Acute Bronchitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ACUTE BRONCHITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J ...

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ACUTE

BRONCHITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Acute Bronchitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00018-0 1. Acute Bronchitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on acute bronchitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ACUTE BRONCHITIS .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Acute Bronchitis ........................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ACUTE BRONCHITIS ........................................................................ 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Finding Nutrition Studies on Acute Bronchitis .......................................................................... 33 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 34 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ACUTE BRONCHITIS.................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 37 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 40 General References ....................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ACUTE BRONCHITIS .................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 43 Academic Periodicals covering Acute Bronchitis......................................................................... 45 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 49 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 51 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 55 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 59 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 59 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 65 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 67 ACUTE BRONCHITIS DICTIONARY........................................................................................ 69 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 89

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with acute bronchitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about acute bronchitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to acute bronchitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on acute bronchitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to acute bronchitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on acute bronchitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ACUTE BRONCHITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on acute bronchitis.

Federally Funded Research on Acute Bronchitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to acute bronchitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to acute bronchitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore acute bronchitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for acute bronchitis: •

Project Title: CTRS FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ON THERAPEUTICS (CERTS) Principal Investigator & Institution: Strom, Brian L.; Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 29-SEP-2003

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: There remain enormous gaps in the information available to the public about the effects of their drugs, and in the application of that information to optimizing prescribing and thereby improving the risk/benefit balance from drugs. Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs) offer the opportunity to address many of these deficits, and this proposal goes a long way toward filling that gap. In particular, we propose to: 1. Establish a CERT with a coordinated infrastructure, including: a. Logistical support, including faculty time and core staff; b. Governance, including regular coordination and business meetings; c. Programmatic coordination, including linkage of the pharmacoepidemiology skills of the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB) with the pharmacoeconomics skills of the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, the experience in patient -oriented research of the General Clinical Research Center; basic science laboratories interested in evaluating the molecular mechanisms of drug effects; and the social science skills of non-biomedical researchers in other parts of the University; d. Regularly scheduled educational conference series; e. Active participation in the national network of CERTs; and f. A pilot research grant program targeted at the development of R01 quality grants and proposals. 2. Testing and building the capabilities of the current Penn ambulatory drug use evaluation program as a laboratory, expanding it to broader populations; 3. Improve the use of antibiotics locally and nationally, with studies leading to grant funding for larger scale efforts, as well as formal dissemination of evidence-based data both known and to be known. The initial studies will: a. evaluate techniques to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute bronchitis in the outpatient setting b. evaluate the impact of antimicrobial formulary interventions at different hospitals on the resistance patterns of extendedspectrum beta-lactamase- producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species; c. simulate data, in order to expand the use of meta-analysis to study rare adverse outcomes from antibiotics; d. study the effects of tetracycline used to treat acne in a dermatology clinic on antibiotic resistance patterns; and e. study the use of the GPRD Database to explore the epidemiology of drug -resistant pneumococcal pneumonia 4. Conduct an extensive education program, including: i) a Masters in Clinical Epidemiology (MSCE) and PhD pharmacoepidemiology fellowship training program; ii) opportunities for MSCE and PhD students in epidemiology and biostatistics to use existing in-house databases to answer new questions, to participate in ongoing research, and to develop new research projects; iii) courses for university physicians housestaff, nurses, and nursing students; iv) courses for pharmacists and pharmacy students; v) courses for medical students; and vi) a degree credit course in pharmacoepidemiology for MSCE students. 5. Organize and formally disseminate the results of our work, consisting of: publications and presentations for the Scientific/Professional community; ii) the FDA, AHCPR, other CERTs, etc.; and iii) the public, building on the dissemination program of the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC, BIOLOGIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC DETERMINANTS OF ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Schechtman, Kenneth B.; Associate Professor; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

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Project Title: GENETIC, BIOLOGIC, & IMMUNOLOGIC DETERMINANTS OF ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Castro, Mario; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this application is to determine how specific genetic, biologic, and immunologic characteristics interact to predispose individuals to develop asthma. In that context, over the last three years, we have developed a carefully selected cohort of 206 infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis (the RBEL (RSV Bronchiolitis in Early Life) cohort) who are at substantial risk of developing asthma. Surprisingly, physicians have already diagnosed asthma in 40 percent of the children in the RBEL cohort. The children have had at least one year of follow-up. This project builds upon our previous work establishing the largest prospective U.S. study children with RSV bronchiolitis severe enough to require hospitalization and proposes that this study should be continued for an additional five years in order to more definitively establish the diagnosis of asthma in this cohort. The interaction of RSV with the host epithelial-immune system and underlying genetic background is unclear. Accordingly, Aim I proposes to evaluate the association between genotypes associated with atopy, the IL-4 receptor a and IL- 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and the development of an asthmatic phenotype in the RBEL cohort of children. Given the appropriate risk factors, RSV elicits an immune response characterized by inflammatory cell influx, especially T cells, into the airway. Accordingly, Aim II proposes to evaluate the effect of airway epithelial inflammation, demonstrated by persistent RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed) expression in airway epithelial cells, on the development of an asthmatic phenotype in the RBEL cohort of children. This possibility is supported by evidence of increased RANTES expression (by mRNA stabilization) in human tracheal epithelial cells infected with RSV in vitro and in upper airway epithelial cells from RBEL infants with RSV bronchiolitis. The T cell immune response following viral infection appears to be primarily Th1-type; however, in the setting of RSV infection, there actually may be a skewing of the immune response to a Th2 phenotype early in life. Accordingly, Aim III proposes to evaluate prospectively the T cell profile, Th1 vs. Th2 phenotype, as defined by cytokine expression and other phenotypic markers, in the RBEL cohort of children who are at risk of developing an asthmatic phenotype. Therefore, this application will lead to a better understanding of the interaction of genetic, biologic, and immunologic factors following serious RSV infection which lead to the development of asthma in early life. Furthermore, we propose to develop an asthma predictive index for children with serious RSV infection based upon the findings of the studies outlined in this application. Such an index would be extremely valuable to clinicians taking care of children following a severe RSV infection to provide prognostic information and to identify children at highest risk for the development of asthma who may benefit from an early intervention or treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INNATE BRONCHIOLITIS

IMMUNE

RESPONSES

IN

OBLITERATIVE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Palmer, Scott M.; Medicine; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Dr. Scott M. Palmer, currently on faculty in the Duke University Pulmonary Division as an Associate in Medicine, proposes a structured five-year career development plan in order to develop into an independent investigator in pulmonary medicine. The proposal involves rigorous research training under an experienced physician scientist mentor, Dr. David Schwartz, who has expertise in the immunogenetics of innate immunity. Further research training is proposed under the guidance of a co-mentor with expertise in statistical genetics, a collaborator with expertise in transplant immunology, and complemented by didactic graduate coursework. The overall goal of the proposed research is to understand how innate immune responses contribute to the development of posttransplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). We hypothesize that genetic, physiological or biological differences in innate immune responsiveness will significantly alter the risk for the development of BOS after lung transplant. This novel hypothesis is clinically relevant based on the high rate of posttransplant death due to BOS, scientifically relevant because of the incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of BOS, and supported by several basic and clinical observations. We and others have recently demonstrated that significant polymorphisms exist in innate immune receptor genes, and that these differences significantly alter subsequent inflammatory and immune responses. In order to test our hypothesis, we will characterize polymorphisms in donor and recipient tolllike receptor-2 (TLR2), TLR4, and CD14 genes, and phenotypically characterize the airway physiological and biological response to endotoxin in a cohort of 120 lung transplant recipients. We will prospectively capture clinical information on the cohort and determine the predictive importance of innate genetic, physiological, or biological factors on the development or progression of BOS in a multivariate model. At the conclusion of the career development award, Dr. Palmer will have gained considerable expertise in study design, basic genetic analyses, transplant immunology, and statistical analyses. He will apply these skills to direct future investigations of patient oriented research problems in pulmonary medicine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MINIMIZING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN COLORADO (MARC) Principal Investigator & Institution: Gonzales, Ralph; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: A broad-based coalition of stakeholders has collaborated to reduce excess antibiotic use in Colorado by developing and disseminating clinical practice guidelines and practice profiles to 2600 primary care physicians throughout the state. Whether, how much and what type of public and patient education to employ on large-scale efforts to decrease unnecessary antibiotic use is not known. The Minimizing Antibiotic Resistance in Colorado (MARC) Project is designed to evaluate the independent and combined marginal impact of two common mechanisms of public and patient education in clinician prescribing behavior: 1) household and office-based materials, and 2) mass media (television, radio, newsprint, web site). The following specific aims will examine the processes and outcomes of care related to each intervention strategy. Results from this project will inform state and federal efforts to improve ambulatory antibiotic prescribing practices. Specific Aim IA: Develop and implement community educational interventions using (1) household and office-based materials, and (2) mass media. Specific Aim IB: Measure and assess changes in antibiotic prescription rates for pharyngitis in children, and bronchitis in adults, using commercial MCO and Medicaid administrative data from physician practices. Specific Aim IIA: Conduct household

