota,University (SPE) Improving the adhesion of polyolefins to glassy polymers is complicated by the semi-crystalline nature of the polyolefins. Traditional methods used in glassy polymers to increase the interlayer adhesion, including the addition of a diblock copolymer or the formation of a copolymer through in situ reaction are still successful with semicrystalline polymers. However, melt miscibility of the adhesion promoting molecules is no longer sufficient; they must also co-crystallise. Even when co-crystallisation is achieved, the reactive method is shown to provide greater fracture toughness than the addition of a pre-made diblock copolymer. In the latter case, the formation of micelles limits the efficiency of the diblock copolymer. Finally, significant adhesion enhancement is attainable in reactive systems with contact times as short as 45 seconds as demonstrated through a multilayer coextrusion of amorphous nylon against a PP-maleated PP blend. 16 refs. USA
Accession no.748731 Item 145 Polimery 44, No.4, 1999, p.246-54 Polish USE OF PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY IN STUDIES OF THE DEPTH PROFILE OF POLYPROPYLENE FILM Zenkiewicz M; Golebiewski J Metalchem Plastics Processing Institute The physical fundamentals of photoelectron spectroscopy are reviewed and the range of applications is given. Three PP films were examined and the depth of oxidation was found to be in the nanometer range. The oxidation level of the external layer increases as the specific energy of corona
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discharges is increased. 27 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.747688 Item 146 Plasticheskie Massy No.2, 1999, p.14-6 Russian ADHESION OF ETHYLENE-ACETYLENE COPOLYMERS TO RUBBERS Anfimov B N; Belov G P Russian Academy of Sciences The copolymerisation of ethylene with a small amount of acetylene is shown to result in a significant improvement in the adhesion of the ethylene polymer to various kinds of vulcanised rubbers. 4 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA
Accession no.747680 Item 147 Journal of Materials Science Letters 18, No.13, 1st July 1999, p.1055-7 EFFECT OF AGEING ON ADHESION BEHAVIOUR OF DISCHARGE PLASMATREATED BIAXIALLY ORIENTED POLYPROPYLENE Novak I; Florian S Slovak Academy of Sciences A study was made of the influence of ageing phenomena on the adhesive behaviour of corona discharge plasmatreated biaxially oriented, isotactic PP films. Very low changes in free surface energy (FSE) values and a decrease in the polar contribution to FSE, polar fraction and mechanical work of adhesion to PVAc were detected. After 30 days of ageing, FSE values were suitable for printing. A correlation was established between mechanical work of adhesion to PVAc and polar fraction of the modified PP. 14 refs. SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.745940 Item 148 Journal of Materials Science Letters 18, No.14, 15th July 1999, p.1131-3 SURFACE PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE-MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE Novak I; Chodak I Slovak Academy of Sciences Isotactic PP was surface modified in vapours of phosphoryl chloride under UV irradiation to increase its
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References and Abstracts
adhesive properties. The free surface energies of the polymer were measured by a direct goniometric method using a contact angle meter and the mechanical work of adhesion was determined by a 90 degree peel test. The effect of the time of UV irradiation on the free surface energy of the modified PP and the effect of the distance of the UV light source on the polar component of free surface energy are discussed and the dependence of the mechanical work of adhesion of the modified PP towards PVAc on the time of modification is assessed. 15 refs. SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.745936 Item 149 Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres 51, No.5, June/July 1999, p.10 French SAUVAGNAT: GARDEN FURNITURE GOES OVER TO PLASMA TREATMENT Guyard C A plasma treatment process used by Sauvagnat of France to promote the adhesion of paints to its PP garden furniture is examined. Technical features of the equipment used, manufactured by ATEA, are also described. SAUVAGNAT; ATEA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.745831 Item 150 Journal of Coated Fabrics Vol.28, Jan.1999, p.210-27 STUDY OF RHEOLOGY AND ADHESION IN EXTRUSION COATING OF DIFFERENT POLYETHYLENES Kuusipalo J; Vaha-Nissi M; Savolainen A Tampere,University of Technology A comparison was made between the extrusion coating properties (adhesion, water vapour barrier and rheological properties) of more or less linear PEs (HDPE and LLDPE) and branched LDPEs. The rheological properties included draw-down and neck-in in extrusion coating and rheological determinations with a slit-die rheometer. Rheological parameters, such as viscosity and power law constant, were determined at the same temps. (295 and 315C) as the resin melt temps. in the extrusion coating experiments. The results indicated that the HDPE and LLDPE provided much broader neck-in and higher viscosity than the three LDPEs. Linear LLDPE and HDPE clearly showed much greater draw ratios than branched LDPEs, which enabled faster line speeds to be used with thinner coatings. Both corona and corona/ozone pretreatments significantly improved the adhesion between PE and paper. The improvement of corona was more marked at higher temps., whereas the ozone promoted adhesion best at lower temps. 10 refs. (TAPPI,
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Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference, San Francisco, Sept.1998) FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.744005 Item 151 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.8, 1999, p.903-30 CHLORINATION OF SBS RUBBERS WITH DIFFERENT STYRENE CONTENTS USING TRICHLORO-ISOCYANURIC ACID Iniesta-Jaen J; Pastor-Blas M M; Mahiques-Buanda M M; Martin-Martinez J M; Dillard J G Alicante,Universidad; Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University In order to improve their adhesion to PU adhesives, three unvulcanised block SBS rubbers with styrene contents between 33 and 55% are surface treated with solutions of 2 wt.% trichloro-isocyanuric acid (TCI) in ethyl acetate. The joint strength is estimated using T-peel tests and the failed surfaces analysed to assess the locus of failure. The failed surfaces are analysed using ATR-IR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, XPS and SEM. An unexpected trend in the joint strength is obtained because the locus of failure depends on both the styrene content and the mechanical properties of each SBS rubber. A mixed mode of failure is obtained in joints, produced with S1 rubber (33 wt.% styrene content), whereas failure in the chlorinated layer is observed with S3 rubber (55 wt.% styrene content); cohesive failure in the adhesive is found for the joints produced with S2 rubber (44 wt.% styrene content). 19 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.743659 Item 152 Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 17, No.3, 1999, p.237-44 STUDIES OF THE INTERFACIAL ADHESION BETWEEN FUNCTIONALISED POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYAMIDE 1010 Zhang X; Yin Z; Song Y; Yin J Chinese Academy of Sciences The interface behaviour of polyamide 1010 (PA 1010) and PP is studied. In order to improve their interfacial adhesion, functional PP is prepared by means of grafting glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on PP main chains and used instead of plain PP. Several technological characterisations are performed on their interfaces. ESCA is used to confirm that some kind of reaction occurs between end groups of PA1010 and epoxy species of PPg-GMA. The peel test is adopted to measure interfacial adhesion. It is found that the fracture energy of interfaces between PA1010 and PP-g-GMA is dramatically increased with the content of GMA. Their interfaces are
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References and Abstracts
observed as being blurred by using SEM and TEM and a crack that can be seen in the case of the interfaces of the PA1010 and the plain PP disappears. 18 refs. CHINA
Accession no.743171
highly isotactic). The crystalline structure of this PP is found to consist of the alpha- and the gamma-modifications, the latter passing into the former when exposed to plasma. The UV component of the plasma is believed to be responsible for the modifications observed. 14 refs. RUSSIA
Item 153 Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 17, No.3, 1999, p.221-9 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE MICROFIBRE BY PLASMAINDUCED VAPOR GRAFTING WITH ACRYLIC ACID Liang H; Sun Q; Hou X Chinese Academy of Sciences The hydrophilicity, dyeing and antistatic ability of PP microfibre (PPMF) are improved by plasma-induced vapour grafting with acrylic acid. The effects of plasma discharge time, power, liquid phase acrylic acid temperature and environmental temperature on grafting yield are investigated. The existence of grafted polyacrylic acid (PAA) is verified by ESCA and ATR FT-IR. The morphology of grafted PAA is directly observed by SEM. The wicking test shows that the hydrophilicity of modified PPMF is greatly enhanced. The dyeability test of modified PPMF is carried out using Dispersion Yellow. It is found that the dye uptake ratio is linear to the weight percent of grafting. The antistatic ability is indicated by specific resistance. The specific resistance of modified PPMF is reduced, thus the antistatic ability is considerably improved. 15 refs.
Accession no.743121 Item 155 ACS Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering.Volume 80.Conference proceedings. Anaheim, Ca., Spring 1999, p.581-2 VINYL ACETATE-ETHYLENE EMULSIONS: EFFECT OF POLYMER RHEOLOGY ON ADHESION Daniels C L; Vratsanos M S; Lorenz R J Air Products Polymers; Air Products & Chemicals Inc. (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The adjustment of polymer architecture of vinyl acetateethylene copolymer emulsions, to give changes in polymer rheology and adhesion, was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis and peel tests. The adhesive performance of the emulsions was shown to be directly related to their rheological properties. The modulustemperature data above the glass transition temperature provided insight into the time-dependent properties of the polymer and their adhesive performance. Changes in the modulus-temperature properties were accomplished through changes in processing conditions, without changing the composition of the polymer. 2 refs.
CHINA
USA
Accession no.743169
Accession no.742151
Item 154 Popular Plastics and Packaging 44, No.7, July 1999, p.76-80 MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE STRUCTURE BY LOW-FREQUENCY GLOW DISCHARGE Rishina L A; Vizen E I; Shibryaeva L S; Sosnovskaya L N; Veretennikova A A; Lodygina T A; Gilman A B Russian Academy of Sciences
Item 156 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.6, 1999, p.669-678 ADHESION OF ETHYLENE-ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMERS AND THEIR BLENDS WITH PARAFFIN TO ALUMINIUM Lion X; Geuskens G Bruxelles,Universite
PP prepared (a) over a heterogeneous catalytic system in the presence of hydrogen and (b) rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2methylalumoxane homogeneous system, is modified by low-frequency glow discharges in air. Functional groups containing oxygen are found to appear in a thin surface layer. Under some conditions changes of the whole structure of PP are determined, evident in a great increase in the molecular mass (M) and melting temperature (Tm). The structural modification is especially considerable for the PP synthesised with the metallocene system b.M rose by a factor of ~10, the melting temperature rose from 130 deg.C to 164 deg.C, stereoregularity parameters enhanced and the fractional composition changes. The boiling n-heptane soluble fraction increases from 7 to 96% (PP becomes
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The adhesion of four ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers and of their blends with paraffin to aluminium is measured by T-peel testing. The peel strength of EAA increases with the square of its acrylic acid content. For each EAA, the addition of paraffin first results in an increase of the peel strength up to a maximum when the failure switches from adhesional to cohesive. Two relationships are found between the peel strength of EAA-paraffin blends and the tensile strength of the blends: one valid in the case of adhesional failure and the other in the case of cohesive failure. Both allow very good prediction of the adhesion of EAA-paraffin blends to aluminium. 8 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.741745
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References and Abstracts
Item 157 Popular Plastics and Packaging 44,,No.5, May 1999, p.67-70 RECENT BOPP FILM DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA Mannan S M Cosmo Films Ltd. Developments in biaxially oriented PP film for packaging applications in India, are reviewed. Such developments are said to be driven by the needs of customers, with films with specific properties developed to cater to the needs of the products and machine developments. Details are given of metallised matte film, double sided coronatreated, metallised film, low heat seal temperature film, including pearl film, film for labels, film for in-mould labelling, films for soapwrap, film for twistwrap, matte film for print lamination, BOPP/CPP laminates, and the use of cold seal adhesives for pouching a BOPP film. INDIA
Accession no.739883 Item 158 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.7, 1999, p.819-35 ADHESION ENHANCEMENT OF THERMALLY EVAPORATED ALUMINUM TO SURFACE GRAFT COPOLYMERIZED POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) FILM Zhang M C; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L Singapore,National University The surface modification of argon plasma-pretreated PTFE film was carried out via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with glycidyl methacrylate and 1vinylimidazole to enhance the adhesion of evaporated aluminium metal to PTFE film. Physicochemical parameters affecting the adhesion between the evaporated aluminium and surface graft copolymerised PTFE film, such as the graft concentration, the plasma post-treatment of the graft copolymerised surface prior to metallisation and the thermal post-treatment after metallisation, were investigated. The chemical compositions of the surfacemodified PTFE films were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 33 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.738404 Item 159 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.7, 1999, p.753-61 AGEING OF PLASMA-TREATED POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) SURFACES Nakamatsu J; Delgado-Aparicio L F; Da Silva R; Soberon F Pontificia,Universidad Catolica del Peru Highly hydrophobic PTFE surfaces were modified with an air glow discharge plasma to improve their wettability.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
The hydrophilic character obtained was, however, found to diminish with time, due to molecular motion in the polymer. It was found that the ageing process was strongly affected by the environment and temp. in which the surfaces were stored. A hydrophobic environment and high temps. promoted faster recovery of the original properties of PTFE than at lower temps. Nevertheless, a hydrophilic environment, even at high temps., prevented the surface from losing the polar character obtained from the plasma treatment, stopping the ageing process. Furthermore, this process was reversible as the character of the treated surface changed when the environment changes, i.e. from water to air. The hydrophilicity of the surfaces was evaluated by contact angle measurements of a droplet of water. 18 refs. PERU; SOUTH AMERICA
Accession no.738400 Item 160 Modern Plastics International 29, No.7, July 1999, p.27-8 NANOSILICATE OFFERS LOW COST IN HIGHBARRIER AUTO FUEL TANKS Mapleston P; Graff G New ways of reducing hydrocarbon emissions from automotive fuel tanks are in advanced stages of development. Plastic Omnium is developing a low-cost coating system, using nanosilicates coated onto monolayer HDPE tanks, that has barrier properties superior to those of coextruded tanks. The coating is applied by spray or dip on tanks pretreated by an argon/oxygen plasma to key the surface. The tanks are post-treated to get the coating to polymerise and bond to their surface. Meanwhile, Shell Chemicals says it is making good progress with injection moulded tanks made from its Carilon polyketone. PLASTIC OMNIUM EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.737456 Item 161 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 72, No.12, 20th June 1999, p.1583-7 SURFACE GRAFTING OF POLY(VINYLAMINE) ONTO POLY(ETHYLENE) FILM BY CORONA DISCHARGE-INDUCED GRAFTING Seto F; Muraoka Y; Akagi T; Kishida A; Akashi M Kagoshima,University Polyvinylamine(PVAm) was grafted onto a PE film surface via the surface graft polymerisation of Nvinylformamide(NVF) and N-vinylacetamide(NVA) and the subsequent hydrolysis of the grafted polymers. The surface was characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and measurements of contact angle, moisture absorption and leakage of electrostatic charge
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References and Abstracts
from the films. PNVF and PNVA were introduced onto the surface of the PE film successfully, despite the fact that the initiator for polymerisation was a peroxide group. The grafted amounts of PNVF and PNVA were dependent on the grafting time. A PVAm-grafted surface was obtained via the hydrolysis of the grafted PNVF. The grafted PNVA was not hydrolysed under mild hydrolysis conditions. The obtained PVAmgrafted surface appeared to be useful for various applications, such as protein immobilisation or chemical modification. 22 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.736603 Item 162 Composites Science & Technology 59, No.6, 1999, p.879-82 COMPOSITES OF ULTRA-HIGH-MOLECULARWEIGHT POLYETHYLENE FIBRES IN A LOWDENSITY POLYETHYLENE MATRIX. II. FIBRE/ MATRIX ADHESION Devaux E; Caze C Laboratoire Gemtex The interfacial shear stress of composites of UHMWPE fibres in a LDPE matrix were measured by means of a micromechanical test. The results obtained showed that the adhesion was markedly increased when PE fibres were substituted for glass fibres in a PE matrix. Furthermore, chemical treatment of the PE fibre surface favoured adhesion by eliminating the weak boundary layer present on the surface. Nevertheless, the thermal processing conditions of the composite material and the surface treatment caused a slight reduction in the mechanical behaviour of the reinforcing filler. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.736524 Item 163 Adhasion Kleben & Dichten 41, Nos.1-2, 1997, p.28/33 German PLASMA TREATMENT OF POLYMERS Friedrich J Berlin,Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung Many polymers, especially polyolefins and fluoropolymers, are difficult to wet, to glue together, to print on or to coat with metal. In comparison with conventional chemical, mechanical, thermo-oxidative advance treatment or application of bonding agents, plasma methods are very workable, quick, clean and almost universally applicable. Properties of different plasmas are examined including cracking and molecular structure. Examples of particle bombardment are discussed along with plasma oxidation and the effects of oxygen plasmas on polymers. 12 refs.
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EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.736107 Item 164 European Polymer Journal 35, No.6, June 1999, p.1149-52 LOW-PRESSURE PLASMA TREATMENT OF PTFE (POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) WITH SULPHUR DIOXIDE AS PROCESS GAS Caro J C; Lappan U; Simon F; Pleul D; Lunkwitz K Dresden,Institute of Polymer Research Low-pressure plasma treatments of PTFE films using sulphur dioxide as process gas were carried out in order to insert functional groups containing sulphur and oxygen into the inert polymer surface. By modifying the plasma parameters of gas flow rate, power and treatment time, the optimum plasma conditions for surface modification could be found. An increase of the wettability, in terms of having the lowest static contact angle, could be detected after the plasma treatment. ESCA and FTIR spectra (ATR and transmission) of selected treated samples completed the characterisation methods. 28 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734672 Item 165 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 13, No.5, 1999, p.573-92 EFFECTS OF NITROGEN PLASMA TREATMENT OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE LAYER SURFACES ON THEIR PEEL ADHESION BEHAVIOUR Kawabe M; Tasaka S; Inagaki N Shizuoka,University The influence of surface modification of pressuresensitive adhesive tapes on their adhesion behaviour was investigated. Polybutyl acrylate and polyisobutylene adhesives were chosen as pressure-sensitive adhesives and nitrogen plasma was used for surface modification of the adhesives. The peel force of polybutyl acrylate and polyisobutylene adhesive/stainless steel joints was evaluated. Mechanism of the changes in adhesion behaviour caused by the nitrogen plasma was discussed. 14 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.733529 Item 166 Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics 200, No.5, May 1999, p.989-96 REACTIVITY OF SURFACE GROUPS FORMED ONTO A PLASMA TREATED POLY(PROPYLENE) FILM Poncin-Epaillard F; Brosse J C; Falher T
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
Maine,Universite Cold plasma treatments of polymers (dry processes) can be used to obtain either hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces. A PP film treated in nitrogen plasma, for example, exhibited a surface having a hydrophilic and basic character as amino groups were attached onto the surface during the treatment. The treatment induced an increase of the surface tension of the polymeric material, which could sometimes be destroyed by an ageing effect. For the treatment of PP in nitrogen plasma, the ageing was mainly due to a motion of attached groups from the surface to the bulk of the material and some oxidation of radicals formed during plasma treatment. The surface radicals formed and used for a post-reaction such as grafting were characterised in terms of nature, density and reactivity. 26 refs.
Item 169 Plasticheskie Massy No.8, 1998, p.11-5 Russian STUDY OF THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF PLIED-UP POLYMERIC PACKAGING MATERIALS Kiselev V Ya; Vlasov S V Lomonosov Academy of Fine Chemical Technology The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of the amount of vinyl acetate in vinyl acetatepolyethylene copolymer and of the nature, medium and rate of breakdown on the ply separation resistance between similar polymers. The materials studied were a polypropylene film substrate and adhesives of ethylenevinyl acetate copolymer. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
RUSSIA
Accession no.733201
Accession no.731590
Item 167 Advances in Polymer Technology 18, No.2, Summer 1999, p.171-80 CORONA TREATMENT OF POLYOLEFIN FILMS - REVIEW Sung C Q; Zhang D; Wadsworth L C Tennessee,University
Item 170 Plasticheskie Massy No.7, 1998, p.42-4 Russian IMPROVING THE ADHESION OF POLYETHYLENE BY OZONISATION Nikitina N; Viikna A Tallinn,Technical University
Corona discharge introduces polar groups into the polymeric surfaces and, as a consequence, improves the surface energy, wettability and adhesion characteristics. The main chemical mechanism of corona treatment is oxidation. Some special problems that are related to corona treatment of polyolefin films are covered by reviewing the recent developments in this field, such as effect of corona treatment on adhesion, effect of resin additives on corona treatment, insufficient treatment and over-treatment of corona discharge, ageing and retreatment. 34 refs. USA
Accession no.732362 Item 168 Coloring Technology for Plastics. New York, N.Y., Plastics Design Library, 1999, p.2715. 52 FEASIBILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS DESIGNED FOR DIRECT ADHESION TO TPO MATERIALS Mikulec M Ford Motor Co. Edited by: Harris R M
The characteristics of the physicochemical changes in amorphous-crystalline low-density polyethylene subjected to the action of ozone were utilised to obtain polyfunctional adhesive textile materials. Data are given on the adhesion strength as a function of the time of ozonisation. 9 refs. ESTONIA
Accession no.731588 Item 171 Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings. New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.34-40 .012 INFLUENCE OF STRESS ON PEEL STRENGTH OF ACID COPOLYMERS TO FOIL Morris B A DuPont Packaging & Industrial Polymers (SPE)
The discovery that adhesion to untreated non-polar TPO can be achieved directly through olefinic colour coats based on low viscosity functional liquid polymers might be considered the breakthrough for the TPO industry. Feasibility of the colour coats at bumper plants is also discussed. 4 refs.
An ethylene acrylic acid copolymer was extrusion coated onto aluminium foil under various processing conditions. The air gap, line speed and die gap were varied, whilst the coating thickness, deckled die width and chill roll temperature were kept constant. The peel strength of the copolymer to foil was measured, and the copolymer was characterised by measurements of contact angle, tensile strength, and wide angle X-ray scattering. It was concluded that the residual stresses imposed upon the copolymer during its application could adversely affect the peel strength. 7 refs.
USA
USA
Accession no.732225
Accession no.730969
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References and Abstracts
Item 172 Composites Part B: Engineering 30B, No.3, 1999, p.309-20 EFFECT OF FIBRE SURFACE TREATMENT ON THE FIBRE-MATRIX BOND STRENGTH OF NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES Valadez-Gonzalez A; Cervantes-Uc J M; Olayo R; Herrera-Franco P J Yucatan,Centro de Investigacion Cientifica; Iztapalapa,University The interfacial shear strength between natural fibres (henequen fibres) and a thermoplastic matrix (HDPE) was improved by the morphological and silane chemical modification of the fibre surface. The three surface modifications were (1) treatment with alkaline solution, (2) surface treatment with vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane (Silane A-172 from Union Carbide), and (3) pre-impregnation with a dilute solution of HDPE in xylene. The alkali treatment improved the interfacial shear strength by increasing the surface roughness to give better mechanical interlocking and increased the amount of cellulose on the surface to increase the number of possible reaction sites. The pre-impregnation gave better fibre wetting. Surface silanisation resulted in better interfacial load transfer efficiency, but did not seem to improve the wetting of the fibre. The results obtained from the single fibre fragmentation test gave better agreement with the effective mechanical properties of composite material than those obtained by pull-out test. 27 refs. (See also next paper, this journal, p.321-31) MEXICO
Accession no.729210 Item 173 Journal of Injection Molding Technology 2, No.4, Dec.1998, p.166-75 COINJECTION MOULDING. COMPATIBILISATION OF POLYAMIDEPOLYPROPYLENE SANDWICH STRUCTURES Selden R Swedish Institute for Fibre & Polymer Research Sandwich plates were coinjected from polyamide 6 (Durethan B 30S from Bayer) and talc-filled PP (Hostacom M2 U01 from Hoechst). The polyamide skin was coloured black with 1% masterbatch, to identify the interface between the materials. Mechanical properties were studied as a function of compatibiliser (Orevac CA 100 maleic anhydride grafted PP from AtoChem) concentration. The compatibiliser, was blended with the PP granulate before injection moulding. The properties evaluated included flexural modulus and flexural strength parallel and perpendicular to flow, and falling weight impact strength. The adhesion between skin and core as a function of compatibiliser content was measured by a peel test. The addition of a relatively low concentration of compatibiliser is adequate for obtaining a sufficient degree of adhesion between skin and core and a
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corresponding improvement of mechanical properties. It is shown that unmodified polyamide/PP sandwich specimens can display a relatively high strength, and modulus. This is mainly explained by the special interface instability formed during the mould filling, giving mechanical interlocking between the two phases. The type of interface instability observed in the unmodified polyamide/PP specimens was mainly viscous finger formation. Injection moulding was done with a 110 ton K110 S 2F machine from Ferromatix Milacron. It had two injection units. Potential for using recycled polymers as core material is pointed out. 25 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.729191 Item 174 International Polymer Science and Technology 25, No.9, 1998, p.T/40-2 RUBBER-TO-METAL CORD ADHESION PROMOTERS CONTAINING HEXACHLOROPARAXYLENE Kandyrin K L; Potapov E E Moscow,Lomonosov Institute Theories for the influence of hexachloroparaxylene on the bond strength and bond stability in rubber-to-brass bonding are summarised. It is also pointed out that, when hexachloroparaxylene is used, another substance, such as an amine, should be present to neutralise any hydrogen chloride released. Data on the bond strength (H-method) of breaker rubber to metal cord and tensile properties of the same rubbers (polyisoprene) containing various adhesion promoting systems (including four containing hexachloroparaxylene) reveal that the use of a diamine plus hexachloroparaxylene system makes it possible to produce a high modulus rubber with high adhesion characteristics. 11 refs. RUSSIA
Accession no.729166 Item 175 International Polymer Science and Technology 25, No.9, 1998, p.T/37-9 INFLUENCE OF DIFFUSION OF MODIFIER RU1 FROM THE CARCASS INTO THE BREAKER OF A CAR TYRE ON THE RUBBER-TO-METAL CORD BOND STRENGTH Shmurak I L Russia,Scientific Research Institute of the Tyre Industry The radial car tyre which was studied had the breaker reinforced with brass-coated metal cord (4L22) and contained modifier RU-1 (resorcinol-containing adhesion promoter) initially in the carcass rubber. Diffusion into the breaker of the tyre was confirmed by the colour reaction between resorcinol-containing compounds and iron (III) chloride. Model systems as well as real tyre specimens were studied. Rubber-cord adhesion was tested
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
by the H method. The results confirmed the reduction in the bond strength of metal cord to breaker rubber under the influence of RU-1 conversion products diffusing from the carcass rubber. A degradation mechanism involving breakdown of copper-sulphur bonds by ammonia is proposed. Reduction in bond strength can be avoided by replacing the hexamethylene tetramine component of modifier RU-1 with hydroxymethyl derivatives of melamine, which do not detach ammonia, or by adding substances to the rubber mix that contain an epoxy or an isocyanogen group. Rubbers involved were synthetic polyisoprene and NR. 14 refs. RUSSIA
Accession no.729165 Item 176 International Polymer Science and Technology 25, No.9, 1998, p.T/5-8 IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING FIBRE FILLERS IN VULCANISATES Nesiolovskaya T N Yaroslavl’,State Technical University Fibre-reinforced rubber vulcanisates were prepared from polyamide fibres and butadiene-methylstyrene copolymer rubber or polyisoprene. Adhesion between the fibre and rubber was improved by two methods, (1) adding an adhesion promoter to the rubber, and (2) treating the fibres with oligodienes under intense mechanochemical action. The composites were tensile tested under static and dynamic conditions. The adhesion promoter reacted mainly with the elastomer and only partially migrated to the phase boundary. The strength of the composite was increased under static conditions, but decreased under dynamic conditions. The treatment of the fibres with oligomers (butadiene-piperylene copolymer, cis-1,4polybutadiene, and NBR) resulted in grafting. There was hardly any change in the properties of the matrix, but there was a change in the properties of the boundary layer. The strength was increased under static and dynamic conditions. Some results relate to polyester fibre and viscose fibre. 6 refs. RUSSIA
injection moulding in the presence of a commercial bonding system. Peel energies are calculated from the peel force results by allowing for the elastic energy stored in the detached rubber strip. Peeling at an angle of 90 deg gives a high peel energy (30 kJ m-2). A slip-stick oscillation of the force during peeling is observed which correlates with fracture features on the substrate. This behaviour is modelled mathematically on the basis of a critical force for propagation and arrest of the peel front. When allowance is made for hysteresis of the rubber, good correspondence is obtained between the model and the observed peel trace. The peel energy is much smaller ((5 kJ m-2 ) at lower angles of peel, such as 45 deg., and the peel trace steady. Finite element analysis applied to the strain field ahead of the peel front shows significant differences between results at the two angles which enables the different types of behaviour to be rationalised. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.728994 Item 178 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 75, No.12, 1998, p.F3-5 BOND STRENGTH DATA EASES CHOICE OF HIGHER PERFORMANCE ADHESIVES Serenson J A Loctite Corp. The three major categories of high performance engineering adhesives most commonly used by OEMs are discussed. Cyanoacrylate adhesives are one-part, solvent-free, room temperature curing adhesives. Twopart, no-mix acrylics adhesives offer increased thermal stability, chemical resistance and peel and impact strength over cyanoacrylates. Light curing acrylics are one-part, solvent-free liquids available in a wide range of viscosities. For 35 of the most commonly used plastics, a table presents block shear strengths achieved using six adhesive types. USA
Accession no.728702
Accession no.729158 Item 177 Finite Element Analysis & Elastomers. London, Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd., 1999, p.251-63. 9511 PEELING OF VULCANISED NATURAL RUBBER FROM STEEL: MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Jarosz R; Turner D M; Cook J W; Packham D E Avon Rubber plc; Bath,University Edited by: Boast D; Coveney V A The peel test has been used to study the adhesion achieved between a simple NR compound and mild steel by
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 179 Composites Science & Technology 59, No.4, March 1999, p.487-93 EFFECT OF THE OXYGEN PLASMA TREATMENT OF UHMWPE FIBRE ON THE TRANSVERSE PROPERTIES OF UHMWPEFIBRE/VINYL ESTER COMPOSITES Sung In Moon; Jyongsik Jang Seoul,National University The UHMWPE fibre/vinyl ester unidirectional laminates were prepared with untreated and oxygen plasma treated UHMWPE fibre. The oxygen plasma treatment of the UHMWPE fibre increased transverse tensile strength and
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References and Abstracts
failure strain of the composites and changed the failure initiation site from the interface to the interior of the UHMWPE fibre, and introduced micro-pits on the fibre surface; these micro-pits improved interfacial adhesion in the composites through mechanical interlocking between the micro-pits and the vinyl ester resin. Finite element modelling was performed to investigate the effect of micro-pits on stress transfer in the composite. Stress transfer was correlated with the improved transverse properties and transition of the failure initiation site after oxygen plasma treatment. 25 refs. SOUTH KOREA
Accession no.726476 Item 180 Polymer 40, No.14, June 1999, p.4087-91 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) BY PLASMA PRETREATMENT AND ADSORPTION OF POLYELECTROLYTES Lappan U; Buchhammer H M; Lunkwitz K Dresden,Institute of Polymer Research Adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto plasma-pretreated PTFE surfaces was reported as a method for fluoropolymer surface modification. PTFE was treated in oxygen or ammonia plasmas to introduce oxygencontaining and nitrogen-containing groups, respectively, which increase the free surface energy and make possible the adsorption of polyelectrolytes via the electrostatic interactions. The adsorption of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium styrenesulphonate) on the plasma-pretreated PTFE was investigated. Modification effects were evaluated by contact angle and streaming potential measurements. 21 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.726441 Item 181 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.770, Sept.1998, p.37-8 French THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFINS PUT THE TURBO IN INTERIOR TRIM Wolf F; Khalil J; Roussel M Alveo AG; Pennel & Flipo SA Applications of thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer foams and sheeting in interior automotive trim are examined. Properties of these materials and methods used in their preparation are discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.726302 Item 182 Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.
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Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 19. 012 STUDIES IN RUBBER TO METAL ADHESION Cook J W; Edge S; Packham D E Bath,University (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) Two fundamental aspects of the adhesion produced by the vulcanisation bonding of a simple NR compound to mild steel are examined. Adhesion is measured using a 45 deg. peel test. When the NR is bonded, using a proprietary bonding agent (Chemlok 205/220), to ‘smooth steel’ (acid etched) or to ‘rough’ steel (phosphated) similar values of peel energy (around 5 kJm-2) are obtained, with failure cohesive within the rubber, so it appears that for these, surface topography per se has little effect on peel energy. These topographical differences appear to have little effect on the bond durability, as little or no deterioration of adhesion is observed after immersion of coated steel in water for periods up to 60 days. The nature of the layer formed in the interfacial region by interaction between bonding system and rubber is investigated using a chlorinated rubber as a ‘model compound’ representing the adhesive and uncompounded NR to represent the rubber. When a blend of the two is heated in air at 150 deg.C, evidence is found of a solid state chemical reaction in which carbonyl groups are incorporated into the blend which became visually homogeneous. Further evidence points to the relevance of this change to adhesion in rubber to metal bonding. 18 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.725097 Item 183 Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings. Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 18. 012 THE INFLUENCE OF MOULDING TEMPERATURE ON THE STRENGTH OF NATURAL RUBBER TO METAL BONDED JOINTS Fernando M S D; Cudby P E F; Cook S Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) Bond formation in a rubber to metal assembly is a complex subject and is influenced by the nature of the metal and how its surface has been prepared, the composition of the adhesive, primer, elastomer, the filler type or level and the cure system. Proprietary chemical bonding agents are used in these bonding operations and these consist of reactive ingredients suspended or dissolved in organic solids. Commonly used bonding systems consist of a primer and an adhesive and are cured during vulcanisation of the rubber. Post vulcanisation bonding is also used in some instances. Bonded units are subjected to quality control tests after production and in such tests, failure often occurs in the rubber close to the bonded interface. It has been suggested that during vulcanisation a boundary layer is created in the rubber near the interface with
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
properties that differ from those of the bulk rubber. The formation of this modified rubber layer near the bond line is a result of diffusion of certain species from the bonding agent to the rubber during vulcanisation. The influence of moulding temperature on the bond strength is assessed for a sulphur-cured NR vulcanisate as a means of addressing the proposed mechanisms that occur in the interfacial regions of a bonded rubber to metal assembly. Experimental data are presented which elucidate the role of the different mechanisms involved in the formation of a reliable bond and the resulting creation of a boundary layer near the interface, which determines the locus of failure, that is so often observed in quality control tests and in some types of service failures. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.725096 Item 184 ACS Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering. Volume 74. Conference proceedings. New Orleans, La., Spring 1996, p.302-3. 012 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING ADHESION OF SOLVENT-BASED AMINOPLAST CURED COATINGS TO CHLORINATED POLYOLEFIN PRIMED POLYPROPYLENES Land J M; Aubuchon J; Pundmann C; Dechent W L; Stoffer J O Missouri-Rolla,University (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
whose surfaces need coating, painting, printing, lacquering or bonding with foams. The process from Arplas changes the surface structure of standard polyolefin powder by means of a cold oxygen or nitrogen plasma treatment. A polyolefin powder surface, which is non-polar and hydrophobic, becomes polar-hydrophilic in the plasma bath. ARPLAS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.724566 Item 186 Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering 38, No.1, 1999, p.71-86 EFFECT OF THE ADHESION SYSTEM ON THE PHYSICOMECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER/POLYESTER SHORT FIBRE COMPOSITES Ismail M N; Ghoneim A M Cairo,National Research Centre
Experimental designs have been used in agriculture and biology for nearly five decades. Designs provide researchers in these areas a means to gather quantitative information with a minimum number of experiments. Furthermore, since the early eighties, experimental designs coupled with regression analysis have been applied to coatings and resins. Work has been done to characterise adhesion of paints to PP and thermoplastic olefin (TPO) using chlorinated polyolefin (CPO) adhesion promoters. This work uses a saturated four variable, two level design to identify and quantify the variables affecting adhesion of a solvent based aminoplast crosslinked high solids polyester coating to CPO primed PP and TPO substrates. 10 refs.