Studies

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surveys in and outside the intervention communities to measure the impact of each education strategy on public knowledge, attitudes, behavior and self- efficacy. Specific Aim IIB: Conduct a clinician judgment analysis to measure the impact of each education strategy on clinician decision making and empowerment relating to episodes of care for pharyngitis and bronchitis. Specific Aim IIIA: Conduct a survey of patients and parents to measure the impact of decreased antibiotic use on duration of illness and satisfaction with care, for children with pharyngitis and adults with bronchitis. Specific Aim IIIB: Using active surveillance data from the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE), compare the incidence of invasive penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae infections in and outside the intervention communities. Specific Aim IIIC: Conduct a net-cost analysis of the different levels of community education. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSPLANT

PATHOGENESIS

OF

CHRONIC

REJECTION

IN

LUNG

Principal Investigator & Institution: Fernandez, Felix G.; Surgery; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The long term survival and function of transplanted lungs are limited by the development of bronciolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), an unexplained often nonreversible condition unresponsive to therapy and in most cases fatal. Over the past two years, compelling evidence has been obtained that the development of anti-HLA antibodies against mismatched donor antigens and the detection of in vivo priming against mismatched donor HLA class I antigens defined by indirect antigen presentation assays have significant correlation with the development of BOS. The first specific aim of this proposal is to demonstrate increased frequencies of donor reactive T cells prior to the appearance of anti-HLA antibodies in lung transplant recipients. This will be done by testing recipient peripheral blood leukocytes with donor mismatched HLA class I and II peptides in the presence of autologous antigen presenting cells in a proliferation assay. Therefore, in vitro methods to detect in vivo priming against mismatched donor HLA class land II antigens may serve as a good measure of successful intervention by changes in immunotherapeutic protocols. The second specific aim of this proposal is to define the biology and biochemistry of this newly identified airway epithelial antigen and to correlate the development of antigen specific antibodies with the development of BOS. A panel of airway epithelial cells (AECs) and the AEC specific silo antibodies developed post transplant will be used to define the polymorphism of this antigenic system. Using internal labeling of AEC and immunoprecipitation analysis using alloantibodies specific for AEC antigen, the biochemistry of this antigen will also be defined. The overall goals of this proposal are to continue to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of BOS subsequent to lung transplantation and to allow the institution of new therapeutic strategies which will prevent the development and consequences of BOS, a major limiting factor for the continued function of the transplanted organ. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF VIRAL PROLIFERATIVE BRONCHIOLITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: London, Lucille; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Medical University of South Carolina P O Box 250854 Charleston, Sc 29425

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a term for a long observed, but unclassified pattern of acute lung injury. In humans, BOOP is characterized by fibrosis of small airways with fibrous extension into the alveolar spaces with preservation of alveolar ducts and walls. It is frequently associated with a peribronchiolar organizing pneumonia. The lesions may also be accompanied by lipid-laden foamy alveolar macrophages trapped in the air spaces by the fibrosis and by a T cell rich lymphocytic interstitial infiltrate in the regions of the lung directly affected by the lesion. Also, necrosis and sloughing of epithelial cells has been observed and is thought to result in the partial alveolar collapse seen in human BOOP. While BOOP can be associated with documented viral and bacterial infections, many cases are not associated with known causes and are thus classified as idiopathic. Little is known concerning the pathogenesis and treatment of BOOP since no animal models were available for this disorder. The investigators are the first to establish an experimental animal model for this disease. In this model, CBA/J mice infected with reovirus serotype 1/strain Lang develop BOOP lesions which closely resemble the histopathological picture of human BOOP. In addition, the development of BOOP lesions in CBA/J mice is virus strain specific. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that "Disruption of the epithelial basement membrane determines the susceptibility to fibrosis". The investigators propose to characterize the host and/or viral factors (both immune and non-immune cellular populations) that result in initiation of damage to the basement membrane and relate these finding to the development of fibrosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PEDIATRIC EBM-GETTING EVIDENCE USED AT THE POINT OF CARE Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Robert L.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The applicant plans to study the provision of evidence at the point of pediatric care, in order to increase the application of evidence- based medicine, change physician behavior, and expedite the translation of research into clinical practice. There will be two main questions. First, that use of an evidence-based decision support system at the point of care will improve antibiotic use in specific index pediatric outpatient diseases, and will (i) reduce frequency and duration of antibiotic therapy for otitis media, (ii) reduce duration of therapy for acute sinusitis, (iii) reduce use of bronchodialators in outpatient treatment of bronchiolitis, and (iv) increase use of intranasal steroids for allergic rhinitis. Second, that individualized physician feedback will provide additional benefit, when used in conjunction with the support system. This study will be carried out through a series of randomized controlled trials, implemented at three sites, including academic pediatric and family medicine health care centers, rural and suburban pediatric clinics, and a regional pediatric emergency department. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SMOKE INDUCED MUCIN TRANSCRIPTION AND MITOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Basbaum, Carol B.; Professor; Anatomy; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2003

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Summary: The mechanisms by which tobacco smoke cause chronic bronchitis and lung cancer are unknown. Clues are provided, however, by our recent findings showing that smoke directly induces mucin mRNA and mitogenesis in lung epithelial cells and that this is preceded by activation of Src kinase and phosphorylation of the EGF receptor (EGFr). Src kinase inhibitors abrogate smoke-induced EGFr phosphorylation, mucin transcription induction and mitogenesis. EGFr kinase inhibitors abrogate smokeinduced EGFr phosphorylation and mitogenesis but only partially block mucin transcriptional upregulation. This leads us to hypothesize that smoke activates a branched signaling pathway emanating from Src kinase. One arm of the pathway is EGFr-dependent and is sufficient to account for smoke-induced mitogenesis; the other is EGFr-independent and its effects summate with those of the other branch to mediate mucin transcription. The experiments described in this proposal will provide information regarding both the EGFr-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. In experiments described under Specific Aim I, we will identify EGFr-interacting elements of the smoke-signaling pathway leading to (a) mucin induction and (b) mitogenesis. In experiments described under Specific Aim II, we will identify Srcinteracting elements of the smoke signaling pathway leading to (a) mucin induction and (b) mitogenesis. In experiments described under Specific Aim III, we will identify components of smoke responsible for activating (a) mucin induction and (b) mitogenesis. The results of these studies should reveal control points amenable to inhibition by pharmacological agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRIAL TO REDUCE ANTIBIOTIC USE IN A PRIMARY CARE PBRN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bates, David W.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) are the number one reason for prescribing antibiotics in the United States. Most antibiotic prescribing for URIs is done in primary care and much antibiotic prescribing for URIs is inappropriate. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing exposes patients to unnecessary medication, increases the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and increases medical costs. Interventions are needed to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for URIs in primary care. The PBRN: The Brigham and Women's Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network (BWPC-PBRN) consists of 12 ambulatory clinics with 95 physicians who serve a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse patient population. The BWPC-PBRN had 237,530 total patient visits and had 17,443 visits for URIs in 2002. BWPC clinics are linked organizationally and electronically with e-mail and the use of a common electronic medical record that allows linkage of diagnostic, prescribing, and other clinical data. Research Plan: We propose to develop and evaluate a novel electronic medical record-based URI-care template in the BWPC-PBRN through two specific aims. Specific aim 1 is to design and implement an electronic medical record-based template for the care of patients with URIs in primary care practice, the URI Smart Set. The URI Smart Set will include easy documentation in the form of checkboxes for symptoms and physical findings; automatic importation of patients' problems, allergies, and medications; decision-support for the treatment of sinusitis, pharyngitis, and acute bronchitis; printable patient handouts about URIs, self-care, and antibiotics; and access to relevant medical literature. Specific aim 2 is to test the implementation of the URI Smart Set in a randomized, controlled trial. Following a baseline period, 18 practices within the BWPC-PBRN will be randomized to control

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status or to the use of the URI Smart Set. The primary outcome will be antibiotic prescribing for URIs during a six-month period. Secondary outcomes will be the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing, 30-day repeat visits, antibiotic costs, and barriers to the use of the URI Smart Set. Future Directions: Longer term goals of this research include optimization of the usability and functionality of the URI Smart Set; serving as a prototype for standardizing documentation for other clinical problems in primary care; rapidly identifying patients who potentially meet criteria for inclusion in future trials of therapy in URI care; and providing real-time surveillance for bioterrorist attacks or the emergence of novel respiratory pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VIRUS-INDUCIBLE REMODELING OF AIRWAY EPITHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Holtzman, Michael J.; Professor; Internal Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of this proposal is to understand how viral respiratory infections lead to asthma. In that context, we have proposed that airway epithelial cells (the viral host cells) may be specially programmed for normal immune defense and abnormally programmed in asthma. The current proposal is based on new findings related to regulation of airway epithelial cell death/desquamation and proliferation/renewal in the context of viral infections relevant to asthma. Thus, in studies of isolated cells, we found distinct behavior for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)- (and surface receptor-) inducible death that came with mitochondrial dysfunction (likely mediated by BCL-2 family proteins) even without activation of apoptosis-related endoproteases (caspases). In these studies, RSV-inducible cell death was also coined to a proliferative response that was marked by a subpopulation of hyperproliferating airway epithelial cells. The pathophysiologic impact of these findings became evident in studies of mice, when we found that paramyxoviral infection (using Sendai virus) caused epithelial cell death during the acute tracheobronchitis, but then led to unchecked airway epithelial proliferation/hyperplasia with striking remodeling/thickening of the airway epithelium and concomitant bronchial hyperreactivity. The airway epithelial remodeling and hyperreactivity persisted for at least a year after the acute tracheobronchitis was resolved, and was marked by increased epithelial expression of the cell survival factor BCL-2. To our knowledge, these models form the initial basis for a link between primary paramyxovirus infection and the subsequent development of long-lasting airway epithelial remodeling and hyperreactivity. In this setting, we propose that virus-inducible cell death depends on acute mitochondrial events (with activation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins) whereas hyperplasia may depend on prolonged cell survival (driven by chronic overexpression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2) in combination with cell proliferation. Proliferating cells must move from G to S phase of the cell cycle, and this step requires inactivation of retinoblastoma (Rb) or Rb-related proteins. We suggest that viral replication flips a molecular switch in the BCL-2-regulated cell death and Rb regulated proliferation pathways that may last far beyond the initial acute infection and in this model appears to last for the life of the animal. We now aim to further define the molecular basis for the distinct death and proliferative capacities of airway epithelial cells exhibited in response to paramyxoviral infection using a combined in vitro and in vivo approach. Accordingly, we propose to: (I) Define the molecular components that mediate RSV-inducible death and proliferation in primary-culture human airway

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epithelial cells focusing on specific determinants of cell survival (i.e., BCL-2 family proteins) and cell cycle control (i.e., Rb- and Rb-related proteins); and (II) Determine the role of these same cell survival and cell cycle regulatory factors in epithelial remodeling and airway hyperreactivity in a mouse model of paramyxoviral tracheobronchitis using wild-type and genetically-modified mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for acute bronchitis in the PubMed Central database: •

Acute bronchitis and clinical outcome three years later: prospective cohort study. by Jonsson JS, Gislason T, Gislason D, Sigurdsson JA.; 1998 Nov 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28724

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Effectiveness of short-course therapy (5 days) with cefuroxime axetil in treatment of secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis. by Henry D, Ruoff GE, Rhudy J, Puopolo A, Drehobl M, Schoenberger J, Giguere G, Collins JJ.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162978

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Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis by giving patients written information. by Farquhar D.; 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99458

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Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis in primary care: blinded, randomised controlled trial of patient information leaflet. by Macfarlane J, Holmes W, Gard P, Thornhill D, Macfarlane R, Hubbard R.; 2002 Jan 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64506

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with acute bronchitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for acute bronchitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative study of co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute bronchitis in general practice: a multicentre study. Author(s): Carroll PG, Krejci SP, Mitchell J, Puranik V, Thomas R, Wilson B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1977 August 27; 2(9): 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=335197

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A comparison of albuterol and erythromycin for the treatment of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Hueston WJ. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1991 November; 33(5): 476-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1940815

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A comparison of bacampicillin and ampicillin in acute bronchitis. Author(s): Noone JF, Barlow D, Callow P. Source: The Practitioner. 1985 January; 229(1399): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3991437

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A comparison of cotrimoxazole and amoxycillin in acute bronchitis. Author(s): Cooper J, McGillion FB, West B. Source: The Practitioner. 1978 May; 220(1319): 798-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=351592

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A multicentre trial of cefaclor advanced formulation versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Alanis A, Longest KA, Senetar JE, Dere WH. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S24-8, Discussion S29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287614

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A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of erythromycin in adults with acute bronchitis. Author(s): Dunlay J, Reinhardt R, Roi LD. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1987 August; 25(2): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3302093

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A randomized, controlled trial of doxycycline in the treatment of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Williamson HA Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1984 October; 19(4): 481-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6384419

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A short-term study of tetroxoprim/sulphadiazine in the treatment of acute bronchitis and urinary tract infections. Author(s): Ferber H, Ahrens KH, Haase W. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1979 November; 5(B): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=395150

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A single-blind comparative clinical trial of lymecycline and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute bronchitis in general practice. Author(s): Murphy JE, Donald JF, Molla AL. Source: J Int Med Res. 1976; 4(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=799979

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A study of clinical features and treatment of acute bronchitis by Japanese primary care physicians. Author(s): Kawamoto R, Asai Y, Nago N, Okayama M, Mise J, Igarashi M. Source: Family Practice. 1998 June; 15(3): 244-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9694182

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Activity of angiotensin I converting enzyme in sarcoidosis, atopic bronchial asthma and acute bronchitis. Author(s): Plusa T, Chcialowski A, Piechota W, Pirozynski M. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1990 July-August; 18(4): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2176061

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Acute bronchitis and clinical outcome three years later: prospective cohort study. Author(s): Jonsson JS, Gislason T, Gislason D, Sigurdsson JA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 November 21; 317(7170): 1433. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9822398

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Acute bronchitis and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Author(s): Flynn SP. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1986 November; 23(5): 428. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3490537

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Acute bronchitis imaged with F-18 FDG positron emission tomography. Author(s): Kicska G, Zhuang H, Alavi A. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 June; 28(6): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917540

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Acute bronchitis in adults. How close do we come to its aetiology in general practice? Author(s): Jonsson JS, Sigurdsson JA, Kristinsson KG, Guthnadottir M, Magnusson S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1997 September; 15(3): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9323784

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Acute bronchitis in adults: commonly diagnosed but poorly defined. Author(s): Leiner S. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1997 January; 22(1): 104, 107-8, 113-7; Quiz 117-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9004313

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Acute bronchitis in Australian general practice. A prescription too far? Author(s): Stocks NP, McElroy H, Sayer GP, Duszynski K. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2004 January-February; 33(1-2): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14988973

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Acute bronchitis in childhood. Author(s): Mellis CM. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1981 August; 11(4): 419-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6946763

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Acute bronchitis in children: building a clinical definition. Author(s): Vinson DC. Source: Fam Pract Res J. 1991 March; 11(1): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2028817

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Acute bronchitis in hospitalized children. Author(s): Paret G, Barzilay Z. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 May; 2(5): 407. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10892403

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Acute bronchitis in the community: clinical features, infective factors, changes in pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity to histamine. Author(s): Boldy DA, Skidmore SJ, Ayres JG. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1990 September; 84(5): 377-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2174179

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Acute bronchitis in the healthy adult. Author(s): Gonzales R, Sande MA. Source: Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 2000; 20: 158-73. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10943523

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Acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis. Author(s): Matts SG. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1973 January; 27(1): 9-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4685294

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Acute bronchitis. Author(s): Becker KL, Appling S. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1998 November-December; 2(6): 643-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9883159

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Acute bronchitis. Author(s): Hueston WJ, Mainous AG 3rd. Source: American Family Physician. 1998 March 15; 57(6): 1270-6, 1281-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9531910

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Acute bronchitis. Author(s): Iveson-Iveson J. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 May; 152(20): 24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6909944

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Acute bronchitis: a homely prototype for primary care research. Author(s): Williamson H Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1986 August; 23(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3734713

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Acute bronchitis: aetiology, symptoms and treatment. Author(s): Verheij TJ, Kaptein AA, Mulder JD. Source: Family Practice. 1989 March; 6(1): 66-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2653940

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Acute bronchitis: course of symptoms and restrictions in patients' daily activities. Author(s): Verheij T, Hermans J, Kaptein A, Mulder J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1995 March; 13(1): 8-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7777741

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Acute bronchitis: general practitioners' views regarding diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Verheij TJ, Hermans J, Kaptein AA, Wijkel D, Mulder JD. Source: Family Practice. 1990 September; 7(3): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2245886