Short fibres have attracted the attention of several researchers due to their good dispersion as well as their advantages on the physicomechanical and dielectric properties. A systematic study of the electrical and physicomechanical properties of SBR reinforced with polyester short fibres is presented. The influence of the adhesion system HRH (hydrated silica, resorcinol, and hexamethylene-tetramine), fibre concentration and ageing on these properties of the investigated samples is outlined. The permittivity E’ and the dielectric loss E” for the investigated samples are determined in the frequency range 100 Hz to 10 MHz. It is found that the addition of the tricomponent adhesion system HRH to SBR-polyester fibre vulcanisates improves the physicomechanical properties as well as the permittivity E’, whereas the dielectric loss E” is not affected. The addition of semi-reinforcing furnace carbon black facilitates the compounding of the polyester short fibre with SBR. The study of the temperature dependence of the dielectric properties of the samples shows an improvement through the measured temperature range (20-60 deg.C). The presence of the fibre and the adhesion system greatly improves the ageing resistance of the rubber composites. 39 refs.
USA
EGYPT
Accession no.724916
Accession no.724274
Item 185 Modern Plastics International 29, No.4, April 1999, p.33-4 NOVEL PLASMA METHOD TREATS POLYMER RATHER THAN PART Colvin R
Item 187 ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 1997.Volume 77.Conference proceedings. Washington, D.C., 1997, p.402-3. 012 METALLIZATION ON POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) SUBSTRATE BY EXCIMER-LASER-INDUCED SURFACE REACTION AND CHEMICAL PLATING
A novel plasma technology for polyolefins has been developed which treats resins rather than finished parts
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References and Abstracts
Japan,National Institute of Materials & Chemical Research (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The surface of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) was modified using ArF excimer laser irradiation, which rendered the surface sufficiently hydrophilic to be metallised by chemical plating. The laser-treated PTFE surface was characterised by water contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The PTFE was subsequently plated with nickel or copper, the highest resolution for line and space of nickel being 100 micrometres. 3 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.724152 Item 188 Tech XXI. Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 6th-8th May,1998, p.185-9. 6A7 STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLISATION IN NATURAL RUBBER-RESIN ADHESIVES Aubrey D W; Bader J; Subramaniam K North London,University (Pressure Sensitive Tape Council) An investigation was performed to determine whether strain-induced crystallisation is likely to occur during the deformation of rubber-resin compositions of the type used in pressure sensitive adhesives and, if it does occur, how important it is in influencing adhesive behaviour. The approach used was to first cause NR to undergo cis-trans isomerisation (by treatment with AIBN and butadiene sulphone) to an extent sufficient to inhibit straincrystallisation, then to compare stress-strain properties, adhesive tack and peel adhesion (primed polyester backed pressure sensitive adhesive tape on glass) behaviour of isomerised rubber-resin blend with those of unmodified rubber-resin blends. The resin was Sta-tac 100. Isomerisation clearly reduced tack. Peel adhesion tests showed regions of viscous cohesive separation and regions of rubbery adhesive separation, but the transition between the two regions was more sudden in the case of the isomerised NR. The differences are attributed to the presence (in NR) or absence (in isomerised NR) of strain strengthening, through crystallisation, of the extending filaments of adhesive in the separation zone. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.724136 Item 189 Tech XXI. Conference proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 6th-8th May,1998, p.111-24. 6A7 PERFORMANCE BENEFITS OF FLEXIBLE METALLOCENE FOAMS IN PRESSURE SENSITIVE TAPE APPLICATIONS Smith S C
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Sentinel Products Corp. (Pressure Sensitive Tape Council) The traditional production and applications of crosslinked polyolefin foams is reviewed and the advantages of polyolefins produced by metallocene catalysts is pointed out. They can be crosslinked by silanes to give uniform materials. Densities can be half and strengths double those of conventional foams. As adhesive tapes they can be used as adhesive carriers and facilitators in bonding of dissimilar and non-uniform surfaces. Examples are double faced mounting tapes, EKG pads and use in attaching body side mouldings in cars. CMR (Continuous Metallocene Rubber from Sentinel Products Corp.) is a roll product of 100% elastomeric metallocene polymer. EMR (Elastomeric Metallocene Rubber from Sentinel Products Corp.) is a bun product that contains over 50% elastomeric metallocene polymers. Of the three products from Sentinel Products Corp. it exhibits the greatest elastomeric properties as well as superior thermoforming properties. MPO (Metallocene Polyolefin Blend from Sentinel Products Corp.) is a blend of elastomeric metallocene with conventional polyolefins. It is designed to bridge the gap between PVC foams and conventional PE foams. Currently it has replaced a significant share of EVAc adhesive tape foams and PVC foams. Considerable data are shown to explain the technology and the materials’ advantages over conventional crosslinked polyolefin, cellular neoprene, cellular EPDM, cellular SBR and cellular NBR/PVC blend. Peel strength data compares peel adhesion on steel for competitive PE foam and Sentinel MPO. Brief food contact and toxicity information is included. USA
Accession no.724129 Item 190 Adhesive Technology 16, No.1, March 1999, p.10/5 BONDING ON POLAR SUBSTRATES Wey H G Creanova Spezialchemie GmbH A new range of raw materials has been developed to overcome the problems associated with bonding to polar surfaces. The hot melt adhesives are based on silanegrafted amorphous polyalpha-olefin grades of Vestolen 206 V and 206 B. The superior adhesion is a result of the formation of strong chemical bonds between the silane groups of Vestoplast 206 V and OH functions on the substrate surfaces. In addition, the crosslinking of the polymer chains of the material with one another under the influence of moisture is reported to cause an increase in the cohesion of the adhesive base material. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.723038 Item 191 Polymer Degradation and Stability
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References and Abstracts
64, No.1, 1999, p.67-73 EFFECT OF A COLD HELIUM PLASMA AT 180C ON POLYOLEFIN FILMS. II. CHEMILUMINESCENCE COMPONENT Tiemblo P; Gomez-Elvira J M; Teyssedre G; Massines F; Laurent C Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros; Laboratoire de Genie Electrique de Toulouse After treatment with cold helium plasma at -180C, LDPE and PP films were shown to emit light. This plasma-induced luminescence(PIL) exhibited three components, one of which had been identified previously as chemiluminescence(PILCL). The chemiluminescence(CL) component in PIL of PP and LDPE was compared with isothermal CL spectra obtained on heating PP in air at 165C and strong similarities were found. Furthermore, on increasing plasma treatment time or heating time, a similar development in the PIL-CL and isothermal CL spectra occurred, rendering the spectra broader and shifting them to higher wavelength. 14 refs. (Pt.I, ibid, p.59-66) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.721911 Item 192 Polymer Degradation and Stability 64, No.1, 1999, p.59-66 EFFECT OF A COLD HELIUM PLASMA AT 180C ON POLYOLEFIN FILMS. I. PLASMA INDUCED LUMINESCENCE FEATURES OF POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE Tiemblo P; Gomez-Elvira J M; Teyssedre G; Massines F; Laurent C Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros; Laboratoire de Genie Electrique de Toulouse Plasma-induced luminescence(PIL) recorded from LDPE films 25 m thick and from oxidised 50 micrometre PP films was compared with previous observations on PIL of 20 micrometre unoxidised PP films. The features of PIL, decay kinetics and luminescence spectra were shown to be very similar in both PP samples and in LDPE. As in the unoxidised PP sample, PIL was found to be composed of phosphorescence at about 450 nm, chemiluminescence near 400 nm and an emission due to radiative recombination of charges implanted on the surface which appeared around 500 nm. The decrease in the PIL chemiluminescence component as consecutive plasma treatments were performed on the same sample, which had been found in unoxidised PP samples, was again found both in LDPE and in oxidised PP. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.721910 Item 193 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71, No.13, 28th March 1999, p.2191-200
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EFFECTS OF SURFACE MODIFICATION BY REMOTE HYDROGEN PLASMA ON ADHESION IN PTFE/COPPER COMPOSITES Inagaki N; Tasaka S; Umehara T Shizuoka,University PTFE sheet was modified by remote hydrogen plasma, and the effect of the modification on adhesion to copper was investigated. Interfacial properties are discussed. 10 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.720464 Item 194 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71, No.6, 7th Feb.1999, p.1029-38 PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLAR POLYPROPYLENE BLENDS CONTAINING PHENOLIC RESIN Tae Won Son; Jun Ho Park; Dong Won Lee; Kwang Hyun Park; Kang Koo; Sang Kyoo Lim Yeungnam,University To overcome the low water absorption and moisture permeability of PP, it was blended with Novolak phenolic resins. Contact angle measurements were made to determine whether blending had made the polymer more hydrophilic. Other properties investigated were density, melting temperature, crystallisation temperature, morphology and tensile properties. 33 refs. KOREA
Accession no.718709 Item 195 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 51, No.12, Dec.1998, p.849-54 EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK CONCENTRATION ON THE ADHESION BETWEEN NITRILE RUBBER AND NYLON CORD Darwish N A; Lawandy S N; Abou-Kandil A I Egypt,National Institute for Standards The effect of GPF carbon black concentration on the adhesion between two grades of NBR (Krynac 40/40 containing 38.5% acrylonitrile and Krynac 34/50 containing 33% acrylonitrile) and nylon 66 cords was studied. The static adhesion for mixes containing 60 ph GPF achieves higher adhesion levels and for both grades of NMR the undipped nylon cords showed better adhesion strength than the dipped ones. Ageing improved the adhesion with samples of higher carbon black loading. On exposure to radiation, reasonable adhesion results were obtained when NBR 40/50 mixtures were bonded to dipped nylon cords and NBR 34/50 bonded to undipped ones. Adhesion testing was by H-pullout tests. Maximum adhesion levels were achieved using 60 phr carbon black for both grades of nitrile rubber. There was a critical
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crosslink density at which the adhesion force was a maximum. The tricomponent HRH (hexamethylene tetramine/resorcinol/hydrated silica) system was added to the rubber mixes to promote adhesion between rubber and textile cord. If dipping solutions were used, the latex was 100% vinyl pyridine. 17 refs. EGYPT
Accession no.718674 Item 196 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71, No. 7, 14th Feb. 1999, p.1089-1100 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND BIODEGRADABILITY OF LDPE BLENDS WITH FATTY ACID ESTERS OF AMYLOSE AND STARCH Bikiaris D; Aburto J; Alric I; Borredon E; Botev M; Betchev C; Panayiotou C Thessaloniki,Aristotle University; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Toulouse; Sofia,University of Chemical Technology & Metallurgy A series of LDPE blends with different amounts of fatty esters of amylose and starch were prepared in a HaakeBuchler Reomixer. The tensile as well as the dynamic thermomechanical (DMTA) properties of the blends were measured. It was found that as the amount of the esters increased in the blends, the TS and, especially, the elongation at break, decreased nonlinearly. SEM was used to assess the interfacial adhesion between LDPE and the corresponding esters. The incompatibility of the blends was also verified with DMTA and DSC. From the biodegradation studies of the blends during exposure in activated sludge, it was found that all esters were biodegradable, although to a much lesser degree compared to pure starch. The biodegradation rate of the composites is relatively small due to the low biodegradation rate of the pure esters. 47 refs. BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GREECE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.718458 Item 197 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71, No. 7, 14th Feb. 1999, p.1041-8 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF LDPE FILM Bag D S; Kumar V P; Maiti S Indian Institute of Technology LDPE (FS-300 from IPCL, Baroda) blown film was chemically modified by chromic acid treatment to generate polar groups on the surface. The film samples were etched by chromic acid with variation of temperature at constant time (30 minutes) and variation of time at constant temperature (room temp., i.e. 26C). The variation of weight and thickness of the film samples before and after etching was measured. The surface morphology of the etched films was studied by SEM. IR and X-ray
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photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the introduction of polar groups like carboxyl, carbonyl and hydrogen sulphonate on the etched LDPE film surface. Printability by Brightflex Blue 20 ink was improved, as was the permanence of the printing (scratch/nail hardness). Etching also enhanced adhesion with epoxy resin. The mechanical properties (EB and TS) of laminates of the two specimens of the same film sample with epoxy resin were also measured. Some results of etching by fuming nitric acid are discussed for comparison. Relevance to packaging laminates is suggested. 20 refs. INDIA
Accession no.718452 Item 198 Polymers for Advanced Technologies 10, Nos.1-2, Jan.-Feb.1999, p.20-9 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS FOR ADHESION ENHANCEMENT Kang E T; Neoh K G; Shi J L; Tan K L; Liaw D J Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology Surface modification of LDPE and PTFE films via graft copolymerisation with acrylic acid, sodium styrenesulphonate, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate(GMA), acrylamide and 3-dimethyl(methacryloylethyl)ammonium propanesulphonate was carried out in order to improve the adhesion. Using Xray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was shown that graftmodified LDPE and PTFE films were capable of exhibiting adhesive-free adhesion or auto-adhesion. The GMA-grafted PTFE surfaces adhered strongly to one another when brought into direct contact and cured either in the presence of an epoxy adhesive or in the presence of a diamine curing agent alone. It was also shown that the ozone-pretreated LDPE films and the argon plasma-pretreated PTFE films readily underwent photografting or thermal grafting with concurrent lamination when lapped together in the presence of a small amount of the monomer solution. The simultaneous graft copolymerisation and lamination process could be carried out under atmospheric conditions and in the complete absence of an added initiator or system degassing. 40 refs. (7th International Symposium on Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers, Hebei University, Baoding, China, Aug.1997) SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
Accession no.715512 Item 199 Modern Plastics International 29, No.2, Feb.1999, p.28-9 CORONA SYSTEMS KEEP PACE WITH ENDUSE DEMANDS Gabriele M C Corona surface treatment systems have improved to keep pace with the growing market demands on processors to produce PE blown films with enhanced properties for
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References and Abstracts
printing, decorating and laminating. Surface treatment is a critical issue in order to accommodate water-based inks and coatings. USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.714483 Item 200 Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) No.1, 1998, p.14-7 Russian EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF METAL IN AN INORGANIC ACTIVATOR COMPOUND ON THE ADHESION OF VULCANISATES BASED ON NATURAL RUBBER TO METAL CORD Kostrykina G I; Sudzilovskaya E N; Koshel’ G N; Sergeeva N L; Galybin G M Yaroslavl’,State Technical University The effect of inorganic adhesion activators containing cobalt, nickel and molybdenum on the physicomechanical properties of rubber mixes based on natural rubber at different temperatures is studied. 2 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA
Accession no.713875 Item 201 Rubber Technology International 1998, p.47-51 RELATIONSHIP OF MOONEY VISCOSITY AND TG TO THE PRESSURE SENSITIVE PROPERTIES OF HOT SBR LATEX Kord J M; Wykoff A E Ameripol Synpol Corp. The impact of Mooney viscosity/molecular weight and glass transition temperature/bound styrene content of hotpolymerised SBR latex are examined in standard PSTC testing. Results are extended to performance at subambient and elevated temperatures and to specific applications. USA
Accession no.713203 Item 202 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 260, Nov.1998, p.47-51 ADHESION OF POLY(PROPYLENE) MODIFIED BY CORONA DISCHARGE Novak I; Chodak I Bratislava,Polymer Institute The surface of isotactic poly(propylene)(PP) foils was oxidised by corona discharge plasma with the object of improving the adhesion characteristics. The degree of surface modification was related to the corona current
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density and exposure time and type of PP. A rapid increase in surface energy was noted for current densities ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 milli amps. The change in free surface energy was rapid for extruded PP (from 33 to 49 milli Joules per sq. m.) but much slower for modified biaxially orientated PP (from 30 to 39). Reducing the exposure time of the foil had the same effect as reducing the current density. 12 refs. SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.712613 Item 203 Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 30A, No.1, 1999, p.19-25 TAILORING THE INTERFACE IN POLYETHYLENE FIBRE/MATRIX COMPOSITES: SURFACE-ENTANGLED INTERFACIAL LAYER Cohen Y; Rein D M; Vaykhansky L E; Porter R S Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; PolyEitan Composites; Amherst,Massachusetts University The material properties of ultra-high molecular weight PE (UHMWPE) and of high-performance fibres fabricated from it are unique among polymeric materials which exhibit high modulus and strength. However, the joint utilisation of UHMWPE fibres and matrix in a composite suffers from several drawbacks. Most notable is the poor adhesion between fibres and matrix. A physical method for the improvement of the interfacial adhesion between UHMWPE fibres and matrix is investigated, based on the formation of an interfacial layer, which is physically entangled with the surface of the fibre and crystallised on it together with the matrix material. As a result, strong interfacial adhesion is obtained, which allows utilisation of all-UHMWPE composites having unique properties. 14 refs. ISRAEL; USA
Accession no.712112 Item 204 Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) No.1, 1997, p.24-7 Russian INFLUENCE OF RUBBER-FILLER INTERACTION ON THE ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITIONS. III. EFFECT OF CONTENT OF POLYMERIC FILLERS ON THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITIONS Kiselev V Ya; Vnukova V G Moscow,Lomonosov Institute A study is described of the adhesion properties of SKN40 butadiene-acrylonitrile and PIB-200 polyisobutylene rubbers containing powdered fillers of fluoroplastic,
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polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate and polyamide 6. 14 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA
Accession no.711982 Item 205 Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) No.1, 1997, p.22-4 Russian EFFECT OF RESINS AND PLASTICISERS ON THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF DIENESTYRENE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS Glagolev V A; Lyusova L R; Filimonov A V; Agayants I M A study is described of the adhesive properties of dienestyrene thermoplastic elastomers modified with coumarone-indene resin, glycerol ester of colophony modified with formaldehyde, and dibutyl phthalate. The influence of these modifiers on the bond strength of a non-polar butadiene-methylstyrene rubber is studied. 10 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA
Accession no.711981 Item 206 Automotive Engineering 107, No.1, Jan.1999, p.99-101 BASECOATS WITH DIRECT ADHESION TO TPO Kondos C A; Kahle C F PPG Industries Inc. The use of PP for both exterior and interior automotive applications continues to increase. The best way to impact a high quality appearance to TPO is to coat the substrate with a pigmented basecoat followed by a clearcoat. Use of a basecoat with direct adhesion to the TPO allows a manufacturer to eliminate the adhesion-promoting step and its contribution to the coated part’s cost. A solventbased 1K basecoat, modified with an olefinic diol, which has the ability to adhere directly to TPO and meet automotive elastomeric requirements is described. USA
Accession no.711259 Item 207 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 70, No.6, 1997, p.333-9 Japanese SURFACE MODIFICATION BY CORONA DISCHARGE Saito D Bridgestone Co.Ltd.
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Information is given on the theory and equipment of corona discharge surface treatment, preparation of surfaces prior to corona discharge treatment, changes of the polymer surface (nylon film) resulting from corona discharge, treatment of NR/SBR vulcanisate surfaces, and new developments in corona discharge treatment. 20 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. JAPAN
Accession no.710434 Item 208 Plasticheskie Massy (USSR) No.5, 1996, p.7-10 Russian MODIFIED POLYOLEFIN BINDERS WITH ENHANCED ADHESION PROPERTIES, SYNTHESISED IN THE SOLID PHASE Sizova M D; Volkov V P; Bunina L O; Zelenetskii S N; Artem’eva N Yu; Nikol’skaya V P Polypropylene or low-density polyethylene powders were mixed with powder-form maleic anhydride or acrylic acid and benzoyl peroxide and mixed in a laboratory mixer with comminuted wood particles to make a composite. Physico-mechanical and adhesion properties are described. 9 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA
Accession no.710080 Item 209 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 70, No.1, 1997, p.50-6 Japanese ADHESION BETWEEN NATURAL RUBBER AND NICKEL-PLATED STEEL CORD DURING VULCANISATION Hachisuka S; Takahashi O; Mori K; Hirahara H; Oishi Y Tokyo Sekiyo Co.Ltd; Iwate,University Direct adhesion between natural rubber and nickel-plated steel cords during vulcanisation was investigated with a view to developing new types of steel cord for tyres. Poor adhesion was found with NR compounds containing sulphur and sulphenamide type accelerators, and good adhesion was found when the cords were treated with monosodium salt of triazine trithiol. 10 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. JAPAN
Accession no.710061 Item 210 Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR)
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References and Abstracts
No.4, 1996, p.34-6 Russian EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE RUBBER AND FILLER ON THE ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF FILLED ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS. II. EFFECT OF OXIDES AND FLUORIDES OF ALKALINE EARTH METALS ON THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS Kiselev V Ya; Vnukova V G Data are given on the adhesion properties and mechanical properties of PIB-200 polyisobutylene and SKN-40 butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber filled with oxides and fluorides of alkaline earth metals. 15 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA
Accession no.708329 Item 211 Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) No.3, 1996, p.25-8 Russian STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN RUBBER AND FILLER ON THE ADHESION CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS. 1. INFLUENCE OF THE CONTENT OF INDUSTRIAL FILLERS ON THE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS Kiselev V Ya; Vnukova V G The study relates to the effect of the nature of the fine solid filler particles introduced into rubbers on the adhesion and autohesion characteristics of the resulting elastomer compositions. The rubbers studied were SKN-40 polar butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber with an acrylonitrile content of 40%, non-polar polyisobutylene, and amorphous polycarbonate and polypropylene were used as polymeric substrates. The inactive fillers were magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate, and the active fillers were carbon black and silica. 17 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. RUSSIA
Accession no.708281 Item 212 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 49, No.8, 1996, p.630-1 German ADHESION TESTS WITH CORONAPRETREATED PLASTICS Matousek P; Krueger G; Hennemann O-D Tests are described showing how surface treatment of plastics with a corona beam into which air, helium or
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nitrogen is blown leads to a clear improvement in adhesion. The plastics tested were polypropylene, polypropylene with 30% glass fibre, PP with talc and 20% rubber, polybutylene terephthalate, a compound of PBT and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer and polyphenylene sulphide. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.707981 Item 213 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71, No.2, 10th Jan.1999, p.319-31 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA TREATMENT OF POLYETHYLENE VIA A PULSE DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE: COMPARISON USING VARIOUS GAS COMPOSITIONS VERSUS CORONA DISCHARGE IN AIR Lynch J B; Spence P D; Baker D E; Postlethwaite T A Cryovac North America; Tennessee,University Using an atmospheric pressure plasma unit with a dielectric barrier discharge generated using an asymmetric pulse voltage, the effects of different gases, powers and linespeeds on PE surface treatment were studied. The results obtained showed that atmospheric pressure plasma could be used to achieve higher long-term wettability, higher surface oxygen and nitrogen, and a greater range of surface chemistries with better robustness versus standard corona treatment. Atomic force microscopy results suggested significant differences in the mechanism of surface functionalisation versus etching and ablation depending on the gases used. 31 refs. USA
Accession no.706506 Item 214 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71, No.2, 10th Jan.1999, p.243-9 EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTH IN ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE FIBER/POLYETHYLENE SYSTEM Ogawa T; Mukai H; Osawa S Kanazawa,Institute of Technology Corona discharge treatment was conducted for UHMWPE fibre and the functional groups and surface roughness of the PE fibre surface were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The interfacial shear strength of UHMWPE fibre with HDPE film was determined by a microbond pull-out method and was shown to increase on corona treatment. The effects of the chemical and
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physical factors on the interfacial shear strength were also examined, based on the results of multivariate regression analysis. The results indicated that the contribution of functional groups and surface roughness to the interfacial shear strength was expressed as 50 and 50%, respectively. 39 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.706497 Item 215 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 18, No.5, 1998, p.351-8 STRENGTH OF ADHESIVE JOINTS FROM FUNCTIONALIZED POLYETHYLENE AND METALS Pesetskii S S; Jurkowski B; Kuzavkov A I Belarus Academy of Sciences; Poznan,University of Technology LDPE and functionalised LDPE (LDPE-g-itaconic acid(IA)) adhesive interaction with copper, steel and aluminium was studied. Differences in LDPE and LDPEg-IA adhesive capability were found to be determined by oxidative transformations occurring at the metal-adhesive interface at the stage of the contact formation, rather than by their physical structure. Carboxylic group grafting to LDPE macromolecules resulted in acceleration of the macromolecules’ oxidation in the adhesive boundary layers on copper and steel and also in its inhibition. When adhesive joints from functionalised PE and metal were broken, a predominantly cohesive character was observed along the adhesive boundary layer. A change in the adhesive strength of LDPE-g-IA under varying technological conditions was caused mainly by the altered concentration of low molecular substances in the contact zone. 36 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA; EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.704886 Item 216 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 74, No.496, Oct.1997, p.357-68 Spanish MODIFICATION OF THE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF FILMS THROUGH THE USE OF SLIP AND ANTI-BLOCKING AGENTS Barrales-Rienda J M Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros The effects of fatty acid amide slip and anti-blocking agents on polymer surface properties are examined, and studies of the use of these additives in PE films and extrusion coatings are reported. It is shown that the surface properties of a film containing an amide are determined by the type of amide used, its concentration and the thickness of the film, and that the ability of a slip agent to reduce the coefficient of friction of a coating supported on a porous substrate depends on the type and
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concentration of the amide, the porosity of the substrate and the thickness of the coating. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.702526 Item 217 European Polymer Journal 34, No.10, Oct.1998, p.1429-34 SURFACE GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS AND ITS RELEVANCE TO AUTOADHESION Shi J L; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Tan K L; Liaw D J Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National Institute of Technology The surfaces of ozone-pretreated LDPE films were subjected to further modification via thermal graft copolymerisation with a zwitterionic sulphobetaine monomer, 3dimethyl(methacryloylethyl)ammonium propanesulphonate (DMAPS). It was demonstrated that the DMAPS graft copolymerised LDPE films were capable of exhibiting adhesive-free adhesion with each other. Furthermore, when two ozone pretreated LDPE films were lapped together at elevated temperature in the presence of a small quantity of aqueous DMAPS solution, thermal grafting with concurrent lamination could occur in the complete absence of a polymerisation initiator and system degassing. The graft copolymerised surfaces in both cases were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 29 refs. SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
Accession no.702207 Item 218 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 70, No.3, 17th Oct.1998, p.457-63 EFFECT OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE IN BRANCHED POLYETHYLENE ON ADHESION PROPERTIES WITH POLYPROPYLENE Yamaguchi M TOSOH Corp. The adhesion properties between two types of branched PE (one a LLDPE and the other a high pressure LDPE) and isotactic PP were studied by means of a peel test and SEM. The adhesive strength of LLDPE/PP was much higher than that of LDPE/PP. Adhesive strength was hardly affected by the formation of PE influxes between PP spherulites. The interfacial tension was found to be 1.0 mN for LLDPE/PP and 2.1 mN for LDPE/PP, indicating that the interfacial thickness of the former was about twice that of the latter. The results were discussed. 22 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.701928 Item 219 Pitture e Vernici 74, No.17, Oct.1998, p.43/50
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References and Abstracts
CHLORINATED POLYOLEFINS (CPOS) AND THE ADHESION OF COATINGS TO PLASTICS SUBSTRATES Perdomo G R Eastman Chemical Co. The difficulties in obtaining adhesion of a coating to plastic substrates, such as PE, PP, thermoplastic polyolefins (TPOs) and others, has been known for many years, as well as several means to overcome this. Plastic substrates can be coated, if treatments such as flame, corona chemical etching or adhesion promoters are used. The availability of Eastman’s CPOs as adhesion promoters dates back to the 1970s, when CP-343-1, CP-515-2 and CP-153-2 were commercialised. However there is limited knowledge about the mechanism by which CPOs promote the adhesion of coatings to plastic substrates. There is interest in determining this mechanism, since this knowledge may serve as a basis for improved adhesion promoters, improved adhesion of coatings to plastics and thus greater use. This is of great importance as the use of plastics is continually increasing. USA
Accession no.699799 Item 220 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition 36, No.14, Oct.1998, p.2483-92 SURFACE PROPERTIES OF OXIDIZED LDPE BY SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY WITH CHEMICALLY MODIFIED PROBES Schonherr H; Vancso G J Twente,University The surface of chromic acid-oxidised low-density polyethylene was investigated using scanning force microscopy and contact angle measurements. At first stacks of lamellae were exposed, and later a granular morphology was observed. During the first 10 minutes of oxidation the sample roughness increased from approximately 20 nm to 50 nm. Gold-coated scanning force microscopy probes, which had been functionalised with self-assembled monolayers, were used to determine the pull-off force characteristics in ethanol. However, variations in the contact area between the tips on the polymer surface affected the results. Annealed samples, with less roughness, gave better correlation with measured contact angles. There was an approximately linear relationship between the normalised pull-off force and cosine of the contact angle, for carboxylic acid-modified tips and smooth samples. 25 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.699618 Item 221 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 12, No.11, 1998, p.1181-204
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SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE BY DC GLOW DISCHARGE AND ADHESIVE BONDING TO STEEL Bhowmick S; Ghosh P K; Ray S; Barthwal S K Roorkee,University Surface modification of HDPE and PP was carried out by exposure to a DC glow discharge in air at different power levels of 5.28, 11, and 13 W. The surface energies of polymers exposed to glow discharge were estimated by measuring the contact angles of two test liquids: deionised water and formamide, whose surface energy components are known. Lap shear tensile strength of an adhesive joint of HDPE and PP with a mild steel sheet was determined for unexposed, optimally exposed, and overexposed surfaces of the polymers after measuring their surface energy. 23 refs. INDIA
Accession no.697994 Item 222 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 12, No.11, 1998, p.1141-80 MULTILIQUID APPROACH TO THE SURFACE FREE ENERGY DETERMINATION OF FLAMETREATED SURFACES OF RUBBERTOUGHENED POLYPROPYLENE della Volpe C; Deimichei A; Ricco T Trento,University Rubber-toughened PPs (TPOs) with different properties of the rubbery phase, consisting of different degrees of rubber dispersion and different levels of rubber crystallinity, were considered. The flame-treated surfaces of these materials and their interfaces with a commonly used primer were studied by dynamic contact angle analysis using seven liquids and by scanning probe microscopy. The contact angle data were analysed using the concepts and the equations of the surface free energy acid-base component theory. A new approach consisting in the use of a large number of probe liquids and of a proper mathematical method is proposed: it allows higher precision in the determination of the surface free energy components and the work of adhesion. 45 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.697993 Item 223 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 12, No.10, 1998, p.1105-19 EFFECTS OF THE SURFACE MODIFICATION BY REMOTE HYDROGEN PLASMA ON ADHESION IN THE ELECTROLESS COPPER/ TETRAFLUOROETHYLENEHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER (FEP) SYSTEM
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References and Abstracts
Inagaki N; Tasaka S; Park Y W Shizuoka,University FEP sheets were modified with a remote hydrogen plasma and the effects of the modification on the adhesion between a copper layer and FEP were investigated from the viewpoint of special reactions in the remote plasma. 8 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.697193 Item 224 International Polymer Science and Technology 25, No.3, 1998, p.T/1-9 ADHESIVES IN MODERN TECHNOLOGIES Vabrik R; Lepenye G; Tury I; Rusznak I; Vig A Adhesion theories are reviewed, including mechanical bonding, adsorption, electronic, and diffusion theories. Adhesives are classified according to their chemical structure and method of cure. Those derived from natural materials include proteins, cellulose, starch, latices, resins and waxes. Synthetic adhesives include vinyl derivatives, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, phenolic plastics, amino plastics and synthetic rubbers. Chemical curing processes include polymerisation, polyaddition, and polycondensation. Pressure sensitive, solvent-based and melt adhesives cure by physical processes. Potential applications of modern adhesive are briefly reviewed. 21 refs. Translation of Muanyag es Gumi, No. 1, 1998, p.20 EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Item 226 Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume One. Conference proceedings. Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.325-30. 9(12)4 ADHESION IMPROVEMENT OF SILICA LAYERS ON POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYCARBONATE INDUCED BY PLASMA TREATMENTS Vallon S; Hofrichter A; Drevillon B; Klemberg-Sapieha J E; Martinu L; Poncin-Epaillard F; Schalchli A; Benattar J J CNRS-UPR; Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; CNRSURA; CE-Saclay (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; Dechema Institut) In order to improve the adhesion of plasma-deposited silica layers, plasma treatments of PP and polycarbonate (PC) are performed. Treatments in Ar and in an (Ar, N2) mixture are studied by in situ IR ellipsometry, contact angle measurements, and adhesion is estimated using a micro-scratch test. The Ar plasma treatment improves adhesion on PP, due to surface crosslinking, while the further improvement achieved by the dilute N2 treatment is attributed to polar nitrogen-containing groups grafted onto the polymer surface. In the case of PC, these phenomena are accompanied by the appearance of phenolic groups acting as acidic sites. 10 refs. CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
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Accession no.696383
Item 225 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 70, No.2, 10th Oct.1998, p.383-7 INVESTIGATION ON THE MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE BY GRAFTING OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE BASED ON THE ASPECT OF ADHESION Chi-Wen Lin; Wei-Lun Lee Taiwan,National Yunlin University of Science & Technology
Item 227 Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume One. Conference proceedings. Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.161-6. 9(12)4 ARGON PLASMA TREATMENT OF POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYCARBONATE STUDIED BY IN SITU SPECTROELLIPSOMETRY AND PROTON NMR SPECTROSCOPY Vallon S; Hofrichter A; Drevillon B; Poncin-Epaillard F CNRS-UPR; CNRS-URA (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; Dechema Institut)
Isotactic PP was modified by chemical grafting of maleic anhydride in the molten state. The degree of grafting, ranging from 0.078-0.368%, was determined by a titration method. Isotactic PP modified by chemical grafting of maleic anhydride was used as an adhesive in bonding cold-rolled steel shafts for the correlation of its bondability. It was found that the maximum adhesive strength of 159 kg/sq cm was obtained from a degree of grafting of 0.217%. A higher degree of grafting was detrimental not only to the initial adhesive strength, but also to the durability aged in a wet environment. ESCA was used to analyse the failure loci because the joint was separated by shearing. 10 refs. TAIWAN
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The exposure of PP and polycarbonate (PC) to an argon plasma is studied by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry from the UV to the IR, and the results are correlated to proton NMR spectroscopy. UV-visible real-time ellipsometry reveals the formation of an overlayer with higher refractive index, attributed to a densification of the polymer surface due to crosslinking. The reaction mechanisms are investigated using NMR and in situ IR ellipsometry. The crosslinking mechanism for PP involves the abstraction of methyl groups. In the case of PC, crosslinking seems to be also related to a decrease in methyl groups, while a second reaction also takes place,
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References and Abstracts
involving carbonate bond breaking and photo-Fries rearrangements. 12 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.696357 Item 228 Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume One. Conference proceedings. Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.41-51. 9(12)4 FAILURE ANALYSIS OF JOINTS OF SURFACE TREATED UNVULCANISED SBS-RUBBER/ POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE Pastor-Blas M M; Torregrosa-Macia R; MartinMartinez J M; Dillard J G Alicante,Universidad; Virginia Tech (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; Dechema Institut) Chlorination with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) is a common surface treatment to improve the adhesion of synthetic vulcanised SBR to PU and epoxy adhesives. The modifications produced on the rubber surface by a treatment with TCI were previously analysed, and it was established that the improvement of the adhesion properties is due to creation of surface heterogeneities, existence of C-Cl and C-O polar groups, increase in surface energy and removal of anti-adherent compounds on the rubber surface. However, in another study based on the analysis of failed rubber surfaces after a T-peel test, the results showed that the values of joint strength obtained were influenced by the locus of failure in the joints, being this affected by the mechanical and physical properties of the rubber. The influence of several compounding ingredients on the effectiveness of the chlorination treatment of synthetic vulcanised rubber surface led to the use of model rubber compounds to analyse the nature of the modifications produced on their surface. The analysis of the failed surfaces, after T-peel testing would provide a better understanding of the effects produced by chlorination with TCI. The effects produced by different amounts of chlorinating agent applied to the rubber surface are considered. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.696336 Item 229 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 18, No.4, 1998, p.283-97 EFFECT OF OXYGEN AND HEXAMETHYLDISILOXANE(HMDSO) PLASMA ON MORPHOLOGY, WETTABILITY AND ADHESION PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE AND LIGNOCELLULOSICS Mahlberg R; Niemi H E M; Denes F; Rowell R M
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VTT Building Technology; Helsinki,University of Technology; Wisconsin,University; USDA Forest Products Laboratory Results of detailed experimental investigations of the above, carried out using atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements, are presented and discussed. 32 refs. USA
Accession no.695540 Item 230 Polymer 39, No.24, 1998, p.5939-48 FUSION BONDING OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDEGRAFTED POLYPROPYLENE-POLYAMIDE 6 BLENDS TO POLYAMIDE 6 Bidaux J E; Smith G D; Manson J A E; Plummer C J G; Hilborn J Lausanne,Ecole Polytechnique Federale A series of bonds between maleic anhydride-grafted PPpolyamide-6 blends and polyamide-6 was manufactured. The interfacial fracture energy of the resulting interfaces was measured for bonding temps. varying from the melting temp. of the grafted PP to above that of the polyamide-6. The interfacial fracture energy was then compared with that obtained between homopolymers of the blend constituents. Optical microscopy and TEM were used to investigate the morphology of the blends in the bulk and at the interface, in an attempt to understand its effect on the interfacial fracture energy. ESCA was used to determine the exact locus of failure. Measurements by DSC were also performed to investigate melting-crystallisation behaviour of the respective polymers. 25 refs. SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.695349 Item 231 Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume Two. Conference proceedings. Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.629-33. 9(12)4 ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF OLEFIN POLYMERS EXPOSED TO FUNCTIONALISATION AND AQUEOUS MEDIA Pesetskii S S; Kasperovich O M; Kuzavkov A I Belarus Academy of Sciences; Belorussian,State University (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; Dechema Institut) Polyolefine macromolecules do not contain polar functionalised groups capable of forming comparatively strong adhesive bonds with metal. Due to this fact, the technique of producing strong and durable adhesive bonds between polyolefine compounds and metals is based on the introduction of adhesively powerful functionalised
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References and Abstracts
groups into the chemical structure. The method based on functionalised groups grafting to polyolefine macromolecules in the process of chemical reactions occurring in the polymer melt is considered to be promising. 5 refs. BELARUS; BELORUSSIA
Accession no.694815 Item 232 Euradh ’96. Adhesion ’96. Volume Two. Conference proceedings. Cambridge, 3rd-6th Sept.1996, p.601-6. 9(12)4 PRIMER TO IMPROVE THE ADHESION OF EVA MATERIALS Martinez-Garcia A; Lopez-Martinez J; MartinMartinez J M Alicante,Toy Research Institute; Alicante,Universidad (Institute of Materials; Societe Francaise du Vide; Dechema Institut) EVAs are materials commonly used in the footwear (as sole material) and in the toy manufacturing, among other industries. For some applications, these materials need to be joined with adhesives. The VA content in the EVA determines their adhesion properties and considering that, in general, the copolymer possess a maximum of about 20 wt.% VA (i.e. high PE content), they exhibit a serious lack of adhesion. In the footwear industry EVA is used for shoe soling produced either as a cross-linked microcellular material or as a thermoplastic, and it is bonded with PU or with polychloroprene adhesives. Adhesion of microcellular EVA, especially with PU adhesives, gives very poor bonds. Possible causes for this are oxidation of the EVA surface, low reactivation temperature and the fact that the excess of peroxide in the EVA may degrade the PU. The performance of a new liquid reactive primer applied to EVA copolymers with different VA content is studied, with emphasis on the influence of the immersion and reaction time of the primer with the EVA surface. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.694810 Item 233 European Polymer Journal 34, No.7, July 1998, p.1013-22 THE MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE STRUCTURE BY LOW-FREQUENCY GLOW DISCHARGE Rishina L A; Vizen E I; Sosnovskaya L N; Lodygina T A; Shibryaeva L S; Veretennikova A A; Gilman A B Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow,Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry Polypropylene was modified by low-frequency glow discharge in both air and nitrogen, resulting in significant increases in both molecular weight and melting
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temperature. The greatest changes were observed in the polypropylene samples which had been prepared using a metallocene system, where the molecular weight increased 10 fold and the melting temperature increased from 130 to 164 C. The plasma induced transformation from the gamma to the alpha form. This was attributed to the ultraviolet component of the plasma irradiation. 13 refs. RUSSIA
Accession no.694386 Item 234 Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.2667-71. 012 WHAT IS GAS PLASMA AND SHOULD YOU CARE? Kaplan S L (SPE) Plasma surface treatment of plastics is not new, nor is it commonplace. A plasma is defined, together with what it is capable of achieving. A plasma is an excited gas, not unlike the aurora borealis. The excited particles that comprise the plasma bombard materials placed within their environment causing permanent change to their surface properties. By the judicious selection of process gas(es) and process parameters, the surface can be reengineered to fit specific needs. Quantitative analytical data are presented on the chemical changes to the surface of PE subjected to a plasma. 3 refs. USA
Accession no.692803 Item 235 Journal of Materials Science 33, No.13, 1st July 1998, p.3419-25 FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERFACIAL ADHESION OF ULTRAHIGH-MODULUS POLYETHYLENE FIBRE-VINYLESTER COMPOSITES USING GAS PLASMA TREATMENT Sung In Moon; Jyongsik Jang Seoul,National University The interfacial adhesion of UHMWPE fibre-vinyl ester composites was improved by the oxygen plasma treatment of the UHMWPE fibre. The chemical functional group formations on the UHMWPE fibre surface by oxygen plasma treatment were analysed using diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy and the morphological changes on the UHMWPE fibre surface by plasma etching were observed by SEM. 23 refs. SOUTH KOREA
Accession no.692064 Item 236 Macromolecules
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References and Abstracts
31, No.15, 28th July 1998, p.4791-97 TWO-STEP SURFACE MODIFICATION OF CHEMICALLY RESISTANT POLYMERS. BLEND FORMATION AND SUBSEQUENT CHEMISTRY Rajagopalan P; McCarthy T J Massachusetts,University Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide processing was studied as a new route to polymer surface modification. Three fluoropolymer substrates were studied, namely, PTFE, PCTFE and FEP, using a two-step modification procedure. In the first step, blends or semi-interpenetrating networks were prepared by carrying out a free radical polymerisation of styrene (or styrene with divinylbenzene or triallyl cyanurate) within the supercritical fluid-swollen polymer substrate. The second step involved sulphonating the PS using heterogeneous (solution-solid) sulphonation conditions. Composition of the surfaces was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and wettability was assessed using water contact angle measurements. Depressed advancing and receding contact angles indicate increased wettability of all of the fluoropolymer samples. 25 refs. USA
Accession no.690711 Item 237 European Polymer Journal 34, Nos.5/6, May/June 1998, p.855-61 SURFACE MODIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYETHYLENE FILM Bag D S; Ghosh S N; Maiti S Indian Institute of Technology LDPE and a blend of LDPE and LLDPE (50/50) films were etched by hot fuming nitric acid in order to introduce polar groups on the film surfaces. The presence of polar groups, mainly -COOH, :C=O, -NO2 and -NO, was confirmed by IR spectroscopic studies. Deconvolution of the ESCA peaks also supported the generation of active polar groups. The surface morphology of the etched films was studied by SEM. The mechanical performance of laminates of these active films with epoxy resin (Araldite) was tested by tensile property measurements. 13 refs. INDIA
Accession no.687803 Item 238 Polymer 39, No.15, 1998, p.3437-44 INTRODUCTION OF SULFATE GROUPS ON POLY(ETHYLENE) SURFACES BY ARGON PLASMA IMMOBILIZATION OF SODIUM ALKYL SULFATES Lens J P; Terlingen J G A; Engbers G H M; Feijen J Twente,University Sulphate groups were introduced on to PE surfaces by immobilising a precoated layer of either sodium 10-
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undecane sulphate (S11(:)) or sodium dodecane sulphate (SDS) on the PE surface using an argon plasma treatment. The synthesis of S11(:) was outlined. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the sulphate groups on the PE surfaces. The efficiency of the immobilisation process was improved by the presence of an unsaturated alkyl bond in the alkyl chain of the surfactant. At an optimal plasma treatment time of 5 s, about 25% and 6% of the initial amount of sulphate groups in the coated S11(:) layer and SDS layer respectively were retained at the PE surface. The maximum surface density of sulphate groups on the PE samples was one group per 45 and 127 sq. Angstrom units respectively. 48 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.686426 Item 239 Polymer Engineering and Science 38, No.6, June 1998, p.965-70 MECHANISM OF CORONA TREATMENT ON POLYOLEFIN FILMS Zhang D; Sun Q; Wadsworth L C Tennessee,University A brief review is presented of the mechanisms of corona treatment of polyolefin films with emphasis on the chemical and physical changes of the process and the selfadhesion mechanism. 49 refs. USA
Accession no.686405 Item 240 Composite Interfaces 5, No.3, 1998, p.201-23 IMPROVED INTERACTIONS IN CHEMICALLY MODIFIED PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE REINFORCED POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES George J; Bhagawan S S; Thomas S Mahatma Gandhi,University Mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced LDPE composites were studied with special reference to the effects of interface modifications. Various chemical treatments using reagents such as sodium hydroxide, poly(methylene)poly(phenyl) isocyanate (PMPPIC), silane, benzoyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide and potassium permanganate were carried out to improve the interfacial bonding. IR spectroscopy and SEM were used to characterise the interface and the modified fibre surface. 30 refs. INDIA
Accession no.685319 Item 241 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 12, No.7, 1998, p.731-48 ENHANCED INTERFACIAL ADHESION OF ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
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POLYETHYLENE (UHMWPE) FIBRES BY OXYGEN PLASMA TREATMENT Seung-Goo Lee; Tae-Jin Kang; Tae-Ho Yoon Chungnam,National University; Seoul,National University; Kwangju,Institute of Science & Technology UHMWPE fibres were subjected to oxygen plasma treatment to improve interfacial adhesion. The treated fibres were characterised by contact angle analysis, Xray photoelectron spectroscopy, SEM, atomic force microscopy, and mercury porosimetry. The interfacial shear strength of UHMWPE fibres to vinylester resin was measured by micro-droplet tests and exhibited an increasing trend, believed to result fron the increased surface area, the surface free energy, and the oxygencontaining moieties due to the plasma treatment. 25 refs. SOUTH KOREA
Accession no.684881 Item 242 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69, No.3, 18th July 1998, p.435-41 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF PTFE BY COBALT GAMMA-RAY IRRADIATION Tian Jun; Xue Qunjl Lanzhou,Institute of Chemical Physics Carboxyl groups formed at the surface of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), when it was gamma-irradiated using cobalt-60, were detected using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The contact angles were measured and used to calculate the dispersive and polar components of the surface free energy using the two-liquid method. The radiation caused increases in the concentration of carboxyl groups, the wettability, the friction, the dispersive and polar components of the surface energy and the crystallinity of the surface; whilst the particle size of the PTFE was decreased. A 20 kGy dose modified the surface of PTFE, rendering it suitable for anti-friction, anti-corrosion, anti-fouling, lubrication and noisereduction coatings. 20 refs. CHINA
Accession no.684058 Item 243 Macplas International Feb.1998, p.58-60 IMPORTANCE OF PROCESS TIME IN BLOWN FILM COEXTRUSION Schenk H; Wollak H DuPont De Nemours International SA How polymers are processed into films and parts can influence their properties. Processing variables such as melt temperature and contact time between layers are known to affect the peel strength performance in coextrusion. One processing parameter that has only recently been given considerable attention is process time,
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that is, the time it takes the polymer to freeze-off once it has exited the die. Process time experiments allow for the trade-off between peel strength and output to be quantified. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.682026 Item 244 Macromolecules 31, No. 10, 19th May 1998, p.3230-4 PEROXY RADICAL FORMATION FROM PLASMA-INDUCED SURFACE RADICALS OF POLYETHYLENE AS STUDIED BY ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE Kuzuya M; Kondo S; Sugito M; Yamashiro T Gifu,Pharmaceutical University The nature of peroxy radical formation from plasmainduced surface radicals of PE, both LDPE and HDPE, was studied by ESR with the aid of systematic computer simulations. Peroxy radical formation varied with the structure of component radicals of plasma-irradiated PE, both LDPE and HDPE. Among three plasma-induced radicals of PE, dangling bond sites undergo an instant conversion into the corresponding peroxy radicals in contact with oxygen, while the midchain alkyl radical is of very low reactivity with oxygen in both LDPE and HDPE. Computer simulations disclosed that ESR spectra of peroxy radicals are similar to each other in LDPE and HDPE, both being composed of two types of spectra, a partial g-averaging anisotropic spectrum and a nearly isotropic single line spectrum due to different molecular motional freedom at the trapping sites of peroxy radicals. 9 refs. (See also previous paper, this journal, p.3225-9). JAPAN
Accession no.681738 Item 245 Macromolecules 31, No. 10, 19th May 1998, p.3225-9 PLASMA-INDUCED SURFACE RADICALS OF LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE STUDIED BY ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE Kuzuya M; Yamashiro T; Kondo S; Sugito M; Mouri M Gifu,Pharmaceutical University ESR spectra of plasma-induced LDPE radicals were compared with ESR spectra of HDPE. The observed ESR spectra of plasma-irradiated LDPE are largely different in pattern from those of HDPE. The systematic computer simulation disclosed that such observed spectra consist of three kinds of radicals, namely, midchain alkyl radical (I), allylic radical (2) as discrete radical species, and a large amount of dangling bond sites (3) at an intra- and intersegmental crosslinked region. All those component radicals are essentially identical to those of HDPE. One of the most special features unique to plasma-irradiated
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References and Abstracts
LDPE, however, is the fact that the thermally stable dangling bond site is the major component radical instead of the midchain alkyl radical in HDPE. This can be ascribed to the difference in polymer morphology between LDPE and HDPE, i.e. branched structure with a large amount of amorphous region for LDPE and linear structure with a large amount of crystalline region for HDPE. Since one of the characteristics of plasma irradiation is the fact that it is surface-limited, LDPE would undergo the radical formation preferentially on the surface-branched structural moiety followed by facile cross-link reactions resulting in the formation of dangling bond sites. Thus, the nature of radical formation of PE was found to be affected by the polymer morphology in a very sensitive manner. Computer simulations of the ESR spectra were performed with a 32 bit microcomputer. 7 refs. (See also next paper, this journal, p.3230-4). JAPAN
Accession no.681737 Item 246 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference proceedings. Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.641-3. 8(10) UTILISING X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY TO INVESTIGATE MODIFIED POLYMER SURFACES Weitzsacker C L; Dontula N; Centeck A; Ricj M J; Drzal L T Michigan,State University Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P (US,Adhesion Society) The goal of surface modifying polymers is to raise the energy of the polymeric surface, enabling stronger bonding with the desired coating. Methods of modification include treatment by flame, corona discharge, UV light, ozone or wet chemical treatments such as sulphonation. In most treatments, the polymer surface is oxidised, leaving more energetic oxygen functional groups available at the surface for chemical reaction with subsequent coatings or adhesive agents. To understand, develop and improve bonded or coated polymer systems, the surfaces of each component and the resulting interface between components needs to be well characterised. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) is an excellent tool to investigate the topmost surface and interfaces between polymers to the depth of the first several nanometers. XPS is able to determine the surface atomic composition of materials as well as identifying surface functionality. Changes in the surface of polymers such as increases in surface oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen content as well as determining changes in the bonding between carbon and these heteroatoms can be determined using XPS. Polycarbonate and PP are investigated after exposure to either UV light or chemical modification by sulphonation and ion
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exchange. The resulting surfaces are investigated by XPS, enabling the characterisation of the modified polymer surfaces as parameters are varied to optimise the modification techniques. 2 refs. USA
Accession no.681469 Item 247 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference proceedings. Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.607-9. 8(10) EFFECT OF SMALL MOLECULES ON POLYMER/POLYMER ADHESION Sime K J; Sutherland I; Butters A Loughborough,University; ICI Imagedata Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P (US,Adhesion Society) Polymer/polymer adhesion between commercially available polymers is investigated under unusual joint forming conditions. The polymers are brought together at high temperatures (200-300 deg.C) for a short time. The normal requirements for bond forming conditions are sample wetting, good contact and absence of weak boundary layers. In this instance the time span is so short there is probably insufficient time for an equilibrium to be achieved at the interface, and as a result the joint strength could be determined by a variety of nonequilibrium factors. Emphasis is placed on the effect of small molecules in the samples and their subsequent effect on the adhesion. The presence of small molecules to a polymer may have a plasticising effect which would enhance contact between the two polymers; alternatively they may produce a weak boundary layer and adversely affect adhesion. The results obtained are rationalised in terms of surface migration and compatibility of the small molecules present in the two polymers. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.681461 Item 248 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference proceedings. Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.541-3. 8(10) LOCUS OF FAILURE IN JOINTS PRODUCED BETWEEN SURFACE CHLORINATED SBS RUBBERS WITH DIFFERENT STYRENE CONTENT Pastor-Blas M M; Iniesta-Jaen J; Martin-Martinez J M; Torro-Palau A; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-Barcelo A C; Dillard J G Alicante,University; INESCOP; Virginia Tech Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P (US,Adhesion Society)
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References and Abstracts
Halogenation with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) is a common surface treatment used to promote the adhesion strength of synthetic rubbers. Most of previous studies have been carried out using synthetic vulcanised SBR rubbers containing a relatively high number of ingredients, which made it difficult to establish the nature of the modifications responsible of the enhanced joint strength generally obtained. It is not easy to characterise SBRs with simple formulations because the lack of mechanical properties obtained. These materials do not need vulcanisation and have a block copolymer structure which can be easily varied by changing their styrene content. Furthermore, the SBS rubbers selected only contain the polymer and an antioxidant, and the objective is to analyse the surface modifications produced by halogenation with TCI. To detect the nature of the locus of failure in the joints, which is related with the peel strength value measured, the effects of the chlorination are analysed on the failed surfaces obtained after T-peel tests. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.681445 Item 249 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference proceedings. Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.505-7. 8(10) LOW POWER PLASMA MODIFICATION OF FLUORINATED POLYMERS Pringle S; Joss V; Jones C Liverpool,University Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P (US,Adhesion Society) Plasmas are routinely used to chemically modify polymer surfaces usually to increase the hydrophilicity or the adhesive properties of their surfaces. Many studies have been focused on how the chemistry, surface energy and topography of polymer surfaces change as a function of input power, gas flow and type of gas used. A series of polymers - PTFE, PVdF, polyvinyl fluoride and PE - is subjected to a plasma generated in a half-wave helical resonator. The unique design of this cell permits plasmas to be ignited at very low input powers. The input power for all the treatment in this study is kept constant at 3.2W, which translates to 6.6mW of r.f. power being transmitted to resonator coil. The pressure within the plasma cell is also kept constant at 0.1 mbar. An rf. compensated Langmuir probe and an energy selective mass spectrometer are used to characterise the plasma. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.681436 Item 250 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference proceedings.
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Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.101-3. 8(10) FLAME TREATMENT OF POLYOLEFIN MATERIALS: CHARACTERISATION OF GAS PHASE PHENOMENA Sullivan N; Branch M C; Ulsh M; Strobel M Colorado,University; 3M Corporate Research Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P (US,Adhesion Society) Flame treatment was first applied to polyolefin films in the 1950s as a means to improve wetting and adhesion properties. After resolving manufacturing concerns of safety, reliability, and practicality, the process has received renewed interest over the last decade. Knowledge of the temperature field and chemical composition throughout the flame zone is required to optimise the flame treatment process. By comparing the combustion characteristics with surface properties of the treated film, the most important treatment species can be identified and optimised. The use of a computational technique in conjunction with experimental methods in understanding the combustion phenomena is briefly reviewed. 7 refs. USA
Accession no.681104 Item 251 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference proceedings. Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.89-91. 8(10) AFM AND FTIR-ATR IN STUDY OF UV/OZONE MODIFIED SURFACES OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE AND POLYPROPYLENE Walzak M J; Hill J M; Huctwith C; Wagter M L; Hunter D H Western Ontario,University Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P (US,Adhesion Society) Printing and adhesion problems are often encountered in the commercial use of many polymers and this is a direct result of the inherently low surface energy of polymers. Gas-phase surface modification processes such as corona discharge, plasma treatment and flame treatment are used to oxidise polymer surfaces, making them more wettable. There are drawbacks to each of these surface modification methods. Corona discharge treatment is the method of choice for modifying commodity polymer film because it is an effective process for high-speed, in-line applications. Corona treatment, however, is difficult to use on non-flat objects. Plasma treatment can be very effective in treating non-flat objects, but this technique requires a high-vacuum environment, and, as a result, has higher capital costs than corona or flame treatments. Flame treatment is a relatively low-cost process, but it can be uneven when used on three-dimensional objects and may not be suitable for thermally sensitive materials.
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References and Abstracts
Awareness of these limitations has highlighted the need for additional surface modification techniques. 3 refs. CANADA
Accession no.681101 Item 252 20th Annual Anniversary Meeting of the Adhesion Society. Conference proceedings. Hilton Head Island, S.C., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.41-4. 8(10) TAILORING THE SIOX-POLYPROPYLENE INTERFACE THROUGH PLASMA PRETREATMENTS: A TEST CASE FOR THE ACID-BASE CONCEPT Bodio F; Compiegne N; Kohler L; Pireauz J J; Caudano R Notre-Dame de la Paix,University Edited by: Drzal L T; Schreiber H P (US,Adhesion Society) A better understanding and thus control of the adhesion between a ceramic and a polymer depends on specific tailoring and characterisation of the physicochemical properties of the interfaces. Dedicated tools like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), IR spectroscopy in the ATR mode, contact angle measurements are the techniques used to probe the chemical composition, and energetic properties of different PP surfaces. As with most polymers, PP has a low surface energy. To promote the adhesion of SiOx onto PP, pretreatment of the polymer is required. The influence of different parameters of an exsitu RF plasma discharge on the grafting of new chemical functions at the surface of the polymer is studied with the use of XPS and FT-IR spectroscopies. The reactivity of different treated and untreated PP for SiOx coverage is then compared: XPS is used to analyse the chemical characteristics of the in-situ SiOx deposits. Finally, on the basis of contact angle measurements and XPS analysis, it is explained why different interface qualities with the different plasma gases are obtained. 1 ref. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.681089 Item 253 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 74, No.13, 1998, p.F3-5 RESIN-ADHESIVE BOND STRENGTH DATA EASES CHOICE WHEN JOINING PLASTICS Serenson J A Loctite Corp. The availability of so many adhesives, coupled with the virtually limitless grades of plastics, make it nearly impossible to locate bond strength data for specific adhesive/plastic combinations. Other factors to be considered are cure speed, environmental resistance, thermal resistance and suitability for automation. This article focuses on the three major categories of high
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performance engineering adhesives most commonly used by OEMs. These are the cyanoacrylates, two-part no-mix acrylics and the light curing acrylics. For 35 of the most commonly used plastics, a table presents block shear strengths achieved using six adhesive types. USA
Accession no.680795 Item 254 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68, No.11, 13th June 1998, p.1845-55 INFLUENCE OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS ON ADHESION IN POLYETHYLENE-WOOD FLOUR COMPOSITES Oksman K; Lindberg H Lulea,University of Technology A maleated triblock styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS-MA) compatibiliser was added to recycled lowdensity polyethylene/wood flour (LDPE/WF) composite to improve its mechanical properties. Maximum strength of the composites occurred with a 4wt% addition. Impact strength and elongation at break were also improved, but the stiffness was decreased. The interfacial adhesion between the different phases was characterised using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, a lap shear adhesion test and scanning electron microscopy. There was interaction between the ethylene/butylene part of the copolymer and the wood flour. The shear lap test showed that the adhesion between the wood and SEBS-MA was better than between the wood and SEBS. Investigation of the fracture surfaces confirmed good adhesion between the wood particles and the LDPE/SEBS-MA matrix. 26 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.680615 Item 255 Polymer 39, No.12, 1998, p.2429-36 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMER FILMS BY GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION FOR ADHESIVE-FREE ADHESION Kang E T; Neoh K G; Li Z F; Tan K L; Liaw D J Singapore,National University; Taiwan,National University of Science & Technology The surfaces of LDPE, polycarbonate, PTFE and emeraldine (EM) base films of polyaniline were modified by graft copolymerisation with hydrophilic monomers such as acrylic acid (AA), sodium salt of styrene sulphonic acid (NaSS), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) and 3dimethyl(methacryloylethyl)ammonium propane sulphonate (DMAPS). The surface composition and microstructure of the graft modified films were studied using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The graft copolymerised films showed “adhesive-free”
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adhesion to each other when brought together in the presence of water and then dried. The development of the lap shear adhesion strength depended to a large extent on the degree of entanglement, which was related to the graft concentration, the contact adhesion (drying) time, the nature of the substrate, the microstructure the graft copolymerised surfaces and the degree of molecular interaction among the graft chains at the lap junction. Lap shear adhesion strengths greater than 90 N/sq.cm. were achieved between films graft copolymerised with DMAPS and between a DMAPS graft copolymerised EM film and an AA graft copolymerised PTFE film. The failure mode of the graft-induced adhesive-free adhesion was discussed. 30 refs. SINGAPORE; TAIWAN
Accession no.680065 Item 256 Polymer Technology for the New Millennium. Conference proceedings. Blue Mountains, Australia, 12th-15th Oct.1997, paper 22. 012 ADHESION BETWEEN EPDM RUBBER COMPOUND AND COATING Choudhury N R; Ginic-Markovic M; Dimopoulos M; Matisons J; Williams D R G South Australia,University; Adelaide,University (Australasian Plastics & Rubber Institute) Rubber compounds are often coated to minimise friction, achieve high abrasion resistance and release properties in various applications, e.g. automotive seals. However, it is very difficult to achieve a desired level of adhesion of the rubber compound with the coating. Emphasis is placed on EPDM compound; the hydrocarbon nature of EPDM leads to relatively poor chemical reactivity and dictates low polarity and surface energy of the compound and hence is difficult to bond. On the contrary, coating materials are relatively polar and have high surface energy. Various modification techniques such as corona and glow discharge, flame and plasma treatment and surface modification improve bonding owing to the introduction of polar group, but it leads to an additional processing step and also introduction of weak boundary layer which are sometimes disadvantageous. Therefore, to improve adhesion it is necessary to make the EPDM rubber surface polar. Blending with a polar polymer is one of the routes to achieve strong adhesion. Adhesion between the EPDM compound and the coating is varied using maleic anhydride modified EPDM as adhesion promoter. Adhesion performance is evaluated by various methods. Wettability and surface characteristics are determined by dynamic contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Peel tests are performed to assess adhesion strength. Coating cracking tests are also carried out to evaluate the stress at crack. Dynamic mechanical analysis is used to
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evaluate the adhesion between rubber and coating. The failure surfaces are analysed with scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. 6 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.679816 Item 257 Polymer International 46, No.1, May 1998, p.33-41 CORRELATION BETWEEN POLYPROPYLENE MICROSTRUCTURE, COLD PLASMA INTERACTION AND SUBSEQUENT LUMINESCENT EMISSION Tiemblo P; Gomez-Elvira J M; Teyssedre G; Massines F; Laurent C Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros; Toulouse,Universite Paul Sabatier The effect of polymer structure on the plasma-induced luminescence of PP was studied. The spectral features of the light emission following plasma treatment at liquid nitrogen temp. were analysed on commercial and laboratory-made PP films of different structure. It was observed that, for the less crystalline sample, the magnitude of the chemiluminescent component, which peaked at 400 nm, was initially lower than for the others, but that it was less sensitive to the accumulation and the duration of the treatments. This feature was explained by the formation of more isolated carbonyl groups in the case of this sample, which would result from a deeper penetration of active species created by the plasma discharge, or a larger fraction of amorphous regions associated with a larger proportion of oxygen in the bulk. A parallel effect was seen in the luminescent component ascribed to charge recombination on conjugated chromophores, with wavelength emission in the range 500-600 nm. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679140 Item 258 Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia 7, No.1, Jan./March 1997, p.44-7 Portuguese ADHESION OF PHOTOOXIDISED POLYPROPYLENE Vasconcellos A S; Stocker C H F; Baumhardt-Neto R Rio Grande do Sul,Universidade Federal Photooxidation by UV irradiation was examined as a means for promoting the adhesion of PP surfaces. Treated PP plates were bonded to leather using a polychloroprene adhesive. The results of peel tests indicated increased adhesion as a result of surface functionalisation. 11 refs. BRAZIL
Accession no.679096
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References and Abstracts
Item 259 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.681-93. 012 BARE ROLL TREATERS VERSUS COVERED ROLL TREATERS: MAKE THE RIGHT CHOICE Lawson D; Greig S Sherman Treaters Inc. (TAPPI) Factors influencing the adhesion of printing inks to polyolefin films are examined, and the use of corona treatment of films as a means for promoting adhesion is discussed. The construction and applications of bare and covered roll corona treatment equipment are described. 4 refs.