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Acute bronchitis: results of U.S. and European trials of antibiotic therapy. Author(s): Dere WH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 June 22; 92(6A): 53S-57S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1621745

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Acute bronchitis-efficacy of erythromycin base (Ery-Max) administered twice or four times daily. Author(s): Pekkanen PS. Source: Rhinology. 1983 March; 21(1): 83-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6857107

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Aerosolized albuterol to treat acute bronchitis. Author(s): Gaspar DL. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1995 April; 40(4): 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7699342

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Albuterol delivered by metered-dose inhaler to treat acute bronchitis. Author(s): Hueston WJ. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1994 November; 39(5): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7864949

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An alteration in the host-parasite relationship in subjects with chronic bronchitis prone to recurrent episodes of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Taylor DC, Clancy RL, Cripps AW, Butt H, Bartlett L, Murree-Allen K. Source: Immunology and Cell Biology. 1994 April; 72(2): 143-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8200689

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An association between acute bronchitis and asthma. Author(s): Williamson HA Jr, Schultz P. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1987 January; 24(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3794612

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An evaluation of doxycycline (vibramycin) in the office treatment of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Brown EA. Source: Rev Allergy. 1968 September; 22(9): 847-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5697919

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Antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis: how low can we go? Author(s): Hickner JM. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2000 November-December; 13(6): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11117346

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Antibiotic treatment of acute bronchitis in smokers: a systematic review. Author(s): Linder JA, Sim I. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2002 March; 17(3): 230-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11929510

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Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Arroll B, Kenealy T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 April 21; 322(7292): 939-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11312211

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Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Smucny J, Fahey T, Becker L, Glazier R, McIsaac W. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (4): Cd000245. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11034678

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Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD001958 Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000245. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917917

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Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Lindbaek M. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 December; 47(6): 421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9866664

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Antibiotics for acute bronchitis: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Chen FM, Church L. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 March; 48(3): 171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086754

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Antibiotics in acute bronchitis and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: what is general practitioners' habit? Author(s): Trevisani L, Sartori S, Putinati S, Stabellini G, Abbasciano V. Source: Chest. 1997 June; 111(6): 1788-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9187222

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Antibiotics in acute bronchitis. Author(s): Hahn DL. Source: Lancet. 1995 May 13; 345(8959): 1244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7739333

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Antibiotics in acute bronchitis. Author(s): Zermansky A. Source: Lancet. 1995 May 13; 345(8959): 1244. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7739332

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Antibiotics in acute bronchitis. Author(s): Verheij T. Source: Lancet. 1995 May 13; 345(8959): 1244. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7739331

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Antibiotics in acute bronchitis: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD000245 Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 July; 107(1): 62-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11034678

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Are antibiotics effective treatment for acute bronchitis? A meta-analysis. Author(s): Smucny JJ, Becker LA, Glazier RH, McIsaac W. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 December; 47(6): 453-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9866671

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Are beta2-agonists effective treatment for acute bronchitis or acute cough in patients without underlying pulmonary disease? A systematic review. Author(s): Smucny JJ, Flynn CA, Becker LA, Glazier RH. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 November; 50(11): 945-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11711010

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Asthma in adult patients presenting with symptoms of acute bronchitis in general practice. Author(s): Thiadens HA, Postma DS, de Bock GH, Huysman DA, van Houwelingen HC, Springer MP. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 2000 September; 18(3): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11097106

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Azithromycin for acute bronchitis: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Author(s): Am Fam Physician. 2002 May 15;65(10):2046 Source: Lancet. 2002 May 11; 359(9318): 1648-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12046771

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Beta2-agonists for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Smucny J, Flynn C, Becker L, Glazier R. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (1): Cd001726. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11279725

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Bronchial infections: acute bronchitis and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Gleckman RA. Source: Compr Ther. 1987 February; 13(2): 44-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3816137

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Bronchodilator therapy in patients with acute bronchitis. Author(s): Sharkness CM. Source: American Family Physician. 1998 October 15; 58(6): 1303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9803191

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Bronchodilators and antibiotics in the treatment of acute bronchitis. Author(s): King DE. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1996 February; 5(2): 86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8601214

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Can a patient information sheet reduce antibiotic use in adult outpatients with acute bronchitis? Author(s): DeBisschop M, Robitaille B. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 April; 51(4): 381. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11978266

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Cefuroxime axetil vs. augmentin for the treatment of acute bronchitis and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Landau Z, Schlaffer F, Pitlik S. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1992 November; 28(11): 797-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1468894

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Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR): a common agent in acute bronchitis. Author(s): Falck G, Heyman L, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994; 26(2): 179-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8036474

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Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR): a common agent in acute bronchitis. Author(s): Ortqvist A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994; 26(6): 779-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7747109

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Clinical comparison of cefuroxime axetil and amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of patients with secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Henry D, Ruoff GE, Rhudy J, Puopolo A, Drehobl M, Schoenberger J, Giguere G, Collins JJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 September-October; 17(5): 861-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8595638

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Clinical efficacy of dirithromycin versus miocamycin in the treatment of acute bronchitis or acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Pozzi E. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1993 March; 31 Suppl C: 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8478306

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Clinical features and treatment of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Dunlay J, Reinhardt R. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1984 May; 18(5): 719-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6716068

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Comparative trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cefuroxime 250mg with probenecid 250mg with cefuroxime 500mg in the management of community acquired pneumonia, acute bronchitis and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Rao PP, Mopkar O, Desai A. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2000 October; 98(10): 650-1, 654. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11258501

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Current management of acute bronchitis in ambulatory care. Author(s): Benz D. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1996 September; 5(8): 440. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8797546

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Current management of acute bronchitis in ambulatory care. Author(s): Hahn DL. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1996 September; 5(8): 439; Author Reply 440. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8797545

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Current management of acute bronchitis in ambulatory care: The use of antibiotics and bronchodilators. Author(s): Mainous AG 3rd, Zoorob RJ, Hueston WJ. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1996 February; 5(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8601212

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Decreasing antibiotic use in ambulatory practice: impact of a multidimensional intervention on the treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis in adults. Author(s): Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Lum A, Barrett PH Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 April 28; 281(16): 1512-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10227321

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Diagnosis and management of acute bronchitis and pneumonia in the ambulatory setting. Author(s): Biller PL. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1987 October; 12(10): 12-5, 18, 23 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3684021

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Diagnosis and management of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Knutson D, Braun C. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 May 15; 65(10): 2039-44. Review. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12046770

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Diagnosis of acute bronchitis in adults: a national survey of family physicians. Author(s): Oeffinger KC, Snell LM, Foster BM, Panico KG, Archer RK. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1997 November; 45(5): 402-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9374966

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Diagnosis of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Coenen S, Van Royen P, Denekens J. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 June; 48(6): 471-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10386492

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Does acute bronchitis really exist? A reconceptualization of acute viral respiratory infections. Author(s): Hueston WJ, Mainous AG 3rd, Dacus EN, Hopper JE. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2000 May; 49(5): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10836769

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Does drug treatment of patients with acute bronchitis reduce additional care seeking? Evidence from the Practice Partner Research Network. Author(s): Hueston WJ, Jenkins R, Mainous AG 3rd. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 2000 November-December; 9(10): 997-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11115198

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Doxycycline in acute bronchitis. Author(s): Salyards HE. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1986 September; 23(3): 204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3746208

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Doxycycline in acute bronchitis: a randomized double-blind trial. Author(s): Scherl ER, Riegler SL, Cooper JK. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1987 September; 85(9): 539-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3668366

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Early determinants of first hospital admissions for asthma and acute bronchitis among Swedish children. Author(s): Braback L, Bjor O, Nordahl G. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003; 92(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12650295

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Effect of Vaporub and petrolatum on frequency and amplitude of breathing in children with acute bronchitis. Author(s): Berger H, Jarosch E, Madreiter H. Source: J Int Med Res. 1978; 6(6): 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=720737

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Effect of Vaporub and petrolatum on skin and rectal temperature in children with acute bronchitis. Author(s): Berger H, Orgler W, Jarosch E, Madreiter H. Source: J Int Med Res. 1978; 6(6): 487-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=720738

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Effect of Vaporub on the restlessness of children with acute bronchitis. Author(s): Berger H, Madreiter H, Jarosch E. Source: J Int Med Res. 1978; 6(6): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=720739

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Effectiveness of erythromycin in the treatment of acute bronchitis. Author(s): King DE, Williams WC, Bishop L, Shechter A. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1996 June; 42(6): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8656171

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Effectiveness of short-course therapy (5 days) with cefuroxime axetil in treatment of secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Henry D, Ruoff GE, Rhudy J, Puopolo A, Drehobl M, Schoenberger J, Giguere G, Collins JJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 November; 39(11): 2528-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8585739

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Efficacy and safety of an extract of Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630) in adults with acute bronchitis. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Matthys H, Eisebitt R, Seith B, Heger M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 7-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807337

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Efficacy and safety of cefdinir in the treatment of patients with acute bronchitis. The Cefdinir Bronchitis Study Group. Author(s): Sperling MJ, Puopolo A, Griffin TJ, Keyserling CH, Tack KJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1996 July-August; 18(4): 626-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879891

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Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis. A multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group clinical trial vs. cefuroxime and ambroxol. Author(s): Matthys H, de Mey C, Carls C, Rys A, Geib A, Wittig T. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2000 August; 50(8): 700-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10994153

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Efficacy and tolerance of enteric-coated erythromycin base (Ery-Max) administered twice or four times daily in patients with acute bronchitis. Author(s): Pekkanen PS, Josefsson K. Source: J Int Med Res. 1983; 11(5): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6642069

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Erythromycin for treatment of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Franko JP. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1996 September; 43(3): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8797744

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Erythromycin in the treatment of acute bronchitis in a community practice. Author(s): Brickfield FX, Carter WH, Johnson RE. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1986 August; 23(2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3525736

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Evaluation and treatment of acute bronchitis at an academic teaching clinic. Author(s): Hall KK, Philbrick J, Nadkarni M. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 January; 325(1): 7-9. Erratum In: Am J Med Sci. 2003 May; 325(5): 303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544078

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Evidence-based emergency medicine. Antibiotic treatment for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Edmonds ML. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2002 July; 40(1): 110-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12085081

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Factors associated with antibiotic use for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Gonzales R, Barrett PH Jr, Crane LA, Steiner JF. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1998 August; 13(8): 541-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9734791

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Haemophilus influenzae oral vaccination against acute bronchitis. Author(s): Foxwell AR, Cripps AW. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001958. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796676

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Impact of reducing antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis on patient satisfaction. Author(s): Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Maselli J, Lum A, Barrett PH Jr. Source: Effective Clinical Practice : Ecp. 2001 May-June; 4(3): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434073

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Implications of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Fahey T, Stocks N. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 April; 46(4): 336-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564376

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Improving quality or shifting diagnoses? What happens when antibiotic prescribing is reduced for acute bronchitis? Author(s): Hueston WJ, Slott K. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 2000 September-October; 9(9): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11031404

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Incidence of episodes of acute asthma and acute bronchitis in general practice 197687. Author(s): Ayres JG, Noah ND, Fleming DM. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1993 September; 43(374): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8251231

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Labelling shift from acute bronchitis may be contributing to the recent rise in asthma mortality in the 5-34 age group. Author(s): Whallett EJ, Ayres JG. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1993 April; 87(3): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8497697

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Magnesium sulfate for the treatment of bronchospasm complicating acute bronchitis in a four-months'-pregnant woman. Author(s): Skobeloff EM, Kim D, Spivey WH. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1993 August; 22(8): 1365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8333646

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Markers of inflammation in induced sputum in acute bronchitis caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Pizzichini MM, Pizzichini E, Efthimiadis A, Clelland L, Mahony JB, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. Source: Thorax. 1997 October; 52(10): 929-31; Discussion 926-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9404385

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Newer oral antimicrobials and newer etiologic agents of acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Wallace RJ Jr. Source: Seminars in Respiratory Infections. 1988 March; 3(1): 49-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3129770

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Oral immunisation with killed Haemophilus influenzae for protection against acute bronchitis in chronic obstructive lung disease. Author(s): Clancy R, Cripps A, Murree-Allen K, Yeung S, Engel M. Source: Lancet. 1985 December 21-28; 2(8469-70): 1395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2867396

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Oral immunization with bacterial extracts for protection against acute bronchitis in elderly institutionalized patients with chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Orcel B, Delclaux B, Baud M, Derenne JP. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1994 March; 7(3): 446-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8013600

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Outcome for acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in infancy. Author(s): Mok JY, Simpson H. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1984 April; 59(4): 306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6721555

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Overuse of antimicrobial therapy for upper respiratory infections and acute bronchitis: who, why, and what can be done? Author(s): Liu HH. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1999 April; 19(4): 371-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10212005

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Patient and physician explanatory models for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Snell LM, Wilson RP, Oeffinger KC, Sargent C, Chen O, Corey KM. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 December; 51(12): 1035-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12540329

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Pharmacy-based intervention to reduce antibiotic use for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Hickman DE, Stebbins MR, Hanak JR, Guglielmo BJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 February; 37(2): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12549944

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Plasma levels of von Willebrand factor antigen in acute bronchitis and in a normal population. Author(s): Boldy DA, Short PE, Cowen P, Hill FG, Chambers DC, Ayres JG. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1998 March; 92(3): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692095

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Predictors of antibiotic prescribing for nonspecific upper respiratory infections, acute bronchitis, and acute sinusitis. An UPRNet study. Upper Peninsula Research Network. Author(s): Dosh SA, Hickner JM, Mainous AG 3rd, Ebell MH. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2000 May; 49(5): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10836770

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Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute bronchitis in adults. Author(s): Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Gonzales R; American Academy of Family Physicians; American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine; Centers for Disease Control; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 March 20; 134(6): 518-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11255531

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Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis: background. Author(s): Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Cooper RJ, Hickner JM, Hoffman JR, Sande MA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 June; 37(6): 720-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11385346

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Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis: background. Author(s): Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Cooper RJ, Hickner JM, Hoffman JR, Sande MA; American Academy of Family Physicians; American College of PhysiciansAmerican Society of Internal Medicine; Centers for Disease Control; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 March 20; 134(6): 521-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11255532

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Principles of appropriate antibiotic use: part V. Acute bronchitis. Author(s): Ressel G; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; American College of Physicians--American Society of Internal Medicine; American Academy of Family Physicians; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 September 15; 64(6): 1098, 1100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11578027

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Protection against recurrent acute bronchitis after oral immunization with killed Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Clancy RL, Cripps AW, Gebski V. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1990 April 16; 152(8): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2184330

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Protection induced against acute bronchitis--the use of human and rat models to determine mechanisms of action of oral immunization with Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Clancy RL, Wallace FJ, Cripps AW, Pang GT. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1989; 146: 181-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2786462

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Public knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with antibiotic use for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Teramoto S, Matsuse T, Fukuchi Y. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2001 February 15; 110(3): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11221640

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Pulmonary function tests in acute bronchitis: evidence for reversible airway obstruction. Author(s): Williamson HA Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1987 September; 25(3): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3625141

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Randomized placebo-controlled trials of antibiotics for acute bronchitis: a critical review of the literature. Author(s): Orr PH, Scherer K, Macdonald A, Moffatt ME. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1993 May; 36(5): 507-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8482934

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Recurrent acute bronchitis: the association with undiagnosed bronchial asthma. Author(s): Hallett JS, Jacobs RL. Source: Ann Allergy. 1985 October; 55(4): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3901831

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Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis by giving patients written information. Author(s): Farquhar D. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 March 19; 166(6): 776. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11944766

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Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis in primary care: blinded, randomised controlled trial of patient information leaflet. Author(s): Macfarlane J, Holmes W, Gard P, Thornhill D, Macfarlane R, Hubbard R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 January 12; 324(7329): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11786454

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Reduction in the incidence of acute bronchitis by an oral Haemophilus influenzae vaccine in patients with chronic bronchitis in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Lehmann D, Coakley KJ, Coakley CA, Spooner V, Montgomery JM, Michael A, Riley ID, Smith T, Clancy RL, Cripps AW. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 August; 144(2): 324-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1859055

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Seasonal pattern of acute bronchitis in general practice in the United Kingdom 197683. Author(s): Ayres JG. Source: Thorax. 1986 February; 41(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3704975

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Should we prescribe antibiotics for acute bronchitis? Author(s): Chandran R. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 July 1; 64(1): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11456430

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Significance of acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis in the lung transplant recipient. Author(s): Ohori NP, Iacono AT, Grgurich WF, Yousem SA. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1994 December; 18(12): 1192-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7977942

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Specific protection against acute bronchitis associated with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Clancy RL, Cripps AW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992 June; 165 Suppl 1: S194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1588162

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Spontaneous cure of acute bronchitis caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae in a 15-yearold boy. Author(s): Kanamoto Y, Sakano T, Usui T. Source: Hiroshima J Med Sci. 1993 September; 42(3): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8253607