(TAPPI) The performance of Affinity PF 1200 polyolefin plastomer (Dow Chemical) in monolayer films for the packaging of fresh-cut fruit and vegetables having high respiration rates is examined and compared with that of a number of other polymers. This resin provides high oxygen transmission rates and sufficient stiffness for use in vertical form-fillseal operations, combined with other key characteristics such as good optical properties, low coefficient of friction, low heat seal initiation temperature and high hot tack strength. Good adhesion of printing inks can be achieved through corona treatment of the films. Extrusion conditions for this resin are also reviewed. 5 refs. CANADA; USA
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CANADA; USA
Accession no.679032 Item 260 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.649-55. 012 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF OZONE ON ADHESION IN THE EXTRUSION COATING PROCESS Cheney G; Benson M; Markgraf D A Millennium Petrochemicals Inc.; Enercon Industries (TAPPI) A two-level fractional factorial design consisting of 64 experimental runs was used to study the effects of extrudate ozone treatment and a number of processing variables on adhesion and heat seal strength in structures formed by extrusion coating Kraft paper with LDPE. Logistic regression was used to study the factors affecting adhesion, and ordinary linear regression techniques were applied to quantify the effects of the variables on heat seal strength. Variables found to have a statistically significant effect were corona treatment of the substrate, ozone treatment of the extrudate, melt temperature, air gap, line speed and coating weight. Combined ozone treatment of the extrudate and corona treatment of the substrate gave acceptable adhesion at lower melt temperatures and air gaps than are typically used in extrusion coating, and heat seal strength was higher for samples subjected to both treatments. 3 refs. CANADA; USA
Accession no.679028 Item 261 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.567-75. 012 NEW RESINS FOR FRESH-CUT PRODUCE PACKAGING Wooster J J Dow Chemical Co.
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Item 262 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.559-66. 012 ADHESION IN EXTRUSION COATING OF DISPERSION COATED PAPER/PAPERBOARD Vaha-Nissi M; Kimpimaki T; Kuusipalo J; Savolainen A Tampere,University of Technology (TAPPI) A study was made of the adhesion of LDPE applied by extrusion coating to paper and paperboard substrates coated with styrene-butadiene and styrene-acrylate copolymer dispersions. The effects of wax modification and corona treatment of the dispersion coatings were investigated. In general the adhesion improved with increasing filler content in the dispersions, probably due to the surface topography which was found to have an effect on peel strength. Contact angle measurements and calculated surface energies of the dispersion coated surfaces proved useful in predicting wettability and adhesion. 5 refs. CANADA; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679020 Item 263 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.555-8. 012 ACHIEVING LDPE COATING ADHESION TO CLAY COATED BOARD USING CALCIUM CARBONATE ADDITION Ruiz F A Heritage Plastics Inc. (TAPPI) LDPE based pelleted calcium carbonate concentrates were used to add up to 30 wt% of fine ground, surface treated mineral to LDPE, and the dry blends were extrusion coated onto flame treated, clay coated board. Polymer melt temperature and coating air gap were varied to
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determine the effects of mineral addition on adhesion response to variations in these process conditions. The combined flame treatment of the board and addition of 30 wt% of calcium carbonate to the coating resin yielded adhesion levels which prevented coating removal without fibre tear. This adhesion was achieved without major changes in extrusion conditions or web neck-in. Mineral addition also reduced the water vapour transmission rate and coefficient of friction of the coatings. 6 refs. CANADA; USA
Accession no.679019 Item 264 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.427-38. 012 SURFACE PROPERTIES OF CORONA TREATED POLYETHYLENE FILMS CONTAINING N-2HYDROXYETHYL ERUCAMIDE AS SLIP AGENT FOR ENHANCED ADHESION OF WATER-BASED INK Chen B L Witco Corp. (TAPPI) A study was made of the oxidation by corona discharge of LDPE films containing different slip agents, and dynamic contact angle and coefficient of friction measurements were used to correlate the surface changes with adhesion of water-based inks and printability. A polar slip agent, N-2-hydroxyethyl erucamide, was found to migrate to the film surface at a moderate rate, resulting in more effective corona treatment and greatly enhanced ink adhesion without affecting the slip properties. This slip agent could also be used in combination with a finely divided inorganic filler such as diatomaceous earth for enhanced ink adhesion and slip properties. 6 refs. CANADA; USA
Accession no.679005 Item 265 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.397-415. 012 COATINGS AND LAMINATES OF IMPROVED ETHYLENE-ALKYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER WITH POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYESTER Schmidt R Chevron Chemical Co. (TAPPI) Properties of ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA) copolymers with higher melting points and increased adhesion are examined and compared to those of conventional EMA copolymers used in flexible packaging applications. Results are presented of studies of the adhesion of the improved EMA copolymers to oriented and unoriented PP and saturated polyester films
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and of hot tack and heat seal strength in comparison with some other polymers. 7 refs. CANADA; USA
Accession no.679002 Item 266 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie Vol.255, March 1998, p.33-6 INFLUENCE OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE ADHESION OF POLYPROPYLENE/ ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER INTERFACES Guangxin Lin; Wenig W; Petermann J Duisburg,Gerhard-Mercator University; Dortmund,University The effect of thermal treatment on the adhesion between isotactic PP and ethylene-propylene copolymer was studied. The adhesive force between the polymer films was measured by performing peel tests. It was found that an interface layer was formed. Its structure and thickness were dependent on the thermal history of the sample, the peel strength increasing with annealing temp. and time and also being affected by the cooling rate. The method of preparing the isotactic PP films also had an effect on the adhesion of the sandwich sample. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.677830 Item 267 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 1. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.203-9. 012 KEYS TO GOOD ADHESION IN COEXTRUSION COATING: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TIE RESIN NATURE AND PRETREATMENTS Leclere I N; Dinelli B; Kuusipalo J Elf Atochem North America Inc.; Elf Atochem SA; Tampere,University of Technology (TAPPI) A study was made of adhesion in multi-layer structures formed by coextrusion coating EVOH and LDPE onto paper. The effects of tie layers based on various ethylene copolymers and terpolymers and of corona, flame and ozone treatments were investigated. 5 refs. CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; FRANCE; SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.677507 Item 268 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 1. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.183-5. 012 NOVEL METHOD FOR THE PROMOTION OF POLYMER ADHESION TO ALUMINUM FOIL
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References and Abstracts
McKee G (TAPPI) A mechanical technique for promoting the adhesion of polymers to aluminium foil in extrusion coating operations is described. This consists of brushing the foil surface with a wire brush just before the coating nip section. Results are presented of tests of the improvements in adhesion between aluminium foil, LDPE and an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. It is shown that brushing does not adversely affect the moisture vapour transmission rate of foil laminations. CANADA; USA
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Item 271 British Plastics and Rubber March 1998, p.43-6 BARE ROLL TREATERS VS COVERED ROLL TREATERS Lawson D; Greig S Sherman Treaters Inc. For cast and blown polyolefin film, corona is used as the adhesion promoter. The theory of adhesion and corona discharge treatment, including design of the equipment, are discussed in some detail. The factors to be considered when choosing between bare and covered roll treaters are presented. USA
Item 269 TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 1. Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.93-109. 012 FLAME, CORONA, OZONE: DO WE NEED ALL PRETREATMENTS IN EXTRUSION COATING? Laiho E; Ylanen T Borealis Polymers Oy (TAPPI) A study was made of the effects of flame, corona and ozone treatments on adhesion in structures produced by extrusion coating paper and aluminium foil substrates with LDPE, PP and an ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer. To obtain adequate adhesion it was necessary to pretreat the substrates by flame or corona methods, and to oxidise the coating resins by ozone treatment. It was shown that the combined effect of flame and corona treatments was no better than that of either treatment used on its own. The influence of ozone treatment on the organoleptic properties of the coated structures was also examined. CANADA; FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.677494 Item 270 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 40, No.2, May 1998, p.180-6 PLATELET ADHESION ONTO CHARGEABLE FUNCTIONAL GROUP GRADIENT SURFACES Jin Ho Lee; Gilson Khang; Jin Whan Lee; Hai Bang Lee Hannam,University; Korea,Research Institute of Chemical Technology Gradient surfaces of chargeable functional groups (carboxylic acid and sulphonate groups, both negatively chargeable, and amine groups that were positively chargeable) were prepared on LDPE sheets by corona discharge treatment and graft copolymerisation of acrylic acid, sodium p-styrene sulphonate and N,Ndimethylaminopropyl acrylamide, respectively. The effect of surface functional groups and their density on platelet adhesion was investigated. 31 refs. KOREA
Accession no.677183
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Accession no.676963 Item 272 Polymer Engineering and Science 38, No.3, March 1998, p.478-84 EFFECT OF EPITAXIAL CRYSTALLISATION ON ADHESIVE STRENGTH IN IMPACT TOUGHENED ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE Kestenbach H-J; Loos J; Petermann J Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; Dortmund,University The influence of the epitaxial crystallisation of the PE content on the adhesive interface strength of impacttoughened isotactic PP (iPP) is investigated. The morphologies and crystal arrangements of four different matrix/rubber combinations are observed by transmission electron microscopy and are correlated with the interface strengths measured by a peel test. It is found that the adhesion is best at interfaces, where an epitaxial morphology of the PE is observed. 15 refs. BRAZIL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.676541 Item 273 Journal of Materials Science 33, No.6, 15th March 1998, p.1461-4 SURFACE PROPERTIES AND ADHESION OF MALEINISED POLYETHYLENE FILMS Bongiovanni R; Gagnor B; Malucelli G; Priola A; Pollicino A Torino,Politecnico; Catania,Universita Surface properties of PE films grafted with maleic anhydride and hydrolytic modification were investigated. The influence of the maleic anhydride content on the wettability of the films and their adhesion on various substrates is also reported. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.674761 Item 274 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 67, No.5, 31st Jan.1998, p.855-63
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LOW-TEMPERATURE CASCADE ARC TORCH TREATMENTS FOR ENHANCED ADHESION OF PRIMER TO THERMOPLASTIC OLEFINS Lin Y S; Yasuda H K Missouri,University The surface properties of plasma-treated thermoplastic olefins were evaluated by determining the polarity and wettability for deionised water and primer on thermoplastic olefins, and these parameters were related to adhesion performance. Wettability of primer and deionised water to thermoplastic olefins were evaluated by contact angle measurements. Surface morphology was measured by SEM. The surface composition was characterised by ESCA. The mechanism of improvement of primer adhesion to thermoplastic olefins was discussed. 13 refs. USA
Accession no.670286 Item 275 Composites Science & Technology 57, No.8, Aug.1997, p.937-43 MECHANISM OF FAILURE IN MICROCOMPOSITES CONSISTING OF SINGLE GLASS FIBRES IN A THERMOPLASTIC MATRIX Pisanova E V; Zhandarov S F Belarus,Transport University; Belarus,Metal-Polymer Research Institute; Belarus Academy of Sciences The adhesion of thermoplastic matrices to E-glass fibres was investigated by means of the fragmentation, microtension and three-fibre tests. In neither the microtension nor the fragmentation test did fibre/matrix debonding occur in the region of matrix elastic deformation for most of the glass/polymer systems studied. Nevertheless, adhesional failure was achieved in pull-out techniques by using the three-fibre method, and in the fragmentation test by stretching the thermoplastic matrices until the formation of a neck of maximum possible length. The fibre/matrix bond strengths calculated for the neck obtained from the Kelly formula are greater than those obtained from the three-fibre test extrapolated to zero embedded length according to Greszezuk’s model. It can be considered as a local (ultimate) adhesional strength. For all the matrices investigated, the interfacial shear strength exceeded the matrix shear strength. To account for this result, a two-stage model of failure of a single-fibre composite is proposed which involves matrix shear at some distance from the fibre surface (at the matrix/interphase boundary) and subsequent interphase debonding from the fibre. Fibres were E-glass of Russian manufacture. Matrices were HDPE, PP, PVDF, PCTFE, polycarbonate, polysulphone and PEEK. Data include glass/epoxy systems. 31 refs. (Presented at 6th Int. Conf. on Composite Interfaces, Microphenomena in Advanced Interfaces, Zichron Yaacov, Israel, 5th-8th May 1996). BELARUS; BELORUSSIA
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Item 276 Composites Science & Technology 57, No.8, Aug.1997, p.853-7 WHY THE FIBRE/POLYMER INTERFACE CAN APPEAR TO BE STRONGER THAN THE POLYMER MATRIX Piggott M R Toronto,University Both fragmentation tests and pull-out tests have produced results suggesting that the fibre/polymer interface can be nearly 10 times stronger than the polymer shear strength. Since this appears to be nonsensical, it is concluded that current understanding of polymer shear failure and interface shear failure is inadequate. The first step in resolving this problem is to hypothesise that shear failure does not occur in polymers. Instead, they fail in tension at 45 degrees to the shear axes. There is much evidence to support this hypothesis. Adoption of the hypothesis requires a completely new failure process for sheared controsymmetric interfaces such as in fibre-reinforced plastics. A failure process involving tension only, with a fuzzy failure front is proposed. It occurs right at the interface, explains the anomaly, and rules out two-way debonding. Failure should probably be analysed by using an energy criterion rather than a stress criterion. Unfortunately, a need for this approach, together with other difficulties, introduces such a degree of uncertainty in the fibre fragmentation test than its abandonment may be advisable. Data for some reinforced thermoplastics shows a near constant ratio for punch shear strength/TS. Micrographs of failed PE and epoxy resin CFRPs are shown. 14 refs. (Presented at 6th Int. Conf. on Composite Interfaces, Microphenomena in Advanced Interfaces, Zichron Yaacov, Israel, 5th-8th May 1996). CANADA
Accession no.669939 Item 277 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 12, No.1, 1998, p.47-58 SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF POLYETHYLENE GRAFTED WITH HYDROPHILIC MONOMERS: XPS AND TOF-SIMS STUDIES Pleul D; Schneider S; Simon F; Jacobasch H-J Dresden,Institute of Polymer Research PE powders are grafted by acrylic acid or maleic anhydride/styrene monomers. The elemental surface composition is determined by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) investigations are carried out to obtain information about the molecular build-up of the grafted polymers. XPS measurements show the presence of oxygencontaining functional groups on the PE particle surface. The TOF-SIMS spectra give evidence for polymer chains with alternating maleic anhydride and styrene
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References and Abstracts
units. In addition, fragments of PS block segments are found. 18 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.668527 Item 278 Modern Plastics International 28, No.2, Feb.1998, p.46 “COLD-PLASMA” SYSTEM TAKES ON COMPLEX POLYOLEFIN PARTS Gabriele M C Lectro Engineering’s plasma surface treatment technology is providing a much-needed lift in the ability to coat, bond and paint polyolefin parts. The Lectro-Treat system uses a “suppressed discharge” made by capacitive electrode plates and is suitable for treating three-dimensional and other complex parts. LECTRO ENGINEERING CO. USA
Accession no.668134 Item 279 European Polymer Journal 33, Nos.10-12, Oct.-Dec.1997, p.1731-4 ADHESION OF POLYPROPYLENE TREATED WITH NITRIC AND SULFURIC ACID Vasconcellos A S; Oliveira J A P; Baumhardt-Neto R Rio Grande do Sul,Universidade Federal The surface treatment of PP to improve its adhesion capacity was investigated. The effect of nitric and sulphuric acid treatments of polymer plates was studied under various experimental conditions and the adhesive strength of the samples joined to leather was measured using commercial polychloroprene adhesive. The experiments followed a factorial design and the results showed an increase in the adhesivity of the material in comparison with untreated samples. The IR spectra of nitric acid treated samples changed in relation to the original material, whereas sulphuric acid treatment did not affect the IR spectra. 24 refs. BRAZIL
Accession no.666886 Item 280 Polymer 39, Nos.6-7, 1998, p.1363-8 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SURFACE ENERGIES OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE-POLYVINYL CHLORIDE BLENDS Akovali G; Torun T T; Bayramli E; Erinc N K Middle East,Technical University A series of blends of PVC and LDPE was prepared and examined. Plasma treatment was applied to one of the
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components (LDPE) in order to affect the degree of compatibility, different monomers such as carbon tetrachloride and vinyl chloride being used. Tensile test results for all the blend samples, with and without plasmatreated LDPE, were compared. The surface energy results of blends prepared from untreated and treated LDPE-PVC showed significant differences, with marked increases for the latter, indicating an increase in the work of adhesion as a result of the plasma surface modifications applied. The tensile test results and the measured surface energies exhibited similar parallel behaviour. 19 refs. TURKEY
Accession no.666756 Item 281 International Polymer Science and Technology 24, No.6, 1997, p.T/78-9 DETERMINATION OF THE MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF ADHESION DURING SEPARATION OF METAL COATING FROM ABS PLASTIC Bikul’chyus G D The adhesion between ABS sheets and metal coatings (copper and nickel) was investigated by artificial elimination of one of the components of adhesion, specifically the chemical component. The results obtained indicated that the main contribution to adhesion was from the mechanical bonds which, for the case studied, comprised about 2/3 of all possible bonds between the metal coating and the ABS. 4 refs. (Full translation of Plast.Massy, No.6, 1996, p.27) CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
Accession no.663044 Item 282 Macplas International No.9, Aug. 1997, p.39-41 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR OPP PACKAGING FILM Scarati M A Bimo Italia The technology for the production of oriented polypropylene packaging film is described with reference to recent developments in both machinery and materials. Details are given of the types of resins used and appropriate additives, the extrusion process, thickness control, stretching, and surface treatments to facilitate printing and laminating. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.660556 Item 283 IRC ’97. Conference proceedings. Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.632-3. 012
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References and Abstracts
ELECTRON SPIN ECHO STUDY OF THIOKOL RUBBER TO COPPER ALLOY BONDING Nefed’ev E S; Mirakova T Y; Kadirov M K; Petrov O V; Orlinskii S B; Rakhmatullin R M; Aupov M I Kazan,State Technological University; JSC (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) It has long been established that brass-plated metal surfaces have a promoted adhesion to NR. It is believed that the high adhesion strength between rubber and brass is caused by a presence of copper sulphide film formed during sulphur vulcanisation. In the case of polysulphidebased sealants, the formation of copper sulphide is accompanied by that of (CuS4)2+ paramagnetic complexes, the concentration of which is found to correlate inversely with adhesion strength. An attempt is made to determine a structure of sulphur-contained ligands as well as dynamics of the complex by the ESE method. 3 refs. RUSSIA
Accession no.658345 Item 284 IRC ’97. Conference proceedings. Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.604-7. 012 INFLUENCE OF EPOXY GROUPS PRESENT IN POLYMERS ON ADHESION OF FIBRES TO RUBBER MATRIX Parasiewicz W; Zaborski M; Slusarski L Instytut Przemyslu Gumowego Stomil Piastow; Lodz,Technical University (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) The effects of epoxidised NR and epoxy resin on adhesion of rubber mixture applied in the tyre industry to polyamide and polyester fibers, firstly tyre cords, are examined. Epoxides are added in varying amounts to the typical rubber mix, and the force needed to pull out of the fibre from the ‘H’ sample measured. Improvement in adhesion is observed. Additional spectroscopic investigations to explain the mechanism of reaction occurring in the system are performed. 4 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.658341 Item 285 IRC ’97. Conference proceedings. Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.451-7. 012 INFLUENCE OF PEPTISERS ON RUBBER-TOSTEEL CORD ADHESION Buding H; Ruetz L Bayer AG (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) Skim compounds for rubber-to-steel cord adhesion used in radial truck and passenger car tyres are based on NR. To improve the flowability of NR skim compounds, the NR must first be masticated to reduce its viscosity. The technological profile of vulcanised skim compounds
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containing NR, which have been masticated with and without peptisers based on 2,2'-dibenzamidodiphenyldisulphide (DBD) I and pentachlorothiophenol (PCTP) 2 respectively, is investigated in general, and rubber-to-steel cord adhesion specifically. According to the test data obtained, it can be stated that specifically activated DBD I is an appropriate substitute for activated PCTP 2. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.658322 Item 286 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997. Conference Preprints. Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 49, pp.19. 012 ADHESION OF NATURAL RUBBER TO STEEL SUBSTRATES: THE USE OF PLASMA POLYMERIZED PRIMERS Boerio F J; Tsai Y M; Kim D K Cincinnati,University; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (ACS,Rubber Div.) A study was made of the mechanisms responsible for adhesion at the interface between NR and a plasma polymerised polyacetylene primer deposited on a steel substrate. Interactions between NR and the primer were simulated using model systems containing squalene or squalane, carbon black, sulphur, stearic acid, N,Ndicyclohexyl benzothiazole sulphenamide, cobalt naphthenate and diaryl-p-phenylenediamine. The primer films were analysed before and after reaction with the model systems using reflection-absorption and transmission IR spectroscopy. There was little reaction of the squalane based system with the primers, but extensive reaction was observed for the squalene based systems. It was concluded that an intermediate formed in the reaction was responsible for crosslinking between squalene and the primer in the model system, and for adhesion at the NR/primer interface in an actual bond. 12 refs. USA
Accession no.658303 Item 287 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997. Conference Preprints. Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 20, pp.20. 012 COMPOUNDING WITH SELECTED ADDITIVES TO PROMOTE ADHESION BETWEEN DISSIMILAR ELASTOMERS Costello M S; Drake R E Ricon Resins Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Ricobond 1756 maleinised polybutadiene resin (Ricon Resins) was evaluated as an adhesion promoter for
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References and Abstracts
bonding nitrile rubber (NBR) to barrier materials and cover stocks in fuel hoses. When compounded into NBR, this resin gave improved adhesion to corona treated PTFE. It was also shown that using this resin in one elastomer while using a resorcinol-formaldehyde or phenolic resin in another promoted adhesion between NBR and EPDM, chlorinated PE and polychloroprene. It was postulated that esterification reactions were responsible for the observed promotion of adhesion. 13 refs. USA
Accession no.658274 Item 288 Polymer 38, No.25, 1997, p.6243-9 ADHESION IMPROVEMENT OF EPOXY RESIN/ PE JOINTS BY PLASMA TREATMENT OF PE Choi D M; Park C K; Cho K; Park C E Pohang,University of Science & Technology LDPE and HDPE were plasma treated with nitrogen and oxygen plasma. The wettability and polar component of surface free energy of plasma-treated PE were investigated by contact angle measurement. The concentration of functional groups formed by plasma treatment was measured using ATR-FTIR. The adhesion strength of epoxy resin/plasma treated PE joints was examined by a peel test. 28 refs. KOREA
Accession no.657416 Item 289 Macromolecules 30, No.18, 8th Sept.1997, p.5429-36 ATMOSPHERIC NON-EQUILIBRIUM PLASMA TREATMENT OF BIAXIALLY ORIENTED POLYPROPYLENE Boyd R D; Kenwright A M; Badyal J P S; Briggs D Durham,University; ICI PLC The chemical and physical effects incurred at the surface of biaxially oriented PP film during silent discharge plasma treatment were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, NMR, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and atomic force microscopy. Chain scission accompanied by oxidation attack led to the formation of a low molecular weight oxidised material which agglomerated into globules at the surface due to a large difference in interfacial free energy between the underlying hydrophobic substrate and the oxygenated overlayer. 49 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.657185 Item 290 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 11, No.9, 1997, p.1211-27
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SURFACE PHOTOGRAFTING OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS AND ITS RELEVANCE TO PHOTOLAMINATION Wang T; Lim W P; Kang E T; Neoh K G; Fuh J Y H; Lu L; Nee A Y C Singapore,National University Surface modifications of pristine and ozone-pretreated LDPE films are carried out via UV-induced graft copolymerisation with a photoinitiator-containing, epoxybased commercial monomer and also with a photoinitiator-free acrylic acid (AAc). The chemical composition and microstructure of the graft copolymerised surfaces are studied by angle-resolved Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The concentration of surface grafted polymer increases with UV illumination time and the monomer concentration. For LDPE films graft copolymerised with the epoxy-based monomer, surface chain rearrangement is not observed or is less well pronounced, due to the partial crosslinking of the grafted chains. Simultaneous photografting and photolamination between two LDPE films, or between a LDPE film and a PETP film, in the presence of either monomer system, are also investigated. 32 refs. SINGAPORE
Accession no.656269 Item 291 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 11, No.10, 1997, p.1321-42 INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION OF TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE TRIACRYLATE ON ELECTRON BEAM INDUCED SURFACE MODIFICATION OF EPDM RUBBER Sen Majumder P; Bhowmick A K Indian Institute of Technology EPDM is surface- and bulk-modified with varying concentrations of trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA) in the presence of an electron beam at a constant irradiation dose of 100 kGy. The surface properties of the modified rubber are characterised by contact angle measurements, surface energy and thermodynamic work of adhesion, IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface energy of EPDM increases from 44.8 to 53.8 mJ/m2 on modification with 10% TMPTA, due to the increased contribution of gamma s and gamma s AB. With increasing TMPTA concentration, gamma s and gamma s AB show an optimum value at 10% concentration. The IR studies indicate increased peak absorbances at 1730, 1260, 1120 and 1019 cm-1 and hence increased -C(=O)- and C-O-C concentrations. These results are further supported by XPS data. 19 refs. INDIA
Accession no.656252 Item 292 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
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References and Abstracts
11, No.10, 1997, p.1269-88 SULPHONATION OF POLYMER SURFACES. II. CHEMICAL CHANGES ON POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYSTYRENE SURFACES AFTER GAS PHASE SULPHONATION Asthana H; Erickson B L; Drzal L T Michigan,State University
not greatly improve its adhesion to epoxy; it does, however, significantly reduce the scatter in the ultimate strength values. Excess sulphonation treatment reduces the lap-shear strength for both polymers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic examination of the locus of failure of tested joints shows that failure occurs in a weak boundary layer for these surface-treated polymers. 38 refs.
The chemical changes effected on the surface of PP and PS as a result of sulphonation using an SO3-air mixture (1% SO3 V/V) are investigated. PP is a purely aliphatic system and is characterised by the tertiary carbon on its backbone. On the other hand, PS is characterised by an aromatic ring on its backbone. Different surface analytical techniques (XPS, FTIR-ATR and contact angle measurements) are used to quantify the changes. It is concluded that the formation of sulphonic acids is the main chemical change occuring on the surfaces of PP and PS. Besides sulphonic acids, there is an indication of several side reactions occurring in the case of PP while PS does not show any such side reactions. The surfaces of both polymers reach a state of treatment saturation (~6.5% for PP and 7% for PS). Sulphonation of PP beyond the saturation limit leads to degradation, as manifested by a highly sulphonated layer of PP which sloughs off during neutralisation. However, intense sulphonation of PS does not show any conspicuous degradation. 24 refs.
USA
USA
Accession no.656249 Item 293 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 11, No.10, 1997, p.1249-67 SULPHONATION OF POLYMER SURFACES. I. IMPROVING ADHESION OF POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYSTYRENE TO EPOXY ADHESIVES VIA GAS PHASE SULPHONATION Erickson B L; Asthana H; Drzal L T Michigan,State University A new method for surface treating polymers and polymer composites based on gas phase sulphonation is shown to quickly and effectively increase wettability and adhesion to epoxy. A gas mixture containing a low concentration of sulphur trioxide in nitrogen (- 1% v/v) is used to treat the surfaces of PP and PS films. The sulphonated surfaces are then neutralised with ammonium hydroxide. The effectiveness of sulphonation on the adhesion of these polymers to an epoxy adhesive is investigated using mechanical testing of sandwich lap-shear specimens. The lap-shear adhesive joint strength of epoxy to sulphonated PP is compared with PP treated with currently accepted surface treatments including chromic acid etching and flame treatment. Sulphonation greatly improves the adhesion of PP to epoxy compared with other surface treatment techniques as measured by lap-shear strength. An optimum sulphonation treatment level is shown to exist for PP. For PS surfaces, it is shown that while sulphonation immediately increases wettability, it does
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Accession no.656248 Item 294 Macromolecular Symposia Vol.119, July 1997, p.277-82 FTIR AND ATR ANALYSES ON A POLYPROPYLENE (PP) SURFACE AFTER PLASMA TREATMENT IN THE STUDY OF CHITOSAN SURFACE GRAFTING TO IMPROVE PP DYEING BEHAVIOUR Rochery M; Lam T M; Crighton J S GEMTEX-ENSAIT; Leeds,University The treatment of a PP film surface to improve its dyeing behaviour was studied. A plasma treatment was carried out to try to create oxidising groups on this surface, so that it could be then easier to apply a specific polysaccharide chitosan which is reported to be much more reactive than PP and easy to dye. A study about the various parameters of the plasma instrument was necessary to find the optimal treatment. The possible formed oxidising groups were emphasised by FTIR and ATR analyses. Chitosan was applied after the plasma treatment and the dyeing result which was then observed was quite encouraging in certain conditions. 8 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.653741 Item 295 Macromolecules 30, No.15, 28th July 1997, p.4415-20 COLD PLASMA TREATMENT: SURFACE OR BULK MODIFICATION OF POLYMER FILMS Poncin-Epaillard F; Brosse J C; Falher T Maine,University Illustrations of morphological transformations are given for the cold nitrogen plasma treatment of isotactic PP. 42 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.653344 Item 296 Composite Interfaces 4, No.6, 1997, p.401-15 EFFECT OF INTERFACE ON FRACTURE MECHANISM OF GF/PP COMPOSITES USING O2 PLASMA TREATMENT
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References and Abstracts
Sako N; Matsuoka T; Sakaguchi K Doshisha,University PP sheets are treated with oxygen plasma for the interfacial control of glass fibre/PP composites. The interfacial strength between glass fabric and PP resin is estimated by the T-peel test method. The evaluation of Tpeel test data is carried out by both the T-peel strength method and the T-peel amplitude method. The T-peel strength value and T-peel amplitude value are respectively increased to about 50% and 120% compared with each value of non-treated specimens. The T-peel strength relates to the surface energy on the PP-sheet and the Tpeel amplitude relates to the fracture pattern of the delamination surface. From SEM observations on the delamination surface, many voids in the space enclosed with fibre bundles are observed in the case of non-treated specimen and no void and fibre bridging are observed on the plasma treated specimens. It is found that interfacial properties between fibre and resin are improved by this plasma process. 12 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.652487
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal Polypropylene/wood fibre composites were prepared at three different temperatures: 170, 180 and 190 C. The surface of wood fibres was modified using silane coupling agents and/or coating with PP or maleated PP. The fibre coating was performed by propylene polymerisation in the presence of wood fibres or by immersion in an odichlorobenzene polypropylene (or maleated PP) solution. Tensile and three-point bending tests were performed to evaluate the adhesion between matrix and wood fibres. 13 refs. BRAZIL
Accession no.650316 Item 299 International Polymer Science and Technology 24, No.3, 1997, p.T/101-4 MODIFIED POLYOLEFIN BINDERS WITH ENHANCED ADHESION PROPERTIES, SYNTHESISED IN SOLID PHASE Sidova M D; Volkov V P; Bunina L O; Zelenetskii S N; Artem’eva N Y; Nikol’skaya V P
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
The potential demand of the national economy for polymeric materials is high. To satisfy this demand it is necessary to create a wide range of polymeric materials based on base stock polymers. Polyolefins have the cheapest and broadest feedstock base. However, a great shortcoming of polyolefins, significantly narrowing the areas of their application, is their low adhesion properties in relation to metals, glass, wood, and other materials. This shortcoming can be eliminated by chemical modification of the polymer, for example by introducing polar groups into macromolecules of the polyolefin. A solid-phase method has been developed for producing modified polyolefins with a reduced degree of crosslinking and degradation and high adhesion properties. The initial reactants - the polyolefin, the freeradical initiator and the reactive unsaturated monomer are subjected to mechanical and heat effects in solid phase. The influence of the type of equipment and the schedules for producing modified polyolefins on the degree of grafting of the monomer are investigated, the adhesion and deformation and strength of the initial and wood waste-modified polyolefins are studied, and the crossbreaking strength, density, water absorption and swelling of these compositions are also examined. 9 refs.
Accession no.650608
RUSSIA
Item 297 Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics 198, No.8, Aug.1997, p.2439-56 ILLUSTRATION OF SURFACE CROSSLINKING OF DIFFERENT POLYMERS TREATED IN ARGON PLASMA Poncin-Epaillard F; Vallon S; Drevillon B Maine,Universite; Palaiseau,Ecole Polytechnique The effect of argon plasma on polycarbonate(PC) and PP was studied in terms of structural changes and reaction mechanisms. In-situ UV-visible ellipsometry revealed formation of a surface layer with a higher refractive index than the untreated polymer. The increase in the refractive index was attributed to polymer densification, which was assigned to crosslinking. A decrease in the average molec.wt. of the PC was, however, also observed and two populations of macromolecules of different size were detected by light scattering measurements, revealing competition between crosslinking and degradation. The reaction mechanisms were investigated using proton NMR and in-situ IR ellipsometry. 26 refs.
Accession no.647885 Item 298 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 65, No.6, 8th Aug.1997, p.1227-35 POLYPROPYLENE-WOOD FIBRE COMPOSITES: EFFECT OF TREATMENT AND MIXING CONDITIONS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Coutinho F M B; Costa T H S; Carvalho D L
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Item 300 Polymer 38, No.14, 1997, p.3591-9 PLASMA TREATMENT OF POLYOLEFINS: INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION: 2. LACQUER ADHESION AND LOCUS OF FAILURE
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References and Abstracts
Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Johansson K Chalmers University of Technology; Stockholm,Institute for Surface Chemistry The adhesion properties achieved after oxygen plasma treatments of ten PP and thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) materials of different compositions were studied. The adhesion between a polyurethane lacquer and plasma treated materials was strongly influenced by the plasma treatment conditions and chemical composition of the materials. Generally, a lower power-to-gas pressure (P/ G) ratio during plasma treatment and a high ethylene content, preferably in the form of blocks, and/or the presence of double bonds in the surface region were favourable for adhesion properties. The TPOs were less sensitive to changes in the treatment conditions than the corresponding PPs. The adhesion properties were determined mainly by the PP matrix but the type and properties of the rubber were also important. All failures were found to be located in the substrate, below the oxidised surface layer, the only difference being the depth of failure. Fracture surfaces of apparently interfacial failures (lower peel forces) generally showed a more PPlike composition than fracture surfaces that were clearly cohesive in the substrate (higher peel forces). This indicated that the lacquer adhesion was determined by the extent to which chain scission reactions occurred in the near-surface region of the substrate during the plasma treatment. 22 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.647771 Item 301 Polymer 38, No.14, 1997, p.3581-9 PLASMA TREATMENT OF POLYOLEFINS: INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION: 1. BULK AND SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Johansson K Chalmers University of Technology; Stockholm,Institute for Surface Chemistry Injection moulded plates of ten PP and thermoplastic polyolefin materials with varying material composition (different type of rubber, varying degree of ethylene etc.) were characterised before and after oxygen plasma treatment. Untreated materials were studied using DSC, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), FTIR spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and transmission measurements. The effect of plasma treatment conditions was followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. SEC analysis showed only minor differences between the materials while the DSC and FTIR results confirmed that the differences were to be expected as a result of variation in material composition. FTIR-ATR showed a gradient in material composition in all materials. The samples were generally more PP-rich at the outermost surface and a greater extent of the ethylene-modified material and/or
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rubber was found at about 800 nm than at about 200 nm. Most of the samples showed a lower degree of surface crystallinity in the topmost 200 nm than in the first 800 nm and a higher mould temperature resulted in a higher degree of crystallinity. The water contact angles and oxygen content were little affected by power-to-gas pressure (P/G) ratios up to 2.5. At higher ratios, all samples were more oxidised. At P/G=0.25, only minor differences in water contact angles and oxygen content resulted from material composition. At higher P/G ratios, the differences were more pronounced with materials with the lowest ethylene content being less oxidised. 22 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.647770 Item 302 Journal of Adhesion 63, Nos 1-3, 1997, p.121-40 SURFACE CHARACTERISATION OF CHLORINATED SYNTHETIC VULCANISED SBR RUBBER USING CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENTS, IR SPECTROSCOPY AND XPS Pastor-Blas M M; Martin-Martinez J M; Dillard J G Alicante,University; Virginia,Polytechnic Institute The surface of SBR was treated with ethyl acetate solutions containing different amounts of trichloroisocyanuric acid. The modified surfaces were characterised using contact angle measurements, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 37 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.647100 Item 303 1996 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference: Book 1. Conference proceedings. Boston, Ma., 8th-12th Sept.1996, p.101-4. 012 TROUBLESHOOTING FLAME PLASMA SURFACE TREATING SYSTEMS - Q & A APPROACH DiGiacomo J; Pezzuto J Flynn Burner Corp. (TAPPI) Problems encountered during flame plasma surface treatment are outlined, together with their solutions. Aspects covered include the generation of plasmas for industrial applications, the need for surface modification, adhesion promotion in polyolefins, measurement of the effect of treatment, critical variables, the cause of packaging odours, variation in ink adhesion and safety. 5 refs. USA
Accession no.645400 Item 304 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 17, No.2, May 1997, p.133-41
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References and Abstracts
FAILURE ANALYSIS OF SURFACE-TREATED UNVULCANISED SBS RUBBER/ POLYURETHANE ADHESIVE JOINTS Pastor-Blas M M; Torregrosa-Macia R; MartinMartinez J M; Dillard J G Alicante,University; Virginia Tech The surface of an unvulcanised SBS rubber was chlorinated with 0.5-7 wt % trichloroisocyanuric acid(TCI) solutions. The adhesion strength of surface-treated SBS rubber/PU adhesive joints was obtained from T-peel tests. The failed surfaces after peeling were characterised by ATR IR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, SEM coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The untreated SBS rubber showed no adhesion because of a lack of compatibility with the PU adhesive. Chlorination of SBS rubber with 0.5 wt % TCI produced a noticeable increase in T-peel strength which was due to the formation of C-Cl and C-O species on the rubber surface, the failure of the joint being produced at the chlorinated surface (weak boundary layer). Treatment of SBS rubber with greater concentrations of TCI, up to 2 wt %, resulted in a decrease in the joint strength because the locus of failure was directed deeper into the chlorinated layer. Treatment of SBS rubber with 7 wt % TCI, on the other hand, produced different joint strength values in replicate joints that were tested under similar experimental conditions, mainly owing to differences in the locus of failure in the joints. Failure occurred randomly throughout the adhesive, the interface or the surface chlorinated layer. 13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.641444 Item 305 Polymer Engineering and Science 37, No.5, May 1997, p.845-55 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INTERFACIAL BOND IN PAPER-PROPYLENE LAMINATES AND THE EFFECTS OF AGEING UNDER SERVICE CONDITIONS Somodi P J; Eby R K; Scavuzzo R J; Wilson G R Akron,University,Inst.of Polym.Engineering; Akron,University,Institute of Polym.Science; SherwinWilliams Co. The behaviour of paper-propylene-paper laminate while ageing in hot oil in the absence of voltage stress was studied. The results provide an understanding of both the quality of the interfacial bond and the performance of the bond during service. PPP laminate samples were subjected to oil absorption and swelling experiments at 90 deg.C. XPS of peeled laminates, Weibull analysis of the peel strength data and finite element analysis of the internal stresses generated within one of the laminates were carried out. The effects of the ageing treatments on the interfacial bond strength are discussed. 39 refs. USA
Accession no.641410
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Item 306 Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2817-21. 012 ADHESION AND PAINTABILITY OF METALLOCENE PLASTOMER-BASED THERMOPLASTIC OLEFINS Yu T C; Mikulec M J Ford Motor Co. (SPE) Metallocene plastomers are a new generation of impact modifiers for PPs. Both commercially available solventborne and water-borne adhesion promoters are evaluated with two different types of metallocene plastomers as well as with two different types of ethylene-propylene rubbers in a benchmark composition. A proprietary aggressive tape adhesion test is first used to measure the cohesive strength of different adhesion promoters applied to the substrate. A second test, hot Taber scuff, is next used to examine the adhesive strength between adhesion promoter and base coat. Paint panels are prepared and standard tests including water humidity resistance, water immersion, gasoline drip and thermal shock and cold temperature impact are performed. All four types of paint panels easily pass these tests. A more discriminating test, the Ford Stat Ram, distinguishes the ethylene-butene plastomer as bringing superior paintability to all other plastomers and elastomers. 2 refs. USA
Accession no.640422 Item 307 Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2775-9. 012 FEASIBILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS DESIGNED FOR DIRECT ADHESION TO TPO MATERIALS Mikulec M Ford Motor Co. (SPE) The discovery that adhesion to untreated non-polar thermoplastic (TPO) can be achieved directly through olefinic colour coats based on low viscosity functional liquid polymers might be considered a breakthrough for the TPO industry. Feasibility of olefinic colour coats at bumper plants is also discussed. 4 refs. USA
Accession no.640415 Item 308 Polymer 38, No.13, 1997, p.3295-305 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF HALOGENATED POLYMERS: 1. POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE Brace K; Combellas C; Dujardin E; Thiebault A; Delamar M; Kanoufi F; Shanahan M E R
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References and Abstracts
ESPCI; ENSMP Solvated electrons were generated in a magnesium tetrafluoroborate solution by an electrochemical procedure. Both before and after surface treatment with the magnesium solutions, PTFE remained white and after treatment, the surface was not destroyed and presented a controlled hydrophilic character. However, when treated with solutions of solvated electrons in the presence of sodium, the sample became black and porous. 23 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.638573 Item 309 Journal of Adhesion 62, Nos.1-4, 1997, p.187-211 WETTABILITY OF SURFACE OXYFLUORINATED PP FIBRES AND ITS EFFECT ON INTERFACIAL BONDING WITH CEMENTITIOUS MATRIX Tu L; Kruger D; Wagener J B; Carstens P A B Johannesburg,Rand Afrikaans University; South Africa,Atomic Energy Corporation The surface of high molecular weight PP monofilament fibre was modified using an oxyfluorination method. Contact angles were obtained by dynamic contact angle measurements using three liquids of known dispersion, acid and base surface free energy components. Surface free energies were calculated. Surfaces were observed using SEM and photoacoustic IR spectroscopy. Interfacial shear bond strengths between the cementitious matrix and the PP fibres were determined by fibre pull-out tests. Correlations between shear bond strengths and surface free energy components were established. 30 refs. SOUTH AFRICA
Accession no.638485 Item 310 Journal of Adhesion 62, Nos.1-4, 1997, p.23-43 SURFACE ANALYSIS OF DEBONDED CHLORINATED VULCANISED SBR RUBBER JOINTS Pastor-Blas M M; Martin-Martinez J M; Dillard J G Alicante,University; Virginia,Polytechnic Institute An SBR was treated with trichloroisocyanuric acid to improve adhesion in joints prepared with a onecomponent, solvent-based polyester urethane adhesive. T-peel tests were carried out and surfaces of debonded rubber were analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, SEM, and contact angle measurements. 27 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.638477
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Item 311 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, Conference Preprints. Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 43, pp.7. 012 THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER AS A SHOE SOLING Carter A R; Turner R H SATRA Footwear Technology Centre (ACS,Rubber Div.) Applications of styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer thermoplastic elastomers in shoe soles are examined. Injection moulding conditions and compounding techniques aimed at optimising properties are discussed, and methods for measuring wear resistance, coefficient of friction and flex cracking resistance are described. A surface chlorination process developed by SATRA to promote bonding with PU adhesives is also outlined. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.636051 Item 312 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.748, March 1996, p.61-3 French MULTIFLEX, A COMPLETE RANGE OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS Milest D; Bayet A Multibase SA The properties, processing and applications of the Multiflex range of styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block copolymer thermoplastic elastomers (Multibase) are examined. Particular attention is paid to insert moulding, coinjection moulding and coextrusion applications where adhesion to plastics is of importance. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.636013 Item 313 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 11, No.4, 1997, p.447-70 INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE AND FORMULATION OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER ON THE EFFECTS PRODUCED BY SURFACE TREATMENT WITH TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID Pastor-Blas M M; Martin-Martinez J M; Dillard J G Alicante,University; Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University The surfaces of two synthetic sulphur-vulcanised styrenebutadiene rubbers which had been chlorinated with trichloroisocyanuric acid solutions in ethyl acetate were analysed using different experimental techniques (IR-ATR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, SEM, and X-
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
USA
significant effect. The removal of low molec.wt. materials significantly reduced the wettability of the treated materials, but did not impair the adhesion increased by the plasma treatment. 36 refs.
Accession no.635967
CHINA
ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The depth of penetration of the chlorination agent into the rubber using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also considered. 29 refs.
Item 314 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 64, No.10, 6th June 1997, p.1913-21 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE BY AR+ IRRADIATION FOR IMPROVED ADHESION TO OTHER MATERIALS Seok-Keun Koh; Sung-Chul Park; Sung-Ryong Kim; Won-Kook Choi; Hyung-Jin Jung; Pae K D Korea,Institute of Science & Technology; Sam Yang Co.; Rutgers,University The surface of thin square PTFE samples was irradiated with argon ions at 1 keV with varying ion doses with and without an oxygen environment. The irradiated surface of the samples was examined by SEM for surface textural changes and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for changes in chemical structure. A wettability test was conducted on the irradiated samples of PTFE samples by water droplets. A Scotch tape adhesion test, after a thin film of copper or aluminium was evaporated on the irradiated surface and a tensile test after irradiated samples were glued to sample holders by an adhesive glue (Crystal Bond) were also run. It was found that argon ion irradiation of PTFE led to a dramatic improvement of adhesion of PTFE to aluminium and copper films and an adhesive cement (Crystal Bond) and also to worsening of wettability of PTFE with water. Possible mechanisms for the improved adhesion properties of PTFE are given. 20 refs. KOREA
Accession no.635219 Item 315 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 11, No.5, 1997, p.655-63 EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS ON THE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN PLASMA-TREATED POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE FILMS Xiao G Z Beijing,Institute of Materials Technology The effects of solvents on the surface properties of oxygen plasma-treated PE and PP films were studied by ESCA, contact angle measurement and adhesion testing. The results showed that oxygen plasma treatment produced some low molec.wt. materials on the treated surfaces, which could be removed, to some extent, by solvents. It appeared that the low molec.wt. materials had different solubilities in different solvents. Among the solvents used (water, acetone and 2-propanol), acetone had the most
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Accession no.635199 Item 316 Rubber Asia 11, No.3, May-June 1997, p.27-8 HOW TO DEVELOP BETTER NR SOLUTION ADHESIVES Varghese L; Matthew N M Factors affecting the bond strength of natural rubber solution adhesives are examined. Tests were carried out on constant viscosity rubber (ISNR 3 CV) and evaluated for rubber-to-rubber bonding using samples sheets moulded from a tread type formulation. The effects of mastication, different solvents, plasticisers, fillers and antioxidants are discussed. ASIA
Accession no.634886 Item 317 Macromolecules 30, No.7, 7th April 1997, p.2102-9 ENHANCED ADHESION BETWEEN POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYAMIDE-6. ROLE OF INTERFACIAL NUCLEATION OF THE BETA-CRYSTALLINE FORM OF POLYPROPYLENE Boucher E; Folkers J P; Creton C; Hervet H; Leger L Paris,College de France; ESPCI Previous work in which the interface between PP and polyamide-6 was reinforced by the addition of maleic anhydride functionalised PP (number average molecular weight 22600) is repeated using a higher molecular weight maleic anhydride functionalised PP (number average molecular weight 43000). At a reaction temperature above 220C, very close to the melting point of polyamide-6, and above a given areal density, the measured fracture toughness of the interface became 4 times higher than that for reaction temperatures below 220C, where the observed fracture toughnesses were identical to what had been measured for the low molecular weight maleic anhydride functionalised PP. The interfacial fracture toughness is therefore no longer uniquely dependent on areal density. Crystallographic analysis on the PP side of the interface showed a correlation between the presence of the PP beta-phase in the 20 micrometres near the interface and a high toughness. This crystalline phase was not present in the samples prepared at 220C or less or with the low molecular weight maleic anhydride functionalised PP which always exhibited a low toughness even for samples prepared above 220C. It is argued that the presence of this beta phase of the PP is the main factor
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responsible for the very high fracture toughness, first evidence of the influence of the crystallinity of a semi crystalline polymer on its adhesive properties. 44 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.634536 Item 318 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition 35, No.4, March 1997, p.615-22 AUTOHESION OF CROSSLINKED POLYETHYLENE Gent A N; Kim E G; Ye P Akron,University Thin strips of crosslinked linear HDPE (Escorene HD 8760 from Esso Chemical Co., Canada, crosslinked with dicumyl peroxide during compression moulding) were melted and then crystallised in contact by cooling at room temperature. The work required to peel the strips apart by pulling one strip away from the other at 90 degrees was found to be remarkably high, 5 to 30 kJ/sq.m, and in some cases the strips could not be separated in this way. However, adhesion measured in T-peeling was much lower, about one tenth as large. Adhesion was also fairly small, 200 to 600 J/sq.m, using other test methods designed to minimise bending strains. Thus, most of the work of separation is normally expended in bending, probably in plastic yielding of the outer layers of bent strips. However, even when bending energy losses were minimised, the residual adhesion was much greater than expected for Van der Waals bonding (about 0.05 J.sq.m). Apparently, cocrystallisation of molecular strands lying on either side of the interface greatly enhances the intrinsically low level of autohesion of amorphous PE, probably by local yielding processes around the line of separation. Some effects of test temperature were also examined in T-peeling. Adhesion passed through a pronounced maximum at temperatures of 75-100C before reducing to very low values in the melted state. This maximum was absent in tests with reduced bending. It is, therefore, attributed to extra work expended in plastic bending over a narrow range of temperature, probably due to lower yield stress at these temperatures and not to an increase in the actual adhesion. 10 refs. USA
Accession no.634209 Item 319 Polymer 38, No.7, 1997, p.1557-63 ADHESION PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN PLASMA-TREATED POLYPROPYLENE-BASED COPOLYMERS Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Johansson K Chalmers University of Technology; Sweden,Institute for Surface Chemistry
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Four different PP based copolymers with ethylene or an aliphatic, non-conjugated diene with allylic hydrogens as comonomer were subjected to oxygen plasma treatment. The static water contact angle was used to measure the change in wettability, and adhesion between plasma treated copolymer plates and a two-component PU lacquer was studied using a 90 degree peel test. Neither the material composition nor the plasma treatment conditions appeared to have any significant effect on the degree of wettability. The lacquer adhesion, however, was highly dependent on the processing parameters and the peel force deteriorated significantly as the discharge power increased. The effect of the gas pressure was less clear. For all the processing conditions used, the lacquer adhesion was greatly improved as the diene content in the copolymer was increased. The results were discussed. 23 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.630820 Item 320 Polymer International 42, No.3, March 1997, p.307-14 PROPERTIES OF BLENDS PREPARED FROM SURFACE-MODIFIED LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE AND POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) Akovali G; Torun T T Edited by: Middle East,Technical University Improvement in adhesion between LDPE and PVC in their blends was attempted by plasma modification of their surfaces. A series of different plasma treatments, vinyl chloride or carbon tetrachloride plasma for PE and acetylene plasma for PVC, were used. An oligomeric copolymer of PE-PVC was also tested in the blend. After modification, different degrees of improvement were obtained in mechanical properties, ranging from slight for acetylene plasma-modified samples to high for the vinyl chloride plasma-modified samples and samples with added oligomeric copolymer. 4 refs. TURKEY
Accession no.630079 Item 321 Composites Science & Technology 57, No.2, 1997, p.197-203 STUDY OF THE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF SURFACE-MODIFIED UHMPE FIBRE/VINYL ESTER COMPOSITES Moon S; Jang J Seoul,National University Ultra-high-modulus PE fibres were treated with oxygen plasma and silane coupling agent to improve interfacial adhesion between the fibres and a vinyl ester resin. Factors affecting interfacial adhesion and impact properties are discussed. 21 refs.
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References and Abstracts
KOREA
Accession no.629844
Yamagata,University; Tohoku Rubber Co.Ltd.; Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Res.Establishment; Japan,Atomic Energy Research Institute
Item 322 Composites Science & Technology 57, No.1, 1997, p.67-79 EFFECT OF SURFACE TREATMENTS ON THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH SHORT SISAL FIBRES Paul A; Joseph K; Thomas S India,Bharrata Mata College; Mahatma Gandhi,University
The surfaces of thin sheets of EPM and polychloroprene were modified by UV irradiation and sputter ion etching treatments. This resulted in a rapid increase in adhesion and a simultaneous decrease in tackiness. The mechanism of surface modification was studied by SEM, ESCA, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and related interfacial analytical procedures. It was shown that surface roughening with a thin layer of surface oxidation was a key factor in the development of decreased tackiness. 10 refs.
The electrical properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced LDPE composites were studied. Various surface treatments such as alkali, CTDIC, stearic acid, peroxide, permanganate and acetylation were carried out on the sisal fibres to improve interfacial bonding. The treated surfaces were characterised by IR spectroscopy. 21 refs. INDIA
Accession no.629028 Item 323 Journal of Adhesion 60, Nos.1-4, 1997, p.223-31 MAXIMUM PEEL STRENGTH OF PRESSURESENSITIVE STYRENE-BUTADIENE EMULSION POLYMERS Spitzer J J BASF Corp. The peel strengths of five pressure-sensitive styrenebutadiene emulsion polymers, having different amounts of gel and different Tgs, were determined as a function of temp. and peel rate. For each peel rate, the peel strength reached a maximum at a particular temp. and this maximum peel strength was associated with the change of the mode of failure from cohesive to adhesive. The maximum peel strength was found to be largely independent of the gel level and possibly of the Tg of the polymer within the domain of pressure-sensitive polymeric properties. The maximum peel strength appeared to be dependent on the type of substrate and the stabilisation system of the emulsion polymers (surface free energy properties of the bonded interfaces). 14 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.624452 Item 325 European Industrial Adhesives Conference. Conference proceedings. Brussels, 26th-28th April 1995. Paper 24. 6A1 ADHESION AND FAILURE MECHANSIMS OF MODEL HOT MELT ADHESIVE BONDED TO PP Tse M F Exxon Chemical Co. (Exxon Chemical Europe Inc.) A model hot-melt adhesive (HMA) based on Escorez EVA, hydrocarbon tackifier and a wax is used to bond together PP films under a controlled condition to give equilibrium bonding. Peel strength of this HMA/PP assembly is determined over a broad range of peel rates and test temperatures. It is found that peel strength of this model adhesive to PP is both rate and temperature dependent. However, contrary to the behaviour of rubbery adhesives, the influence of peel rate and test temperature on peel adhesion of this semi-crystalline adhesive is not equivalent, causing failure of rate-temperature superposition and multiple transitions in failure locus. At different test temperatures, the dependence of peel strength on peel rate shows some resemblance with the dependence of loss tangent of the bulk adhesive on frequency. This is consistent with a previous result that the HMA debonding term, D, varies with the loss tangent of the HMA at T-peel debonding frequency. 11 refs. USA
Accession no.621882
USA
Accession no.625089 Item 324 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 63, No.12, 21st March 1997, p.1625-33 SURFACE MODIFICATION PROCESSING OF SYNTHETIC RUBBERS BY ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION AND SPUTTER ION ETCHING TREATMENT Minagawa M; Saito T; Fujikura Y; Watanabe T; Iwabuchi H; Yoshii F; Sasaki T
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Item 326 Plast’ 21 No.49, Feb.1996, p.43-5 Spanish COEXTRUSION AND PRINTING PROBLEMS Herranz M Interflexo SA The coextrusion process is described, and factors to be taken into account in enhancing the printability of coextruded PE films are discussed.
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EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.621154
had a deleterious effect on bonding, and an increased rubbery response in the stick-slip region, which tended to strengthen joints. 8 refs. (Pt.I, ibid, p.323-31) USA
Item 327 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry Edition 35, No.1, 15th Jan.1997, p.137-42 SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL SURFACE FIXATION OF HYDROXYLATED CASCADE MOLECULES Sugawara T; Matsuda T Japan,National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute A supramolecularly assembled surface architectural method was developed, which involved a self-assembling process of amphiphilic molecules and a subsequent photochemical process. The specially-designed molecules were cascade ‘tree’ molecules composed of a phenylazido group as root, an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain as stem, and two or three tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane groups as leaves. Using a horizontal lifting method, unimolecular assemblies which formed at an air/water interface were transferred to PE surfaces. Upon UV irradiation, these molecules were covalently fixed on the surfaces due to the photochemical reactivity of the phenylazido group. Treated surfaces became wettable with water, indicating that hydrophilic hemispheres were located at the outer surface region of the PE surfaces. Bimolecular assemblies composed of cascade molecules and non-cascade molecules with a hydroxyl group at one end exhibited lower advancing and receding contact angles and reduced hysteresis than those of unimolecular ones, indicating that these bimolecular assemblies had a well-structured molecular organisation with a high degree of packing. 17 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.619952 Item 328 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 63, No.3, 18th Jan.1997, p.333-42 PEEL ADHESION AND VISCOELASTICITY OF POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ACETATE)BASED HOT MELT ADHESIVES. II. INFLUENCE OF WAX Shih H H; Hamed G R Akron,University The effect of wax on the viscoelasticity and peel adhesion of EVA-based hot melt adhesives was evaluated. Wax did not affect the Tg of a homogeneous EVA/rosin blend but, for a heterogeneous EVA/rosin blend, wax addition increased the EVA-rich phase portion, resulting in a higher rubbery response. The T-peel fracture energies of EVA/ tackifier/wax blends bonded to PP film were controlled by two factors, i.e. a weak boundary layer of wax, which
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Accession no.618825 Item 329 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 63, No.3, 18th Jan.1997, p.323-31 PEEL ADHESION AND VISCOELASTICITY OF POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ACETATE)BASED HOT MELT ADHESIVES. I. EFFECT OF TACKIFIER COMPATIBILITY Shih H H; Hamed G R Akron,University A series of EVA-based hot melt adhesives containing either a rosin or a hydrocarbon (C5-C9) tackifier was prepared in order to investigate viscoelastic properties and peel adhesion. Fracture energies were determined by the use of a T-peel geometry (two PP films bonded with model EVA adhesives). The rosin had only one Tg but the C5-C9 resin had two Tgs, indicating phase separation. The rosin had better compatibility with EVA than did the C5-C9 resin. The bond strength of tackified EVA to PP depended not only on compatibility, but also on viscoelastic properties. A higher storage modulus resulted in a higher T-peel strength. Under certain test conditions, glassy C5-C9-rich domains acted as reinforcing filler, resulting in a higher storage modulus. A C5-C9-tackified EVA adhesive had higher T-peel strength than did one containing rosin. 15 refs. USA
Accession no.618824 Item 330 Plastics Engineering 52, No.9, Sept.1996, p.35-8 HOW MOULDING CONDITIONS AFFECT ADHESION OF COATINGS TO TPSS Ryntz R A; McNeight A; Ford A Ford Motor Co.; Exxon Chemical Co. The effect is studied of injection moulding conditions on the adhesion of coatings to thermoplastic polyolefins by varying the melt temperature, injection speed, gate dimensions and part thickness in relation to the physical attributes of subsequent plastic parts. Optical birefringence, surface microhardness, dye penetration, and adhesion of paint on topcoated parts are among the attributes examined. 6 refs. USA
Accession no.618474 Item 331 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.12, 1996, p.1383-99
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References and Abstracts
EFFECTS OF HYDROCARBON TACKIFIERS ON ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF CONTACT ADHESIVES BASED ON POLYCHLOROPRENE. II. NATURE OF HYDROCARBON TACKIFIER Ferrandiz-Gomez T D P; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-Barcelo A C; Martin-Martinez J M INESCOP; Alicante,University 50 phr each of three hydrocarbon resins of different aliphatic-aromatic nature was added to a solvent based polychloroprene adhesive. The hydrocarbon resins were characterised using IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The properties and compatibility of the polychloroprene/resin blends were studied using thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), DSC, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and rheology. Tack measurements were carried out, and the joint strength was obtained from T-peel tests of roughened SBR-polychloroprene adhesive joints. The addition of aromatic hydrocarbon resins produced a compatible resinpolychloroprene blend, whereas an incompatibility was obtained between an aliphatic hydrocarbon resin and the polychloroprene. The compatibility of aromatic hydrocarbon resin-polychloroprene blends was responsible for the enhanced tack and improved adhesion to roughened rubber materials. On the other hand, the incompatibility of aliphatic hydrocarbon resinpolychloroprene blends produced reduced tack, phase separation and reduced practical adhesion. Viscoelastic properties were affected differently depending on the temperature and the frequency of the experiments and also on the aliphatic-aromatic nature of the resin. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.617586 Item 332 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.12, 1996, p.1313-32 ADHESION MECHANISMS OF SILICA LAYERS ON PLASMA-TREATED POLYMERS. II. POLYPROPYLENE Vallon S; Brenot R; Hofrichter A; Drevillon B; Gheorghiu A; Senemaud C; Klemberg-Sapieha J E; Martinu L; Poncin-Epaillard F CNRS; Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; Maine,University The influence of plasma pretreatment in various gases (Ar, NH3, N2) on the adhesion of plasma-deposited silica layers to PP is investigated. UV-visible ellipsometry measurements enabled the detection of crosslinking at the polymer surface. All treatments, and especially the Ardiluted N2 treatment, induced crosslinking in the surface layer. The adhesion of silica to PP, as measured by the micro-scratch test, was improved by every treatment. In the case of Ar, the adhesion improvement is attributed to crosslinking, and possibly to surface activation by radical formation. In addition, surface functionalisation was
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studied by in situ IR ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. N2 plasma treatments induced a significant nitrogen grafting, leading to an increase in the electron-acceptor and the electrondonor components of the surface free energy. In contrast, dilute NH3 plasma treatment seemed to result in weak bonding of the nitrogen atoms to the surface, as deduced from a comparison of measurements performed in situ after this treatment, after ageing, and after an additional SiH4 plasma treatment. 22 refs. CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.617581 Item 333 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.11, 1996, p.1165-97 TIME-OF-FLIGHT SIMS AND IN-SITU XPS STUDY OF O2 AND O2-N2 POST-DISCHARGE MICROWAVE PLASMA-MODIFIED HIGHDENSITY POLYETHYLENE AND HEXATRIACONTANE SURFACES Leonard D; Bertrand P; Scheuer A; Prat R; Hommet J; Le Moigne J; Deville J P Louvain,Universite Catholique; Strasbourg,Institut de Physique et Chimie des Materiaux The O2 and O2-N2 ((N2) less than 15%) post-discharge microwave plasma modifications of HDPE and hexatriacontane (HTC) surfaces are studied as a function of the distance from the discharge and the gas composition. They are compared in terms of the in-situ XPS OIC ratios and C 1s components, and the ex-situ ToF-SIMS O-/CHratios and relative intensifies of series of peaks. The results of effect of distance from the discharge showed a clear correlation between in-situ XPS results and O2 postdischarge modelling, exhibiting the double role of oxygen atoms: functionalisation initialisation by creating radicals (which react with molecular oxygen) and degradation due to the energy released by the oxygen atom recombination process. 87 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.617501 Item 334 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62, No. 8, 21st. Nov. 1996, p.1263-75 HOT-MELT PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE BASED ON STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER. EFFECT OF ADHESIVE COMPOSITION ON THE PROPERTIES Galan C; Sierra C A; Gomez Fatou J M; Delgado J A Repsol SA Hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives based on styrenebutadiene block copolymers (Calprene from Repsol Quimica) with aliphatic and aromatic tackifying and plastifying oils were analysed. The importance of the resin
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structure in the compatibility with the block copolymers and the influence of the different paraffinic-naphthenic character of the oil in pressure-sensitive adhesive performance are shown. Ternary systems with a fixed polymer content (30%) and with variable resin and oil contents show a good miscibility over the whole range of compositions and only one Tg was found for each composition. The relationship between chemical composition and bulk performance are expressed in terms of the viscoelastic behaviour of the adhesives, measured by DMTA. It was shown that at at given resin content there is a minimum in the loss tangent peak vs temperature, the melt viscosities present a plateau region and the tack strength shows a maximum. An important conclusion is that phase separation is not a requirement for maximum tack. Some restricted miscibility is enough. 32 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.617177 Item 335 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62, No. 8, 21st. Nov. 1996, p.1205-10 ANHYDRIDE CONTENT OF SOME COMMERCIAL POLYPROPYLENE-GRAFTMALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMERS. FTIR AND TITRATION Sclavons M; Carlier V; de Roover B; Franquinet P; Devaux J; LeGras R Louvain,Universite Catholique A set of anhydride-grafted polypropylenes was collected from various companies. Titration against potassium hydroxide was used to determine the anhydride contents or raw, heated and washed samples. The deconvolution of the IR spectra of washed anhydride-grafted polypropylenes revealed two types of grafted anhydride, succinic anhydride form and polymaleic anhydride form. All in all, four forms of anhydride functions were detected, two grafted and two free, each being either on monomeric or polymeric forms. Nevertheless, one brand (Hercoprime G from Himont Inc.) can be distinguished by its very high grafting level. The other materials were Modic F300H, Modic P300M, Modic P300F (from Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co. Ltd., Brussels), Admer QF500E (from Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Ltd., Brussels), Polybond 3002 (from British Petroleum Co., Amsterdam), Orevac PP-CH (from ATOchem, Paris) and Exxelor 1015 (from Exxon Chemical, Brussels). It is concluded that only a fraction of the anhydride content in commercial PP contributes to the adhesion or to the compatibiliser formation. 13 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.617171 Item 336 Polymer Science Series A 38, No.8, Aug.1996, p.835-8
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MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE BY LOW-FREQUENCY GLOW DISCHARGE IN AIR Visen E I; Gil’man A B; Shibryaeva L S; Sosnovskaya L N; Rishina L A Semenov N.N.,Institute of Chemical Physics; Moscow,Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry The treatment of isotactic PP with glow discharge in air resulted in the appearance of oxygen-containing functional groups similar to those formed in the case of radical oxidation of PP. Plasma treatment also affected the m.p. of PP. It was shown that the initial PP synthesised with titanium trichloride-diethylaluminium chloride catalytic system in the presence of hydrogen as a transfer agent consisted of two crystalline structures with m.p.s equal to 150.8 and 159.4C. The m.p. of the lower molec.wt. and less stereoregular fraction of the polymer decreased and sometimes this crystalline structure even disappeared completely. 12 refs. (Full translation of Vys.Soed.A, 38, No.8, 1996, p.1297-301) CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
Accession no.615722 Item 337 Journal of Coatings Technology 68, No.857, June 1996, p.83-91 EXAMINATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF A TPO ADHESION PROMOTER MATERIAL IN A PAINTED TPO SYSTEM Prater T J; Kaberline S L; Holubka J W; Ryntz R A Ford Motor Co. A chlorinated polyolefin material that is a principal constituent of the adhesion promoter was found to distribute itself within the top few microns of the TPO surface when analysed by imaging SIMS and fluorescent microscopy of labelled chlorinated polyolefin. The diffusion of the adhesion promoting materials into the TPO substrate is studied, and the subsequent effect of this diffusion on the adhesion robustness of the painted system is examined. 10 refs. USA
Accession no.614793 Item 338 Macromolecules 29, No.21, 7th Oct.1996,p.6872-9 SURFACE MODIFICATION AND FUNCTIONALISATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FILMS Kang E T; Tan K L; Kato K; Uyama Y; Ikada Y Singapore,National University Argon plasma-pretreated PTFE films were subjected to further surface modification by near-UV light induced graft copolymerisation with acrylic acid, sodium salt of styrenesulphonic acid and N,N-dimethylacrylamide. The surface compositions and microstructures of the modified films were characterised by angle-resolved X-ray
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References and Abstracts
photoelectron spectroscopy. A stratified surface microstructure with a significantly higher substrate-to-graft chain ratio in the top surface layer than in the subsurface layer was always obtained for PTFE coated with a substantial amount of the hydrophilic graft. The stratified surface microstructure was consistent with the observed hysteresis in advancing and receding water contact angles. The graft yield increased with argon plasma pretreatment time and monomer concentration. Covalent immobilisation of trypsin on the acrylic acid polymer-grafted PTFE films was facilitated by water-soluble carbodiimide. Solutioncoating of the polymeric acid-modified PTFE films with the emeraldine base of polyaniline readily resulted in an interfacial charge transfer interaction and a semiconductive PTFE surface. 40 refs. JAPAN; SINGAPORE
Accession no.614733 Item 339 Antec ’96. Vol.I. Conference Proceedings. Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.1219-24. 012 LASER SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS TO ENHANCE ADHESION. I. POLYOLEFINS Tavakoli S M; Riches S T TWI (SPE) The surfaces of HDPE, LDPE, PP and glass fibrereinforced PP samples were treated with xenon chloride, arsenic fluoride and krypton fluoride excimer lasers to enhance adhesion. Single lap shear joints were prepared using a polycyanoacrylate adhesive. The failure position for many samples tested was within the adherend. SEM studies showed little or no physical effect on the surfaces, particularly at low frequencies, but X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed some chemical changes. Specimens stored for up to 15 days after laser treatment retained their surface reactivity and could still be effectively bonded. 5 refs. WELDING INSTITUTE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.609263 Item 340 Antec ’96. Volume III. Conference proceedings. Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.2707-11 EFFECT OF MOULDING CONDITIONS ON THE ADHESION OF COATINGS TO THERMOPLASTIC OLEFINS Ryntz R A; McNeight A; Ford A Ford Motor Co.; Exxon Chemical Co. (SPE) Processing of thermoplastic olefins (TPOs), which are mostly blends of polyolefins and elastomers, is generally accomplished through the use of injection moulding. The
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injection moulding process was studied by varying melt temperature, injection speed, gate dimensions, and part thickness in relation to the physical attributes of subsequent plastic parts afforded. Attributes examined included optical birefringence, surface microhardness, dye penetration, and adhesion of paint on top-coated parts. Correlations to mould filling analysis indicate that shear, as effected by melt temperature, injection speed, and gate dimensions, plays a significant role in the ability to achieve paint adhesion to the moulded article. 6 refs. USA
Accession no.609023 Item 341 Journal of Adhesion 59, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.75-86 ADHESION BETWEEN PLASMA-TREATED POLYPROPYLENE FILMS AND THIN ALUMINIUM FILMS Nakamura Y; Nakamae K Shiga Prefecture,Industrial Research Centre; Kobe,University PP film was treated with radiofrequency-induced oxygen plasma, followed by the vacuum deposition of an aluminium thin film. The peel strength of the obtained Al/PP was measured. The effect of plasma treatment conditions on the peel strength of Al/PP was also investigated. The surfaces of PP film treated with plasma and the interfaces of Al/PP obtained as a result of the peel test were analysed. The mechanism involved in the adhesion between plasma-treated PP films and Al thin film is discussed. 17 refs. (Adhesion Society of Japan, 30th Anniversary Meeting, Yokohama, Japan, Nov.1994) JAPAN
Accession no.608814 Item 342 Journal of Adhesion 59, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.25-37 HYDROGEN BONDING AND THE INTERFACIAL COMPONENT OF ADHESION: ACID/BASE INTERACTIONS OF CORONATREATED POLYPROPYLENE Good R J; Li Kuang Shu; Hung-Chang Chiu; Yeung C K New York,State University The effect of activation of the surface of PP sheet by a corona discharge upon the contact angles of liquids and on the surface free energy parameters was determined. The test liquids were water, glycerol, formamide, diiodomethane and alpha-bromonaphthalene. Both advancing and retreating contact angles were measured. The acid/base theory of the components of surface free energy was used. 19 refs. (Adhesion Society of Japan, 30th Anniversary Meeting, Yokohama, Japan, Nov.1994) USA
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References and Abstracts
Item 343 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62, No.1, 3rd Oct.1996, p.1-8 ADHESION OF UV-TREATED RUBBERS TO EPOXY ADHESIVES Kondyurin A; Klyachkin Y Russian Academy of Sciences The adhesive joint strength behaviour of vulcanised rubbers with epoxy adhesives during the UV treatment of rubber surfaces was studied. The change in rubber surfaces and the interphase layer structure of joints was investigated. A model for the joint strength behaviour was proposed, which could be used to predict the appropriate use of UV treatment of rubber surfaces to improve the joint strength. The main reason for increased joint strength during UV treatment was found to be the increase in concentration of polymer network crosslinks of substrate and adhesive, when the concentration of active oxygen-containing groups on the substrate surface was enhanced. 16 refs. CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
Accession no.607050 Item 344 Polymer Engineering and Science 36, No.14, July 1996, p.1849-55 EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS AS DETERMINED BY ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY ON THE WETTING PROPERTIES OF PTFE THIN FILMS Miller J D; Veeramasuneni S; Drelich J; Yalamanchili M R; Yamauchi G Utah,University; NTT Technical Assistance & Support Center
Takagi K; Fujimatsu H; Usami H; Ogasawara S Shinshu,University The adhesive effect of LLDPE gels in organic solvents such as decalin, tetralin and o-dichlorobenzene on HDPE mouldings was investigated by shearing tests and DSC measurements. For all the gels, the temp. at which the heated gel started to exhibit the adhesive effect was about 70C, which was similar to the result for LDPE gel. In particular, when heated at 110C, LLDPE gel in tetralin showed such a strong bond strength that PE plates of 3mm thickness and 20mm width gave rise to necking. It was found that LLDPE gel behaved as though LDPE gel was added to HDPE gel, i.e. LDPE-like components in LLDPE resin exerted the adhesive effect at lower heating temp., while HDPE exerted the strong adhesive effect at higher heating temp. 9 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.605708 Item 346 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry Edition 34, No.12, 15th Sept.1996, p.2299-310 REACTIONS OF POLYETHYLENE SURFACES WITH THE DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTS OF AN AIR PLASMA: GAS PHASE AND SURFACE SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES Kill G; Hunter D H; McIntyre N S Western Ontario,University
The effect of film roughness on the wetting properties of vacuum-deposited PTFE thin films was investigated using atomic force microscopy(AFM) and contact angle goniometry. Surface roughness was characterised by AFM in terms of RMS roughness and fractal dimensions. A contact angle correlation with surface roughness, as determined by AFM, was evident from these results, which are discussed on the basis of wetting theory. The results also confirmed that the high water contact angles (as high as 150 degrees) recently observed at the surface of a new water repulsive coating material (mixture of PTFE and binder) were a result of surface roughness. Such measurements clarified the effect of nanometre-size surface asperities on the wetting properties of hydrophobic coatings. 24 refs.