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Survey of clinical pharmacists' knowledge of appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy for upper respiratory infections and acute bronchitis. Author(s): Mainous AG 3rd, MacFarlane LL, Connor MK, Green LA, Fowler K, Hueston WJ. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1999 April; 19(4): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10212008

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Symptomatic effect of inhaled fenoterol in acute bronchitis: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Author(s): Melbye H, Aasebo U, Straume B. Source: Family Practice. 1991 September; 8(3): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1959720

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The management of acute bronchitis in general practice: results from the Australian Morbidity and Treatment Survey, 1990-1991. Author(s): Meza RA, Bridges-Webb C, Sayer GP, Miles DA, Traynor V, Neary S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1994 August; 23(8): 1550-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7980155

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The spectrum of acute bronchitis. Using baseline factors to guide empirical therapy. Author(s): Flaherty KR, Saint S, Fendrick AM, Martinez FJ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 February; 109(2): 39-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11272693

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The treatment of acute bronchitis by general practitioners in the UK. Results of a cross sectional postal survey. Author(s): Stocks NP, Fahey T. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2002 July; 31(7): 676-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12143330

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The treatment of acute bronchitis with trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Author(s): Franks P, Gleiner JA. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1984 August; 19(2): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6611385

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The use of antibiotics in acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Rodnick JE, Gude JK. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1988 September; 149(3): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3176501

•

Treating acute bronchitis with azithromycin. Author(s): Mosby JA. Source: American Family Physician. 1997 February 1; 55(2): 444, 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9054218

•

Treating acute bronchitis. Author(s): O'Handley J. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1996 December; 43(6): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8969688

•

Treating acute bronchitis. Author(s): Kaufman D. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1996 December; 43(6): 527; Author Reply 528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8969687

Studies

31

•

Treating acute bronchitis. Author(s): Kimber RG. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1996 December; 43(6): 527; Author Reply 528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8969686

•

Treatment of acute bronchitis and pneumonia with cefaclor. Author(s): Mattson K, Renkonen OV, Laitinen L, Nikander-Hurme R. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=398482

•

Treatment of acute bronchitis in adults without underlying lung disease. Author(s): MacKay DN. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1996 September; 11(9): 557-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8905509

•

Treatment of acute bronchitis in adults. A national survey of family physicians. Author(s): Oeffinger KC, Snell LM, Foster BM, Panico KG, Archer RK. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 June; 46(6): 469-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9638111

•

Treatment of acute bronchitis: there's much work to be done. Author(s): Williamson HA Jr. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1996 February; 5(2): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8601213

•

Treatment of cough and dyspnea due to acute bronchitis by plaster for cough and dyspnea--a report of 735 cases. Author(s): Chen Z, Zhou W, Gao J, Sun J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 March; 22(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11977523

•

Twice daily dosing of erythromycin acistrate in the treatment of acute bronchitis and pneumonia. Author(s): Wiesner B, Wilen-Rosenqvist G, Lehtonen L. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1993 September; 43(9): 1014-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8240450

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•

Uncomplicated acute bronchitis. Author(s): Heininger U. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 November 6; 135(9): 839-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694110

•

Uncomplicated acute bronchitis. Author(s): Gonzales R, Sande MA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 December 19; 133(12): 981-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11119400

•

Use of antibiotics in patients with acute bronchitis. Author(s): Seehusen DA. Source: American Family Physician. 1998 October 15; 58(6): 1303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9803190

•

Using antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Evans MF, Frank J. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1997 September; 43: 1525-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9303230

•

What will it take to stop physicians from prescribing antibiotics in acute bronchitis? Author(s): Gonzales R, Sande M. Source: Lancet. 1995 March 18; 345(8951): 665-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7885119

•

What's in a name? Public knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with antibiotic use for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Gonzales R, Wilson A, Crane LA, Barrett PH Jr. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 January; 108(1): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11059444

•

Why are antibiotics prescribed for patients with acute bronchitis? A postintervention analysis. Author(s): Hueston WJ, Hopper JE, Dacus EN, Mainous AG 3rd. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2000 November-December; 13(6): 398-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11117335

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ACUTE BRONCHITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and acute bronchitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Acute Bronchitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Acute Bronchitis

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “acute bronchitis” (or a synonym): •

Azithromycin no more effective than vitamin C for acute bronchitis. Author(s): Dept of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Stoney Creek Family Practice, Nellysford, VA, USA. [email protected] Source: Tribastone, A D J-Fam-Pract. 2002 September; 51(9): 783 0094-3509

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

35

37

CHAPTER 3. BRONCHITIS

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ACUTE

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to acute bronchitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to acute bronchitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to acute bronchitis: •

A medical evaluation of the use of qat in North Yemen. Author(s): Kennedy JG, Teague J, Rokaw W, Cooney E. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1983; 17(12): 783-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6879237

•

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malvabranca). Author(s): Franzotti EM, Santos CV, Rodrigues HM, Mourao RH, Andrade MR, Antoniolli AR. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 September; 72(1-2): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10967481

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•

Are beta2-agonists effective treatment for acute bronchitis or acute cough in patients without underlying pulmonary disease? A systematic review. Author(s): Smucny JJ, Flynn CA, Becker LA, Glazier RH. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 November; 50(11): 945-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11711010

•

Arterial blood gases in respiratory insufficiency in the clinically stable state and during acute exacerbations of respiratory failure. Author(s): Brundin A. Source: Scand J Respir Dis. 1974; 55(3): 181-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4423779

•

Benefits and risks of sauna bathing. Author(s): Hannuksela ML, Ellahham S. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2001 February 1; 110(2): 118-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11165553

•

Bronchiectasis in indigenous children in remote Australian communities. Author(s): Chang AB, Grimwood K, Mulholland EK, Torzillo PJ; Working Group on Indigenous Paediatric Respiratory Health. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 August 19; 177(4): 200-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12175325

•

Chest physical therapy in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: effectiveness of three methods. Author(s): Bellone A, Lascioli R, Raschi S, Guzzi L, Adone R. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 May; 81(5): 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10807091

•

Clinical trial of vitamin A as adjuvant treatment for lower respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Kjolhede CL, Chew FJ, Gadomski AM, Marroquin DP. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 May; 126(5 Pt 1): 807-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7752011

•

Effect of physiotherapy on pulmonary function. A laboratory study. Author(s): Newton DA, Stephenson A. Source: Lancet. 1978 July 29; 2(8083): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=79027

•

Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination phytomedicine in the treatment of the common cold (acute viral respiratory tract infection): results of a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, multicentre study.

Alternative Medicine 39

Author(s): Henneicke-von Zepelin H, Hentschel C, Schnitker J, Kohnen R, Kohler G, Wustenberg P. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1999; 15(3): 214-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10621929 •

Efficacy and safety of an extract of Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630) in adults with acute bronchitis. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Matthys H, Eisebitt R, Seith B, Heger M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10 Suppl 4: 7-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807337

•

Esberitox N as supportive therapy when providing standard antibiotic treatment in subjects with a severe bacterial infection (acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis). A multicentric, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Hauke W, Kohler G, Henneicke-Von Zepelin HH, Freudenstein J. Source: Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 48(5): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12476043

•

Geranium extract reduces bronchitis symptoms. Author(s): Gwynne M, Newton W. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2004 March; 53(3): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15000917

•

In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of beta-triketones admixed to Melaleuca oils. Author(s): Christoph F, Kaulfers PM, Stahl-Biskup E. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 November; 67(8): 768-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11731927

•

Is childhood asthma underdiagnosed and undertreated? Author(s): Okoromah CN, Oviawe O. Source: Niger Postgrad Med J. 2002 December; 9(4): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690683

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Long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis with positive expiratory pressure mask and chest physiotherapy. Author(s): Christensen EF, Nedergaard T, Dahl R. Source: Chest. 1990 March; 97(3): 645-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2106412

•

Management of acute and chronic respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Ellner JJ.

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Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 September 16; 85(3A): 2-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3048091 •

Managing asthma and COPD in patients with cardiovascular disease. Author(s): George RB, Payne DK. Source: Geriatrics. 1985 July; 40(7): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4007497

•

Pharmaco-toxicological study of diterpenoids. Author(s): Delporte C, Backhouse N, Salinas P, San-Martin A, Borquez J, Loyola A. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 April 3; 11(7): 1187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12628645

•

Pulmonary physiotherapy in the pediatric age group. Author(s): Mellins RB. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974 December; 110(6 Pt 2): 137-42. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4613219

•

Treatment of cough and dyspnea due to acute bronchitis by plaster for cough and dyspnea--a report of 735 cases. Author(s): Chen Z, Zhou W, Gao J, Sun J. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 March; 22(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11977523

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

Alternative Medicine 41

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to acute bronchitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Chinese Medicine Reyanning Keli Alternative names: eyanning Granules; Reyanning Keli (Rey Yan Ning Ke Li Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

•

Herbs and Supplements Catnip Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,809,00.html Slippery Elm Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10056,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html.