Using absorption and emission spectroscopies, the gas phase downstream products of an air glow discharge were measured as a function of plasma power, air flow rate and distance from the plasma. In addition, the reaction of these products with a LLDPE polymer surface was followed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). At higher air flow rates, the primary reactive species was confirmed to be O(3P) atomic oxygen. At low flow rates, the concentration of O(3P) was significantly depleted at the sample position, but other atomic states became more prominent. O(5S) and O(3S) were two states which were identified. XPS studies of the PE surface reacted at high flow rates showed oxygen functionalities that were probably the result of initiation by hydrogen abstraction. At low flow rates, the products suggested initiation by oxygen insertion. Changes in flow rate could thus result in major changes to the polymer surface chemistry. 41 refs.
JAPAN; USA
CANADA
Accession no.605842
Accession no.604945
Item 345 Polymer Gels & Networks 4, No.3, 1996, p.229-40 ADHESIVE EFFECT OF LINEAR LOWDENSITY POLYETHYLENE GELS ON POLYETHYLENE MOULDINGS
Item 347 Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie Vol.239, July 1996, p.55-62 ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF SOME PRESSURESENSITIVE ADHESIVE AGENTS CONTAINING OLIGOMER ADDITIVES
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References and Abstracts
Florian S; Novak I Slovak Academy of Sciences The influence of oligomers, specifically propylene oil and butylene oil, of different molec.wts. on the adhesive properties of atactic PP and its mixtures with styrene-2ethylhexyl acrylate(S-EHA) copolymer was studied. The mechanical work of adhesion of the mixture containing atactic PP and oligomer increased with the molec.wt. of the oligomer, which was more significant in the case of propylene oil. For ternary mixtures of atactic PP-S-EHA copolymer/oligomer, a maximum of adhesion could be observed if the content of the S-EHA copolymer in the mixture reached about 30 mass %. In the absence of oligomers in the mixture, a minimum of adhesion could be observed for this composition, which could be attributed to the incompatibility of the remaining components. 8 refs. SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.604234 Item 348 Pitture e Vernici 72, No.9, Sept.1996, p.15/24 Italian; English FINISHING PRODUCTS FOR THE DIRECT ADHESION ON UNTREATED POLYPROPYLENE Begard J-M; Descarpentries K; Dimitrakakis N; Jouve H Results of tests carried out to improve the paint adhesion of untreated polypropylene, are discussed. The binder system consisted of an hydroxy-acrylic based binder and a chlorinated polyolefin, (CPO) type binder. The research aimed at adjusting the CPO according to the vehicle which would react with other isocyanate groups of the hardener in order to achieve a simple coating formulation for use on low energy polymers. INOPLAST SA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.603920 Item 349 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69, No.2, May/June 1996, p.245-52 CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS OF RUBBER SURFACES: XPS SURVEY OF REACTIONS OF TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID AT THE SURFACE OF VULCANISED ELASTOMERS Lawson D F; Kim K J; Fritz T L Bridgestone/Firestone Inc. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) is used to examine the outermost 100 A of selected elastomer substrates, and to classify the predominant reactions that occur there between the substrates and trichlororoisocyanuric acid (TCICA). About four monolayers deep, this surface region represents the locus
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of interfacial and adhesive processes. From these experiments, the following is concluded: that at the outermost surface of NR, substitution reactions of TCICA predominate, but a minor amount of addition is also evident; that addition and substitution reactions compete on the surfaces of the butadiene-containing polymers, BR and SBR; that no detectable functionalisation by TCICA takes place on EPDM or CIIR - polymers which lack sufficient olefinic sites for surface modification; that isocyanuric acid or other nitrogenous residues are present on treated surfaces before washing; that reconstruction of functionalised surfaces may occur upon swelling for extended periods; and that surface oxygen levels in these experiments is variable, and cannot be relied upon as indicators of the functionalisation chemistry. 13 refs. USA
Accession no.603438 Item 350 MRS Bulletin 21, No.8, Aug.1996, p.43-5 MODIFICATION OF POLYMERIC SURFACES WITH PLASMAS Coates D M; Kaplan S L Key features of plasma processing of polymer surfaces are outlined including breakdown of surface oils, etching, surface activation, and deposition of surface coatings. Emphasis is given to capacitively coupled radio-frequency plasmas. 13 refs. Accession no.603241 Item 351 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.9, 1996, p.833-45 EFFECTS OF HYDROCARBON TACKIFERS ON THE ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF CONTACT ADHESIVES BASED ON POLYCHLOROPRENE. I. INFLUENCE OF THE AMOUNT OF HYDROCARBON TACKIFIER Ferrandiz-Gomez T D P; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-Barcelo A C; Martin-Martinez J M INESCOP; Alicante,University An aromatic hydrocarbon resin was added at levels between 20 and 120 phr to a solvent-based polychloroprene adhesive. The properties and compatibility of the polychloroprene/resin mixtures were studied using contact angle measurements, mechanical tests, DSC, thermal mechanical analysis and rheological studies. Two levels of compatibility between polychloroprene and aromatic hydrocarbon resin could de distinguished, depending on the resin content. For amounts lower than 50 phr, there was improved cohesion, tack and mechanical, thermodynamic, rheological and adhesion properties of polychloroprene adhesives. A resin content higher than 50 phr resulted in a decrease in the
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adhesion, tack and mechanical properties of the adhesives which could be ascribed to a loss of compatibility between the hydrocarbon resin and the polychloroprene. 8 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.602824 Item 352 Journal of Adhesion 57, Nos.1-4, 1996, p.203-25 ADHESION OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBERS WITH DIFFERENT SILICA CONTENT Torro-Palau A; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-Barcelo A C; Martin-Martinez J M INESCOP; Alicante,University The influence of silica content of four styrene-butadiene rubbers on their adhesion to PU adhesives was studied. The effectiveness of physical (roughening), chemical (halogenation, fumaric acid) and physical plus chemical surface treatments to promote adhesion of rubber was discussed. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.601377 Item 353 Macromolecules 29, No.12, 3rd June 1996, p.4258-66 INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE AND SOME ETHYLENE-CONTAINING COPOLYMERS McEvoy R L; Krause S Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Annealed interfaces between HDPE, LDPE and PP and some ethylene-co-vinyl acetate and ethylene-co-acrylic acid copolymers were examined using optical microscopy, SEM and electron microprobe analysis. Transcrystalline zones were observed in a polarising microscope on the copolymer side of the interface between EVA copolymers with up to 18 wt.% vinyl acetate or ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers with up to 6.5 wt.% acrylic acid and HDPE or LDPE when the samples were heated above the melting points of both polymers and allowed to cool slowly to room temperature. The crystallisation temperatures in the transcrystalline zones were all above those of the bulk copolymers and, in some cases, above the melting points of the bulk copolymers. Electron microprobe data on EVA-HDPE freeze fractured interfaces showed a percentage of vinyl acetate less than that in the bulk copolymer in the region corresponding to the transcrystalline zone on the copolymer side of the interface. The data indicated that PE migrated into the transcrystalline zone. This was confirmed by optical microscopy which showed that some PE oligomers with molecular weights up to 507 were completely miscible with
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EVA samples having vinyl acetate contents up to 18 wt.%. Also, calculations using Flory-Huggins theory indicated that copolymers of low wt.% vinyl acetate or acrylic acid should be miscible with low molecular weight PE at elevated temperatures. Optical microscopy of ethyleneacrylic acid copolymer or EVA interfaces with PP showed the formation of influxes of copolymer into the PP side of the interface, resulting in a mechanically interlocked interface. Relevance to compatibilisers for blends of waste plastics is indicated. 36 refs. USA
Accession no.599752 Item 354 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.7, 1996, p.651-75 PLASMA TREATMENT AND ADHESION PROPERTIES OF A RUBBER-MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Schreiber H P; KlembergSapieha J E Chalmers University of Technology; Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Cold, glow discharge plasmas were used as a pretreatment method for the lacquering of rubber-modified PP (‘thermoplastic polyolefin’, TPO) plates. The effects of plasma treatments at radio(RF)- and microwave(MW) frequencies and in combined MW-RF modes were studied, as were the effects of plasma power-to-gas flow ratios and of discharges in oxygen, nitrogen, air, argon and hydrogen. The adhesion between a two-component PU lacquer and plasma-treated TPO plates was evaluated by 180 degree peel testing. 48 refs. CANADA; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.599413 Item 355 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.6, 1996, p.515-39 FLAME SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE FILM Strobel M; Branch M C; Ulsh M; Kapaun R S; Kirk S; Lyons C S 3M Co.; Colorado,University Contact angle measurements, the ASTM standard wetting test for polyolefin films, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) were used to characterise flame treated PP films. Two combustion models, STANJAN and PREMIX, were then used to determine the chemical and physical properties of the flames used to treat the PP films. An overview is given of all the relevant flame treatment literature, followed by a discussion of those aspects of combustion science most pertinent to flame treatment of polymer films. 66 refs. USA
Accession no.595114
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References and Abstracts
Item 356 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60, No.13, 27th June 1996, p.2377-85 CONVERSION OF PLASTIC/CELLULOSE WASTE INTO COMPOSITES. II. IMPROVING ADHESION BETWEEN POLYETHYLENE AND CELLULOSE USING OZONE Hedenberg P; Gatenholm P Chalmers University of Technology
ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY(EDX) STUDIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF A COBALT ADHESION PROMOTER ON THE INTERFACE BETWEEN RUBBER SKIM COMPOUNDS AND TYRE STEEL CORD Chandra A K; Biswas A; Mukhopadhyay R; Bhowmick AK J.K.Industries Ltd.; Indian Institute of Technology
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
The failed interfaces between NR skim compounds and tyre steel cord used as tyre cord adhesion test specimens were studied by SEM and EDX analysis in order to understand the influence of cobalt boroacylate in the rubber compound as an adhesion promoter. SEM studies indicated a mixture of cohesive failure in the rubber and interfacial failure between the rubber and the brass coating. Cobalt boroacylate led to more cohesive failure of the rubber, due to its degradative effects on rubber. EDX analysis of the failed cord and rubber surfaces at various points gave the concentrations of copper, zinc, cobalt, iron, silicon, sulphur, oxygen and carbon. Assuming van Ooij’s model of interfacial sulphide film formation over the brass layer and analysing the EDX results, it was clear that the failure occurred at the Cu/Zn and CuxS/ZnS sub-layers. 25 refs.
Accession no.593626
INDIA
The interfacial adhesion between regenerated cellulose fibres and LDPE was shown to be increased by treating LDPE with ozone. Both LDPE and regenerated cellulose were oxidised during the ozone treatment, which resulted in the formation of carbonyl and hydroperoxide. The carbonyls on LDPE were mainly ketones and carboxyls. The improved adhesion was thought to be the result of both hydrogen and covalent bonding. Carbonyls on LDPE could interact with hydroxyl groups on cellulose, and hydroperoxides might decompose during processing to form strong bonds between the materials. Chain scission took place for both materials when exposed to ozone, but the physical and mechanical changes were limited as long as the treatment was not extended. 27 refs.
Item 357 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 16, No.2, May 1996, p.109-12 ADHESION AT THE POLYPROPYLENE/LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMER BLEND-GLASS INTERFACE Lipatov Y S; Shumsky V F; Babich V F Ukraine,Academy of Sciences The adhesion of a blend of LCP with PP to the surface of glass fibres was investigated over the whole range of blend compositions. It was found that the composition dependence of the adhesion strength was characterised by a sharp increase when the amount of LCP in the blend exceeded a definite limit corresponding to phase inversion. The results were explained by the formation near the interface of two adhesion layers, the first being composed of pure LCP and had a higher surface tension, whereas the second layer represented the blend of varying composition. At small amounts of LCP, adhesion failure proceeded in the interphase between the LCP and the blend. After phase inversion, where the adhesion strongly increased, adhesion failure proceeded near the interface between the LCP and the glass. 11 refs. UKRAINE
Accession no.591305 Item 358 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.5, 1996, p.431-60 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY(SEM)/
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Accession no.591296 Item 359 China Synthetic Rubber Industry 19, No.3, 1996, p.168-70 Chinese GRAFT MODIFICATION OF CHLOROPRENE RUBBER WITH POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE MACROMONOMER Pang Zhengzhi; Jiang Guoqiang Beijing,University of Chemical Technology PMMA macromonomers of different molec.wts. were synthesised and the graft modification of chloroprene rubber with the PMMA macromonomer was investigated. The results showed that the graft rate increased with the increase of initiator concentration and reaction time, with a maximum value of 4%. The peel strength for bonding to soft PVC sheet reached its maximum value when the molec.wt. of PMMA macromonomer was between 6,100 and 11,300. 8 refs. CHINA
Accession no.590629 Item 360 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69, No.1, March-April 1996, p.48-58 MECHANISM BY WHICH PRECIPITATED SILICA IMPROVES BRASS-COATED WIRE-TONATURAL RUBBER ADHESION Waddell W H; Evans L R; Goralski E G; Snodgrass L J PPG Industries Inc.
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Quantitative determination of elements in the interfacial growth layer formed on brass-coated wire tyre cord when reacted in squalene suspensions containing carbon black and curing agents, with and without precipitated silica and an organocobalt adhesive, was carried out. Techniques used included SEM with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy. The effects on elemental changes in the interfacial growth layer upon addition of silica and/or cobalt neodecanoate to the squalene suspensions were statistically analysed. As the mechanism for silica improvement of brass-coated wire-to-rubber adhesion was previously shown not to be a simple effect of improving rubber physical properties, a chemical mechanism was proposed involving silica to reduce the thickness of the interfacial growth layer and to change the relative concentration of compounds formed in the interfacial growth layer. 46 refs. (ACS Rubber Division, Fall Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, Oct.1995) USA
Accession no.589974 Item 361 Polymer 37, No.7, March 1996, p.1129-36 FUSION BONDING OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE GRAFTED POLYPROPYLENE TO POLYAMIDE 6 VIA IN SITU BLOCK COPOLYMER FORMATION AT THE INTERFACE Bideaux J E; Smith G D; Bernet N; Manson J A E; Hilborn J Lausanne,Ecole Polytechnique Federale The effects of bonding temperature and time on the critical strain energy release rate (measured by wedge test in an asymmetric double cantilever beam geometry) of the bonds were studied. ESCA and SEM observations of the fracture surfaces were used to provide detailed information on the locus of failure and the failure mechanism. An increase of critical strain energy release rate with bonding temperature was observed with two well defined transitions corresponding to the melting temperatures of the grafted PP and the polyamide 6. Below the melting point of the grafted PP there was no significant adhesion due to the absence of intimate contact between the adherends. Above this temperature, the critical strain energy release rate increased gradually with temperature. Optimal bonding required melting of both polymers and resulted in the highest critical strain energy release rate value. Analysis of the fracture surfaces showed that failure was cohesive in the grafted PP (PP containing grafted EPR) and accompanied by significant plastic deformation. Explanations are suggested. 21 refs. SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.588658
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Item 362 IRC ’95 Kobe International Rubber Conference. Conference proceedings. Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995, p.432-5. 012 EFFECT OF DISCHARGE TREATMENT ON VULCANISED RUBBER SURFACES Kusano Y; Noguchi T; Yoshikawa M; Kato N; Naito K Bridgestone Corp. (Japan,Society of Rubber Industry) Several discharge treatments are applied to vulcanised NR, SBR and NBR compounds which show different adhesion properties. After the treatments NR does not adhere to urethane adhesives, whereas SBR improves slightly. In the case of NBR, corona treated surface shows poor bonding. These results are related to the functional groups and the damage of the surfaces. 5 refs. JAPAN
Accession no.586238 Item 363 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 16, No.1, 1996, p.29-31 IMPROVED ADHESION TO POLYMERS BY UV/ OZONE SURFACE OXIDATION Mathieson I; Bradley R H Loughborough,University of Technology A UV-ozone oxidation process is shown to be an effective adhesion pretreatment for PE and PEEK. The data obtained indicate that the treatment gives considerable oxidation and improved wettability for PE and PEEK surface types. Treated surfaces were analysed using Xray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also used to follow the chemistry and mechanism of the oxidation. Adhesion with a two-component epoxy resin was measured for PE and PEEK, and was observed to improve significantly after pretreatment. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586029 Item 364 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.2, 1996, p.123-50 PLASMA POLYMERISATION OF ALLYL ALCOHOL ON POLYOLEFIN-BASED MATERIALS: CHARACTERISATION AND ADHESION PROPERTIES Nihlstrand A; Hjertberg T; Johansson K Chalmers University of Technology; Sweden,Institute for Surface Chemistry Hydroxyl-rich surfaces were obtained through the plasma polymerisation of allyl alcohol on various polyolefinbased substrates. The influence of plasma parameters (deposition time and power), the type of substrate, and water washing on the chemical structure of the formed
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References and Abstracts
plasma polymers was investigated. The characterisation involved contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FTIR analyses. The adhesion between plasma-polymerised layers and a twocomponent PU lacquer was evaluated by a 90 degree peel test. 27 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.584629 Item 365 Macromolecules 29, No.2, 15th Jan.1996, p.774-82 EFFECTS OF THE FORMATION OF COPOLYMER ON THE INTERFACIAL ADHESION BETWEEN SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYMERS Boucher E; Folkers J P; Hervet H; Leger L; Creton C Paris,College de France; Ecole Superieure de Phys.et Chim.Industrielles The relationship between the fracture toughness and the real density of diblock copolymer at the interface was investigated for joints between PP and polyamide-6, two incompatible, semicrystalline polymers. Diblock copolymers were formed in situ by reaction between succinic acid groups terminally grafted onto 5% of the PP chains and the amine ends of the polyamide-6 chains. Fracture toughnesses were measured using an asymmetric double cantilever beam test. After the bulk polyamide-6 had been completely rinsed from an adhered sample, Xray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to measure the areal density of copolymer at the interface. Above the melt temperatures of PP, but below that of polyamide-6, reaction at the interface was limited by diffusion of the reactive PP chains. By controlling the temperature and the time of formation, the fracture toughness could be varied in the range from 5 to 100 J/sq.m. Dissipation during fracture was observed to occur by plastic deformation in the PP, and failure of the joint was determined to occur by chain scission of the PP part of the copolymer. The fracture toughness was found to vary as the square of the areal density of copolymer at the interface, a relationship similar to that observed and predicted for glassy polymers. This scaling behaviour suggests that the stresses in the fracture are concentrated over a distance on the order of 10 nm at the head of the crack. 39 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.583172 Item 366 European Polymer Journal 32, No.3, March 1996, p.375-83 PLASMA SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYETHYLENE WITH ORGANOSILICON AND ORGANOTIN MONOMERS Akovali G; Rzaev Z M O; Mamedov D G
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Middle East,Technical University; Azerbaijan,Academy of Sciences The plasmochemical modification of a PE film surface by monomers such as vinyltriethoxysilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, tetraethylstannane and hexabutyldistannoxane was studied. The structure and properties of the plasma polymers obtained and the plasma-modified PE film surfaces were studied by FTIR and photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopies and by use of surface energy and swelling measurements. It was shown that the structure of plasma polymers formed either on the inorganic non-active or on the organic active surfaces did not differ much from each other. In the structure of the organosilicon surface plasma polymers, mainly polysiloxane type fragments emerged, while for organotin analogues carboxylate fragments predominated. The plasma of organosilicon and organotin compounds were used to modify PE film surfaces to produce thin hydrophobic, biologically active and inactive surfaces. The results of surface energy studies as followed by the interaction with methylene iodide and ethylene glycol and degree of swelling studies for both unmodified and plasma-modified PE films in xylene showed a decrease in the latter and an increase of hydrophobic components, as expected. 29 refs. AZERBAIJAN; TURKEY
Accession no.582842 Item 367 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59, No.10, 7th March 1996, p.1651-7 MODIFICATION OF POLYOLEFIN SURFACES BY PLASMA-INDUCED GRAFTING Johnsen K; Kirhorn S; Olafsen K; Redford K; Stori A SINTEF Materials Technology Polar monomers were grafted onto polyolefin surfaces using inert gas plasma. In the first stage, an inert gas plasma (argon plasma) was used to generate free radicals on the polyolefin surface. In the second stage, the plasma generator was turned off and a vinyl monomer introduced as a vapour. Monomer was surface grafted by free radical polymerisation. After cleaning and drying, the samples were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR and contact angle. LDPE was successfully grafted with acrylic acid, glycidyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. The grafting of acrylic acid was studied in more detail, and the rate of grafting was observed to increase with increasing monomer pressure and to decrease with time. The increasing of grafting temperature was found to reduce the degree of grafting. 16 refs. NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.581320 Item 368 Acta Polymerica
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47, No.2/3, Feb.1996, p.112-8 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYETHYLENE FIBRES TREATED IN AN OXYGEN MICROWAVE PLASMA Plawky U; Londschein M; Michaeli W Duisberg,Gerhard-Mercator University; HT Troplast AG; IKV The surface modification of a commercial PE fibre treated in an oxygen low temperature microwave plasma was investigated. The change in surface chemistry was analysed using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The dependence of the surface oxidation on gas flux, process pressure and input energy was determined. The influence of the treatment on the mechanical properties of a model composite was investigated by a so-called fibre bundle pull-out method. 62 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.581102 Item 369 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 10, No.1, 1996, p.61-77 CEMENTITIOUS-MATRIX COMPOSITES FROM SILICON CHLORIDE-PLASMAACTIVATED PP FIBRES Denes F; Feldman D; Hua Z Q; Zheng Z; Young R A Wisconsin,University; Concordia University PP fibres were treated under radio frequency silicon chloride-plasma conditions. Comparative test data for PP fibre-reinforced concrete and silicon chloride-cold plasma-treated PP fibre-reinforced concrete are discussed. 32 refs. CANADA; USA
Accession no.581065 Item 370 International Polymer Science and Technology 22, No.8, 1995, p.T/1-8 SHORT FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF ELASTOMERS van der Pol J F; de Vos L J Akzo Fibers bV An overview is given of the advantages and other consequences of reinforcing rubber compounds by the addition of Twaron p-aramid (polyphenylene terephthalamide structure shown) short fibres. The principal effect is a significant increase in the modulus at low elongation. Two methods of improving the adhesion of the fibres to the rubber are described, specifically, the production of Twaron pulp by applying shear stress to a suspension of the fibres in water and the production of dip coated fibres by dipping yarns prior to cutting into short fibres. Data are shown for the effects of Twaron pulp on the mechanical properties of NR/BR blend, CR and EPDM. Data for each type of fibre treatment are
114
shown for CR. Some hints on ensuring proper mixing of the short fibres in the rubber are given. Notes are given on the use of short fibre reinforced rubbers in drive belts, low pressure hoses, high pressure hoses, tyres (bead and tread area and especially earth mover tyres) and seals such as sealing rings and oil drilling packing. Some comments are made on the processing of each type of treated fibre. Tear propagation, abrasion resistance, compression set, heat build-up, and friction coefficient data are included in addition to tensile properties. 1 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.580302 Item 371 Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics 197, No.1, Jan.1996, p.61-82 MODIFICATION OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE BY OXYGEN AND HELIUM PLASMA WITH REFERENCE TO THERMOOXIDATIVE STABILITY Bauer M; Rembold M; Marti E; Schneider H A; Muelhaupt R Freiburg,University; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum The modification of isotactic PP films by reactive (oxygen) and inert (helium) gas plasma treatment was studied with reference to surface structure and thermooxidative stability for different treatment times. The following effects were investigated: change of nonhelical (atactic or amorphous) content in the surface region and formation of vinyl and vinylidene groups by frustrated multiple internal reflection FTIR spectroscopy, formation of peroxyl radicals by ESR spectroscopy and change of the invariant activation energy of degradation by TGA. 44 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.575689 Item 372 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59, No.1, 3rd Jan.1996, p.119-24 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERISATION OF PLASMA-TREATED POLYETHYLENE Nitschke M; Hollander A; Mehdorn F; Behnisch J; Meichsner J Chemnitz,Technical University; Fraunhofer-Institut fuer Ang.Polymerforschung Thin PE films cast on copper or gold were treated with low pressure oxygen plasma. Changes in the chemical structure of these films were investigated by IR spectroscopy using a reflection method in combination with chemical derivatisation reactions. The potential of the chemical derivatisation was demonstrated for hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups by the reaction with
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References and Abstracts
trifluoroacetic anhydride and hydrazine. The reaction conditions were varied to check for side reactions. The results of the derivatisation were discussed in terms of secondary structures. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.575592 Item 373 Journal of Adhesion 50, No.1, 1995, p.25-42 FUMARIC ACID AS A PROMOTER OF ADHESION IN VULCANISED SYNTHETIC RUBBERS Pastor-Sempere N; Fernandez-Garcia J C; OrgilesBarcelo A C; Torregrosa-Macia R; Martin-Martinez J M INESCOP; Alicante,Universidad The addition of dicarboxylic acids to PU adhesives in order to improve their adhesion to vulcanised synthetic rubbers may cause the degradation of the adhesives over a period of time. To avoid the degradation of PU adhesives, a method for surface treatment of vulcanised synthetic rubbers with carboxylic acid solutions instead of adding them to the adhesives is proposed. It is shown that surface treatment of SBRs with fumaric acid solutions is effective, due to the creation of surface roughness, an increase in surface energy, the elimination of abhesive substances and the creation of chemical groups on the surface. These modifications are shown to contribute to the improvement of adhesion in these rubbers. The nature of the solvent mixture used to apply the fumaric acid to the rubber surface, as well as the nature of the rubber itself, determines the effectiveness of the surface treatment. 16 refs.
BONDING POLYOLEFINS Fields J T; Garton A; Bell J P Connecticut,University An acrylic adhesive was developed for formation of strong, water-resistant structural joints with polyolefins. The two-component, lightly crosslinked, methyl methacrylate-based adhesive consisted of an anaerobic curing system in one part with a copper(II) salt catalyst in the other. Bonds formed with LDPE resulted in substrate failure upon block shear testing throughout the open time of the adhesive (45 min). The interdiffusion of the monomers into the substrates and their subsequent polymerisation was followed using several IR spectroscopy techniques. The interphase of mixed LDPE and adhesive was determined to be as thick as 1.7 mm using IR microscopy. It was concluded that the strong adhesion in the joints was the result of the interpenetration of the adhesive into the substrates. 25 refs. USA
Accession no.551810 Item 376 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, No.4, Sept-Oct.1994, p.582-601 CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENTS OF NATURAL RUBBER AND EPDM THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS: EFFECTS ON FRICTION AND ADHESION Ellul M D; Hazelton D R Advanced Elastomer Systems
Splint materials made with thermoplastic polyester, particularly poly-epsilon-caprolactone having a molec.wt. of over 5,000 and melting between 50 and 100C have improved properties when subjected to gamma-radiation in the range from 0.5 to 30 megarads.
NR thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) made by dynamic vulcanisation of NR during its mixing with PP were subjected to various halogenation surface treatments. A marked reduction in the friction coefficient was possible depending on the chemical treatment used, TPE composition and presence of a lubricant. As a result of halogenation, there was an increase in the microroughness and hardness of the NR TPE surface. These effects partially explained the large decrease in the friction coefficients as the contact area was decreased. NR TPE could thus be used in applications requiring low friction, such as certain types of seals. Halogenation also increased the surface energy of the TPE, which in turn promoted adhesion to various polar substrates. EPDM-PP TPEs were used as a control in this study to compare a low unsaturation EPDM-based TPE with the high unsaturation NR TPEs in different halogenation surface treatments. 17 refs. (ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Orlando, Oct.1993)
USA
USA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.553751 Item 374 Patent Number: US 5378531 A 19950103 GAMMA RADIATION TREATED SHEET MATERIAL FOR USE AS ORTHOPAEDIC SPLINTS AND CASTS AND THE LIKE Larson P M; Larson L M
Accession no.551870
Accession no.538230
Item 375 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 9, No.5, 1995, p.627-45 REACTIVE ACRYLIC ADHESIVE FOR
Item 377 Progress in Organic Coatings 21, No.4, 15th March 1993, p.269-84 SURFACE TREATMENTS OF POLYOLEFINS
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115
References and Abstracts
Lane J M; Hourston D J Lancaster,University A review is presented on the surface treatment of polyolefins. Areas covered include corona discharge treatment (CDT), plasma treatment (nitrogen plasma treatment followed by CDT or ozone treatment), chemical modification, ozonation and photooxidation. 60 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.478416 Item 378 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 6,No.12,1992,p.1269-302 CONTACT ANGLE, WETTING, AND ADHESION: A CRITICAL REVIEW Good R J Buffalo,State University of New York
BEHAVIOUR OF POLYETHYLENE FIBRES Tissington B;Pollard G;Ward I M LEEDS,UNIVERSITY The effects of oxygen plasma treatment on ultra-highmodulus PE monofilaments were investigated with particular reference to their adhesion to epoxy resins. Adhesion strength was monitored by pull-out tests, and the effects on the monofilaments was also studied by contact angle measurements, determination of gel content and SEM. Improvements were obtained in adhesion from the plasma treatment: at comparatively short treatment times there was a general oxidation of the surface; at intermediate treatment times crosslinking of the surface occurred, increasing the cohesive strength of the fibre surface; at long exposure time there was a pitting of the surface, which could give rise to a mechanical keying effect, but may also reduce fibre strength. 22 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
The theory of the contact angle of pure liquids on solids, and of the determination of the surface free energy of solids, is reviewed. The basis for the three components is developed, and an algebraic expression for these properties in terms of measured contact angles is presented. The inadequacy of the ‘two-liquid’ methodology is demonstrated. Attention is given to contact angle hysteresis and to film pressure. Some recommendations are made with regard to contact angle measurements. A new treatment of hydrophilicity, and of the scale of hydrophobic/hydrophilic behaviour, is proposed. 109 refs.
Accession no.454592
USA
The surface chemical modification of PP by chlorotrifluoromethane plasma treatment was studied by ESCA, wettability measurements and pressure-sensitive adhesive performance tests. Improved adhesion was observed on PP treated under chlorotrifluoromethane plasma conditions that maximised Cl and minimised F and O incorporation. PP treated using chlorotrifluoromethane plasmsa had a high dispersive component of surface energy, as indicated by low diiodomethane contact angles. High dispersive energy was characteristic of chlorinated surfaces and could contribute to the improved adhesion. 18 refs.
Accession no.469326 Item 379 Journal of Adhesion 39,No.2-3,1992,p.91-100 BONDING OF VULCANISED ELASTOMERS FOR UNDERWATER USE Oldfield D; Symes T E F Australia,Materials Research Laboratories The durability of epoxy adhesive bonds between steel substrates and vulcanised rubber is examined with particular reference to underwater applications such as the adhesion of anechoic tiles on submarine hulls. Tests were carried out to show that an epoxy primer on the steel, chlorination of the vulcanised elastomer surface, and an epoxy adhesive with a water resistant curing system, proved to be the most promising adhesive system. 12 refs. AUSTRALIA
Accession no.465455 Item 380 Composites Science & Technology 44,No.3,1992,p.185-95 STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN PLASMA TREATMENT ON THE ADHESION
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Item 381 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 5,No.3,1991,p.239-45 ENHANCEMENT OF ADHESION TO POLYPROPYLENE FILMS BY CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE PLASMA TREATMENT Corn S;Vora K P;Strobel M;Lyons C S 3M CO.
USA
Accession no.425140 Item 382 Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites.Conference Proceedings. Bled,27th-28th Sept.1989,Paper 8,pp.3. 627 Serbo-Croatian MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR PROCESSING OF GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES Sousek K POLYCHEM LTD. (Yugoslavia,Society of Plastics & Rubber Engineers) Machinery and equipment for gel-coat and fibre injection, automated laminating and injection moulding are
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
References and Abstracts
described, together with equipment for fabrication of PU foams and products based on epoxy resins. AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.421191 Item 383 Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering.Vol.62.Conference Proceedings. Boston,Ma.,Spring 1990,p.437-41. 012 SURFACE CHARACTERISATION AND ADHESION OF PLASMA TREATED PP Nowak S;Haerri H P;Schlapbach L CIBA-GEIGY AG; FRIBOURG,UNIVERSITY (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) The nature of isotactic PP surfaces exposed to lowpressure plasmas of air, oxygen and nitrogen was investigated using X-ray photoelectron core-level spectroscopy. Electrostatic Langmuir probes were utilised to examine some of the important plasma parameters of the discharge. Modification of the polymer surfaces resulted in enhanced oxidation, which was attributed to CO functionalities, and allowed the preparation of PPepoxy-aluminium butt joints with improved shear strength. 11 refs. SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.420500 Item 384 Adhesion 15. Barking,Elsevier Science Publishers,1991,p.69-79. 9(12)4 BONDING OF POLYOLEFINS WITH CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVES McDonald D F LOCTITE (IRELAND) LTD. Edited by: Allen K W (City University,London,Adhesion Science Group) Various methods are discussed for a convenient to use surface treatment for polyolefins that exploits the full benefits to be obtained from bonding with polyolefins. A brief review of relevant patents is made and the remainder of the paper concentrates on the performance of two recently commercialised primers manufactured by Loctite denominated Polyolefin Primers 757 and 770. 20 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; IRELAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.420491 Item 385 Thin Solid Films 181,No.1/2.10th Dec.1989,p.451-60 IN-SITU METALLISATION OF PP FILMS PRETREATED IN A NITROGEN OR AMMONIA LOW-PRESSURE PLASMA Andre V;Arefi F;Amouroux J;De Puydt Y;Bertrand P;Lorang G;Delamar M
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CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE; LABORATOIRE DE CHIMIE DES PLASMAS; LOUVAIN,UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE; PARIS,UNIVERSITY Polypropylene films were pretreated in a nitrogen or ammonia low-pressure plasma in order to improve their adhesive properties towards an in-situ deposited Al coating. The mechanisms involved in the adhesion phenomena were investigated using various surface analysis techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ISS, SSIMS, Auger and contact angle measurements. The presence of a thin non-homogeneous film of light-weight hydrocarbons on the non-pretreated PP was detected, which was removed by a cleaning process induced by the plasma. 9 refs. BELGIUM; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.396806 Item 386 Journal of Adhesion 30,No.1/4,1989,p.199-218 PLASMA TREATMENT FOR IMPROVED BONDING: A REVIEW Liston E M BRANSON INTERNATIONAL PLASMA CORP. The nature of low-pressure glow-discharge plasma, plasma equipment and the effect of plasma on materials is reviewed. Examples are given of the improved adhesive bonding of polymers after plasma treatment and of the surface cleaning and chemical modification that takes place during plasma treatment. 50 refs. USA
Accession no.388519 Item 387 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61,No.4,Sept/Oct.1988,p.688-97 CONTACT ANGLE AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF CHLORINATED AND UNCHLORINATED NATURAL RUBBER SURFACES Extrand C W;Gent A N AKRON,UNIVERSITY 11 refs. USA
Accession no.375351 Item 388 SAMPE Journal 23,No.4,July/Aug.1987,p.34-7 SURFACE PREPARATION OF POLYOLEFINS PRIOR TO ADHESIVE BONDING Rosty R;Martinelli D;Devine A;Bodnar M J;Beetle J US,ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH,DEVELOP.& ENGNG.CENTER
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References and Abstracts
A study was made of the treated surface of a polyolefin versus an untreated surface in an attempt to find an alternative chemical polyolefin pretreatment to the potassium dichromate/sulphuric acid/water solution currently used, which is both carcinogenic and polluting. Tests were carried out on lap shear LDPE/Al specimens treated with bleach/detergent, lead dioxide/sulphuric acid/ water and potassium iodate/sulphuric acid/water solutions and included weight loss studies and SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. 7 refs. USA
Accession no.336644 Item 389 Adhesion 10.Based on Papers presented at the 23rd Annual Conference on Adhesion and Adhesives held London,1985. Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,1986,p.178-91. 9(12)4 SURFACE TREATMENT OF BUTYL RUBBER Cope B C;Brewis D M;Comyn J;Nangreave K R; Carne R J P LEICESTER,POLYTECHNIC Edited by: Allen K W Studies were made to find a treatment that could be applied, on a production basis, to fully cured butyl rubber mouldings for their satisfactory bonding to steel. A threefourfold improvement in bond strength in a steel-rubbersteel butt joint was looked for. New processes and the nature of the degradation seen with established polyolefin treatments were examined. Oxidising techniques proved unlikely to be successful. Mild bromination followed by removal of loose material showed promise although handling was a possible problem. 32 refs. UK
Accession no.335039 Item 390 Journal of Materials Science 22,No.1,Jan.1987,p.207-12 SURFACE EFFECT OF FLAME TREATMENTS ON POLYPROPYLENE Garbassi F;Occhiello F;Polato F HIMONT ITALIA SPA; ISTITUTO GUIDO DONEGANI SPA The effects of flame treatments on a high-impact PP were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine surface chemical composition. Surface tension and polarity were obtained by contact angle measurements and adhesion of treated and untreated samples to paint coatings (two-component systems of polyacrylicpolyester and PU paints) was evaluated. A remarkable agreement in the behaviour of chemical composition and polarity was found, emphasising the role of carbonyl and carboxyl groups. 14 refs. ITALY
Accession no.330409
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Item 391 Machelen, c.1986, pp.19. 12ins. 1/5/86. 42C11C346P1-871 ESCOR POLYMERS FOR BONDING APPLICATIONS ESSOCHEM EUROPE INC. Product and technical information on the range of Escor bonding polymers is given. They are based on copolymers of ethylene and carboxylic acids which can be used as tie-resins in coextruded structures, or as heat-seal layers. They find applications in aseptic cartons for liquid beverages, moisture-proof sacks for chemicals, vacuum packs, thermoformable films for food packaging, cable shielding and squeezable tubes. BELGIUM
Accession no.312917 Item 392 Plastics Engineering 41,No.12,Dec.1985,p.45-8 CLOSER CHARACTERISATION OF CORONATREATED PE SURFACES Kadash M M;Seefried C G MOBIL CHEMICAL CO. Techniques developed to characterise the surface of corona-discharge-treated films were used to evaluate four different PE films for wettability and adhesion before and after treatment and ageing. The treatment is very effective although the mechanisms are not yet entirely understood. Surface properties of the treated PE films are described. USA
Accession no.308343 Item 393 Polymer 26,No.8,Aug.1985,p.1162-6 ESCA STUDIES OF CORONA-DISCHARGETREATED POLYETHYLENE SURFACES BY USE OF GAS-PHASE DERIVATISATION Gerenser L J;Elman J F;Mason M G;Pochan J M EASTMAN KODAK CO. Chemically specific gas-phase reactions were used to tag corona-discharge-induced chemical species on the surface of PE. The tag reactions provided distinct moieties that could be detected via ESCA to provide a surface count of induced species. Hydroxyl, epoxy, hydroperoxy, carboxylic acid and carbonyl populations are discussed as a function of corona energy input, time after treatment and water washings. 28 refs. USA
Accession no.279762 Item 394 Journal of Adhesion 16,No.2,1983,p.77-96
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References and Abstracts
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF ELASTOMERS FOR BONDING Oldfield D;Symes T E F AUSTRALIA,MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORIES Studies are described of the chlorination of vulcanised elastomer surfaces by an organic chlorine donor and the bonds obtained between such surfaces using a polyamidecured epoxy adhesive. The practical parameters of this technique were investigated to establish the requirements for reliable and effective bonding. The chlorinated elastomer surfaces were examined and explanations are offered for the changes observed. 18 refs. (Thirteenth Aust.Polymer Symp.,Canberra, Aust.,Aug.1982). AUSTRALIA
Accession no.246063 Item 395 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 2,No.1,Jan.1982,p.13-7 DERIVATISATION OF DISCHARGE-TREATED LDPE: AN EXTENSION OF XPS ANALYSIS AND A PROBE OF SPECIFIC INTERACTIONS IN ADHESION Briggs D; Kendall C R The results of studies carried out to determine the chemical composition of LDPE surface-modified by electrical discharge treatment and the effect of derivatising particular groups on the auto-adhesive behaviour of these surfaces using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy derivatisation technique are reported. Derivatising agents employed were pentafluorophenyl hydrazine, bromine, chloroacetylchloride diisopropoxytitanium bisacetylacetonate, sodium hydroxide and sulphur dioxide. Two independent specific interaction mechanisms were identified. 15 refs. Accession no.206800 Item 396 Polymer 20, No.9, Sept.1979, p.1053-4 CHEMICAL BASIS OF ADHESION TO ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE TREATED POLYETHYLENE BRIGGS D; KENDALL C R Discharge treatment of LDPE was carried out in air using parallel-plate electrode cells. An air blower was used to replenish the air in the electrode gap to simulate film movement in continuous plant treatment. Autoadhesion studies were carried out on additive free alkathene 33 and printability studies on alkathene 77/11 (an additivecontaining grade). The effects of treatment by chemical reagents on the surface groups present and hence an autoadhesion and printability are described. 4 refs. Accession no.141731
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Item 397 Journal of Materials Science 14, No.6, June 1979, p.1344-8 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES OF POLYMER SURFACES. III. FLAME TREATMENT OF POLYETHYLENE BRIGGS D; BREWIS D M; KONIECZKO M B X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that a normal flame treatment caused a high level of oxidation in LDPE. 0.02% of the antioxidant, 2,6-ditertbutyl-p-cresol, did not reduce the degree of oxidation or the level of adhesion in contrast to the extrusion of ldpe. It is estimated that the depth of oxidation is between 40 and 90a which is much less than for a moderate chromic acid treatment or with extrusion. There were no significant changes in the xpspectra or adhesion levels of flame treated samples after 12 months. 23 refs. Accession no.137524 Item 398 Journal of Materials Science 11, No.7, July 1976, p.1270-7 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES OF POLYMER SURFACES. I. CHROMIC ACID ETCHING OF POLYOLEFINS BRIGGS D; BREWIS D M; KONIECZO M B X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the chromic acid etching of LDPE and PP film surfaces. Both core and valence levels were used to monitor changes in surface composition and these results were correlated with contact angle measurements. Besides the expected observation of oxygenated species, the technique detects a sulphur containing species. Differences in behaviour of the two polyolefins are discussed in connection with previous non-surface specific data. 25 refs. ICI Accession no.63347 Item 399 Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 6, No.3, July 1974, p.213-7 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADHESION OF PAINTS TO NON-POLAR PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS BRAGOLE R A Cleaning and surface preparation of polyolefin substrates to effect a good bond with the paint coating, is discussed. Mention is made of the usm process, which uses a sensitised uv irradiation technique for surface preparation prior to painting. Tables are included which show the results of acrylic, epoxy and urethane coatings on polyethylene, polypropylene, and EPDM. 14 refs. Accession no.41557 Item 400 Journal of Adhesion
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References and Abstracts
5, No.4, Oct.1973, p.333-49 BEHAVIOUR OF URETHANE ADHESIVES ON RUBBER SURFACES PETTIT D; CARTER A R Results are presented of chemical investigations into some of the bonding problems of the footwear industry, particular attention being paid to the importance of the substrate surfaces. The importance of the presence of metal soaps on rubber surfaces and their detrimental effect on adhesion is pointed out together with the concomitant beneficial effects of solvent soap dispersing treatments on subsequent adhesion. The role of free isocyanates in promoting the bond of urethane adhesives to rubber surfaces is outlined. The practical advantages of halogenating rubber surfaces in conferring excellent adhesion properties on moulded rubber surfaces when used with urethane adhesives are pointed out. 10 refs. Accession no.41368 Item 401 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18, No.1, Jan.1974, p.235-43 SURFACE CROSSLINKING OF POLYETHYLENE AND ADHESIVE JOINT STRENGTH SCHONHORN H; RYAN F W Exposure of PE film to uv irradiation at wavelengths of 2537a or below is sufficient to induce surface crosslinking and to facilitate the formation of strong adhesive joints to these surfaces with conventional adhesives. Reduction of the vapour pressure in the reaction vessel to about 1 torr apparently maximises the efficiency of the crosslinking process. Examination of the treated films which have been exposed for times necessary to form strong adhesive joints has revealed an absence of surface oxidation. It appears that crosslinking to improve the mechanical strength of the surface region of the pe is sufficient to allow the formation of strong adhesive joints. 12 refs. Accession no.39134
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Item 402 SPE Journal 28, No.12, Dec.1972, p.51-5 PREPARING POLYOLEFIN SURFACES FOR INKS AND ADHESIVES AYRES R L; SHOFNER D L Three methods of surface treatment of polyolefins, flame treatment, chemical oxidation and electronic treatment, are analysed in terms of treatment parameters. Tests used for determining levels of surface treatment are described. 5 refs. Accession no.27971 Item 403 Journal of Adhesion 4, No.1, May 1972, p.15-24 EFFECT OF ACTIVATED GAS PLASMA ON SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS AND BONDABILITY OF RTV SILICONE AND POLYETHYLENE SOWELL R R; DELOLLIS N J; GREGORY H J; MONTOYA O The above was studied for varying times and conditions, both oxygen and argon being used. Changes in critical surface tension of wetting as determined by contact angle measurements are reported. Bondability of the treated surfaces is evaluated for both the aged bonds and aged surfaces prior to bonding. Contact angles always decreased on the materials studied indicating an increase in surface energy, in contradiction to previous studies. 28 refs. (acs, 162nd national meeting, symposium on recent advances in adhesion, sept. 1971). Accession no.19471
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Subject Index
Subject Index A ABRASION RESISTANCE, 50 143 181 311 312 352 370 ACCELERATOR, 14 129 209 286 ACID ETCHING, 5 ACID TREATMENT, 197 220 ACID-BASE INTERACTION, 49 222 335 342 ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER, 31 95 198 270 ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 262 265 347 ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, 2 77 156 198 255 270 338 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE RUBBER, 50 59 176 189 195 204 362 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENESTYRENE TERPOLYMER, 57 127 281 312 ACTIVATION, 1 36 342 ACTIVATION ENERGY, 109 120 371 ACTIVATOR, 178 253 286 ADDITIVE, 49 78 97 110 115 125 138 140 141 143 149 181 185 198 205 210 216 242 261 262 263 264 268 282 285 286 287 311 323 325 326 328 329 331 347 351 360 396 ADHESION PROMOTER, 28 54 59 72 89 90 91 143 174 175 176 200 206 208 209 263 286 287 335 337 348 358 384 ADHESIVE, 10 13 24 37 45 46 48 50 59 67 70 82 83 87 96 107 108 110 112 115 117 123 130 134 143 151 155 165 169 170 178 181 188 189 190 198 199 204 205 211 215 217 221 224 225 228 253 258 279 287 293 304 310 311 316 323 324 325 328 329 331 334 339 343 345 347 351 352 359 373 375 379 381 383 394 400 ADHESIVE ENERGY, 55 ADHESIVE FAILURE, 188 267 287 ADHESIVE LABEL, 130 ADHESIVE STRENGTH, 39 57 82 84 96 134 169 170 200 204 205 210 211 212 218 255 258 265 287 ADSORPTION, 2 8 109 180 286
378 AEROSPACE APPLICATION, 110 AESTHETIC, 138 181 AGEING, 10 19 24 50 55 72 79 81 100 107 109 110 136 138 143 147 159 166 167 225 265 267 285 305 312 332 387 AIR, 31 95 97 159 191 212 221 233 327 336 346 354 383 396 AIR BAG, 312 AIR ENTRAPMENT, 61 287 AIR GAP, 171 259 260 262 263 267 269 271 ALUMINIUM, 22 81 117 156 158 171 215 259 268 269 314 341 383 385 388 ALUMINIUM FOIL, 117 216 268 269 ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 115 117 268 ANALYSIS, 11 14 20 25 26 48 67 68 73 81 102 105 107 108 109 110 116 117 118 123 131 154 179 182 183 197 207 214 219 220 222 227 232 235 236 241 244 245 247 258 259 260 262 265 269 273 286 287 294 304 305 313 324 335 339 360 363 367 368 387 388 390 394 395 ANNEALING, 34 69 97 220 266 268 ANTENNA, 77 ANTI-BLOCKING AGENT, 216 261 264 ANTI-FOGGING, 53 216 ANTIOXIDANT, 286 316 397 ANTISTATIC PROPERTIES, 153 216 APPLICATION, 6 7 19 20 32 50 54 57 80 98 103 110 112 138 139 143 145 149 160 168 181 189 206 215 216 225 234 253 259 260 262 263 265 267 268 269 287 305 306 307 311 312 323 324 328 329 344 347 359 375 379 391 AQUEOUS ADHESIVE, 108 115 ARAMID FIBRE, 50 370 ARGON, 1 65 66 67 92 102 117 119 158 198 220 226 227 238 274 297 314 354 367 403 ARMCHAIR, 149 ARRHENIUS’S LAW, 109 120 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, 33 42 97 131 136 213 214 220
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229 241 251 289 344 ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY, 2 5 11 13 18 26 27 45 46 53 68 77 95 102 117 164 294 300 301 304 313 324 367 372 387 AUGER SPECTROSCOPY, 385 360 AUTOADHESION, 69 217 198 255 318 395 396 AUTOMATION, 138 178 382 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 6 50 54 57 80 112 138 143 160 168 181 189 206 287 306 307 312 348 AUTOMOTIVE HOSE, 287
B BAG, 269 BARRIER FILM, 267 326 BARRIER LAYER, 269 287 BARRIER PROPERTIES, 76 135 157 160 262 263 326 BASECOAT, 206 BELT, 50 19 370 BENZOYL PEROXIDE, 208 240 BIAXIAL ORIENTATION, 31 36 41 61 76 147 157 202 289 BINDER, 208 299 348 BINDING ENERGY, 116 165 223 241 308 313 BIOCOMPATIBLE, 7 58 270 BIODETERIORATION, 24 68 196 BLEACH, 388 BLEND, 11 14 39 40 47 53 54 57 71 80 82 89 91 97 118 126 135 138 144 181 189 194 196 218 230 236 237 256 267 280 300 301 311 312 320 347 353 354 357 BLOCKING PROPERTIES, 216 264 BLOOMING, 19 138 178 253 262 264 BLOW EXTRUSION, 259 261 264 BLOW MOULDING, 160 BLOWN FILM, 141 197 199 216 243 259 261 264 271 326 BOARD, 263 BODY PANEL, 206 BOND STRENGTH, 1 9 16 22 24 32 34 37 49 54 57 76 92 93 106 108 110 115 116 117 124 128
121
Subject Index
140 142 146 174 175 178 183 190 197 200 205 209 215 231 247 253 258 259 260 268 279 293 304 305 309 316 325 328 345 394 BONDING, 19 22 24 25 32 49 52 57 67 72 87 92 93 108 110 115 116 117 128 129 143 146 174 175 181 182 183 190 195 200 205 209 221 230 259 264 268 278 283 286 287 311 324 327 339 345 361 365 379 384 386 388 389 394 397 400 401 402 403 BONDING AGENT, 13 19 45 46 59 107 108 110 115 117 128 143 163 181 197 198 258 287 304 311 324 329 339 343 345 359 373 375 383 391 394 BOTTLE, 130 BOUNDARY LAYER, 124 162 215 274 304 328 BOX, 63 BRANCHING, 218 244 245 261 265 BRASS, 19 32 175 358 360 BREAKER, 174 175 BUILDING APPLICATION, 139 312 BUMPER, 26 168 185 206 307 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 19 50 59 176 189 195 204 210 211 287 362 394 BUTADIENEMETHYLSTYRENE COPOLYMER, 176 205 BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, 13 23 46 48 50 99 108 123 125 186 189 201 228 262 302 310 323 331 349 362 373 394 BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER, 88 207 313 BUTT JOINT, 110 383 389 BUTT WELD, 127 BUTYL RUBBER, 139 389
C CABLE, 19 50 CALCIUM CARBONATE, 84 211 263 CALCULATION, 10 15 39 274 288 296 302 309 CALENDERING, 181 262 CAR, 138 143 181 287 312 CAR TYRE, 174 175
122
CARBON BLACK, 115 125 195 211 286 311 316 360 CARBON DIOXIDE, 61 77 95 103 261 CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 276 CARBONYL GROUP, 53 109 116 257 258 269 324 356 372 390 CARBONYL INDEX, 269 CARBOXYL GROUP, 96 109 116 242 286 356 390 396 CARBOXYLATED RUBBER, 124 CARTON, 391 CASING, 117 CAST FILM, 21 53 69 259 261 265 271 326 CASTING, 69 372 CATALYST, 63 181 189 336 CELL ADHESION, 270 CELLULAR MATERIAL, 15 77 138 149 181 189 311 382 CERAMIC, 259 CHAIN SCISSION, 61 78 289 300 319 356 CHAIR, 149 CHARACTERISATION, 11 12 13 27 39 40 46 49 70 84 95 131 134 142 161 164 171 187 212 217 220 224 240 241 274 291 296 301 322 333 352 355 360 364 368 372 392 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 2 25 102 158 223 224 390 395 CHEMICAL ETCHING, 79 117 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 13 30 45 46 51 70 92 99 103 111 114 117 131 134 151 158 161 170 184 194 197 219 220 223 228 236 238 240 248 258 267 273 281 284 287 292 293 300 301 302 304 308 309 310 311 313 322 335 349 365 377 386 387 394 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, 7 50 58 115 138 160 178 253 289 311 312 355 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 7 50 58 115 138 160 178 206 253 311 312 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 25 26 27 43 58 116 163 218 224 233 238 244 245 255 261 265 287 294 300 309 314 319 324 364 372 CHEMICAL TREATMENT, 117 197 CHEMILUMINESCENCE, 191 192 257
CHILL ROLL, 262 267 326 CHINA CLAY, 316 CHLORINATION, 13 46 70 99 143 151 184 206 219 228 248 287 302 304 310 311 313 337 348 379 381 387 394 CHLOROPRENE COPOLYMER, 359 CHLOROSULFONATED PE, 50 110 CHROMIC ACID, 5 220 398 CLARITY, 130 253 261 CLAY, 263 316 CLEANING, 367 385 386 CO-INJECTION MOULDING, 138 173 312 COATED PAPER, 84 216 260 262 263 265 267 269 COATING, 3 6 49 50 58 61 66 80 84 89 103 107 112 115 130 149 150 160 168 181 185 187 199 206 216 219 238 242 256 259 260 262 263 265 267 268 269 278 281 298 300 307 311 319 330 337 340 344 348 379 390 391 COBALT COMPOUND, 32 60 200 242 286 358 360 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, 84 216 242 261 262 263 264 311 COEXTRUSION, 61 132 135 138 144 181 243 265 267 282 312 326 391 COHESION, 6 23 45 52 86 92 156 190 215 267 323 358 COHESION STRENGTH, 110 138 339 361 COHESIVE FAILURE, 115 188 262 267 300 339 COINJECTION MOULDING, 138 173 312 COLD-SEAL, 157 COLOUR, 45 63 126 149 258 312 COLOURABILITY, 138 COMPATIBILISATION, 60 93 COMPATIBILISER, 12 114 173 254 335 COMPATIBILITY, 50 57 82 93 114 201 216 247 280 304 329 331 351 COMPOSITE, 19 28 29 35 50 60 70 75 94 100 101 106 109 114 118 120 122 127 128 139 146 162 169 170 172 176 179 186 203 204 208 210 214 224 235 240 254 275 276 284 296 298 309 321 322 339 356 357 368 370 380 382
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
COMPOUNDING, 101 181 186 264 285 287 311 COMPRESSION MOULDING, 117 149 287 COMPRESSION SET, 138 312 370 CONTACT ADHESIVE, 331 351 CONTACT ANGLE, 4 5 7 8 10 13 14 18 20 26 27 29 31 40 45 46 48 49 53 56 61 64 67 68 70 81 95 98 107 109 111 117 121 123 130 131 135 136 137 148 159 161 164 165 171 180 187 193 194 220 221 222 223 226 228 229 236 238 241 242 256 259 262 264 269 271 273 274 288 291 292 300 301 302 304 309 310 311 313 315 319 327 331 332 338 342 344 351 355 363 364 367 378 380 381 385 387 390 392 398 403 CONTACT AREA, 216 376 COOLING, 61 101 103 138 140 143 218 266 267 COPPER, 1 5 25 56 65 67 72 92 142 193 215 223 281 314 358 372 CORD, 59 195 200 209 CORONA, 2 10 15 18 31 36 37 41 51 55 68 76 97 110 111 117 136 141 143 145 147 150 157 161 167 181 199 202 207 212 214 216 239 259 260 261 262 264 265 267 269 270 271 287 326 342 362 377 392 393 396 COST, 50 160 181 185 206 311 COUPLING AGENT, 28 35 67 94 100 101 106 172 298 321 CRACKING, 47 123 163 311 324 CROSSLINKING, 78 117 165 189 190 206 226 227 239 286 287 297 299 319 380 CRYSTALLINITY, 2 11 44 69 94 117 218 222 233 244 245 261 265 295 301 317 330 340 353 CRYSTALLISATION TEMPERATURE, 194 301 CUP, 263 CURE RATE, 115 117 143 178 253 287 CURING, 14 19 92 110 117 178 181 190 224 253 324 339 375 389 CURING AGENT, 78 90 110 115 129 143 198 286 287 360 CURING TEMPERATURE, 115 117 287 CYANURIC ACID, 99
D DASHBOARD, 181 185 DEBONDING, 70 89 106 110 275 310 DECORATION, 47 54 199 399 402 DEFECT, 258 311 326 339 DEFORMATION, 47 50 75 89 115 221 299 DEGRADATION, 10 19 24 50 55 56 70 79 81 100 107 109 110 136 138 143 147 159 165 166 167 191 192 225 227 231 265 267 285 297 299 305 312 332 356 358 373 387 389 DELAMINATION, 6 47 255 268 296 DENSITY, 34 98 143 181 185 194 261 270 299 311 326 DEPOSITION, 102 286 DEPTH, 145 308 313 324 DESIGN, 63 129 143 184 260 279 DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, 264 DICUMYL PEROXIDE, 240 DICYCLOHEXYL BENZOTHIAZOLE SULFENAMIDE, 286 DIE, 150 243 262 267 326 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, 186 213 259 271 322 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY, 2 14 91 154 196 201 230 247 295 301 325 331 345 351 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS, 2 14 91 154 196 201 230 247 295 301 325 331 345 351 DIFFUSION, 91 109 175 216 262 263 337 375 DIPPING, 50 DISCOLOURATION, 258 DOMAIN, 218 311 329 DOMAIN SIZE, 40 DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 138 312 DOOR, 181 DOUBLE CANTILEVER BEAM TEST, 30 365 DRAWDOWN, 150 243 DRIFT SPECTROSCOPY, 235 DROPLET, 3 53 159 259 DRUG DELIVERY, 98 DRYING, 110 262 264 311 367 DUAL INJECTION MOULDING, 138 173 312 DURABILITY, 46 50 128 225 311 379
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