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This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

43

CHAPTER 4. BRONCHITIS

PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ACUTE

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover acute bronchitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on acute bronchitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to acute bronchitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for acute bronchitis: •

Antibiotics Overused In Treatment Of Patients With Acute Bronchitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 16, 1996

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Acute Bronchitis

•

Popular antibiotic is useless for acute bronchitis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 10, 2002

•

Azithromycin ineffective in treating acute bronchitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 09, 2002

•

Antibiotic use not justified in otherwise healthy patients with acute bronchitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 21, 1999

•

Physicians continue to prescribe antibiotics for acute bronchitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 14, 1998

•

Antibiotics for acute bronchitis considered controversial Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 01, 1998

•

Pneumonia And Acute Bronchitis: Empiric Rx Often The Rule Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 29, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Periodicals and News

45

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to acute bronchitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Acute Bronchitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to acute bronchitis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering acute bronchitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

47

APPENDICES

49

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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51

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4810 21 5 75 3269 8180

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

53

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

55

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on acute bronchitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to acute bronchitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to acute bronchitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “acute bronchitis”:

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Breathing Problems http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breathingproblems.html Bronchitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bronchitis.html COPD http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/copdchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease.t ml Respiratory Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratorydiseases.html Sinusitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sinusitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute bronchitis in adults Source: American College of Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 March 20; 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2745&nbr=1971&a mp;string=acute+AND+bronchitis The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to acute bronchitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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57

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to acute bronchitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with acute bronchitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about acute bronchitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “acute bronchitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “acute bronchitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “acute bronchitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “acute bronchitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

59

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Acute Bronchitis

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

63

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

65

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on acute bronchitis: •

Basic Guidelines for Acute Bronchitis Acute bronchitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000124.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Acute Bronchitis Breathlessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Coughing up blood Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm

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Dyspnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm General ill feeling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003076.htm Pulmonary disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000066.htm Rales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Slight fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Sore throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Wheezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003070.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Acute Bronchitis Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Sputum culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003723.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

•

Background Topics for Acute Bronchitis Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm

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Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ACUTE BRONCHITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambroxol: A metabolite of bromhexine that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This

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is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH]

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Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Augmentin: An antibiotic. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example,

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in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Hyperreactivity: Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. [NIH] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Inflammation of the bronchioles with obstruction by fibrous granulation tissue or bronchial exudate. It may follow inhalation of irritating gases or foreign bodies and it complicates pneumonia. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Caspases: A family of intracellular cysteine endopeptidases. They play a key role in inflammation and mammalian apoptosis. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]

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Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin

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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD

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results. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Endopeptidases: Endopeptidases which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH]

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Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fenoterol: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Formulary: A book containing a list of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and means of preparation. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]

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Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulation Tissue: A vascular connective tissue formed on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed tissue. It consists of new capillaries and an infiltrate containing lymphoid cells, macrophages, and plasma cells. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host-Parasite Relations: The interactions between two organisms, one of which lives at the expense of the other. [NIH]

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Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH]

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Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH]

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Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lymecycline: (4S-(4 alpha,4a alpha,5a alpha,6 beta,12a alpha-N(6)-((((4-(Dimethylamino)1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2naphthacenyl)carbonyl)amino)methyl)-L-lysine. A semisynthetic antibiotic related to tetracycline. It is more readily absorbed than tetracycline and can therefore be given in lower doses; it is also reported to have fewer gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of

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altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Paramyxovirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities and encode a C protein. Human parainfluenza virus 1 is the type species. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (=

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branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmacists: Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for

Dictionary 83

the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal

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tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport

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mechanism. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein

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synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent

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pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uricosuric: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine). 2. An agent that promotes uricosuria. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Acne, 4, 69 Adjuvant, 38, 69 Adrenergic, 69, 76 Adverse Effect, 69, 84 Aetiology, 14, 15, 69 Agonist, 69, 76 Airway, 5, 6, 7, 10, 28, 69, 72 Airway Obstruction, 28, 69 Albuterol, 12, 16, 69 Algorithms, 69, 71 Allergic Rhinitis, 8, 69, 77 Allo, 7, 69 Alternative medicine, 44, 69 Ambroxol, 23, 69 Ambulatory Care, 20, 69 Amine, 69, 77 Amino Acid Sequence, 69, 70 Amino Acids, 69, 70, 71, 76, 82, 83, 84, 86 Amoxicillin, 20, 70 Ampicillin, 12, 70 Anaesthesia, 70, 78 Analgesic, 37, 70 Anesthesia, 69, 70 Animal model, 8, 70 Anions, 70, 79, 83 Antibacterial, 39, 70, 83, 85 Antibiotic, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 16, 17, 19, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 32, 39, 44, 56, 70, 71, 72, 76, 80, 82, 85, 86 Antibodies, 7, 70, 78, 82 Antibody, 70, 73, 78, 79 Antigen, 7, 26, 70, 74, 78, 79 Antimicrobial, 4, 13, 20, 23, 26, 29, 70, 75, 80 Anus, 70, 79, 84 Apoptosis, 10, 71, 72 Aqueous, 71, 75 Aspartic Acid, 71, 72 Assay, 7, 71 Atopic, 13, 71 Augmentin, 19, 71 Autologous, 7, 71 Azithromycin, 18, 30, 34, 44, 71 B Bacteria, 9, 70, 71, 76, 77, 80, 85, 86, 87 Bacterial Infections, 8, 11, 20, 23, 71 Bacteriostatic, 71, 76

Base, 16, 23, 71, 79, 82 Basement Membrane, 8, 71, 79 Biological Factors, 6, 71 Biotechnology, 11, 44, 51, 71 Bladder, 71, 87 Blood pressure, 71, 72, 78 Blood vessel, 71, 72, 73, 76, 85, 87 Bone Marrow, 72, 78, 80 Broad-spectrum, 70, 72 Bronchi, 72 Bronchial, 10, 13, 14, 19, 28, 72, 77 Bronchial Hyperreactivity, 10, 72 Bronchiectasis, 15, 38, 72 Bronchioles, 72 Bronchiolitis, 5, 6, 8, 26, 29, 72 Bronchiolitis Obliterans, 6, 72 Bronchodilator, 19, 72, 76 Bronchospasm, 25, 72 C Capsules, 72, 76 Carcinogenic, 72, 79 Cardiovascular, 40, 72 Cardiovascular disease, 40, 72 Caspases, 10, 72 Cefuroxime, 11, 19, 20, 23, 72 Cell, 5, 8, 10, 16, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 87 Cell Cycle, 10, 73 Cell Death, 10, 71, 73, 81 Cell Division, 71, 73, 81 Cell proliferation, 10, 73 Cell Survival, 10, 73 Cerebrovascular, 72, 73 Chromatin, 71, 73, 80 Chromosome, 73, 79 Chronic, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 30, 38, 39, 66, 73, 79, 84, 85 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 19, 73 Clinical trial, 3, 13, 23, 38, 51, 73, 74, 75, 83 Cloning, 71, 73 Codons, 73 Collagen, 71, 73 Collapse, 8, 73 Colloidal, 73, 82 Complement, 73, 74 Complementary and alternative medicine, 37, 41, 74

90

Acute bronchitis

Complementary medicine, 37, 74 Computational Biology, 51, 74 Concomitant, 10, 74 Connective Tissue, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80 Consciousness, 70, 74, 84 Contraindications, ii, 74 Controlled study, 39, 74 Coordination, 4, 74 Coronary, 72, 74 Coronary heart disease, 72, 74 Cryptosporidiosis, 71, 75 Curative, 75, 86 Cysteine, 41, 72, 75 Cysteine Endopeptidases, 72, 75 Cytokine, 5, 75 Cytoplasm, 71, 75, 80, 84 D Decarboxylation, 75, 77 Deletion, 71, 75 Dermatology, 4, 75 Desquamation, 10, 75 Diagnostic procedure, 44, 75 Direct, iii, 6, 75, 84 Double-blind, 12, 18, 22, 23, 29, 39, 75 Doxycycline, 13, 16, 22, 75 Drug Interactions, 75 Drug Tolerance, 75, 86 Dyspnea, 31, 40, 66, 75 E Efficacy, 7, 16, 20, 23, 38, 39, 75 Electrons, 71, 75, 79 Embryo, 76, 78 Emergency Medicine, 24, 25, 27, 76 Emergency Treatment, 76 Emphysema, 73, 76 Empirical, 30, 76 Endotoxin, 6, 76 Enteric-coated, 23, 76 Environmental Health, 50, 52, 76 Enzymatic, 74, 76, 77 Enzyme, 13, 76, 81, 87 Epithelial, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 75, 76, 79 Epithelial Cells, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 76, 79 Epithelium, 10, 71, 76 Erythromycin, 12, 16, 22, 23, 31, 71, 76 Exfoliation, 75, 76 Expiration, 76 Expiratory, 39, 76 Exudate, 72, 76 F Family Planning, 51, 76 Fenoterol, 29, 76