DYE, 153 294 DYNAMIC CONTACT ANGLE, 222 264 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS, 39 155 256 320 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 39 176 196 218 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL THERMAL ANALYSIS, 14 196 254 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 39 155 176 196 218 285
E E-MODULUS, 120 137 165 240 EARTHMOVER TYRE, 370 ELASTIC MODULUS, 120 137 165 240 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 305 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, 119 259 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE, 395 396 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 15 119 186 259 322 ELECTRODE, 109 259 271 396 ELECTROFUSION, 127 ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION, 25 65 223 ELECTRON BEAM, 291 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 27 69 95 218 ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS, 353 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 14 28 35 48 68 70 79 99 102 106 107 120 121 153 183 256 ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 2 5 18 31 107 109 164 225 230 237 274 315 355 361 368 369 381 393 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE, 54 89 118 244 245 266 283 361 371 ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 234 324 ELECTROSTATIC COATING, 185 206 ELLIPSOMETRY, 226 227 286 297 332 ELONGATION, 50 265 287 298 324 339 ELONGATION AT BREAK, 45 48 181 196 197 240 243 254 312 313 320 352
123
Subject Index
EMISSION, 19 143 185 EMISSION CONTROL, 160 199 EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, 121 295 346 EMULSION, 106 155 185 323 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS, 70 102 304 358 360 ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 138 312 386 ENGINEERING PLASTIC, 57 138 312 ENVIRONMENT, 19 143 ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE, 178 253 EPOXIDISED NR, 88 90 284 EPOXY RESIN, 24 50 67 107 110 117 122 128 197 198 203 221 228 237 259 275 276 288 290 293 324 343 363 379 380 382 383 394 ERUCAMIDE, 216 264 ETCHING, 16 117 128 131 197 235 237 286 324 398 ETHYL ACETATE, 13 99 302 313 394 ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 1 33 43 53 91 92 124 146 156 161 198 215 255 265 267 269 270 319 320 391 ETHYLENE-ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, 156 171 268 353 ETHYLENE-BUTYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 265 ETHYLENE-BUTYLENE COPOLYMER, 82 ETHYLENE-METHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 265 267 269 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 11 54 57 89 139 266 300 301 324 348 361 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBER, 57 139 300 301 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER, 14 19 40 50 57 126 138 143 189 222 256 287 291 300 301 349 370 376 399 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 78 155 169 232 265 311 312 325 328 329 353 ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER, 21 135 243 267 326 EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY, 91 247
124
301 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, 129 143 184 260 279 EXPOSURE TIME, 108 109 110 117 143 258 264 267 324 EXTRUSION, 17 138 143 171 181 185 216 243 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 267 268 269 271 282 299 312 326 397 EXTRUSION BLOWING, 259 261 264 326 EXTRUSION COATING, 22 84 133 150 171 216 260 262 263 265 267 268 269 391
F FABRIC, 19 134 170 FAILURE, 13 19 23 45 46 65 75 92 107 108 109 110 115 124 151 156 179 188 225 228 230 248 255 262 264 267 275 276 287 300 304 323 325 339 357 358 FAILURE ANALYSIS, 70 275 276 361 FAILURE MECHANISM, 115 255 275 276 300 361 365 FATTY ACID SALT, 216 FIBRE, 16 35 50 59 100 113 118 120 126 153 179 181 203 214 235 241 309 321 322 368 369 380 FIBRE GLASS, 28 35 50 94 106 FIBRE ORIENTATION, 114 370 FIBRE TREATMENT, 90 94 120 FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 60 100 114 122 162 172 179 203 214 240 276 298 321 322 FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER, 176 186 FILLER, 19 35 50 84 115 125 130 204 208 210 211 216 240 262 263 264 286 299 311 316 329 352 FILM, 3 5 7 12 15 17 18 21 23 25 31 34 36 37 42 43 51 53 58 61 62 65 68 69 71 76 79 85 92 93 95 97 103 111 116 117 119 126 132 135 141 145 147 154 157 158 166 169 185 191 192 197 216 217 218 237 239 255 257 259 261 264 265 266 267 273 282 286 287 289 290 294 295 303 315 326 338 341 355 366 378 381 385 392 396 401 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, 179 305
FLAME TREATMENT, 42 51 61 76 84 85 103 104 168 222 250 263 267 269 282 303 307 348 355 390 397 402 FLAMMABILITY, 38 312 FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING, 326 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 35 106 254 261 298 311 369 FLOCKING, 138 143 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, 117 337 FLUORINATED ETHYLENEPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 223 236 FLUORINATION, 117 131 FLUOROPOLYMER, 56 58 73 77 78 119 142 158 159 163 164 180 198 204 216 236 249 314 344 FOAM, 15 77 138 149 181 311 382 FOAM-CORE, 63 FOGGING, 181 FOIL, 202 FOOD-CONTACT APPLICATION, 138 189 312 FOOD PACKAGING, 68 130 157 216 261 265 269 391 FOOTWEAR, 108 232 311 312 373 400 FORCE, 90 216 264 311 FORM-FILL-SEAL, 261 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 1 25 26 27 68 77 97 99 100 102 120 135 164 187 228 235 238 242 247 251 286 288 292 294 300 301 320 321 324 335 350 364 366 371 FRACTURE, 6 115 177 255 296 FRACTURE ENERGY, 30 69 152 230 328 329 FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 2 5 14 33 35 46 56 77 94 97 121 130 153 193 194 229 230 237 239 241 244 245 254 274 295 302 308 310 327 330 FRACTURE SURFACE, 115 218 276 300 361 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, 93 140 144 365 FRAGMENTATION, 101 172 275 276 FREE ENERGY, 10 14 288 309 FREE RADICAL, 118 166 244 245 258 286 367 FREE SURFACE ENERGY, 147 148 180 202
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
FRICTION, 84 115 376 FRICTION COEFFICIENT, 84 216 242 261 262 263 264 311 370 FUEL, 160 206 287 355 FUNCTIONAL GROUP, 1 81 116 214 216 235 270 273 324 336 339 395 FUNCTIONALISATION, 101 152 164 213 215 258 FUNCTIONALITY, 240 335 383 FUSION BONDING, 230 361
G GAMMA-IRRADIATION, 7 195 242 374 GAS, 61 213 300 301 319 368 GAS BARRIER, 62 GAS PERMEABILITY, 261 GAS-PHASE, 61 213 300 301 319 346 393 GAS PIPE, 127 GAS PLASMA, 179 234 235 GEL, 117 299 323 345 380 382 GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY, 165 265 GLASS FIBRE, 28 35 50 94 106 GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 35 70 75 101 109 127 128 275 296 339 357 382 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, 40 125 130 190 201 323 328 329 GLOSS, 61 130 206 258 261 324 GLOW DISCHARGE, 29 117 159 221 233 336 354 386 GLOW-DISCHARGE POLYMERISATION, 1 25 58 62 94 102 160 286 350 364 366 GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 1 25 67 92 158 198 GONIOMETRY, 27 109 319 344 GRADIENT, 78 270 301 GRAFT COPOLYMER, 11 12 53 54 71 93 95 101 113 215 230 255 267 361 GRAFT COPOLYMERISATION, 18 25 65 67 95 113 198 217 255 290 338 GRAFT POLYMERISATION, 2 7 31 77 92 98 119 158 161 166 225 270 359 GRAFTING, 7 30 31 95 98 113 176 190 217 225 255 273 277 294 365 367
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 27 38 83 299 GREENHOUSE, 53 126 GRIT BLASTING, 115 128
H HARDNESS, 6 61 138 216 287 311 312 330 352 376 HAZE, 261 HEAT AGEING, 32 110 143 181 312 HEAT CURING, 178 253 HEAT DEGRADATION, 50 159 231 HEAT RESISTANCE, 27 32 58 61 130 138 178 190 253 267 311 HEAT SEAL, 61 157 260 261 265 269 282 391 HEAT TREATMENT, 262 268 HEATED, 115 191 258 HELIUM, 16 117 191 192 212 371 HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 8 56 223 HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE, 67 HEXATRIACONTANE, 333 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 1 4 21 29 49 60 74 92 133 150 160 172 221 243 244 245 275 288 318 326 333 339 345 353 392 HOSE, 50 138 287 370 HOT CURING, 178 253 HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 82 87 130 190 325 328 329 334 HOT TACK, 261 265 326 HULL, 379 HUMID AGEING, 72 143 HUMIDITY, 178 206 253 259 HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 108 HYDROGEN, 56 223 336 354 HYDROGEN BOND, 116 311 342 356 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 388 HYDROPEROXIDE, 258 356 HYDROPHILIC, 4 7 20 26 31 36 44 95 153 159 166 185 187 194 264 327 339 378 HYDROPHOBIC, 4 64 97 113 131 159 166 216 289 344 366 378 HYDROXYL GROUP, 11 109 114 116 324 327 356 364 372 HYPALON, 110 HYSTERESIS, 64 177 222 327 378
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
I IMMERSION, 115 222 298 379 IMPACT MODIFIER, 272 306 IMPACT PROPERTIES, 178 253 254 321 IMPREGNATION, 50 90 114 172 INFRARED SPECTRA, 2 11 13 18 45 46 53 95 117 135 182 197 237 240 258 269 279 284 286 291 302 304 309 310 313 322 324 INITIATION, 77 161 179 217 INJECTION MOULDING, 57 60 107 138 149 160 177 181 300 301 311 312 339 340 382 INK, 61 141 199 259 261 264 268 271 326 402 INSERT MOULDING, 138 312 INSTRUMENT PANEL, 181 INSULATION, 379 INTERACTION, 1 54 78 93 117 215 240 257 286 366 395 INTERACTION PARAMETER, 88 353 INTERDIFFUSION, 375 INTERDIGITATION, 43 INTERFACE, 17 33 34 69 102 179 214 215 222 230 240 255 266 323 327 341 342 358 INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 23 30 35 94 101 109 114 120 152 162 173 176 179 196 203 235 241 254 260 266 286 342 353 356 357 360 361 365 INTERFACIAL AGENT, 176 317 INTERFACIAL BONDING, 17 35 93 94 96 240 305 322 361 INTERFACIAL DEBONDING, 275 276 INTERFACIAL ENERGY, 96 289 INTERFACIAL FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, 317 361 INTERFACIAL INTERACTION, 93 117 353 361 365 INTERFACIAL LAYER THICKNESS, 218 317 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES, 17 28 30 47 93 96 117 124 125 140 152 182 193 218 246 252 272 296 305 321 360 INTERFACIAL STRENGTH, 16 17 47 94 101 172 214 241 275 276 305 INTERFACIAL TENSION, 218 INTERLAYER, 12 INTERLOCKING, 114 179 235 262
125
Subject Index
INTERMOLECULAR DIFFUSION, 337 INTERPHASE, 117 286 343 357 375 ION BEAM IRRADIATION, 79 314 ION ETCHING, 324 ISOCYANATE, 110 115 120 143 ISOCYANURIC ACID, 99 ISOPRENE RUBBER, 50 ISOTACTIC, 17 34 147 148 202 218 225 233 266 272 295 336 371 383
J JOINT, 110 115 124 127 128 288 316 383 389 JOINT STRENGTH, 73 108 115 117 151 258 304 339 343
K KAOLIN, 316 KRAFT PAPER, 216 260 265 269
L LABEL, 130 157 LACQUER, 107 268 300 311 319 354 364 LAMELLA, 33 69 LAMINATE, 39 67 92 120 157 169 173 179 181 197 237 265 268 305 382 LAMINATED FILM, 61 116 169 197 265 267 326 LAMINATING, 51 199 LAMINATION, 61 76 103 169 181 198 217 290 LAP JOINT, 117 128 198 273 LAP SHEAR, 221 254 255 LAP SHEAR JOINT, 339 LAP SHEAR STRENGTH, 107 128 217 255 293 339 386 388 LASER, 95 187 339 LATEX, 50 201 224 316 LEATHER, 108 258 279 LIGHT AGEING, 181 312 LIGHT CURING, 178 253 LIGHT DEGRADATION, 181 258 312 LIGHT EMISSION, 191 257 LIGHT STABILISER, 126 LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 53 312 LIGNOCELLULOSE, 229 LINE SPEED, 61 130 150 171 199 259 260 263 265 267 269
126
LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 17 22 53 133 144 150 216 218 237 243 345 346 259 345 346 392 LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 2 7 9 10 18 41 44 49 52 63 68 81 84 97 116 134 150 157 162 170 185 191 192 196 197 198 208 215 216 217 218 220 231 237 238 240 244 245 254 255 259 260 262 263 264 265 267 268 269 270 273 280 288 290 320 322 326 339 345 353 356 367 375 388 392 395 396 397 398 LOW TEMPERATURE, 50 109 139 181 191 192 311 368 LUMINESCENCE, 191 192 257
M MACHINERY, 61 63 138 149 199 243 251 259 261 271 278 311 326 382 386 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, 21 106 208 273 277 287 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER, 12 28 35 40 53 71 93 101 225 230 267 273 335 361 MARINE APPLICATION, 379 MASS SPECTROMETRY, 20 187 269 289 337 MASTERBATCH, 216 264 282 287 MASTICATION, 285 316 MATRIX, 25 50 101 298 300 MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING, 114 262 MECHANICAL PART, 138 143 312 MECHANISM, 22 34 43 114 140 165 213 224 274 286 287 297 314 319 324 341 355 360 363 385 395 396 MEDICAL APPLICATION, 7 19 20 98 138 253 374 MEDIUM-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE, 97 MELT, 33 78 224 225 MELT FLOW INDEX, 185 261 263 265 267 326 MELT TEMPERATURE, 22 150 260 261 263 265 267 269 330 340 MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 185 190 261 263 265 267 326 MELTING POINT, 34 134 140 194
230 233 265 267 301 336 MEMBRANE, 27 138 MERCURY LAMP, 324 METAL, 19 25 67 78 81 92 105 110 115 142 158 215 225 231 259 263 286 341 360 388 394 METAL ADHESION, 110 115 165 189 221 268 269 286 METAL COATING, 187 281 METALLISATION, 61 76 92 103 132 142 157 158 163 223 281 282 385 METALLOCENE, 33 181 189 306 METHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER, 265 267 269 MICROSCOPY, 5 14 29 47 89 95 218 222 230 251 294 314 344 MICROWAVE, 77 102 333 354 368 MIGRATION, 46 70 97 216 247 262 264 269 311 MINERAL FILLER, 84 263 311 MISCIBILITY, 40 82 353 MIXING, 53 60 181 264 298 299 370 MODEL, 42 54 96 179 260 343 355 358 368 MODIFICATION, 13 46 117 161 197 219 233 238 258 267 273 284 287 293 300 301 302 309 310 311 MODIFIER, 49 80 90 205 206 MODULUS, 16 115 138 181 261 298 MOISTURE VAPOUR TRANSMISSION, 263 268 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 2 25 26 27 43 58 96 102 116 158 163 218 223 224 233 238 244 245 255 261 265 287 294 300 309 314 319 324 364 366 372 390 393 MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 53 82 118 144 201 216 227 233 239 261 265 282 289 297 301 315 317 326 336 337 347 353 359 374 MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION, 261 265 282 337 MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 2 5 14 27 33 35 40 46 56 69 77 94 95 97 117 121 130 138 153 193 194 218 220 229 230 235 237 239 241 244 245 254 274 295 302 308 310 311 327 330 339 340 350 368 392 393
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
MORPHOLOGY, 2 3 5 14 27 33 35 40 46 56 69 77 94 95 97 106 117 121 130 138 153 193 194 197 218 220 229 230 235 237 239 241 244 245 254 274 295 302 308 310 311 327 330 339 350 392 393 395 MOTOR, 110 MOULD, 63 138 311 330 340 389 MOULD TEMPERATURE, 105 183 300 301 311 MOULDING, 19 63 117 149 185 287 330 345 389 MULTILAYER, 12 63 71 93 135 144 181 185 265 267 326 MULTILAYER FILM, 12 17 21 61 71 93
N NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 60 114 172 181 298 322 356 NATURAL RUBBER, 19 50 70 72 88 90 115 129 175 177 182 183 188 200 207 209 284 285 286 316 349 358 360 362 370 376 379 387 394 NEOPRENE, 19 124 139 189 232 258 279 287 324 331 349 NITRIC ACID, 74 108 237 279 NITRILE RUBBER, 19 204 287 394 NITROGEN, 66 108 118 165 166 180 212 213 226 233 354 383 385 NON-POLAR, 50 259 399 NOVOLAK POLYMER, 194 287 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, 182 227 238 265 289 295 297 NYLON, 34 50 59 63 70 71 90 138 144 152 176 204 207 216 230 259 271 326 NYLON-6, 34 138 173 230 317 NYLON-6,6, 138 195
O OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, 121 295 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 29 47 95 218 230 294 353 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 61 149 191 192 257 258 261 286 312 324 326 393 ORIENTATION, 22 31 34 36 41 61 76 147 157 202 240 243 289
311 ORIENTED, 62 103 265 282 OXIDATION, 5 22 36 41 42 51 61 74 78 97 108 109 133 145 154 163 166 215 231 258 260 263 264 267 286 289 300 301 324 355 356 363 368 380 383 387 389 392 397 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION, 5 22 36 41 42 51 61 74 78 97 108 109 117 133 145 154 163 166 215 231 260 263 264 267 269 286 289 294 300 301 324 355 356 363 368 380 383 387 389 392 OXYFLUORINATION, 111 OXYGEN, 4 26 81 107 108 110 164 179 180 213 229 235 241 259 261 274 314 315 319 321 341 346 354 358 368 371 383 403 OXYGEN CONTENT, 36 110 259 300 301 OXYGEN PERMEABILITY, 62 261 OXYGEN PLASMA TREATMENT, 109 116 179 241 300 301 319 372 380 OZONE, 22 50 134 170 217 260 363 OZONE TREATMENT, 51 110 134 150 170 198 260 262 267 269 356 377
P PACKAGING, 61 68 76 103 111 132 138 141 157 169 197 199 216 251 261 263 265 267 269 282 303 326 391 PAINT, 26 47 89 112 149 206 330 390 PAINTABILITY, 126 168 306 307 PAINTING, 47 63 107 126 149 278 337 367 PAPER, 84 150 157 216 260 262 263 265 267 268 269 305 PEEL STRENGTH, 6 9 12 13 17 21 22 23 25 31 33 43 45 46 48 49 57 65 67 75 81 82 88 92 96 99 105 108 110 115 116 118 123 130 135 143 148 155 156 165 171 177 178 188 189 193 201 218 223 228 243 248 253 256 258 262 263 266 267 272 287 304 305 313 323 325 328 329 341 352 354 359 364 386 394 395
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
PEEL TEST, 50 69 108 110 115 116 128 183 218 258 262 263 267 287 288 300 310 318 319 324 334 PEROXIDE, 78 95 161 258 287 322 371 PHASE BEHAVIOUR, 222 295 329 334 357 PHENOLIC RESIN, 194 224 287 PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY, 366 PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, 1 20 25 27 36 41 67 74 77 81 89 92 97 98 99 102 108 110 116 119 131 136 145 158 161 165 187 193 197 198 214 217 223 236 238 241 246 248 249 255 273 277 288 289 300 301 302 304 308 310 313 314 319 332 333 338 339 PHOTOLAMINATION, 290 PHOTOOXIDATION, 258 377 PHOTOPOLYMERISATION, 198 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 240 265 267 274 289 291 313 352 355 356 PIGMENT, 143 206 262 282 PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE, 240 PIPE, 127 PLASMA, 55 160 191 192 202 223 233 235 238 286 295 320 350 PLASMA POLYMERISATION, 1 25 58 62 94 102 160 286 350 364 366 PLASMA TREATMENT, 1 4 5 9 11 16 20 24 25 26 27 36 38 52 56 60 62 63 64 65 66 67 75 77 79 81 92 100 102 107 109 116 118 119 121 125 131 142 147 149 153 154 158 159 160 163 164 165 166 168 179 180 185 191 192 198 213 226 227 229 233 234 235 238 241 244 245 249 252 257 273 274 278 280 289 294 295 296 297 300 301 303 307 315 319 320 332 333 336 338 341 346 348 350 354 362 366 367 368 371 372 377 380 381 383 385 386 PLASTICISER, 19 143 156 201 268 316 328 PLATE, 300 301 345 354 PLATING, 72 187 PLY SEPARATION, 169 POLAR, 44 53 61 81 103 147 185 190 367 376 POLARITY, 109 116 117 137 159
127
Subject Index
190 237 259 262 264 269 273 274 311 339 390 POLY-EPSILONCAPROLACTAM, 34 173 230 317 POLYAMIDE, 34 50 59 70 71 90 138 144 152 176 204 207 216 230 259 271 326 394 POLYAMIDE-11, 63 POLYAMIDE-12, 63 POLYAMIDE-6, 34 138 173 230 317 361 365 POLYAMIDE-6,6, 195 POLYBUTADIENE, 50 96 118 176 287 349 370 POLYBUTYLENE, 165 204 210 211 POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 212 POLYCAPROLACTAM, 34 173 230 317 POLYCARBONATE, 57 204 226 227 246 255 275 297 312 POLYCHLOROPRENE, 19 50 124 139 189 232 258 279 287 324 331 349 351 370 POLYCYANOACRYLATE, 178 253 339 POLYDIENE, 351 POLYEPOXIDE, 24 50 67 107 110 117 122 128 197 198 203 221 228 237 259 275 276 288 290 293 324 POLYESTER RESIN, 50 300 319 390 POLYETHER SULPHONE, 50 POLYETHER-ETHER KETONE, 275 363 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 9 23 66 95 113 116 130 251 265 290 POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 3 8 20 25 64 65 67 73 77 78 79 102 117 119 121 131 142 158 159 164 180 187 193 198 223 236 242 249 255 POLYISOBUTYLENE, 165 204 210 211 POLYISOCYANATE, 50 143 POLYISOPRENE, 88 174 175 POLYMERIC ADHESION PROMOTER, 286 287 335 POLYMERIC COMPATIBILISER, 12 173 335 353 POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE, 12 350 375 POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE, 212
128
POLYPROPYLENE OXIDE, 139 POLYSTYRENE, 144 204 216 236 277 292 293 311 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 3 8 20 25 64 65 67 73 77 78 79 102 117 119 121 131 142 158 159 164 180 187 193 198 223 236 242 249 255 287 308 314 338 344 378 POLYTRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE, 236 275 POLYURETHANE, 13 19 45 46 48 50 57 70 80 108 115 123 128 143 149 151 224 228 232 300 304 311 319 348 352 354 364 373 382 390 POLYVINYL ACETATE, 10 44 55 147 148 POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 50 216 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 127 181 189 216 247 280 320 359 POLYVINYL FLUORIDE, 73 249 POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE, 12 249 275 POROSITY, 27 216 262 339 POST-CURE, 19 70 POWDER, 4 63 154 185 204 208 277 PRESSURE, 16 108 109 118 164 213 259 260 263 300 301 319 324 367 368 383 385 PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE, 83 87 130 165 188 189 201 323 334 347 381 PRETREATMENT, 25 67 68 70 73 77 92 107 108 110 119 158 180 217 224 259 267 269 339 363 385 388 399 PRIMER, 108 115 128 132 178 184 222 232 253 274 286 337 339 348 379 384 PRIMERLESS, 26 PRINTABILITY, 111 163 197 261 264 282 326 396 PRINTING, 61 103 130 147 197 199 259 261 264 268 303 326 367 PRINTING INK, 61 141 259 261 264 268 271 326 PROCESSIBILITY, 138 185 201 326 PROCESSING, 13 16 19 31 47 54 61 77 92 120 149 150 155 159 164 166 181 192 198 213 216 260 262 263 265 266 267 268 269 279 281 297 311 312 319 343 346 366 371 373 382 PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 11
12 28 31 34 71 91 93 225 230 269 319 335 PROPYLENE-ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 11 54 89 266 PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE, 297 PULL-OUT, 94 214 368 380 PULL-OUT TEST, 35 172 195 PULSED LASER POLYMERISATION, 95
R RADIAL TYRE, 32 175 RADIO FREQUENCY, 1 131 341 354 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, 11 REACTION MECHANISM, 43 93 95 286 REACTIVE COMPATIBILISATION, 93 REACTIVITY, 104 166 244 287 327 339 375 RECYCLING, 173 181 254 311 312 326 353 REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY, 27 REFRACTIVE INDEX, 227 286 297 REINFORCED CONCRETE, 369 REINFORCED PLASTIC, 28 35 57 60 70 75 94 100 101 106 109 114 120 122 127 128 162 172 179 203 208 212 214 224 235 240 254 275 276 296 298 309 321 322 339 356 357 380 382 REINFORCED RUBBER, 50 118 176 186 284 370 REINFORCEMENT, 50 300 319 329 RESIDUAL STRESSES, 171 243 RESORCINOLFORMALDEHYDE RESIN, 50 287 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 50 82 130 133 138 150 155 178 181 239 253 261 263 265 267 311 312 326 331 351 RIB, 311 ROCKET MOTOR, 110 ROLL, 61 259 271 ROOFING, 139 ROOM TEMPERATURE CURING, 87 178 253 ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 63 185 ROUGHENING, 5 24 268 324 352
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Subject Index
ROUGHNESS, 46 97 115 136 142 214 220 259 262 264 324 339 344 373 376 RUBBER, 13 14 19 23 32 40 45 46 48 50 57 59 60 61 70 72 74 83 88 90 96 99 105 108 110 112 115 118 123 124 125 126 127 129 138 139 143 146 151 163 174 175 176 177 181 182 183 186 188 189 195 200 201 204 205 207 209 210 211 216 222 224 228 236 248 253 256 258 259 262 266 275 283 284 285 286 287 291 300 301 302 304 310 311 312 313 316 319 323 324 331 334 340 343 349 351 352 353 354 358 359 360 362 370 373 376 379 386 387 389 394 400 RUBBER TO METAL BONDING, 19 32 72 115 174 175 182 183 283 286 RUBBER-MODIFIED, 178 222 253 330 337 354 RUBBER-TOUGHENED, 178 222 253 330 337
S SATURATED POLYESTER, 23 90 265 374 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 28 35 48 68 70 79 99 102 106 107 120 121 153 256 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 2 5 13 14 27 28 31 35 45 46 48 68 70 77 79 95 99 102 106 107 120 121 130 131 142 153 183 193 197 218 223 235 237 240 241 254 256 262 274 276 288 304 308 309 310 313 314 321 324 339 350 352 353 358 360 361 368 380 388 394 SCISSION, 61 78 289 300 319 SEAL, 50 138 143 312 370 376 SEAL STRENGTH, 260 261 265 SEAT, 149 181 SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY, 20 187 289 337 SELF-ADHESION, 33 43 324 SELF-DRYING, 110 262 264 311 SHEAR, 115 218 225 330 345 375 SHEAR PROPERTIES, 6 16 24 47 57 94 101 130 162 172 178 201 214 218 241 253 261 275 276
309 339 383 SHEAR STRENGTH, 57 107 128 130 178 201 217 253 255 293 339 383 386 388 SHEET, 77 109 116 181 221 281 324 342 374 SHOCK ABSORBER, 139 312 SHOE, 311 312 SHORT FIBRE, 322 370 SILANE, 28 60 67 100 112 240 298 321 SILANE GROUP, 30 189 190 SILENT DISCHARGE TREATMENT, 289 SILICA, 59 211 216 226 259 316 332 352 360 SILICATE, 160 216 SILICONE RUBBER, 19 259 SINGLE LAP BOND, 117 128 339 SINGLE-COMPONENT, 143 178 253 SISAL, 60 322 SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY, 91 247 301 SLIP AGENT, 130 141 216 261 264 268 SMOOTHNESS, 115 259 262 311 339 SOCKET FUSION, 127 SODIUM HYDROXIDE, 117 240 395 396 SOFTNESS, 312 SOLE, 108 311 SOLUBILITY, 8 108 216 233 264 315 337 SOLUTION, 8 46 95 108 180 259 298 302 308 313 316 SOLUTION CASTING, 69 SOLVENT, 6 19 46 99 143 259 271 313 315 316 337 345 352 373 SOLVENT-BASED, 108 115 143 224 259 261 264 351 SPORTS GOODS, 138 311 312 SPRAY DRYING, 110 262 264 311 SPUTTER ETCHING, 324 SPUTTERING, 131 STABILITY, 27 50 58 61 190 253 267 311 STANDARD, 129 222 250 355 STARCH, 196 224 STEARIC ACID, 14 286 322 STEEL, 29 32 49 72 78 110 115 165 177 215 221 225 286 358 379 389 STEEL CORD, 174 175 209 STORAGE, 107 109 268 269 339 STORAGE MODULUS, 14 218
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329 STORAGE TIME, 268 269 339 STRAIN, 33 179 361 STRENGTH, 17 151 209 276 305 380 STRESS, 69 75 115 130 171 243 298 STRESS CRACKING, 178 253 STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES, 5 13 45 82 105 120 188 320 STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE, 87 375 STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 93 312 STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER, 50 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER, 13 23 46 48 50 88 99 108 123 125 176 186 189 201 205 207 313 228 302 310 323 331 349 352 362 373 394 STYRENE-BUTADIENESTYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 45 108 151 304 311 334 STYRENE-ETHYLENE BUTYLENE-STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER, 39 74 83 254 312 SUBMARINE, 379 SUBSTRATE, 85 96 117 181 216 255 260 262 265 269 273 286 289 300 325 333 400 SULPHONATION, 45 236 292 293 SULPHUR, 14 110 129 164 286 313 358 SULPHUR DIOXIDE, 164 395 SULPHURIC ACID, 45 48 117 123 279 388 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID, 236 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 143 216 238 SURFACE ANALYSIS, 11 20 48 68 73 81 105 107 108 116 123 183 197 207 220 227 236 244 245 305 339 353 367 372 383 385 390 SURFACE COMPOSITION, 242 255 SURFACE DEGRADATION, 242 258 324 SURFACE ENERGY, 7 29 36 49 68 70 80 85 86 87 102 104 109 110 115 122 130 137 143 167 199 221 242 258 259 262 264 271 280 296 326 349 366 373 376 378 381 SURFACE FINISH, 3 29 138 185
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Subject Index
SURFACE FREE ENERGY, 14 44 111 113 114 222 241 258 308 323 342 SURFACE POTENTIAL, 3 SURFACE PREPARATION, 24 84 85 89 187 207 268 339 SURFACE REACTIVITY, 104 244 287 339 SURFACE STRUCTURE, 2 16 31 92 102 115 116 119 136 185 207 213 220 242 244 245 262 270 297 305 324 339 343 371 SURFACE TENSION, 51 58 77 97 109 117 137 141 166 190 222 238 259 261 264 269 271 291 308 326 357 381 390 SURFACE WETTING, 3 27 SURFACTANT, 143 216 238 SURGICAL APPLICATION, 20 98 SWELLING, 7 123 134 284 299 305 337 366 SYNTHESIS, 1 2 12 30 161 238 299 327 359 SYNTHETIC FIBREREINFORCED PLASTIC, 100 122 162 203 214 321 SYNTHETIC FIBREREINFORCED RUBBER, 176 186 370 SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 14 88 139 204 211 313 373
T T-JOINT, 128 T-PEEL, 23 45 46 TACK, 88 165 201 261 265 311 324 331 334 351 TACK STRENGTH, 83 261 265 TACKIFIER, 19 50 188 201 325 328 329 331 351 TAPE, 87 165 189 TEAR STRENGTH, 287 312 370 TEMPERATURE, 23 61 69 103 108 109 110 115 140 143 150 159 206 216 230 243 258 260 261 262 266 267 269 298 311 312 317 323 324 345 367 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE, 21 22 43 81 82 101 155 171 200 361 TENSILE PROPERTIES, 5 27 35 45 47 48 50 53 68 69 75 82 88 106 109 114 120 123 125 156 171 174 176 179 190 194 196 197 202 206 221 237 240 243 265 273 276 280 287 298 311 312 313 314 324 352 370
130
TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 8 56 67 77 119 158 198 223 255 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE POLYMER, 180 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENEHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 223 236 TEXTILE, 19 50 170 300 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 50 110 143 159 181 231 312 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 27 109 230 260 261 263 265 267 269 309 340 352 THERMAL STABILITY, 27 32 58 61 130 138 178 190 253 267 311 THERMAL TREATMENT, 92 158 266 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 27 38 83 299 371 THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS, 313 331 351 THERMOPLASTIC RUBBER, 14 45 57 74 80 108 112 126 138 151 181 205 219 248 254 300 301 311 312 THERMOSET, 48 50 56 62 80 100 102 108 110 115 117 122 123 127 128 143 149 151 163 178 179 188 194 195 197 203 221 224 228 247 253 259 275 276 277 287 288 290 293 324 334 343 348 363 380 382 383 386 394 THICKNESS, 3 21 22 34 47 69 71 72 115 116 117 143 150 160 181 192 206 216 238 243 259 262 263 265 266 267 286 324 326 360 THIN FILM, 3 34 344 372 THREE-LAYER, 265 TIE LAYER, 71 243 262 265 267 287 TOYS, 232 312 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 28 35 47 48 68 69 70 79 99 102 106 107 120 121 153 230 256 TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, 164 286 300 301 TRANSPARENCY, 312 TRICHLOROISOCYANURIC ACID, 13 46 70 99 302 304 310 313 349 394 TRICYCLE, 63 TRIFLUOROACETIC
ANHYDRIDE, 372 TWO-COMPONENT, 87 128 149 178 253 300 319 363 375 TWO-LAYER, 130 149 265 TWO-MATERIAL INJECTION MOULDING, 57 138 312 TWO-PART, 87 128 149 178 253 300 319 TYRE, 32 50 125 174 175 209 285 370 TYRE CORD, 19 32 50 59 72 90 174 175 209 284 285 358 360 TYRE TREAD, 316 ULTRA-HIGH MODULUS, 16 235
U ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE, 69 162 179 214 235 241 UNDERWATER APPLICATION, 115 379 394 UNSATURATED POLYESTER, 50 128 149 300 319 390 UV IRRADIATION, 25 44 67 68 110 148 233 258 324 327 343 363 399 401 UV POLYMERISATION, 92 119 158
V VACUUM DEPOSITION, 341 344 VAN DER WAALS ATTRACTION, 117 318 VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 150 263 326 VEGETABLE PACKAGING, 261 VEHICLE TRIM, 126 138 181 VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY, 2 11 13 18 45 46 53 95 117 135 182 197 237 240 258 269 279 284 286 291 304 310 313 322 324 VINYL ACETATE-ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 155 169 VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES, 87 218 325 328 329 VISCOSITY, 50 82 130 138 150 178 253 261 312 316 VULCANISATE, 115 186 287 324 349 VULCANISATION, 14 99 105 115 123 124 129 138 143 177 284 285 286 287 313 324 362 376 394
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
VULCANISATION TIME, 115 117 143 287 VULCANISED, 48 228 343 373 379
W WATER, 5 7 26 27 46 53 68 95 103 107 109 131 136 159 221 225 259 262 264 269 274 300 301 314 315 319 327 342 344 364 388 WATER-BASED, 61 108 115 141 185 199 261 262 264 WATER BLOWN, 138 WATER RESISTANCE, 49 115 143 375 WATER VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 150 263 326 WAX, 46 50 185 216 224 262 328 WEAR RESISTANCE, 50 143 181 311 312 WEB, 263 WEIGHT, 115 260 262 269 WELDING, 19 69 127 140 326
WETTABILITY, 20 40 46 53 79 87 95 109 113 117 122 159 163 164 167 213 229 235 236 256 262 264 273 274 278 288 296 308 314 315 319 327 363 381 396 WETTING, 3 27 40 49 53 97 104 117 137 143 242 250 259 262 263 264 267 271 319 326 344 355 378 392 403 WIDE ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING, 171 WINDSCREEN, 138 WIRE, 360 WOOD, 114 208 229 254 298 WORK OF ADHESION, 37 44 222 259 267 271 280 347 WORK OF FRACTURE, 30 69 152 230
SPECTROSCOPY, 1 20 25 27 41 67 70 74 77 81 89 92 97 98 99 102 108 109 110 116 119 131 136 158 161 165 187 193 197 198 214 217 223 236 238 241 246 248 249 255 273 277 288 289 293 300 301 302 304 305 308 310 313 314 319 332 333 338 339 346 349 355 360 363 364 367 383 385 390 395 397 398 X-RAY SCATTERING, 2 34 69 142 154 171 295 XENON CHLORIDE, 339
Y YIELD, 69 119 295 YOUNG’S MODULUS, 120 137 165 240
X X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, 117 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON
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Subject Index
132
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