Fibrosis, 8, 76, 84 Formulary, 4, 76 G Gas, 76, 77, 78, 84 Gas exchange, 77, 84 Gastric, 70, 77 Gastric Acid, 70, 77 Gastrointestinal, 77, 80, 85 Gene, 71, 77, 79 General practitioner, 16, 17, 30, 77 Genetics, 6, 77, 78 Genital, 77, 80 Genotype, 77, 82 Gonorrhea, 72, 77 Governing Board, 77, 83 Gram-negative, 72, 77 Gram-positive, 72, 77 Granulation Tissue, 72, 77 H Hay Fever, 69, 77 Heart attack, 72, 77 Hereditary, 77, 84 Heredity, 77 Histamine, 14, 77 Histidine, 77 Hormone, 69, 77 Host-Parasite Relations, 16, 77 Hydrogen, 69, 71, 78, 81 Hyperplasia, 10, 78 Hypertension, 72, 78, 86 Hypertrophy, 78 I Idiopathic, 8, 78, 84 Immune response, 5, 6, 69, 70, 78, 85, 87 Immune Sera, 78 Immune system, 5, 78, 87 Immunity, 6, 78, 86 Immunization, 26, 27, 78 Immunogenetics, 6, 78 Immunologic, 5, 78 Immunologic Factors, 5, 78 Immunology, 6, 7, 16, 69, 78 Impairment, 78, 83 In vitro, 5, 7, 10, 39, 78 In vivo, 7, 10, 78 Incision, 78, 79 Induction, 9, 78 Infancy, 26, 78 Infection, 5, 10, 38, 39, 75, 78, 79, 80, 82, 85, 86, 87 Inflammation, 5, 25, 69, 72, 76, 79, 81, 82, 85

91

Inhalation, 72, 79 Initiation, 8, 79 Interstitial, 8, 79 Intestines, 76, 77, 79 Intracellular, 72, 79 Intrinsic, 71, 79 Introns, 79 Invasive, 7, 78, 79 Ions, 71, 78, 79 K Kb, 50, 79 L Laminin, 71, 79 Large Intestine, 79, 84 Lesion, 8, 79 Linkage, 4, 9, 79 Lipid, 8, 79 Liver, 79, 84 Localized, 79 Lung Transplantation, 7, 80 Lymecycline, 13, 80 Lymph, 80, 84 Lymph node, 80, 84 Lymphatic, 79, 80, 85, 86 Lymphocytes, 70, 78, 80, 85, 86, 87 Lymphocytic, 8, 80 Lymphoid, 70, 77, 80 Lysine, 80 M Mass Media, 6, 80 Mediate, 9, 10, 80 MEDLINE, 51, 80 Membrane, 8, 69, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81 Meta-Analysis, 4, 17, 18, 80 Metabolite, 69, 80 Microbe, 80, 86 Microorganism, 80, 87 Microscopy, 71, 80 Miocamycin, 20, 80 Mitochondrial Swelling, 80, 81 Mitosis, 71, 81 Molecular, 4, 7, 10, 51, 53, 71, 74, 81, 86 Molecule, 70, 71, 74, 81, 84 Mucociliary, 69, 81, 84 N Necrosis, 8, 71, 81, 84 Neuraminidase, 81 Neurotransmitter, 71, 77, 81, 85 Nuclear, 14, 75, 81 Nucleus, 71, 73, 75, 80, 81 O Otitis, 8, 81

Otitis Media, 8, 81 Outpatient, 4, 8, 81 P Palliative, 81, 86 Paramyxovirus, 10, 81 Paranasal Sinuses, 81, 84 Parotid, 81, 84 Pathologic, 71, 74, 81, 82 Pathologic Processes, 71, 82 Pathophysiology, 6, 82 Patient Education, 6, 60, 62, 67, 82 Patient Satisfaction, 24, 82 Penicillin, 7, 70, 82 Peptide, 82, 83 Peripheral blood, 7, 82 Petrolatum, 22, 82 Petroleum, 82 Pharmacists, 4, 29, 82 Pharmacologic, 70, 82, 86 Pharyngitis, 6, 9, 82 Phenotype, 5, 82 Phosphorus, 82 Phosphorylation, 9, 82 Physical Therapy, 38, 82 Physiologic, 69, 82, 84 Plasma, 26, 70, 77, 82 Plasma cells, 70, 77, 82 Pneumonia, 4, 8, 20, 21, 26, 31, 44, 72, 74, 82, 87 Polymorphism, 7, 82 Polysaccharide, 70, 82, 83 Practice Guidelines, 6, 52, 56, 82 Prevalence, 9, 83 Probenecid, 20, 83 Progression, 6, 70, 83 Progressive, 75, 81, 83 Prone, 16, 83 Prophylaxis, 83, 87 Protein S, 71, 76, 83, 84, 86 Proteins, 10, 70, 73, 76, 81, 82, 83, 84 Proteoglycans, 71, 83 Public Policy, 51, 83 Publishing, 11, 83 Pulmonary, 6, 14, 18, 28, 38, 40, 66, 71, 72, 83 R Race, 69, 83 Racemic, 69, 83 Randomized, 8, 9, 13, 22, 28, 75, 83 Randomized Controlled Trials, 8, 83 Reabsorption, 83 Receptor, 5, 6, 9, 10, 70, 84

92

Acute bronchitis

Rectal, 22, 84 Rectum, 70, 76, 79, 84 Refer, 1, 73, 84, 86 Refraction, 84, 85 Regimen, 75, 84 Renal tubular, 83, 84 Respiratory failure, 38, 84 Respiratory syncytial virus, 5, 10, 84 Resuscitation, 76, 84 Retinoblastoma, 10, 84 Ribosome, 84, 86 Risk factor, 5, 84 S Sarcoidosis, 13, 84 Screening, 73, 84 Secretion, 77, 84 Semisynthetic, 70, 80, 84 Serum, 70, 73, 78, 84 Side effect, 69, 80, 84, 86 Sil, 7, 84 Sinusitis, 8, 9, 26, 56, 84 Smooth muscle, 72, 77, 85 Social Security, 83, 85 Specialist, 57, 85 Species, 4, 75, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87 Spectrum, 4, 30, 80, 85 Spleen, 80, 84, 85 Sporadic, 84, 85 Sputum, 25, 66, 85 Stabilization, 5, 85 Steroids, 8, 85 Stimulant, 77, 85 Stimulus, 72, 85 Stroke, 50, 72, 85 Subacute, 79, 84, 85 Subclinical, 79, 85 Subspecies, 85 Substance P, 76, 80, 84, 85 Symptomatic, 29, 72, 85 Systemic, 71, 79, 84, 85, 86 T Tetracycline, 4, 75, 80, 85 Therapeutics, 4, 20, 23, 86 Thymus, 78, 80, 86

Tinnitus, 81, 86 Tissue, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 85, 86 Tolerance, 23, 86 Tomography, 14, 86 Topical, 82, 86 Toxic, iv, 78, 86 Toxicity, 37, 75, 86 Toxicology, 52, 86 Toxin, 76, 86 Toxoplasmosis, 71, 86 Transfection, 71, 86 Transfer Factor, 78, 86 Translation, 8, 76, 86 Translocation, 76, 86 Transplantation, 78, 86 Trauma, 81, 86 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 13, 86 U Ureters, 87 Urethra, 87 Uricosuric, 83, 87 Urinary, 13, 87 Urinary tract, 13, 87 Urinary tract infection, 13, 87 Urine, 71, 87 V Vaccination, 24, 87 Vaccine, 28, 69, 87 Vascular, 77, 79, 87 Vasodilator, 77, 87 Vertigo, 81, 87 Veterinary Medicine, 51, 87 Viral, 5, 8, 10, 21, 38, 87 Virulence, 86, 87 Virus, 8, 10, 81, 84, 87 Vitro, 87 Vivo, 7, 87 W White blood cell, 70, 80, 82, 87 X Xenograft, 70, 87 Y Yeasts, 82, 87

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